Roman Provincial Coinage: From the Death of Caesar to the Death of Vitellius (44 B.C.-A.D.69). Introduction and Catalogue [I/1] 0714108715, 9780714108711

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ROMAN PROVINCIAL COINAGE VOLUME This book embodies a new conception of Roman coinage. It presents for the first time an authoritative account of the coins minted in the provinces of the empire and shows how they can be regarded as an integral part of the coinage minted under the Roman emperors. The book aims to give a complete picture of this material and will thus not only meet the needs of numismatists but will also be an essential reference book for historians, epigraphists, archaeologists and other students of the Roman empire. Volume I covers the hundred years from the death of Julius Caesar in 44 b c to that of the emperor Vitellius in a d 69, and examines the coinage of more than 400 cities throughout the Roman empire. The material is presented on a geographical basis, from Spain and Africa in the west to Syria and Egypt in the east. The catalogue takes the form of a brief discussion for each city of attribution, dating, denomination, typology and interpretation, followed by a listing of the issues. The catalogue is based on the world’s principal collections and presents over 100 000 coins, classi­ fied into over 5000 major types. Introductory chapters look at the production of provin­ cial coinage as well as the denominations and designs used. To facilitate its use as the first systematic reference book for the provincial coinage, the catalogue is very fully indexed, while the 195 plates illustrate every major issue listed. The material presented is an invaluable source of infor­ mation for imperial portraiture and titulature, the response of the cities to the establishment of a new political order under the emperor Augustus and the subsequent develop­ ment of this relationship, the way the Roman government controlled the provinces, the internal history of the cities of the Roman empire, and the role of the provincial coinage in the economy of the Roman empire as a whole. The book represents the fruits of many years’ research and international collaboration by its authors. Andrew Burnett is Deputy Keeper of the Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum; Michel Amandry is Directeur of the Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque Nationale; Pere Pau Ripollès is Profesor Titular of the Departament de Prehistoria i Arqueologia, Universität de València.

I

Ce livre témoigne d’une nouvelle conception du monnayage romain. Il brosse pour la première fois un tableau qui fera autorité des monnaies frappées dans les provinces de l’Empire et montre comment ce numéraire doit être con­ sidéré comme partie intégrante du système monétaire mis en place par les empereurs romains. Le but de ce livre est d’offrir une vision complète de ce matériel: il répondra ainsi aux besoins des numismates, mais sera également un livre de référence pour les historiens, épigraphistes, archéologues et autres chercheurs s’intéressant à l’Empire romain. Le premier volume couvre la centaine d’années séparant la mort de César en 44 avant J.-C. de celle de Vitellius en 69 après J.-C. et examine le monnayage de plus de 400 cités disséminées à travers l’Empire romain. Le matériel est présenté géographiquement, de l’Espagne et l’Afrique en Occident à la Syrie et l’Egypte en Orient. Pour chaque cité, les problèmes d’attribution, de datation, de dénomination, de typologie sont discutés brièvement avant le catalogue proprement dit, comprenant la liste des émissions. Celui-ci inclut le matériel des plus grandes collections au monde et environ 100 000 monnaies sont publiées, regroupées sous plus de 5000 types. Des chapitres d’introduction examinent la production du monnayage provincial ainsi que les dénominations et les types choisis. Pour rendre plus aisée la consultation de cet ouvrage de référence tant attendu, le catalogue est suivi de nombreux indices et 195 planches illustrent chaque émission. Le matériel présenté est une source inestimable d’inform­ ations concernant le portrait et la titulature de l’empereur, la réponse des cités à l’établissement d’un nouvel ordre politique sous Auguste et le développement ultérieur de la relation cité/Etat, la manière dont le gouvernement romain contrôlait les provinces, l’histoire des cités et le rôle du monnayage provincial dans l’économie générale de l’Empire. Cet ouvrage représente le fruit de nombreuses années de recherche et de coopération internationale entre les dif­ férents auteurs. Andrew Burnett est Deputy Keeper du Département des Monnaies et Médailles du British Museum, Londres; Michel Amandry est Directeur du Cabinet des Médailles de la Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; Pere Pau Ripollès est Professeur titulaire du Département de Préhistoire et d’Archéologie de l’Université de Valence, Espagne.

R O M A N

PROVINCIAL C O I N A G E V O L U M E I From the death o f Caesar to the death o f Vitellius

(44 BG-AD 69) Part I: Introduction and Catalogue

A ndrew B urnett M ichel A m andry Pere Pau Ripollès

British Museum Press London

Bibliothèque Nationale Paris

© 1992 The Trustees of the British M useum /Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris Published in two volumes by British M useum Press a division of British M useum Publications Ltd 46 Bloomsbury Street, London w c i b 3Qg and the Bibliothèque Nationale 58, rue Richelieu, 75002 Paris British Library Cataloguing in Publication D ata Burnett, A. M. Roman provincial coinage. Vol. 1: From the death of Caesar to the death of Vitellius (44 bc - ad 69). I. Title II. Amandry, Michel III. Ripollès, Pere Pau 332.40420937 ISBN 0-7141-0871-5 the set ( b m p ) isbn

2-7177-1845-1 the set ( b n )

Designed by Andrew Shoolbred Typeset in Baskerville by Wyvern Typesetting Ltd, Bristol, and printed in Great Britain at Cambridge University Press

CONTENTS

Part I: Introduction and Catalogue Acknowledgements Abbreviations Preface

vii ix xiii

GENERAL INTRODUCTION Chapter / Authority and magistrates Chapter 2 The production and circulation of coinage in the provinces Chapter 3 Denominations Chapter 4 Designs and legends Chapter 5 The emperors and the imperial family Chapter 6 The emperors and the provincial coinage

26 38 49 52

CATALOGUE How to use the catalogue List of cities

55 58

I

6

C a ta lo g u e n u m b e r

lO

CO CO

Concordances with FIT A and APT Maps

1-487 O to

Spain Gaul Italy Sardinia Sicily Africa Cyrenaica and Crete Achaea Macedonia Thrace Moesia Northern Black Sea Bithynia and Pontus Asia Lycia-Pamphylia Galatia Cappadocia Cilicia Tracheia Kingdoms of Asia Minor Cyprus Syria Judaean kingdom Eastern kingdoms Alexandria Uncertain Addenda

601-621 622-625 626-676 701-886 9 0 Ï- I0 3 9

63 147 r 57

162 î

65

182 216 244 287 311 324

i 101-1470 1501-1660 1701-1788 1801-1841 1842-1947 2001-2161 2201-3248 3301-3405 350i - 357i 3601-3661 3701-3742 3801-3872

550 560 567

3901-3925

576

4001-4896

581 676 686 688 714 722

4901-4992 4993-4998

5001-5378 5401-5467

329 336

363 523 535

725

728

Part II: Indexes and Plates Indexes Plates

729 813

To our parents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The genesis of this work was our dissatisfaction with the narrow definition of coinage of the Roman Empire in the standard works such as Roman Imperial Coinage and the British Museum Catalogues of Roman Imperial coins. Both ignore the vast amount of city coinage produced under the Empire, notably in its eastern part. Some partial remedies can be found in the catalogues of the Milan collection by L. Laffranchi (1938) and of the Oxford collection by C. H. V. Sutherland and C.M . Kraay (1975), both of which included the coinages made in the provinces. These works are, however, catalogues of only one collection; though they are both good collections, neither approaches anything like completeness. Here our aim has been to make as complete a reconstruction of the provincial coinage as is possible. This is a bold aim. Its realisation would not have been possible without the work of previous generations, and we have found the many works of three previous scholars to be most helpful and influential in this project: Friedrich Imhoof-Blumer, Henri Seyrig and Michael Grant. In addi­ tion, the influence of Louis Robert will also be obvious, if more indirect. But the realisation of this project has depended on the helpful co-operation and support of our many colleagues and friends throughout the world. Our first debt is to the curators of the main museums whose collections we have used, all of whom tolerated our demands on their time and patience with cheerful under­ standing: Gunther Dembski (Vienna), Dietrich Klose and Bernhard Overbeck (Munich), Terence Volk and Kevin Butcher (Cambridge), Hans-Markus von Kaenel (Winter­ thur), Cathy King and Chris Howgego (Oxford), Anne Kromann (Copenhagen), Donal Bateson (Glasgow), Bill Metcalf and Carmen Arnold (New York), Mando Oikonomidou and Iannis Touratsoglou (Athens), Carmen Alfaro (Madrid), Marta Campo (Barcelona), Yordanka Youroukova (Sofia), and especially Hans-Dietrich Schultz (Berlin). Much unpublished material and information has also been freely made available to us by a number of private collectors and scholars, especially Richard Ashton, Kevin Butcher, Ian Carradice, B.C.D., M. P. Garcia Bellido,

Michel Prieur, Richard Schaeffer, L. Villaronga, P.V., Steve Wagner, David Walker and Rick Witschonke. Other information has been given to us by Ted Buttrey (Sicily), Suzanne Frey-Kupper (Panormus), John Kroll (Athens), Sophia Kremidi (Dium, Cassandrea), Olivier Picard (Philippi, Thasos), Ya’akov Meshorer, Dan Barag and Shraga Qedar (Judaea). We have also benefited greatly from the help of those who have kindly read and made constructive comments on the manuscript: Maria del Mar Llorens (Spain), Giacomo Manganaro and Roger Wilson (Sicily), Suzanne Grunauer (Sparta), Jennifer Warren (Achaea), Brooks Levy (Nicopolis, Sicyon and Germanicus/Drusus), Iannis Touratsoglou (Thessalonica), B.C.D. (northern Greece), Richard Ashton (Mylasa), Stephen Mitchell (Galatia), David Walker (Introductions, Caesarea, Antioch), Bill Metcalf (Caesarea), Alla Stein (Syria), Kevin Butcher (Antioch and northern Syria), Arthur Houghton (Antioch, Cleopatra), Michel Prieur (Antioch silver), Erik Christian­ sen (Alexandria), Chris Howgego (Introductions) and especially P.V. (everything); the section on Rhodes was written by Richard Ashton. We apologise for the mistakes which remain. The quantitative analyses were carried out by Paul Crad­ dock (British Museum Research Laboratory, London) and Jean-Noël Barrandon (C.N.R.S., Centre de Recherches Numismatiques E. Babelon, Orléans); in addition Mike Cowell (British Museum Research Laboratory, London) gave much help and advice with the qualitative analyses. The writing of a book by three authors with different native tongues posed certain problems, and we would thank Santiago Martinez and Ann Johnston for the great help they have freely given with translation. We also thank our editors: Nina Shandloff, Catherine Carpenter, Ann Wilson and Ruth Baldwin. Much practical assistance has also been given by Joan Noble and Janet Larkin. We have attached great importance to the plates, in view of the small size and normally poor preservation of the coins. Wherever possible, the coins have been illustrated from casts. Some of these were made by the museums we

viii

R O M A N P R O V I N C I A L C O I N A G E , V olum e I

have visited, but the great majority were made by David Owen (British Museum). The photographs were made by Christiane Roulot (Bibliothèque Nationale). Without their skills and hard work, this book would have been incompar­ ably the poorer. Additional casts and photographs were made by Dominique Bias! (Paris) and Chaz Howson (London), and most of the plates were mounted by Lisa Watkins. Rick Witschonke and B. L. Damsky have generously made substantial contributions towards the costs of the plates. Special thanks go to Ian Carradice, Michael Crawford, Chris Howgego, Martin Price, and particularly Roger Bland for constant advice, discussion and encouragement. Without the finance and support of many institutions and individuals this catalogue could not have been undertaken. Valuable support was provided by the American Numis­ matic Society for inviting Andrew Burnett and Michel Amandry to the summer schools of 1982 and 1984. The British Academy supported Andrew Burnett’s visit to Berlin. The generosity of the Heberden Coin Room, Ash-

molean Museum and Wolfson College, Oxford, enabled Michel Amandry and Pere Pau Ripollès to visit England in the summers of 1986 and 1988; Pere Pau Ripollès was also able to visit England with a grant from the Generalität Valenciana in October-December 1988. While we are happy to take equal responsibility for the whole book, the way in which it has been constructed may perhaps be of some interest. The Spanish section is entirely the work of Pere Pau Ripollès. Gaul, Africa, Cyrenaicaand-Crete and Cyprus are by Michel Amandry, who has also written the entries for most of the Roman colonies, especially in Greece, and for the bronze coinage of Antioch. Most of the rest, predominantly the Greek issues, has been prepared by Andrew Burnett, who also undertook the draft­ ing of the chapters of general introduction (they are, however, very much of secondary importance in our view; they may serve to introduce the material and some of the general issues it raises, but are only prolegomena to future discussion). The indexing has been shared by us all.

ABBREVIATIONS

i C o lle c tio n s, c ite d in w h o le o r in p a r t A thens, N um ism atic M useum (including D em) A (p art published in A. Postolacca, Katalogos ton Archaion Nomismaton, A thens 1872) Berlin, Staatliche M useen. T h e following B abbreviations are used: L öbb = the collection o f A. Löbbecke; R au ch = the two collections of von R auch, acquired in 1853 an d 1878; I-B = the first Im hoof-B lum er collection, acquired in 1900; and B-I = the second Im hoof-B lum er collection, acquired in 1928. Barcelona, G ab in et N um ism àtic de C atalu n y a Ba Private Collection BCD BCD Br Brussels, B ibliothèque Royale Be Berne, H istorisches M useum (including R = R ighetti Collection) Bologna, M useo Civico (p art published by P. P. Bo Ripollès in Monete Ispaniche nelle Collezione Italiam Monografia o f the Bollettino di Numismatica, 1986) B udapest Bu C am bridge, Fitzw illiam M useum ; including C M cC lean = S .W . G rose, Fitzwilliam Museum. The McClean Bequest, 1923-9; Leake an d G eneral C ollections (partly published in SN G an d W . M . Leake, Numismata Hellenica, 1856 w ith Supplement,

H I IV D J JPR JS W L L evante L indgren Lischine M M ab b o tt Mi

M ini

Cop D em

Evelpidis F

FNM T G

R. C alciati, Corpus Nummorum Siculorum. La Monetazione di Bronzo I - I I I (1983-7) C openhagen, D anish N atio n al M useum (com pletely p ublished in SNG, 1942-79) F. F euard en t, Collections Giovanni di Demetrio.

Numismatique. Egypte Ancienne. 11. Domination Romaine (1872) (now in A) SN G Grèce, Collection Réna H. Evelpidis I (1970) Florence, M useo A rcheologico (part p ublished by P. P. Ripollès in Monete Ispaniche nelle Collezione Italiane Monografia o f the Bollettino di Numismatica, 1986) F âbrica N acional d e 'M o n e d a y T im bre, M ad rid Glasgow, H u n te ria n M useum (G. M acD onald,

Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection, University of Glasgow, 1899-1905) Go

G otha (previously know n also as D epositum M ünchen)

BM C = British Museum Catalogue o f Greek Coins) E. L evante, SNG Switzerland. I. Levante-Cilicia (r986) H . C. L indgren a n d F. L. K ovacs, Ancient Bronze Coins o f Asia Minor and the Levant (1985) Collection C. N. Lischine. Monnaies Grecques. Thrace (M acon, 1902) M ad rid , M useo A rqueolôgico N acional The T. 0 . Mabbott Collection by H . H olzer (H. Schulm an, New Y ork, 6-11 J u n e 1969) M ilan , Civiche R accolte (p art p ublished by L. Laffranchi, Le Raccolte Numismatiche del Castello

Sforzesco. Le Monete dell’Impero Romano. I Da Augusto a Traiano ( 1938), an d P. P. Ripollès in Monete Ispaniche mile Collezione Italiam Monografia o f the Bollettino di Numismatica, 1986, a n d in SNG) A. M ini, Monete di bronzo della Sicilia antica ( 19 7 9 )

Mu

t 859 ) C alciati

H ague (now Leiden) Ista n b u l In stitu to V alencia de D on Ju a n , M ad rid Private Collection J P R , Sw itzerland P rivate C ollection JS W , Texas L ondon, B ritish M useum (p a rt published in

N

Niggeler NY

O P Prowe PV R

M unich, Staatliche M ün zsam m lu n g (part published in SNG) N aples, M useo A rchaeologico N azionale (F = A. Fiorelli, Catalogo del Museo Nazionale di Napoli. Medagliere. I. Monete Greche (1870); S = A. Fiorelli,

Catalogo del Museo Nazionale di Napoli. Collezione Santangelo (1866); p a rt published by P. P. Ripollès in Monete Ispaniche nelle Collezione Italiane Monografia o f the Bollettino di Numismatica, 1986) Sammlung W. Niggeler I I (L eu-M M A G , 1966) N ew York, A m erican N um ism atic Society (part published in SNG) O xford, A shm olean M useum (p a rt p ublished in AMC, SN G an d M ) Paris, B ibliothèque N ationale (p a rt p ublished in Bab) Prowe Collection (Egger, 1904) Private Collection PV , Paris Rome, M useo N azionale R om ano (p a rt published by P. P. Ripollès in Monete Ispaniche nelle Collezione

Italiam Monografia of the Bollettino di Numismatica, R H JA R osenberger RW RW S S deC SBF St T Tun V V at vA V irzi VQR W eber Wa W in terth u r

1986) P rivate collection R H JA , London M . R osenberger, The Rosenberger Israel Collection Vols. I - I I I (Jerusalem , 197a, '9 7 5 , 1977) Private Collection RW , C alifornia Private Collection RW S, N ew York M. P. G arcia Bellido and M . G arcia, Album de la Antigua Colecciôn Sânchez de la Cotera (1986) S tudium B iblicum Franciscanum , Je ru salem (part published by Spijkerm an) Stockholm , N atio n al M useum of M onetary H istory T u rin , M useo Civico (published in F abretti) T unis V ienna, K unsthistorisches M useum V atican, B iblioteca Apostolica V on Aulock (m ostly published in SNG; some now in L) V irzi Collection (unpublished except for sets of photographs, e.g., in M u) M . V idal Q u a d ra s, Catâlogo de la Colecciôn de Monedasy Medallas (1892) L. F orrer, Descriptive Catalogue of the Collection o f Greek Coins formed by Sir Hermann Weber (1922-9) E. B abelon, Inventaire Sommaire de la Collection Waddington (1898) (in P) W in terth u r, M ü n zk ab in ett

2 Books T h e books listed here are only those w hich are referred to throughout all or a large p a rt o f the book. O th e r abbreviations m ay also be found in the individual m in t catalogues. AM C C. H . V. S u th erlan d an d C. M . K raay, Catalogue of

AM NG APT ANRW B ab

B aram ki

the Coins of the Roman Empire in the Ashmolean Museum. I. Augustus (1975) Die antiken Münzen Nord-griechenlands (ed. F. Im hoof-B lum er, 1898- ) M . G ran t, Aspects of the Principate o f Tiberius (1950) Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt (ed. H . T em porini an d W . H aase, 1972- ) E. B abelon, Catalogue des Monnaies Grecques de la

Bibliothèque Nationale. Les Perses Achéménides, les Satrapes et les Dynastes Tributaires de leur Empire, Cypre et Phénicie (1893) D .C . B aram ki, The Coin Collection o f the American University o f Beirut Museum: Palestine and Phoenicia

FITA G abrici Geissen

GIC GM GMI GRMK

G u ad ân

HN Jo n es,

Cities H ill H olm

IC IGCH 1GR ILS KM K raay,

ACGC LGPN LIM C LS M

M esh Mi

MG M ouchm ov

( 19 7 4 )

A. B lanchet, Traité des Monnaies Gauloises (1905)

Mu

Traité BM C

British Museum Catalogue

M ünsterberg,

BN

E. M u ret an d A. C habouillet, Catalogue des

Beamten­ namen NAH

CIL CMRR C M TM CRWLR D de Saulcy F ab retti

Sammlung des Instituts fü r Altertumskunde der Universität zu Köln I (1974) C .J . Howgego, Greek Imperial Countermarks (1985) F. Im hoof-B lum er, Griechische Münzen (1890) A. M . G u ad ân , La Moneda Ibérica (1980) F. Im hoof-B lum er, Zur Griechischen und Römischen Münzkunde (1908) = Ä S N 1905, pp. 161-272 and 1908, pp. 1 -2 11 A. M . G u ad ân , ‘T ipologia de la C o n tram arcas en la N u m ism âtica Ib ero -ro m an a’, N H 17 (i960) B . V. H ead, Historia Numorum (2nd ed., 1911) A. H . M . Jo n es, Cities o f the Eastern Roman Provinces (2nd ed., 1971) G. F. H ill, Notes on the Ancient Coinage of Hispania Citerior (1931) (w ith references to p late num bers) A. H olm , Geschichte des Siciliens in Alterthum. B and I I I (1898), pp. 543-71

Inscriptiones Creticae M . T hom pson, O . M orkholm , C .M . K raay, An Inventory o f Greek Coin Hoards (1973) R. C agnat, Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes (1906-12) H . D essau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (1954) F. Im hoof-B lum er, Kleinasiatische Münzen (1901-2) C. M . K raay , Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (i976) P. M . F raser an d E. M atthew s, Lexicon o f Greek Personal Names I (1987) Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Graecae F. Im hoof-B lum er, Lydische Stadtmünzen (1897) J . G. M ilne, A Catalogue of the Alexandrian Coins in the Ashmolean Museum (1933, rep rin t w ith supplem ent,

W 1) M agie M az

B lanchet,

BNC

M . G ran t, From Imperium to Auctoritas (1946; repr. 1969) E. G abrici, La Monetazione nel Bronzo della Sicilia Antica (1927) A. G eissen, Katalog Alexandrinischer Kaisermünzen der

D. M agie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor (1950) J . M azard , Corpus Nummorum Numidiae Mauretaniaeque (1955) Y. M eshorer, Ancient Jewish Coinage. Vol. II (1982) T . E. M ionnet, Description des Médailles Antiques, Grecques et Romaines (1806-37) F. Im hoof-B lum er, Monnaies Grecques (1883) N. A. M ouchm ov, Ancient Coins o f the Balkan Peninsula and the Coins o f the Russian Czars (1912) (in Bulgarian) L. M üller, Numismatique de T Ancienne Afrique (186074)

Monnaies Gauloises de la Bibliothèque Nationale (1889) J.-B . G iard, Bibliothèque Nationale. Catalogue des Monnaies de l ’Empire Romain I (1976), II (1988) Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum M . H . C raw ford, Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic (1985) P. P. Ripollès, La Circulaciôn Monetaria en la Tarraconense Mediterrânea (1982) The Coinage o f the Roman World in the Late Republic, ed. A. M . B u rn ett an d M .H . C raw ford (1987) A. D attari, Nummi Augg. Alexandrini I—II ( ig o i—2) F. de Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre Sainte (1874) A. F abretti, F. Fossi, R. Lanzone, Regio Museo di Torino. Monete Greche (1883)

R. M ünsterberg, Die Beamtennamen auf Griechischen Münzen (1914) L. V illaronga, Numismâtica Antigua de Hispania

(I979) Newell

OGIS PIR PW

RAI Rec

E. T. Newell, ‘T h e pre-im perial coinage of R om an A ntioch’, N C 1919, pp. 69-113 W . D ittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae

(J903-5)

Prosopographia Imperii Romani A. Pauly, Real-encyclopaedie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (ed. G. W issow a et al.) M . G ran t, Roman Anniversary Issues (1950) W . W addington, E. Babelon an d T . Reinach,

Recueil Général des Monnaies Grecques d’Asie Mineure (1904-12, w ith a second edition of one p art, 1925;

A bbreviations

R1C R IM R ouvier

RRC RRCH S

Scheers,

Traité SNG

SMACA Spijkerm an Sv Sv Ptol Syd Sydenham ,

CRR T rillm ich Vives

υΑ Index vA Lyk. vA Phrygiens vA Pisidiens

some additio n al inform ation has been gleaned from R ein ach ’s w orking copy of the o th er parts) C. H . V. S uth erlan d , Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. I (1984) M . G ran t, Roman Imperial Money (1954) J . R ouvier, ‘N um ism atique des Villes de la Phénicie’, J IA N 1900, pp. 125-68 an d 237-312 (A radus-B erytus); ig o i, pp. 35-66 (Botrys, G ebal-Byblos, C aesarea-ad -L ib an u m ); 1901, pp. 125-52 (D ora, E boda, M ara th u s, O rth o sia); 1902, pp. 99-134 a n d 228-84 (Sidon); 1903, pp. 17-46 (T ripolis); 1903, pp. 269-332 (T yre); 1904, pp. 65-108 T yre, as a colony) M . H . C raw ford, Roman Republican Coinage (1974) M . C ra w fo rd , Roman Republican Coin Hoards (1969) E. A. Sydenham , The Coinage o f Caesarea in Cappadocia (1933, rep rin t w ith a supplem ent by A. G. M alloy (1978) ) S. Scheers, Traité de Numismatique Celtique. II. La Gaule Belgique (1977)

Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum M . G ran t, Six Main Aes Coinages of Augustus (1953) A. Spijkerm an, The Coins of the Decapolis and Provincia Arabia (1978) T. Svoronos, La Numismatique de la Crète Ancienne (1890) J . Svoronos, Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Ptolemaion (1904) E. A. Sydenham , The Coinage of Nero (1920) E. A. Sydenham , The Coinage o f the Roman Republic

(1 9 5 2)

W. T rillm ich, Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius (1978) A. Vives y Escudero, La Moneda Hispdnica (1924-6) (w ith references to plates) P. R. Franke, W . L eschhorn an d A. U . Stylow, Sammlung v. Aulock Index (1981) H . von Aulock, Münzen und Städte Lykaoniens (1976) H . von Aulock, Münzen und Städte Phrygiens I (1980), II (1987) H . von Aulock, Münzen und Städte Pisidiens I (1977),

A JA AN A NSM N BACTHS BCH BEFAR BSAA BSFN CENB CH CRAI GN IN J JEA JH S J IA N JN G JR S M CV M EFR MF MM NC NH NNM

xi

American Journal o f Archaeology Acta Numismatica A m erican N um ism atic Society Museum Notes Bulletin Archéologique du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique Bibliothèque des Ecoles Françaises d'Athènes et de Rome Boletin dei Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueologia Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique Cercle d’Études Numismatiques. Bulletin Coin Hoards Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions Gaceta Numismatica Israel Numismatic Journal Journal o f Egyptian Archaeology Journal o f Hellenic Studies Journal International d’Archéologie Numismatique Jahrbuch fü r Numismatik und Geldgeschichte Journal o f Roman Studies Mélanges de la Casa de Velâzquez Mélanges de l’Ecole Française de Rome Madrider Forschungen Madrider Mitteilungen Numismatic Chronicle Numario Hispânico Numismatic Notes and Monographs (A m erican N um ism atic Society)

NZ PEG

GT

RAN RBN R IN RN RSAC RSL RSN SM ZJN ZPE

Numismatische Zeitschrift Palestine Exploration Quarterly Numismatica e Antichità Classiche. Quademi Ticinesi Revue Archéologique de Narbonnaise Revue Belge de Numismatique Rivista Italiana di Numismatica Revue Numismatique Revue de la Société Archéologique de Constantine Rivista di Studi Liguri Revue Suisse de Numismatique (Schweizerisches Numismatisches Rundschau) Schweizer Münzblätter ( Gazette Numismatique Suisse) Zeitschrift fü r Numismatik Zeitschrift fü r Papyrologie und Epigrafik

H (1 9 7 9 )

W

Y ouroukova

W. W ruck, Die Syrische Provinzialsprägung von Augustus bis Traian (1931) D. R. W alker, The Metrology o f the Roman Silver Coinage I (1976) Y. Y ouroukova, Coins o f the Ancient Thracians (trans.

Z ograph

V. A thanassov, 1976) A. Z ograph, Ancient Coinage (1977)

W alker,

Metrology

3 Periodicals AA ABSA A IIN

Archäologischer Anzeiger Annual o f the British School at Athens Annali dellTstituto Italiano di Numismatica

4 Metals (see also p. xvii) silver AR AE u n certain copper-based alloy C opper m ore or less p u re copper C opper + copper alloyed w ith a t least 10% lead lead copper alloyed w ith ab o u t 5-3 0 % tin, som etimes Bronze including u p to a b o u t 10% lead copper alloyed w ith tin a n d w ith m ore th an about L eaded 10% lead bronze copper alloyed w ith a b o u t 10-30% zinc, Brass som etim es including u p to a b o u t 5% lead

PREFACE

Function and scope Roman Provincial Coinage is intended to provide a reconstruc­ tion of the coinage minted in the provinces of the Roman Empire; roughly speaking it aims to include everything which is not included in R1C, and its main function is, in conjunction with RIC, to provide a source book for all the coinage produced under the Roman emperors; volume I covers the Julio-Claudians. As such, it is a source book which is aimed primarily at the ancient historian, though the needs of others such as numismatists, museum curators and collectors have also been kept in mind. Because it has been aimed at this audience, there are two guiding principles which we have tried to follow as far as possible. The first is to give a clear indication of what is certain and what is less so. The main application of this principle is to the dates we have assigned for various issues (though it also has some application to mint attribution). We are very aware of the disservice which coin catalogues have done to themselves in the past by asserting confidently the date of such and such an issue; no wonder the non­ specialist is perplexed on finding radically different dates in other publications. Thus in RPC we have tried to give absolute dates only when they do seem objectively sure; less sure dates can be found in the relevant discussion. One obviously does not want to carry this principle too far, as a desire for ‘proof’ would tend to defeat the whole object of the exercise, to provide a historical reconstruction of the coinage in question; hence our use of ‘sure’ rather than ‘certain’. The second guiding principle is to try and be as complete as possible. In this way, RPC can be seen as a partial product of the late nineteenth-century movement towards producing a global catalogue of all coins. The history of this can be found in E. Babelon’s review of ΑΜΝΟ (RN 1899, pp. 544-54 = Journal des Savants 1899). Not surprisingly, we learn that the notion of producing corpora such as the AMNG was the brainchild of Mommsen. It had been announced by the German Academy in 1888, and in 1893 the Corpus Num­ morum Graecorum was announced; Mommsen promised a considerable sum of money for the project.

These proposals were considered by Babelon in his article; the discussion is, of course, tinged with FrancoGerman rivalry, specifically the comparison between the German AMNG and the French Recueil·, in his view what was required was a ‘fusion’ rather than an ‘accumulation’, which ‘se livrerait à une besogne sans fin, puérile et scienti­ fiquement inutile’ (!). RPC is, indeed, a ‘fusion’ rather than an ‘accumulation’. The basis of the work consists of a union catalogue of the following ‘core collections’: B Berlin, Staatliche Museen C * Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum Cop Copenhagen, Nationalmuseet G Glasgow, Hunterian Museum L London, British Museum M Madrid, Museo Arqueologico Nacional (only Spain) Mu Munich, Staatliche Münzsammlung NY New York, American Numismatic Society (excluding Spain) O Oxford, Ashmolean Museum P Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale V Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum All these collections have been personally consulted by the authors in reasonably close detail (except for the Copen­ hagen collection which has been fully published). In addi­ tion, material has been added which has come to hand, from publications like catalogues of collections, mintstudies and sales catalogues, from coins in various private or public collections which we have learned about on a fairly ad hoc basis. In addition, we hope that we have not missed anything too important in the extensive periodical literature, though once again we are only too aware that there will be omissions and mistakes. Clearly, many other collections have not been consulted. Some coins will have been omitted. We believe, however, that any coins not in RPC 1 will be not just very rare, but very rare indeed. This - perhaps bold - conclusion is based on the relatively small numbers of new coins which have been encountered in the collections consulted towards the latter stages of the preparation of this work. On the other

hand, it would be unrealistic to suppose that there are not coins that have been missed, either in the collections that we have consulted or in those that we have not. It has, however, seemed to us a better use of our energies to con­ centrate on publication; it is hoped that the appearance of this work will stimulate the publication of those that are missing. We would be very grateful for any addenda and indeed corrigenda, and we imagine that in due course it may be desirable to produce a supplement. That said, however, there is one area in particular where we are conscious that a certain amount of material may have been missed: the so-called ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins, minted without imperial portraits. It is in the nature of the way coin cabinets are arranged that these are often not very easy to hnd in a large collection, even in a visit of several weeks and even when one is helped by a curator whose time may have already been abused beyond the point of tolerance. A more serious problem may arise in the case of cities which produced no portrait coins at all; it is almost impossible without preparing a full study of the mint in question to differentiate between late Hellenistic and early imperial issues. Thus it seems inevitable that a number of such issues may have been omitted, but we hope that there will not be many such.

Chronological limits and arrangement This last problem leads to the question of the chronological limits of this volume. The end presents no problem: we have included everything down to the accession of Vespasian (i.e., including Galba, Otho and Vitellius). But the start of the volume is not so clear cut. It has been left deliberately vague, somewhere between the death of Caesar and the battle of Actium. This loose starting date was chosen on pragmatic grounds so that, on the one hand, the interesting issues of the period of the Second Triumvirate would be included, but, on the other, the mass of late Hellenistic civic coinage, which may or may not belong to the period of the civil wars, was excluded. Even so, sometimes a slightly earlier starting date has been preferred, when there is a more natural historical or numismatic break in the history of the relevant city (e.g., Corinth, Antioch, Laodicea). Some consideration was given to the possibility of arrang­ ing RPC emperor by emperor, rather than by city within the chosen period. This option was, however, rejected. First, it is often not possible during this period to make certain identifications between the different emperors. Secondly, while it is perhaps possible to assign with reasonable plausibility most of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins to the general period covered here, any more precise dating is normally out of the question. It may also be thought that breaking the provincial coinage up into broad chronological blocks (represented by each volume in the series) may be a more helpful way of illuminating the historical development of the coinage than dividing it up into the much more numerous segments an emperor arrangement would require.

Geographical scope The geographical scope of the work is more easily defined. Obviously all the cities in the provinces of the Roman Empire have been included, but in addition many of the coinages of the so-called client kings have been included. Most of these have been fully listed (e.g., Numidia, Thrace, Bosporus, Paphlagonia, Pontus, Olba, Armenia Minor, Commagene, Judaea), but some have been treated only partially (Armenia, Himyarites) or omitted virtually alto­ gether (Mauretania, Nabataeans). These omissions are the result of practical considerations, since the coinages in question require considerable individual study in their own right, and the same goes for a number of issues of Celtic coins, the Gallic silver and bronze issues which are regarded as being produced after the Roman conquest and down to the time of the early Empire. A number of the more Romanised of these issues have been included. There is no good and full modern treatment of the rest, though discus­ sions can be found in D. Nash in her book Coinage in the Celtic World (1987) and in her article ‘Plus ça change; cur­ rency in Central Gaul from Julius Caesar to Nero’, in ed. R. A. G. Carson and C. M. Kraay, Scripta Nummaria Romana. Essays presented to Humphrey Sutherland, pp. 12-31 ; there is also a discussion in M. Crawford, CMRR, pp. 214-18 with appendices 56-7. Ideally, of course, such coinages would have been included here, but, as with the coinage of Mauretania, their proper publication would require far greater study than was practicable for this project. No British Iron Age coinage has been included here; although a very great number indeed of its designs are Roman in con­ tent, it has been excluded on the grounds that the British tribes were not part of the Empire, and were not, as far as we know, ‘client states’. Almost no coinage, if any, was made in Britain after the conquest of 43. For coverage of British coins, see R. P. Mack, The Coinage of Ancient Britain and R. D. Van Arsdell, Celtic Coinage of Britain, though the chronology and attributions of both books should be approached with caution. No account is taken of imitation coinages, most notably the imitation bronzes which were produced throughout the west, and which are sometimes regarded as ‘official’ or ‘legionary’ products, though these are discussed to a limited extent in the introductory chapters.

Geographical arrangement One of the main problems of presentation of the material in this catalogue is the geographical arrangement of the cities which issued coinage during this period. The conventional arrangement of the coinage of Greek cities today is that established in 1763—7 by Pellerin (Recueil des Médailles de Peuples et de Villes) and systematised by Eckhel in his Doctrina Numorum Veterum of 1792-4; it was followed in the main nineteenth-century handbook, of Mionnet (Description de Médailles Antiques, Grecques et Romaines (1806-37). Under this system the ancient world was divided into a number of regions, and the cities listed alphabetically in each region. This arrangement has prevailed, almost without exception,

Preface

and its use has been canonised for the arrangement of the coinage of the Roman provinces by its use in the main sources for this coinage: the BMC, Head’s influential Historia Numorum, the SNG of the Copenhagen collection and the SNG of the von Aulock collection (and also von Aulock’s subsequent monographs). The only exception was made by Leake in his Numismata Hellenica (1856); his arrangement is preserved today in the cabinet of his collec­ tion in the Fitzwilliam Museum (though not in the published volumes of the SNG). Leake divided the Mediter­ ranean world into three parts - Europe, Asia and Islands and then listed each city purely alphabetically within each of the three divisions. This alphabetic arrangement was, in fact, normal before Pellerin and Eckhel, and was used, for example, by J. Vaillant (Numismata aerea Imperatorum, Augustorum et Caesarum in colonis, 1688; Numismata Imperatorum et Caesarum a populis romanae ditionis graece loquentibus, 1698); it survived into the nineteenth century, not just in Leake, but also in some major auction catalogues, for example, Ham­ burger in Germany. It may perhaps seem comic today, mostly because we are so accustomed to the other; and, while of course it is less helpful than the normal arrange­ ment (note, e.g., the bizarre way that cities in islands are listed alphabetically, irrespective of which island they are in), it does serve to remind one that other arrangements are possible. Around the turn of the twentieth century there arose an international debate about the way coin catalogues should be arranged, a debate which was presumably prompted by the contemporary moves towards producing global cata­ logues of coins. At the 1900 International Numismatic Con­ gress the following question was on the programme: ‘i . Ordre géographique à suivre dans la description générale des monnaies du monde antique. Imperfection de l’ordre adopté par Mionnet. Peut-on y remédier sans bouleverser toute l’économie du système?’ Apparently this question received not a single response! But one or two contributions were published later, for example, by R. Mowat, ‘Réflexions sur l’ordre à suivre dans la confection d’un Recueil Général des monnaies antiques’, RN 1904, pp. i—11. Mowat thought that the ideal arrange­ ment would be to follow the development of coinage from Pheidon of Argos, but accepted that this was impractical. He thought that, although the Pellerin system was like that of ancient geographers like Ptolemy and Strabo, it was peculiar because it started with the ‘pays semi-barbares’ like Spain, Gaul and Britain. He pointed out that epigraphers like Boeckh and Franz (with CIG) avoided this by starting with (after a group of the oldest inscriptions) Attica. Mowat made the following specific proposals: 1.

The order around the Mediterranean should be changed, to conform, with some modifications, with that used by epigraphers; and 2. The alphabetical listing within region should be abandoned (as it was by A. Sambon in Monnaies antiques de l’Italie). Mowat’s article prompted a response by A. Dieudonné, ‘Du Classement des Monnaies Grecques’, RN 1904, pp. 197207. Dieudonné favoured the retention, with some modifi­

χν

cations, of Mionnet’s system of regions and indeed the use of alphabetical lists within them; though a fully geographi­ cal arrangement would be illuminating, the practical problems (‘nombreux et arbitraires zig-zags’) were insurmountable. This debate took place almost a hundred years ago. Though it had almost no effect, except on a book like Sambon’s, the points which were raised are relevant today, particularly to the formulation of a catalogue such as RPC. The history of numismatics has seen two major types of arrangement of the cities of the Mediterranean world, the purely alphabetical and the regional-alphabetic. But it may well be thought that other arrangements are as valid or even, in fact, preferable, since they remove subconscious barriers; one has only to recall the contempt L. Robert had for numismatists who regarded areas like Phrygia, Aeolis, Lydia, etc., as different ‘Landschaften’ {Hautes Etudes Numismatiques. 2: Monnaies Grecques, pp. 92-4): ‘A l’époque romaine, dans la province d’Asie la “Landschaft” c’est la province d’Asie elle-même.’ In this catalogue, some thought has therefore been given to the geographical arrangement of cities, and the following considerations have been followed. Just as Robert poured scorn on the view that the tribal regions of Asia Minor, like Phrygia or Lydia, were ‘Landschaften’, so the contempor­ ary change of emphasis from ‘Greek Imperial’ to ‘Roman Provincial’ prompts the choice of the Roman province as the basic unit. This innovation may be regretted by those familiar with the old system, but a new arrangement may perhaps underline the shift over the last few years in the way these coinages are regarded. Instead of seeing the prov­ incial coinage as the dying gasps of the coinage of the Greek world there is now a tendency to appreciate its vitality as the city coinage of the Roman provinces. There are, of course, problems with an arrangement based on province, particularly as between Thrace and Asia. The coins of Sestos (Thracian Chersonese) and Abydus (Asia) were closely linked. Both Calchedon and Heraclea were in the province of Bithynia-et-Pontus. Yet Calchedon was certainly and Heraclea probably part of the kingdom of Thrace (conversely, we know later that Byzan­ tium had territory in Asia: Jones, Cities, p. 163); and Calchedon’s coinage was closely linked to that of Byzantium, also in Thrace. Again, the coinage of Perinthus (province of Thrace), in particular its metal and denominations, shows strong signs of affinity with the Bithynian part of the prov­ ince of Bithynia-et-Pontus. But such problems are not very numerous, and do not pose a serious difficulty for the prov­ incial arrangement. A more difficult problem is the definition of the prov­ inces; provincial boundaries changed with surprising frequency, in response to changing circumstances. There is no simple way to avoid this problem, and the provincial structure has been chosen which suits the numismatic material best. In practice, this has led to inconsistency; thus the Balkans are divided into Moesia, Macedonia and Achaea, as under Augustus, whereas Lycia-and-Pamphylia is treated as a unit, though it was not formed into a province until the reign of Claudius. The geographical arrangement of the provinces also

requires explanation. Rather than following the traditional journey clockwise round the Mediterranean, starting with Spain and ending up in North Africa, it was thought more helpful to follow an arrangement roughly from west to east. In this way the fundamental distinction between west and east (no coins in the west after Claudius) is preserved, and it is possible to have similar coins placed fairly close together (e.g., the issues of Sicily and Africa, or those of Cyrenaica, Crete and mainland Greece). The arrangement which has been established on this basis is as follows: Lusitania Baetica Tarraconensis Gaul Italy Sardinia Sicily Africa Cyrenaica and Crete Achaea Macedonia Kingdom of Thrace Thrace Moesia Kingdom of Bosporus Bithynia and Pontus Asia Lycia-Pamphylia Galatia Cappadocia Kingdom of Pontus Kingdom of Paphlagonia Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Commagene Cyprus Syria Judaea Nabataeans Himyarites Egypt Within the basic unit of the Roman province, one has to determine an arrangement for the individual cities. There are several possibilities (see also the discussion in the introduction to Asia, pp. 365-6): 1. The traditional arrangement: by tribal region, and some further internal arrangement. This traditional arrangement reflects the way in which ancient geographers regarded the ancient world, and its familiarity allows for easy reference. But it fails to allow for the Roman system of government, which cut across traditional and tribal boundaries, and hence the way the Romans and inevitably the inhabitants of the province saw themselves. In addition, the practical consideration of ease of reference is not very important, since only a very few can remember in which region each city was situated. 2. By Roman conventus, and then some further internal arrangement. A conventus arrangement would reflect the

reality of the Roman government and accords more with the geography of an area than any alphabetical arrange­ ment could ever do. The conventus arrangement was indeed the one favoured for most of his life by Robert; he was particularly influenced by his view that the conventus was the key to the organisation of the coinage of the prov­ ince of Asia, both die links between cities and, at least to a certain degree, the patterns of coin circulation (e.g., Villes d’Asie Mineure, ρ. 410 note 2). The conventus does not, however, really seem to be a very helpful explanation for either (see p. 366). Moreover, for many areas we simply do not know the groupings of cities by conventus. 3 . By stylistic similarity. Such an arrangement would be a logical development from the picture of civic coinage presented by K. Kraft in his Das System der kaiserzeitlichen Münzprägung in Kleinasien, whereby civic coin production was concentrated in only a few centres. This system does not seem very relevant to the Julio-Claudian period, and the view taken here (see p. 15) is that coins for different cities were indeed sometimes produced from dies engraved by a single engraver, but probably struck in the individual cities which signed them. Neither these stylistic links, nor Kraft’s die links, indicate any clear correlation between groups and conventus or regions. There would be some­ thing to be said for such a stylistic arrangement, since it would illuminate the system (such as it was) by which the coins were produced, but there are two main objections. Firstly, this catalogue is intended for use by a far wider audience than just those interested in the production of civic coinage, and to win this audience the catalogue must be straightforward to use; a stylistic arrangement would involve breaking up the coinage of a particular city among its constituent ‘ateliers’. Secondly, it is simply impractical, since the majority of issues cannot in fact be grouped in this manner: one can point out the groupings of certain cities, but this is of no help with the rest of the material. 4. By patterns of circulation. The practical difficulty with such an approach at the moment is a general lack of evidence about circulation. One can supplement the relatively meagre information of site finds with, for instance, countermarks (see GIC, especially the maps) or overstrikes, but there would still be far too little information to enable such an arrangement to be constructed for all the cities included in this catalogue. 5 . By a more general cultural approach, such as grouping cities which adopt the Artemis of Ephesus as a reverse type. This would cut across other groupings such as those of conventus or region. But, once again, it is not clear how a generally valid arrangement could be constructed on this basis. 6. Alphabetically. This is familiar from current usage, at least within tribal regions. There is some ancient authority to support an alphabetical arrangement, since we know, for instance, that there was an alphabetical list of the Sicilian cities in Augustus’s time (p. 167). On the other hand, L. Robert often, and rightly in our view, castigated an alphabetical arrangement because of the violence it did to political and historical geography; the disadvantages of such systems can be seen from the advantages of a book like Sambon’s. We might compare the change, for Roman coins,

Preface xvii from the alphabetical arrangements of Cohen in the nineteenth century to the chronological arrangements of Voetter or Mattingly. y. According to an official contemporary record, whether or not alphabetical. The problems of fully recovering such a list are, however, insurmountable (see C. Habicht, JRS 1975 » PP· 64 - 9 0 -_ 8. From the ‘point de vue de la géographie et politique’ (L. Robert, op. cit., p. 105). It seems obvious that, from all points of view (cultural, historical, economic), this is the ideal way of presenting the material, as was recognised a hundred years ago by Mowat. Moreover, its choice would be consistent with the geographical arrangement of prov­ inces adopted in this catalogue. Thus, for most of the cata­ logue, we have followed a geographical arrangement. The only exception is the province of Asia, where the sheer bulk of material requires some preliminary subdivision. The choice of the Roman province as the main unit really requires the adoption of the Roman conventus as the minor unit for Asia. The conventus themselves have been arranged geographically, as have the cities which con­ stituted them. Thus, for instance, the towns of Sicily are listed in a geographical arrangement anti-clockwise around the island; while the cities of Achaea have been listed from south to north, and Macedonia from west to east. The reason for these particular geographical directions stems from the overall arrangement of the provinces. Such a geographical arrangement has, indeed, involved some ‘arbitraires zig-zags’, but these are not very ‘nombreux’.

Metals Some of the provincial coinages are silver, and their precise composition has been, for the most part, revealed by D. R. Walker’s Metrology I. The bulk of the coinage is, however, of base metal, and generally described as bronze or ‘AE’. These terms are, however, usually used indiscriminately to refer to three metals: bronze, an alloy of copper with tin; pure copper itself; and brass, an alloy of copper with zinc. All these metals are widely found in the coinage of the ancient world; on many occasions they were watered down with greater and lesser amounts of cheap lead. In this cata­ logue, we have tried to distinguish between these different metals (see the abbreviations on p. xi). This is not just for the sake of accuracy, but because the differentiation of these metals seemed an essential prerequisite for there to be any hope of having a proper understanding of the metrological and denominational system adopted for the base metal coinage in the provinces. In Republican Rome and the Hellenistic east, most base metal coins were made of bronze, often leaded, though brass was also used for some of the coinage of Asia Minor in the first century b c (P. T.

Craddock, A. M. Burnett and K. Preston, ‘Hellenistic cop­ per-base coinage and the origins of brass’, in ed. W. A. Oddy, Scientific Studies in Numismatics, pp. 53-64; A. M. Burnett, P. T. Craddock and K. Preston, ‘New light on the origins of orichalcum’, in ed. T. Hackens and R. Weiller, Acts of the gth International Numismatic Congress, pp. 263-8), and copper for some of the Republican bronze of the eighties b c (M. Amandry and J.-N. Barrandon, unpublished paper delivered at the 10th International Numismatic Congress, 1986). Augustus, moreover, devel­ oped the use of brass and copper, systematically using them for different denominations on his coinage at Rome. This practice raises the question of the extent to which his reforms were followed in the provinces, and the problem of ever knowing what denomination any given provincial civic coin may have been intended to be. For that reason, we have incorporated into this catalogue a certain amount of metallurgical information. This information is by no means complete, as the great quantity of material would require a much greater pro­ gramme of analysis than has been practicable. The metal­ lurgical information given here concerns mainly Spain, Gaul, Achaea, Macedonia, Thrace, Bithynia-et-Pontus, Asia and Egypt; none has been provided for Africa, Sicily or Syria. It is hoped that these gaps may one day be filled, though we are reasonably sure that analytical work in these areas is unlikely to reveal the use of any metal other than leaded bronze. A second limitation of the metallurgical evidence is its accuracy. A number of coins have been properly sampled and analysed, whether by atomic absorption spectroscopy (L coins in the British Museum Research Laboratory) or neutron activation (P coins in the G.N.R.S. Laboratory, Orléans). In these cases, the details of the individual analyses have been given in the apparatus to the catalogue. Such analyses are, however, very time-consuming, and, as it was only necessary for RPC to distinguish between the main alloys (copper, bronze and brass), a programme of qualitative analyses was carried out in the British Museum Laboratory. It has been possible to analyse several hundred coins in this way, using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy; the major limitation of this survey is that the analyses were made on unprepared samples. There was no attempt to remove patina or corrosion. As a result, the analyses cannot be accurate reflections of the composition of the coins, though they are sufficient to allow the general category of alloy to be established. Where no analysis has been per­ formed, the description ‘AE’ has been retained. Otherwise the nature of the metal has been indicated for each cata­ logue entry, and, although it has been indicated in the catalogue which coins have been analysed, no percentages of the different constituents have been given, since these would be misleading and very open to misinterpretation.

C H A P T E R

AUTHORITY

I

AND M A G I S T R A T E S

In the Hellenistic world, coinage seems to have been regarded as a royal prerogative. The evidence for this comes from the pseudo-Aristotelian Oeconomica, which includes decisions about the coinage among the responsibilities pro­ per to a king, as compared with those of a provincial gov­ ernor, a city or an individual (1345020). The implication of this passage is sometimes played down,1 but the notion that power over coinage, as over any matter, should be vested in the highest authority in a state seems unexceptional. Moreover, the letter sent by the Syrian king Antiochus V II (138-129 b c ) to his subject the Jewish prince Simon Mac­ cabees records an instance of a grant of coinage was made by one such king (I Maccabees 15.6: και έπέτρεψά σοι ποιήσαι κόμμα ί'διον νόμισμα τμ χώρα σου). After the breakdown of some of the Hellenistic kingdoms in the second and first centuries bc, authority over coinage seems to have reverted to the individual cities to which autonomy was granted; such cities sometimes produced their own coinage soon afterwards, as, for instance, at Seleucia in Syria. In the Roman Republic, the highest authority was the people, and one might infer that the right to produce coinage was conferred by the people on the tresviri monetales by virtue of their popular election (or, if they were appoin­ ted, by virtue of the authority of those who appointed them, itself derived from the people); similarly, changes to or reforms of the coinage were introduced by laws passed in the popular assembly. The actual control of the finances of the state, and hence the production of coinage, however, lay with the Senate. We have no information at all about the control of coinage in the provinces in the Republic, though it is a reasonable supposition that any decisions could be made by the Roman proconsul. This is not to say that he would be directly responsible for the production of the many hun­ dreds of small civic issues made throughout the Empire in this period, though one might perhaps point to the appearance of a proconsul’s name on the tiny bronze coinage of Atarneus (?),2 or its regular occurrence on the late Republican bronze coinage of the cities of Bithynia.3 The appearance of the proconsul’s name on the early reformed silver coinage of Syria (4124) is a sign that it was under his control, and the same might be concluded from the similar appearance of the proconsuls’ names on the cistophori of Asia.4 Similarly there would seem to be no i· T . R. M a rtin , Sovereignty and Coinage in Classical Greece, pp. 266-70 (stressin g the P ersian asp ect o f th e passage). 2. H . von F ritze, D ie A ntiken M ü n ze n M ysiens, p. 113 no. 350. 3 - P. K in n s in C R W L R , p. i n . 4- · K in n s, op. cit., p p . 109, h i .

doubt that a proconsul could interfere in the production of any local issue, if he so wished; but, with coinage, as in so many other aspects of local administration, the Romans preferred to allow pre-existing systems to continue unless there was some specific reason for change. There are a few examples of such intervention,5 though these are, indeed, few and far between. During the long period of civil wars at the end of the Republic, the leader of virtually every faction produced coinage, and these may perhaps have been ‘simply illegal’,6 though, for all we know, the establishment of the Second Triumvirate may have conferred some legitimacy on the coin issues of the Triumvirs. With the establishment of the Empire by Augustus, however, authority came rapidly to reside in the person of the emperor,7 though not necessarily immediately. For instance, the view has been expressed that in 27 b c Augustus ‘handed b ack __the right of coinage, the mark of a sovereign, usurped in 43 ... The resumption of right of coinage in 19 formed part of constitutional settle­ ment of that year.’8 If this view is correct (and it is, of course, only inference) then the much debated letters SC, which appear on the reformed coinage of Rome c. 23/2 b c , would presumably have to refer to a theoretical right of the Senate over the coinage at this time. This is not the place to enter into the controversy of the meaning of these letters, whatever their exact sense,9 but in any case there is little doubt that power over the coinage was ultimately the emperor’s: whether by imperium or auctoritas is a sterile distinction. What was the situation in the provinces? Of course it is true that the emperor ‘could do what he liked in the prov­ inces he controlled’;10 this was as true in Maecenas’s time as it was in Dio’s (Dio 52.30.9), and the way the larger silver and bronze coinage were controlled (see pp. 6ff., 13fr.) illustrates the use of this power. There were different mechanisms of exercising such control. Augustus might give a directive or diorthoma to the Thessalians in the ‘senatorial’ province of Achaea to change to Roman units of reckoning (see p. 28); on the other hand, the reform of the bronze coinage of Antioch, in an ‘imperial’ province, can be interpreted as being carried out through the administrative means of a senatorial decree;11 the SC itself may have been 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

C R W L R , p . iv. Μ . H . C raw fo rd , R R C , p. 604. E.g.j A. B u rn ett, Coinage in the Rom an W orld , p p . 17-18. Μ . H . C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 257. See m o st recen tly A. W a llac e-H ad rill, J R S 1986, p p . 81-2. Μ . H . C raw fo rd , C M R R ., p. 261. Cf. W allace-H ad rill, op. cit., p. 81. O n e can en v isag e, p e rh a p s , th a t th e a c tu al reform w as ca rried th ro u g h by one o r m ore S C ’s; B u rn ett, op. cit., p . 19.

2

GENERAL IN T R O D U C TIO N

initiated by the provincial legate who actually seems to have carried out the reform. These varying methods, used indiscriminately in both ‘senatorial’ and ‘imperial’ prov­ inces should not, nowadays, occasion any surprise. Different forms of immediate authority occur also on the civic coinages, which from time to time refer to various persons or bodies, permissions or requests. Three different levels of authority are implied by these. i . At the highest level we sometimes encounter the auth­ ority of the provincial governor or emperor himself. It is well known that a number of coins from Spain, Africa and Syria (and, under Domitian, Achaea: see p. 18) record that they were made permissu, the same word whose Greek equivalent (έπέτρεψα) is used by Antiochus V II in the Book of Maccabees. The permission might be that of Augustus, or perhaps of Tiberius (if it is correct to interpret the change from PERM DIVI AVG to PERM AVG at Romula and Italica in this way), the emperor’s provincial legate in an imperial province or the proconsul in a senatorial province (brackets denote alternative readings). See table below. It has been pointed out by B. Levy that the examples of permission being given by governors are not earlier than the late Augustan/early Tiberian period, and that there may therefore be a shift from the emperor to the governor as the authority for coinage.1213 Alternatively we might conclude that different possibilities existed. Permission might be sought from either emperor or (as his representative) the governor; such permission might apparently be long-lasting (as implied by the phrase PERM DIVI AVG) or only short term, as is implied not only by the naming of different proconsuls at Paterna, but also by their iteration. Such permissions, of course, had to be asked for. The only literary account of an embassy from a city to the Lusitania PER(M ISSV ) CAES(ARIS) AV G(VSTI) PER(M ISSV ) (IM P) CAES(ARIS) AV G(VSTI) PER(M ISSV) AVG(VSTI) Baetica PER(M ) (CAE)(S) AVG PER(M ) CAE(S) A V G PER(M ISSV ) CAE(SARIS) AVG(VSTI) PERM D IV I AVG PER(M ) AVG Africa PERM ISSV L A PRO N I PRO COS III PERM ISSV Q IV N BLAESI PRO CO S IT PER(M IS) P (CO RN ELI) DOLABELLAE PROCOS PERM L VO LV SI PRO COS P A V IBI H A B ITI PROCOS Syria12 PERM ISSV SILANI PERM SIL 12. P A V G a t B erytus 4542 does n ot, how ever, s ta n d for P erm issu A ugusti; see co m m entary. 13. B. E. Levy in M élanges Bastien, ed. H . H u v elin , M . C h risto l a n d G . G a u tie r, p. 54, follow ing T . M o m m sen , Histoire de la M onnaie Rom aine , tra n s. D u c de B lacas, V ol. I I I , p. 339. 14. L u c ian , Alexander 58: τ ο α ϋ τή σ α ι π α ρ ά το υ α ΐιτ ο κ ρ ά τ ο ρ ο ς . . . ν ό μ ισ μ α κ α ιν ό ν κ ό ψ α ι.

emperor asking for coinage permission uses the verb αιτέω,14 and L. Robert has argued that the occasional appearance of the word αιτησάμενος on the civic coinage denoted that such an embassy had taken place.15 The formula occurs once during the Julio-Claudian period (Ancyra, 3111—13), where it is coupled with the name of the proconsul of Asia in the dative: ΑΙΤΗΣΑΜΕΝΟΥ TI ΒΑΣΣΙΛΑΟΥ ΕΦ OYΟΛΑΣΣΕΝΑ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟ. Though Robert thought the proconsul’s name appeared only as a dating formula, it seems more likely that its appearance implies that permission was sought from and granted by him (so Levy). We should not, however, assume that all occurrences of a proconsul’s name refer to such an embassy, though Grant suggested that any Roman name with the formula ΕΠΙ implied such permission.16 An eponymous usage, however, is sometimes as likely. At Smyrna in the first century the names of either a proconsul or a stephanephoros appear in the genitive with ΕΠΙ, in addition to that of the strategos in the nominative. It seems that this indicates that the stephanephoroi appear as eponyms and that the instances where a proconsul’s name appears instead of that of a stephanephoros imply that they too are merely used as dating formulae. It is sometimes thought that the recording of imperial or governors’ permission is merely a form of imperial or gubernatorial flattery and irrelevant to the realities of the production of coinage.17 ‘It would have been theoretically possible for Rome to insist on authorising the production of coinage in areas under her direct control, though there is no evidence that she did so systematically.’18 But there is no evidence to suppose that the examples listed above were untypical, and one can defend the view that permission was regularly required by reference to the relatively minor mat­ ters with which the emperor or provincial governors might

Ebora 50-1 (city of L atin right) Em erita 5-8, 10-19 (colony) Emerita 28, 34-6, 38-9, 45-6 Italica 60-3 (municipium) T raducta 98-100, 107—10 (colony) Patricia 127—31 (colony) Italica 64—5 Romula 73—4 (colony) Italica 66-72 Romula 75-6 Paterna Paterna Paterna Cercina T haena

762-4 (colony) 765—7 768-70 802 (free city) 810 (free city)

Berytus 4541 (colony)

Berytus 4544 15. Hellenica 11-12, p p . 53-6 2 , M onnaies Grecques, p p . 5 3 -4 , B. E. Levy, loc. cit. 16. F I T A , p p . 396-400. 17. M . C raw fo rd in L a M onetazione di bronzo di Poseidonia-Paestum. Supplemento al vol. 18-IQ desii A I I N (1 9 7 3 ), p . 33 n o te 34.

18. M .H . C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 268.

A uthority an d m agistrates

concern themselves.19 Moreover, too sharp a distinction between flattery and the need for permission would seem implausible in the nexus of vague relationships which existed between emperor and city. The fact that some cities at least sought - and advertised - it indicates the desir­ ability of doing so, and this in itself would have tended to make it a requirement equally for all cities. In our view, therefore, permission was a requirement, and we argue below (Chapter 2, pp. 18-19) that it may perhaps have played a role in the cessation of western civic coinage. 2. At the second level, coinage had to be authorised by the ruling body of the city; for instance, the coinage of Paestum declares itself to be SC, authorised by the senate of Paestum, while a number of colonial issues are authorised EX D D or ex decreto decurionum (e.g. ‘Paterna’, Tingi, Cnossus, Dyme, Apamea). The putting of a motion for coinage to the council of Mylasa is presumably the point of the word ψηφισάμενος.20 Similarly, with federal coinages, the coinage would presumably need the approval of the koinon, whether that of Macedonia, Lycia or Crete. 3. At the third level, we sometimes find the mention of an individual on the coins, especially in the province of Asia (see index 5). Most commonly one finds a simple name or a name + patronymic. Sometimes one finds a double or even triple name in the Roman style.21 Sometimes, in the case of Romanised names we find the name + filiation, or with some honorific title such as ‘son of the city’ (Aphrodisias), philopatris (e.g. Dionysopolis, Prymnessus; though Philopatris might sometimes be a name) or euergetes (Laodicea). The names are generally either in the nominative case, or in the form ΕΠΙ + the name in the genitive. This latter is often regarded as an indication that the individual in ques­ tion was sometimes the senior eponymous magistrate of a city. Sometimes this is indeed so; for instance Ti Damas at Miletus (2712) is known from an inscription to have been the eponymous archiprytanis; similarly at Smyrna the coins generally bear two names, that of the eponymous stephanephoros in the form ΕΠΙ + genitive (just used for dating purposes), but the name of the strategos (the man actually responsible for the coin) appears in the nomina­ tive.22 But this cannot always be the case, as the coinage of Cotiaeum demonstrates; there we find no fewer than three magistrates with ΕΠΙ on coins of Galba (3222-7)! Moreover, one of them is specifically described as agonothete for life (3722). The interpretation of the appearance of these names is not usually clear in any given specific case. There are three main possibilities: they may simply be dating formulae (eponymous magistrates at Smyrna or the grammateus at Mylasa 2793), they may be the names of some magistrate (whether ordinary or special for the coinage) responsible for the coinage or they may be the name of a magistrate or private citizen who paid for the coin issue to be made. 19. E .g ., F. M illar, The Em peror in the Rom an W orld , ch a p te rs V I .5 a n d V I I .7, especially p p . 325-6 a n d 4 2 7-8, on financial affairs. 20. L. R o b ert, M onnaies Grecques, p. 54; C .J . H ow gego, G IC , p. 87. 21. See R . M erk elb ach , Z P E 22, 1976, pp. 200-2; for exam ples, see A ezani o r A egeae. 22. D . A. O . K lose, D ie M ünzprägung von Smyrna in der römischen K aiserzeit, p p . 64fr.

3

These categories, of course, overlap. For example, the hold­ ing of the city’s eponymous magistracy might well be com­ patible with responsibility for the coinage, as may well have been the case with Damas at Miletus; or a magistrate responsible for the coinage might also pay for it (see below). When we look at the titles which appear during the JulioClaudian period a rather confusing variety of titles appear with the names (see index 5.2). The most common are the grammateus and the strategos; one also finds agonothete, archon, epimelete, episkopos, ephor, gymnasiarch, nomothete, prytanis, stephanephoros, synarchia and tamias. Sometimes more than one title appears at a single city; at Pergamum, for instance, we find a grammateus (2358), a gymnasiarch (2360), another grammateus (2362) and a high-priest (2366). At Laodicea, we find a priest (2912), a nomothete (2919) and a man simply described as a benefactor (2920). Such a variety of titles and the occur­ rence of religious offices (high-priest, priest, in one case specifically of Germanicus, or priestess) raise the possibility that, in some cases, the name is that of someone who was specifically appointed to produce coinage, on an ad hoc basis: such a person may or may not also have been the holder of a civil or religious office. This is, for example, the implication of the inscription from Magnesia listing the various duties undertaken by one Moschion, including the position he had held κατασταθεις δε καί επί τής χαράξεως του λεπτού χαλκού.23 The same procedure seems to have been adopted for the late Hellenistic bronze coinage of Sestos.24 On other occasions, a simple name might conceal the fact that its holder was a magistrate. The later Apollodotus of Hyrgaleis, who is known from an inscription κάψας καί [νομ]ίσματ[α], signs his coins with his magistracy, στρατη­ γό ς).25 In the period covered by this catalogue, we would not have known, for instance, that Damas was the archi­ prytanis of Miletus. On some occasions we find several names associated. Sometimes one finds two names on the same coin linked by καί (e.g. Amorium 3235, 3237, Aezani 3085; all with ΕΠΙ), and sometimes several names on different coins but linked together in some other way. The best example comes from Hierapolis (2929-42), where we find seven names on coins minted both for Augustus and the proconsul Fabius Max­ imus. The presence of the proconsul shows that all these coins were struck in a short time; in addition, they share very few obverse dies. Here we clearly have a board of some kind, and we find the same at Hierapolis for Tiberius and Nero. But what sort of board? There is some reason to think that Hierapolis had more than one grammateus·, this might explain why one man under Augustus signs his name with the title grammateus tou demou (2940), perhaps the president of a board of grammateis, all responsible for coinage at Hierapolis (though one calls himself an archon: 2955). Other such boards can be found at Hypaepa and Philadel­ phia. In the case of Philadelphia, the variety of description applied to the individuals (priest of Germanicus, Olympic 23. O . K e rn , I. M agnesia no. 164, L. R o b ert, M onnaies Grecques, p p . 103—4, su g g estin g a possible d a te i n th e first o r second ce n tu ry a d . 24. O G IS 339, lines 44-9 . 25. H ow gego, G IC , p. 87.

4

GENERAL IN T R O D U C TIO N

victor, grammateus, or simply philopatris and philokaisar) make one think that such a board might be an ad hoc coinage board of a number of prominent individuals. Even at Hierapolis, however, there were other possibilities; at the end of Claudius’s reign, an extensive issue was struck just by the grammateus M Suillius Antiochus, without any colleagues. Sometimes an issue was made by a husband and wife, with the man signing the coins for the emperor and his wife those for the empress. An example occurs at Acmonea, where the senator L. Servenius Capito signs, sometimes as archon, for Nero and his wife Julia Severa for Agrippina and then Poppaea. In addition to magistracies and priesthoods, honorific titles are also found, especially of benefactors (euergetes, sotira, huios poleos philopatris). The person named may just be a benefactor of the city, but the presence of the title on the coins raises the possibility that part, at least, of the benefac­ tion may have consisted of paying for the issue of coinage. The best example of this comes from Republican Paestum (see p. 16), but one would also expect examples from the cities of the east, which depended heavily on the liturgical system, and it is usually thought that such benefaction lies behind the formula άνέθηκε.26 This occurs frequently in the later imperial period, but there is also an example from the Julio-Claudian period (Mylasa 2792). One also suspects that this is so in cases when a coinage was signed by only one person, but over a considerable period of time. Such benefaction might be undertaken in a donor’s capacity as a civic magistrate (e.g., Servenius at Acmonea, who signs as archon) or as a private individual (e.g., a woman at Paestum, p. 16 or, at a guess, Iulius Demetrius at Metropolis 2524-6). Thus the names which appear on the coins of Greek communities are those of a variety of magistrates, and non­ magistrates, and their presence on the coins can result from different reasons. The name might simply be used as a dating formula, or it might be that of the magistrate respon­ sible for the coinage, or of the person paying for its production. The picture at chartered communities is, however, dif­ ferent. Very occasionally at Roman colonies, ‘foundation issues’ bear the names of those responsible for the colony’s foundation, such as the proconsul Q Hortensius at Dium/ Cassandrea (1509-11) or M Turius, the legate (of Asia?) at the short-lived colony at Lampsacus (2268-73). Otherwise, the officials are normally those of the principal annual magistrates of the community, the duoviri and particularly the duoviri quinquennales (Carthago Nova, Ilici, Corinth, Dyme, Buthrotum, Dium, Pella). Others do also appear, such as quaestors (?) at Emporiae (236-7, etc.) or aediles. In Spain, the larger denomination is sometimes signed by the duoviri and the smaller one by the more junior aediles (e.g., Clunia 453, 455, 458), but the situation is sometimes more complicated, as at Saguntum, where it seems that the aediles made most of the semisses to complete an issue of asses and a few semisses of Ilviri (201-4). Similarly, at Parium the coins are signed either by Illlv iri or aediles 26.

E .g ., H ow gego, GIC,

p.

87.

(2253-9). Even at Paestum there is no sign, in imperial times, of the wide variety of people who signed the Republi­ can coinage of Paestum; under Tiberius the coinage is con­ fined to Ilviri. Not infrequently, local magistracies, particularly the col­ onial duovirate, were honorifically held by members of the imperial family or kings: Augustus: Agrippa: Tiberius:

Carthago Nova 162-3 Carthago Nova 164 Carthago Nova 166, Paestum 610—1 r, Cnossus

Drusus Minor: Germanicus: Nero Caesar:

Caligula:

Carteia 123 Carteia 123, Caesaraugusta 325—9 Carthago Nova 179-81, Caesaraugusta 343, Utica 731-2 Carthago Nova 179-81, Caesaraugusta 343, Utica 733-4 Carthago Nova 182—4, Caesaraugusta 362-4

J u b a II: Ptolemy:

Carthago Nova 169 Carthago Nova 172

Drusus (a d 7-33):

Usually, in such cases, the name of the praefectus who acted on their behalf also appears on the coins. The discussion of authority has concentrated on the civic issues, but there were, of course, other ‘categories’ of coinage. Coins were also issued by koina and by so-called ‘client-kings’; the coinage of the latter, though nominally independent of Rome, might nevertheless be manipulated by the Romans (the silver coinage of Polemo II of Pontus, the bronze coinage of Antiochus IV of Commagene). Other, superficially civic coinages (e.g., Nemausus or the Cretan cities under Tiberius and Caligula), were manipulated in a similar way. In this way coinages of all ‘categories’ might be used by the Romans, in addition to the ones they specifi­ cally established to play a more important role in the Empire. The most important such coinages, as well as those from Rome and Lugdunum, were from Gaul (Nemausus: 523—6), Asia (the cistophori and the CA coinage: 2201—35), Cappadocia (3620-19, and also the Pontic silver of Polemo: 3813-38), Commagene (under Tiberius, 3868-70), Syria (the tetradrachms of Antioch and the SC coinage: 4124323) and Alexandria (5001-378). There were also other examples, on a lesser scale: the coinages of northwestern Spain (1-4) and of Carisius from Emerita (RIC 11-25), the coinage of Cyrenaica (939-49), Cyprus (3901-23) and most of that from Crete (1022-39). These seem to have been controlled by the Romans, and, though some of them are superficially civic or regal issues, most of them lack any form of overt authority or ethnic. This raises the question of the status of coins with no ethnic, which, since Grant, FIT A, have generally been regarded as ‘official’ issues. This seems, however, simplistic. Many of the regional coinages are, no doubt, ‘official’ in the sense that they were actually controlled by the Roman authorities. But there are several cases where coins without an ethnic are simply civic issues without an ethnic. Sometimes these may have the name of one of the city’s magistrates, but not necessarily. Civic coinage might cover the whole spectrum from coins with both ethnic and magistrate, through coins with either eth­ nic and no magistrate (common) or magistrate and no eth­ nic (rare) to coins with neither (also rare). Examples of

A uth o rity an d m agistrates

coins with magistrate but no ethnic can be found at Car­ thago Nova, Pergamum, Eumenea or Apamea in Asia; examples of civic coins with neither ethnic nor magistrate can be found at Hadrumetum, Cnossus or Pergamum. But while coins without an ethnic may be ‘Roman’ or civic, there are undoubtedly a number of cases where the status of the coins is hard to decide. Examples are the Latin coinages of Perinthus (1758-62), the ‘colonists’ type of Philippi (?) (1656-60), or the issue, probably made at Sardis celebrating the ΚΟΙΝΟΝ ΑΣΙΑΣ (2994-5). Other cases have been suggested, e.g., in Achaea under Nero and Bithynia under Claudius and Nero, but in these cases we feel that the balance of probability is that they are civic

5

coins rather than federal or Roman issues (1371-7; 2031 and 2065-9; 2060-1 and 2084). Even when there is an ethnic, the status of coinages is not immediately obvious. The Cretan coinages of the cities (950-9, 1022-8) are presumably the constituent parts of an issue by the Cretan koinon, but are 3136-7 coins of Apamea or the Phrygian koinon? Difficulties of interpretation such as these serve to highlight the variety of authorities who produced coinage. While it is clear that coin issues were essentially either Roman, federal or civic, these categories embrace different sorts of coinage and not infrequently overlap. The attempt to make too rigid a distinction between them is futile.

C

THE

H

A

P T E R

2

P R O D U C T I O N AND C I R C U L A T I O N C O I N A G E IN THE P R O V I N C E S

Gold During the late Republican period very little gold had been minted in the Roman world, though there were some, rather insubstantial, issues of gold from Ephesus (see p. 431). At Rome gold coinage had been introduced by Caesar on a regular basis in 46 b c . With the usurpation of minting by the various warring factions which took place after Caesar’s death, the minting of gold, together with that of denarii, spread throughout the Mediterranean. Issues were made in northern Italy, Greece, Asia Minor and perhaps even in Syria (RRC 549). With the victory of Augustus, the produc­ tion of gold was confined to his issues, minted first at his two uncertain (traditionally called ‘Spanish’) mints and later from about 15 b c at Lyon; Lyon remained the only mint for imperial gold until its activities were transferred to Rome, probably in either 64 or 6g.1 No other gold coinage was made within the Empire. There are some very rare gold pieces for Nero, apparently from Caesarea, but these are forgeries (see p. 557). Otherwise, gold coins were made in Thrace or Scythia (Olbia?) for the dynast Koson (1701), perhaps in c. 29 b c ; gold was also minted by all the Bosporan kings (1842—63), and in the Bosporan cities of Chersonesus (1937-8) and Olbia (though not in the Julio-Claudian period). Surviving specimens suggest that Bosporan gold coinage was never on a very large scale. There appears to have been no integrated circulation of Roman and Bosporan gold, nor indeed would one have expected it, as, although Bosporan coinage was clearly heavily influenced by Roman, it did, nevertheless, form a separate monetary system. This can be seen from its curious bimetallic currency of gold and bronze, from the value marks which appear on the bronzes (see p. 32) and from the fact that, although the early Bosporan gold coins were produced at much the same standard as Roman aurei, they soon drifted apart. Some small amounts of gold were also struck in the kingdom of Mauretania under Juba and Ptolemaeus on different occasions during their reigns at an uncertain standard.2

Silver The general pattern in the Julio-Claudian period is the gradual replacement of both local civic and local Roman 1. F o r th e m o st rece n t discussion o f the d a te a t w hich th e m in t o f Lyon m oved to R o m e, see J .-B . G ia rd , B N C I I, p p . 4 -6 . 2. Five coins know n: M az. 297—8, 398-9 a n d L 1919—7 -1 4 -1 3 : 3.16, 6.60, 4.10, 3.18 a n d 3 - iig .

OF

silver by the denarius, whose growth in circulation was the legacy of the civil wars of the late Republic. Denarii con­ stituted the only silver currency in several areas; in Italy, Sicily, Africa, Achaea and perhaps Cyrenaica. In other areas, the denarius was far and away the dominant cur­ rency; in Spain, there was a residue of Iberian denarii until the reign of Augustus (see p. 9); in the western part of the province of Macedonia (Illyria), the denarius was sup­ plemented by the silver of Dyrrhachium and Apollonia; in Britain, the denarius was accompanied, in Norfolk and south of the Thames, by surviving local British issues;3 and in Gaul, Gallic silver continued to play an important role in circulation, if not production, until the reign of Augustus.4 But while the denarius therefore dominated the silver cur­ rency of the Roman world as far west as Greece and Cyrenaica, its role further east was much more restricted or, in some places, non-existent. In these parts of the east, local silver coinages predominated. These local coinages com­ prised not so much the civic issues which had typified the Hellenistic period (though some of these did survive until the imperial period, especially in southwestern Asia Minor), but rather a few regal coinages which had previously been taken over by the Romans in the wake of their conquests and annexations. The main such local coinages during this period were the cistophori of Asia Minor, the drachms and didrachms of Caesarea in Cap­ padocia, and the tetradrachms of Antioch and of Alexan­ dria; in addition extensive silver coinages were made in the ‘client-kingdoms’ of Mauretania (Juba II and Ptolemaeus) and Pontus (Polemo II). The individual patterns of provincial silver circulation are discussed below in the survey of provincial silver. Here we wish to draw attention to the more general features of provincial silver coinage. Two of these seem important. First, the amount of coinage produced, even at most of the more important provincial mints, was not very great. This conclusion is based mainly on the rather subjective impression of the relative scarcity of most of these provin­ cial coins today. In addition, however, the die counts pro­ vided in this catalogue indicate that, generally speaking, the number of dies was not extensive, although obvious excep­ tions are the cistophori of Antony and Augustus, the Caesarean didrachms of Nero and Divus Claudius, the Antioch tetradrachms of Nero and much of the Alexandrian coinage. It is difficult to compare the figures with those that have been observed for denarii, partly because not many die 3. J . P. C . K e n t, C E N B 1973, p p . 2ff. 4. D . N ash , in ed. R. A . G . C arso n a n d C .M . K ra a y , Scripta N um m aria Romana. E ssays presented to H . Sutherland , p p . 21—2.

P roduction an d circulation o f coinage

counts have been made of imperial denarii, but mainly because the use of the same dies for denarii and aurei renders the comparison of die numbers for silver almost impossible. For instance, H.-M. von Kaenel counted 830 obverse dies in a sample of 1182 coins for Claudius, but a glance at his catalogue shows the impossibility of deciding what proportion should be allocated to silver rather than gold.5 C .H .V . Sutherland provided die counts of some Augustan issues, which avoid this interchangeability. For the early IM P CAESAR and CAESAR DIVI F silver issues he found a total of 340 obverse dies in a sample of 488 coins;6 this is a large, though by no means the largest, Augustan issue, but only the few provincial issues men­ tioned above have anything approaching the same general magnitude of dies. A comparison of output cannot be made on the basis of hoards, either, since there are very few hoards which include either provincial silver or both denarii and provin­ cial silver. This is so, partly because the provincial coinage had a highly localised circulation (in Syria and Egypt it comprised virtually the entire silver currency), but also because of the accidents of survival: in Asia, where denarii and local silver coinages do seem to have met, there is no significant body of hoard evidence. In this particular case, it has been suggested that the cistophorus was much more important than the denarius, because in 19-18 b c Augustan denarii minted in Asia were made from only 18+ dies and cistophori from 71 + .7 One cannot, however, press this inference, as it takes no account of denarii minted elsewhere which may have circulated in Asia. The definition of these large areas of circulation should, however, warn us against being too dismissive of the volume of provincial coinage. If provincial silver accounted for all the silver currency of provinces such as Syria and Egypt, and for at least a large percentage of that of Asia, then clearly its bulk cannot have been negligible. Moreover, the die counts for the issues mentioned above are substan­ tial, by any standard and particularly so in the case of Egypt. A second general feature of even these principal provin­ cial silver coinages is that their production was very irregular. Cistophori were produced in 39 b c , in the twen­ ties b c and on two brief occasions under Claudius. The coins of Caesarea were often produced in reasonably large quantities, but, again, only on irregular occasions: in c. a d 25, 33—4, once under Caligula, c. 46, c. 58—60 and c. 64. From Antioch, silver coinage was produced steadily throughout Augustus’s reign (though with a gap between 17 and 5 b c ) , but hardly at all under Tiberius. Issues were made during the first three years of Caligula’s reign, but nothing was produced afterwards till about 50. Under Nero coinage was produced in 54/5 and on a large scale between 60 and 64, and then again between 65 and 69, with issues continuing into the Flavian period. At Alexandria, no silver at all was minted for the fifty years between Octavian’s conquest (30 b c ) and the seventh year of Tiberius’s reign ( a d 20/1). Thereafter, production was resumed in 27/8, and 5. M ünzprägung und M ü n zb ild n is des Claudius, p p . 255-7. 6. R I C I, p. 30. 7. P. K in n s, in C R W L R , p p . 112-13.

7

between 31 and 36. There was then again a gap in produc­ tion under Caligula, and under Claudius silver was produ­ ced only between 41 and 45/6; production again stopped until the third year of Nero’s reign (56/7), when it resumed for three years until 59/60; after another gap in 60/1-61/2, silver resumed and was then produced in extremely large quantities until the end of the period covered by this catalogue. It can, of course, be pointed out that this irregular pro­ duction of provincial silver is typical of the production of all imperial silver during this period. The minting of denarii was by no means regular throughout the Julio-Claudian period. It is well known that only small quantities of denarii were made in the reigns of Caligula, Claudius and the beginning of Nero’s reign, down to about a d 64. There were also periods with no coinage: for instance, under Augustus no denarii seem to have been produced between 27 and 19 b c , or between a d 2 and 13.8 Under Tiberius, too, there was not a steady production of PONTIF MAXIM denarii (RIC 26, 28, 39), but a very variable output with a peak in the early thirties.9 Even so, the question still arises of whether there was at any time an Empire-wide policy, which might explain the pattern of issues. Is the absence of any silver from Alexan­ dria under Augustus and Caligula, or the virtual absence of any Antioch tetradrachms under Tiberius and Claudius, the result of some local condition (in any sense) or of some imperial policy, as, for instance, Savio has suggested for Alexandria under Caligula?10 Do the large coinages under Nero from Pontus, Caesarea and Antioch indicate a diver­ sion of resources from north to south, together with the changing area of operations of Corbulo’s campaigns against the Parthians,11 much as the production of Republican cistophori had abruptly ceased at all mints in 67 b c , apparently the result of the enormous powers granted to Pompey in that year?12 Is it right to think that the silver recouped from the recoinage of the Egyptian silver in Nero’s reign was remitted to the treasury in Rome?13 The two considerations which would influence our attitude to these and similar questions are the question of for what purposes silver coinage was made and the sources of the bullion coined in provincial mints. There is no clear evidence on either point. It might be thought that state expenditure can explain to a substantial degree the pattern of denarii, whether on military pay and other expenses, or items like public works.14 Yet there is no obvious causal connection between the need for such expenditure and the pattern of the denarius issues at this time. If there were, one would have expected that a standing army would require regular large issues of coinage; nor is there any obvious correlation with wars or (e.g.) known building program­ mes. Given this, it is clearly unrealistic to expect any more 8 . A ccepting th e d a tin g o f th e G L G A E S A R E S d en a rii, R I C 2 07—12, to betw een 2 bc a n d a d 2. 9. T h is p a tte rn w as d e m o n stra te d for th e gold b y C. H . V . S u th e rla n d , Q T 1987,

10. 11. 12.

13. 14.

p. 222; th e sam e stylistic g ro u p s are th e m o st heav ily re p re se n te d in silver h o ard s, as w e h o p e to show elsew here. A. Savio, L a Coerenza di Caligola nella gestione della moneta. W alk er, M etrology I I I , p p . 112-14. C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 20 0 , P. K in n s, in C R W L R , p. h i . E. C h ristian sen , The Rom an Coins o f A lexandria, p. 109. F o r a critiq u e o f this view , see C .J . H ow gego, N C 1990, p p . 1-26.

8

GENERAL IN T R O D U C TIO N

complete explanation to be forthcoming for provincial silver coinages. We can be confident that some coinages are connected with military expenditure. Good examples seem to be pro­ vided by the Syrian tetradrachms of Cleopatra and Antony (Antony’s Armenian campaign), or the Pontic and Caesarean issues of c. 56—8 and 58—60 (Corbulo’s first campaigns). We might similarly suppose a connection between the late Neronian silver coinages (from Antioch, and the Latin series, 4122-3) and the Jewish revolt or the civil war of 68—9. Other instances are less clear: for instance, were Augustan cistophori really minted as preparations for Tiberius’s Armenian campaign which took place only some five years later?15 Despite such doubts it does, nevertheless, seem plausible to think that some, at least, of the output of provincial silver was used for military purposes. This would, moreover, certainly seem to be likely for any of the silver issues made during the period of the civil wars of the late Republic (e.g., in Africa, Lycia, Galatia or Syria). Military expenditure, however, cannot have been the only rationale of provincial silver. There are, on the one hand, campaigns which ‘lack’ a coinage (e.g., Corbulo’s campaign in Cappadocia in 62). Conversely, there are instances where a silver coinage cannot be explained by military events, the entire Cretan silver coinage or the cistophori of Claudius being examples. Moreover, the exclusive use of Egyptian silver in Egypt and Syrian silver in Syria implies that some of these coinages at least must have been made to enable the local needs of the relevant province to be satisfied. We know that merchants and others in Ptolemaic Egypt could exchange their foreign pre­ cious metal currency for the local Egyptian by taking it to the mint for re-coining;16 even if this system did not survive in all its details into imperial times, there would still have been a need for a ready stock of local silver to supply the needs of money-changers exchanging ‘foreign’ for ‘local’ currency. Again, it is hard to quantify the proportion of local silver which can be explained by this consideration. One might think that the fifty-year gap in Egyptian silver production implies that its role as an explanation for the minting of new silver was fairly insubstantial, since for this long period exclusively old coin must have been used. Another explanation for some of the provincial issues is that they were produced as part of a coinage reform. This is clear in the case of Alexandria under Nero (see p. 689), and a similar explanation seems likely to apply to the Antioch tetradrachms of Nero (p. 610). In both cases it seems that earlier coins (Ptolemaic and Tiberian tetradrachms from Egypt, earlier Antioch tetradrachms and perhaps Tyrian shekels) were removed from circulation and the bullion recovered in this way was then at least partially re-minted, presumably to give in exchange for the coins which were removed. There may well be other cases. A number of Zeus tetradrachms of Claudius (4112-21) were struck over post­ humous Philip tetradrachms. Again, the abundant Republican and proconsular cistophori did not survive past the reign of Augustus: is the explanation for the very large 15. C .J . H ow gego, N C 1982, p p . 11-12. 16. A. H u n t a n d C . E d g a r, Select Papyri I I , 409.

Augustan (or the Antonian) cistophori that they represent earlier issues that had been re-coined? It is difficult to know how far to extend this line of thinking, but it seems likely that such re-coinages may well be a very important explanation of provincial coinages: it is noticeable that the cases just discussed are mostly the very instances men­ tioned earlier of exceptionally large provincial coinages. Thus a variety of reasons can help explain the larger provincial silver issues, though it is difficult to know how much weight to attach to each (or indeed others). All of them, however, reside in the field of state finances: the means for making state payments or for financing localised coinage systems or reforms, the function of both of which was to raise money for the state. And it seems likely that there was at least some degree of co-ordination between them. This seems clear from the probable re-coinages at Alexandria and Antioch under Nero. It cannot, obviously, be coincidence that these take place contemporaneously and in the general context of the Neronian coinage reforms (see also p. 52): similarly, it is hard to avoid the conclusion that the sudden cessation of Egyptian coinage in 30 b c and its suspension for fifty years should be explained by the diversion of Egyptian wealth to Rome, just as it has been argued, plausibly, by Christiansen that the ‘surplus’ silver from the Neronian re-coinage at Alexandria was sent to Rome. On the other hand, this relationship between dif­ ferent coinages or between them and Rome should not be over-emphasised. The pattern of provincial minting is very variable. Sometimes, all mints produce coin (e.g., late in the reign of Tiberius, when large issues were made at Caesarea and Alexandria, as well as of denarii). Sometimes, some mints only are active (e.g., under Claudius: very few denarii, Alexandrian silver at the beginning of the reign, cistophori at the beginning and the end, a small amount of Syrian silver at the end of the reign). Sometimes, nearly all the mints were inactive, as during most of Caligula’s reign. As well as this variable pattern of mint activity, one can observe that there is no sign in the Julio-Claudian period of the co-operation between silver mints which becomes a feature of the Flavian and particularly the Trajanic period. Furthermore, the cases where co-ordination seems likely are untypical: an explanation for Pontic and Caesarean silver as financing Corbulo’s campaigns is a unique instance, while the similar pattern of re-coinage at Alexandria and Antioch are by definition exceptional, both the conse­ quences of a single policy decision. The picture that seems most likely to us, then, is that there was no grand overall or continuing strategy for even the larger provincial coinages, though some such co-ordination could arise on an ad hoc basis. More generally it seems likely that it was the local requirements of the Roman administration which dictated the normal pattern of issue. But, while the larger provincial silver coinages can be interpreted in terms of state finances in these ways, some of the other smaller provincial silver coinages are to be explained in terms of civic or even personal finances. The best case from this period concerns the small issue of silver made at Chios with the inscription ΔΩΡΟΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY (2415-16). This small issue has been plausibly associated with the gift of fifteen talents made to Chios by

Production an d circulation o f coinage

Antiochus IV of Commagene on his honorific election to a magistracy there.17 These coins were presumably minted from the money or bullion received from Antiochus, though the tiny number of surviving specimens makes it unlikely that more than a fraction was minted or re-minted in this way. As for the purpose to which these coins were put, it is impossible to say, but it is tempting to believe that perhaps they were distributed to the Chiots, as we know could hap­ pen with bronze coinage (see below). This case perhaps lies at one end of the spectrum of possible explanations for the minting of provincial silver, at the opposite end from the big issues previously discussed. Other issues may naturally fall between these two extremes; though we have no specific evidence, one is tempted to look for explanations of the other issues in terms of local conditions, be they provincial (Crete?) or civic (the few city coinages in Asia or in Syria). Thus the silver coinage of the Empire gives a very varied picture of production and indeed circulation, with patterns varying from the exclusive use of denarii (Italy, Sicily), through a greater or lesser mixture of denarii and local coinages (Spain, Asia) to the use of only locally produced silver (Egypt, perhaps also Syria?).

Summary of silver issues Spain This catalogue does not include any silver coinage made in Spain during this period. Iberian denarii continued to circulate until the reign of Augustus,18 and an issue of Iberian denarii had been made by Domitius Calvisius in Osca in 39 bc19; other issues of denarii were made in the civil wars by the Pompeians20 and the Caesarians.21 Under Augustus, denarii were minted by Carisius at Emerita in the twenties bc,22 and it has been suggested that the principal Augustan mints of 19—16 bc were also in Spain, though this is far from certain. In the civil wars of a d 68-9 extensive series of denarii were made in Spain.23

9

of Augustus’s ‘Spanish’ coinages of 19-16 b c , 2 6 and Lugdunum was the principal gold and silver mint for the whole Empire from 15 b c for most of the Julio-Claudian period. Several issues of silver were made in Gaul in the civil wars, both after the death of Caesar27 and perhaps also during those of a d 68-9.28 Native British coinage has also been omitted, as its pro­ duction seems to have ceased after the Roman invasion of

Italy and Sicily Only denarii had been used in Italy and Sicily from the time of the Hannibalic War. Though confined to the principal mint at Rome for most of the Republican period, other centres made denarii during the civil wars at its end. In Sicily denarii were made by Allienus and by Sextus Pompey.30

Africa Denarii were made in Africa during the civil war between Pompey and Caesar;31 later on, an issue of gold and silver was minted by Cornuficius.32 There were also extensive coinages of the Mauretanian kings Juba II (25 b c - a d 23) and Ptolemaeus ( a d 20- 40), not covered here (see p. 214). Denarii were also minted in Africa in the civil wars of a d 68-9.33

Cyrenaica No silver was minted in Cyrenaica except for the denarii of Scarpus, produced just before and after Actium.34 Although there is no very good evidence, it seems that denarii con­ stituted the principal silver currency.35

Gaul

Crete

The natively produced and relatively un-Romanised ‘Celtic’ coinages of Gaul are omitted from this catalogue; according to D. Nash, the more Romanised ‘quinarii’ struck after Caesar’s Gallic war were not struck in very significant quantities.24 Significant quantities of Roman silver first entered Gaul only after about 50 bc,25 and came to domi­ nate the silver currency. Gaul may also have been the mint

The silver currency of Republican Crete consisted of a mix­ ture of issues from Crete, Asia and Athens. Perhaps in c. 40 b c , there was a change to local ‘cistophoric’ standard, and small amounts of silver were minted from the reigns of Tiberius to Nero. At first this, like the bronze coinage, was

17. L. R o b ert, Etudes Epigraphiques et Philologiques , 193^, pp. i 39 “ 4 r > C .J . H ow gego, G IC , ρ. 86. ι8 . L. V illaro n g a, A m purias 33 ~ 4 > I 9 7 I~ 2> ΡΡ· 3 ° 5 _2°· ΐ 9· R R C 53220. R R C 4 4 6 -7 , 469-705 4 7 7 · 2 ΐ. R R C 468. 22. R I C 1-2523. R I C C ivil W a rs 1-36, G a lb a 1-84, V itellius 1—46; cf. C .H .V . S u th e rla n d , Q T 1984, ρ. 170. 24- Op. cit. (note 4), p. 21; ead., Coinage in the Celtic World , p. 34. 25. M .H . C raw ford, C M R R , p . 331.

26. R I C 26-4 9 , δ ο - ' δ ί 27- S e e R R C . 28. See R I C C ivil W a rs 37-8 0 , 130-4, G a lb a 85-1 4 1 , V itelliu s 43—65; cf. C .H .V . S u th erlan d , Q T 1984, p. 170. 29. D . N ash , Coinage in the Celtic World, p. 142. 30. F o r I ta lia n m in ts, see R R C , p a ssim ; A llienus: (R R C 4 5 7 : 47BC); S extus P om pey: R R C 55 1 .

31. R R C 450-62. 32. R R C 509: 42 b c . 33. R I C M a c e r, C ivil W a rs 135—6, G a lb a 31 5 -2 1 ; c f C . H . V . S u th e rla n d , Q T 1984, p. 170. 34. R R C 546, R I C 531- 5 . 35. N C 1944, p. 105, th o u g h see T . V . B u ttrey , in C R W L R , p. 170. A d e n a riu s o f A u g u stu s w as am o n g th e finds a t S a b ra th a : P. M . K en d rick , Excavations at Sabratha 1948-51, ρ . 258.

Gaul M in t

C at. no.

D ate

D enom ination

W eight

Lugdunum Nemausus Cabellio

5 ! 2- i 3 5:9 527

74+

0-39 °-97

0.45 2.22

14+ 2 12 +

536

quinarius obol hemidrachm obol drachm

1.70

Forum Iulii

44/3 c. 40 r 44/2 t c. 3 °

D a te

D enom ination

W eight

528

Fineness

Sam ple

3

O bv. dies

? ? I ? p

Africa M in t

Ju b a

C a t. no.

717

C. 10 BG C. 45 BC

denarius quinarius sestertius ? denarius

r

4 5 BG

7 ï 8- i 9

Lepcis Bogud

720 847 853-5

1

Fineness

Sam ple

3-69

39+

1-73

13+

0.77 2.77

3

3-52

7

I

Obv. dies

p p p I ?

Crete M in t

C at. no.

D a te

D enom ination

W eight

Gortyn

901-3 926 950-61

67 BC 43 BC

4-dr cist 4-dr 3-dr 2-dr 4-dr 3-dr dr 4-dr 3-dr dr dr 4-dr

13-98 I 1.64 9.22

Tiberius

Caligula

Claudius

Nero (early) (late)

962-5

37/41

966-71

972-3 974-5

c- 55 c.

65

organised on a federal basis among the cities of Axos, Cydonia, Eleuthernae, Gortyn, Hierapytna, Polyrhenium and Lappa, but later on it was produced from a single centre, presumably Gortyn. There is no good evidence for the circulation of denarii in Crete.

Achaea The principal coinages of Achaea, the silver tetradrachms of Athens and the coinage of the Thessalian League, seem to have ended soon after 50 b c (see p. 280). Sometime thereafter they disappeared from circulation, and were replaced by denarii, some issues of which, at least, were made in Achaea by Antony (see p. 245). Some Augustan denarii have been attributed to a Peloponnesian (?) mint,36 though this does not seem very likely (see p. 245).

Fineness

Sa m p le

5

2 2

7-57 2-45 9-59 7-55

3 4 8 95

12

2.40

37

9-93 7-43

14

2.27 2.30 8.46

7 3 4

.

10

O bv. dies

3

p 2 2 4

4+? 7+? p 10+? 4+? 2 2 7+?

part of the province of Macedonia, the earlier coinages of Dyrrachium and Apollonia seem to have continued to circulate with denarii into the imperial period.37 One issue of denarii may have been made at Apollonia during the civil wars,38 and at least one other issue was made in western Macedonia:39 perhaps also some of the issues of Brutus and Cassius. In the rest of Macedonia, silver currency was exclusively of denarii.

Thrace The silver coinage of Thrace was dominated by denarii (see p. 311), though some small issues, possibly also on the denarius standard, were also made at Byzantium.

Asia Macedonia A silver coinage of denarii, quinarii and sestertii was struck at Apollonia, probably early in the period of this catalogue (pp. 288-9). A large number of names are known on the coins, suggesting a fairly extensive issue. In this western

The silver currency of Asia had consisted mainly of cistophori, but from the period of the late Republican civil wars their monopoly was ended and denarii were also struck there, on various occasions until 18 b c (p. 368). 37. S. P. N oe, A Bibliography o f Greek Coin H oards , 419, 1112. 38. R R C 4 4 5 /1 -2 : see p. 288.

P roduction an d circulation o f coinage

Denarii were also struck in Asia, at Ephesus, by Vespasian.40 In the Republican period there were also issues of civic silver (see p. 369); most of these were small, except for Rhodes and perhaps Aphrodisias (see p. 466), some of which may have continued into the early imperial period, though they are not included in this catalogue (see especi­ ally Rhodes, p. 454). The silver civic issues that can definitely be attributed to the imperial period, and which are included, are all tiny in size. T hrace M in t

Byzantium

C at. no.

D a te f C.

1774 1775

1778

1 j

■779

\

IO BC

D enom ination 7 7

C.

20

7 7

W eight

5-83 3.46

Fineness

96

■ 343

6.29

Sam ple

Obv. dies

I

I

7 I

3+ I I

2

Asia M in t

C at. no.

D a te

D enom ination

W eight

Fineness

Sam ple

Obv. dies

Cistophori

2201-2 2203 2204 2205-12 2213-15 2216-20 2221-2 2223-5 2412-16

39 BC 28 c. 27 27/6 25/20 19-18 BC C. AD 41 51 ist cent

cist cist cist cist cist cist cist cist dr didr dr hem idr dr dr hemidr dr hemidr

11.94 11.92

92

237

89

171 5°

Chios Stratonicea

M ylasa Tabae Rhodes

2779 2 7 7 5 , 2777

2776, 2778 2782-5 2868 2869 2744

c.

r

•l ist cent

I f

1

2745

ist cent Augustan Augustan Augustan

” •99

?

80 8

11.90

89

94

89

321 168 61

” •93

11.94 11.27 11.27 2-94

6.40 3.48 1.38

89 91 92 85 94

1-49 3-53

1.78 2.80

49 II I

77

28 31 ?

I

4 4 3 4

4? 4 3

2

7

5

2

ΙΛ3

4

28 201

7 7

2

Lycia In addition to the silver of the Lycian League, some denarii of Brutus, which are very similar in style, may also have been made in Lycia (see p. 523). C a t no.

3301 3302 3303 3 3 °4

3305 3306 3307-9 3310 33” 3 3 !2 3 3 3 4 -9

D a te

48-42 BC 42 ' 3 °s 3 °s 30/27 48/27 r 27/20

I

Augustan 43

c. a d

40. W . E. M etcalf, in ed. T . H ackens a n d R . W eiller, Proceedings o f the g th International N um ism atic Congress, p p . 321-40.

D enom ination

W eight

hemidr hemidr hemidr hemidr hemidr i /4-dr denarius hemidr 1/4-dr hemidr

1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80

0-75 : -45

7

2.74

0-75 3-58

Fineness

Sam ple

Obv. dies

138

I 10 42 63

52

88 59

34

94

85 48 161

96

92 24

64 26 88 62 23 62

1.80

86 45

II

n

is

GENERAL IN T R O D U C TIO N

Galatia M in t

Amyntas Deiotarus

W eight

C at. no.

D a te

D enom ination

35 01 35 ° 8

C.

30 BC 37/6 BC

4-dr dr

! 5-70 3-65

C at. no.

D a te

D enom ination

W eight

Fineness

Sam ple

Ohv. dies

98 3

6 I

Armenia M in t

Artavasdes

3843

5 BC?

c.

dr

Fineness

3-57

Sam ple

O bv. dies ?

4

Caesarea T here is one early hoard of m ixed C aesarean silver (of Archelaus) an d denarii (p. 550). O therw ise, denarii do not seem to have playec an im p o rtan t role. M in t

C at. no.

A rc h e la u s

3 6 0 I-2 3 6 0 3 -6 3 6 0 7 -8 3620

T ib e riu s

C la u d iu s

3 6 2 1 -3 3624 3 6 2 5 -8

G e rm a n ic u s

3629

C a lig u la

D enom ination

1 7 -1 5 BC

dr

AD 3 - 6

dr h e m id r

C.

AD 25

dr

W eight

1

i

1 .8 4 3.61

3 3 -4

dr

3 -5 4

dr

3 -5 8

d id r

7 -3 2

AD 46

r ? 1

r 88

r 3 -6 5

3 7 /4 1 C.

Fineness

d id r

7 -5 °

dr

3 -t 4

86 89 92

86 86

O bv. dies

20

7

23

7

5

7

52

30

44

31

23 50

19 24

5

I I

d id r

7 -3 6

88

24-a s

5 -2 5

91

4

3 6 3 7 -4 2

dr

90

U

3643 3 6 4 4 -6

12 - a s

3 .4 8 2 .5 0

78

2

I

h e m id r

1 .67

84

62

5r

3 6 3 1 -4 3 6 3 5 -6

3647 3 6 4 8 -5 0

5 8 -6 0

64

3651

39

2 12

d id r

7 .2 8

82

48

46

dr

3 -4 7

79

32

25

h e m id r

1.61

85

I

I

6 .7 2

r5

12

Sam ple

Obv. dies

3 6 5 2 -3

64

d id r

M int.

C at. no.

D a te

D enom ination

W eight

Fineness

Polemo I Pythodoris Polemo II41

3801-2 3803-7 3810, 3821, 3828 3811-38

7

3-36

95

Φ

dr dr didr

3-43 7-13

49-62

dr

3-35

P o n tu s ?

Sam p le

2 62

363° N ero

D a te

Pontus

C.

AD 15

Syria R om an denarii do not seem to have circulated in Syria or been m ade there (p. 587). T h e principal silver currencies were the tetrad rach m s of A ntioch an d the shekels of Tyre; from a d 60 these were com bined in the new A ntioch ‘eagle’ coinage, a reform w hich m ay have involved some re-m int­ ing of earlier coins (see above and p. 607).41 41. T h e d a ta for th e dies o f Polem o I I a re taken from W alker, M etrology I I I , p. 1 12.

94

5+ 16+ 8

189

?

7 7 95

P roduction an d circulation o f coinage

M in t

T a rs u s C le o p a tr a Z eu s

N e ro A n tio c h

S e le u c ia A pam ea L a o d ic e a

S id o n T y re

C a t . no.

4004 4005 4009 4108 4109-10 411I 4112— 21 4122-3 4124-6 4127-34 4136-49 4150-60 4161 4162 4163— 8 4169 4170-1 4172-3 4174-5 4176-8 4179 4180— 6 4188-200 4328-9 4377 4381 4382 4383-5 4548-56 4557 - 61 4619-80 4681-706

D a te

AD e. AD C.

C.

5 35

36 BC

C- AD 5 T ib e riu s C a lig u la C la u d iu s c. 65 56-2 BC 47-38 BC 3I - I 7 BC 5 BC-AD 14 C. AD 15

especially 184-7, H . W illers, Rhein. M useum f ü r Philologie 1905, pp. 321-60, especially th e ta b le on p. 328. 51. See th e calcu latio n m a d e by C .J . H ow gego, N C 1989, p. 199.

milia); one of the other issues, perhaps of the Augustan period, portrays a woman called Mineia M f who is well known from Paestan inscriptions to have been a benefactor of the city.52 The same may have happened with a small silver issue from Chios (see p. 8) and it is generally thought that the formula άνέθηκε on provincial coins often denotes the donation of an issue by the named citizen.53 Other reasons may be deduced, and most of them can be subsumed under the two motives which led Sestos to prod­ uce its own bronze coinage in the late second century b c : prestige and profit.54 It is no accident that the same two motives also appear in the famous Ptolemaic papyrus of 258 b c . 5 5 Prestige as a motive for coinage can naturally be over­ stated, and it would seem wrong to regard provincial coinage as purely commemorative.56 Yet the desire for selfadvertisement would not be unexpected from the cities of the Empire; as a possible motive for the production of some coinages it might well extend to individuals.57 A case in point might be the foundation issues of colonies. Though the identification of colonial issues as ‘foundation issues’ was taken too far by Grant in FITA, there are some plaus­ ible cases. Examples can be found at Philippi, Sinope and Lampsa­ cus. One hesitates to say, however, that the desire for com­ memoration was the sole motive behind such cases, and such a view would make an unreasonable dichotomy between the political and economic role of coins. The invalidity of such a dichotomy has been rightly criticised in another context by A. Wallace-Hadrill,58 but the same criti­ cism is applicable here. Pride and profit can be seen as complementary, rather than exclusive, reasons for civic coinage. The profit would have arisen not from the insistence on using a particular city’s coinage in that city, since, though this was possible,59 finds show that this did not, in fact, happen in the Roman provinces; profit would, rather, have come from the universal need to exchange silver and bronze coins to carry out transactions of all kinds; the commission payable on such exchange was, in effect, a tax which would benefit the city.60 For all we know the money-changers who carried out this work may have been able to buy coinage from the city, just as late Roman money-changers bought bronze from the government.61 In both periods the smooth functioning of the economy, the emendi et vendendi utilitas62 and the desire to raise money for the state were both different and complementary aspects of the same phenomenon. Our conclusion, therefore, is that the motivation for the 52. M . C raw fo rd , in L a M onetazione di bronzo di Poseidonia-Paestum. Supplemento al vol. 1 8 - ig degli A H N (1973), p. 54, id. C M R R , p. 72. 53. G IC , p. 86; see also p. 3. 54. O G IS 339. 55. A . H u n t a n d C. E d g ar, Select P apyri I I , 409. 56. A s, e.g., C . R o d ew ald , M oney in the Age o f Tiberius , p. 80 n o te 27, L. R o b ert, M onnaies Antiques en Troade, p p . 86-8 . 57. M in eia a t P aestu m , Z euxis a t L ao d icea 3895; c f K . H a rl, Civic Coins and Civic Politics in the Greek E a st, p. 32. 58. J R S 1986, p p . 66-73. 59. A s a t fo u rth -ce n tu ry O lb ia: S IG 3 218. 60. C .J . H ow gego, G IC , p p . 9 2 -4 , A. B u rn e tt, Coinage in the Rom an W orld , pp. 102-3. 61. J . P. C . K e n t, in Essays in Rom an Coinage presented to M a ttin g ly, ed. R . A. G . C a rso n a n d C .H .V . S u th erlan d , p. 197; c f C icero ad A tt. 8 .7 .3 ? 62. A n o n ., D e rebus bellicis 1.1.2.

P roduction an d circulation o f coinage

striking civic coinages should be sought in the cities them­ selves, and would have included the prestige and profit arising from the provision of small change.63 The conse­ quence was the successful functioning of the monetary system of the Empire.

The pattern o f issue throughout the Empire It is notoriously difficult to provide any reliable quantifica­ tion of the relative, let alone the absolute, amount of coinage produced in the Empire. The following table aims to provide some such guide, though its obvious deficiencies do not, perhaps, need to be unduly stressed. In this table we list, for each province (or in the case of Asia, conventus) the number of cities producing coinage under each emperor. We also list the total number of coins appearing in the ‘frequency’ index (i.e., the number of coins in each of the core collections listed on p. xiii). ‘Pseudo-autonomous’ coinages have also been included: where difficult to date, they have been spread over the whole period. There are various other omissions, such as small areas of the east, which have been left out to avoid confusing the picture. Gaul has been omitted, in view of the difficulty of collating information about the Celtic issues, produced perhaps down to the reign of Tiberius (or Augustus: see below, p. 19). Syria also has been omitted, as no frequency statistics were kept for the numerous ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins made in that area. See table below. It is notorious that counting the number of coins in museums in this way can be very misleading.65 Coinages with a lot of variation (e.g., the mention of different magis­ trates) will inevitably be over-represented in museum col­

Province/area

Spain64 Italy Sicily Africa (prov.) M auretania Cyrenaica Crete Achaea Corinth rest M acedonia Bithynia Asia (by conventus) Cyzicus Adramyteum Pergamum Smyrna Ephesus Miletus Halicarnassus Alabanda Cibyra Sardis Apamea Synnada Philomelium Total (Asia)

lections, while more common coinages will be under­ represented (e.g., the SC coinage of Antioch under Claudius). However, because provincial coinages are generally rare, this will be less of a problem, while it emerged from the discussion of ‘frequency’ (pp. 55—7) that these figures are not totally worthless, since it was shown that there does seem to be a very general correlation between the occurrence of such provincial coinages in museums and their original output (as defined by obverse dies used or by their representation in excavations). Moreover, it would be hard to devise any other method of making Empire-wide comparisons, short of producing die counts for every coinage. But even if such die counts would give a sound statistical base (which is unlikely, given the small numbers generally involved), the task is clearly com­ pletely impracticable. The figures in the table can give some indication of the relative output of the different cities and areas, though we should never be tempted to use them for any detailed calculation or argumentation. A final problem with the table is, of course, that it takes no account of different denominations; in addition, as these tended to increase in size during the period, another consequence will be to under-estimate the money represented by the later issues. With these qualifications, the table invites a number of questions. First, is there any overall pattern of issue? There does, indeed, seem to be a general tendency throughout the Empire for coinage to be produced more abundantly and at 63. T h o u g h , if th e face valu e o f th e coinage w as sm all, th e p ro fit w o u ld be co rresp o n d in g ly sm all. 64. N o t in c lu d in g N Y. 65. See p p . 5 5 -7 an d , e.g., A. J o h n sto n , R N 1984, pp. 240 -5 4 , for discussions o f th e m eth o d o lo g ical problem s.

No. of cities/Trequency’ total Gai- Vit

Tiberius

Caligula

29-30/1847 7/100 15/290 5/22 1/76 3/169

25/1436 1/82 2/43 8/354 1/2 1/26 3/46

8/187 6/114

l/l -

-

-

-

3/153

3 /1°3

1/161 12/337 9/34° 7/92

I/22I 6/135 5/233 4/22

1/116 2/54 3/39

1/83 4/75 6/224 7/1II

1/352 10/239 1/10 7/69

l/l I I 3/52 -

1/43 10/195 3/155 8/339 9/240 4/48 2/124 15/229 4/197 3/48 7/106 4/53

i/o 5/23 2/80 4/118 8/43 2/23 9/181

1/10 3/32 3/69 6/124 3/76 3/19 4/69 3/89 4/257

3 /4 6

4/29 2/19 2/116 3/24 r /5 4/66 l/l 3/2OI 1/15

1/14

-

I/I2 6/26 7/64 5/269 7T95 3/49 2/11 11/88 4/147 8/220 4/229 6/80 64/1390

2/14 l / l 12 1/16 4/142

l/l

71/1826

3^44

5/181 6/80

4 9 /9 3 3

21/476

Claudius

Nero

Augustus ?

17

-

4/74 i / 17 35/836

-

-

-

more cities under Augustus than under his successors. Should we, with Crawford,66 conclude from this that ‘local coinage nearly died in the east under Tiberius or Gaius and did die in the west’? Or should we, rather, ask why coinage seems so plentiful in the reign of Augustus, especially in areas like Africa and Macedonia where very little or no coinage had been produced for the previous century. An obvious point to make, of course, is that the reign of Augustus was twice as long as that of Tiberius, and that this would inevitably lead to a picture of less coinage for Tiberius, just as it does dramatically in the case of a short reign like that of Caligula. Moreover, the specific evidence given by Crawford for the decline of eastern coinage is partial (only some cities, only Greece) and inaccurate (Sparta, Patras, Thessalonica). Furthermore, the relative uniformity of the scale of issue under Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero seems to support the view that Augustus’s reign was exceptional, and that it can be at least partly explained by its enormous length.

The ending o f city coinage in the west The other principal conclusion shown by the table is, of course, the contrast between the cessation of city coinage in the west and its continuation in the east (for over two cen­ turies until the mid-third century). This question is usually examined in the context of Spanish coinage alone, but it can be seen that the picture in Spain is really only part of a much more general trend. It may be true that we shall probably never know exactly why local coinage ceased in the west, but it is important to try to identify whether the reasons are likely to have been economic or political. First of all, we would stress that the cessation of local coinage is a phenomenon of the western Empire alone; to seek its ending in a context of a general decline of civic coinage throughout the Empire seems, as already discussed, misleading. Secondly, it is clear that city coinages did not stop abruptly, but rather that they gradually dried up over a period of some twenty-five years. This can be seen from the decline in the number of cities producing coinage: Spain Italy Sicily Africa M auretania

Claudius

Augustus

Tiberius

Caligula

29 or 30

25 I

8

I

-

-

8

-

-

2

-

-

I? 7 r5 5

i or 2

-

When we examine the detailed chronology of the ending of western bronze we find a similar picture. Spanish coinage continued until the issue of Ebusus for Claudius (482). In Gaul, the coinage of Nemausus ceased at the end of Augustus’s reign and that of Lugdunum only just continued for a short period under Tiberius; only one civic issue was made in Gaul under Tiberius (537—8) and this, too, seems to have been the period of the final demise of the production of local Celtic issues. The cessation of Paestan coinage under Tiberius is not easy to date. There are five or six colleges of duoviri: we might guess that the coinage ends c. 25. In Africa, we can date the coinages rather better (see 66. M .H . C raw ford, C M R R , p. 271.

below, p. 20), and can establish that nothing was produced after 30. In Sicily, only Panormus (and perhaps one uncertain mint) minted after Augustus. There are two issues from Panormus; though not datable, we might again assume that the coinage ceased in about 25. Though the pictures from Spain and Africa might be compatible, in view of the short period in question (ten years from a d 30) and the relative numbers of cities minting (under Augustus, twenty-nine or thirty in Spain, but only fourteen in Africa), it is nevertheless clear that coinage stopped substantially earlier in Sicily and Gaul. This gradual nature of its cessation is sufficient to show that the ending of coinage was not the result of a direct instruction from the Roman authorities. If so, the end of the coinage would surely have been sudden, as was the case with Achaea under Vespasian. The abrupt way in which the coinages of Corinth, in particular, or Patras stop after Galba suggests that Vespasian’s removal of Nero’s grant of freedom to Greece resulted in the loss of ‘coining rights’, inasmuch as coinage ceased, only to resume under Domitian by the PERM IM P (Corinth) or as MONETA INPETRATA INDVLGENTIA AVG (Patras). Another clear example is the abrupt cessation of Asian cistophori in 67 B C , when Pompey was granted his enormous commands throughout the Mediterranean. In a similar way, the native coinage of Britain, Mauretania and Thrace (and perhaps Lycia) was brought to a stop by the conquest and annex­ ations of Caligula and Claudius. If direct political intervention seems unlikely, an econ­ omic explanation might seem more plausible. Such an econ­ omic explanation might take different forms. It has, for instance, been thought in the case of Spain that ‘the removal of revenues from a number of cities by Tiberius almost killed off local coinage’.67 Yet it has already been argued that the phenomenon was confined to the western Empire whereas the changes Suetonius says Tiberius made (Tib. 49) affected Spain, Gaul, Syria and Greece: hardly a good correlation with the areas in which coinage ceased. Moreover, the apparently small total face value of all prov­ incial coinage (see above) suggests that it could hardly have been a major drain on civic resources and expenditure; a fortiori, if it is correct to think that civic coinage was a source of profit. Indeed, in the one area where we might have expected a diminution in local coinage, the cities of Asia around Sardis which were devastated by the earthquake of a d i 7, we find little change. In this area, although there are clear traces of the earthquake both in the typology and the lighter metrology of the cities affected (see p. 375), the number of cities producing coins and quantity of coins minted does not seem to have been significantly reduced.68 A final argument against an economic explanation for the end of western city coinage is the abundance of imitations of Claudian bronzes, found throughout the western Empire, especially in Britain, Gaul and Spain, and perhaps also Africa. These coins present us with a dilemma. On the one hand, it is sometimes suggested that these imitations were 67. M .H . C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 272; G ra n t, F I T A , p. 203 n o te 13. 68. O n e sh o u ld n o t, p e rh a p s, press this arg u m e n t, since, o f course, th e relief w hich w as given for th e effects o f the e a rth q u a k e m ig h t, in fact, ac tu ally stim u late coinage: A. Jo h n sto n , in T . V . B u ttre y et al., Greek, Rom an and Islam ic Coins fr o m Sardis, p. 84 on no. 270.

P roduction and circulation o f coinage

made in the same places as had made the earlier Celtic or Spanish bronze coinage:69 if this is correct, then the change from local to ‘Roman’ types must have had a political rather than an economic origin. But if, on the other hand, the imitations were privately made, then it must have been economic to produce them; and if they were an economic proposition, so was civic coinage. Thus, either way, the Claudian imitations suggest that the civic coinage of the west did not end for economic reasons. We seem, then, to be forced back to thinking in terms of a political motive, but one which did not bring a sudden end to the coinage. A possible model explanation could be reconstructed, partially on the basis of the discussion of authority (Chapter i ). If we take seriously the mentions of the asking for and granting of permission for coinage, we should also take seriously the possibility that such permis­ sion might be refused (as it might be for a provincial tem­ ple), or perhaps rather that the very requesting of permission was discouraged. Such refusals or discourage­ ments, whatever their rationale, would not necessarily have been universal or have had an immediate effect. One might perhaps recall the way in which, under Augustus, the prominent self-representation of senators gradually dried up.70 In the case of prominent Romans it became inap­ propriate to put forward one’s own position rather than that of the emperor. A similar sort of motive could have operated on a civic level and caused the ending of the western coinage. Why it should have happened when it did or why it should have taken so long to take effect, however, remain elusive, though it took place in an atmosphere of political interference with the coinage (the demonetisation of Cali­ gula’s bronze: Dio 60.22.3) ar|d of the removal of other local coinages. The ending of British coinage after the Roman conquest may perhaps occasion no surprise, but the ending of coinage in Mauretania or Lycia would not seem to be a necessary or natural consequence of the suppression of the Mauretanian kingdom and Lycian League. We might con­ sider the possibility that the changes took place only in the west because bronze from the mint of Rome circulated only in the west; perhaps it was thought to diminish the emperor’s prestige if all the coinage did not follow the pat­ tern of his coinage from Rome, just as, in an extreme instance, the circulation of coins of Caligula could be found offensive. Thus when the mint at Lugdunum re-opened again under Nero, its products were copies of Rome. On this line of thinking the cessation of local coinage in the west can be seen as a ‘political’ phenomenon. Civic prestige, in the context of coinage, would have become transformed by the citizens themselves into imperial prestige, and that prestige would have outweighed profit.

Regional survey of bronze issues Spain The bronze currency of Republican Spain had consisted of a mixture of Spanish and Roman Republican bronzes.71 In 69. D . N ash , op. cit. (n. 4), p. 26; R. K enyon, in N . C ru m m y , Colchester Archaeological Report 4 (1987), p p . 24-6. 70. W . E ck, in F. M illa r a n d E. S egal, Caesar A ugustus. Seven Aspects , p p . 129-60. 71. P. P. R ipollès, C M T M , pp. 331-512.

ig

the war between Caesar and Pompey bronzes with essen­ tially traditional Roman designs (Janus/prow) were produ­ ced in Spain, and similar pieces were also made under Sextus Pompey, though most of his coinage was produced in Sicily (485-6, 671). Under the Empire, coinage was made in two principal areas: in the north along the Ebro valley, and in the south in Baetica (under Augustus), with a few issues in southern Lusitania. The principle coinages in the north were from Caesaraugusta, Calagurris, Emporiae, Lepida/Celsa, Tar­ raco, Bilbilis and Turiaso. The coins were produced in all denominations, from the semis up to the sestertius, accord­ ing to various differing denominational patterns (see p. 64). The most popular denomination was the as, though smaller and larger denominations were also produced, for instance at Gades, which issued only dupondii, tresses (?) and sestertii. In addition to the regular city coinage, there were two other coinages which seem clearly to have been produced by the Roman authorities. One is the coinage of orichalcum dupondii and copper asses made at Emerita by the legate Carisius in c. 23 b c (RIC 11-25; not included in this cata­ logue). The other was made at about the same time, or perhaps slightly earlier at one (or two) mint(s) in north­ western Spain (1-4), possibly in connection with the Can­ tabrian Wars. Substantial issues of coinage were produced under Augustus and Tiberius. Only eight cities, however, produ­ ced coinage for Caligula;72 under Claudius a single mint made coins, the island of Ebusus (482). Thereafter the coinage of Spain consisted of Roman coins. The Pobla de Mafumet hoard demonstrates that Claudian coins were directly supplied to Spain from Rome, since it contained die-linked sestertii and dupondii still in the rolls in which they had been sent out by the mint.73 This supply of coinage from Rome was supplemented by locally produced imitations of Claudian coins, as elsewhere in the western Empire. Such imitations probably came to an end with the opening of Nero’s mint at Lugdunum, which became the principal supplier of base metal coinage to Spain.74 In the civil wars of 68-9, it seems that base metal coinage was also produced in Spain under Vitellius.75

Gaul Most of the Celtic bronze coinages from Gaul have not been included in this catalogue, though they continued to be produced at least down to the reign of Augustus, if not Tiberius.76 They continued in circulation until the Flavian period. They were accompanied by more Romanised issues; in the thirties b c a number of such issues were produced by Octavian at Lugdunum, Vienna and Narbonne. Similar issues were made at Nemausus and Arausio (?); of these 72. M o stly in the n o rth : A cci, C a rth a g o N ova, E rcav ica, B ilbilis, C ae sa ra u g u sta, O sca, S egobriga a n d E b u su s. 73. M . C am p o , J .-C . R ic h a rd a n d H .-M . von K aen el, E l Tesoro de L a Pobla de M a fu m et (1981). 74. C f. G . B oon, in ed. J . C asey a n d R. R eece, Coins and the Archaeologist , pp. 102-6. 75- r u e 3 9-46. 76. N ash , op. cit. (n. 69), p. 23. C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 216.

only the coinage of the colony of Nemausus continued, until the end of the reign of Augustus. Though overtly the civic coinage of a colony, the enor­ mous output of Nemausus leaves little doubt that it was manipulated by the Romans for their own ends, and so was rightly categorised by Grant as one of the Six Main Aes Coinages of Augustus. The coinage of Lugdunum from c. 10-7 BC to early in the reign of Tiberius77 is another instance, though this is usually regarded as a ‘state’ rather than a civic coinage, mainly because of the gold and silver mint which was also operating at Lugdunum. Yet in form it is just like the coinage of Nemausus. The altar and legend ROM ET AVG indicate its civic origins in the same way as the crocodile and palm tree with COL NEM did at Nemausus. The absence of an ethnic is not particularly signihcant, any more than it was for the similar earlier coinages of Narbonne and Arausio. The two coinages of Nemausus and Lugdunum provided the principal source of new bronze coinage for Gaul under Augustus, but they ceased either at the end of the reign (Nemausus) or shortly after (Lugdunum). Bronze for Gaul was subsequently sup­ plied from Rome under Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius, until the opening of Nero’s new ‘Roman style’ mint at Lugdunum. The same sources accounted for the bronzes arriving in Britain under Claudius and Nero; in both areas, as is well known, the currency was greatly augmented by the large number of contemporary imitations produced, especially of coins of Claudius. 8 The legal basis (or otherwise) of these imitations has been mentioned above (pp. 18-19).

Italy and Sicily In Italy, since the Hannibalic War, the bronze currency had been almost exclusively provided by the mint of Rome. Even in the late Republican civil wars, only a few additional issues were made, most notably the large DIVOS IVLIVS issue from an uncertain mint in c. 38 b c . There had been little civic coinage in Italy during the second century b c , and less still in the first century b c : perhaps only at Velia and Paestum.79 Only the coinage of Paestum continued into the imperial period; there are some issues probably from the reign of Augustus, and a substantial coinage of semisses under Tiberius. This cannot be dated more closely, but seems to have continued well into the reign. Even so, Paestan coinage formed only a tiny percentage of the coins circulating in Italy, the rest of which came from Rome. As elsewhere in the western Empire, imitations were also pro­ duced, at least under Claudius, though on a smaller scale than outside Italy. In Sicily, a certain amount of coinage had been made by the cities during the civil wars, though these were on a tiny scale compared with the huge issue of bronze made by Sextus Pompey (671). Under Augustus, the largest coinages 77. J . B. G ia rd , L e M onnayage de l ’Atelier de Lyon , pp. 47, V ; n o t in cluded in this catalogue. 78. B oon, op. c i t K enyon, op. cit. (n. 69), D . R. W alker, in B. C unliffe, The Temple o f Suits M inerva at B a th , p. 285. 79. Μ . H . C raw ford, C M R R , p. 71.

were made at Agrigentum and, especially, Panormus. Panormus continued to produce coinage into the reign of Tiberius, striking two ‘issues’ in his reign. A further, unsigned, issue may also be Tiberian (670), though it has been suggested that it, too, was made at Panormus. At any rate, no more than two cities produced coinage after the reign of Augustus. The coins of laiton, sometimes assigned to the reign of Tiberius (646—7) were surely earlier. It is clear, therefore, that in Sicily coinage ended well before its cessation in Spain. The local coinage of Sicily consisted mostly of asses and semisses, if their denominations have been correctly identi­ fied (see pp. 34, 165). These were supplemented by Roman sestertii and dupondii from Rome, some of which were countermarked, presumably to validate their issue by the cities. This may not, however, be the full story, as it seems that some of these dupondii, at any rate, may have been imitations (see p. 165) produced, presumably, in Sicily.

Africa In Africa there had been little civic coinage before the reign of Augustus, but in his reign some fourteen cities produced coinage, and eight of these continued under Tiberius. The two biggest African coinages were both struck under Tiberius, at Utica and Oea. Otherwise, large coinages were made, under Augustus, at Carthage, Hadrumetum, Sabratha, Oea and Lepcis Magna; and, under Tiberius, at Carthage, ‘Paterna’ and Lepcis Magna. T h e m o s t a b u n d a n tly p r o d u c e d d e n o m in a tio n w a s th e as, th o u g h s m a lle r a n d la r g e r d e n o m in a tio n s w e re a lso p r o ­ d u c e d , in c lu d in g th e r e m a r k a b le d o u b le -s e s te rtiu s fro m H a d r u m e tu m (7 7 7 ). T h e o n ly s im ila r p r o v in c ia l c o in s w e re p r o d u c e d a t G a d e s (7 7 -9 7 ) , w h ic h p e r h a p s sy m b o lise th e s im ila ritie s b e tw e e n th e c o in a g e s o f A fric a a n d S p a in , w h ic h a r e v e ry a lik e a s r e g a rd s th e ir d e n o m in a tio n s , m e ta ls , size a n d w e ig h t.

The ending of coinage in Africa has been discussed above in the context of cessation of local coinage in the western Empire. Here it can be observed that the African coinage continued throughout most of Tiberius’s reign, though there is no coinage datable after 30. The large issues of Utica, Oea and Lepcis, however, show that there was a very substantial amount of coinage produced down to that date, if from a reduced number of cities. T iberian coinage in Africa City

Latest issue

H ippo U tica Carthage ‘P aterna’ T hapsus Sabratha O ea Lepcis Tingi

20/1 30 c. 20 23 c. 20 ? (two pairs of magistrates) a large coinage, all later than 22/3 21/30 23/9

It is not necessarily clear from this table that African coinage ceased before that of Spain. Though there are no

Production and circulation of coinage issues of Caligula (or Claudius: the alleged issue from Hippo has been re-attributed to Sinope: 2135), this may just be because there were fewer mints operating in Africa than in Spain. After the cessation of local coinage, bronze was supplied from Rome. As elsewhere in the western Empire, it seems that imitations circulated under Claudius.80

Cyrenaica The local coinage of Cyrenaica seems to have been produ­ ced by the Roman authorities rather than the cities. The coinage does not make much reference to the cities (and none at all under Augustus and Tiberius), but rather prominently displays the name of the Roman governor. Most imperial Cyrenaican coinage was minted under Augustus. There was in addition a single issue under Tiberius, in c. a d 23. Thus coinage ended in Cyrenaica at much the same time as in the western Empire (though it was briefly revived by Trajan).

Crete In Crete, city coinage was effectively confined to that of the colony of Cnossus, which minted regularly throughout the period. Otherwise, there is only an ephemeral issue from Lappa and a reasonably plentiful coinage from Cydonia under Augustus and Tiberius. In addition, there were bronze (as well as silver) issues made federally. At first, under Caligula, this was organised, like the silver, so that the same types were struck at a number of different mints (Gortyn, Hierapytna, Lato, Lyttos and Polyrhenium). The style of these issues is very similar, and it may be that the dies were engraved centrally; striking, however, seems to have been localised, since, e.g., the flans of the coins of Polyrhenium are very different from the others. Like the silver, the production of bronze was subsequently centralised under Claudius into a single issue, presumably minted at Gortyn, and all reference to the cities was dropped.

Achaea A number of different Achaean cities minted bronze coins in the first century b c . According to J. Warren,81 the following Peloponnesian mints struck coins between 146 and c. 27 b c : Aegira, Aegium, Dyme, Patras, Sicyon, Corinth, Elis, Cephallenia?, Zacynthus, Ithaca, Cythera, Messene?, Sparta, Argos ?, Epidaurus ?, Megalopolis ?, Pheneus and Tegea. Of these, only the coinage of Corinth (after its re­ foundation as a Roman colony in 44 b c ) was large. Further north a similar picture obtains, with coins probably struck at a number of cities (e.g., 1338, of Opus), but only that of 80. T h is rem ark is b ased on tw o specim ens seen in tra d e from Africa. 81. N C 1984, p. 21.

21

Athens was on a large scale. Even its circulation, however, was restricted to. Attica and Athens itself.82 Achaea seems to have included two mints of Antony’s ‘fleet’ coinage (the other was in Syria, or perhaps Cyprus). These coins perhaps represent an early or partial example of an attempt to impose a uniform coinage throughout the Empire. In the early imperial period, three coinages that were presumably produced in large quantities stand out: Cor­ inth, Patras and the Thessalian League. The coinages of Patras and the Thessalian League, however, were produced intermittently and on a much smaller scale than the large coinage of Corinth, for which more than 2500 clear speci­ mens survive from the period covered in this catalogue, struck from an observed total of 406 obverse dies (and a calculated total of 451, with a 90% confidence range).83 Yet even the coinage of Corinth was not continuously produced (only three pairs of duoviri minted in Tiberius’s reign), and its total output is not of very great economic significance (see above, p. 16). Most of the other civic coinages produ­ ced in Achaea are very rare, and were produced in only small numbers at irregular intervals. Nero’s visit to Greece prompted several Achaean cities (Patras, Corinth, Sicyon, Nicopolis, Phoenice and, perhaps, the Thessalian League) to produce coinage referring to his visit and his proclamation of the freedom of Greece. His death, a year later, had an equally clear effect. Some attempt was made to erase his name from the coins of Patras. Galba, and perhaps Otho, appear on the suddenly revived coinages of Thebes and Opus (Locri). The uncertainties of 68-9 can be seen most clearly at Corinth, where the coinage of Galba is at first accompanied by one for the Senate and one for Roma (ROMAE ET IMPERIO); subsequently all types were dropped in favour of the safe NEPTVNO. The same explanation can perhaps be given for the heavy representation of ‘pseudo-auto­ nomous’ types at Thebes or of Eirene on the coinage of the Thessalian League. The most dramatic effect on the coinage of Achaea, however, took place at the very end of the period covered by this catalogue. It is noticeable that there is not a single city coinage from Achaea struck for Vespasian. Some reasonably regular coinages stop with Nero or Galba, notably those of Patras, the Thessalian League and Corinth. In the case of Corinth the way the coinage stopped dead after the Neptune issue strongly sug­ gests political rather than economic interference, and it seems likely that the removal of the freedom which Nero had granted to the Greeks had, as one of its consequences, the cessation of coinage there. Some confirmation of this can be seen at Corinth, when coinage resumed under Domitian with the formulae PERM IMP, or at Patras, with Moneta inpetrata indulgentiae Aug.&i During the period the most commonly produced denomi­ nation seems to have been the as,85 though larger pieces were produced from time to time (e.g., Nicopolis 1363), and 82. A. W alk er, A Chronological Study o f the Greek Im perial Coinage o f A thens (U n iv ersity o f P en n sy lv an ia d isserta tio n , 1980), p p . 135fr., 145. 83. See n ote 51. 84. B. E. Levy, in M élanges Bastien, ed. H . H u v elin , M . C h risto l a n d G . G au tier, p p . 39-4 9 , especially 4 2 -3 . 85. I f th e re co n stru c tio n o f d en o m in atio n s in C h a p te r 3 is correct.

the production of larger coins by the Thessalian League under Nero illustrates the shift to larger denominations detectable elsewhere at the end of the Julio-Claudian period (see p. 37). For connections with the coinage of Macedonia, see below.

Macedonia Very little bronze coinage was produced in Macedonia between the formation of the Roman province and the reign of Augustus. A certain amount of coinage was produced in the period of the civil wars: issues can definitely be identi­ fied at Philippi, Thessalonica, Cassandrea, Cassandrea/Pella and Pella. Some of these were produced on a large scale, to judge from their survival today. Several com­ munities produced coinage under Augustus (Apollonia, Philippi, Thessalonica, Edessa, Amphipolis, Pella and Dium): a few for Tiberius (Thessalonica, Edessa, Amphipolis and Dium) and Caligula (Thessalonica and Amphipolis), and most of those communities (except Edessa) which produced any coinage during this period also coined for Claudius and Nero. The largest coinages were those from Thessalonica and Amphipolis, and, if the ‘colonists’ type has been correctly attributed to Philippi (1656-61), then it, too, was one of the largest coinages in the region. The semisses that were definitely minted at Philippi (1651) seem also to be one of the most abundant provincial coinages to survive from the period. There is no obvious specific occasion or reason for most of these issues, although we may suspect that some of the Neronian ones were connected with his visit to Greece: at any rate this seems to be the likely interpretation of the radiate crown used at Cassandrea or the figure of Apollo playing the lyre at Thessalonica. Finally, there is a single issue for Vitellius, by the Macedonian Koinon, minted probably at Thessalonica. As elsewhere in the Empire, larger denominations began to appear towards the end of the period (e.g., Thessalonica, Macedonian Koinon). The as and the semis seem, however, the most commonly produced denominations.86 There are a number of links between the coinages of Achaea and Macedonia. These links can be seen most clearly in the denominations (see Chapter 3), and particu­ larly in the fabric of some of the coins. These are the only areas where copper coins the size of Roman asses are found, at Patras, Sparta and Nicopolis in Achaea and at Thes­ salonica and Philippi in Macedonia. Macedonia and Achaea, too, seem to be linked by the way in which their coinages reflect the visit of Nero to Greece in 66/7. This was the first time that a historical event had such a systematic effect on the civic bronze coinage of the Empire; while this is remarkable enough in Achaea, it is even more surprising in Macedonia, though the echoes of the visit are, of course, fainter there.

86. See n o te 85.

Thrace and Moesia The coinage produced in the northern Balkans is very dif­ ferent from those of Achaea or Macedonia. Though the coinage produced by the cities in these provinces was not extensive, it is something of a mixture of shapes, sizes and metals, making generalisation difficult. In general, however, the coinage looks eastwards to Asia Minor; this is not surprising in view of the location of some Thracian cities on the coast directly opposite Asia (e.g., ByzantiumCalchedon, and Sestos-Abydos) but can also be seen, e.g., in the use of orichalcum at Tomi and Perinthus, or the Bithynian denominational system used at Perinthus. A large regal coinage was also produced by some of the Thracian kings until the annexation of their kingdom in 46. Roman coins also played an important role in both Moesia and Thrace. In the case of Moesia, Roman coins accounted for virtually all the coinage in circulation, as the few civic issues are either hardly attested or very rare. In Thrace, it seems that ‘Roman’ coins circulated and were even also produced there, though only in small quantities, as at Perinthus under Nero (1758-62), and possibly elsewhere in Thrace at the end of Claudius’s reign (see p. 311). These coinages may well be the Thracian predecessors of the Flavian Roman-style coinage of Bithynia (or Thrace?).87

Bithynia and Pontus Only a relatively small quantity of coinage was produced in the province of Bithynia and Pontus, and it effectively falls into two halves, corresponding to the two parts of the prov­ ince. The principal mints in Bithynia were Nicaea and Nicomedia, though even their output was not large. Their coins are very like those of Perinthus in Thrace, as already noted, and are marked by a clear uniformity of style, both in the style of engraving and in the content of the coins, which have very full obverse legends, a wide representation of members of the imperial family, and reverse legends refer­ ring to proconsuls. In addition, the metallic composition of the coins is very similar, most of them being made of orichalcum, at least for Claudius and Nero. The influence of Roman denominations is very strong, as the sestertius seems to have been the principal denomination under Claudius and Nero, though the denominational system seems to have been different from the one in use at Rome (see p. 338). There are, of course, exceptions to the uniform appearance of the coinage in the province, such as the coinage of Calchedon, whose links lay with Thrace and especially Byzantium. Nevertheless, the cohesion of Bithynian coinage is neatly demonstrated by the need to rely on the form of the legends or countermarks for the attribution of coins lacking an ethnic to particular cities. The proconsul’s name appears in the nominative at Nicaea and in the genitive with ΕΠΙ at Nicomedia; this can sometimes help with attributions (e.g., 2075). Indeed, ifit is correct to attribute 2060-1 to Nicaea and 2084 to 87.

See H .A . C a h n , I N J 1984-5, pp. 14-26.

P roduction an d circulation o f coinage

Nicomedia (the two principal mints of the area), it is salu­ tary to remember that they were previously regarded as the products of a single mint. The coinage of the Pontic part of the province is for the most part small: only Amisus and, particularly, Sinope pro­ duced coinage on any scale. Even at Sinope, however, the actual quantity of coinage produced is quite small: although a large number of different varieties were made, most are known from only two-three specimens. The influence of Roman denominations is apparent, however, as in Bithynia, with the production of large sestertius-sized coins at Amisus and Sinope. As such coins appear as early as Tiberius’s reign, and are made from bronze rather than brass, it looks as if they are the result of direct Roman influence (e.g., the CA coinage of Asia) rather than the result of the influence of Bithynian practice.

Asia In Asia, there were two coinages made by the Roman authorities. One was the silver cistophori (see above), and the other was the enigmatic bronze CA coinage, produced in the twenties b c . Its puzzle is twofold: what do the letters CA mean and why was it produced? The significance of the letters is discussed elsewhere (see p. 380). The reason for its issue is not easy to understand. It was produced on a large scale and is well represented in finds throughout the prov­ ince, and indeed in Syria; it was produced on a new denominational system, which foreshadowed that intro­ duced in the west by several years. Was it a coinage produ­ ced, like the Augustan cistophori, in connection with preparations for the later Roman campaign against Armenia?88 Was it an attempt to impose a uniform coinage over the east, or at least Asia? In our view, the second alternative seems more likely, though this is far from certain. It is very hard to make generalisations about the city coinage produced in the province of Asia; it was minted on a large scale for such a relatively small area (over 1000 varieties from over 100 cities). The largest coinage, to judge from the coins that survive today, was that of Smyrna; the other cities with the largest outputs were Pergamum, Ephesus, Hierapolis, Laodicea, Aezani and Rhodes. Other large coinages were produced at Ilium, Magnesia-adSipylum, Tralles and Aphrodisias. In some areas coinage was on a very small scale, such as in the northwest of the province: in the conventus of Adramyteum and Cyzicus, very little coinage was produced, and only the cities of Cyzicus and Ilium produced substantial issues. The greatest bulk of the coinage naturally came from the same areas where the principal mints and the other most numerous mints were located: the middle coastal areas, from Pergamum to Ephesus, and the upper Maeander valley. The coinage was very varied, though some geographical patterns can be seen, especially in two areas. The first is the northwest (the conventus of Adramyteum and Cyzicus, or 88. N C 1982, pp- i ff., M . H . C raw ford, C M R R , p. 266.

23

T r o a s a n d p a r t o f M y s ia ). H e r e , a s n o te d , c o in a g e w as o n a fa irly sm a ll sc a le , a n d c o m p ris e d , g e n e ra lly sp e a k in g , co in s o f a v e ry sm a ll size a n d o fte n r a t h e r c r u d e ly e n g ra v e d ( th o u g h th e re a r e e x c e p tio n s: I liu m p r o d u c e d la rg e co in s fro m th e re ig n o f C a lig u la , w h ile th e co in s o f L a m p s a c u s a n d C y z ic u s h a v e a b e t te r sty le ). T h e s e c o n d a r e a is th e s o u th w e s t, th e s o u th w e s t p a r t o f C a r i a o r th e w e s te rn p a r t o f th e c o n v e n tu s o f A la b a n d a , w h e r e a n u m b e r o f v e ry r o u g h ly p r o d u c e d a n d c ru d e ly e n g ra v e d co in s w e re p r o d u ­ ced . I t is a lso h a r d to see h o w th e s e la t t e r iss u e s fit in to th e d e n o m in a tio n a l p a t t e r n d e te c te d e lse w h e re (see p. 3 74), a n d th e o v e rw h e lm in g im p r e s s io n is t h a t th is a r e a w a s a b a c k w a te r c u t o ff fro m d e v e lo p m e n ts in th e r e s t o f A sia . I n a d d itio n to th e s e tw o a r e a s , th e r e a r e a lso so m e in d iv id u a l citie s w h o se c o in a g e s ta n d s o u t s u i gen eris', th e b iz a r re c o in a g e o f C ib y ra , th o u g h th is is p e r h a p s n o t so s u r p ris in g a s (e v e n i f it w a s in th e p ro v in c e o f A sia ) it w a s g e o g r a p h i­ c a lly v e ry is o la te d a n d its c r u d e c o in a g e h a s m o re affin ities w ith t h a t o f th e n e ig h b o u rin g c itie s o f n o r th e r n L y c ia ; th e c o in a g e o f M y tile n e w h ic h h a s lin k s w ith th e c o in a g e o f B ith y n ia , e s p e c ia lly in its m e tro lo g y a n d c h o ic e o f R o m a n ty p e s; o r th e c o in a g e s o f C h io s a n d R h o d e s , e a c h v e ry m u c h u n lik e th e ty p ic a l c o n te m p o r a r y c o in a g e s o f A sia .

Elsewhere there seems to be a consistent pattern to the coinage, both in terms of metrology and denominations (see p. 35) and also in the general appearance of the coins. Brief (sometimes too brief) inscriptions identify the plain portrait on the obverse which is bare-headed or laureate, and only occasionally has any accoutrements. On the reverse a leng­ thy inscription refers to the city and usually a magistrate; sometimes this or the ethnic is omitted from smaller denominations, presumably for lack of space: e.g., Aegae, Apamea. The reverse design was generally drawn from the traditional repertory of the city or had some other local reference. Asia, too, shows a clear preference to use the different members of the imperial family on the obverse to denote denominations; this is perhaps most obvious with Agrippina I I and Claudius or Nero. Hence a large number of members of the imperial family appear on the coinage in Asia. T h e g r e a te s t c o n c e n tra tio n o f c o in a g e e m a n a te d fro m s o u th - c e n tr a l A sia , r o u g h ly th e a r e a o f th e u p p e r M a e a n d e r a n d th e H e r m u s a n d C a y s te r v a lle y s , a n d it w a s p re c ise ly th is a r e a t h a t w a s d e v a s ta te d b y th e e a r th q u a k e o f a d 1 7 ; th is is o n e o f th e few e v e n ts to h a v e h a d a n o tic e a b le effect o n th e c o in a g e o f th e a r e a . M a n y o f th e c itie s re fe r d ire c tly o r in d ir e c tly (b y th e c h a n g e o f n a m e ) to th is e a r th q u a k e , a n d th e r e is a c le a r te n d e n c y fo r th e w e ig h t o f th e ir c o in a g e s to b e r e d u c e d in its im m e d ia te a f te r m a th , p e r h a p s a sig n o f e c o n o m ic d ifficu lties.

Lycia and Pamphylia City coinage from the province of Lycia and Pamphylia was very restricted, confined to a few cities in northern Lycia and a handful along the Pamphylian coast. The number of different issues struck is very small, and all are known today from very few specimens.

These city coinages are surprisingly different from that produced by the Lycian League, both during its period of independence and after the loss of its freedom under Claudius. In addition to the League’s traditional type of coinage, it produced a remarkable series of silver drachms and large bronzes with the emperor’s portrait in the twen­ ties B C . The bronzes are fairly close copies of the CA coinage of Asia, especially the sestertii, just as the silver drachms look as if they were meant to be a local version of denarii. It is tempting to think that this change and its rapid abandon­ ment may be connected with the reasons which brought about the adoption and cessation of the CA coinage. There was, however, a rather feeble recrudescence of the system under Claudius when silver and large bronzes were once again produced, feeble in the sense of greatly reduced weight standard (the sestertii down from a Roman standard of 25 g to only 15 g, the drachms down from 3.5 g to 2.75 g), perhaps suggesting that Lycia may have been, at this time, a closed currency area like Mauretania. The bronzes recall the coins of Bithynia, both from their general appearance and from their use of long obverse legends for the emperor. From Claudius, no coinage was produced again in Lycia until the reign of Gordian III.

Galatia The huge province of Galatia defies generalisation, largely because it was an enormous area with relatively little coinage. In the south a certain amount of coinage was pro­ duced in Pisidia. Some of it, e.g., from Apollonia, has affi­ nities with the adjoining province of Asia, and some, e.g., Amasea has affinities with near-by Pontus. The coinages of Cremna, Isinda, Ariassus and Termessus were quite similar to each other and look just like typical Hellenistic issues. The coins produced at Antioch in Pisidia look like Syrian coins (weights, flan shape, thickness), as does the western coinage of Lycaonia, struck for Antiochus IV perhaps at Laranda, and some of the more northerly coinages from Galatia proper, though most of these (particularly under Nero) look north to Bithynia, in terms of size and denomination.

Syria The vast Roman province of Syria included many different city coin issues. These coins are physically dissimilar from the products of Asia, usually being larger and struck on rather rougher flans and from dies whose standard of engraving was much lower: but for the Syrian habit of placing dates on their coinages, it would often have been impossible to decide which emperor was depicted. The principal coinage of Syria was that of Antioch. The bronze coinage of Antioch was diverse in nature. It ranged from small bronzes referring explicitly to the city to the large coins with a prominent SC in a wreath as the reverse type, and with Latin legends on the obverse. Similar coins were also made with longer legends (in Greek) in the

wreath on the reverse. These coins seem therefore to range from purely civic local issues to ones produced under the Roman administration of the province, for which a military function has been deduced from the legionary countermarks that they bear, unlike most other Syrian coinages. The rest of the coinage from the province falls into three main groups. The coinage of eastern Cilicia has a character­ istic appearance. The flans were generally thinner and wider than those of Syria, and the obverses were often engraved in a similar localised style. These Cilician coina­ ges were produced at only a few cities along the coast or up the river valleys which formed the principal features of the region. All these coinages are very rare: none is known today from more than a handful of specimens, though new varieties are turning up more frequently for this than for any other part of the Empire. The bulk of the coinage from the province comes from the second main area, of Seleucis and Phoenicia. The coins were made principally at coastal cities, though there were also coinages from inland (e.g., Apamea). There seems to have been a much greater proportion of ‘pseudo-auto­ nomous’ coinage in Syria than other regions. This is clear not just from the late date at which the imperial portrait was adopted in Syria (p. 40), but also (e.g.) from the con­ siderations that most of the coinage of Apamea and all the coinage of Tyre lacked the imperial portrait. ‘Pseudo-auto­ nomous’ types account, too, for a very large proportion of the coinages of most of the other cities in the region, e.g., Laodicea or Sidon. The coinage reflects the changing political circumstances of the area. Many of the eras by which the coinages were dated changed at the beginning of the period; Caesarian eras are known from Antioch and Laodicea. The civil wars find a reflection sometimes in the changing titles of the cities (e.g., Apamea, Laodicea, Balanea) and dramatically in the portraits of Antony which are found at Antioch, Balanea, Aradus, Marathus, Ptolemais and Tripolis; after the Ptolemaic kingdom of Syria was restored to Cleopatra in 37 her portrait, too, appeared at a number of cities in her new kingdom, though these issues are all rare. The third area of Syrian coinage concerns the Jewish kingdom(s) in the south, for much of the period in question formally independent of the Empire. But in addition to the royal and tetrarchic issues, a number of other coinages were made. One was struck by the Roman procurators, presum­ ably at Jerusalem, and there were also a number of civic issues. Such civic issues (e.g., Gaba?) seem mostly to have been made at times when the area was not under the auth­ ority of the Jewish rulers, and most of them fall at the end of Nero’s reign (see p. 585). In addition, there are several slightly unusual issues, such as those from Caesarea Maritima and particularly Caesarea Paneas. These tend to dwell on the imperial family and often have Latin legends.

Egypt Bronze coinage had been revived in Egypt, after a long gap, by Cleopatra, and her coinage of bronze 80- and 40-

P roduction an d circulation o f coinage

drachma pieces was continued by Octavian (though he dis­ continued the silver). Bronze coinage, which was confined to the single mint at Alexandria for the whole province, seems to have been produced on a large scale under Augustus. There were a number of issues, but it is difficult to establish their chronology until, by the last decade of the reign, the habit of adding a regnal date was adopted. This was to become normal for all later issues. The large scale of bronze production was not continued after Augustus’s death; hardly any was produced in the reigns of Tiberius and Caligula. Bronze was, however, minted on a large scale under Claudius, and on a substantial if reduced scale under Nero and in 68—9. For the reign of Nero, when bronze was

25

only produced on a reasonably large scale in years 8 and 14, we have the die counts made by Christiansen,89 who found a relatively small number of reverse dies. The reign of Nero also saw the introduction of larger bronze denominations (see p. 37). Throughout the period, the bronze coinage of Alexandria was characterised by an extraordinary (for the period) diversity of designs, quite unlike that found on the Ptolemaic coinage. This, too, is a feature of the silver coinage, at any rate from the reign of Claudius. The explanation of this diversity is not clear. 89. C h ristian sen , op. cit. (n. 42), p p . 108—9.

C H

A

P T E

R

3

DENOMINATIONS The metrology of the coins included in this catalogue is generally discussed in the relevant mint introductions, and general surveys are provided in the introduction to each province or region, with suggestions about the denomi­ nations used. The purpose of this chapter is to examine what general conclusions can be drawn for the whole Empire from this evidence; it should be read in conjunction with the introductions to each province.

Gold During the period covered by this catalogue only one sort of gold coin was used in the Empire, the gold aureus of 25 denarii (an equivalence which presumably existed from the inauguration of a regular gold coinage under Caesar), which was current throughout all the provinces, perhaps even including Egypt (see p. 13)· A few gold coins were also made in client kingdoms, in Bosporus and Mauretania, but their circulation seems to have been restricted to their own kingdoms, and it is not clear that they necessarily had any formal relationship with the Roman aureus (at any rate, their weight standards seem to have differed). Pre-Roman gold coins continued to circulate in parts of Britain after the conquest of a d 43, but perhaps only in ‘client-kingdoms’. For their monetary system(s) we have no information, though assimilation to the Roman one seems a likely guess.

Silver The position with silver was more complicated, reflecting the greater variety of silver coins produced and circulating throughout the Empire. With the possible exception of Egypt, however, it seems that all imperial provincial silver coins were or could be related to or tariffed in terms of the Roman denarius.12This emerges from epigraphic evidence, such as the Messene tax inscriptions or the Salutaris inscriptions from Ephesus, and from literary and Talmudic references, such as the use of coins in the Bible or in novels like the Golden Ass? This is confirmed by the coins them­ selves, which sometimes have value marks such as AC IT IB or AC IT ΚΔ (12 or 24 ‘Italian asses’: 3635-6, 3643), sometimes circulate together with denarii3 and most of all 1. See th e discussion by C .J . H ow gego, G IC , p p . 52—3. 2. F o r th e inscriptions a n d th e B ible, see below , notes 10, 33 a n d 37. F o r the Golden A ss, see F. M illar, J R S 1981, p p . 63-75. 3. E.g., th e Le M a n s or S heikler h o ard s, p p . 288, 550.

by their metrology. The systematic study of the relationship between Roman and provincial silver from this point of view was inaugurated by D. R. Walker, Metrology I, a work which remains the starting point for all modern investiga­ tions. Walker systematically analysed the silver hneness of many provincial silver coinages, and compared the results, together with data about weight standards, with the coina­ ges produced at Rome (or, during much of this period, Lugdunum). Discussions of the nature of local silver coins and their denominations can be found in the introductions to each province; here a summary is provided on the basis of those discussions. Spain

There was a single Iberian denarius issue from Osca in 39 RRC 532). Iberian denarii continued to circulate, to a small extent, until the reign of Augustus, when they disap­ peared from circulation (see p. 9). There seems no real doubt that Iberian denarii were intended to pass in Spain as equivalent to the Roman denarius. Roman denarii had been made in Spain in the civil wars of the forties b c ( RRC 446-7, 468-70, 477). Silver denarii were also produced by the legate Carisius at Emerita in the twenties b c ( RIC 1—25); the principal mints for Augustus’s gold and silver coinage of c. 19-16 b c are often placed in Spain at ‘Colonia Patricia’ and ‘Caesaraugusta’ (RIC 26-49, 50—153), but this is uncertain. Spain once more became a mint for denarii during the civil wars of 68-9 (see RIC). BC (

Gaul and Britain

Roman silver arrived in Gaul (even Narbonensis) only after about 50 b c . 4 There was a preference for silver quinarii, which is reflected in the production of such coins at a num­ ber of places in Gaul. There is no metrological information about their hneness, but they presumably passed as quinarii, like the more Romanised products of Lugdunum for Antony.5 There were, in addition, smaller silver denomi­ nations (derived from the tradition of Massalia) minted at Nemausus and Cabellio; metrologically, these would seem to be equivalent to a quarter and an eighth of a denarius. The ‘Spanish’ mints of Augustus, operating between 19 4. M .H . C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 331. 5. 5 12-13: D .R . W alk er, in ed. D . M . M e tc a lf a n d W .A . O d d y , M etallurgy in N um ism atics I, 1980, ta b le on p. 69; for th e G allic issues in g en e ra l, see, e.g., D . N ash , in ed. R. A. G . C arso n a n d C. M . K raay , Scripta N um m aria Romana. E ssays presented to H . Sutherland , p. 24.

D enom inations

and 16 b c (see above), may, for all we know, have been in Gaul. In addition, Lugdunum became the principal gold and silver mint for the Empire from 15 b c until late in the Julio-Claudian period. Its products, and the altar bronze produced under Augustus and Tiberius, lie outside the scope of the catalogue. In Britain, Roman denarii entered the province after the conquest of 43; in some areas (Norfolk and south of the Thames) the earlier native silver continued to circulate with them, but perhaps only in areas of ‘client-kingdoms’ (see above on gold) and was presumably assimilated to the Roman system. Italy, Sardinia and Sicily

Only Roman denarii circulated, and some were made out­ side Rome during the civil wars (e.g., in Sicily, RRC 457 and 511). The Tauromenium inscriptions6 show that, from the time of Sextus Pompey, the denarius (νόμος) was used as a unit of account, together with the traditional units of the (Sicilian) talent and the litra (see also, below, on bronze). Africa

Since the conquest of 146 b c , Punic silver had been replaced by Roman denarii. During the Pompeian civil war, some Roman silver was produced in Africa (RRC 458—62, 509), and, in addition, some was minted for the same reason in the kingdoms of Numidia and Mauretania: denarii, quinarii and sestertii of Roman weight were struck by Juba I of Numidia (60—46 b c ) and denarii of Roman weight by Bogud of Mauretania (49-38 b c ) . The re-establishment of the kingdom of Mauretania under Juba II (25 b c - a d 23) and Ptolemaeus ( a d 20-40) saw the production on a large scale of silver coins. Although these coins look like denarii and were presumably intended to pass as such, they were lighter in weight and lower in fineness; their circulation was confined to Mauretania, and they represented the currency of a closed currency system, though one presumably linked to the Roman system.7 In addition, there is a surprising issue of silver from the city of Lepcis (847), made perhaps during the middle of Augustus’s reign. This has not been analysed, but its low weight seems to suggest a similarity with Juba I I ’s silver, though why this should be so is unclear. Crete and Cyrenaica

(a) Cyrenaica. There is no good evidence for the silver cur­ rency and denominations use in Cyrenaica (though see NC 1944, p. 105 for some Republican denarii). Denarii were made there at the end of the civil wars by Pinarius Scarpus (RRC 546); he continued to produce coins there immedi6. See m o st recently G . M a n g a n a ro , in D . K noepfler, Comptes et Inventaires dans la C ité Grecque, p p . 159-90, especially 184-7. 7. H o a rd s o f this p eriod are exclusively o f M a u re ta n ia n d en a rii; th e re a re no m ixed h o ard s w ith R o m a n d en a rii (see I G C H 2307-9). C onversely, silver o f J u b a I I a n d P tolem aeus is n o t found outside M a u re ta n ia , in c o n tra st w ith the silver o f J u b a I ( C R W L R , p. 177 a n d note 48).

2J

ately after Actium, when, as well as denarii, aurei (one unique specimen known) and silver quinarii were also made (.RIC 531-5). Opinions vary as to the implication of these issues for the prevalence or otherwise of the denarius in Cyrenaica.8 (b) Crete. In the late Republic, the silver currency was com­ posed of a mixture of issues from Crete, Asia and Athens; in addition ‘cistophori’ were made at Cnossus in c. 43 b c (926: 11.64 g), though it is not clear how to reconcile this piece with the tradition of Attic weight coins in use. No denarii, Republican or imperial, seem to be known from the island, which seems to have become a closed currency area. In the early Empire silver was struck under Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero at a consistent fineness of 95% silver. There were three denominations, called the tetradrachm, tridrachm and drachm. They were made at the following weights: 4-dr

Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero (early) (late) average (excluding late Nero

3-dr

dr

9.22

7-57

2-45

9 -5 9 9 -9 3

7-55 7-43

8.46 9.70 (18)

-

2.40 2.27 2.30

7 -5 1

-

(21)

2 -3 9

(5 3 )

It seems that these coins were supposed to be on the Asian cistophoric standard,9 a view which is made plausible by the earlier production of a ‘cistophorus’ in Crete. The weight is, however, decidedly low, since (e.g.) under Claudius the cistophori had an average weight of 11.27g; this is partly compensated for by the slightly higher fineness in Crete (95% as opposed to 91-2%), but even so the Cretan coin would have contained only about 9.2 g of silver compared with the Asian 10.35 g. This problem has been left unresolved; it is also unclear when a link to Roman denominations may have occurred. The obvious occasion would be the switch to the cistophoric standard in the forties b c , but there is no evidence to support this, though this was perhaps also the time when similar changes were taking place in Asia and Greece (see below). Achaea and Macedonia

Roman denarii had started to circulate in the region from the first century b c , and circulated alongside or with local silver till it ended in about 50-40 b c . Thereafter only the denarius was used in Greece, though there was a coinage of silver denarii, quinarii and sestertii from Apollonia; there is no analytical evidence, but it seems clear from the size and weight of these coins that they were indeed intended to be equivalent to Roman denarii, quinarii and sestertii. At least some Roman denarii were made during the civil wars (RRC 484, 496/1; see also p. 245 for issues of Antony). Inscriptions, however, do not use the term denarius before the first century a d ; one of the earliest is the famous Messene inscriptions:10 the other early inscriptions to men8. See C h a p te r 2, p. 9 a n d n o te 35. 9. W alker, M etrology I, p p . 50-1 . 10. R e-d a ted to the p erio d o f C a lig u la -C la u d iu s b y A. G io v an n in i, Rome et la circulation monétaire en Grèce au I le siècle avant J .- C ., p p . 115—22.

tion the denarius, from Athens, Delphi and Boeotia, are all from the first century a d . 11 Perhaps the earliest such inscription is the famous one from Thessaly, which not only documents the change from local units of reckoning to denarii but even ascribes the change to an edict (διόρθωμα) of Augustus. This measure is generally dated to 27 b c , and thought to be probably of more general application.12 Some (at least) reckoning in denarii must, however, go back a little earlier, since the use of Roman units smaller than the denarius on the bronze coinage of Corinth in the late forties b c obviously implies the use of denarii; the same is true of the two issues of ‘fleet’ coinage made in Greece in the thirties.13 The evidence of the bronze coins, together with the arrival of denarii in Greece themselves, suggests that reckoning by the denarius gradually was adopted at least from the Trium viral period, and that from the reign of Augustus its use became widespread, if not universal. There seems to be no evidence for the use of reckoning in silver units other than the denarius under the Empire. Thrace The situation in Thrace is less clear, since there was a production of silver from Byzantium, whose metrology is rather uncertain due to the lack of specimens. The following issues are known (diameter/average weight): Rhoemetalces Tiberius

31/13.43(2)

24/5.83 (1) 23/6.29(1)

18/3.46 (6)

If these coins were all struck to the same standard, then they would seem to be tetradrachms, didrachms and drachms on the cistophoric standard. It would not be sur­ prising to find the standard in use at Byzantium, in view of the city’s close connections with Asia Minor. On the other hand, the weights are rather too heavy, and hence Walker14 regarded the smallest denomination as equivalent to the denarius rather than a cistophoric drachm (i.e., 12 asses). One must also take into account the countermarking at Byzantium of posthumous Lysimachi under Claudius (1782), though it is not clear whether this implies the survival, or the opposite, of the Attic standard at Byzantium. Within the Thracian kingdom, however, there are several hoards of denarii, implying that they constituted the principal silver denomination there.15 This might, in turn, suggest that we should regard the Byzantine coins as denarii, if-denarii and 2-denarii pieces, but this is just a guess. Bithynia and Pontus There is no evidence for the nature of silver coinage in the province at this date. One might perhaps assume that the cistophori of the province of Asia also circulated in Bithynia and Pontus. This view can be supported by the way that an 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

D . K noepfler, in ed. D . K noepfler, op. cit. (n. 6), p p . 283-4. F o r b ib lio g rap h y , see K n o ep fler, op. cit., p. 284, n o te 72. See below , p. 32. See in tro d u c tio n to T h ra c e , p . 311. See, e.g., I. Y ouroukova, Proceedings o f the 10th International N um ism atic Congress (1986) (1990), pp. 189-99, Μ . H . C raw ford, C M R R , p p . 328-9.

Augustan bronze of Nicomedia (2062) closely copies a cistophorus, and by the later production of ‘cistophori’ in Bithynia under Hadrian, parallel to the Hadrianic cistophori of Asia (compare also the Hadrianic silver from Amisus). Later still, in the Severan period, some rare silver was again produced in Bithynia, apparently also on the cistophoric standard. Asia The Republican coinage of silver cistophori, itself a con­ tinuation of the previous Attalid coinage, was continued under imperial times. Denarii were also produced in Asia, under the Second Triumvirate and in 19/18 b c (p. 368). Both types of coin seem to have circulated together during the imperial period, and the relationship between them seems clear on the basis of Walker’s analyses: Antony ( 3 9 b c ) Augustus G roup I III-V I V II Claudius Issue I II

Fineness

Av. wt.

%

I 1 .9 4

9 2

Wt. o f silver I 1 .0

8 8 .5

%

1 1 .9 2

10 .5

8 8 .5

%

1 1 .9 0

10 .5

1 1 .9 4

1 0 .6

8 9

%

9 i% 9 2

%

I

1 .2 7

10 .3

1 1 .2 7

1 0 .4

There seems no doubt, from the weights of silver and other evidence,16 that these coins were intended to pass at 3 denarii, though it remained possible to refer to them in terms of the local system of drachms. It is less clear when this equivalence was introduced, as it is arguable that no such equivalence existed in Republican times, when cistophori alone circulated in the closed currency area orig­ inally established by the Attalids and maintained by the Romans.17 If so, then it presumably dates from the period of the civil wars (compare bronze, below); from this time denarii began to circulate and, indeed, to be made in Asia. Some small issues of local silver were also made by some of the cities of Asia; some of these, from Chios and Rhodes, seem to fit well with the cistophoric standard, though others from Tabae, Stratonicea and Mylasa seem too heavy and more like the standard of a denarius or Attic drachm. This was also the standard of the late Hellenistic silver from Aphrodisias. Some of these Aphrodisian coins have a sym­ bol which has been interpreted as the sign for a denarius; this interpretation is perhaps implausible in view of the epigraphic evidence that the sign is unknown in the east before the second century.18 A problem is posed by the early Flavian inscription from Cibyra (IGR 4.915) which refers to a gift of 400,000 ‘Rhodian drachmae’ each worth To asses’. One would expect the Rhodian drachma to be the same as the cistophoric (cf. Festus 359), though then one would expect each one to have been worth 12 asses, unless there was some special local condition (note the specification ‘in Cibyra’) which caused them to be valued lower. It may, alter­ natively, refer to some specifically Rhodian coin, such as the rather light-weight silver (2744) or the large bronzes (if they 16. See in tro d u c tio n to A sia, p. 369. 17. P. K in n s, in C R W L R , p. 112. 18. See p. 466. F o r th e e p ig rap h ic evidence, see K n o ep fler, op. cit. (note 6), pp. 284- 5 .

D enom inations

are indeed bronze drachms: see p. 454), which might perhaps be at a discount compared with silver drachms. Lycia and Pamphylia

The drachms, hemidrachms and quarter drachms produ­ ced by the Lycian League under the Second Triumviral period and Augustus’s reign were intended to pass as denarii, quinarii and sestertii, rather like the silver of Apol­ lonia in Illyria (province of Macedonia). The position of the rather lighter and baser Glaudian silver of the League is, however, puzzling (see p. 523). Elsewhere in the province, it seems that denarii circulated; at least their designs are imitated on the bronze coinage of Balbura and Attalea. Galatia

There seems to be no good evidence for the nature of silver circulation or denominations in Galatia. One find of denarii, and indeed cistophori, has been reported from Pisidia;19 one might expect the use of Caesarean silver as well, given the proximity of Cappadocia. The Tiberian transport edict from Pisidia20 uses asses in both its Latin and its Greek versions, thereby implying reckoning in denarii. Cappadocia

The long series of silver coinages, from King Archelaus to Nero, have been fully investigated by Walker, whose analyses indicate that the drachms were tariffed at one denarius and the didrachms and fractions at their equivalents, 2-denarii or a quinarius. In addition some very rare coins of Nero, struck at unusual weights, confirm these equivalences. Presumably, to avoid confusion, their value was inscribed on the coins: on the smaller denomination AC IT IB (3643) and on the larger AC IT ΚΔ (3635-6), i.e., 12 and 24 ‘Italian asses’ (άσσάρια Ιταλικά). Kingdom o f Pontus

The silver drachms and didrachms of Polemo II were equivalent to denarii and 2 denarii, as their links with Cap­ padocian coins suggest: they have the same weight and fineness and occur together in hoards (see p. 551). The link is even clearer if it is correct to attribute 3652-3 to Pontus. Consequently, it seems likely that the rare earlier Pontic drachms of Polemo I and Pythodoris were also supposed to pass as denarii. Kingdoms in Asia

Apart from the kingdom of Pontus (see above), a number of other kingdoms in Asia produced small amounts of silver. Amyntas, king of Galatia, produced tetradrachms at Side (3501), coins which were effectively a continuation of Side’s 19. T h e F lav ian h o a rd from A ntioch in Pisidia: F . Im hoof-B lum er, G R M K , p p . 8, I

12

.

20. S. M itc h e ll,JÄ S 1 1976, p. 106.

29

own silver coinage of the Hellenistic period. Other small issues of royal silver were produced by Deiotarus of Paphla­ gonia (37-36 b c ) , who made ‘drachms’ weighing 3.65g (3508); and in Armenia silver drachms were produced by Artavasdes I I I (?) (3843) at an average weight of 3.57 g. Perhaps both issues were intended to pass as denarii, though this is by no means certain. Syria

The position in Syria is less clear, despite Walker’s fundamental work. There were two principal silver coina­ ges, the tetradrachms of Antioch (more or less debased) and the shekels of Tyre (very fine), the latter produced down to a d 59. Although certainty is not by any means claimed, the view taken here is that all tetradrachms of Antioch down to 60 were probably intended to pass at 3 denarii, but that from that date they were tariffed at 4 denarii, the value of the Tyrian shekels they replaced (in every sense: see p. 607). That Roman denominations were used in Syria seems clear (see p. 587), though they did not by replacing tradi­ tional ones, whether of bronze (see below) or silver. Some of the smaller silver denominations produced at the end of Claudius’s reign and the beginning of Nero’s (c. 50-7) attest the survival of local units of reckoning, since they bear the inscriptions Δ ΙΔ Ρ Α Χ Μ Ο Ν or Δ Ρ Α Χ Μ Η . But for these inscriptions, we would otherwise have regarded them as 11denarius and f-denarius pieces; they show that, as in Asia, the previous local system and the Roman systems became compatible, perhaps in very similar ways (see p. 33). We do not know when the system of Roman denomi­ nations may have been adopted in Syria; the Palmyra inscription (see below) shows that it could be enforced by Germanicus in a d 19, and one wonders if its origins are to be found in the first census, in a d 6 . Certainly it is not clear that the pseudo-Philip tetradrachms, struck from 59 to at least 1 7 b c , were necessarily tariffed in terms of denarii, any more than an equivalence between cistophorus and denarius must have existed in Republican Asia. There is no hoard or find evidence for any significant circulation of denarii in Syria before the late first century AD.

In addition to the silver of Antioch and Tyre, a number of other silver issues were made in the province of Syria, at Tarsus, Seleucia, Apamea, Laodicea, Sidon, Tyre and some uncertain mints (see p. 13). These coins were produced at rather differing standards, though we might perhaps divide them into two groups, of 3- and 4-denarii coins (see p. 587). The Nabataean kingdom produced a long series of debased silver ‘drachms’ from the late first century b c , though these coins have not been included in this catalogue (see p. 686). Further east, in Arabia, the Himyarites produ­ ced silver coins with the portrait of Augustus (4993—8): these seem to be related to Persian rather than Roman standards. Egypt Egypt had for two centuries enjoyed its own exclusive cur­ rency system, imposed by the Ptolemies at least partly as a

source of revenue.21 As in Asia, the Romans continued the system after they took over the kingdom; in Asia the monopoly of the cistophorus was ended by the time of the Empire, but in Egypt the local system remained dominant. It seems sure that at least from the reign of Claudius or Nero22 there was an equivalence between an Alexandrian tetradrachm and a denarius, but this was not necessarily the case earlier. In addition to the tetradrachms, very rare issues of didrachms and drachms were made at the begin­ ning of the reigns of Claudius and Nero.

Bronze The great mass of provincial issues consisted of small change, known collectively in the east as κέρμα,23 το λεπτόν χαλκόν24 or just το λεπτόν.25 The establishment and identi­ fication of the denominations used for such coins, however, present virtually insuperable problems. These are not so acute in the western half of the Empire, where it seems reasonably sure that Roman denominations were in virtu­ ally exclusive use and where it is usually possible to make plausible identifications of the denominations of the various coin issues, but in the east the picture is much less easy to understand. This arises from several causes. The coins hardly ever have value marks, and were produced in a bewildering number of sizes, shapes and alloys. How far was the Roman system of denominations adopted? How far is it legitimate to press the metrological evidence which this catalogue provides into coherent geographical patterns, or to press such patterns to fit the Roman system? There is no simple solution to these problems or answers to these questions. There are two main methodological problems. The first is, as discussed below, that it seems impossible to assess the extent to which either Roman or a variety of local bronze denominations were used, in general use or as units of account. The second is that, even if we did have this information, it would still be very difficult to attach the- correct denominational names to individual coin issues. In ..the preparation of this catalogue we have been impressed; indeed surprised, by the apparent existence of several regional patterns in the metrology of the coins, but there is always a great danger of making such patterns seem too neat by over-generalisation and over-simplification. Thus when, in the discussion below, we refer to a range of diameters or average weights (e.g., ‘19-20 mm, 5-7 g’), this should not be taken to mean that all coins fall neatly into such a range. Rather, it is an approximation, and the aver­ age weights of individual issues (and, afortiori, the weights of individual coins) may fall well outside. Such figures represent, at best, ‘means of means’ and should be approached with caution. A further qualification which should be made concerns the alloy of which the coins were made. At Rome there was a basic distinction between coins of brass and copper; coins 21. See A . H u n t a n d C. E d g a r, Select P apyri I I , 409. 22. T h e eq u ivalence w as esta b lish ed in a d 42 ac co rd in g to W alker, M etrology I, p. 155. I t is n o t ac tu ally a tte ste d u n til th e F lav ian p eriod (see p. 688). 23. P alm y ra: I G R 3, 1056 = O G IS 629. 24. I. M agnesia no. 164, line 13. 25. I. Pergamon I I, 374D a n d p. 269.

of about the same weight had twice the face value if made of the former. In the preparation of this catalogue a pro­ gramme of metal analysis was carried out to distinguish between brass, copper and bronze coinage, but for practical reasons it was possible to give coverage only to Spain, Greece and Asia. The discussion of the metrology of other areas, like Africa and Syria, is therefore limited, though, on the basis of visual inspection and a few analyses, we would be surprised if metals other than leaded bronze were much used in those areas. It might be thought that, given these problems, it is simply a waste of time to try and give either a general description of the bronze denominations used or to suggest denominations for particular issues or groups of issues. Yet, firstly, these coins were actually used on a day-to-day basis by people in the Roman Empire, legionaries in military camps and civilians in city life. It would be curious, indeed, if they had no idea of the value of the coins they were using. There must therefore have been a fairly apparent system, even though it might have been, of course, a series of highly localised systems. Secondly, the fact that there do seem to be definite metrological patterns in different regions of the Empire encourages one to try and decode them. In the following discussion, therefore, we present a possible way of looking at bronze denominations, but we cannot emphasise too strongly the very tentative nature of the views presented here. We can only hope that our discussion will be regarded as experimental and that it may provide a basis for further discussion in the future. This discussion falls naturally into two parts. In the first (A), we review the evidence for the use of Roman and other denominational terms throughout the Empire at this period. In the second (B), we examine the coins themselves to illustrate regional metrological patterns and to offer suggestions about the denominations which are perhaps revealed.

A.

Roman and local denominations

The only direct information we have about the denomi­ nations in use comes from inscriptions and from the coins which bear some sort of value mark. Both of these are, unfortunately, rare, and the interpretation of the evidence they give is different in quality. Inscriptions may reflect the standpoint of the person responsible for their content, and a pronouncement by a Roman official may tend to conceal the existence of local systems. It is also very hard to dis­ tinguish between units of reckoning and the actual denomi­ nations of the coins themselves, as clearly terms like denarius or as could be used in daily parlance even though accounting was still performed in other, perhaps obsolete, units. The coins with value marks are even more difficult to interpret, since they are so unusual; does this mean that their occurrence is, by definition, only in exceptional cases or is it legitimate to generalise from them? This question is not easy to answer. When value marks appear regularly on the coinage, as at Paestum, Lepti Minus or Chios, we may safely assume normality; similarly, when they appear on unusual denominations (such as the 12- and 24-as coins of

Denominations 31 C a e s a r e a ) , w e m a y u se th e m to e x tr a p o la te to th e m o re u s u a l d e n o m in a tio n s . B u t, o th e rw is e , th e y m u s t b e a p p r o a c h e d w ith c a u tio n : fo r in s ta n c e , th e lig h t-w e ig h t d r a c h m a e o f B y z a n tiu m (1 7 7 3 ) lo o k lik e so m e s p e c ia l issu e .

(i)

The western Empire: Spain, Gaul, Italy, Sicily and Africa

There are a few coins which have denominational marks in this part of the Empire: Cat.

Spain Sex Pompey Gaul Ruteni Nemausus

486

5 0 4 5 2 0

521

Cabellio

53°

Italy Paestum Uncertain

604-18 619

Africa Cirta 7 O4 Utica 7 2 O Lepti M inus 784-7 788-91

Date

46/5

M a rk

Comment.

I

As

s s Q

semis semis quadrans quadrans

Tiberius ?

s

semis dupondius

Augustus Juba I

s s

BC

? 3 0 S BC

f c. 40 BC

1

23

BC

II

Δ, B, A Λ, B, A

2 0 BC (? ) AD I O - I 3

semis sestertius? (silver) 4-, 2- and i-asses 4-, 2- and i -asses

There are also a few cases where the typology makes it likely that we can be sure of the denomination: Spain Sex Pompey Sicily Sex Pompey Africa Bogud Rex Bocchus

487

C.

44

BC

as

671

C.

40

BC

as

856

C-

873

49-38

45 bc BC

as as

There is no trace of non--Roman denominations and the coinage of Paestum, both in Republican and imperial times, demonstrates the use of the Roman system.26 In Sicily, where denarii and Roman bronze coins had been used for some two centuries, non-Roman denomi­ nations continued in use (perhaps only as units of account?) until the late Republic. The series of inscriptions from Tauromenium27 reckons in (Sicilian) talents and litrai (120 to the talent) until the latest inscriptions, which probably belong to the period of Sextus Pompey. These make an alteration to the system, introducing the νόμος (denarius), so that the accounts are reckoned in talents, nomoi (3 to the talent) and litrai (40 to the nomos) : one inscription men­ tions a ήμινόμος and a τετράλιτρον, apparently as actual coins, presumably a quinarius and an as (?). These inscrip­ tions show the survival of non-Roman units for accounting purposes, but they also indicate the compatibility which was established between Roman and local systems well before the imperial period, and which is attested in 26. F o r th e Ita lia n city coinages o f th e la te R ep u b lic, see C raw ford, C M R R , pp. 71—2. B ut, a lth o u g h R o m a n d e n o m in atio n s w ere used, R o m a n w eight sta n d a rd s w ere not: see, e.g., A. B u rn ett, A H N 29, 1982, p. 126. 27. See m o st recently G . M a n g a n a ro , in D . K noepfler, op. a t . (n. 6), p p . 159-90, especially 184-7.

Cicero.28 In addition, a very large proportion of the coins in circulation were Roman, so it seems beyond reasonable doubt that the Roman system of denominations was in general (if not absolutely exclusive) use there.29 The value marks which had appeared on the Republican coinage of Spain30 demonstrate the widespread use of Roman denominations, though not necessarily at Roman weight standards,31 and in Africa it seems that Roman denominations were at least recognised before the imperial period, since some very few Republican bronzes have been found in Africa and since, from the period of the civil war, coins began to be made in Africa which look as if they were following Roman denominational models.32 Under Augustus, the coins of Lepti prove the use of Roman denominations in Africa, and it seems reasonable, therefore, to interpret all the coins issued there in terms of such denominations. (ii) The eastern Empire: Greece, Asia Minor and Syria Inscriptions demonstrate that Roman denominations were in widespread, though by no means exclusive, use for bronze coins. We can see this, for instance, from the secondcentury Salutaris inscriptions from Ephesus,33 or from the Flavian inscription from Cibyra which, for all its confusing talk of Rhodian drachmae knows only one smaller denomi­ nation, the assarion.34 The best example here is perhaps the well-known second-century Palmyra inscription referring to the letter of Germanicus, in a d 18-19, to ‘Statilius’ (a Roman procurator in Syria?) which stipulated that taxes should be reckoned ‘in Italian asses’.35 The inscription also shows that in the Flavian period, at the latest, the local small change (κέρμα) was translatable into Roman denomi­ nations. Again, the early Tiberian inscription referring to the conditions under which transport could be requisitioned from Sagalassus, then in the province of Galatia, gives the rates of remuneration in terms of so many asses per schoenus: so many aeris in the Latin text and so many άσσάρια in the Greek translation.36 The same sort of picture emerges from the Bible, which has the terms άσσάριον, κοδράντης and λεπτόν,37 though we should, of course, be circumspect about using its evidence, in view of the audience for which it may have been intended. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

C icero, I I in Verr. 3, 181. M .H . C raw fo rd , in C R W L R , p p . 48-9 . See V ives, passim . R .C . K n a p p , in C R W L R , p . 19. C f. n o te 26. See, e.g., A. B u rn ett, in C R W L R , pp. 178-9. The Collection o f Inscriptions in the B ritish M useum I I I , 481. I G R 4, 915. In this catalo g u e w e ad h e re to th e view th a t the w o rd assarion in G reek h as the sam e m e an in g as th e L a tin as, a n d th a t, w h en it occurs in in scrip tio n s o r w herever, it refers to a u n it w hose fo rm al valu e w as -is o f the

d en a riu s, th o u g h its a c tu a l m a rk e t v alu e m ig h t flu c tu ate. See th e discussions b y J . M elville Jo n e s, B I C S 18, 1971, p p . 99-1 0 5 , E. L o C ascio, JA S 1981, p . 78, C . J . H ow gego, G IC , p p . 5 4 -5 a n d I N J 8, 1984-5, p p . 5 9 -6 4 (despite th e d o u b ts o f A. W alker, I N J 6 -7 , 1982-3, p p . 142-7 a n d D .J . M acD o n ald , H istoria 1989, pp. 120-2). O n e curio u s p o in t, th o u g h , is th a t, w h ile the as o r assario n w as in w id esp read use in th e east, th e sestertiu s w as alm o st com pletely ab se n t (J.-P. C allu , L a Politique M onétaire des Empereurs Rom ains, pp. 5 7 -8 ): n eatly d em o n strated b y the L a tin a n d G reek versions o f th e Res Gestae, w h ich express sum s o f m oney in ‘sestertii’ a n d δηνάρια respectively. 35. I G R 3, 1 0 5 6 = O G IS 629; see J . F. M a tth e w s , J R S 1984, p p . 157-80. T h e re sto ra tio n προς άσσάριον Ίτα[λικόν] is secu red b y th e P alm y ren e versio n o f th e text. 36. S. M itch ell, JA S 1976, p. 105. 37. V . Picozzi, Q T 1972, p p . 8 5 -7 . F o r sim ilar R a b b in ic evidence, a n d its p ro b lem s, see the in tro d u ctio n to Syria, p. 587.

32

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

It is equally clear from the epigraphic evidence that Roman denominations were not the only ones used. Inscriptions from Greece give a clear indication of the survival of non-Roman small denominations. The Messene tax inscriptions, if indeed early imperial,38 know denarii but smaller denominations are obols (6 to the denarius) and chalkoi (12 to the obol). Similarly, the Thessalian inscrip­ tions which attest the change from drachmae to denarii under Augustus continue to use obols for the smaller denominations (at 8 to the denarius), and there is even one Flavian instance.39 Some second-century inscriptions from Athens seem to use the abbreviation ΔΡ and λεπτού δρ(αχμά) to denote a sixth of a denarius;40 in addition signs are used to denote half a drachma, an obol and a hemiobol. These last three are equivalent to one-twelfth, one thirtysixth and one seventy-second of a denarius, sums which are not easily convertible to asses at 16 to the denarius. These inscriptions demonstrate not only that Roman denominations were not universal, but also that the local systems which survived could be very different from each other and not even compatible with the Roman system. The

Achaea Corinth

Dyme Melos

Cephallenia ‘Fleet'

Thrace Imbros Byzantium Black Sea Kings

Asia Chios

See n o te 27 (M essene). C .J . H ow gego, G IC , p . 55. See n o te 39. J R S 1975, p p . 64-91.

Date

M ark

Comment

9 3 2 ff-

Augustus?

AS?

a monogram applied as a countermark to bronzes of the 30s BC, possibly referring to the as

A S 3 dots SE SE AS ΔΡΑΧΜΗ III III IS S, 3 dots HS, Δ, Γ, B, A, S, 3 dots

as (countermark) semis (countermark) quadrans (countermark) semis semis as? (countermark: G IC 703) drachm a 3 obols? 3 obols? i§ asses (countermark: G IC 743) 1 as (countermark: G IC 744) sestertius, 4-asses, 3-asses, 2-asses, as, semis, quadrans

I ΔΡΑΧΜΑ

obol? ( c f . 1734?) drachm a

S, IB IB Δ, S, H , IB ΚΔ Μ Η , ΚΔ H H

local Bosporan system (4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 units)

I I 18 ' Ι !·9 1120 J 1164, 1167 1236-7 1289 1294 1295 1297-9 : 359 ] 1360 1453-70

42

BG

Tiberius Tiberius ? Nero ? C.

29

BC

C.

38

BC

?

4

r 935 !9 3 6

24 '7 ‘ 2419 242O ■ 242 1 2422 .

Lycia and Pamphylia Perga 3373

C.

Augustus

1735 1773

■9 ° 7 j 1910-1 I 1924-9 i 93 ° - i 1932-4 Agrippia Caesarea

38. 39. 40. 41.

Cat.

to 0 to 1

Crete Cnossus

Thessalian obol might perhaps be equivalent to two asses, but it is hard to see any such obvious equivalences at Mes­ sene or Athens. This sort of picture is not, of course, confined to Greece. The Flavian inscription from Ephesus mentions denarii and tetrachalkia;41 though one might expect tetrachalkia to be equivalent to asses (see p. 370), it is still perplexing to find them in multiples of 5 (or 20 and 25). The Bible, though generally using Roman terminology, nevertheless provides an additional denomination, the lepton or ‘widow’s mite’ (defined as half of a quadrans: Mark 12.42). The tax law of Palmyra (see above) implies that before a d 18-19 nonRoman units of reckoning were also in use. The mixture of Roman and local denominations emerges from the very rare value marks which occur on the coins themselves (see table below).

AD I4-37 3 7 -4 5

C. 50 7 C-

65

C.

I BC?

ΤΡΙΑ ACCAPIA ΑΣΣΑΡΙΝ ΗΜΙΣΥ ΟΒΟΛΟΣ ΤΡΙΧΑΛΚΟΝ

as 3-asses i§-asses obol 3-chalkoi

Av

as? (countermark: G IC 750)

ΑΣΣΑ ΡΤΟ Ν

ist cent. AD?

Nero?

D enom inations

Cat.

Syria ‘Fleet’ Antioch Sidon Caesarea Uncertain: Antioch??

Date

4088-93

Comment

4302

AD

4 5 7 7 > 4809A-10

AD I 2

4862

Nero?

HS, Δ, Γ, B, A ΧΑΛΚΟΥΣ ΗΧ,ίΧ,ΔΧ KO B

5406

Augustan?

ΧΑΛΚΟΥΣ

C.

38

M ark

BC

64 /1 3

In addition, we might add the instances where the typology (head of Janus/prow, or similar) implies that the denomi­ nation was an as (compare also the possible asses and semisses from Thessalonica in the first century b c : p. 287): Asia

Atratinus Lampsacus

2226 2272-3

40/39 b c c. 45 b c

Uncertain

Q (prow)

5411

Augustus

probably from Cilicia Pedias

Similarly the close physical similarity to Roman denomi­ nations of the ‘sestertii’ made in Asia (the CA coinage: 2227-35), Lycia (3317) and Syria (4100-7), and perhaps also Bithynia (see below) suggests that they, too, may adhere to the Roman system. We also discuss below a group of coins from Achaea and Macedonia, whose weight, diameter and composition resemble those of asses from Rome; it seems likely to us that these should also be regarded as asses. It is, of course, an assumption that such physical similarity implies an identity of denomination, but it seems to us a reasonable one, given the diversity of prov­ incial coinage and the way in which its denominations must have been understood at the time. One can draw two conclusions from this list of denomi­ nations. First, it shows that Roman denominations were used, often as early as the period of Caesar or of the Second Triumvirate, in Achaea, Asia and Syria. In particular, it looks as if one might conclude that Roman denominations were used in Roman colonies: this is a generalisation from the coinage of Corinth, where the value marks attested in the table above can be fitted convincingly into the metro­ logical pattern of Corinthian coinage,42 and it may be thought a priori likely that new foundations of Roman set­ tlers would use Roman denominations. Secondly, the con­ tinued use of local denominations is also certain, even, somewhat surprisingly, at somewhere like Antioch. But what is not clear is the relative importance of Roman and local denominations. Were Roman denominations in general use, and local denominations exceptional, or vice versa (or somewhere in between)? The significance of the attestations of Roman denomi­ nations could be played down by regarding many of them as ‘special cases’ (the ‘fleet coinage’ of Antony, the coinage of Roman colonies). On the other hand, one could argue, in the case of the fleet coinages and the CA coinages, that they represent attempts to impose a uniform currency throughout the Empire, and so their evidence for Roman denominations is of more general applicability in the east. 42. See M . A m an d ry , L e M onnayage des D uoviri Corinthiens , pp. 82-9·

33

sestertius, 4-asses, 3-asses, 2-asses, as chalkous 8, 6, 4 chalkoi 2 quadrantes (countermark: G IC 548)

chalkous

Moreover, the coinage of Roman colonies can hardly be quickly dismissed: the coinage of Corinth, for instance, was the largest in Achaea, implying a general understanding, if not acceptance, of the Roman denominations it used. One could also argue that the evidence from places like Athens for the continuation of local denominations was untypical, the result of conservatism or perhaps its status as a free city, since, for all we know, free cities may have been able to preserve their own local coin denominations, just as some of them seem to have avoided the imperial portrait.43 One can also disregard the local denominational marks in the King­ dom of Bosporus, since they belong to an independent mon­ etary system.44 It is disappointing that the coins of Chios are so hard to date, since they, together with later inscriptions from Asia, attest the neat integration of the previous Asian and the Roman systems (see the introduction to Asia, p. 370). While we can be sure that this integration existed in the second century, it may not have been fully recognised in the first century, as the Flavian inscription from Ephesus perhaps suggests. On the other hand, it seems that a similar integration of Roman and local denominations may have existed in Syria during this period (p. 588). Our feeling, and it is not very securely based, is that it would have been possible to use the Roman system in Asia and Syria, even though, in practice, local systems survived. That the population of these areas could readily understand Roman denominations is indicated by the Pisidian and Palmyrene inscriptions; the latter, in particular, is very suggestive of a wider use of assaria. In Achaea, the dominance of the coinage of Corinth, and the other value marks used there, suggest a widespread adoption of Roman denominations. However, the Thes­ salian and Messene inscriptions (if the latter has been cor­ rectly dated) imply the opposite, even leaving the Athenian evidence on one side. The concrete evidence for bronze denominations in the eastern part of the Empire is not, therefore, sufficiently good for us to be able to know whether we should expect to find coins tariffed in Roman or local denominations. In Asia and Syria, at any rate, it seems that local and Roman systems may have been integrated, and general consistency of the regional patterns of diameters and weights, which are dis­ cussed below, may perhaps suggest (but no more) a general adoption of the Roman system. The same conclusion can be drawn from the physical similarity between Roman sestertii 43. C o n serv atism : H ow gego, G IC , p p . 55 -6 ; free cities a n d ‘p seu d o -au to n o m o u s’ coins: p. 41, cf. H ow gego, G IC , p. 58. 44. See above, p. 6. C o m p a re th e case o f E g y p t below.

and coins of Bithynia, Asia and Lycia or between Roman asses and some coins of Achaea and Macedonia. We believe, therefore, that Roman denominations were in reasonably widespread use, but it will clear from the pre­ ceding discussion that the matter is far from certain. (iii) Egypt There is no evidence for Roman bronze denominations in Egypt during the Julio-Claudian period. Papyri make it abundantly clear that the Romano-Egyptian monetary system was based on the tetradrachm, with an actual exchange rate of 28-29 obols. There is reason to think that even the silver tetradrachm was not directly linked to the denarius until the late Julio-Claudian period (see above); the value marks on the bronze coins themselves seem to indicate the survival of the Ptolemaic system of bronze drachmas until the reign of Nero, although their demise is usually dated to the Augustan period (see p. 689): Augustus

Nero

5001-2

C.

29

5009—10 5 o i5 -i6

c. 15 C- 3/2

K I

5250 5251 5252

58/9 58/9 59/60

K

BC

Π, M

ε I

80, 40 bronze drachmae 20 bronze drachmae 10 bronze drachmae; I sometimes described as ‘club’ 20 bronze drachmae? 5 bronze drachmae? 10 bronze drachmae? sometimes described as ‘club’

For an attempt to explain the coins in these terms, see the introduction to Egypt, p. 690. There seems no need to try and translate these denominations into Roman ones (p. 690). As Egypt had a closed currency system, the absence of Roman denominations there has no necessary relevance to the question of the extent to which other parts of the eastern Empire may have used them. B.

The metrology of provincial coins

Allusion has already been made to the fact that there seem to be a number of metrological patterns in different regions in the Empire. What seems most important about these is not so much that one region may differ from another, but that within a given region there is generally a substantial degree of consistency or adherence to a general regional standard. In this section, we try, firstly, to characterise the regional patterns, and then, secondly, to try and attach denominational names to these patterns. Once again, one must stress the fragility of this pro­ cedure, given the methodological problems. There is an obvious danger of forcing unrelated data into a simple pat­ tern, a danger which is made the greater by the relatively large differences of weight and diameter which the coins themselves exhibit. The coinage of the Triumviral period, for instance, can illustrate this difficulty: in Asia Atratinus (2226) might make an as at 23 m m /13.90 g, whereas at Lampsacus, a little earlier, an as was only iöm m /q.iog; similarly, the ‘fleet’ coinages show a reduction in the standard of the as from 2301111/9.3 g to 17-200101/4.5 g

(Atratious) or 20-30101/8.1 g to 16-17m m/3.9g (Oppius), in the space of one short-lived issue. Moreover, we would stress that, while we emphasise here what seem to us to be the significant patterns, there are many exceptions and cases which either do not fit these patterns or can only be made to fit with difficulty. The second part of the procedure, the possible identifica­ tion of different denominations, has been carried out on the assumption that most of the coins were tariffed in terms of Roman denominations, though, as we have seen above, this is far from sure for the eastern part of the Empire. This discussion falls into two parts, as above, one for the western Empire and one for the eastern Empire. This is partly because the picture for the west seems more secure than that for the east, and partly because there seems no real doubt that western provincial coinage generally used Roman denominations. (i) The western Empire Within this area we find three different approaches to denominations. I. Firstly, the weight and metal standards in use at Rome might be followed more or less directly. Thus, in the Triumviral period, we find heavy asses of the same general weight for Sextus Pompey in Spain and Sicily, for some Sicilian cities, and for the coinages of Octavian in Gaul and Italy.45 With the reform of Augustus at the mint of Rome in c. 23 B C , the new lighter weights and metals (copper and brass) were copied at some places in Gaul46 and in Spain, though not on civic coinage until the reigns of Tiberius and Caligula.47 But, while the adoption of the new standards at the prolific mints of Rome and Lugdunum ensured that a very large proportion of the coinage in circulation adhered to these standards, it remains true that their adoption for city coinages was exceptional.48 II. A second, and much more prevalent, approach was what we might call the ‘modified Augustan’ system. The essential points of this approach were the absence of brass, and its replacement by much heavier coins of bronze (a cheaper metal). Typically, dupondii and sestertii on this system would weigh c. 20 g and 37 g respectively; that these are the denominations in question is shown by the coins of Lepti Minus. Such coins are found particularly in Spain (p. 64) and Africa (p. 182). In Gaul, too, the earlier bronze coinages of Octavian were reduced in weight so that they conformed more or less to this sytem (e.g., the dupondii of Nemausus: see pp. 147, 153), though sestertii of this sort were not produced in Gaul. In Africa, there even seems to have been an issue of double-sestertii at Hadrumetum, weighing well over a staggering 50g (7 7 7 ). The accompany­ ing asses and smaller denominations coincided more or less 45. Sicily: see p. 165; G au l: see p. 150; Ita ly : th e D ivos Iu liu s issue (620-1). 46. A t L u g d u n u m , n o t ca talo g u e d here: see B M C , A u g u stu s 5 48-88; p e rh a p s also th e T ib e ria n coins fro m n o rth e rn G a u l (537-8). 47. B rass a n d co p p e r w ere used in S p ain u n d e r A u g u stu s on th e coinage o f P. C arisiu s (R I C 11-25), b u t on ly la te r by city coinages (see p. 64). 48. S im ilarly in th e east, th e use o f R o m a n s ta n d a rd s d id n o t a p p e a r a t all, except for th e C A coinages in A sia (2227-35) a n d S y ria (4 1 0 0 -7 ), as w ell as in Lycia (3317) a n d p e rh a p s B ith y n ia (see IV below ; cf. also V , th e im ita tio n o f th e as in A ch aeä ).

D enom inations

with Roman standards of weight (asses typically of 11-1 3 g in Spain, see p. 65, or of 7-10g in Africa, see pp. 182-3).4 III. Both the first and second approaches include wide variations in individual cities and issues, but nevertheless indicate a rough correlation with the ‘Roman’ system. But a third pattern is also observable, at cities where only small denominations were produced: such coins were much lighter than one would have expected under the Augustan reform. One can find examples in Gaul,4950 Italy51 and Sicily, where it seems that the cities generally adopted a standard of about 9g for asses and 5g for semisses (seep. 165). The use of lighter weights for coins of the Roman denomina­ tional system was not, of course, a new idea, but had occurred also in Republican Spain and Italy.52 (i) The eastern Empire (Greece, Asia and Syria) The problem of deciding whether eastern coins should be tariffed in Roman or local denominations has already been discussed. The assumption tentatively made here (see above) is that it is likely that the consistent metrological patterns should generally be interpreted in terms of Roman denominations, though not always, and sometimes in con­ junction with local denominations. As in the west, however, there is more than one pattern, but each one is spread over a large geographical area. IV. The most common pattern consists of coins of approx­ imately 19-20 mm/5—7 g and its half of approximately 16— 17 mm/3-4 g. These coins are found in Greece (where they are a little heavier, especially in Macedonia, where the standard unit is nearer to c. 21 mm/8-9 g) and particularly in the province of Asia. In Greece, apart from the rare coins discussed in V, coins were made exclusively of bronze; there is a single issue of brass from Corinth (1133), at a slightly lower weight. Bronze and brass were used, apparently interchangeably, in the western and central parts of the province of Asia, though there was a tendency in the interior (e.g., in Phrygia: see p. 372) for a lower weight standard to be employed when brass was used instead of bronze, as at Corinth. This pattern seems to account for the vast majority of the coins included in this catalogue, and is very similar to III above. It is suggested in the introduction to Asia that the two denominations are the as and the semis (or the i and \ obol, if the picture of the integration of the two systems presented there is correct). V. There are also three relatively minor cases, where the metrology of the coinage is copied from, or modified from, Roman denominations. These are exceptional, apart from the Bithynian coins. a. First, there is a very minor pattern in Greece (Achaea and Macedonia). The main coin of this system is a copper coin of 24-6 mm, weighing 9-10 g. These coins are found at Sparta (1155), Patras (1253, 1256-82), Nicopolis (1371), Philippi (1653), Thessalonica (under Claudius and Nero: p. 49. S o m eth in g sim ilar seem s to h av e taken place in M aced o n ia, w ith an as o f a b o u t 8—to g , a n d a d u p o n d iu s of 16-17 g (see also V a , below ). 50. 504, 5 20-1, 530: sem isses o f 2 -3 g a n d q u a d ra n te s o f 1.2 g. 51. P aestu m : 603-27, all sem isses w ith a n av erag e w eight o f a b o u t 4 g . 52. See n otes 26 a n d 31.

35

299) and the Macedonian Koinon (1612, 1614, 1616). These coins are the only eastern coins made of copper, and closely copy the appearance and metrology of Roman asses, and we assume that this was their face value. They are, however, exceptional, and it is perhaps surprising they do not occur at somewhere like Corinth, where one might have expected the appearance of Roman coins to be imitated. In Achaea coins of this sort stand out from the normally lighter coins, presumably of the same denomination (see IV), whereas in Macedonia, where the denomination regarded here as the as was generally heavier (about 10g), they seem merely to have been cosmetic variants (compare the use of bronze and brass in Asia, just discussed). Occasionally these copper coins are accompanied by rather odd larger copper denominations, at Patras (1255: 12.14g), Thes­ salonica (p. 299: 17.83 g) and the Macedonian Koinon (1613: 29m m /i6.5i g). A smaller one is also known at Philippi (1651: i8mm/4.35g). These may have been dupondii and a semis. b. Secondly, there are a very few coins which have the size and weight of Roman sestertii, in Asia (CA coins: 2227-35), Lycia (3317) and Syria (CA coins: 4100-7). Although there are no analyses of the Lycian coins, the Syrian and Asian ‘sestertii’ were made of brass. As at Rome, the composition of the as was different (bronze, rather than the copper used at Rome). The CA coins also have the size and weight of the smaller Roman denominations (though, of course, the CA coinage was earlier in date). The coinage of Cyprus, too, should probably be included here. Although there is no information about the alloy of the coinage, the size and weights of the largest denomination under Claudius is very reminiscent of the Roman sestertius, with which it may well have been equivalent. c. Thirdly is the pattern in Bithynia, which consists of coins made only in brass, for all denominations. This pattern also extends beyond Bithynia, westwards to Perinthus and perhaps Tomi, eastwards to Pontus and southwards to Mytilene. The largest denominations (typified, e.g., by the Claudian coinage of Nicaea and Nicomedia) have the diameter and metal of ‘Roman’ sestertii, and the weight standard, too, is virtually the same. As with the coins dis­ cussed under a, it seems to us a likely assumption that these coins had the same denomination as the Roman coins they copy. On this assumption, Bithynian sestertii are typically 32-5 mm/20-2 g,53 dupondii 2 5 -8 m m /u g , asses 223 mm/5—7 g and semisses 19-20 mm/3-4 g. Thus the weights are more or less the same as those elsewhere in the east, though the coins are normally broader and have a different composition. VI. The fourth pattern is that of Syria. The characteristic coins of this region are all bronze, and they are quite thick, with a slightly oval shape to the flans. The principal denomination was made at about 25 m m /15 g: typically, the principal denomination of the SC coinage of Antioch was made to this standard. In the introduction to Syria, it is suggested that Roman and local denominations were integrated into a system whereby this coin could be 53.

A t R o m e 25 g w as th e no rm : R 1C, p. 33.

regarded as a dupondius or 8-chalkoi coin. Similar coins can be found elsewhere in Syria, as at near-by Seleucia, or a colony like Berytus, as well as in Judaea. It is less easy to generalise about the smaller denomi­ nations, since it is not clear if there were three or four of these. At any rate the smallest, weighing 25 g, is once label­ led ΧΑΛΚΟΥΣ (4302: cf. 5406?), and could perhaps also be regarded as a quadrans. This system extended north to Commagene (Antiochus IV: 3857fr.) and northeast into Galatia (e.g., Antioch in Pisidia 3529, Lycaonia 3533), though most Galatian coins were rather lighter. It is not easy to apply it to the metro­ logical data from the cities of Phoenicia; these are very confusing, and we can only admit that we have been unable to make any good sense of the metrology of this area. VII. The cities situated in eastern Cilicia or Cilicia Pedias also produced a distinctive coinage, which is confined to this relatively small area. These coins tend to have a very wide diameter and be very thin. The most commonly pro­ duced coins were made at a standard of about 24 m m /11 g; the other most frequent denominations were made at about 28m m /i5g, 2om m/yg and i7m m /4g. In addition one larger denomination was made at Anazarbus (34mm/2gg). It is tempting (see p. 589) to think that this largest denomi­ nation is a sestertius, and that the others are the dupondius, the as (the most common), the semis and the quadrans. On the other hand, the use of the prow as the reverse type on the smallest denomination (42 g) of the probably Cilician ‘Q ’ coinage (5411) may indicate that it is an as, and so raises the possibility that the suggested values should be quadrupled, though one would be reluctant to do this and accept the corollary that the large denomination at Anazar­ bus was a denarius. It may be, however, that a programme of analyses would reveal a more complicated pattern: the two larger ‘Q ’ denominations (5409-10) were made of bronze and brass respectively, rather like the CA coinage (though there the larger denominations were of brass and the smaller of bronze). Some Commagenian coins, both those of Tiberius (3868— 70) and some of those of Antiochus IV (3852-6), have similar weights and diameters, and some similar thin coins were also made occasionally at Antioch. This group should probably, therefore, be regarded as a localised sub-group of the Syrian pattern. C.

Summary

We believe that it is correct to identify these regional pat­ terns and plausible to interpret them in the way we have, but we would repeat that it is a very experimental reconstruction and that there are many coins which it is difficult or impossible to fit in (e.g., southwest Asia, Phoeni­ cia) . If we are right in our approach, then it can be seen that the denominational structure of the provincial coinage was not as chaotic as it might superficially appear to have been. It still remains, however, extremely difficult to assign the name of a denomination to a particular group of issues (let alone individual coins) with any great confidence. If it is correct to believe that Roman denominations were in

general use, then the preceding discussion offers one poss­ ible way of identifying them. If Roman denominations were not in general use, then the regional patterns must represent something else, though the existence of these pat­ terns themselves would not necessarily be nullified. The principal patterns suggested here are linked by a coherent if diverse sort of logic. Some coins just copy Roman standards, of diameter, weight and alloy (I, V). In the west the heavier bronze system (II: this is perhaps also the system used in Macedonia) works up from the as of about iog: the weights result from making the dupondius about twice as heavy and the sestertius four times as heavy as the as. Conversely, the light standards, both in the west and the east (III, IV, Vc) result from taking the sestertius as the base: the dupondius weights half, the as a quarter and the quadrans an eighth of a sestertius of about 24 g, in the same way that earlier Spanish or Italian coins had been produced at a lower standard than their Roman equivalents. Each of the two alternative approaches may seem to have a logic of its own, though together they do, of course, provide hopelessly incompatible results. Our main conclusion, however, is that the more compli­ cated system used at Rome, which used different metals to distinguish different denominations, was less preferred than simpler systems based on a straightforward weight relation­ ship of the other denominations to the base unit(s).

Conclusions Roman denominations were widely used throughout the Empire. As far as silver was concerned, Roman denomi­ nations were predominant in both the west and the east; though local denominations did also survive in Asia and Syria, they were accommodated to the denarius system. Only in Egypt does it seem likely that, at any rate at first, the silver coinage was not closely linked to the denarius. Roman bronze denominations were almost or exclusively the only ones used in the western Empire, though there were different metrological systems within this overall structure. In the east, it is clear that Roman and local denominations both existed. In Asia and Syria they were perhaps closely integrated, and we believe that Roman denominations were in widespread use, though the evidence does not permit this belief to be given any more secure base. As in the west, however, there were several different regional metrological systems. Only in Egypt does it seem likely that Roman bronze denominations played no role at all. Roman denominations had not been suddenly imposed on newly annexed territories, but the change to using them took place only gradually, and often only in the period covered by this catalogue, even in an area like Sicily. It has been suggested that ‘at any rate in some areas a decisive step was taken in the course of the reign of Tiberius’,54 but we prefer a picture of more gradual change. The most important period seems, if anything, to be the period of the civil wars of the late Republic, as this seems to us to be the 54.

M .H . C raw fo rd , C M R R , p. 271.

D enom inations

time at which there was the greatest tendency to introduce Roman denominations. This has been argued for the silver currency of Greece, Asia and Lycia; in Syria, the change may have taken place rather later. This, too, seems to be the time when Roman bronze denominations began to appear: it is noticeable how many of the denomination marks appear on coins of this period, suggesting the imposition or adoption of unfamiliar denominations. But if the upheavals of the civil war were important, they were not final, as there is clear evidence for the change to Roman denominations under Augustus (silver in Thessaly; also Syria?), Tiberius (the Palmyra inscription), and perhaps on other occasions (under Claudius in Egypt?). Against this background, two main chronological changes are reasonably clear. The first was a general reduc­ tion in the standards of bronze coinage from the period of the second Triumvirate to that of Augustus. In the west, Triumviral period bronzes from Spain, Gaul, Italy, Sicily and Africa are all heavier than later coinages (see pp. 64, 15°, 157-61, 165, 210), which mostly adhere to one or other of the systems outlined above: there is also evidence for a reduced standard in Greece (e.g., Corinth), and to some extent in Asia (p. 375). The obvious interpretation of this change is that it is a reflection of the new Augustan monet­ ary system, though it must be stressed that it was a reflec­ tion which found many different forms, as discussed above. The second change was in the pattern of denominations: smaller denominations tended to drop out and larger ones were added at the top. We can see this, for example, in the disappearance of smaller denominations from Sicily (pp. 165-6) or Greece (p. 246), and the introduction of larger ones characteristically in the reigns of Claudius and Nero (e.g., Bithynia, Asia, Egypt: pp. 338, 375, 689). This shift can be paralleled at Rome by the gradual decline in the importance of the smaller denominations, though no larger denominations were, of course, introduced at Rome. Such a picture of gradual change prompts speculation as to the mechanism(s) that brought these changes about. There is, of course, no doubt that the Romans could have insisted on a uniform coinage throughout the Empire, had they so wished, and the fleet coinages of Antony and the CA coinages can perhaps be interpreted as (at least partial) attempts to do this. The famous remark of Maecenas (Dio 52.30.9), whether or not it was meant to recommend the banning of local coinages, or to insist on their compatibility with Roman coinage,55 is, of course, only evidence for Roman attitudes in the early third century, but it is not unreasonable to think that similar direct intervention might

also have been contemplated under Augustus. Indeed, we have two cases of direct Roman intervention (Augustus’s diorthoma to the Thessalians, Germanicus’s letter to Statilius in Syria or Palmyra). These two cases were presumably responses to specific problems, but one would have thought that they were implicitly indicative of the general desire of the Roman administration. Changes were in some cases brought about by direct Roman intervention, but this was not necessarily always the case. More indirect pressures for changes would have arisen perhaps from three other causes. The first is the dramatic growth in the extent, both in terms of volume and geo­ graphy, of the circulation of the denarius from the inception of the civil wars, a change which coincides well with the shift in denominations discussed above. The greater use of the denarius would naturally tend to promote the use of Roman denominations, not just of silver. A second probable cause is the changes in the Roman system of taxation, especially under Augustus. The holding of censuses as the basis for the calculation of tax and the keeping of ‘rationes imperii’ (Suetonius Aug. 101) would inevitably promote, if not require, the transition to Roman denominations, at least in silver. It is presumably no accident that the two instances of direct Roman intervention which we know from inscriptions (Thessaly and Palmyra) are both concerned with the payment of taxes.56 A third possible cause might be the foundation of colonies of Roman veterans throughout the provinces of the Empire. Much of the direct evidence for Roman denominations comes from such colonies, which may have used only Roman denominations. Thus, in a case like Achaea, where the coinage of Corinth was easily the most important, there would be a natural tendency for Roman bronze denominations to be assimilated generally; the same would be true of the coinage of Cnossus in Crete. These three causes need not, of course, have been the only ones, but they allow us to construct a plausible explanation for a gradual change towards Roman denomi­ nations at just this period. The three causes would tend to have made Roman denominations more and more dominant, and when any problems arose, as in Thessaly or Palmyra, it consequently became inevitable that the deci­ sion should favour Roman denominations. In this way, we can see that the change to Roman denominations is com­ patible with the normal Roman habit of allowing local systems of organisation to continue under their rule; only as circumstances changed did the unification of the monetary system of the Empire gradually take place. 56.

55. C raw fo rd , ibid.

37

L o cal tax atio n in th e case o f P alm y ra, b u t one im ag in es th a t this w o u ld ten d to follow ch anges in R o m a n tax atio n .

DE S I GNS AND L E GE NDS The Republican and Hellenistic background The designs and legends used on provincial coins developed from their Hellenistic and Republican predecessors. Previously, civic coinage had tended to have the head of a deity on the obverse, whether a patron deity or one whose cult was important to the city, and, on the reverse, either a full-length figure of another cult figure, or sometimes a symbol of the deity who had appeared on the obverse, such as an object like a thunderbolt or an animal like a stag or an owl. The inscriptions were normally in Greek, though Latin naturally was used in some areas such as Spain, and other scripts are also found: Iberian in Spain, neo-Punic in Africa or Aramaic in Phoenicia. Generally speaking, inscriptions were confined to the reverse, and gave the name of the city, the ethnic in the form of the genitive plural, sometimes abbreviated. Other, additional, inscriptions might also appear. These might give a personal name or names, generally known nowadays under the somewhat misleading but convenient term ‘magistrates’ names’, sometimes highly abbreviated, sometimes complete, and sometimes with more than one name for each individual: a patronymic might be added in the Greek-speaking world, or a praenomen or cognomen in Latin-speaking communities, such as some of the Spanish cities. The only other category of written information to appear regularly on the coinage was a date, usually just a Greek numeral according to some local civic or royal era, though the appearance of such dates was largely confined to Syria, Phoenicia and Egypt.

Portraits Precursors o f the imperial portrait The advent of the Empire brought about one major change to this pattern of coinage. The portrait of the emperor pervades, though does not exclusively occupy, the obverses of provincial coinage. Under Augustus, some two hundred cities made coins with his portrait. The fundamental nature of this change cannot be over-estimated, as can be seen by the contrast with the immediately preceding period. In the civil wars of the late Republic one might well have expected the portraits of the factional leaders to appear on the city coinages of the areas they dominated, in the same way that their portraits took over the denarii and aurei after Caesar’s inauguration of the portrait of a living Roman shortly

before his death. But this did not happen. In his lifetime, the portrait of Caesar appears only at Nicaea (2026), Lampsacus (2268-9) and perhaps Corinth (1116). The portrait of Pompey appears only posthumously at the city of Pompeiopolis in Cilicia (4001-2), the old city of Soli which he had re-founded. This will occasion no surprise. Before Actium Octavian’s portrait appears at only a handful of cities in Gaul, together with that of his adoptive father Caesar. This was a development from the changes which had taken place to the traditional Republican bronze coinage. The Republican as, which had not been produced from the time of Sulla, had a head of Janus on the obverse and a prow on the reverse. It was revived by the Pompeians in Spain (486-7 = RRC 471, 478) with the traditional designs, but the similar pieces made in Sicily (671 —RRC 479/1) adapted the obverse by giving the janiform head the features of Pompey the Great. The direct response by Octavian was to place his head on one side and that of Caesar on the other on the bronzes he made in Italy (620); in Gaul, he separated the two halves of the janiform head to represent himself and Caesar (Lugdunum 514-15, Vienne 517). In addition his own portrait alone appeared on smal­ ler denominations from Lugdunum (516) and from Nar­ bonne (518). The appearance of Octavian’s portrait before Actium was limited to these few issues in Gaul and Italy; there are no examples of his portrait on the pre-Actian coinage of Spain, Sicily or Africa (except perhaps for the janiform head on the coins of Bocchus Sosi fi: 873). A similar picture can be drawn for Antony’s domains in the east. In the Balkans, his portrait appears only at Corinth ( 1124), Zacynthus (1290-1) and Byzantium (1770), and, in addi­ tion, on the ‘dynastic’ types of the two issues of ‘fleet’ coinage made in Achaea, together with Octavian and Octavia (1453-61, 1462-70). In Asia it is completely absent, except for the cistophori (2201-2) and the remark­ able issues from Ephesus with the triple portraits of all three Triumvirs (2669-73). Octavia, too, had appeared on the cistophori and on a small Ephesian denomination produced together with the Triumviral portraits (2574). Antony’s portrait occurs rather more frequently in Syria, where it is found at Antioch 4135, Balanea 4456, Aradus 4466-7, Marathus 4494-5, Ptolemais 4470 and Tripolis, where it appeared together with that of his wife Fulvia (4509), whose portrait had also appeared in Asia at Eumenea, re-founded as the new city of Fulvia (3139-40). In addition the ‘fleet coinage’ of Bibulus (4088-93), with the same typology as the Achaean ones, seems to have been minted in either Syria or Cyprus. These issues are all rare, and do not

D esigns a n d legends

amount to more than a tiny proportion of the coinage min­ ted; even a city like Tripolis in Asia, which was re-founded as Antoniopolis, failed to put the new founder’s portrait on its coinage. Antony’s portrait does also occur further south in Syria, in the new Syrian kingdom granted to Cleopatra, though there he appears as Cleopatra’s consort rather than in his own right: she is normally on the obverse, and Antony on the reverse, as is the case at Chalcis (4771) and the tetradrachms of uncertain origin (4094-6). Elsewhere, Cleopatra’s portrait appears at Orthosia (4501-2), Tripolis (4510), Berytus (4529-30), Ptolemais (4742) and Dora (4752). Cleopatra’s portrait also appears at Damascus (4781, 4783), arguably because Damascus, too, was in her new kingdom (see p. 583), and at Ascalon (4866-8), where its appearance is a continuation of the tradition of royal portraits on the coinage of the city. Outside Egypt (p. 688), the only other occurrence of her portrait is at Patras (1245). In this case the appearance of her portrait is generally regarded as purely honorary,1 but it has, not unreasonably, sometimes been interpreted as indicating that Patras was in her power.2 In addition to these portraits of Octavian, Antony and Cleopatra, there are also a few very rare portraits of other figures in the civil wars. A portrait of Antony’s lieutenant Atratinus occurs at Sparta (1101), and one of Hortensius at the colony he founded at Cassandrea or Dium (1509).

The adoption o f the portrait under Augustus The total number of cities at which these earlier portraits appear is not very large, especially in comparison with the number which produced portraits for Augustus. Moreover, all the pre-Actian portraits occur on coinages which are very rare, whereas the portrait issues of Augustus and his successors are plentiful. The consequence was a complete revolution in the appearance of the huge numbers of small bronze coins used in daily life throughout the Empire. How can we explain this change? Did it happen as a result of a decision by the emperor? Something like this seems to have happened in Syria in the second century b c . In 169/168 b c Antiochus IV launched a series of nineteen municipal coinages, all with his portrait. As the coinages in question are, for the most part, dated by the Seleucid era, we can see that this change probably occurred at the same time for all the cities involved, and this clearly implies a royal directive of some kind.3 The major problem, in approaching the question of whether the imperial portrait might have been imposed in the same way, is that of establishing the date of its adoption at the different cities. When did Augustus’s portrait appear? Did it appear at the same time throughout the Empire? Unfortunately, we cannot date the adoption of Augustus’s portrait very precisely at the majority of provincial cities, except in Syria, where it can be seen that the portrait was 1. K . R egling, Z f l S 1906, p. 395. 2. W . K o ch , Z f N 1924, p. 92 n o te i, G ra n t, F I T A 374. 3. O . M o rk h o lm , Congresso Internazionale di N um ism atica (Rome, 1961), V ol. I I (A tti), p. 63; id., Antiochus I V o f S yria , p p . 125-30.

gg

not generally adopted until late in the reign (see p. 584). The characteristic period in this region for the adoption of the imperial portraits was during the last two decades of Augustus’s reign, though some cities did not adopt it until even later (Laodicea and Tripolis only under Caligula), while others did not adopt it at all (for example, Tyre). This is all the more surprising since Syria is the one area where earlier portraits (Antony, Cleopatra) had been slightly more numerous than elsewhere, but is Syria typical of the rest of the Empire? Only a very few coinages outside Syria bear dates: the only way that we can begin to assign dates within Augustus’s reign is on the basis of the type of portrait he uses. The best attempt to break down the Augustan portrait into chronological groups was that made by Bosch, who divided the portraits into three main groups, on the basis of the appearance of their profiles.4 In the first Augustus is shown with a youthful portrait, often with a pronounced angle between the back of his head and the neck as on the early CAESAR DIVI F and IMP CAESAR gold and silver coinage;5 the second group consisted of more mature portraits, often with a fuller neck and less pronounced angle at the back of the head (the sort of portrait one finds on the ‘Spanish’ or Lugdunese gold and silver of the tens b c ) ; 6 the final group consisted of fully mature portraits, usually with a straight back to the neck and generally showing the emperor wearing a laurel wreath (e.g., the types of portrait found on the C L CAESARES gold and silver).7 Bosch sug­ gested that these groups should be dated (roughly) down to 20 b c , from 20 to 10 b c and from 10 b c to the end of the reign. This division seems reasonably clear on aurei and denarii, and most of the provincial portraits can be allo­ cated to one of these groups. It is less clear, however, that the chronological deductions made by Bosch necessarily follow. The rare dated coins show that the transition from the earlier to the later portrait types might take place con­ siderably later than one would otherwise have expected. This can be seen from the dated coinage of Antioch in Syria (were they not otherwise datable the earliest reformed portrait silver of 5 b c would probably have been placed in the twenties b c ) or from a city like Sinope, whose dated coinage gives much the same picture of a retention of the earliest-looking portrait until a d 5/6 (2214). But we can use this criterion of portrait type in a more restricted way. For instance, if we have a reasonably plenti­ ful coinage with a good sequence of portraits, we can believe that an early type of portrait, such as one might find at Amphipolis (1626) or Thessalonica (1554), is indeed a good indication of an early date of production. Sometimes one can find some confirmation of this: the early portraits of Augustus from Aezani (3066), for example, were minted in parallel with those of Potitus Messala, proconsul in c. 24 b c . Secondly, one can clearly conclude that if a city uses only the latest type of portrait (e.g., Samos), then it will not have made any coinage before the period in which that late type 4. C. B osch, D ie kleinasiatischen M ü n zen der römischen K aiserzeit. T eil I I. Einzeluntersuchungen. B a n d i : Bithynien, p p . 19-21. 5. E.g., B M C A u g u stu s pl. 14, 10-19. 6. E.g., B M C A u g u stu s pl. 6 -7 . 7. E.g., B M C A u g u stu s pl. 13.

40

GENERAL IN TRODUCTION

came into use. These two approaches have been used throughout the catalogue to try, where possible, to give more precise dates for particular issues. Given the nature of the material, such an attempt can only be partly successful, but one main conclusion does seem to emerge: that relatively little portrait coinage can be assigned with any great confidence before 2 0 b c . Examples can be found at Corinth, Amphipolis, Thessalonica, Nicaea, Nicomedia, Sinope, Aezani and Alexandria. But the coinage of several large cities such as Smyrna, Ephesus or Pergamum, for instance, does not seem to start before c. 15 b c . How should we interpret this? It raises a difficult methodological problem. At a city with a very large output like Smyrna, we can decide that the first portrait coins were made in c. 15 b c , but the difficulties of dating the late Hel­ lenistic bronze coinage make it impossible to say at the moment whether any non-portrait coinage was made between c, 31 b c and the first issues. Despite this problem one can form some conclusions in some cases. These are where one has a fairly good idea of what coinage was produ­ ced in the late first century b c , either from mint studies or because it is fairly obvious from the coins themselves. At a large mint like Ephesus, for instance, the issue of bronze for the three Triumvirs in the thirties b c seems to be followed by a gap and then the resumption of coinage in about 10 b c with portrait issues. That is to say, though the adoption of the portrait did not take place until reasonably late in Augustus’s reign, it was adopted on the first post-Actian issue. The same would seem to be true elsewhere. It seems clear at Calagurris, Osca, Segovia, Cnossus, Corinth, Patras, Dyme, Pella/Dium, Thessalonica, Nicaea, Nicomedia, Ephesus and Alexandria; probably also at Panormus, Agrigentum, Thessalian League, Amphipolis and Amisus. The impression given by examples such as these, together with the cities whose small irregular coinage nevertheless included an issue for Augustus, is that, for the most part, the portrait of Augustus was adopted on coinage as soon after the early twenties b c as coinage was produced. That there are in fact relatively few issues which can be dated to the twenties is, on this view, the result of the irregular nature of the coinage. Thus, for instance, the fact that, for example, neither Ebora in Spain nor Pitane in Asia produ­ ced coins with Augustus’s portrait until about 10 b c is the result of the fact that neither city ever produced much coinage and none in the Augustan period before that date. One should, however, not overstate the view that the portrait was rapidly adopted. There are exceptions. For instance, it has been thought that at Ilium non-portrait issues were made between 2 9 and 1 9 b c , and portraits there­ after. This is, of course, supposition, but at Sinope we can see that the issues of 2 8 / 2 7 and 2 7 / 2 6 have no portrait; this was adopted only in 2 5 / 2 4 ( 2 1 1 4 ) . There are, moreover, three more substantial groups of coinage which do not, or are slow to, adopt the portrait: the coinage of Syria, the coins with non-imperial portraits and the so-called ‘pseudoautonomous’ coins.

The Augustan portrait in Syria If it is correct to think that the portrait was fairly rapidly adopted after Actium, then, as we have seen, the position in Syria was exceptional. One can support the view that Syria was unusual by examining the silver coinage of Antioch. The posthumous coins of Philip had been interrupted in 37 b c by the tetradrachms with the portraits of Cleopatra and Antony, but when coinage resumed in 31/30 the previous Philip types were revived (until at least 17/16 b c ) , and the imperial portrait appeared only from 5 b c . Much the same is true of the bronze (SC) coinage. Elsewhere, however, Augustus’s portrait appeared very quickly on silver coinage: in Asia it was adopted in 28 b c and at about the same time in Lycia. This can also be observed with the main bronze coinages. On the bronze coinage of Egypt Augustus’s portrait replaced that of Cleopatra very quickly, between 30 and 27 b c (5001—2); on the Asian CA coinage in c. 27 b c (2227), at Nemausus in c. 27 (522), in northwestern Spain (1-4) and Emerita (RIC 11-25) in the twenties: no doubt significantly the only exception seems to be the SC coinage of Antioch which did not begin until c. 5 b c (though see also 4100).

Non-imperial portraits A number of non-imperial portraits are also found on prov­ incial coinages. These are mostly of proconsuls or other Roman officials.8 Though there are isolated examples throughout the Julio-Claudian period (see, for example, Cibyra 2887, 2889-90, Apronius at Hippo under Tiberius, 713, or Annius Afrinus in Galatia under Claudius, 3543, 3557), the characteristic time for such portraits is early in the reign of Augustus. This seems clear from all the reason­ ably well-dated examples from Africa (Quinctilius Varus, 776 and 798, Volusius Saturninus, 778, 800-1, and Fabius Africanus, 710, 781), Bithynia (Thorius Flaccus: see p. 337) or from Asia (e.g., Cicero 2448 or Potitus Messala 3067: see p. 367). These portraits are found mostly in the first half of the reign, and tend to have petered out by the end of the first century, c. 5 b c , though there was a short efflorescence of them in Africa in the last decade b c . Usually the portraits accompany the imperial portrait (Nicaea, Nicomedia, Tralles, Hierapolis, Aezani), but occasionally they appear on their own, as with Cicero at Magnesia or [Pompei?] us Macer at Priene (2687). In this context, the interest of these portraits is twofold. In the first place, they show that there was not, at first, any absolute domination of the provincial coinage by the imperial portrait, and this clearly modifies our picture of the universal post-Actian adoption of the portrait. 8.

F o r a d iscussion o f these, see R. Sym e, The Augustan Aristocracy, p p . 4 06-7. Sym e criticises G r a n t’s view th a t su ch p o rtra its w ere reserved, for ‘am ici p rin c ip is ’. H e po in ts o u t th a t th e ab sen ce o f p o rtra its o f th e p ro co n su ls Piso a n d Iu llu s A n to n iu s, o n th e o n e h a n d , a n d th e p o rtra y a l o f a novus homo like P assien u s R ufus, o n th e o th e r, suggest th a t th e re w as no system o r policy, b u t th a t th ey w ere th e re s u lt o f ‘ac cid en t a n d p erso n ality ’. W e m ay ag ree w ith Sym e’s conclusion, th o u g h P assien u s R ufus w as, o f course, a re m a rk a b le novus homo a n d a signally h o n o u red friend o f th e em peror.

Designs an d legends

Secondly, the marked decrease of the non-imperial portrait may be paralleled by the other ways in which the selfadvertisement of other individuals gave way to the pre­ eminence of the emperor. This change is observable, for instance, on the coinage of Rome (the disappearance of the moneyers’ names and designs from the coinage) and in other aspects of Roman public life.9 And, just as the existence of non-imperial portraits modifies the picture of a universal adoption of the imperial portrait, so their disap­ pearance tends to underline the way in which the imperial portrait did come to dominate the provincial coinage.

‘Pseudo-autonomous’ coins

Some cities did not adopt the portrait under Augustus or at all. Athens, for instance, seems to have produced coinage down to about 1 0 b c , but neither these coins (1306—12) nor the Athenian imperial coinage of the second and third cen­ turies a d used the imperial portrait. Portraits were not used either on the silver or the bronze coinage of Chios or Tyre (before the Severan period), while at Rhodes, the portrait was not used on the island’s substantial coinage until the reign of Nero (2772). Imperial coins without portraits are generically known today as ‘pseudo-autonomous’, a con­ venient (though misleading) term used to distinguish them from ‘autonomous’ coins, coins of the cities produced before the imperial period. They have been discussed by A. John­ ston.10 She emphasised the great variety of these coinages and their distribution throughout most of the coin-making areas of the Empire. Some cities, such as Ephesus, never produced them. Elsewhere, they might represent a large proportion of the coinage produced, though, as Johnston noted, it seems to be a proportion that increases during the imperial period. These coinages present many puzzles. Why, for instance, do representations of the Senate appear only in Crete (Axos, Cydonia) and Asia (Lampsacus, Pergamum, Ilium, Magnesia-ad-Sipylum, Miletus, Aezani), but not in other provinces, even other ‘senatorial’ provinces, such as Bithynia? There is no obvious answer, as Johnston has pointed out. Johnston concluded that there was really no perceptible difference between ‘imperial’ and ‘pseudo-autonomous’ issues; as well as asking why the Senate fails to.appear outside Asia and Crete, one might be similarly puzzled as to why members of the imperial family appear so regularly in Asia and Crete, but not so frequently elsewhere (they are almost completely absent from Syria). Johnston suggested, however, that the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins might have been of practical use in distinguishing denominations or in saving the money required to be spent in re-cutting dies after every change of emperor. The second advantage is not particularly important in the Julio-Claudian period, since changes of emperor were infrequent. The marking of denominations was achieved partly by the use of ‘pseudoautonomous’ designs, and more usually by the use of 9. 10.

See A. W a llac e-H ad rill, J R S 1986, p p . 66—73. A N S M N 1985, p p . 89-112.

41

p o r tr a its o f th e d iffe re n t m e m b e rs o f th e im p e r ia l h o u se . A t so m e p la c e s, s u c h a s P e r g a m u m , th e tw o ( ‘p s e u d o - a u to ­ n o m o u s ’, fa m ily m e m b e rs ) c o m p le m e n te d e a c h o th e r in th e s a m e d e n o m in a tio n . P e r g a m u m d is tin g u is h e d its s m a lle r co in s ( ‘s e m isse s’) b y th e u s e o f a h e a d o n b o th o b v e rs e a n d re v e rse . T h is m ig h t b e o f G a iu s a n d L u c iu s , G e r m a n ic u s a n d D ru s u s , o r B r ita n n ic u s a n d N e ro . I n th e s a m e w a y co in s o f th e s a m e d e n o m in a tio n w e re p r o d u c e d w ith ‘p o r t r a i t s ’ o f R o m a a n d th e S e n a te : w e re th e s e p e r h a p s p r o d u c e d o n th e o c c a s io n s w h e n th e r e w e re n o s u ita b le im p e r ia l p r in c e (s ) a v a ila b le ? I n j u s t th is w a y a h e a d o f R o m a w a s u s e d fo r a s m a lle r d e n o m in a tio n o f A c m o n e a u n d e r N e ro (3 1 7 7 ); p re v io u s ly th e d e n o m in a tio n h a d sh o w n e m p re sse s (A g r ip p in a I I a n d th e n P o p p a e a ) .

A great deal of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coinage can, however, be explained away as small denominations. In the same way that Roman coins did not use portraits on coins smaller than an as, so the civic coinages did not use the portrait on their smaller denominations. This can be seen clearly both on the coinages of large cities, for instance, Antioch or Corinth, where the portrait does not appear on denominations smaller than the as, and on the coinages of much smaller cities such as Dioshieron in Asia, Oea in Africa or Laodicea in Syria. At a city like Carthago Nova, most of the coinage is ‘pseudo-autonomous’, perhaps because it was comprised largely of smaller denominations. Moreover, the use of ‘pseudo-autonomous’ types for small denominations seems to have led, on very rare occasions during this period, to a similar use of larger denominations. At Aegeae, for instance, the largest denomination of all does not have the imperial portrait. In this case, one feels that a ‘pseudo-autonomous’ type occurs on the largest denomi­ nation as an extension of its use on the smaller denomi­ nations, the portrait already being used for the (now) intermediate and previously largest denomination. But a case such as Aegeae is very rare. Of course, not all small denominations avoid the portrait, but many do, and it seems that this may be the single most useful explanation of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins at this period. But it is not, obviously, a complete explanation of the phenomenon, and ‘political’ reasons are also likely, at least to a limited extent. An obvious case is the dropping of the imperial head during a d 68—9, as happens at Corinth and perhaps also at Smyrna, the Thessalian League and Locri. These cases are very unusual and presumably reflect uncertainty about the identity of the reigning emperor rather than anything else. A different sort of political explanation seems reasonable in the other very limited group of cities which never, or only after a considerable delay, adopted the portrait. Examples are Athens, Chios, Rhodes or Tyre.11 It is noticeable that they are all free cities, as indeed was Sparta, which under one of its tyrants, Eurycles (31-2 b c ) , issued some portraits of Augustus (and Livia and Agrippa). Most of his coins were, however, ‘pseudo-autonomous’, as were all of the coins of his suc­ cessor Laco ( a d 2-31); portraits only became regular from the time of Claudius. It may even be that the continued use of the city’s own types implies some special grant or permisii.

C o m p a re a co n n ectio n b etw een free cities a n d th e reten tio n o f local d en o m in atio n s? See C h a p te r 3, p. 33.

sion: we know from the story of Alexander of Abonoteichus that the emperor’s permission might be sought for the designs to be used on the coins (in this example, also ‘pseudo-autonomous’!), as well as for the coinage itself (Lucian, Alexander 58). One might perhaps suppose that specially favoured cities were able, if they so wished, to continue to use their own designs, rather like the way in which the Syrian cities were slow to adopt the portrait at the beginning of the imperial period (see p. 40). But any such connection between free cities and ‘pseudo-auto­ nomous’ coins must remain only partial. Other cities pro­ duced ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins, such as Emporiae (a municipium) ; conversely, some free cities produced portrait coins. That free cities such as Aphrodisias did use the portrait may simply reflect the fact that a city like Aphrodisias with such very close links with Rome and the emperors might prefer to use the imperial portrait as a type.

Portraiture after Augustus The portraits of Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius are very hard to differentiate from each other or from the portrait of Augustus. This arises partly from the fact that his suc­ cessors modelled their portrait on that of the first emperor, and because many of the provincial portraits do not con­ form very closely to the models which were established on the coinage from Rome. There are cases where the portraits are unmistakable, usually at the more productive mints which employed more skilled engravers, such as Smyrna, though good portraits may also be found at smaller mints like Miletus or Ebusus. Elsewhere the problems can be highlighted by the difficulty of deciding between an identifi­ cation as Augustus or Tiberius for many of the ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ portraits of the ‘Laodicea’ stylistic group (see p. 376), or indeed the insoluble problems of identification which many of the Syrian civic portraits would provide, were it not for the fact that these coins tend to bear dates according to a local era. Given these difficulties, it is perhaps not surprising that it seems to be impossible to break down the coinage of Tiberius into smaller chronological groups; as Bosch commented, ‘die Porträts geben keine äusseren Datierungsmerkmale’ (p. 23). The new realism which was ushered in with the portraiture of Nero does, however, allow us to sub-divide his coinage. In his earliest portrait he is shown as a young boy; the portrait is bare-headed and usually has a draped bust. This is the normal portrait used for him at the end of the reign of Claudius, but it was not confined to 50-4, as can be seen, for example, from the coinge of Hierapolis, where it is definitely found at the beginning of his own reign, together with that of Agrippina II. The second type of portrait is the slightly more mature type, usually laureate and normally shown as a head rather than a bust. The final type belongs to the last five years of the reign, and is charac­ terised by the ‘steps’ (in gradusformata)12 hairstyle, which we can see from the Roman coinage was introduced in 63. 12. S uetonius, Nero 51.

This, the latest type of Neronian portrait, was widely adop­ ted by the provincial coinages, many of which have there­ fore been dated to 63 or later in the catalogue. The change in the type of portrait can be observed most clearly at a mint where there was a regular output, such as on the silver coinage of Antioch, which shows very clearly the adoption of the new hairstyle in late 63 (4188-9). But the new hair­ style was not universally adopted, so its absence cannot be used as a definite indication of a date earlier than 62. The case of the prolific Neronian coinage of Alexandria amply demonstrates the point. On the bronze coinage, the new portrait was not adopted at all, and, in general, the portraits on late Neronian bronzes from Alexandria are very different from those on the silver. Even on the silver, however, we can observe, first, that the ‘steps’ hairstyle was in use until year 11 (i.e., after autumn 64), and, secondly, that it was only used for part of that year. With the adop­ tion of the radiate portrait in, say, early 65, the new hairst­ yle was dropped. The portraits of the emperors of 68-9 are, not surpris­ ingly, very varied. The portrait of Galba seems to have been well disseminated, since his (few) provincial portraits are generally recognisable. The rare portraits of Otho and Vitellius, however, bear little relation to the portraits at Rome. For instance, the portraits of Otho from Antioch are little more than a mixture of Augustus’s and Nero’s portrait, not at all like the portrait found on his western aurei and denarii.

Attributes The portraits are nearly always shown as simple heads, either bare or laureate. Only very occasionally are any sym­ bols associated with the portrait. Sometimes these are of purely local significance, such as the star which appears on the obverse of some Glaudian bronzes from Alexandria to distinguish one denomination from another which used the same types. The same is true of the star, lituus and crescent used with Neronian portraits at Ptolemais. O t h e r sy m b o ls m a y h a v e a g r e a te r sig n ific a n c e , A u g u s tu s ’s p o r t r a i t is a c c o m p a n ie d b y a n a p h la s to n a t A p a m e a (3 1 3 7 ), p r e s u m a b ly a re fe re n c e to th e n a v a l v ic to ry a t A c tiu m . A m o re c o m m o n a t tr ib u te is th e litu u s , th e s y m b o l o f th e a u g u r a te (see in d e x o f o b v e rs e ty p e s, u n d e r A u g u s tu s ) . T h o u g h its im p o r ta n c e in R o m a n re lig io n m a k e s it a s y m b o l le g itim is in g h is p o s itio n , its re la tiv e ly f r e q u e n t o c c u rre n c e d o e s se e m to r e q u ir e f u r th e r e x p la n a ­ tio n . O th e r w is e w h y is th e s im p u lu m , th e s y m b o l o f th e p rie s th o o d , so r a r e ly s h o w n ? 13 T h e o b v io u s a n s w e r is t h a t it r e p r e s e n ts th e w o rd - p la y a u g u r - A u g u s tu s .14 I f th is is c o r­ re c t, th e n it is in te r e s tin g to r e c a ll t h a t it is, o f c o u rse , a L a tin w o rd - p la y , y e t th e litu u s c ro p s u p a t b o th L a tin a n d G re e k c o m m u n itie s . I n tu r n , th is m a k e s o n e w o n d e r i f its re la tiv e f re q u e n c y im p lie s t h a t it p la y e d a n im p o r ta n t p a r t in th e p r e s e n ta tio n o f A u g u s tu s ’s p u b lic im a g e ; a c o ro lla ry m ig h t b e t h a t m a n y o f th e s ta tu e s o f th e e m p e r o r s h o w in g 13. I t occu rs on ly rarely , as a t H a d ru m e tu m 771, w h ere it seem s to refer to A u g u stu s’s new p o sitio n as p ontifex m ax im u s after 1 2 bc. 14. S u eto n iu s, Augustus 7.2.

D esigns an d legends

him capite velato were intended to be statues of him as augur rather than pontifex. The lituus also appears on some of the coins of Augustus’s successors;15 like the capricorn (see below) its use by Augustus rendered it a general imperial symbol, appropriate to every emperor. A more frequent class of attributes consists of divine sym­ bols. The first is the radiate crown, used to denote the deification of Augustus, and a regular feature of nearly all portraits of Divus Augustus. Not all deified emperors are, however, shown in this way; Divus Iulius, for instance, is always shown wearing a crown or wreath. More surprising is the failure to use the radiate crown for representation of Divus Claudius; it is consistently avoided, for instance at Rome, Caesarea and Antioch. In this respect its use by Nero during his lifetime indicates that a direct link between Nero and Augustus was intended. Radiate representations of Nero first appear on the reverses of his first coins from Alexandria in 56/7 (5203). His radiate portrait appears regularly on the obverse of silver of Alexandria from 63/4 (5274-5). It also occurs occasionally on the civic coinage (see index 6.1), but its earliest appearance there cannot be closely dated. As on his Roman coinage, the other important divine attribute used by Nero was the aegis of Jupiter. At Alexan­ dria this is regularly found from 65 (5288-9), and it became a standard feature on the silver of Antioch from 59/60. It also occurs on the civic coinage of Acmonea (3176). One minor, but significant, symbol, is the sceptre which appears over the emperor’s shoulder on Cretan coins. The similar representation which is found for Zeus at Crete suggests an association between the emperor and Zeus Kretagenes. It occurs for both Caligula (963-5) and Nero (1005-6), the two emperors for whom one expects divine aspirations (see also p. 47). A similar symbol appears at Carystus (1356), though it is not clear if there is any link, nor what its significance there might be.

Legends Otherwise, apart from the portrait, the provincial coinages of the imperial period only gradually developed from their predecessors. The advent of the imperial portrait brought with it the need to place an identifying inscription on the obverse. In the Greek-speaking world this was usually kept very simple, and confined to one or two words such as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ or the like. In some areas fuller legends were given; full names and titles are a feature of the coinage of Bithynia, Lycia, Cyprus and Egypt, though why this should be so is not clear. The identifying inscriptions tended to be fuller at cities where Latin legends were used, though not often much fuller than AVGVSTVS DIVI F or C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS. Very occasionally much fuller legends and titles are given (see index 4.1 of imperial titles), or legends which amplify the significance of the design; for instance, a depiction of Livia as Hera might be accompanied, as at Pergamum, by the 15. See in d ex of obverse types, especially u n d e r N ero.

43

legend ΛΙΒΙΑΝ ΗΡΑΝ (2359: compare Messalina as NEA HPA at Nicaea and Nicomedia, 2033-4, 2038, 2074). The legends used on the reverse continued as previously. The differing ways in which the ‘magistrates’ names’ appear has already been discussed in Chapter 1: dates (numerals, sometimes preceded by ET or L), too, continued to be used in the provinces of Syria and Egypt.16

Reverse types The general content o f provincial reverses The vast majority of the designs used on the reverses of provincial coins have only local significance, and this is not perhaps very surprising, as the early imperial provincial coinage is essentially a continuation of the ‘autonomous’ civic coinages with the adoption of the imperial portrait on the obverse. The reverse types do start to show a greater variety than in the Hellenistic period, presumably reflecting the greater circulation of aurei and denarii with their very varied designs,17 but the variation tends to remain within the traditional bounds of important cult or religious images, and there is no sign of the pronounced antiquarianism which was to pervade the provincial coinage in the second century; nor do types reflect in any systematic way histori­ cal events, and in this respect they are quite different from those used at this time at the mint of Rome. Generally speaking, the types continue to refer to the principal cults of the relevant city, and it is only rarely that other types are used. The most normal representation is that of a local deity, for example Apollo Patröos in Lycia, Apollo Delphinios and Didymeus at Miletus, Apollo Kissios at Alabanda, or Dikaiosyne at Prymnessus. Sometimes a local deity might appear at several cities in the same region, such as ApolloMên with a double axe at Hierapolis and Eumenea in Phry­ gia, or Artemis of Ephesus in western Asia; similarly, a bull figures widely on the coinage of Spain, sometimes with a ‘pediment’, reflecting its cult importance in Spain. Sometimes the representation of a deity may be directly derived from a statue. Good examples occur on the coinage of the Thessalian League, which occasionally shows a statue of Apollo with the sculptor’s signature (1443, 1450), or on the coinage of Ephesus, where the famous cult image of Artemis is frequently shown. One also finds local cult statues at Aspendus (the Aphroditai Kastnietides) and imperial statues (identifiable as such from their bases) at Philippi (1650) and Carthago Nova (151). Statues of a horseman appear in Lycia under Claudius (3344, 3349): the depiction of Caligula on horseback at Amphipolis (1637-8) and the standing figures of Claudius and Nero at the same city (1639-40, 1641-2) may also be derived from imperial statues. 16. I n th e case o f the d ates used in S yria, th e p o rtra its a re so u n alik e the a p p e a ra n c e o f re g u la r im p eria l effigies th a t, b u t for th e d a te , w e w ould often n o t be ab le to tell w h ich em p ero r w as in ten d ed . 17. Is th e ab sen ce o f d en a rii from S yria a reaso n for th e less v aried ty p e c o n ten t o f S y rian coinage? O r is it ju s t th e resu lt o f co n serv atism ; co m p are th e absence o f p o rtra its o f m em b ers o f th e im p erial fam ily a n d th e la te a d o p tio n o f the A u g u stan p o rtra it (p. 39)?

One of the deities frequently represented is Athena, the principal deity of many cities, but it is usually impossible to tell whether a depiction is supposed to be of her or of Roma, whose iconography was often similar. Sometimes the figure is explicitly labelled as Roma (e.g., Ilium 2312, Smyrna 2481), and not infrequently in Asia Roma is shown as a turreted city-goddess, as at Pergamum or Ephesus (2632). Other local subjects are the bridge which was used as a frequent type at Buthrotum, or the tower at Panormus (637—8). Buildings are found at Nicaea, gateways at Caesarea Germanica and Emerita, and temples at many cities, such as Tarraco, Emerita, Caesaraugusta, Aphrodis­ ias, Tenos, Lycia, Perga, Buthrotum and Chalcis: sometimes these are imperial temples such as at Teos, where the imperial portrait (Augustus or Nero) is shown in a temple, presumably indicating that an imperial statue had been placed in the temple of Dionysus there, or at Pergamum, Smyrna and Ephesus, where neocorate temples of Augustus, Tiberius and Nero are depicted (cf. Miletus for Caligula). An imperial triumphal arch is shown on the cistophori of Asia (2216), and this is copied at Alexandria under Augustus (5003). Although it was normal for a city to use a design of some particular relevance to that city, other categories of types are also found. One is the occurrence of a personal type, where the reverse design is related directly to the person who was responsible for the coin rather than the city. These are very rare. One of the coins of Laodicea signed by Zeuxis shows a serpent-staff (2895), and this is surely related to the fact that Zeuxis was the head of a famous medical school there. Slightly more frequent are cases where the design is related to a proconsul: for instance a curule chair at Nicaea (2028) or a sella quaestoria in Cyrenaica (938, etc.) and Crete (919—20). The Nicaean coins were made under the procon­ sul Thorius Flaccus, and his Lanuvine origins explain the occurrence of the head of ΗΡΑ ΛΑΝΟΙΑ on another coin (2063). Similarly, the portraits of the proconsuls Cicero at Magnesia (2446) and Messala Potitus at Aezani (3067) are accompanied by representations of a hand, holding scales as a symbol of the proconsul’s judicial function at Aezani, and with a wreath, corn ears and a vine branch at Magnesia, perhaps a symbol of prosperity arising from some benefaction or decision of the proconsul. Such representations are reminiscent of the personal types of Republican denarii, but they are very rare and disappear, like the portraits of the proconsuls, during the reign of Augustus. The prominence of the emperor was preferred to that of other individuals. Another variation from city types is the regional type, shared by a number of cities. This is not common in the Julio-Claudian period, and the only good example is from Macedonia where a trotting horse is used as a mark of the smallest denomination at a number of mints: Thessalonica (1605-7), the Macedonian Koinon (1625) and Cassandrea (1512, 1514). A much more frequent way of using typology to denote the denomination of coins was, at least in the province of Asia, the use of the portraits of different members of the imperial family on different denominations. Typically the emperor occurs on the principal denomination and an

empress or his heir on a smaller one. One can see examples of this at Pergamum or Laodicea (for imperial heirs), or in the eastern part of the province of Asia (for the use of empresses, especially Livia and Agrippina II). As a result members of the imperial family are frequently depicted on the coinage of Asia. This technique was also used to a more limited extent in Africa and Greece, but not at all in Syria or Egypt.

Status and types There is a partial correlation between the scope of a coinage and the types used. The ‘main’ or ‘Roman’ coinages naturally tend to have types with an imperial rather than local significance, as one might expect, though there are exceptions, where local types are used (e.g., at Nemausus, if the crocodile and palm tree refer to the settlement of veterans after 30 b c , or at Antioch, where the Tyche of Antioch appears on some of the silver tetradrachms). In this respect, the imperial coinage of Alexandria stands out from the rest of the coinage of the period for its use of types which are both very varied and non-local. This is not so much a feature of the Augustan and Tiberian coinage, where local references predominate (e.g., animals and birds, like the crocodile, hippopotamus and ibis, or personi­ fications like Nilus or Euthenia). But from Claudius onwards the types tend to be more imperial; either dynastic representations of the imperial family or imperial symbols (e.g., the butting bull or corn ears under Claudius, both picked up from Augustan cistophori). Under Nero, the designs refer explicitly beyond Egypt, such as the statue of Capitoline Zeus (5285) or the series of coins from years 13 to 14 commemorating Nero’s visit to Greece. The building, too, on coins of Galba seems to be a Roman temple; the personifications' which appear on his and Otho’s silver coinage there are certainly Roman personifications, even if their actual representations are not. There is also a partial correlation between the status of an issuing city and the types used. In the previous discus­ sion o f‘pseudo-autonomous’ coinages it was suggested that, in some cases, ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coinage can be explained by the fact that the issuing city was free. Again, as we have seen, there are exceptions, such as the portrait issues from the free city of Aphrodisias or the ‘pseudoautonomous’ coins produced at less privileged cities, most of which otherwise produced coinage with an imperial head on the obverse and a local religious type on the reverse. The other exception to this pattern is provided by the cities with chartered status, whether municipia or colonies, whose coin types naturally tended to be much more ‘Roman’ in content. This is not, of course, very surprising, and does, in fact, result from much the same considerations as were important for the choice of types at non-chartered cities. In both cases, the cities chose designs appropriate to their origins or cults; naturally, in the case of municipia and colonies, these are quite different in content to those which were appropriate to other cities. From the point of view of the colonists, for instance, their types would have much the

D esigns an d legends

same significance as those of non-Roman cities would have had to their communities. In both cases, the principal reli­ gious cults and the origins of the communities were emphasised. Obviously in the case of the colonies, which were for the most part only recent foundations or re-foundations, the relevant objects were very different from those important to Greek communities: for instance, the military standards which occur so commonly at colonies throughout the Mediterranean; in Spain (e.g., Caesaraugusta, Acci, Ilici or Emerita), in Achaea (Patras), Macedonia (Cassan­ drea or Philippi), Bithynia (Apamea), Galatia (Antioch in Pisidia) or Syria (Berytus) : see index of reverse types under aquila, signum, standard and vexillum. In the same way, the symbols of Roman religion often appear at colonies (e.g., the apex, praefericulum, simpulum, patera, knife and lituus: see index). Other colonial types refer to the foundation of the colony, though their appearance is not necessarily restricted to ‘foundation issues’. The understanding of these types can be greatly illuminated by our knowledge from other sources of the process of the foundation of a colony, and this infor­ mation has been gathered together by L. Keppie.18 The most common type shows a figure, capite velato, ploughing with two oxen. This is a representation of the religious definition of the extent of the colony by the commissioner who ploughed a sacred furrow or sulcus primigenius,19 though this procedure was presumably usually only symbolic. The scene is probably the most common design found at col­ onies (see index of reverse types, under Ploughing Scene).20 There were, of course, minor variations, such as in the type of bull (e.g., the humped bull in Pisidia and Lycaonia (3538- 9j 3517), and in one case there are two figures behind the plough (Philippi? 1656-60). At Patras (1253-4), the ploughing figure is also shown with a rod and a vexillum (cf. Cassandrea or Dium 1509), the rod being a reference to the surveying of land prior to the foundation and the vexillum referring to the actual leading out (deductio) of the colonists under a special banner. The plough on its own also appears at a number of col­ onies (Gnossus, Dyme, Pella, Philippi, Sinope), and some other rare representations illustrate other parts of the foundation process. At Philippi, the new Antonian colony of 42 Be issued a series of coins (1646-9). The urn on 1649 refers to the process whereby the parcels of land were dis­ tributed by drawing lots (sortitio), and a fuller version of this scene seems to appear on 1647. On this coin an urn is placed beside a seated togate figure, presumably the com­ missioner. He holds up something which seems to be a writing board, presumably for recording the results of the lot. A different, but analogous scene, occurs on the coinage of the Caesarian colony at Lampsacus (2268-73). One denomination (2270-1.) depicts a female figure holding a cornucopia and extending her hand over an urn, a symbolic representation of the process of lot (the figure presumably being Fortuna). 18. Colonisation and Veteran Settlement in Ita ly 41 -1 4 B C , pp. 87-97. 19. K ep p ie, op. cit., p. 91, E. T . S alm on, Rom an Colonisation under the Republic, p . 27. 20. T h e re are also th re e exam ples o f th e plo u g h in g scene w h ich do n o t refer to the fo u n d atio n o f a colony: A ssorus 665, T h e ssalo n ica, p. 297, T ra lle s 2649. T h e ir in te rp re ta tio n is p u zzling (see th e relev an t co m m entaries).

45

Historical events The provincial city coinage makes only very few direct allu­ sions to contemporary events. One early instance is the trophy on a prow between a rudder and an anchor at Byzantium (1770), a reference to one of Antony’s victories as his portrait on the obverse suggests. But even after the establishment of Augustus’s rule and the adoption of the portrait on the obverses of provincial coinages, there are very few allusions to actual events. Even Actium is little noticed on the coinage. The Eirene who appears at Nicomedia (2062, copying the cistophorus 2203), is no doubt a reference to the post-Actian peace, and the same may perhaps be true of the Eirene which figures on the coinage of Cos under Augustus (2738), since no local cult of Eirene seems to be attested there.21 At Pella the represen­ tation of Augustus with his foot on a prow is explicitly labelled ACTIO (1548), and the accompanying types of Spes and Victory (1545, 1549) presumably also celebrate the same event. It is hard to see many other references to the battle and its aftermath, though some of the represen­ tations of Nike which occur throughout the Empire (see index) may in fact do so. An obvious example is the Nike on the coinage of Nicopolis, and perhaps also those at Thes­ salonica (1556), Panormus (639) and Dyme (1247). The same may also be true at Athens (1306) in view of the contemporary adoption of Augustus’s signet, the sphinx. Other cases, such as Rhodes, Phocaea (2436) and Smyrna (2465) are less certain, and at these cities Nike may be used as a generic imperial symbol, as it is at Abdera, where the accompanying legends make this clear (1729, 1739). The city coinages make no allusion to Augustus’s visits to the east, or to the various campaigns there, though there are two minor allusions to Gaius’s expedition to the east. At Pergamum, an obverse of Gaius is paired with an Armenian captive copied from a denarius, while at Apamea (3129) the prince is depicted in a facing quadriga with the accompany­ ing label ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ. The help given to various Asian cities after the devastat­ ing earthquake of a d 1 7 is reflected in the change of the names of several of the cities (e.g., Sardis to Sardis Caesarea, Mostene to Mostene Caesarea; compare the re­ naming of Tralles as Caesarea after an earlier earthquake in the reign of Augustus). In one case Tiberius is depicted restoring the city, by raising its Tyche from a kneeling position (Magnesia-ad-Sipylum 2451); a similar restoration scene appears at Perinthus under Claudius (1745), though the occasion is not known. Claudius’s British victory is celebrated on the didrachms of Caesarea, but other convincing allusions are hard to find (Tomi 1830 and Mopsus 4054 are the only possible, and not very convincing, possibilities). Nero’s British and Armenian wars do not seem to be recorded, though his second consulship was mentioned on the coinage of Philippi (1655), and his third consulship of 57 is celebrated at Sinope with a remarkable (for the provinces) depiction of the processus consularis (2136). The first systematic allusion to 21.

P W 1478.

an event, however, takes place in Nero’s reign, with the appearance of types referring to his visit to Greece in 66/7 and his proclamation of the freedom of Greece. Such types occur at several Achaean cities (Nicopolis, Corinth, Patras, Sicyon, and perhaps also the Thessalian League and Phoenice; see p. 247); there also seem to be some allusions in Macedonia (e.g., Thessalonica 1559: see p. 287), and a whole series of types at Alexandria in Egypt refers to the visit to Greece and all the main festivals there.

Imitations o f other coins A number of types were simply (appropriate) imitations of other coin types, usually those on denarii. Such imitations occur most commonly in the west, and particularly in Spain (p. 64). They also occur in Gaul (e.g., 501), Italy (Paestum), Sicily (Segesta) and Africa (e.g., Sabratha, Oea or Lepcis Magna). A popular design was Caesar’s elephant, copied in Gaul (501-2), at Hadrumetum (781) and Iol (879). Type imitations were also made further east. In the east imitations tended naturally to be of aurei or denarii, as they circulated there, rather than of bronze coins which did not. A coin of Thessalonica (1556) copied the types and, indeed, module of Augustan silver quinarii. The Nemesis on Neronian coins of Smyrna was copied from Claudian aurei or denarii (2478-9); the coins of Caligula with Divus Augustus were copied at Balbura in Lycia (3355)· Other silver coins were also copied in the east. Cistophori of Augustus were copied at Nicomedia (2062), and, somewhat surprisingly, at Alexandria under Augustus and Claudius (5003-4, 5123), and the reverse of the Caesarean didrachm of Messalina (3627) was copied at Caesarea Paneas (4842). Some bronze coins were also copied in the east. Bronze from the mint of Rome was occasionally copied in north­ western Asia Minor, nearer to its area of circulation. Coins of Mytilene imitate sestertii of Tiberius (2343); Nero’s Decursio sestertius is copied in Bithynia (2103-4), and his Securitas dupondii are adapted into a representation of Pop­ paea, also in Bithynia (2060). Some eastern bronze coinages were themselves copied in the east: presumably the OB C S type at Caesarea Maritima (4858-9) and the SC reverse at Caesarea Paneas (4844) are, respectively, an adaptation of the Syrian CA coinage and a copy of the Antioch SC bronze coinage. Similarly, the Neronian coinage of Sepphoris (4849-50) copied bronze from Antioch (SC) and from Com­ magene (cornucopias). An exceptional case is the coinage of Agrippa I of Judaea for years 2 and 5, whose designs are almost exclusively drawn from the contemporary bronze coinage of Caligula from Rome, presumably a reflection of Agrippa’s close links with and recent presence in Rome (p. 683).

Imperial and dynastic types With the advent of the Empire, it would have become appropriate for the cities to copy imperial or dynastic types on their coinage. Thus one of the most popularly copied types was the capricorn (sometimes with globe and cornu­

copia), which was adopted at a number of cities in response to the importance attached to it by Augustus. It occurs regularly, though not very commonly, throughout the Empire, in Spain, Gaul, Africa, Sicily, Asia and Egypt (see index of reverse types; cf. Alabanda 2814), though it should be noted that its use was not confined to Augustus, and it crops up from time to time as a general imperial symbol under other emperors or members of the imperial family, such as Caligula (Philadelphia 3027-31, perhaps signihcantly with magistrates who sign their names as philokaisar), Nero (Nicomedia 2086, Nicaea 2050, etc., Sinope 2138, Parium? 2265), or Galba (Parium? 2266-7). Occasionally it may be found for other members of the imperial family, such as Gaius and Lucius (Tralles 2650-1) or Britannicus (Nicomedia 2075). Another Augustan type occasionally picked up by the coinage of other emperors is the butting bull, which occurs for Claudius at Alexandria (5122) and for Nero at Buthrotum (1401, etc.): the same source may account for its appearance at Eumenea under Tiberius ( 3 1 4 4 - 5 )·

Another coin type which was very widely adopted is the seated representation of Livia on asses of Tiberius minted in 15/16 at Rome (RIC 33-6). This representation was, for some reason, very popular and was frequently copied, especially in Africa and Achaea. Sometimes the image was adapted, and the patera held by Livia was replaced by a bunch of corn ears, thereby likening her to Ceres, an assimilation which was made explicit at Thapsus by the accompanying legend CERERI AVGVSTAE (795): the more normal representation (with patera) also occurs at Thapsus where it is labelled IVN(oni) AVG(ustae) (797). It is not necessarily true that all representations of this type were intended to depict Livia like Juno, though the associa­ tion was obvious enough (e.g., ΛΙΒΙΑΝ ΗΡΑΝ at Pergamum 2359, and HPA at the Thessalian League 1427, or the pea­ cock at Oea, 833). The capricorn and the copying of the Livia type are good instances of how dynastic themes began to creep onto the provincial coinage, and parallel the general proliferation of members of the imperial family. Indeed, a number of the reverse types of this period consist of simple depictions of members of the imperial house. Sometimes these would take the form of standing figures, as of Agrippina I and Germanicus on coins of Caligula from Magnesia-adSipylum (2454—5) or Agrippina II as Demeter on coins of the same city (2457), but frequently the portrait head or bust of a member of the imperial family might well replace the reverse type: portraits of Agrippina II are frequently found as the reverse type on coins of either Claudius or Nero. The use of these portraits as denomination markers partially accounts for their commonness, but by no means provides a complete explanation for them, especially where they appear as the reverse types. We can perhaps suppose that the dynastic use of reverse types on aurei and denarii from Augustus’s reign prompted their appearance on the civic coinage, though there they appear in a fuller form. The standing figures of aurei and denarii depicted only standing hgures, but provincial coins showed portraits as well, and women appear far more frequently on provincial bronzes than on precious metal coins.

Designs a n d legends

Divine representations With the exceptions of Caligula and, especially, Nero, living emperors were not likened to gods on the provincial coinage. In the discussion of the attributes used to accompany the portraits, it was observed that the divine radiate crown is confined, except for Caligula and Nero, to representations of Divus Augustus. It was not used for either Divus Iulius or Divus Claudius, let alone any living emperor or member of his family. Much the same is true of the legends which accompany the portraits (though there are exceptions, as at Mytilene where everyone was given the title θεός on coins). In the case of Augustus only a very few legends call him θεός during his lifetime. These are confined to small issues from the Thessalian League and Thes­ salonica; it might perhaps also occur on two, possibly related, issues from an uncertain mint.22 The same is true of designs. The depiction of Augustus’s head in a temple at Teos (2511) is exceptional.23 There are no instances of divine representation for Tiberius and Claudius or, indeed, for any of their male relatives. Caligula and Nero, however, may appear with divine attributes, such as the sceptre (in Crete) or a star, and Caligula was called θεός at Amphipolis (1637). With Nero, divine attributes were often used on the Roman coinage and on the provincial silver coinages, and, though they do occur on provincial bronze coinages (see index 6.1), they are still rare, as were inscriptions such as Laodicea 2923, where he is called θεός. They were somewhat more common in Achaea, during his visit there, and the association of Nero with Jupiter Liberator/Zeus Eleutherios seems to have been a commonplace (Sicyon 1238-44, Patras 1297-8). Nero was also associated with Apollo,24 presumably as a result of his musical feats at the Achaean games. Caligula and Nero are known, of course, to have encoura­ ged their own worship.25 Other emperors discouraged their worship. This is well known in the case of Augustus, and Tiberius, Caligula (at first) and Claudius all prohibited sacrifices to themselves.26 A similar pattern can be observed in sculptural representations. In the case of Augustus, the divine symbolism associated with the so-called ‘Actiumtype’ of image was replaced by the new image of the ‘First citizen’ type;27 in full-length versions, he was usually shown in human form, either as a civilian or as a priest, just as he was often depicted on the provincial coinage with a lituus. Similarly, on Augustus’s aurei and denarii, he was regularly shown as god, hero and man down to 27 b c , but thereafter only in the human form, and this sort of representation prevailed on the coinage of his successors until late in Nero’s reign.28 22. T h e ssalian League: 1427; T h e ssalo n ica: 1563 (referring to L ivia as AIBIA ΘΕΟΥ; the v a ria n t legend Θ ΕΑ AIBIA suggests th a t an e n g rav e r’s m istak e is a possible ex p lan atio n ; U n certa in : 5420-1 (ΘΕ m ig h t be p a rt o f an eth n ic r a th e r th a n p a r t o f θεός: see co m m en tary ). 23. Is M y la sa 2792 lifetim e o r posthum ous? 24. N icopolis 1376, c f 1372, T h e ssalo n ica 1599; cf. S uetonius, Nero 25. 25. C alig u la: S u eto n iu s, Gaius 22, D io 59.26.5-28.8, P hilo, Legatio 75-114, B. E . Levy, S M 1988, p p . 101—7; N ero: d esp ite Μ . T . G riffin. Nero , p p . 215—20, th e obvious in te rp re ta tio n o f th e use o f th e aegis a n d ra d ia te crow n, to g e th er w ith th e litera ry evidence (such as it is), is th a t N ero en couraged his divine rep resen tatio n . 26. See S. R . F. P rice, J R S 1980, p. 30. 27. P. Z ä n k er, Augustus und die M a ch t der B ilder, p p . 4 2 -6 0 , 103-6. 28. See, e.g., A. B u rn ett, Coinage in the Rom an W orld , p p . 71-6.

^7

The avoidance of superhuman representations of the emperor on coinage and other artefacts29 contrasts oddly with other evidence for the imperial cult. There is no shortage of inscriptions attesting divine honours for emperors;30 indeed, more priests of Augustus are known than for any other emperor,31 and the establishment of Augustus’s regime seems to have prompted an explosion of cults in the cities of the Empire.32 Given this mass of evidence for the attitudes of the cities to the emperors’ cult, one might also have expected the civic coinage to honour them in a similar way, but they do not, except in the limited way that the portrait of the emperor replaces images of deities on the obverses of their coins. The emperor is depic­ ted in human, rather than divine, form. It might be objec­ ted that we cannot be sure of this, since a plain portrait head could as well be from a divine as a human statue.33 But, first, the use of the lituus indicates that many of the portraits are intended to show the emperor in a human, priestly, capacity. Secondly, and more significantly, the treatment of emperors, and indeed other male members of the imperial house, presents a strong contrast with the treatment of imperial women. A constant theme of the provincial coinage is the likening of empresses to various goddesses. The comparison of Livia with Geres and Juno has already been mentioned. She is also shown, as a goddess, on a throne at Emerita (39), Gaesaraugusta (341) and Sinope (2126). Her association with Ceres or Persephone is also made clear by her depic­ tion seated with corn ears at Pergamum (2368), with corn ears and a sceptre (Corinth, Sardis, Lepcis Magna, Hippo, Utica, Carthage, Thapsus, Corinth, Dium), or standing with corn ears and poppies (Tralles 2647). The represen­ tations of her with a patera and a sceptre (Thessalonica 1569, Italica 66-7) are also presumably allusions to Hera or Juno. The reference of her representation seated with a double cornucopia (Bithynia 2097), on the other hand, is less clear, though the same representation is found elsewhere for Agrippina I (Philadelphia 3032). She might, of course, also be likened to a local cult goddess, such as Aphrodite Stratonikis at Smyrna (2467). A similar propensity for divine symbolism can be seen in the case of Caligula’s mother, Agrippina I. She is shown seated with a sceptre and a cornucopia at Philadelphia (3032), or with a sceptre and a patera at Apamea (2012). His sister Drusilla, who was deified after her death, is shown as Persephone at Smyrna, seated with poppies, corn ears and a sceptre. The ascription of divine honours to empresses might also be more indirect, by associating the empress on the obverse with a deity on the reverse. For example, at Sardis Octavia is paired with a Demeter reverse (2998), and a similar reverse is used for Antonia at Tomi (1832): again, a portrait of Agrippina II is paired with a head of Persephone on the reverse at Aezani (3103). Pop29. T h e re w as no such av o id an ce on objects o f restricted circu latio n , su ch as cam eos o r th e ‘sw ord o f T ib e riu s ’, o r in d e ed in th e A u g u stan po ets: see R. A lb ert, D a s B ild des Augustus a u f den frü h e n reichsprägungen (1981) w ith the review b y A. B u rn ett, Gnomon 1983, p p . 5 62-5. 30. A g lan ce a t a p p e n d ix I I I o f L. R . T a y lo r, The D iv in ity o f the Rom an Emperor , sh o u ld suffice. 31. S. Price, R itu a ls and Power, p. 58. 32. F. M illar, in F . M illa r a n d E. Segal, Caesar A ugustus, p p . 53-4 . 33. C f P rice, op. cit., p. 184.

paea is explicitly associated with Nike on the reverse of a coin of Smyrna (2486), and the same association may be implicit at Sardis (3001), while at Laodicea she may be associated with Aphrodite (2924), just as Julia had been much earlier at Pergamum (2359). The contrast between the treatment of males and females does not seem to have attracted comment in the past. It does, however, provide a powerful indication of the avoidance of divinity for emperors and their male relatives on the civic coinage. The contrast between their treatment on the coinage and by the civic cults in their honour sug­ gests that one should conclude that there was an element of centralised control in the way they were depicted on coinage in the provinces, a control which, one would guess, operated indirectly in the same way as has been suggested in the case of portraits in general.

Alliance coinages Some provincial coinages were signed with the ethnics of or refer to two (or more) cities. These are misleadingly known today as ‘alliance coinages’ from the fact that they usually include the inscription ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ. Good discussions have recently been provided by P. R. Franke and D.A. O. Klose.34 Their main conclusion is that there is no overall explanation for all the ‘alliance’ coinages, but that they are a single manifestation of many different sets of circum34. P. R. F ran k e, ‘Z u d en H o m o n o ia -M ü n z en K lein asien s’, Stuttgarter Kolloquium z u r Historische Geographie des Altertum s I, 1980, p. 81, an d D .A . O . K lose, D ie M ünzpräg u n g von Smyrna in der römischen K aiserzeit , pp. 44—63. T h e re is also R . P era, Homonoia suile M onete da Augusto agli A ntonini.

stances (rivalry between cities, political or religious links, boundary disputes). In the Julio-Claudian period there are a few examples: Thessalian League (and Rome) Amisus (and Rome) Pergamum and Sardis PHypaepa and PSardis Laodicea and Smyrna

15 5 3

2143 2988 (Augustus) 5445-6 (Tiberius) 2912 (Claudius) and 2928 (Nero)

These instances show that ‘alliance coinages’ had not yet been standardised in their normal imperial form. The word ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ does not occur: instead of the ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ of two cities, we usually find the two ethnics joined simply by καί, though the coins of Amisus have only the ethnic of Amisus and the coins of the Thessalian League have the inscrip­ tions ΘΕΣΣΑΛ and ΡΩΜ, without any link. The only phrase similar to ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ that occurs at this period is the word ΟΜΗΡΟΣ on Neronian coins of Laodicea (2928); its occur­ rence there is somewhat puzzling and may even refer directly to the person responsible for the issue rather than to the relationship between the two cities in question (Laodi­ cea and Smyrna). The standard type is of two standing figures, each of which stands for each city (e.g., its demos), though the coins of the Thessalian League show a galloping horse. Only from the reign of Augustus do we find the standard representation of two standing figures. The typology and inscriptions, then, show a clear development which can be observed from the two earliest cases (Thessaly, Amisus) to the later ones with a more standardised form of depiction, which was only sub­ sequently labelled with the inscription ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ.

C H A P T E R

TH E E M P E R O R S AND THE The full details of the appearance of the various members of the imperial family can be found in index 2.1. The reasons for their appearance have already been discussed in general terms (see p. 23), where it was noted that their presence is particularly common in Asia Minor in the two provinces of Pontus-and-Bithynia and Asia. Elsewhere the imperial family appears less frequently, for instance, almost not at all in Syria. Here we look at the appearance of the different individuals in greater detail.

Octavian and Divus Iulius Caesar’s portrait had appeared on the provincial coinage at only two or three cities during his lifetime (see p. 38). The denarii and aurei struck by Octavian in his early years from 43 had stressed the legitimacy of his position as Caesar’s son and heir by portraying his adoptive father, and this theme was reflected on the provincial coinage. During the thirties, their joint representation was confined, as was Octavian’s portrait, to Gaul (p. 151), but later they were not infrequently shown together, especially in the years immediately after Actium, for instance at Corinth (1132: 27 b c ) , Dyme (1286: 31/27 b c ) , Thessalonica (1555: 27 b c ) , Apamea (2007: 27 b c ) and Sinope (2115: 25/24 b c ) . Similar representations were made in about 20 b c at ‘Paterna’ and Lepti Minus (759, 785, 787). They also continued relatively late in the reign, though less frequently, being made in 10/5 b c (Corinth 1134), 12/8 b c (Hadrumetum 771), 7/6 b c (Achulla 799) and in a family group with Agrippa Post­ umus (Apamea 2110). Caesar’s image, however, became much rarer thereafter, occurring perhaps as late as a d 1 0 at ‘Paterna’, and probably also much later at Apamea, because of his role in the colony’s foundation (see p. 341; cf. Sinope 2142?).1 It can be noted that his image starts to become less frequent at just the same time as, for example, the portraits of proconsuls were disappearing; in both cases, people other than Augustus became less prominent and were replaced by his image alone.

Augustus and Agrippa Agrippa appears at Cades because of his position of patron of the town, but his appearance elsewhere indicates his role in relation to Augustus. Though representations of him are restricted in number, when he does appear it is very much i.

I t h as been suggested th a t, a t T h e ssalo n ica, his p o rtra it a p p e a rs, to g e th er w ith A u g u stu s, as la te as D o m itia n ’s reign, b u t see co m m en tary on 1555, p. 298.

5

IMPERIAL

FAMILY

as Augustus’s equal. Their portraits appear together at Carthago Nova (164) in Spain, at Nemausus and Arausio (?) (522, 533) in Gaul, at Tingi (864) in Africa, at Sparta (1106, also together with Livia) in Achaea, at Cyrenaica (942) and at Cnossus in Crete (976); and at Apamea (2008) and Parium (2260) in Asia. Elsewhere, at Sparta and Nicopolis (1366-7), his portrait is confined to a smaller denomination than is used for Augustus. Some of these issues can be well dated; the coins of Arausio (?) were produced in c. 30/29 b c , Nemausus from c. 27 b c until the end of the reign, Apamea in 27 b c , Parium perhaps in c. 27 b c , Tingi in c. 19 b c and the Cyrenaican issue of Scato in c. 20-12 b c .2 Thus, apart from Nemausus, where the design was immobilised until the end of Augustus’s reign, these representations of Agrippa all fall within his lifetime; a large number of them can be dated soon after Actium, reflecting the position of Agrippa as Octavian’s colleague, a position which was symbolised at Rome, for example, by their tenure of joint consulships in 28 and 27 b c . There are also two posthumous portraits. At Apamea (2011) Agrippa appears as the father of Agrippa Postumus, complementing the contemporary family issues for Augustus and his father Divus Iulius, and for Gaius and Lucius and their ‘father’ Augustus. Agrippa’s portrait also occurs once much later, at Caesaraugusta in the reign of Caligula (386), in imitation of the similar coins made in Rome.

The Augustan succession One of the most common designs used throughout the Empire (except Syria) shows the two adoptive heirs of Augustus, Gaius and Lucius, whom he adopted in 17 b c . Sometimes their two heads are portrayed on the same side of the coin (either jugate or confronted), sometimes their heads appear on different sides of the coin and occasionally they appear on different though related coins (as at Tralles). For a list of these, see index 2.1. A discussion of these portraits was given by S. Walker and A. Burnett,3 but the discussion of the dates at which they appear is in need of some revision. In particular, the earliest representation at Sinope is probably of 12/11 b c . They are definitely depicted there from n /ίο b c until 5/4 b c , when Sinope stopped prodùcing coinage for a decade. The evidence of dated coins, such as those from Sinope, shows that the portraits 2. T h e issue o f A m isus, d ated to a d 9/1 0 a n d u su ally iden tified as A g rip p a, seem s m ore likely to be o f T ib eriu s: see 2149. 3. Augustus. H a n d list o f the exhibition and supplementary studies, p p . 5 7 -6 1 , w h ere a list o f th e cities d ep ictin g th e m w as p ro v id e d (now in n eed o f so m e revision: see in d ex 2.1).

a p p e a r th ro u g h o u t a p e rio d fro m

10

bc

to

ad

2 /4 , a n d th a t,

p e r h a p s s u rp ris in g ly , th e re s e e m s n o te n d e n c y fo r th e m a p p e a r m o re fre q u e n tly b e tw e e n 2

bc

and

ad

to

2.

Less frequently, one finds Gaius on his own.4 In some cases, this is because the issue in question precedes one made for both children (Tralles, Pergamum), and presum­ ably reflects Gaius’s coming of age in 5 b c , an event marked by Augustus’s tenure of the consulship. This is not always the case; some of the coins of Cyprus and Alexandria seem to have been made after 2 b c , when Lucius came of age. On occasion, Gaius and Lucius may also appear in more general family groups. They are found, somewhat surpris­ ingly, in a family group with Augustus, Divus Iulius and Agrippa Postumus at Apamea (2010A). They are also found with Tiberius at Hippo Regius in 6/5 b c (710).5 Tiberius himself appears early at Gades in 16 b c (88), and we have also mentioned his appearance in the family group with Gaius and Lucius at Hippo in 6/5 b c . Otherwise, his appearances are, not surprisingly, limited to the period after his formal adoption in a d 4, and there is a strong concentration at the end of the reign, between 1o and 14. The occurrences are listed in index 2.1; here we can point to the datable issues from Carthage (747-8: c. a d 10), Lepti Minus (789, 791: a d 10), Thaena (809: a d 10-14) and Corinth (1140, 1144: a d 4/5). Some of these come after issues celebrating Gaius and Lucius, and this is also the case at Thessalonica (1565); presumably the other less dat­ able issues also fall into the last decade of Augustus’s reign. The occurrence of his portrait most frequently in the last five years of Augustus’s reign can also be observed on the coinage from Rome and Lugdunum.6 Tiberius was adopted together with Agrippa Postumus, who appears only very rarely on the provincial coinage. He is found together with Tiberius at Corinth (1141), but without him at Apamea (2011). The absence of Tiberius from Apamea may only be fortuitous, as the recent dis­ covery of a coin for Gaius and Lucius (2010A) suggests.

Livia Representations of Livia occur under Augustus, but they occur more frequently in the reign of her son Tiberius. At any rate this is the conclusion we have drawn both from the western coinage from Spain and Africa (or indeed Sicily), where Tiberius and Livia are usually clearly named, and also from the numerous cases in Asia where Livia as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ is paired with an emperor whose portrait is label­ led simply ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ. Livia only adopted the title Augusta in a d 1 4 , and, although it is sometimes thought that this title might have been used before a d 1 4 , 7 there is in fact not a single instance when this is definitely the case. If we are, 4. T h e ssalo n ica 1564, P erg am u m 2361, T ra lles 2646, N ysa 2661, A ntioch 2832, L a o d icea 2899, H ierap o lis 2944ft., T rip o lis 3048, A p am e a 3129, S iblia 3162, C y p ru s 3908-12 a n d A lex a n d ria 5019 {2-1 b c ) . 5. T h is w as, o f course, th e y ea r in w h ich T ib e riu s w ith d re w to R hodes. T h e a p p e a ra n c e o f th e p o rtra it p resu m a b ly precedes this, a n d reflects his ad o p tio n o f trib u n ic ia n pow er in th a t year. 6. R om e: R I C 469-71 ( a d 10-12); L u g d u n u m : R I C 221-6 ( a d 13—14) a n d 236ft. ( a d 9 -14). 7. H . G esche, ‘D ie D a tie ru n g d e r 8. im p erato risch en A k k lam atio n des T ib e riu s ’, Chiron 2 (1972), 339-48.

then, to date the ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ/ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ coins to after 14, it seems simplest to think that ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ is in fact Tiberius. Grant drew a different conclusion:8 he thought that ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ was in fact Augustus, and that this provided evidence to support his view that some 100 ‘Augustan’ issues should be regarded as posthumous. This seems to us implausible. The portraits are not sufficiently diagnostic to allow one to be definite about the identity of the emperor portrayed, and the Spanish and African examples suggest the obvious solution, that the individuals portrayed are Livia and her son the emperor Tiberius. Her portrait, in these cases, is often on a smaller denomination, and one of the reasons for her popularity on the coinage may be that it is from this period that the civic coinages began to be fairly systematic, in Asia at any rate, about distinguishing dif­ ferent denominations by the use of the portraits of members of the imperial family. In the same way, Agrippina II fulfil­ led a similar function on the coinage of her son Nero; her appearances under Claudius were slightly less numerous.

The Tiberian succession Tiberius’s own heirs were his adoptive son Germanicus and his natural son Drusus. They first appear, together with Tiberius and Agrippa Postumus, at Corinth under Augustus (1142-3), but otherwise their appearances fall naturally in the reign of Tiberius (see index 2.1). Occasion­ ally one might appear on his own (e.g., Nicomedia, Caesarea Germanicia), but normally they were shown together as a pair. Germanicus, however, died in 19, and Drusus in 23. Drusus’s twin sons Tiberius (‘gemellus’) and Germanicus were born in 19, and were briefly celebrated on the coinage of Cyrenaica; Germanicus the younger, however, died in 23, the same year as his father. The elder of Germanicus’s sons, Nero ( a d 6-30), had already been favoured by Tiberius, and after Drusus’s death, he and his brother Drusus ( a d 7-33) were recommended to the Senate by Tiberius, who thus marked them out as his new heirs. It was presumably from this time until Nero’s suicide in 30 and his brother’s imprisonment in the same year that they were both portrayed together on the coins of a few cities in Spain, Africa, Crete and Achaea (at Corinth, with their mother Agrippina I), just as they were jointly honoured as q(uinquennalesP) at Utica in 27/8 (731-4). Thereafter the new ‘pair’ of heirs consisted of the surviving Tiberius (gemellus) and Germanicus’s third son, the future emperor Caligula. It has been suggested that they appear together on the coinage of Corinth (1171). Caligula himself was honoured at Caesaraugusta and Carthago Nova before the end of Tiberius’s reign.

The family of Caligula Caligula’s denarii and aurei, and his bronze coinage from Rome, had been dominated by family types, to underline the legitimacy of his position by tracing it back to Augustus. Divus Augustus was one of the regular types of his aurei 8. F I X A 463fr.

E m perors an d the im perial fam ily

and denarii; he occurs in the same way in the provinces in Caligula’s reign, on the silver of Crete, as well as on civic bronzes, for example those of Ilium (2312), Balbura (3355) and probably Aphrodisias (2844). The main family types of Caligula were, however, his parents Germanicus and Agrippina I, and they were similarly portrayed on the provincial coinage, sometimes together (Magnesia-ad-Sipylum, Aezani) or sometimes on their own (Cos, Crete, Antioch silver). The tendency to liken Agrippina I to a goddess has already been mentioned, and is perhaps unsurprising. Less expected, however, is the unique instance whereby Germanicus is accorded a divine attribute (a star or radiate head at Aezani 3082-3); in this case, however, the explanation can be found in the occa­ sional radiate depiction of Caligula (p. 43), examples of which occurred at Aezani. Other members of Caligula’s family also appear on the provincial coinage; his three sisters (Apamea) or the favourite Drusilla (Miletus, Smyrna). His grandmother Antonia appears at Thessalonica and Corinth (1573-5, 1176), and his brothers Nero and Drusus, who also appeared on the coinage at Rome, occur at Cnossus (997), Corinth (1174) and Apamea (2014). The coinage of Cali­ gula’s friend, Agrippa I ofJudaea, exhibits an intense inter­ est in the emperor’s family, and depicts Germanicus, Caligula’s wife Caesonia and their daughter Drusilla.9

The family of Claudius

51

shown together, however, it seems that precedence is given to Nero (Sinope and Corinth). Frequently, Claudius and Agrippina are shown with only one son, and in such cases it seems that it is always Nero (e.g. cistophori, Antioch, Ephesus, probably Smyrna). Thus, although the provincial coinages do portray Britannicus towards the end of the reign, it seems that Nero was regarded as the more import­ ant, as was the case on the late Claudian aurei or denarii which portray Agrippina and Nero, but not Britannicus. As with Caligula, there were also some provincial representations of Divus Augustus (Crete, Thessalonica), just as on the bronze coinage from Rome.

The family of Nero Most of the members of Nero’s family appear somewhere on the provincial coinage; all his wives, Claudia Octavia, Pop­ paea and Statilia Messalina occur, and there is also a rare representation of his daughter Claudia from Caesarea Paneas. The dominant member of his family on the provin­ cial coinage was, naturally enough, his mother Agrippina II, representations of whom are found very frequently indeed. At Rome/Lugdunum she appeared on the aurei and denarii of the beginning of the reign, only in c. 54-5, and this seems to be the normal period of her appearance on the provincial issues, though she might also appear rather later, as at Antioch or Alexandria, for instance. Nero’s coinage also continued to honour the deified Claudius throughout the reign. Claudius formed the principal reverse type of Nero’s didrachms at Caesarea, and also figured on the reverse of the tetradrachms attributed to an uncertain mint in Syria. In addition, he appears on the similar bronze coin of uncertain mint (5463). In all three cases, the issues were made late in the reign, after 63.

Like Caligula, Claudius depicted on his coinage from Rome portraits of Germanicus and Agrippina I (his elder brother and sister-in-law). There are one or two representations of Germanicus under Claudius, at Anazarbus (4060), Antioch (4281) and, perhaps, Caesarea (3629-30), but there do not seem to be any representations of Agrippina I which can definitely be attributed to the reign of Claudius. Other members of his family appear in an unsystematic way, such as his third wife Messalina, sometimes accompanied by their children, especially Britannicus (e.g., Nicaea, Nicomedia, Aegeae, Caesarea in Cappadocia, Caesarea Paneas), and (less frequently) his mother Antonia. The last years of the reign, however, saw a resurgence of dynastic portraits of the imperial family, and reflect the importance of Claudius’s fourth wife Agrippina II and her son Nero, who was adopted by Claudius in 50. Sometimes the provincial coinage presents a family group of Claudius, Agrippina, Nero and Britannicus (e.g., Sinope), though Agrippina is curiously absent from some issues of his reign in Asia (e.g., Laodicea, Hierapolis). Occasionally the two sons are shown together (e.g., Pergamum). When they are

There are a few occurrences of Galba, but Otho is almost unknown, appearing only at Antioch, Alexandria and perhaps Locri. The Alexandrian and Antiochene coinages of Galba and Otho seem, at first sight, surprisingly common today. This results from the fact that they are a continu­ ation of the very heavy coining at those mints in the last years of Nero’s reign. Vitellius is only rarely represented (Macedonian Koinon, Alexandria), as one might expect, given Vespasian’s position in the east.10 The portraits and inscriptions reflect the uncertainty in the provinces of the appearance and titles of such short-lived emperors.

9. I n o u r view th e re is no reaso n to identify th e h e a d labelled S A L (us) A V G on coins o f C a rth a g o N ova (185) as C aesonia.

10. A s a curiosity, one m ig h t also m en tio n th e coins fro m b o th S ep p h o ris an d C a e sa re a M a ritim a w hich p o rtra y N ero, b u t refer to V esp asian o n the reverse.

The year of the four emperors

C

H

A

P T E R

6

TH E E M P E R O R S AND THE P R O V I N C I A L COINAGE In this chapter we consider the extent to which the Roman government had a coherent policy towards the coinage of the provinces. The very existence of the catalogue presented in this volume shows perhaps the most important aspect of the Roman attitude to provincial coinage: that it existed at all. It would have been possible for the Romans to abolish it, as they had abolished other coinages during the Republic and as Vespasian was to abolish city coinage in Achaea.1 This was also an option at the beginning of the principate. The proposal Dio attributes to Maecenas in 29 b c , that μήτε δε νομίσματα ή καί σταθμά ή μέτρα ιδία τις αυτών έχέτω, άλλα τοίς ήμετέροις καί εκείνοι πάντες χρήσθωσαν is, of course, only evidence for third-century attitudes.2 It might well, however, also have been an option in the time of Augustus, in the context of his reform of the taxation system of the Empire, his (limited) imposition of Roman coin denominations,3 and the possible examples of attempts to create a uniform non-civic coinage through the Empire: the ‘fleet’ coinage of Antony and the CA coinage of Augustus. Given the continued existence, however, of provincial coinage, there are three main areas where an overall Roman policy might be expected or detectable: in its economic, its political and its fiscal aspects. In view of the relatively small economic importance of most of the provincial bronze (p. 16), one would only expect to detect any general or Empire-wide economic policy in the silver or ‘main’ bronze issues. We have seen that, under Augustus, a number of regional bronze coinages were manipulated or inaugurated. The largest were those of Nemausus, Lugdunum, Rome, Asia (the CA coinage), Antioch and Alexandria. They are manifestations of a policy, inasmuch as a decision seems to have been made to supply bronze coinage on a regional basis in the provinces in this way. This policy was modified at the beginning of Tiberius’s reign, when the coinages of Lugdunum and Nemausus were discontinued, and the supply was con­ centrated on two centres, one in the west (Rome) and one in the east (Antioch, supplemented by an issue from Commagene). A second area where one might potentially find an 1. R ep ublic: C R W L R , p. iv; V esp asian : above, p. 18. 2. D io 52.30.9. I t is n o t, o f course, clear w h e th e r this passage m eans a ch an g e in th e a c tu a l coins used in th e E m p ire or in th e d en o m in atio n al system s used (p. 37), th o u g h th e form er in te rp re ta tio n seem s m ore likely, given th a t the p assag e w as w ritte n in th e th ird ce n tu ry , w hen n o n -R o m a n system s o f d e n o m in atio n s w ere less significant. 3. See p. 30fr. (especially th e diorthoma to th e T h e ssalian s).

Empire-wide policy is in the relationship between different silver mints and the sources of the silver bullion they used, as discussed on pp. 6-9. On this point it seems likely that, while there may, at times, have been co-ordination between mints (e.g., Pontus and Caesarea under Nero), the pattern of minting was usually dictated by local considerations. Similarly, there may have sometimes been a relationship between the sources of bullion and the central treasury in Rome. It is possible, for example, that the long absence of Egyptian tetradrachms from 30 b c to a d 20 can be explained by the transfer of Egyptian wealth to Rome; similarly, the silver gained from the reforms made in Syria and Egypt under Nero might possibly have been despatched to Rome. But it seems likely that such cases were unusual. Reform of the coinage provides another instance where we might expect to find some Empire-wide policy. Some reforms were, of course, minor and of only local significance (e.g., Syria under Augustus), and there was only one major reform of the coinage during the Julio-Claudian period, under Nero. This has normally been examined from the point of view of the mint of Rome/Lugdunum alone, whereby the fineness of the denarius was reduced in 64 from about 98% to about 93%.4 Walker has pointed out, however, that Nero’s reform affected the provincial silver as well,5 and the picture he gave can now be filled in in greater detail. In Crete the fineness of the silver coinage remained at about 95%, but the weight was reduced from that of a tetradrachm of 9.5-10.0 g to one of only about 7.5 g. This took place after the early issues, but before the later ones, though the exact date is unsure: the earlier Neronian Cretan silver was probably made in about 55, and the later between 63 and 68, as it uses the later form of portrait and hairstyle. At Caesarea, the weight standard of the coinage was unaltered, but the fineness was reduced from about 90% for the issue of c. 58-60 to about 80% for the issue of c. 64. In Syria the reform was slightly more complex. The coinage of fine silver Tyrian shekels was discontinued in 59/60, and replaced by the tetradrachms of Antioch, which thereafter adopted the Tyrian reverse design of an eagle. The Tyrian shekel contained about 13.3 g of silver, and the eagle tetradrachms, though slightly heavier, were more debased and contained only 11.5 g. Moreover, it seems 4. W a lk er, M etrology I, p. 25. A t th e sam e tim e th e re w as a slight red u ctio n o f w eight. W a lk er d ates this to the b eg in n in g o f N ero ’s reign (p. 25), b u t this is n o t s u p p o rte d b y th e figures he gives (p. 18), w h ich suggest th a t th e d ro p cam e w ith th e reform . 5. Op. cit., p p . 45, 5 0 -1 ; cf. pp. 71-2.

E m perors a n d the provincial coinage

possible that earlier Syrian silver, whether Tyrian shekels or Antiochene tetradrachms, may have been removed from circulation at about the same time. In Egypt, the reform under Nero seems to have consisted entirely of the removal of older, Ptolemaic and Tiberian, tetradrachms and their replacement by the tetradrachms minted on the standard introduced by Claudius, and reduced slightly under Nero.6 These changes were different in detail, but present com­ mon elements (the reduction of fineness, the reduction of weight, the re-coinage of earlier currency). All had the result of saving money for the government, either by reduc­ ing the amount of bullion which was required for the same amount of coinage (Crete, Caesarea, Syria) or by recover­ ing silver from the coinage in circulation (Syria, Egypt). It can be no accident that all these reforms took place at about the same time, and we can hardly fail to conclude that they were all at least instigated centrally. One of the interesting points about these reforms is the date at which they took place. In Syria and Egypt, they took place in c. 60, and in Cappadocia in c. 64. Thus in most, if not all, these cases the reform of provincial silver preceded that of the denarius. Should they therefore be regarded as experiments for the reform of the denarius in 64? Or should they be regarded as signs of a gradually worsening shortage of silver? These alternatives are by no means exclusive, and indicate that the financial crisis which took place in Nero’s reign began well before the great fire; this may have exacerbated a situa­ tion which was already causing problems, but, to judge from the dates of the reforms, the crisis began in 59, pre­ cisely when there seems to have been a dramatic rise in expenditure.7 Nor was the crisis solved by the coinage reforms.8 The fiscal changes made to the provincial coinage con­ cerned the denominations in which it was tariffed. The discussion of denominations indicated that there was no decision to replace all the varying local denominational systems with the Roman, but suggested that there was a tendency either for them to be replaced in this way or at least to be made compatible. This tendency was underlined by the few cases for which we have definite knowledge of Roman intervention (the diorthoma of Augustus in Thessaly, the letter of Germanicus in Syria), and it has been argued that the changes in the currency and taxation systems of the Roman world had made it inevitable that any such deci­ sions would favour Roman denominations. These causes of change were aided by the inauguration of coinages with Roman denominational systems in areas where local systems had predominated, whether these resulted from the planting of a Roman colony (Corinth, Cnossus) or the establishment of a ‘Roman’ coinage (the SC coinage of Antioch). Thus, Roman ‘policy’ in this regard was to allow the continuation of local systems unless some problem arose; and the conflict between the two systems implicit in any problem requiring an imperial decision was bound to be resolved in favour of the Roman system. Similarly, there seems to have been no attempt to impose the appearance 6. O n o u r in te rp re ta tio n o f th e A lex a n d rian coinage. I t is n o rm a lly tho u g h t, how ever, th a t th e new sta n d a rd w as esta b lish ed by N ero. See p. 689. 7. W alker, op. cit. I l l , p. i n , M . K . T h o rn to n , A N R W W .2 , p. 149. 8. W alker, op. cit. I l l , p. h i .

53

and metrology of Roman coins (whether silver or bronze) on the provinces. The few cases where provincial coins do resemble Roman ones seem to result from local choice. The Roman attitude to the political aspect of the coinage is revealed more indirectly. To some extent, the types used on the coinage developed on their own. Reverse types gradually became more varied, no doubt as a reflection of the variability of gold and silver coin types, and, by the end of the period, began to make reference to contemporary events (Nero in Greece). There were, however, two major changes in the provincial coinage during the Julio-Claudian period, both of which seem to have resulted from the new political climate of the Roman world. These were the adop­ tion of the imperial portrait and the cessation of provincial coinage in the west. In neither case does the change seem to be the result of any direct Roman intervention, though such intervention was possible, as the examples of Antiochus IV of Syria and the removal of Caligulan bronze show. There is no clear sign, however, of any attempt to damn the memory of Caligula on the provincial coinage. Even in the case of Nero only a few localised measures were taken to obliterate his appearance on the provincial coinage. His portrait was overstruck at Teos (p. 425), Sardis (3045) and Smyrna (2490); his name was deliberately erased from some of the coins of Patras (1263, etc.); his portrait was countermarked with the name of Galba at Perinthus, Nicaea and Nicomedia (1752-4, 1758-61, 2050, 2052, 2057, 2060-1, 2084—6), and with the names of Galba, Otho and Vespasian at Tripolis in Phoenicia (4520). In other cases, a few cities may have countermarked Neronian coins with the city’s name for the same purpose.9 The fact that there are such few examples indicates that the decision to dispose of his portrait or name can have been taken at no higher a level than that of the civic authorities. But in the case of both of the major changes to the early provincial coinage the process seems more gradual. This can be seen, in the case of the portrait, for example, in the way the proconsular portraits only gradually dropped out or in the way that the Syrian cities were slow to adopt the portrait. In the case of the ending of the western local coinage, it can be seen that it came to an end in Sicily and Gaul well before it stopped in Africa or Spain. In both cases a similar mechanism has been suggested to account for these changes. Discouragement of the western civic coinage may have led to its cessation, while encouragement of the portrait (and, indeed, the lituus) may have led to its general adoption, but without any divine overtones, at least as far as the emperors and their male relatives were concerned. If these suggestions are correct, then it may have been the case that Augustus’s encouragement of the adoption of the portrait (and the less emphatic promotion of the symbolism of the lituus) worked more quickly than Tiberius’s initial discouragement of western civic coinage; but in both cases it seems clear that the changes were not brought about by direct intervention. Our general conclusion is that there was no general or coherent policy towards the coinage, other than to allow it, as far as possible, to take its natural course. For the most 9.

H ow gego, G IC , p. 6.

54

G E N E R A L IN T R O D U C T IO N

part, city coinage did take its natural course, and local currency systems, such as the ‘closed’ areas of Egypt and perhaps Syria, continued unaltered. There were a number of cases of change or intervention, but these were generally restricted to specific instances and problems, even though cumulatively they contributed to the transformation of the coinage. It would have been possible for the production of all the provincial coinages to be co-ordinated; it would have been possible for all or just the western coinages to be abolished; it would have been possible for Roman denomi­

nations to be imposed or for the use of the emperor’s portrait or particular reverse designs to be required. That this was not the way in which the Romans approached the provincial coinage in the Julio-Glaudian period is partly the result of their preference for maintaining the status quo wherever possible, and partly the result of the more indirect way that public opinion was moulded in the early principate. The result was the extraordinary diversity of the coinage, and the complex patterns it incorporates.

HOW T O USE THE C A T A L O G U E Geographical arrangement The arrangement of the cities is not traditional. They are listed on a geographical and political basis from west to east. The main sub-divisions are Roman provinces (and, in the case of Asia, conventus). For a discussion of this arrangement, see pp. xiv-xvii. The cities are listed in cata­ logue order on pp. 58-62, and an alphabetical index can be found on pp. 729-31.

Catalogue entries The catalogue takes a standard format. For each city there is a discussion of any relevant points or problems of chronology, attribution or readings (especially those of the personal or ‘magistrates’ names’ which occur so frequently). This is followed by a listing of the coins in, as far as possible, chronological order. Nearly every catalogue entry follows a standard pattern. The first line or part gives basic factual information. The catalogue numbers (in bold type) run in a single sequence from I to 5467. (There are some gaps in the sequence, since, for practical reasons, each province or region was numbered separately.) The number is followed by metrological informa­ tion·. the metal (see the abbreviations on p. xi), the diameter (in millimetres), the mean weight in grammes (with the number of specimens whose weights are known in brackets) and the die axis, given by hours of the clock. (In some cases the axis is followed by ( 1), denoting that the axis of only one specimen is known to us.) The number at the right-hand end of the line gives the number of specimens in the main collections (see the list of these ‘core’ collections on p. xiii). For further discussion of this not very accurate statistic, see below, pp. 55-57. The second line or part gives standard reference(s), to BMC, Cop, AMC or the works of F. Imhoof-Blumer (GM, KM, MG and GRMK) and M. Grant {FITA and APT); in some areas more specialised works are used (such as Holm for Sicily, Rouvier for Phoenicia or Meshorer for Judaea). For the abbreviations used, see pp. x-xi, or the individual mint introductions. This line is not intended to be exhaustive, and more specialised references can sometimes be found in the apparatus. The third part (the third and fourth lines) gives the des­ cription of the coins, their inscriptions and designs. The inscriptions have been listed using the following conventions: ( ) round brackets indicate minor variants; e.g., GERMA(NIGVS) indicates that some coins have GERMA

and others GERMANICVS. Only where these dif­ ferences seem significant have they been separated out into separate entries. This convention reflects the fact that the legends on provincial coins were not as closely standardised as those from the mint of Rome. Vari­ ations of spelling are quite frequent, and in some cases virtually every die may have a slightly variant version, as can be seen from relevant mint studies. Round brackets ( ) are also used in the description of designs to denote a minor aspect of the design which may not be present on all coins. [] square brackets indicate restorations of parts of the legends which cannot yet be read due to the poor preservation of surviving specimens. — an overhead horizontal line is used to denote ligatures in the legends. The fourth part of each entry is the apparatus. This is mainly a list of specimens, usually in highly abbreviated form (see pp. ix-x for these), giving the collection, reference number of that collection (where relevant), publication details and weight, if known. One specimen will be in bold type; this indicates the specimen or (rarely) specimens which are illustrated in the plates. Occasionally this infor­ mation has not been given, e.g., for Caesarea in Cappadocia or Antioch, since in these cases the lists would have been unduly long, and served only to partially document a die study; it seems more appropriate to publish this informa­ tion elsewhere. Other information may also be given, for instance about die links or metal analysis. Finally, a last line will give summary details of any countermarks, if relevant; as with the legends, the convention has been used that ligatures are shown by an overhead horizontal line. This format has been abandoned in certain cases. When a long series of coins was produced which differed only in the date on the coins, then a general description is followed by a list of dates and specimens (e.g., Bosporus, and several Phoenician cities, such as Tyre). In addition a different format has been adopted for Alexandria; there seems no purpose to be served by giving this coinage a full documen­ tation, as this can be found in any of the available cata­ logues. There does, however, seem a use for a concise presentation of the Alexandrian coinage, and this has been the guiding principle in this section.

Frequency The right-hand end of the first line of each catalogue entry gives the number of specimens represented in the main museum collections listed on p. xiii. This figure is intended

to give a very approximate indication of the relative output of each issue. It is a figure that must be used with caution. We are very aware of the methodological problems involved. First, there is the assumption that the modern survival of each issue will reflect the quantity which was originally minted. There are cases where this is not true,1 as when a silver issue was withdrawn from circulation in anti­ quity (e.g., the Alexandrian tetradrachms of Tiberius: p. 13), or when the chance survival of a hoard has made an issue seem unduly common today (e.g., Sparta 1113). But for most of the coins included in this catalogue it seems a reasonable assumption, since there is no reason to suppose that the rate at which they were lost or hoarded in antiquity was anything other than fortuitous, and since their recovery in modern times would, generally speaking, be on a random basis. A second problem is caused by the further assumption that museum collections will reflect modern survival. Museum curators tend to collect rarities, and to concern themselves less with issues which are already represented in the collections they curate. As a consequence, very common issues will be under-represented and periods when a lot of different varieties were minted will be over-represented.2 This is indeed a problem for some of the issues in this catalogue. For instance, Kevin Butcher has discovered that the SC coins of Claudius from Antioch are the most frequently represented in finds, and that we can therefore deduce that they were minted in very large quantities indeed. But this would simply not be apparent from museum collections, where, if anything, Claudius’s SC bronzes are less common than those of Augustus or Nero. A similar lack of correlation can be demonstrated in the case of silver hoards, since we can expect the representation of issues in hoards to mirror broadly their production in anti­ quity.3 The representation of Neronian tetradrachms in hoards has been studied by Christiansen4 and can be com­ pared with the numbers in the ‘core collections’ (no coins were made in years 7 and 8): Year

(a) H oards

(2) Frequency

R a tio ( 1 -^- 2)

3 4

322

123

2 .6

I 10

5

418

89 r 33

3-1

6

77 r4

1 .2

36

2 .1 3 0 .3 6

10

1198

38 98

I I

2085

109

1 9 .1

12

2478

"5

21-5

r3 r4

1821

261

7 .0

824

187

4 .4

9

1 2 .2

This table shows that there is not a good correlation between size of issue and its representation in museums. Museum collections are least representative when very few coins were minted (i.e., rarities are over-represented in 1. See A . J o h n sto n , R N 1984, p p . 253-6, th o u g h m o st o f the factors she describes w ould h av e affected th e la ter, th ird -c e n tu ry , coinage ra th e r th a n th a t o f an ea rlier period. 2. C f , for exam ple, C. R odew ald, M oney in the A g e o f Tiberius, p p . 9 -1 1 , E. C h ristian sen , The Rom an Coins o f A le xa n d n a , p. 15, A. B u rn ett, J R S 1978, p. 178. 3. B. T h o rd e m a n , N C 1948, p p . 188-205. 4. Op. cit.

museums) or, conversely, when very few types were minted in large quantities. When more varied types were minted (years 3-5 and especially years 13-14, when the types were interesting), museum collections are better represented than in other plentiful years. Another way of estimating the relative original output of bronze issues is to look at site-finds. These, too, present methodological problems,5 but a greater difficulty is posed by the lack of sites, especially in the east, with a large and well-published body of site-finds.6 Even a site such as Aphrodisias presents problems of interpretation:7 Site-finds 2837 2838 2 8 3 9 -4 1 2 8 4 .2 —3

I ( la r g e )

M u seu m s

2

I I

I

26

0

9 34

2844

9 (+ 4 ?) 2 ( + 4 ?)

2845

7

18 12

Even in this case, the figures are too small to allow any very firm conclusion to be drawn; the commonest site-finds are the commonest in museums, but the rest is uncertain.8 Much the same can be observed in the case of the much fuller information from Corinth (see below). In view of the uncertainties and problems raised by hoards and site-finds, one might wonder whether counting the number of specimens in museums is of any value at all. We accept, at the outset, that its value is limited, but we would justify its retention, mainly on practical grounds. In the first place, apart from silver, there are effectively no hoards of the material included in RPC and, as observed, very few significant bodies of site-finds; even if there were, there would be no apparent means of comparing an issue in Spain with one in Syria, since there would be no point of contact between the hoards or sites. The only possible way of making comparisons would be through die counts.9 Such die information has been supplied for some issues, where it exists, and an effort has been made to collect it for the silver issues. It is, however, impracticable to suppose that such die counts should be made for all, or even more than a tiny proportion, of the issues in RPC. It would be impossible to assemble all the casts or photographs needed. One might also wonder if it would be fully worth the effort. Most of the issues in RPC are known in only a few specimens, and, where the information is available, it can be seen that these were made from very few dies. Yet it is precisely when the number of dies is very small that it becomes most difficult to use them for quantitative studies, given the much greater range of possible values for die output10 and the way that the figures will be affected by 5. Site-finds can on ly be ta k en as re p resen tativ e o f orig in al o u tp u t if we assu m e a c o n s ta n t velocity o f circu latio n ; in ad d itio n , site-finds w ill te n d to b e b ia se d in fav o u r o f sm aller d en o m in atio n s. F o r a d iscussion o f these, a n d o th er difficulties, see J . C asey, Understanding A ncient Coins, pp. 69-7 4 . 6. E v en a w ell-p u b lish ed site like S ard is h a d only a h an d fu l o f relev an t issues. 7. D .J . M acD o n ald , Coins fr o m Aphrodisias. 8. O n e can , how ever, p o in t o u t th a t th e relativ e ab sen ce o f 2839-41 from sitefinds m ay be th e resu lt o f th e ir larg e size. 9. So J o h n sto n , op. cit. 10. C o m p a re, for in sta n ce, th e h u g e v a ria tio n in th e o u tp u t o f even very large n u m b e rs o f dies (in th e m ed iev al p eriod: M . M a te , N C 1969, p p . 2 1 7 -1 8 ). O n ly rarely , how ever, does even th e co m m o n est b ro n ze issue in clu d ed in R P C h av e m ore th a n even ten dies (see, e.g., S m y rn a: n ote 21, below ).

H ow to use the catalogue

mint organisation, speed of production or other factors.11 One would not be justified in stating that issue y from ten dies was five times larger than issue x with two dies (even assuming a similar sample); it might possibly even be smaller. A comparison can be made, in the case of Corinth, between the number of dies made, the number of coins and museums and the numbers of coins represented in sitefinds.1213For Corinth, however, the position is complicated by the discrepancy between the site-finds from Corinth and from other sites. However, the figures are sufficiently large, in absolute terms, to allow them to be converted to percent­ ages, for the sake of an easy comparison between the dif­ ferent sources of information. Obv. dies13

4 4 - 2 7 BC

Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba T o ta l n u m b e r:

C orinth fin d s

O ther fin d s

M u seu m s

(% )

(% )

(% )

(% )

25

28

:3

Π

23 18

18

12

18

r9

18

10

7

7

5 10

9 3

9 7

24

29

8

10

896

372

9 1228

16

7 362

The percentages are reasonably consistent, though Nero is over-represented in museums, as one might expect from the relative interest of his coins (which refer to Nero’s visit to Greece). However, the figures for the period 44-27 b c are also awry. It is not clear if one should explain this in terms of a different velocity of circulation in Corinth at different periods.14 But it is curious how the finds other than Corinth match the museum representation. Where we do not have find evidence, we can also com­ pare die output and museum frequency at different mints. This offers the opportunity of checking the picture at dif­ ferent mints for the relationship between museum represen­ tation and dies. In this table, we have aggregated the total 11. T h e n u m b e r o f dies w ould be inflated; for exam ple, if a m in t w as w orking w ith tw o anvils, it w ould need tw o dies, even for a sm all issue. S im ilarly, if it w as decided to m ake an issue for, e.g., T ib eriu s, L ivia a n d R o m a (as A p h ro d isias 2839-41), th e n one w ould s ta rt w ith a m in im u m o f th re e obverse dies, q u ite a lo t by th e s ta n d a rd s o f p rovincial coins. 12. See M . A m an d ry , Le M onnayage des D uovirs Corinthiens , especially pp. 98-9 . 13. O b se rv ed dies; th e sam p le size is, how ever, reaso n ab ly c o n siste n t in all cases. 14. So A m an d ry , op. cit.

57

number of dies and specimens over the period; the obvious difficulties in doing so do not require to be emphasised. A Observed dies

Ilici16 Sparta17 Thessalonica18 Perinthus19 Corinth Sardis20 Smyrna21

44

26 205 3° 262 about 37 136

c

B M u seu m representation

156 26 303 34 1228 160 509

B / A 15

3-5

1.0 !-5

1.1

4-7

about 4.3 3-7

Once again, it is hard to draw any first conclusion from this table. The figures for Ilici, Corinth, Sardis and Smyrna are consistent, but there is no way of knowing why those from Thessalonica, Perinthus and Sparta are so different: should we conclude that their museum representation is abnormal, or that their die output was different? The problems of counting museum specimens need no further emphasis. Thus, while it may be that there may be some limited value in using museum representation for the most general and semi-quantitative comparisons (see p. 17), it is quite clear that it cannot be used for any more precise calculations22 and that, in any given individual case, the potential inaccuracy will be very large indeed. In general, one might conclude that an issue represented in only some of the main museums is likely to have been produced in very small numbers indeed, whereas it will not normally be possible to do much more than guess whether an issue well represented in all museums was produced in greater, lesser or the same quantity as another issue with a similar representation. Caveat lector. 15. R o u n d ed to th e n ea re st 0.1. 16. M . del M a r L lo ren s, L a Ceca de Ilici. 17. S. G ru n au er-v o n H o ersch elm an n , D ie M ü n zprägung der Lakedaim onier (C lau d iu s o n ly ). 18. I. T o u ra tso g lo u , D ie M ü n zstä tte von Thessaloniki (p o rtra it issues only). 19. E. S chönert-G eiss, D ie M ünzprägung von Perinthos (C la u d iu s -N e ro only). 20. A. J o h n sto n , I N J 6 -7 , 1982-3, p. 73. 21. D .A . O . K lo se, D ie M ünzprägung von Smyrna in der römischen Kaiserzeit. 22. H ow ever, P. P. R ipollès, J . M u n o z a n d M . M . L lo ren s, Gaceta N um ism àtica 9 7 8, 1990, p p . 3 5-43, h av e su g g ested th a t th e ‘freq u en c y ’ figures w ith in one region (S pain) d o h av e a reaso n ab ly close relatio n sh ip w ith th e n u m b e r o f dies (w here these h ave b een co u n ted ), a n d th a t th erefore th e ‘freq u en c y ’ figures can b e used, a t le a st to som e ex ten t, for q u a n tita tiv e p u rp o ses. B u t m u ch careful an alysis w o u ld be re q u ired before a p p ly in g th e sam e reaso n in g to o th e r areas.

LIST O F CITIES This list includes all the cities which have an entry in the catalogue, arranged by Roman province. Cities for which a discussion is required, but which have no catalogue entries are placed in brackets. In some cases, where the issuing city is uncertain, an issue has been given some other name, usually a personal one, by which it may be generally known. For an alphabetical list of cities, see index I (p. 729). For a discussion of the order of the provinces and cities, see Preface (pp. xiv-xvii) and the provincial introductions, especially that of Asia (p p . 3 6 5 -6 ).

S P A IN

GAUL Cat. number

U n c e rta in m in t (N W ) L U S IT A N IA E m erita E b o ra P ax Iu lia B A E T IC A L aelia Irip p o O sset Ita lic a R om ula G ades Iu lia T ra d u c ta C a rte ia A b d era P atricia T A R R A C O N E N S IS C a stu lo n ia n M ines Acci C a rth a g o N ova Ilici S ag u n tu m Ile rcav o n ia -D e rto sa T a rra c o E m p o riae Ile rd a L ep id a-C elsa O sc a C a e sa ra u g u sta Bilbilis T u riaso C asca n tu m G raccu rris C alag u rris C lu n ia E rcavica O sicerd a Segobriga Segovia E busus U n c e rta in C n ae u s a n d S extus P om pey

1-4

5 -4 9 5° - ι 5 2 -3

54 55-7 5 8 -9 60-72

Page

67

69 73 74

73 - 6 7 7 -9 7

75 75 76 77 79 80

9 8 -1 1 0 i i 1-23 124-6 127-31

83 84 86 86

132

88 88

13 3 - 4 5 146-86 187-99 200-4 205-9 210-33 2 34-58 2 59-60 2 61-80 281-303 3 04-86 387-400 4 0 1 -2 4 4 2 5 -8 4 2 9 -3 0 43'“ δ1 4 5 2 -8

97 99

101 102 105 109 I 10 114 117 127 130 134 x35 *39

4 7 9 -8 2

r 44

4 8 3 -5

145 146

4 7 0 -7

4 86-7

502 503 504-5 5°6 5°7

Page

I48 I48 I48 148 149 149

5 0 8 -9 510 5 11-16

*49

517 518 5 19-26 5 27-30

X5 X

5 3 !-2

154

53 3 5 3 4 -6 5 3 7 -8

x55 T55

601 6 02-3 6 0 4 -1 8 619 620-1

*57

150 150 150 x52

152 x54

156

IT A L Y C lovius O p p iu s P aestu m Piso F ru g i D ivos Iu liu s

158 158 160 161

S A R D IN IA

133

478

4 6 8 -9

5 01

90

140 142 142 144

4 5 9 -6 7

Cat. number

T re v eri (H irtiu s) (C arin as) U n c e rta in (H irtiu s) R u te n i (L M u n a ti) G erm an u s In d u tilli 1. T P o m Sex f i A u x iliary m in ts o f L yon U n c e rta in (A u g u stu s Im p X ) (A p ta Iu lia) Lugdunum V ien n e N a rb o n n e N em au su s C abellio A n tip o lis A rausio? F o ru m Iu lii U n c e rta in (T ib eriu s)

T u rris L ibisonis? C aralis U selis?

622-3 624 625

162 163 163

L ist o f cities

Cat. number

S IC IL Y Cat. number

L ip a ra (M essan a) T y n d a ris H ala esa C ep h a lo ed iu m (T h e rm ae) P an o rm u s la ito n Segesta (Eryx) E n tella L ily b aeu m A g rig en tu m H enna (M o rg an tin a /H is p a n o ru m ) A ssorus C e n tu rip a e (T a u ro m en iu m ) U n c e rta in m ints S extus P om pey

626 627 628-33 634-5 636-45 646-7 648-52 653-4 655-7 658-60 6 6 1 -4 665-6 667 668-70 671 672-4 675-6

M elita C o ssu ra

Page

167 168 168 168 169 I7O I 70 173 173 : 74

174

177 178 178 .78 ■79

179 180 180 180

186 IS? 188 I9O I92

7 9 2- 7

200 201 202 203 204 206 208 209 209

Ο

TO C

Ο CO

M A U R E T A N IA B ogud T in g i Zilil (Lixus) B abba (B an asa) U n c e rta in R oyal: B occhus (J u b a II) (P tolem aeus) P ro v in ce (loi) C a e sa re a (loi) C a rte n n a U n c e rta in (A rsennaria?)

701-5 706-8 709-46 717-44 745-57 758-70 7 7 1—83 784-91 798-80I 8O2 811-25 826-39 840-52 853-6 857-65 866 -

867-9 87O-I 873-6 8 7 7 -9

880-3 884-5 886

T94

196 *99

210 210 21 I 212 212 212 212 213 214 214 214 214 215 215

C Y R E N A IC A A N D C R E T E C y ren a ica I C rete I C y ren a ica a n d C rete: N o m a g istrate L epidius Lollius C rassu s C y ren a ica I I P u p iu s R ufus C le o p a tra a n d A ntony C rete I I K y d as C n o ssian bronzes C y ren a ica I I I C a p ito a n d P alikanus S cato procos T ib eriu s

9 OI- 3 9° 4 -6

907 908-13 914-18

216 216

221 222

926

224 224

938-41 9 4 2 -5 9 4 6 -9

963-75 976-1009 1010-19 1020-1 1022-8 1029-39

23I 23I 232 232 232

227 228 228

i 101-15 1116-237 1238-44 1245-82 1283-9 1290-3 1294-1300 1301 1302-4

24O 24I 24I 242

249

258 258 262 263 263 264 264 264

1313 -2 9 1 3 3 0 -3 7

268 269 269 27I 27I 27I 272 2 74 2 74

· 3 78 - · 4 · 7 1418-19 I42O 142ι~ 4 1425-52 1 4 5 3 -6 1

1462-70

1501-2 1503-8 i 5 ° 9- 10 1511-17 15 18—2 7 1528-44 1545 ~ 5 0 1551-1609 1610-25 1626-45 1646-55 1656-60

279 279

28Ο 28Ο 284 286

288 289 290 291 291 292 293

296 297

303 305 307 309

THRACE T h ra c ia n K ing s A b d era M a ro n e a (L em nos) Im b ro s Sestos P erin th u s B yzantium C alch ed o n (A pollonia?)

-

328

N O R T H E R N B L A C K SEA K in g s o f B osporus A g rip p ia (P h an ag o ria) C a e sa re a (P an ticap ae u m ) C h erso n esu s O lb ia

1842-934

330

: 93 5

334 335 335 335

^36 1 9 3 7 -4 4

1945-7

249

265 265

1343-54 ■3 5 5 - 8 1359-62 1363-77 -

324 324 325

248

206

1338-42

Page

1801 1802 1803-41

247

1306-12

1305

O d essu s C allatis Tom i (Istru s)

2 34

M A C E D O N IA A pollonia (D y rrh ach iu m ) D ium C a s s a n d re a /D iu m C assan d rea E dessa P ella/D iu m Pella T h e ssalo n ica K o in o n (T hessalo n ica) A m phipolis P hilippi U n c e rta in (Philippi?)

219 219 219 220

9 1 9 -2 3 9 2 4 -5

9 2 7 -3 7

Cat. number

950-75 950-9 960-1 962

ACHAEA S p a rta (M essene) (A rcadia) C o rin th Sicyon P atra s D ym e Z acy n th u s (Sosius) M elos Clos) M yconos T enos A egina A thens T a n a g ra T hebes O p u s (Locri) C halcis C ary stu s (Skyros) C e p h a lle n ia (P roculeius) N icopolis (C orcyra) B u th ro tu m Phoenice P ep areth u s D em e trias (M ag n etes) L a rissa (T h e ssalian L eague) ‘F leet co in ag e5 (A tratin u s) (O p p iu s)

M O E S IA

Page

175 176

A F R IC A A F R IC A P R O C O N S U L A R IS C irta /C o n s ta n tin e S ic c a /C irta N ova H ip p o R egius U tic a (inc. J u b a I) C a rth a g e ‘P a te rn a ’ H a d ru m e tu m L ep ti M in us T h a p su s A ch u lla C ercin a Thaena S a b ra th a O ea L epcis M a g n a (A lipota) (Z itha?)

C rete I I I Silver T ib e riu s (L upus) (Laches) C a lig u la (Laches) C alig u la—N ero Bronze C nossus C y d o n ia Lappa K o in o n (C aligula) K o in o n (C la u d iu s-N e ro )

59

1701-26 1727-31

312

U 3 2 -3 1734-8

316 3 i6 3 ï6

■739-44 ■745-69 1770-82 ! 7 83-8 -

317 3ï8 320

3*5

323 323

B IT H Y N IA E T P O N T U S (B ith y n ian K o in o n ) A p am ea C a e sa re a G erm an ica P ru sa C ius N ica ea N ico m ed ia H eraclea (B ithynium ) U n c e rta in o f B ith y n ia A m astris Sinope A m isus U n c e rta in o f P o n tu s C om ana (N eocaesarea)

2001—16 2017 2 018-19 2 020-5 2026-61 .2 0 6 2 -8 6 2087-96 2097-104 2 10 5 -6 2107-42 2 143-54 2 155-6 2157-61 -

340 340 344 344 344 345 349 352 353 353 355 355 359

361 361 362

F o r C alch ed o n , see T h ra c e 1783-88, a n d for A m asea a n d G a n g ra , see G a la tia 3571 a n d p. 548.

A S IA

‘P ro v in cial’ issues: C isto p h o ri A tratin u s C A coinage Conventus and city

Region

C yzicus M iletopolis C y z ic u s P o em an en u m

M ysia M ysia M ysia

A d ram y teu m P ariu m L am p sacu s A bydus D a rd a n u s Iliu m T en ed o s Assos Scepsis A d r a m y te u m (C isthene) L esbos E resu s M e th y m n a

Cat. number

Page

2201-25 2226 2227-35

37 6

2237-8

381 382

2 2 3 9 -5 1 2252

M ysia M ysia T ro a s T ro a s T roas T roas T roas T ro a s M ysia M ysia

-

Aeolis Aeolis

2334-6 2337-41

380 380

384

2253-67 2268-80 2281—94

38 4

2 295-9 2300-18

39° 390

23 I 9 2 320-4

392 392

2325-9 2330-2

393 39 4 39 4

386 388

395 395

P erg am u m Lesbos M y tilene P erp eren e P erg am u m (A ttaea) (G erm e) (A crasus) T h y a tira H iero ca esarea P ita n e E laea Chios

Aeolis M ysia M ysia M ysia M ysia L ydia L ydia L ydia M ysia Aeolis Io n ia

S m y rn a M y rin a A egae C ym e P h o caea Tem nus M ag n esia (ad Sipylum ) M o sten e (C aesarea) S m y rn a C lazo m enae E ry th rae T eos

Aeolis Aeolis Aeolis Io n ia A eolis L ydia L ydia Io n ia Io n ia Io n ia Io n ia

E p h esu s L ebedus C o lo p h o n M etro p o lis H ypaepa D ioshieron N icaea (C ilbianorum ) C ilb ian i Superiores M y som akedones E p h e su s T ra lles (C aesarea) N ysa M a s ta u ra (A nineta) B riula?

Io n ia Io n ia Io n ia L ydia L ydia L ydia L ydia L ydia Io n ia L ydia L ydia L ydia L ydia L ydia

2 563-4 2 565-6 2567-8 2569-632 2633-58 2659-71 2 672-8 2679

M iletu s Sam os P rien e M ag n esia (ad M a e a n d ru m ) M ile tu s A m yzon

Io n ia Io n ia Io n ia Io n ia C a ria

2680-6 2687-9 2690-701 2702-17 2718

447 449 45 ï

H alicarn assu s B argylia H a li c a r n a s s u s M yndus Cos

C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria

2719 2720-2 2723 2724-42

451 451 452 452

2342-9

39 6

2350-3 2354-78 -

397 398

2 3 7 9 -8 3

404 404 404 404

2384-91 2392-7 2 3 9 8 -4 1 1 2 412-24

405 406 407 409

2425-6 2427-31 2432-5

411 412 412

2 4 3 6 -4 5

413 414

2446-7 2448-60 2461-2 2463-91 2492-503 2504-10 2511-20 2521-2 2523 2524-6 2527-55 2556-62

4* 5

417 417 421 422 424

425 426 426 42 7

429 430 431 431

431 43 8

442 4 43 4 45 4 45

4 45

446

Conventus and city

Region

Cat. number

Page

A la b a n d a Islan d s A sty p ala ea R hodes C era m u s S trato n icea M y lasa Iasu s E u ro m us A lin d a A la b a n d a O rth o sia B arg asa A n tioch (ad M a e a n d ru m ) A p h ro d isias-P larasa A ttu d a T rap ezo p o lis H eraclea A p o llo nia S albace (S ebastopolis) T abae C id ra m a

C aria C aria C a ria C aria C aria C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria C a ria

2743 2744-72

454 454 45 7 457 458

C ib y ra C ib y ra C olossae L a o d ic e a H ierap olis H y d rela

P h ry g ia P hrygia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia P hrygia?

2 7 7 3 -4 2775-81 2782-95 2796-7 2798-800 2801-5 2806-23 2824-6 2827-8 2829-36 2837-45 2846 2847-51 2852-62 2863-7 2868-73 2874-81 2

2882-90 2891 2892-928 2929-83 2984-5

460 461 461 462 464 465 465 466 468 468 469 470 471 471 472

473 47 5 47 5

480 486

S ardis S a r d is (C aesarea) M aeo n ia P h ila d elp h ia (N eocaesarea) A pollonoshieron T rip o lis B la u n d u s Bagis? C ad i (E p ictetus) A ezani S ynaus A n cy ra (T iberiopolis)

L y d ia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia P hrygia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia P hrygia

A p am e a D ionysopolis A pam ea F u lv ia /E u m e n e a Sebaste E u c a rp ia S iblia (M etro polis) A cm onea

P h ry g ia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia

S y n n ad a S ynnada Iu lia P ry m n essus D ocim eum A p p ia C o tiaeu m M id ae u m A m o rium

P hrygia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia P hrygia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia P h ry g ia

3194-210 3211-15 3216-17 3218-27 3 228-9 3230-42

518 518 520 520

P h ilo m eliu m P h ilo m e li u m

P h ry g ia

3243-8

521

L ydia L ydia L ydia L ydia L ydia L y â ia

2986-3010 3011-15 3016-42 3 043-6 3047-58 3 059-60 3061 3062-5 3066-3106 3107 3108-15 3116-23 3124-38 3139-52 3 153-8 3 1 5 9 -6 ° 3161-3 3164-77 3178-90

486 490 491 494 49 5

496 49 7 497 498 498

503 5°3

504 504 5 °5

508 510 5 11 5 11 5 !2 5 !2

5H 5 J5 5 l6

518

&

CATALOGUE

L Y C IA -P A M P H Y L IA Cat. number

L y c ian L eague C la u d iu s B ubon B alb u ra T e rm essu s by O e n o a n d a Phaselis A tta lea M ag y d u s P erg a Sillyum A sp en d u s Side S yedra

C Y PR U S

3 3 0 Ï- 3 3

524

3 3 3 4 -5 2

526 528 528

3353 3 3 5 4 -7 3 3 5 8“ 61 3362 3 3 6 3 -7 3368 3369 -7 3

3374-80 3381-90 3 3 9 :- 4 ° 4 3405

3601-8 3609-19 3620-53 3654-8 3659-60 3661

3701-2 -

3703 3704-8 3709-10 3711-13 3714-22 3 7 2 3 -4 2

531 531 532 533 533

536 537

538 538 538 538 53 9 53 9 540 540

541

542 542 543 548 548 548

548 548

551 552 553 558 55 9 55 9

561 561 561 561 562 562 562

S Y R IA P om peiopolis T a rsu s A u g u sta M allus A egeae M opsus C ae sa re a-A n azarb u s H ierap o lis-C astab a la E p ip h a n e a A lex a n d ria-ad -Issu m R hosus U n c e rta in cities ‘Fleet’ coinage (B ibulus) C le o p a tra a n d A n to n y R egulus C A coinage Z eus te tra d ra c h m s N e ro /C la u d iu s te tra d ra c h m s A ntioch: silver : bron ze S eleucia A p am e a L aodicea G ab ala B alan ea A rad u s M a ra th u s D em etrias O rth o sia T ripolis B otrys B yblus B erytus Sidon T y re P tolem ais D o ra C halcis D am ascu s A ntioch a d H ip p u m G a d a ra N ysa C a n a th a G erasa C ae sa re a P aneas C ae sa re a P an ea s o r M a ritim a S epphoris T ib erias G ab a C a e sa re a M a ritim a A scalon G aza

4 001-3 4 004-5 4 0 0 6 -1 4 4 0 1 5 -2 4 4 025-46 4 047-58

590 590 591 592 593 594 595 59 6 596

4 0 59-63 4 0 6 4 -5 4 0 66-73 4 0 7 4 -6 4077-81 4 0 8 2 -7 4 0 88-93 4 0 9 4 -6 4 0 9 7 -9 4 100-7 4 1 0 8 -2 I 4 1 2 2 -3 4 1 24-200 4 2 01-323 4 324-32 4 3 3 3 -7 8 4379-448 4 4 4 9 -5 5 4 456-65 4 466-93

600 601 602 602 603 605 606 617 630 631 634 638 639 641

4 494-9 4500 4 5 0 1 -8 4509-22 4 5 2 3 -4 4 5 2 5 -8 4 5 2 9 -4 7 4 5 4 8 -6 i 8

643 644 644 645 647 647 648 651

4 6 1 9-739 4740-51 4 7 52-67 4 7 6 8 -8 0 4 7 8 1-806 4 807-8 4 8 0 9 -2 4

655 658 660 662 663 666 666 667 668 '6 6 9 669 67O 67, 67I 672 672

4 825-35 4 836-8 4839-41 4842—6 4 847-8 4 849-50 4 8 5 1 -4 4 855-7 4 858-65 4 866-93 4 8 9 4 -6

597 59 8 598

673

676

563 563 564 J U D A E A N K IN G D O M

K IN G D O M S O F A S IA M I N O R P o n tu s A rm en ia M in o r A rm en ia C o m m ag ene T ib eriu s (C om m agene?) C ilicia

3801-38 3839-40 3841-4

Cat. number

(N a b a ta e a n s) H im y a rite s

* 4 9 9 3 -8

Page

686 686

EG Y PT

530

C I L I C I A T R A C H E IA Selinus (N inica) Cietis (Eirenopolis) A n em u riu m C elen d eris (S eleu cia-ad-C alycadnum ) C orycus E laeu sa/S eb a ste O lb a

57 6

529

C A P P A D O C IA C ae sa re a A rch elau s (silver) (bronze) T ib e riu s -N e ro (silver) B ronze (im perial) Tyana H ierap o lis (C o m an a)

3901-25

C y p ru s

E A S T E R N K IN G D O M S Page

52 9 53°

G A L A T IA K in g s o f G a la tia 3 5 O I_ 7 K in g s o f P a p h la g o n ia 3 5 0 8 -9 Pisidia: Is in d a T e rm essu s 35H A riassus 35 I 5- 1 6 U n c e rta in P isid ia n colony 3517 C re m n a 3518-22 Sagalassus 3523-6 A p o llo n ia (M o rd iaeu m ) 3527- 8 A n tioch 3 5 2 9 -3 2 Lycaonia: A n tio chus IV o f C o m m ag en e 3533-7 L y stra 3 5 3 8 -4 O C la u d ico n iu m ( = Iconium ) 3 5 4 I _ 5 G ala tia: K o in o n , etc. 3546-67 (Pessinus) (A ncyra) T a v iu m 3568-70 P a p h la g o n ia a n d G a la tia n P ontus: (G an g ra) A m asea 3571

Cat. number

Page

567 570 570

3 8 4 5 -6 7

571

3868-70 3871-2

574 575

H ero d A rchelaus A ntipas P hilip P ro cu rato rs A g rip p a I A g rip p a I I

4901-11 4 9 ! 2- i 7 4 9 i8 - 3 7 4 9 3 8 -5 3 4 9 5 4 -7 2 4 9 7 3 -8 7

4988-92

678 679 679 680 682 683 684

A u g u stu s T ib e riu s C alig u la C la u d iu s N ero G a lb a O th o V itelliu s

5 001-74 5075-105 5106-12 5 113“ 99 5200-325 5326-52

5353-71 5 372-8

691 696 698 700 704 710 712 712

U N C E R T A IN U n c e rta in

5401-67

714

S

C at. no.

Introduction Uncertain m int (NW?) LU SITA N IA Emerita Ebora Pax Iuiia BAETICA Laelia Irippo Osset Italica Romula Gades Iuiia T raducta Carteia Abdera Patricia TARRACONENSIS Castulonian Mines Acci

P

67

5-49

69

5 0 -1

73 74

52-3

54 55-7 58-9 6 0 -7 2

I

N

Cat. number

Page

63 1 -4

A

75 75

76 77 79

73 - 6 7 7 -9 7

80

9 8 —1 1 0

83

1 1 1 -2 3

84

1 2 4 -6

86

1 2 7 -3 1

86

132

88

13 3 - 4 5

88

After the Second Punic War the Iberian peninsula had become a territory conquered by Rome, and in 197 b c it was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. The Iberian peninsula retained this same ter­ ritorial distribution until Augustus’s time (Dio, liii. 12. 4), when he reorganised it, establishing three provinces: Lusitania, Tarraconensis and Baetica. The former two were kept under his own control and the last was conferred on the Senate. A few years later, Augustus again modified the borders of the provinces (at an uncertain date between 7 and 2 b c : N. Mackie, Local Administration of Roman Spain, pp. 16-17, n. 23). A consequence of that reorganisation was the incorporation of the important mining area of Castulo into Tarraconensis and, therefore, imperial control. The coinage of Spain was not very substantial before the Second Punic War and it was confined to some issues struck in Emporion, Rhode and, perhaps, Gades. In fact, the Iberian peninsula generally adopted coinage only during and after the war. During the second and first century b c a large amount of local issues were struck in silver and bronze, and the currency consisted of mixed local and Roman Republican issues. Finds of coins, both from hoards and casual losses, allow us to affirm that Spain’s local coinage accounted for a large proportion of the coinage in circulation (M .H. Crawford, CMRR, pp. 300—4; P. P. Ripollès, CMTM, pp. 276-321). The starting point of this catalogue has been A. Vives’s book (La moneda hispdnica, Madrid, 1926), since his album of

Carthago Nova Ilici Saguntum Ilercavonia-Dertosa Tarraco Emporiae Ilerda Lepida-Celsa Osca Caesaraugusta Bilbilis Turiaso Cascantum Graccurris Calagurris Clunia Ercavica Osicerda Segobriga Segovia Ebusus Uncertain Cnaeus and Sextus Pompey

Page

1 4 6 -8 6

90

18 7 - 9 9 2 0 0 —4

99

97

2 0 5 -9

IO I

2 1 0 -3 3

102

2 3 4 -5 8 2 5 9 -6 0

IO 5 IO 9

2 6 1 -8 0

I 10

2 8 1 -3 0 3

"4

3 0 4 -8 6

” 7

3 8 7 -4 0 0

127

4 0 1 -2 4

130

4 2 5 -8 4 2 9 -3 0

: 33 ■34

4 3 I_ 5 1 4 5 2 -8

13 5 '3 9

459“ 6 7

140

4 6 8 -9

142

4 7 0 -7 478

142

4 7 9 -8 2

: 44 '4 4

4 8 3 -5 4 8 6 -7

145 146

illustrations still remains the most complete for the ancient coinage minted in the Iberian peninsula, in spite of the fact that the text is now obsolete. Obviously, Vives’s catalogue has been corrected and enlarged by several monographs and studies that have been published since 1926. These studies will be cited in each mint introduction, as relevant. Other important catalogues and studies concerning the ancient coinage of Spain have also been published. Among them G. F. Hill’s book (Notes on the Ancient Coinage of Hispania Citerior, New York, 1931) is very important, especially for the Roman provincial coinage. Other studies are the works of A. Beltran ( Curso de Numismdtica, Cartagena, 1950), of Ο. Gil Farrés (La moneda hispdnica de la Edad Antigua, Madrid, 1966), of A. M. Guadân (Numismdtica ibérica e ibero-romana, Madrid, 1969; La Moneda Ibérica, Madrid, 1980) and of L. Villaronga (Numismdtica Antigua de Hispania, Barcelona, 1979). For the Roman provincial coinage in particular, several studies have been made by F. Chaves, concerning Baetican mints, and by M. and F. Beltran, concerning mints and magistrates from Tarraconensis. In this catalogue we present an arrangement of the civic coinage of Spain from 44 b c till the end of the coinage under Claudius (if it is accepted that 482 from Ebusus belongs to that emperor). Because of this, imperial issues struck in Spain have been excluded from this catalogue. These exclu­ sions are the denarii minted by Cn Domitius Calvisius in Osca (RRC 532/1, 39 b c = Vives 136-1), P. Carisius’s issues struck in Emerita (RIC 1-25; Vives 140-1 to 16 and

141-1, 2), during the years c. 25-23 b c , and the imperial aurei and denarii attributed to Gaesaraugusta (RIC 26a—49, 19-18 b c ) and to Colonia Patricia (RIC 5oa-i53, 20/1917/16 b c ) . On the other hand, we have considered it con­ venient to include the NW coinage (also known as moneta castrensis), in spite of the fact that it probably represents an imperial issue; nevertheless, because of its omission from RIC, it seems useful to catalogue it here. As well as these obvious exclusions, we must point out the very considerable difficulties and problems of assessing whether certain issues can be considered Roman or only as issues with Latin legends from indigenous cities, more or less Romanised. In addition, our ignorance of the chronology of the vast majority of Spanish issues minted during the first century b c has often required us to take decisions without any great certainty. Thus, we have not included the coinage of Toleto (Vives 134—1 to 5), because we consider it indigenous, or the coinage of Castulo with Latin legends, since we think it is earlier than 44 b c . In general, however, we have indicated in each mint introduc­ tion what is not included and the criteria used in each decision. Goins normally bear a city’s name, and therefore prob­ lems of attribution, as a whole, are minimal. The problem is serious only for the issues of Carthago Nova, struck before Tiberius’s reign (146-73). The arrangement and attribu­ tion of these are in many cases the most uncertain of all Spanish coins. Although Roman provincial coins from Spain themselves offer few precise elements of dating, the regular appearance of the reigning emperor’s name does make the relative arrangement of the issues reasonably straightforward. Serious difficulties have only arisen in separating the issues which belong to Octavian, struck during the Triumvirate, from those which were minted during the first years of Augustus’s reign, when neither the name nor the titles of the person portrayed are indicated. In relation to chronology, it is also worth commenting on Grant’s tendency {FITA), followed by some scholars, to date a num­ ber of issues to about 15-14 b c , on the view that they are foundation or commemorative issues and that they celebrate Augustus’s visit to Spain; however, there is not any evidence for these assumptions.

Types The types used on the coinage of Roman Spain differ sub­ stantially from those on the earlier Iberian coinage. They show the very strong influence of late Republican and early imperial designs. Before Actium, the obverses usually bear portraits of deities, and their prototypes belong to Republi­ can issues. After Actium, Augustus’s portrait was quickly and extensively adopted on Spanish coins, and, from then on, the obverse was destined to show the emperor’s portrait. Only a very few mints do not follow this model: Emporiae and Carteia do not have either the emperor’s portraits or allusions to him, and Carteia mentions only Drusus and Germanicus (123) in a single issue. At Carthago Nova the emperor’s portrait appears only late, and at Gades it is by no means universal. The reverses offer a larger variety of designs. These are

also inspired by Republican and imperial issues, although some previous Iberian designs also appear, such as the horseman (Osca, Segobriga, Bilbilis). The variety of designs corresponds with the diversity of the messages and information that they were intended to transmit. The imperial cult and dynastic propaganda are themes widely used on the reverses, by means of wreaths, statues, portraits of members of the imperial family, religious symbols, tem­ ples (on which see R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial dans la Pénin­ sule Ibérique (BEFAR 191, 1958); and on architectural and sculptural types, see A. Beltrân, Numisma 162-4, 1980, pp. 123-52, and F. Escudero, Numisma 168-73, χ98ι, ΡΡ· χ53 ~ 204). Military types, such as vexilla, aquilae and signa, also appear on coins of some cities and they are usually related to the military character of the population which was set­ tled in them (Acci, Caesaraugusta, Ilici, Emerita, Patricia). Among the religious types should be included the bull, shown on coins with several variant designs (butting, run­ ning, standing with or without ‘pediment’ above head, fron­ tal head); the ‘pediment’ shows the bull’s cult significance, and in addition we know about its religious importance from literary sources and about its apotropaic character from Iberian funeral sculpture (G. Lopez, Numisma 120-31, 1973-4, pp. 233-47; T. Chapa, La escultura zoomorfa ibérica en piedra, 1985, pp. 151-66).

Metrology The civic coinage of Spain did not follow a uniform metro­ logical standard and it is very difficult to isolate regional groups of mints using the same pattern of weights, since there are many exceptions. During the Trium viral period the unit weight (as) can reach and surpass 14 g, as happens in Colonia Lepida; on the other hand, issues from Carteia and Carthago Nova, except for a few cases, use a standard weight of 5.50-6.50 g for the semisses. Issues from the imperial period also have large Variations of weight, not only between the different mints, but even between issues belonging to the same mint and struck under the same emperor, as happens in the case of issues from Caesarau­ gusta (Tiberius), Osca, Bilbilis (Augustus), Turiaso (Tiberius) or Calagurris (Augustus). Nevertheless, Spanish issues show a general preference to use an average weight for asses of about 11-13 g, although the average weights of issues fall in a wide band fluctuating between 9 and 13 g, with few exceptions below it, as Dertosa, Tarraco and Ilerda in Tarraconensis, and Osset and Laelia in Baetica. The average weight of 9-13 g corresponds to asses. Dur­ ing Augustus’s reign, this denomination was struck in some mints together with bronze sestertii and dupondii. Orichalcum was introduced for Spanish provincial issues during Tiberius’s reign, but only in very few mints; however, it can be pointed out that P. Carisius, in c. 23 b c , minted orichalcum dupondii in Emerita (RIC 11a—b). In Tiberius’s reign, orichalcum was definitely used at Caesaraugusta (sestertii and dupondii), at Tarraco (sestertii) and at Turiaso (sestertii), whereas during Cali­ gula’s reign it was used at Caesaraugusta (sestertii and dupondii), and probably at Osca and Ercavica, although we do not have any metal analyses for the last two. It is not

S P A IN

□ Orichalcum sestertius

Weight (g.)

O Bronze sestertius

65

Observations: 28 catalogue entries

Average weight of sestertii

□ Orichalcum dupondius

Weight (g.)

O Bronze dupondius

Observations: 132 catalogue entries

Average weight of semisses

Observations: 39 catalogue entries

Average weight of quadrantes Observations: 51 catalogue entries

Average weight of dupondii

plausible to explain the fact that asses are heavier than the weight established in Augustus’s monetary reform by argu­ ing that they were struck in bronze instead of copper; we have metal analyses of some issues (Ilici: 196 and 198) which reach an average weight of 12.05 and 11.84 g, in spite of the fact that they were minted in copper. Therefore, it must be concluded that the metrology of imperial Spanish coins coincides only very approximately with the standards established by Augustus’s reform.

Weight (g.)

The Pattern of Issues

Observations: 191 catalogue entries

Average weight of asses

We know very little about the organisation of the coinage. But its sporadic character and its small scale made unnecessary, as in other provincial coinages, the existence of a magistracy specifically devoted to its production. That is why, when a magistracy appears on coins, it always is an office in the local administration of municipia and coloniae, since coinage is the responsibility of that administration. The times in which magistrates other than duoviri appear on coins are quite exceptional. Sometimes it is aediles who control the issue of semisses, but we cannot say that this

was a general rule, although in some mints, as Clunia, such a division of labour seems very clear. The intermittent nature of coinage and the small quantity of metal struck did not encourage the existence of permanent workshops. In spite of stylistic similarities between dies of several different mints, it has not been possible to identify any obverse die that was shared by another city; however, it seems likely that at least a part of the civic coinage was made by travelling workshops (com­ pare the obverses of 192, 167-8 and 273; 429 and 427-8; 413, 425 and 452; 463 and 399)· It is possible to speculate, in some cases, that the presence of such hypothetical travel­ ling workshops may have determined the pattern of issue. As far as the ‘necessity’ for permission to coin for muni­ cipia, coloniae and cities of Latin right is concerned, nothing new can be added to the different arguments that have been made in favour or against it. The formula PERM AVG appears in Spain on coins minted in Baetica (a senatorial province) and in Lusitania (an imperial prov­ ince) and, on the other hand, this formula is absent from Tarraconensis (an imperial province). This capricious use of PERM AVG only adds to rather than clarifies the prob­ lems of understanding its sense (see also p. 2). The provincial coinage is a very local phenomenon restricted to a number of municipia and coloniae and its purpose cannot be related to army expenditure or to any other function that does not directly concern local administration. Therefore, to understand the opening and closing of civic mints, as well as their geographical location, we must look for reasons other than imperial control. But, although the amount of wealth that the Spanish bronze issues put into circulation was in fact minimal, the number of coins minted was substantial and their use as payment for products of small value was important. In this respect, the studies of monetary circulation (P. P. Ripollès, CMTM; J .P . Bost et alii, Belo IV, Madrid, 1987, pp. 37-57) show that the vast amount of bronze coins in circulation during the early imperial period came from provincial workshops and that only a few coins came from imperial mints, gradu­ ally increasing from Augustus’s reign. The importance of local supply can also be gauged from countermarks and from the large number of Glaudian imitations. These

imitations were put into circulation as a result of a shortage of bronze coin, probably caused by the absence of provin­ cial coinage and by the reduced provision of coins from imperial mints. This matter has been recently discussed by J. P. Bost et alii (pp. 52-7). Provincial issues ended in the Iberian peninsula during Caligula’s reign and in Ebusus during Claudius’s reign. The reasons that are used to explain this cessation of coinage are usually economic or political, or a combination of both. Grant (NC 1949, p. 103) considered that the end of Spanish coinage was due to the disappearance of the main motive that he thought the provincial issues have: the dynastic themes. This opinion seems to us an exaggerated and unwarranted simplification of the purpose of the prov­ incial coinage, especially when we consider that, among the eight cities that struck during Caligula’s reign, only Caesaraugusta chose dynastic themes and that the other cities did not mention any member of the imperial family (apart from the ambiguous case of Carthago Nova 185-6). Another relevant factor might have been the disap­ pearance of city revenues during Tiberius’s reign (Suetonius, Tib. 49). This was suggested by Grant (FITA 203, n. 13) and accepted by Crawford (CMRR 272), but it is hard to see how this could by itself have caused the end of Spanish provincial coinage. Besides, bearing in mind the small size of many issues, it seems possible that at least some of them may have been made at the personal expense of the relevant magistrates. Economic reasons do not seem to have had a very great importance in the ending of the coinage, because, as we have observed, the monetary value of these issues is tiny in absolute terms. This is clear if we compare the amount of coinage with known prices (see R. P. Duncan-Jones, The Economy of the Roman Empire, 1982; Historia 1983, pp. 22744), although that does not imply that it did not fill an important role for small purchases or as small change. The most probable hypothesis to explain the cessation of coinage is a political one. For some reason or other, the cities found themselves without the right of issue coins. A decree? A change in the imperial policy? The desire to satisfy the Senate, if it controlled the bronze issues? (See also pp. 18-19.)

S P A IN : Uncertain mint (NW?) (1-2)

67

Arrangement of Catalogue The order in which the mints are catalogued follows a geographical system. They start in the NW, and continue through Lusitania, Baetica and Tarraconensis; for Tar­ raconensis the order is, consecutively, the coastal mints, those from the Ebro valley, those from La Meseta and, finally, the island of Ebusus. The provincial administrative divisions of Augustus are followed here, with the boundary

reform that he made between the years 7 and 2 b c , in spite of the fact that a small number of issues were minted before this reform and even before Spain was divided into three provinces. Coinage from the NW (moneta castrensis) has not been attributed to any particular province (Lusitania or Tarraconensis), because of our ignorance of its precise mint(s).

Uncertain mint (NW?) Coinage known as ‘moneta castrensis’ has been recently discussed by L. Villaronga (XI Congreso Nacional de Arqueologia, 1969, pp. 591-600) and A. Beltran (Numisma I 5 0—5 , r 978 , PP· *157-&7)> and since then there have not been any essential changes. This coinage can hardly be considered either municipal or colonial, since it lacks local ethnic. As it also does not include the name of any Roman magistrate, it is not poss­ ible to classify it as an imperial coinage (like that of Carisius), although this is its probable status. However, the exclusion of this coinage from RIC makes its inclusion in this catalogue useful (compare the CA coinage of Asia, 2227-35). The location of the mint is, then, not certain; neverthe­ less, the large concentration of finds in northwestern Spain suggests that we should regard it as an issue struck in that area and perhaps related to the army which took part in the Cantabrian war. The legend IM P AVG DIVI F means that this issue must be dated after 27 b c ; the terminus post quern, however, still remains quite uncertain. The close stylistic similarity with issues from Emerita, minted by P. Carisius, and the absence of the tribunicia potestas on the legend make it plaus­ ible to place it before 23 b c . A more precise date has been

Augustus

proposed by J. B. Giard, 26-25 b c (BNC I, p. 45) and L. Villaronga (p. 497), who ascribed it to P. Carisius. But even if it is certain that the coins have a military character, it is very difficult to determine the exact chronology. The coinage falls into two series, each probably coined in a different mint. 1-3 belong to the first series, which is distinguished by its fine engraving and by a similar portrait style. The second series, to which 4 belongs, has cruder engraving and, according to J. B. Giard (BNC I, p. 45), was struck by an auxiliary mint. This issue consists of three denominations: sestertius (1), dupondius (2) and asses (3—4). 1 37mm 37-95 g (0 2 3 4

29m m 18.13g (13) 24/26m m 10.21 g (34) 29 mm 11.63 g (48)

A. Beltran (p. 165) has added to these denominations another one: the semis. He has argued that there is no typological difference between the as and the semis and he identified the semis only by its reduced weight. It seems likely, however, that a semis would use a different typology, and so we think that the coins, classified by Beltran as semisses, are asses struck on light flans.

2

C opper + lead. 29 m m , 18.13g (13). Vives p. c x v iii-i,

1

AE. 37m m , 37.95g (1). L. V illaronga, X I

c n a ,

[ o ] 598, A i

[IM P A V G D IV I F ]; b are head 1.; [in front palm ]; behind, w inged caduceus. R ound shield; around, some large pellets. I . C a lic o , 6 /1 9 7 9 , 1 2 7 4 , 37.95 ( = L . V illaro n g a, X I 6 /ig 6 8 , 48).

cna,

598, A i = A N E

n a h

988,

gm i

[ 4 ]

1004

IM P A V G D IV I F; bare head, 1.; in front, palm ; behind, w inged caduceus. T w o spears on ro u n d shield, dagger an d Ib e ria n sw ord to 1. an d r. i ” 2. B a 4600, 9.734, 18.70, 18.49; 3 · L 2176, 19.10; 4 . M S V 17/12/1981, 950, 20.30; 5 . P 1628 ( = B N C 1023), 21.87; 6. V 4 0 7 , 15.61; 7. B Fox, 17.28; 8—12. M 12166-8, S astre 690 5 -6 , 20.02, 21.21, 12.26, 15.00, 17.41; 13. A N E 6 -7 /1 2 /1 9 8 3 , 85; 14. C alico 6/1979, 1275, 18.50. M e ta l an alysis o n coin 3: C u 66.00; P b 28.82; Sn 2.93; A g 0.009; F e °-°2 4 ; Sb 0.063; Ni 0.272; A s 0.040; Bi 0.010; Z n 0.015.

3

C opper + lead. 2 4 -6 m m , 10.21 g (34). Vives p. cxviii—2,

fita

pi. V —6,

amc

1078,

[ 9 ] gmi

1007,

nah

989 IM P A V G D IV I F; b are head, 1.; in front, palm ; behind, w inged caduceus. R ound shield. A N E 2 0 -2 1 /5 /1 9 8 6 , 59; 2 - 7 . B a 4602, 15010-1, 23941, 30718, 33965, 10.26, 9.65, 11.40, 10.31, 9.94, 9.90; 8 - 9 . Bo 4 3 0 -1 , 9.93, 8.52; i o iS · C alico 11/1978, 82 3 -6 , 9.74, 10.25, 9-56, 13-35; 14· C °P 4 · 3 > : I -3o; 15. L 2 1 7 7 (— f i t a pi. V -6 ), 11.57; J 6· L 2178, 10.54; i 7— M SV 17/12/1981, 952—3, 12.60, 10.28; 19—20. O = AMC 1077-8, 9.75, I I . 10; 2 1 - 2 2 . P 1625-6 ( = B N C 1024-5), 8.58, 7.87; 2 3 - 2 4 . B B ohl; 2 5 - 3 3 . M 12182, 12184, 1218g, 12195-9, S astre 6908, 9.33, 9.12, 12.47, Γ Ι·7 5 > 8.38, I I . 03, 8.89, 9 -8 4 , io .o o ; 3 4 . G (U n c e rta in o f S pain) 10, 9.86; 3 5 . C, 10.50; 3 6 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /8 9 , 543, 9.98; 3 7 . C alico 6/1979, 1277, 9.50. M e ta l analysis on coin 16: C u 77.00; P b 18.51; Sn 2.20; A g 0.029; Fe 0.043; S b 0.099; N i 0.047; A s 0.008; Bi 0.007. C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in o b je ct ( = cm k 11) on th e obv., on 19. I.

4

Bronze. 29 m m , 11.63 g (48)· Vives p. cxviii-3.

fita

pi. IV -1 8 .

[ amc

1079.

gmi

21 ]

1005-6

As 3, b u t m ore b arb aro u s style an d shield enclosed by two concentric circles w hich are connected by a series of short straight lines. 1 - 5 . B a 4 6 0 1 ,9 7 3 5 , 15012-3, 23937, 10.55, I 4 - I 3 . : Ι ·ΐο , 1 1.91, 11.00; 6. Bo 429, 10.61; 7. C o p 414, 13.00; 8. F 80, 13.25; 9 . M i 273, 7.99; 10— i i . M S V 17/12/1981, 9 5 7 -8 , 11.90, 13.20; 12—13. M u 340 -1 , 10.03, 9-^2; 14. N 259, 14.60; 15—16. O = a m c 1079-80, 11.06, 7.46 (b ro k en ); 17— 18. P 1624, 1627 ( = B N C 1026-7), 10.52, 9.62; 19. R 250, 9.89; 20. T u b in g e n 127, 9.76; 21. V 406, 10.76; 22—24. V a t 5 7 0 -2 , 13-^5, 13.20, 11.25; 2 5 · B 983/1920, 12.35; 2 6 —3 0 . B 984/1920, D ressei, R au ch , 17118, 27776 (obv. bro ck ag e); 3 1 —4 5 . M 12169-75, 12177-80, 12187-8, 12194, S astre 6907, 12.13, 10.96, 13.02 (p ierced ), 12.06, 11.21, 10.24, 11.03, 11-4 7 j i i . 21 (p ierced ), 12.35, 11 -37» η . 16, 13.02, 12.48, ι ι . ι ο ; 4 6 . G . (U n c e rta in o f S p ain ) 9, 12.53; 4 7 —4 8 . C , 10.28, 12.95; 49 “ 53 * L 2179-83, 12.44, !0.28, 11.95 (p ierced ), 11.98, 9.84; 5 4 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /8 9 , 542, 15.40; 5 5 . C alico 6/1979, 1276, 12.52. M eta l an aly sis o n coin 53: C u 83.50; P b 10.91; Sn 4.850; A g 0.008; F e 0.027; Sb 0.138; A s 0.034; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.011. C o u n te rm ark s: D (== cm k 24) on th e obv., o n 24. E a g le’s h e a d r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., on 41.

S P A I N : Emerita

6g

LUSITANIA Emerita The Colonia Augusta Emerita was founded in about 25 b c , with veterans (Dio III, 25) from the 10th and 5th legions. Coinage of P. Carisius in silver and bronze (dupondii and asses), as LEG(atus) PROPR(aetore) and LEG(atus) AVGVSTI (RIC 1—25), is not included in this catalogue. Emerita minted a large series of coins during Augustus’s and Tiberius’s reign and they have been studied by Gil = O. Gil Farrés (Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia 64, 1946, pp. 209—48) and recently by A. Beltran (Augusta Emerita, Actas del Bimilenario de Mérida, Madrid, 1976, pp. 93-105). There are no problems of attribution with this mint, because the coins usually have the ethnic in a more or less abbreviated form; in the absence of the ethnic, the types are so indicative that there is no doubt about their attribution. The main difficulty in the study of these coins is the very low relief of some dies. This has been the reason for mis­ readings and misdescriptions, because, for example, it is often difficult to establish if a coin has a bare, a radiate or a laureate head. This, together with the generally poor preservation of the coins, was the cause of the confusions and duplications of types one can find in Vives’s work. Emerita started its coinage at an uncertain date during Augustus’s reign, probably between 2 5 and 2 b c ; there is no clear chronological evidence. The obverses of these Augustan issues ( 5 —11 ) have been identified as river deities by Grant (FIT A 2 2 1 ) and related to hydraulic works by A. Beltran (pp. 9 5 - 6 ) . However, the obverse of 1 0 - 1 1 , at least, must be identified as Silenus. Another group of coins from Augustus’s reign ( 1 2 - 1 9 ) constitutes an issue as a whole, and they were minted after 2 b c , because the legend includes the title P(ater) P(atriae). The arrangement of these issues and their average weights are shown in the table below. The authenticity of the ‘hybrid’ coin published by O. Gil Farrés (pp. 240-1, no. 48), with an obverse of Italica and a reverse of Emerita, was accepted by A. Beltran (p. 96) and was disputed by F. Chaves (Las monedas de Italica, Seville, 1978, 2nd ed., pp. in -1 2 ) . But we consider that it is a modern cast coin. The reverse of coin 11/28 has been used to make the mould that cast this ‘hybrid’ coin; therefore, the remarks and deductions that it has prompted should be disregarded. Dupondius

Ai

32 mm, 18.71g (3) 31/32 mm, 20.30g (7)

28/30 mm, 28/29 mm, 26 mm, 25/26 mm,

5 6 -9 IO -I I

12-19

! 2 -5 9 g ■3 -4 7 g IO-3 5 g I0.42g

(” ) (12) (4 7 ) (28)

The biggest output was made during Tiberius’s reign. Some legends recall the permission to strike granted by Augustus. Emerita’s types and legends have a strong reli­ gious character with specific allusions to the imperial cult. This religious character is evident on the obverses, with Divus Augustus, Livia and Tiberius, and on the reverses where, besides previous types (the city gate, taken from denarii and dupondii of P. Carisius, and the eagle between two signa), the altar of Providentia and the temple of Aeternitas Augusta are now added. The relative sequence of issues minted in the names of Divus Augustus, Livia and Tiberius (20—49) and even their internal arrangement, are not certain, and they rest on fairly arbitrary considerations of a stylistic and formal nature. The coins for Divus Augustus were made at a very poor standard, with dies of very low relief indeed. Some dies copy Roman issues of Divus Augustus (obv. 21-2 from RIC 72, ad 15-16, and rev. 28, 34-6 from RIC 81, a d 22/3-/30). Within this group, it is possible to distinguish three series that may have been successively struck in a short period of time. These three series are the following: Dupondius

As

34 mm, 22.59g ( r 9 ) 34/35 mm, 21.29 g (38) 24.83g (18) 3 5 m ra>

27/28 mm, 12.11 g (23) 25/28mm, 11.70g (77) 27/28 mm, 11.52 g (46)

20-2 2 3 -9

30-7

Semis

21 mm. 6.51g 1

These denominations correspond to bronze dupondii (city gate), bronze asses (city gate, altar and temple) and bronze semisses (eagle between two signa). It is difficult, within the Divus Augustus issue, to distinguish whether some coins (20 (dies as Vives 144-2), 21 and 35) come from regular dies made by unskilled engravers or are contemporary imitations. The second group of coins was struck in the name of Livia (38-9), represented as Salus Augusta. 39 is a Dupondius

38 39

3 3 -4 mm, 22.09g (4) 34m m, 22.58g (17)

dupondius that copies the reverse design of Livia’s issue minted during Tiberius’s reign (RIC 33, 72, c. a d 15-16). Semis

Quadrans

2 i/22m m , 5.77g (1)

15mm, 2.24g (2)

20/22mm, 5.44g (44)

15mm, 2.74g (3)

yo

S P A I N : Emerita (5-14)

40, showing the portraits of Tiberius and Livia, con­ stitutes the junction between the two groups of coins. Coinages with the name of Tiberius are quite abundant and they use on the reverse the same designs as the Divus Augustus issue. These coins fall into three denominations: Dupondius

41 42—4 45-6 47-8

As

9

A V G V E M E ; head o f river-goddess spitting w ater IM P CAE; w ithin w reath I . IV D J ( = V ives 142-5 = S d e C 271), 2.08; 2. M 10893, 2.40; 3 · L. V illa ro n g a photofile; 4 . P V / (ex A N E 19-2 1 /1 2 /1 9 8 9 , lot 149).

10

26/28mm , 11.82g (91) 24/29 mm, 11.03 g (5) 27/28 mm, 11.09 g (32)

49

gm i

( T I )·

I . I V D J ( = V ives 141-5 = S d e C 263), 17-56; 2. M 10820, 21.83; 3. A N E

11

Axis: var.

[

4

P riest p lo ughing, r.: 1. B a 9482 Q A V G ), 10.78; 2. L 2116 (P E R M I C A [), 10.22; 3—4. P 1548, 1550 (P E R M C A A V G ; ] A V G ), 13.97, 1546; 5. V illa r o n g a c o ll. 1 6 1 7 (P E R C A E A V G ), 11.80; 6 . M 10 8 8 3 (P E R M I C A A V G ? ), 11.86; 7 - 9 . M 10882, 10884-5 (]C A E A V [; ] A V G ; P E R M [ ] A V G ), 8.67, 14.07, 14.02; 10. IV D J ( = V ives 142-1), form erly S de C 266 (P E R M C A A V G ); 11. G (B u rk itt loan) (P E R M C A E A V G ), 15.85. P riest p lo ughing, 1.: 12. A N E 4 -5 /1 9 5 9 , 117 (] C A E S [), 11.75. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on coin 2.

Vives 142-3, Gil 56-7,

n a h

6.

Axis: var.

13

Vives 142-4, Gil 62,

(1). Axis: 6 (1). gm i

gmi

[ 2 ]

986

[ 1]

P E R (M ) C AES(A ) A VG ; head o f river-goddess spitting w ater E M A VG ; aquila betw een two signa i . C o p 4 0 0 (P E R M C A E S A A V G ), 5.77; 2. G il 62 (P E R C A E S A V G ); 3. F o rm erly S de C 270 ( = V ives 142-4) (P E R M C A E S A A V G ); 4 . IV D J , form erly S de C 268 (P E R C A E S A V G ).

n ah

1029,

gmi

[

11

]

987

1—5. B a 4835, 9630, 14693, 310 9 0 -1 , 10.08, 10.33, IO-68, 10.05, 8.59; 6— 7. Bo 4 1 5 -6 , 7.90, 8.22; 8. C o p 403, 13.11; 9 . L 2126, 10.26; 10. N 251, 11.09; i i · O = AMC 1053, 10.19; 12. P 1524, 12.82; 13. P 1 525, 11.61; 14. R 242, 12.90; 15. C alico 6/1979, 573, 11.00; 16—2 0 . B B ohl (2), R au c h (2), L ö b b ; 21—3 1 . M 10806-8, 10810-2, 10815 ( = V ives 141-4), 10817-9, S astre 4848, 10.07, 12.06, 8.32, 8.18, 9.92, 11.26, 9.44, 10.92, 1 2 .4 3 , 1o . i o, 8 .4 3 ; 3 2 . C , 1 1.49; 3 3 · G iro n a 2 9 4 0 0 ( = c m tm , p i. 8 - 1 2 7 ) , 10.44. M eta l an aly sis o n coin 9: C u 89.50; Sn 8.06; A g 0.030; F e 0.060; Sb 0 . 100; N i 0.010; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.033. C o u n te rm ark : E a g le’s h ea d , see G u a d â n , p. 63 (n o t verified).

[ o]

995

Bronze. 25—6 m m , 10.42g (28). Axis: var.

P E R M IM P C A E SA R IS A V G P P; lau reate head, r. A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; p riest ploughing, r.

1. M 1 0 8 8 6 ( = V ives 142-2) (P E R M C A E S [), 17.99; 2· M 10887 (P E [ ] A V G ), 13.41.

5.77g

1028,

Vives 141-4, G il 46,

As 6 , b u t head 1.

AE. 2 1 -2 m m ,

nah

i . N 250, 17.85; 2. P 1 5 2 8 , 21.32; 3—5 . M 10803-5, 24.15, 18.31, 20.78; 6. IV D J ( = V ives 141-3 = S de C 251 = g m i 986), 23.61; 7. L 2130, 16.10. M e ta l analysis on coin 7: C u 92.50; P b 0.280; Sn 5.81; A g 0.050; Fe 0.040; S b 0.100; N i 0.020; A u 0.030; C o 0.014; As 0.020; Bi 0.003.

Vives 142-2, Gil 59

8

19]

P E R M IM P C A E SA R IS A V G P P; lau reate head, r. A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

i . B a 14699 (P E R M G A E S A [), 13.22; 2. C alico 6/1979, 57 7 (P E R M C A E S A V G ), 13.10; 3 . L 2 1 1 4 (P E R M C A E S A A V G ), 15.41; 4 . L 2115 Q ES A V G ), 12.38; 5. 0 = a m c 1051 (P E R M C A E S A V G ), 11.72; 6. P 1547 G C A E [ ] A V G ), 13.37; 7—10. M 10888-9, 1"892 ( = V ives 142-3), S astre 4849 ([A V G ; ]A V G ; P E R [ ] A V G ; ] C A E S A V G ), 12.38, 10.27, 14.12, 14.31. M e ta l analysis on coin 3: C u 92.00; P b 0.925; Sn 8.80; Ag 0. 007; F e 0.206; S b 0.080; N i 0.113; As o .o ro ; Bi 0.002. O n coin 4: C u 88.50; P b 0.176; Sn 8.96; A g 0.012; F e 0.107; S b 0.117; N i 0.155; As 0.055; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.015.

AE. 28 m m . See

[

988-g

Bronze. 31-2 m m , 20.30 g (7). Axis: var. Vives 141-3,

A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; head o f river-goddess spitting w ater, r. P E R M C AES(A ) A VG ; priest ploughing, 1.

7

gm i

Augustus, after 2 B C 12

1031

1027,

A V G V S T A : i —6. B a 4 8 3 6 -7 , 9632, 14698, 23716, 105849, 10.95, 7 -r 7 > 8.59, 11.06, 7.79, 10.84; 7 * Bo 4 r 4 s u .7 0 ; 8. C alico 6/1979, 574, 11.70; 9— 10. C o p 3 9 8 -9 , 7.32, 9.98; i i . L 2 1 1 7 , 8.75; 12—14. L 2118-20, 11.60, 14.68, 10.70; 15. M S V 17/12/1981, 611, 11.60; 16—17. M u 245—16, 8.80, 7.68; 18. N 252, 10.34; 19. O = AMC 1050, 12.59; 2 0 —2 2 . P 1526-7 a n d S de R, 12.62, 11.36 a n d 10.65; 23. V 315, 9.99; 24—2 7 . B L ö b b , 27778, B ohl (2); 2 8 . Μ ι ο 8 2 ι ( = V ives 141-6), 11.80; 29—5 0 . Μ 10822--35 10825, 10827, 10831, 10833s 10836-8, 10840 (obv.: A V G V S T ), 10842-3, 10846-7, 10850, 10854-6, 10858-9, S astre 4 8 4 6 -7 , 11.13, 9-^4, 13.18, 8.99, 11.76, 10.79, 9·59> 9 -r 6, 12.02, 7.33, 13.72, io .6 i , 8.66, 11.00, 6.90, 11.32, 10.74 (b ro k en ), 8.10, 9.38, 9.47, 10.44, 11-74; 5 I —52· C , 12.20, 9.31; 5 3 . A N E 7 -9 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 269; 5 4 . G il 55 (rev.: A V G V S S T A ); 5 5 . s n g M i 368 (P E R M IS V ). M eta l an aly sis o n coin 12: C u 95.50; P b 0.033; Sn 5.20; A g 0.024; Ee 0.047; S b 0.092; N i 0.071; Bi 0.003; 2 m 0.007. O n coin 13: C u 91.50; S n 8.53; A g 0.050; F e 0.100; S b 0.070; N i 0.105; A u 0.040; A s 0.013; Bi 0.004; 2 n 0.004. T h e legends a re P E R M IS S V C A E S A R IS A V G V S T I/A V G V S T A E M E R IT A , ex cep t as in d icated .

]

[ 4 ]

n a h

P E R M IS (S )V C A E SA R IS A V G V S T (I); facing head of Silenus; in front, am p h o ra pouring A V G V S (S )T A E M E R IT A ; p riest ploughing, 1.

994

Bronze. 29m m , 13.47g ( I2: 6 — 17 ). Axis: var.

Bronze. 26m m , 10.35g (4 7 )· Axis: var. Vives 141-6, Gil 50-5,

A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; fem ale head, r. P E R (M I) G A(ES) A V G ; priest ploughing (r. or 1.)

6

o]

4- 5 / ! 9 5 9 . 5 678*i o 7 , 16.75·

Reign o f Augustus Bronze. 28—30m m , 12.59g

[

P E R M IS S V C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I; facing head of Silenus; in front, am p h o ra pouring; all w ithin w reath E M E R IT P E R M IS S V C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I; cam p gatew ay

21 mm, 6.68 g (4)

Vives 142-1, G il 43,

AE. 3 2 m m , 18.71g (3). Axis: 1-2 (1). Vives 141-5

Vives 146-5 (= Μ 11488), attributed to Tiberius, is not included in this catalogue, because it is a Divus Augustus dupondius (21) with tooled legends, and with thunderbolt and star erased. The ligature PONT on Tiberius’s obverse legends has been only indicated when completely certain (41/15).

5

[ o]

Vives 142-5

Semis

34m m, 22.21 g (19)

AE. 15m m , 2.24g (2)· Axis: var.

14

Bronze. 20 m m , 5.28 g (4). Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

Vives 141-9 P E R M CAES AVG; lau reate head, r. A V E M L E G V X ; aquila betw een two signa 1. L 3 1 2 7 , 6.67; 2—3 . M 10871-2, 3.73, 4.82; 4 . IV D J ( = V ives 141-9 = S de C 259), 5.89. M eta l an alysis o n coin i: C u 90.50; P b 0.450; S n 7.36; A g 0.060; Fe 0.030; Sb 0.075; N i 0.050; A s 0.210; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.012.

S P A IN : Emerita (15-27)

15

AE. 21 m m , 5.84 g (2). Axis: var.

[ o ]

15. M S a s tr e 4 8 2 6 , 25.36. M eta l an alysis o n coin 3: C u 93.00; P b 0.450; Sn 6.60; A g 0.010; F e 0.020; Sb 0.060; N i 0.020; Bi 0.002. O n coin 4: C u 88.50; S n 9.11; A g 0.020; Fe 0.080; Sb 0.060; N i 0.020; A u 0.030; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.007.

Vives 141-11, 12 P E R M CAES AVG; lau reate head, r. E M E (R ) A VG ; aquila betw een two signa E M E : i . IV D J ( = V ives 141-12 = S de C 260), 5.79; E M E R : 2. Μ 1 0 8 7 6 ( = V ives 141-11), 5.89. 16

AE. 20-1 m m , 5.57g (27). Axis: var. Vives 141-7, 10, Gil 63-4, 66-7,

nah

1030,

gmi

22

gmi

[ 11 ]

999

D IV V S A V G V S T V S PA TE R ; ra d ia te head, r.; star above, th u n d erb o lt in front C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

990

P E R M CAES A VG ; lau reate head, r. C (O ) A E L E (G ) V X ; aq u ila betw een two signa C A E L E V X : 1—2. B a 9487, 34007, 5.16, 3.95; 3 . C alico 6/1979, 575, 5.00; 4 . C op 401, 6.10; 5. L 2123, 5.60; 6 . 0 = a m c 10 5 2 , 6.53; 7 . P 1529, 6.14; 8—9 . B L ö b b , B ohl; 10—18. M 10860-2, 10864-9, 6.04, 5.49, 3.69, 5.24, 6.98, 6.12, 5.87, 4.79, 4.08; 19. IV D J ( = V ives 141-7), form erly S de C 253; 20. C 467, 6.29; C A E L E G V X : 2 1 . Bo 417, 6.18; 2 2 . C o p 402, 5.81; 23. C , 5.88; 24. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 30 /3 /89, 388, 6.57; C O A E L E V X : 2 5 - 2 6 . L 2121-2, 4.41, 5.32; 2 7 2 8 . B 27781, Bohl; 29—3 0 . M 10873-4, 6.10, 5.32; 3 1 . F o rm erly S de C 255 ( = V ives 141-10); U n c e rta in var.: 3 2 . B L öbb; 33—34· C , 5.53, 6.24.

Bronze. 27-8 m m , 12.11g (23). Axis: var. Vives 145-2, Gil 99-100,

16]

[

7/

i . A N E 1 5 -1 6/12/1981, 230, 12.10; 2—3, B a 9634, 14703, 13.99, to .73; 4 . Bo 421, 11.55; 5. C alico 6/1979, 585, 13.56; 6. C o p 405, 17.70; 7—9 . L 2131-3, 12.84, t°-33> 1 1.72; 10. N 254, 12.75; π - i s . O , 11.68, 13.53; ι - ϊ · P 1535-6, i i . 51, 9.65; 15. V 323, 10.59; 16. V a t 567, 13.60; 1 7 18. B L ö b b , a.B .; 19. Μ 1 1 0 3 4 ( = V ives 1 45-2), 12.47; 2 0 —2 5 . Μ 11029, 11031, 11035-8, 11.44, 7 -5 9 ) IO-7 4 i 11-39, I 2 -9o, 12.44. M e ta l an aly sis on coin 8: C u 82.00; P b 10.42; S n 5.40; A g 0.020; F e 0.060; S b 0.130; N i 0 . 020; A u 0.030; Bi 0.003; Z n ο.010.

3 4

23

Bronze. 34-5 m m , 20.90g (30). Axis: var.

[

7

]

Vives 142-6, 144-1 to 3, G il 88, 94-6 17

AE. 20-1 m m , 4.85 g (4). Axis: var.

[ i ]

D IV V S A V G V S T V S P A TE R ; ra d ia te head, 1. A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

Vives 141-14, Gil 71

1. A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 137, 22.57; 2 - 4 . B a 9633, 14701, 14755, i 5 -8 3 , 21-95, 25.16; 5—6. C alico 6/1979, 5 7 ^ -9 , 24.68, 23.30; 7. C o p 407, 20.02; 8—10. L 214 4 -6 , 24.46, 23.69, 22.68; i i — ï 2 . M S V 17/12/1981, 616, 619, 21.48, 17.20; 13. M u 247, 20.48; 14. P 1530, 21.19; 15. V 322, 20.98; 16. M 1 0 9 9 3 ( —V ives 144-1), 24.67; 17. M 1 0 9 9 6 ( = V ives 144-2), 13.34; 18—2 9 . M 10894, 10896-8, 10994-5, 10997-8, 10999 ( = V ives 1443), 11000, 11003, 11004 ( = V iv e s 142-6), 18.79, 20.71, 21.19, 27.14, Ι ^·5 0 > 19.01, 16.38, 15.85, 24.25, 20.49, 2 2 .i8 , 25.05; 3 0 . L e n in g ra d (B M cast); 3 1 . B oulogne su r M er, 15.73. M eta l an aly sis on coin 8: C u 94.50; P b 0 . 330; S n 4.86; A g 0.040; F e 0.020; S b 0.120; A u 0.020; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.010. F o rgery: 1. B Bohl.

P E R C A E A VG ; bare head, r. A V G V ST A E M E R IT L E G V X ; aq u ila betw een two signa i . V 316, 5.20; 2—3. M 10880—i, 4.35, 6.04; 4 . IV D J ( = V ives 141-14 = 8 d e C 256), 3.81. 18

AE. 21-2 m m , 5.25g (7). Axis: 6. Vives 141-13, Gil 73-4,

gmi

[ 1]

991, 993

P E R M CAES A VG ; lau reate head, 1. C A E LE V X ; aqu ila betw een two signa

24

1—2. B a 14696, 23724, 5.16, 5.07; 3. C alico 6/1979, 576, 6*78; 4 . L 2125, 5.13; 5 . M 1 0 8 7 7 ( —V ives 141—13), 6.36; 6—8. M 10863, 10878-9, 4.81, 3.44, 3.76 (broken). 19

AE. i 5 m m , 2.74g (3)· Axis: var. Vives 141-8, G il 75,

gmi

Vives 142-10, Gil 98,

nah

1055,

gmi

[ i ] 996

As 23, b u t D IV S A V G V S T V S PA T P A T R IA 1. B a 4831, 19.84; 2. M S V 17/12/1981, 618, 21.62; 3 . R 243, 21.90; 4 . M 1 0 9 3 9 ( = V ives 142-10), 29.17; 5—6 . Μ 10940-1, 23.06, 21.99; 7. O , 16.68 (b ro k en ). ForgeTy(?): 1. M 10943.

[ i]

992

P E R C A E A VG ; lau reate head, r. C A E ; p atera, lituus an d ju g

AE. 34 m m , 22.93g (6). Axis: var.

25

AE. 3 4m m , 22.30g (2). Axis: var.

[ i ]

Vives 144-4, Gil 82

i . L 2 1 2 4 , 3.34; 2. M 10870, 2.32; 3. IV D J ( = V ives 141-8 = S de C 262), 2.57.

D IV V S A V [G V ]S T V S P A T E [R ?]; ra d ia te head, r. A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay I· P 1 5 3 3 Q ST V S P A T E [), 25.61; a . IV D J (illegible) (= V ives 1444 = G il 82), form erly S de C 274; 3. Μ 11007 (D IV V S A V [), 19,00.

Reign o f Tiberius 26

Divus Augustus 20

AE. 35m m , 23.61g (4). Axis: var.

Vives 142-8, 144-6, 7, Gil 112,

i . B a 4830, 18.61; 2. C o p 4 0 6 , 22.36; 3—4 . M 11008 ( = V ives 144-5), 11009, 24.13, 29.33. F orgery (?): 1. M 11010.

[ 8 ]

Vives 145-1, Gil 78-80 D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R ; rad iate head, r.; star above, th u n d erb o lt in front A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay i . C alico 6/1979, 584, 30.87; 2. C o p 404, 19.10; 3—4 . L 2128-9, 24.47, 20.52; 5. O , 20.07; 6. N 253, 21.31; 7—8. P 1531-2, 26.08, 21.55; 9—10. B B ohl, K assel, 24.64, 21.98; 1 1 - 1 4 . M 11025-8, 20.76, 19.53, 15-21, 23.38;

1056,

gmi

1000

1 - 7 . B a 9635, 14697, 14704-5, 23720, 31089, 105847, 9.74, 12.46, 8.00, 15 -7 7 . 9 -5 2 . 11 -7 9 . 10.92; 8. Bo 418, 9.26; 9 . C alico 6/1979, 5 8 2 ,9 .5 6 ; 10. E lsen 9 /7 /1 9 8 6 , 53, 7.36; i l . K la g 44, 9.57; 12. L 2150, 14.09; 13. M S V 17/12/1981, 625, 15.75; i 4 —ï 6 . M u 248—50, 11.53, 9-92, 16.60; 17. O , 11.62; 18—21. P 1537, 1539-40 a n d S de R , 13.42, 11.58, 10.49 a n d 12.23; V 324, 8.44; 23—25. B 596/1895, L ö b b , 9411; 2 6 . M S astre 4836, 13.04; 2 7 —3 8 . M 10902—3, 10906, 10910-4, 10917, l i o n ( = Vives 144-6), 11012, 11017, 9.18, 12.I l , 8.83, 15.19, 10.01, 9.38, 9.95, 9.99, ” •55, 13.05, 14.96, 14.35; 3 9 - IVDJ ( = V ives 144-7), fo rm erly S d e C 287. T h e obverse leg en d goes in differen t d irectio n s.

D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R ; rad iate head, 1.; th underbolt in front A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

Bronze. 34m m , 22.32g (15). Axis: var.

nah

[ 13 ]

D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R ; ra d ia te head, 1. C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

[ 1 ]

Vives 144-5, Oil 85

21

AE. 25-7 m m , 11.46 g (35). Axis: var.

27

AE. 27 m m , 12.44g (3)· Axis: var. Vives 142-7 As

26,

b u t head r.

i . F o r m e r ly S d e C 2 8 6 ( = V ives 142-7); 2. B R au c h , 10.97; 3 · M 10948, 9.88; 4 . M S astre 4829, 16.48.

[ 1 ]

J2

28

S P A IN : Emerita (28-41)

Bronze. 2 5 -8 m m , 11.96g (27). Axis: var. Vives 142-9, 144-8, Gil 123-4,

nah

1058,

[ 13] gmi

D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A TE R ; rad iate head, 1. P E R A V G P R O V ID E N T ; a ltar

35

i . B a 14973, 10.84; 2· C alico 6/1979, 581, 19.30; 3 . L 2151, 13.36; 4 . M S V 17/12/1981, 629, 12.90; 5—6. O , 11.37, 13.35; 7~ IO · P 1541-2, D elepierre a n d S de R , 13.87, 12.60, 11.33 a n d 12.07; 11. V 327, 11.73; 12—25. M 10918, 10920-1, 10923—6, 10929-34, 11020, 15.26, 12.08, 8.49, 12.32, 7.56, 9.24, 12.54, 10.62, 11.56, 9.37, 10.47, i r -°3> 12.27, 11.66; 2 6 . B L ö b b , 17.38; 27—28. B B ohl (2); 2 9 . IV D J ( = V ives 142-9), form erly S de C 295; 3 0 - 3 1 . C , 8.36, 11.48. M e ta l analysis on coin 3: G u 90.50; P b 2.69; Sn 6.53; A g 0.040; Fe 0.060; Sb 0.140; N i 0.006; C o 0.003; As 0.010; Bi 0.003. 29

Bronze. 25-7 m m , 11.64 g ( I2 )· Axis: var. Vives 144-9, IO> Gil 125-6,

nah

ΙΟ .Ι3, 12.10, 11.55, 13.59, ι ο . ι ι , 13.31, 11.07, 10.29, Ι 3·85, 9·77; 2 3 * ^ 6 (pi. 9 9 -1 6 ), 13.63; A V G [V S T V S ]: 2 4 . G il 118 (P R O V ID N T ); U n c e rta in v ar.: 2 5 . B. R au c h ; 2 6 . B a 9636, 9.26; 27—28. M 10987, S astre 4854, 8.87, 12.16. Forgeries: 1. O , 12.45; 2 * M 10982.

997

i . M 1 0 9 8 9 ( = V ives 143-10), 13.76; 2—5 . M 10960 ( = V ives 143-6), 10961, 10991-2, 6.94, 5.32, 8.64, 8.20. F o rg ery (?): 1. B 1/1899. 36

gmi

1—2. L 2152-3, 18.52, 9.43; 3. M 1 1 0 4 0 ( = V ives 145-3), Ι 0 ·Ι2 ί 4 · Μ 11041, 12.83; 5 * Ρ Ι 5 4 3 > ΙΤ·7 5 · M e ta l an alysis on coin 1: C u 88.00; P b 3.68; S n 6.35; A g 0.040; F e 0.030; S b 0.130; N i 0.001; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.007. 37

i . M 1 0 9 4 7 ( = V ives 143-2), 6.51.

998

3 1 —3 2 ) .

Axis: var.

Livia 38

Axis: 9 (1).

i . B a 14977, 18.95; 2 · Ρ : 5 3 4 ! 21.83; 3· B B ohl, 24.09; 4 . IV D J ( = V ives 1 4 5 - 4 = S d e C 303), 23.48. F orgery: 1. L 2160 (from coin 4), 22.88. 39

Vives 143-3, Gil 101 D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, r. C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay AE. 27m m , 13.95g (4)· Axis: v ar.

40

Vives 143-7,

9.

Gil 118-20,

gmi

Axis: var. 1002-3

D IV V S A V G (V ST V S ) P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, 1. P E R M I A V G P R O V ID (E )N T ; alta r A V G : ï . A N E 20-2 1 /5 /1 9 8 6 , 30; 2—3 . B a 14973, 14976, 11.34, 11.10; 4 . C alico 6/1979, 583, 13.72; 5 · C o p 408, 10.07; 6 . L 2154, 11.18; 7. N 255, 12.31; 8. O , 8.23; 9. R 244, 14.50; 10. M 10962 ( = V ives 143-7), 11.64; ι γ“ 22. Μ 10963, 10965, 10968, 10970, 10972, 10977, 10980 ( = V ives 143-9), ioq83, 10Q83, ioq88„ S astre 4.8^2 a n d 4 8 ^ . 11.21. α.72.

A E. 26 m m , 11.94g (13). Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S P O N M A X IM P ; laureate head, 1. C A E IV L IA A V G V ST A ; head o f Livia, r.

[ o ]

[ 4 ]

1012

Vives 145-6, Gil 135-6

1. B a 14978, 10.53; 2 * C alico 6/1979, 587, 11.70; 3—4 . P 1549 a n d S d e R, 10.35 a n d 12.09; 5. T ü b in g e n 99, 14.25; 6 . B 2 8 8 7 7 , 12.87; 7 “ ®* B L öbb, Fox; 9—15. M 11052-3, 1 1054 ( = V ives 145-6), 11055-7, S astre 4845, 11.35, 12.08, 13.15, 11.60, 12.56, i i . 00, 11.73.

1 - 3 . M 10973-5, 12-83, Ί 4 -5 3 . 11 -89; 4 - IV D J ( = V ives 143-8 = S d e C 291), 16.57. 3 4 —3 5 ) .

gmi

Tiberius and Livia

D IV V S A V G P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, 1.; sta r above C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

AE. 27 m m , 10.92 g (30:

1068,

i . B a 9637 (p ierced ), 22.46; 2. L 2161, 24.09; 3 . M S V 17/12/1981, 615, 18.42; 4 . M u 258, 23.59; 5 - 6 . P 1545-6, 22.89, 23-05; 7 - R 2 4 5 , 22.90; 8. B Fox; g. Μ 1 1 0 4 3 ( = V ives 145-5 = gm i 1012), 27.82; 1 0 - 1 8 . M 1 1044-51, S astre 4825, 21.68, 20.62, 22.87, 22.32, 18.25, 18.54, 25.42, 24.30, 22.47; T9 * G 7, 24.77. M e ta l an aly sis o n coin 2: C u 91.50; P b 0.890; S n 5.91; A g 0.060; Fe 0.054; S b 0.106; C o 0.002; As 0.009; Bi 0.002; Z n 0 . 022. F orgery: 1. L 2162, 18.78.

Vives 143-8

34

n ah

[ 6 ]

P E R M A V G V S T I SALVS A V G V ST A ; b u st of Livia, r. C A E IV L IA A V G V ST A ; Livia seated, r., on throne

1. F o r m e r l y S d e C 2 8 4 ( = V ives 143-3) (B M cast); 2. Μ 10901, 9.88. 33

Bronze. 34 m m , 22.58g (17). Axis: var. Vives 145-5, Gil 132-4,

[ 2 ]

[ o ]

[ 2 ]

P E R M A V G V S T I SALVS A V G V ST A ; b ust o f Livia, r. A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

[A V ]G V S: i . L 3 1 4 9 , 12.01; A V G V S T V S : 2. M S V 17/12/1981, 627, i i . 16; 3 . P 1538 (D IV V S A V G V S T V S [), 11.14; 4 . M 1 0 9 4 9 ( = Vives I 5 -3 2i 5 “ ®· Μ 10951, 10954, τ 3 ·6 4 > 10.95. M e ta l analysis on coin 1: C u 92.50; P b 0.200; S n 4.98; A g 0.007; F e 0.090; Sb 0.030; Bi 0.003; Z n 0 . 005. 31.

A E. 3 3 -4 m m , 22.09 g (4). Axis: var. Vives 145-4, Gil 131

D IV V S A V G V S(T V S ) P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, 1. C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

AE. 2 7 -8 m m . See

[ o ]

D IV V S A V [ ]T E R C A E ; rad iate head, 1. [G A E] LE V [X ]; aquila betw een two signa

Vives 143-4, Gil 106-7

32

AE. 21 m m , 6.51 g (1). Axis: 7( 1) . Vives 143-2, Gil 129

[ 7 ]

A V G : 1—3. M 10944-6, 23.94, 22.40, 20.06; 4 . V 325, 25.20; 5. gm i 998, 22.00; A V G V S T V S : 6. B B ohl; 7. B a 14700, 27.39; 8· L 2148, 27.31; 9 . P 1552, 22.25; IO · P 1544, 23.50; I I —ϊ 7 · M 10955-8, 11005, S astre 4827-8, 21.48, 31.46, 22.42, 23.25, 26.59, 24.14, 25.29; 18. IV D J ( = V ives ϊ4 3 -5 ), form erly S de C 273; 19. V illa r o n g a c o ll. 6 5 0 3 , 30.51; 20. A N E 1 1 -1 2 /7 /1 9 8 9 ,1 1 8 ; U n c e rta in v ar.: 2 1 . B a.B .; 2 2 . L 2147, 27.69. T h e legend n o rm a lly s ta rts b e h in d th e h ea d (A V G V S T V S ) o r in fro n t o f the h ea d (A V G ). M e ta l analysis on coin 8: C u 93.00; P b 0.080; Sn 6.40; A g 0.040; Fe 0.030; S b 0.070; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.010. O n coin 22: C u 89.50; P b 0.610; S n 9.89; A g 0.070; Fe 0.060; Sb 0.090; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.020.

Bronze. 27m m , 12.01g (7:

[ 3 ]

gmi io o i

D IV V S A V G P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, L; star above P E R M I A V G P R O V ID E N T ; a ltar

D IV V S A V G (V ST V S ) P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, 1. A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

31

A E. 2 6 -7 m m , 12.53g (5)· Axis: var. Vives 145-3, Gil 117,

[ 5 ]

A V G V S T A E : i . L 2155, 17.14; 2. M u 251, 12.19; 3. IV D J ( = V ives 14410), form erly S de G 294; 4. V Q R 777; A V G V S T A E C A E: 5. V 328, 7.10; 6 . M 1 1 149 ( = V ives 144-9), 9 -7 D 7~ 9 · Μ 11021-2, 11024, 8.79, 16.86, 8.29; U n c e rta in v ar.: 10. B Bohl, 12.70; 11—12. B a 14972, 105848, 8.71, 10.56; 13. L 2156, 12.09; Ι 4 · M 11023, 15.54. M eta l analysis on coin 13: C u 93.50; P b 0.110; Sn 5.32; A g 0.020; F e 0.030; Sb 0.100; Ni 0.010; A s 0.009; Z n 0.006.

Vives 143-1, 5, Gil 90-2,

[ o ]

D IV V S A V G P A T E R C A E ; rad iate head, r. P E R M I A V G P R O V ID E N T ; a ltar

1057

Bronze. 35m m , 24.83g (18). Axis: var.

Axis: var.

34.

Vives 143-6, 10, Gil 113

D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R ; rad iate head, 1. A E T E R N IT A T I A V G V S T A E ( C A E ) ; tetrastyle tem ple

30

A E. 25-7 m m . See

Tiberius 41

Bronze. 34 m m , 22.21g (19). Axis: var. Vives 145-7, 146-1, Gil 138-9,

n ah

1121,

[ 9 ] gmi

1008

T I C A E SA R A V G V ST V S P O N T M A X IM P ; laureate head, 1. A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

S P A IN : Emerita, Ebora {42-49)

(= V ives 145-8) (T I C A E S [ ] P O N M A X IM P ); 5. L 2141 Q A V G V S P O N T M A X [), 7.74. F o rg ery (?): 1. O , 18.62.

i . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 231, 16.62; 2. C o p 409, 23.51; 3—4 . L 2134-5, 2 0 .2 1 , 21.36; 5—7. M S V 17/12/1981, 620-2, 24.30, 24.52, 23.58; 8. M u 252, 18.66; g . O , 22.05; IO · P Ï5 5 1, 20.84; I X ‘ R 246, 22.50; 12. V 317, 22.73; I 3—1 4 · B Bohl, L öbb; 15. Μ 1 1 0 5 8 ( = V ives 145-7 = G il 139)

45

(P O N T ), 26.74; 16—20. Μ 11059-61, iio 6 6 ~ 7 , 25.96, 23.46, 20.62, 21.53, 2ς.ο8; 2 ï . G 8 (pi. 9 9 -1 7 ), 21.70; 22. IV D J ( = V ives 146-1), form erly S de C 306. M e ta l analysis on coin 3: C u 89.50; P b 0.590; Sn 7.69; A g 0.0 2 0 ; F e 0.040; Sb 0.060; N i 0.040; A u 0.020; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.030. O n coin 4: C u 91.50; P b 0.470; S n 6.77; A g 0.020; F e 0.080; S b 0.060; N i 0.010; A u 0.020; Bi 0.004; Z n 0.006. 42

Bronze. 26-8 m m , 11.98 g (84). Axis: var.

46

i . V iv e s 1 4 6 —7 (B M cast); 2. IV D J ( — S de C 320), 10.24. T h e se coins need co n firm atio n , b ec au se it seem s th a t coin 1 h as resu lted from jo in in g the obverse o f S de C 320 a n d th e rev erse o f S d e C 322. Such tra n sp o sitio n s h a p p e n elsew here on V iv es’s plates. 47

AE. 27 mm , 11.62 g (8). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

Vives 146-6, 10, G il 161-3 [T I] C A ESA R A V G P O N M A X IM P ; lau reate head, 1. A E T E R N IT A T I A V G V S T A E C A E ; tetrastyle tem ple i . B B ohl, 12.84; 2 · L 2159, 11.12; 3. M S astre 4851, 12.47; 4" 7 · M 1 1147 ( = V ives 146-6), 11148, 1 1172 ( = V ives 146-10 = S de C 318), 1 1 1 7 3 ,1 1 .5 8 ,1 3 .2 0 ,8 .8 5 ,1 0 .0 8 ; 8 . 0 , 1 2 . 7 9 ; 9. V Q R 7 8 7 (B M ca st). 8 seem s to h ave a lo n g er o r m ore dev elo p ed legend. 48

Bronze. 28m m , 10.91g (24). Axis: var.

[ 14 ]

Vives 146-9, Gil 156-60, gmi i o i i T I C A ESA R A V G P O N M A X IM P ; lau reate head, r. A E T E R N IT A T I A V G V S T A E ( C A E ) ; tetrastyle tem ple

[ o]

A V G V S T A E : i . P 1557, 12.53; 2 · G il 160; A V G V S T A E C A E : 3—5. B L ö b b (2), a.B .; 6 - 7 . B a 4838, 9641, 11.73, I 2 -28; 8. C o p 412, 12.40; 9 . F 79, i i . 15; 10. L 2 1 5 7 , 10.92; i i . L 2158, 7.82; 12—18. M i r i 55, H 1 5 7 8, 11161, 11165-6, 11169, H-59J 8.37, 16.12, 10.48, 12.60, 9.91, 10.86; 19. M u 257, 9.92; 20. N 258, 10.91; 2 1 - 2 2 . O , 6.24, 9.87; 2 3 - 2 5 . P 15 55 - 6 , S de R , 12.91, 10.91, 11.77; 26. R 249, i i . 10; 27. C , 10.07; 2 8 . A N E 7 -9 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 274; U n c e rta in v ar.: 2 9 . B a 4839, 9.41. M eta l an alysis o n coin 11 : C u 88.50; P b 0.200; S n 7.360; A g 0.030; F e 0.100; Sb 0 . 270; N i 0.009; A s 0.040; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.024.

1. Μ 1 1 1 3 2 ( = V ives 145-10) Q A V G P O N T M A X IM [P ]), 10.82; 2. M 11133 Q A V G P O N T M [), 9.18; 3. M i s n g 376 Q T V S P O N [), 7.36.

[ 1]

[ o ]

[T I C A ESA R A VG ] P O N M A X IM P ; lau reate head, r. P E R M I [AVG P R O V ID E N T ]; a lta r

[T I C A E SA ]R A V G (V S T V S ) P O N T M A X IM [P ]; laureate head, r. C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

AE. 27m m , 10.51g (4). Axis: var.

AE. 2 4m m , 10.24g ( 0 - Axis: 12 (1). Vives 146-7

Vives 145-10, GMi 1013

44

[ 1 ]

1 - 2 . G il 150-1 (T I C A E S A R A V G P O [; P E R A V G P R O V ID IN T ) (T I C A E S A R [; P E R M IS S V A V G V S T I P R O V D IN T ); 3 . Μ 1 1 1 4 3 ( = V ives 146-3) (T I C A E S A R A V G P O N M A X IM P ; P E [R ] A V G P R O V ID E N T ), 11.08; 4 - 5 . Μ 11145, 11151 ( = V ives 146-8) (T I C A E S A R A V G P O N [; jE R M IS S V A V G V S T I P R O V [) ( T I C A E S A R A V G V S P O N M A X IM P ; P E R M I A V G P R O V ID N T ), 11.08, 16.22; 6. V 321 (T I C A E S [; ]G V S T I P R O V [), 6.55.

T I C A ESA R A V G (V S T V S ) P O N M A X IM P ; lau reate head, 1. C O L A V G V ST (A ) E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

AE. 27m m , 9.12g (3). Axis: var.

,

T I C A ESA R A V G (V S) P O N M A X IM P ; lau reate head, 1. P E R (M IS S V ) A V G (V S T I) P R O V (I)D (E )N T ; altar

[ 29 ]

A V G : i . B a 14982, 12.55; 2· C alico 6/1979, 590, 10.24; 3 · C o p 411, 16.36; 4 . L 2143, 9.74; 5. M u 253, 10.86; 6. O , 10.53; 7 * B B ohl; 8— i i . M m o i , 11134 ( = V ives 146-2), 11137, S astre 4834, 14.44, 16.81, 9.73, 11.92; 12. V 319, 12.55; T3 · IV D J ( = V ives 146-4), form erly S d e C 316; 14. C , 15.93; 15. V Q R 7 8 6 (C O L A V G V S T E M E R IT A ) A V G V S T V S : 16. A N E 2 6 -2 7 /4 /1 9 8 3 , 46; 17—3 2 . B a 4840, 4907, 963 8 -9 , 14 9 7 9 -8 ', 23 7 '7 “ 9, 25262, 3 1°95, 3 4 ° ° L 100899-900, 105850, 10.65, 10.49, I2 -43> 13*64,, 13.05, 10.29, 13.21, 14.51, 13.25, 12.00, 12.91, 11.48, 9 -9 3 , 10.27, 11 -84, 9 -7 4 ; 33- 3 8 · Bo 42 3 -8 , 13-12, 12.75, " · 6 ο , " - 9 2 , 9 -6 3 , 10.88; 39—4 0 . C alico 6/1979, 58 8 -9 , 12.90, 12.95; 4 1· C op 410, 14.40; 4 2 —4 7 . L 2136-40, 2142, 15.61, 10.88, 9.01, 14.23, 11.70, 10.93; 4 8 ” 5 0 . M i 270-2, 13.41, 11.65, ” -3 i; 5 I _ 53 - M u 2 5 4-6, ' 4 -4 5 , 9-98, 10.25; 5 4 . N 256, 11.83; 55—56- P 1553-4. 12.19. ' 3 -9 4 ; 57 - R 248. 10.10; 5 8 . T ü b in g e n ioo, 11.27; 59 * O , 9 -3 °j 6 0 . V a t 569, 11.20; 6 1 . B L öbb, 11.26; 62—6 5 . B a.B . (2), I-B , Bohl; 6 6 . Μ 1 1 1 2 4 , 13.05; 67—8 1 . M 11071, 11087-9, 11092-4, 11097, m o o , 11104, i n i o - ι , 11114, 11116, S astre 4859, 12.32, 11.88, 12.42, 12.79, 11-44, 10.13, 14.64, 11.56, 11.65, 11.03, 10.89, 9.73, 12.16, 10.89, I 3 -5 7 j 82—8 4 . G 9 - 1 1, 10.82, 10. i i , 9.28; 8 5 - 8 6 . C , 11.66, 12.86; 8 7 - 8 8 . G iro n a 29354, 29402 ( = cmtm, pi. 8-1 2 9 , 130), 13.15, 8.90; 8 9 . A lac an t (= c m tm , pi. 44 -3 2 0 ), 13.80; U n c e rta in var.: 9 0 . Ba 26653, 9.57; 91—9 2 . V 318, 320, 17.33, ΐ 2 ·3 4 · T h e obv. leg end goes in different d irectio n s, to 1. (A V G ) o r to 1. a n d r. (A V G V S T V S ). M e ta l analysis on coin 42: C u 93.00; P b 2.96; Sn 5.46; Ag 0.030; F e 0.030; Sb 0.090; N i 0.060; A u 0.020; Bi 0.003. O n coin 47: C u 90.00; P b 0.520; Sn 8.16; A g 0.040; F e 0.060; S b 0.130; A u 0.020; As 0. 020; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.014.

AE. 2 6 -g m m , 11.23g (4)· Axis: var. Vives 146-3, 8, Gil 150-1

Vives 145-9, 146-2, 4, Gil 143-7, GMI 1009-10

43

y3

49

AE. 2 1 m m , 6.68 g (4). Axis: var.

[ o ]

Vives 145-8, Gil 148

Vives 146-11, 12, Gil 166-7, GMI

T I C A ESA R A V G V S (T V ) P O N (T ) M A X IM P ; b are head, 1. C O L A V G V ST A E M E R IT A ; cam p gatew ay

T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1. C A E LE V X ; aq u ila betw een two signa

IO I5

1. M 1 1175 ( = V ives 146-12), 5.99; 2 - 3 . Μ 11174, 11176, 7.98, 6.84; 4 . A N E 4 -5 /1 9 5 9 , 138 ( = S de C 323 — V ives 146-11 = gm i 1015), 5.90; 5 . V Q R 7 g o (B M cast).

1—3. M 11069-70, 11124 (]I C A E S A R [ ]V S T V P O N T [; ] P O N M A X IM P ; T I C A E S A R A V G V [), 12.51, 8.73, 13.05; 4 . F o r m e r ly S d e C 3 0 8

Ebora The coinage of the city of Latin right, Liberalitas Iulia Ebora (Pliny, NH IV, 11), has been studied by Chaves = F. Chaves (Numisma 156-61, 1979, pp. 9-91; Numisma 168-73, ig8i, pp. 33-7)· It consists of a very short series of bronze coins whose obverse legend recalls the permission granted by Augustus (PERMISSV CAESARIS AVGVSTI). Grant (FITA 337) considered that this series was the consequence of a special favour on the part of the emperor to the city and that its purpose was probably the celebration

of a particular event: the accession of Augustus to the office of pontifex maximus. The issue consists of two denomi­ nations, dupondius and as. 50 51

33/34m m , 19.75g (20) 2 7 m m , I 0 .4 9 g ( I0 2 )

The portrait style presents many similarities with some dies of Colonia Patricia (Chaves 34, 119, 416, 525), so much so that we believe that at least one engraver worked for both mints.

Establishing the chronology hardly presents any diffi­ culties, since the legend on the obverse includes the title P(ontifex) M(aximus), taken in 1 2 b c . Moreover, the reverse types of the dupondii are priestly emblems, presum­ ably referring to Augustus’s election to this religious office. It follows, perhaps, from both of these facts that the Ebora issue was minted to commemorate his election and it can therefore probably be dated to 1 2 - 1 1 b c .

51

Vives 165-2, 3, C haves ig -1 1 5 ,

Bronze. 3 3 -4 m m , 19.75g (20)· Axis: var. Vives 165-1, C haves 1-18A,

n ah

1032,

gmi

nah

1033,

[ 16] gmi

1037

P E R M CAES A V G P M ; b are head, 1. L IB E R A (L IT A T IS ) IV L IA E E B O R ; w ithin w reath L IB E R A : i . T ü b in g e n ι ο ί , 8.59; 2. M 10644, 9 -3 7 ; L IB E R A L : 3 . P 1511, 16.14; 4 . 0 = A M C 1 0 4 8 ( = C h a v e s i n ) , 15.37; 5"“9 · See C h av es n o , 112-15; L IB E R A L IT A T IS : 10. B a 105846, 10.98; 11. Be 5868, 7.76; i a . P 1 5 1 0 , 14.40; 1 3 - 1 4 . P 1509, 1965/818, 10.48. 9.55; 15. V a t 563, 11.60; 16—3 6 . M 10621-4, 10626-41, 10643, 11-74, I 3 -3 L 8.52, 10.62, i5 -°8 , 9 - r t , 12.25, ” -20, η . 57, 9.80. 9.13, 9 .1 1, 11.51, 14 -4 3 . 9·8ο, 10.45, 8.46, η . 44, 12.63, 9.38, 9.80; 37—1 0 4 . See C h av es 19-45, 70-109; 1 05. IV D J , form erly S de C 226. M e ta l an aly sis o n coin L 2164 ( = C h av es 32): C u 91.50; P b 0.080; S n 6.36; A g 0.010; F e 0.030; S b 0.060; N i 0.060; As 2.190; Bi 0.023. F o r m o re m e tal analyses, see C haves, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43. C o u n te rm ark s: D D ( = cm k 46) on th e obv., on 13, 21, 33, 36 (also C h av es 85, 88, 96, 99). C R ( = c m k 44) on th e rev ., o n 24, 30, 35 (C [R ]) (also C h av e s 70, 81). I t is difficult in som e cases to d istin g u ish b etw een cm k 44 a n d 79. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 81) o n C [R ] o n th e obv., o n 35. B ( = cm k 15) o n th e rev ., on 105.

Augustus, after 12 BC____________________________ 50

Bronze. 2 7m m , 10.49g ( I0 2 )· Axis: var.

[ 2 ] 1036

P E R M IS S V C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I P M ; bare head, 1. L IB E R A L IT A T IS IV L EBO R ; p atera, aspergillum , ju g , sim pulum and knife i . F 77, 20.80; 2. P 1508, 21.11; 3 . B (= C h a v e s 4), 24.55; 4—21. See C haves 1-3, 5-18A ; 2 2 . IV D J, form erly S de C 224. F o r m e tal analyses, see C haves, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43.

Pax Iulia The Colonia Pax Iulia (Beja, Portugal) was a Caesarean foundation (H. Galsterer, MF 8, 1971, 52), which minted only a small issue of asses. Grant {FITA 221), on the basis of the model used for the portrait, deduced that the issue must be dated after 19 b c . He considered that it might have commemorated Augustus’s visit to Spain. Grant’s argu­ ments, however, are rather weak. As far as the designs used by the colony are concerned, Grant {FITA 221) proposed that the figure on the reverse of coin 52 is Mercury, but it seems more plausible to identify this figure as proposed by Vives, as a female one, perhaps Felicitas or Pax. Because of the rarity of the coins and their bad conserva­ tion it is difficult to determine whether there is any legend on the obverse. In this respect, Vives (pp. 124-5) said that 52/3 had the legend CAESAR. He also added that it had been erased, but we have not seen any coin with such a legend; only 52/4 seems to have the remains of letters behind the head, but the bad conservation, and the fact that we have not been able to examine it directly, make it impossible to decide if that is so. We also have to reject Vives’s view that 53 was a semis,

because the size and weight of the Berlin specimen lead us to consider it to be an as.

Augustus ________________________________________________ 52

C o p p er + lead. 28 m m , 12.60g (3). Axis: var. Vives 167-1, 2,

n ah

1034,

gmi

[ 2]

1035

Bare head, r. PA X IV L ; fem ale figure seated 1., holding caduceus and cornucopia i . L 2 1 6 3 , 15 .90; 2. P 1560, 10.26; 3 . M u seo del P ra d o ( = V ives 167I = gm i 1035); 4» IV D J ( = V ives 167-2 = S d e C 765), 11.65. M eta l an aly sis on coin 1: C u 60.00; P b 37.02; S n 1.68; A g 0.020; F e 0.010; Sb 0. 1 10; N i o. 170; A s 0 .190; Bi 0.004. 53

A E. 24 m m , 10.34g (1)· Axis: 12 (1). Vives 167-3 B are head, r. PA X IV L ; betw een lines in field 1. B B o h l, 10.34; 2. F o rm erly C erv e ra coll. ( = V ives 167-3). 2 w as k n ow n to V ives only from a pen cil ru b b in g a n d its a u th e n tic ity needs co n firm atio n .

[ 1]

S P A IN : Laelia, Irippo (54)

B

A

E

T

I C

75

A

Laelia The peregrine city of Laelia struck its first coinage during the second century b c (Vives 103-8), following a metrologi­ cal standard of 30.37 g (7) (NAH, pp. 150, 152). During the first century b c it also minted several issues, some of which follow previous designs and a lower metrological standard. Although there is no supporting inscription, we attribute to Augustus’s reign an issue whose inclusion is based only on the obverse portrait. We identify this, without any great certainty, as Augustus. Even though it is rather difficult to find the prototype used as a model for this portrait - Grant (.FIT A 335, n. 6 ) thought that it is a copy of the 20-18 b c coinages (specifically BMC 679, 681) - it is possible to see Augustus’s features on better preserved specimens. Even so the attribution is not absolutely certain. Since the inclusion of this issue in Augustus’s reign is uncertain, there are obviously also difficulties for dating it, though Grant (FITA 335, n. 6) intuitively related it to the emperor’s visit to Spain in 15-14 b c . The denomination of this coin is also uncertain, because its average weight (3.59 g) is difficult to classify within the weight patterns of the time. This odd metrology could

perhaps be related to issues from Osset (58-9) and Irippo (55-6), which also differ from the standard weight followed by other Baetican mints. This irregularity could also be used as an argument to reject the Augustan date, but we do not accept this, and another reason should be found for its irregularity. This may be the survival of a metrological standard (7/8 g) used by some Ulterior mints during the first century b c (NAH, pp. 158 and 234-5).

Reign o f Augustus (?)*i. 54

Bronze. 19 m m , 3.59 g (14). Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

Vives 103-2, GMi 864 M ale head (of A ugustus?), r. L A ELIA ; betw een two p alm branches, w reath border i . A rrio ls 12/1979/150, 3.01; 2. B a 9685, 3.63; 3. C alico 6 /1979, 947, 4.20; 4 . C o p 1 62, 3.31; 5. P 1462, 4.52; 6. V Q R 876; 7—13. M 6679-80, 6682—5, S astre 5003, 4.00, 3.12, 3.69, 3.67, 2.96, 4.13, 3.85; 14. IV D J (= V ives 103-2), form erly S d e C 562; 15—16. L 2090, 11068, 3.05, 3.06. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis o n coin 15. F orgery: 1. M 6681, 3.90.

Irippo The coinage of the peregrine city of Irippo (located near Seville: Numisma 162-4, 1980, p. 103) is little known and rather controversial. The city minted only one issue and we attribute it to Augustus’s reign on the grounds of its iconography. This is not, however, absolutely certain, and other authors have chosen to assign it to an earlier date, still within the first century b c (NAH, p. 234). The issue’s main characteristics are the rapid degenera­ tion in the style of the engraving, both on the obverse and the reverse - illustrating, at the very least, the work of local engravers - and the progressive reduction of the weight (coefficient of variation: 55: 33.57%). It is difficult to establish the value of these coins because of their metrological irregularity, although their average weight has led us to think that they may be semisses: 55 (head r.) 56 (head 1.)

18-28 mm, 5.93 g (144) 21m m, 4«^9g (19)

The metrological difference between 55 and 56 must result from the production of 56 after 55; there is no sign in 56 of

high weights or of the best quality dies, with which the mint presumably started its activity. We have no evidence for dating this issue. However, Grant (FITA 355, n. 6) suggested that it could possibly have been, like the Osset issue (58-9), a commemoration of Augustus’s visit in the years 15-14 b c . This, although prob­ able, is impossible to demonstrate. An interesting feature in the production of this city is the existence of at least three hybrid coins (57), which share an obverse of Irippo with a reverse of Osset. The fact that each of these three coins has been coined with different obverse and reverse dies makes it unlikely that it was a casual mistake and also makes any interpretation harder. We can reject the possibility of overstrikes of Irippo on Osset’s coins because of the good conservation of the reverse figure. The most logical deduction that can be reached is a close con­ nection between the two cities’ production. Stylistic degeneration in the engraving of the issue makes it difficult to establish the difference between bad quality dies and possible imitations.

Reign o f Augustus (?)_________________________________ 55

C opper

+

lead. 1 8 -2 8 m m , 5.93g (144)· Axis: var.

Vives n o - ι to 4,

nah

859,

gmi

[

46

2 ·4 8 , 3 ·5 2. 4 -7 °. 4 -6 5 . 3 ·3 °, 4 ·9 7 , 3 -9 6 , 4 ·° 7 . 3 -3 5 , 5 ·12; ΐ δ 8“ ^ · G h 2 (pi. 9 9 - 1 1), 4*88, 4 -8 3 i ι 6 ο . F o rm erly S de C 489 ( = V ives 1 10-4); 1 61. IV D J ( = V ives 110-3), form erly S d e C 490; 162—1 63. IV D J, form erly S d e C 494—5; 1 6 4 . C , 6.73; 165. P rin ceto n 726, 7.88; 1 66. P 1132 (obv. b ro ck ag e), 6.97. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis o n coin 66. C o u n te rm ark s: U n c e rta in in o b long, o n th e obv., o n 36. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 75) o n th e obv., o n 144. O V i ( = cm k 58) on th e o b v ., on 162-3.

]

922-4

IR IP P O ; beardless m ale head (of A ugustus?), r.; all in w reath Fem ale figure seated 1., holding cornucopia an d pine-cone; all in w reath A rriols 12/1979, 1118, 3.40; 2—3 6 . B a 4872-4, 9662-6, 9668, 14882-4, : 4 9 4 r > 23811-6, 30877, 31069-72, 34014, 37116-8, 105771, 105774, 105856-60, 8.33, 8.30, 3.62, 7.55, 7.45, 4.55, 3.81, 3.74, 5.00, 5.87, 3.58, 6 -4 9 . 9 -7 ° . 9 - 7 9 » 5 -9 5 . 7 -5 9 . 6.71, 3.63, 3.49, 5.13, 6.98, 4.56, 6.00, 5.62, 3 -9 9 , 7·1I.2 , 6.18, 4.56, 3.66, 4.27, 7.48, 5.36, 6.33, 5.88, 7.70; 3 7 . Bo 29, 4- 5 7 » 38—'44. C alico 11/1978, 6 0 8-14, 10.28, 8.88, 6.41, 4.94, 4.82, 3.56, 3.80; 4 5 - 5 0 . C alico 6/1979, 9 3 2 - 7 . 7 -5 °. n - 2 0 , io.oo, 7.75, 5.90, 4.10; 5 1 - 5 3 . C o p 152-4, 9.18 (pierced), 4.90, 4.41; 5 4 - 5 7 . M i 59 -6 2 , 6.89, 6.22, 4.49, 3.22; 58—5 9 . M S V 17/12/1981, 872, 877, 8.20, 5.00; 6 0 . M u 280, 3.99; 6 1 . N 22, 8.18; 6 2 —6 4 . 0 = a m c 1056-8, 5.69, 5.09, 2.12; 6 5 — 7 4 . L 2071-80, 9.72, 7.43, 7.13, 8.39, 4.33, 4.42, 4.52, 4.72, 4.39, 3.59 (b roken); 75 —7 7 . M u se u A rqueolôgic de T a rra g o n a 2021, 2572, 2694, 4.61, 6.32, 4.52; 78—8 6 . P 1126-31, L uynes 1131 a n d D elepierre, 9.95, 10.98, 5.42, 4.70, 3.^4, 6.78, 6.Q7, 2.97 a n d 3.43; 87—8 8 . V 359-60, 7.10, 4.77; 8 9 - 1 0 4 . B L ö b b (2), R au c h (2), B ohl (4), a.B . (2), Fox (2), I-B , 27840, 28255, P rokesch-O sten; 105. M 6 5 7 8 ( = V ives 110-2), 5.75; 106— 1 57. M 6551 ( = V ives 110 i ), 6552-3, 6555-64, 6571, 6574-5, 6577, 6579-89, 6593, 6599-600, 6612-3, 6616—7, 6619 (obv. brockage), 6622, 6624, 6628, 6635-42, S astre 4970, 4986-8 a n d 4990, 10.19, 11-03, 9.04, 7- 20, 9.15, 9.51, 9.29, 6.98, 8.38, 8.76, 6.94, 7.53, 6.68, 5.50, 6.07, 8.38, 6.27, 4.70, 7.19, 3.93, 6.13, 7.80, 5.67, 5.04, 5.03, 5.29, 7.22, 5.34, 5.23,

56

Vives 110-5, 6,

gmi

[

7]

925

As 55, b u t head 1.

I.

4- 4 2 5 89. 5-76, 5-36,

AE. 21 m m , 4 .6 9 g (19). Axis: var.

1—2. B a 9667, 14886, 4.64, 6.02; 3 . C alico 11/1978, 615, 4.86; 4 —5. L 2081 -2 , 4.16, 4.37; 6 . M u se u A rqu eo lô g ic d e T a rra g o n a 2897, 3.63; 7. O = AMC 1059, 4.72; 8 - 9 . P 1133-4, 3.61, 5.39; 10. B 380/1877, 4.24; i i . M 6 6 5 8 ( — V ives 110-6 = gmi 925), 4.75; 12—19. M 6654 ( = V ives 110-5), 6655 -7 , 6659 -6 0 , S astre 4 9 9 1 -2 , 4.73, 4.68, 4.15, 4.16, 5.98, 4.92, 5.08, 5.07; 20. M u 281 (I R I P P O , in v e rted ), 4.68 (p ierced ).

H ybrid 57

(O bv.: Irippo.

Rev.: O sset)

AE. 2 0m m , 5 .7 5 g (3). Axis: var.

[

i]

D elgado X L I I-g , C haves, Numisma 120-31, p. 252 IR IP P O ; beardless m ale h ead (of A ugustus?), r.; all in w reath N ude m ale figure standing, holding grapes I . V 3 6 1 , 5.62; 2—3. C h av es, N um ism a 120-31, p. 252, 7.81 (Col. M u n icip al de Sevilla 283), 3.81.

5 ·8 ι, 5 ·10. 5 -0 7 . 4 -8 9 , S·1«. 3 -8 9 , 5 U 5 , 4 ·2 5 , 3 -6 5 . 3-86,

Osset The city of Osset, whose exact location remains uncertain (H. Galsterer, MF 8, 1971, p. 20; F. Chaves, Numisma 1624, 1980, p. 103; J. L. Escacena, Habis 17, 1986, pp. 539-47), probably started its coinage during the second century b c , with an issue of asses of 22.40 g (1). This, and all the other issues of this city, are rare, and they have hardly been studied; however, some of them can presumably be dated to the first century b c . We attribute to Augustus’s reign a relatively large and artistically crude issue on the grounds of the identification of Augustus’s portrait on the obverse. This identification is not certain; hence some scholars do not consider that this issue belongs to Augustus’s reign (NAH, p. 233), whereas others, more cautiously, settle for the imprecision implied by dating it within the first century b c , without committing themselves on the identification of the portrait. Delgado (pi. X L II-io) published a drawing of a hybrid coin from Osset (obverse) and Irippo (reverse), from the Felipe Ramos de la Torre collection. We have not seen any such coin, and therefore we have not included it in the catalogue. We would not, however, exclude the possibility of its existence, because we know hybrid coins from Irippo (obverse) and Osset (reverse) (57) and the opposite could also exist. As for the denomination of 58 and 59, we find similar problems to those found with the coins of Laelia (54) and Irippo (55-6). 58 59

25 mm, 7.30g (97) 22 mm, 3.93 g (3)

One can conclude that 58 represents a unit and that 59 corresponds to its half. Although the number of specimens of 59 is very small, they do maintain the right relationship. If this is the case, then the differentiation of the denomi­

nations would be indicated by the different direction of the head, to the right (unit), or to the left (half). We should also point out that 59 has a similar weight to coins of Laelia (54) and that the unit (58) is twice its weight.

Reign o f Augustus (?) 58

Bronze. Vives

25

mm,

7 .3 0

1 1 1-8, n a h

g

(97).

Axis: var.

[

32

]

850, gm i 930

O S S E T ; m ale head (of A ugustus?), r. N ude m ale figure stan d in g 1., holding b unch o f grapes X. A N E 12/1981, 286, 7.06; 2. A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 222, 7.86; 3—4. A N E 3 -4 /1 2 /1 9 8 5 , 9 1 -2 , 6.20, 5.93; 5 - 2 4 . B a 4749 -5 1 , 4925, 9720, 15065-7, i5 o69. 23865—7. 3 i o 74, 34022, 100941, 105779, 105816-7, 7.31, 5.82, 6.87, 5.47, 5.98, 8.61, 7.31, 5.27, 8.90, 6.45, 5.58, 5.00, 6.38, 7.92, 7.48, 6.99, 8.35, 6.53, 5.73, 7.08; 25. Bo 38, 7.63; 2 6 - 3 0 . C alico 6/1979, I0 2 I“ 5 . 7 -5 5 . 7 -9 5 . 6 ·22, 6.10, 6.35; 3 1 . C o p 174, 8.58; 3 2 . K la g 53, 5.55; 3 3 . M i 65, 5.66; 3 4 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1102, 10.40; 3 5 —3 6 . M u 317-8, 7.02, 6.94; 3 7 . L 2 0 4 8 , 10.49; 38—4 2 . L 2047, 2049-50, 2052, 2053 (fa lse ? ), 8.27, 7.23, 6.23 ( b ro k e n ) , 8.34, 5.58; 4 3 —4 6 . 0 = a m c 1063-6, 7.98, 6.80, 4.60, 7.04; 4 7 —5 0 . P 1483—6, 10.49, 7 -9 4 j 4-66 (b ro k en ), 8.21; 5 1 . R 14, 7.40; 5 2 —5 4 . M u se u A rqu eo lô g ic d e T a rra g o n a 898, 2688, 3116, 6.99 (p ierced ), 7.78, 7.90; 5 5 - 5 6 . V 379-80, 7.53, 5.80; 5 7 - 6 5 . B Fox, B ohl (2), 17925, R au c h , 365/1877, L ö b b (2), 731/1902; 6 6 —101. M 7 2 7 4 91, 7 2 93 - 7 , 7306-8, 7310-1, 7316-7, 7327, 7335, 7337, S astre 5 1 2 7 -8 an d 5130, 8.14, 9.85, 9.06, 8.02, 8.07, 8.04, 8.28, 9.65, 7.87, 7.63, 8.02, 9.76, 7-87, 7-75, 8.32, 9.32, 6.14, 4 -9 1, 7-69, 8.56, 8.04, 5.64, 5.83, 7.76, 8.74, 7 -3 ° , 5 -7 3 , 6.74, 5.73, 4.73, 6.00, 7.52, 6.66, 7.80, 9.45, 8.59; 1 0 2 - 1 0 4 . G 3- 4 , 5 (pi- 9 9 -1 2 ), 9.95, 8.74, 5.34; 1 0 5 - 1 0 6 . IV D J , form erly S d e C 7 5 2 3; 1 0 7 . IV D J ( = V ives i n —8); 108. C 7.64; 109—i n . L 2051, 2054-5, 7.81, 5.61, 4.81. Im itatio n s: a—b . M 7340-1, 7.20, 5.66 (b o th s h are the sam e obv. a n d rev. dies). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis o n coin 37. C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram (= cm k 74) on th e obv., o n 64. C O N , see G u a d â n , p. 88, no. 126 (n o t verified). 59

AE. 2 2m m , Vives

3 .9 3 g

(3).

Axis: var.

[

i

1 1 1 —1 0

As 58, b u t head 1. i . M S V 17/12/1981, 1107, 3.70; 2. B 2 8 2 5 4 (O S S IIT ), 5.07; 3. M 7342, 3.03; 4 . F o rm erly C erv e ra coll. ( = V ives i n - 1 0 ) .

]

SPAIN: Italica

77

Italica The city of Italica (Santiponce, Seville) was founded in the years 206/205 b c , with veterans from Scipio’s army (Appian, Iber. 38), though we do not know what its legal status was (M .J. Pena, Estudios de la Antiguedad 1, 1984, pp. 50 and 83). In spite of its ancient foundation, this city did not strike any coin issues during the second and first cen­ turies b c and only a few issues are known from Augustus’s and Tiberius’s reign, when the city was already a municipium civium romanorum. A study and catalogue of these issues has been published by Chaves = F. Chaves, Las monedas de Italica, Seville, 1978 (2nd ed.). As the title Augustus appears on the legend, the coinages of Augustus are dated after 27 b c . There is no other evidence to establish the exact moment of issue. Grant (FITA 173) suggests that the constitutio of the city as a muni­ cipium could have taken place during Augustus’s visit, in 15-14 b c , and that some of the coinage could have had a foundation character (contra H. Galsterer, MF 8, 1971, p. 12, who, following B. Alex 52, 4, proposes 47 b c as the date for municipal status; P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, Oxford, 1971, p. 602, proposes a similar chronology). Chaves (p. 99) follows Grant’s hypothesis, and also considers 15-14 b c as the date in which Italica started its coinage. 72 was until now dated to Augustus’s reign (except by G. K. Jenkins, SNG Cop. 420), without any positive evidence (Vives IV, pp. 126-7; GMI, pp, 266-7; NAH, p. 267; Chaves, p. 131), but is here attributed to Tiberius’s reign, because the obverse portrait does not fit well within the series devoted to Augustus. On the other hand, the portrait on this coin has all the features of the portraits from Tiberius’s reign; the similarity to those of Germanicus and Drusus is very close, and they were probably cut by the same engraver. The legend PERM AVG seems, therefore, to allude to Tiberius as it does on coins of Germanicus (70) and Drusus (71). See now P. P. Ripollès, VII Congreso Nacional de Numismàtica ig8g (forthcoming). All the coins struck during Augustus’s reign could prob­ ably be considered as a single issue, consisting of asses (Genius and Roma: 60-1), semisses (she-wolf: 62) and quadrantes (capricorn: 63). The designs chosen for the reverses distinguish Italica from the rest of the Spanish mints, because it used types that allude to the Roman origin of the city and echo Roman propaganda (R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 402). The Augustan issue (60-63) consists of the following denominations (shown in the table at the top of the next column).

Dupondius

64 65 66-67 68 69 70 71 72

33mm,

Semis

As

60 61 62 63

Quadrans

28mm, 12.74g (50) 25-8 mm, 12.69 g (39) 21 mm, 6.11 g (13) 19mm, 3.29g (6)

The designs of the Tiberian coins refer to the imperial cult, like other cities of Spain, and abandon the singularity of the earlier designs. The whole coinage of Tiberius can be divided into two possible groups. The first (64-5) has Tiberius’s name and is composed of a small number of dupondii (64) and a large number of asses (65). The second (66-72) probably had the purpose of honouring the imperial family (Divus Augustus, Livia, Germanicus and Drusus), and perhaps also that of completing the variety of denominations of the previous group, since a large number of dupondii (66-7) and semis­ ses (69-71) were struck, whereas very few asses were min­ ted (68). The arrangement here proposed and the denominations minted can be seen from the table below. We have included 68 in this catalogue, although we can­ not be sure of its authenticity because we have not had the opportunity of examining it directly. Moreover, it is not even certain that it is a coin of Italica, since it has no ethnic or the normal mention of imperial permission. However, if it is genuine, it may possibly belong to Italica. 69 is only known from one specimen and, even though it does not mention the name of the city, we accept it as part of the second group of Tiberius. This is so because of formal and stylistic similarities, and because it fits neatly within the sense of the group. We have excluded, though, the dupondius of the altar series, in V, because it is a modern cast (Dembski, KAM A-I, 526, previously accepted as genuine by Chaves, pp. 25 and 101). We consider the hybrid coin from the Italica/Emerita (O. Gil, Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia 64, 1946, pp. 240-1, no. 48) to be a modern forgery (see the comments about this coin in the introduction to Emerita). Nevertheless, the arrangement of the two groups of Tiberius is not certain, because there are some contradic­ tory aspects. We have, following Chaves, placed first Tiberius’s group with altar and PROVIDENTIAE AVGVSTI reverse (64-5), on the grounds that Tiberius’s portrait on the P dupondius seems to be inspired by portraits from Lugdunum issues of 10 b c (Giard, Lugdunum, 99), and also because the legend PERM DIVI AVG indicates that the city was still coining with Augustus’s permission. However, the altar with the legend PROVIDENT does not appear on Semis

As

Quadrans

19.35g (i) (broken) 29 mm.

87g (174)

29 mm.

8ig(i)

34-5 mm, 25.51 g (32)

2 3 -4 mm, 7.32 g (1) 23-4 mm, 6.39 g (32) 22-3 mm, 6.23 g (63) 20 mm, 3.79g (17)

j8

S P A I N : Italica (60-68)

official issues (RIC 80-1) until c. a d 22/3 and, in order to place this issue at the beginning of Tiberius’s reign, we would have to argue that Italica anticipated the imperial message, which is difficult to accept. Grant (APT 89-90) and R. Etienne (Le Culte Impérial, p. 431) point out that Italica rendered in a fuller form the Roman legend PROVI­ DENT, thus implying that they believe that this issue may have been dated after the years mentioned above. Secondly, the Divus Augustus and Livia group (66-7). These coins copy the asses dated in 15—16 (RIC 72) and on the legend the imperial permission is mentioned (PERM AVG), probably referring to the new emperor, who may have renewed this permission. Therefore, if it is true that the PERM AVG legend refers to Tiberius, we must accept that these coins were minted after the altar series and before a d 19/23, on the hypothesis that they are part of the Ger­ manicus and Drusus coinage. The placing of the Divus Augustus and Livia coins at the end of the coinage can be supported by the fact that at Romula the legend PERM DIVI AVG was changed to PERM AVG during the mint­ ing of the only group of Tiberius. On a point of detail we can point out the anomalous position of IM P as praenomen at the beginning of the legend on the obverse of the altar dupondius (64) (Grant, FIT A 415, n. 9, and 440-1, APT 47-8; R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 422; Chaves, p. 105).

Reign o f Tiberius Tiberius 64

Vives 168-8, C haves 114,

AE. 28m m , 12.74g (50). Axis: var. GMI IO4 4

P E R M A V G M V N IC IT A L IC ; head, r. G E N P O P R O M ; G enius of the R om an people standing, 1., globe a t feet

i . P 1 4 3 5 ( = V ives 1 6 8 -8 = C h av es 1 1 4 =

65

66

Bronze. 34 m m , 25.51 g (32: 66—67). Axis: var. Vives 168-6, C haves 353-81,

gmi

[ 5 ]

1047

P E R M A V G D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R ; rad iate head, 1., sta r above, th u n d erb o lt in front IV L IA A V G V ST A M V N IT A L IC ; Livia seated, 1., holding sceptre a n d p a te ra (?) i . P 1 4 3 3 ( = C h av es 354), 27.08; 2. F N M T ( = C h av es 367), 28.40; 3— 2 9 . See C h av es 353, 3 5 5 -6 6 , 368-81; 3 0 . B L ö b b , 20.57; 3 1· IV D J, form erly S d e C 500. F o r m etal analyses, see C h av es, p. 80.

67

i . L 2 0 5 8 ( = C haves 82), 4.87; 2—13. See C haves 83—94; 14. IV D J ( = V ives 168-5), form erly S de C 498. F o r m etal analysis, see C haves, p. 80.

[ 3 ]

Vives 168-4, C haves 108-12 P E R C A E A VG ; head, 1. M V N IC IT A L IC ; capricorn, r., w ith globe, cornucopia and ru d d er i . P 1432 ( —V ives 168-4 = C h av es roV 4.52; 2 - 5 . See C haves 109-12; 6 . B B ohl, 3 .11 ; 7. IV D J , form erly S de C 499.

[ o ]

As 66 , b u t rad iate head, r.

[ 3 ]

P E R M CAES A VG ; b are head, 1. M V N IC IT A L IC ; she-wolf, r., feeding two sm all figures (R om ulus an d R em us)

A E. 35 m m . See 6 6 . Axis: var. Vives 168-7, C haves 382-3

i . F N M T ( = C h av es 382), 25.00; 2. See C h av es 383; 3. IV D J ( = V ives 168-7 — S d e C 501), 26.13.

Vives 168-5, C haves 82-94, n a h 1008, gmi 1046

AE. 19m m , 3.29g (6). Axis: var.

[ 34 ]

1049-51

Divus Augustus and Livia

[ 8 ]

i . C o p 415, 11.04; 2· V 362, 17.42; 3. L 2 0 5 6 (= C h a v e s 46), 14.23; 4 — 3 8 . See C haves 47—81; 3 9 . B 1015/1893, 14.23; 4 0 . IV D J ( = V ives 168— 1), form erly S de C 497. F o r m e tal analysis, see C haves, p. 80.

63

gmi

i . A arh u s 16, 13.04; 2—10. Bo 3 8 0 -8 , 14.66, 14.10, 13.64, 12.90, 12.70, 1 2 .0 0 , 11 .8 0 , 1 1 .6 0 ,8 .7 5 ; i i · C o p 4 1 7 , 1 1.65; I 2 · K la g 4 8 , 10.96; 13. M i 25 6 , 1 2 .55; 14—16. P 1439, D elep ierre a n d S de R , 13 .0 2 , 1 7.76 a n d 10.53; 17. S chw eizerische K re d ita n s ta lt, 4 9 (A u g u st 19 8 6 ), 83 ; 18—19. T ü b in g en 1 0 8 -9 , r 4~28, 11.64; 20—22. V a t 54 1 —3, 14-80, 1 2.00, i i .00 ; 23—2 4 . V 3 6 3 - 4 , 14.91, 11.82; 2 5 . A N E 2 6 - 2 7 /1 1 /1 9 8 6 , 18; 2 6 —27. N 2 3 3 - 4 (the la tte r P O N T I F E X M A X , alte re d in m o d e rn tim es), 11.40, 13.78; 28— 1 7 6 . See C h av es 115-263; 177—1 8 0 . B a.B . (2), B ohl, I-B ; 1 81. B L ö b b ; 182—1 8 3 . G 1 -2 , 18.82, 10.52; 184—1 8 5 . IV D J , form erly S d e C 502, 508; 1 8 6 - 1 8 9 . C , 12.83, 11.89, io -87, 9.73; 190. an X , 1980, 62, 14.69. F o r m etal analysis, see C haves, p. 80. C o u n te rm ark s: P R ( = c m k 61) o n th e obv., o n 185; see also C h av es 144, 197, 2 1 1. N C A P R ( = cm k 57), see C h av es 202. C ( = cm k 19), see C h av es 127 ( = P 1437). F C ( = cm k 50), o n th e rev. o n 185. P ( = cm k 30) on the obv., on 190.

P E R M A V G M V N IC IT A L IC ; head, r. R O M A ; R om a standing, 1., shield a t side

Bronze. 21mm, 6 . n g (13). Axis: var.

1 0 4 8 ), 19.35 (bro k en ).

T I C A ESA R A V G V S T V S P O N T M A X IM P ; bare head, r. M V N IC IT A L IC P E R M D IV I A VG ; a lta r inscribed P R O V ID E N T IA E A V G V S T I

Vives 168-1, C haves 46-81, nah 1007, gmi 1043

62

gm i

Bronze. 2 9m m , 12.87g Ö74)· Axis: var. Vives 168-9, C haves 115-263,

i . C op 416, 12.65; 2. N 232, 13.57; 3 * P I 4 24 ( = C haves 3), 12.62; 4 — 4 7 . See C h av es 1-2 a n d 4-4 5 ; 48—4 9 . B L ö b b , 597/1895, 12.14, 10.75; 5 0 . IV D J , form erly S de C 496; 5 1 . P rin ce to n 727, 12.29.

Bronze. 26-8m m , 12.69g (39). Axis: var.

1

[ 7 ]

Vives 168-2, ή τ α 173, pi. V-26, C haves 1-45, n a h 1006,

61

[ 1

1048

gmi

IM P T I C A E SA R A V G V S T V S P O N M A X ; bare head, r. [M JV N IC IT A L IC P E R M D I[V I] A VG ; a lta r inscribed P R O V ID E N T IA E A V G V S T I

Reign o f Augustus 60123 60

AE. 33 m m , 19.35g (1). Axis: 6 (1).

Tiberius, Germanicus and Drusus

68

A E. 29m m ,

i i

. 81

g (1). Axis: 9 (1).

Vives 168-10, C haves 293,

gmi

[ o ]

1054

[ ]SA R A V G V S T V S [ ]; b are head o f T iberius, 1. [G E R M A N IC V S CAESA R] D R V SV S CAESAR; G erm anicus an d D rusus standing, 1., both w ith spears I I V D J ( = V ives 1 6 8 -1 0 = S d e C 1983 needed: it m ay b e a false coin.

=

gmi 1 0 5 4 ), 11.81; confirm atio n

S P A I N : Italica, Romula {69-72)

Drusus

Germanicus and Drusus 69

yg

A E. 2 3 -4 m m , 7.32g (1). Axis: 1-2 (1).

[ o ]

71

D elgado X L III-1 5 , C haves 292

Bronze. 22-3 m m , 6.23 g (63)· Axis: var. Vives 168-12, C haves 294-310, 312-52, 1052-3

G E R M A N IC VS C A ESA R [T I A V G F]; b are head, 1. P E R M A V G D R V SV S CAESAR; b are head, r.

[ 23 ] nah i i

15,

gmi

D RV SV S C A ESA R T I A V G F; b are head, r. M V N IC IT A L IC ; aquila an d vexillum betw een two signa, below P E R A V G

i . S e v illa , M u n ic ip a l c o li. 291 ( = C haves 292), 7.32.

i . C o p 419, 5.99; 2. P 1446, 4.48; 3. V 365, 4.92; 4 . V a t 544, 6.70; 5 6 2 . See C h av es 294-352 (except 311 th a t is o f G erm an icu s, V ives 168-11); 6 3 . B 2 7 8 4 1 , 6.73; 6 4 —6 5 . B B ohl, L ö b b , 7.03, 6.74; 6 6 —6 7 . B a.B ., L ö b b ; 68—7 0 . C , 6.84, 5.86, 6.55. F o r m etal analysis, see C h av es, p. 80.

Germanicus 70

AE. 23-4 m m , 6.39 g (32). Axis: var. Vives 168-11, C haves 264-91,

nah

[ 9 ]

1116

Tiberius 72

G E R M A N IC VS C A ESA R T I A V G F; b are head, 1. M V N IC IT A L IC ; aq u ila an d vexillum betw een two signa, below P E R A V G

AE. 2 0m m , 3.79g (17). Axis: var. Vives 168-3, C haves 95-107,

nah

[ 5 ] 1009,

gmi

1045

P E R M A VG ; head, 1. M V N IC IT A L IC ; cornucopia a n d globe

i . C o p 418, 6.33; 2. M u 289 ( = C haves 311), 6.37; 3 . L 2 0 2 9 ( = C hav es 265), 5*78; 4—3 0 . See C haves 264, 266-91; 31—3 3 . B L öbb, B ohl, 940g, 8.41, 4.72, 6.19; 3 4 . C , 3.78.

i . C o p 420, 4.40; 2. V a t 540, 5.70; 3. Μ π 6 0 0 ( = V ives 168-3 = GMI 1045), 4.90; 4 —16. See C h av es 95 -1 0 7 ; 17. B B ohl, 5.71.

Romula The coinage of Colonia Romula (Seville), known previously as Hispalis, has been studied by Chaves = F. Chaves {Numisma 1 5 6 - 6 1 , 1 9 7 9 , pp. 9 - 9 1 ; Numisma 1 6 8 - 7 3 , : 9 δ ι , pp. 5 8 - 7 1 ). As a whole, a large number of similarities can be observed with the issues of Italica. One issue of copper quadrantes, with an average weight of 3 . 5 2 g ( 1 2 ) , and cornucopia, rudder and globe on the reverse ( 7 6 ) , as a clear allegory to Fortuna, has been dated to Augustus’s reign. It is a relatively short issue, and was interpreted by both Grant {FITA 2 2 0 ) and Chaves (p. 2 9 ) as an issue authorised by Augustus on the occasion of his visit in 1 5 - 1 4 b c . This dating is based on the presumption that Augustus’s visit had an enormous impact on the cities of Baetica. In addition, Chaves (p. 2 9 ) suggests the possi­ bility that the quadrans issue may have been made at the time when Colonia Romula was established. However, there are no strong arguments for this hypothesis, and we consider it more appropriate and convenient to attribute it to Tiberius’s reign on the grounds of its metal analysis (copper like the other denominations struck during Tiberius’s reign) and because the portrait style is similar to the other denominations, especially the asses and semisses. The legend PERM AVG on 7 6 may allude to Tiberius as on 7 5 . See now P. P. Ripollès, VII Congreso Nacional de Numismâtica ig8g (forthcoming). Coinages from Tiberius’s period echo the imperial cult and propaganda. The four denominations minted con­ stitute, without doubt, a single issue that can be dated to the beginning of Tiberius’s reign. We have not thought it right to date Germanicus’s semis to a d 1 8 , separating it Dupondius 73 74 75 76

As

from the other two denominations, as proposed by Chaves (p. 6 4 , where she dates 7 3 - 4 to a d 1 4 - 1 5 and 7 5 to a d 1 8 ) , since, as she herself has pointed out, the engravers of the semis are the same as those who made the dies for the asses. Therefore the change of the legend, from PERM DIVI AVG to PERM AVG, indicating the renewal of imperial permission by Tiberius, could have taken place during the minting of the issue. The denominations coined are shown in the table below. The dupondius 7 3 is very interesting. Whereas on the obverse Divus Augustus is honoured (copied from RIC 7 2 , a d 1 5 - 1 6 ) with traditional iconography, the reverse is dedi­ cated to Livia with the exceptional legend GENETRIX ORBIS and with crescent and globe symbols. This presen­ tation of Livia has been widely considered (Chaves AN 8, pp. 8 9 - 9 6 ) as the result of the spontaneity of the provincial cult (R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 43 °) and as a strange formula that is alien to the repertory of legends of Roman official coinages {APT 9 0 ) . R. Etienne {Le Culte Impérial, p. 4 2 8 ) considers it as an attempt to create a ‘royaume cosmique’. The asses 7 4 follow an iconographical model common to several Spanish mints. They have on the obverse Tiberius’s head and on the reverse the confronted heads of German­ icus and Drusus. The issue is completed with a coinage of semisses dedicated to Germanicus ( 7 5 ) and quadrantes ( 7 6 ) . The lack of one in Drusus’s honour creates an imbalance in the attention the colony gives to both Caesares and, perhaps, gives a sign of a certain preference for Ger­ manicus {APT 9 9 ; R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 4 2 6 ) .

Semis

Quadrans

33-4 mm, 23.50g (208) 2 8 -9 mm, 12.02 g (226) 22 mm, 6.34g (53) 20m m, 3.52g (12

i . B a 9489, 9.90; 2. Be 4971, 9.99; 3—8. Bo 4 0 8 -1 3 , 13.42, 12.92, 12.72, 11.98, 1 1.75, 10.56; 9 . F 76, 12.75; ι ° · K la g 54, 13.37; i i —1 3 . N 244-6, 14.22, 13.70, 12.74; 14: —1 5 - T ü b in g e n 119-20, 10.51, 10.26; 1 6 —2 0 . V a t 556-6 0 , 12.80, 12.00, 11.90, 11.70, i i . 00; 2 1 . P 1 4 9 9 (= C h a v e s 255), 14.32; 2 2 —2 3 1 . See C h av es 211—54 a n d 256-420; 2 3 2 . Ο , 14.44; 2 3 3 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /8 9 , 481, 12.18. F o r m etal analysis, see C h av es, N um ism a 150—5, 1978, 337-43. C o u n te rm ark s: PS ( = cm k 62) a n d m o n o g ram ( = cm k 84), see C h av es 340.

Reign of Tiberius______________________________________ Divus Augustus and Livia 73

C opper. 33-401111, 23.50 g (208). Axis: var. Vives 167-2, C haves 12-210,

gmi

1038-9,

[ 32 ]

nah

ro6o

P E R M D IV I A V G C O L R O M ; rad iate head, r., star above, th u n d erb o lt in front IV L IA A V G V ST A G E N E T R IX O R B IS ; head o f Livia upon globe, 1., crescent above

Germanicus

i . B a 105819, 23.22; 2. Be 3270, 23.74; 3—7. Bo 4 0 3-7, 24.75, 2 7 -I 2 > 22.34, 20.78, 18.73; 8· F 7 5 s 20.60; 9 . N 243, 26.35; 10. P D elep ierre, 22.64; I Ï —12. R 2 3 8-9, 27.30, 22.50; 13—14. T ü b in g e n 117-8, 22.21, 20.14; 15. V a t 555, 22.70; 16. P 1492 ( = C haves 64), 23.70; 17—2 1 5 . See C haves 12-63 a n d h 5 _ I 5 3 ? 155—210. F o r m etal analysis, see C haves, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43C o u n te rm ark s: PS ( = cm k 62) a n d m o n o g ram ( = cm k 84) on th e rev., on 1; also cm k 84 a n d 62 on th e obv. a n d cm k 62 on th e rev., on C h av es 51 ( = L 2191 = A N E 12/1960, 181 = C haves 154). D ( = cm k 25), see C haves

75

AE. 2 2 m m , 6.34g (53). Axis: var. Vives 167-4, C haves 421—71,

gmi

1042,

[ 13 ] nah

1017

G E R M A N IC V S C A ESA R T I A V G F; b are head, 1. P E R M A V G C O L R O M ; ro u n d shield w ithin w reath 1—2. V a t 5 6 1 -2 , 6.20, 5.70; 3. C o p 4 2 4 ( = C h av es 443), 6.78; 4 —5 3 . See C h av es 4 2 1 -4 2 , 44 4 -7 1 ; 5 4 . IV D J , form erly S d e C 774; 5 5 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /8 9 , 482, 8.32.

97-

Tiberius

Tiberius, Germanicus and Drusus 74

C opper. 2 8 -g m m , 12.02g (226). Axis: var. Vives 167-3, C haves 211-420,

gmi

1040-1,

[ 41 ] n ah

76

C opper. 20-1 m m , 3.52g (12). Axis: var. Vives 167-1, C haves 1—11,

1066

n ah

[ 1 ]

1010

P E R M A VG ; bare head, 1. C O L R O M ; cornucopia, ru d d e r and globe

P E R M D IV I A V G C O L R O M ; lau reate h ead of T iberius, 1. G E R M A N IC V S C A ESA R D R V SV S CAESAR; facing heads o f G erm anicus an d D rusus

i . P 1 4 9 1 ( = C h av es i) , 3.31; 2 —1 2 . See C h av es 2-1 1 . F o r m etal analysis, see C h av es, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43.

Gades The city of Gadir/Gades began its coinage during the third century b c and it carried on minting throughout the second and first centuries b g , when Gades was a civitas foederata. These issues are characterised by using exclusively Punic legends and have very few types, relating to deities from the city cult (Hercules and Helios) and to the city’s economy and maritime tradition (tunny fishes). Different arrange­ ments and chronologies have been proposed for the Republican period issues (Guadân = A. M. Guadân Las monedas de Gades, Barcelona, 1963; L. Villaronga, NAH, pp. 101 and 159; and more recently Alfaro = C. Alfaro, Las monedas de Gadir/ Gades, Madrid, 1988). In this catalogue we do not include the asses and frac­ tions with Punic legends like Vives 74-1 to 13 and 76-6 to 8. Grant [FITA 173), because of stylistic and metrological analogies with the Latin issues, suggested that the more recent Punic asses of Gades were contemporary with them or perhaps even later. Guadân (1963, p. 57) and Vives (p. 9) considered that these Punic issues were minted before and after the Latin ones, their production being carried on until the end of Caligula’s reign. In this respect, C. Alfaro (p. 128, group VI.G) is in favour of a late date for part of these issues, and she believes the last Punic coinages were made between 49 and 19 b g . However, we do not believe that such a low chronology is possible, because these issues correspond to the second and first century b g cultural horizon and also because we know an overstrike of Sexi (Vives 83-3, dated in NAH to the second century b g ) on an as of Gades (Vives 74-1) {AN 13, 1983, pp. 71-2). We also reject the bilingual coin published by A. Gômez-Moreno

(.Misceldneas, 1949, 165, pi. 36-1), because it seems very doubtful, and possibly tooled from a coin of Lascuta (Guadân, Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia 34, 1961, p. 59; contra M. P. Garcia, Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia 61, 1988, pp. 324-35, who considers it genuine). There are no problems of attribution, in spite of the fact that Gades’s Latin issues never have an ethnic, since the types, in some cases, derive from those previously used (Melqart/Hercules). Moreover, the style of all the coins is very homogeneous and on one of them the Gaditan Balbus is mentioned. These issues have several general features. They are exclusively minted in high value denominations, dupondius and sestertius; they are made from dies with low relief and they have on the obverse many chisel cuts, which have been interpreted by Guadân (1963, p. 18) as a sign of demonetisation. One can also point out that there are a number of coins that seem to have been cast. These have been included here, following A. M. Guadân and G. Alfaro, although we have certain reservations about them, which can only be resolved by a detailed die study. All the Latin issues belong to Augustus’s reign, but their starting point and arrangement is still uncertain and open to a variety of opinions. Guadân {Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia 34, 1961, p. 74) considered that the uniformity of the issues gives cause for thinking that they were minted in a very short period of time ( 8 b c - a d 4) and that they are not contemporary with some of the persons that are represented on them. On this view the issues of Balbus and Agrippa are posthumous and contemporary with the issues of Gaius and

S P A IN : Gades (77-80)

Lucius, Augustus and Tiberius. In 1963 Guadân (pp. 50-1) repeated this idea, asserting as proof the existence of die links between several issues, following information from G. K. Jenkins. These links, however, have not been documented and, in fact, Jenkins has denied to us giving any such information. Guadân’s opinion has not been fol­ lowed in this catalogue because we consider that there is no basis for the view that the Balbus and Agrippa coins are posthumous, and because we believe it is more likely that the different issues were made over a period of time, although they have a reasonably homogeneous appearance. We have placed first the coinages dedicated to Agrippa. They can be dated between 27 b c (COS III) and 12 b c , the year when he died. Grant (FITA 171-2) and R. Etienne (Le Culte Impérial, ρ. 395 ) proposed the attractive idea that Agrippa was the founder or the man who organised the municipium (contra Galsterer MF 8, p. 17, n. 5; P.A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, p. 602; J. F. Rodriguez, El municipio romano de Gades, Cadiz, 1980, pp. 44-6, who considers that Gades was municipium in 49 b c ) . They argued that this event took place at the time of Agrippa’s proconsulate and so they date these coinages to 19 b c , suggesting (Grant) that they are possibly a foundation issue. Agrippa’s coinages can be divided into three issues, each of them consisting of two denominations, sestertius and dupondius. The coin published by Vives (pi. 78-3) has been excluded from this catalogue because it is a modern cast forgery.. The weights and denominations are the following:

and give to the issue a date of c. 16 or a bit earlier. Two denominations were struck. Sestertius

88-89

77 78 79

36 mm, 39.69 g (3) 3 6 -8 mm, 31.37 g (2)

80 81 82 83 84

3 7 mm,

32 mm, 19.34g (23)

91

30—4 mm, 18.49g (23)

Tressis (?)

Sestertius

92

37 mm,

Dupondius

32.54g (10)

93 94 39mm» 37-46g (3) 95

31 mm, 17.82 g (4) 33 mm, 28.52 g (11)

36-8 mm, 38.31g (7)

97

31-4 mm, 19.08 g (6)

Reign o f Augustus

31—4 mm, 19.99g ( r°) 32 mm, 20.31 g (3)

M Agrippa cos III

31 mm, 20.78g (3)

3 5 -3 ° g (9)

38-9 mm, 37.87 g (7)

77

31-3 mm, 20.63 g (4)

Sestertius

86 87

35-7 mm, 38.16 g (10)

90

Dupondius

Next, we have placed the issue dedicated to Balbus, whose terminus post quern is given by the date at which he obtained the pontificate ( 2 0 b c ) , to which his coinages allude with their legend and with the priestly emblems which appear on the reverse. On the obverse, unlike the other issues, the portrait of the person to whom the issue is dedicated does not appear. This fact must be considered as an indication of the importance of portraits on coins (Grant, FITA 173), and seems to indicate that they are reserved for the princeps and for the members of the imperial family. The issue consists of two denominations: 85

Dupondius

We have placed last the coinages of Augustus, although this is not totally certain. They must be dated, as a whole, after Tiberius’s issue because the coins of Augustus can be divided into two groups: one which does not include Gaius and Lucius’s heads and one which does. The second one (96-7) can be dated after 6 b c , if we take into account that this is the date of the hrst epigraphical inscriptions honour­ ing both in Spain (R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 397). On the other hand, the first group, in which the adoptive grandsons of Augustus do not appear, could be earlier on the ground of the stylistic differences of Augustus’s portrait. We consider the coin published by Heiss (pi. LII—39) and included by Grant (FITA 173) to be false or misread. Among the denominations minted, 95 stands out because it differs from the usual sestertii and dupondii. Perhaps it could be considered as a tressis (?) since its average weight and designs are different from Augustus’s other issues.

96

Sestertius

81

[ o ]

Vives 79-1, Alfaro 3207-9 M V N IC IP I PA REN S; seated figure, 1. (Agrippa?) M A G R IP P A C O S I I I ; aplustre i . M 2 7 9 3 ( = V ives 79-1 = A lfaro 3209), 36.73; 3 - 3 . See A lfaro 3207-8. 78

AE. 36-8 m m , 31.37 g (2). Axis: 6 ( 1 ) .

[ o ]

A lfaro 3179-80 H ead of H ercules in lionskin, 1.; club across neck M A G R IP P A C O S I I I M V N IC IP I PA R EN ; aplustre i . M 2 7 7 8 ( = A lfaro 3179), 32.86; 2. M 2779 ( = A lfaro 3180), 29.88. 79

AE. 31-4 m m , 19.08 g (6). Axis: var.

[ 1]

Vives 76-5, Alfaro 3181-6 As 78

Dupondius

i . R e a l A c a d e m ia d e la H is to r ia ( = V ives 7 6 -5 = A lfaro 3184), 22.72; 3—6. See A lfaro 3181 -3 , 3185-6.

37mm, 36·*78980g (56) 32m m, 18.79g ( 16) 32mm, 18.29g ( 0

AE. 36 m m , 39.69 g (3). Axis: 6 (3).

80

Bronze. 37 m m , 35.30g (9). Axis: 6 o r 12.

[ 1 ]

Vives 78-2, 4, G u ad ân 121, Alfaro 3190-7

The third issue is dedicated to Tiberius. The simpulum, which is shown on the reverse, seems to allude to his pontifi­ cate, which must be dated a little before he held his praetorship in 1 6 b c (CIL II 6 0 8 0 ; G. Alfoldy, MF 1 0 , p. 6 6 ) . Grant (FITA 172), R. Etienne (Le Culte Impérial, p. 3 9 6 ) and Beltrân (Numisma 147-9, : 977 j Ρ· 5 1) ah share this opinion

A G R IP P A ; head of A grippa, L, w earing ro stral crown M V N IC IP I PA REN S; ap lu stre (to 1. or r.) i . M 3 7 8 7 ( = V ives 7 8 -4 = 3194), 32.43; 2 - 8 . A lfaro 3190-3, 3195-7; 9 . L 1944 ( = F i T A , pi. V -2 9 ) (to o led ), 44.52. M eta l analysis on coin 9: C u 93.00; P b 2.27; Sn 1.02; A g 0.090; F e 0.410; Sb 0.090; N i 0.130; A u ο .010; As 0.160; Bi 0.006; Z n 4 . i i . F orgery: i . M 2784 ( = V ives 78-3 ).

81

AE. 3 i- 4 m m , 19.99g ( I0 )· Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

AE. 35-6 m m . See 8 8 . Axis: aro u n d 6. Vives 79-2, A lfaro 3268-71

A G R IPPA ; head of A grippa, 1., w earing rostral crown M V N IC IP I (PA T R O N V S ) PA REN S; aplustre

As 88, b u t head r.

M V N IC IP I P A R E N S : 1 -4 . See A lfaro 3198-201; 5. B Bohl, 15.23; 6. V Q R 8 2 1 ; M V N IC IP I P A T R O N V S P A R E N S : 7. M 2 7 9 0 ( = V ives 78-6 = A lfaro 3202) (sam e obv. die as coin 5), 21.76; 8—11. See A lfaro 3203-6. 82

89

Vives 78-6, 7, G u ad ân 122, C op 450, Alfaro 3198-206

AE. 32m m , 20.31g (3). Axis: var.

[ o]

i . M 2 8 1 6 ( = A lfaro 3268), 43.38; 2—4 . See A lfa ro .3269-71; 5. A u ctio n K re d it Suisse 4 /1987, 797 ( = N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 4 0 5 ), 3 9 ·4 °· 90

Bronze. 32 m m , 19.34g (2 3 )· Axis: 6. Vives 79-4, 5, G u ad ân 125-8,

[ i]

nah

[ 5]

943, A lfaro 3247-67

As 88

Vives 76-7, 7, C op 451, Alfaro 3187-9

i . L 1948, 20.68; 2. M S V 17/12/1981, 736 ( = n a h 943), 18.55; 3 * M 2 8 1 5 ( = V ives 7 9 -4 = A lfaro 3254), 15.76; 4 —2 3 . See A lfaro 3247-53 a n d 3 2 5 5 67. M eta l an aly sis on coin 1: C u 93.50; P b 0.060; Sn 5.06; A g 0.010; Fe 0 . 010; Sb 0.020; N i 0.020; A s 0.630; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.020.

H ead of H ercules in lionskin, 1.; club across neck M V N IC IP I (PA T R O N V S ) PA REN S; aplustre M V N IC IP I P A R E N S : 1. C o p 451 ( = A lfaro 3189), 19.02; 2. M 2782 ( = A lfaro 3188), 19.30; M V [N IC IP I P A T R O ]N V S P A R E N S : 3. See A lfaro 3187 ( = V ives 7 6 -6 ).

91

A E. 30-4 m m , 18.49 g (23)·

1 3]

Vives 77-1 to 3, G u a d â n ii 8 , A lfaro 3221-42 83

AE. 38-9 m m , 37.87 g (7). Axis: aro u n d 12-1.

[ 1]

H ead of H ercules in lionskin, L; club across neck T I C L A V D IV S (N E R O ); sim pulum (to 1. o r r.)

Vives 78-1, G u ad ân 120, Alfaro 3210-6 A G R IPPA ; b are head of A grippa, r. M V N IC IP I P A T R O N V S PA REN S; aplustre

T I C L A V D IV S : 1. R e a l A c a d e m ia d e la H is to r ia ( = V ives 7 7 1 = A lfaro 3240), 26.14; 2—12. See A lfaro 323 1 -9 , 3241—2; T I C L A V D IV S N E R O : 13. R e a l A c a d e m ia d e la H is to r ia ( = V ives 7 7 2 = A lfaro 3227), 14.42; 14—2 2 . See A lfaro 3221 -6 , 3228-30; 2 3 . G 30, 19.71; 24. V Q R 822 (B M cast).

i . M 2 7 9 5 ( = V ives 78-1 = A lfaro 3211), 33.57; 2—7. See A lfaro 3210, 3212—6. 84

AE. 31-3 m m , 20.63 g ( 4 )· Axis: var. Vives 78-5, G u ad â n 123,

n ah

[ o ]

942, Alfaro 3217-20

Augustus

As 83 92

i . M 2 7 9 8 ( = V ives 78-5 = A lfaro 3218), 20.90; 2 - 4 . See A lfaro 3217, 3219-20.

Vives 76-4, G u ad ân 115-6,

Bronze. 37m m , 36.80g (56). Axis: aro u n d 6. Vives 75-1 to 3, G u ad ân 103-11, 3066-115

nah

940, Alfaro 93

AE. 32m m , 18.79g 6 6 )· Axis: 6.

[ 6 ]

i —14. See A lfaro 3143-56; 15. V Q R 8 19. 94

A E. 39 m m , 37.46 g (3). Axis: var. T etrastyle tem ple w ithin w reath A V G V S T V S D IV I F; w inged th u n d erb o lt 1—3 . See A lfaro 3157-9·

95

A E. 3 3 m m , 28.52g (11). Axis: var. Vives 77-5,

As 85, w ithout star 1. IV D J ( = V ives 7 5 -6 = A lfaro 3118), 19.14; 2—16. See A lfaro 3116-7,

A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1. T etrasty le tem ple w ithin w reath

3119- 31·

I.

0

) Axis: aro u n d 6 (2).

nah

[

3]

945, Alfaro 3160-8

C o p 4 4 9 ( = A lfaro 3167), 26.93; 2—9 . See A lfaro 3 1 6 0 -6 a n d 3168; B a 9765, 24.48; i i . B 17134, 32.45.

10.

[ o] 96

AE. 36-8 m m , 38.31 g (7). Axis: var. Vives 77-6, G u ad ân 119,

H ead of H ercules in lionskin, 1.; club across neck P O N T BALBVS; axe

nah

[ o]

944, Alfaro 3169-75

A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1. [D] F; heads o f G aius and Lucius back to back, w ithin w reath

1. R e a l A c a d e m ia d e la H is to r ia (= V ives 75-5 = A lfaro 3133), 18.20; 2. See A lfaro 3132.

I . M 2 7 7 5 {= V ives 7 7 -6 = A lfaro 3173), 32.04; 2—7. See A lfaro 3169-72 a n d 3174-5.

Tiberius AE. 37 m m , 38.16 g (10: 88—8 9 ). Axis: var.

[ o ]

Vives 77-4, A lfaro 3157-9

Vives 75-4, 6, G u ad ân 112-4, Alfaro 3116-31

AE. 32m m , 18.29g

[ 2]

As ga

Vives 75-5, Alfaro 3132-3

88

A E. 31 m m , 17.82 g (14). Axis: var. Vives 76-1 to 3, G u ad ân 1 r 7, Alfaro 3143-56

W ith o u t star: i . P 1 0 5 2 b is ( = A lfaro 3103), 35.12; 2 - 4 9 . See A lfaro 3066-102, 3104 a n d 3106-15; 5 0 - 5 2 . L 1945-7. 3 4-i6, 3 1 .9 4 , 4 3 -7 4 ; 5 3 . M S V 17/12/1981, 720, 42.20; 5 4 . V ico 27/11/1981, 128, 28.48; 5 5 . T a rk is 10/1982, 37, 36.10; S tar: 5 6 . V a t 539 ( = A lfaro 3105), 38.20. M eta l analysis on coin 50: C u 88.50; P b 4.83; S n 1.34; A g 0.100; F e 0.430; Sb 0.120; N i 0.060; A s 0.190; Bi 0.008; Z n 3.760. O n coin 51: C u 81.50; P b 12.37; S n 6.38; A g 0.040; F e 0.030; Sb 0.110; N i 0.080; A s 0.050; Bi 0.005. O n coin 52: C u 90.10; P b 2.00; Sn 6.78; A g 0.080; Fe 0.060; Sb 0 . 130; N i 0.050; As 0.110; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.005.

87

941, Alfaro 3134-42

1. M 2 7 6 2 ( = V ives 7 6 -4 = A lfaro 3135), 30.96; 2 - 9 . See A lfaro 3134, 3 1 36-42; 10. A N E 12/1981, 225, 38.33.

[ 9 ]

H ead of H ercules in lionskin, 1.; club across neck P O N T BALBVS; knife, sim pulum , axe (and star)

86

n ah

[ 2]

H ead o f H ercules in lionskin, L; club across neck A V G V S T V S D IV I F; w inged th u n d erb o lt

Balbus 85

A E. 37 m m , 32.54g (10). Axis: var.

[ o]

Vives 79-3, G u ad â n 124, Alfaro 3243-6 N E R O ; bare head, 1. T I C L A V D IV S; sim pulum i . R e a l A c a d e m ia d e la H i s t o r i a (= V ives 79-3 = A lfaro 3245), 40.00; 2—4 . See A lfaro 3243-4, 3246; 5. G 29, 38.46.

97

A E. 31 m m , 20.78g (3). Axis: aro u n d 6 (3).

[ o]

Vives 77-7, A lfaro 3176-8 As 96 (the letters D F are clearly legible on the rev.) I.

M 2 7 7 7 ( = V ives 7 7 -7 = A lfaro 3177), 21.91; 2—3. See A lfaro 3176 an d

3178·

S P A IN : Iulia Traducta (g8-gg)

83

Iulia Traducta quality of the designs, a change derived undoubtedly from the use of different engravers. While the higher denomi­ nations, dupondius and as, maintain the same types as the first issue, the semis and quadrans introduce new ones. The metrological standard becomes lighter, as can be seen from the table (107-10). There is no evidence to allow a precise date for either issue. Grant (FIT A 220, 295), R. Etienne (op. at., p. 393, n. 5) and Chaves (p. 64) maintain that these issues com­ memorate, in the same way as those of other cities in Ulterior, Augustus’s visit in 15-14 b c . However, we do not understand why Grant uses the argument that dedications to Gaius and Lucius appear in Spain from 6 b c to date the Gades issue dedicated to them (96-7), but forgets it for Iulia Traducta (Etienne does not give an exact chronology). Chaves dates the first issue to 12-11 and the second to 11— 10 b c . She explains such an early appearance of Gaius and Lucius as Iulia Traducta’s advancement in the celebration of both principes (contra L. Villaronga, NAH, p. 268, who suggests a date c. 2 b c ) . The coin classified in SNG Mu 242 and published by F. Chaves (La Corduba hispano-romana y sus monedas, Seville, 1978, no. 540) as belonging to Colonia Patricia, is in fact a coin from Iulia Traducta (= 109/3, rev.: ]A TRA[).

The coinage of Iulia Traducta has been studied by Chaves = F. Chaves (Numisma 156-61, 1979, pp. 9-91; Numisma 168-73, 1981, pp. 37—58) and we have followed her arrangement. The foundation date of the city is not known with precision, though it was founded with settlers from Tingi and Iulia Constantia Zilil (Strabo III, 1,8), probably between 33 and 27 b c , on a site on the coast of Ulterior, yet to be identified with certainty (F. Chaves, Numisma 156-61, 1979, p. 26; H. Galsterer, MF 8, 1971, pp. 32-5). We do not follow N. K. Mackie’s view (Historia 1983, pp. 343-8) that Iulia Traducta was situated in Mauretania, since coin circulation and finds do not support her argument (see, for the distribution of the coins, J. P. Bost et alii, Belo IV, Madrid, 1987, pp. 42-3; J. Marion, Ant. Afr. 1, 1967, pp. 102-4; P- P· Ripollès, CMTM, pp. 101, 106, 109, 121, 135, 160, 199, 231, 238). Iulia Traducta struck only during Augustus’s reign. Fol­ lowing Chaves, we have separated coins corresponding to the issue known as ‘crude’ (98-106) from the rest (107-10). The possibility that all of them form part of the same issue has, of course, been considered, since some of the denomi­ nations use identical designs. However, metrological and stylistic criteria as well as the existence of semisses with different designs (bunch of grapes and ear) - whose dies have been cut by the engravers who made the dupondii and asses dies of the ‘crude’ issue - have led us to agree that there was a gap between the minting of both series. The ‘crude’ issue, because it has a higher average weight and a style that could be considered ‘indigenous’, is regarded as the first issue. Judging by the number of coins preserved, it can be deduced that it was shorter than the second issue. The ‘crude’ issue consists of the denomi­ nations shown in the table below (98-106). The correct reading of the obverse legend of 101-2 is G CAES F instead of C CAESAR, which appears in every catalogue and study (Vives, pp. 115-16, no. 5-7; Suther­ land, yftS107189*1934, p. 36; R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 398, η. i; Villaronga, NAH, p. 267; Chaves, Numisma 168-73, 1981, p. 39). Μ 12165 (= Chaves 7) struck with the as types ( 100) can hardly be considered as a semis; it is more likely an as struck on a small flan. The second issue bears an important change in the

D upondius

98

As

Augustus 98

AE. 33m m , 22.66g (3). Axis: var. Vives 164-1, C haves 1-3

P E R M CAES A VG ; bare head, 1. C L CAES IV L TR A D ; heads o f G aius an d Lucius, back to back i . F N M T (M ad rid ) ( = C h av es 3), 20.32; 2—3. See C h av es 1-2; 4. IV D J, form erly S de C 831. 99

A E. 26m m , 13.99g (6:

103-104 105

1. P 1 2 3 4 A ( = V ives 164-3 ( = C h av es 4 = g m i 1055) (P E R ), 16.31; 2. IV D J ( = V ives 164-2) (P E R M ), form erly S d e C 840, 11.05.

Q uadrans

Sem is

5.72 g 7.78g 5.98 g 6.44 g

(44) (6) (35) (2) 15mm, 2.Il g (3)

ιο6

109

110

Axis: 1-2 (1).

1055

P E R (M ) CAES A VG ; bare head, 1. IV L IA TR A D ; in oak w reath

20-1 mm, 20—i mm, 19-20 mm, 21 mm,

102

108

gmi

2 6 - 7 m m , 1 3 . 9 9 g (6)

ΙΟ Ι

107

9 9 - 1 0 0 ).

Vives 164-2, 3, C haves 4,

33 m m , 22.66 g (3)

9 9 - iq o

[ o ]

33 mm, 19.76 g (56) 25 mm, 9.55 g (408) 20-1 mm, 4.54g (92) 15mm, 2.62g (7)

[ 1 ]

100

AE. 27 m m . See

99.

Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

107

As gg, b u t head r. a n d P E R M

P E R M CAES A VG ; b are head, 1. C L CAES IV L TR A D ; heads o f G aius an d Lucius, back to back

Bronze. 20-1 m m , 5 .7 2 g (44). Axis: var. Vives 164-5,

6,

C haves 8-49,

1012,

nah

gmi

1058

i . V a t 545, 6.80; 2. L 1792 ( = C haves 13), 7.80; 3—43· See C hav es 8-1 2 , 14, 16-49; 44 · IV D J ( = V ives 164-5), form erly S de C 845; 4 5 . F o rm erly S de C 849 ( = V ives 164-6). F o r m e tal analysis, see C haves, N um ism a 150-

108

[ i ]

1—5. See C haves 50-4; 6. L 1 7 9 4 ( = C haves 15), 5.30. 1 0 3 —4 ) .

Axis: var. [ 7 ]

Vives 164-8, C haves 55-85,

nah

io ii

,

gmi

1059

L CAES; b are head of Lucius, r. IV L T R A D ; ear o f barley i . M 1 1 7 6 6 , 7.04; 2—10. M 11757, 11759, 11760 ( = V ives 1 6 4 -8 = g m i 1059). 11761-5. S astre 5189, 5.83, 5.77, 4.08, 5.84, 6.34, 6.96, 4.73, 4.90, 3.61; 11—3 3 . $ ee C h av es 55-67 a n d 76—85. M eta l analysis on coin L 1795 (= C haves 61): C u 65.70; P b 21.10; Sn 10.58; A g 0.040; Fe 0.030; Sb 0.080; N i 0.070; C o 0.003; A s 0.030; Bi 0.010; Z n 0.020. O n coin L 1796 ( = C haves 60): C u 76.50; P b 13.40; Sn 10.17; A g 0*050; Fe 0.110; Sb 0. 080; N i 0.060; As 0.200; Bi 0.004; Z n 0.090. 104

AE. ig -2 o m m . See

103.

Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

109

Vives 164-9, C haves 86-7 As

P E R M CAES A VG ; b are head, 1. IV L IA T R A D ; apex an d sim pulum

b u t head

nah

1014

Bronze. 20-1 m m , 4 .5 4 g (92). Axis: var. Vives 164-14, 15, C haves 524-608,

103,

[ 39 ]

1056,

gmi

1. Be 3500, 11.89; 2—13. Bo 389 -4 0 0 , 13.20, 11.25, 10.23, 9.62, 9.25, 9.14, 8.86, 8.14, 7.62, 7.51, 6.88, 6.14; 14. F 73, 10.00; 15. K la g 55, 10.76; x6— 18. M i 257 -9 , 8.18, 7.93, 5.95; 19—20. P D elep ierre, 9.64, 10.38; 21— 2 5 . V a t 546-5 0 , 9.40, 7.20, 7.00, 6.10, 6.10; 2 6 . L 1 7 8 3 ( = C h av es 183), 8.07; 2 7 —4 0 6 . See C h av es 144-82 a n d 184—523; 4 0 7 —4 0 9 . N 236 -8 , 9.22, i i . 10, 9.00; 4 1 0 —4 1 1. W a rsaw 165723-4, 8.08, 10.52; 4 1 2 — 4 1 3 . P rin ceto n 7 28-9, 9.82, 11.21; 4 1 4 . F o rm erly S de C 834; 4 1 5 . Saguntum 19, 1985, 32, 7.20. M eta l an aly sis on coin L 1786 ( = C h av es 184): C u 87.00; P b 3.74; Sn 9.50; A g 0.050; F e 0.010; Sb 0.070; N i 0.090; A s 0.260; B i 0.010. O n coin L 1787 ( = C h av es 182): C u 87.00; P b 10.40; Sn 2.00; A g 0.100; Fe 0 . 010; S b 0.710; N i 0.010; C o 0.003; As 0.330; Bi 0.080; Z n 0.010. F o r m o re m etal analyses, see C h av es, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43. C o u n te rm ark s: D ( = cm k 25) on th e obv., o n 24. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 70) o n th e rev., on C h av es 202 (= B D ressel). A lso C R ( = cm k 44), see C h av es 158; M o n o g ram ( = c m k 81), see C h av es 202, 238, 319, 365; D D ( = cm k 46), see C h av es 220, 316, 434; M o n o g ram ( = cm k 87), see C h av es 235; S tar, see C h av es 272; F F , see C h av es 430 (n o t verified); P R ( = cm k 60), see C h av es 464. D S ( = cm k 48) o n th e obv., o n 414. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 89) on th e rev., on C h av es 279.

C C A ES F; b are head of G aius, r. IV L T R A D ; ear o f barley

L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 5.98 g (35:

1057

P E R M CAES A VG ; b are head, 1. ÏV L IA T R A D ; in oak w reath

Vives 164-7, C haves 50-4

103

gmi

Bronze. 25 m m , 9.55 g (408). Axis: var. Vives 164-13, C haves 144-523,

5 > 19 7 8 j· 337 - 4 3 -

AE. 20-1 m m , 7.78g (6). Axis: var.

1013,

nah

i . P 1233, 18.93; 2 · R 2 3 t j 24.10; 3 . L 1 7 8 1 ( = C h av es 104), 16.86; 4 — 5 5 . See C h av es 9 2 -1 0 3 a n d 105-43; 56· N 235, 18.47; 5 7 * IV D J ( = V ives 1 64-12), form erly S d e C 832. M e ta l an alysis o n coin 3: C u 82.00; Pb 14.42; S n 1.73; A g 0.020; F e 0.010; S b 0.080; N i 0.500; C o 0.004; As 0.310; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.006. O n coin L 1782 ( = C h av es 103): C u 82.00; P b 13.27; S n 3.48; A g 0.070; F e 0.010; Sb 1.75; N i 0.840; As 0.153; Bi 0.050; Z n 0. 006. F o r m o re m etal an aly ses, see C h av es, N um ism a 150—5, 1978, 337-43. C o u n te rm ark : D D ( = c m k 46), see C h av es 130, 143.

[ 10 ]

C CAES F; b are head of G aius, r. IV L T R A ; bunch of grapes to 1. or r.

102

[ 7 ]

Vives 164-12, C haves 92-143,

i . Sevilla, M u n ic ip a l coll. ( = C h av es 6), 14.57; 2· C o p 4 57 C h av es 5), 15.22; 3 . M a r tin e z c o ll. ( = g n 44, 1977, 73 = C h av es 612), 12.60; 4. IV D J ( ~ V ives 164-4 = S de C 839), 14.21. 101

Bronze. 33m m , 19.76g (56). Axis: var.

Vives 164-6, C haves 5-6

1.

1. M 11767 ( = V ives 164-9 = C haves 87)5 6.05; 2· P 1241 ( = C h av es 86),

gmi

[ 10 ] 1060,

nah

1015

1—2. Bo 4 0 1 -2 , 5.23, 3.72; 3 . M u 242 ( = C h av es 540), 5.34; 4 —7. V a t

6 -3 9 -

5 5 1“ 4 . 4 -9 5 . 4 *9 °) 4-6o, 4 4 5 ; 8. P 1 2 3 7 ( = C h av es 539), 5.34; 9 - 9 3 . See 105

AE. 21 m m , 6.44g (2)· Axis: 6 (2).

[ o ]

C h av es 524-3 8 , 5 40-607 a n d 608 (retro g ra d e rev. leg en d ); 9 4 . IV D J ( = V ives 164—14), form erly S de C 841. F o r m e tal.an aly ses, see C haves, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43." C o u n te rm ark : D X ( = cm k 49), see C h av es 591.

Vives 164-10, C haves 89-9 L CAES; b are head of Lucius, r. IV L T R A ; bunch o f grapes

110

i . F N M T (M a d rid ) ( = C haves 88), 5.98; 2. See C haves 89. 106

AE. i 5 m m , 2 .h g (3). Axis: 6 (2). Vives 164-11, C haves 90-1,

nah

AE. 15m m , 2.62g (7). Axis: var. Vives 164-16, C haves 609-11,

[ o ]

gmi

[ i ] 1061,

nah

1016

P E R CAE A VG ; b are head, 1. IV L IA TR A D ; p atera, aspergillum , ju g an d lituus

1017

1. L 1791 ( = C h av es 609), 2.88; 2—3 . See C h av es 61 0 -1 ; 4. M S V 17/12/1981, 913, 2.92; 5—6. M 12164, S astre 4824, 3.15, 2.20; 7. V ico 27/11/1981, 141, 2.19.

CAES A VG ; sim pulum IV L T R A ; tu n n y fish, r. i . M S a s tre 5 1 9 9 , 2.35; 2—3. See C haves 90—1.

Carteia The Latin colony of Carteia was founded in 171 b c (Livy 43, 3). Its coinage has been carefully studied by Chaves = F. Chaves, Las monedas hispano-romanas de Carteia, Barcelona, 1979. Here we follow Chaves’s study, even though there are still many problems of arrangement and chronology, and therefore the order given here is uncertain. Carteia began its coinage during the second half of the second century and maintained it quite regularly until Tiberius’s reign. Types used for both obverses and reverses are almost entirely copies of those used in Rome, though mainly of those with a general applicability. The exclusive

minting of fractions (semisses and quadrantes) throughout the whole period is an important feature of this mint. In this catalogue only those issues dated by Chaves after 44 b c are included, but we bear in mind that this arrange­ ment, possible as it may be, is not absolutely certain. The coin [ JAVFIDIVS RVFVS IIII [VIR] kept in Berlin, attributed by Vives (pi. 129-14) and Grant {FITA 336, pi. IX-27) to Carteia, has been here excluded following Chaves, because this coin does not fit within the city issues (see Uncertain, 5418). The metrology of the issues included in this catalogue

S P A IN : Carteia (111-122)

seems to indicate that only two denominations were struck, semisses and quadrantes. However, the existence of inter­ mediate weights and the high weight of the coins thought to be quadrantes (116-19, 123), makes certainty difficult. The denominations minted are as follows: I

II

45 116

21 m m , 6 . 4 1 g ( 4 0 )

114

20 m m , 5 . 4 8 g (23)

1 *5

2 0 m m , 5 . 4 7 g (23) 1 8 - 1 9 m m , 3-98 g (98)

1 18

i 8 - i 9 m m , 4 . 3 5 g (39) 18 m m ,

117

965, 967,

nah

AE. i8 - ig m m . See 116. Axis: var.

947

[ o ]

Vives 128-12, C haves 1 133-5

4 -0 7 g . ( ” 3)

120

22 m m , 6 .7 8 g (70)

As 1 16, b u t dolphin 1.

121

22 m m , 6 . 0 7 g (8)

1—3 . See C h av es 1133—5·

1 22

2 3 m m , 7 .3 6 g (289)

118

1 8 - 1 9 mm, 3 - 9 5 g ( i 6 7)

1 23

gmi

1 - 2 . Bo 339 -4 0 , 4.91, 3.48; 3 . F 70, 4.25; 4 . K la g 36, 4.80; 5. M i 251, 3.94; 6 - 7 . V a t 513 -4 , 3.00, 3.00; 8 . V 269, 3.36; 9. L 1 7 3 3 ( —C haves 1066), 7.12; 10—9 5 . See C h av es 1046-65, 1067-132.

1 1 6 - 1 17 n 9

AE. 1 8 -9 m m , 3.98g (98: 116—7). Axis: aro u n d 6 or 12. [ 25 ] Vives 128-11, C haves 1046-132,

g ( 11 )

21 m m , 6 . 4 8

JI3

BC?

C A R T E IA ; head o f Fo rtu n a, r., trid e n t behind I I I I V IR E X D D; C upid riding dolphin, r.

2 0 m m , 6 . 3 9 g (4 )

I 12

85

AE. 1 8 -1 9 m m , 4 .3 5 g (39). Axis: var.

[ 7 ]

Vives 128-13. C haves 1136-74 C A R T E IA ; head of F o rtu n a, r., trid e n t behind D D; C upid riding dolphin, r.

L a te f i r s t cen tu ry BC

i.

P Falcidius IIHvir, 40 BC? 111

AE. 20m m , 6.39g (4)· Axis: aro u n d 12.

[ 1 ]

Vives 129-1, C haves 944-6

Vives 128-1, C haves

(=

V ives 128-13

=

C h av es 1154), 4.20;

gmi

964,

nah

[ 22 ] 948

I. A arh u s, 13, 3.45; 2 . Bo 341, 2.66; 3 . F 71, 4.60; 4 - 5 . M i 252 -3 , 3.50, 3.36; 6. P D elep ierre, 3.31; 7. P S d e R ( —C h av es 1199), 4-53; 8— 1 14. See C h av es 1175-98 a n d 1200-82; 1 1 5 . N 230, 4.18; 1 1 6 . L o ck ett coll., 5.74. F o r m e tal an aly sis, see C h av es, p . 86.

[ 1 ]

947-57

End, o f f i r s t century B C a n d b e g in n in g o f f ir s t

E X S C: i . N Y ( = C haves Q48), 5.48; 2—11. See C h av es 047, 049—57; W ith o u t E X S C: 12. N Y ( = C haves 958), 7.06.

century AD (?) 120 120

Bronze. 2 2m m , 6.78g (70). Axis: var. Vives 129-4, C haves 1283-351,

C Maius C f Pollio Illh ir , 3 5 BC? Bronze. 21m m , 6.41g (40). Axis: var.

See C h av es

C A R T E IA ; dolphin, 1., w ith trid en t I I I I V IR D D; ru d d e r

C A R T E IA ; head o f F o rtu n a, r., trid e n t behind P F A L C ID IV S I I I I V IR (E X S C) F C; club, bow and quiver

113

2 —3 9 .

Bronze. 18 m m , 4 .0 7 g (113). Axis: aro u n d 6. Vives 129-5, C haves 1175-282,

i . B ( = C haves 944), 5.96; 2—3. See C haves 945-6; 4 . IV D J ( = V ives 129-1 = S de C 190), 7.03.

AE. 2 1 m m , 6.48g (11). Axis: var.

5053

20 BC? 119

C A R T E IA ; head of F o rtu n a, r., trid en t behind P F A L C ID I I I I I V IR ; w inged th u n d erb o lt betw een two lines

112

M

1136-53, 1155-74·

gmi

96g,

[ 19 ] nah

950

C A R T E IA ; head o f Fo rtu n a, r. D D; fisherm an seated on rock, 1.

[ 15 ]

1—2. V a t 5 15-6, 6.90, 6.90; 3. 0 = A M C 1 0 1 6 (= C h a v e s 1301), 5.80; 4 — 7 1 . See C h av es 1283-300 a n d 1302-51; 7 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 129-4); 7 3 . H ow gego coll., 8.18. F o r m etal an aly sis, see C h av e s, p. 86.

Vives 128-2, C haves 959-98 C A R T E IA E X D D; head o f F o rtu n a, r. C M A IV S C F P O L L IO I I I I V IR ; w inged caduceus

121

i . C o p 4 3 8 ( = C haves 981), 6.43; 2 - 4 0 . See C haves 95 9 -8 0 a n d 982-98. F o r m e tal analyses, see C haves, p. 86.

Bronze. 22 m m , 6 .0 7 g (8)· Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

Vives 129-3, C haves 1352-9 As i s o , b u t fisherm an seated on rock, r. I. O — A M C 1 0 1 9 ( = C h a v e s 1353), 6.78; 2—8. See C h av es 1352, 1354-9. F o r m etal analysis, see C h av es, p. 86.

L Atinius C Nucia(nus ?) Illlviri, 30 BC? 114

115

C opper + lead. 20m m , 5.48g (23). Axis: var. Vives 128-3, C haves 999-1021

[

6

]

122

Bronze. 23 m m , 7.36 g (289). Axis: var. Vives 129-2, C haves 1360-628,

gmi

957-8,

[ 54 ] nah

949

E X D D; head o f V ictory, r. L A T IN I C N V C IA I I I I V IR ; cornucopia

C A R T E IA ; head o f F o rtu n a, r. D D; N eptune standing, 1., holding dolphin an d trident

i . L 1 7 5 4 ( = C haves 1003), 5.47; 2—23. See C h av es 999-1002 a n d 100421. F o r m etal analysis, see C haves, p. 86. M o re analyses are needed.

i . A arh u s 12, 6.85; 2 —3 . Be 3284 a n d 4139, 8.68, 6.77; 4 - 9 . Bo 342 -7 , 5.81, 10.82, 5.06, 5.56, 7.19, 7.90; 1 0 . K la g 35, 8.42; i i —1 2 . M i 254-5, 7.52, 6.59; 13—14. R 229-3 0 , 8.51, 7.83; 15—17. T ü b in g e n 7 6 -8 , 8.03, 6.99, 6.06; 18—23. V a t 517-2 2 , 7.40, 7.30, 6.00, 6.00, 5.60, 5.40; 24. L 1 7 7 4 ( = C h av es 1388), 8.90; 25—2 9 3 . See C h av es 1360-87, 1389-628; 2 9 4 . C (B u rk itt lo a n ), 9.70; 2 9 5 . H ow gego coll., 8.74. F o r m e tal analysis, see C haves, p. 86. C o u n te rm ark s: P ( = cm k 31) on th e rev ., on C h av es 1411 ( = P i 2 0 3 ) . M o n o g ram ( = cm k 85) o n th e obv., o n C h av es 1415 ( = P 1202). B ( = cm k 15) o n th e rev., on C h av es 1416 ( = P 1201). R ( = G u a d â n 40) o n C h av es 1527 (n o t verified). P R on C h av es 1543 (n o t verified).

AE. 20m m ,

5.47g

(23). Axis: aro u n d 6 or 12.

Vives 128-4, C haves 1022-45 E X D D; head o f Apollo, r. L A T IN I C N V C IA I I I I V IR ; lyre i . C o p 4 4 0 ( = C haves 1029), 6.08; 2—24. See C haves 1022-8 an d 1030-45.

[ 3 ]

86

S P A IN : Carteia, Abdera, Patricia { 123-126)

G E R M A N IC O E T D R V SO ; head o f F o rtu n a, r. C A E SA R IB V S I I I I V IR C A R T ; ru d d er

R e ig n o f T ib e r iu s

Germanicus and Drusus Illlv ir i

i . Be 6434, 3.89; 2. P D elep ierre, 3.34; 3. T ü b in g en 80, 4.70; 4 —6 . V a t 52 3 ~ 5 , 3-8o, 3.40, 3.10; 7. L 1 7 7 6 ( = C h av es 1655), 4.33; 8 - 1 6 6 . See

123

Bronze. i8 - ig m m , 3 .9 5 g (167). Axis: var. Vives 128-14, C haves 1629-788,

nah

1119,

[ 32 ] gmi

C h av es 1629-54, 1656-788; 1 67. N 231, 4.15; 1 6 8 . C raco w V I I - A 5885, 3.05; 1 69. C (B u rk itt lo a n ), 4.12. F o r m etal analysis, see C h av es, p. 86.

966

Abdera The ancient Phoenician colony of Abdera (Adra, Almeria) minted, during the second and first centuries b c , different issues with Punic legends (Vives, pi. 81; NAH, pp. 162-3). There are very few coinages from the imperial period and they belong to Tiberius’s reign. These could be just one issue of asses, of 10.03 g average weight (44: 124-6). Apart from Tiberius’s portrait on the obverse, they do not introduce any typological novelty, since the tetrastyle temple which appears on the reverse reproduces with only small modifications (the central columns take the shape of a fish, probably a tunny fish) the reverse of the same issue dated to the beginning of first century b c (Vives pi. 81-2 to 4; NAH, p. 443). We reject the possibility that coins such as Vives 81-2 to 4 date from Augustus’s reign, as Vives (vol. I ll, 17) pro­ posed. The low average weight of this issue, 7/8 g {NAH, p. 163), and its technical features do not give support to its inclusion here and suggest an earlier date.

1—2. P 1066 a n d 1068, 10.27, 6,48; 3 . V a t 503, 9.10; 4 . C alico 11/1978, 3, 9.48; 5. L 1596, 8.81; 6—9 . M 2963, 2965 -6 , S astre 4719, 9.58, 9.21, 8.53, 1 1.86; 10. M u se u A rq u eo lô g ic de T a rra g o n a 3284, 12.00; 11. O , 9.95; 12. I V D J ( = V ives 124-1), form erly S de C 12; 13. F o rm erly S d e C 13. M o d ern forgeries: 1—2. M 2962, 2964. C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in o b je ct ( = cm k 10) o n th e o b v ., o n 13.

125

Vives 124-1,

gmi

1118,

gmi

[ io ]

124

i . C alico 6 /1979, 8, 13.50; 2. C o p 470, 9.71; 3—7. P 1063, 1065 a n d 10713, 9-33, 10.37, 9 . ! 9 , 12.69, 11-04; 8. V 252, 9.86; 9 . L 1 5 9 4 ( = V ives 1242), 9.86; 1 0 - 1 4 . M 2968, 2970-2, S astre 4721, 11.30, 10.29, 9 ·5 9 > 9-38, 9.92; 15. N 228, 10.65 (tooled o b v erse legend); 16. O , 8.97; 17. B B ohl, 9.36; 18. F o rm erly S d e C 14. M o d e rn forgeries: 1. B a 23543; 2. M 2969.

T ib e r iu s ___________________________________ AE. 26 m m , 9.57 g ( 11 ). Axis: var.

nah

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, r. A BD ERA ; tetrastyle tem ple, o f w hich two colum ns are in the form o f fishes, pedim ent containing P unic legend ’B D R T

126

124

A E. 2 6m m , 10.29g (17)· Axis: var. Vives 124-2,

A E. 26 m m , 10.07g (16). Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

Vives 124-3 As 125, b u t on rev. pedim ent containing star

[ 4 ]

1—2. B a 9436, 23541, 8.39, 12.36; 3. C alico 11/1978, 4, 9.50; 4 . C alico 6/1979, 9 > 8,28; 5 . L 1595, 8.14; 6 - 1 1 . M 2974 ( = V ives 124-3), 2 9 7 5 - 6 > 2980, 2982, S astre 4720, 13.87, 12.81, 10.88, 9.10, 8.85, 10.15; I 2 · M u seu A rqu eo lô g ic de T a rra g o n a 3144, 9.45; 13. P 1 0 6 2 , 12.46; 14—16. B B ohl, a.B ., R a u c h , 8.30, 8.94, 9.57; 17. IV D J , form erly S d e C 15. F orgeries (?): 1—2. B a 9436, 23541; 3 . M 2980.

123

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. T etrastyle tem ple, of w hich two colum ns are in the form of fishes; pedim ent containing P unic legend ’B D R T

Patricia Colonia Patricia’s coinages are well known thanks to the work of Chaves = F. Chaves {La Corduba hispano-romanay sus monedas, Seville, 1977) and also R. Knapp’s discussion {AHN 1980, pp. 189—202). During the Republican period this city, which was known by the name of Corduba, struck an issue of quadrantes (Vives, pi. 118-1 to 4), for which different chronologies have been proposed: the end of the second century b c (Knapp, p. 187), the Sertorian period (Chaves, p. 87, Crawford, CMRR 347) and the years 46-45 b c (Grant, FIT A 4). Patricia’s coinages form a single issue, consisting of five denominations; this makes it one of the most complete issues of its time. The issue, which indicates imperial permission in the Sestertius

127 128 129 130

r3!

Dupondius

legend, reproduces on the obverse of every denomination a head of Augustus copied from the imperial ‘Patricia’ type {RIC, pp. 45-51). For the sestertius and as, the oak wreath, copied from the Roman coinages minted from c. 20 b c {RIC, pp. 6iff.) was chosen; for the dupondius, a military theme, the eagle between two signa was chosen; and for the semis and quadrans, priestly symbols. All these types have been explained as an allusion to the most important of the Augustus’s priesthoods (semis and quadrans), to the pro­ tection that his regime offered (sestertius and dupondius) and to the veterans’ settlement and to Augustus as Imper­ ator (dupondii) (R. Knapp, Roman Corduba, 1983, p. 29). There is not any problem in identifying the denomi­ nations, since metal analyses indicate that they are made of

As

Semis

Quadrans

40-1 mm, 37.25 g (9) 32-3 mm, 19.44g ( G 2) 24-5 mm, 10.03 g (374) 20-1 mm, 5.12 g (269) 16 mm, 2.64g (59)

S P A IN : Patricia (127-131)

bronze alloy. Therefore they can be identified as sestertius, dupondius, as, semis and quadrans. As for chronology, Knapp’s argument is convincing. He places the terminus post quern in 19-18 b c , on the grounds of the ‘Patricia’ style of the portraits, the reverse types and the minting of sestertii. On the other hand, he places the terminus ante quern in 2 b c , because the coins lack the title P(ater) P(atriae) on the legend. A more precise chronology is debatable, though there is a general tendency to follow Grant’s assumption (FITA 220 and 295), that Augustus’s visit of 15—14 b c was an influential factor in the decision to strike them. Scholars see in this issue the commemoration of a new deductio (Knapp, Roman Corduba, 29, proposes a date c. 15 b c ) or of the city’s foundation (Chaves, 102, 119-20, proposes 13—12 b c ) . But this is by no means certain. The reading of the reverse legend on the well-preserved quadrans that we have been able to examine, is COLO PATR instead of COL PATR. However, a large proportion of the material studied by Chaves is not illustrated; we cannot reject the possibility that some dies have the legend COL PATR, though we have not seen any. The coin classi­ fied in SNG Mu 242 as a coin from Patricia, which Chaves also published (no. 540), is in fact a coin from Iulia Traducta (109/3). The coin Berlin 9407 (= 129/382) included by Chaves within the group of semisses (no. 658) is in fact an as. Coins classified in AMC 1037-8 (= Chaves 378) as sestertii are really dupondii. The denarius published by L. Mapelli (GW 29, 1973, p. 29) is a modern forgery.

10221 (= C h av es 67), 19.75; I 3—14 °· See C h av es 10-66, 68-138; 141. IV D J, form erly S de C 211. M eta l an aly sis on coin L 1531 (= C h av es 35): C u 94.00; P b 0.280; S n 6.00; A g 0.020; F e 0.010; Sb 0.600; N i 0.160; C o 0.020; As 0.550; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.003· O n coin L 1532 ( = C h a v e s 36): C u 90.50; P b 0.100; Sn 6.73; A g 0.010; F e 0.090; Sb 0.140; Ni 0.020; C o 0.040; As 0.880; Bi 0.009. F o r m ore m etal analyses, see C h av es, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43· 129

Bronze. 40-1 m m , 37.25g (9). Axis: var. Vives 165-1, C haves 1-9,

gmi

952,

Vives 165-2, C haves 10-138,

gmi

953,

n ah

[ 20 ] 1002

P E R M IS S V C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I; b are head, 1. C O L O N IA P A T R IC IA ; aq u ila betw een two signa 1—2. B a 105842-3, 17.20, 19.23; 3—4 . M i 261-2, 17.99, 15-Ï4; 5—6· P D elepierre, 18.74, 18.86; 7. R 234, 21.20; 8. V 297, 17.62; 9 . V a t 528, 22.10; 10. N 239, 16.13; i i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 132, 19.77; M

nah

[

39

]

1003

! 9 7 8 = 337 - 4 3 C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = cm k 79), see C h av es 168, 171 (tw ice), 187, 199-201, 256, 276, 303, 305-7* 3 5 9 . 3 6 3 . 367. 3 7 2. 3 7 5 . 3 7 8 > 3B6, 402. 4 1 9 21, 437, 469, 4 7 2 -3 , it is difficult in som e cases to d istin g u ish betw een cm k 79 a n d 44. N C A P R ( = c m k 57), see C h av es 412, 417. 130

Bronze. 20-1 m m , 5.12g (269). Axis: var.

[ 43 ]

Vives 165-4 to 6. C haves 479-539, 541-657, 659-723, 9 5 5 . NAH I 0 ° 4 P E R M CAES A V G ; bare head, 1. C O L O N IA P A T R IC IA ; apex an d sim pulum

gmi

I - I I . Bo 368-75, 377 -9 , 5.72, 5.70, 5.43, 5.22, 5.18, 5.08, 4.87, 4.45, 3.98, 7.47, 4.27; 12. K la g 43, 5.73; 13. M i 267, 5.61; 14. N 242, 4.11; 1 5 16. P 992, D elep ierre, 4.47, 6.48; 17. R 237, 5.60; 18—2 0 . T ü b in g e n 9 6 -8 , 5 ·7 8 , 5 -19 , 4-291 21- 25 · V 3 0 3 -7 , 6.24, 6.oo, 4.89, 4.65, 3.35; 2 6 - 3 0 . V a t 5 34-8, 5.20, 5.00, 4.70, 4.40, 4.00; 3 1 . P 9 9 0 ( = C h av es 536), 5.91; 3 2 2 7 3 . See C h av es 479-535, 5 3 7 -9 , 5 4 I- 6 5 7 > 6 5 9 -7 2 3 (coins C h av es 720-3 h ave tw o pellets below chin); 2 7 4 . IV D J , form erly S de C 217. M eta l an alysis o n coin L 1543 (= C h a v e s 522): C u 91.00; P b 2.84; Sn 1.640; A g 0.100; Fe 0.100; Sb 3.14; N i 1.46; As 0.330; Bi 0.010; Z n 0.010. O n coin L 1544 (= C h a v e s 524): C u 89.50; Sn 6.87; A g 0.010; Fe 0.090; Sb 0.120; N i . 0.050; C o 0.040; As 0.240; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.020. F o r m o re m e tal analyses, see C h av es, N um ism a 150—5, 1978, 337 -4 3 .

[ 2 ]

Bronze. 3 2 -3 m m , 19.44g (132). Axis: var.

954,

i . A arh u s 17, 12.29; 2. A N E 3 -4 /1 2 /1 9 8 5 , 52, 10.67; 3—1 7* 351—65, 12.25, 11-04} 10.66, 10.55, to .30, ίο .ί ο , 9.86, 9.57, 9.21, 9.00, 8.95, 8.50, 7.85, 7-8o, 7.40; 18. F 74, 11.00; 19. K la g 42, 9.86; 20—2 3 . M i 263-6, 9.19, 8.90, 8.35, 8.15; 24—25. P 985 a n d S d e R , 8.53, 11.12; 26—2 7 . R 2 35-6, 9.80, 8.90; 28—29. T ü b in g e n 9 3 -4 , 11.74, 10.50; 3 0 —3 4 . V 298— 302, 11.65, n - 5 9 , Ι : ·05, 10.40, 9.38; 3 5 - 3 9 · V a t 529-533, 12.40, 10.70, 9.60, 6.70, 5.80; 4 0 —4 1 . N 2 4 0 -1 , 9.18, 9.69; 4 2 . M S a s tr e 4 8 1 0 (= C h av es 309), 12.34; 4 3 —3 8 2 . See C h av es 139-308, 3 10-478 a n d 658; 3 8 3 . W a rsaw 216767, 7.85; 3 8 4 . B oulogne su r M er, 10.78. M eta l analysis on coin L 1537 ( = C h av es 166): C u 85.50; P b 10.25; Sn 2 -26; Ag 0.110; Fe 0.020; Sb 0.700; Ni 0.020; As 0.520; Bi 0.021. O n coin L 1538 (= C h av es 167): C u 82.50; P b 9.20; Sn 2.30; A g 0.160; Fe 0.010; S b 0.750; N i 0.430; A s 1.56; Bi 0.010. F o r m ore m etal analyses, see C h av es, N um ism a 150-5,

P E R M IS S V C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I; b are head, 1. C O L O N IA P A T R IC IA ; w ithin oak w reath

128

gmi

P E R M CAES A VG ; b are head, 1. C O L O N IA P A T R IC IA ; w ithin oak w reath

n a h io o i

i . B (C haves 6), 36.80; a—8. See C haves 1—4 a n d 7-9; 9 . G 2, 43.65; 10. I V D J, form erly S de C 209. M eta l analysis on coin L 1530 ( = C h av es 4): C u 91.50; P b 0.030; Sn 5.22; A g 0.010; F e 0.010; S b 0.060; Ni 0.040; C o 0.020; A s 0.770; Bi 0.009; Z n 0.010. W e have n o t in c lu d ed the su p p o sed sestertius w hich C haves (no. 5) says is in O xford, because it does n o t a p p e a r in A M C a n d w e h ave n o t seen it in th e A shm olean .

L eaded bronze. 2 4 -5 m m , 10.03g (3 7 4 )· Axis: var. Vives 165-3, C haves 139-478, 658,

A u g u s tu s __________________________________ 127

8y

131

Bronze. 16 m m , 2.64g (5 9 )· Axis: var. Vives 165-7, 8, C haves 724-76,

gmi

956,

[ 14 ] n ah

1005

PE R CAE AVG; b are head, 1. C O L O PA TR ; p atera, aspergillum , ju g an d lituus 1—2. B a 105844—5, 2.88, 3.22; 3 —4 . P (no n u m b e rs), 2.16, 1.89; 5. L 1546 ( = C h av es 729), 2.44; 6—5 7 . See C h av es 724-8 a n d 7 30-76; 5 8 . C (B u rk itt lo a n ), 2.78; 5 9 . M 1 0 5 9 9 ( = V ives 165-7), 3.32; 6 0 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 368, 2.40. F o r m etal analysis, see C h av es, N um ism a 150-5, 1978, 337-43.

TARRACONENSIS ‘Castulonian Mines’ As for the abbreviation S C, it can be pointed out that there are several artefacts from the same locality with the same letters. These were published by Hill and Sandars, especially the copious series of coins of Kese, countermarked with these letters punched in a series of dots on the obverse (see L. Villaronga, Les monedes ibériques de Tarraco, Tar­ ragona, 1983, pp. 32-3, and more recently M. P. GarciaBellido, Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia 153-4, : 986, pp. 13~A2)·

Same rare and problematic coins that have the abbrevia­ tions S G and a male head to 1. (Augustus?) on the obverse and a grazing horse on the reverse, have been attributed to the ‘Castulonian Mines’. The attribution to the mining dis­ trict of Castulo arises from the fact that one of them (132/1) was found near the mine at El Centenillo; for this reason it has been considered that these coins were minted to be used as currency at the mines. The expansion of the abbreviation S C presents some difficulties. G. F. Hill and H. W. Sandars (JRS 1911, pp. 100-6) proposed to interpret the abbrevia­ tions as S{enatus) C(onsulto). Grant {FITA 134), however, in view of the repetition of the abbreviation on both sides, suggested that they allude to a mining company (S(ocietas) C(astulonensis)) and to a senatorial decree (S(enatus) C{onsulto)). At the same time, the identification of the object that appears behind the obverse head is also uncertain; Grant thought that it was a lituus, but Sutherland and Kraay (AMC 1036) considered that it was a palm. The attribution to the reign of Augustus is based on the identification of the portrait as this emperor. A more precise date is impossible.

R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s (?) *12 132

A E. 2 7m m , 9 .9 0 g (2). Axis: var. BMC

304,

FITA

I34, pi. V ” 7,

NAH

[ 2

]

946

S C; head o f A ugustus (?), 1., p alm b ran ch (?) over shoulder S C; horse grazing 1.

L =

JR S

19 11,

pi.

2 . O — AM C 1 0 3 6 ,

X IV -i =

9.52;

3.

134, p i . V -7 = b m c 304, 10.28; 946. All seem to sh are th e sam e obv. an d

fita

nah

rev. dies.

Acci The Colonia Gemella Acci (Guadix, Granada), of Latin right (Pliny, NH 3, 25), was founded in the time of Caesar (J. M. Santero, Habis III, 1972, pp. 203-22) or a little later. The five issues minted by the city during the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius and Caligula have been studied by Chaves = F. Chaves, Numisma 138—43, 1976, pp. 141-58. The first two were minted during Augustus’s reign, presumably when the city was still part of the province of Baetica, before Augustus’s reform of 7-2 b c . The obverse of the first issue of asses (133) copies Augustus’s portrait from the imperial coinage of Emerita (made by Carisius), whereas on the reverse the two eagles between signa refer, with the legend, to the two legions whose veterans founded the city. The semis of this issue underlines the origin of the founders because on the obverse and on the reverse the aquilae of the legions I and II appear. The second issue partially modifies the designs, and the portrait is closer to the ‘Patricia’ type. The priestly symbols of the semis (136) are explained by Chaves (p. 144) as an allusion to Augustus’s position as pontifex maximus and so she dates it to 12 b c (R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 393,

however, thinks that they recall the foundation of the city). The metrology of these two issues is different, because in the second one the weight was increased, at the same time as the techniques of striking and engraving were improved. The denominations minted in both issues are the following: As

Ï 33

23-6 mm,

Semis 8 -7 ° g (3 1)

19—20 mm, 4.82 g (5)

! 34

135 136

29 mm,

13-82 g (3 9 ) 2 3 -4 mm, 6.41 g (27)

The mint’s activity during the reign of Tiberius starts with a strange issue (137) dedicated to Tiberius, Drusus and Germanicus, with legends that refer to them but with portraits that do not resemble them; in fact, they are really portraits of Augustus and his adoptive sons, Gaius and Lucius. One can point to a typological similarity with the dupondii of Iulia Traducta (107). The issue can be dated to the first years of Tiberius’s reign, before Germanicus’s death in a d 1 9 .

Acci (133-139) 8g

S P A IN :

The fourth issue also belongs to Tiberius’s reign and consists of three denominations, dupondii (138), asses (139) and semisses (140). The chronology remains uncertain within the reign of Tiberius. The iconography of this issue differs from the preceding ones; the wreath is introduced as the reverse type for the dupondii and the lituus is added to the priestly symbols. These changes have been interpreted by F. Chaves (p. 145) as recalling the foundation of the city, because she considers that the lituus is connected with foundation ritual. The metrological standard and the denominations struck are: Dupondius

:37

138

As

134

The fifth issue (141-5) was struck during Caligula’s reign. On the obverse the emperor’s head always appears, copying Roman models (Grant, NC 1948, p. 118; RIC 33, a d 37-8), and on the reverse the types of the last issue of Tiberius are repeated. The denominations, which are prob­ ably dupondii, asses and semisses, do not maintain the right relationship, especially the dupondii, which have a lower weight than expected, as in the fourth issue. As

1000,

[ 11 ] gmi

1025

i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 2, 17.51; 2. A N E 20—2 1 /5/1986, 2; 3. A N E 2 6 27/11/1986, 1; 4 . N 1 18, 14.84; 5 . O = AMC 916, 16.16; 6—9 . P 6 93-6, 11.89, 1:4.87, 13.54, I 3 -7 5 ; 10. T ü b in g e n 1, 14.26; 11. V a t 252, 14.20; 12—3 8 . See C h av es 13-39; 39—4 0 . B Bohl a n d L öbb; 4 1 . L 1 3 3 0 , 15.59; 4 2 . L 1331, 12.81; 4 3 . C 512, 12.15. F o r m etal an aly sis, see C haves, p- 147· 136

Bronze. 23-411101, 6.41g (27). Axis: var. Vives 166-6, C haves 40-54,

gmi

[ 9 ]

1026

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. C I G A C C I; apex an d sim pulum i . C o p 473, 5.78; 2. M i 182, 6.26; 3 . N 119, 4.43; 4 . 0 = AMC 917, 8.55; 5 - 6 . P 699-700, 7.02, 7.87; 7. R 147, 7.10; 8 - 9 . V a t 2 5 3 -4 , 8.20, 6.90; 10—25. See C h av es 40 -5 4 ; 26—2 7 . B B ohl a n d 17497; 28· L 1332, 6.52; 29. L 1 3 3 3 , 5.98; 3 0 . C , 5.19 (p ierced ). F o r m e tal an aly sis, see C haves,

Semis

3 i-2 m m , 19.68g (20)

143 144 r45

nah

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; la u reate head, r. C I G A C C I L I II; two aquilae betw een two signa 23 mm, 7.02 g (25)

142 31mm,

Bronze. 2 9m m , 13.82g (39)· Axis: var. Vives 166-5, C haves 13-39,

29 mm, 14.73 g (47)

Dupondius

[ 1 ]

i . P 701, 4.61; 2. M 7 6 6 1 ( = V ives 166-3 — g m i io 2 4 )> 5.24; 3 “ 4 · M 7660, 7662, 4.59, 4.97; 5. IV D J ( = S d e C 944), 4.69. 135

Semis

AE. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 4 .8 2 g (5). Axis: 6 or 12. Vives 166-3, GMI 1024 C I G AC I; aquila betw een two signa C I G AC II; aq u ila betw een two signa

33—6 mm, 24-37g ( 3d 31—6 mm, 22.0g g (25)

139 I4O

141

7649, 7 6 5 ', 7 6 5 3 . 7655. 7 -5 9 > 9·28, 7 -7 7 . 7 -6 4 ; A V G V S T V S : 13. P 698, 7.78; 14—19. See C h av es 7-1 2 ; 20—23. M 7650, 7654, 7657, S astre 6567, 10.60, 10.09, 6.65, 9.36; 2 4 . V Q R 53 9 ; U n certa in : 2 5 . B B ohl, 8.45; 2 6 . L 1329, 8.80; 27. O , 8.94; 2 8 —3 2 . M 7652, 7656, 7658-9, S astre 6568, 6.68, 7.52, 8.56, 8.09, 9.63. C o u n te rm ark : C A ( = cm k 38) on th e obv., o n 1.

17.38g (3)

p. 147.

28 mm, 14.63 g (20) 2 7 -8 mm, 10.55g (H ) 21 mm, 7.48 g (5)

Some features deserve special mention. Previous readings have given P(ater) P(atriae) only on 143 (= Vives 166-12) where it is clearly legible. However, it is also possible to read P P at the end of the legend on one specimen of 141 in good condition, although there is a variant of the legend of 143 that lacks this title (143/20). We consider that these coins of Caligula constitute only one issue and that he prob­ ably acquired the title P(ater) P(atriae) either after the issue of asses (144) and semisses (145) had begun, because they lack this title, or more or less at the same time, in a d 37-8 (for the date of title P P, see J. Scheid and H. Broise, MEFRA 92, 1980, pp. 215-48). It is not certain whether 142 had the same legend as 141 on the obverse, because we have not seen any coin on which the legend can be read completely, especially at the end, and so have been unable to verify whether the title P P is included or not. The bad condition of these coins also makes it impossible to be certain if coins with the head to left belong to an earlier series than coins with the head to right.

T ib e r iu s 137

AE. 3 3 -6 m m , 24.37g (31)· Axis: var. Vives 166-4, C haves 55-76,

nah

1065,

[ 8 ] gmi

1027

T I C A ESA R A V G V S T I F; b are head, r. C I G A G E R M A N IC O E T D R V S O CAES I I V IR ; facing heads o f G erm anicus and D rusus i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 3, 2.42; 2. C o p 4 7 4 , 26.80; 3—6. P 710-2 an d D elep ierre, 24.35, 22.06, 28.16, 21.59; 7—28. See C h av es 55 -7 6 ; 2 9 —3 0 . B B ohl, 24.07, 23.08; 3 1 . L 1334, 21.16; 3 2 . IV D J , form erly S de C 956. C o u n te rm ark : C A ( = 38) o n the obv., on 4 a n d 29. 138

AE. 3 i- 6 m m , 22.09g (25)· Axis: var. Vives 166-7, C haves 77-95,

nah

m 3,

[ 7 ] gmi

1028

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1.

C O L IV L G E M A C C I; w ithin w reath C o p 475, 17.72; 2 - 4 . P 708-9 a n d 713, 19.12, 24.99, 1 7 - 0 5 ; 5 - v >. 17-331 f r - 2 4 · See C h av es 77-95; 2 5 - 2 6 . B Bohl; 2 7 . L 1 3 3 6 , 27.68; 28. IV D J, form erly S d e C 950. F o rg ery : r . L 1335, 26.00. I.

139

Bronze. 2 9m m , 14.73g (4 7 )· Axis: var. Vives 166-8, C haves 96-127,

nah

1114,

[ 17] gmi

1029

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1.

C I G A C C I L I II; two aqu ilae betw een two signa

A u g u s tu s 133

________________________________

AE. 2 3 -6 m m , 8.70g (31). Axis: aro u n d 12 or 6.

[

Vives 166-1, 2, nah 999, C haves 1-12, gmi 1023 C A ESA R A V G (V ST V S ); bare head, r. C I G AC II I; two aquilae betw een two signa A V G : i . P 697, 7.61; 2—7. See C haves 1-6; 8. B Bohl, 6.28; 9—12. M

6

]

i . B a 105821, 15.52; 2. C o p 4 7 6 , 11.54; 3 “ 4 · C o p 4 7 7 -8 , 18.40, 11.97; 5—9. P 702-6, 15.41, 17.48, 14.44, 15.07, 7.86; 10. V 2, 7.70; i i —12. V at 2 55-6, 15.80, 11.30; 13—4 4 . See C h av es 96 -1 2 7 ; 4 5 —4 7 . B B ohl (2) an d Fox; 4 8 - 4 9 . L 1337-8, 17.95, i 4 -3 o; δ«»· O , 18.45; 5 1* c > 24.80. F o rg ery (?): 1. O , 14.35. F o r m etal an aly sis, see C h av es, p. 147. C o u n te rm ark s: C A ( = c m k 38) on th e o b v ., on 1, 3, 8, 45, 49. C O L ( = cm k 43) o n the rev., o n 4. B ( = c m k i6 ) on th e obv., on 45. U n c e rta in tria n g u la r o n obv., on 45. P u n ic c o u n te rm a rk (?) ( = cm k 100) on th e obv., on 50 a n d also on C h av es 126 ( = M u 2).

go

140

S P A IN : Acci, Cathago Nova ( 140-145)

Bronze. 23m m , 7.02g (25). Axis: var. Vives 166-9, C haves 128-42,

gmi

[ 7 ]

143

1030

T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, C I G A C C I; apex, lituus an d sim pulum

144

Caligula [ 5 ]

AE. 3 i m m , 17.38g (3). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

Vives 166-10, C haves 156 As

141,

b u t head 1.

i . V 3 (C C A E S A R A V G G E R M A N [), 18.92; 2. See C haves 156; 3. M 7733 ( = V ives 166-10) (]A R A V G G E R M A N f), 14.02; 4. C (]A V G G E R [), 21.09.

gmi

[ 4 ]

1033

i . C o p 481, 12.79; 2. P 716, 9.26; 3—12. See C h av es 167-76; 13. L 134 6 , 12.82; 14. O , 12.29. F o r m etal analysis, see C h av es, p. 147.

C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC VS P P; bare head, r. C O L IV L G E M A C C I; w ithin w reath

142

1032

C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; bare head, 1. C I G A C C I L I II; two aquilae betw een two signa

Vives 166-11, C haves 143-55, GMI 103 I

I. C alico 6/1979, * 20, 2 3 -5 5 ; 2. N 120, 15.05; 3. P 714, 19.72; 4—16. See C h aves 143-55; 17—18. B L öbb, Fox, 17.50, 18.58; 19. L 13 4 1 , 22.61; 20. L 1342, 14.10. C oins I , 2 a n d ig s h are th e sam e obv. die a n d 2 a n d 19 th e sam e rev. F o r m e tal analysis, see C haves, p. 147.

[ 7 ] gmi

Bronze. 2 7 -8 m m , 10.55g ( T4 )· Axis: var. Vives 167-1, C haves 167-76,

Bronze. 31-2 m m , ig .6 8 g (20). Axis: var.

1135,

i . C o p 480, 14.40; 2. P 715, 14.45; 3 · V 4, 18.52; 4—5. V a t 257-8, 12.60, 14.00; 6 - 1 5 . See C h av es 157-66; 16—18. L 1343, 1344 ( = S de C 963), 1345, 10.19, !9·48, 15.09; 19· O , 12.67; 2 °· IV D J (form erly S de C 964), w ith o u t P P; 21. V Q R 5451 22- A lcoi 1285 ( = c m t m , pi. 2 2 -5 3 ), 18.66. F o r m e tal analysis, see C h av es, p. 147. C o u n te rm ark s: C O L ( = cm k 43) on th e rev., o n 17.

C op 479, 6.93; 2. P 7 0 7 , 8.59; 3 - 4 . R 148-9, 7.50, 6.90; 5 - 1 9 . See

C h aves 128-42; 20—23. B Bohl (2), Fox, 9408, 7.50, 6.16, 6.22, 5.87; 2 4 . L 1340, 6.51; 25. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 29-3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 255, 6.94. F o rgery (?): 1. L 1339, 6.41. F o r m e tal analysis, see C haves, p. 147.

141

nah

C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S (P P); b are head, r. C I G A C C I L I II; two aquilae betw een two signa

1. I.

Bronze. 28 m m , 14.63 g (20). Axis: var. Vives 166-12, C haves 157-66,

145

A E. 21 m m , 7.48g (5). Axis: var. Vives 167-2, Chaves- 177-9, GMI

[ 2 ] I0 34

C C A E SA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; bare head, 1. C I G A C C I; apex, lituus an d sim pulum i . P 7 1 7 , 9.70; 2—4 . See C h av es 177-9; 5 · B B ohl, 6.10; 6. IV D J, form erly S de C 966; 7. F o rm erly S de C 967. I n th e obv. legend th e S o f G E R M A N IC V S occupies on ly a little space, is sm all a n d h as a sp read sh ap e. F ro m this it seem s th a t th e en g rav e r h as rep ea ted it below th e neck. C oins 1, 5—7 s h are th e sam e obv. die.

Carthago Nova Carthago Nova was founded by Hasdrubal with the name of Qart Hadasht (Polybius 2, 13, 1) and was the capital of the area occupied by the Carthaginians during their stay in Spain. During the later third century b c , the city played an important role in the minting of coins that were used for financing the Carthaginian presence in Spain and their military expenditure during the Second Punic War. This coinage has been studied by L. Villaronga (Las monedas hispano-cartaginesas, Barcelona, 1973) who has also recently published a paper with some more recent finds (RSF XI, 1983, pp. 57-73). Between the end of the Second Punic War and about the middle of the first century, however, the city did not mint any coins. The Latin issues from Colonia Urbs lulia Nova Carthago are among the most problematic in Spain and they have generated a large number of different views. Coins presumptively minted in this colony before Tiberius’s reign did not bear the name of the city (except 151, 174-8), and therefore a large number of the issues have been attributed to other mints. After the arrangement made by A. Vives in the present century, Grant (FIT A 217) made a careful study of the mint and attempted to define its production; later A. Beltran published his monograph Las monedas latinas de Car­ tagena (Murcia, 1949) = Beltran, and in 1952 (Numisma 2, 1952, pp. 9—40) he criticised Grant’s arrangement. The problems are not just limited to the attribution or exclusion of some coins, but they also affect the dating of the first issue and the date at which colonial status was granted; both questions remain uncertain! Grant (FIT A 217) believed the foundation of this city took place in 29 b c under T. Statilius Tauro. To explain the existence of quinquennales

on the coinages, which he placed before 29 b c , he pointed to the possibility that Carthago Nova obtained Latinitas in Caesar’s time, in 48 or 45-44 b c . On the other hand, A. Beltran attributed the city’s foundation to Cn Statilius Libo, on M. Aemilius Lepidus’s behalf, and he dated it in 42 b c (for the views of other scholars, see H. Galsterer, MF 8, I 9 7 G Ρ· 29)· Here we follow Vives’s attribution of 1926, which has also been followed by A. Beltran. Grant (FITA 215), however, concerned with the vast number of issues attributed to this mint and with the fact that many hetero­ geneous pieces had been attributed to it, ascribed many of the coinages dated before Tiberius to other mints; for instance, he gave 167-8 to Celsa, 154-6 to Ilici, 149—50, 162-6 and 483 to Saguntum, 151 to Nabrissa, 157 to Pella (corrected in APT 135-6 and attributed to Hispania) and 152-3 to Thermae Himeraeae (rectified in APT 139-40, even though he did not admit that it belongs to Carthago Nova). Nevertheless, subsequent research has not sup­ ported any of these attributions. In the current state of research we consider that there is not enough evidence to establish a hrm arrangement. Because of this, the arrangement here, which has been con­ structed on the basis of subjective criteria - iconography, style, metrology and prototypes copied - does not claim certainty. There is, therefore, the possibility that some of the coinages we have included in this mint may not belong to it, and also that the number of quinquennales colleges may be too high. However, in the absence of any evidence which might suggest a reduction in the number of issues from Carthago

S P A I N : C athago N o v a

Nova and their inclusion in other mints, we have chosen to retain the traditional and widely accepted attributions, with the only exception of 483, for which we follow Jenkins (.ANSMN 8, 1958, pp. 71-2) and have included it in the Uncertain of Spain group. An important characteristic of the coinage of Carthago Nova is that all the issues which undoubtedly do belong to it were struck by duoviri quinquennales·, this is not at all the general practice of the other cities in Spain, since at this time, these magistrates are known only in Ilici and Lepida. This peculiarity gives certain support to the attribution of some pieces without ethnic to Carthago Nova, although it is not necessarily a special feature of this colony, as Grant {APT 29) maintained. Epigraphic evidence has also been considered for assigning several issues to this colony; apart from CIL, A. Beltran’s {Mem. Mus. Arq. Prov. V III, 1947, pp. 202-9 and La colecciôn epigrâfica del Museo de Cartagena, Valencia, 1944), C. Domergue’s (MCV I, 1965, pp. 9-25; Archivo Espanol de Arquelogia 113-14, 1966, pp. 41-72) and M. Koch’s {MM 17, 1976, pp. 285-94) studies are relevant. It is not possible to distinguish with any certainty coin­ ages belonging to Augustus’s reign from those which belong to an earlier date, because the emperor’s portrait only appears on issues from the second half of his reign. Only in certain cases does a prototype give a chronological indica­ tion. Some issues reproduce types taken from late Republi­ can coinages ( 151 copies the obverse of RRC 494/38, 42 b c ; 158 copies the obverse of RRC 546/6, 31 b c ; 157 copies the reverse of RRC 546/2a, 31 b c ; 152 copies the reverse of RRC 409/1, 67 b c or RRC 428/3, 55 b c ; 155 copies RRC 544, 3231 b c , and 149 probably copies the obverse of RRC 415/1, 62 b c ) . Until a d 14, most of the denominations minted are semisses, together, in few cases, with quadrantes, and only at the very end were higher denominations struck (167-8 and 170-1).

151, according to A. Beltran, has a snake on the left side, below the legend, but in our view this is caused by a crack on the die. On the reverse of 149 Beltran read a small N inside the C and interpreted it as the praenomen Cn, but we have not seen it clearly on any specimen; in every case the mark within the G is a dot, and therefore the expansion of the legend as C(n) M(agnus) Imp(erator) does not seem to be correct. Beltran, following Heiss, alleged that the P specimen of 160 has a simpulum on the reverse, but we have not been able to verify this, not even on the coins in P. Following Beltran, we consider 162-5 as an issue minted by praefecti of duorivi quinquennales, in which Q. Varius and Hiberus are identified as the same person who was previously Ilvir quinquennalis (160-1) and was to he praefectus again (166). We classify 158—9 as coins of Carthago Nova; nevertheless, we consider that these coins are odd because of the use of an iconography somewhat alien to the mint, and despite the existence of a magistrate (Conduc) of indi­ genous origin. It has not been possible to verify the variant on 173 that Beltran takes from Müller (p. 131, no. 206, which has the legend AVGVS DIVI F and a dolphin behind the head); because of this the coin has been excluded. The issue of C. Var. Ruf. and Sex. Iul. Pol. is retained here at Carthago Nova. Grant {FITA 212), on the grounds of similarities between the obverse dies with the issue of L. Baggius and Mn. Flavius (273), considered it to be from Celsa. Beltran {Numisma 2, 1952, p. 14) rightly rejected this attribution, since it is not supported by the pattern of finds. Later, Jenkins {ANSMN 8, 1958, pp. 72-4), on iconographical grounds, proposed a possible attribution to Ilici, because of similarities of the obverse designs on this issue with the semis from Ilici coined by the duoviri quinq. Q. Papir. Car. and Q. Tere. Mont. (192). However, a detailed

Quadrans

Semis

As

23 mm, 7-32 g (25) 19—20 mm, 4.86 g (49)

146 147 148 149 150 ■5 1

22 mm,

5 -5 1 g ( I2)

21 mm, 2 1 mm,

6.48 g (60) 5 -5 9 g (5 6)

153 154 155 156

20 mm, 22 mm,

6.12g (7) 5 ·01 g (27)

: 57

22 mm, 22 mm,

6.25g (87) 5 -2 0 g (52)

20 mm,

4 -9 1 g (4 9 )

20-1 mm, 20 mm, 20-1 mm,

5 .7 ig (18) 5 -4 3 g ( I0) 5-66 g (30)

20 mm,

5 4 ° g (29)

22 mm, 20 mm,

6.42 g ( 77 ) 5 -8 i g (5 4 )

22 mm, 20 mm, 20 mm,

6.72 g (36) 4.98 g (96) 5.26g (77)

r 52

158

17mm,

3.81 g (2)

18mm,

2.81 g (1)

15mm,

2.81 g (2)

16mm,

2.77g ( 0

16-17mm, 2.94g (6)

■59

160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172- V 3 174- 177 178

i 4 - i 5 mm, 3.52g (1)

15mm,

2.76g (7)

15 mm.

2.59g (6)

29m m, 12.66g (94)

27m m,

I

gi

2.12 g (48)

study of the obverse dies from the semisses in both issues has not, in spite of the stylistic similarity, been able to identify any die link (M. M. Llorens, La ceca de Ilici, València, 1987, pp. 38, 43, 54, sample used: 102 semisses as 168 and ιοί semisses as 192). Therefore, we have preferred to consider the iconographie similarities among the issues from Carthago Nova (167-8), Ilici (192) and Celsa (273) as the result of the use of the same engraver. Carthago Nova and Ilici’s geographical proximity and their close relations negate the validity of any argument, based on provenances, to attribute issue 167-8 to either of these colonies. It would also be odd that, whereas on the semis from Ilici the name of the colony is mentioned, on this issue it is not. In spite of all this, however, the question is still open to discussion. Following the most general view we have placed issue 174-8 in Augustus’s reign (C.H. V. Sutherland, JRS 1934, p. 32, n. 7; Grant, FIT A 215; R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, pp. 192, 212, 221-2; G. Κ. Jenkins, SNG Cop 497-9). But this view is not supported by any clear evidence, and we should bear in mind Beltran’s hypothesis that these coins date to Tiberius’s reign. Most of the problems with the previous issues disappear in the coinages minted during the reign of Tiberius, because on all of them the name of the colony appears and the issues can be easily differentiated. Only two issues are minted, and both by quinquennales. Designs are related to the dynastic succession, since on the first one (179-81) Germanicus’s sons Nero and Drusus appear on the reverse as duoviri quinquennales', and on the second one (182—4) the young Caligula appears on the reverse as quinquennalis. The issues and denominations minted are the following: As

179-80 181 182 183 184

Semis

As

185 186

29 mm, 12.30 g (69) 22-3 mm, 5.37 g (23)

About the middle and second h a lf o f the first century B C P Atellius L Fabric 146

A E. 2 3m m , 7.32g (25). Axis: var. Vives 173-8, B eltran 1,

gmi

[ 12 ]

161

P A T E L L I(V S ); coiled snake L F A B R IC ; in one o f two crossed rectangles A T E L L I: i . A N E 2 5 /5/1957, 142, 7.65; 2. C alico 6/1979, 362, 7.02; 3. C o p 482, 8.34; 4 . L 1161 ( = fixa , pi. V I I - 1 7 ) , 5.14; 5—6. L 1162, 1165, 7.71, 7.06; 7. B a 14799, 6.65; 8—12. M 9552, 9560 -1 , S astre 10400-1, 9.14, 7.95, 6.22, 8.23, 5.13; 13. B L ö b b ; A T E L L lV S : 14. C , 9.14; 15. L 1163, 8.66; 16. M u se u M u n icip al d ’A lcoi 1264, 7.79; U n k n o w n var.: 17. C , 7.10; 18. C alico 11/1978, 235; 19. L 1164, 6.70; 20. B 17507, . 6.76; 2 1 - 2 3 . B 17508-9, 12634; 24. V a t 313, 9.20; 2 5 - 2 6 . M 9553, 9556, 9.16, 8.10; 27—3 0 . N Y 69222, H S A 23698, N ew ell (2), 7.64, 5.51, 5.40, 5.70; 3 1 . V ives 173-8, o v erstru ck on an Ib e ria n as. F orgeries: 1—2. M 9 5 5 5 > 9558 (b o th ca st from M 9556).

C Caedi T Popilius Ilviri quin 147

AE. 19-20 mm , 4.86 g (49). Axis: var. Vives 130-2, B eltran 2,

nah

[ 25 ]

g io

C C A E D I T P O P IL I; dolphin, r. II V IR Q V IN ; p alm b ranch, 1. B 17475, 27917, 5.17, 7.41; 3 - 1 3 . B L ö b b (2), I-B , 502/1828, 17474, i 7 T37, B ohl (2), 9436, 27916, 27918; 14. C alico 6/1979, 324, 5.62; 15— 16. C o p 4 8 3 -4 , 8.52, 6.35; 17—18. M i 201 -2 , 4.90, 3.88; 19—20. M u 60-1, 3 -5 4 , 3 -9 7 ; 2 1 - 2 2 . O , 4.62, 4.35; 23. P 8 0 9 , 4.56; 2 4 - 2 5 . V 72-3 , 4.08, 3.56; 2 6 . V a t 314, 4.70; 27. A N E 2 5 /5/1957, 145, 6.05; 28. M useu A rqu eo lo g ic de T a rra g o n a 3321, 5.44; 2 9 —3 0 . L 1166-7, 5 -2°> 3 -2 9 i 3 1 · 6,, 7 -5 5 i 3 2 - 4 9 · M 8 7 9 2, 8794 -5 , 8796 ( = V ives 130-2), 8 797-802, 8804-5, 8807 -1 1 , 8813, 2.99, 6.48, 8.20, 5.51, 4.46, 5.09, 4.10, 5.51, 4.01, 4.94, 5.09, 3.68, 3.69, 4.31, 5.70, 3.20, 3 .1 1, 5.95; 5 0 - 5 1 . B a 23588, 30879, 5.77, 3.95; 5 2 —6 0 . N Y 69222 (A n d erso n ), H S A 12146, 21118-9, 23681, two specim ens w ith o u t n u m b e r, N ew ell (2), 6.08, 4.74, 3.95, 4.05, 4.78, 3.02, 4.36, 4.04, 4.78. F orgery: 1. M 8806. I.

Quadrans

29-3om m , 12.51 g (87) 22 mm, 6.66 g (40) 27-30m m , 11.74g (45) 20-4m m , 6.51 g (15) i3 -i6 m m , 2.66g (16) 148

180, with a laureate head of Tiberius, has been included in the catalogue because there is nothing definite to con­ demn it, although its general appearance seems unusual and its portrait style is different from the other dies. During Caligula’s reign, immediately after his accession to power, Carthago Nova struck its last issue (Grant, NC 1948, p. 117; R. Etienne, op. cit., pp. 436-7; contra A. Beltran, pp. 67-8, who proposes that it was struck in a d 39, when he was COS II). There is a dispute about the identifi­ cation of the female head that appears on the reverse with the legend SAL-AVG. It has traditionally been identified as Caesonia (A. Vives, IV, p. 33); however, A. Beltran (p. 68) regarded it as Salus, tutelary goddess of Carthago Nova. On the other hand, Grant (NC 1949, p. 100) suggested that it represents Antonia, while Etienne suggested Livia (op. cit., p. 429 and BSFN 6, 1957; in both papers, however, Etienne mistakenly confused the obverse of Ilici under Tiberius (196) with the reverse of Carthago Nova under Caligula (185) ). The issue consists of two denominations, as and semis.

Semis

A E. 17m m , 3.81g (2). Axis: 6 (1).

[ o ]

Numisma 180-5, : 983, 51-4 C A E D ; prow , r. P O P I; anchor i . N um ism a 180-5, T983, 5 1 -4 , 3-80; 2. A . S a n c h is c o ll. (V alèn cia), 3.82.

Plet Pollio and Albinus Ilviri q Sabinus C M Imp 149

AE. 2 2m m , 5 .5 1 g (12). Axis: var. Vives 130-12, 13, B eltran 3 -4,

f it a ,

[ 4 ] pl. V I-6 ,

nah

gn

H E L P O L L IO A L B IN V S I I Q (V ) (or A L B IN V S H E L P O L L IO II Q V ); fem ale h ead (of C oncordia?), r., w earing veil a n d diadem SA BIN V S C M IM P ; trophy I I Q : I . C alico 6/1979, 3 3 2, 6.55; 2 . P 792, 5.96; 3 . V illaro n g a Coll. (B arcelo n a) 2943, 5.00; 4 . F N M T ( — S d e C 1177); I I Q V : 5 . C o p 486, 7.27; 6. M 8 9 3 1 ( = V ives 130-12), 3.82; 7. L 1175 ( —f i t a , pl. V I - 6 — S de C 1178), 4.39; 8 . M u se u d ’Elx, 7.63; 9 . IV D J ( = V ives 130-13); r o ­ l l . M 893 2 -3 , 5.64, 4.85; U n c e rta in v ar.: 1 2 . P 793, 5.06; 1 3 —1 4 . N Y H S A 7735. 23719, 4.99, 4.96.

S P A IN : Carthago Nova ( 150-158)

150

AE. 18m m , 2.81 g (1). Axis: 2 (1). Vives 130-14, B eltrân 5,

nah

[ 1 ]

912

L A p p u le iu s R u f u s C M a e c iu s q u in q 155

H E L P O L L I I I Q V I; in field, above snake A L B IN [V ]S II Q V I; in field i . L 1 176 ( = V ives 130-14 =

nah

AE. 2 i m m , 6.48g (60). Axis: var. Vives 130-1,

ή τα

gmi

162,

nah

913

H ead of A thena, r. C V I N; statue 1., upon pedestal i . B I-B , 5.67; 2—5. B Fox, 17 114, B ohl, L ö b b ; 6. Bo 214, 6.30; 7— 8. C alico 6/1979, 322 - 3 , 5 -7 3 , 5 -7 3 ; 9 · C °P 485, 7 ·7 3 ; ι ο - τ τ . M u 6 2 -3 , 7 -3 0 , 7 -4 3 J 1 2 -1 3 . O , 6.65, 5.51; 14. P 15 5 8 , 7.36; 1 5 -1 6 . P 1559, D elep ierre, 5.40, 6.79; 17—18. V a t 315-6, 6.75, 4.30; 19—20. C , 6.83, 4.73; 21—2 4 . C alico 11/1978, 226-9, 6.02, 6.42, 5.95, 5-52; 2 5 - 2 8 . L 1168-70, 1171 ( — FiTA, pi. V II - 2 6 ) , 7.54, 5.23, 3.89, 6.09; 29. M useu d ’Elx, 6.86; 3 0 - 5 1 . M 8739-46, 8748-53, 8755-7, 8770, 8776-7, 8783, 8786, 6.02, 6.55, 5.81, 7.05, 7.10, 8.74, 6.60, 9.22, 7.65, 7.47, 5.60, 7 .1 1, 4.80, 6.19, 7.39, 4.87, 6.76, 6.81, 6.43, 7.07, 7.37, 6.81; 5 2 - 5 3 . B a 4700, 33974, 7.14, 6.36; 5 4 . G (U n c e rta in o f S pain) 4, 7.97; 5 5 -6 4 · N Y 69222 (A n derson), H S A 7799-800, 23693-4, th re e specim ens w ith o u t n u m b e r, N ew ell (2), 7.02, 6.24, 5.04, 6.43, 6.82, 5.83, 6.25, 6.93, 6.18, 7.25; 6 5 . IV D J ( = V ives 130—i ). B roken rev. die: 8, 20, 29, 52.

AE. 21 m m , 5.59g (56). Axis: var. Vives 130-7, B eltran 10,

gmi

156

164,

[ 17] nah

r . IV D J ( = V ives 13 0 -1 1 ), 2.77.

Reign o f Augustus (?)

157

C A q u in u s M e l a I l v i r i q u in

C opper. 22 mm , 6.25 g (67)· Axis: var. Vives 130-5, 6,

916

FiTA,

pi. V III- 2 8 , B eltran 9,

[ 17 ] gmi

163,

nah

L IV N IV S I I V ÏR Q V ÏN (Q ) A V G (V R ); eagle standing on thunderbolt, r.; in front, lituus L A C IL IV S I I V IR Q V ÏN (Q ) A V G (V R ); p atera, ju g and lituus

9 !5

I I V ÏR Q V ÏN A V G /Q V ÏN A V G : i . C o p 487, 6.42; 2 - 3 . L 1178-9, 6.85, 6.32; 4. P 776, 5.92; 5. V a t 325, 6.50; 6. Μ 8 9 0 8 , 5·99; 7 —8 . Μ 88945 8902, 4-86, 5 -4 °; I I V IR Q V IN A V G /Q V IN Q A V G : 9 . Bo 217, 6.60; 10. L 1177, 4.68; ϊ ϊ - 1 3 . V a t 324, 3 2 6-7, 6.95, 5.80, 5.70; 1 4 - 1 7 . M 8919 ( = V ives 130-7), 8921, S astre 10371-2, 5.25, 6.28, 6.77, 6.41; 18. P 777, 6.01; I I V I R Q V IN A V G /u n c e rta in : 1 9 .6 0 2 1 6 ,5 .0 5 ; 20. C alico 6/1979, 3 2 9 ,6 .8 6 ; 2 i . M S V 1 7 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 ,3 4 7 , 3.95; I I V IR Q V IN Q A V G V R /I I V I R Q V IN Q A V G V R : 22. M i 204, 7.76; 2 3 . M u s e o d e A lb a c e te 3, 7.16; 24. Μ 8903, 7· ° 3> U n c e rta in /Q V IN A V G : 25· M i 205, 4.73; 26. Μ 8 g n , 5.69; U n c e rta in /Q V IN Q A V G : 27. P 778, 4.95; 28—3 0 . M 8905, 8910, 8914, 4.97, 6.37, 6.15; 3 1 . B a 4704, 4.91; 3 2 . V 75; U n c e rta in /U n c e rta in : 3 3 . M i 206, 4.57; 3 4 —3 5 . O , 5.85, 4.79; 36—3 8 . P L 776, S de R, D elep ierre, 3.49, 2.69, 4.80; 39—4 3 . M 8904, 8 9 0 6-7, 8909,

i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 85, 7.03; 2. Bo 215, 6.53; 3—4 . C alico 6/1979, 3 27-8, 6.50, 5.75; 5—6. C o p 4 8 8 -9 , 6.72, 7.64; 7. M S V 17/12/1981, 346, 7.10; 8. M i 203, 5.63; 9 . B 17454, 6.14; 10—14. B L ö b b , I-B , D an n en b erg , 17136, G an sau g e; 15. Ο , 6.17; ι 6 —18. P 773-5, 6.11, 5.00, 5.99; 19—25. V a t 317-23, 7.40, 6.60, 6.50, 6.20, 6.20, 5.70, 3.90; 26— 29. C alico 11/1978, 231 -4 , 6.65, 7.25, 7.74, 5.52; 3 0 . A N E 1 1 -1 3/3/1975, 35, 5.69; 3 1 . L 1 1 8 4 , 6.13; 3 2 - 3 5 . L 1182-3, 118 5 -6 , 5.87, 5.65, 6.07, 6.08; 3 6 —5 6 . M 883 7 -4 8 , 8866 -7 , 8870, 8877 -9 , 8884, 8887, 8893, 7.24, 6.14, 7.40, 6.95, 6.32, 7.25, 6.97, 6.82, 6.38, 6.04, 6.47, 7.66, 6.31, 6.72, 4 - 15 . 6 -9 5 . 6-67. 5 -° 3 , 8.23, 5.87, 5.43; 5 7 - 5 9 . B a 4702, 14800, 30784, 5.76, 5.24, 5.68; 6 0 —9 1 . N Y 69222 (3 sp ecim en s), H S A 21086-94, 2 3 6 9 9 700, 24184, 5 7245-59, N ew ell (2), 6.94, 6.86, 6.99, 6.06, 5.63, 4.69, 6.03, 6.01, 6.55, 6.00, 6.31, 5.65, 6.54, 7.43, 5.00, 4.40, 6.86, 4.44, 5.62, 7.16, 7.18, 6.33, 6.22, 5.50, 4.30, 5.79, 6.87, 6.30, 7.65, 7.79, 5.56, 5.63; 9 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 130-5); 9 3 . IV D J ( = V ives 130-6); 9 4 . IV D J, form erly S d e C 1 175; 9 5 . P rin ce to n 716, 5.94. F o r m etal analysis, see Saguntum 21, 1987—8, 424.

AE. 15m m , 2.81 g (2). Axis: 9 -1 0 (2). Vives 130-8, B eltran 11,

nah

P B A EB IV S P O L L IO II V IR Q V IN ; V ictory standing, r., holding w reath an d p alm branch C A Q V IN V S M E L A I I V IR Q V IN ; two signa

[ o ]

Conduc Malleol Ilvir quinq

917 158

L IV N IV S ; ju g L A C IL IV S ; p atera an d lituus i . V illaro n g a coll. (B arcelona) 3839 (= ϊβ ο -β ), 2.78.

917), 2.85; 2. IV D J ( = V ives

AE. 20 m m , 6.12 g (7). Axis: var. Vives 130-9, B eltran 12,

nah

AE. 22m m , 5 .2 0 g (52). Axis: var. Vives 130-3, B eltran 15,

nah

L Acilius C. Maecius Ilviri quinq 154

[ o ]

I I L A P P V L E [I] Q V IN Q ; in field I I C M A E C I Q V IN [Q ]; in field

892°. 5 -9 3 , 6-5 7 . 5 -8 2 . 5 ·21, 6.35; 44- 47 · B L öbb, I- B , : 7458, 27919; 4 8 6 0 . N Y 69222, H S A 12106, 21095-8, 23713, four specim ens w ith o u t n u m b e r, N ew ell (2), 4.06, 5.13, 5.50, 4.97, 3.84, 4.71, 4.99, 3-88, 4.94, 5.92, 6.06, 5.12, 6.96; Im itatio n s: [ ]V N IV S I I V [ ]L V A C [ ] Q V [I] N A V G . a—b . M 8897, 8899, 4.57, 4-77; c. M 8 9 0 1 , 3.02.

153

AE. 16m m , 2.77g ( ') · Axis: 3 (1). Vives 130-11, B eltran 14

P B a e b iu s P o llio

L lunius L Acilius Ilviri quinq 152

[ 10 ]

919

Q V IN IQ : i . B 17502, 4.12; 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 130-10); 3. M S astre 10373, 5 -2 71 4 · L e n in g r a d (B M cast); Q V IN Q : 5. B 17501, 5.13; 6. B IB, 4.82; 7. C alico 6/1979, 331, 5.04; 8. C , 5.47; 9. L 1180, 4.06; 10. 0 = a m c 9 5 7 , 6.31; i i —12. B a 4707, 14.731, 4.20, 5.11; 13— 14. A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 4 0 -2 4 9 , 250), 5.30, 5.15; Q V IN Q V : 15. M 8927, 5.01; U n c e rta in v ar.: 16. L 1181, 5.16; 17—2 0 . M 8923, 8925-6, 8930, 4.84, 5.88, 4.19, 4.31; 21. P 781, 5.91; 2 2 - 2 3 . v 7 6 -7 , 4-05, 3.81; 2 4 —29. N Y H S A 11897, 21100, 23721, 24363, o n e specim en w ith o u t n u m b e r, N ew ell, 5.70, 6.31, 4.24, 5.76, 4.14, 5.90. F o r m e tal analysis, see Saguntum 21, 1987-8, 424. M o re an aly ses are needed.

[ 19]

V I I —26, B eltran 6,

nah

L A P P V L E I R V F Q V IN Q ; aq u ila betw een two signa C M A E C I Q V IN (I)Q (V ); galley, r., w ith sceptre tied w ith fillet on prow

912), 2.81.

Anonymous 151

C opper + lead. 22 mm , 5 .0 1 g (27). Axis: var. Vives 130-10, B eltran 13,

[ i ]

918

C M A E C IV S Q V IN Q ; vexillum L A C IL IV S II V IR Q V IN Q ; aquila i . C alico 6/1979, 330 ( = n a h 918), 6.12; 2. P 780, 5.68; 3. V a t 328, 7.00; 4 . B a 4701, 5.04; 5. M S a s tre 1 0 3 6 9 , 6.47; 6 . IV D J ( = V ives 130-9); 7— 8. N Y 69222, H S A 21099, 5.72, 6.80; 9. F o rm erly S de C 1173.

nah

[ 17]

920

C O N D V C (or C O N T V C ) M A L L E O L ; open h and, 1. II V IR Q V IN Q ; bull, r. i . B 1 7 4 5 5 (C O N T V C ), 6.28; 2—5. B L ö b b , 27920, 17456, 17135; 6 . Be 3450, 4.46; 7 - 8 . C alico 6/1979, 325 -6 . 6.62, 5.66; 9. C o p 490, 4.37; IO. M u 64, 5.60; I I . 0 = AMC 9 5 8 , 5.03; 12. O —AMC 959, 4.45; 13— 15. P 8 1 0 -2 , 5.20, 4.07, 5.47; 16. V 74 (C O N T V Q , 6.00; 17—18. V a t 329-3 0 , 5-8 o > 5-751 1 9 -2 2 · L 1187-9, I : 9 0 (false?), 4.73, 4.66, 4.65, 4.50; 2 3 . C alico 11/1978, 230, 6.00; 24—2 6 . B a 14798, 23584-5, 4.86, 5.82, 4.15; 27—4 4 . M 8815-22, 8823 ( = V ives 1 30-3), 8 8 2 4 -6 , 8 8 3 1 -5 , S astre 10367 (C O N T f), 5.51, 4.88, 5.03, 5.49, 7.21, 3.69, 3.98, 3.95, 4.45, 5.26, 3.85, 6-07, 4.25, 4.56, 6.01, 7.21, 5.30, 5.84; 4 5 - 4 6 . B a 30761-2, 5.05, 5.13; 4 7 5 5 . N Y 69222, H S A 11891, 21120-2, 23697, 57272, N ew ell (2), 3.09, 4.96, 6.65, 5.91, 5.33, 5.18, 5.02, 5.26, 6.70; 5 6 . J o h n s o n coll. (M ilan ) (C O N T V C ) (B M ca st), 5.50; 5 7 . n a h 920 (C O N T V C ). F o rgery: 1. M 8830, 4.63.

Q4

159

S P A I N : Carthago Nova { 159-168)

AE. i6 - i7 m m , Vives

130-4,

2 .9 4 g

(6)· Axis: var.

B eltran 16,

nah

[

2

]

P R A E : i . B F o x ( = f i t a , pi. V I - 8 ) , 5.89; 2. B I-B , 5.00; 3 . B R au ch ; 4 . C alico 6/1979, 337, 6.32; 5. C o p 491, 7.30; 6 - 8 . P 7 86-7, 789, 4.35, 6.21, 6.07; 9—10. V a t 331 -2 , 6.20, 5.70; i i . L 1193, 5.69; 13—23. M 8988-94, 8996, 8998 -9 , S astre 10354, 10356, 5.13, 5.67, 6.15, 5.87, 4.26, 4-66, 5.38, 5.40, 5.70, 5.13, 5.76, 6.01; 2 4 . B a 4716, 5.46; 2 5 - 3 1 . N Y 69222, H S A 12107, 21103, 572 6 6 -7 , N ew ell (2), 5.71, 4.52, 5.43, 6.19, 4.76, 6.34, 7.18; 3 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 131—1); P R A E F: 3 3 . V alen cia, A ju n ta m e n t coll.

921

C O N D [ ] M A L L; h am m er II [V IR ] Q V IN [Q ]; ro u n d shield I . P 8 1 3 ( = V ives 130-4), 2.73; a. P 814, 3.10;

3. T izo n coll. (B arcelo n a), L V illa ro n g a photofile ( = n a h 921), 2.80; 4. M 8836, 3.19; 5. N Y H SA 11886, 2.43; 6 . IV D J ( — S de C 1237); 7. F N M T , 3.39. 165

A E. 15m m , 2.76g (7). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

Vives 131-3, B eltran 20

Hiberus C Luci P f Ilviri quinq 160

AE. 20 m m , 4.91 g (49). Axis: var.

L B E N N IO PR A E F; p alm b ran ch H IB E R O PR A E F; sim pulum

[ 13 ]

Vives 130-16, FiTA V I-7 , B eltran 23, g m i 166, n a h 993 H IB E R V S I I V (I) Q V IN (Q ); river-god squirting w ater from m outh, r. C L V C I P F I I V (I) Q V IN (Q ) I I V Q V I N Q /I I V Q V IN Q : i . A N E 25/5/1957, 167, 5.95; 2. L 1197 ( = S de C 119.7), 4.69; 3—10. M 8960, 8 9 63-5, 8968-9, 8974, S astre 10376, 4-IO, 5.55, 5.87, 4.97, 5.81, 7.15, 5.13, 3.94; i i . P 796, 5.64; 1 2 . P 795, 6.84; 13. V a t 347, 4.30; 14. V 78, 7.20; 15. V ico 5/1983, 52, 4.03; 16. 0 = a m c 961, 3.80; 17. IV D J ( = V ives 130-16); 18. B 17432, 4.71; 19. B 2 7 8 7 3 ( = F i T A , pi. V I - 7 ) , 6.30; I I V Q V IN Q /u n c e rta in : 20. C alico 6/1979. 3 3 4 . 4-42; 2 1 - 2 3 . M 8956-7, 8967, 6.54, 3.71, 5.07; 2 4 . P 794, 7.19; 25. V a t 346, 5.00; I I V I Q V I N /I I V I Q V IN : 2 6 . C alico 11/1978, 253, 4.41; 27. C o p 492, 4.23; 28. M 8 9 7 5 , 4.46; I I V I Q V I N /I I V Q V IN Q : 29. M 8970, 3.83; U n c e rta in /II V Q V IN Q : 30—32. M 8958,

I . C alico 6/1979, 3 3 9 . 2.65; 2 · p 7 9 8 . 3 -2 5 i 3 · p 7 9 9 . 2.25; 4 · L ! I 9 4 = 2.23; 5 * M u seo d e A lb acete 1946, 2.75; 6 - 7 . N Y H S A 12128, 23724, 2.69, 3.50; 8. IV D J (= V ives 131 -3 ), form erly S d e C 1200.

C Helvius Pollio pr Ti Nerone Hiberus praef qui 166

AE. 14 -1 5 m m , 3.52g (1). C. G onzalez,

gn

1—2. B 27126, L ö b b , 6.03, —; 3. Bo 224, 5.55; 4 —5. C alico 6/1979, 335~6, 6.90, 5.69; 6—7. O = A MC 962 a n d no n u m b e r, 7.13, 4.66; 8. P 7 9 1 , 5-98; 9 . P 790, 6.75; 1 0 - 1 1 . L 1195-6, 5.38, 6.39; 1 2 - 2 1 . M 897 6 -9 , 8981-6, 4.44, 5.74, 6.22, 3.85, 3.36, 5.24, 6.50, 4.51, 6.43, 4.62; 2 2 - 2 4 . B a 4715, 9563, 14812, 5.20, 6.04, 4.69; 25—3 0 . N Y H S A 21104-5, 2 3 7 TI> 57268, 61223, N ew ell, 3.25, 5.44, 5 4 8 , 4.13, 4.57, 6.31; 3 1 . F N M T ( = V iv es 13017). F o r m e tal analysis, see Saguntum 21, 1987-8, 424.

[ o ]

66, 1982, 27-30

C Var R u f Sex lu i Pol Ilviri q

H IB E R V S II V Q C L V C [I P F] I I V Q V r . C. G onzalez,

on

66,

1982, 27-30, 3.52, found in V illaricos (A lm eria).

167

Bronze. 2 9m m , 12.66g (94). Axis: var. Vives 131-10, i i , B eltran 21-2,

AE. 20-1 m m , 5.71 g (18). Axis: var. L B EN PR A E IM P CAES Q V IN ; b are head (of A ugustus?), r. H IB E R O PR A EF; trophy

13 -9 5 = ” - i 4 , 9 -4 4 , 14-41, ! 5 -3 2, 14 -5 7 = IO-9 7 = J 3 -7 5 ; 6 1 - 6 5 . L 1255-9, 14.63, 13.04, 10.48, 12.60, 14.33; 6 6 . M 9 2 2 5 ( = V ives 131-10), 13.14; 6 7 - 9 1 . M 9154, 9158, 9160, 9167, 9170, 9175, 9178, 9180, 9185 -6 , 9188-9, 9 i9 ! - 3 , 9 i9 8- 200= 920 2 -3 , 9207, 9212, 9215 -6 , 9221, 14.55, 13.17, 11.90, i i . 19, 13.28, 11.14, n · 1^ 14.03, 11.58, 12.94, 10.62, 11.91, 15.50, 13.64, 11.88, i i . 00, 11.46, 13.79, 12.41, 11.86, 14.84, 12.52, 11.52, 12.32, 10.16; 9 2 —95· C , 14.23, 14.26, 13.60, 13.50; 9 6 . C raco w V II-A 5887, 14.69; A pex to I.: 9 7 . M 9227 (rev. = V ives 131-11), 11.42; 9 8 . L 126 0 , 14.94; 9 9 . F o rm erly S d e C 1190; U n k n o w n v ar.: 100—1 01. G 2 -3 , 15.42, 9.06. F o r m e tal an aly sis, see Saguntum 21, 1987-8, 424. C o u n te rm ark s: U n c e rta in on rev., on 69. E a g le’s h ead r. ( = cm k 4), on the obv., on 72.

[ 5 ]

L B EN PR A E IM P CAES Q V IN ; b are head (of A ugustus?), r. Q V A R IO PR A E F; trophy i . O = AMc 960, 5.96; 2—4. P 782—4, 6.56, 5.10, 5.44; 5 L 1191, 6.55; 6 — 9 . M 9013, q o i6 , 9017 (= V iv e s 131-4), S astre 10357, 4.69, 5.74, 3.59, 4.79; 10. N Y N ew ell, 5.88; 11. IV D J, form erly S de C 1196.

AE. 20-1 m m , 5.66g (30). Axis: var.

992

15.20, 14.25, 12.75, 12.80, 12.00, 11.20; 4 8 . M ü lle r 17, 2 3 -2 4 /4 /1 9 7 6 , 187, 14.88; 4 9 . P eus 284, 9 -1 0 /1 2 /1 9 7 4 , 7, 10.12; 5 0 - 6 0 . B a 39117, 39109, 30766, 14845, 90789 , 9559 , 4912 , 4711 - 2, 9560 , 33975 , 10.72 , 11.34 , 8 .60 ,

Vives 131-4, B eltran 17

164

[ 36 ] nah

ΐ 3 ·3 °= Ι 2 ·3 5 , i 3 -5 3 > 9 -6 5 i 3 5 —3 6 . R i6 8 - 9 , 12.60, 11-141 3 7 - 3 8 · T ü b in g en 43 - 4 , 12-58, h . 16; 3 9 - 4 0 . V 8 3 -4 , 11.52, 9.41; 4 1 - 4 7 . V a t 333 -9 , 15.20,

i . A N E 2 0 -2 1 /5 /1 9 8 6 , 23; 2. B 501/1898, 7.53; 3 . C alico 6/1979, 338 ( = V ives 131-2), 5.94; 4 . M i 207, 6.49; 5. N 163, 4.76; 6. P 785, 5.22; 7. C, 3.85; 8. L 1192, 4.40; 9 . M 9 0 0 6 , 5.30; 1 0 -1 4 . M 9 0 0 9 -1 1, S astre I0 3 5 5 , 10383, 4.78, 7.87, 5.38, 5.59, 6.97; 15. B a 14810, 4.35; 1 6 - 1 9 . N Y 69222, H S A 23708, 57265, N ew ell, 5.36, 5.90, 6.40, 6.77; 20. IV D J, form erly S de C 1195.

AE. 20m m , 5.43g (10). Axis: var.

171,

A pex to r.: i . A N E 15-16/1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 173, 11.57; 2—4 . B L ö b b , 27867, I-B , 13.08, 14 72, 15.21; 5—10. B L ö b b , a.B ,, P fau, 27869, P ro k esch -O sten , 27868; i i — 13. Bo 218-2 0 , 16.82, 14.70, 16.03; I 4 —1 5 * C alico 6/1979, 3 4 5 6, 13.82, 13.30; 16. C o p 509, 10.66; 17. M S V 17/12/1981, 344, 13.52; 18—19. M u 128-9, I 3 -0 2 J 12.43; 2 0 . M i 208, 12.86; 21—22. N 164-5, 12.41, 11.75; 2 3 - 2 5 · 0 = a m c 9 9 1 -3 , 11.60, 12.69, 9.27; 2 6 - 3 4 . P 757-9, 821, D ’A illy 17471-3, D elep ierre, S de R , 13.44, 13.14, 11-58, 12.37, I0 4 3 >

[ 4 ]

Vives 131-2, B eltran 18

163

gmi

A V G V S T V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. C V A R R V F SEX IV L P O L I I V IR Q ; sim pulum , aspergillum , securis an d apex

L Bennius praef Imp Caes 0 Varius Hiberus praef Μ Agrip quin 162

[ 8 ]

C H E L V I P O L L P R T I N E R O N Ë Q V I; bare head (of T iberius?), r. H IB E R O PR A E F; sim pulum , securis, aspergillum and apex

8971-2, 4 -5 3 , 4-09, 4 -9 4 i 3 3 · V a t 3 4 8 , 4 -3 °l 3 4 - 3 5 - B a 9 5 5 5 , 23961, 5.55, 4.25; U n c e rta in /u n c e rta in : 3 6 . L 1198, 3.50; 3 7 . M 8961, 4.67; 3 8 . P 797, 5.76; 3 9 . V 79, 4.49; 4 0 —4 9 . N Y 69222 (2 specim ens), H S A 21106-10, 23706, 57269, N ew ell, 4.76, 5.96, 4.78, 4.15, 5.00, 5.50, 3.69, 3.94, 3.64, 5.56; 5 0 . C, 2.76. 161

Bronze. 20 m m , 5.40 g (29). Axis: var. Vives 130-17, B eltrân 25

[ 8 ]

168

Bronze. 22m m , 6 .4 2 g (77). Axis: var. Vives 131-12, B eltran 23,

gmi

[ 22 ]

172

Vives 131-1, B eltran 19

As 167

H IB E R O PR A E (F) M A G R IP Q V IN ; b are head (of A grippa?), r. L B E N N IO PR A EF; trophy

i . A arh u s 15, 6.21; 2. A N E 15-1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 174, 6.17; 3—5. Bo 221-3, 7.83, 6.92, 7.10; 6—i i . B a.B . (2), L ö b b (2), D an n en b erg , Bohl; 12. C alico 6/1979, 347, 8.20; 13. C o p 510, 5.80; 14. M S V 17/12/1981,

S P A IN : Carthago Nova ( 1 6 g -175)

352, 7.36; 15—19. M i 209-13, 8.23, 7.04, 6.33, 6.24, 5.56; 2 0 . M u 130, 5.30; 2 1 - 2 2 . 0 = a m c 94 4 -5 , 5-70, 6.91; 2 3 - 2 8 . P 760, 760A, 761, D elep ierre (2), S de R , 6.35, 5.99, 6.10, 6.92, 4.76, 5.58; 29. N 166, 6.61; 3 0 . R 170, 5.33; 31—3 2 . T ü b in g e n 4 5 -6 , 6.49, 6.46; 3 3 . V 85, 6.80; 3 4 — 3 9 . V a t 340-5, 7.30, 7.25, 6.90, 6.15, 5.70, 5.50; 4 0 - 4 1 . G, 6.66, 7.26; 4 2 - 5 1 . B a 4911, 43788, 33976, 14808, 33977, 90770, 4713, 5259, 14807, 4714, 6.65, 6.77, 7.35, 5.92, 4.80, 6.08, 6.27, 6.72, 8.04, 5.73; 5 2 - 5 4 . L 1261-3, 5.50, 8.08, 6.86; 5 5 . M 9 2 6 6 , 5.14; 56—8 3 . M 9232-4, 9236, 923 8 -9 , 9241, 9243, 9245, 9247, 9249-50^ 925&~B> 9262-4, 9268, 9272 ( = V ives 131-12), 9279-80, 9282-3, 9286-7, 9290, 6.95, 6.93, 7.23, 5.64, 7.03, 5.88, 7.24, 5.86, 5.39, 6.78, 5.31, 5.57, 4.84, 7.69, 5.90, 5.06, 5.75, 5.15, 6.01, 5.73, 6.88, 8.78, 6.72, 7.01, 6.52, 7.30, 6.46; 8 4 . G 4, 5.12; 8 5 . P rin ceto n 714, 6.02. F orgery: M 9228. F o r m e tal analysis, see Saguntum 2 i, 1987-8, 424.

C Laetilius Apalus Rex Ptol Ilviri q 172

AE. 20m m , 5.81g (54). Axis: var. Vives 130-15, B eltran 28,

gmi

165,

Axis: var.

167,

996

nah

[ 29 ]

W ith o u t crescen t a n d lotus: i —2. B I-B , 8147, 4.50, 6.60; 3—6. B L ö b b (2), 17419, 27872; 7. Bo 229, 5.72; 8. C alico 6/1979, 3 4 °> 4 -7 9 ; 9 * C o p 494, 5.20; 10. M S V 17/12/1981, 351, 4.25; i i —1 2 . M u 6 5 -6 , 4.80, 4.21; 1 3 - 1 4 . 0 = a m c 9 6 7 -8 , 4.10, 5.71; 1 5 - 1 7 . P 768-70, 4.39, 5.38, 4.41; 1 8 20. V a t 3 57-9, 5 4 0 , 5-00, 4.60; 21. L 1 2 0 9 , 6.16; 2 2 —3 1 . L 1202-8, 1210-2, 5.06, 5.88, 5.93, 5.26, 5.41, 4.24, 4.81, 4.93, 5.01, 5.39; 3 2 - 4 8 . M 9OI9, 9021, 9023, 9026, 9031 -2 , 9035, 9041, 904 4 -5 , 9051, 9067, 9070, 9076 -7 , S astre 10358-9, 4.56, 5.37 (p ierced ), 5.22, 5.50, 5.45, 5.02, 6.02, 5.18, 4.70, 5.27, 5.04, 6.28, 4.81, 4.87, 4.88, 5.70, 5.25; 4 9 - 5 1 . C , 5.01, 5.26, 4.96; 5 2 - 5 7 . B a 470 9 -1 0 , 14803-4, 30765, 42825, 4.73, 4.72, 5.14, 6.10, 3.99, 4.51; 5 8 . IV D J ( = V ives 131—5); 5 9 —6 0 . G 7 -8 , 5.28, 4.16; 6 1 . IV D J, form erly S de C 1184; 6 2 —7 8 . N Y H S A 21084, 21079, 23705, 21085, 21080-1, 12140, 57244, 11484, 57243, 24209, 21083, 57242, 21082, N ew ell (3), 3.92, 4.26, 4.61, 4.74, 4.75, 4.89, 5.02, 5.23, 5.30, 5.31, 5.54, 5 -6 3 j 5 -7 L 5*78, 3.83, 4.36, 6.09; 7 9 . N u m . Circ. 12/1982, 8551; W ith crescen t a n d lotus: 8 0 . C o p 4 9 5 , 5.85. F orgery: M 9027. F o r m etal analysis, see Saguntum 21, 1987—8, 424.

995

C N A T E L L IV S P O N T I II V Q (V ); apex, securis, aspergillum an d sim pulum IV B A R E X IV B A E F I I V Q (V ); crow n o f Isis I I V Q / I I V Q V : i . L 11 9 9 , 7.46; 2. M u se u A rqueologic d ’Elx, 5.84; 3 . B a 109192, 5.67; 4 . H e rre ro 24/3/1988, 35, 6.95; I I V Q V / I I V Q : 5— 6 . O = AMC 965-6, 6.66, 6.59; 7 - 8 . P 765, 767, 4.05, 6.12; 9 - 1 5 . M 8935, 893 7 -8, 8945, 8947, 8951, 8953, 6.85, 4.49, 5.82, 5.36, 4.72, 4.59, 6.38; I I V Q V / I I V Q V : 16. C alico 6/1979, 333, 5.62; 1 7 -2 3 . M 8936, 8939-41, 8 9 4 3 > 8954, 8955 ( = V ives 130-15), 4.76, 5.86, 6.02, 6.72, 5.94, 4.74, 5.96; 24—25. B L öbb, 17424; 2 6 - 2 7 . B 79/1904, I-B , 6.03, 6.65; 28. P 766, 6.85; 29. V a t 355, 5.90; 3 0 . C , 4.72; 3 1 - 3 2 . G 5 -6 , 6.82, 5.70; I I V Q V /u n c e rta in : 3 3 . C op 493, 6.00; 3 4 . L 1201, 4.88; 3 5 . V a t 356, 5.60; 3 6 —4 0 . M 8934, 8942, 8948, 8950, 8952, 6.82, 5.80, 5.57, 6.96, 6.51; 4 1 . B 5661/54, 5.60; U n c e rta in /II V Q : 4 2 . L 1200, 5.76; U n c e rta in /II V Q V : 43 · B 17423; U n k n o w n var.: 4 4 —5 6 . N Y H S A 12050, 21072-8, 23712, 24613, N ew ell (3 specim ens), 7.16, 4.90, 4.87, 5.63, 6.25, 6.08, 4.98, 5.47, 6.29. 5-87> 4 -4 1 , 4-96, 6.48; 5 7 . O , 4.85.

1 *7 2 —3 ) .

gm i

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; bare head, r. C L A E T IL IV S A PA LV S II V Q; diadem (w ith crescent an d lotus above) enclosing R E X P T O L

[ 17] nah

Bronze. 20m m , 4 .9 8 g (96: Vives 131-5, B eltran 30,

Cn Atellius Iuba Rex Iubae f Ilviri qu 169

95

173

Bronze. 20m m . See

172.

Axis: var.

[ 8 ]

Vives 131-6, B eltran 29 As

172,

b u t head,

1.

W ith o u t crescen t a n d lotus: 1—3. B D ressel, a.B ., Fox, 4.61, 4.31, 5.18; 4 . C alico 6/1979, 341, 4.56; 5—7. P 7 71-2, S de R , 4.26, 3.17, 4.38; 8 . V a t 360, 4.80; 9. C alico 11/1978, 249, 4.15; 10. L 1 2 1 3 , 4.73; i i · L 1214, 5.48; 12—14. M 9024, 9081 ( = V ives 131-6), 9082, 5.47, 6.85, 5.32; 15— 18. N Y H S A 11504, 24198-9, N ew ell, 4.02, 4.41, 4.25, 4.37; 19. F N M T , 4.19; 20. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 323, 4.96; W ith crescen t a n d lotus: 21—2. M 9080, S astre 10379, 4 -° 3 > 3 -9 3 i 2 3 · G 9 (pi. 9 8 -2 ), 6.43. F o r m etal analysis, see Saguntum 21, 1987—8, 424.

P Turullio Ilvir quinq M Postum Albinus Ilvir quinq iter M Postum Albin L Porc Capit Ilviri q 170

174

Bronze. 27m m , 12.12g (48). Axis: var. Vives 131-8, B eltrân 26,

gmi

169-70,

nah

[ 12 ]

Vives 131-13, B eltran 31,

994

171

AE. 22m m , 6.72g (36). Axis: var.

[ 9 ]

Vives 131-9, B eltran 27 As

170

1—2. B Fox, Bohl, 6.97, —; 3 . C alico 6/1979, 344, 7.81; 4. N 170, 6.87; 5. 0 = a m c 964, 7.80; 6 . P 7 6 4 , 8.09; 7. V 82, 6.12; 8—i i . V a t 351-4, 7.90, 7.20, 6.80, 6.10; 12—13. C , 7.85, 9.06; 14—15. L 1218-9, 6.71, 6.62; 1 6 - 2 5 . M 9135-9, Θ Η 1, 9 143 - 4 , θ ^ 1, S astre 10377, 6.71, 6.56, 5.82, 4.70, 6.96, 6.02, 6.01, 4.47, 7-02, 6.71; 26. B a 14814, 6.70; 27—35· N Y 69222, H S A 21069-71, 23684, 57240-1, N ew ell (2 specim ens), 6.77, 5.83, 6.42, 6.72, 6.31, 8.02, 7.00, 5.09, 5.64; 3 6 . IV D J ( = V ives 131-9); 3 7 . P rin ceto n 715, 6.64; 3 8 . Bo 228, 8.02.

nah

[

9

]

1108

P T V R V L L (IO ) V I N K I I V IR Q V IN (Q V E N ); q u ad rig a walking, r.; in front, vexillum V I N K M P O S T V A L B IN V S II V IR Q V IN Q IT E R ; tetrastyle tem ple inscribed A V G V S T O

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. M P O S T V M A L B IN L P O R C C A P IT I I V IR Q ; priest standing, holding sim pulum an d b ran ch 1—3. B 17429, R au c h , 578/1966; 4—6. Bo 225-7, 11.37, 8.76, 10.30; 7. C alico 6/1979, 343, 13.40; 8. C o p 496, 12.22; 9 - 1 1 . N 167-9, Ï 4 -3 7 » 12.72, 11.85; 12. O = AMC 963, 14.18; 13—14. P 762—3, 10.08, 15.54; 15. T ü b in g e n 20, 10.63; *6· V 81, 12.96; 1 7 -1 8 . V a t 349-50, 13.70, 7.90; 19. A N E 25/5/1957, 170 ( = S d e C 1201), 15.85; 2 0 . C , 9.69; 21—23. L 1215-7, 11.67, ΙΟ·2 9 > 10.54; 24. M 9 1 2 4 , 14.95; 25—3 6 . M 9101, 9104, 9109, 9111-3, 9 1 15-6. 9 1 2 1. 9129, 9 : 3 4 . S astre 10385, 13.32, 12.53, 12.71, ' 3 -3 2 . i 3 · ^ . 9 -8 o, 13.63. I 3 -5 1. 8.68, 12.97, 10.47, IQ.i6 ; 37- 39 - B a 14857. 38729, 3 9 τ 4 2, ι° · 2 7 , H - 4 9 . IO-9 6 ; 4 °- IVDJ (= V ives 131-8); 4 1 . G i, 12.35; 4 2 —5 2 . N Y 69222, H S A 21067-8, 23685, 24612, 57237-9, N ew ell (3 specim ens), 15.45, 12.17, 14.64, 12.18, 8.67, 16.35, 10.21, 11.43, 9.47, 11.98, 14.16; 5 3 . F orm erly S de C 1202. F o r m etal analysis, see Saguntum 21, 1987-8, 424. C o u n te rm ark : E ag le’s h ea d r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 53.

AE. 20m m , 5.29g (14). Axis: var.

T V R V L L - u n ce rtain : i . M 9300, 5.88; T V R V L L I - Q V IN : 2. A N E 2 5 /5 Λ 9 5 7 , 179, 4.65; 3. L 1 2 2 5 , 4.62; T V R V L L I - u n ce rtain : 4 . M 9301, 4.35; T V R V L L IO - Q V IN Q V E N : 5 . P 805, 5.84; 6 . V 86, 3.75; 7. IV D J (= V ives 131-13); 8. M S astre 10378, 6.15; T V R V L L IO u n ce rtain : 9 . A N E 2 5 -2 6 /1 1 /1 9 7 5 , 22, 6.02; 10. C alico 6/1979, 348, 6.03; i i . C o p 499, 5.21; 1 2 . 0 , 4 . 0 0 ; 13. B D a n n en b erg ; U n c e rta in -U n c e rta in : 14. L 1224, 6.19; 15—16. B L ö b b , R au c h , 5.75, — ; 17. M 9306, 5.57; 18. IV D J, form erly S de C 1204. C oins 7 a n d 8 s h are th e sam e obv. a n d rev. dies. 175

AE. 2 0m m , 5.35g (35). Axis: var.

[ 19 ]

Vives 131-14, B eltran 32 P T V R V L L (IO ) V (R ) I N K I I V IR Q V IN Q V ; quadriga, 1.; in front, vexillum V I N K M P O S T V (M ) A L B IN V (S ) I I V IR Q V IN Q (V ) IT E R ; tetrastyle tem ple, inscribed AVG VSTO T V R V L L V I N K /P O S T V : 1. C , 6.42; T V R V L L V I N K /u n c e rta in : 2. IV D J, form erly S d e C 1211; T V R V L L V R I N K /P O S T V : 3. B L ö b b ; 4 . L 1222, 5.21; 5. C alico 6 /1979, 349, 5.24; 6 . N 171, 6.42; T V R V L L V R I N K /u n c e rta in : 7. M 9326, 4.54; 8. P 802, 5.53; 9 . B a 14817, 4.81; T V R V L L I V I N K /P O S T V : 10. B 17465, 5.78; 11. L 1220, 4.66; 12. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 325, 5 .2 1; T V R V L L I V I N K /u n c e rta in : 13—14. M 9330, 9340, 5.00, 4.94; T V R V L L IO V I N K /P O S T V M : 15. M u 67, 5.92; 16. P 800, 5.12; U n c e rta in /P O S T V :

g6

S P A IN : Carthago Nova { 176-184)

17. C alico 6/1979, 350, 6.48; 18. O , 4.93; 19—20· P 801, 803, 5.91, 4.93; 31—2 2 . V 87—8, 5.81, 5.05; 2 3 . V a t 363, 5.20; 24—25. B Bohl, L öbb; 26. L 1221, 4.79; 2 7 . C , 5.06; 2 8 - 3 2 . M 9319, 9327, 9331, 9335, 9339, 5.72, 5.25, 5.40, 6.19, 5.70; U n c e rta in /u n c e rta in : 3 3 - 3 4 . Bo 232-3, 5.50, 4.46; 3 5 . C op 497 (Q V IN Q V ), 5.59; 3 6 - 3 7 . V a t 361-2, 6.00, 5.90; 3 8 . C , 4.39; 3 g . G 10 (V R I N K ), 4.38; 4 0 . IV D J ( = V ives 131-14). T h e sh o rt form A L B IN V occurs on 12-14, 17, 22 a n d 25.

9 2 . A lcoi 1267

AE. 20m m , 5.22g (23). Axis: var. Vives 131-15, B eltran 33,

gmi

[ g ]

pl. 2 2 -5 2 ), 10.59; 93 · M ao

AE. 3 0m m , 14.30g (1). Axis: n (i). As

(=

cmtm

,

pl. 5 2 -4 9 ),

[ o ]

179,

b u t lau reate head

i . V a t 3 6 6 , 14.30. T h e g en eral a p p e a ra n c e o f this coin is u n u su al, b u t th e re is n o th in g d efin ite to co n d em n it. 181

AE. 22 m m , 6.66 g (40). Axis: var. Vives 132-2, B eltran 37,

T V R V L L I/P O S T V M : 1. M 9345, 5.64; T V R V L L I/u n c e rta in : 2. V a t 364, 4.30; 3. M 9344, 5.40; T V R V L L IO /P O S T V : 4 . B i 7453 > 5 -4 2l 5. C , 5.67; 6 . M 9343, 6.00; T V R V L L IO /P O S T V M : 7. V a t 365, 4.80; 8. L 1223, 5.76; T V R V L L IO /u n c e rta in : 9. F 44, 6.20; 10. O , 4.25 (broken); n . M 9354, 3.67; 12. G 11 (pi. 9 8 -3 ), 5.37; U n c e rta in /P O S T V : 13. B B ohl, 5.98; 14—17. M 9341, 9346, 9348, 9350, 5.57, 5.12, 4.08, 5.40; U n c e rta in /P O S T V M : 18. P 806, 4.88; 19. M 9355, 4.47; U n c e rta in /u n c e rta in : 2 0 . Bo 231, 5.30; 2 1 . C alico 6/1979, 351, 5.20; 2 2 - 2 3 . P 8 0 7-8, 4.95, 5.70; 24. C , 5.15; 2 5 . IV D J (= V ives 131-15). T h e sh o rt form A L B IN V occurs on 3, 15 a n d 25.

AE. 20 mm , 4.65 g (5). Axis: var.

,

Italica 16, 366

173

P T V R V L L I(O ) V I N K II V IR Q V IN Q ; quadriga, r.; in front, vexillum V I N K M P O S T V (M ) A LB IN V (S) I I V IR Q V IN Q IT E R ; tetrastyle tem ple inscribed A V G V S T O

177

cmtm

C o u n te rm ark s: I-S ( = cm k 52) on th e rev., o n 67, 72, 76, 84, 91. D D ( = cm k 46) on th e rev., on 68 (p ro b ab ly a p p lied in m o d e rn tim es). M o n o g ram ( = cm k 92) on th e o b v ., on 82. [S ]E ( = cm k 66) (?) on the rev ., on 83. U n c e rta in letters ( = cm k 98) o n th e obv., on 32. 180

176

( =

II-57-

As

gmi

[ 18]

176

179

i . A N E 2 6 -2 7 /4 /1 9 8 3 , 30; 2—3. B 28257, 8264, 6.90, 6.74; 4 —5. B B ohl, L ö b b ; 6. Bo 240, 6.05; 7—8. C , 6.50, 6.66; 9 . C alico 6/1979, 355, 10.90; 10. C o p 5 0 1 , 6.95; 1 1 - 1 4 . L 1237-40, 5.36, 6.39, 9.02, 7.09; 1 5 - 2 9 . M 9 4 4 2 - 3 . 9 4 4 5 - 7 . 9 4 4 9 - 5 2 . 9 4 5 8 - 9 . 9460 ( = V ives 132-2), 9463, 9465, S astre 10390, 7.07, 6.79, 6.39, 6.06, 7.57, 6.64, 6.49, 6.65, 6.81, 7.44, 8.35, 6.24, 6.06, 7.46, 5.95; 3 0 - 3 1 . M u 6 9 -7 0 , 7 .1 1, 4.72; 3 2 - 3 4 . O , 6.59, 6.47, 4-84; 35 - P 819, 7 ·6 9 ; 3 6 · T ü b in g e n 23, 5.23; 3 7 . V 91, 6.75; 3 8 . V a t 3 7 6. 5 -9 °; 39 - 42 · B a 9569, 14822-3, 14830, 5.64, 7.62, 6.19, 6.35; 4 3 . W in te rth u r 37, 4.70.

[ 3 ]

Vives 131—16, B eltran 34

Tiberius and Caligula

P T V R V L L V I N K I I V IR [Q V I]N Q [V E N ]; quadriga, 1.; in front, vexillum V I N K M P O S T V A L B IN V (S ) II V IR Q V IN [Q IT E R ]; tetrastyle tem ple inscribed A V G V S T O

182

Vives 132—3, B eltran 38-9,

I- μ 9352, 4.61; 2. C o p 498, 4.55; 3. B 2 7 8 6 6 , 4.59; 4. M 9357 ( = V ives Ï 3 1—r6 ), 5 ·9 ο; 5 - ? 804, 3.61. 178

AE. i 5 m m , 2.59g (6)· Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

i . C alico 6/1979, 352, 2.49; 2. L 1226, 2 .1 1; 3. Ba 23589, 2.41; 4 . C, 4.07; 5. M 9 3 6 3 (= V ives 131-17), 2.47; 6. M 9362, 2.01.

____________________________________________

Tiberius, Nero and Drusus AE. 29 mm , 12.4g g (86). Axis: var. Vives 132-1, B eltran 36,

gmi

174-5, NAH

[

35

]

183

II0 9

AE. 2 0 -4 m m , 6 .5 1 g (15). Axis: var.

[ 8 ]

Vives 132-4, B eltrân 40

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S P M; bare head, 1. C V I N G N E R O E T D RV SV S CA ESA RES Q V IN Q ; confronted heads o f N ero an d D rusus 1—2. A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 8 6 -7 , 11.80, 11.07; 3—4 . A N E 2 6 -27/4/1 9 8 3 , 28-9; 5—7. B L ö b b , R a u c h , K assel, 14.44, τ3·45, r 3 -5 2l 8—11. B L ö b b , 2006, a.B ., 17494; 12—16. Bo 235-9, 11-24, 10.00, 10.48, 12.62, 12.95; I 7” 18. C alico 6/1979, 353-4, Γ3 ·6 °> 13.60; I 9 * C o p 500, 12.40; 20. F 45, 13.30; 2 1 - 2 2 . M S V 17/12/1981, 354 ( = n a h 1109 = M M A G 483, 1 1 12/1985, 81), 355, 13.40, 12.50; 23. M u 68, 12.54; 24—28. P 815-8, 820, 12.58, 14.78, 13.68, 12.30, 8 .11 ; 29—3 2 . O , 15.42, 11.62, 11.46, i i . 10; 33 - R τ 7 τ , u .0 2 ; 34- 35 · T ü b in g e n 2 1 -2, 13.45, 13-14; 36- 37 - v 8 9-90, 11.68, 11.60; 3 8 —4 6 . V a t 367-75, 14.35, r 3 -7 °> 13-30, 12,90, 12.35, 12.20, 11.50, 11.40, 10.55; 4 7 “ 5 1· V : 3-44. n V 1» ι 6 ·74> : ι ·96> ” ·33; 5 2 - 6 1 . L 1227-36, 13.17, 13.38, 10.64, 12-95, I2 -3°, 8.54, 12.92, 11.45, 'S ·06, 9 ·16; 62. M 9 4 2 2 ( = V ives 132-1), 11.63; 6 3 - 8 4 . M 9364-5, 9368, 9370-1, 9375, 9377-8, 9383, 9387, 9 3 93-5, 9400, 9406-7, 9147-8, 9432, 9434, 9440, S astre 10388, 13.20, 12.32, 14.09, 13.83, 12.54, 10.65, t3 -3 2, Ι3 ·ΐ6 , 13-Tg, 15 -3 3 » Τ3 · Ι 2 » I2 -8 3 , 14-16, 13.31, 13.79, 17-25» 9-66, 13.10, 10.89, 14-27, 12.60, 12.38; 85—89. B a 14841, 14871, 38120, 39168, 100931, 10.56, 12.39, 11.96, 10.75, I I -4 L 9 ° · G 13, 14.18; 9 1 . IV D J , form erly S de C 1216;

177-8

D IV A V G V F A V G : i . g m i 178, 11.00; D I V I A V G F A V G : 2. C alico 6/1979. 3 5 6 . 12-90; 3 - C alico 11/1978, 263, 9.50; 4 . R 172, 9.95; 5 - 7 . M 9467, 9472, 9481, 12.88, 11.34, 13.02; 8. C o p 5 0 2 , 12.30; D I V I A V G F A V G V : 9. Bo 241, 10.70; 10. L 1241, 10.08; 11—15. M 9474, 9478-80, S astre 10395, 14-93» Ι 2 ·92, 11.50, 10.04, ΐ3·4ο; i 6 . B a 9570, 10.80; 17. G 14, 12.10; D I V I A V G F A V G V S : 18. Ο , 7.00; i q . Be 2947, 12.31; 20— 2 2 . B 17430, L ö b b , D an n en b erg , 11.72, 9.54, 9.78; 23—24. Μ 9470 (w ith o u t T I N ), 9471, 13.98, 12.18; 2 5 . IV D J , form erly S de C 1224; 26. P 821 (C ); D I V I A V G V F A V G V S T V : 2 7 . P 822, 10.40; 2 8 . V a t 378, 12.00; 29. M 9475, 9.98; 3 0 . B I-B , 16.27; 3 1 · B 17498; 3 2 · IV D J ( = V ives 132-3); U n c e rta in var.: 3 3 . C alico 6/1979, 357, 12.40; 3 4 —37· L 1242-5, 12.77, 13-417 n .9 5 , 12.88; 3 8 . M u 71, 8.52; 3 9 . P 823, r i . 02; 4 0 . R 173, 10.70; 4 1 . V 92, 13.40; 4 2 - 4 5 . M 9473, 947 6 -7 , 9482 (Q V IN ), 14.04, 10.81, 13.22, 10.go; 4 6 - 4 8 . V a t 377, 379 -8 0 , 12.20, 11.90, 9.70; 4 9 . B a 14847, 14.38. C o u n te rm ark : SE ( = cm k 66) on th e rev., o n 48.

V I N K P T V R V I I V IR Q V IN Q ; vexillum betw een two fasces V I N K A L B IN Q V IN IT E R ; lituus, sim pulum and aspergillum

179

gmi

[ 17 ]

T I C A ESA R D IV (I) A V G (V ) F A V G (V S T V ) P M; lau reate head, 1. C C A ESA R T I N Q V IN (Q ) IN (or C) V I N K; bare head, 1.

Vives 131-17, B eltran 35

Tiberius

AE. 2 7 -3 o m m , 11.74g (4 5 )· Axis: var.

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V (G V ) (P M ); laureate head, L; in front, lituus C C A ESA R T I N Q V IN (Q ) IN V I N K ; b are head, 1. A V P M /Q V I N : i . L 1246, 7.96; A V P M /Q V I N Q : 2. IV D J , form erly S de C 1226; A V P M /U n c e rta in : 3. B L ö b b , 5.72; 4 . O , 6.10; 5 . Bo 242, 6.20; 6. M S astre 10392, 7.26; A V G /Q V IN Q : 7. M 9 4 9 0 ( = V ives 1324), 8.04; A V G V P M /U n c e rta in : 8. M 9488, 5.88; A V G V P M /Q V IN Q : 9 . B Fox; 10. V a t 381, 6.90; 11—12. M 9491 -2 , 7.11, 5.46; 13. IV D J, fo rm erly S d e C 1225; A V G V P M /U n c e rta in : 14. M 9485, 6.23; 15. P 824, 6.09; U n c e rta in /Q V IN : 16. B 17500, 4.61; U n c e rta in /u n c e rta in var.: 17. C , 8.36; 18. B a.B .; i g . M 9486, 5.69. 184

A E. i3 - i6 m m , 2.66g (16). Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

Vives 132-5, 6, B eltrân 41 T I C A ESA R D IV (I) A V G (V S) F; lau reate head, 1. C C A ESA R (T I N) Q V IN (Q IN V I N K ); bare head, 1. D I V A V G F /Q V I N Q N K : 1. C alico 6/1979, 358, 2.63; 2* V 9 3 , 2.95; D IV A V G F /[ T I N ] Q V I N V I: 3 . M 9495, 1.79; D I V I A V G F /T I N Q V I N K : 4 . L 1 2 4 7 , i-8 °; 5 . M S astre 10397, 3.15; D I V I A V G V S F /T I

S P A IN : Carthago Nova, Ilici {185-186)

12.02; 24. V 95, 11.98; 25—3 1 . V a t 3 8 2 -8 , 12.80, 12.70, 11.70, i i . 15, 10.50, 10.60, 10.40; 3 2 - 5 1 . M 9500, 9503, 9507, 9509 -1 2 , 9515 -6 , 9518, θ δ ? 0“ 1. 9 5 =4 . 9 2 5 6 -8 , 9531, 9535, S astre 10396 a n d 10391, 13.82, 13.00, 12.87, Ι 3 ·5 3 , I I . 00, 12.60, 12.92, 9.42, 13.71, 10.91, I I . 13, 13.42, 12.03, 11.22, 11.43, 14-86, 13.40, 12.37, 1:4-56, 15.18; 5 2 . C alico 6/1979, 36°, 12.70; 53- 57 · L 1248-52, 11.87, : 4-oo, 12.33, 11-26, 13.33; 5 8 . C, 11.46; cq —64. B a 9571, 14850, 27561, 37088, 38782, 39248, 9.62, 11.69, 12.21, 12.03, 8.54, 16.25; 6 5 . G 15, 10.56; 6 6 - 6 8 IV D J ( = V ives 132-7, 8, 10); 6 9 . C 586, 12.90; 7 0 . Seaby Bulletin 4 /1988, C 164; 7 1 . Seaby B ulletin 7/1981, C 342; 72—7 3 . G iro n a 2 9447-8 ( = c m t m , pi. 7-1 1 1 , 112), 13.57, 9.53; 7 4 —7 8 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 4 3 -2 9 8 to 303), 16.20, 12.70, 12.30, 11.80, 10.50, 10.00; 7 9 . N um . Circ. 2/1981, 817; 8 0 —8 1 . F o rm erly S d e C 1231-2. F orgery: P D ’A illy 17470. F o r m etal an aly sis, see Saguntum 21, 1987-8, 424. C o u n te rm ark s: SE ( = cm k 66) o n 42 (rev .), 81 (obv.). L A ( = cm k 54) on 80 (rev.) a n d 81 (obv.). S (in v erted ) ( = c m k 36) on th e rev., o n 81.

N Q V I N Q K ; 6. A rriols 12/1978, 18, 4.47; 7. P 825, 2.87; 8 - 9 . M 9493, 9496 (] Q V IN Q [), 2.30, 2.61; 10. IV D J ( = V ives 132-5); 11. IV D J, form erly S de C 1227; D IV I A V G [/T I N Q V IN IN V I N [K ?]: 12. IV D J ( = V ives 332-6), 2.89; U n c e rta in /T I N Q V IN V ; 13. M 9498, 1.72; U n c e rta in /T I N Q V IN Q IN [: 14. M 9499, 2.05; U n c e rta in /u n c e rta in : 15. V 94, 2.32; 16. M 9494, 1.82; 17—18. B a 4721, 14826, 3.95, 3.24. T h e re a d in g N K on th e rev. o f coins 1 a n d 2 is n o t ce rtain . 5 a n d 13 h ave on th e obv.: C A D S A R ^zc). F orgery: 19. M S astre 10394, x-5 8·

Caligula________________________________________________ C n A te l F la c C n P o m F la c I lv ir i q 185

C opper. 29 m m , 12.30g (69). Axis: var. Vives 132-7 to 10, B eltran 42,

gmi

17g,

[ 22 ] nah

gy

186

1127

AE. 22-3 m m , 5.37 g (23). Axis: var.

[

7

]

Vives 13 2 -1 1, B eltran 43.

C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC IM P P M T R P C O S; laureate head, r. C N A T E L FLA C C N P O M FLAC II V IR Q V I N C; head of Salus, r.; SAL-AVG, to 1. an d r.

As 185, b u t C N A T E L FLAC C N P O M F L (A )C II V IR QVINC. FL C : i . A N E 2 0 -2 1 /5 /1 9 8 6 , 24; 2. P. 829, 5.98; 3. V a t 391, 5.00; 4 —6. M 9546-9, 9551, 4 -5 °. 5·8 1 . 5 ·8 3 ; 7 · * 3 * M u 72, 16.15; 14. N 172, 11.69; 15—16· O , 12.97, 12.47; 17—2 1 . P 8 2 6-8, D ’A illy 17469, D elep ierre, 12.59, 14*03, 11.47, 11.71, 10.57; 22—2 3 . ^ ! 74 “ 5 > 13 -7 2s

Ilici The Colonia Iulia Ilici Augusta (Elx, Alacant) was founded at an uncertain date during the second Triumvirate or dur­ ing the reign of Augustus, and is located among the import­ ant Iberian settlements in the region of Contestania. Its coinage has recently been discussed by M. M. Llorens, La ceca de Ilici, València, 1987; see also M. M. Llorens, Lucentum VI (1987), pp. 165-81. There are several problems of attribution. The coin of C. Salvius and Q. Terentius Montanus (187-8) represents the first issue and has been attributed to Ilici by the appearance of the same tria nomina for one of them as for the duovir of the issue with the temple reverse (192-3). We agree with the reading MO, on the simpulum, that Delgado (pi. 160— 2) and Hill (p. 100) gave, and this reading can also be made, without any difficulty, on the L specimen (187/1). Therefore we consider the reading COS given by P. Beltran (Obra completa, 1973, pp. 142-5) and by Llorens (pp. 19-20, 96) to be wrong. The coin Μ 11572 (= Vives, p. cxviii-4) on which their reading is based, seems to us to be a forgery. Thus, their argument about the relationship between this coin and M. Aemilius Lepidus, that he founded the colony in 42 B e , is not valid. Delgado and Hill made use of the letters MO to attribute the coin to M(unicipium) 0 (sicerda); however, it is more plausible to identify them as the first two letters of the cognomen of the duovir Q. Terentius, since we know from 188 that he was a Mont(anus). This issue can be dated after 42 b c , since the reverse copies the clasped hands from Republican coins of that year (RRC 494/10-12, 41). Two issues of semisses were struck during Augustus’s reign. The first (189-91) bears on the obverse the portrait of

Augustus, following the ‘Patricia’ model; the reverse has an eagle and a vexillum between two signa, a clear allusion to the military origin of the colonists settled in Ilici. The second issue (192-3) has a similar obverse to the preceding, but with a different style. The stylistic similari­ ties between the 192 and 167-8, included here under Car­ thago Nova, led Jenkins (ANSMN 8, 1958, pp. 72-4) to propose his attribution to Ilici (his argument is not accepted here: see the introduction to Carthago Nova). On the reverse there is a temple of Juno, whose worship is recorded in a local inscription (CIL II, 3557). This issue can be dated after 12 b c from its stylistic similarity with 167-8, on whose reverse the priestly emblems appear, a probable allusion to Augustus as Pontifex Maximus. 193, with the legend IMP CAESARI DIVI L AVGVSTO, constitutes with 192 a single issue, with which it shares the reverse die. The odd use of the dative for the legend is due to a licence or mistake of the engraver that is not repeated. The two issues of Augustus consist of semisses of bronze, following the metrological standard of an as of 11 g. 189 190 ■9 1 192-193

L L L Q

M anlius Manlius M anlius Papirius -

T Petronius T Petronius T Petronius Q Terentius

19 mm, 21 mm, 21 mm, 20—1 mm,

5 -6 7 g 5-56g 5 -5 4 g 542 g

(12) (53) (3 5 ) (115)

154-6, which are here included under Carthago Nova, were attributed by Grant (FIT A 213-14) to Ilici on the basis of the similarity of the praenomen and nomen of C. Maecius with the person mentioned on one inscription of Ilici (CIL II, 3555), and he considered one of them (155) as a foundation issue of the years 29-28 b c ; however, we

g8

S P A IN : Ilici (187-193)

accept A. Beltran’s view (Numisma 2, 1952, pp. 25-7) here as more plausible. During Tiberius’s reign. Ilici struck three issues which include higher denominations than the previous issues, thus involving a considerable increase in output. The chrono­ logical arrangement of these three issues is based on the iconographical model followed by Tiberius’s portrait (Llorens, pp. 14-15, 85-6) and on the re-use of one die of the altar issue (196) for the two togate figures issue (198). The interpretation of the reverse designs on the fourth and fifth issues does not present many problems, since the eagle and the signa (194) allude to the veterans settled in the colony and the altar, with SAL-AVG, presumably to Livia (196-7). The togate figures on the sixth issue have been identified by Grant (APT 90 and 99) and R. Etienne (Le Culte Impérial, p. 426) as Germanicus and Drusus and by P. Beltran (Obra completa, 1973, pp. 138-9) and Llorens as Tiberius and Sejanus. An identification of the figures as Germanicus and Drusus would mean a date earlier than a d 19, but as we believe it to be the last issue of the mint, we cannot accept this identification. We therefore consider other identifications more likely: Nero and Drusus, Tiberius and Sejanus or Tiberius and Caligula. Another possibility, suggested to us by S. Price, is that the two togate figures stand for the cities of Ilici and Icosium. Tiberius’s coinages have a slightly heavier metrological standard; in every case the metal struck is copper, reflecting the monetary reform of Augustus. 194 195 196

28-9m m ,

11.84g (81)

198

i . F N M T ( = Y ria rte

189

1 8 7 - 8 ).

A V G V S T V S D IV I F; b are head, r. C C IL A L M A N L IO T P E T R O N II V IR ; aquila and vexillum betw een two signa i . Μ 1 1 3 5 7 ( = V ives 133-1 = L lo ren s 5a), 9.84; 2—13. See L lorens 3-7 (except 5a). 190

.

A E. 21 m m , 5 .5 6 g (53). Axis: var. Vives 133-2, Llorens 16-36,

gmi

[ 15 ]

1016

A V G V S T V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. C C IL A L M A N L IO T P E T R O (N IO ) II V IR ; aquila a n d vexillum betw een two signa P E T R O : 1—4 . See L lorens 34-5; 5. B G an sau g e; P E T R O N : 6. M S a s tre 6 8 1 1 ( = L lo ren s 21a), 7.01; 7—4 2 . See L lorens 17-29 (except 21a), 31-3, 36; 4 3 —4 4 . V a t 440, 442, 6.05, 4.10; 4 5 —4 7 . B B ohl (2), 8272; 4 8 . L 1268, 5.62; 4 9 . C 647, 5.18; P E T R O N I: 5 0 - 5 3 . See L lorens 30; P E T R O N IO : 5 4 —5 6 . See L lo ren s 16; P E T R O (N IO ): 5 7 . C o p 506, 4.51; 5 8 . M i 238, 6.11; 5 9 . N 198, 6.42.

A E. 21 m m , 5 .5 4 g (36). Axis: var. nah

[ 14 ]

997

P E T R O N : 1—2 7 . See L lorens 8 -1 3 ; 28. B 28256; 29. C 646, 6.06; P E T R O N IO : 3 0 . P 8 4 0 ( = L lorens 14b), 7.06; 3 1 —3 6 . See L lorens 14-15 (except L lorens 14b); 3 7 . B a.B .; 3 8 . C , 5.05; P E T R O N (IO ): 3 9 . L 1266, 5.89; 4 0 . C 645, 5.72; 4 1 . G, 5.19 (pierced).

0 Papirius Car Q Terentius Montanus Ilviri, after 12 BC (?) 192

Bronze. 2 1m m , 5.42g (115:

1 9 2 —3 ) .

Axis: var.

Vives 133-4, Llorens 37-41 an d 43-67,

nah

998,

[ 25 ] gmi

1017

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. __ C I IL A Q P A P IR C A R Q T E R (E ) M O N T II V IR Q; tetrastyle tem ple, inscribed IV N O N I on architrave

193

Axis: var. nah

[ 2 ] 922

Q T E R E N T IV S II V IR ; sim pulum , inscribed M O C SA LV IV S I I V IR ; clasped hands L

[ 2 ]

T E R : i —5 4 . See L lorens 46-67; 5 5 . C o p 507, 5.14; 5 6 . V a t 447, 4.10; 5 7 . B L ö b b , B ohl, 27880; 5 8 . C alico 11/1978, 555, 5.14; 5 9 —6 1 . G 1-3, 6.82, 4.93, 4.10; T E R E : 6 2 . L 1271 ( = L lorens 4 0 -0 ), 5.87; 6 3 —1 0 9 . See L lorens 37-41 (except 4 0 -0 ), 4 3 -5 ; π ο - i n . B R au c h , D an n en b erg ; 1 1 2 . C 643, 5.09; T E R (E ): 113. C o p 508, 4.71; 1 1 4 . N 200, 5.47; 1 1 5 . T ü b in g e n 42, 4.83; 116—1 17. V a t 446, 448, 5.10, 4.10; 118—1 20. B Gansaug-e, B ohl, 9410; i 2 i . C , 5.92; 122. P rin ceto n 722, 4.92. F o r m etal analysis, see L lorens, p. 62.

Vives, p. cxviii-4, H ill 18-6, Llorens 2,

i i

AE. i 9 m m , 5.67 g (12). Axis: var.

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, 1. C C IL A L M A N L IO T P E T R O N (IO ) I I V IR ; aquila a n d vexillum betw een two signa

10.37, IO-3 2= 9-997 9 *9 9 , 9 ·20, 10.56; 8 5 - 8 8 . B a 4595, 15 ° 15 , 3 0 7 15 , 100908, 14.98, 12.97, 11.15, 11-63; 8 9 . A. M . G u a d â n , La moneda îbérica, M a d rid , 1980, 211 (C A E S A R ), 12.10; g o . s a g u n tu m 12, 1977, 248, i (C A E S A R ), 12.80; A V G F A V G V S: 9 1 . C alico 6/1979, I0 1 , 12.30; 9 2 . L 562, 8.76; 9 3 . P 6 1 7 , 13.65; 9 4 . P 621, 13.19; 9 5 —9 6 . M 12527, 12542, 11.63, 9*88; 9 7 . B a 30714, 8.08; A V G F A V G (V S ): 9 8 . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 28, 12.95; 9 9 · B ° 3O I5 13.30; IO °· R 207, 14.30; 101. V a t 473, 10.80; 102. B D ressel, 11.80; 103—1 04. M 12493, S astre 6880, 10.98, 12.36; 1 05. N 208, 10.97; 106—107. B a 4596, 9733, 13.18, 12.93. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis o n coin 12. C o u n te rm ark s: D D ( = cm k 47) o n th e rev., o n 1—3, 5 -1 5 , 17-21, 22 (on IM IS ), 23, 25 (on [M IS ), 26-9 , 31-4 , 36, 38-9 , 4 1 -2 , 4 4 -4 9 , 51-5 3 , 55-8, 60, 61 (on C R ), 6 2 -4 , 65 (on [M ]S ), 66 (on M [S ]), 67, 69, 7 1 -3 , 74 (on M S ), 7 5 -6 , 78-8 1 , 83, 8 5 -8 , 90, 94, 97-1 0 4 , 106-7. M -S ( = c m k 56) on th e rev., o n 10, 22 ([M ]S ), 25 ([M ]S ), 65 ([M ]S ), 66 (M [S ]); 74, 82. C R ( = cm k 45) o n th e rev ., on 34, 44, 56, 61 (below D D ), 71, 81, 107. U n c e rta in o n th e rev., o n 37, 40, 54, 77. 203

[ 2 ]

[ 2 ] nah

Vives 124-3, H ill, 24-1, V illaronga 113, g m i 21 i , 213-14, n a h 1106, L lorens-R ipollès I-2 , pp. 178-90

Late first century (Augustus?)

Bronze. 29m m , 14.31g (13). Axis: var.

210,

A V G F A V G V S : 1. C , 9.85; 2. F 59, 13.60; 3 . M 12485 (G E M IN ), 14.72; A V G F A V G V S T : 4 . C alico 6/1979, 9 7 > 14-00; 5 · M 1 2 4 8 3 ( = V ives Γ24-1), 13.25; U n c e rta in var.: 6. P 622, 12.78.

All these coins together form a single issue, even though they were minted by two different sets of magistrates and magistracies (Ilviri and aediles). We could consider the semis minted by the aediles (204) as the continuation of the issue started by the Ilviri. This is suggested by the fact that the semis 203 is very scarce and was struck with a single pair of dies, whose obverse was re-used for the semisses coined by the aediles L. Aemilius and M. Baebius (204/17). One can take the view that the coinage of the aediles was minted to complete the issue. More than 80% of the asses of this issue (202) were countermarked, though countermarks do not appear on the other denominations. The countermarks known are M u n i­ cipium) S(aguntum), CR, of uncertain meaning (Guadân LXII, proposes to read GPR and expands it as Genius Populi Romani) and D(ecreto) D(ecurionum). The countermark DD is the latest and appears over MS and GR. The order in which MS and CR were applied remains uncertain.

200

gmi

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S (T ); bare head, 1. L S E M P G E M IN (O ) L V A L E R SVRA; prow r., SAG a n d V ictory above an d I I V IR on r.

21-2 mm, 5.50 g (6) 19-21 mm, 6.05 g (24)

F a b iu s P o s t

A E. 30m m , 13.03g (6). Axis: var. Vives 124-1, V illaronga 112, Ripollès I - i , pp. 176-8

30m m, 13.03g (6) 27m m, I2.03g (104)

L S e m p r o n i u s V e tt u s L

V a le r iu s S u r a I l v i r i

AE. 21-2 m m , 5.50 g (6). Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

H eiss 28-23, Vives, vol. IV , 12, no. 3, V illaronga 114, L lorens-R ipollès I-3 , pp. 190-1 T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A VG ; bare head, r. L SE G E M IN O L V A L SV RA II V IR ; galley, SAG above

S P A IN : Saguntum, Ilercavonia-Dertosa (204-206)

I . C alico 6/1979, I0 2 . 5-92; 2 -4 · M I 2 5 4 9 - 5 C 4 -7 9 , 5 ·3 8, 6.09; 5 · p 6 2 3 > 4.87; 6. B a 4597, 5-93; 7 · F o rm erly S de C 1735. C oins 1-7 s h are the sam e obv. a n d rev. dies.

L A e m iliu s M a x u m u s M 204

L A E M M A X V M O M B A EB S O B R IN O A E D : 1 - 3 . B Bohl, D an n en b erg , L ö b b , 5.97, 6.24, 5.76; 4 . Bo 302, 6.35; 5 . C (T I C A E S A R [A V G ] F A V G ), 3.74; 6. L 5 6 4 ( = H ill 24 - 3 ), 5 .71; 7. P 624 (A V G F A V G ), 5.52; 8—14. M 12486, 12489 (A V G F A V G ), 12490 ( —V ives 124^ _ i 2 4 9 i - 2 , 7.24, 7.40, 6.96, 6.97, 6.72, 6.12, 6.04; 15. B a 23880, 5.79; L A E M M A X V M B A EB S O B R I A E D : 16—18. M 12545, 12546 (A V G F A V G ), S astre 6900, 4.74, 5.82, 6.04; L A E M A X M B A E B I S O B R IN O A E D : 19. M 1 2 5 4 7 ( = V ives 124-4) (A V G F A V G ), 6.30; 2 0 . M 12548, 7.36; 2 1 . P 625 (A V [G F A V ]G ), 5.41; 2 2 . B a 4599, 5.72; 23. R . P etit, L a s cecas Valemianas, V alen cia, 1981, 65, 5.80; U n c e rta in var.: 24. O , 5.38. C o in 17 sh ares its obv. die w ith 2 0 3 /1 -7 .

B a e b iu s S o b r in u s a e d

AE. 19-21 m m , 6.05 g (24)· Axis: var. Vives 124-2, 4, H ill 24-3, V illaronga 115, 1107, L lorens-R ipollès II , pp. 192-4

[ 8 ] gmi

212,

101

nah

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F AVG; b are head, r. ___ L A E (M ) M A X (V M O ) M B A EB (I) S O B R I(N O ) AED; galley, SAG above

Ilercavonia-Dertosa The municipium Hibera Iulia Dertosa Ilercavonia (Tortosa) minted two issues. The first consists of two denominations, a unit and half, both of them with the legend MVN HIBERA IVLIA ILERCAVONIA. The unit (205) bears a galley on the obverse and a river boat on the reverse. The half, known only through one specimen (206), has a galley on the obverse and a dolphin and a rudder on the reverse. The choice of these marine designs is explained by its important geographical situation at the mouth of the river Ebro. The date of this issue is disputed, since there is no clear evidence for it. Vives (IV, p. 17) and Hill (p. 75) thought that it was minted during the last years of Augustus’s reign because of the typological similarity with the following issue coined in Tiberius’s reign. On the other hand, Grant {FITA 158, APT 156) considered that it could be an issue celebrat­ ing the constitutio of the municipium, that he attributes to C. Calvisius Sabinus or to T. Statilius Taurus, and he dated it between 30 and 28 b c . Nevertheless, the fact that the 77% of known coins bear the ear countermark (a similar percentage to the following issue), applied during Tiberius’s or Caligula’s reign, means that not much time had passed between the production of the issue and the application of the countermark: otherwise, the countermark could hardly have been applied on such a huge proportion of the coins. Vives’s and Hill’s chronology, therefore, seems more probable, and the end of Augustus’s reign seems a plausible date for the issue (205-6). The metrological standard used in this issue departs from the pattern of 1 0 -iig , followed by the vast majority of Spain’s mints during Augustus’s period. However, the maintenance of this standard during Tiberius’s reign - a bit more reduced —and its use in Tarraco suggest that this issue follows a local standard; therefore the coins could be considered as asses and semisses. As

205 206

middle of his reign. This issue has been considered by Grant {APT 24) as the fiftieth anniversary issue of founda­ tion of the municipium; but this is not very convincing since the foundation date proposed by him is not certain. The fact that until now the existence of 206 was unknown (it could be a coin as Delgado III, p. 259, no. 3, pi. CXLVI-3) explains why in studies and catalogues the half (209) was considered to belong to the same issue as the unit (205) (Vives, IV, p. 17; Grant, FIT A 158; M. and F. Beltran, Numisma 162-4, : 98o, Ρ· : 3 )i in fact the fraction 209 must be dated to Tiberius’s reign. The metrological standard of this issue is lighter than the previous one and confirms, in imperial times, the peculiarity of the weight pattern, whose denominations could be an as and a semis. As

207-208 209

23-5 mm, 7.91 g (58) i8 -i9 m m , 3.92g (3)

The units of this issue were also widely countermarked, since the ear countermark was applied on 73% of known coins. The similarity of the percentages of coins countermarked in both issues supports, to a certain extent, the view previously expressed that both issues were minted in close succession.

Uncertain date (reign o f Augustus?)2056 205

Bronze. 2 5m m , 8.90g (22). Axis: var. Vives 125-1, 2, H ill

ii

-

ι

,

nah

939,

gmi

[ 7 ] 818-9

M V N H IB E R A IV L IA ; galley, 1. or r. IL E R C A V O N IA ; river boat, r. G alley L: 1 - 2 . C alico 6/1979, 8 2 7 -8, 8.45, 10.15; 3 ~ 5 · P 203 -5 , 10.15, 7.64, 8.90; 6. V a t 436 (IL E R C A V O N IQ , 9.40; 7. B F o x ( = H ill n - i ) , 10.54; 8 - 1 3 . B a 4665 (IL E R C A V O N IQ , 9768, 14998, 23793, 3 3 9 2 3 , 105853, 9·58 , 9-64. 5·55, 9·05, 8 ·ο6, 6.56; 1 4 - 1 6 . L 327 -9 , 8.87, 8.22, 7.575 ΐ 7 “ Ι 8 · Μ Ι Ι 3 3 Ι ( = V ives 125-1), 113 3 3 > Ι 2 ·4 4 > 8.22; Ι 9 · M u seu A rq u eo lô g ic de T a rra g o n a , 2647, 10.19; 20. N 194, 8.66; G alley r.: 2 1 . Μ S a s tr e 67505 9 ·2 5 ί 2 2 · N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 413, 8.68. F o rg ery (?): i . B R au ch . Q u alitativ e m e tal an alysis on coin 14. C o u n te rm ark : E a r ( = c m k 7) on th e rev., o n 1-2, 4—5, 7-14, 17-21.

Semis

25m m, 8.90g (22) 20m m, 4.57 g (1)

The second and last issue of this municipium, which now adds the name DERTOSA to the legend, was minted in Tiberius’s reign. It also consists of two denominations, a unit and a half, bearing the same previous marine designs. For the first time, the portrait of Tiberius is introduced on the unit, and its style was dated by Grant (APT 156) to the

Semis

206

AE. 2 0 m m , 4 .5 7 g (1). Axis: 7 ( 1 ) .

[ o ]

M V N H IB E R A IV L IA ; galley, 1. IL E R C A V O N IA ; dolphin, ru d d e r above i . L V illa r o n g a c o ll. ( = C ru safo n t et a lii , H istoria de la moneda catalana, B arcelo n a, 1986, p. 137), 4-57-

53 · C o p 533, 7.31; 5 4 . P 209, 7.28; 5 5 . V 163, 7.56; 5 6 - 5 9 . B a 9770,

Tiberius 207

Bronze. 23-502111, 7.91g (58: 207—8). Axis: var.

23796, 23798, 26652, 9.20, 8.46, 9.00, 8.59; 6 0 . L 332, 9.58; 6 1 . C 631, 7.88. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis o n coin 60. C o u n te rm ark s: E a r ( = c m k 7) o n th e rev., on 1-6, 9 -1 2 , 15—19, 2 1 -7 , 29, 32-4 1 , 4 3 -4 , 4 6 -5 1 , 5 3 -4 , 5 6 -7 , 60. P ( = cm k 32) on th e rev., o n 52.

[ 23 ]

Vives 125-4, N AH i 0 7 5 j g m i 820 T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. D E R T M H I IL E R C A V O N I(A ); galley, 1. IL E R C A V O N I: i . A N E 6 -7 /6 /1 9 8 4 , 51, 8.65; 2. C alico 6/1979, 829, 7.50; 3 . P 207, 8.31; 4 . B I-B , 6.84; 5 - 9 . B a 4668, 23799, 3 3 9 2 4 > 3 9 i 6 i > 109205, 6.77, 6.76, 7.21, 8.94, 7.66; 10. L 331, 9.69; i i . Μ 1 1 3 4 7 ( = V iv e s 125-4), 9.03; 12—14. Μ 11335, 11337-8, 8.82, 9.13, 7.51: 15. C, 8.89; 1 6 - 1 7 . C 6 2 9 -3 0 , 6.67, 8.18; IL E R C A V O N IA : 18. Bo 287, 6.96; 19. C alico 6/1979, 830, 6.45; 2 0 . C op 532, 9.38; 21—22. P 206, 208, 7.93, 7.84; 2 3 . V 162, 8.18; 24. V a t 437, 7.70; 25—28. L öbb, 17443, R au ch , Fox; 29—4 0 . B a 4667, 4669, 15000-1, 15003, 23794, 23797, 27520, 30421, 30433, 30869, 33925, 7.86, 8.23, 9.82, 8.36, 8.02, 8.43, 6.82, 8.28, 7.24, 7.77, 7.00, 8.40; 4 1 . L 333, 7.59; 4 2 - 4 5 . M 11353, S astre 6746-8, 7.00, 9.42, 8.46, 6.86; 4 6 . N iQ5, 7.65; 47—4 0 . O , 7.14, 5.87, 7.65; 50—κ ι . C, 7.75, 7.12; 5 2 . S chulten 2 -4 /6 /1 9 8 2 , 555, 7.50; IL E R C A V O N I (A):

208

AE.

23 m m . See %οη. Axis: 7 (1). 173-7, H ill 11-3

[ o ]

Vives

As 207, b u t head 1. i . V ives 173-7 (from an c ie n t coll. J . M ellad o ); 2. V Q R 8 2 9 (= H ill 11-3) (IL E R C A V [); 3 . Μ 11355 (IL E R C A V [), 6.56. C o u n te rm ark : E a r ( = cm k 7) o n th e rev., o n 2.

209

A E. i8 - i9 m m , 3.92g (3). Axis: var. Vives 125-3, H ill 11-2,

gmi

[ 1 ]

821

D E R T M H IV L IA ; river b oat, r. IL E R C A V O N IA ; ru d d er, dolphin an d anchor i . V Q R 8 2 6 ( = H ill 1 1-2); 2. L 330, 3.30; 3 . N Y 24362, 3.39; 4 . M 113 3 4 (= V ives 125-3 — GMI 821), 5.08. F orgery: 1. M S V 17/12/1981, 575.

T arraco The Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco was founded either during Caesar’s dominate or during the Triumvirate. Issues with the Iberian legend Tarakonsalir (L. Villaronga, Faventia, io ( 1 9 8 8 ) , pp. 1 4 3 - 5 2 and Kese (L. Villaronga, Les monedes ibériques de Tarraco, Tarragona, 1 9 8 3 ) have been attributed to this city. They cover a long period from the end of the third century b c to the beginning of the first century b g , and they include silver issues. Coinages from the imperial period have no iconographie or metrological connection with previous issues from the Iberian period. They appear during the later part of Augustus’s reign, even though the colony was founded before and had become the capital of Citerior in c. 2 7 b g . These imperial issues have been studied by L. Villaronga (QT 1 9 7 7 , pp. 1 3 9 - 5 6 ) = Villaronga. Tarraco struck only during Augustus’s and Tiberius’s reign; its importance as a city that initiated and spread the imperial cult is reflected on its coin types. The Augustan coinage consists of two issues. The first ( 2 1 0 - 1 4 ) , with a date post quern of 2 b g , is especially dedicated to the Caesars Gaius and Lucius. On the asses, the confronted heads of both Caesars appear associated with Augustus, whereas on the semisses they appear with the unusual legend CAESARES GEMINI and with a design copied from Lugdunum aurei and denarii (J. B. Giard, Le monnayage de Isatelier de Lyon, Wetteren, 1 9 8 3 , pp. 4 2 - 3 ; RTC 2 0 7 , 2 0 9 ) . We have attributed to this issue the fraction 2 1 4 because of the similarity of its ethnic with that of 211. The second issue ( 2 1 5 - 1 7 ) , whose asses have Augustus on the obverse and Tiberius on the reverse, can be dated after Tiberius’s adoption in a d 4 . R. Etienne (Le Culte Impérial, p. 3 9 9 ) suggests that this coin type could be an echo of the official issue dated to a d 1 0 - 1 2 (RIC 4 6 9 ) . On the basis of the form of the ethnic we have included the rest of the denominations, although this association is not absolutely certain. Both issues were minted in bronze and may correspond to three denominations: as, semis and quadrans. This is so, in spite of their metrological standard, which is lower than normal at the time for most Spanish mints and for imperial issues.

As 210

24m m ,

S e m is

Q u a d ra n s

7 . 6 6 g (62)

21 I

1 6 -1 7 m m , 4 - 2 3 g (39)

212

1 6 -1 7 m m , 3-99 g (15) 18 m m , 4 - o 6 g (4 )

213 214 215 216

15 m m ,

2 . 3 0 g (8)

23-4111111, 8 . i o g ( 7 1 ) 15—1 6 m m , 3 . 3 6 g ( 8 )

217

1 3 —1 4 m m , 2 . 2 4 g (3)

Vives 169-10 (= Villaronga 9) is not considered an offi­ cial issue from Tarraco, because the dies are barbarous (local imitations) (pi. 16/217a). The description of this type is as follows: AE. 11 m m , 1.83 g ( I0 )· Axis: var. Vives 169-10, V illaronga 9,

n ah

951

T V; bull, r. C A I D (or C A I B); in field 1 - 2 . B a 19793, 3 3 9 : 3 , r.47, 2.30; 3 - 5 . gT 1978, i8 o , 1.20, 1.24, 1.82; 6 9. See V illaro n g a 9; i o . M 12716 ( = V ives 169-10), 2.87. C oins 3, 7 and 10 s h are th e sam e obv. die.

Nevertheless, this type has typological similarities with other coins of Tarraco, and Tarraco is the only mint to which it could be attributed. Hill (p. 48) proposed that the legend on this coin was simply a mistake. If that is the case, the best option would be to consider the coins of this type as imitations of 214, though other interpretations are also possible (L. Villaronga, QT 1977, p. 143; QT 1978, p. 180). Soon after Tiberius’s accession and probably coinciding with the beginning of the building of the temple dedicated to Augustus’s cult (Tacitus, Ann. I, 78, permission granted in a d 15), three series of sestertii were minted. L. Vil­ laronga, on the basis of the reverse, argued that these coina­ ges were contemporary (QT 1977, p. 142), but without sufficient evidence. Two of the types are dedicated to Augustus. The first has the legend DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER and radiate head, and the second has the legend DEO AVGVSTO and Augustus seated left. The third one is minted in Tiberius’s name and with his laureate head. These three series use the same reverse types, altar, temple and oak wreath; they were probably inspired by the altar (R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial,

S P A I N : Tarraco (a 10-214)

types on 224 as the realisation of the project; this fits per­ fectly with the late date at which we consider it was struck. Afterwards two more issues were coined depicting mem­ bers of the imperial family associated with Tiberius, who is always placed on the obverse. The first one, with Drusus and Germanicus, must be dated before a d 19 and the second one, with Livia and Drusus, because of the mention of the ribunician power of Drusus, must be dated between a d 22 and 23. The average weight, which is still lower than normal, and the metal analysis reveal that the denominations minted in Tarraco during Tiberius’s reign may be sestertii of brass (218-23, 225-7), dupondii (?) (224), asses of bronze (22830, 232-3) and semisses (231): see table below. A number of modern forgeries have been detected, especially of 218 and 224, and it is probable that others not identified as forgeries have been included, since some speci­ mens are in very bad condition.

pp. 367fr.) and by the temple that the city dedicated to Augustus. 228-31 could form part of this series, although this is difficult to prove. 224, whose metallic composition is not known, differs typologically from 222, because it does not have the Victory on globe held in Augustus’s right hand, because he is seated on a curule chair and because the podium of the temple has a different design. These differences, as well as its lower weight, have led us to separate it from 222, though we still do not know its composition. Villaronga considered it a bronze dupondius. In the catalogue, this coin has been placed next to the group bearing the legend DEO AVGVSTO; however, we are not certain that it was struck with them. It must be dated after a d 22, the date of the model copied by the obverse (RIC48, a d 21-2). It is quite possible that D. E. Woods ( Classica et Iberia, Festschrift Joseph M.-F. Marique, SJ., ed. P.T. Brannan, S.J., 1975, pp. 345-54) is right when he considers the temple and Augustus’s statue on coins 219 and 221-3 as future projects and the same 34mm, 34m m, 32—4m m , 32-4 mm, 34m m, 34m m,

23.96g 22.67g 22.38g 24.48 g 22.41 g 22.03g

Semis

As

Dupondius

Sestertius

218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228-230 231 232

(18) ( χ6) (4) (6) (11) (2) 29-30mm, 17.90g (55)

30-5 mm, 22.02 g (19) 34m m, 25.41 g (7) 3 2 -4 mm, 23.91g (5) 24-6 mm. 8.93 g (93) 17 -1 8 mm, 4.74g (42) 21-4 mm. 8-i8g (55) 22-4 mm. 7.96g (112)

233

V illaro n g a 4; L 217, w h ich belongs to V illaro n g a 3, a n d L 218); 3 5 —3 6 . B B ohl (G E M IN I), L ö b b ; 3 7 —4 0 . M 12695, 12697—8, 12700, 3.50, 4.46, 3.85, 4.03; 4 1 . IV D J ( = V ives 169-2); 4 2 . O = amc 999, 3.81. Forgery: ï . M S astre 6969. M eta l an alysis on coin 11: C u 84.50; P b 0.080; Sn 13.15; A g 0.050; Fe 0.070; Sb 0.130; N i 0.010; B i 0.002; Z n 0.020.

Reign o f Augustus Augustus, Gaius and Lucius, after 2 BC 210

Bronze. 24m m , 7.66g (62). Axis: var. Vives 169-11, H ill 5 -5, V illaronga 1,

[ 13 ] n ah

212

952

1 - 1 5 . B a 4621-3, 4765, 15102, 15105, 23905, 23907, 27535, 27541. 3 ° 3 8 4 . 30904. 33922, 100935, 105684, 7.71, 8.85, 7.63, 8.27, 6.74, 9.18, 7.66, 8.30, 6.59, 7.85, 7.74, 7.88, 8.12, 8.70, 6.23; 16. C o p 524, 6.51; 17—19. L 220-1, 222 ( = H ill 5 -5 ), 7.19, 6.79, 5 -3 7 ; 2 0 —2 1 . O = AMC i o o o - i , 8.50, 7.48; 2 2 . P 175, 8.80; 23. P 174, 7.40; 2 4 . V 222, 7.59; 25—5 4 . See V illaro n g a 1; 55—5 7 . B L öbb, R au c h , a.B .; 58—6 4 . Μ 12721-4, 12726, 12729, S astre 6963, 9.26, 7.37, 7.10, 7.26, 8 .1 1, 7.39, 8.84; 6 5 . IV D J ( = V iv e s 169-11); . C 701, 7.91. Som etim es th e S o f C A E S on th e obv. is in v e rted as on coin 18. M eta l analysis on coin 17: C u 91.50; P b 0.70; Sn 6.62; A g 0.019; Fe 0.050; Sb 0.080; N i 0.040; A u 0.040; Bi 0.005.

Bronze, r i - q m m , 4 .2 3 g (39). Axis: var. 5 -4 ,

gmi

407,

V illaronga

i . B a 30376, 3.54; 2. P 171, 5.05; 3—9. See V illaro n g a 3 (except C o p en h a g en , sng C o p 523 a n d L 218, th a t b elong to V illaro n g a 2); 10. O , 4.16; i i —14. M 12691-4, 4.87, 5.68, 4.49, 3.31; 15. IV D J ( = V ives 1691); 16. L 217, 3.18. 213

nah

[ o ]

CA ESA RES G E M IN I; stan d in g figures of G aius and Lucius holding shields betw een them C V T T A R R ; bull, 1. i . B a 9796, 4.98; 2. M u se u A rqu eo lo g ic d e T a rra g o n a 1988 ( = q t 1978, 179), 4 -2 2 ; 3· μ 1 2 7 0 2 ( = V ives 169-4), 3.99; 4 . M 12703, 3.05; 5. IV D J , form erly S de C 1858.

954

C A ESA R(ES) G E M (IN I); stan d in g figures of G aius and Lucius, holding shields betw een them C V T T A R (R ); bull, r.

AE. 18m m , 4 .0 6 g (4). Axis: var. Vives 169-4, V illaronga 4

[ 9 ] 2,

[ 4 ]

CA ESA RES G E M IN I; stan d in g figures o f G aius and Lucius C V T T A R R ; bull, r.

66

Vives 169-2, 3, H ill

AE. i6 - i7 m m , 3-99g (75)· Axis: var. Vives 169-1, V illaronga 3

IM P CAES A V G T R P O T P O N M A X P P; lau reate head, r. C V T C L CAES A V G F; facing heads of G aius and Lucius

211

/03

214

AE. 15m m , 2.30g (8). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

Vives 169-7, GMI 408, V illaronga 7

9 7 9 5 , i 5 10 7_ 8 , 30378, 3 -3 7 , 4 -2 ' , 3 -9 9 , 5 -° 2 ; 7 · Bo 3 m , 4 -2 7 ; 8. C o p 523,

TA R ; bull, r. C V T; w ithin w reath

4.05; 9. P 172, 4.71; ί ο . V 226, 4.20; i i . L 2 1 8 ( = H ill 5 -4 = FiTA 7 -1 9 ), 4.81; 12—3 4 . See V illaro n g a 2 (except M A T 1388, w hich belongs to

1—8. See V illaro n g a 7; 9. Μ 12714, 1.87; 10. M u s e o d e l P r a d o (B M cast); i i . IV D J , form erly S de C 1855.

ï . A N E 6 -7 /6 /1 9 8 4 , 101, 4.72; 2. A N E 29-3 0 /1 0 /1 9 8 5 , 173, 4.32; 3 —6 . B a

A u g u s tu s a n d T ib e r iu s , 215

AD

221

4 -1 4

AE. 2 3 -4 m m , 8.10g (71). Axis: var. nah

D E O A V G V S T O ; D ivus A ugustus seated, 1., on throne, holding V ictory on globe w ith r. h a n d an d long sceptre w ith 1. C V T T; a lta r w ith palm

953

IM P CAES A V G T R P O T P O N M A X P P; lau reate head, r. T I C A E SA R C V T ; b are head, r. 1 - 1 3 . B a 9798, 15098, 15100-1, 23912, 26664, 27558-9, 28952, 30420, 3 3 9 16, 33918, 100943, 6.60, 8.10. 7.88, 9.09, 6.81, 9.12, 7.05, 7.28, 8.56, 6 - 4 5 . 9 -4 2 , 9-28, 7.90; 14. C op 525, 7.44; 1 5 -1 7 . L 223-5, 9 -8 4 . 9 -0 7 » 8.03; 18. N 213, 7.05; 19—2 0 . O = AMC 1002-3, 9.02, 7.41; 21—25. P 1769 a n d D elep ierre, 9.58, 8.24, 9.08, 9.50 a n d 7.22; 26—28. V 223-5, 8 4 8 , 7.52, 7.15; 29—5 6 . See V illa ro n g a 5; 57—5 9 . B Bohl, a.B ., R au c h ; 6 0 . M 1 2 7 36, 10.61; 61—6 9 . M 12730—i, 12737—8, 12741, 12745, 12747-8, S astre 6965, 7.08, 6.54, 9.63, 7.44, 8.71, 7.60, 8.37, 8.62, 8.91; 7 0 - 7 1 . G 1-2, 8.06, 8.48; 72. IV D J ( = V ives 169-12); 7 3 . C , 8.20; 74—7 5 . C 702-3, 7 - 7 5 , 7 -9 7 ; 7 6 · N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 29-3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 527, 10.23. 216

AE. 15—16m m , 3.36 g (8). Axis: var.

i . F 61, 26.90; 2. P u ig M u se u m (P erp ig n a n ), 24.00; 3 . See V illaro n g a 13 (except P u ig M .); 4. M 1 2 7 5 6 , 24.72; 5. M 1 2 7 5 5 , 23.86; 6. F o rm erly S de C 1863; 7. IV D J ( = V ives 170-4); 8. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 30/3 /1 9 8 9 , 528, 24.86. 222

nah

955

(3)·

Axis: var.

[ o ]

223

Vives 170-5, V illaronga 15 D E O A V G V S T O ; D ivus A ugustus seated, 1., on throne, holding V ictory on globe w ith r. h an d an d long sceptre w ith 1. C V T T; w ithin w reath

D i v u s A u g u s tu s , a f te r

i . L 2 4 3 ( = V illaro n g a 15), 22.82; 2. IV D J ( —V ives 1 70-5), 21.25. M eta l an alysis on coin i: C u 77.50; Pb 0.040; A g 0.031; Fe 0.040; Sb 0.140; Ni 0. 001; Bi 0.003; Z n 22.82.

AD 15

Brass. 34m m , 23.96g (18). Axis: var. Vives 170-1, GMi 410, V illaronga 10,

[ 6 ]

nah

A fte r

AD

224

AE. 29-33 m m , r 7 -9 ° g ( 5 5 )· Axis: var.

1048

Vives 170-3, V illaronga 11,

nah

n ah

[ 11 ] 1051

D E O A V G V S T O ; D ivus A ugustus seated, L, on curule chair, holding p a te ra w ith r. h a n d a n d long sceptre w ith 1. C V T T A E T E R N IT A T IS A V G V ST A E ; octastyle tem ple

i . Bo 3 1 1, 23.32; 2. N 214, 16.95; 3 · F 180, 24.67; 4 . P 181, 25.92; 5— 6. O , 23.89, 24.60; 7. R 215, 25.21; 8. V 235, 25.10; 9—15. See V illaro n g a 10; 16—18. M 12749-51, 25.34, 24.09, 23.02; 19. IV D J (= V iv e s 170-1); 20. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 529, 19.77. Forgeries: 1. B L ö b b, 24.16; 2—3 . B a 4617, 9799. M eta l analysis on coin L 239: C u 75.00; P b 0.400; Sn 0.220; A g 0.040; F e 0.190; S b 0.130; N i 0.010; Bi 0.003; Z n 22.07

AE. 34m m , 22.67g (16). Axis: var.

2 1 -2

Vives 171-1, GMi 412, V illaronga 16,

D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A TE R ; rad iate head, 1. C V T T; a lta r w ith p alm

1 - 4 . B a 4619, 9800, 15096, 33917, 15.94, 20.44, 16.99, 16.18; 5· Bo 312, 17.91; 6. P 184, 18.05; 7 · V 237, 13.16; 8—4 2 . See V illaro n g a 16; 4 3 . B 8 3 9 2 , 22.03; 44 —46· B a.B ., L ö b b , B ohl; 4 7 —5 6 . Μ 12760-2, 12766, 12767 (A V G V S T A E ), 12771-4, 12834, 16.33, 24.70, 15.78, 27.31, 20.79, 16.93, 15-68, 18.67, 16.02, 15.54; 5 7 . Ο , 17.70; 5 8. IV D J ( = V ives 1710 ; 59 · G, 15-38. F orgeries: 1—2. B a 15097, 26629; 3. Ο , 12.89; 4—5 · Μ S astre 6959~6ο.

[ 6 ]

1047

D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R ; rad iate head, 1. C V T T A E T E R N IT A T IS A V G V ST A E ; octastyle tem ple

T ib e r iu s , a f te r 225

I . Ba 13816, 20.98; 2. P 182, 21.19; 3 · V 236, 24.10; 4—14. See V illaro n g a 11; 15—16. O , 24.60, 23.89; 17. M 12753, 22.35; 18. S chw eizerischer B ankverein 29/1/1987, 20, 23.60; 19. IV D J ( = V ives

'70-3)· 220

[ 1 ]

C V T; bull, r. C V T; w ithin w reath

Reign o f Tiberius

219

Brass. 34 m m , 22.03g (2). Axis: 5 (1).

Vives 169-8, V illaronga 8

Ï —3. B a 4638, 33912, 33914, i . 91, 2.27, 2.53; 4 . M u s e o d e l P r a d o (B M cast = V ives 169-8); 5. B M ca st ‘A 5.

218

1050

i . B a 4620, 19.41; 2. M u 177, 17.55; 3 · N 215, 24.14; 4 . P 183, 20.06; 5 . R 216, 22.30; 6. L 2 4 1 ( = H ill 5 -6 ), 24.05; 7—8. See V illaro n g a 14 (ex cep t L 241); 9—10. M 12757-8, 20.93, 26.16; 11. S chw eizerischer B an k v erein 2 9 /1/1987, 21, 23.50; 12. IV D J ( = V ives 170-6). F orgery: M 12759. M e ta l an alysis o n coin 6: C u 77.20; P b 0.080; A g 0.030; Fe 0.060; Sb 0.200; Bi 0.003; Z n 22.95.

1 - 2 . B a 23913, 31440, 1.70, 3.30; 3. P 169 ( — H ill 5 -3 ), 4.39; 4 - 6 . See V illaro n g a 6; 7—8. B 28767, Bohl, 4.89, 2.51; 9 . Μ 12713 ( = V ives 1696), 3.38; 10. IV D J (= V ives 169-9). F orgery: 1. M S astre 6971.

AE. 13-1411101, 2.24g

[ 3 ] nah

D E O A V G V S T O ; D ivus A ugustus seated, 1., on throne, holding V ictory on globe w ith r. h a n d an d long sceptre w ith 1. C V T T A E T E R N IT A T IS A V G V ST A E ; octastyle tem ple

Bull, r. C V T; w ithin w reath

217

Brass. 34 m m , 22.41g (11). Axis: var. Vives 170-6, H ill 5-6, V illaronga 14,

[ 4 ]

Vives 169-6, 9, H ill 5-3, V illaronga 6,

[ o ]

Vives 170-4, V illaronga 13

[ 20 ]

Vives 169-12, GMi 409, V illaronga 5,

AE. 32-4 m m , 24.48 g (6). Axis: var.

Brass. 32-4111111, 22.38g (4). Axis: var. Vives 170-2, H ill 5-7, V illaronga 12,

nah

[ 1 ] 1049

D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A TE R ; rad iate head, 1. C V T T ; w ithin w reath 1—3. See V illaro n g a 12; 4 . M 12752 ( = V ives 170-2), 24.46; 5. N a v ille X V ( — H ill 5 -7 ) (B M ca st). M eta l analysis on coin L 240: C u 76.00; P b 0.020; A g 0.040; Fe 0.130; Sb 0.050; N i 0.001; Bi 0.003; Z n 22.49.

AD

i j

Brass. 30-5 m m , 22.02 g (19). Axis: var. Vives 171-2, H ill 5-8, V illaronga 17,

nah

[ 5 ] 1074

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1. C V T T; a lta r w ith palm i . Bo 313, 19.32; 2. F 62, 19.25; 3. K la g 29, 25.23; 4 . M M A G ι 8 19/9/1985, 235, 21.18; 5. N 216, 16.99; 6. P 2 0 0 , 23.65; 7. P 199, 20.62; 8—16. See V illaro n g a 17; 17. B Fox, 24.98; 18—19. M 12775-6, 21.10, 23.36; 20. IV D J , form erly S de C 1869. M e ta l an alysis on coin L 245: C u 79.00; Pb 0.070; Sn 0.210; A g 0.040; Fe 0.180; Sb 0.005; Ni 0.001; Bi 0.003; Z n 20.95.

S P A IN : Tarraco, Emporiae (226-233)

226

AE. 34m m , 25.41g (7). Axis: var. Vives 171-4, V illaronga 18,

[ 2 ]

231

[ 8 ]

41 i , V illaronga 22

1 - 9 . B a 4636, 9794, 15109-11, 27540, 30374-5, 105820, 4.91, 5.04, 3.40, 3-64, 3 ·8 3 , 3-86, 6.12, 3.90, 4.50; 10. C o p 531, 5.70; i i . N 219, 4.95; 12. P 170, 4.33; 13. V 234, 2.90; 14. V a t 482, 3.80; 15. L 247 ( = H ill 5 11 ), 5.54; 16—3 4 . See V illaro n g a 22 (ex cep t L 247); 3 5 —3 6 . B B ohl, I-B, 6.47, 5.02; 3 7 —4 0 . M 12704-6, 12710, 4.96, 4.74, 3.54, 5.80; 4 1 . O , 4.21; 4 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 169-5); 43 · C 700, 6.02; 4 4 . V illa r o n g a c o ll. 6 2 1 9 . F orgery: 1. M S astre 6970.

i . P 20 1 , 18.40; 2. P 202, 22.03; 3—6. See V illa ro n g a 18; 7. S chw eizerischer B ankverein 29/1/1987, 22, 24.25; 8. IV D J ( = V ives 171-4).

Brass. 32-4111111, 23.91g (5). Axis: var.

gmi

Bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head C V T T; a lta r w ith p alm

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1. C V T T A E T E R N IT A T IS A V G V ST A E ; octastyle tem ple

227

AE. 1 7 -1 8 m m , 4 .7 4 g (42). Axis: var. Vives 169-5, H ill 5-11,

35

nah

I05

[ 2 ]

Vives 171-3, V illaronga ig T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, 1. C V T T ; w ithin w reath i . K la g 30, 25.32; 2. L 2 4 6 ( = V ives 171-3), 24.62; 3 - 5 . See V illaro n g a 19 (except L 246); 6. B B ohl (broken); 7. F o rm erly S de C 1871. M eta l analysis on coin 2: C u 78.50; P b 0.030; S n 0.180; A g 0.030; Fe 0.090; Sb 0.090; N i 0.010; Bi 0.003; Z n 22.90.

Bronze. 24-5 m m , 8.93 g (9 3 : 238—30). Axis: var. Vives

171-5,

232

GMi 413, V illaronga 2 o a-b ,

nah

[ 22 ]

. AE. 24m m . See gs8 . Axis: var.

Tiberius, Drusus and Livia, AD 22-3 233

AE. 26m m . See 228. Axis: 6 (2).

414, V illaronga 24,

[ 24 ] nah

1067

τ . A N E 15-1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 216, 8.05; 2. A N E 6 -7 /6 /1 9 8 4 , 107, 9.22; 3. B a 4 6 3 0 , 8.84; 4 - 2 8 . B a 4 6 3 1 -3 , 9 8 0 7 -8 , 15057-8, 23900, 23902, 23904, 23906 , 23908 , 23962, 26665, 27534, 27536-7, 30393, 30395-8, 33921, 3 7 I2 6 -7 , 8.24, 8.O8, 6.55, 8.4O, 8.48, 7 .3 I, 9.7O, 8.56, 6 .7 I, 8.4O, 6.75, 8.7O, 7-04, 8.59, 7.99, 8.27, 9.25, 8.17, 6.79, 8.89, 8.64, 7.71, 9.13, 8.24, 7.07; 29—3 2 . Bo 318 -2 1 , 7.16, 8.02, 8.32, 8.80; 3 3 —3 4 . C o p 5 2 8 -9 , 7.66, 7.82; 3 5 - 3 6 . F 6 3 -4 , 9.10, 7.10; 3 7 . K la g 31, 5.20; 3 8 . M i 244, 7.70; 3 9 . M M A G 18-1 9 /9 /1 9 8 5 , 236, 7.85; 4 0 —4 1 . M u 182-3, 7·26, 7 -° 9 i 4 2“ 44 · P 195 , ( = H ill 5 -9 ), 197» 8 -5 9 > 8 ·7 5 , 7 ·4 8; 45 · T ü b in g e n 68, 6.76; 4 6 —4 8 . V 231 -3 , δ .40, 8.02, 7·δο; 49 ~ 5 °· T a t 4 8 3 -4 , 8.οο, 7.40; 5 Ι — 99 · See V illaro n g a 24; 100—1 0 4 . B 5 5 8 7 , 27888, Fox, L ö b b , G an sau g e; 105—1 15. M 12808-9, 12813-5, 12817, 12822, 12828, 12830-1, 12833, 8.66, 8.03, 7.42, 8.10, 8.20, 9.63, 8.18, 7.10, 8.16, 8.38, 6.95; T16—1 1 7 . O , 8.32, 7.53; 1 18. G 4, 7.46; 1 19. C 708, 3.35. M eta l analysis on L 235: C u 92.00; P b 0.100; S n 7.07; A g 0.050; Fe 0.060; Sb 0.220; As 0.060; Bi 0.003. O n coin L 236: C u 90.00; P b 0.030; S n 8.010; A g 0.047; F e 0.340; Sb 0.130; N i 0.010; As 0.020; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.006. C o u n te rm ark : E a r ( = cm k 7), see G u a d â n , p. 97, no. 105 (n o t verified).

T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1. D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R C T T ; rad iate head, r.

230

gmi

T I CAES A V G P O N T M A X T R IB P O T ; lau reate head, r. C V T D R V SV S CAES T R IB P O T IV L A V G V ST A ; facing heads o f D rusus and Livia

[ i ]

gn

Bronze. 22~4m m , 7.96g (112). Axis: var. Vives 171—8, H ill 5-9,

Vives 171-6, V illaronga 21

i . P 19 1, 10-45; 2· See V illaro n g a 21 (= 10.85.

1064

I - I I . B a 4629, 4634, 9806, 15089, 15090, 23903, 27533, 3 0 3 9 1. 30904, 33920, 100936, 8.95, 8.17, 7.29, 8.07, 7.67, 8.29, 7.63, 7.45, 7.88, 9.70, 7.25; 12. Bo 316, 6.81; 13. C o p 527, 8.04; 14. M u 180-1, 8.51, 6.85; 15— 17. P 192-3, 193A, 7.52, 7.64, 7.78; 18. R 220, 6.90; 19—2 0 . V 229-30, 8.40. 6.70; 2 1 —4 9 . See V illaro n g a 23; 5 0 . B F o x ; 5 1 —5 2 . B L ö b b , Bohl; 5 3 - 5 7 . Μ 12798, 12802-3, 12805-6, 8.35, 8.04, 9.24, 11.77, 7-491 5 8 . IV D J ( = V ives 171-7); 5 9 —6 0 . C, 8.27, 8.24.

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A T E R C (V) T T (AR) ; rad iate head, r.

229

[ 17 ] nah

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G P O N T M A X IM P; bare head, r. C V T D R V SV S G E R M A N IC V S CAESA RES; facing heads of D rusus an d G erm anicus

1052

C T T : 1—3. B a 4 6 26-7, 38386, 11.04, 9 -o i, 8.19; 4—5. M 12796, S astre 6962, 7.33, 9.38; 6. N 217, 7.92; 7. P 190, 13.69; 8—13. See V illaro n g a 20a; 14. C , 6.86; C V T T A R : 15—17. B a.B ., L öbb, D ressel; 18—27. 4624-5, 9804-5, 15092-4, 23910, 30387, 100940, 8.91, 12.16, 9.98, 7.04, 9.03, 8.93, 11.38, 6.89, 9.92, 10.31; 2 8 . Bo 314, 7.45; 2 9 - 3 3 . M 12 7 7 9 , 12784, 12790, 12793, 12795, 8.36, 8.33, i i . 17, h . 81, 8.13; 3 4 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1243, 8.40; 3 5 . M u 179, 7.63; 3 6 . N 218, 7.56; 3 7 . O , 8.99; 3 8—3 9 . P 187-8, 8.84, 7.96; 40—4 1 . R 218-9, 7.30, 7.80; 4 2 —4 3 . V 227-8, 10.32, 9.12; 4 4 —59· See V illaro n g a 20b; 6 0 . G 3, 9.22; 6 1 . IV D J (= V ives 171-5); C (V) T T (A R ): 62—6 3 . B L ö b b , B ohl; 6 4 . Bo 315, 6.03; 6 5 . C o p 526, 8.77; 6 6 - 6 8 . M 12781, 12783, 12791, 8.85, 9.52, 8.42; 6 9 . M u 178, 7.13; 7 0 . R 217, 8.10; 71—9 4 . See V illaro n g a 20 a o r b (in d e term in ate ); 9 5 . C 705, 6.82; 9 6 - 9 7 . C , 8.56, 8.26. M eta l analy sis on coin L 226: C u 83.50; P b 4.38; S n 8.06; A g 0.060; F e 0.020; S b 0.180; Ni 0.040; A s 0.170; Bi 0.008. O n coin L 228: C u 79.37; P b 10.91; Sn 9.43; A g 0. 090; F e 0.210; N i 0.760; A s 0.210; Bi 0.004. C o u n te rm ark : D -D ( = cm k 46) on th e rev., on 17.

AE. 21-4 m m , 8.18 g (55). Axis: var. Vives 171-7, H ill 5-10, V illaronga 23,

AD iß

T ib e r iu s a n d D i v u s A u g u s tu s , a f te r 228

Tiberius, Drusus and Germanicus, AD iß -ig

16, 1970, 23); 3 . M 13 7 9 7 ,

[ o ]

QT 1978, 180 T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. D IV V S A V G V ST V S P A [T E R C T ] T ; rad iate head, 1. i . B a 1 5 0 9 1 , 9.17; 2. QT 1978, 180, 9.00.

Emporiae The city of Emporiae had a long history of minting before it obtained municipal status. In this city, when it was the Greek colony of Emporion, small silver fractions (P. P. Ripollès, AN 15, 1985, pp. 47-64; Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina XIX, 1989, pp. 303-17) (after the second half of the

fifth century b c and the fourth century b c ) and drachmae with the legend ΕΜΠΟΡΙΤΟΝ (A. M. Guadân, Las monedas de piata de Emporion y Rhode, Barcelona, 1968 and 1970) (between the middle and the last years of the third century b c ) were minted. The latest ones were mainly made to

io6

S P A IN : Emporiae

finance the expenditure of the Roman army during the Second Punic War (L. Villaronga, Nummus IV-VI, 1981-3, pp. 119-53)· Later on, during the second and first centuries B C , an important change took place. The city stopped mint­ ing silver and switched to the exclusive production of bronze with the Iberian legend Untikesken, the native eth­ nic of the city and its surroundings. The coinages, both from the municipium of Emporiae and the Iberian ones, have been fully discussed by L. Vil­ laronga (The Aes Coinage of Emporion, Oxford, 1977 = Vil­ laronga). The arrangement of the Latin issues which he proposed is followed here, because we consider it the most plausible so far suggested (Delgado, iii, pp. 131-2; Vives, iv, pp. 6-10; Grant, FITA 154-7). Emporiae’s issues are very consistent. Except for the first issue (234), which bears a Diana head on the obverse and a pegasus on the reverse, every other issue invariably has an Athena head on the obverse and a pegasus on the reverse. We can conclude, then, that excluding 234, Emporiae’s issues follow previous Iberian typology, changing only their legends to Latin. The choice of Diana for the only issue which mentions the city’s status (which could well be a foundation issue) has been related by some scholars to the devotion the Iulii felt towards Diana (Villaronga, p. 7; J. N. Bonneville, Hommage à Robert Etienne, Paris, 1988, p. 194). These issues generally include in their legends the abbre­ viations of two magistrates’ names, followed by the abbre­ viation Q. This we propose here to expand as Q(aestores), not only as a consequence of the likely expansion of the legend QVAIS on 236, but also because of epigraphic evidence which allows us to identify, with some certainty, a magistrate mentioned on a coin with the person mentioned on . an inscription as a quaestor (M .J. Pena, Quarterns de Treball 4, 1981, pp. 7-9). The chronology of these issues is still uncertain. The view widely accepted until now, that the abbreviation Q meant

234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258

Diana Anonymous QVAIS C I L C Q P L L L Anonymous L C C R Q Anonymous P I P C SM Q C I N IC O M P FL Q Anonymous C P GM SR Q L M RVF P C Q Μ O (H) L A (F) Q P C PV Q C C Q GSB L C M Q CN C P G M A Q CN C GR L C F (A) Q C CA T C O CA(R) Q C T G Q C CA Q C O G C M A Q G OC T M AE F Q M A B M F (M) Q Anonymous Anonymous

25-6 mm, 25 mm, 26 mm, 27 mm, 25 mm,

11.60 g (41) 10.40 g (28) 10.15g (32)

26-7 mm, 27 mm, 27 mm, 27 mm,

to -^ g 9 -5 1 g 9.85 g ΙΟ.01 g

(16) (64) (21) (23)

27 mm, 27 mm, 27-8 mm, 28 mm, 27 mm, 27-8 mm, 2 7—8 mm, 28 mm, 27 mm, 27 mm, 24—5 mm, 27 mm, 27-8 mm,

9.76 g 10.66 g 10.45 g 10.65g 9.89 g IO.82 g IO.IOg 9.89g 11.03 g 9.92 g 8.67 g 10.86g 10.36g

(25) (4 4 ) (18) (29) (7) (16) (23) (56) (3 ) ( r9 ) (3 ) (18) (2 9 3 )

quinquennalis made a rather long chronology necessary. However, the idea that Q stands for quaestor allows the period in which they can be dated to be reduced. The start of the issues depends on the date when the city received municipal status. Recent studies propose late dates; for instance, Bonneville proposes 36 b c and Pena 27-25 b c (Fonaments 7, 1988, pp. 11—45, with comments on previous studies). The date of the end of the coinage is also uncertain, because of a lack of datable elements: the legends make no allusion to any emperor or other authority. Never­ theless, most scholars (Grant, APT 140-2; NC 1948, p. 117; Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 436) have assumed without real evidence that the mint was active until Caligula’s reign. The consideration that Spain’s provincial mints all close with this emperor provides a probable ante quern for the end of these issues. On the whole, the standard weight is very uniform and fits the 10.31 g (849 specimens) pattern for asses, which was used during the Augustan period. Only two kinds of frac­ tions, the quadrans (258) and the sextans (239 and 244), are struck. Because of this lack of small denominations, the halving of coins took place; this is clear from the coins found in the excavations of the city (E. Ripoll et alii, Numisma 12031, 1973-4, pp. 75-90). The arrangement of the issues and their average weights are shown in the table below. Coins such as Villaronga 122 have been excluded from this mint because there is not sufficient evidence to attribute them with certainty to Emporiae. We have thought it more appropriate to include them under Uncertain of Spain (484). These coins have previously been attributed to Emporiae (J. M. Nuix and L. Villaronga, Misceldnea arqueolôgica II, 1974, pp. 81-6), because every specimen known has been found there or at Rhode; however, the lack of legends and a completely different typology to the one used on coins with the ethnic have led us to exclude it. Among the countermarks known, only two, dolphin and DD, seem to have been applied by the city. Generally the

IO-55 g (63) 10.04 g ( 7 )

14 mm, 1.70 g (65)

14mm, 1.81 g (26)

mm, 2.53g (33)

S P A IN : Emporiae (234-243)

first is placed on the helmet and the second in front of the face. The application of these countermarks was selective, since, with only a few exceptions, they appear only on the anonymous issue 257; countermarked coins represent approximately 70% of coins of the sample here presented. These countermarks, especially DD, have been interpreted as a way of confirming the value of coins which might not have been completely legal because of the lack of magis­ trates’ names (L. Villaronga, RSL 1983, pp. 53-63).· We have neither been able to find any bilingual coin like the one drawn by Delgado (iii, pi. CXXXIX-242 and 243), nor to check the existence of such coins mentioned by Hill (p. 36) and supposedly belonging to this type. We do not agree with the bilingual reading of the legend on the Madrid coin from the Sastre collection (=234/72), which has been used to confirm the existence of bilingual coins (A. Beltran, Numisma 2, 1952, pp. 19-23). The reading MVNICIP seems more likely; the small space in which the four last letters have been engraved has led to the confusion. Therefore we reject for the time being its existence and the commentaries made on it (Grant, FIT A 155; J. Siles, Faven­ tia 3, 1981, p. 106; J. N. Bonneville, Hommage à Robert Etienne, Paris, 1988, p. 194). A considerable number of coins have a filed bevelled edge and a more or less stripped surface. Initially we considered these coins suspect, but the fact that some of them, belong­ ing to the Cabinet Numismàtic de Catalunya and coming from the excavations at Emporiae, present the character­ istics mentioned above has led us to abandon this view; they still seem, however, rather strange. 234

AE. 25-6 m m , 10.55 g (63)· Axis: var. Vives 121-1, H ill 3-1, V illaronga 69,

i . B R au c h , 11.90; 2. B a 20781 Q M P O R I), 9.07; 3—4 . B a 20782, 20784 ( ]M P Q R I[, J M P O R I T ) , 10.08, 11.17; 5. Bo 272, 7.69; 6. C o p 656, 12.23; 7—3 3 . See V illaro n g a 73 -4 ; 3 4 . M 4 3 6 7 (= V iv e s 121-7), 11.16; 3 5 — 3 7 . M 4368 ( = V ives 121—8), 4425 ( = V ives 121-3), S astre 6670, 9.57, 10.31, 8.98. O n som e rev. dies th e leg en d is in sid e a lin ear fram e. 238

1—2. B a 4566, 20813, 10.00, 11.61; 3 . P S de R , 9.05; 4 . R 189, 10.80; 5. L 8 9 ( = V illaro n g a 75A ), 7.67; 6 - 3 5 . See V illaro n g a 7 5 -6 (except L 89); 3 6 . M 4366, 8.49; 3 7 . L 90, 1 1.16. C o u n te rm ark : H errin g -b o n e (?) ( = cm k 12) o n th e rev ., o n 37. 239

V illaronga 70-1,

236

gmi

I. B a 3 0 2 2 7 (P ), 1.58; 2 - 9 . B a 4503, 4530 (P ), 5062 (P ), 5177, 9752 (P), 20837 (P ), 20839 (IM ), 3 3 7 1 1, 1-53. ι· 6 ι, 2.25, 1.89, 2.34, 1.30, 1.76, 1.87; 10. P 121 (P ), 2.28; 11—6 9 . $ ee V illa ro n g a 7 7 -9 a n d 77/7 8 /7 9 (in d e term in ate ); 7 0 . M 4478 ( = V ives 123-11), 2.25.

240

AE. 2 6 -7 m m , 10.13g (16). Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

Vives 122-9, V illaronga 80 L C G R Q ; head of A thena, r. E M P O R I (T ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath i . B I-B , 9.92; 2. O , 12.92; 3 . L 8 6 (p ierced ), 12.04; 4 —16. See V illaro n g a 8o (except L 8 6 ); 17. B a Γ4477, ri.4 5 ; 18. M 4410 ( = V ives 122-9). 241

AE. 2 7 m m , 9.51 g (64). Axis: var. Vives 123-5, V illaronga 81-2,

gmi

[ 10 ] 43

H ead of A thena, r. E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath 1—4 . B B ohl, L ö b b , R au c h , 503/1898 (E M P O R , E M P O R I T , E M P O R , E M P O R I), 8.03, 10.29, 9-68, 11.12; 5—6. B a 20819-20 (E M P O R I, E M P O [), 10.19, 11.0 1; 7. Bo 274 ( E M P O R I), 13.15; C alico 11/1978, 488 ( E M P O R IT ), 10.33; 9 · C o p 658 (E M P O R ), 11.27; IO · O ( E M P O R IT ), 9.93; i i . V 144 ( E M P O R I), 6.65; 12. V a t 421 ( E M P O R IT ), 11.40; 13. M u 112, 11.32; 14—6 2 . See V illaro n g a 81-2 (except M u 112); 6 3 —6 5 . M 4426, 4428, 4436 (E M P O R IT , E M P O R I, E M P O R I), 8.22, 9.72, 9.85; 6 6 . G 3 (E M P O R I T ) , 9.79. C o u n te rm ark s: U n c e rta in on rev ., o n 4, 11. A lso d o lp h in ( = cm k 3) an d D D ( = cm k 47), see V illaro n g a 81. 242

AE. 27m m , 9.85g (21). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

Vives 122-8, H ill 3-6, V illaronga 83-4

40

H ead o f A thena, r. E M P O R IT ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath

P I P C S M Q ; head of A thena, r. E M P O R (I); pegasus, r.; above, w reath

i . B 27879, 14.62; 2. L 93 ( = V illa ro n g a 70A ), 10.47; 3” 7 · See V illaro n g a 70-1 (except L 93); 8 . B a 13837, 10.37. C o u n te rm ark s: Q V A C [ ( = c m k 63) on th e obv., on 1. Q V A IS ( = cm k 64) o n th e obv., on 8; see also V illaro n g a 71.

i . B L ö b b (E M P O R ); 2 - 3 . B a 20810-1 (E M P O R , E M P O R ), 7.94, 9.87; 4 - 5 . P n i , S d e R (E M P O R I, E M P O R ), 7.85 (p ierced ), 9.55; 6. V a t 422 (E M P O R I), 10.20; 7—i i . E M P O R , see V illa ro n g a 83; 12— 24. E M P O R (I), see V illaro n g a 84; 2 5 . M 4 4 0 2 ( = V ives 122-8), 10.20; 2 6 . M 4401, 9.60. C o u n te rm ark : H errin g -b o n e (?) ( = cm k 12) on th e obv., o n 6.

AE. 26m m , n .6 o g (41). Axis: var.

[ 3 ] 243

Vives 12 1—2, H ill 3-3, V illaronga 72

I - 7. B a 4554-5, 20769-70, 20774, 3 ° · 7 7 > 3 3 668, H - i h 11-49, 10.32, 9.96, 11.25, 14.66, 12.35; 8 - 9 . Bo 270-1, 10.24, 14.05; 10. P S de R , 11.99; I I — 4 5 . See V illaro n g a 72; 4 6 . M 4 3 6 3 ( = V iv es 121-2), 11.80.

AE. 27 mm , 10.40 g (28). Axis: var. Vives 121-3, 7 an d 8, V illaronga 73-4 C I L C Q ; head of A thena, r. E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath

AE. 27m m , 10.01 g (23). Axis: v ar.

[ 5 ]

Vives 121-9, 10, H ill 3-4, V illaronga 85-6

Q V A IS; head of A thena, r. E M P O R IT ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath

237

[ 4 ]

H ead o f A thena, r. E M (or IM ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath (and P)

39

[ 2 ]

AE. 14m m , 1.70g (65). Axis: var. Vives 123-10, i i , V illaronga 77-9

1 - 2 . B L ö b b , B ohl, 10.75, 9 -5 7 ; 3_ Ι °· i‘,a 4553, 9644, 20762, 20765, 20767-8, 30172, 33667, 8.74, 7.95, 7.73, 9.27, 15.02, 10.02, 8.55, 10.07; i i . C op 655, 12.37 (pierced); 12. O , 8.23; 13. P 85, 9.57; 14. V a t 420, 8.30; 15—6 9 . See V illaro n g a 69; 7 0 . M 4 3 5 8 ( = V iv es 121-1), 13.85; 7 1 — 7 2 . M 4357, S astre 6689 (M V N IC IP ), 11.88, 11.16.

AE. 25m m , 10.04g (7). Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

P L L L; head o f A thena, r. E M P O R IT ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath

E M P O R IA ; b u st of D ian a, r.; bow an d quiver behind M V N IC I(P ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath

235

AE. 25m m , 10.15g (32). Axis: var. V illaronga 75-6

[ 7 ] gmi

ιογ

[ 5 ]

C I N IC O M P FL Q ; head of A thena, r. E M P O R I(T ) (P F L Q ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath i . B Fox ( —H ill 3 -4 ) ( E M P O R IT ), 7.12; 2—4 . B a 9649, 20786 (E M P O R I, E M P O R I P F L Q , E M P O R I T ) , 20787, 9.75, 7.29, 9.10; 5 . C alico 11/1978, 484 ( E M P O R IT ), 12.80; 6 . P 116 (E M P O R I), 7.83; 7. L 8 7 (E M P O R I) ( = V illaro n g a 85A ), 13.05; 8—17. W ith o u t P F L Q on rev ., see V illaro n g a 85 (except L 87); 18—22. W ith P F L Q on rev ., see V illaro n g a 86; 23. M 4 3 7 1 ( = V ives 121-9) (E M P O R I P F L Q ), 11.07; 24—26. M 4369, 4373, 4374 ( = V ives 121-10) ( E M P O R I, E M P O R I, E M P O R IT ), 10.07, ΐ 1-3 3 ? Ι 2 ·° 5 ·

io8

244

S P A IN : Emporiae (244-257)

AE. 14m m , i . 81 g (26). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

19. Be 2400, 8.97; FA Q /E M P O R I : 20. B L ö b b ; 21. M i 234, 9.43; 22— 23. B a 19683, 20791, 9.69, 9.32; F A Q /u n c e rta in : 2 4 . C o p 664, 11.53; 25—28. See V illaro n g a 98; U n c e rta in /E M P O R : 2 9 . B a 33680, 11.22; U n c e rta in /E M P O R I: 3 0 . B a 5038, 8.63.

Vives 123-9, V illaronga 87 H ead of A thena, r. E M P; pegasus, r.; above, w reath

252

1—7. B a 5045, 5073, 20832-3, 30223, 33712—3, 1.68, 2.24, 1.65, i . 51, 1.60, I . 94, i . 83; 8. P 122, 1.87; 9 - 2 4 . See V illaro n g a 87; 25. M 4475 ( = V ives J2 3 -9 ), 1.72; 2 6 . C 622, 1.72. 245

AE. 27m m , 9.76g (25). Axis: var. Vives 122-7, V illaronga 88,

gmi

i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 149, 9.25; 2—3. B a 20796-7, 8.85, 11.85; 4 · 1 9 7 0 1 , 7.66; 5—6. P 101, 103, 10.50, 10.12; 7. R 190, 9.30; 8—28. See V illaro n g a 88.

[ 16 ]

Vives 122-10, V illaronga 89

LM

R V F P C Q ; h ead o f A thena, r. E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath

1—5. B R au c h , Pfaw , L ö b b (2), Bohl; 6—7. B a 20802-3, 12.21, 13.16; 8. C op 659, 12.40; 9. K la g 10, 11.00; 10. O , 9.96; 11. V 138, 9.57; 12— 14. V a t 4 2 3-5, 11.60, 10.90, 10.70; 15. P 113, 9.83; 16. P S de R, 8.89; 17—5 2 . See V illaro n g a 89; 53—5 4 . M 4406 ( = V ives 122-10), 4408, 11.02, I I . 80; 5 5 . G 7, 11.32; 5 6 . C , 7.70 (broken). C o u n te rm ark s: H errin g -b o n e (?) ( = cm k 12) on th e obv., on 13. D ( = cm k 24) on th e obv., on 14. 247

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 10.45g (18). Axis: var.

253

[ 6 ]

254

[ 12 ]

i —2- B G an sau g e, L öbb; 3. Bo 276, 8.11; 4. C o p 661, 11.65; 5 “ 7 * B IT 4 _ 5 a n d D elep ierre, 9.21, 7.66, 11.16; 8. M u i n , 12.08; 9—29. See V illaro n g a 93 (except M u h i ) ; 3 0 - 3 1 . M 4415 ( = V ives 123-2), 4416, 11.79, 13.08; 3 2 - 3 4 . C , 11.43, I 5 -5 8. I0 -°8.

255

256

[ 3 ]

AE. 27m m , io .8 6 g (18). Axis: var.

[ u

]

Vives 121-5, 6, V illaronga 104-6

. V illaronga 95-6

M A B M F (M ) Q ; head o f A thena, r. E M P O (R I); pegasus, r.; above, w reath 1 - 2 . B Fox, a.B . (E M P O R , E M P O R ); 3. B a 33688 ( E M P O R I), 10.55 (p ierced ); 4. C alico 11/1978, 483 (E M P O R ), 10.24; 5 · C o p 657 (E M P O R ), 11.75; 6. P . 108 (E M P O R ), 12.62; 7. P D elep ierre (E M P O ), 9.45; 8 . V 135 (E M P O R ), 13.38; 9—23. See V illaro n g a 104-6.

i . B 27878; 2—4 . B a 20793-4, 30187, 11.41, 12.68, 7.77; 5. P 100, 10.82; 6—20. See V illaro n g a 95 -6 ; 2 1 . M 4421 ( = V ives 123-3), 8.44; 22. V Q R 7 9 6 (B M cast).

A E. 2 7 -8 m m , io .i o g (23). Axis: var.

1977, 46, 10-11

C O C T M A E F Q ; head o f A thena, r. E M P O R IT ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath

C N C P C M A Q ; head o f A thena, r. E M P O R IT ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath

251

gn

[ o ]

i . B a 5 0 7 5 ( J O C T M A K F [; E M P O R [), 6 .26; 2. Bo 278 (C O C T M A [ ] Q ; rev. illegible), 9.57; 3. L a b ro u sse, g n 1977, 46, 10n (JO C T M A E [ ] Q ; E M P O R [), 10.19.

i . B G ansauge; 2—3. P 120 (obv. legend tooled in m o d e rn tim es), S de R, 9.76, 7.99; 4 . L 105, 10.52; 5—10. See V illaro n g a 94 (except L 105).

4

AE. 24-5 m m , 8.67 g (3). Axis: 6 (1). L abrousse,

[ 4 ]

C S B L C M Q ; head o f A thena, r. E M P O R IT ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath

Vives 123-3,

[ 8 ]

1. B a 33682 (E M P O R ), 8.92; 2. C o p 662 (E M P O R ), 8.54; 3. O (E M P O R ), 11.74; 4 - 5 · P 105-6 (E M [, E M P O R I), 10.96, 8.53; 6. V 136 (E M P O R ), 11.00; 7. P 104, 10.87; 8 · V ill a r o n g a c o ll. 3 7 8 0 , 9.40; 9— 21. See V illaro n g a 102-3 (except P 104 a n d V illaro n g a 3780); 22. M 4389 (E M P O R ), 8.20; 23. D elg ad o 142—288. C o u n te rm ark s: D D ( = cm k 47) a n d d o lp h in ( = cm k 3) on th e obv., o n 23.

Vives 122-1, V illaronga 94

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 10.82g (16). Axis: var.

A E. 27 m m , 9 .9 2 g (19). Axis: var. C O G C M A Q ; h ead of A thena, r. E M P O R (I); pegasus, r.; above, w reath

P C P V Q C C Q ; head of A thena, r. E M P O R ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath

250

[ i ]

Vives 122-5, V illaronga 102-3

Vives 123-2, V illaronga 93

AE. 27m m , 9.89g (7). Axis: var.

Axis: i (2).

1—3 . See V illaro n g a ιο ί ; 4 . M 4365 ( = V ives 121-4), 11.20; 5. V Q R 7 9 8 (E M P O R IT ) (B M cast).

Μ O L A Q : i . B L ö b b ; 2. P n o , 9.18; 3. V 137, 10.91; 4—9 . See V illa ro n g a 90; Μ O H L A F Q : 10. C o p 660, 10.99; IX · P i o 9 > 9-64; 12. T ü b in g e n 36, 11.33; 13—21. See V illaro n g a 91-2; 22—23. M 4390 ( = V ives 123-1), 4412, 8.02, 10.00; 24. G 6, 8.26.

249

(3)·

C T C Q C C A Q ; head of A thena, r. E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath

Μ O (H ) L A (F) Q ; head of A thena, r. E M P O R ; pegasus, r.; above, w reath

AE. 28m m , 10.65g (2 9 )· Axis: var.

AE. 27 m m , 11.03g

Vives 12 1—4, V illaronga 101

Vives 122-6 and 123—1, V illaronga 90-2

248

41

C C A T C O C A Q : 1 - 2 . B Fox, L ö b b (E M P O R I, E M P O R I); 3 - 5 . Ba 2 0779-80, 109204 ( E M P O R I, E M P O R , E M P O R I T ) , 9.44, 7.55, 10.50; 6. Bo 277 (E M P O R I), 10.52; 7. C alico 11/1978, 487, 11.90; 8. Ο ( E M P O R I), 9.03; 9 - 1 0 . P 96 a n d S de R (E M P O R , E M P O R ), 6.08, 9.89; i i . L 1 2 0 ( = H ill 3 -5 ), 8.50; 12—3 1 . See V illaro n g a 99 (except L 120); 3 2 . G 4 ( E M P O R I), 12.41; 3 3 . S chw eizerischer B ankverein 29 /1 /1 9 8 7 , 104, 10.15; 3 4 . IV D J , form erly S de C 1476; 3 5 . C , 9.88; C C A T C O C A R Q : 3 6 . B R au c h (C A R , E M P O R [I]); 3 7 - 3 8 . B a 5047, 20777 (C A R , E M P O R I, E M P O R I ), 9.96, 7.20; 3 9 . K la g 9 (C A R , E M P O R [), 10.29; 4 °· p 9 4 (C A R , E M P O R I), 10.55; 4 I —5 3 · See V illaro n g a 100 (except M i); 5 4 . M 4381 ( = V ives 122-3) (E M P O R I), 9.65; C C A T C O C A (R ) Q : 5 5 . F 51 ( E M P O R I), 12.20; 5 6 . M i 235 (E M P O R I), 8.45; 5 7 . N 185 ( E M P O R I), 9.37; 5 8 - 6 7 . See V illaro n g a 9 9 -1 0 0 (in d e term in ate ); 6 8 . S chw eizerischer B an k v erein 2 9 /1/1987, 103, 10.72. M eta l an alysis o n L 116: C u 85.00; P b 6.56; S n 8.45; A g 0.100; Fe 0. 040; S b 0.150; N i 0.030; As 0.040; Bi 0.010. O n L 117: C u 60.30; P b 25.81; S n 13.28; A g 0.080; Fe 0.530; S b 0.170; N i 0.001; A u o .o io ; As ο .001; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.010. C o u n te rm ark : E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., o n 34.

42

AE. 27m m , 10.66g (44). Axis: var.

[ 18 ] gmi

C CA T C O C A (R ) Q; head o f A thena, r. E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath

[ 4 ]

C P C M S R Q ; head o f A thena, r. E M P O R (I); pegasus, r.; above, w reath

246

Bronze. 28 m m , 9.89 g (56). Axis: var. Vives 122-3, H ill 3-5, V illaronga 99-100,

[ 8 ]

Vives 122-2, 4, V illaronga 97-8 C N C G R L C F(A) Q ; head o f A thena, r. E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath F Q /E M P O R I: 1. B F ried laen d er; 2. M i 233, 7.67; 3 . P 98, 10.37; 4 * G 5 ) 9 -4 U 5 * p 9 7 > 9 -5 5 ; F Q /E M P O R IT : 6. C op 663, 11.53; 7 - 8 · M 4 3 7 7 ( = V ives 122-2), 4379, 10.79, ΐο .δ δ ; F Q /u n c e rta in : 9 . P 99, η . 15; ί ο — ι 8. See V illaro n g a 97 (except specim ens in M i a n d P); FA Q /E M P O R :

257

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 10.36g (293). Axis: var. Vives 123-6, 7, H ili 3-2, V illaronga 107, 109-12,

[ 54 ] gmi

4 4 -5

H ead o f A thena, r. E M P O R (IT ); pegasus, r.; above, w reath 1—2. A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 150 -1 , 9.37, 10.25; 3 · A rriols, 1981, 58, 9.84; 4 —16. B B ohl (5), L ö b b (3), R au c h (2), G an sau g e, F ried laen d er, 27877, 10.36, 9.51, I I . 19, 10.12, 8.84, 10.96, 12.31, 13.21, IO.25, H-OÇb IO.19,

S P A IN : Emporiae, Ilerda (258-260)

7.06, 10.34; ! 7 - 3 5 · B a 100884, 20823, 20829, 4570, 4575. 5°4o, 5043.

S w ord ( = cm k 9) on th e obv., on 61. P M P ( = cm k 59) on th e obv., o n 31. U n c e rta in (dD ?) (= cm k 95) on th e obv., o n 38, 68. R V M E L ( = cm k 65) on th e obv., on 388 (G u a d â n 87, read s N V M E L ). A lso, d o lp h in ( = cm k 3) on rev., see V illaro n g a 112—F; h errin g -b o n e (?) ( = cm k 12) o n the obv., see V illaro n g a 116—A; IM I - B T ( = cm k 51) on th e obv., see V illaro n g a 119; N (inverted) ( = cm k 27) on th e obv. o r rev., see V illaro n g a 117. U n certa in on th e obv., on 37, 391.

5I59, 5I75, 2O84I, 2O845, 20847-8, 20853, 20862, 3O2O5, 3O208, 337O4, 20857, 11.80, 7.95, 9.29, 10.51, 10.54, 7-31, 9-31. IO-25> *5-3g > ! I -88> Ϊ 3 -4 0 » 13.02, 11.45, I2 -i7 , i 3 -2 3 , 1*5o .20, 12.08, 10.19, 7.92; 36—4 0 . Bo 279-83, 7.78, 10.25, 12.17, 11.83, 9·28 *; 4 1 —4 2 . C alico 11/1978, 4 9 1-2, 8.30, 8.56; 4 3 . C o p 6 6 8 , 9.33; 44 - 47 · C o p 6 6 5 -7 , 669, 16.34, 7 -4 3 > 9 -4 U ” 4 8 ; 4 8“ 49 · M i 23 6 -7 , ΐ 3 ·88> 8 ·4 8; δ ^ δ 1· Ν i88“ 7> 8 ·4 7 » 5 ·8 51 5 2“ 5 6 · Ο , 10.50, ϊ 3 -8 7 ? 9 ·4 4 > 7 ·Ι Ι > ΙΟ·2 7 ; 57“ ®4 · Ρ 8 8 -9 3 a n d D elepierre (2), 10.26, 10.18, 13.65, 10.95, ι 0 ·6 5 > 7 ·8 5 , Ι2 ·9 7 , 9 ·8 9 ; 65 * R i 9 L ΙΟ·2° ; 6 6 - 6 9 . V 139-42, 11.70, 11.42, 10.48, 9-85; 7 ° “ 73 · V a t 4 28_3 Ι 3 ι ο ·8° , 8 .go, 12.70, 9 -4 °; 74· L ΐ 3 °> 8 - 5 15 7 5 "“3 8 5 · See V illa ro n g a 107, 109-12 (except L 130); 3 8 6 - 3 8 8 . Μ 4431 (E M P O R II), 4446 (E M P O R IT ), 4483, 8.58, 13.36, 6.04; 3 8 9 - 3 9 0 . G 1-2, 12.28, 13.24; 3 9 1 - 3 9 2 · C , : 4 -5 9 , 9 -4 Ö; 3 9 3 · W in te rth u r 15, 10.02; 3 9 4 . M u 114, 8.48. C o u n te rm ark s: D o lp h in ( = cm k 3) a n d D D ( = cm k 47) on th e obv., on ι 2, 6, 8, i i , 13, 17, 20, 22 -3 2 , 3 4 -5 , 39-40, 43, 47, 51, 55, 5 9 -6 °, 63, 72-3, 392—4 a n d V illaro n g a 110-11. D D ( = cm k 47) on th e obv., on 15, ig , 56, 5 8, 61, 69, 390 a n d V illa ro n g a 112-B. D D ( = cm k 47) on th e rev., o n 21, 45, 48, 62, 390 a n d V illa ro n g a 112-C . D D ( = c m k 46) on th e obv., on 69. D ( = cm k 25) on th e rev., on 61. D ( = cm k 24) on th e obv., o n 68.

iog

258

AE. 16m m , 2.53g ( 3 3 )· Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

Vives 123-12, V illaronga 108 H ead of A thena, r. E M ; pegasus, r. (above, w reath) i . B I-B (w reath ), 2.96; 2. B a 2 0 8 3 0 (w reath ), 3.19; 3—10. B a 4505, 4515, 5064—5, 5067 (w reath ), 30218, 30220, 33710, 1.98, 1.91, 2.39, 2.18, 2.53, 2.52, 2.87, 2.00; 11—3 2 . See V illaro n g a 108; 3 3 —3 5 . M 4480, 4481 ( = V ives 123-12), 4482, 3.17, 2.38, 2.25; 3 6 . S chw eizerischer B ankverein 29 / 1/ 1987 , 107 , 2 .5 7 .

Ilerda The municipium Ilerda (Lleida) struck coins only during the reign of Augustus. Previously, while Ilerda was the Iberian city Iltirta, it coined, from the late third century b c to the beginning of the first century b c , an abundant series of silver and bronze (L. Villaronga, Las monedas ibéricas de Ilerda, Barcelona, 1978). The typology of the imperial coins is partly a continu­ ation of the last issues with the Iberian legend Iltirta, though they introduce Augustus’s head on the obverse and the she-wolf on the reverse. In a number of Iberian issues the male wolf had been used. Because of the frequency with which it appears, it has been identified as the city’s totemic animal (Villaronga, p. 16). In spite of the municipium’s small output, there are still problems and controversial views about its arrangement and chronology. The fact that 259 and 260 each have a different legend has led some scholars to consider them as two different issues. They date 259, which has the legend IMP CAESAR DIVI F, before 27 b c and 260, which has the legend IMP AVGVS(TVS) DIVI F, between 27 and 23 b c or after 27 b c (NAH, pp. 259-60; M. and F. Beltran, Numisma 162-4, : 98 °; Ρ· 3 °)· However, the close stylistic similarity between some obverse dies and also between the reverse dies with the legend MVN IFERDA, as well as the fact that statistically the weights of both kinds of coins belong to the same population, would incline us to consider them a single issue. Grant (FITA 171) considered the legend IM P AVGVSTVS DIVI F to be derived from Roman denarii, dated to 16 b c (BMC 88; RIC 353) and without any evidence he dated the issue, which he believed to be a foundation one, to about 1 5 - 1 4 BC.

The denomination of these coins is also uncertain, because of their average weight, 7.06 g (82: 259-60); as was the case with Dertosa and Tarraco, this is too low for the as. However, this weight corresponds to that used in the last Iltirta coinages with the wolf on the reverse (Vives 28-11 to 13; Villaronga, issues 36-8: 8.03 g (64 specimens) and 39: 5.83g (94 specimens)) and these were probably units.

Augustus 259

AE. 24m m , 7.15g (18). Axis: var. Vives 134-1,

nah

[ 4 ]

956

IM P C A ESA R D IV I F; bare head, r. M V N IL E R D A ; she-wolf, r. i . Bo 288, 8.18; 2. F 55, 9.20; 3. M u 124, 7.00; 4 . P 2 2 2 , 7.07; 5. A arh u s 14, 6.53; 6—i i . B a 9773, 15006, 23789, 30455, 105854-5, 8.00, 8.26, 6.39, 7.50, 7.28, 7.41; 12. M S V 17/12/1981, 861, 7.50; 1 3 - 1 6 . M 11298-300, S astre 6785, 6.62, 6.26, 6.07, 7.33; 17. N 196, 6.12; 18—19. B L ö b b (2); 2 0 . C alico 6/1979, 888, 6.00 260

L eaded bronze. 2 4m m , 7.04g (64). Axis: var. Vives 134-2 to 6, H ill 10-4,

nah

957,

gmi

[ 27 ]

315-7

IM P A V G V S(T V S) D IV I F; bare head, r. (M V N IC IP ) IL E R D A ; she wolf, r. IL E R D A : i . M u 125, 6.70; 2. O = a m c 984, 6.52; 3. P 223, 8.82; 4 . V a t 438, 7.90; 5. C alico 6/1979, 890, 8.08; 6—17. B a 4673, 9774, 14918, 26055, 26654, 2 7 5 5 I > 30460, 30462—3, 33926—7, 100887, 6.16, 6.39, 6.09, 6.42, 5.70, 7.20, 5.75, 6.55, 7.26, 8.09, 6.37, 7.64; 1 8 - 1 9 . L 3 Jo, 3 1 1 ( = f i t a , pi. V -2 1 ), 8.15, 7.41; 2 0 - 2 4 . M 11316, 11320, 11326, S astre 6784 a n d 6786, 6.40, 6.41, 6.13, 8.63, 7.20; 25. N 197, 8.27; 26—2 8 . B K assel, L ö b b , a.B .; 29. G i, 8.61; 30—3 1 . IV D J ( = V ives 134-3, 4); 3 2 . C , 4.89; 3 3 . W in te rth u r 25, 6.28; M V N IL E R D A : 3 4 . V Q R 8 3 3 ( = H ill 10-4) (B M cast); 3 5 . C o p 534 (‘M V N IL E R D A ’), 6.93; 3 6 . M u 126, 6.96; 3 7 3 8 . P 2 24-5, 4 -9 3 > 6 -9 9 ; 39 - V 160, 7.38; 4 0 . C alico 6/1979, 889, 8.46; 4 1 - 4 8 . B a 4671, 14912, 15008, 23791, 27550 (A V G V S ), 27552 (A V G V S), 30449, 33928 (A V G V S ), 6.13, 8.99, 6.95, 6.02, 7.53, 6.80, 7.08, 5.63; 4 9 5 1 . L 3 0 7 -9 , 6.25, 8.15, 6.27; 5 2 —5 6 . M 11305-6, 113 13, 11328 (she-wolf, r.; ab o v e M V N , below IL E R D A ), S astre 6787 (she-w olf, r.; ab o v e M V N , below IL E R D A ), 7.61, 6.22, 7.46, 7.48, 8.20; 5 7 —5 9 . B R a u c h , 17119, Bohl; 6 0 . G 2 (pi. 9 8 -6 ), 7.20; 6 1 . IV D J ( = V ives 134-2) (A V G V S); 6 2 . M u seo del P rad o ( = V ives 1 34-5); 8 3 —6 4 . O = a m c 9 8 5 -6 , 6.79, 6.10; 6 5 . F o rm erly S de C 1589 ([A V G V S T V S ]?); M V N I IL E R D A : 6 6 . IV D J ( = S d e C 1590) (A V G V S T V S ); 6 7 . A N E 5 -6 /1 9 6 0 , 292 ([A V G V S T V S ]?); M V N I C I P IL E R D A : 6 8 . O = a m c 987, 7.46; 6 9 . P 226, 6.11; 7 0 . V 161, 6.40; 7 1 . C alico 6 /1979, 891 (A V G V S T ), 8.60; 7 2 — 74 · B a 14916, 19378, 33929, 6.77, 9.46, 7.90; 7 5 . L 312, 8.70; 7 6 - 7 7 . M 11329-30, 7.85, 6.00; 7 8 . M u s e o d e l P r a d o (= V ives 134-6); 79. IV D J, form erly S de C 1588; U n c e rta in v ar.: 8 0 . B a 4674, 6.97. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis o n coin 75. T h e leg en d is I M P A V G V S T D I V I F ex cep t as in d icated ; som etim es th e T o f A V G V S T is so little th a t it alm o st d isap p e ars. C oins 65 a n d 66, as w ell as V ives 134-5 seem to us to p ro b a b ly s h are th e sam e obv. die. T h e leg en d goes in differen t d irectio n s from r. u p w ard s a n d from 1. dow n w ard s. C o u n te rm ark : -T - ( = cm k 37) o n th e obv., o n 25.

Lepida-Celsa During the Republican period Lepida, then called Kelse, coined many bronze issues which have been recently studied by A. Dominguez {Las cecas ibéricas del valle del Ebro, Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 118-30, with a discussion of previous bibliography). During the forties the city attained the status of colony with the name of Victrix Iulia Lepida. The reference to M. Aemilius Lepidus suggests that the city attained colonial status during the time when he was in Spain as the governor of Citerior; there are, however, some differences of opinion if this took place during his first or second term (48-47 b c : Hill, p. 79; H. Galsterer, MF 8, 1971, p. 25. 44-42 b c : Grant, FIT A 211, P. Beltran, Obra completa, 1972, p. 188; Villaronga, NAH, p. 243). Some years later, about 36 b c and as consequence of Lepidus’s fall, the city changed the name of Lepida for that of Celsa. Lepida-Celsa’s coinages have been studied by M. Beltran et alii, in a chapter of their book Colonia Victrix Iulia LepidaCelsa (Zaragoza, 1984, pp. 11-28). The coinages bear the name of Colonia Lepida during the Triumvirate and that of Colonia Celsa during Augustus’s and Tiberius’s reign. The Triumviral issues were coined by three colleges of praefecti pro II viris (asses) and two colleges of aediles (semis­ ses and quadrantes); we do not know in the case of the praefecti the persons whom they replaced. The designs used are inspired by late Republican coinages (Victory: RRC 464/6, 46 b c ; RRC 475/ia, 476/1a, 45 b c . Yoke of oxen: RRC 378, 81 b c . Hercules: RRC 494/32, 42 b c . Facing Sol: RRC 494/43a, 42 b c . Sol to r.: RRC 496/2, 3, 42 b c . Sheep: RRC 389/1, 76 b c . Boar: RRC 385/2, 78 b c . Crescent: RRC 494/2oa, 42 b c . Roma or Mars(?): RRC 450/1 a, 48 b c or 469/1a, 46—45 b c . Butting or running bull: RRC 494/24, 42 b c ) . T w o details of the typology: first, the female bust on 262 can be identified as Victory, since on 262/3 it can be clearly seen that the female bust has a wing as well as the palm. Secondly, we very much doubt that the figure on the obverse of the issue 264 can be identified as Roma rather than Mars, since the prototype (RRC 450/1 a) suggests that it should be male. As for chronology, the obverse and reverse combinations and the prototypes suggest that these issues started in about 44 b c , and the generally accepted terminus ante quem is 36 b c . This is derived from the date of Lepidus’s fall and exile. The arrangement given in the catalogue is based only on the chronology of the Republican models, and the order in which these issues have been placed could be changed. The semisses and quadrantes (265-8) cannot be definitely asso­ ciated with larger denominations, but they can be placed towards the end of this period. Some of them, perhaps 265, could, because of its weight, form part of the issue 264. It would follow that the denominations minted are asses, with an average weight higher than the half-uncia, semisses and quadrans. As

261 262 263 264 265 266—267 268

27—30m m, 14.30g 28—31 mm, 14.57g 29-30 mm, 14.95 g 27-31 mm, 14.06 g

Semis

Quadrans

(32) (δ0) (36) (51) 21 mm, 7.09g (8) 19-20 mm, 5.65 g (4) 15 mm, 2.92 g (1)

The typological variety of the Triumviral issues disap­ pears on the coinage of Colonia Celsa. It is reduced to the emperor’s portrait on the obverse and the bull on the reverse, excepting fractions which do not have any design on the reverse. The praefecti cease to appear; the asses were the responsibility of the duorivi and the fractions were min­ ted either by duoviri or aediles. The legends evolved gradually from the absence of the emperor’s name to the habitual legend of Tarraconensian coinages, AVGVSTVS DIVI F. During Augustus’s reign five issues were coined, and it remains unclear whether the fractions 276-7 constitute an independent issue. The first issue (26g), because of its weight and appearance, is considered as a continuation of the Triumviral coinages; these factors, as well as the absence of Augustus’s title and his bare head, have given support to a date before 27 b c (Villaronga, NAH, p. 244; Beltran et alii, p. 22). Coin 269/15 from this issue was con­ sidered by Hill and Beltran as dupondius, but here we classify it as an as struck on a large and heavy flan. The hybrid coin with a Calagurris obverse (as 436) and a Celsa reverse (as 269) (L. Villaronga, GN 12, 1969, pp. 21-2), is not considered an official coinage and not the result of cooperation between both mints as proposed by Villaronga and Rodewald {Money in the Age of Tiberius, Manchester, 1976, p. 131, n. 509), but as an imitation in which acciden­ tally the types from both mints were copied and mistakenly associated by a forger. Another local imitation has been recorded in this catalogue (269/66). The second issue (270), because it bears the title AVGVSTVS, must be dated after 27 b c ; there is no other evidence for a more precise chronology. Villaronga {NAH, p. 260) proposed 27-23 b c and M. Beltran (p. 22) 27 b c . This issue begins using a new and lighter metrological standard. The third issue (271), because of the legend AVGVSTVS DIVI F, can be dated after 17-15/14 b c , when this legend started being used on official coinages from both Rome and Lugdunum {RIC 164a, 337-8). The stylistic similarity of the obverse dies from the fourth issue (273-5) with coinages here included under Carthago Nova (167-8) led Grant {FITA 212) to include the latter within this mint; however, this attribution can be ruled out, since the possibility of including these coins in Ilici has also been pointed out (Jenkins, ANSMN 8, 1958, pp. 72-3). The similarity between the coinages of all three cities can be explained by the fact that their dies were cut by the same engraver. Therefore, it would be quite possible to date the issue of L. Baggius and Mn. Flavius after 12 b c , if the reverse of 167-8 is an allusion to Augustus as Pontifex Max­ imus. 272 is the result of the survival of an obverse die from the previous issue, 271. It is not clear whether the semis and quadrans of L. Aufidius and Sex. Pompeius (276-7) are a separate issue or part of another issue. Their obverse dies seem to indicate that they were cut by the same engraver who worked on the dies for 273-5. Furthermore, the similar layout of the reverse legends points to the possibility of both coinages being contemporary or immediately consecutive. They would complete the as issue coined by Cn. Domitius and G. Pompeius (278).

S P A IN : Lepida-Celsa (261-266)

The legend (COS XII) dates the last issue from Augustus’s reign between the years 5 and 3 b c . The metrology of this issue, as well as that of the previous ones, is regular and follows the n - i 2 g standard for the asses, except for the issue 269 which follows the Triumviral weight pattern. Therefore, the denominations minted are as, semis and quadrans. Semis

As

269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278

28—30 mm, 27—9 mm, 28 mm, 24 mm, 28 mm,

i 4 -52 g n -97g 12.14g 8 -9 9 g 12.00g

263

Vives 160-4, H ill, 12-8,

Quadrans

(123) 16mm,

2.94g (6)

16-17 mm, 4.08 g (3)

4 4 -3 6

b c

I l -5 3 g (93)

P S a lp a M 264

Semis

n ah

894

AE. 27-31 m m , 14.06g (51). Axis: var.

F u lv iu s C O ta c iliu s p r q u in

A E. 2 7 -3 0 m m , 14.30g (32). Axis: var. gmi

433,

n ah

[ 10 ]

892

C O L V IC IV L L E P : 1—2. A N E 15-16/12/1981, 194-5, 14-62, 14-96; 3. C op 535, 13.15; 4 . F 50, 17.84; 5. M S V 17/12/1981, 497, 15.25; 6. M u 82, 13.92; 7—8. P 246 a n d D ’A illy 17463, 13.58, 12.04; 9 . V a t 398, 10.40; 10. B L ö b b , 18.11; 11—12. B R au c h , a.B .; 13—16. B a 9584, 30502, 33936, 100926, 13.42, 11.70, 15.92, 10.44 (pierced); 17. L 3 6 2 ( = H ill 12-6), 16.69; 1 8 - 3 0 . M 9724, 9726, 9730, 9732-5, 9738 ( = V ives 160-5), 9 7 3 9 40, 9742-3, 9747, 18.16, 13.44, 14-60, I 3 -9 L 14-85, 14 -3 4 , i° - 8 4 > 13-81, 14.74, x3 -7 6 , 12.81, 13.96, 11.02; 3 1 . O , 12.81; 3 2 . G 3 (pi. 9 8 -4 ), 17.92; 3 3 . E m p o riu m 18-19/12/1987, 5; 3 4 . C 608, 16.24; 35 · N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 357, 17.31; C V I L: 3 6 . V ill a r o n g a c o ll. 6 3 2 2 , n .5 2 . C o u n te rm ark s: See G u a d â n , p p . 51 a n d 55, no. 64 ( = cm k 33) a n d 67 (n o t verified).

L Sem p M a x M 265

435-6,

nah

[ 20 ] 895-6

C aec aed

AE. 2 i m m , 7.09g (8). Axis: var. Vives 160-6,

nah

[ 1 ]

897

C V I L; head o f H ercules, r.; club behind L S E M P M A X M C A E C A ED ; bull, r. i . C alico 6/1979, 425, 9.10; 2. L 373, 7.73; 3 . M 9751 ( = V ives 160-6), 6.31; 4 —7. M 9752-5, 7.93, 6.23, 6.32, 5.29; 8. V illa r o n g a c o ll. 6 2 2 0 , 7.80.

C B a lb u s L P o r c iu s p r I l v i r

AE. 28-31 m m , 14.57g ( 3 °)· Axis: var. 4 3 4 * NAH

gmi

1—2. A N E 15-1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 192-3, 14.08, 12.81; 3. C alico 6 /1979, 421, 15.60; 4 . C o p 536, 16.07; 5. F 48, 13.50; 6. M i 220 (ru n n in g ), 14.69; 7 9 · P 2 43-5. >4 -7 7 , 12.76, 15.58; 10. V 103, 13.93; 1 1 - 1 3 . V a t 394-6, 14.20, 12.50, i i . 10; 14—17. B R au c h , Fox, 17108, L ö b b ; 18—2 9 . Ba 4898, 9582, 14849, 14858, 14860, 23663-4, 26634, 30498, 30499 (ru n n in g ), 100924 (ru n n in g ), 100925, 13.51, 15.35, ι 8 ·95. 12.89, 13.21, 13.81, 13.84, ΐ 3 ·5 6 , ΐ 5 · ι 6 . ! 4·22, 13-27, 21.24; 3 ° - 34 · L 3 6 3' 6 . 3 δ 7 ( = H i l l 12-7), ΐ 7 ·6 3 . 14 -9 4 . : 4 · ΐ 7 . >5·ο6, 13.18; 35 · Μ 9 6 5 2 . ΙΟ·9 7 ; 36- 45 - Μ 9 6 54 ~ 5 , 9 6 5 8 -9 (b o th ru n n in g ), 9 661-2 (b o th ru n n in g ), 9664, 9673 -5 , 13.60, 13.97, 12.31, 16.10, 15.57, i 1-85, 11.24, 14.54? 15-89, 15.48; 4 6 - 4 8 . Ο , 11.86, 12.8ο, ΐ 3 ·7 2; 49 * G L ! 3 - i 2 ; 5° · F o rm erly C e rv e ra coll. ( = V ives 160-2) (ru n n in g ); 5 1 . IV D J ( = V ives 160-1); 5 2 - 5 3 . C , 15.74, ” -3 9 ; 54 · G 605, !2-52; 5 5 . G iro n a 29429 (= c m tm , pl. 5 -7 9 ), 12.12; 5 6 . A la c a n t (= c m tm , pl. 3 5 -1 7 2 ), 16.00; 5 7 —5 8 . F o rm erly S d e C 1358-9; 5 9 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 358, 10.94. C o u n te rm ark s: R ( = cm k 33) on rev., on 9, 57. E a g le’s h ea d , r. (= cm k 4), on th e obv., o n 56. C R ( = c m k 45) on th e rev., on 58. In cu se circle o n the rev., o n 9.

(?)

Vives 160-3, GMI

432,

gmi

C O L V IC IV L LEP; helm eted head o f M ars (?), r. P SALPA M F V L V I P R I I V IR ; b u ttin g (or ru nning) bull, r.

2 i-2 m m , 5.43g (14)

C (O L ) V (IC ) I(V L ) L (E P ); head o f V ictory, r., p alm over 1. shoulder M FV L C O T A C PR Q V IN ; colonist ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r.

262

211,

F u lv iu s p r I l v i r

Vives 160-1, 2, H ili 12-7,

28m m, 11.46g (51)

Vives 160-5, H ill 12-6,

fita

[ 18 ]

i . C alicô 6/1979, 423, 15.04; 2. C o p 538, 12.34; 3 - 6· P 247, 248, 248 bis, 258, 17-63, 15-20, 16.63, 16.56; 7. V 105, 13.55; 8 · VaX 3 9 7 , 12.30; 9 “ I I . B L ö b b , Bohl, Fox; 12—19. B a 4917, 9 5 8 5 -7 , 14853, 27492, 30504, 109200, 14.88, 16.93, 18-26, 15-52, 12.69, 17.55, 13-53, 13-98; 20. L 3 7 0 ( = H ill 12-8), 18.49; 21—22. L 371, 372 ( = fita , pl. V I I - 2 1 ) , 15.85, 14.32; 23. M S a s tr e 6 5 9 8 , 17.41; 24—3 3 . M 9699, 9701, 9705, 9712, 9713 (Vives 160-4), 971 4 -6 , 9721, S astre 6599, 14.24, 17.47, T6-42, 13.04, 18.53, 14-12, 13.94, 16.25, 12 -7 7 , i° - i 2 ; 3 4 - 3 7 · ° , !3-58, 13*14, I 5 -7 8 , 16-15 (pierced); 3 8 . C 609, 13.30; 3 g . C , 12.80; 4 0 . P ozzi coll. 4; 4 1 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 356, 14.10. C o u n te rm ark s: R ( = cm k 33) o n th e rev ., on 21, 26. C R ( = cm k 45) on th e rev., on 34.

(0

20 mm, 5.49 g (13)

279 280

AE. 2 9 -3 0 m m , 14.95g (36)- Axis: var. C O L V IC IV L L E P; fem ale head (of V enus?), r. L N E P L SV RA P R II V IR ; bull, r.

As

261

L N e p L S u ra p r I lv ir

(61) (7O (48)

During Tiberius’s reign only one issue was struck. The asses were coined by the Ilviri and the semisses by the aediles. The stylistic similarity of Tiberius’s portraits on both denominations gives weight to this view. Its chronology within Tiberius’s reign remains uncertain.

M

160-3), 9696, 9698, S astre 6618, 15.04, 15.08, 12.81, 15.64, 14.39, 16.00, I 9 -3 C >7-58, 15-12, 14-61, 14-25; 2 9 · O , 15.36; 3 0 . G 2, 12.10; 3 1 . C , 19.14; 3 2 - 3 3 . C 6 06-7, 13 Ί [ , 12.88; 3 4 . G iro n a 29430 ( = cmtm, pl. 5 80), 12.37.

20 mm, 5.15g (15)

29 mm,

in

[ 13 ]

893

C V I L PR II V IR ; h ead o f V ictory, r., p alm over 1. shoulder C B A LB O L P O R C IO ; bull, r. i . C alico 6/1979, 422, 14.48; 2. C op 537, 12.40; 3 . F 49, 13.55; 4 · P 2 50, 13.00; 5. P 251, 12.30; 6. V 104, I I . 11; 7 - g . B L öbb, R au c h , B ohl; 1 0 15. B a 4900, 9583, 14846, 14855, 23662, 33937, 13.48, 15.60, 12.64 (p ierced), 17.4g, Ι Ι ·54, Ι4·7°; 1 6 -1 7 . L 368, 369 ( = f i t a , pl. V II-2 0 ) , 19.56, 12.96; 1 8 -3 8 . M 9679-80, 9682-3, 9686, 9689, 9694, 9695 ( = V ives

L

C a lp u r n iu s S e x N i g e r a e d

266

AE. 20 m m , 5.65 g (4: 266—7). Axis: var. Vives 160-7, H ill 12-9,

fita

211,

nah

[ 2 ]

898

C V I L; rad iate bust o f Sol, facing L C A L SE X N IG A ED ; sheep, r. i . B R a u c h ( = H ill 12-9), 5.02; 2. O , 5.77; 3. IV D J ( = V ives 160-7), 5 -5 0 -

267

AE. 19mm. See a66. Axis: 11 (1).

[ ° ]

10.69; 32- P 263, 12.07; A V G V S T C V I C E L S /L C O R N T E R R E N O M I V N H IS P Ä N f? ] I I V IR : 3 3 . M 9797, 12.37; A V G V S T G V I C E L S /L C O R N E T E R R E N O M I V N H IS P A N O I I V IR : 3 4 . M g S o t, 12.14; A V G V S T C V I C E L S /U n c e rta in v ar.: 3 5 . J Î 179, m .24; A V G V S T C V I C E L S A /L C O R N E T E R R E N M IV N I H IS P A N [ I I V IR ]: 3 6 . Y riarte, NH 1953, pi. 4 -1 8 ; A V G V S T V S C V I C E L S A /L C O R T E R R M IV N H I S P I I V IR : 3 7 —3 8 . C alico 6/1979, 4 2 9 -3 0 , 11.70, 14.80; 3 9 . M S V 17/12/1981, 499, 10.40; 4 0 . O = AMC 973, 14.04; 4 1 . R 180, Γ3 · ΐ 3 ; 4 2 · v I 0 7 , 14-10; 4 3 - 4 4 · B a.B ., 5654/54; 4 5 - 4 8 . B a 4914, 23659, 26640, 33938, 15.14, 11.60, 12.94, 13.22; 4 9 “ 5 °· L 387 -8 , 14.16, 13.20; 5 1—5 3 . M 9806, 9813, S astre 6606, 9.11, 13.77, 15.35; 5 4 · P 262, 11.76; 5 5 . Seaby B u lletin 4/1988, C 160; A V G V S T V S C V I C E L S A /L C O R T E R R M IV N I H IS P I I V IR : 5 6 . Bo 251, 8.84; 5 7 . M i 222, 11.33; 5 8 . 0 = a m c 972, 12.64; 5 9 · T 1 08, 10.30; 6 0 . B Bohl; 6 1 —6 8 . B a 9592, 14862, 14867, 23661, 26637, 30507, 37°9°> 109199, 10.69, 11.32, 11.90, 8.91, 13.08, 14.67, 13.69, 12.17; 6 9 —7 2 . L 379 -8 2 , 16.15, 12.44, 11-69, 9.66; 7 3 —7 6 . M 9810 -1 , 9836, 9838 (= V ives 160-11), 9-39, 10.60, 10.35, Ï2.67; 7 7 . IV D J, form erly S de C 1375; 7 8 . C , 9.98; 79. P rin ce to n 718, 8.96; A V G V S T V S C V I C E L S A /u n k n o w n v ar.: 8 0 . P D ’Ailly 17475, 11.24; 8 1 —8 2 . G 4 -5 , 15.42, 12.10. C o in 7 orig in ally read C E L S A , as coin 17; th e re a re tra ces o f th e A w h ich h as eith er b een d eleted on p u rp o se o r accid en tally filled in o n th e die. C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., o n 24, 51. R ( = cm k 33) on th e rev., o n 38, 41, 80. A ( = cm k 14) on th e rev., o n 40. L A ( = cm k 54) on th e rev ., on 3, 42. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 71) on th e obv., on 72. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 73) o n th e rev ., o n 64. D D ( = cm k 47) o n the obv., on 69. A lso G u a d â n 27 (= cm k 93) (n o t verified).

C O L V IC IV L L E P; rad iate head o f Sol, r. L C A [ ]; sheep, r. i . M S a s tre 6 6 2 7 , 6.32.

268

AE. 15mm, 2.92g (1). Axis: 3 (1).

[ ° ]

Vives 160-8, FiTA 211, H ill 12—10 C V I L [?]; boar, r. [?] S E X N IG AED; crescent I.

IV D J ( = V ives 160-8 — H ill 12-10), 2.92.

Octavian (?) L P o m p e iu s B u c c o L

_ _ ________ C o r n e liu s F r o n t I l v i r i , b e fo re

27

BC (?) 269

AE. 28-3om m , 14.52g (61). Axis: var.

[ 24 ]

Vives 160-9, H ü! 13-1, gmi 438, n a h 899 C O L V d C EL SA I I V IR ; b are head, r. L P O M P E B V C C O L C O R N E F R O N T (O ); bull, r. i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , io6, 13.65; 2. A N E 15-16/12/1981, 199, 15.48; 3 — 5. Bo 247-9, 14-80, 12.57, 18-90; 6 “ 7 · C alico 6/1979, 4 2 6-7, j 6.04, 11.48; 8. M i 221, 14.50; 9. M M A G 487 (1986) 1, 17.02; 1 0 -1 1 . M u 8 3 -4 , 15.68, 14.73; *2—13. 0 = a m c 969-70, 10.11, 14.32; 14—21. P 249, 252-7 a n d S de R , 11.64, 30.41, 15.57, 16.88, 9.88, 12.32, 11.43 a n d 16.55; 2 2 . R 178, 15 *7 3 i 23· T ü b in g e n 27, 11.15; 24. V 106, 9.79; 2 5 - 2 9 . B 17105, D ressel, B ohl, L öbb, 27874; 30—4 0 . B a 4903, 9588-90, 14844, 14851, 23657-8, 26643, 30500, 109198, 15.39, Ι 4 · Ι 4> u - 4 9 , 12.29, 17.18, 13.15, 13.81, 12.50, 10.13, 17.14, 17.00; 41—4 5 . L 374-6, 377 (F R O N T O ), 378, 18.96, 13.60, i i . 51, 10.43, 15·12; 46· M 9 7 5 7 (= V iv e s 160-9), 19.55; 47 —64· M 9 7 5 6 , 9 7 5 8- 9 . 9 7 66. 9768-70, 9 7 7 4 , 9779-80, 9782-4, 9789, 9791, S astre 6603-5, 20.25, 15.28, 16.97, 11-4 1, 15 -4 5 , i 6 -6 2 , i 3 -9 1, i 8 -5 3 , 11 -89, 11.70, 15 -9 4 , 12-63, I 7 -9 2 , 10.90, 14.38, 13.19, 13.34, 14.29; 6 5 . C 610, 12.24; 6 6 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 29-3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 359, 15.07. B arb a ro u s im ita tio n : 1. O , 9.59. C o u n te rm ark s: R ( = cm k 33) on the rev., on 11, 18, 61. E ag le’s h ea d , r. (= cm k 4), on th e obv., on 20, 26. T I ( = cm k 69) on th e rev., on 19. S p ear h ea d ( = cm k 8) on obv., on Γ4. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev., on 64. Also G u a d â n 25 (not verified).

L S u ra L B ucco I lv ir i

271

C o r n e liu s T e r r e n u s M

gmi

439,

nah

[ 18 ] 56

A V G V S T V S D IV I F; bare head, r. C V I C E L L SV RA L B V C C O I I V IR ; bull, r. i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 108, 13.91; 2—3 . Bo 253 -4 , 8.49, 11.48; 4 . C alico 6/1979, 4 3 L 11-38; 5. M i 223, i i . 41 (b ro k en ); 6. M u 85, 11.74; 7. O = AMC 976, 11.18; 8—i i . P 259-61 a n d S d e R , 12.31, 9.45, 12.34 a n d 12.84; 12. R 18 1, 12.44; I 3 · T ü b in g e n 28, 10.73; *4 · V 109, ΐ2 .ο ι; 15— 17. V a t 4 0 0 -2 , 12.50, 11.90, 10.90; 18. C o p 539 ( = H ill 13—3), 11.31; 19— 2 2 . B G an sau g e, L ö b b (2), R au ch ; 23—3 1 . B a 4910, 9591, 14866, 14877, 2 75°6, 30512, 30515, 100918, 109201, 12.58, 12.84, 12.03, 11.46, 12.71, 12.36, 11.02, 13.39, 11-50; 3 2 - 3 4 · L 3 8 9 -9 1. 12 -5 4 , 11-89, 11-66; 3 5 . M 9 8 5 2 ( = V ives 1 60-12), 13.18; 3 6 - 4 8 . M 9842 -5 , 9847 -9 , 9856 (reen g rav ed A V G V S T V S ), 9861—5, 10.33, 12-2 3> 12.12, 11.75, 12.97, i i . o i , 1 1.67, 13 -3 7 , 14-18, 14-34, ! 2 .6 i , 13.57, 13.13; 4 9 . N 177, 12.26; 5 0 . G 6, io .3 7 ; 5 1 —5 3 . C , 10.74, 13-08 (p ierced ), 16.32; 5 4 . P rin ce to n 717, 13.50; 5 5 . F o rm erly S de C 1371. C o u n te rm ark s: R ( = cm k 33) on rev ., on 1. U n c e rta in c ircu lar o n th e rev., o n 9, 26. P R ( = cm k 61) on th e rev ., on 50. S p ear h ea d ( = cm k 8) on the obv., on 54.

Augustus L

AE. 2 8m m , 12.14g (48). Axis: var. Vives 160-12, H ill 13-3,

I u n iu s H is p a n u s I l v i r i L B a g g iu s M n F la v iu s F e s tu s I l v i r i

270

AE.

2 7 - g m m , 1 1 .9 7 g (71).

Vives

160-10, ii

an d

Axis: var.

173-11,

H ill

[

28

]

1 3 - 2 , gmi 4 3 7 , n ah 9 5 8

272

[ ° ]

Vives 161-1

A V G V S(T V S) C V I C EL S(A ); b are head, r., all in w reath L C O R (N E ) T E R (R E N O ) M IV N (I) H IS P (A N O ) II V IR ; bull, r. Ä V G V S C V I C E L S /L C O R T E R M IV N H IS P I I V IR : 1. M 9834, 13.31; A V G V S C V I C E L S /L C O R T E R R M IV N H IS P I I V IR : 2. F o rm erly S de C 1374; 3- O = a m c 975, 12.24; 4 . B L ö b b ; 5—6. B a 14861, 23660, 9.16, 8.60; 7. L 3 8 5 ( = H i I l 13—2), 13.91; 8. L 386, 12.i t ; 9 -1 4 · M 9821, 9823, 9 8 32-3, 9835, 9837, 12.26, 12.22, 11.80, 10.98, 12.33, 8.27; A V G V S C V I C E L S /L C O R N T E R R E N M IV N I H IS P A N I I V IR : 15. P S de R , 14.42; 16. L 384, 15.39; A V G V S C V I C E L S A /L C O R T E R R M IV N H IS P I I V IR : 17. A N E 7 -9 /3 /1 9 8 9 ; A V G V S T C V I C E L S /L C O R T E R M IV N H IS P I I V IR : 18. C , 12.00; A V G V S T C V I C E L S /L C O R T E R R M IV N H IS P I I V IR : i g . Bo 252, 12.32; 20. M u 86, 14.96; 2 1 . B R auch; 22. B a 9594, 8.81; 23—2 4 . M 9818, S astre 6597, 9.71, 9.26; A V G V S T C V I C E L S /L C O R N T E R R E M IV N H IS P A N I I V IR : 2 5 . M g_8oo ( = V ives i6 o - i o ) , m .33; A V G V S T C V I C E L S /L C O R N T E R R E N M IV N H IS P A N I I V IR : 26. L 383, 12.09; 3 7 - 2 8 . M 9796, 9798, 11.02, 12.28; A V G V S T G V I C E L S /L C O R N T Ë R R E N M I V N Ï H IS P Ä N I I V IR : 29. A N E 2 3 24/10/1984, 107, 11.09; 3 °· C alico 6/1979, 428, 13.38; 31. O — AMC 974,

A E. 24m m , 6 .9 9 g (1). Axis: 6 (i).

A V G V S T V S D IV I F; bare_head, r. [C V I C E L L B A G G IO ] M N F E S [T O ] II V IR ; bull, r. i . IV D J ( = V ives 161-1 = S d e C 1381), 6.99. T h e obv. die m u st belong to the p rece d in g issue.

273

AE. 2 8m m , 12 .0 0 g (123). Axis: var. Vives 161-2, H ill 13-4,

gmi

440-2,

nah

[ 36 ] 959

A V G V S T V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. G V I C E L L B A G G IO M N F E S T O II V IR ; bull, r. I — 2. A N E 23—2 4 /1 0/1984, 109-10, 12.47, I 2 -28; 3. A N E 1 5-16/12/1981, 203, 10.25; 4. Be 4138, 11.29; 5 ” I 3 · 255~63, 11.77, I 2 -6o, 8.91, 9.87, 11.00, 11.55, 11-62, 1 0 .3 5 ,9 .5 2 ; 1 4 - 1 5 . C alico 6/1979, 4 3 2 -3 , 14.30, 14.50; 1 6 . C o p 540, 13.31; 1 7 . K la g 7, 11.82; 1 8 - 1 9 . M i 2 24-5, I 3-°6> 12.27; 2 0 · M S V 17/12/1981, 501, 13.30; 2 1 —2 4 . M u 8 7 -9 0 , 11.52, 14.50, 15.38, 14.13; 2 5 —2 6 . 0 = a m c 9 7 7 -8 , 12.77, 9 -2$; 2 7 —3 1 . P 264, 266-7, 274 a n d D ’A illy 17476, 14.16, 11.28, 11.78, 10.13 a n d 10.95; 3 2 · R 182, I I - 39; 3 3 - 3 5 * T ü b in g e n 29-3 1 , 9.55, 9.35, 8.13; 3 6 . V n o , 13.15; 3 7 4 2 . V a t 4 0 3 -8 , 14.90, 12.20, 11.50, i i . 10, 10.80, 10.10; 4 3 —4 4 . B Bohl,

S P A IN : Lepida-Celsa (274-279)

Fox, 10.85, 12.75; 45 —5 °· B L ö b b (2), B ohl, a.B ., R au c h , 27876; 51 — 8 1 . B a 4913, 9595-6, 14863, 14868-9, 23644-51, 26631-3, 26635, 26638-9, 26641, 26644-6, 27500, 27504—5, 30505, 33939, 100919-20, 10.18, 11.12, 11.34, 12.94, 12.49, ϊ ο . ο δ , 13.00, 12.30, 14.88, 11.56, i i . 33, 10.83, τ5·92> 11-47, ι 5·523 8-5f5> 13.07, 10.60, 13.01, 10.09, 11 -35s 10.86, 11.50, 12.70, 9 .9 1 ,9 .8 1 , 11.48, 14.00, 14.15, 10.63, 13-80; 8 2 . L 3 9 8 ( = H ill 13-4), 12.01; 8 3 - 8 9 . L 3 9 2-7, 399, 14.12, 14.04, 13.38, 10.84, i 3 -8 9 . 12-42, 10.19; 9 °· M 9 9 2 3 , 16.11 ; 9 1 —i n . M 9876, 9881, 9887-8, 9891, 9901 ( = V ives 161-2), 9903, 9907, 9913-6, 9921-2, 9924-5, 9927-8, 9930-1 , 9 9 3 6, 8-5 9 , 14-21, 12-70, 12.51, 12.53, IO-2 4 , 12.89, n - o i , n - 3 3 , 13 -9 7 , 13.20, 11.72 (broken), 16.42, 12.73, 15-78, 13.77, TI-59> n - 6 6 , 11.57, 11.76, 13.00; 112—114. N 178-80, i i . 91, 11.77, 10.95; I J 5 · G 7, 12.29; 116—117. C 2711, 6 11, 11.99 (pierced), 13.00; 118—122. C , 10.59, 8.38, 12.64, i i - i o , 8.64; 1 2 3 . P rin ce to n 719, 10.49; ** 4 · A lcoi 2530 ( = c m t m , pi. 21 -4 3 ), 9.68; 125—128. A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 35-176 a n d 36-177 to 179), 12.50, 11.70, i i . 00, 10.25; 1*9—13*. GMi 4 4 0-2, 14.80, 11.90, 15.50; 132—ϊ3 4 · F o rm erly S de C 1383—4, 1386. O n som e rev. dies th e n om en o f B aggius ap p e a rs as B A C C IO . C o u n te rm ark s: R (= cm k 33) on th e rev., on 2, 41, 45, 75—6, 96, 130. E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 30, 41, 94. E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), on th e obv., on 134. A ( = c m k 14) on th e rev., on 133. T I ( = cm k 69) on th e rev., on 132. C R (= cm k 45) on th e rev., on 10. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev., on 49, 55. L A ( = cm k 54) on th e rev., o n 83. U n c e rta in c ircu lar on th e rev., on 38. D (?) ( = cm k 24?) on th e rev., o n 50. M o n o g ram ( = c m k 72) on th e rev., on 131. L -V I ( = c m k 55) on th e obv., on 130. A lso G u a d â n 68 ( = c m k 26) (not verified). 274

AE. 20 mm , 5.15 g (15). Axis: var. Vives 161-3, H ill 13-5,

gmi

448

[ 2]

Vives 161-4 A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. L B A G G IO M N F E S T O II V IR ; in field, C V I C E L i . C alico 6/1979, 435, 2.38; 2—3. L 4 0 1-2, 3.51, 2.72; 4. M 9 9 5 6 , 2.71; 5. M 9957, 2.87; 6. F o rm erly B uckler coll. ( = V ives 161-4); 7. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 361, 3.44.

L A u f id iu s P a n s a S e x P o m p e iu s N i g e r a e d

AE. 20 m m , 5.49 g (13)· Axis: var. Vives 161-5, GMI 449

Tiberius

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; laureate head, r. L A V F ID PA NSA S E X P O M P N IG R O ; in field, A ED C V I C ELSA

B a g g iu s F r o n t C n B u c c o I l v i r i ite r u m

AE. 16-1 7 m m , 4.08 g (3). Axis: var.

[ ο ]

Vives 161-6, H ill 13-6, n a h 960 A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. L PANSA SE X N IG R O ; in field, A ED C V I i . M 9963, 4.63; 2. M S astre 6629, 3.89; 3. IV D J ( = V ives 161-6 = H ili 13-6), 3 -7 3 -

[ 37 ] n ah

961

[ 6 ]

i . C alico 6/1979, 436, 5.48; 2—3. P 265 a n d 275, 3.86 a n d 6.04; 4 . B R au ch ; 5. B a 9599, 6.65; 6 - 7 . L 40 3 -4 , 7.94, 5.15; 8. M 9 9 6 0 , 4.22; 9 13. M 9958—9, 9961—2, S astre 6625, 4.66, 7.10, 5.25, 5.69, 5.35; 14. V ives 161-5 (form erly B uckler coll.) ( = g m i 449); 15. C 613, 3.95. 277

444-7,

D O M I T - P O M P E I : i . V m , 1 1 .19; 2. B a 9 5 9 7 , 1 0 .07; D O M I T P O M P E IO : 3. B a 1 4 878, 1 0.13; D O M I T I - P O M P E I : 4 —5. B a 3 3 9 4 0 , 3 7 0 9 2 , 11.66, 14.84; 6. L 4 0 9 , 1 1.80; 7—10. M 9 9 7 2 , 9 9 9 7 , 1 0 024, 10032, 1 0.58, 15 .2 8 , 1 2 .7 1 , 13.07; D O M I T I - P O M P E I O : 11. V a t 4 1 2 , 9.90; 12. B 7 6 3 /1 8 7 7 ; 13—16. B a 2 6 6 3 6 , 3 0 5 0 8 , 3 0 5 1 1 , 3 7 0 9 3 , i i . 5 1 , 10.40, 10.51, 12.00; 17—19. M 9969, 10003, 10 0 2 1 ( = V ives 161—8), 13.16, 13.20, 13.00; 20. N 181, 11.49; D O M I T I O - P O M P E I O : 2 1 . K la g 8, 11.85; 22. M S V 17/12/1981, 502, 10.10; 23—24. B B ohl; 25—27. B a 14865, 23652, 100921, 12.54, ιΐ· 6 ο , 14.49; 2 8 ^ 4 1 1 , 8 . 5 2 ; 29—3 2 . M 9967, 10017-8, S astre 6614, 10.62, 12.16, 12.33, ΙΓ ·5 3 > D O M I T - u n c e r ta in : 3 3 . B a 14751, 13.16; 3 4 . R 184, 12.73; 35- 3 6 · G 8 - 9 . ΐ 3 ·4 4 , I0 -4 °; D O M IT I - u n c e r ta in : 3 7 —3 8 . P 273, D ’A illy 17477, ΙΟ·7 2> Ι 2 ·°3 (broken); 3 9 . V a t 409, 13.40; 4 0 —4 1 . B L ö b b , R au ch ; 4 2 —4 3 . B a 23654-5, 13.51, 9.88; 4 4 . L 4 0 5 (P O M P E ? ), 9.98; 4 5 . L 407, 12.57; 4 6 —4 8 . M 10020, 10022, 10027, 12.98, 12.54, 15.18; 4 9 . O = AMC 980, 8.80; 5 0 . A lac an t ( = c m t m , pl. 3 6 -1 8 1 ), 11.20; D O M I T I O - u n c e r ta in : 5 1 . Bo 264, 10.30; 5 2 . P 269, 11.20; 5 3 . B L öbb; 5 4 . M 10023, T2.67; U n c e rta in -P O M P E I: 5 5 . C o p 541, 10.30; 5 6 . P S d e R ( = H ill 13-7 ), 13.10; 5 7 - 5 8 . B a 23656, 37094, 12.35, I 2 -I 5 > 59 · L 406, 13.83; 6 0 . A lcoi 1258 ( = c m t m , pl. 2 2 44), 10.99; U n c e r ta in - P O M P E I O : 6 1 —6 2 . Bo 2 6 5 -6 , 11.16, 10.53; 6 3 . M i 227, 11.68; 6 4 . M u 91, 11.07; 65· P 268, 11.56; 6 6 . B Bohl; 6 7 - 6 9 . Ba 23653, 3 ° 5 10, 100922, 11.96, 1 3 .0 1 ,9 .1 6 ; 7 0 . L 410, 10.13; 7 1 —7 2 . M 10012, 10033, 1 *- ί-θ* 10.75; 7 3 . O = AMC 981, 9.40; U n c e rta in -U n c e rta in : 7 4 . A N E 15 -1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 205, 12.73; 75 · C alico 6 /1979, 4 3 7 . 1348; 7 6. M i 226, 9.81; 7 7 . M u 92, 11.64; 7 8 - 8 1 . P 270, 270 bis, 271 -2 , 12.08, 8.48, 8.49, 9.90; 8 2 —8 4 . V 112-4, 13.30, 11.00, 10.55; 85—8 6 . V a t 4 10-1, 12.00, 11.30; 8 7 - 8 9 . B 150/1966, 5652/54, 27875; 9 0 - g i . B a 9598, 30516, 9.78, 12.12; 9 2 . L 408, 11.38; 9 3 —9 6 . M 9993, 10001, 10004, S astre 6617, 10.81, 11.09, 10.78, 11.48; 9 7 . O = AMC 979, 12.14; 9 8 . R 183, 13.05; 9 9 . C , 11.59; I 0 ° · C 612, 10.97; 1 0 1 . P rin ceto n 720, 9.27; 1 0 2 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , p l . 3 6 -1 8 2 ), 10.80; 103. A N E 18-1 9 /2 /1 9 7 1 , 46; 104—1 05. GMI 445, 447, 9.65, 11.85; *6. F o rm erly S de C 1391. C o u n te rm ark s: L -V I ( = cm k 55) o n th e obv., on 79. T I ( = cm k 69) on the rev., on 77 ( T [ I ] ) , 104, 106. C R ( = cm k 45) o n th e rev ., o n 56, 77, 78, 92. R ( = cm k 33) on th e rev., o n 23, 26, 29, 50, 66, 79, 81, 84, 8g, 99. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 72) o n th e rev., o n 52, 80, 95. D D ( = cm k 47) o n the obv., o n 96. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev., o n 96, 102. LA ( = cm k 54) o n th e rev ., o n 6, 103. S p ear h e a d ( = cm k 8) o n th e o b v ., on 52. S (?) ( = cm k 35) o n th e rev., on 63. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 76) o n th e rev., o n 105. A lso G u a d ä n 28 ( = cm k 4), 29 ( = cm k 13) a n d 63 ( = cm k 61) (not verified).

i . C alico 6/1979, 4 3 4 , 4-6o; 2. M S V 17/12/1981, 505, 6.10; 3. P 276, 5.11; 4 . B B ohl, 3.98; 5 - 6 . B a 14752, 23665, 3.84, 4.43; 7. L 400, 5.57; 8. M 9 9 5 2 ( = V ives 161-3 = H ill 13-5), 6.24; 9 - 1 5 . M 9949-51, 9953-5, S astre 6624, 6.11, 4.90, 4.18, 5.93, 5.28, 5.59, 5.45.

276

gmi

IM P C A ESA R D IV I F A V G V S T V S C O S X II; laureate head, r. C V I C E L C N D O M IT (IO ) C P O M P E I(O ) II V IR ; bull, r.

[ 3]

AE. 16m m , 2.94g (6)- Axis: var.

AE. 29 m m , 11.53 g (93). Axis: var. Vives 161-8, H ill 13-7,

A V G V S T V S D IV I F; laureate head, r. L B A G G IO M N F L A V IO F E S T O ; in field, II V IR C V I C ELS

275

BC

C n D o m itiu s C P o m p e iu s I l v i r i , 3 - 3 278

113

279

AE. 28m m , 11.46g (51). Axis: var. Vives 161-9, H ill 13-8,

gmi

450,

nah

[ 18] 1077

T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. C V I C E L BAG G F R O N T (or F R O (N )) C N B V C C O II V IR II; bull, r. 1—2. C alico 6/1979, 4 3 9 -4 0 , 12.80, 16.80; 3 . C o p 542, 10.27; 4 · M S V 17/12/1981, 506, 9.72; 5. P 2 7 8 ( = H ill 13-8 ), 11.99; 6 - 7 . P 277, 279, 8.60, 12.21; 8 . R 185, 12.50; 9—10. V 115-6, 13.52, 7.36; i i —12. V a t 4 1 3 -4 , 13.20, 11.60; 13—17. B 149/1966, B ohl, a.B ., 17468, K assel, 8.69, 14.73, — > 12.21, 13.30; 18—25. 9 6 0 0 -U 14754, 14864, 26642, 27494,

3 0 5 0 6 , 3 0 8 7 8 , 9 .1 7 , 10.1 8 , 11.50, 1 3.41, 11 .3 2 , 8 .7 2 , 1 0.39, 9 -Sg; 2 6 - 3 0 . L 4 1 2 - 4 , 4 1 5 ( = V ives 1 6 1 - 9 ), 4 1 6 (F R O N ) (d ouble-struck), 13,24, 13.04, 11.96, 9 .8 2 , 8 .1 5 ; 31—4 7 . M 1 0 0 3 4 -9 , Ï 0 0 4 1—3, 1 0 0 4 5 -9 , I 0 ° 5 ° (F R O ? ), 10052, 10057, 12.40, 12.31, 15.09, 1 2.44, Ι 2 ·34> Τ Ι·94> 11.84, i i - g o , 11.86,

V e titiu s B u c c o C F u fiu s I l v i r i

280

AE. 21-2 m m , 5 .4 3 g (14). Axis: var. Vives 161-7, H ill 13-9,

10.09, 9 - 9 9 9 -9 3 . 9 -7 2 , 9 -5 4 , 9 -3 4 . i 3 -5 ° , 12-27: 4 »· N 182, 1 0 .90; 4 9 50. O , 11.57, 11-13; 5 1 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 3 6 - 1 8 7 ), 12.25; 52. C lassical N u m ism a tic s 9/12/1988, 350 (F R O N ), 12.19. N orm ally the cognom en o f B aggius ap p e a rs as F R O N T a n d a few cases h ave been reco rd e d as F R O N (coins 30 a n d 52). T h e dies are often w id er th a n th e flan a n d it is n o t alw ays possible to read th e en d o f th e legend. F orgery: i . B B ohl, 10.38. C o u n te rm ark s: P ( = cm k 29) on th e rev., on 5. U n c e rta in in circu lar p u n c h on the obv., on 7. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev., on 39.

gmi

451,

nah

[ 5 ] 1078

T I C A ESA R A V G V S T VS; laureate head, r. V E T IL IO B V C C O N Ë C F V F IO ; in field, A ED C ELSA i . A N E 15 -1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 208, 6.48; 2. C alico 6/1979, 43^, 6.40; 3 . M S V 17/12/1981, 508, 6.00; 4 . P 2 7 8 A , 5.43; 5. B R au ch , 4.44; 6—7. B a 14753, 3 ° 5 I 9 s 5 -5 4 » 4 - n ; 8 - 1 0 . L 4 1 7 -9 , 5.79, 5.61, 5.29; 1 1 - 1 4 . M 9964-6, S astre 6628, 3.28, 6.02, 6.13, 5.47; 15. I V D J ( = V ives 161-7).

Osca Throughout the Republican period, especially during the second half of the second century and the first third of the first century, the Iberian city of Bolskan minted many series of silver (denarii) and bronze coins (asses, semisses and quadrantes). A part of these issues was probably used to finance Sertorius’s military expenditure. Bolskan was one of the Iberian mints in Republican Spain which struck a very great number of coins and which were widely dispersed in circulation (A. Dominguez, Las cecas ibéricas del valle del Ebro, Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 86-99; L. Villaronga, NAH, pp. 168-70). Later on, in 39 b c , in this city and with the Latin name Osca, Cn Domitius Calvinus struck an ‘official’ issue of denarii (RRC 532/1). This issue confirms the identity of Bolskan and Osca, not only because of the ethnic but also because these denarii bear on the obverse the same male head as was used in the previous Iberian coinages of the city. The coinages of the Municipium Urbs Victrix Osca (Pliny iii. 24) began probably with Octavian or in about 27 b c , with an issue (281-2) that bears only the name of the city. For the obverse a portrait was chosen that seems to imitate that of Octavian from official coinages of the years c. 29-27 b c or slightly before (RIC 250a, 267); for the reverse, in this issue as well as on the units of the other issues, the horseman is taken from the Iberian coinages. The issue includes a quadrans whose obverse legend presents problems, because of its rarity (one specimen known) and bad conservation; here we share Vives’s (iv, p. 50), Hill’s (p. 141) and A. Beltran’s (Las antiguas monedas oscenses, Huesca, 1950, p. 20) reading and accept MV and its expansion as municipium as the most probable (contra Grant, FIT A 167, who proposed VV). This issue, which has some similarities with 431 from Calagurris, was considered by Grant (FITA 167) as a foundation one and he dated it to 28 b c . This, although probable, lacks firm evidence (contra A. Beltran, p. 19; M. and F. Beltran, Numisma 162-4, ι 9&°> p. 67, who propose that the city obtained municipal status with Gn Domitius, although they also admit (p. 62) that 281 copies models from after Actium). Later on, well into Augustus’s reign, five issues were minted. They have the usual legend AVGVSTVS DIVI F, to which was later added a reference to Augustus as ponti­ fex maximus (PONT MAX) and the title PATER PATRIAI (sic). The types on the coins do not vary except

for the fractions whose reverses consist completely of the legend. The reading PATRIAI on the obverse of 285, 287 and 289 is certain, and can be considered as an archaism. The arrangement of Augustus’s issues proposed here seems reasonably probable. It is based on the evolution of the legends and also on the fact that there are no stylistic differences between Augustus’s portrait on issue 289 and Tiberius’s on issue 291. This is why we consider 289-90 as the last issue minted during Augustus’s reign. The denomi­ nations are asses, semisses and quadrantes. As

281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290

Semis

29m m,

Quadrans

12.17g (15) 14mm, 2.34g (2)

28-9 mm, 11.33 g (20) 28m m, 12.58g (22) 2 8 -9 mm, 11.79g ( : 5) 21 mm, 5.90g (21) 2 8 -9 mm, 12.04g (21) 23 mm, 7.23 g (3) 28m m,

12.05g (18) 15 mm, 2.60 g (2)

During Tiberius’s reign the mint’s production decreased slightly, and only four issues were struck. The content of the first one (291-4) is, perhaps, the most uncertain and con­ troversial because we include within it anonymous denomi­ nations and the semis of M. and Q. Aelius (292); but here we consider that they constitute a single issue on the grounds of the stylistic similarity of the obverses. 294 with the title P(ater) P(atriae) is, as said by Hill (p. 141), an engraver’s mistake, since Tiberius never accepted that title. Villaronga’s reading of 294, as TI CAESAR AVG PP is wrong, as is Vives’s (iv, p. 52, no. 18) T I CAESAR AVG P M; the correct reading is TI CAESAR P P. Vives’s read­ ing (iv, p. 52, no. 19) of 293 is also wrong; the correct one is TI CAESAR PM . As

291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298-299

Semis

Quadrans

28-9 mm, ! 2 .5 9 g (17) 21 mm,

5.15g (7) 16 mm, 3 16 mm

28 mm, ” -5 7 g (23) 28-9 mm, 13-47 g (28) 28—9 mm, r 3 -5 ° g (15) 20-1 mm, 6.52 g (7)

Osca’s last issue was made during Caligula’s reign. All the coins allude to his first consulate, so it can be dated in 37 b c . As Hill (p. 14 1).pointed out, coins with Germanicus’s

S P A I N : Osca (281-289)

name - known from a drawing which Vives took from Delgado (pi. 158-17 and 159-20) - must be an invention or a misreading, since it has not been possible to verify their existence. Although we do not have metal analyses for every different part of this issue, visual examination seems to indicate that 300 and 301, because of their colour, could perhaps be made of brass. 302/15 is, according to a quali­ tative analysis, a bronze coin; from this we could probably deduce that the issue would consist of sestertius (300), dupondius (301), as (302) and semis (303). The average weight of the as follows the metrological standard with which the asses of previous issues were struck. 300 301 302

(p ierced ), 13.65; 22. F o rm erly B uckler coll. ( = V ives 136-6); 2 3 . IV D J, form erly S d e C 1674; 24. C 664, 12.22; 25. A N E 5 -7 /7 /1 9 6 3 , 27 ( = S de C 1675 = NAH 1156), 12.55. C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram (= cm k 93) o n th e rev ., on 25.

After 2 BC Compostus et Marullus Ilviri 285

21 mm, 5.09g (6)

286

Vives 136-3, H ill 27-4,

gmi

604,

nah

[ 4 ] 903

gmi

[ o ]

287

AE. 28-9 m m , 11.33 g (20)· Axis: var. gmi

605,

nah

5 .9 0 g

H ill

(21).

Axis: var.

2 7 -6 ,

n ah 9 7 3

[ 4 ]

AE. 28~9m m , 12.04g (2 I )· Axis: var.

[ 6 ]

288

[ 4 ]

607, H ill 26-10

AE. 23 m m , 7.23 g (3). Axis: var. Vives 136-8,

i . C alico 6/1979, 189, 11.05; *· C o p 567, Ι2 ·9°1 3 · M S V 17/12/1981, 148, 13.5°; 4—5. P 309-10, 11.30, 10.93; 6· R 200, 11.60; 7· V a t 47°> i 2.80; 8 - 9 . Β L öbb, D a n n e n b e rg ( = H ill 2 6 -1 1 ), 9.49, 9.30; 1 0 -1 3 . B a 4583, 9707, 15135, 33961, 10.04, ” ·53> IO·76, 10.23; J 4· L 656, 12.59; Γ5· M 1 2 2 1 7 , 13.95; 16—20. M 12 2 16, 12218-20, S astre 6843, 12.62, 10.34, 8.75, 10.61, 12.39; 2 I * IV D J ( = V ives 136-4); 2 2 . V Q R c o ll. 90 6 . C o u n te rm ark : E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 6.

gmi

[ i ]

609

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. SPA RSO E T C A E C IL IA N O I I V IR ; in field, O SCA I. L 6 6 4 , 6 .54; 2. M 12248, 6.70 (obv. illegible); 3. IV D J 8 = S de C 1679 = gmi 609), 8.44.

(=

V ives 1 3 6 -

Anonymous

M Quinctius Q Aelius Ilviri AE. 28m m , 12.58g (22). Axis: var. 606, H ill 27-3,

gmi

i . Bo 299, i i . 21; 2. C alico 6/1979, 192, 11.55; 3 . P 3 1 3 , 12.91; 4 . V 185, 11.60; 5—7. B a 9709, 15138, 23864 (tooled leg en d s), 13.14, 15.24, 11.50; 8. L 663, 12.56; 9 - 1 9 . M 12239-47, S astre 6841 a n d 6845, 8.98, 12.56, 11.77, ι 0 ·8 5 , 12.03, ι ι . ι 8 , 13.44, n - H ? 12.21, 11.12, 13.98; 2 0 . G i, 11.65; 2 I · C 665, 12.27. F orgery: i . B B ohl, 13.57. C o u n te rm ark : S ( = cm k 34) o n th e o b v ., on 1.

970

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. V V O SCA ; horsem an w ith spear, r.

gmi

mm,

136-10,

A V G V ST V S D IV I F P O N T M A X P A T E R P A T R IA I; lau reate head, r. V RB V IC O SC A SPA RSO E T C A E C IL IA N O I I V IR ; horsem an w ith spear, r.

A u g u s tu s

Vives 136-6,

2 1

Vives 136-7,

th a n V V , see in tro d u ctio n .

284

[ 4 ]

Sparsus et Caecilianus Ilviri

i . C alico 6 /1 9 7 9 , 187, 2 .4 0 ; 2. M 1 2 2 0 7 ( = V ives 1 3 6 -2 = H ill 2 7 - 2 = gmi 6 1 0 ), 2.2 8 . T h e rea d in g M V is n o t ce rtain , b u t is m u c h m ore p ro b ab le

Vives 136-4, H ill 26-11,

Axis: var.

nah 9 7 2

610

M V ; b are head, r. O SCA ; pegasus, r.

283

(1 5 )·

2 7-5,

i . C alico 6/1979, 194, 5.80; 2. P 316, 6.08; 3 . V a t 472, 5.50; 4 . B 17444, 5.32; 5 - 8 . B a 9711, 15140, 30554, 105815, 6.31, 5.57, 5.55, 7.69; 9. L 6 6 7 ( = H ill 2 7 -6 ), 6.43; 10. L 668, 6.69; 11—20. M 12254-61, 12263, *2265, 6.76, 4.66, 5.32, 6.62, 5.36, 5.38, 6.76, 6.22, 5.37, 5.98; 21. IV D J (= V ives 136-10); 22. P rin ce to n 723, 4.44.

Bo 297, 11.95; 2. C alico 6 /1 9 7 9 , 188, 1 3.30; 3 . P 3 0 8 , 12.33; 4 . P 307 ( = H ill 2 7 - 4 ) , 12.50; 5 . V a t 4 6 9 , 1 0 .70; 6 - 7 . B a 3 0 5 5 7 , 3 0 5 5 9 , 1 2.26, 10.66; 8 - 9 . L 6 5 4 - 5 , 14.41, 1 2.68; 1 0 -1 6 . M 1 2 2 0 8 -9 , 1 2 2 1 1 -4 , S astre 6 8 4 6 , i i . 71, 12.34, 10.90, 11.58, 12 .7 1 , 9 .3 4 (p ierced ), 1 2.49; 17· IV D J ( = V ives 1 3 6 -3 ).

Vives 136-2, H ill 27-2,

1 1 .7 9 g

H ill

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. C O M P O S T O E T M A R V L L O II V IR ; in field, O SC A

I.

AE. 14m m , 2.34g (2)· Axis: io (1).

AE.

Vives

V RB V IG T ; b are head, r. O SCA ; horsem an w ith spear, r.

282

mm,

136-9,

I. C alico 6/1979, 193, 10.80; 2—3 . P 314 ( = V ives 136-9) a n d 315, 11.45, 9.19; 4 . V a t 471, 11.40; 5. A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 72, 12.16; 6—9 . B a 4587, 9710, 26661, 30558, 12.45, 12.39, 12.24, 11 -32; 10. L 6 6 6 (= H ill 2 7 5 = FiTA, pi. V -2 5 ), 11.77; i i . L 665, 12.40; 12—14. M 1225 0 -1 , Sastre 6839, 12.42, 11.30, 13.69; 15. N 206, 11.88.

U n c e rta in d a te (b efo re 2 7 BC?)___________________ A E. 29m m , 12.17g (15). Axis: var.

2 8 -9

A V G V ST V S D IV I F P O N T M A X P A T E R P A T R IA I; lau reate head, r. V V O SC A C O M P O S T O E T M A R V L L O II V IR ; horsem an w ith spear, r.

3°3

281

AE.

Vives

35 mm, 24.57 g (5) 28m m, 11.87g (6) 29-30 mm, 13.61 g (23)

//5

nah

[

7

]

1156

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. V V O SC A M Q V IN C T IO Q A E L IO I I V IR ; horsem an w ith spear, r. i . Bo 298, 12.86; 2 - 3 . C alico 6/1979, 190-1, 15.35, 11.60; 4 . M u 147, 16.27; 5 · 0 = amc 996, 12.10; 6. P 3 1 2 , 13.69; 7. B B ohl, 11.35; 8“ 12. B a 9708, 15136-7, 23861, 30560, 13.94, 12.59, I 2-64, 13-56, ro- 0 3 ; * 3 " 14. L 657 ( = V ives 136-6 = H ill 2 7 -3 ), 658, 11.78, 9.61; 1 5 -2 1 . Μ 12221, 12233-5, 12237-8, S astre 6842, 10.86, 11.94, 13.14? 13.26, 11.72, 9.17

289

AE. 28 m m , 12.05g (18). Axis: var. Vives 136-5,

gmi

608,

nah

[ 8 ]

971

A V G V ST V S P A T E R P A T R IA I; lau reate head, r. V V O SCA ; horsem an w ith spear, r. i . C o p 568, 11.45; 2 * M u 148, 11.45; 3 · I* 3 1 1 , 12.82; 4 —5. B Bohl, R au c h , 11.03, i t - H i 6—7. B a 15134, 23860, 10.99, 12.76; 8—10. L 659-61, 13.15, 12.73, 11.31; i i —18. M 12225-7, 12229-32, S astre 6848, 13.96, 10.14, 12.85, 12.20, 13.33, 12.19, 9·8 ι , 13.58.

AE. 15m m , 2.60g (2). Axis: var.

290

[ 1 ]

Vives 136-11, H ill 27-1

Anonymous 296

A V G V S T VS P P; lau reate head, r. O SC A in field

Vives 136-12, H ill 27-7,

AE. 2 8 -9 m m , 12.59g (17). Axis: var. n ah

[

5 ]

1084

T I C A E SA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. V RBS V IC O SC A D D; horsem an w ith spear, r.

297

AE. 2 1 m m , 5.15 g (7). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, r. M A E L M A X V M O Q A EL P R O C V L O ; in field, I I V IR O SC A

298

AE. 16m m , 3.31g (5). Axis: var.

299

AE. 16 m m .

[ o ]

Axis: 1-2 (1).

[ 1 ]

Caligula

300

AE. 3 5 m m , 24.57g (δ)· Axis: var. Vives 137-7, H ill 28-2,

1085.

AE. 28m m , 11.57g (23). Axis: var. gmi

298.

i . L 6 7 6 ( = H i l l 2 7 -1 2 ), 8.53.

gmi

616,

nah

[ 3 ] 1132

G C A ESA R A V G G E R M P M T R P O T C O S; laureate head, r. V V O SC A G T A R R A C IN A P P R IS C O I I V IR ; horsem an w ith spear, r.

Q u ie tu s e t P e r e g r in u s I l v i r i

Vives 137-1, H ill 27-13,

AE. 21 m m . See

G Tarracina P Priscus Ilviri

T I C A E SA R P P; laureate head, r. O SCA ; in field

295

[ 3 ]

As ag 8 , b u t head 1.

Vives 137-5 corr., H ill 27-10, gmi 615 corr., nah 1085 corr.

nah

Axis: var.

H ill 27-12

i . P 3 3 3 , 2.48; 2 - 3 . B B ohl ( — H ill 2 7 -9 ), D an n en b erg , 3.76, 3.56; 4 5. M 12304, 12305 ( = V ives 137-6), 3.43, 3.34.

615 =

2 9 8 —9 ) .

614

1 - 2 . P 325 a n d S d e R , 6.33 a n d 5.93; 3. B 27884, 7.35; 4 . B a 33962, 4.82; 5. M 1 2 3 0 1 ( = V iv e s i 37~4 = gmi 614), 6.28; 6 . H e rre ro 24/3/1988, 30, 6.39. F orgery: 1. M 12302, 4.45.

T I C A E SA R P M ; lau reate head, r. OSCA; in w reath

gmi

gmi

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. H O S P IT E E T F L O R O II V IR ; in field, V O SC A V

[ 3 ]

Vives 137-6, H ill 27-9

A E. 20-I''m m , 6 .5 2 g (7: Vives 137-4,

C alico 6/1979, 197, 6.00; 2. P 324 ( —H ill 2 8 -1 ), 4.77; 3. P 323, 5.79; 4 . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 1 , 73, 5.57; 5 . B a 4589, 4.81; 6 - 7 . M 12292, S astre 6853, 4.07, 5.01; 8. IV D J (= V ives 137-2).

i . V iv e s 137—5 = H ill 27-10 =

[ 5 ]

13.71, 13.23, 11.69; 9 - 10· L 67 4 - 5 . 13-72. 13·11; i r · M ! 2 2 9 4 . I 5 -3 5 ; 12—15· M 12295-6, 12299 ( —V ives 137-3 = H ill 2 7- 1 1 ), S astre 6850, 13.14, 15.56, 11.83, 14.20. F orgery: i . M 12300, 14.14.

I.

294

A E. 28-9 m m , 13.50 g (15). Axis: var.

i . C alico 6/1979, 198, 13.40; 2—3. P 321 -2 , 12.15, 13.27; 4 . A N E 1 5 16/12/1981, 96, 13.89; 5. B L ö b b , 14.25; 6—8. B a 23859, 27529, 30561,

Vives 137-2, H ill 28-1

293

1083

Vives 137-3, H ill 27-11 T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, r. V V O SC A H O S P IT E E T F L O R O I I V IR ; horsem an w ith spear, r.

A e liu s M a x u m u s Q , A e liu s P r o c u lu s I l v i r i

292

[ 10 ]

nah

Hospes et Florus Ilviri

i . C alico 6/1979, 196, 13.30; 2. P 3x9, 12.60; 3 . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 95, 12.29; 4 · B L ö b b ( = H ill 2 7 -8 ), 12.26; 5. B a i o o 8 g i , 16.33; 6 - 1 0 . 4584, 97x4, 15142, 15144, 23863, 12.17, 13.01, 11.45, 12.75, I 2 -°35 i i —Σ2 * L 672-3, 12.40, 8.39; 1 3 - 1 6 . M 12278, 12280-1, S astre 6860, 12.47, I 2 -5 3 > 12.37, 14-43; 17· O , 13.32; 18. IV D J ( = V ives 136-13).

M

611-2,

r . Bo 300, 12.18; 2. C alico 6/1979, 195, 14.38; 3. C o p 569, 10.77; 4 · K lag 20, 11.99; 5 * M l 241, 11.71 (p ierced ); 6—7. P 317 -8 , 16.93, x3 -3 2; 8. R 201, 12.40; 9. V 186, 10.23; IO · A N E 1 5 -1 6/12/1981, 94, 13.27; I I 17. B a 4586, 4687, 9 7 1 2 -3 , 15141, 27530, 100890, 13.14, 14.67, 12.34, 12.29, I 2 -9 7 > r 3 -74-! 12-79; *8. L 6 7 0 ( = H ill 2 7 -7 ), 13.83; 19—20. L 669, 671, 14.39, I 3 ·20; 21—2 6 . M 12268-9, 122 73 —4r? 12276, S astre 6847, 13.18, 12.04, I 5 -3 ° (p ierced ), 13.00, 16.34, 11*78; 2 7 . G 2, 16.51; 2 8 . IV D J ( —V ives 136-12); 29. C 666, 14.46; 3 0 . C , 16.46; 3 1 . O , 14.65. Forgeries: 1. B B ohl, 13.25 (u n c e rta in ); 2. M 12272, 13.25.

Tiberius

Vives 136-13, H ill 27—8,

gmi

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. V V O SCA ; horsem an w ith spear, r.

i . L 6 6 2 ( = H ill 2 7 -1 ), 2.09; 2. IV D J ( = V ives 136-11), 3.12.

291

A E. 2 8 -9 m m , 13.47g (28). Axis: var.

[

i . C o p 571, 22.64; 2 · P 328, 25 ·4 5 ; 3· P 3 2 9 > 2 7 ·ϊ8 ; 4 . R 202, 20.40; 5· I V D J ( = V ives i 37- 7 = GMI 616), 27.17; 6. L e n in g ra d (B M cast).

11 ]

613

T I C A E SA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. V V O SC A II V IR Q V IE T O E T P E R E G R IN O ; horsem an w ith spear, r. i . C o p 570, 13.24; 2 - 3 . M u 149-50, 8.78, 9.67; 4. P 320, 12.47; 5 · B F o x , 11.89; 6 - 7 . B Bohl (2), 9.58, 12.87; 8 - 1 1. B a 4585, 9715, 15143, 23862, 13.36, 12.64, 8.46, 10.15; 1 3 -1 4 · L 6 7 7-8, 679 ( = H ill 27-1 3 ), 12.64, 11.87, 10.35; 15—22. M 12282—3, 12285, 12287-91, 13. i i , 13.21, 14.83, 8.41, 12.81, 13.77, 9-78, 11-99; 2 3 · Ο» 10.19; 24. IV D J ( = V ives 137-1 = g m i 613). F orgery: i . B a 15059.

301

A E. 28 m m , 11.87 g (6)· Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

Vives 137-11, H ill 28-4 G C A ESA R A V G G E R M P M T R P O T C O S; laureate head, r. G T A R R A C IN A P P R IS C O I I V IR V RB S V IC T ; w reath containing O SC A ι · Ρ 3 3 2 ( = H ill 2 8 -4 ), 13.23; 2. P 331, 11.52; 3. B ohl, 11.57; 4· B a 4588, 12.26; 5” 6· Μ 123175 123195 1 1·9 7 » 10.70; 7 * IV D J (= V ives 137 — ι ι ) . F orgery: 1. Μ 12318.

S P A IN : Osca, Caesaraugusta (302—303)

302

Bronze. 2 9 -3 0 m m , 13.61g (23). Axis: var. Vives 137-8, H ill 28-3, As

gmi

617,

nah

[ 11 ]

303

AE. 21 m m , 5.09g (6). Axis: var. Vives

1133

137-9,

H ill 28-5,

gmi

iiy

[ 2 ]

618

G C A ESA R A V G G E R M P M T R P O T C O S; laureate head, r. G T A R R A C IN A P P R IS C O I I V IR ; in field, V V O SC A

300

i . C alico 6/1979, 199, 14.08; 2. C op 572, 16.22; 3. M S V 17/12/1981, 151, T3 *7 °; 4 · M u 151, 16.09; 5 “ ®· P 327, 330, 12.11, 11.96; 7. V 187, 11.92; 8. A N E 15—16/12/1981, 97, 9.62; 9—10. B L öbb, B ohl, 18.67, Ι 3 ·9 9 > I I — 12. B a 4686, 9716, 12.79, 11-86; 13. L 6 8 0 ( = H ill 2 8 -3 ), 19.65; 14— 15. L 681-2, 13.91, 13.80; 16—22. M 12306-10, 12312, S astre 6840, 16.02, 12.90, 12.78, 10.78, 16.37, 10.66, 12.55; 23. Ο , 10.63; 24. IV D J ( = V ives !3 7 -8 = g m i 617). F orgery: 1. M 12311. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on 15.

i . P 326, 3.59; 2. B a 15060, 6.05; 3. L 6 8 3 ( = H ili 2 8 -5 ), 5.67; 4 —6 . M 12314-6, 5.67, 4 .1 1, 5.44; 7 . IV D J ( = V ives 137-9 = g m i 618).

Caesaraugusta The colony of Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza) was established by Augustus with veterans from the fourth, sixth and tenth legions, next to the Ebro river, where previously the Iberian oppidum of Salduba (= Saltuie) (Pliny, NH III, 3, 24) was located. This oppidum had minted a small issue of bronze coins (as and semis) at an uncertain date between the last third of the second century b c and the first third of the first century b c (A. Dominguez, Las cecas ibéricas del valle del Ebro, Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 146-50). The coinages of the colony have been discussed by O. Gil Farrés (Ampurias X III, 1951, pp. 65-111) and Beltran = A. Beltran (Numisma 20, 1956, pp. 9-40), but their arrange­ ments are not followed here. The imperial aurei and denarii, attributed to Caesaraugusta (BNC, p. 48; RIC, pp. 43-4, ‘Uncertain Mint 1’) and dated in 19-18 b c , are not included here. The coinage of Caesaraugusta is the largest in Spain. At the same time, it is a mint with some of the greatest prob­ lems of arrangement, definition of denominations and read­ ings. The issues minted during Augustus’s and Tiberius’s reign have a great variety of abbreviations and ligatures in their legends, which lead us to assume that a few dies with other variants may have not been recorded in this catalogue. Besides the numismatic problems, there is also the uncertainty about the date when the colony was founded. Different views range between the years 25 and 15-14 b c (J. Arce, Caesaraugusta, ciudad romana, Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 27— 34; M. and F. Beltran, Numisma 162-4, 1980, P· H; J-M . Roddaz, Epigraphie Hispanique, Paris, 1984, p. 292); this question obviously has repercussions for the date proposed for the first issues of the coinage. During Augustus’s reign, nine issues were minted, if we consider 330-2 as a single one. The reverse types are quite repetitive and normally indicate the denomination of the coins. Thus the yoke and the bull are only used for asses, except on 325-6 which are dupondii; the vexillum on basis is used for the semis, except on 329 which has no design and 330-1 on which Tiberius appears; and the wreath for the quadrans. On the obverse of all denominations the portrait of Augustus appears, except on the dupondii. Augustus’s issues have few sure chronological indicators; nevertheless, a possible relative arrangement can be pro­ posed. The issue of Q. Lutatius and M. Fabius is generally agreed to be the earliest. Its stylistic similarity with the aurei and denarii attributed to Caesaraugusta (RIC, pp. 43—4, 19-18 b c ) suggest a similar date and if, as has been proposed, this issue was a foundation one it would be poss­ ible to fix the colony’s foundation to about or after 19 b c .

305

As As

Q Lutatius M Fabius Ilviri AE. 29m m, 12.74g (7) Bronze. 28m m, 12.14g (16)

306-308

As

C Aisanus T Cervius Ilviri AE. 2 8 -9 mm, 12.40g (11)

3 09 - 3 io 3 11

As Semis Q uadrans Q uadrans

L Cassius C Valerius Fene(stellaP) Ilviri AE. 28m m, 12.38g (31) Copper + lead. 20 mm, 5.95 g (13) AE. 16mm, 3.74g (9) AE. 15mm, 3.35g (2)

As Semis Q uadrans

M Porcius Cn Fadius Ilviri, 8-1 Bronze. 28 mm, 11.51g (35) Bronze. 20-1 mm, 6.19g (57) Bronze. 16 mm, 3.39 g (22)

As

C Alliarius T Verrius Ilviri, 6 bc Leaded bronze. 28-9 mm, 11.75 g (25 )

Dupondius As Semis

Cn Domitius Ampianus C Vet Lancia(nus) Ilviri, 4-3 bc AE. 32 mm, 21.07 g (6) Leaded bronze. 28 mm, 11.35 g (46) Leaded bronze. 20-1 mm, 6.07 g (δ)

3 °4

312 3:3

3 r4 3 r5 3

ï6

3 '9

320 321

322 323 324

325-326 327

328 329

330-331

332

bc

Dupondius As As Semis

M n Kaninius Iterum L Titius Ilviri Leaded bronze. 27-9 mm, 12.36 g (43) AE. 20—1 mm, 6.94g (δ) AE. ij- iß m m , 3.59g (5) Tib Clodius Flavus praef. Germanici L Iuvent Lupercus Ilviri AE. 34 mm, 21.97 g (5) Bronze. 28 mm, 12.97 g (17) Bronze. 28 mm, 11.55 g (20) AE. 20-1 mm, 5.85g (7)

Semis Quadrans

Anonymous Bronze. 19-21 mm, 5.93 g (15) AE. 16mm, 3.39g (1)

As Semis Q uadrans

We agree with J. Arce (pp. 31—2) when he considers that there is no basis for A. Beltran’s opinion that the laurel wreath on Augustus’s head is used from 23 b c , when he obtained the TR. POT., since there is no correlation between the wreath and the tribunician power. Interestingly the correct readings of the semis (323) and quadrans (324) of the issue of Mn. Kaninius and L. Titius are C CAESAR XŸGV F and L CÄESÄR ÄVGV F, although the portraits seem to represent Augustus. There­ fore, the date of about 1 2 b c proposed by A. Beltran (p. 1 6 ) and followed by L. Villaronga (NAH, p. 262) - inferred from the fact that a simpulum and a lituus appear on the as obverse - seems wrong. This issue should be placed before

7/3

S P A I N : Caesaraugusta

or after issue 319—21 and a date after 6 b c (R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, ρ. 397 ) seems to us more plausible. The fact that the semis is minted in the name of Gaius and the quadrans in the name of Lucius is possibly related to the smaller size with which Lucius is represented on 319. The asses of Mn. Kaninius and L. Titius (322) were minted with two groups of dies. The differences are in the style of the portraits and the directions of the legends; however, the coins have not been divided in the catalogue. 330-2 are placed last and are considered as a single issue, on the grounds that they could be an echo of official coina­ ges of the years a d 10-14 (R· Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, ρ. 397 ); Vives 147-6, whose drawing was taken from Delgado (pi. XCV—4), has been excluded from this catalogue, since it has not been seen. Similarly the coin published by Cohen No. 643 and accepted by Banti-Simonetti (CorpusNummorum Romanorum, vol. VII, no. 1277) is not included here. This coin, according to Cohen, had the legend PERM CAES on the obverse and was in Paris, but it cannot be found there. No coins of orichalcum were minted during Augustus’s reign; all are of a bronze alloy or of copper, with a large amount of lead. The denominations minted are dupondii, asses, semisses and quadrantes, and follow a metrological standard of 11.28-12.74g. The arrangement of the issues minted during Tiberius’s reign presents more difficulties. That given here has been constructed on the basis of titles, prototypes, the persons that appear and the stylistic evolution of the portraits. The types are now preoccupied with imperial propa­ ganda. Tiberius appears on the obverses of all issues and denominations, except on 362-3, and all normally bear the legend TI CAESAR DIVI AVG(VSTI) F AVGVSTVS. Livia appears as priestess, copying Roman types (RIC 33 or 72, a d 15-16), and as PIETAS AVGVSTA (Grant, APT 90, 114; R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, ρ. 429), οη coins that were probably minted after her death (Hill, p. 92, copying RIC 43, a d 21-2); the reverse of 344 could also be related to her. Nero and Drusus appear as Ilviri with two different reverses (342-3). Caligula also appears as Ilvir (362-4), though in this case a praefectus stands in for him. The magistrates of 352-3 and 354—8 must be the same persons, Clemens being the cognomen of Sex. Aebutius. These semisses were imitated by contemporary forgers and the coins published by D. Nony (BSFN 1971, pp. 120I = Villaronga, NAH 1090) and by Gil Farrés (no. 145, 146 ( = Vives 150-8), 147, 151-2), with illegible legends belong to this class of forgeries. The right reading of the reverse of coin 361 is, as said by Gil Farrés (no. 165-9), C CARRÏ AQVIL L FVNI VÊT F II VIR; therefore, the expansion proposed by A. Beltran (p. 24, no. 30) of the second magistrate’s nomen as Fundanius must be rejected. The features of the portrait on 340 with the legend TI CAESAR DIVI AVGVSTI F AVGVSTVS are very close to the obverses of 341 and 343; so 340 has been separated from 333-7, which have a higher relief, a younger portrait and a different legend. We consider that 341 and 343 were made shortly after 340. Metal analyses indicate that orichalcum was introduced during Tiberius’s reign and sestertii and dupondii were minted from it, although copper dupondii and bronze or

copper asses were still struck. We do not know the metal of 359-60 and 365-6, but visually they look like orichalcum and, therefore, they may be sestertii and dupondii. In addi­ tion, the reverse types perhaps indicate the denomination, because the bull and the yoke are always used on asses. On the other hand, dupondii and sestertii do not follow any sure rule, although in a number of issues the abbreviation CCA in the centre, with or without wreath, is used to indi­ cate a higher denomination than the as. Thus we suggest the following arrangement and denomi­ nations. Italics have been used when the proposed denomi­ nation is uncertain. 333

As

Anonymous Bronze. 28—9m m , 13.33 g ( r 4 )

3 3 4 -3 3 7

As

Anonymous Bronze. 28—9m m , 12.86g (22)

3 3 8 -3 3 9

As

Lupus and Fuivianus praef. Ilviri Bronze. 2 8 -9 mm, 13.43g ( h )

340

As

Anonymous Bronze. 28m m , 12.05g (23)

341

As

Tiberius and Livia Bronze. 27—3 0 mm, 12.34g (3 1)

342 343

Dupondius As

Drusus and Nero Caesares Ilviri Brass. 2 7 -9 mm, 11.04g (9) Bronze. 28-9 mm, 11.96 g (21)

344

Sestertius

345 346

Dupondius Dupondius

3 4 7 -3 4 8 349 - 3 5 1

As

M Catus L Vettiacus Ilviri, ad 31-2 AE. 33 mm, 22.07 g (5) Copper. 33 mm, 24.68 g (15) AE. 29m m, 12.83 g (6) Copper. 27-gm m , 12.05g (48)

352 353

Semis Semis

Sex Aebutius L Lucretius Ilviri AE. 20 mm Bronze. 20 mm, 6.32 g (14)

354 3 5 5 -3 5 6 3 5 7 -3 5 8

Semis Semis Q uadrans

Clemens et Lucretius Ilviri AE. 20mm, 5.76g (11) Bronze. 20m m, 5.86g (15) AE. 15 mm, 2.93 g (4 )

360

Sestertius Dupondius

M n Flavius Festus M Ofillius Silvanus iterum Ilviri AE. 37 mm, 26.22 g (4) AE. 29 mm, 11.69 g (4)

361

Semis

C C arri Aquil L Funi Vet f. Ilviri Bronze. 17-20 mm, 4.85 g (14)

362 363 364

As As As

Iunianus Lupus praef. C Caesaris C Pomponius Parra Ilviri Bronze. 29m m , 14.16g (5) AE. 28 mm, 15.44g (4) AE. 29m m, 13.56g (6)

365 366 367

Sestertius Dupondius

28-9 Brass. 36m m, 24.70g (5)

ad

359

Dupondius

As

T Caecilius Lepidus C Aufidius Gemellus Ilviri AE. 35-6 mm, 24.76 g (6) AE. 28 mm, 11.73 g (3 ) Bronze. 29 mm, 12.65 g (27)

The coinage struck during Caligula’s reign has been recently studied by W. Trillmich (MM 14, 1973, pp. 151— 73) = Trillmich. It consists of three extensive issues that begin immediately after his accession to the throne. The

S P A IN : Caesaraugusta (304-310)

first issue was struck by Licinianus and Germanus (368-72) and must be dated between a d 37 and 38, because Caligula had not yet received the title Pater Patriae. The second issue was minted by Scipio and Montanus (373-81) and must be dated during the years a d 38—9, because some obverse dies of the asses (374) still lack this title (P P) (these dies are not just dies left over from the previous issue). The third issue was coined by Titullus and Montanus (382—6) and can be dated to a d * 39. These issues illustrate the interest in members of the imperial family evident at Caesaraugusta. Coins were struck not only in the emperor’s name, but also for Divus Augustus, Germanicus, Agrippina and Agrippa. Vives 1 3 7 -7 (—Beltran 60) and Hill 18-2 (Beltran 61) are not included here, because they are forgeries (see Trillmich, p. 164). Coins of orichalcum were minted during Caligula’s reign. The denominations struck are orichalcum sestertii and dupondii and copper asses. Normally, the reverse types indicate the coins’ denominations; thus, the asses bear the yoke on the reverse, the dupondii the abbreviation CCA in the centre and the sestertii have variable types. As in the previous period, the coin denomination appears in italic if it is not certain. 368-369 37 ° 3 7 I_ 3 7 2

Sestertius Dupondius As

373 3 7 4 -3 7 5 376 377

Sestertius

380 381

382 383 384 385 386

As Sestertius

Dupondius Dupondius As

As Sestertius Dupondius

Dupondius As

C A E S A R A V G V S T A Q L V T A T M F A B I I I V IJL 1. P 5 3 2 , 11.45; 2· V 32, 10.73; 3 · M 8 000 ( —V ives 147 -2 ), 11.68; C A E S A R A V G V S T A Q L V T A T M F A B IO I I V IR : 4. C alico 6/1979, io 5 7 > 12.30; 5 · M 8001, 12.16; C A E S A R A V G V S T A Q L V T A T I M F Ä B I I I VIRM S. M 7998, 11.83; 7 · L 430 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 13.64; C A E S A R A V G V S T A Q L V T A T IO M F A B IO I I V IR : 8. C alico 6/1979, 1058, 12.60; 9 - 1 0 , L 431 (F A B IO ), 432 Q A R A V G V S T A ), 14.61, 10.91; 11. M 7999 (F A B IO ), 11.07; I 2 · S tern b e rg 17-1 8 /1 1 /1 9 8 3 , 562 (F A B IO ), 13.42; U n c e rta in var.: 13. T ü b in g en 12, 1 1.77; 14. V 31, 12.22; 15. B a 4774, 11.59; 16. C 536, 12.28. M e ta l an alysis o n coin 7: C u 87.50; P b 6.09; Sn 3.92; A g 0.054; Fe 0.105; Sb 0.121; N i 0.06g; A s 0.075; Bi 0.003; Z n 0-007. O n coin 9 : C u 91.50; P b 7.69; Sn 2.29; A g 0.068; F e 0.031; Sb 0.119; N i 0.045; C o 0.002; As 0.037; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.001. O n coin 10: C u 81.50; P b 11.59; Sn 6.55; A g 0.034; Fe 0.022; Sb 0.009; N i 0.060; A s 0.001; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.013.

C Aisanus T Cervius Ilviri 306

i . Bo 173, 11.92; 2. M u 29 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 14.62; 3. P 530, 12.31; 4 . M 8 0 0 3 (= V ives 147-3 — Gil! 14-3 ), 13.19; 5—7. M 8004 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 8006 -7 , I 2.28, 13.36, 12.07. 307

308

gmi

o

]

b u t p riest ploughing 1.

306.

Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

306,

b u t head 1.

i . P 5 3 1 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A [ ] I O I I V IR ), 10.86; 2. M 8010 (]A E S A [ ] C A L S A N O T C E R V [ ] I I V IR ), 9.39; 3. IV D J ( = V ives I 47“ 5 = G if P1· 1 -1 ° ), I I - 9 5 -

L Cassius C Valerius Fene(stellaP) Ilviri 309

A E. 2 8m m , 12.38g (31:

3 0 9 —1 0 ) .

Axis: var.

[ 7 ]

Vives 147-7, GMI 3 24 > B eltran 5b A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, 1. C A E SA R A V G (V )ST A L C A S S IO C V A L E (R ) F E N II V IR ; p riest ploughing, 1. V A L E : i . Bo 174, 1 1.30; 2. C alico 6/1979, ! 0 5 9 Q S A R A V G S T A ), 14.12; 3 . M u 30 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 12.50; 4 . V 33, 15.80; 5 - 6 . B a 4468 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 30480, 13.70, 12.11; 7—10. M 8018 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 8027 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 8030 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 8 0 3 1, 12.29, Ι 2 ·24 , 12.63, 12.73; τ τ ~ I 2 · B D an n e n b e rg (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), L ö b b (C A E S A R A V G Q , 12.90, 10.36; 13. O = AMc 929 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 9.31; V Ä T E R : 14. C o p 543 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 11.23; 15. M S V 17/12/1981, 1155, 12.20; 16, P 527, I 3 -3 9 ; I 7" I 9 · B a 4466, 23674-5, 11.15, 9.69, 13.47; *0· M 8 0 1 6 ( = V ives 147-7), 12-84; 2 1 —23. M 8 0 1 1 -2 , 8032, 17.16, 16.24, 14-64; 2 4 . A la c a n t ( = cmtm, pi. 3 8 -2 1 0 ), 12.50; 2 5 . IV D J ( = G i l, pi. 2-97) (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ); U n c e rta in v a r .: 2 6 . R 155 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 12.89; 27—28. B a 23671, 105827, 10.69, 1.4.91; 2 9 . N 132, 9.48. Forgeries: 1—2. B a.B . (12.34) a n d B ohl (?) (12.93).

[ 1 ]

Bronze. 28m m , 12.14g (16). Axis: var.

306,

AE. 28 m m . See As

878

C Ä E S A R Ä V G V S T A Q L V T A T M F Ä B I I I V I R : 1. M jg g i, 13.73; a . V iv e s 1 4 7 -1 ; C A E S A R A V G V S T A Q L V T A T M F A B IO I I V IR : 3 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 38 -2 0 9 ), 15.70; C A E S A R A V G V S T A Q L V T A T I M F A B I I I V IR : 4—5, M 7993-4, 12.21, 10.09; 6* B Bohl, 14.86; C A E S A R [A V G V S T A ] Q L V T A T I M F A B IO I I V IR : 7. M 7996, 11.61; U n c e rta in v ar.: 8. V a t 277, 11.00. C oin 2, ac cording to V ives, w as in M a d rid , b u t it ca n n o t be fo u n d there.

Vives 147-2, B eltran 2,

[

Vives 147-5, B eltran 3c

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; bare head, r. ___ C A E SA R A V G V ST A Q L V T A T (I) M F A B I(O ) II V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, r.

305

306.

IV D J ( = V ives 147-4 —S de C 1050 = G il, pi. 1-9) (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 14.46; 2. V Q R coll. 571.

Axis: var. n ah

AE. 29 m m . See

Vives 147-4, B eltran 3b

Beltran 6 A V G V S T V S D I V I F; la u re a te h e a d, 1. C A E S A R A V G V S T A L C A S S IO C V A L F E N ; v e x illu m on b asis, I I V I R to 1. a n d r. (o r to r.)

316

i . C alico 6/1979, 1061, 6.92; 2. P 5 2 8 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 6.19; 3— 4 . V a t 278 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 279, 5.10, 5.10; 5 . B a 9463, 5.86; 6. L 433, 7.21; 7—9 . M 8036, 8038-9, 4.72, 5.83, 5.56; 10. IV D J ( = V ives 1479 = G il, pi. 2 -2 2 ), 5.37; i i . IV D J ( = V ives 147- 1 0 = G il, pi. 2-20) (II V I R to r.), 6.66; 1 2 -1 3 . C , 7.04 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 6.00; 14. N Y H S A 11860 (I I V I R to r.). M e ta l analysis on coin 6: C u 88.50; P b 7.48; S n 1.92; A g 0.061; F e 0.098; S b 0.079; N i 0.031; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.007.

312

A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .7 4 g (9). A xis: v a r.

B ronze. 1 6 m m , 3 .3 9 g (22). A xis: v a r.

[ 6 ]

V iv es 148-9, H ill 14-7, B e ltrâ n 14 I M P A V G V S T V S ; b a re h e a d , r. M P O R C N F A D I I V IR w ith in w re a th 1. C alico 6/1979, 1069, 3.90; 2. C o p 5 4 7 ( = H ill 14-7 ), 3.10; 3. M S V 17/12/1981, 1158, 3.08; 4 - 7 . B a 4433 -4 , 4790, 105764, 3.98, 3.51, 3.91, 2.84; 8 - 9 . L 4 4 2 -3 , 3.82, 3.22; 10—18. M 8045, 813 2 -3 , 813 5 -9 , S astre 10287, 3- i 8, 2.55, 2.91, 3.64, 3.81, 3.47, 2.94, 2.94, 3.65; 19. B 12625, 2.98; 2 0 . IV D J ( = V ives 1 4 8 - 9 = G il, pl. 4 -4 7 ); 21—22. C 5 3 4 -5 , 4.76, 2.86; 2 3 . Sa g u n t u m 19, 1985, 323, 7, 3.60. M e ta l an alysis on c o i n 8: C u 80.50; P b 13.16; Sn 4.44; A g 0.023; F e 0.021; S b 0.161; N i 0.030; C o 0.105; As 0.197; 0.005; Z n 0.008. O n coin 9: C u 80.50; P b 11.56; Sn 5.87; Ag 0.046; Fe 0.163; 8 b i . 231; N i 0.533; C o 0.022; A s 0.318; Bi 0.096; Z n

[ 4 ]

V ives 14 7 -1 1 , H ill 14-4, B e iträ n 7 A V G V S T V S D I V I F; b a re h e a d , 1. L C A S S IO C V A L E R I O I I V IR ; w ith in w re a th

0 .0 1 2

.

J- p 5 ^ 9 ( = H ill 14-4), 3 ·68; 2 - 3 · M 8043-4, 3 -9 1, 4 ·ι 6 ; 4 ~ 5 - B 17095, 7869, 3.78, 2.97; 6. IV D J ( = V ives 147-11), 4.31; 7. C , 4.11; 8. H e rre ro 16/2/1989, 36, 2.92; 9 . M i SNG 196, 3.80.

313

A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .3 5 g (2). A xis: 5 (1).

[ i ]

C A llia r iu s T

317

Y ria rte , n h 1953, p l. 3, no. 49, B e ltrâ n 8

3 τ 7~ Γ8 ). A xis: v a r.

[ 4 ]

A V G V S T V S D IV I F C O S X I D E S X II P O N T M A X ; la u re a te h e a d , r. C A E S A R A V G V S T A C A L L IA R (IO ) T V E R R IO I I V IR ; p rie st p lo u g h in g w ith yoke o f oxen, 1.

i . C alico 6/1979, 1062, 3.56; 2. Y riarte, n h 1953, pl. 3, no. 49; 3 . B K a s se l, 3.15; 4 . IV D J ( = G il, pl. 2 -2 3 ). S am e rev. die: coins 1-3.

A L L IA R : i . P 5 1 9 , 13.21; 2 . g m i 325, 9.20; A L L IA R IO : 3 . M i 188, 13.71; 4 . P S d e R, 12.15; 5 —7 . M 8073, 8075 ( = V ives 148-5), 8076, 10.84, 11-25, 12.52; U n c e rta in v ar.: 8 . M 8077, 10.51; 9 . M u 33, 14.26; 10. P 5 20, 12.69. O n m a n y coins it is difficult to see if th ey h ave P O N or P O N T , b ecau se th e T is only slightly in d icated .

M Porcius Cn Fadius Ilviri, 8-1 BC B ronze. 2 8 m m , 1 1 .5 1 g (35). A xis: v a r.

A E . 2 8 - 9 m m , 11 .7 5 g (2 5 :

BC

V iv es 148-5, B e ltra n 15a, gmi 325

A V G V S T V S D I V I F; b a re h e a d , r. L C A S S IO C V A L E R I I V IR ; w ith in w re a th

314

V e r r iu s I l v i r i , 6

[ 14 ]

V ives 148-7, GMi 326, B e ltra n 12, n a h 980 I M P A V G V S T V S X IV ; la u re a te h e a d , L, s im p u lu m a n d litu u s to 1. C A E S A R A V G V S (T A ) M P O R C I C N F A D I I V IR ; p rie s t p lo u g h in g , r.

315

318

L e a d e d b ro n ze. 28 - g m m . See 3 1 7 . A xis: v a r. A s 3 1 7 , b u t h e a d 1.

A L L IA R : i . M 8080, 11.46; A L L IA R IO : 2. P 517, 12.03; 3—6* B a 4231, 9 4 7 2 , 30476-7, 12 -3 7 , 1 1-59, r o -9 °, 8 -7 i; 7 · L 4 4 4 ( = H i l l 14-8 ), 14.40; 8. L 445, 12.18; 9—12. M 8081, 8082 ( = V ives 148-6), 8083, 8085, 9.40, 12.09, 11 *64, 10.93; 13. B B ohl, 10.43; * 4 * IV D J ( = S d e C 1069) (P O N T ); U n c e rta in var.: 1 5 . P 518, 11.99; 1 6 . C (B u rk itt lo a n ), 13.27. M eta l an alysis on coin 7: C u 70.50; P b 22.87; Sn 4.13; A g 0.075; Fe 0.026; Sb 0.468; N i 0.121; As 0.136; Bi 0.006; Z n 0.025. O n coin 8: C u 70.00; P b 21.73; Sn 5.76; A g 0.067; F e 0.046; Sb 0.616; N i 0.134; C o 0.002; A s 0.177; C d 0.028; Bi 0.10; Z n 0.045.

C A E S A R A V G V S : 1. P 515, 9.96; C A E S A R A V G V S T A : 2 - 3 . A N E 2 3 24/10/1984, 2 2 7-8, 11.20, 11.73; 4 · C alico 6/1979, 1066, 14.20; 5. C op 545, 13.18; 6. M u 31, 9.70; 7 - 8 . 0 = a m c 932-3, 9.42, 11.52; 9. P 514, I2.73; IO · V a t 2^ 2> ΙΙ·4 θ ; I I . GMI 326, II.2 0 ; I 2 —I 9 . 443^5 94855 23673, 30472, 30479, 3393G 37059, 109184, 12.96, 11.12, 10.23, I2 -65, 8.29, 7.58, 13.50, 14.63; 20—21. L 4 3 5-6, 16.39, 11 *98; 22. M 8 0 9 2 , 14.78; 23—26. M 8098, 8101, 8 1 0 6-7, 12-3 5 , 9 ·22, 10.93, 10.52; 2 7* N 134, 14.99; 2 8 - 3 1 . B Bohl, L ö b b (2), 5649/1954, 12.70, 7.88, 10.01, —; 3 2 . C 531, 10.22; 3 3 . P rin ce to n 711, 8.85; U n c e rta in v ar.: 3 4 . B a 105826, 10.31; 3 5 . L 437, 10.00; 3 6 . M 8108, 14.37· M eta l analysis on coin 20: C u 76.50; P b 18.75; 3 .11; A g 0.009; F e 0.049; S b 0.090; N i 0.031; C o 0.030; As 0.030; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.010. O n coin 21: C u 85.00; P b 9.086; Sn 6.86; A g 0. 010; F e 0.033; S b 0.073; N i 0.087; C o 0.066; As 0.051; Bi 0.002.

C n D o m itiu s A m p ia n u s C

B ronze. 20-1 m m , 6 .1 9 g ( 57 )· A xis: v a r.

319

[ 17 ]

[ 6 ]

V iv es 148-6, B e ltra n 15b

V et L a n c ia I l v i r i ,

4.-3 BC

A E . 3 2 m m , 2 1 .0 7 g (6). A xis: v a r.

[ 1 ]

V ives 1 48-8, H ill 14-6, B e ltra n 13, gmi 327

V ives 148-11, H ill 14-9, B e ltra n 18, n a h 981

A V G V S T V S D I V I F; la u re a te h e a d , r. C A E S A R A V G V S T A M P O R C I C N F A D I I V IR ; v ex illu m on b asis

I M P A V G L C A E S A R C C A E S C O S D E S ; th re e sta n d in g figures - A u g u stu s in m id d le h o ld in g sim p u lu m , L. C a e s a r a n d C . C a e s a r b esid e — all o n bases C A E S A R A V G V S T A I I V I R C N D O M Ä M P IA N C V E T L A N C IA ; v e x illu m b e tw e e n s ta n d a rd s (ra d ia te p h a le ra e ), on th e m le g io n a ry n u m b e rs V I, I I I I , X , from 1. to r.; all o n bases

1. Bo 177, 6.80; 2—3. C alico 6/1979, 1067-8, 8.10, 6.72; 4. C o p 546, 7.87; 5. M S V 17/12/1981, 1 1 5 7,7.13; 6. M u 32, 7.38; 7—8. O = AMC 934-5, 5.84, 6.07; 9 - 1 0 . P 516, D elepierre, 5.96, 6.76; 11—12. T ü b in g e n 13-4, 5 -77 , 4·56; 13· v 365 6.86; 14. V 37, 4.43; 15. V a t 283, 5.15; 16. g m i 327, 8.00; 1 7 -3 5 . B a 4 4 3 5 - 7 , 4 7 8 6 -9 , 4 9 ° 5 , 9464, 23681-3, 27510, 30474, 3397s , 37060-1, 39140, 43877, 105829, 109186, 5.72 (pierced), 6.57, 5.39, 6.46, 7.10, 6.48, 6.35, 5.93, 5.27, 5.02, 6.55, 6.26, 7.61, 7.61, 5.27, 6.37, 4.28, 5.53, 6.04; 3 6 - 3 9 . L 438, 439 ( = H ill 14-6), 4 4 0-1, 7.50, 5.73, 4.72, 4.64; 4 0 - 5 0 . M 8037 ( ]A R A V G V S T A ), 8110 ( = V ives 148-8), 8111-3, 8115, 8118 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 8123, 8125, 8127, 8129, 4.83, 6.29, 6.16, 5.94, 7.03, 5.93, 7.06, 6.02, 5.63, 7.08, 5.85 (pierced); 5 1 - 5 2 . N 1356. 6.29, 5.92; 53—5 5 . B Bohl, L öbb, 17439, 6.74, 5.76, 6.25; 56—57. G 2 3, 6.66, 4.70; 5 8 —5 9 . C 532, 533 (C A E S A A V G V S T A ), 5.68, 6.63. M eta l

1. M 8 1 6 9 ( = V ives 148-11 = H ill 14-9) (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 21.01; 2. M 8167, 22.36; 3. B B ohl, 19.41; 4 —5. N Y H S A 23243, N ew ell, (b o th C A E S A R A V G V S T A ) 19.54, 25.52; 6. H e rre ro 16/2/1989, 32, 18.60; 7. Iria rte coll. ( = B eltran , p. 34, no. 18). M o d ern forgeries: 1. P 524, 16.48; 2. R 157, 14.70; 3. M 8168 (all ca st from M 8169); 4 . A N E 1112/1961, 46; 5. C o p 548, 17.02 (?) h as n o t been checked, b u t it too seem s to h av e been m a d e from th e M a d rid one.

S P A IN : Caesaraugusta (320-328)

320

L eaded bronze. 28m m , 11.35g (46)· Axis: var. Vives 148-10, GMi 328, B eltran 16,

nah

[ 15 ]

I. C alico 6/1979, 1065 (C C A E S A R A V G [ ; C A E S A R f ]G V M N _ K A N [ ] I I V IR ), 8.58; 2. P 5 1 1 (C C A E S A R [ ]; [ ]G V M N Κ Α Ν Ι I T E R L T I T I O I I V IR ), 5.34; 3 . P 512 (C C A E S A R A V G [ ; C A E [] L T I T I O II V IR ), 6.45; 4 . V iv e s 148—3 (from C o n tre ra s coll., T o led o ) (C C A E S A R Ä V G V F; C A E S A R A V G V [ ] I T I O I T V I R ) ; 5 - 6 . B a 9468, 30892 (C C A E S A R A V G V J j C A E S A R A V G V M N K A [ ] I O I I V IR ) (C C A E S A R A V G V F; C A E S A R A V G V M [), 7.97, 6.34.

g82

IM P A V G V ST V S (D IV I F) T R IB P O T E S X X ; lau reate h ead, r.__ ___ _ ___ C X ESA V G V S C N D O M A M P C V E (T ) LA N (C ) II V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r. W ith o u t D IV I F: i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 229, 8.76; 2—4 . Bo 178-80, 8.55, 9.71, 12.52; 5. C alico 6/1979, 1071, 10.10; 6. C op 549, 11.40; 7. K la g 3, 12.46; 8. N u m in te r (su m m e r 1979) 21, 10.05; 9 * M S V 17/12/1981, 1156, 13.00; 10. M u 34, 17.16; i i . 0 = a m c 936, 11.50; 12—15. P 5 2 1-3, 525 (C V E T L A N C ), 10.17, i i . 13, 10.78, 13.86; 16. V 38, 11.40; 17. V a t 285, 10.50; 18. GMi 328, 14.50; 19—2 9 . B a 4 4 63-5, 9474, 23666-7, 23670, 27509, 30886, 39614, 100923, 11.85, I2 -27j îo .8 6 , 8.23, 14.16, 11.30, 11.23, 11-25. 10.55, 9 -° 4 . ” -48; 3 0 - 3 1 . L 4 4 6-7, 10.74, IO-2 5 ; 32· M 8 i 4 4 ( = V ives 148-10), 10.32; 33—3 9 . M 8147 (L A N ), 8148, 8151, 8154, 8162, S astre 10263-4, 11.74, 10.40, 10.58, 10.96, 9.14, 12.50, 13.80; 4 0 - 4 4 . B IB, L ö b b , 17466, 27857, 144/1966, 10.50, 13.85, 12.73, 9.15, 9.61; 4(5. G 4, 8 .8 3 (pierced); 4 6 . N Y H S A 1 1 9 3 7 (C V E L A N ), 11.42; 4 7 * M M A G , liste 483 (V E T L A N ), 11-12/1985, 78, 14.54; W ith D IV I F: 4 8 . IV D J ( = G il 64). M eta l analysis on coin 30: C u 74.50; P b 17.09; S n 6.92; A g 0 . 038; F e 0.020; S b 0.216; N i 0.107; As 0.096; Bi 0.003; 0.022. O n coin 31: C u 66.00; P b 23.61; S n 6.70; A g 0.079; Be 0.024; S b 0.203; N i 0.159; A u 0.041; As 0.181; Bi 0.004; Z n 0.012. 321

L eaded bronze. 20-1 m m , 6.07g (5)· Axis: var.

324

322

I. P 513 (] Ä V G V F),^ 8 3 ; 2. M S a s tr e 1 0 2 8 6 (L C A E S A R A V G [), 3.38; 3. M 8134 (L C A E S [ ]G V F ), 2.80; 4· IV D J ( —V ives 148-4) Q Ä V G V F ), 4.46; 5. N Y N ew ell, 4.47.

Tib Clod Flavus praef. Germanici L Iuvent Lupercus Ilviri 325

L eaded bronze. 2 7 -g m m , 12.36g (43). Axis: var.

325—6). Axis: var. nah

[ i ]

983

A V G V S T O D IV I F L E G IV L E G V I L E G X ; vexillum betw een two stan d ard s (rad iate p h alerae), on them legionary num bers X , IV , V I, from 1. to r. T IB F L A V O PR A E F G E R M A N L IV V E N T L V P E R C O II V IR C C A ; priest ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r.

[ 2 ]

nah

[ 18 ]

i . P 5 3 3 , 21.94; 2. M 8171, 27.20; 3. IV D J ( —V ives 149-1), 23.46; 4 . N Y H S A 23851, 17.38. F orgery: 1. L 449 ( = H ill 15-1), 21.62. 326

A E. 34m m . See 325. Axis: 10-11 (1).

[ 1 ]

B eltran 21a As

327

325,

b u t p riest ploughing 1.

Bronze. 2 8m m , 12.97g ( r 7 )· Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

Vives 149-2, 3, B eltran 2 2 a-b

g7g

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. C C A T ÏB (C L O D ) F L Ä V O P R A E F G E R M A N L IV V E N T L V P (E R C O ) I I V IR ; bull, 1., w ith ‘p edim ent’ above head

sim pulum an d ___ IT E R L yoke o f oxen, r.

C A E S Ä R Ä V G M N K Ä N IN IO IT E R L T I T I O I I V IR : 1. R 156, 11.99; 2—3 . C alico 6/1979, 1063, 1064 (C A E S A R A V G ), 16.70, 13.40; 4 . C o p 544 (C A E S A R A V G ), 10.10; g. K la g 2 (C A E S A R A V G ), 12.88; 6—7. V a t 280 (C A E S A R A V G ), 281, 11.80, 10.00; 8. L 434 (C A E S A R A V G ), 11.14; 9. M 8 0 6 5 ( = V ives 148-2) (C A E S A R A V G ), 11.05; IO—*3 · M 8052 (C A E S A R A V G ), 8054 (C A E S A R A V G ), 8056 (C A E S A R A V G ), S astre 10269 (C A E S A R A V G ), 13.88. 7.89, 16.04, 14-81; 14 . B 761/1877, 12.14; 15—17. B a 4439 (C A E S A R A V G ), 23669 (C A E S A R A V G ), 27512, 12.83, 11.85, 12.39; C A E S A R A V G M N K A N IN IO IT E R L T I T I I I V IR : 18. B Bohl, 13.03; C A E S A R A V G V M N K A N IN IO I T E R L T I T I O I I V IR : 19. P 510, 14.03; 20. V 34 (IT E R ), 12.70; C A E S A R [A V ]G V S T A M N K Ä N IN IO IT E R L T I T I I I V IR : 2 1 - 2 2 ^ 8060, 8064, 12.80, 13.35; C A E S A R A V G V S T A M N K A N IN IO I T E R L T I T I O I I V IR : 23. P 5 0 7 , 15.72; 2 4 . M 8070, 14.30; U n c e rta in v ar.: 25—2 6 . Bo 175-6, 12.75, 13*7°J 27* M i 187, π . 87; 28—29. O = AMC 930-1, 15.14, 8.51 (b roken); 3 0 . N 133 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), 13.15; 31—33· P 508-9, D ’A illy 17464 (C A E S A R A V G ), 7.88, 12.98, 12.62; 3 4 . V 35, 9.62; 3 5 — 3 9 . B 5650/1954, 17437 (C A E S A R A V G V S T A ), B ohl, 500/1898 (C A E S A R A V G ), L ö b b (C A E S A R A V G ), 10.39, 12.22, 9.32, 13.36, 12.39; 4 0 - 4 3 . B a 27577, 4440, 30470-1, 13.57, 8.47, 14.44, 9 -3 °; 4 4 - H ow gego coll., 11.34; 45· L e n in g ra d ( = H ill 14-5). T h e se dies w ere c u t by tw o en gravers w ho gave different directions to th e legends. O n e e n g rav e r m ad e dies as V ives 148-1 a n d a n o th e r as V ives 148-2. M e ta l analysis on coin 8: C u 72.00; P b 20.33; Sn 3.38; A g 0.102; F e 0.608; S b 1.145; N i 0.262; As 0.122; Bi 0.010; Z n 0.029. C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram ( = cm k 72) on th e rev., on 44.

A E. 20-1 m m , 6.g4 g (5). Axis: var.

(5:

1. C o p 5 5 0 (] P R A E F G E R M A N L I W Ë [ ] C C A ), 19.85; 2. M o n tev e rd e coll. ( = B eltran 21a, p p . 19, 34).

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r., lituus to 1. a n d r. ____ ___ C A ESA R A V G (V STA ) M N K A N IN IO T IT I(O ) I I V IR ; priest ploughing w ith

323

AE. 34 m m , 21.97 g

Vives 149-1, H ill 15—i, B eltran 21,

T itiu s I l v ir i

Vives 148-1, 2, H ill 14-5, B eltran g,

[ 1 ]

L G ÄESÄR Ä V G V F; b are head, r. M N K A N IT L T I T I O I I V IR ; w ithin w reath

A V G V ST V S IM P ; lau reate head, r. C X Ë SÂ V G V ST c s r i ) 0 A M P C V E T LÄ N C II V IR ; vexillum on basis

M n K a n in iu s I te r L

A E. 15-16 m m , 3.5g g (5). Axis: var. Vives 148-4, B eltran 11 corr.

Vives 148-12, H ill 14-10, B eltran 17

1. C alico 6/1979, I ° 7 2 , 7 -4 5 ; 2 · P 526, 5.54; 3. L 4 4 8 ( —H ill 14-10), 7.12; 4 . M 8170, 5.21; 5. IV D J ( = V ives 148-12), 5.02. M eta l analysis on coin 3: C u 76.50; P b 18.89; S n 3.78; A g 0.147; F e 0.019; 0.455; N i 0.148; As 0.706; Bi 0.004; Z n 0.012.

121

[ 2 ]

Vives 148-3. B eltran 10 corr. C C A ESA R Ä V G V F; lau reate head, r. C A E SA R A V G V M N Κ Α Ν Ι IT E R L T I T I O II V IR ; vexillum on basis

T Ï B F L Ä V O P R Ä E F G E R M A N L fV V Ë N T L V P E R C O I I V IR : 1. M 8172^9.36; 2 · IV D J ( = V ives 149-2 = G il, pi. 6 -7 1 ); T I B C L O D F L A V O P R A E F G E R M A N L I V V E N T L V P I I V IR : 3 . B o 181, 14.36; 4 - 5 . B a 9471, 23676, 16.13, 13 *3 3 » 6* M 8 1 8 0 ( = V ives 149-3), n - o o ; 7—9 . M 8174, 8181, S astre 10256 (G E R M A N , E V E N T ), 12.06, 1 3 .3 7 ^ 2 .0 7 ; 10. O — AMC 937, 13.22; i i —12· B L ö b b (G E R M A N , IV E N T ), L ö b b, 13-90, 12 -3 7 ; T I B C L O D F L Ä V O P R Ä E F G E R M A N L IV V Ë N T L V P E R I I V IR : 13. L 450, 13.41; 14. M 8182, 12.09; U n c e rta in var.: 15. P 535 (L V P E R ), 13.31; 16. B a 4780 (L V P E R C O ), 13.04; 17—18. M 8176 (L V P ), 8177 (C L O D ), 13.88, 13.68. M eta l an alysis on coin 13: C u 90.00; S n 10.09; A g 0.034; Fe 0.033; Sb 0.105; N i 0.068; Bi 0.002. C o u n te rm ark : E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., o n 7. 328

Bronze. 28 m m , 11.55 g (20)· Axis: var. Vives 149-4,

nah

[ 10 ]

984, B eltrân 22c

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, 1. C C A T IB (C L O D ) F L A V O PR A E F G E R M A N L IV V E N T L V P E R (C O ) I I V IR ; bull, L, w ith ‘pedim ent’ above head C C A T ÏB F L Ä V O P R Ä E F G E R M A N L I W E N T L V P E R C O I I V IR : 1—2. B 17435, G an sau g e, 11.92, 11.18; 3. C alico 6/1979, 1073, 12.10; 4· C o p 551, 1 1.61; 5—6· B a 9470, 100901, 13.31, q.13; 7. L 4 5 1 , 12.05; 8 . 0 = AMC 938, 12.63; 9 . P 5 3 4 , 11.69; 10. N 139 (L V P E R C O ), 11.53; 11. V 39, 11.80; 12. M 8188 ( = V ives 149-4), I J -9 9 ; * 3 ” * 5 · M 8185,___ 8 1 9 1 -2 , 10.94, ϊ i .93, 12.00; 16. G i, 1 1.97; C C A T [IB ] C L O D F L A V O P R Ä E F G E R M L I V V Ë N T L V P E R I I V IR : 17. B a 23680, 11.78; U n c e rta in var.: 18. L 452 (L V P E R C O ), 8.65; 19. M u 35 (L V P E R C O ), i i . 21; 20. C o p 551 (L V P E R C O ), 11.61. M e ta l an aly sis o n coin 7: C u 91.00; Sn 8.52, A g 0.028; Fe 0.305; Sb 0.166; N i 0.063; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.008.

329

AE. 20—1 m m , 5.85g (7). Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

n .3 5 ; 7—8. P 5 58-9, 12.54, 12.65; 9 ~ IO · V 4 1 -2 , 13.90, 10.26; i i —13. B a 9481, 21519, 100902, 13.16, 14.15, 12.94; 14—15· M 8218, S astre 10298, 13.83, 15.85; 16. N 140, 11.91; 17. B B ohl, 13.03; 18. G 9, 10.85; 19. IV D J ( = V ives 150-2); 20. C 543, 10.56.

Vives 149-5, B eltran 23 A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, 1. T IB FL A V O PR A E F G E R (M A N ) L IV V E N T L V P E R C O ; in field, C C A II V IR

335

334.

Axis: 4 -5 (1).

[ o ]

Vives 150-1, B eltran 25b

G E R : i . C alico 6/1979, I0 7 4 ) 6-5(3; 2. M 8193, 4.93; 3 . IV D J ( — V ives 149-5), 5-62; G E R M A N : 4 . P 5 3 6 , 6.87; U n c e rta in var.: 5. Bo 184, 6.65; 6. B a 9469, 6.85: 7. M 8194, 3.49.

As

334,

b u t bull 1.

i . M 8 2 1 7 ( = V ives 15 0 -1 ), 9.93. 336

A u g u s tu s a n d T ib e r iu s , a f te r A D i o ~ i 2

A E. 28m m . See

A E. 2 8 -9 m m . See

334.

Axis: 6 ( 1 ) .

[ o ]

Vives 149-10, B eltran 25d (corr.) 330

Bronze. 20-1 m m , 5 .9 3 g (15:

3 3 0 —1 ) .

Vives 149-7, BUH 14—11, B eltran ig a,

Axis: V ar. nah

[ 6 ]

337

A V G V S T V S : i . C alico 6/1979, i o 7 5 > 5-8o; 2. P 538, 5.71; 3. V 4 0 , 6.21; 4. H ill 14-11 (G o th a); 5 . B a 4469. 6.24; 6. L 453, 6.03; 7—9 . M 8195-6, S astre 10283, 8.66, 4.86, 6.41; 10. G 5 (pi. 9 7 -2 2 ), 5.60; 11. IV D J ( = V ives 149-7); I 2 · O , 5.13; 13. n a h 985; A V G V S T : 14. N Y H S A 23209, 5.45; 15. L 454, 5.68; U n certa in : 16. P 539, 5.57. G il 81 reco rd s a sp ecim en w ith th e rev. legend T I C A E S A R A V G F from G ôm ez M o ren o coll. M eta l analysis on coin 6: C u 92.00; P b 0.052; S n 8.14;1A g 0.041; Fe 0.042; S b 0.137; C o 0.002; Bi 0.001; Z n 0.030. O n coin 15: C u 91.50; P b 0 . 015; S n 7.48; A g 0.030; Fe 0.030; Sb 0.065; N i 0.008; Bi 0.001; Z n 0.031.

AE. 19m m . See

330.

Axis: 6 (1).

[ 1 ]

Bronze. 2 8m m . See

334.

Axis: 1-2 (1).

[ 1 ]

i . L 4 6 1 , 15.12. M eta l an alysis o n coin i: C u 96.00; P b 0.021; S n 5.70; Ag 0 . 037, Fe 0.067; 8 b 0.120; N i 0.001; As 0.006; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.011.

L u p u s I l v i r a n d F u lv ia n u s p r a e fe c tu s 338

AE. 2 8 -9 m m , 14.43g ( i 4 :

Axis: var.

3 3 8~ 9 )

[ 3 ]

Vives 151-5, H ill 15-9, B eltran 44

A V G V S[T V S] C C A ; lau reate head, 1. T I C A E SA R A V G F; lau reate head, 1.

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. C C A L V P O I I V IR F V L V IA N O PR A E F; priest ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, r.

1. IV D J ( ^ V iv e s 173—12 = G il, pi, 6 -8 2 ), 6.00; 2. L 4 5 5 , 5.68.

1. C o p 5 5 4 ( = H ill 15-9 ), 17.43; 2 * P 552, 151—5 ). 10.63 (p ierced ); 4 . V 46, 11.45.

A nonym ous

AE. 16 m m , 3.39g (1).

[ o ]

339

Bronze. 2 8 -g m m . See

338.

ι

2 ·6ι ;

Axis: var.

3. M 8280 ( = V ives

[ 5 ]

Vives 149-6, B eltran 20

Vives 151-6, B eltran 45

A V G V ST V S; bare head, I. C C A; w ithin w reath

T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. C C A L V P O II V IR F V L V IA N O P R A E F E C (T O ); bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head

X. N Y H S A 2 3 2 1 4 ( = V ives 149-6), 3.39.

X. C alico 6/1979, I0 Ö5. 11.14; 2—3 . P 550 -1 , 13.84, 15.38; 4 . R 160, 13.80; 5. B a.B . (P R A E F E C ), 15.44; *>· ®a 4 7 ®9 > 13 -t>7 ; 7 - 8 . 21521-2, 13.00, 13.15; 9—10. L 4 6 2 -3 , 13.26, 14.00; i x . M 8281, 9.92; 12. IV D J ( —V ives 151-6); 13. H (B M ca st). M eta l analysis on coin 9: C u 95.00; Sn 5.01; A g 0.037; F e 0.021; Sb 0.128; Bi 0.002. O n coin 10: C u 93.50; Sn 5.76; A g 0.025; F e 0.021; Sb 0.098; Bi 0.001; Z n 0.014.

Reign o f Tiberius A nonym ous 333

(?) (illegible obv.), b u t lau reate head 1.

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1. C C A; bull, 1., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head

Vives 173-12, B eltran 19b

332

334

i . M 8 2 1 6 ( = V ives 1 49-10), 12.18.

A V G V ST (V S) C C A ; lau reate head, 1. T I C A ESA R A V G V S T I F; lau reate head, r.

331

As

985

Bronze. 2 8 -g m m , 13.33g ( h ) · Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

Vives 149-8, H ill 15-3, B eltran 24 T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. C C A ; priest ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, r. i . C alico 6/1979, 1076, 11.70; 2. P 557, 14.50; 3 . R 158, 11.29; 4 · V Q R 5 9 0 (— H ill 15-3); 5 - 8 . B a 4475, 26630, 30479, 33935, 12.74, 12.14, 15.20, 11.30; 9 . L 456, 13.57; 1 0 . L 457, 10.41; i i —15. M 8198-9, 8201 ( = V ives 149-8), 8203, 8207, 17.93, Ι 3 ·7 Ι > Ι 5 ·3 4 > i5*o6, 11*76; 16. IV D J ( = G il, pi. 7 -8 6 ). M eta l analysis on coin 9: C u 94.50; S n 6.04; A g 0.028; F e 0.089; 8 b 0.134; Ni 0.006; A s 0.035; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.001. O n coin 10: C u 93.50; P b 0.428; S n 5.98; A g 0.038; Fe 0.035; 8b 0.013; N i 0.005; A s 0.009; Bi 0.001; Z n 0.003. 334

AE. 28m m , 12.86g (22: 334—7)· Axis: var. Vives 150-2, B eltran 25c (corr.),

n ah

[ 8 ]

1088

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. C C A ; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 230, 10.49; 2—3 . C alico 6/1979, 1078-9, 14.00, 16.00; 4 . C op 553, 14.18; 5 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1160, 14.12; 6 . M u 36,

A nonym ous 340

Bronze. 28 m m , 12.05g (23). Axis: var. Vives 149-9, B eltran 25a,

gmi

[ 10 ]

329

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, r. C C A ; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head i . A N E 2 6 -2 7 /4 /1 9 8 3 , 76; 2. C alico 6/1979, 1077, 13.00; 3. C o p 552, 13.05; 4 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1161, 12.80; 5—7. P 560, 562, S d e R , 13.98, 10.86, 9.40; 8 —i i . B a 4779, 21520, 23679, 30482, 10.74, i ] : -0 3j i i . o 8 , 11.88; 12—14. L 458 -6 0 , 12.78, 12.42, 12.01; 15. M 8 2 1 0 ( = V ives 1499), 13.10; 1 6 - 2 0 . M 8211, 8213 -4 , S astre 10304-5, 11.59, i 2 -9 °j 13-52 > 12.52, 10.35; 21—2 2 . B 17434, B ohl, 13.75, 10.77; 2 3 . C 542, 12.30; 24. G iro n a 29424 ( = c m t m , pi. 6 -9 2 ), 11.32. M eta l analysis on coin 13: C u 92.50; P b 0.076; S n 7.47; A g 0.036; F e 0.056; S b 0.146; As 0.011; Bi 0.001. O n coin 14: C u 91.50; P b 0.053; S n 7.91; A g 0.040; Fe 0.082; Sb 0.157; N i 0.001; As 0.006; Bi 0.002.

S P A I N : Caesaraugusta (341-349)

AD 28-g

T ib e r iu s a n d L iv ia

341

Bronze. 2 7 -3 0 m m , 12.34g (3 1)· Axis: var. Vives 152-3, H ill 15-2, B eltran 26,

gmi

[ 12 ]

344

Brass. 36 m m , 24.70 g (5). Axis: var. Vives 150-3, H ill 16-8, B eltran 35,

332

1061

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. C C A IV L IA A V G V ST A ; Livia, d rap ed an d veiled, seated on throne, r. i . Bo 185, 12.12; 2. CalicÖ 6/1979, 1091 (A V G V S T I F ), 13.15; 3. C o p 555 (A V G V S T I F ), 15.40; 4 - 6 . P 541-3 (542: A V G V S T V S ; 543: A V G V S T I F ), 12.13, 11.65, 11.73; 7· V 50, 10.95; 8. V a t 286, 12.60; 9 . F o rm erly S d e C 1079 ( = V ives 15 2 -3 ); 10. g m i 332, 15.00; 11—12. B L ö b b a n d B ohl (A V G V S T I F; T I C A E S A R D IV I A V G V S T I [ ]S T V S ), 10. Q2, 12.4.Q; 12—iQ . B a 4 4 7 0 - 1 , 4 7 8 1 - 2 , 4 9 3 2 , 9 4 7 6 , 1058 3 0 (A V G V S T I F; T I C A E S A R D I V I J W G V S T I F [ ]T V S ; A V G [ ; A V G V S T I F; T I C A [ ]I A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; A V G V S T I F ), 8.63, 12.64, 13.20, 10.80, 11.53, 12.60, 11.89; 2°* E 4 6 4 ( — H ill 15-2) (A V G V S T I F ), 14.29; 21. L 465, 12.03; 2 2 - 2 3 . O (A V G V S T V S ; A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ),jn .4 7 (pierced), i6.02£ 2 4 2 9 . M 8307-8, 8310, 8312-3, S a stre 10278 (A V G V S T I F; T I C A E S A R D IV I Ä V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; Ä V G V S T I F Ä V G [; A V G V S T I F; Τ Ι C A E S A R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; A V G V S T I F ), 12.60, 12.18, 12.67, 12.55, 12.57, i 3 -o8 ; 30· G 6 (A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ), 11.ro; 3 1 . C 537, 11.37; 3 2· B oulogne s u r M er, 10.98; 3 3 . G iro n a 29427 ( = CMTM, pi. 6 -9 4 ), 1 0 .8 1 ;,3 4 . A N E 7 -9 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 427 (T I C A E S A R D I V I A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ). M e ta l analysis on coin 20: C u 84.37; P 6 0.390; S n 14.80; A g 0.016; Fe 0.582; S b 0.092; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.006. O n coin 21: C u 86.00; P b 1.95; S n 10.01; A g 0.019; F e 0.375; St) 0.143; N i 0.001; As 0.025; Bi 0.002.

i . P 545 (obv. illegible), 22.85; 2 * B L o b b , 23.58; 3 . L 4 6 9 ( = H ill 16-8) (T I C A E S A R D I V I A V G V F A V G V S T V S P O M A X T R P O T [S X X X ] ) , 28.47; 4 . M 8222 (T I C A E S A R D I V I A V G V F A V G V S T V S [ ] M A X T R [ ]X ) , 23.60; 5. IV D J ( = V ives 150-3) (T I C A E S A R D I V I A V G V F A V G V S T P M T R P O T S X X X ) , 25.00. M eta l analysis o n coin 3: C u 72.00; A g 0.005; Fe 0.053; 8 b 0.206; N i 0.020; Bi 0.003; Z n 28.21.

M Catus L Vettiacus Ilviri, AD j i -2 345

AE. 33 m m , 22.07 g (5). Axis: var.

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S T V S P M T R P O T X X X III; equestrian figure of T iberius w earing p alu d am en tu m an d cuirass, r. C C A M C A T O L V E T T IA C V S II V IR ; aquila betw een two signa i , P 5 4 7 ( = H ill 17-1 ), 20.12; 2. B B ohl, 18.67; 3 · 9 4 7 9 , 25-64; 4 · M 8246, iQ.73; 5. IV D J ( = V ives 150-10 = S d e C 1086), 26.18; 6. N Y N ew ell; 7. N Y H S A 23570.

D r u s u s a n d N e ro C a esa res, I lv ir i

Brass. 2 7 -g m m , 11.04g (9)· Axis: var. Vives 152-1, H ill 16-2, B eltran 33,

nah

C opper. 33 m m , 24.68 g (15). Axis: var.

1091

T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1. C C A D R V SV S C A ESA R N E R O CAESA R; N ero and D rusus seated opposite each other

[ 7 ]

330, B eltran 37,

n ah

1092

i . C alico 6/1979, 1082, 19.95; 2 * F 4 L 23 -2 5 > 3 · P 548 (tooled: A V G V S T V S P O N T ), 21.43; 4 . V 43, 19.15; 5 . g m i 330, 23.50; 6—7. B B ohl (false?), L ö b b , 23.04, 28.83; 8 . L 470, 28.50; 9. M 8 2 5 0 , 26.26; 1 0 12. M 8247 -8 , 8251, 26.01, 24.54, 24.67; 13. O , 26.40; 14. G 7 (pi. 9 7 23) ( = H ill 17-2), 30.39; 15. IV D J ( = V ives 1 5 0 -1 1 = G il, pi. 10-127); 16. C 539, 24.25; 17. N Y N ew ell; 18—2 1 . N Y H S A 738 6 -7 , 12006, 23242. M eta l an alysis o n coin 8: C u 98.50; P b 0.056; Sn 0.270; A g 0.047; Fe 0. 077; Sb 0.118; As 0.012; Bi 0.002.

i . C alico 6/1979, 1089, i i . 15; 2. P 573, 10.00; 3 . B a 4776, 11.99; 4. L 468, io .04; 5. M 8 2 8 9 ( = V ives 152-1 = H ill 16-2), 12.82; 6—7 . M 8 2 9 0 I , 11.22, 10.73; 8· G , 10.56; 9 . C 546, 10.87. M eta l analysis on coin 4: C u 76.50; P b 0.016; A g 0.004; Fe 0.049; 8b 0.106; N i 0.019; G o 0.010; Bi 0 . 002; Z n 24.61.34 347

AE. 2 9m m , 12.83g (6:

3 4 7 —8 ) .

Axis: n (i).

[ o ]

Vives 151-3, Gil 123-4, B eltran 39

[ to ]

[T I] C A E SA [R D IV ]I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1. M C A [T ] 0 L V E T T [IA C V S ] I I V IR ; C C A w ithin w reath

Vives 152-2, H ill 16-1, B eltran 34 T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, r. __ C C A N E R O C A ESA R D R V SV S C A E SA R II V IR ; facing heads of N ero an d D rusus 1. A N E 3 -4 /1 2 /1 9 8 5 , 96, 11.31; 2. C alico 6/1979, 1090 (A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; N E R O C A E S A R ), 14.05; 3. Cop_556 (T I C A E S A R D I V I A V G V ST I F A V G V STV S; C C A N E R O CA ESAR D RV SV S CA ESAR I I V IR ), 12.76; 4 . M u 39^43.01; 5 - 6 . P 571 (A V G V S T I F A [V G V S ]T V S ; N E R O C A E S A R ), 5 7 2 J T I C A E S A R D IV I A V [ ]S; C C A N E R O C A E S A R D R V S V S C A E S A R I I V IR ), 11.96, 12.18; 7. V 49 (A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ), 11.28; 8 - 9 . B L ö b b (A V G V S T I), B ohl (A V G V S T I), 13.19, x i . 17; 10—13. 4785 (D R V S V S C A E S A R ), 4923 (Ä V G V S T I), 9488 (A V G V S T I), 21529 (A V G V S T I; N E R O C A E S A R ), 12.96, 10.93, 10 -7 5 . ' 3 -5 6 ; 1 4 - 1 5 ^ 4 6 6 (T I C A E S A R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; C C A N E R O C A E S A R D R V S V S C A E S A R I I V IR ) a n d 467 ( = H ill 16-1) (T I C A E S A R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; C G A N E R O C A E S A R D R V S V S C A E S A R I I V IR ), 13.37, 12.91; 16. M 8 2 9 2 ( = V ives 152-2) (D R V SV S C A E S A R ), 13.54; 17—19· M 8301, 8304, 8306 (A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S ; C C A N E R O C A E S A R D R V S V S C A E S A R I I V IR ), 10.90, 11.89, I0 -^3; 20. G 10, 12.13; 2 t . C 545, 6.45. M eta l analysis on coin 14: C u 88.50; P b 0.028; S n 10.75; A g 0.019; Fe 0.108; Sb 0.139; N i 0.018; A s 0.003; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.047.

gmi

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S T V S P O N T M A X T R P O T X X X III; T iberius seated on curule chair, 1. C C A M C A T O L V E T T IA C V S II V IR L E G IV L EG V I L E G X ; vexillum betw een two circular stan d ard s (radiate p h alerae), each on a basis

[ 4 ]

Bronze. 2 8 -g m m , 11.96g (21). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

Vives 150-10, H ill 17-1, B eltran 36

Vives 15 0 -1 1, H ill 17-2,

343

nah

[ 3 ]

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V F A V G V S T (V S ) P(O ) M (A X ) T R P O T S X X X ; T ib eriu s seated on curule chair, 1. P IE T A T I A V G V S T A E G C A ; hexastyle tem ple

346

342

123

1. M 8 2 7 6 ( = V ives 151-3 = G il 123), 13.18; 2. IV D J ( = G il, pi. 10-124). 348

AE. 29 m m . See

347.

Axis: var.

[ o ]

Vives 151-4, Gil 125-6, B eltran 40 As

347,

b u t w ith o u t w reath

I . IV D J ( = V ives 151-4 = S d e C 1092), 18.46; 2. B a 4784, 9.40; 3 . M S a s tr e 1 0 3 0 7 , 13.11; 4 —5. M 8277—8, 11.20, 11.61. 349

C opper. 2 8 -g m m , 12.05g (48: Vives 150-12, H ill 17-3,

gmi

3 4 9 —5 1 ) .

Axis: var. [ 14 ]

331, B eltran 38d,

n ah

1093

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, 1. C C A M C A T O L V E T T IA C V S II V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, 1. i . Bo 188, 12.71; 2—3. C alico 6/1979, I0 b 3~ 4 > 13.65, 10*65; 4 · C o p 557, 12.55; 5. M i 190, 9.69; 6 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1163, 12.80; 7. P 549, 11.35;

8 - 9 . V 44 (= H ill 1 7 -3 ), 45, 13-86, 9.30; 10. V a t 289, 12.70; 11. gmi 331, 12.00; 12—13. B 27860 a n d B ohl, 12.17, 13.15; 14. B a 1 0 9 1 8 3 , 14.21; 1 5 -2 1 . B a 4771, 9484-5, 21526-7, 30887, 33932, 12.03, 11.34, 12.24, 12.28, 11.39, 16.36, 11.02; 22—2 5 . L 4 7 I - 4. 12.82, 12.25, I J -88, 9.97; 26— 3 2 . M 8253, 8258, 8265, 8267, 8271-2, S astre 10294, 12.42, 12.70, 13.31, 14- 5 1. 11-89, 13 -2 !. 12 -7 3 ; 33 - N 142, 9-67; 3 4 . O , 12.16; 3 5 . G 8, 12.42; 36. IV D J ( = V ives 150-12); 3 7 - 3 8 . C , 10.33, 9 - n ; 39 - G 5 4 ° , 1113; 4 0 . G iro n a 29426 ( = cmtm, pi. 6—93), 11.96; 4 1 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 29-3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 284 ( = S de C 1096), 13.42. M eta l analysis o n coin 23: C u 99.50; P b 0.154; Sn 1.22; A g 0.034; Fe 0.225; S b 0.100; N i 0.005; Bi 0.001. O n coin 25: C u 98.50; A g 0.071; F e 0.135; S b 0.093; N i 0.002; Bi 0. 003; Z n 0.005. 350

AE. 27 m m . See

349.

Axis: var.

[

i . A N E 3 -4 /1 2 /1 9 8 5 , 95, 4.61; 2. C o p 560, 4.89; 3. M u 38, 5.59; 4 - 5 . P 564 a n d no n u m b e r, 5.47, 6.86; 6. V a t 287, 7.60; 7. M S a s tr e 103 1 0 , 6.58; 8—i i . M 8229, 8235 -7 , 6.31, 6-27, 7.41, 6.13; 1 2 . L 478, 4.26. M eta l an alysis on coin 12: C u 96.00; P b 0.053; Sn 4.36; A g 0.045; Fe 0.030; Sb 0 . 215; N i 0.002; A s 0.005; Bi 0.002. 356

349,

[ 2 ]

1. N Y H S A 2 3 2 1 5 , 4.78; 2. B B ohl, 4.76; 3. P 565, 6.40. 357

A E. 15m m , 2.93g (4:

357- 8

). Axis: n (2).

[ 1 ]

Vives 150-9, H ill 15-7, B eltran 29

1]

T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, 1. C L E M E N S E T L V C R E T IV S C C A I I V IR ; vexillum on basis

Vives 15 1—2, B eltran 38c As

AE. 2 0m m . See 355. Axis: 11 (1). As 355, b u t C L E M E N T E E T L V C R E T IO

b u t priest ploughing, r.

1. Bo 189, 12.90; 2. C o p 558, 10.13; 3- V iv e s 151—2 (from J o rd a n a coll., Z a rag o za); 4 . M S astre 10297, n - 7 5 ; 5 - VI 8275, 10.77; 6- IV D J ( = G i l,

i . P 567, 2.55; 2. IV D J ( = V ives 150-9 = H ill 15-7), 3.55; 3 . V illa r o n g a c o ll. 6 5 3 4 , 3.42.

P1· n - 1 3 3 ) · 351

AE. 28 m m . See

349.

Axis: var.

[

1]

358

349,

i . M 8 2 4 4 , 2.19.

b u t head an d priest ploughing, r.

i . M S V 17/12/1981, 1162, 11.90; 2. V ives 151-1 (from B arril coll., Z a rag o za); 3 . B L öbb, 11.39; 4 · M 8273, 12.40; 5. M 8 2 7 4 , 11.72; 6. A N E 7 -9 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 426; 7. IV D J ( = G i l, pi. 11-132). F orgery: 1. M S astre 10293, ΙΓ ·7 5 · G a rc ia de L a to rre 733 (= B eltran 38b), w ith p riest p lo u g h in g 1., needs confirm ation, b u t seem s p la u sib le, in view o f th e o th e r co m b in atio n s o f dies ( 3 4 9 -5 1 ).

M n F la v iu s F e s tu s M 359

AE. 20 mm .

AE. 3 7m m , 26.22g (4). Axis: var.

[ o ]

T I A V G V ST V S D IV I A V G V S T I F C A ESA R IM P P O N T M A X ; lau reate head, 1. M N F L A V IO F E S T O M O F IL L IO S IL V A N IT E R II V IR ; in beld, C C A

[ o ]

I . IV D J (—V ives 152-7 = H ill 16-7 = G il, pi. 13—160), 26.53; 2—3. M 8 3 3 3 - 4 , 27.01, 25.49; 4 . G i i , 25.85.

Vives 150-4, B eltran 27a T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. C C A SE X A E B [V T IV S L L V C jR E T IV S II V IR ; aquila betw een tw o signa

360

Bronze. 2 0 m m , 6 .3 2 g (14). Axis: var.

A E. 29 m m , 11.69 g (4)· Axis: var.

[ i ]

Vives 152-8, B eltran 32 As

i . F o r m e r l y B a r r i i c o ll. ( = V ives 150-4). 353

O f illiu s S ilv a n ite r u m I l v i r i

Vives 152-7, H ill 16-7, B eltran 31

S e x A e b u iiu s L L u c r e tiu s I l v i r i 352

[ o ]

As 3 5 7 , b u t [C L E M E N T E E T ] L V C R E T IO

Vives 151-1, B eltran 38a As

A E. 15m m . See 357. Axis: 11 (1).

359

i . B D ressel 1/1021, Q.92; 2. B a 1 0 0 1 8 5 , 14.03; 3—4 . M 8225 ( = V ives r 5 2 -8 ), 8354, !3 -j6 , 9.67; 5. IV D J ( = G il, pi. 13-163).

[ 5 ]

Vives 150-5, H ill 15-8, B eltran 27b As

35a,

C

b u t head 1.

i . Bo 186, 6 .11 ; 2. C alico 6/1979, 1080, 7.50; 3. P 563, 4.45; 4—5; B L öbb, 8.20, 6.24; 6—8. B a 4 7 8 6 -7 , 21528, 7.45, 5-68, 6.92; 9—10. L 4 7 9 80, 6.22, 4.41; i i . M 8 2 2 8 ( = V ives 150-5), 7.09; 12—14. M 8226-7, S astre 10309, 8.01, 4.75, 5-44- C oin from S anchez coll. (A lbacete) (= B e ltra n 27c), n o t verified a n d confirm ation needed. Forgeries: 1. O , 6.45 (cast from M 8228); 2. L e n in g rad ( = H ill 15-8), a lth o u g h n o t checked, this coin seem s, like th e previous, also ca st from M 8228. M eta l analysis on coin 10: C u 90.50; S n 9.28; A g 0.045; F e 0.016; S b 0.100; N i 0 . 001; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.003.

C le m e n s a n d L u c r e tiu s I l v i r i 354

AE. 20m m , 5.76g ( i i ) . Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

Vives 150-6, H ill 15-6, B eltran 2 8 a-b ,

nah

1089

T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. C C A C L E M E N S E T L V C R E T IV S II V IR ; aquila betw een two signa 1. A N E 2 3 -24/10/1984, 231, 5.78; 2. C alico 6/1979, 1081, 5.94; 3—4 . B L ö b b a n d B ohl (false?), 5.68, 5.13; 5 . B a 105828, 6.90; 6. L 477 (= H ill 1 5 - 6), 5.18; 7. M 8231 (= V iv e s 150-6), 5.50; 8—9 . M 8230, 8242 ( = V ives 150-8), 5.85, 7.59; 10. O , 4.70; i i . V ill a r o n g a c o ll. 2 1 7 6 , 5.10. 355

Bronze. 20 m m , 5.86 g (15: Vives 150-7, B eltran 28c As

354,

but head 1.

3 5 5 —6 ) .

Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

C a rri A q u il L

361

F u n i V et f

I lv ir i

Bronze. i7 -2 o m m , 4 .8 5 g (14). Axis: var.

[ 6 ]

Vives 151-7, H ill 16-6, B eltran 30 T I C A E SA R A V G V S T V S Ä V G V S T I F; lau reate head, 1. C C A R R I A Q V IL L F V N I V E T F II V IR ; in field, CCA I . A N E 2 9 -3 0 /4 /1 9 8 5 Q SA R A V G V S T V S A V [; C C A R R Ï A Q V IL L F V N [ ] I l V I R C G A ), 131, 4.29; 2. C alico 6/1979,_ io 8 6 Q SA R A V G V S T V S A V G V S T [; C C A R R I A Q V [ ] T F I I V I R G C A ), 5.40; 3 . P 556 (]G V S T V [; C G A R R I A Q V I L Q C C A ), 5.32; 4 . V 4 7 Q G V S T V S A V G V S T [; C C A [C] G A R R I A Q V IL L F V [), 4 .o9; 5 . H ill 16-6 ( = V Q R 600) ( T I C A E S A R [ ]G V S T I_ F ; C C A R R I A Q V IL [ ] T F I l V I R C C A ); 6 - 7 . B B o M Q G V S T V S A V G V S T [; ]V N I V E T F I I [ ] C C A ) (]C A E [ 1G V S T V S A V G [ ; C [ ] I I V I R C C A ), 6.13, 3.8g; 8. B a 9478 Q A V G V S T V S A V G V S jjJ C A R R I A Q V IL [ ] T F I I V I R _ G C A ) , 4.40; g - i o ^ L 4 8 1 -2 Q A R R I A Q V IL L [ ] C C A) (C C A R R I A Q V IL L F V N I V E T F I I V I R C C A ), 4.14, 3.32; 11. M S a s tr e 1 0 2 8 4 (]A R A V G V S T V S A V G V S [; ]L F V N I V E T F I I V I R C G A ), 3R 2; 1 2 15. M 8282 -4 , S astre 10285 (C C A R R I A Q J ] F V N I V E T F I I V IR C C A ) (C C A R R I A [ ]_V E T F I I V IR T ! C A ) ( ] V I L L F V N I V E T F I I V I R C C A ), Q V N I V E T F I I V I R C G A ), 6.35 ^4 .8 8 , 6.38, 5.45; r 6 . IV D J ( = V ives 151-7) (T I C A E S A R [; C C A R R I A Q V IL L F V N I V E T F I I V I R C C A) j _ i 7· A N E 1 1-12/1961, 57 (T I C A E S A R A V G V S T V S A V G [ ; ]R I A Q V IL L F V N I V E T F I I [ ] C C A. M eta l an alysis on coin 9: C u 84.50; P b 7.11; Sn 8.22; A g 0.022; F e 0.056; Sb 0.131; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.012.

S P A IN : Caesâraugusta (362-371)

I u n ia n u s L u p u s p r G 362

C a e s a r is C P o m p o n P a r r a I l v i r i

Bronze. 29m m , 14.16g (5). Axis: var.

15.43, 14.41, 10.24, 12.74; 2 3 · L 4765 Ι 3 ·Ι2 ί 2 4 - 2 7 · Μ 8315 ( = V ives 152-4), 8317, 8320, 8326, 16.49, ι ΐ · 4 °» Ι 5 ·4 Ι > ΙΟ·3 4 ; 28. Ν 143, ι ΐ · 9 °; 29· C 5 4 L Ι 0 ·Γ5 · F o rg ery (?): 1. Β B ohl, 18.07. M e ta l an alysis on coin 23: C u 92.50; P b 0.187; Sn 6.92; A g 0.046; F e 0.047; S b 0.121; N i 0.006; Co 0.007; As 0.004; Bi 0.002.

[ 1]

Vives 151-9, H ill 16-4, B eltran 42 P IE T A T IS A V G V ST A E C C A ; b ust of Pietas, veiled an d diadem ed, r. ___ IV N ÏÂ N O L V P O PR G C A ESA R G P O M P O N PA RR A II V; tetrastyle tem ple i . L 4 7 5 ( = H i l l 16-4), 14.05; 2. M 8286 (obv. illegible), 12.79; 3 · FV D J ( = V ives 151-9), 14.38; 4 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 283, 16.19; 5 * N Y H S A 23233, 14.58. M e ta l analysis on coin 1: C u 89.00; Sn

C a lig u la L ic in ia n u s a n d G e r m a n u s I l v i r i 368

7.60; A g 0.036; Fe 0.019; Sb 0.128; N i 0.001; Bi 0.003.

363

AE. 28 m m , 15.44g

(4)·

Axis: var.

[ 1]

3 6 8 —9 ) .

Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

G C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; lau reate head, r. G C A L IC IN IA N O E T G E R M A N O I I V IR ; aquila betw een two signa

P IE T A T IS A V G V ST A E ; b u st of Pietas, veiled and diadem ed, r. ___ IV N ÏÂ N O L V P O P R G C A ESA R G P O M P O N PA RR A II V; in field, C C A C alico 6/1979, 1088, 14.40; 2 . P 540, 15.14; 3 . M 8 2 8 7 10 = H ill 16-5) (P A R R A ), 17.73; 4 · M 8288, 14.48.

I.

(=

AE. 29 mm , 13.56 g (6). Axis: var.

i . M u .40, 2 3 .6 0 ; 2. P 5 7 9 , 2 4 .1 4 ; 3 . B B o h l, 2 0 .9 6 ; 4—6. M 8 3 7 5 - 7 , 2 4 .6 9 , 2 5 .3 6 , 2 1 .7 2 ; 7 . I V D J ( = V iv e s 1 5 4 - 4 ), 2 5 .2 6 ; 8 . N Y N e w e ll ( = T r i l l m i c h , p l. 21—1), 24 .1 4 .

V ives 1 5 1 369

[ 3 ]

As

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. ___ ___ C C A IV N ÏA N O L V P O P R G C A ESA R G P O M P O N PA RRA II V; aquila betw een two signa

368.

Axis: var.

368,

[ 2 ] gmi

336,

nah

1129,

b u t head 1.

i . C a lic o 6 /1 9 7 9 , 1 1 0 1 , 2 3 .5 0 ; 2. g m i 33 6 ( = A N E 1 1 - 1 2 /1 9 6 1 , 6 9 ), 24.00; 3. L 4 8 3 ( to o le d ), 2 2 .2 5 ; 4 . O , 2 4 .0 3 ; 5 . M S a s tr e 1 0 288, 2 4 .4 4 ; 6 . N Y H S A 7 4 2 1 ( = T r i l l m i c h , p l. 2 1 - 2 ) , 2 5 .1 4 ; 7. N Y H S A 2 3 8 4 4 , 2 4.22; 8. N Y N e w e ll, 2 4 .1 7 ; 9. I V D J ( = V iv e s 1 5 4 - 5 ); I O · V Q R 61 2 ( = H ill 1 7 4 ). F o r g e ry (?) 1. M 8 3 7 8 , 15.31. M e ta l a n a ly s is o n c o in 3: C u 8 3 .0 0 ; P b 0 .8 1 5 ; S n 1 .130; A g 0 .0 1 9 ; F e 0 .1 3 7 ; S b 0.137;. N i 0 .0 5 7 ; A s 0 .0 5 0 ; Bi 0 . 0 0 3 ; Z n 14.46

i . Bo 190, 13.06; 2 . C alico 6/1979, 1087, 13.80; 3 . P 5 4 6 ( = H ill 16-3),

30; 4 . M 8285 ( = V ives 151-8), 13.09; 5—6 . B 17436, Bohl, 15.52,

[4 .5 7 ; 7. IV D J , form erly S de C 1087; 8. N Y N ew ell; 9—10. N Y H SA

11946, 23229.

Brass. 36-7 m m . See

Vives 154-5, H ill 17-4, B eltran 50b, T rillm ich I - i b

Vives 151-8, H ill 16-3, B eltran 41

II.

AE. 3 5m m , 23.85g (16:

Vives 154-4, B eltran 50a, T rillm ich I - i a

Vives 151-10, H ill 16-5, B eltran 43

364

/25

370

Brass. 2 8m m ,

n.6og (16).

Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

Vives 154-8, B eltran 52, T rillm ich I-2 T

C a e c iliu s L e p id u s C A u f id iu s G e m e llu s I l v i r i

365

AE. 3 5 -6 m m , 24.76g (6). Axis: var. Vives 152-9, H ili 15-5, B eltran 46,

G C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; lau reate head, 1. L IC IN IA N O E T G E R M A N O I I V IR ; in field, C C A

[ o ]

nah

1. C alico 6/1979, n ° 5 , IO-42; 2. C o p 561, 12.11; 3. P 580, 11.16; 4 —6. Ba 9492, 21534, 3 3 9 3 4 , 8.89, 11.16, 11.03; 7· L 484, 12.75; 8. M 8 3 9 9 ( = V iv e s 1 5 4 - 8 ), 1 1.34; 9—ϊ ° · Μ 8 4 0 0 , S a s tr e 1 0 3 0 8 , 12.55, 12.00; i i . C 547, 13.37; 12—ι ς . N Y H S A 7 4 1 9 -2 0 , 2 3 5 7 4 , 5 7 8 2 2 , 12.14, ι ο . ς ι , 10.60, 1 2.40; 16. N Y N e w e ll, 12.83; *7 - I V D J ( = G i l , p l. 1 4 -1 7 7 ); 18. F N M T ( = T r i l l m i c h , p l. 2 1 - 3 ) ; 19. A N E 1 1 - 1 2 /1 9 6 1 , 72. M e ta l a n a ly s is o n co in

1094

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, r. T C A E C IL IO L E P ID O C A V F ID IO G E M E L L O II V IR ; in field, C C A i . A N E 26-2 7 /4 /1 9 8 3 , 77; 2. C alico 6/1979, I0 9 2, 32.70; 3 · M S V 17/12/1981, 1159, 17.7 5; 4 . S tockholm ( = H ill 1 5-5) ; k. B a 3 3 0 3 0 , 19.00; 6. M 8336, 24.74; 7 · IV D J ( = V ives 152-9); 8. A N E 11-12/1961, 65 . ( = n a h 1094), 28.80; 9. M i s n G 207, 25.60. M o d e rn forgery: 1. R 161, 25-29·

366

AE. 28m m ,

11.73g

(3)· Axis: var.

[ i ]

Vives 152-6, B eltran 49 T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. L E P ID O E T G E M E L L O II V IR ; in field, C C A i . B L öbb, 12.31; 2 . M 8 3 3 2 ,(= V ives 152-6), 10.84; 3 · N Y H S A 23228, 12.03. F orgery: 1. M 8331.

367

Bronze. 29m m , 12.65g (27). Axis: var. Vives 152-4, 5, GMi 333, B eltran 47-8,

[ 11 ] nah

1095

T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. C C A _ ( T C A E C IL IO ) L E P ID O (E T ) (C A V F ID IO ) G E M E L L O II V IR ; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head L E P ID O E T G E M E L L O I I V IR : i . P 555, 10.55; 2* B a 4 7 7 7 , 15-84; 3 . IV D J ( = V i v e s j 5 2 - 5); T C A E C IL IO L E P ID O C Ä V F ID IO G E M E L L O I I V IR : 4 . Bo 191, 11.43; 5 * C alico 6/1979, 1093, 15.54; 6· C o p 5 5 9 , !2·6ο; 7. M i 191, 14-351 8· M u 37, 10.87; 9· P 5 5 3 , 11-89; ί ο —i i . Ρ 5 5 4 > D ’A illy 17461, 13 *3 5 s τ 1.88; ΐ 2 . V 48, 8.66 (broken); 13· V a t 288, 15.3°; Ϊ 4 · GMI 3 3 3 ? Ι 3·2ο; 15—ι6 . Β L ö b b a n d B ohl, 11.82, 8.89; 1 7 -2 2 · Ba 4778, 4901, 9483, 21524-5, 23677, 10.32 (pierced), 13.65,

7: C u 7 2 .0 0 ; P b 0 .1 5 9 ; 8 n 0 .2 1 0 ; A g 0 .0 2 8 ; F e 0 .1 4 3 ; 8 b 0 .1 7 9 ; Bi 0 .0 0 3 ; Z n 2 7 .2 1 . 371

C opper. 30 m m , 11.83g ( 7 I:

3 7 I — a )·

Axis: var.

[ 22 ]

Vives 154-6, H ill 17-5, B eltran 51b, gmi 337, T rillm ich I- 3 G C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; lau reate head, 1. C C A L IC IN IA N O E T G E R M A N O I I V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r. i . A N E 2 9 - 3 0 /4 /1 9 8 5 , 132, 13.27; 2—3 . B o 192 a n d 194, 12 .2 7, 10.77; 4 “

6. C a lic o 6 /1 9 7 9 , 1 1 0 2 -4 , 8 .1 8 , 14 .2 2 , 11.00 ; 7. C o p 5 62 ( = H ill 1 7 -5 ), 1 3.44; 8 . M S V 1 7 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 1 1 6 6 ,9 .5 0 ; 9—10. M u 4 1 - 2 , 1 2 .3 7, 12 . 13; i i , P 5 8 3 , 1 3.67; 12—14. P 58 1 —2, D ’A illy 1 7 462, 12 .4 0 , 12 .1 4, 13.21; 15. R 162, 10.39; τ 6 . V 5 3 , 1 1.73; 17—21. B L ö b b (2 ), F o x , 2 8 6 5 1 , 2 7859, 11 .6 8 , 1 2.06, 12.19, 1 1 4 0 , 11.42; 22—3 1 . B a 4 7 7 5 , 9 4 9 1 , 2 1 5 3 2 - 3 , 2 3 6 7 8 , 3 3 9 3 3 , 3 7 0 6 3 , 100 9 0 3 , 10 9 1 8 0 , 1 0 9 1 8 2 , 11 .4 9 , n - 8 o , i i . 51, 10.66, 11.02, 10 .5 4 , 10-85, 13-36» I 2 -7 ° ; 3 2 - 3 5 · L 4 8 5 - 8 , 13.77, 1 1 -9 4 , 11-83, 1 0.40; 3 6 - 4 2 . M 8 3 7 9 , 8 3 8 2 ( = V ives 1 5 4 - 6 ), 8 3 8 3 , 8 3 8 5 , 8 3 8 7 , 8 3 9 4 , 8 3 9 6 , 13.59, 1 2.96, 11.6 5 , 1 2.36, 12 .1 3 , 10.99, ΐ 2 · ο ι ; 4 3 _ 44· Ο , 12.52, 1 0.83; 4 5 · G 12, 12.29; 4 6 · W a r s a w 1 0 1 2 /1 5 , 1 2 .27; 4 7 “ 4 $· C 5 4 8 - 9 , 10 .1 8 , 12.66; 4 9 · C , 12.65; 5 ° · H o w g e g o c o ll., 1 0.56; 5 1 . G i r o n a 2 9425 ( = CMT M, p l. 6 - 9 5 ) , 11.20; 5 2 . A l a c a n t ( = CMTM, p l. 3 8 - 2 1 1 ), 10.00; 5 3 . N u m i s m a ti c a A rs C la s s ic a 2 9 - 3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 28 7 , 1 1.52; 5 4 . N Y N e w e ll, I I - 9 9 ; 5 5 - 6 9 . N Y H S A 7 4 2 2 -7 , 7 4 2 9 -3 0 , 1 1 830, 2 3 5 8 7 - 8 , 5 7 8 1 3 , 5 7 8 1 8 21, 11.42, 9 .9 4 , 1 2 .8 2 , 12 .9 7 , I J · 12, 12 .1 9 , 11 .9 2 , 1 0 .9 5 , T3 -3 2 , n - o 6 , 12.03, 1 1.38, 1 1 .15, 1 1.37, 12.23; 7 0 - 7 1 . I V D J ( = G il, p l. 1 5 -1 8 0 a n d 182). M e ta l a n a ly s is o n c o in 33: C u 1 0 1.5; A g 0 .0 2 2 ; F e 0 .0 4 0 ; S b 0 .1 1 8 ; A s 0 .0 0 4 ; B i 0 .0 0 3 ; Z n 0 .0 0 5 . O n c o in 34: C u 9 9 .5 0 ; A g 0 .0 4 1 ; F e 0 .0 4 3 ; 8 b 0 .1 0 1 ; A s 0 .0 0 5 ; B i 0 .0 0 3 ; Z n 0 .0 2 2 . O n c o in 35: C u 1 0 0.0; P b 0 .0 1 5 ; A g 0 .0 3 6 ; F e 0 .0 4 5 ; 8 b 0 .0 0 8 ; N i 0 .0 0 1 ; A s 0 .0 0 1 ; B i 0 .0 0 2 ; Z n 0 .0 2 3 .

372

AE. 28 m m . See

371.

Axis: var.

i . M u 43, 10.18; 2. P 5 6 8 , 11.43; 3 · B L ö b b , 13.58; 4 . L 489, 13.76; 5— 6. M 8353 ( = V ives 153 -8 ), 8355, 9.34, 11.40; 7. V Q R 605 ( = H ill 18-1); 8. N Y H S A 23219 (= T rillm ich , p i. 2 2 -6 ), 12.21; 9 . N Y N ew ell, 13.08; 10—i i . IV D J ( = G il, pi. 15-188 a n d 16-189). M eta l an alysis on coin 4: C u 78.00; P b 0.063; A g 0.029; Be 0.251; Sb 0.161; N i 0.001; Bi 0.002; Zn 23.06.

[ o ]

Vives 154-7, B eltran 51a As

371,

b u t head r.

M 8 3 9 1 ( = V ives 154-7), 11 4 8 ; 2. M S astre 10277, 13-09; 3 · 1V D J ( = G il, pi. 15-178). I.

3 7 8 —9 380

S c ip io a n d M o n ta n u s I l v i r i 373

AE. 35m m , 24.21g (3). Axis: var.

i - a . P 569-70, 12.05, ” -7 2 ; 3 · B 536/1918, 10.59; 4 . L 490, 12.07; 5 · M 8 3 5 8 ( = V ives 153-9), ΙΓ ·73 ϊ 6—8 . Μ 835 6 -7 , 8359, 9.62, 11.67 (p ierced ), 11.07; 9 · N Y N ew ell, 13.22; 1 0 - 1 2 . N Y H SA 7411, 23230, 24644, 10.48, 11.50, 10.13; 13. H ( = T rillm ich , pi. 2 2 -7 ). M eta l an alysis on coin 4: C u 74.00; P b 0.232; A g 0.035; Fe 0.497; 8 b 0.146; Bi 0.003; Z n 24.75.

i . P 574, 22.47; 2* ÏV D J (= V ives 154-1 = S d e C 1106), 27.14; 3 . V Q R c o ll. 6 0 9 (B M ca st); 4 . N Y H S A 23832 ( = T rillm ich , pi. 2 2 - r ) , 23.03; 5. Iria rte coll. ( = B eltran , p. 39, no. 54). 3 7 4 —5 ) ·

Vives 154-2, H ill 17-6, B eltran 55, I I - 3a

Axis: var.

gmi

[ 4 ]

381

374.

Axis: var.

Vives 154-3, B eltran 56, T rillm ich II -3 b ,

nah

1130

382

AE. 37 m m , 24.25 g (10). Axis: var. Vives 153-5, H ill 17-7, B eltran 57, T rillm ich I I -4 , 1123

377

gmi

[

9

[ 4 ]

Vives 153-3, B eltran 63, T rillm ich ΙΠ -3 G C Ä E SÄ R A V G G E R M Ä N IC V S IM P P A T E R PA T R IA E ; b are head, 1. C C A T IT V L L O E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, r. 1 -2 · P 57 7 - 8 , 12 -3 7 , 12.45; 3· V 51, 14.21; 4 . B 4 9 6 /1 8 8 7 ( = T rillm ich , pi. 2 3 -1 ), 12.33; 5 - 6 · M 834 0 -1 , 10.65, 10.46; 7. N 147, 12.98; 8. IV D J ( = V ives 153-3), ‘ 3-28; 9. N Y N ew ell, 8.41.

[ i ] nah

A E. 29 mm , 11.90 g (9). Axis: var.

383

AE. 35 mm .

[ o ]

V ives 153-4, B eltran 64, T rillm ich I I I - 4

D IV V S A V G V ST V S PA TE R ; rad iate head, 1. C C A S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; winged thunderbolt

D IV V S A V G V S T V S P A TE R ; rad iate head, 1. C C A T IT V L L O E T M O N T A N O II V IR ; winged thu n d erb o lt

1. C alico 6/1979, 1096, 23.40; 2 . P 537 ( = H ill 17-7 = T rillm ich , pi. 2 2 4), 28.08; 3 - 6 . M 8 3 4 2-4, 8346, 22.17, 23.26, 23.42, 22.36; 7. IV D J ( = V ives 153-5), 28.31; 8. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 29-3 0 /3 /1 0 8 9 , 285, 26.87; 9 - 1 0 . N Y H S A 7376, 57827, 18.88, 25.77.

1. F o r m e r l y B a r r i l c o ll. ( = V iv e s 153-4 = T rillm ich , p b 2 3 -2 ); 2. IV D J ( = G il, pi. 16-195); 3 . Iria rte coll. ( = B eltran , p. 40, no. 64).

Brass. 29 m m , 11.87 g (8)· Axis: var. Vives 153-8, H ill 18-1, B eltran 59, T rillm ich I I -6 , 1125

]

334, T rillm ich

T itu llu s a n d M o n ta n u s I l v i r i

i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 232, 12.90; 2. B e 6513, 10.57; 3 * C °P 563, 12.52; 4 . P 5 7 6 , 12.3 i; 5 » V 52, 11.50; 6—8. B a 21530-1, 109181, 14.27, 11.78, 13.07; 9 . L 491 (E T on th e rev .), 12.22; 10—15. M 8368-73, 12.82, 11.09, 12.61, 12.27, 9.83, 13.97; *6· N 145, 12.78; 17. O , 12.11; 18. IV D J ( — V ives 154-3) (Ê T M O N T A N O ); 19. F N M T (P A T R IA E ) ( - B e l t r a n , p. 39, no. 56 = T rillm ich , pi. 2 2 -3 ); 20—2 1 . N Y N ew ell, 12.29, I2 -7 9 > 22— 26. N Y H S A 7416, 11829, 235865 57824-5, 8.54, 12.45, I2 -48, 12.66, 10.82. M eta l analysis on coin 9: C u 101.5; Sn 0.140; A g 0.014; Fe 0.031; Sb 0 . 101; N i 0.018; A u ο .010; C o 0.007; As 0.059; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.008. 376

Axis: var.

1—2. C alico 6/1979, I0 97—8, 12.84, 11.80; 3 . C o p 564, 12.15; 4 . P 544 ( C C A S C IP IO N E Ë T M O N T Ä N Ö I I V IR ), 13.03; 5 - 6 . V 5 5 -6 , 12.63, 11.78; 7—8. V a t 290 (M O N T A N O ), 291, 12.30, 11.10; 9 . gmi 334, 10.25; 10. V Q R coll. 5 9 0 '( = H ill 18-3); 11. B B ohl, 10.62; 12—15. B a 4473, 4772—3, 9477 ( C C A S C IP IO N E Ë T M O N T A N O I I V IR ), 12.34, 13.11, 14.14, 12.41; 16—17. L 4 9 3 -4 , 11-55, 10.62; 18. M S a s tr e 1 0 2 7 5 , r 3-9°; 19—2 0 . M 8349 -5 0 , 11.39, 11-27; 2 I · Ο , 11.42; 2 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 1536); 2 3 . C 538, i i . 19; 24. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 286, 12.66; 25. F N M T ( = T rillm ich , pi. 2 2 -5 ). M eta l an alysis o n coin 16: C u 100.5; P b 0.017; 8 n 0.140; A g 0.032; F e 0.111; S b 0.074; N i 0.005; As 0. 004; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.045. C o u n te rm ark : S P Q R ( = cm k 67) o n th e obv., o n 17.

[ 5 ]

G C A ESA R A V G G E R M Ä N IC V S IM P P A T E R P A T R IA E ; b are head, 1. C C A S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O II V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke o f oxen, r.

(22).

M A G R IP P A L F C O S I I I ; head o f A grippa, 1., w earing ro stral crown C C A S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r.

1—2. Bo 196-7, 12.20, 13.45; 3 · C alico 6/1979, 1099, 13.88; 4 . M i 192, .11.90; 5 . P 5 7 5 , 12.00; 6 . g m i 335, 12.00; 7—8 . B 27858, 2360/52, 10.59, 10.86; 9 . B a 30483, 13.25; 10._L_4.92, 12.14; i i —16. M 8360, 8363-4 , 8365 ( = V ives 154-2) (M O N T A N O ), 8366, S astre 10289, 9 -5 9 > n - 9 4 > 12.74, 12.60, 12.42, 12.80; 17. V Q R 611 (B M cast); 18. V ives 154-2 (M O N T A N O ); 19. IV D J ( = G i l, pi. 16-191); 2 0 - 2 2 . N Y H S A 7417, 7418 ( = T rillm ich , pi. 2 2 -2 ), 23589, 12.17, 11.52, 9.47; 23. A N E 1314/10/1988, 31. M e ta l an alysis on coin 10: C u 100.5; Sn 0.190; A g 0.023; F e 0.064; 8 b 0.069; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.020. C o u n te rm ark : L A (= cm k 54) on the rev., on 17.

C opper. 29 mm . See

C opper. 2 9 m m , 12.02g

Vives 153-6, H ill 18-3, B eltran 58, 11- 5, n a h 1124

335, T rillm ich

G C A E SA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; bare head, 1. C C A S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O II V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r.

375

[ 4 ]

A G R IP P IN A Μ Γ M A T G C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I; bust of A grippina I, r. S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O II V IR ; in field, C C A

G C A ESA R A V G G E R M Ä N IC V S IM P P A T E R PA T R IA E ; laureate head, 1. S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; in field, C C A

C opper. 29 m m , 12.05 g (4 3 :

Brass. 29 m m , 11.29 g i 11)· Axis: v ar Vives 153-9, B eltran 62, T rillm ich I I - 7

[ i ]

Vives 154-1, B eltran 54, T rillm ich II -2

374

N ot used.

[ 4 ] nah

G E R M A N IC V S C A ESA R G C A E SA R IS P A T E R ; bare head, 1. S C IP IO N E E T M O N T A N O II V IR ; in field, C C A

384

A E. 3 0m m , 13.50g (1). Axis: it, (i).

[ i ]

T rillm ich I I I - 6 G E R M A N IC V S C A ESA R G C A E SA R IS P A TE R ; bare head, 1. T IT V L L O E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; in field, C G A i . B F o x (= T rillm ich , pi. 2 3 -4 ), 13.50.

S P A I N : Caesaraugusta, Bilbilis (385-386)

385

'B rass. 29m m , 12.13g (5). Axis: var. Vives 153-2, H ill 18-4, B eltran 67, T rillm ich I I I - 7 , 1126

[ 1 ]

386

C opper. 30m m , 12.13g (13). Axis: var.

127

[ 4 ]

Vives 153-1, B eltran 65, T rillm ich I I I —5

n ah

M A G R IP P A L F C O S I I I ; head o f A grippa, 1., w earing rostral crow n C C A T IT V L L O E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; priest ploughing w ith yoke of oxen, r.

A G R IP P IN A M F M A T G C A E SA R IS A V G V S T I; bust o f A grippina I, r. T IT V L L O E T M O N T A N O I I V IR ; in field, C C A i . C alico 6/1979, 1095, 11.42; 2. L 2 1 9 5 , 12.15; 3 . M 8339, 12.13; 4 . IV D J ( = V ives 153-2 = H ill 18-4), 12.56; 5. F N M T ( = T rillm ich , pi. 2 3 -5 ); 6 . N Y H S A 23231, 12.37. M e ta l analysis on coin 2: G u 81.50; P b 0.131; Sn 0.130; A g 0.036; T e 0.506; Sb 0.096; N i 0.005; Bi 0.002; Z n 19.42.

i . C alico 6/1979, 1094, 12.20; 2. C o p 565, 12.35; 3 . F 42, 12.70; 4 . V 54, 11.86; 5. V a t 292, 13.10; 6. B 1 7 4 3 8 , 13.10; 7. B a 4472, 11.37; 8. L 2194, 10.20; 9—1 0 . M 8 3 3 7 -8 , 11.91, 10.23 (p ierced ); 11. N 146, 11.72; 12. N Y N ew ell ( = T rillm ich , pi. 2 3 -3 ), 12.76; 13. N Y H S A 23220, 11.17; 14. IV D J ( = V ives 153-1), form erly S de C 1082; 15. C rac o w V I I - A 5889, 13.31. M eta l analysis o n coin 8: C u 96.50; S n 0.230; A g 0.028; Fe 0.016; Sb 0.102; N i 0.002; As 0.011; Bi 0.002.

Bilbilis During the Republican period, two issues of bronze coins were struck with the Iberian legend Bilbilis, each of them consisting of asses and semisses (NAH, pp. 184-5). As for the location of this city, the traditional acceptance of the identity between the Iberian oppidum and the Roman municipium has recently been questioned. It has been pro­ posed that the locations of the two sites were separate (F. Burillo and M. Ostalé, Kalathos 3-4, 1984, pp. 287—309). Recently, some small coins have been published with a helmeted male head on the obverse and a naked male figure with the legend BIL on the reverse (14-15 mm, 3.09 g (6): M. Garcia and LI. Lalana, Numisma 177-9, 1982, PP· 65-8). The provenances of these coins and their legend allow us to relate them in some way to Bilbilis (A. Beltran, Gaceta Numismâtica 68, 1983, pp. 31-2); nevertheless, their strange designs do not suggest a connection with the first coinages of Bilbilis-Italica (387-8), as M. Garcia and LI. Lalana proposed. Probably, it might be better to consider them as ‘mine coins’, following M .P. Garcia-Bellido (Kalathos 5-6, 1985-6, pp. 153-9)· Anyway, for the moment these coins are not considered as official coinages from Bilbilis and therefore they are excluded from this catalogue, until they become better known and their chronology clarified. The municipium Augusta Bilbilis (Pliny iii. 24) was an Augustan foundation. The arrangement of its issues presents problems only with the first issues, with the legend BILBILIS on the obverse and its epithet ITALICA on the reverse, and on which Augustus’s portrait appears without his name. 387 and 388 are here treated as a single issue, in which 388 used dies cut by local or less experienced engravers. This is not absolutely certain, but seems prefer­ able to other arrangements which date them in the thirties B C (M. and F. Beltran, Numisma 162-4, 1980, p. 28; L. Villaronga, NAH, p. 244). As suggested by Grant (FITA 170), 387 copies the portrait from imperial issues attributed to Caesaraugusta and dated in 19-18 b c (RIC 37a). This leads us to think that Bilbilis began its coinage in about or after the years 19—18 b c . In fact, its iconographie style is similar to Q. Lutatius’s and M. Fabius’s issue of Caesar­ augusta (304-5). It is not, however, possible to be sure if Bilbilis, either at this moment or during the time that issue 398-91 was being struck, had municipal status. This infor­

mation is not given by the coins, although it seems likely. Later, Augustus’s name appears on a series of coins, in which the legend goes from AVGVSTVS to AVGVSTVS DIVI F and the portrait from being bare to laureate. It is difficult to group these coins in issues, although one can clearly see the work of the same hand in the portraits of 389 and 390. A. Beltran’s suggestion (Gaceta Numismâtica 68, 1983, p. 30), that the laureate head of Augustus must be related to the obtaining of the TR. POT. and that the bare one is earlier, is not here accepted (see the introduction to Caesaraugusta). From 2 b c , an important change took place on the coinage of Bilbilis. For the first time, the legal status of the city was recorded; the reverse design - which had until now been the Iberian horseman - was replaced by the wreath (Victoria Augusti), and Ilviri signed the issues. The drawing in Vives 138-10, which he took from Delgado (pi. X C III21), has not been included here, because it has not been possible to verify the existence of such a coin. As

Semis

387 388 389 390 391

W ithout magistrates 28m m, 13.44g (24) 27-8 mm, 11.87 g O2^) 28 mm, 11.40 g (17) 28m m, 11.74g (25) 28 mm, 12.29 g (3°)

392-3Ö 3 394

M Semp Tiberi L Lici V arus Ilviri, after 2 b c 28-9m m , 12.40g (78) 21 mm, 6.42 g (7)

395" 396

L Cor Calidus L Semp Rutilus Ilviri, after 2 b c 29m m, 12.19g (63) 21-2 mm, 6.94 g (15)

Bilbilis struck three issues during Tiberius’s reign. 398-9 mention Tiberius and Seianus instead of or as Ilviri, and allude to the consulship that they held together in a d 31. Bilbilis is the only Roman imperial city that records this event on coins with absolute clarity (Grant, APT 141). After Seianus’s death, in a d 31, his name suffered a ‘damnatio memoriae’ visible on a number of coins (M. P. Casado, Numisma 138-43, 1976, pp. 137-40).

As

397

397 A

G M al Sera[ ] [ ]M al Bucco Ilviri 27 mm, 9.96g (1)

398 399

i . A N E 15—16/12/1981, 81, 12.06; 2. M S V 17/12/1981, 126, 11.20; 3. M u Î9, 9.39; 4 . O = AMC 922, 9.22; 5. P 4 3 0 , 12.93; 6 . P S de R , 10.24; 7 · V 21, 12.58; 8. V a t 261, 12.40; 9 - 1 4 . B a 4 4 5 3 - 4 = 9 4 5 2> 30672, 30896, 33942, 11.09, 12.60, 11.00, 14.17, 10.49, 12.04; 15. L 960, 11.67; 16—23. M 7795-6, 7801, 7803, 7806, 7809-10, S astre 10235, 12.30, 12.19, 12.38, 11.03, *2.98, 11.38, 9-68, 13.46; 2 4 —2 6 . B L ö b b , B ohl, a.B ., 12.24, — ? — ; 2 7 . IV D J , form erly S d e C 1024; 2 8 . C 527, 12.78. C o u n te rm ark : L A (= cm k 54) o n th e obv., o n 4.

Sem is

G Pom Cape II G Vale T ranq Ilviri 29-30 mm, 13.22 g (34)

Tiberius and Seianus 29 mm, 12.33 g (15)

391

22 mm, 6.79 g (6)

(30)* Axis: 544,

gmi

nah

var.

[

14

]

963

A V G V S T V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. B IL B IL IS ; horsem an carrying spear (or thru sting w ith spear), r.

Bilbilis only minted a short issue of asses during Cali­ gula’s reign. Grant (NC 1948, p. 118) and R. Etienne (Le Culte Impérial, p. 437) said that Caligula’s portrait at Bilbilis was modelled on official ones, from his earlier Roman coinages. Consequently, 400 could be dated to the begin­ ning of his reign; however, the quality of the engraving does not allow us to be certain, unlike at Acci where the similarity is more evident.

i . Bo 165, 13.77; 2. C alico 6/1979, 158, 12.40; 3 . C o p 6 1 2 (th ru stin g w ith s p ear), 14.02; 4 —5. C o p 613—4, 11.47, 8.57; 6. M u 20, 11.65; 7. 0 = a m c 923, 12.49; i i . P 4 3 1 -2 , 433 (th ru stin g ), 434, 12.87, 9-26, 11.97, 10.27; **· V a t 263, 13.10; 1 3 - 1 5 . B a 4452, 9453, 23556, 11.95, 13.53, 15 -7 J'i 16—17. L 9 6 1 -2 , 10.80, 10.92; 18. N 123, 9.70; 19. M 7 8 2 2 , 9.65; 20—26. M 7812, 7814, 7819, 7821, 7832 (th ru stin g ), S astre 10245 (th ru stin g ) a n d 10229, 13.12, 17.79, 13.00, 9.97, 14.17, 15-55, 13.03; 27— 29. B L ö b b , K assel, 17425, 11.09, n * 75> 3 0 - 3 1 . G 1 (th ru stin g ), 2, 11.78, 9.73 (p ierced ); 3 2 . IV D J ( = V ives 138-8); 3 3 . IV D J ( = V ives 1389) (th ru stin g ); 3 4 . G iro n a 29418 ( = c m t m , pi. 5—83), 13.36. C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., o n i t , 31.

As

400

AE. 2 8m m , 12.29g Vives 138-8, 9,

C Corn Refec M Helv Frontus Ilviri 26—7m m , I 2 . I 2 g ( 2ΐ )

M Semp Tiberi L L id Varus Ilviri, after 2 BC

Augustus *156

392

AE. 2 8m m , 12.40g (78: Vives 139-1,

387

Bronze. 28m m , 13.44g (24 )· Axis: var.

[ 10 ]

B IL B IL IS ; b are head of A ugustus, r. IT A L IC A ; horsem an w ith spear, r. I . A N E 2 3 -24/10/1981, 51, 13.24; 2 . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 79, 13.31; 3 . Bo 164, 18.42; 4 . C alico 6/1979, 156, 14.42; 5 . M u 18, 16.94; 6 - 7 . P 425-6, 13.28, 15.07; 8. T ü b in g e n 7, 10.34 (pierced); 9—11. B a 9448-9, 30675, 14.74, 9 -0 5 = i 1-5 3 Î 12. N 121, 12.64; 13. 0 = am c 918, 11.56; 14— 15. L 9 5 7-8, i i . 98, 14.15; 16. M 7776 ( = V ives 138-4), 15.00; 1 7 - 3 3 . M 7772-5, 7781 ( = V ives 138-5), S astre 10231-2, 12.98, 14.15, 13.27, I 3 ·10» 9.70, 12.83, 12.66; 2 4 . B F o x , 13.53; 2 5 - 2 6 . B D an n en b erg , a.B .; 27. C 526, 14.18. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on coin 14.

Bronze. 2 7 -8 m m , 11.87g (28)· Axis: var.

[ 16 ]

B IL B IL I; behind o r before A ugustus’s head, r. IT A L IC A ; horsem an w ith spear, r.

389

Bronze. 28 m m , 11.40 g (17). Axis: var.

393

[ 5 ]

i . C alico 6/1979, 157, 10.46; 2. F 37, 13.38; 3 . O = AMC 921, 12.04; 4 · F 429, 11.83; 5 · R 150, IO-4 9 i 6· T ü b in g e n 8, 9.59; 7—9 . B a 4456, 30673, 105822, 11.47, 1 0 -0 4 , 11-41; 10. N 122, 11-35; n · L 9 5 9 , 9.66; 12—16. M 7782, 7787-8, 7792, 7794 ( = V ives 138-6), 12.83, *3 ·2 5 = I2 -4 7 > 11.36, 10.86; 17—18. B L ö b b , R au c h , 11.40, — ; 19. IV D J , form erly S d e C 1023. M e ta l analysis on coin 11: C u 77.00; P b 15.05; Sn 6.18; A g 0.007; Fe 0.040; S b 0.160; N i 0.080; Bi 0.002.

AE. 28m m , 11.74g (25). Axis: var. A V G V ST V S D IV I F; b are head, r. B IL B IL IS ; horsem an w ith spear, r.

[ 19]

Bronze. 28-9 m m . See

392.

Axis: aro u n d 11.

[ 3 ]

As 3 9 2 , b u t lau reate head, 1. an d M V N A V G V ST A B IL B I(L IS ) M S E M P T IB E R I L L IC I V A R O I I V IR

A V G V ST V S; b are head, r. B IL B IL IS ; horsem an w ith spear, r.

Vives 138-7

Axis: var.

964

Vives 139-2.

Vives 138-6, nah 962

390

3 9 2 —3 ) .

n ah

i . A arh u s 11, 11.36; 2. A N E 2 9 -3 0 /4 /1 9 8 5 , 23, 11.07; 3 ” 5 · B ° 166-8, 12.44, 9 -7 2= 11.10; 6. C o p 615, 12.90; 7. F 38, 1 1.58; 8. M i 183, 12.66; 9 . M u 21, 14.57; 10—i i . O = AMC 9 2 4 -5 , 13.95 (pierced), 13.23; 12—16. P 4 3 5 -6 , S de R (M V N A V [ ] M S E M P T I B E R I L L I C I V A [), S de R (two coins), 13.07, 11.98, 12.45, *4 -2 5 = 14.20; 17—18. V 2 2 -3 , 14.05, 13.65; 19—25. V a t 264 -7 0 , 13.20, 12.90, 12.80, 12.50, 10.55, 8-5°= 8.20; 26. C alico 6/1979, *5 9 = *5-oo; 2 7 - 4 2 . B a 444 7 -5 0 , 9454, 9456, 30670, 33943= 37056= 3 9 IIO = 100893, 100895, *09176, 109178, 105823-4, 14.32, *3-93= 11.87, *2.42, 9.44, 9.03, 12.73, *5.87= 11 ·i8 , 11.68, 14.08, 12.45, 11.30, 12.90, 12.76, 9.05; 4 3 —4 4 . L 9 6 5 -6 , 9.71, 12.22; 4 5 . M 7 8 3 9 , 14.16; 4 6 —6 9 . M 7835, 7840-1, 7844, 7848, 7849 (M V N A V G V S T A B IL B M S E M P T I B E R I L L I C I V A R O I I V IR ), 7852-4, 7855 ( ]I F P A T E R P A T R IA I), 7856 -7 , 7863, 7869-70, 7873, 7878, 7884, 7886-7, 7930 (M V N A V G V S T A B IL B IL IS M S E M P T I B E R I L L I C I V A R O I I V IR ), S astre 10237-9, 12.76, 12.09, 13.97, **.84, 11.59, *3-57, 12.05, 12.41, 13.80, i i . 91, 10.91, 14.94, 10.14, **-4 4 , 14*29, n - 4 1, *3 -4 9 = *3 -7 9 ) 11.76, 11.59, *2.40, 15.83, 12.97, *2.17; 7 0 . B L ö b b , 15.10; 7 1 —7 3 . B R a u c h , D an n en b erg , 17107; 74. IV D J ( = V ives 139-1); 7 5 . IV D J, form erly S de C 1029 (] V A R O [); 7 6 . W a rsaw 1012/9, 10.75; 7 7 —78· C 5 2 8 -9 , 12.31, 12.84; 7 9 . N u m . Circ. 11/1984, 7301; 8 0 . M 7851 (M V N A V G S T A B IL B IL IS M S E M P T I B E R I L L I C I V A R O I I V IR ). C o u n te rm ark s: U n c e rta in le tte r (?) ( = cm k 99) o n th e obv., o n 72. E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 6 8 -9 , 75.

Vives 138-1 to 3, ή τα 170, pi. V -1 9 , gmi 543, nah 900-1

i . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 80, 13.92; 2—3. C o p 6 1 0-1, 10.19, 13.00; 4—6 . P 427—8, 440, 12.64, 10.25, i t -38; 7· V 20, 12.68; 8—i i . B a 4451, 9450-1, 109179, 11.13, 9.52, 11.37, 10.94; 12. L 9 5 2 ( = FiTA, pi. V -1 9 ), T3 -9 ^ I 3— 16. L 9 5 3-6, 11.36, 10.37, *4-76, 12-83; 17—18. O = AMC 919-20, 12.50, 10.11; 1 9 -2 7 . M 7755, 7758-9, 7760 ( —V ives 138-1), 7761-2, 7763 ( = V ives 138-2), 7767, S astre 10233, 13.00, 10.97, ΙΟ·02= Ι2 ·24 > 11-4 5 = 12.76, 12.19, 12.20, 11-55; 2 8 . B L ö b b , 12.96; 2 9 —3 0 . B Bohl, 17433T h e re a re tw o g ro u p s o f obv. dies, w ith B IL B IL I in fro n t o r b eh in d th e h ea d . M eta l analysis on coin 12: C u 73.00; P b 15.87; Sn 9.26; A g 0.090; Fe 0.050; Sb 0.100; N i 0.020; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.130.

545,

A V G V S T V S D IV I F P A T E R P A T R IA E (or P A T R I A I); laureate head, r. M V N X V G (V )S T A B IL B (IL IS ) M S E M P T IB E R I L L IC I V A R O ; laurel w reath containing I I V IR

Vives 138-4, 5, GMi 542

388

gmi

[ io ]

B IL B I: i . V ives 139-2 (from coll. B arril, Z a rag o za); 2. L 963, 13.81; B IL B IL IS : 3. C o p 616, 11.73; 4 · M S astre 10240, 12.10; 5. L 9 6 4 , 12.22; 6. N 128, 12.43; U n c e rta in : 7. M 7892,^11.49. M e ta l an alysis on coin 2: C u 70.50; P b 19.07; Sn 8.39; A g 0.050; F e 0.030; S b 0.160; N i 0.060; Bi 0.005. G n coin 4: C u 73.50; P b 17.21; Sn 8.47; A g 0.020; F e 0.010; Sb 0.120; N i 0.100; B i 0.005. 394

A E. 21 m m , 6 .4 2 g (7). Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

Vives 139-3, gmi 5 4 7 ! NAH 9 6 5 A V G V ST V S D IV I F P A T E R P A T R IA E ; lau reate head, r. M V N A V G V ST A B IL (B ) M S E M P T IB E R I L L IC I V A R O I I V IR ; th u n d erb o lt

S P A I N : Bilbilis (395-400)

0.060; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.004. G . P o m p . C ap e , ap p e a rs as I h i r iterum. T h e rea d in g C A P E L L (V ives, IV , p. 56; G M I 545; N A H , p. 282; N um ism a 1624, p. 18) seem s w rong. C o u n te rm ark : E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e o b v ., on 36.

i . n a h 965 (V A R O ); 2. L 967 (B IL B ), 6.23; 3. Μ 7894 (V A R O ), 7 ·5 2 ; 4· M useu A rqueolögic de T a rra g o n a 2873 (V A R O ), 6.82; 5—8. B B ohl (2), a .B , L ö b b (V Ä R O , V A R O , V A R O , ?), 5.03, 7.02, 6.01, 9 . IV D J ( - V i v e s 139-3) (V A R O ), 6.28.

L

C o r C a lid u s L S e m p R u tilu s I l v ir i , a fte r

395

Vives 139-4,

gmi

G Mal Sera[ ] Mal Bucco Ilviri

2 BC

AE. 29m m , 12.19g (63). Axis: var.

[ 26 ]

397

1—2. Bo 169-70 ,14.05, 10.56; 3. C alico 6/1979, 160, 13.88; 4 . C op 617, 14.16; 5. E lsen, lo t 92, S ept. 1986, 118 ( = E lsen 21/4/1987, 262; obv. die re-engraved on A V G V S T V S ), 13.34; 6. M S V 17/12/1981, 130, 11.22; 7. M i 184, 11.98 (pierced); 8—9 . M u 22-3, 13.54, 12.71; 1 0 - 1 2 . 0 = a m c 9 2 6 -8 , 12.29, I2 -623 11.69; 13—16. P 4 3 7-9, D ’A illy 17484, 12.91, 12.64, 11.94, 12.16; 17—19. R 151—3, 13.09, 9.69, 12.30; 20. T ü b in g e n 9, 11.09; 2 1 —22. V 2 4 -5 , 12.55, Ι2 ·χ 5 ; 23—2 7 . V a t 271-5, 13.10, 12.50, 12.00, 10.60, 10.30: 3 8 - 4 3 . Ba 4 4 4 5-6, 4906, 9457-8, 23550, 23552-5, 30613, 30674, 33944, 37057, 100894, 12-32 (pierced), 12.62, 10.98, 14.39, i3 -25 (p ierced), 11.30, 12.14, 10.30, 8.21, 12.86, 9.71, 11.11, 11.09, n - 9 9 , 10.99; 4 3 - 4 4 · L 9 6 9 -7 °. Ι2 ·° 7 . ι° · Η ; 4 5 · M 7 9 ° 2 ( = V ives 139-4), 13.94; 4 6 5 5 · M 7896, 79°6, 79 ° 9- i ° . 7 9 12. 7 9 i6- 7 . 7 9 2 4 . 7 9 3 7 . S astre 10248, 15.30, 12.45, χ3·χ8, 14.01, 12.47, Ι2 ·9°5 12.72, 12.67, 10.07, Ι 4·5°1 5^~ 5 7 · Ν 126-7, 11.48, ιΐ-β δ ί 5 ^· ® 7 ι2 2 /,ι 9 5 6 , i i . 171 5 9 ” ®4 · Β 27856, Bohl, K assel, L ö b b , P ro k esch -O sten , Fox; 6 5 . G 3, 13.53; 66—6 8 . C , 12.41, 15.83, 9·5ο; 69—7 0 . C 2703, 530, 11.46, 13.29; 71—7 2 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pl. 37-190, 191), 12.30, 12.50. F orgeries: 1. C , 12.19; 2. L 968, 12.26. C o u n te rm ark s: V A on th e rev., on i (seem s en g rav e d in m o d e rn tim es). E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4) on th e obv., on 21. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 94) a n d S ( = cm k 34) on th e obv., o n 49. T C , see G u a d â n , p. 17, no. 11 (not verified).

AE. 21-2 m m , 6.94 g (15)· Axis: var.

I.

398

IV D J

(=

Kalathos 7 -8 , 1987—8, p. 115), 9.96.

Bronze. 2 9 m m , 12.33g (t5)· Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

Vives 139-7, 8, gmi 549-50, n a h 1079-80 T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, r. M V N Ä V G V ST A B IL B IL IS T I CA ESA RE V L Â Ë L IO SE IA N O ; laurel w reath containing C O S i . C alico 6/1979, *63, 11.36; 2. C o p 620, 11.90; 3 . M u 27 (A E L IO S E IA N O erased ), 13.64; 4 . P 4 4 4 , 13.49; 5 · V 28 (L A E L IO S E IA N O erased ), 10.27; 6* B arril coll. ( = V ives 139-8 = g m i 550) (L A E L IO S E IA N O erased ); 7—8. L 9 76-7, 12.53, I 2 -2 31 9 “ χ 7 · M 7888, 7961, 7963, 7966, 7968-9, 7970 ( = V ives 139-7 = GMI 549)5 S astre 10246 a n d 10250 (M 7961: S E IA N O erased ; 7966, 7968 -9 , S astre 10246 a n d 10250: L A E L IO S E IA N O erased ), 12.72, 15.60, 15.75, 11.72 (p ierced ), 7.92, 10.62 (bro k en ), 11.61, 9.22, 13.49; l 8 · N 130, 13.21; 19. N u m . Circ. 4/1988, 1875. M e ta l an aly sis on coin 7: C u 72.02; P b 17.27; S n 10.45; Ag 0. 030; Fe 0.020; S b 0.320; Bi 0.003. O n coin 8: C u 75.00; P b 14.44; S n I I . 67; A g 0.030; F e 0.020; S b 0.140; N i 0.001; Bi 0.005; Z n 0.006. 399

AE. 22 m m , 6.79 g (6). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

A V G V ST V S D IV I F P A T E R P A T R IA E ; lau reate head, r. M V N A V G V ST A B IL B IL IS L C O R C A L I L S E M P R V T I I I V IR ; th un d erb o lt

Vives 139-9, GMI 5 5 1 T I C A ESA R A V G V S T I F Q a u re a te h e a d e r. A V G (V ) B IL B IL IS T I CA ESA RE V L A E L IO SE IA N O ; laurel w reath containing C O S

i . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 84, 7.06; 2. Bo 17 1, 5.60; 3 . C alico 6/1979, 161, 7.05; 4. C o p 618, 8.73; 5. M u 25, 6.93; 6 . P 440, 8.33; 7 - 8 . B a 9459, 20660, 7.14, cj.88; 0—14. M 7944-8, S astre 10249, 6.47, 6.53, 5.60, 7.47, 1 . 2 8 , 6/53; 15. G 5 7.46; 16. IV D J ( = V ivas 1 3 9 -5 ); V Q R c o ll. 5 6 5 (B M cast).

1. C alico 6/1979, i8 4 (A V G ), 7.15; 2. P 445 (A V G ), 6.93; 3 . M 7 9 7 2 ( = V ives 139-9 = g m i 5 5 1 (A V G V ), 8.56; 4 . M S astre 10247 (AV G V ), 5(87; 5. N 131 (d a m n a tio m em o riae L A E L IO S E IA N O ) (A V G ), 5.94; 6. B I-B , 6.30; 7. F o rm erly S de C 1041 (A V G ).

V

Caligula

Tiberius

C C o rn R e fe c M G Pom

C ape I I G

H e lv F r o n to I l v i r i

V a le T r a n q I l v i r i 400

397

[ o ]

Tiberius and Seianus, Cos V, AD 31

[ 3 ]

Vives 139-5

A AE. 2 7m m , 9.96 (i). Axis: 12 (1).

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, r. M V N A V G V ST A B IL B IL IS G M A L SERA [ ] M A L B V C C O ; laurel w reath containing II V IR

546

A V G V ST V S D IV I F P A T E R PA T R IA E ; lau reate head, r. M V N Ä V G V ST A B IL B IL IS L C O R C A L ID O L S E M P R V T IL O ; laurel w reath containing II V IR

396

12g

Bronze. 29-30 m m , 13.22 g (34). Axis: var.

[ 15 ]

Vives 139-6, GMi 548 T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate M V N Ä V G V ST A B IL B IL IS G P O M C A PE I I G V A L E T R A N Q ; laurel w reath containing II V IR i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 1 , 53, 12.68; 2. Bo 172, 12.07; 3 . C alico 6/1979, 162, 11.75; 4 · C op 619, 13.94; 5. F 39, 14.00; 6 . M u 26, 8.81; 7—9 . P 441 -3 , 15.35, ï6.7o, 12.33; 10—i i . T ü b in g e n ι ο - ι ι , 12.24, 7-755 12—13. V 26-7, 10.45, 9·ο6; 14· V a t 276, 11.50; 15—20. B a 4 4 4 3-4, 30671, 100896-7, 109177, 6.81, 15.32, 14.52, 13.99, I 5 -3 2> 16.81; 2 1 - 2 5 . L 971, 972 (T R A N Q ), 973 (T R A N Q ), 9 7 4-5, i 4 -3 6> IO-8o> ΐ 5 ·° 9 > T7 ·*2, x4-07 (p ierced); 2 6 . N 129, 11.67; * 7 · O , 11.22; 2 8 . M 7 9 5 0 (= V ives 139-6) (T R A N Q ), 13.46; 2 9 - 3 3 . M 7 9 5 2“ 3 , 7958, 7960, S astre 10241 (M 7950 a n d 7953: T R A N Q ), 12.78, 17.18, 17.08, 13.46, 13.71; 3 4 -3 5 · B Bohl, L ö b b ; 3 6 . G Mi 548, 16.00. M eta l analysis on coin 22: C u 73.50; P b 17.71; S n 8.99; A g 0.020; F e 0.030; Sb 0.070; N i 0.001; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.005. O n coin 24: C u 75.50; P b 15.24; Sn 9.51; A g 0.030; Fe 0.030; Sb 0.130; N i

L eaded bronze. 2 6 -7 m m , 12.12g (21). Axis: var. Vives 139-10,

gmi

552,

nah

[ 8 ]

1131

G C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; lau reate head, r. M V N A V G B IL B IL C C O R (N ) R E F (E C ) M H Ë L V F R O (N T O ); oak w reath containing II V IR C C O R R E F M H E L V F R O N T O : 1. B a 39260, 10.17; 7980 ( = V ives 139-10), 19 5 4 ; C C O R N R E F M H E L V F R O N T : 3 . B L ö b b ; C C O R N R E F E M H E L V F R O N T O : 4 . B a 105825, 11.73; C C O R N R E F E C M H E L V F R O : 5. C o p 621, 9.16; 6 . B a 9460, 11.63; O C O R N R E F E C M H Ë L V F R O N T : 7. C alico 6/1979, 165 (H E L V ), 13.45; 8 . P 4 4 6 , 15.78; 9. R 154, 10.59; i« V V 29, 15.35; n - L 978, 11-78; 13—16. M 7 9 7 7 j 7 9 7 9 ^ 7985 (H E L V , F R O N T ), 7988, S astre 10243, 12.43, χ3·36, 13.60, 10.70, 12.14; 17. B 17426 (F R O N T [? ]); 18. G iro n a 29419 ( = CMT M, pl. 5 -8 5 ) (F R O N T ), 12.52; U n certa in : 19. F 40, 12.70; 2 0 . B a 105826, 11.31; 21—22. M 7975, 7978, 11.08, 12.22; 23. O , 11.27; 2 4 . B R au c h . O n som e dies C a lig u la ’s p rae n o m e n also ap p e a rs as C . M eta l an alysis on coin 11: C u 74.00; P b 18.92; S n 6.70; A g 0.030; F e 0.280; Sb 0.130; N i 0.016; B i 0.004; Z n 0.004.

ijo

S P A I N : Turiaso

Turiaso The municipium of Turiaso (Tarazona, Zaragoza) was established at the Iberian city Tiiria.su, which had minted a number of silver (denarii and quinarii) and bronze coinages (asses and semisses) (A. Dominguez, Las cecas ibéricas del valle del Ebro, Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 172-85, 283-4). The first issue has chronological problems. On the obverse it shows a laureate female head and the legend SILBIS and on the reverse an equestrian statue and the legend TVRIASO (401-2). Grant (FIT A 168) proposed that its obverse design was copied from the denarius BMC 612 ( = RIC 253) (contra M. and F. Beltran, Numisma 162-4, 1980, p. 54, who proposed an older model: RRC 450/2 or 452/4). On the other hand, the reverse 401 has typological similarities with denarii dated to 43 b c (RRC 490/1 and 3) and the reverse of 402 with the aurei of c. 32-29 b c (RIC 262). Thus it would be possible to accept a date of about 29 b c as the terminus post quem for its minting, although there is not complete certainty. Grant considered this issue a foundation one, dating it between the years 38 and 31 b c , and he attributed the foundation of the municipium to T. Statilius Taurus. It is not, however, certain that T. Statilius Taurus was the adsignator, as he proposed, although the dating is plausible. The female head on this issue has been identified as a nymph or a local deity (Hill, p. 166; A. Beltran, Numisma 147—9, 1977, Ρ· 45) and the legend SILBIS as an epithet similar to that which other cities like Bilbilis, Calagurris or Dertosa have. After these coinages, the city did not strike again before 2 b c . From that date, the city minted five issues. One of them (403-4) has on the obverse a female head, which was identi­ fied by Grant {FITA 169; APT 143) and R. Etienne {Le Culte Impérial, p. 400) as Livia, thinking that Tusiaso anticipated its frequent use on the official coinages of Tiberius. The remaining issues modify the designs. The oak wreath {ob cives servatos) was chosen for the reverses and the legend MVN TVRIASO appears for the first time. From the fourth issue on (408-9) magistrates’ names were added. The denominations were intended to be bronze asses and semisses. Uncertain date (after 29 401402 As

403 404 405 406 407

As Semis As Semis Q uadrans

The coinages of Tiberius’s reign represent the last ones minted by the city. The identification of the different ele­ ments of each issue poses several problems, because the denominations were struck by different magistracies: the duoviri struck the asses and the aediles the semisses. It is, therefore, quite uncertain whether one should join the coinages minted by both colleges of magistrates into single issues. Nevertheless, we consider here that 420 is a fraction of 419, though it is difficult to make a judgement about their style, since the engraving on all the bull issues is similar. The issue Tiberius-Divus Augustus (422-4), which reaches the highest quality of engraving, has been placed at the end of the sequence for several reasons. Firstly, there is a clear continuity in design and style between the last issues of Augustus (408-12) and those of Tiberius with wreath reverse (413-16). Secondly, the sestertius 422 bears on the reverse a seated statue of Divus Augustus that is a copy of Tiberius’s sestertius of a d 21-2 (RIC 48). This model does not appear before that date on the imperial coinages. Indeed, 344 and 346 from Caesaraugusta, which follow the same model as Turiaso, are to be dated, respectively, to a d 28-9 and a d 31-2. 244 from Tarraco also follows this model. Some irregularities can be detected in the legends. In the first place, when Tiberius’s filiation is recorded, the word DIVI never appears, which is explained by Grant {APT 107-8) as a consequence of ignorance or imperfect under­ standing of the nuances of ruler-worship. Secondly, the word AVGVSTVS seems to appear as a nomen on coin 416, instead of CAESAR, though this is probably due to the omission of CAESAR and not because AVGVSTVS was considered as nomen, since on other dies of the same issue and denomination (415) the legend is correct. Metal analysis shows that the denominations are sestertius, as and semis. The weight pattern for the units (as) is similar to that used during Augustus’s reign.

413

As

M n Sulpicius Lucanus M Sempronius Front Ilviri Bronze. 27—9m m , 11.70g (61)

414

Semis

T Sulpicius Q uar Q Pont Pia aediles AE. 20-1 mm, 5.78 g (11)

415-416

Semis

M arius Vegetus Licinius Cres aediles Bronze. 20—2 m m, 7.21g (10)

417

As

C Caecilius Sere M Valerius Q uad Ilviri AE. 27-8 mm, 11.52 g (54)

418

As

M Pontius M arsus C M arius Vegetus Ilviri AE. 28—9m m , 10.89g (56)

419

As

L Caecilius Aquinus M Cel Palud Ilviri Bronze. 28m m, 12.01g (46)

420

Semis

Rectus and M acrinus aediles AE. 20m m, 5.28g (7)

b c ?)

Bronze. 29 mm, 12.04g (28) Anonymous, after 2 b c Bronze. 2 7-30 mm, 12.97 g Î4 2) AE. 20 mm, 6.45 g (6) Bronze. 2 8 -9 mm, 12.12g (31) AE. 21 mm, 6.50 g (8) AE. 15 mm

408 As 409 Semis

M Caecilius Severus C Valerius Aquilus Ilviri, after 2 b c AE. 2 7 -8 mm, 12.66g (18) AE. 20m m, 5.83g (2)

410 As

L Feneste L Seranus Ilviri, after 2 AE. 28 mm, 11.55 g (6)

411 As 412 Semis

L M arius L Novius Ilviri, after 2 Bronze. 29 mm, 11.80g (28) AE. 21 mm, 6.21 g (2)

bc

bc

Anonymous AE. 19 mm

421

422 423 424

Sestertius As Semis

Tiberius and Divus Augustus Brass. 34—6m m , 22.31 g (10) AE. 28m m, 12.94g (27) AE. 20-1 mm, 5.43 g (3)

S P A IN : Turiaso (401—411)

It is not completely certain that 421 should be placed with 419-20, because of its bad condition and because only one coin is known. However, it might be similar to one which was drawn by Heiss (pi. XXIII-30), with the legend TI CAESAR AVG F IMP PONT on the obverse and MVN TVRIA inside wreath on the reverse.

1—2. B L ö b b , R au c h ; 3—8. B a 2448, 4642, 15035-8, 11.42, 12.33, 13.08, 14.89, 13.50, 12.15; 9—10. C alico 6/1979, 1215-6, 10.70, 15.10; 11— 12. C o p 6 0 0 -1 , 13.95, 10.60; 13. L 7 8 4 ( = H ill 3 2 -8 ), 14.51; 14—2 3 . M 12894, 12897-9, I2 9OI> 12903-7, 12.28, 9.96, 11.25, 12.28, 12.13, 11.94, 1 1 4 1 , 11.04, 10.50; 24. M o 187, 9.05; 25. N 222, i i . 17; 26— 28. O = AMC 1005-6, 1007 (re-en g ra v ed in m o d e rn tim es to M V N I an d T V R I ) , 11.29, 1 T*3 5 > I 2 -4 7 ; 2 9 · P 4 7 7 = *3 -9 4 ; 3 °· p 4 7 8> 14*12; 3 1 . V a t 486, 12.60; 3 2 . G i , 11.46; 3 3 . C 713, 12.09. M eta l analysis on coin 13: C u 89.00; P b 0.290; Sn 5.84; A g 0.120; Fe 0.040; Sb 1.38; N i 0.050; Bi 0. 002; Z n 0.004. C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e o b v ., on 3, 6, 23. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 92) on th e obv., on 9. U n c e rta in in o b lo n g on th e obv., on 27.

Uncertain date (after 2g BC?)____________________ 401

Bronze. 29 m m , 12.04g (28: 4 0 1 —2). Axis: var. Vives 155-2, H ill 32-6,

gmi

361,

n ah

[ 6 ]

406

902

As

I. B Bohl; 2 - 5 . B a 4640, 9815, 15041, 10090g, 11.14, 12.35, I 3 -5 6. : Ι ·9 4 ; 6 . Bo 322, 12.81; 7. C alico 6/1979, I 2 I I > I 5 -I0 i 8. C o p 597, 14.03; 9 10. L 779 ( — p i t a , pi. V -2 2 ), 780, 13.87, 13.19; 1 1 -2 1 . M 12853-62, S astre 6990, 11.29, 13.26, 11.51, 11.34, 10.19, 11.18, 12.40, 11.37, 12.81, 10.54, 12-77; 2 2 · N 220, 6.70; 23. P 4 7 2 , 13.70; 2 4 - 2 5 . R 22 1 -2 , 12.70, 12.70; 2 6 . IV D J ( = V ives 155-2); 2 7 . C 7 1 1, 10.52; 28. A N E 1112/1961, 213, 11.40; 29 V illa r o n g a c o ll. 3 4 0 4 , 10.70. M eta l analysis on coin 10: C u 85.00; P b 7.36; S n 4.59; A g 0.150; Fe 0.190; Sb 0.180; N i 0. 080; As 0.030; Bi 0.008; Z n 0.040.

A E. 29m m . See 401. Axis: 7-8 (1).

407

i . Y r ia r te ,

408

Bronze. 2 7 -3 o m m , 12.97g (42)· Axis: var. nah

g66

13.81, 12.53, 9 -9 8 , i 5 ·28! i 2 -8 i > i 4 *5 5 > x3 -3 6> I 3 -9 1» i 6 -3 G 13 -4 9 , 13·6 0 » 11.64, 10.51, 10.69; 3 2· M S a s tre 6 9 9 1 , 10.89; 33 * N 221, 14.17; 3 4 . O = AMC 1004, 12.05; 3 5 - 3 9 . P 4 7 3 ( = H ill 32 - 7 )> 4 7 4 - 6 , S de R, 11.86, 14.59, 13-96, 13.74, 15.34; 4 0 . V 241, 10.38; 4 1 . V a t 485, 8.60; 4 2 . C , 12.78; 4 3 . C 712, 13.02; 4 4 . A N E 11-12/1961, 216, 18.90; 4 5 . g m i 362, 12.50. M e ta l analysis on coin 16: C u 91.50; S n 9.31; A g 0.050; Fe 0.030; S b 0.220; N i 0.020; A s 0.010,· Bi 0.003; Z n 0.060. C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = cm k 92) on th e obv., on 2, 6, 29, 32 a n d on th e rev., on 37. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 94) on th e rev., on 31. E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e rev., on 40; on th e obv., on 7, 11, 44, 45. R ( = cm k 33) o n th e obv., on 22. LA ( = cm k 54) on th e obv., on 23. U n c e rta in on the obv., on 37.

A E. 20 mm , 6.45 g (8)· Axis: var.

409

363,

nah

967

IM P A V G V ST V S P P; lau reate head, r. T V R IA S O ; oak w reath containing M V N

[ 12]

2 BC

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 12.66g (18). Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

AE. 20 m m , 5.83 g (2). Axis: var.

[ o ]

i . M S a s tr e 6 9 9 7 , 5.49; 2. F o rm erly S de C 1907 ( = V ives 156-1); 3. IV D J , 6.17.

L F e rn ste L S e ra n u s I l v i r i 410

A E. 28 m m , 11.55 g (6). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

Vives 155-12 IM P AV G V STV S PAT E R P A T R IA E ; la u reate head, r. M V N T V R IA S O L F E N E S T Ë L SE R Ä N O ; oak w reath containing II V IR i . B a 14944, i i . 21; 2. Bo 325, 12.66; 3 . C o p 603, 12.25; 4 . L 787, 9.33; 5. M 1 2 9 4 2 ( = V ives 155-12), 11.66; 6. P 480, 12.17. C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram ( = c m k 92), see G u a d â n , p. 100, no. 140 (n o t verified).

T V R IA S O ; fem ale head, r. __ IM P A V G V ST V S P(A T E R ) P (A T R I); lau reate head, r.

Bronze. 28-9111111, 12.12g (31). Axis: var.

V a l A q u ilu s I lv ir i, a fte r

IM P A V G V ST V S P P; lau reate head, r. S E V E R O E T A Q V IL O I I V IR ; in field, T V R IA S O

[ i ]

P P: i . C alico 6/1979, 1213, 6.26; 2. M 1 2 8 8 9 , 6.45; 3. IV D J ( = V ives I ^ _ 4 = H ill 3 2 -9 ), 7.80; P A T E R P A T R I: 4 . C alico 6/1979, I 2 I 4 , 6.80; 5 - 6 . M 12891 (P A T E Q , 12892 (P A T E R P A [ ] I), 6.55, 6 .6 i; 7. IV D J ( = S de C 1899 —V ives 155-5), 6.50; P (A T E R ) P (A T R I): 8 . B, 4.66.

C a e c il S everu s C

Vives 156-1

Vives 155-4, 5, H ill 32-9

gmi

1953, pi. 4—50.

1 - 4 . B a 4644, 23920, 26666, 30614, 10.80, 13.59, 13.50 (p ierced ), 10.98; 5. C alico 6/1979, 1218, 10.66; 6. C o p 602, 12.67; 7 · L 786 ( = H ill 3 3 -1 ), 13.54; 8 · M 1 2 9 1 4 ( = V ives 155 -9 ), 9.76; 9—15· Μ 12913, 12916-20, S astre 6994, 13.81, 13.08, 13.46, 14.00, 14.17, 15.55, *3-65; 16. P 479, 13.06; 17. C , 9.30; 18—19. P rin ce to n 724-5, 13.53, 12.27. C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = c m k 4), o n th e obv., o n 3. E ag le’s head , 1. ( = cm k 5), on th e obv., o n 17.

[ 16 ]

1 - 2 . B L ö b b , 1067/1912; 3 - 1 1 . B a 4579, 4653, 9816-7, 15039-40, 30610, 30891, 30895, 12.26, 13.69, 12.83 (pierced), 13.26, 10.90, 12.73, 12.31, 12.25, 13-04; 12. C alico 6/1979, 1212 (forgery?), 15.90; 1 3 -1 4 · C o p 5 9 8 9, 14.18, 12.25; 1 5 - 1 7 . L 781-3, 13.31, 11.70, 11.70; 1 8 - 3 1 . M 12864-5, 12867-9, 12872, 12874, 12876-7, 12880-1, 12884, 12893, S astre 6992,

Vives 155-7, H ill 32-8,

nh

IM P A V G V ST V S P P; laureate head, r. T V R IA S O M C A E C IL S E V E R O C V A L A Q V IL O ; oak w reath containing I I V IR

T V R IA S O ; fem ale head, r. IM P A V G V ST V S P P; lau reate head, r.

405

[ o ] 1953, pi. 4-50

Vives 155-9, H ill 33-1

Augustus, after 2 BC_____________________________

404

nh

[ 1 ]

As 401, b u t horsem an, r., r. h a n d behind

362,

AE. 15 m m . IM P A V G P P; lau reate head, r. T V R IA S O ; w ithin oak w reath

M

gmi

405

Y riarte,

Vives 155-1, H ill 32-5, gmi 360

Vives 155-3, 6, H ill 32-7,

[ 2 ]

1. B B ohl, 7.64; 2. C alico 6/1979, >217, 4-6o; 3. L 7 8 5 , 7.21; 4 - 8 . M 12886-8, 12912, S astre 6998, 8.31, 4.50, 6.25, 7.72, 5.78; 9 . IV D J ( = V ives 155-8).

1. V 2 4 0 ( = H ill 3 2 -5 ), 12.00; 2. F o rm erly C e rv e ra coll. ( — V ives 155i = g m i 360).

403

AE. 2 i m m , 6.50 g (8). Axis: var. Vives 155-8

SIL B IS; laureate fem ale head, r. T V R IA S O ; horsem an, 1., r. h a n d raised

402

ig i

L M a r iu s L N o v iu s I l v ir i , a fte r 411

2 BC

Bronze. 2 9m m , u .8 o g (28). Axis: var. Vives 155-10, H ill 32-2,

nah

[ 10 ]

968

IM P AV G V STV S P A T E R P A T R IA E ; lau reate head, r. M V N T V R IA S O L M A R IO L N O V IO ; oak w reath containing I I V IR

1—3 . B D ressei, P ro k esch -O sten , Bohl; 4—8. B a 4643, 9819, 14943, 30952, 33971, 10.47, 14.64, 12.69, ιΐ·8 ο , i i . 61; 9—10. Bo 3 2 3-4, 10.76, 9.36; ii. C alico 6/1979, 1219, 11.80; 12. L 7 8 9 ( = H i l l 3 3 - 2 ) , 11.94; 13. L 788, 14.22; 1 4 -2 5 · M I 2 923_ 7> 12929-30, 12932, 12935-6, 12939-40, 9.42, 9.16, 12.82, 11.25, I2 -25 (pierced), 12.34 (pierced), 11.56, 12.12, 13.71, 13.04, 12.80, 13.03 (pierced); 2 6 . 0 = a m c 1008, 11.69; 27—3 0 . P 4 8 1 - 4 , 11.73, *2.44, I2 -24 > 10.95; 31—3 2 . V a t 48 7 -8 , 12.00, 11.40; 3 3 . G 2 (according to M a c D o n a ld M V N ), 10.82; 3 4 . A lac an t ( = c m t m , pi. 3 7-194 (M V N ), 12.00. F orgery: 1. M S astre 6996. M e ta l analysis on coin 12: C u 79.00; P b 9.32; S n 9.47; A g 0.120; F e 0.160; S b 1.95; N i 0.020; A s 0.180; Bi 0.004; Z n 0.020. O n coin 13: C u 85.00; P b 5.45; Sn 8.37; A g 0.044; Fe 0. 900; S b 0.480; N i 0.020; A s 0.020; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.009. C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = cm k 92) on th e obv., on 1, 29. 412

AE. 21 m m , 6.21 g (2). Axis: var. Vives 155-11, H ill 33-3,

nah

M a r iu s V ege L ic i C re s a e d 415

A E. 2 1 -2 m m , 7.21g (10: 4 1 5 —16). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

Vives 156-9 T I C A E SA R A V G F A V G V S T V S IM P ; lau reate head, r. M V N T V R IA S O M A R IO V E G E L IC I C R ES; oak w reath containing A ED I — 2. B a 4646, 14959, 7 -20, 7-^6; 3 . M 13017 (M A R IO ), 7.16; 4 . P 504, 8 -53; 5· IVDJ ( = V ives 156-9), 7-38; 6 . G 716, 4.73. 416

[ i ]

Bronze. 20 m m . See 415. Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

H ill 3 4 -3

969

As 4 1 5 , b u t T I A V G V S T V S A V G V S T I F IM P

IM P A V G V ST V S P P; lau reate head, r. L M A R IO L N O V IO I I V IR ; in field, T V R IA S O

i . C alico 6/1979, 1224, 5.74; 2. L 8 0 5 (= H ill 3 4 -3 ), 8.04; 3—4 . M 13018-9, 8.36, 7 .1 1. M eta l an alysis on coin 2: C u 84.50; P b 5.51; S n 7.37; A g 0.040; F e 0.010; S b 0.180; N i 0.010; A s 0.013; B* 0.002.

1. B F o x (= H ill 3 3 -3 ), 5.14; 2. Μ 12941, 7.29; 3. IV D J ( = V ives X55 _ I 0 -

C

C a ec S ere M

417

V al Q u a d I lv ir i

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 11.52g (54). Axis: var. Vives 157-1, H ill 33-9,

M n S u lp L u c a n M

T I CA ESA R A V G V S T F IM P E R A T ; lau reate head, r. M V N T V R C CA EC SE R (E) M V A L Q V A D I I V IR ; bull, r.

413

S em p F ro n t I lv ir i

Bronze. 2 7 -g m m , 11.70g (61). Axis: var. Vives 156-6, 7, H ill 33-7, 8,

gmi

[ 22 ]

T I C A E SA R A V G (V S T I) F A V G V ST V S IM P (P O N T ); laureate h e a d, r. ____ __ ___ ___ M V N T V R IA S O M N SV LP L V C A N M S E M P F R O N T ; oak w reath containing II V IR

T S u lp Q u a r Q P o n t P la a e d 414

AE. 20-1 m m , 5.78g ( n ) . Axis: var. Vives 156-8, H ill 34-4,

nah

[ 4 ]

1082

T I C A E SA R A V G V S T F IM P ; lau reate head, r. M V N T V R I T SV L P Q V A R Q P O N T PLA; oak w reath containing A ED 1—2. B a 9825, 14961, 4.89, 6.60; 3. C alico 6/1979, 1223, 5.81; 4—7. M 13013-6, 7.63, 5.02, 4.00, 5.94; 8. P 5 0 1 , 4.20; 9—10. P 502, 503 ( = H ill 3 4 -4 ), 7.89, 6.61; i i . C (B u rk itt lo a n ), 5.05.

nah

1081

SER : i . B B ohl; 2. C alico 6 /1979, 1228, 12.86; 3. M 13095, 11.40; 4— 6 . M 13114, 13124, 13126, 11.94, 9-88, 13.12; 7. C , 11.45; S E R E : 8 - 1 2 . B 17467, L ö b b , I-B , R au c h , B ohl; 13—2 1 . B a 14948, 23915, 27476, 30603, 30616, 30618, 30620, 33972, 100911, 12.15, 8.28, 12.73, 10.57, ιΐ· 8 ο , 10.84, 11.50, 10.73, I 2 -3 7 ; 2 2 - 2 3 . L 7 96-7, 11.23, *3-38 ; 2 4 - 3 0 . M 13098, 13100-1, 13105, 13107, 13 111, 13125, 11.38, 10.87, τ 3·°7> Ι2 ·°7> 12-7 1, 11.24, 12.63; 3 1 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1266, 12.75; 3 2 · N 227, 10.99; 33 “ 3 4 . O , 10.10, 12.34; 35 · R 227, I 2 -9o; 3 6 - 3 7 . V a t 499 -5 0 0 , 11.70, 10.20; 3 8 . IV D J ( = V ives 157-1), form erly S de C 1921; 3 9 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 3 7 -1 9 6 ), 14.00; S E R (E ): 4 0 . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 270, 11.81; 4 1 . B a.B .; 4 2 - 4 4 . B a 4647, 14949, 100912, 13.48, 12.56, 13.71; 4 5 . Bo 331, 10.52; 4 6 . C alico 6/1979, *227, r 3-2o; 4 7 . C o p 605, 9.53; 4 8 . L 7 9 8

364

T I C A E S A R A V G F A V G V S T V S IM P : 1. A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 268, 10.54; 2. A N E 30-3 1 /1 1 /1 9 8 5 , 136, 11.77; 3 · ® L öbb; 4—5 . B a 9821, 23919, 10.52, 13.36; 6 . Bo 326, 13.90; 7. C alico 6/1979, 1222, 16.50; 8— 9 . F 6 7 -8 , 12.40, 9.80; 10—14. L 792 (double stru ck ), 793-6, 12.64, 12.82, 12.29, 12.41, 11.48; 15—2 4 . M 12963-4, 12968-9, 12972-3, 12976, 12989, 13008, 13011, 12.23, 10.22, 13.40, 13.01, 12.06, 12.61, i i . 21, 13.5 0 ,9 .1 3 , I 3'735 2 5 · M u 188, 7.96; 26. P 491 (= H ill 3 3 -7 ), 12.12; 27—2 8 . V a t 4 9 1 -2 , 12.80, 11.00; 2 9 . IV D J ( = V ives 156-7); 3 0 . C 714, 10.63; T I C A E S A R A V G V S T I F A V G V S T V S IM P : 3 1 - 3 3 . B B ohl, L ö b b (2); 3 4 39. B a 9822, 9826, 23918, 23922, 26111, 33973, 10.11, 12.23, 10.91, 13.01, 11.84, 12.38; 4 0 . C o p 604, 12.25; 4 1· M 1 2 9 8 4 , 11.83; 4 2 —4 6 . M 12977, 12980, 12985, 12991, 12995, **-96, 13.41, 11.88, 12.20, 12.98; 47· M i 246, 12.75; 4 ®· N 225, 10.29; 49 · F 4 9 °t I2 -4 9 > 5 ° · R 22 4 > i*-8o; 5 1 . V a t 493, 10.30; 5 2 . IV D J , form erly S d e C 1914; 5 3 . O , 9.78; T I C A E S A R A V G F A V G V S T V S IM P P O N T : 54—5 5 . B a 23917, 23921, 10.80. 13.97; 56. M 1 2 9 6 0 ( = V ives i5 6 -6 = H ill 3 3 -8 ), 11.48; 5 7 . M 12961, 11.39; 58. M i 245, 10.91; U n c e rta in v ar.: 59—6 0 . M u 189-90, 11.72, 9.97; 6 1 . N 224, 10.39; 62—6 3 . P S de R , 489, 9.53, 11.21; 6 4 . T ü b in g e n 70, 11.51; 6 5 - 6 7 . V 243—5, 11.40, 9.90, 9.35. M eta l analysis on coin 10: C u 86.00; P b 3.42; Sn 7.79; A g 0.030; F e 0.090; S b 0.160; N i 0.010; As 0.005; Bi 0.003; Z n 0.060. O n coin 11: C u 80.00; P b 10.93; Sn 6.80; A g 0.030; Fe 0.030; S b 0.200; N i 0.020; C o 0.003; As 0.017; Bi 0.002; Z n 0.007. C o u n te rm ark s: T I (== cm k 69) on th e obv., on 4, 9. E agle’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 6, 13, 22—3, 39, 67. E a g le’s head, 1. (= cm k 5), on th e obv., on 34, 60. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 92) on th e obv., on 9, 44, 67. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 77) on th e obv., on 16. LA ( = cm k 53) on th e obv., on 21.

gmi

367,

[ 24 ]

Reign o f Tiberius

( - H i l l 33 ~ 9 )> **·* 3 ; 49 —5 1 · M 13096, i3 * ° 6 , *3 *2 3 , **·4 5 , **·90, 9.37; 5 2 . M u 194, 11.42; 5 3 - 5 4 . O , 10.34, 13-14; 55“ 5 6 · F 4 9 2_ 3 ) **-50, n .4 8 ; 5 7 . T ü b in g e n 72, 11.82; 5 8 - 5 9 . V 248 -9 , 10.80, 7.35; 6 0 . V a t 501, 8.00; 6 1 . C 715, 12.43; 62—6 3 . C , 10.02, 11.50; 6 4 . H ( = H ill 3 3 -1 0 ). C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev ., o n 2, 64. E ag le’s head , I . ( = cm k 5), o n th e obv., on 11, 18. E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on the obv., o n 12, 59. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 83) o n th e rev., o n 36. L ( = cm k 26) o n th e rev., o n 39. C ( = cm k 20) on th e rev., o n 39.

M 418

P o n t M a r s u s C M a r i V e g e tu s I l v i r i

AE. 28-9 m m , 10.89 g (56)· Axis: var. Vives 156-10,

ii

[ 20 ]

, H ill 34-1

T I C A E SA R A V G F IM P P O N T M ; lau reate head, r. M V N T V R M P O N T M A R S (O ) C M A R I V E G E T (O ) II V IR ; bull, r. M A R S -V E G E T : i . Bo 329, 11.93; 2 · M 1 3 0 2 2 (= V iv e s 156-10), 14.42; 3. M i 247, 14.49; 4 - M u 191, H - 3 7 ; M A R S O -V E G E T O : 5 - 9 . B L öbb, B ohl (2), 28651, D an n en b erg ; 10—17. B a 4650, 9824, 14951, 14960, 23916, 3 3 9 7 °! 3 7 *3 4 , 109218, 13.08, 14.89, 13.53, **-7 9 , **-7 5 > *0-88, 9 ·22, n -0 9 ; 18. B e 3303, 8.16; 19—20. Bo 327—8, 10.53, 9-85; 21. C alico 6/1979, I2 2 5 , 13.15; 22—2 3 . L 799-800, 11.83, IT-2o; 24—3 9 . M 13024, 13027-31, τ 3 ° 3 9 , *3 ° 4 2> *3046, *3051-2, 13055, 13057, 13059-60, 13063, 8.66, 11.66, 10.09, * *. *2, i i . 00, 10.73, *3-72, **-69, 12.28, 9.80, 10.18, 12.60, i i . 71, I I . 47, **-4 2, **-3 9 ; 4 °· M i 248, 10.60; $ 1 . N 226, 13.08; 4 2 —4 3 . O , 9.23, I I - 5 ° ; 4 4 - 4 8 · P 496, 497 ( = H ill 3 4 -1 ), 498-5 0 0 , 11.53, 13.31, 11.88, 12.71, 10.51; 4 9 . R22 5 > *3 -3 ° ; 5 °· V 246, 9.80; 5 1 —5 5 . V a t 4 9 4 -8 , 11.20, 10.00, 9.50, 9.60, 11.20; 5 6 . G 5 (acco rd in g to M acD o n ald , M A R I), 9.54; 5 7 . C , 12.25; 5 8 . P eus 1 - 4 /1 1/1988, 692, 9.84; M A R S ( 0 )-V E G E T ( 0 ): 5 9 . C o p 606, i i . 61; 6 0 . M u 192, 8.95; 6 1 . O , 9.94. C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram (= cm k 93) on th e rev ., o n 13. E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 7, 19, 25, 31, 53. E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), on th e obv., o n 42, 50. P ( = cm k 29) o n th e obv., o n 52. U n c e rta in circu lar o n th e obv., on 26. T I ( = cm k 69) on th e rev., on 61. B ird ’s h ea d (?) ( = cm k 6), on th e rev., on 58.

S P A I N : Turiaso, Cascantum (419-424.)

L

C a e c A q u in u s M

419

T ib e r iu s a n d D i v u s A u g u s tu s

C e l P a lu d I lv ir i

Bronze. 28m m , 12.01 g (46). Axis: var. Vives 156-12, H ill 34-2,

gmi

[ 16]

422

Brass. 3 4 -6 m m , 22.31g (10). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

Vives 156-2, H ill 33-4

366

T I C A ESA R A V G F IM P P O N T M ; lau reate head, r. M V N T V R L CA EC A Q V IN M C E L PA LV D I I V IR ; bull, r.

T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. M V N T V R D IV V S A V G V ST V S; D ivus A ugustus seated on curule chair, 1., holding sceptre an d th u n d erbolt

i . A N E 23—24/10/1984, 269, 12.80; 2—3. B Bohl, 11.83, 12.44; 4 ~ 7 · B a 464 8-9, 30615, 33969, 11Æ1, 13.48, 8.55, n .4 7 ; 8. Be 3741, 10.22; 9. Bo 330, 11-97; 10. C alico 6/1979, I2 2 6, 12.15; 11—12. C o p 6 0 7-8, 12.14, i 3 -6 5 ; * 3 * F 6 9 > 9 -7 o; ! 4 * L 8 0 3 (= H ill 3 4 -2 ), 12.92; 1 5 -1 7 . L 8 0 1 -2 , 804, i i . 12, 13.65, 11.07; I 8—3 4 . M 13069—70, 13075-6, 13082-3, 13084 (L C A E C A Q V IN M C E L S P A L V D ), 13085-6, 13088, 13090, 13092, 13°947 Sa stre 7 0 0 5 -7 a n d 7 0 1 6 , 14.54, I 2 .7 8 , 1 0 .3 5 , 11.78, 10 .1 8 , 11.06, 12.47, H - S l ΪΟ .99, 11.95, I2 -4 5 , 11-14, 10.96, 11 .9 5 , I2 -IO , 9 .8 7 , 11.45; 3 5 . M u 193, 11.80; 3 6 . O , 13.52; 3 7 - 3 9 . P 4 9 4 - 5 , S de R , 15.63, 11.60, 11.32; 4 0 . R 226, 10.40; 4 1 . T ü b in g e n 71, 14.26; 4 2 —4 3 . V 247—8, 15.70, 10.80; 4 4 . V a t 490, 12.00; 4 5 . G 4, 14.46; 4 6 - 4 7 . IV D J, form erly S de C 1924-5; 4 8 . W a rsaw 155574, 12.25; 4 9 · c 2 7 3 4 , n .1 3 ; 5 °· A N E l l ~ 12/1961, 234, 11.60. M e ta l analysis on coin 15: C u 74.50; P b 17.16; Sn 6.23; A g 0.110; Fe 0.580; Sb 1.10; N i 0.010; A u ο.010; As 0.020; Bi 0.004; Z n 0.020. C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = cm k 82) on th e rev., on 42. E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 3, 26, 32, 44, 50. E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), on th e obv., on 17. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93), See G u a d â n , p. 101, no. 27 (not v erified ).

i . F 65 (T I C A E S A R A PG F A V G V S T V S , en g rav ed in m o d e rn tim es), 21.10; 2. L 790, 21.83; 3—5. M 12943-4, 13131, 21.71, 21.24, 24 -io ; 6. N 223, 19.97; 7—8. N Y 1 1949, 23848, 20.83, 25-63; 9 . P 4 8 8 , 21.44; 10. F A. W alters ( = H ill 3 3 -4 ), 25.27; 11. IV D J ( = V ives 156-2). F orgery: M 12945. M eta l an alysis o n coin 2: C u 75.00; P b 0.720; Sn 0.280; A g 0.040; F e 0.060; Sb 0.100; N i 0.002; Bi 0.004; Z n 25.42. 423

A E. 20 m m , 5.28 g (7). Axis: var. Vives 157-2, H ill 34-5,

gmi

[ 3 ]

T V R : i . B L ö b b , 14.72; 2. B B ohl; 3—8. B a 4580, 4618, 9820, 14945—6, 23923, 11.98, 13.67, 13.24, 12.69, r 3-o8, 10.70; 9. C alico 6/1979, 1221, 11.40; 10. C o p 609, 11.40 (p ierced ); 11. L 791, 14.78; 12—2 0 . M 129469, 12951, 12953-4, 12957-8, 14.66, 13.22, 10.42, 13.68, 14.81, 13.08, 13.07, 16.77, 13-60; 21. M S V 17/12/1981, 1260, 12.60; 2 2 . P 485, 12.45; 23. R 223, 14.80; 24. V 242, 11.95; 2 5 . V a t 489, 12.70; 2 6 . A N E 7 -9 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 491; T V R IA S O : 27. B a 4933, 12.28; 28. C alico 6 /1979, 1220, 10.45; 29. F 66, 11.50; 3 0 . P 486, 10.76; 3 1 . IV D J ( = V ives 156-3). Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on coin 11. 424

368

AE. 20-1 m m , 5.43g (3). Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

Vives 156-4, H ill 33-6 T I CA ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. D IV A V G M V N T V R ; ra d ia te head, r.

i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 271, 5.18; 2. B L ö b b , 4.47; 3. B a 4581, 5.20; 4 — 6. Μ 13127-9, 5.16, 4.17 (broken). 5.66; 7. P 50 5 , 6.03; 8. P 506 ( = H ill

9· IVDJ

[ 7 ]

T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. D IV V S A V G V S T V S M V N T V R (IA S O ); rad iate head, r.

T I C A ESA R A V G F IM P P O N T ; la u re a te h e a d , r. R E C T O E T M A C R IN O AED ; in field, T V R IA

3 4 -5 ). 5-26;

Bronze. 2 8m m , 12.94g (2 7 )· Axis: var. Vives 156-3, 5, H ill 33-5

R e c tu s a n d M a c r in u s a e d 420

jjjjj

i . B L öbb, 4.93; 2. N Y 1 1 9 7 2 ( = V ives 1 56-4), 6.56; 3. Jo h n so n , M ila n ( = H ill 3 3 -6 ), 4.80.

( = V ives 157-2).

A nonym ous 421

AE. 19m m , 3.36g (1). Axis: n .

[ o ]

Vives 157-3 T I C A ESA R A V G [F IM P ] P O N T ; lau reate head, r. M V N T V R IA ; w ithin w reath i . N Y H S A 11970 ( = V ives 157-3), 3.36. S am e obv. die as 420/8 (oth er possibilities n o t checked).

Cascantum There is no doubt that Cascantum is the Latin name of a previous Iberian settlement called Kaiskata, which minted bronze coins at the end of the second century b c and begin­ ning of the first century b c (A. Dominguez, Las cecas ibéricas del valle del Ebro, Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 106-11; L. Villaronga, NAH, p. 178). Cascantum (Cascante, Navarra) probably obtained the status of a municipium of Latin right (Pliny, NH III, 24) during Tiberius’s reign. Its coinages, which might be related to the municipal grant, do not pose any problem. They bear the normal legend of Tiberius and the same designs for both asses and semisses. The existence of some reverse dies bearing the bull with ‘pechnient’ above the head, accepted by Hill (p. 170), is uncertain. These coinages have been divided into two groups, because it is considered here that they were struck in two different stages, although the length of time between mint­

ing cannot be determined. The two groups differ in the style of the obverse portrait and in the reverse legend. The portraits on 425 are very similar to 413, from Turiaso, and, again, the portraits on 427 are very close to those which appear on 429, from Graccurris. Dies with the legend CASCANTVM, without ligature, are never linked with obverse dies of 427 and vice versa; dies with the legend CASCANTVM never appear linked with obverses of 425. The same difference of style is observable on the semisses. Those with the reverse legend MVN CASCANT were min­ ted contemporarily with 425, and those with MVNICIP CASCANTVM were struck with 427. The asses were countermarked quite often and the nature of the countermarking indicates the existence of two, at least, areas of coin circulation: a local one, where the countermarks C (=cm k 22) and CAS (=cm k 42) (both always on the reverse) were applied, and a larger one

S P A I N : Cascantum, Graccurris (425-429)

involving several cities, to which the eagle’s head belongs (=cm k 4-5, always on the obverse). This eagle countermark has been related to the army (J. M. Gurt, II Simposi Numismatic de Barcelona, 1980, pp. 217—19).

i . M u 76, 6.99; 2. P 384, 5.15; 3. V a t 393, 4.60; 4 . Bo 246, 10.67; 5 * ® 1 0 1 6 /1 8 9 3 (= H ill 3 4 -1 1 ), 6.16; 6—7. B a 9576, 14806, 5.48, 5.74; 8— 12. M 964 3 -4 , 9646 (= V ives 161-4), 9647-8, 6.33, 6.99, 5.88, 5.57, 6.54; 13. C alico 6/1979, 217, 6.00; 14. C 588, 6.88; 15—16. L 758 -9 , 7.08, 5.45 (b o th sh are th e rev. die w ith Bo 246, a t least); 17. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 336, 6.51. 427

AE. 2 7 -9

Tiberius

As 425

AE.

11.92

g

(58). Axis: var.

27-9mm, 161-1

n.iog

(41).

Axis: var.

[

14.]

T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. M V N IC IP C A SC A N T V M ; bull, r. i . Bo 245, 10.85; 2 - 3 . C alico 6/1979, 211-2, 10.50, 11.00; 4—5. C op 5 8 9 90, 11.98, 14.84; 6 - 7 . M i 218-9, 9.94, 9.70; 8. P 3 7 6 , 13.37; 9- 1 1 · p 377-8, S de R , 11.47, 12.51, 12.72; 12. V 96, 10.70; 13. A N E 1516/12/1981, 102, 11.99; *I 4_ B L öbb, Bohl, 147/1966; 17—2 9 . B a 9574, 14874-5, 14879-81, 23607-9, 26627, 33953; 33955; 109195, 11.80, 10.22, 10.28, 11.08, 10.73, 7-59; 13-13j 9.91, 8.58, 10.65, 11-7 2 *> 11*76, 12.46; 3 0 — 37 · M 9566, 9573, 9576, 9588, 9594 ( = V ives 161-1), 9599-600, S astre 10407, 9.93, 10.30, 11.80, 10.12, 9.68, 9.82, 11.64, 12.03; 3^· M S V 17/12/1981, 160, 11.30; 3 9 . N 173, 10.63; 4 0 —4 1 . O , 10.80, 11.97; 4 2 . G i, 12.06; 4 3 . C , 10.54; 4 4 . P 379, 13.93; 45 · V a t 392, 9.60 (broken); 4 6 . G iro n a 29433 ( = c m t m , pi. 6 -9 7 ), 11.10; 4 7 . D elgado C X I I - 4 ; 4 8 . F o rm erly S de C 1239. C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), on th e obv., on 5, 48. E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 22, 38. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) o n the rev., on 9 -10, 39. C ( = cm k 22) on th e rev., on 19, 27, 44. CA S ( = cm k 42) on th e rev., on 27, 37, 44, 47. M o n o g ram (V A L E ) on th e rev., on 47 (n ot verified).

21 mm, 6.35g (17)· Axis: var. Vives 161-4, Uhl 34-11, NAH n o o

AE.

425, but

nah

[ 20 ]

1099

M V N IC IP C A S C A N T V M

1 - 4 . C alico 6 /1979, 2 1 3 -6 , 13 -5 °, 9 -9 8 , 11-40, 11-45; 5. F 47, 9.90; 6 8. M u 73-5 , 13.20, 9.86, 12.13; 9—14. P 372—5, 3 8 0 -1 , 11.86, 12.46, 11.83, 8.22, 11.38, 11.35; 15—16· R 176-7, 12.80, 9.79; 17. A N E 1 5 -1 6/12/1981, 103, 12.97; 18—2 1 . B a.B ., G an sau g e, R au ch , Fox; 2 2 —3 0 . B a 4902, 9573, 9 5 7 5 , >4856, 14873, 27477, 30602, 33954, 39636, 16.03, IO-2 7 , 10.43, 14 -77 , 12.26, 12.08, 13.13, 10.81, 13.10; 3 1 —3 5 . L 752 ( M V N IC [IP ]), 753 ( — H ill 3 4 -9 ), 754-6, 13.08, 9.58, 12.84, ” -5 3 , 13-757 3 6 · M 9 6i*6 ( = V ives 161-2), 11.52; 3 7 —5 3 . M 9604, 9608—9, 9612—4, 9616, 9625, 9 6 2 8 -9 , 9632, 9636, S astre 10404-6 a n d 10408-9, 11.54, 11.44, io .g o , 11.46, 14.36, 13.83, 13.45 (p ierced ), 12.5g, I 0 ·18, 15-24, 12-43. IO-49, 11.26, 12.90, 12.71, 12.90, 10.77; 5 4 . M S V 17/12/1981, 163, i i . 15; 5 5 — 5 6 . N 174-5, IO-5 4 , 10.58; 5 7 - 5 8 . O , 11.79, ! 2 -9 4 ; 59 · G 2, 10.88; 6 0 . G iro n a 29434 ( = c m t m , pi. 6 -9 8 ), 14.12; 6 1 . A lcoi 1276 ( = c m t m , pi. 22—48), 12.95; 6 2 . A lac an t ( = c m t m , pi. 3 8 -2 1 5 ), 11.50; 6 3 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 335, 10.87. C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), o n th e obv., on 4, 14, 48, 50, 60. E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., o n 6, 21, 29, 30, 33, 36, 45, 56. C ( = cm k 22) o n th e rev ., on 2 -3 , 13, 30, 34, 45. C A S ( = cm k 42) on th e rev., on 2 -3 , 13, 25, 30, 34, 37, 45. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) o n th e rev., o n 49. U n c e rta in o n th e obv., o n 2. U n c e rta in on th e rev., on 2, 30. C ircle o n th e rev., on 53.

Vives

426

mm,

Vives 161-2, H ill 3 4 -9 ,

428

AE. 21

mm,

6.52

g

(7). Axis: var.

[

5

]

Vives 161-3, H ill 3 4 -1 0 As

[ 6 ]

426, but

M V N IC IP C A S C A N T V M

1—2. P 382 -3 , 6.07, 7.99; 3. B L ö b b , 6.29; 4 . B I-B ( = H ill 3 4 -1 0 ), 6.75; 5 · L 7 5 7 . 5 -8 i; 6 - 7 . M 9641 ( = V ives 161-3), 9 6 *4 2 . 6.45, 6.29; 8. F o rm erly S d e C 1249.

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F; lau reate head, r. M V N C A SC A N T; bull, r.

Graccurris Graccurris was founded by Ti. Sempronius Gracchus in 178 B C (Livy, Per. 41), at the Iberian city Ilurcis (Festus 86L). However, in spite of its antiquity, it did not strike any coins until Tiberius’s reign, when the city probably obtained the status of a municipium of Latin right (Pliny, NH iii, 24). Graccurris minted a single issue of asses (bull with ‘pedi­ ment’ above head) and semisses (bull’s head, facing). The similarities with 427-8 from Cascantum are enough for us to consider that the dies of both cities were engraved by the same engraver. It is not possible to establish the chronology of this issue, though Grant (APT 36) mentioned that the portrait suggests a late date for its minting. This seems to us a rather difficult view to defend. The asses of the issue were countermarked quite often. The countermarks of Graccurris belong to two areas of coin circulation, a local one (GRA = cmk 80) and a larger one (eagle’s head = cmk 4—5), involving the cities as Cascan­ tum, Calagurris, Clunia and Turiaso. Other countermarks, apart from these ones, are very rare.

Tiberius 429

AE. 28 m m , 12.02 g (63). Axis: var. Vives 163-1, H ill 37-4,

n a h i i o i , gmi

[ 24 ] 1062

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. M V N IC IP G R A C C V R R IS ; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im ent’ above head 1—2. Bo 285 -6 , 12.10, 12.80; 3—4 . C o p 595—6, 13.02, 14.39; 5 · p 5 4 ; 10.15; 6. K la g 12, 10.64; 7 · M u 119, 11.23; 8—12. P 399-402, S de R, 14.72, 13.49, 1 3 .0 4 ,8 .7 5 ,1 1 .5 7 ; 13. R 193, 12.10; 14. V 149, 11.00; 15. V a t 435, 12.70; 16. C alico 6/1979, 790, 14.64; 17—22. B B ohl (2), L ö b b , Fox, 5653/1954, 151/1966; 23—3 3 . P a 4 6 5 9 > 4660, 4 6 6 2 -3 , 9766-7, I 4993_ 4) 14996, 33960, 105852, 12.41, 10.06, 14.65, 8.66, 12.12, 10.51, 13.56, 12.64, 11-39, 11.55, 10.81; 3 4 . L 8 6 3 ( = H ill 3 7 -4 ), 13.03; 3 5 . L 864, 6.18; 3 6 —5 3 . M 11262, 11264, 1 1268-, 11273-4, 1 1278, 11281-2, 11284-9, I I 2 92, 112 94-5, 11296 ( = V ives 163-1), 13.25, 13.14, 10.49, 9 -9 L 13.25, 10.82, 12.30, I I . 15, 11.96, 7.92, 14.26, 12.41, 13.19, 11.28, 12.92, 13.16, 13.00, 14.74; 54· M S V 17/12/1981, 775, 13.90; 5 5 - 5 9 . o , 12.57, i i . 13, 11.40, 13.43, *0.95; 6 0 —6 2 . N 191-3, 12.13, 11.50, 10.85; 6 3 . G i, 12.26; 6 4 . IV D J , form erly S d e C 1531; 6 5 . F o rm erly S de C 1532; 6 6 . C 628, 13.29; 6 7 . C , 13.31; 6 8 . W in te rth u r 33, 9.84; 6 9 . G iro n a 29438 ( = c m t m , pi. 6 -9 9 ), 10.12; 7 0 - 7 1 . A N E 2 5 -2 6 /1 1 /1 9 7 5 , 6 5 -6 , 15.54, 12.04.

S P A I N : Graccurris, Calagurris (430)

C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = c m k 80) on .the rev., on 3, 11, 2 2 -3 , 31, 33, 42, 61, 64. E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 4, 18, 25, 29—30, 37, 45—6, 55 (tw ice), 62, 67. E a g le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), on the obv., on 38, 71. C ( = cm k 23) on th e rev., on 61. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 88) on th e rev ., on 26. U n c e rta in c ircu lar on th e rev., on 59. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on the rev., on 65. A lso T I ( = cm k 69), see G u a d â n 65 (n o t verified).

430

AE. 20 m m , 6.80 g (6). Axis: var. Vives 163-2, H ill 37-5,

nah

1102,

/55

[ 2 ] gmi

1063

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F; lau reate head, r. M V N IC IP G R A C C V R R IS ; bu ll’s head, facing i . P 403, 8.33; 2. C alico 6/1979, 791, 5-24; 3 · A N E 3 0 -3 1 /1 /1 9 8 5 , 64, 6.23; 4 . B a 4664, 7.98; 5 . L 865, 6.80; 6. M 11297, 6.24; 7 . B a r r i l c o ll. ( = V ives 1 6 3 - 2 = H ill 3 7 -5 = g m i 1063).

Calagurris The municipium Calagurris lulia (Calahorra, Logrono) of cives romani (Pliny, NH iii, 24) was founded some years before 27 b c . During the first third of the first century b c , when it was an Iberian city, it coined a scarce issue of bronze coins (asses and semisses) with the Iberian legend Kalakorikos (M. Ruiz, Las acunaciones hispano-romanas de Cala­ gurris, Barcelona, 1968 = Ruiz; A. Dominguez, Las cecas ibe'ricas del valle del Ebro, Zaragoza, 1979, pp. 111—15). Calagurris only minted during Augustus’s and Tiberius’s reign and their issues have been extensively discussed by M. Ruiz and by A. Beltran in a short paper (Calahorra, bimilenario de su fundacion, Madrid, 1984, pp. 53-66, which follows the opinions of P. Beltran, Obra completa, 1972, pp. I 7°“ 3)· both studies, issues that do not bear the title Augustus on the obverse legend are dated before 27 b c . However, this assumption is questionable, and we follow the idea that the obverses of 431 and, at least, of 433-4 are modelled on the portraits of Octavian dated to c. 32-27 b c . This possibility was suggested by Grant (FITA 165) and recently by M. and F. Beltran (Numisma 162-4, 1980, p. 62). Hence we prefer to date the beginning of coinage in Cala­ gurris (431) after 29-27 b c , and we would place the issues with the legend MVN CAL IVL then. Therefore neither A. Beltran’s (pp. 59-60) date for the first issue in 42 b c , nor M. Ruiz’s date for the start of minting in 36 b c , have been accepted here. The other coinages of Augustus do not pose so many problems, because they include hrst the title AVGVSTVS and then PATER PATRIAE. The denominations minted were intended to be bronze asses, semisses and quadrantes. The designs are quite regular, both in Augustus’s issues and in Tiberius’s ones. The emperor’s portrait appears on the obverses of all denominations, whereas on the reverses the bull is used for the asses, the facing bull’s head for the semisses and the wreath for the quadrantes. The choice of the bull for the reverses has been related by Grant (FITA 165) to T. Statilius Taurus, whom he considered as adsignator of this municipium. The drawings in Vives 157-8, 158-1 and 158-7, taken from Delgado (pi. CV-14, 17 and CVI-23), are not included in this catalogue, because the existence of such coins cannot be verified. For the hybrid coin with obverse of Calagurris and reverse of Celsa, see the introduction to Lepida-Celsa. 431

As

Anonymous Bronze. 29m m , 11.24g ( I2)

432

Semis

C Valerius G Sextius aediles Bronze. 21 mm, 5.53 g (18)

433

As

L Granius C Valerius Ilviri AE. 28-9 mm, 11.54 g (39)

434

As

C M ar Cap Q Ursus Ilviri AE. 29m m, 12.53 g (24)

435

As

M Plaet T ran Q Ursus Ilviri AE. 28—9m m , 12.11 g (21)

436

As

Q Aem. C Post Mil Ilviri AE. 29m m , 11.43g (20)

437

As

M n M emmius L Iunius Ilviri AE. 28-9 mm, 10.68 g (19)

43 8

As

Q Antonius L Fabius Ilviri AE. 29m m , 12.38g (25)

439

As

L Baebius P Antestius Ilviri Bronze. 29 mm, 11.65 g (25 )

440

As

C M ar M Val Pr Ilviri AE. 27—9m m , 12.00g (28)

441 442 443

As Semis Q uadrans

L Baebius Priscus G G ran Brocchus Ilviri AE. 26—30 mm, 11.31g (66) Bronze. 20-2 mm, 6.03 g (3 4 ) AE. 15—17mm, 3.12g (2)

444

As

M Lie Capel C Ful Rutil Ilviri, after 2 b c AE. 28 mm, 12.12 g (41)

445-446

As

L Valentinus L Novus Ilviri, after 2 Bronze. 29—30m m, 12.18g (35)

As

C Semp Barba II I Q Baebius Flavus Ilviri, after 2 b c AE. 28m m , 12.05g (4 2)

447

bc

Calagurris continued its coinage during Tiberius’s reign, although its amount was substantially reduced. The coins can be divided into two issues, if we accept that the semis 449, minted by aediles, is the fraction of 448, since their portrait styles are very similar. Obviously, this is not certain, but, anyway, the minting of these asses and- semis­ ses should be close in time. The hrst issue seems to consist of asses (448) and prob­ ably of semisses (449)· Both denominations present anomalies in their legends. The asses have the odd legend TI AVGVS DIVI AVGVSTI F IM P CAESAR (Hill, pp. 179-80; Grant, A PT47; R. Etienne, Le Culte Impérial, p. 422; M. Ruiz, pp. 76-7) and the semisses omit the word DIVI in Tiberius’s filiation, which has led some scholars to think that it was an issue minted during Augustus’s reign (Hill, p. 179; Grant, FITA 166). We think, however, that because of a lack of space the word DIVI has been omitted, in order to

leave space for the city’s abbreviation, M.C.I. The mistake in Tiberius’s correct name has been interpreted as an indi­ cation that the coins were minted at the beginning of his reign, and this seems plausible. The second issue (450-1) consists of asses and semisses, both minted by Ilviri, thus demonstrating that there was not, either during Augustus’s or during Tiberius’s reign, a general rule that semisses were minted only by aediles. As

L Fui Sparsus L Saturninus Ilviri Bronze. 28m m, 11.41g (98)

449

Semis

L Val Flavus T Val M erula aediles Bronze. 21 mm, 6.02 g (24)

450

As Semis

C Celer C Rectus Ilviri AE. 29 mm, 11.82 g (59) AE. Q i mm, 6.47g (13)

448

451

A fter

2 ()l2 y

9.66, 10.37. Som etim es the n o m en o f G ra n iu s s ta rts w ith C a n d the p raen o m en o f V ale riu s w ith G. C o u n te rm ark s: S em icircu lar E ( = cm k 96) o n th e rev ., o n 2. Also cm k 78, see G u a d â n , p. 27, no. 26 (n o t verified).

C M a r C ap Q

U rsu s I lv ir i

12.53g (24 )· Axis: 157-4, Rui2 11

AE. 2 9m m ,

434

Vives

var.

[ u

]

M V N CA L IV L; b are h ead, r. I I V IR C M A R C A P Q V R S O ; bull, r. i . C alico 6/1979, 221, 11.40; 2. C o p 577, 15.17; 3 . M u 48, 11.37; 4 · O = AMC 940, 11.05; 5 —6 . P 339> 340, 11-5 1, 10.21 (p ierced ); 7. V 60, I 4- 25 ; 8· A N E 15-16/1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 118, 14.73; 9 —I r * B 27862, B ohl, Pfaw; 1 2 - 1 8 . B a 4992, 9495, 23564, 30634, 33946, 105835, 109187, 12.29, I 3 -5 2>

12.16, 11.40, 13.27, 12.85, n . i o ; 1 :9-20. L 8 1 9 -2 0 , 12.48, 12.32; 2 1 2 7 . M 842 9 -3 0 , 8432, 8435, 8438-95 S astre 10339, ΙΤ·2θ, 11.85, 16.25, : 5 -9 3 > 9 -77 , 9 - n , n - 9 °; 28. N 150, 13.88. C o u n te rm ark s: M o n o g ram ( = cm k 78) o n th e rev., on 22. A lso G u a d â n 10 ( = cm k 5) a n d 28 ( = c m k 4) (n o t verified).

B C M

P la e t T ra n Q

U r s u s I l v i r i ite r

A nonym ous 435 431

Bronze. 29m m , 11.24g ( I2)· Axis: var. Vives 157-1, H ill 35-10, Ruiz 5,

gmi

[ 4 ]

682,

nah

Vives 157-5, H ill 36-4, R uiz 12,

904

Bronze. 2 1 mm , 5.53g (18). Axis: var. gmi

C alico 6 /i9 7 g , 219, 5.32;

2.

C op 573, 4.59;

3.

H - 3 2 , Ϊ 3 ·6 ?, i 5 -2 3 ; * 9 - G 1, 11.33; 2 °· C 5 5 ° , 9 -6 6 ; 21. A N E 1957, 13, 10.45; 22. V iv e s 1 7 5 - 5 (B M cast). C o u n te rm ark s: D D ( = c m k 47) o n th e rev., on 7. L A ( = c m k 54) o n the rev ., o n 6. A lso G u a d â n 10 ( = cm k 5) a n d 28 ( = cm k 4) (n o t verified). E a g le’s h ea d , o n th e obv., on 21.

nah

905

Q A em

H

(=

436

H ill 3 5 -1 1 ), 4.30;

gmi

[ 685,

nah

7

]

908

i . C alico 6/1979, 223, 10.38; 2. C o p 575 ( = H ill 3 6 -1 ), 8.67; 3. M u 45, 10.88; 4 . P 3 4 8 (C P O S T M L ), 12.40; 5. P 349, 9.52; 6 . V 57, 14.67; 7 8. V a t 2 93-4, 13.20, 11.70; 9—10. A N E 15 -1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 125-6, 12.40, 13.47; 1 1 -1 3 · B a 4794, 21536, 33945, 10.34, 11 -4 5 , 9 -9 G τ 4Γ ι 5' L 812 -3 , 10.85, 10.78; 1 6 - 1 9 . M 846 6 -7 , 8469, 8471, 11.32, 11.75, 11.62, 11.89; 20. N 148, 11.49; 2 I · IV D J, form erly S d e C 1124. C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 2. A lso G u a d â n 27 ( = cm k 93) (n o t verified).

Augustus

433

AE. 2 9m m , 11.43g (20)· Axis: var. M V N CAL II V IR ; b are head, r. Q A E M C P O S T M (I)L ; bull, r.

I I , S astre 10345, 5.54, 5.66, 5.50, 7.33; 15. N 152, 6.34; 16. G 7 (pi. 9 7 24), 5.41; 17. IV D J ( = V ives 157-2 = g m i 683); 18. C , 6.36; 19. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 29—30/3/1989, 290, 4.29. O n specim ens 4 a n d 16 th e first S is n o t clear. F o r m e tal analysis, see R uiz, p. 129.

G r a n iu s C

C P o st M il I lv ir i

Vives 157-7, H ill 36-1, R uiz 9,

4 · p 3 3 8 . 5-941 5 · p 3 3 7 . 5-741 6 - R i6 3 > 4 ·7 °; 7 · A N E 15-16/12/1981, H 3 . 5 -5 4 i » - ί ο · B a 4697, 9 4 9 3 . 23572, 4.88, 6.49, 5.53; u - 1 4 . M 8 4 0 9 -

L

907

[ 4 ]

683,

N A SSICA ; bare h ead o f A ugustus (?), r. C V A L C SE X A E D IL E S ; bu ll’s head, facing I.

nah

8 4 5 2,

V al C S ex aed

Vives 157-2, H ill 35-11, R uiz 6,

687,

I. C alico 6/1979, 2 2 2 , 9-38; 2 · A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 75, 11.27; 3 · C op 578, 13.10; 4. 0 = a m c 941, 12.85; 5” 8 . P 3 4 1 -4 , 9.81, 12.98, 10.74, 9 -9 °j 9. V a t 297, 14.60; 10—i i . B a 4694, 9494, 13.30, 10.83; I 2 · L 821 ( = H ill 3 6 -4 ), 15.14; 13—14. L 8 2 2 -3 , 12.09, 10.28; 15—18. M 8 4 4 6 -7 , 8450,

i . M u 44, 9.86; 2. P 336, 12.26; 3. B arril coll. ( = V ives 157—1); 4 . A N E 15-16/12/1981, h i , 14.73; 5. B L öbb, 10.54; 6· ^ a 4 7 9 I J n .4 1 ; 7. L 8 1 1 ( = H ill 35-10 = FiTA, p i. V -2 0 ), 11.68; 8 - 1 3 . M 8401, 8404-6, 8408, S astre 10337, 12.12, 9.41, 12.58, 9.69, 8.39, 12.26. F orgery (?): 1. O , 10.05. F ° r m etal analysis, see R uiz, p. 129.

432

gmi

[ 10 ]

M V N CAL IV L ; b a re h ead, r. M P L A E T T R A N Q V R S O I I V IR IT E R ; bull, r.

N ASSICA ; bare h ead o f A ugustus (?), r. C A L A G V R R I IV L IA ; bull, r.

C

AE. 2 8 -g m m , I 2 . n g (21). Axis: var.

V a le r iu s I l v i r i

AE. 28-9 m m , 11.54 g (39). Axis: var.

[ 13 ]

Vives 157-3, H ill 36-3, R uiz 10 and 10 var., gmi 686 M V N C A L IV L ; bare head, r. L G R A N IO C V A L E R (IO ) II V IR ; bull, r. V A L E R : 1—2. B o 200-1, 9.73, 9.98 (pierced); 3. M S V 17/12/1981, 168, 15.10; 4 . M u 4 7 , 12.72; 5 . 0 = a m c 942, 12.70; 6 . V 59, 12.65; 7 - 8 . V a t 295-6, 13.70, 8.20; 9 . B L öbb; 10—12. B a 4693, 4695, 23563, 9.26, 12.29, 10.91; 13—19. M 8413, 8421-2, 8425-7, S astre 10338, 12.80, 13.35, Γ4·66, 11.94, 11.02, 10.24, 13.46; 20. N 149, 13.48; 21. M M A G 1-2/10/1986, 307, 14.54; 22. G 2, i i . 01; V A L E R IO : 23. C alico 6/1979, 220, 12.50; 2 4 . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 1 , 74, 12.09; 2 5 . C o p 576, 11.24; 2 6 . Jo h n so n , M ilan ( = H ill 3 6 -3 ), 11.70; 2 7 . M i 193, 10.36; 28. M u 46, 10.04; 29. P 345, 10.06; 3 0 . A N E 1 5 -1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1, 115, 11.75; 3 1 . B 762/1877, 11.56; 3 2 —3 4 . B L ö b b , B ohl, 148/1966; 3 5 . B a 21535, 10.96; 3 6 . L 818, 7.42; 3 7 . M 8 4 1 5 ( = V ives 157-3), 11.99; 38—4 1. M 8414, 8417-8, 8420, 12.90, 11.30, 11.45, 9 -4 4 ; 42 . C 551, 9.49; V A L E R (IO ): 4 3 - 4 4 . M 8416, 8419,

M n M e m m iu s L I u n iu s I l v i r i 437

AE. 2 8 -g m m , io .6 8 g (19). Axis: var. Vives 157-6, R uiz 8 an d 8 v ar.,

gmi

[ 6 ]

684

M V N C A L I I V IR ; b are h e a d e r. M N M E M M I (VS) L IV N I (VS); bull, r. i . Bo 199 (M E M M [, IV N I), 6.75; 2. O = amc 939 (M E M M I, I V N I[), 10.48; 3—4. B a 4793, 105836 (?, IV N [) (M E M M I , I V N [), 11.99, 9.64; 5. L 8 1 6 (M E M M I, IV N ID , 10.81; 6 . L 817 (M E M M [, I V N I ^ 8 - 5 5 ; 1~ 15. M 8454-8, 8460, 8462, S astre 10332-3 (M E M M IV S , IV N IV S ) (M E M [, IV N IV S ) (M Ë M M Ï, ?) ( M E M M I, IV N IV S ), 10.84, 8.63, 16.15, 7.58, 10.66, 10.66, iQ-53, 13.40, 10.97; 16. A N E 15-16/12/1981, 122 (M E M M IV S , IV N IV S ), 12.12; 1 7 -1 8 M J (M E M M I[, IV N IV S ; M E M M I, ?), 13.08, 8.15; 19. C 556 (M E M M I, IV N I ) , 11.90; 20. F o rm erly S de C 1118 (M E M M I, ?). C o u n te rm ark : A ( = cm k 14) on th e rev., on 20.

S P A I N : Calagurris (438-445)

6 9 - 7 1 . C 5 5 7 -8 , 2712, 10.15, 12.52, 10.71; 7 2 . H e rre ro 24/3 /1 9 8 8 , 33, 13.88; 7 3 . A uctiones 17/1988, 322, 11.95; 7 4 . F o rm erly S de C 1131. C o u n te rm ark s: E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., on 10, 61. E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), o n th e obv., on 13. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev., on 20. U n c e rta in in re c ta n g u la r on th e rev ., on 16. C A P (?) ( = cm k 41), on the rev., o n 30. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 72) o n th e rev ., o n 48. C A P E ( = c m k 39) o n th e rev ., on 61. P R ( = c m k 61) o n th e rev., o n r6, 74.

Q A n to n i L F a b i I l v ir i 438

AE. 29m m , 12.38g (25). Axis: var. Vives 158-2, H ill 36-2, R uiz 7,

n ah

[ 6 ] 906

M V N C A L I I V IR ; b are head, r. Q A N T O N I L FA BI; bull, r. i . Bo 198, 13.52; 2. C alico 6/1979, 224, 11.70; 3. C op 574, 11.71; 4 . P 35°; 14-37; 5 - v 58, 11-79; 6 - 1 5 . B a 4800, 9497, 21537, 21539, 23571, 2662I, 30888, I0583I-2,Ü.05834, I3.O7, I5.06, II.97, II.32, IO.27, IO.46, 11.48, 10.17, 14.85, 13.30; 16. L 8 1 4 ( — H ill 36-2), 15.77; I 7 * L 815,

Bronze. 2 0 -2 m m , 6 .0 3 g (3 4 )· Axis: var.

442

B R O C : i . Bo 204, 5.92; 2. P 361, 6.16; 3. M 8554, 6.16; B R O C C H O : 4 . C alico 6/1979, 228, 5.60; 5 . O = AMC 950, 5.90; 6 - 7 . P 359-60, 5.64, 5.90; 8. V 6 3 ( = H ill 3 6 -6 ), 5.42; 9 . V a t 301, 3.90 (b ro k en ); 10— i i . A N E 15-1 6 /1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 137-8, 5.77, 5.98; 12—16. B 17427, G an sau g e, L ö b b , R au c h , B ohl, 6.47, 7.32, — , —, —; 17—2 0 . B a 4698, 21549-50, 3 3 9 5 °. 5 -4-5 . 6 -12. 5 -4 4 . 5 -3 U * » - * * · L 8 3 5 - 6 , 6.28, 5.77; 2 3 - 3 2 . M 8544 ( = V ives 158-10 = g m i 695), 8 5 4 5 -5 3 , 7.28, 6.80, 5.77, 6.48, 7.33, 5.17, 4.90, 6.68, 6.27, 5.70; 3 3 . G 8, 5.63; 3 4 - 3 6 . C 559 -6 0 , B u rk itt lo an , 5.87, 6.12, 6.63; 3 7 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , p i . 3 8 -2 0 3 ), 5.45; 3 8 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 291, 6.37. F o rgery: 1. M S astre 10347. Bor m etal analysis, see R u iz, p . 129.

L B a e b iu s P A n te s tiu s I l v i r i

Bronze. 29 m m , 11.65 g (2 5 )- Axis: var. Vives 158-3, R uiz 13,

nah

[ 12 ]

974

M V N C A L IM P A V G V S; bare head, r. L B A E B IO P A N T E S T IO II V IR ; bull, r. i . C alico 6/1979, 225, 12.30; 2. M i 194, 7.93; 3 . M u 4 9 , 12.60; 4— 6 . O — A M c 9 4 3-5, 14.49, 12.50, 12.07 (pierced); 7. P 346, 10.15; 8. R 164, 9.52; 9 . V a t 298, 11.40; 1 0 . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 129, 12.24; i i — 12. B R au c h , Bohl, 11.47, 9 -7 ^j I 3 —*4 · B Bohl, D ressel; 15—16. B a 4795, 30635, 9.70, 13.93; 1 7 - 18· L 6 2 4 -5 , 18.47, 8-87; 1 9 -2 5 · M 8 4 85-6 , 8489, 8492-3, S astre 10335 a n d 10346, 10.35, 13 -4 4 , 10.65, 9-52, n - 7 6» r2 -78 , 17.90; 2 6 . G 3, 11.87; 2 7 · C 552, 8.68; 2 8 . B oulogne su r M er, 9.05. F o r m e tal analysis, see R uiz, p. 129. C o u n te rm ark s: D D ( = c m k 47) on th e obv., on 14. A lso G u a d â n 28 ( = cm k 4) (n o t verified).

C M ar M 440

V al P r I lv ir i

443

AE. 15-17 m m , 3.12 g (2). Axis: 3 (1).

[ 1 ]

Vives 158-11, H ill 36-7, R uiz 20, gmi 696 M V CAL A V G V ST V S; b are head, r. II V IR L P R IS C C B R O C ; w ithin w reath i . P 358, 2.50; 2. V iv e s 158—11 ( = H ill 3 6 -7 = g m i 696); V ives a n d H ill said th a t this coin w as in M a d rid , b u t it ca n n o t b e found th e re; 3 . R eal A cad em ia d e la H is to ria ( = R uiz 20), 3.57·

M Lie Capel C Ful Rutil Ilviri, after 2 BC

AE. 2 7 -g m m , 12.00g (28). Axis: var.

[ 11 ]

AE. 28m m , 12.12g (41). Axis: var.

444

[ 15]

Vives 158-4 to 6, R uiz 14, 14 var. an d 15

Vives 159-1, H ill 3 6 -8 , R uiz 21, 21a, 21b,

M V N CAL (AG) IM P A V G V S (T V )(S ); b are head, r. C M A R M V A L P R II V IR ; bull, r.

IM P A V G V S T P A T E R P A T R IA (E ); lau reate head, r. M C I M L IC C A PE (L ) C FV L R V T I(L ) II V IR ; bull, r.

M V N C A L IM P A V G V S: i . C alico 6/1979, 226, 16.65; 2 · C o p 579, 11.77; 3 . O = AMC 946, 13.20; 4 . P 347, 12.42; 5. V 61, 11.73; 6. A N E 15-16/12/1981, 131, 13.57; 7 - 1 0 . B a 4796, 21540-1, 105883, 11.59, 13.87, 10.02, 11.44; Σ Ι· M 8 5 0 0 , 10.71; 12—16. M 8494-6, 8501-2, 13.03, 12.95, 14.43, 10.62, 8.87; 17—19. L 8 2 6 -8 , 15.61, 11.40, 9.52; 2 0 . C 553, 10.22; 21. P rin ceto n 712, 12.69; M V N C A L A G IM P A V G V S : 22. M 8504, 11.50; M V N C A L A G IM P A V G V S T V : 2 3 . M 8505 ( = V ives 158-6), 12.19; M V N C A L A G IM P A V G V S T V S : 2 4 . B G a n s a u g e , 12.28; 2 5 . B B ohl, 9.13; 26. B a 4797, 11.83; 2 7 . M S astre 10329, 11.18; 2 8 . V ives 158-5 (from an c ien t coll. C erv e ra ); U n c e rta in v ar.: 29. B L ö b b , 11.46. F orgery: 1. C , 12.22 (B unn).

AE. 26-30 mm , 11.31g (66). Axis: var. Vives 158-8, 9, H ill 36-5, Ruiz 16, 18,

[ 30 ] gmi

688,

nah

975

M V C Ä L IV L IA A V G V ST V S; laureate head, r. L BAEB P R IS C O C G R A N B R O C II V IR ; bull, r. i . C alico 6/1979, 227, 11.50; 2. Be 3266, 12.47; 3 —4 · Bo 20 2 -3 , 13.54, i i . 16; 5—6. C op 580-1, 10.46, 10.78; 7. M i 195, 10.72; 8. M u 50, i i . 12; 9 - 1 1 . o = A MC 9 4 7-9, 10.05, i 0 -9 6 > n .3 7 ; 12—17. P 351-4, D elep ierre, S de R , 11.12, 11.04, i 2 -76, 14.49, 10.69, 10.15; 18. R 165, 10.09; 19. T ü b in g e n 17, 12.23; 20. V 62, 11.92; 21—2 2 . V a t 299-300, 11.40, 10.50; 23—24. A N E 15-16/12/1981, 133-4, H -I2 , 10.73; 25—3 0 . B D ressel, L ö b b (2), 27861, R a u c h , Pfaw; 3 1 —4 0 . Ba 4798-9, 9499, 21543, 23566-7, 27493, 33947) 37065, 10 0 9 14, 8.96, 11.06, 10.01, 11.92, 12.13, 9.24, 10.06, 8.77, 12.10, 11.73; 4 1· L 831 ( = H ill 3 6 -5 ), 11.93; 4 2 —4 6 . L 829-30, 8 3 2-4, 13.09, 13.03, 11.27, 10.89, 10.88; 4 7 —6 2 . M 8509, 8511, 8512 ( — V ives 158-9), 8513, 8515-8, 8521, 8527, 8530, 8532, 8536, 8538, S astre 10326 a n d 10328, 1 4 .3 6 ,8 .4 4 , 10.47, 13.09, u .6 8 , 11.49, I I -20, 11.87 (pierced), 11.12, 10.20, 8.81, 8.67, 13.58, 12.53, 12.33, 14-04; 6 3 — 6 5 . N 154-6, 11.96, i i . 19, 11.35; 6 6 . G 4, 9.66; 67—6 8 . C , 11.66, 10.11;

gmi

689

P A T R IA /C A P E -R V T I: i . P D elep ierre, 11.74; 2 · L 838, 12.83; 3—6. M 6566, 8569, 8577, S astre 10331, 8.85, 10.54, 14.98, 10.73; 7 · N I 5 7 J 12.86; 8. O = AMC 9 54, 12.43; P A T R IA /u n c e rta in : 9 . M 8571 ( R V T I), 1.1.89; P A T R IA E /C A P E -R V T I: 10. V a t 303, 10.10; 11. B 17469, 13.79; I 2 * L 839, 10.92; 1 3 - 1 4 . M 8574 -5 , J3-2Q, 12.68; 15. C o p 582, 10.24; 16. C, 13.59; P A T R IA E /C A P E L -R V T IL : 17. C alico 6 /1979, 229 (P A T R IA E ), 11.75; 18. B 17471, 13.01; 19—23. B a 4 8 o i (P A T R IA E ), 4802, 4899 (P A T R IA E ), 9500 (P A T R IA E ), 9501, 10.76, 13.23, 11.71, 12.60, 15.04; 2 4 . L 8 3 7 {— H ill 3 6 -8 ), 12.95; 25- 26 · M 6559 (P A T R IA E ), 8573 ( = V ives 159-1), 12.55, Ι2 ·ΐ7 ; 27. G , 12.96 (P A T R IA E ); 2 8 . A lcoi 1274 ( = c m t m , pi. 2 2 -4 5 ), 12.26; P A T R IA E /u n c e rta in : 2 9 . M u 51 (P A T R IA E ), 15.09; 30. V a t 302, 10.90; 3 1 . B a 21546, 12.06; 32—3 3 . M 8562, 8572, 12.74, 11.98; 3 4 . C 554 (C A P E ), 12.50; U n c e rta in /C A P E R V T I: 3 5 - 3 6 . M 8564, 8576, 11.73, 11.75; U n c e rta in /C Â P E L -R V T ÏL : 3 7 . V 64, 12.11; 3 8 . B a 21547, 11.54; U n c e rta in /u n c e rta in : 3 9 . V a t 304, 9.50; 4 0 . B K assel, 10.07; 4 1· P 356, 12.77. C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e o b v ., on 8, 10. B ( = cm k 15) o n th e rev., o n 14. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 90) on th e obv., o n 14.

L B a e b P r is c u s C G r a n B ro c c h u s I l v ir i 441

[ 15 ]

Vives 158-10, 12, H ill 36-6, R uiz 17, ig , gmi 695, n a h 976 ___ M V CAL A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. L P R IS C O C B R O C (C H O ) II V IR ; b u ll’s head, facing

9.96; 18—2 4 . M 8 4 75-8, 8480, 8483, S astre 10334, 9 -5 1 (pierced), 14.22, 12.87, 11 . 11 , 12.15, 10.60, 13.81; 2 5 . C 555, 11.87; 26. A la c a n t ( = CMTM, pi. 3 8 -201), 12.00. C o u n te rm ark : M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev., on 9.

439

137

L

V a le n tin u s L N o v u s I l v i r i , a f t e r 2

445

BC

Bronze. 2 9m m , 12.18g (35: 4 4 5 —6). Axis: var. Vives 159-2, H ill 36-g, R uiz 22, 22 v ar.,

gmi

690,

[ 18 ] nah

977

IM P A V G V S T P A T E R P A T R IA E ; lau reate head, r. M (V ) C (A L) I L V A L E N T IN O L N O V O I I V IR ; bull, r. M C A L I: i . C alico 6/1979, 230, 11.30; 2. Bo 205, 15.15; 3. C o p 583, 15-82; 4 - 5 . O = AMC 9 55-6, 11.41, 12.31; 6. P 3 5 5 , 11.27; 7 - 8 · P D ’Ailly 17467, S de R , 12.15, 12.81; 9 . V 65, 12.48; 10—13. B K assel, L ö b b ,

R au c h , 861/1915; 14—16. B a 4803, 9502, 109188, 11.41, 11.42, 8.67; 17— 19. L 840, 841 ( = H ill 3 6 -9 ), 844, 13-67, 12.83, 11.92; 2 0 - 3 1 . M 8581, 8584, 8586-7, 8593-4, 8597, 8600-2, S astre 10313-4, 13.24, 11.09, 12.37, 12.28, 13.10, 12.14, 10-21, 11.48, 10.71, 13.88, 14.20, 12.18; M C I : 3 2 . B B ohl; 3 3 —3 4 . L 84 2 -3 , 12.57, 9.91; 3 5 . F o rm erly S de C 1138; 3 6 . S u p erio r G alleries 7—10/6/1982, 423; M V C A L I: 3 7 . B anti-S im o n etti, V I I , 1310 (p riv a te coll.); 3 8 . A N E 15-16/12/1981, 143, 13.52; 3 9 . F o rm erly S d e C 1141; M (C ) C (A L ) I: 40—4 1 . M 8599, S astre 10316, 12.74, 12.18; 4 2 . n a h 1154; 4 3 . G iro n a 29428 (= cmtm, pi. 5 -8 8 ), 11.40; 4 4 . M a o (= c m tm , pi. 5 1 -4 2 ), 14.44 (pierced); 4 5 . M u 52, 10.18; 4 6 . F o rm erly S de C 1140. F o r m etal analysis, see R uiz, p. 129. C o u n te rm ark s: C ( = cm k 20) a n d L (= cm k 26) on th e rev., on 13. C A -P ( = cm k 40) on th e rev., on 18 (according to G u a d â n 21, on a specim en o f his coll, is possible to re a d C A -P L , confirm ation n eeded). E ag le’s h ea d , r. (= cm k 4), on th e obv., on 26, 41, 44. E a g le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), on the obv., on 46. B ( = cm k 15) on th e rev., on 42. 446

AE. 2Ç)-3omm. See

445.

Axis: 1 (1).

τ 59 ~ 5 ) ; 8670, 8672, 8 6 7 4 “ 5 > 8678, 8 6 8 ι (C A ESA R ; S PA R S O , S Ä T V R N IN O ), S astre 10317-20, 11.73, τ3·02, !3 ·22, 12.18, 8.87, 9.81, 10.73, -12.64, 12.68, 11.84, 11.20, 12.47, 11.40, 11.02, 11.27, 11 -61, 10.89, 12.36, 9.96, i i . 21, 12.10, 1 1.44; 8 3 . N 159, 12.86; 8 4 —8 7 . O , 10.32 (S Ä T V R N IN O ), 9-Qo, 12.10 (C A E S A R ), 10.70; 8 8 . B L ö b b , 14.30; 8 9 9 5 . B L ö b b (S P A R S O , S Ä T V R N IN O ), B ohl, D an n en b erg , 145/1966, 146/1966, 27864-5; g 6 . G 9, 11.65; 9 7 * W a rsaw 1912/10, 12.85; 98— 99· C , g .72, 9-86; ι ο ο - ι ο ι . C (B u rk itt lo a n ), 561, 9 -o i j 9λ Ί\ 1 0 2 . s a g u n tu m 19, 1985, 338, no. 141, 9·97; ϊθ 3 · W in te rth u r, 32, 10.24; 104. H ow gego coll., 11.26; 1 05. A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pi. 3 8 -2 0 5 ), 11.90. F o rgery: 1. C , 11.37. F o r m etal an aly sis, see R uiz, p. 129. A. B eltran (p. 66, no. 17) p u b lish e d a v a ria n t w ith th e obv. legend T i Caesar D iv i A u g f A ugustus, b u t d id n o t illu strate th e coin, w h ich ca n n o t therefo re be checked. C o u n te rm ark s: E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., o n 12, 18, 22 (tw ice), 31, 38, 43, 54, 61, 65, 77, 8 4 -5 , 92, 99. E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), o n th e obv., on 80, 95. B ( = cm k 15) o n th e rev ., o n 3. B ( = cm k 18) on th e obv., o n 24. C ircle ( = cm k 28) o n th e rev., o n 4. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 71) on th e rev ., on 17, 82. U n c e rta in o n th e obv., on 9. S em icirc u lar E ( = cm k 96) on th e rev., o n 85 a n d 95. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) o n th e rev., on 94. C ( = cm k 21) on th e obv., on 55. U n c e rta in tria n g u la r o n th e obv., o n 83. U n c e rta in c ircu lar o n th e rev ., o n 71.

[ o ]

Vives 159-3 [IM ]P A V G V ST V S P(A T E R ) P(A T R IA E ); laureate head, r. [ ] C A L IV L L V A L E N T IN O [L] N O V O II V IR ; bull, r. i . F o rm erly B uckler coll. ( = V ives 159-3) Q V S T V S P P; ] C A L IV L [ J E N T IN O [ ] I I V IR )j_ a . M i sn g 218 ([IM ]P A V G V S T V S P A T E R P A T R IA E ; ] IV L L V A L E [N T ]IN O [L] N O V O I I V IR ), 12.22.

L

V a l F la v u s T

4 49

V a l M e r u la a e d

Bronze. 2 1 m m , 6 .0 2 g (24). Axis: var. Vives 159-7, H ill 37-3, R uiz 27,

C S e m p B a r b a te r tiu m 447

Q B a e b F la v u s I l v ir i , a fte r

AE. 28m m , 12.05g (4 2)· Axis: var.

[ 17 ]

Vives 159-4, H ill 36-10, R uiz 23, gmi 691

450

Vives 159-5, H ill 37-1, R uiz 24,

gmi

T I A V G V S D IV I A V G V S T I F IM P CAESAR; laureate head, r. M C I L FV L SPA RSO L S Ä T V R N IN O I I V IR ; bull, r.

.

-,

,

,

- ,

,

,

,

9505 21551 4 23559 23561 23569 70 30626 30628 30633 33951

,

[ 27 ] 694,

nah

1086

i . C alico 6/1979, 235, 11.52; 2. Bo 212, 13.74; 3 . C o p 5 8 7 ( = H ill 3 7 -2 ), 12.34; 4 . C o p 586, 12.21; 5. F 43, 10.55; 6 - 7 . M S V 17/12/1981, 178-9, 13.40, 13.60; 8. M i 200, 8.54; 9—10. M u 5 7 -8 , 13.33, Ι2 ·4 5 Ι n —13. P 3 67-8, D ’A illy 17466, 13.42, 11.36, 9.02; 14—15. V 7 0 -1 , 11.97, 11*12; 16—18. V a t 3 0 9 -1 1, 13.40, 11.40, 11.40; 19—2 0 . A N E 1 5 -1 6/12/1981, 162, 165, 10.94, 9 -3 7 i 21—29. B B ohl, 27863, L ö b b (2), a.B ., D ressei (2), 725/1910, K assel; 30—3 8 . B a 4689, 4691, 9506, 21555, 27508, 30946, 33952, 100917, 109189, 11.94, i5 - l6 > i o -85, 10.68, 9.27, i i . 14, 15.58, 10.55, 11*22; 39—4 2 . L 8 5 6 -9 , 11.20, 10.96, 10.07, IO*92; 4 3 —5 9 . M 8688, 8691, 8696, 8699, 8702, 8709-10, 871 2 -3 , 871 5 -7 , 8718 ( = V ives 159-6), 8720, 8724, S astre 10322 a n d 10325, 14.08, 11.63, 14.47, ΙΓ ·9 7 > H -3G 10.23, 10.07, 6.43, 15.16, 12.28, 11.45, i i * 8 i , i i . io , 13.21, 13.51, 10.97, ii. 21; 6 0 . N 160, 12.46; 6 1 —6 2 . O , 14.47, 16.07; 6 3 . G 10, 12.99; 6 4 . C , 12.02; 65—6 6 . G 562, 562*, 9.45, 9.71; 6 7 —6 8 . A N E 1957, 4 9 -5 0 , 12.15, 12.70. C o u n te rm ark s: E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 4, 7, 2 6 -9 , 31, 34—5, 40, 49, 51, 68. E a g le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), o n th e o b v ., o n 15 a n d 41. E a g le’s h e a d on th e obv., on 67. S T ( = cm k 68) on th e obv., on 50. A ( = cm k 13) o n th e rev ., on 67.

[38]

37067, 39604, 39607, 100916, 9.32, 9.96, 12.20, 13.64, 11.53, h - 87 , i i . 18, 11.86, 11.39, 12.01, 12.20, 10.89, t i - 83 , 12.43, 12.85, n .5 7 , i i . 10, 10.24, 11.22, 12.64; 5 2 · L 852, 11.49; 53—6 0 . L 847 (C A E S A R ), 848 ( = H ill 3 7 1), 8 4 9-51, 8 5 3-4, 855 (C A E S A R ), 13.86, 13.13^12.60, 12.55, 12.08, 10.91, i p-45, 9-83; 61—8 2 . M 8626, 8630-1, 8632 (C A ESA R ; S PA R S O , S Ä T V R N IN O ), 8636, 8645, 8651, 8653, 8655, 8659, 8665, 8669 ( = V ives

gmi

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. M C I C C E L E R E C R E C T O II V IR ; bull, r.

692-3

1 - 2 . C alico 6/1979, 233 (C A E S A R ; S PÄ R S O , S Ä T V R N IN O ), 234, 11.60, 10.82; 3—8 . Bo 206-11, 11.80, 9.91, 10.76, 11.47, 9·98, h .31; 9· C o p 585, 13.23; 10. K la g 4, 11.79; 13· M i 197-9, 12.68, 11.15, 10.91; 14. M u 56, 13.66; 15—2 2 · P 36 2 -6, D ’A illy 17468, S de R (tw o coins) (P 363: C A E S A R ; S P A R S O , S Ä T V R N IN O ), 10.46, 14.22, 10.36, 11.91, 11.41, 1 1.99, 9.63, 10.40; 23—2 4 . R 166-7, T2.88, 11.24; 25. T u b in g e n 19, 12.19; 2 6 —28. V 6 7 -9 , 13.20, 12.70, 10.91; 29. V a t 308, 8.20; 30—3 1 . A N E 1516/12/1981, 155, 160, 7.40, 11.25; 32—5 1· B a 4688, 4690 (S Ä T V R N IN O ),

A E. 2 9m m , 11.82g (59). Axis: var. Vives 159-6, H ill 37-2, R uiz 25,

S a tu r n in u s I l v i r i

Bronze. 28 m m , 11.41g (98). Axis: var.

697

C C e le r C R e c tu s I l v i r i

Tiberius

448

gmi

r . C alico 6/1979, 236. 6.10; 2. C o p 588, 5.72; 3. M u 55, 5.97; 4 —5. P 369 -7 0 , 5.75, 7.40 (p ierced ); 6. A N E 1 5 -1 6/12/1981, 166, 7.04; 7. B Bohl, 8.13; 8—i ï . B a 4696, 9508, 21557, 105837, 7.02, 6.38, 5.60, 6.54; 12. L 8 6 1 ( = H ill 3 7 -3 ), 5.76; 13. L 862, 3.26; 14—32. M 8725 -6 , 8727 ( = V ives 159-7), 8728 -9 , 8731 -3 , S astre 10348, 4.01, 7.04, 7.13, 6.00, 6.71, 5.35, 5.29, 5.63, 7.34; 23—24. C , 3.24, 7.40; 2 5 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 293, 6.17. F o r m etal analysis, see R u iz, p. 129.

IM P C A ESA R A V G V S T V S P P; laureate head, r. M C A L I C S E M P BARBA I I I Q BAEB F L A V O II V IR ; bull, r.

L F u i S parsu s L

1087,

T I C A E SA R A V G V S T I F M C I; lau reate head, r. L V A L F L A V O T V A L M E R V L A AED; b u ll’s head, facing

2 BC

1—2. C alico 6/1979, 231-2, 9.76, 14.10; 3 . C o p 584, 11.24; 4 · M i 196, 10.83; 5“ 6 · M u 5 3 -4, 13-96, 12.39; 7 - 9 . O — AMC 9 5 1-3, 13.13, 12.12, 11.40; 10—12. P 357, D ’A illy 17465, S d e R , n .3 0 , 12.96, 12.87; 13. T ü b in g e n 18, 12.73; 14. V 66, 10.92; 15—17· V a t 30 5 -7 , 13.70, 11.90, 13.00; 18. A N E 15-16/12/1981, 150, 14.71; 19—21. B Bohl, L öbb, Fox; 22—2 7 . Ba 4804, 21548, 30604, 30625, 33948, 100915, 14.80, 11.44, n - 1 5 , 12.26, 10.38, 14.28; 2 8 . L 8 4 6 ( = H ill 36 -1 0 ), 10.56; 2 9 . L 845, i i . 01; 3 0 —4 1 . M 8 6 04-5, 8607, 8610, 8612 ( —V ives 159-4), 8614-6, 8618-21, 13.10, 12.71, 12.08, 10.98, 12.98, 10.43, ΙΟ·39> 12.14, 12.83, 12.70, 13.74, 13 -3 9 Î 4 2 · G 6, 11.58; 4 3 . C , 9.26; 4 4 . C 2713, 9 . i i ; 4 5 . s a g u n tu m 19, 19^5 j 322, no. i, 9.60; 4 6 . D elgado C V II-2 9 . C o u n te rm ark s: E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 6. E ag le’s head , 1. (= cm k 5), o n th e ob v ., on 31. B ( = cm k 15) o n th e rev., o n 7. S ( = cm k 34) on th e obv., on 37. M o n o g ram ( = G u a d â n 44) on th e rev., on 46 (not verified).

n ah

[ 8 ]

451

A E. 2 i m m , 6.47 g ( : 3 )· Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

Vives 159-8, R uiz 26 T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. M C I C C E L E R E C R E C T O I I V IR I; b u ll’s head, facing i . Bo 213, 7.38; 2. V a t 312, 7.90; 3 . A N E 15—16/1 2 /1 9 8 1 , 168, 4.81; 4 . B Fox, 5.70; 5. B a 21556, 5.34; 6 . L 86o, 7.90; 7—11. M 8734 ( = V ives 1 5 9 8), 8735 -7 , S astre 10349, 6.96, 6.72, 5.37, 6.64, 6.50; 12. N 161, 6.33; 13. B oulogne su r M er, 6.60; 14. H (B M cast).

S P A I N : Clunia (452-454)

13g

Clunia Clunia (Penalba de Castro, Burgos) was probably founded as a municipium during Tiberius’s reign (P. Palol, Clunia Sulpicia, Burgos, 1959; H. Galsterer, MF 8, 1971, p. 35). In the first century b c the Iberian city minted denarii with Iberian legend Kolounioko and asses with Latin legend CLOVNIOQ (J. L. Monteverde, Archivo Esfianol de Arqueologia, 1942, pp. 15*9-61; L. Villaronga, NAH, pp. 200, 141). The coinage of Clunia probably falls into three issues, all minted during Tiberius’s reign. They have the peculiarity that the asses were coined by Hllviri. The right reading of the reverse legend on the asses 456-7 allows us to recognise the same magistrates on both coins. At the same time, the engraving of Tiberius’s portrait permits us, reasonably, to associate the asses, minted by quattuorviri, with the semis­ ses coined by aediles. The arrangement proposed here has been made placing the semisses next to the asses, with which they probably belong. The stylistic similarity between Tiberius’s portrait on 452 - placed here first - and the portraits on dies from the first Tiberian issue of Turiaso (413), Calagurris (448) and Cascantum (425) suggest that all these dies could possibly have been cut by the same engraver or workshop. A high proportion of asses were countermarked. Among the countermarks, only the boar (= cmk 1) and the boar’s head ( = cmk 2) - whose meanings are unknown - can be considered as belonging to the city, because of their frequent occurrence and because these countermarks are the only ones found on coins from excavations at Clunia (J. M. Gurt, Excavaciones Arqueolôgicas en Espana 145, 1985). 452

As

Cn Pomp M Avo T Anto M lu i Seran H llv iri 28m m, 12.06g (81)

453

Semis

L Domi Robu T O cta M etal aediles 20—2 min, 6.67 g O5)

As

0 Aem M eto T Cor M ate L Cael Pres C Cael C and Illlv iri 28-9 mm, 11.83 g (96)

Semis

L Semp R uf Cn Ai[ Jracili aediles 21 mm, 6.27g (3)

454

455

i . Bo 267, 9.30; 2. C o p 622, 10,33; 3 —4 · M i 2 2 8 -9 , i i -65, 11.42; 5. M u 93j 13·! i ; 6. P 6 4 2 , 10.60; 7—8. P 641, S de R, 11.77, 11.42; 9. R 186, 13.50; 10. T ü b in g e n 32, 11.62; 11—13. V 117—9, 12.92, 12.67. 12.17; 14— 15. V a t 4 1 5 -6 , 12.40, 12.20; 16. C alico 6/1979, 519, 14.30; 1 7 - 1 8 . A N E 15-1 6 /1 2 /8 1 , 218 -9 , 12.56, 8.56; 19—24. B G an sau g e, L ö b b (2), Fox, B ohl, a.B .; 2 5 - 3 6 . B a 4915, 9603, 9605, 14757-8, 236 8 4 -6 , 30654, 33957, 100907, 109202, 8.59, .11.98, i i . 18, 13.12, 11.88, 11.44, 11.36, 11.48, 15.27, 11.83, 14-78, 13-58; 3 7 ~ 4 1 · L 928 -3 2 , 9.98, 13.32, 8.35 (p ierced ), 10.32, 9.46; 4 2 —6 5 . M 10074-8, 10081-3, 10086-8, 10090, 10092, 10102, 10108, 10112 ( = V ives 163-2), 10117-8, 10121, 10125-7, 10132, S astre 6642, 8.90, 11.26, 12.47, 11.84, 8.78 (p ie rced ), 12.83, 11.05, 11 -16, 12.45, ϊ 3·48, 11-52, 12.90, 11.07, 13.05, ιι .ο δ , 11.98, 11.82, i i . 17, 12.93, 12.01, 15.03, 11.18, 10.45, 8.78; 6 6 . O , i i . 6ο (pierced); 6 7 . N 183, 11.83; 68—7 0 . G 1 (pl. 9 8 5), 2 -3 , 14.82, 14.78. 12.77; 7 1 —7 2 . IV D J, form erly S de C 1409, 1412; 7 3 . C 616, 12.49; 7 4 “ 7 5 * C , 12.90, 10.69; 7 6 —8 8 . C lu n ia ex cav atio n s, J . M . G u rt, e a e 145, 1985, 108-20, 17.90, 14.67, 13.93, 13.63, 12.66, 12.65, 12.47, 12.40, 12.38, 11.74, 11.61, 8.75, 5.50; 8 9 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pl. 3 9 217), 14.00; 9 0 , G iro n a 29436 ( = c m t m , pl. 6 -1 0 0 ), 12.80; 9 1 —9 2 . A N E 4—5/1959, 6 -7 , 15.10, 12.25. T h e second m a g is tra te ’s lig atu re m ig h t also be A N O . C o u n te rm ark s: B o ar (== cm k 1) o n th e obv. a n d b o a r’s h e a d (= cm k 2) on th e rev ., o n 1, 3 -4 , 10-11, 23, 25, 30, 33, 41, 4 4 -5 , 52, 64, 70, 72, 76, 80, 81, 84—7. E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), o n th e obv., o n 5, 13, 24, 51, 57, 67, 69. E ag le’s h ea d , 1. ( = cm k 5), o n th e o b v ., on 2 6 -7 , 68. B o a r’s h ead ( = cm k 2) o n th e rev ., o n 18, 48, 58, 61. B o a r ( = cm k 1) o n th e o b v ., on 43, 83. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 91) o n th e obv., o n 21. C ( = cm k 20) a n d L ( = cm k 26) on the rev ., on 22. P ( = cm k 29) on th e obv. o n 42. M o n o g ram (?) ( = cm k 97) on the rev ., o n 59. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 93) on th e rev., on 91. M o n o g ram ( = cm k 78) on th e rev., on 92.

L D om i R obu T 453

O c ta M e t a l a e d

AE. 20-2 m m , 6.67 g ( I 5 )· Axis: var. Vives 163-6,

n ah

[ 6 ]

1104, GMi 767

T I C A ESA R A V G V S T I F; lau reate head, r.___ C L V N IA ; L D O M I R O B V T O C T A M E T A L AED; b o ar standing, r. i . C alico 6/1979, 523, 7.36; 2. C o p 623, 6.76; 3. P 648, 7.29; 4—5. B L ö b b , B ohl, 6.14, 4.70; 6. B a 14766, 5.75; 7. L 940, 6.12; 8 - 1 2 . M 10200, 10202—4, S astre 6648, 4.80, 6.66, 5.80, 6.80, 9.07; 13. IV D J , form erly S de C 1420; 14. C , 7.10; 15. V iv e s 1 6 3 —6, B arril coll.; 1 6 - 1 7 . C lu n ia ex cavations, J . M . G u rt, e a e 145, 1985, 161—2, 8.10, 7.58. F o rgery: 1. M 10201. C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in c ircu lar o n th e o b v ., on 12.

C A e m M e to T

C o r M a te L

C ael P res C

C ael C and

H llv ir i 454

A E. 28-9 m m , 11.83 g (96)· Axis: var.

[ 21 ]

Vives 163-3, GMI 763-4

4 5 5 -7

As

L lu i Rufin T Calp Const T Pomp Long P lu i Avitus H llv iri 28 mm, 12.15g ( 34)

458

Semis

M Lucr Per[e C] Calp Varus aediles 20 mm, 6.06 g (3)

A v o (? )

T A n to M

Tiberius Cn Pom p M 452

lu i S eran I H I v ir i

AE. 28m m , 12.06g (81). Axis: var.

[ 23 ]

Vives 163-2, nah 1103, Givtr 762 T I C A ESA R A V G F A Y G V ST V S IM P ; lau reate head, r. C L V N IA ; C N P O M P M A V O T A N T O M IV L SERA N I I I I V IR ; bull, 1.

T I C A ESA R A V G F A V G V S T V S IM P ; laureate head, r. C L V N IA ; C A E M M E T O (or M E T ) T C O R M A T E (or M A T ) L C A E L PR ES C C A E L C A N D (or CAN) I I I I V IR ; bull, 1. i . Bo 268, 13.27; 2—3. C alico 6/1979, 5 2 0 -1 , 12.48, 14.10; 4 —5. C o p 6 2 4 5, 12.80, 11.40; 6 - 7 . M i 230 -1 , 12.52, 9.22; 8. M u 94, 11.39; 9 · P 6 4 3 (M E T , M A T , C A E L C A N ), 11.69; 1 0 - 1 2 . P 6 4 4 -6 , 15.17, 11,78, 10.33; 13—14. R 187-8, 11.80, 11.60; 15. V 1 20, 14.02; 16. V a t 417, 12.40; 17— 21. B B ohl (3), 28651, R au ch ; 2 2 —3 2 . B a 934, 9 6 0 6 -7 , 14759-65, 23687 (14759: M E T , C Â Ë L C A N ; 14760: M A T ; 14761: M E T , C Â Ë L C A N ; 14762: M A T ; 14764: C A N D ), 12.19, 12.15, 13.82, 12.89, 9 -9 C 10.72, 11.40, 12.48, 11.85, 11-28, 13.08; 3 3 —3 6 . L 93 5 - 7 . 9 3 8 (M E T , M A T , C A E L C A N ), 12.52, i ι .οβ, 13.96, 11.04; 3 7 —6 0 . Μ 10105, i ° i 33 _ 4 > 10139, 10141, 10144 (C A N D ), 10145, 10146 (rev. = V ives 1 6 3 -3 ), 10147 (C A N D ), 10149, 10152, 10159 (C A N D ), 10160-1, 10163, 10164 (C A N D ), 10167 (C A N D ), 10168, 10169 (C A N D ), 10170 (C A N D ), 10173, 10175, 10177, 10179, 12.45, 13-89, 11.78, 15.26, 12.41, 11.28, 10.39, 10.94, 12.78, 9.64, 11.55, I 2 -i6 , 12.12, 9.24, 13.47, 11.79, ! 0 .i6 , 10.14, 12.29, 12.07, 10.34, 10.97, 12.15, 10.02; 6 1 . O , 8.41; 6 2 . N 184, 9.65; 6 3 . C, 11.64 (M E T , M A T , C A E L C A N ); 6 4 —6 5 . L 933, 934 (M A T ), 13.54, *2.19;

66—101. C lu n ia excavations, J . M . G u rt, e a e 145, 1985, 121-56, 14.34, 14.06, 13.75, ΐ 3 ·5 3 >13 -4 0 , ι 3 ·ι8 >ι 3 -° 7 > 12.93, Ι2 ·7 4 , 12.74, ΐ2 .6 ο , 12.57, ΐ2 .53, Ι2 .5 1, 12.14, 12.10, 12.ο8, 12.04, 11-85, i ι .75? Ι Ι ·7°, 11-56, 11.29, 11.28, i i . οο, 10.96, 10-73, r o.68, 10.59, ΙΟ·47, 10.40, 10.35, Ι 0.07, 9-9°, 9·22, 8.98. C o u n te rm ark s: B oar ( = cm k ι) on th e obv. a n d b o a r’s h ead ( = cm k 2) on the rev., on 3, 12-13, 16-17, 19 , 21, 2 3 -5, 2 7 -9, 32, 3 4 -5, 3 8 -9, 41, 4 4 -8 , 50, 54, 58, 6 0 -1 , 66-85, 8 7—8, 91-101. B o ar’s h ea d ( = cm k 2) on the rev., on 2, 4 -5 , i i , 15, 18, 22, 30, 33, 3 6 -7, 49, 52, 59, 63, 65, 86, 90. E ag le’s head, r. ( = cm k 4), on th e rev., on 29. E ag le’s head, r. (= cm k 4), o n the obv., on 51. U n c e rta in on th e rev. (b o a r’s h ead?), on 6.

4 = GMi 765), 12.32; 11—25. M 10182, 10184-95, S astre 6635 a n d 6645, I 1 .8 l, 14.58, 13.63, 12.45, Ι 2 ·8 3 > 11-82, 10.22, 12.00, IO.5O, 12-93, Ι 2 ·9 3 ) i 2 . ι6 , 12.88, 11.62, 13.55; 26—2 8 . C lu n ia ex cavations, J . M . G u rt, e a e 145, 1985, 157 —9 ? 12.48, 11.39, 11.31; 2 9 . G iro n a 29437 ( = c m t m , pi. 6 -1 0 1 ), 10.34. C o u n te rm ark s: B o ar ( = cm k 1) o n th e obv. a n d b o a r’s h ea d ( = cm k 2) on th e rev., on 7, 11, 12, 2 0 -2 , 2 6 -9 . B o ar ( = c m k 1) o n th e obv., o n 9. B o a r’s h ea d ( = cm k 2) on th e rev ., on 13. E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e o b v ., on 23. U n c e rta in (b o a r’s head?) on th e rev ., o n 17. 457

AE. 28 m m , 11.61 g (5). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

Vives 163-5, GMI 766 T I C A E SA R A V G F A V G V S T V S IM P ; lau reate head, r. C L V N IA ; L R V F IN T C O N S T T L O N G P A V I (T O ) I I I I V IR ; bull, 1.

L Semp R u f Cn A i[ jracili aed 455

AE. 21 m m , 6.27g (3)· Axis: var.

[ o ]

I . L 9 3 9 (L J L V F IN T C O N S T T L O N G P Ä V [ ] I I I I V IR ), 11.99; a. M 1 0 1 9 7 (L R V F IN T C O N S T T L O N G P _ A V IT O I I I I V IR ), 12.09; 3. A id eco a coll. (] C O N S T T [ ] O N G P A V I [), 10.50; 4 . C , 12.18 (L R V F IN T C O N S T T L O N G P [A V ]I I I I I V IR ); 5. C lu n ia ex cav atio n s, J . M . G u rt, e a e 145, 1985, 160, 11.30. F orgeries: M 10198 ( = V ives 163—5 = GMI 766) a n d 10199, b o th cast in th e sam e m ould. C o u n te rm ark s: B o ar ( = cm k 1), in sid e C L V , on th e obv. a n d b o a r’s h ead ( = cm k 2) on th e rev., o n 1, 3 -5 .

Vives 163-8, GMi 768 T I C A E SA R A V G V S T I F; lau reate head, r. C L V N IA L S E M P R V F C N A I[ JR A C IL I A ED ; boar standing, r. ι . M 1 0 2 0 8 ( = V ives 163-8 = G M i 768), 6.33; 2. F o rm erly S d e C 1422; 3. C lu n ia excavations, J . M . G u rt, e a e 145, 1985, 163, 6.07; 4 . H a ll c o ll. (B M ca st), 6.41. T h e reverse rea d in g is n o t ce rtain .

M Lucr Per[e C] Calp Varus aed L lu i Rufin T Calp Const T Pomp Long P Iui Avitus IIH viri 456

AE. 28m m , 12.24g (29 )· Axis: var.

458

AE. 20 m m , 6.06 g (3). Axis: var.

[ i ]

Vives 163-7 [ 5 ]

T I C A ESA R A V G V S T I F; lau reate head, r. C L V N I(A ); M L V C R P E R [E C] C A L P V A R O AED; b o ar standing, r.

Vives 163-4, GMi 765 T I C A E SA R A V G F A V G V ST V S IM P ; laureate head, r. C LV N IA ; L IV L R V F T C A L P C O N T P O M P L O N P IV L A V I I I I I V IR ; bull, 1.

P 6 4 9 (C L V N I M L V C R [ ] C A L P V A R O A E D ), 4.82; 2 - 4 . M 10205 (rev. = V ives 163-7), 10206-7 (C L V N IA M L V C R P E R [ ] C A L P V A R O A E D ; C L V N IA M L V C R P E R [ ] C A L [ ] A R O A E D ; C L V N IA [ ] P E R [ ] C A L P V A R O A E D ), 6.47, 6.90, 3.87 (b ro k en ); 5. B arril coll. (L. V illaro n g a photofile) (C L V N IA M L V C R P E R [ ] C A L P V A R O A E D ); 6. IV D J , form erly S d e C 1421 (C L [ ] M L V C R P E R [ ] A E D ). I.

ι . Bo 269, 11.35; 2· C alico 6/1979, 522, 14.10; 3. P D ’A illy 1 7 472 , 11.86; 4—5. P 647, D elepierre, 10.22, 11.91; 6 . V a t 418, 12.40; 7—8. B B ohl, L ö b b , 12.87, r 3-oo; 9 · Ba 30655, 13.60; 10. M 1 0 1 8 3 ( = V ives 163-

Ercavica Ercavica probably obtained the status of a municipium with Latin right (Pliny iii, 24) during Augustus’s reign. Its location is uncertain, but it seems possible to locate it at . Castro de Santaver (Cuenca) (M. Osuna, Ercavica I, Cuenca, 1976). Before this, during the first century b c , the city minted an issue of bronze coins with the Iberian legend Erkauika and Iberian designs: male head and horseman with spear (Vives 54-1, 2; NAH, p. 715). The Latin coinage of Ercavica falls into three issues, with the names of Augustus, Tiberius and Caligula respectively. There is no evidence to date the first one; nevertheless, the ‘Patricia’ style of Augustus’s portrait on some dies led Grant (FIT A 336) to consider that Ercavica obtained muni­ cipal status during Augustus’s visit in 15-14 b c , and that this issue should have a foundation character (APT 153). This issue consists of asses and semisses, both using the same designs: Augustus’s portrait on the obverse and bull on the reverse. Coin 459/7, from O and described in AMC 982 as dupondius, is in fact an as struck on a heavy flan. As

459-460 461

Semis

27-8m m , 11.91g (63) 2om m, 5.82g (5)

The second issue was struck during Tiberius’s reign and

the magistrates’ names (Ilviri) appear on it. The designs change a little; on the reverse of the as the bull now bears a ‘pediment’ above its head and on the reverse of the semis a laurel wreath encloses the city’s name. On the grounds of its stylistic similarity (obverse dies) with coins of Bilbilis, min­ ted with the names of Tiberius and Sejanus (compare 463 and 399), Ercavica’s issue should probably be dated quite late in Tiberius’s reign. The issue consists of asses and semisses with a metrological standard higher than the previous issue. As

462 463

Semis

28-gm m , 13.40g (31) 21-2 mm, 8.24 g (3)

The third and last issue was struck during Caligula’s reign. The existence of some dies which lack the title P(ater) P(atriae) (465 and 466/1) and of others which have it sug­ gests that this issue should be dated to a d 37, when Caligula obtained that title (J. Scheid-H. Broise, MEFRA 92, 1980, pp. 215-48). On the basis of its stylistic resemblance to Roman coinage, R. Etienne {Le Culte Impérial, p. 4 3 7 ) a^so proposed an early date. Although we do not have any metal analyses, the denominations minted could be dupondii (464), asses (465-6) and semisses (467), since the different

S P A I N : Ercamca (459—467)

designs on the denominations.

reverses

can

indicate

different

27. Μ 11239, 11241-4, S astre 6727, 10.65, I 2 -: 3 = 11 -79> 12.59, 20.90, 15.06; 28. M S V 17/12/1981, 666, 13.60; 29. N 190, 20.25; 3 0 . C 624, 12.77; 3 1· L e n in g rad , 17.93; M V N I E R C A I I V I R C C O R N E F L O R O L C A E L I A L A C R E : 3 2 . F o rm erly C e rv e ra coll. ( = V ives 162-6).

C Ter Sura L L ie Cradle I lv in

464

29 mm,

13.86 g (3)

4 6 5 -4 6 6

2 6 - 9 m m , 1 2 .9 1 g (1 2 )

463

467

141

AE.

2 i - 2 m m , 8 .2 4

Vives

19-20 mm, 4.03 g (6)

g (3)· Axis: var.

1 6 2 - 7 , GMI 5 6 1,

nah

[

1

]

1096

T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. E R C A V IC A ; w ithin w reath

Augustus 459

AE.

i . P 394, 8.77; 2. Μ 1 1 2 4 6 ( = V ives 162-7 = g m i 561), 8.54; 3. Μ ι 1245, 7.42; 4 · ΝΑΗ ιο 96· C o in s ι, 2 a n d 4 s h are th e sam e obv. die a n d 1 a n d 2 th e sam e rev. die.

______________________________________ '

27-8mm, 11.91g (63: 4 5 9 —60). 162-1, 3, GMi 558-9, nah 986

Axis: var.

[

24

]

Vives

Caligula

A V G V S T V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. M V N E R C A V IC A ; bull, r. i . Bo 284, 14.96; st. C o p 59 1 , 11.44; 3 · C o p 592 (E R C A V IC A ), 7.81; 4 . F 52, 13.30; 5 - 6 . M u 117-8, 11.39, 10-87; 7 - 8 . O = AMC 98 2 -3 , 17.16, 9.46; 9—10. P 389-90, 18.52, 10.14; i i . R 192, 13.50; 12—13. V a t 4 3 2 -3 , 10.60, 9.40; 14. V 146, 14.37; 15—16. C alico 6/1979, 729-30, 11.74, 12.20; 17. T ü b in g e n 37, 13.36; 1 8 -2 3 . ® 17442, L ö b b (2), R au c h , I-B , B ohl; 2 4 - 3 9 · B a 4656, 4658, 9781, i 4 9 8 3 ; 14 9 8 5 _ 7 = 23725, 23727, 30678, 33958, 100904-5, 105851, 109380-1, 10.59, 11 -75, 11-73» Ι2 ·°4> H -8?, 10.39, 9-97= 9-39= 12 .7 1, 10.42, 11.97, I0 -19, 10.46, 12.54, 10.86, 9.02; 4 0 — 4 5 . L 1088-93, 10.90, 10.90, 14-18, 10.12, i i . 51, i i . 91; 46—6 2 . Μ 11195 ( = V ives 162-1), 11198, i i 200, 11203-4, i i 209, 11213, 11215, 11219-20, 11229-31, 11233-4, S astre 6 7 22-3, 14.08, 12.44,'10.37, IO-38, -13.59, I I -2 5 = 13.06, 12.30, Q-5Q, q .88, 18.iq , 12.15, 13.oq, 15.38, 12.46, 12.q8, 13.41; 6 3 . M S V 17/12/1981, 665, 11.49; 6 4 - 6 5 . N 188-9, 13.28, 9.99; 6 6 . G i, 13.70; 6 7 . IV D J ( = V ives 162-3); 6 8 . C , 10.89; 69—7 0 . C 623, 2718, 9.06, 12.84; 7 1· P rin ce to n 721, 10.63; 7 2 · s a g u n tu m 19, 1985, 326, no. 31, 10.20; 7 3 . G iro n a 29435 (= c m tm , pl. 6 -9 6 ), 8.47; 74—75. gmi 558-9, 13.20, 11.20. C o u n te rm ark s: E a g le’s h ea d , r. ( = em k 4), on th e obv., on 37, 75. U n c e rta in ( = cm k 97) on th e rev., on 43. U n c e rta in re c ta n g u la r on th e rev., on 44. See also D elgado C X L I I I - 3 , 5 (n o t verified). 460

AE.

28 mm. See 162-2

459 . Axis:

11 (1).

C T e r S u ra L L ie G r a c ilis I l v i r i 464

Vives 162-10 (corrected),

465

Axis: var.

r .___

[ i ] 466

AE. 28-9 m m , 13.94 g (7)· Axis: var. Vives 162-9 (corrected),

[ 10 ]

M V N E R C A V IC A I I V IR C C O R F L O R O L C A Ë L A L A C R E : 1 2. C alico 6/1979, 732-3, 11.75, 15-28; 3 · C o P 593. m.51; 4 · F 53. '3 ·60; 5 - 6 - P 392-3, 16.06, 15.24; 7. V a t 434, 12.20; 8—10. B a.B ., B ohl, L öbb, 13.40, I I . 16, 16.85; 1 1 -1 7 · B a 4655. 4657. 9762. 14989, 14991, 23726, 33959= τ3·53= 10.96, ι6 .2 ΐ, 10.66, 12.35, t6.24, 10.23; 18—20. L 1095-7, 14.82, 8.80, 7.72; 2 1 . M 112 4 0 ( = V ives 162-5 = gmi 56°)= 10.23; 22—

[ 3 ]

563 (corrected)

IM P /S V R A E T C R A C IL E : 1. C o p 594, 10.77; p P /S V R A E T C R A C IL E : a. Μ 11250, 13.13; P P /C T E R S V R A L L IC C R A C IL E : 3. P 397, 14.93; 4 * M S astre 6728, 16.68; 5 . L 1098, 14.17; U n c e rta in /[C T E R S V ]R A L L IC C R A C IL E : 6. T ü b in g e n 38, 13.83; U n c e rta in /S V R A E T C R A C IL E : 7. Μ 1 1 2 4 9 (= V ives 162-10 (obverse) a n d V ives 162-9 (reverse), 14.07. I n V ives’s p la tes th e obverses a n d reverses o f coins illu strated o n pl. 162, nos. 9 a n d 10, h av e b een m ixed up.

C a e li A la c r is I l v i r i

Vives 162-5, GMI 56°. NAH I 0 9 7 T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. ___ M V N (I) E R C A V IC A (or E R C A ); I I V IR C C O R (N E ) F L O R O L C A E L (I) A LA C RE; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head

gmi

C CA ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S P P (or IM P ); lau reate head, 1. M V N E R C A V IC A II V IR (C T E R ) SV RA (E T ) (L L IC ) C R A C IL E ; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head

Tiberius

AE. 2 8 -g m m , 13.40g (31). Axis: var.

____

i —2._P_395 (]E R C A V IC A I I I I V I R C T E R S V R A L L I [ ) , 396 (M V N E R C A V IC A I I V I R C T E R S V R A L L IC C R A C [), 7.56, 12.85; 3 · B a 14990 (M V N E R C A V IC A I I I I V I R C T E R S V R [), 11.28; 4 . L 1 0 9 9 Q R C A V IC A I I I I V I R C T E R S V R A L L IC [), 10.63; 5 “ 6 · M 11247-8, 15.04, 15.14 (p ierced ); 7. IV D J ( = V ives 1 6 2 - 8 = g m i 562). F orgery: 1. M S astre 6729 (cast from V ives 162-8).

i . C alico 6/1979, 731, 5.33; 2. L 1094, 5.06; 3. M 1 1 8 3 7 ( = V ives 162-4), 5.27; 4—5 . M 11238, S astre 6730, 4.80, 8.66.

462

562

M V N E R C A V IC A ; I I (or I I I I ) V IR C T E R SVRA L L IC C R A C IL E ; bull, r., w ith ‘p ed im en t’ above head

Vives

C C o rn e F lo r u s a n d L

gmi

[ 3 ]

C CA ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; lau reate head,

[ o ]

A V G V ST V S D IV I F; lau reate head, r. M V N E R C A V IC A ; bull, r.

AE. 26-9 m m , 11.47 g (5)· Axis: V ar. Vives 162-8,

i . F o r m e r ly C e r v e ra c o ll. ( = V ives 162-2); 2. B a 4654, 10.81.

20 mm, 5.82 g (5). 162-4

564 (corrected)

1—3. Μ 112 51-3, 13.06, 15.74, I 2 -7 7 = 4 * V iv e s 162—9 (obverse) a n d 162— 10 (reverse); ac co rd in g to V ives, this coin belongs to th e M useo A rqueologico N acio n al d e M a d rid , b u t it h as n o t b een fou n d . T h e re is a m istak e in V iv es’s p lates, b ecau se th e o bverses a n d reverses o f coins illu strated on pl. 162, nos. 9 a n d 10, h av e b een m ixed up.

As 459, b u t head 1. AE.

gmi

[ o ]

C CA ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S P P; lau reate head, 1. C T E R SV RA L L IC C R A C IL E I I V IR ; w reath containing M V N E R C A V IC A

Vives

461

AE. 2 9 mm , 13.86g (3). Axis: var.

467

AE. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 4 .0 3 g (6). Axis: var. Vives 162-11,

gmi

[ i ]

565

C C A ESA R A V G P P; laureate head, r. T E R SV RA L C R A C IL E II V IR ; in field, M V N ERC A V 1 - 2 . B a 9763, 23730, 4.92, 3.71; 3. C alico 6/1979, 7 3 4 , 3 ·68! 4 · L 1 1 0 0 ( = V ives 162-11 = g m i 565), 4.13; 5. L e n in g ra d (B M cast); 6 - 7 . M 11254-5, 3 -2 I = 4-545 8. N u m . Circ. 11/1984, 7302.

Osicerda Osicerda obtained the status of a municipium with Latin right (Pliny iii, 24) at least by Tiberius’s reign, as can be seen from its coinage. Its location is uncertain; although several places have been proposed in the Bajo Aragon area, none of them has yet been verified (M. and F. Beltran, Numisma 162—4, 1980, p. 27; Hill, p. 99). During the second half of the first century b c the city minted a bilingual issue, with Latin and Iberian legends (Vives 72-1 and 2; Hill 18-5; ΛΜ//831). This issue copies a denarius of Caesar (RRC 443/1, 49-48 b c ) on the reverse and bears a Victory walking with wreath and palm, very similar to that which appears on Roman Republican issues {RRC 454-3, 502-3, 546/2a). Osicerda’s municipal coinage amounts to no more than a single issue, struck during Tiberius’s reign. According to Grant {APT 153), it could commemorate its foundation as a municipium. The issue consists of asses and semisses. Some asses have the countermark P (= cmk 29), which was prob­ ably applied by the city. As

were an abbreviation for M{unicipium) 0 {sicerda); this opinion is not followed here and we consider that the letters MO are the two first letters of Q. Terentius’s cognomen, since we know, from 188, that it was Mont(anus) (see the introduction to Ilici). T ib e r iu s *46 468

nah

1076,

gmi

[ 8 ] 809

T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; lau reate head, r. M V N O S IC E R D A ; bull, r. 1—2. C alico 6/1979, 1252-3, 12.40, 11.40; 3. M u 152, 10.96; 4 —6. P 5 9 2 4, 12.40, 10.31, 10.36; 7—8. R 2 0 3 -4 , i i - i o , 10.50; 9 . T ü b in g e n 58, 9.39; 10. B R au ch ; 11. B Fox; 12—19. B a 4591, 9717 -8 , 15061-2, 33963, 100906, 109212, 10.35, i 0 -3 3 j 12.48, 9.57, 10.28, 10.93, n - 9 4 , 12.56; 2 0 . L 496 (= H ill 18-7), 10.70; 21—2 4 . M 12324 ( = V ives 159-1), 12325-7, Ï3.93, 10.89, 12.19, ΙΟ·4 5 Ι 2 5 . C 667, 12.20. F orgeries: 1. B a 4590. 2— 3. M 12329-30. C o u n te rm ark : P ( = c m k 29) o n th e rev ., on 4, 11, 14, 17, 21.

Semis 469

468 469

A E. 2 8m m , 11.2 0 g (23). Axis: var. Vives 159-1, H ill 18-7,

28 m m , I 1.20 g (23)

AE. 21 m m , 5 .0 2 g (7). Axis: var. Vives 159-2, 3, H ill 18-8,

21 m m , 5.02 g (7)

gmi

[ 4 ]

810-2

T I C A ESA R A V G V ST ; lau reate head, r. M V N O S IC ; in field

Vives 159-3 (= GMI 811), which he considered as a prob­ able quadrans (Vives iv, p. ιοί), is in fact a semis struck on a small or irregular flan. Hill (p. 100) attributed 187 to Osicerda. It has the letters MO on the simpulum, and Hill thought that the letters

i . C alico 6/1979, 1254, 5.00; 2. L 4 9 8 ( = H ill 18-8), 4.10; 3 . L 497, 5.90; 4 . Μ 12331 ( = V ives 159-3 = GMI 811), 3.31; 5. F o rm erly S d e C 1696; 6 . C , 4.95; 7. C 668, 5.62; 8 . IV D J ( = V ives 159-2 = g m i 810), 6.23.

Segobriga Segobriga (Pliny iii, 25) was located in Cabeza de Griego (Cuenca). Its Latin coinage poses some problems which cannot be solved satisfactorily for the moment. Silver and bronze coinage, with the Iberian legend Sekobirikes (Vives, pi. 37), has been traditionally attributed to this city; however, this attribution has been recently called in ques­ tion by Μ. P. Garcia-Bellido {Zephyrus XXV, 1974, pp. 379 - 95 ) and by L. Villaronga {GN 51, 1978, pp. 13-17) on the basis of finds. The problems posed by the Latin coinage concern the earliest issues, for which it is very difficult to establish a precise chronology, or even to decide whether they should be considered as Iberian or Roman coinages. An issue like Vives 135—i, with Iberian male head and horseman with legend SECOBRIS, is not included in this catalogue, because we consider it an Iberian issue, comparable with those of CLOVNIOQ (Vives 163-1) and Kontebakom-Karbika (Vives 39-4). We do not deny that this may seem an arbitrary decision, since the chronology of this issue is, at the moment, uncertain. One can, however, regard it as a transition towards the ones struck in Augustus’s reign, because they bear the same designs. We therefore include its description here: AE. 25 m m , 8.32 g (20). Axis: var. Vives 135-1,

nah

589

Ib e ria n head, r.; behind, palm ; in front, dolphin S E C O B R IS ; horsem an w ith spear, r. 1—2. B L ö b b , 2357/1952; 3—8. B a 4606, 9740, 15018, 15019, 26663, 30691, 8.71, 9.50, 6.48 (p ierced ), 7.15, 7.13, 8.06; 9 . Be 6515, 8.21; 10. C , 10.82; ii— 12. G 5 -6 , 8.70, 7.83; 13—15. L 1041-3, 9.40, 8.75, 7.84; 16—20. M I 2 5 54 _ 5 , 12558- 60, 8-15, 9 -4 4 , 9 -5 4 , 8.83, 8.63; 2 1 . M i 149, 9.50; 2 2 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1199, 9.18; 23. O , 9.31.

In our arrangement, we have attributed two issues to Augustus (470-1 and 472), one to Tiberius (473-5) and another to Caligula (476-7). The chronology of 470, bear­ ing Augustus’s portrait without legend, is uncertain. The absence of the title Augustus has led some scholars to date it before 27 b c . On the other hand, Grant {FITA 335) con­ sidered that this issue took Lugdunum denarii, minted before 1 2 b c , as the model for the portrait (we suppose that he referred to dies as J.B . Giard, Lugdunum 13). This view, however, seems difficult to maintain, given the differences between them. A date early in the Augustan period is here considered more plausible. M. and F. Beltran {Numisma 162-4, 1980, p. 62) proposed that Augustus’s portrait was modelled from imperial portraits on coins such as RIC 545 (28 b c ) and 487, 491 (27-26 b c ) , and this seems possible. The attribution of the quadrans 471 to this period is also uncertain, since there is no supporting evidence; neverthe­ less, its average weight fits well with 470.

S P A I N : Segobriga (470-476)

As

470 471 472

Quadrans

T ib e r iu s

26m m , 9.70g (19) 13 mm, 2.34g (9)

473

27m m , 10.81 g (17)

As

Semis

21 mm, 6.12g (40)

As

476

Vives 135-3, NAH 886,

gmi

475

i3 mm,

Vives 135-2,

2.34 g gmi

(9)·

724

Axis: var.

[

5

]

725

C a lig u la AE. 28 m m , 11.8 6 g (65). Axis: var.

[ 25 ]

Vives 135-9, NAH ΓΙ3 4 , gmi 731

A E. 27 mm , 10.81 g (17). Axis: var. gmi

73°

5 9 6 ; 3 9 - 3 ° · ° . 5 -7 0 , 4-56; 3 1· p 7 4 9 , 5-721 32· P 750, 6.87; 3 3 . R 212, 9.90; 3 4 . V 204, 4.90; 3 5 - 3 7 . V a t 4 7 8 -8 0 , 6.70, 6.10, 4.85; 3 8 - 4 1 . B D a n n en b erg , I-B , K assel, 27886; 4 3 . IV D J ( = V ives 135-7 = g m i 73 °); 4 3 . G iro n a 29415 ( = c m t m , pl. 6 -1 0 3 ), 6.12; 4 4 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pl. 3 9 -2 2 3 ), 8.20; 4 5 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 506, 6.31.

476

I . B 17473, 2.45; 2. C o p 6 2 7 , 1.96; 3. L 1044, 2.08; 4 . O , 2.57; 5. P 739, 2.19; 6. M 12561, 2.83; 7. IV D J ( = V ives 135-2 = g m i 725), 2.46; 8. H e rre ro 16/2/1989, 128, 2.28; 9 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 30/3 /1 989, 505, 2.14; 10. PV .

Vives 135-4, NAH 987,

[1 3 ]

1 - 7 . B a 4612, 15023-5, 23892-3, 33968, 6.07, 5.35, 7.37, 4.29, 6.39, 6.19, 6.14; 8. Bo 308, 7.89; 9. C 106, 4.56; 10—12. C alico 6/1979, 1160-2, 8.70, 5.75, 6.62; 1 3 - 1 5 . L 1053-5, 7 -5 ', 5 4 6 , 6.54; i 6 - a 8 . M 12615-24, 12626-8, 5.59, 4.92, 6.78, 6.14, 6.03, 5.05, 6.53, 5.36, 5.41, 4.46, 5.66, 6.09,

SE G O B R ; p alm b ranch Bull, r.; star above

472

AE. 2 1 m m , 6. 12g (40). Axis: var. Vives 135-7, GMI As 4 7 4

[ 7 ]

i . A N E 23-2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 249, 9.60; 2—4 . B a 4607, 15020, 109216, 10.60, 8.30, 7.67; 5. Bo 303, 10.05; 6· C alico 6/1979, 1155, 11.05; 7 * C o p 626, 9.32; 8. L 1045, i i . 17; g. M S V 17/12/1981, 1200 ( = V ives 135-3), 9-65; 10. M u 162, 8.19; i i . P 740, 9.86; 12. V a t 474, 8.50; 13—18. M 12563-8 (M 12568: S E G O B R IG A in lin e a r fram e), 8.85, 10.30, 10.82, 10.07, 9 -4 6 ? 10.07; * 9 * M S a s tre 6 5 8 1 , 10.79; 3 0 - 2 2 . B B ohl, 17475 (S E G O B R IG A in lin ear fram e), D a n n en b erg ; 23. IV D J , form erly S de C 1786.

A E.

729

1 -4 · B a 9 7 4 3 . ï 5 021. 30698, 33967, 10.98, 17.12, 12.03, 11-87; 5 · Be 6516, 12.36; 6. C , 10.82; 7. C alico 6/1979, 1159, 12.42; 8. C o p 630, 11.24; 9 ~ 12. L 1048-51, 13.65, 14.89, 13.18, 12.13; 13—20. M 12605, 12607—8, 12610-4, 15.20, 11.99, I I -97i 13-78, 12.18, 11.85, i i -967 9-89; 21. O , 10.42; 22. P 7 4 6 , 13.66; 23—24. P 747 -8 , 11.60, 12.62; 25. R 211, 11.80; 26—2 8 . B 17448, L ö b b , Bohl; 29. G 1, 12.10. C o u n te rm ark s: U n c e rta in on 24. I-S, see G u a d â n , p. 96, no. 139.

B are head (of A ugustus), r.; behind, palm ; in front, dolphin SE G O B R IG A ; horsem an w ith spear, r.

471

gmi

[ 13 ]

As 4 7 3 , b u t head r.

22 mm, 5.43 g (25)

AE. 26m m , 9.70g (19). Axis: var.

AE. 28m m , 12.45g (26)· Axis: var. Vives 135-6,

Semis

A u g u s tu s _________________ 470

474

28m m, 11.86g (65)

477

[ 18 ]

i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 250, 12.30; 2. A N E 2 9 -3 0 /4 /1 9 8 5 , 150, 11.60; 3— i i . B a 4611, 4613, 9788, 15022, 15028, 23887-8, 30694, 109214, 12.68, 10.90, 13.15, 13.67, 12.96, 13.02, 12.64, 11.75, I 5 -I 2 i 1 2 —1 4 · Bo 305-7, 10.55, 14-32» TI·20; I 5“ I 7· C , 13.28, 13.96, 14.57; 1 8 - 1 9 . C alico 6/1979, 1157-8, 9.18, 14.55; 2 0 . C o p 629, 11.23; 2 1 . F 60, 8.90; 22. K la g 23, 12.59; 23. L 1052, 13.90; 2 4 . M u 163, 12.24; 2 5 . N 209, 12.15; 26— 27. O , 12 -73 » ιο ·62; 28—3 1 . P 7 42-5, 11.45, i 6 -77 , i i .88, 12.28; 32—3 3 . R 209-1 0 , 9.90, 9.90; 3 4 . T ü b in g e n 67, 9.22; 3 5 —3 6 . V a t 4 7 6 -7 , 11.20, 11.20; 3 7 . Μ 1 2 5 9 2 , 12.77; 3 8 - 5 7 · M I 2 57 4 ~ 5 > I 2 577 -8 g , 12594, 12597, 12599, 12602—3, 12.12, 15.26, 12.19, 9-°9s 13.62, 12.i i , 11.29, 9·99> ΙΓ ·35> i i . 71, 14.17, 10.12, 13.15 (p ierced ), 15.35, 10.90, 9-743 8.62, 9 - 99 j ϊ ο . 6 ι , 13.88; 58—63· B a.Β., B ohl, G an sau g e (2), L ö b b (2); 6 4 . G 2, 10.88; 65. IV D J ( = V ives 135-5); 6 6 . W in te rth u r 36, 12.33; 6 7 . G iro n a 29414 ( = CMT M, pi. 6 -1 0 4 ), 12.07; 6 8 —6 9 . A la c a n t ( = c m t m , pl. 39-2 2 0 , 221), 14.50, 10.00. C o u n te rm ark s: I-S ( = c m k 52) on 12 (rev.) a n d 56 (obv.).

28m m , 12.04g (61) 28 mm, 12.45 g (26)

The last issue was minted during Caligula’s reign. The absence of the title P(ater) P(atriae) on the legend could perhaps suggest an early date for its minting. R. Etienne (Le Culte Impérial, p. 437) proposed a similar chronology on the grounds of its portrait style. The issue consists of as and semis.

AE. 28m m , 12.04g (61). Axis: var.

Vives 135-5, NAH io 9 ^j GMI 727-8 T I CA ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S T IM P V III; bare head, 1. S E G O B R IG A w ithin oak w reath

The reverse design on Segobrigan coins was changed in Tiberius’s reign. From now on, the oak wreath appeared on all denominations, abandoning the last Iberian reminiscence. This issue mentions the eighth imperatorial acclamation (IMP V III) on the obverse legend, but the date when Tiberius obtained this title is not still exactly determined (see H. Gesche, Chiron 2, 1972, pp. 339-48; P. A. Brunt, ZPE 13/2, 1974, pp. 177-80). 473 474 475

/45

[ 8 ]

726

A V G V S T VS D IV I F; lau reate head, r. SE G O B R IG A ; horsem an w ith spear, r. 1—2. B a 4606, 23895, 10.02, i i . 12; 3 . Bo 304, 10.42; 4 . C alico 6/1979, 1156, 9.38; 5. C op 628, 11.25; 6. L 1046, 11.10; 7. O = AMC 997, 9.68; 8 g . P 741, S de R , 14.11, 11.80; 10. V a t 475, 10.80; 11. M 1 2 5 6 9 , 12.06; 12—15. Μ 12571—3, S astre 6582, 9.40, 10.50, 10.34, 10.33; 16—18. B 764/1877, 17449, L ö b b ; 19. G iro n a 29413 ( = c m t m , pi. 6 -1 0 2 ), 11.52; 20. A N E 11-12/1961, 144, 9.90. F orgery: 1. L 1047, 9 -5 °· C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le’s h ea d , r. ( = cm k 4), on th e obv., on 19. M o n o g ram (= cm k 93) on th e rev., on 20.

C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S IM P ; laureate head, 1. S E G O B R IG A w ithin oak w reath I . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 252, 10.49; * - > 3 . B a 4610, 9789 -g o , 15026-7, 23890, 27532, 30695, 33966, 37122, 105818, 109215, 11.29, 13-96, 12.53, 13.58, 12.65, 10.24, 8.82, 12.24, 13-09, 11.95, >2.98, 12.18; 14. Bo 309, 11-96; 15—τ 7 · 6-, 12.09, IO-5 °i IO-451 18. C o p 631, 12.75 (pierced); 19— 21. L 1056-7, 1963 11/13/2, 10.12, 10.95, 9 -4 5 i 22- 43 - M 12601, 12644, 12646-50, 12652, 12654-5, 12657, 12659, 12663, 12665-8, 12670-4, 14.14, u .5 6 , 11.49, : i -48, 10.08, 13.87, 10.97, 9-97 (p ierced ), 14.78, 12.39, 13-71, 14.20, 12.17, 14.78, 12.14, 9.50, 9.75, 14.26, 13.44, 11.69, 9-86, 11.72; 4 4 4 5 . M u 164-5, 11.29, 12.08; 4 6 . M S V 17/12/1981, 1204, 16.32; 4 7 - 4 8 . N 210—i , 13-54, 12.17; 4 9 - 5 1 · O , 13.99, 12.34, 11.95; 52- P 7 5 1 , 11.75; 5 3 55· P 752-3, 754 (tooled obv. legend), 10.26, 10.72, 11.13; 5 6 . R 213, 6 00; 5 7 - 5 8 . V 205-6, 11.45, 9-22; 5 9 . V a t 481, 11.40; 6 0 - 6 1 . B L ö b b , B ohl, 11.91, 14.35; 6 a—6 6 . B a.B ., K assel, 27887, L ö b b , 579/1966; 6 7 . G 3 (pl. 9 8 -8 ), 11.33; 6 8 . IV D J ( = V ives 135-9); 6 9 . A u ctio n es 17/1988, 3 3 3 . h - 9 6 ; 7 0 . IV D J ( = b s a a 4 3 , 1977, 9 9 - 100), i i . 20; 7 1 —7 a . C alico 6/1979, i t 64 - 5 > ι τ ·9 6 » ιο·8ο; 73 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 5 ° 7 , 12.50.

C o u n te rm ark s: L A ( = c m k 54) on th e rev., on 21. I-S ( = c m k 52) on the obv., on 55, 70 a n d 22 (a ltered to SE in m odern tim es). M o n o g ram ( = cm k 92) on th e obv., on 62. 477

AE. 22 m m , 5.43 g (25). Axis: var.

[

7

i . A N E 2 3 -2 4 /1 0 /1 9 8 4 , 251, 4.83; 2 - 6 . B a 9791, 15030, 27531, 37123, 100888, 5.06, 6.72, 7.50, 5.59, 6.00; 7. C alico 6/1979, 1163, 5.75; 8. C o p 632, 5.46; 9—10. L 1058-9, 5.08, 5.55; 11—20. M 12629-33, 12636, 12638 (silver p la ted in m o d ern tim es), 12639, 12641, S astre 6584, 5.06, 4.32, 6.06, 5.22, 4.01, 5.32, 5.23, 4.71, 5.00, 6.49; 2 1 . N 212, 4.35; 22. P 7 5 5 , 5-571 2 3 · P 756» 6-58; 24. V 207, 6.20; 25. B 17447; 2 6 . IV D J ( = V ives !35—8 = GM i 732); 27. N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 508, 5.97.

]

Vives 135-8, GMi 732 As 476

Segovia The coinage of Segovia (located under the present Segovia) consists of a single issue of asses, probably minted during Augustus’s reign. Because the portrait is not identified by an obverse legend, it has been interpreted in several ways. In fact, it is difficult to extract any chronological informa­ tion from the obverse portrait or even to identify its model; Grant, however {FITA 336), proposed that the Segovia portrait copied Augustus’s portraits on coins such as RIC 487, 491 and 545. Therefore, according to Grant, this issue could be dated early in Augustus’s reign. Another problem arising from this issue is the expansion of the obverse letters G L. They have been regarded as abbreviations of magistrates’ names (Vives iv, 46), as an indigenous ethnic (Grant, FITA 336) or as the abbrevia­ tions ofC(aius) and L(ucius) (A. Beltran, Numisma 138-43,

1976, p. 132). None of these hypotheses can be supported by any convincing argument, and the question is left open. A u g u s tu s (?) *10 478

AE. 25 m m , 8.36 g (30). Axis: var. Vives 135-1,

nah

888,

gmi

[ 11 ]

816-7

C L; b are head (of A ugustus?), r. S E G O V IA ; arm ed horsem an w ith spear, r. 1 - 6 . B a 4614, 4616, 9792, 15029, 15031, 30799, 9.33, 6.57, 7.65, 7.97, 9.03, 8.40; 7. Bo 113, 7.57; 8. C alico 6 /1979, 1167, 8.00; 9 . C o p 390, 9.23; 10. L 1105, 10.40; i i . M i 147, 8.61; 12. M u 166, 7.76; 13. 0 = AMC 9 9 8 , 8.38; 14—15. P 6 5 1 -2 , 8.05 (p ierced ), 8.27; 16. V 208, 10.00; 17. M 12677, 8-14; 18—28. M 12678-81, 12683-5, 12687-90, 8.65, 8.53, 7.36, 7.94, 8.90, 8.70, 8.36, 10.13, 8.53, 7.31, 8.24; 29—3 0 . B L ö b b , B ohl; 3 1 . G I. 5 -9 5 ; 3 a· IV D J ( = V ives 135-1); 3 3 - 3 4 . G 6 9 0 -1 , 9.97, 6.98.

Ebusus The Punic city of Ebusus (Eivissa) minted small bronze coins from the third to the first centuries b c and drachmae during the Second Punic War, as the composition of silver hoards buried at that period shows. This and the imperial coinage have been studied by Campo = M. Campo {Las monedas de Ebusus, Barcelona, 1976) and more recently by A. Planas et alii {Las monedas de la ceca de A ’BSM (Ibiza), Eivissa, i 9 8 9 )·

The imperial coinage of Ebusus differs from its previous issues because it incorporates the emperor’s portrait on the obverse. On the reverse, the imperial issues maintain the traditional design: the god Bes. The coinage falls into three issues, minted during Tiberius’s, Caligula’s and probably Claudius’s reign. The number of coins known from each issue indicates that the amount of bronze bullion struck was very small. The arrangement of these issues follows that proposed by M. Campo; however, as she has pointed out, 481 might be a fraction of both 479 and 480. Secondly, the issue attributed to Claudius is very surprising, because it is the only issue of this emperor struck in Spain. There can be no doubt that the coins (482 and 482A) are genuine, since some of them have been found in excavations (M. Campo, p. 50) and on several sites (A. Planas et alii, p. 113). The identification of the portrait is, however, not certain because it is anonymous. C. H. V. Sutherland {Romans in Spain, p. 245, n. 28) and J. B. Giard {RN, 1970, p. 42, n. 2) were uncertain about the identification of the obverse portrait as Claudius;

we, however, consider the identification of the portrait as Claudius to be the most probable hypothesis (compare 482/1 with the portraits illustrated in H. M. Kaenel, Münz­ prägung und Münzbildnis des Claudius, especially pi. 19, no. 1302).

T ib e r iu s 479

AE. 2 2m m , 5.72g (17). Axis: var. Vives 124-1, C am po 121,

nah

[ 1 ]

1122

T I C A ESA R A V G P P; bare head, r. IN S A V G ’Y B SH M ; Bes standing, holding h am m er and snake I. B L ö b b ( = nah 1122), 5.37; 2—12. See C am p o 121 (except B); 13. IV D J , form erly S de C 1979; 14—2 0 . See A. P lan a s et alii 38.

C a lig u la 4 80

A E. 2 1 m m , 5.74 g (28). Axis: var. Vives 124-2, C am po 122,

n ah

[ 3 ]

1136

C C A ESA R A V G G E R M Ä N IC V S ; b are head, r. IN S A V G (V ) ’Y B SH M ; Bes standing, holding ham m er a n d snake i . V a t 419, 4.95; 2. P 1 6 2 1 , 5.49; 3—21. See C am p o 122 (except P ); 22— 2 3 . IV D J , form erly S de C 1980-1; 24—3 2 . See A. P lan a s et alii 39.

S P A IN : Ebusus, Uncertain (479-485)

C la u d iu s (?)

U n c e rta in d a te ( reig n o f T ib e r iu s - C a lig u la ? ) 481

AE. 16m m , 2.39g (16). Axis: var.

/45

[ o ]

AE. 2 2m m , 5.87g (6). Axis: var.

482

Vives 124-4, C am po 123

Vives 124-3, C am po 124,

IN S A V G ’Y B SH M ; Bes standing, holding h am m er an d snake IN S A V G ’Y B SH M ; Bes standing, holding h am m er an d snake

Bare head (of C laudius?), r. Bes standing, holding h am m er an d snake, to 1. aleph

nah

[ 1 ]

1137

i . P 162 2 , 7.43; 2—9. See C am p o 124 (ex cep t P). 482

A A E . 23-4 mm , 7.08 g (3). Axis: var.

M u se u A rqueologic d’Eivissa, 1323, 2.31; 2. F o r m e r l y V iv e s c o ll. ( = V ives 124—4); 3 7 See A. P lan a s et a lii 40.

[ o ]

B are head (of C laudius?), r. Bull, r.

I.

— χ·

1—3 . See A. P lan a s et a lii 41; 4 . L. V illa r o n g a p h o to f ile ; 5. F o rm erly S de C 934.

Uncertain Under Uncertain of Spain we include those coins that cannot be attributed to an individual city. We must also point out that some coins included in this catalogue under Carthago Nova should perhaps be in this group. 483, following G. K. Jenkins (ANSMN 8, 1958, pp. 71-2) has been moved from its traditional attribution to Carthago Nova. A. M. Guadân (Numisma 96-101, 1969, pp. 20-2) did not include it in Carthago Nova, but proposed that it was struck at a mint located in North Africa. But provenances suggest that the mint was probably sited in Hispania Ulterior: Jenkins (p. 71) records two specimens, one in the Cadiz Museum and another found in Carteia; F. Mateu (Monedas de Mauritania, Madrid, 1949, pi. XXIX-11) published one found in Tamuda and A. Beltran another two coming from Albacete Museum and from the Valdés collection (Cartagena). On the obverse it has not been poss­ ible to read the word QVIN as Beltran proposed (Numisma 2, 1952, p. 21). For a die study and discussion of the coins, see now M. M. Llorens, Saguntum 22 (1989), pp. 319-42. 484 was attributed by Villaronga, Emporion = L. Vil­ laronga (Aes Coinage of Emporion, Oxford, 1977, no. 122) to Emporiae, but the absence of legends and the use of a design completely alien to those used in Emporiae has led us to exclude it from this mint, in spite of the fact that all specimens known come from Emporiae and Rhode (J. M. Nuix and L. Villaronga, Miscelânea Arqueolôgica II, 1974, pp. 81-6). 485 also presents problems of attribution. This is a rare coin that has been discussed by A. Beltran (Numisma 144—6, : 977 >P· 4 5 ), L- Villaronga (G N 49, 1978, pp. 51-3) and T. Llorente (Numisma 165-7, 198°, pp. 51-3)· The bad condi­ tion of extant specimens makes it impossible to check whether the legend as currently known is complete or whether it starts above the Victory, in which case the wreath would divide it. The finds of these coins indicate that they were probably struck in Spain. The largest con­ centration of finds is in the Saguntum area: two coins come from excavations at Saguntum; 485/5-6 also come from this city; 485/4 was found at Casinos (40 km to the west of Saguntum); 485/16-17 come from Sinarcas and 485/18 was found in Sant Miquel de Lliria. In addition, P. Beltran (according to L. Villaronga, p. 52) reported that there were two coins of this type in a lot of coins that he bought coming from the same area.

A. Beltran, misreading the reverse legend, attributed the coin to Saguntum because of its reverse type (prow) and its legend. T. Llorente raised the possibility that it came from a Greek colony situated in the northeast of Spain, like Emporion or Rhode, since both of them used the Greek alphabet. The ligature M" has been normally expanded as NEA, but why not expand it as ΣΑΓ (= SAG)? Nevertheless, there is not sufficient evidence to allow a certain attribution. Even though the hypothesis that these coins belong to Saguntum or a near-by settlement is becom­ ing more and more plausible, it is, nevertheless, difficult to explain why they have a Greek legend. The date could be later than c. 2 9 b c , if the reverse design is copied from Octavian’s denarius with prow and Victory (RIC 2 6 3 - 4 ) . 483

AE. 2 2m m , 7.84g (39). Axis: var. Vives

13

[ 15 ]

1-7, NAH 914, GMI 168

C N S T A T I L IB O PR A EF; b are head, r. SA C ER D O S; p a te ra an d praefericulum P a te ra to 1. a n d p raefericu lu m to r.: 1—3. B B ohl, I-B , 28644, 6.41, 9.11, 6.71; 4. Be 3904, 7.16; 5. C alico 6 /1979, 342, 6.52; 6—7. C o p 471-2, 10.67, 6-66; 8“ 9· M S V 17/12/1981, 3 48-9, 6.50, 10.50; 10. O , 7.19; i t 13· P 1650-1, 1661, 6.86, 8.46, 8.41; 14. V 80, 6.52; 15—17. C alico 11/1978, 236-8, 6.08, 9.10, 7.42; 18. C , 8.27; 1 9 - 2 1 . L 117 2 -3 , 1174 ( = f i t a , pi. V I - 9 ) , 7.28, 7.18, 7.87; 2 2 . M 9 0 8 3 , 7.97; 23—3 2 . M 908 4 -5 , 908 7 -8 , 9091, 9093 -4 , 9098 -9 , S astre 4815, 10.24, 9.58, 8.00, 9.08, 8.69, 6 -7 4 , 7 -7 9 , 8.36, 8.74, 8.12; 3 3 - 3 4 . B a 9610, 14772, 8.62, 6.59; 35. IV D J ( = V ives 131—7); 3 6 . N u m ism a tic a A rs C lassica 2 9 -3 0 /3 /1 9 8 9 , 322, 6.47; P raefericu lu m to 1. a n d p a te ra to r.: 3 7 . M u seo d e A lb acete 1944 7.12; 3 8 —3 9 . Μ 9092, S astre 48145 6.84, 8.20; 4 ° · Β R a u c h , 7.58; 4 1 . P V .

484

AE. 12m m , 2.55g 6 9 )· Axis: var. V illaronga, Emporion 122,

nah

[ o ]

938

R ectangular b o ard w ith IV L , fasces on th e side A ltar (?) w ith three crossed parallel lines com ing from opposite corners, p erh ap s a letter R r., an d w ith a vertical line from the top of alta r i . G u a d â n c o ll., 2.20; 2—20. See V illaro n g a, Em porion 122 (except G u a d â n coll.). 485

AE. 2 8 -9 mm , 12.72g (15). Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

H ead of N eptune, r., trid e n t behind ?] Μ) π ο λ ; V ictory, I., holding w reath a n d palm ; standing on prow i . L 1 9 8 0 11—3 8 —1, 13.16; 2. Sim on coll. (S ag u n t), 19.00; 3. P r iv a te c o ll. (V alèn cia); 4 —5. R ip o llès-A d ela n tad o coll. (S ag u n t), 13.54, 11.30; 6. V ela coll. (S ag u n t), 13.90; 7. F N M T , 15.50; 8—15. See L. V illaro n g a, GN 49, 1978, 51-3; 16—17. A . G a rc ia coll. (U tiel, V alè n cia), 12.00, 13.00; 18. M u se u d e P reh istô ria de V alè n cia 8057, 6.99 (bro k en ).

Cnaeus and Sextus Pompey After the death of Pompey the Great, Sextus went to Africa and, after Thapsus, joined his brother Cnaeus in Spain. There they raised thirteen legions and won most of the southern province. But Caesar defeated them both at the battle of Munda, on 17 March 45 b c . Cnaeus was later captured and executed. Sextus survived Munda, stayed in Spain and gathered a second army. He then went to Massilia. In April 43 b c , the Senate made him its naval commander with the title ‘prae­ fectus classis et orae maritimae’; but in August he was outlawed under the lex Pedia and occupied Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica until his final defeat at Naulochus , in Septem­ ber 36 B C . The aes coinage of Cnaeus and Sextus Pompeius was studied by Bahrfeldt in ‘Die letzten Kupferprägungen unter der römischen Republik’, NZ, 1909, pp. 67-77; Grant, FITA 22-4; and R. Martini, Monetazione bronzea romana tardorepubblicana, I, Glaux 1, Milano, 1988, pp. 65-81, 116—29. It consists of three separate issues. 486 was struck in the name of Cnaeus before Munda, maybe at Corduba. 487 and 671 were struck in the name of Sextus Pompeius Magnus Pius. 487 was produced after Munda, by the legate M. Eppius M.f. It is traditionally attributed to Spain, but Martini suggested that it was struck in Sicily. The recent publication of the coins excavated at Morgantina shows that 487 was found there in large quantities (T.V. Buttrey et al., Morgantina Studies II. The Coins, Princeton, 1989, no. 691: 25 specimens). 671 could bridge the period during which Sextus Pompeius moved from Spain to Sicily: coins of fine style are found in Spain (Bahrfeldt, Blätter für Münzfreunde, 1930-3, p. 755) and coins of degenerate style, produ­ ced on a massive scale, are found in Sicily (the excavations of Morgantina produced notable quantities). But the whole issue might have been produced in Sicily as it is struck on flans with round edges whereas the two other issues are struck on flans with bevelled edges; moreover, the die axis is always at 12 o’clock. On stylistic grounds, Martini has divided 671 into three different series, and assigned them to different Sicilian mints between 43 b c until Naulochus: the first issued at Lilybaeum (?), and the two others at uncertain Sicilian mints. According to Martini’s study, the first and third series are coins of poor style, the second of fine style with a head ofJanus featuring Pompey the Great.

486, 487 and 671 are asses with the traditional head of Janus and the Republican prow. 486 487 671

30-1 mm, 21.01 g (20) 28-31 mm, 17.18 g (41) 28—32 mm, 2 1.11 g (185)

They conform to a light uncial standard. Bahrfeldt, NZ, 1909, pp. 76-7, provided analyses of specimens of issues 486 and 671. New analyses provide the following results: 486 I. P 2. P 487 i. P 671 I. P 2. P 3. P 4. P 5. P 6. P

Cu

Pb

73-94

24-75

77.28

Ailly 9285 Ailly Ailly 842 Ailly Ailly Ailly

Ailly 14178 Ailly I 4 I 3 °

14169 14190 14161 14174 14168

21.3

Sn 0.80 0.78

Zn 0.05 —

75-89

19.8

3-85

—

80.21

15-7 r 7-3 n -5 J3-°5 14.90 8.21

3 -! 5

°-5

4.48 4.65 4.17

—

77-72

83.21 82.15 80.I2 86.34

4-35 4-95

—

_ —

-

C n M a g I m p 4 6 -4 5 BC 486

L eaded bronze. 30-1 m m , 21.01 g (20). Axis: var. NZ 1909, p. 67, i, RRc 471-1

L au reate h ead of J a nus; above, I Prow, r.; above, C N -M A G ; before, I; below, IM P i· P A i l l y 1 4 1 2 9 , 18.40; 2—1 7 . See B ah rfeld t 67, 1-12, 14-17; 18. P rin ceto n M u se u m o f A rt, 17.70; 19. S tern b e rg X /1 9 8 0 , lo t 244, 24.21; 20. L a n z 28/1984, lo t 385, 22.54.

M a g n u s P iu s I m p j , E p p iu s L e g 4 5 - 4 4 BC 487

L eaded bronze. 28-31 m m , 17.18g (41). Axis: 9 NZ 1909, p. 72, 3, RRC 478-1

L au reate h ead o f Ja n u s; in centre, altar; above, M A G N V S; below, P IV S IM P F Prow , r.; above, E P P IV S ; below, L E G i . P A i l l y 9 2 9 2 , 19.18; 2—3 8 . See B ah rfeld t 73, 1—10, 12-38; 3 9 . P rin ce to n M u se u m o f A rt, 17.80; 4 0 . S tern b e rg V III/1 9 7 8 , lo t 427, 16.98; 4 1 . C re d it Suisse 4 /1985, lo t 396, 13.25.

GAUL Cat. no.

Introduction Treviri Uncertain (Hirtius) Ruteni: L. M unatius Plancus? Germanus Indutilli L. T. Pom. Sex. f. Auxiliary mints of Lugdunum Uncertain tribe (Augustus Im p X) A pta Iulia

Page '4 7

501-2 503 504-5 506 507 508-9 510 -

148 148 148 149 ■49 '4 9

150 150

The monetary history of Gaul before Caesar has been dis­ cussed by M. Crawford, CMRR, pp. 161-72, with earlier bibliography. Caesar’s conquest of Gaul had some consequences for its monetary history. Roman coinage penetrated central Gaul in quantity. The production of Gallic coinage in gold and silver ceased, maybe not immediately after the conquest, but within a generation. Bronze issues, however, went on being produced into the Julio-Claudian period, though it is difficult to decide in which reign their issue stopped. The coinage became increasingly Roman in character, as, for instance, the production of Lexovio inscribed SEMISSOS PVBLICOS. These coinages are not studied here, and only the pro­ duction of pieces with the names of Roman magistrates and of the colonies founded in Gaul at the time of the civil wars have been included.

GOINS W ITH ROMAN NAMES Issues with the names of Roman magistrates were struck among the Treviri with the name of A. Hirtius (501) in 5150 B C and Carinas (502) in 30-29 b c . Some issues bear Roman and Gallic names: another issue of A. Hirtius (503) and an issue of L. Munatius Plancus (?) (504-5). The func­ tion of these issues is not clear, whereas under Augustus issues with Roman names probably functioned as auxiliary regional coinages: an issue of Germanus Indutilli L. among the Treviri (506), and another of T. Pomp. Sex. f. in the Provincia (507). These two issues are made of brass, 506 being a quadrans, 507 probably a sextans. Two other issues of brass quadrantes should probably be regarded as prod­ ucts of auxiliary mints of Lugdunum (508-9). A final local series in the name of Augustus (510) was struck in c. 15 b c .

THE ROMAN COLONIES Outside the Provincia, Lugdunum was the only colony founded during the civil wars. This colony made a local coinage of bronze (511, 514-16) and silver quinarii (512-

Lugdunum Vienna Narbo Nemausus Cabellio Antipolis Arausio (?) Forum Iulii Uncertain (Tiberius)

Cat. no.

Page

5 " —'6

150 '5'

5 17 5 '8

'5 2 '5 2 '5 4 '5 4 '5 5 '5 5

519-26 527-30 5 3 '- 2 533 5 3 4 -6 5 3 7 -8

156

13). Its production ceased, probably after Naulochus, but was resumed in 1 5 b c , when Augustus established there the principal mint of the Empire. In the Provincia, Colonia Iulia Viennensis, probably founded in c. 5 0 b c , issued series 5 1 7 , which recalls series 5 1 5 struck at Colonia Copia and should be dated accordingly. In the south of the Provincia, an imperatorial coinage was issued by Octavian, probably at Narbonne in 4 0 b c ( 5 1 8 ) . Three colonies were founded in the years 4 5 —4 3 b c : Colonia Nemausus, founded by Tiberius Nero in 4 5 or 4 4 b c , Gabellio and Antipolis, prob­ ably founded by Lepidus in 4 4 - 4 3 b c . The coinage of Nemausus from 4 5 - 4 4 b c onwards marks a step towards the Romanisation of the coinage of the Provincia. Silver obols ( 5 1 9 ) were struck with semisses ( 5 2 0 ) and quadrantes ( 5 2 1 ) , clearly identified as such. A parallel group of issues exists at Gabellio, with a hemidrachm ( 5 2 7 ) and an obol ( 5 2 8 ) in silver and a quadrans in bronze ( 5 2 9 ) . No silver is known for Antipolis, but its issues of bronze ( 5 3 1 - 2 ) have the same weight as the semisses of Nemausus. AR

527 AE

520 529 53' 532 534 535

Hemidrachm

13 mm,

0.97 g (2) s

i5 -i6 m m , i4 -i6 m m , 15mm, io -iß m m , 10-12mm, io -i4 m m ,

2.22g (21) 1.96g (46) 2.25g (10) 2.40g (ι ι ) 2.20-2.30g (53) 2.20g (2)

AR

Obol

5 '9

10—11 mm, 0.39g ('3 ) 10—h mm, 0.45g ( I2)

528 AE

ß

521 530

13—'4 m m , 1.19g (5) 13mm, 1.19g (24)

The system which these bronzes fit is uncertain, but the production of small silver fractions derives from the numis­ matic practice of Massalia. The bronze system was still in use after Actium, as a quadrans struck at Gabellio in 23 b c (530) and series of bronzes probably struck at Forum Julii after 31 b c (534-5) seem to fit well. See also the discussion on p. 34. The Augustan coinage of Nemausus (522-6), probably preceded by the coinage attributed to Arausio (533), marks the final replacement of the coinage of Massalia by a

coinage on the Roman model. The coinage of Nemausus is interesting in the way that its production was manipulated by Rome far beyond the normal extent of a civic mint.

Under Tiberius a single issue is attributable to Gaul (537—8), apparently from the region of Trier,

T reviri Series 501 is imitated from (rather than the prototype of) denarii struck in the name of Caesar. It was struck in the territory of the Treviri, probably in the oppidum of Tetelbierg, where 418 specimens were found (see L. Red­ ing, Les monnaies gauloises du Tetelbierg, pp. 60-9). Caesar’s denarii have been variously dated: Sydenham, CRR 1 0 0 6 , ascribed them to 5 4 —5 1 b c , whereas Crawford, RRC 4 4 3 / 1 , proposed 4 9 - 4 8 b c . A s Hirtius held the title imperator in 4 5 —4 4 b c , 5 0 1 was probably struck before then, since the title is omitted (contrast 5 0 3 ) . Before 4 5 - 4 4 b c Hirtius was in Gaul in 5 4 - 5 2 and 5 1 - 5 0 . Therefore the Treviran issue was probably minted in 5 1 - 5 0 b c and Syden­ ham’s chronology should be adopted. It is, of course, poss­ ible that the series lasted for a few years, as it is very abundant. Series 502 was also probably struck in the oppidum of Tetelbierg, as nine of the ten specimens known so far were discovered there (L. Reding, op. cit., pp. 69-71, no. 12). It was produced in a short time as all the specimens seem to come from the same obverse die. The name CARINA (retrograde) is clear and Grant’s view, FITA, p. 3, n. 4, that the word is merely a blundered

retrograde version of HIRTIVS should be disregarded. Carinas was proconsul of Gaul in the years 30-29 b c and this series was probably struck then. The reason for such a small coinage is obscure. A H i r ti u s , 5 1 - 5 0 B C 501

A E . i 6 - i 7 m m , 2 .6 9 g (418). A xis: v ar. FiTA 3, S cheers,

t r a it é ,

no. 162, class I

A H I R T I V S ; e le p h a n t, r. P rie stly a ttrib u te s : ap ex , securis, sp rin k le r a n d sim p u lu m i . P 9 2 3 9 ( = F iT A , p i. I X , 25: o b v .), 2.73; 2—n 6 . S ee S c h e e rs ,

t r a it é

, 666.

C a rin a , 3 0 - 2 5 B C 502

A E . i 5 - i 6 m m , 2 .9 0 g (9). A xis: ?. S ch eers,

t r a it é ,

no. 162, class I I

C A R IN A (re tro g ra d e ); e le p h a n t, r. As 5 0 a i . L u x e m b o u r g 5 0 6 , 3.28; 2 - 1 0 . S ee S c h e e rs ,

t r a it é

, 666.

Uncertain (Hirtius) A further issue was struck in the name of A. Hirtius Imp. Hirtius’s salutation occurred in 45—44 b c , and so these coins must be dated after this date. The names and portraits (?) of the different local chiefs show that the responsibility for issuing these series was in tribal hands, but the reference to Hirtius might indicate a Roman control of some sort. These series were attributed by Blanchet to the Remi {Traité, pp. 382-4), but this is certainly wrong, as most of the known find spots (Scheers, Traité, map, p. 649) are concentrated between the Seine and the Loire.

A H i r I m p , 4 5 -4 4 B C 503

A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .6 0 g (16). A xis: v ar. B N 8 0 8 6 -9 4 ,

f it a

3 9 1 -2 , S cheers,

t r a it é ,

no. 153

H e a d , r., w ith differen t n a m e s o f local chiefs A H I R IM P ; lion, r. a - o b v . w ith A t h e d ia c (AGIIDIAC): i . P 8 0 8 6 A ( = f i t a , p i. I X , 24), 2.79; 2—1 0 . S ee S c h e e rs , t r a i t é , 648, c la s s I ; b - o b v . w ith I n e c r it u r ix ( I N I I C R I T V R I X ) : 1 . P, 2.70; 2 . L y o n s 1154, 3.25; c - o b v . w ith C o r ia r c o s ( C O R I A R C O S ) : i . P 8093, 2.77; 2 . P 8094, 2.70; d - o b v . w ith J c a r iu s ( J C A R IV S ): 1. P 8092, 2.90; 2—3 . E v r e u x , 2.05, 1.70.

Ruteni, L Munatius Plancus 504-5 have been considered as parallel to the coins struck in honour of Hirtius by the Remi (503), as the name L. Munatius figures on the obverse. Munatius Plancus was indeed the successor of Hirtius. On the reverse is the name Attalus, supposed to be the name of a local chief of an unidentifiable tribe. Hirschfeld, CIL X III, p. 251, proposed locating the mint at Lugdunum, but this seems unlikely, as stated by H. de la Tour, CRAI, 1901, p. 85, n. 2. A. Blan­ chet, Traité, pp. 426-7, proposed attributing it to the Segusiavi, but without any cogent reason.

The problem of the attribution has been solved recently by M. Labrousse, ‘Bronzes rutènes d’Attalos’, Revue du Rouergue 142, 1982, pp. 133-7, as specimens of both series have turned up in excavations conducted in the valley of the Tarn and on the Larzac (La Graufesenque and the cave of Rajal del Guorp). An attribution to the Ruteni is therefore most likely. But Labrousse doubts if the name L. Munatius refers to Plancus. Attalus might have received the Roman citizenship from Plancus and taken his praenomen and gen­ tilicium. Therefore the coin of L. Munatius Attalus might

G A U L : Ruteni, L Munatius Plancus, Germanus Indutilli L., T Pom Sexf, Auxiliary mints o f Lugdunum (50 4 -5 0 7 )

ff not be contemporary to the governorship of Plancus, but maybe struck later in the thirties b c . 504

9. R o d e z ( = i i

505

A E . 1 6 -1 7 m m , 3 .0 0 g (11). A xis: v ar.

.

G a llia ,

14g

1978, 3 9 4 ), 3 .2 2 ; 10. R a j a l d e l G u o r p 23 6 , 3.05;

A lb i, 2 .7 2 .

A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .h g (4). A xis: v a r.

B N 4 7 9 2 -6 , ή τ α 392

B N 4797

L M V N A T I; h e a d , 1.; below , X A T T A L V S ; b ird seizing a snake, r.; ab o v e, p a lm a n d S

L M V N A T ; la u re a te h e a d , r. A T T A L V S ; lion, r. i . P 4 7 9 7 , 3 .0 7 ; 2—3. L a G r a u f e s e n q u e , 3 .4 6 , 2.81; 4 . R a ja l d e l G u o r p ,

i . L 1 9 2 5 —5—4—i ( = FiTA, pi. I X , 26: obv.), 2.4 5 ; 2—6. P 4 7 9 2 - 9 6 , 2 .5 0 , 4 .0 4 , 2 .7 7 , 3 .6 8 , 2 .5 9 ; 7 —8 . L a G r a u f e s e n q u e 7 7 - 2 5 , 8 1 - 2 6 , 2 .4 6 , 3.6 0 ;

3 .H .

Germanus Indutilli L. Series 506 is very abundant. The distribution of these coins is centred in Gallia Belgica, possibly around Treviri (see Scheers, Traité, p. 812), though they are spread widely in northern and central France. The reverse type is based on a Lugdunese prototype cur­ rent from 15 b c onwards (BMC Augustus 450). A specimen was found at Oberaden which was abandoned in 8 b c . Therefore this series dates to c. 10 b c . This series may be regarded as an auxiliary regional coinage struck in the name of a local authority, Germanus Indutilli L(ibertus), whose features appear on the obverse. It is made of brass and was probably intended to be a quadrans.

C. 1 0

506

BC B rass. i 7 - i 8 m m , 2 .7 9 g (166). A xis: v ar. S cheers,

t r a it é ,

216,

r ic

249

M a le d ia d e m e d h e a d , r. G E R M A N V S (above) I N D V T I L L I L (ex erg u e); b u ll b u ttin g , 1. i . P 9 2 4 8 , 3 .2 7 ; 2—14. L 1957—6 9, 2 .4 9 , 2 .9 6 , 2 .8 2 , 2 .6 2 , 2 .8 6 , 3 .0 1 , 2.9 9 , 3 .2 5 , 2 .8 6 , 2 .5 6 , 2 .9 0 , 2 .9 6 , 2.5 4 ; 15—2 2 4 . S ee S c h e e rs , t r a i t é , 8 1 0 - 1 , 1-3, 5-2H .

T Pom Sex f Series 507 was attributed by L. de la Saussaye, Numismatique de la Gaule Narbonnaise, 1842, pp. 180-2, to the city of Sextantio Felix. A. de Longpérier, RN, i860, p. 179, η. 2, proposed the Petrocorii and Ghangarnier-Moissonnet, Numismatique gauloise, Beaune, 1874, p. 3, the Arverni. For a full bibliography, see S. Scheers, Monnaies Gauloises (Rouen, : 97 8)> PP· 21-2. It was certainly struck in the Provincia, as these coins are quite frequently found in southern France. It is possible that they date from the last decades of the first century b c , being parallel to the series of Germanus Indutilli L. (506). No analysis is known, but the metal might be brass, as the colour of the coins is yellow. They might have passed as sextantes. T. Pom. Sex. f. was more probably a member of the Gens

Pompeia, not Pomponia, as members of this gens are frequently named on inscriptions of the Provincia: see CIL X II, 504, 638, 1055, 1136, 1638; X III, 939, 943.

L a te i s t century B C *i. 507

A E . 1 7 m m , 1 .6 5 g ( ΓΙ )· A xis: v ar. B N 4 3 5 3 -6 2

S E X F; d ra p e d b u s t, b a re h e a d , r.; b e h in d , flo ral o rn a m e n t T P O M ; bu ll, r. i . L 1 9 5 6 , 1.88; 2. L ! 9 5 5 > T 7 7 ; 3 - 1 2 . P 4 3 5 3 - 6 2 , 1 .6 0 , 1.98, 1.42, 0 .9 2 , 1.36, 1.88, 1.55, 1.59, 1.55, 1.61.

Auxiliary mints of Lugdunum Series 508 and 509 are parallel to the Germanus Indutilli L. series (507). The reverse type of 509 is based upon a Lugdunese proto­ type current from 15 b c onwards (BMC Augustus 450). Series 508 is related to 509 by its style: both series circulated together and they figure in the same hoards (e.g., La Villeneuve-au-Châtelot (Aube) = Trésors Monétaires VI, 1984, where analyses are given on p. 66). These series are generally dated to 10 b c , and considered as part of the issue of aes coinage struck at Lugdunum in 10

after the dedication by Augustus of the altar of the cult of Roma and Augustus. In RIC I, Sutherland included them under Lugdunum and M. Crawford, CMRR, p. 266, sup­ posed that they preceded the first issue of asses of the socalled altar series. But they are excluded from Lyons by J.B. Giard (Le monnayage de l’atelier de Lyon) and regarded as the products of auxiliary mints. Giard’s position is accepted here as the style of 508-9 is not very similar to the coins of Lugdunum. These coins are frequently found in Champagne or Burgundy (e.g., Alesia, bc

Mâlain/Mediolanum) and, if not struck at Lyons, they were probably struck in the territory of the Sequani, the Aedui or the Lingones. Both series are made of brass and were probably quadrantes or semisses. 508

i . P 1 0 6 4 0 , 2 .8 5 ; 2. P 1 0 6 4 0 a , 2 .4 2 ; 3—8. P 4 7 3 0 - 5 , 2 .6 4 , 2 .4 6 , 2 .8 2 , 2.98, 2 .1 8 , 1.89; 9 —i ï . L BMC 5 6 1 - 3 , 2 .7 9 , 2 .3 3 , 3 .2 4 ; 1 2 —1 4 . L a V ille n e u v e -a u C h â t e lo t 2 2 4 - 6 , 3 .4 5 , 2 .9 6 , 2.69.

509

B rass, iß -ig m in , 2 .8 5 g ( r^)· A xis: v a r. ric

228

I M P C A E S A R ; b a re h e a d , r. A V G V S T V S D I V I F; b u ll b u ttin g , 1.

B rass. i 8 - i 9 m m , 2 .7 5 g ( I 4 )· A xis: v ar. Ric 227

i . P 1 0 6 4 5 , 2 -2 55 2—5. P i o 6 4 5 a - d , 2 .3 2 , 2 .5 8 , 2 .8 6 , 2 .5 4 ; 6 . P D ’A illy I 13 1 7, 3.4 4 ; 7—9. P 9 2 6 6 - 8 , 2 .9 7 , 2 .7 4 , 2 .8 3 ; IO. L BMC 5 6 4 , 3 .1 4 ; I I — 18. L a V i lle n e u v e - a u - C h a te lo t 2 1 6 - 2 3 , 3 .2 9 , 3 .2 7 , 3 .1 7 , 3 .0 6 , 3 .0 2 , 2.93,

IM P C A E S A R ; la u re a te h e a d , r. A V G V S T V S ; eagle, sta n d in g facin g w ith w ings sp re a d , h e a d tu rn e d I.

2 .5 6 , 2 .3 2 ; i g . S te r n b e r g X V /1 9 8 5 , 31 7 , 2.92.

Uncertain tribe (Augustus Imp X) Coins of rough fabric, with AVGVSTVS, bare head/IM P X, horse to 1., were struck by an uncertain tribe, in c. 15 b c , when Augustus visited Gaul. It is possible, as in the case of Hirtius (503), that this series was issued under Roman authority. The tribe might be from northern Gaul as 510/1 was found in the depart­ ment of Somme.

510

A E . 19-20 m m , 5.49 g (2). A xis: v ar. f it a

123-4

A V G V S T V S ; h e a d , r. I M P X ; h o rse, 1. i . P 1 9 6 7 /7 1 , 5 .4 8 ; 2. P ( = M io n n e t , supp . I X , 2 4 7 /1 4 1 = fita , p i. I V , 19), 5 .5 0 . S o m e le tte r s -C V ? - a p p e a r b e tw e e n th e le g s o f t h e h o r s e , o n 1.

Apta Iulia A series of small bronzes with CAI-TIO, janiform head/]AN[, lion, r. was attributed by de Saulcy, RN, 1866, pp. 411-13, to Apt, Colonia Apta Iulia. This series had been previously attributed to Cabellio by La Saussaye, Numismatique de la Gaule Narbontiaise, 1842, p. 143, no. 5, pl. X V II,5.

De Saulcy was aware of the fact that his attribution needed the support of some local finds. Unfortunately the few known provenances point towards northern France (see Scheers, Traité, pp. 661-2, no. 158), and the attribution to Apt should be disregarded.

Lugdunum Founded in 43 b c by Munatius Plancus, the colonia Copia Felix Munatia Lugdunum minted issues of bronze for local circulation; then, after 15 b c , Augustus established there the principal mint of the Empire and Lugdunum minted massive issues of gold and silver, intended to circulate throughout the Empire, and of bronze, with the ROM ET AVG altar, for all of Gaul. J.-B. Giard, Le monnayage de l’atelier de Lyon. Des origines au règne de Caligula (43 avant J.-C.-41 aprèsJ.-C.) has provided a list of the material minted in the name of the colony (pp. 69-74, no· 1-7), though no die study was made to estimate the volume of production. The chronology proposed here differs to some extent from Giard’s. 511 was ordered by L. Munatius Plancus after he had founded at Lugdunum a colony with ius romanum (Ch. Goudineau, ‘Note sur la fondation de Lyon’, Gallia, 1986/1, pp. 171-3). 512 and 513 are imperatorial coinages struck for Mark Antony, who became master of Gallia Comata and Cisalpine Gaul in November 43 b c . The name of the mint appears on 512 and, due to stylistic similarities, 513 was probably also minted in Lugdunum. The numbers XL and XLI on 512 and 513 seem certainly to refer to the age of Antony, probably born in 83 b c , and therefore date the series to 43 and 42 b c .

514 and 515 were dated by Giard to 28-27 b c , as he considered that they were struck at the same time as Mmes I ,i (522). But this date seems unlikely since: (1) in 28-27 b c , Augustus no longer claimed the heritage of Divus Julius in Gaul; (2) assuming that the coins of Copia and Nemausus represent the same denomination, it is curious that 514 and 515 weigh 3-4 g more than Nimes 522; and (3) 514 and 515 are not countermarked, with one exception (514/15). If these series circulated together with Nimes 1, 1, it is strange that the coins of Nimes were countermarked and not the Copia ones; moreover, the only countermark known on 514 is the same as the one applied on the coins of Narbonne, probably struck in 40 b c (518). Therefore, it seems better to return to the traditional date. Amandry (CENB, April-June 1986, pp. 27-34) has proposed to date 514 to 38 b c and 515 to 36 b c . 516 was dated by Giard precisely to the autumn of 40 b c , as he considered that it was ordered by Octavian to assert his auctoritas over the colony of Lyon and over Transalpine Gaul, which he had received after the Brindisi agreement of September 40. But it seems, rather, that 516 is a small denomination of 514 and 515, as is suggested by a com­ parison of Octavian’s portrait on 516 with those on 514-15. 516/4 was unknown to Giard and clearly shows a snake

G A U L : Lugdunum, Vienna (511-516)

under the bull. Grant’s assertion. that 516 was a com­ memorative issue minted for the half-centenary of the col­ ony in a d 7 is unlikely {FITA 208). Amandry, loc. at., supposed that 514-15 represented a dupondius, which would be compatible with the view that 516 was a semis (though it was not made of brass, as stated by Giard).

O c ta v ia n

38 B C ? 514

Bronze. 15m m , 3.00g ήτα

206-7,

G iard

(1).

Axis:

L eaded bronze. 30-2 m m , 20.99 g (2 5 )· Axis: var. FiTA 207, G iard 5 -6

IM P C A ESA R D IV I F D IV I IV L I; lau reate head of C aesar, 1., an d b are head o f O ctavian, r. C O P IA ; prow , w ith a dolphin; above, meta

L M u n a ti u s P la n c u s , e n d o f 4 3 B C 511

/5 /

Ï .J S W , 26.50; 2—14. See G ia rd 73, no. 5; 15. N Y , 28.23; 16. V idyL a u sa n n e 4 1 /1 139, 23.29; 17—18. R o an n e, 22.80, 20.83; Ι 9 · R W , 17.98; 2 0 - 2 1 . C oll. W (M ila n ), 19.68, 18.36; 22. Lyon V e rb e In c a rn é 256, 19.60; 2 3 . L G 038, 16.78; 2 4 . B ( = f i t a , pl. V II,2 2 : o b v .), 21.72; 2 5 . V a, 13.53. O n 24 a n d 25, th ere is a s ta r ab o v e th e h ea d o f C a e sa r {sidus

2.

1

Iulium ?).

C O P IA F E L IX ; tu rrete d head of the city goddess w ith cornucopia M V N A T IA ; a galloping bull, 1., checked by H ercules; in the field, r., a club i. P F 9914 (=

f it a

,

pi. V I I ,24), 3.00; 2. Coll. P. C . V ian ; 3 . P om m iers.

C o u n te rm ark : a cock w ith Q o n th e obv., o n 15.

3 6 BC? 515

L eaded bronze. 30-2 m m , 18.49g (56)· Axis: var. FiTA 207, G iard 7

As 5 1 4 , b u t a p alm -b ran ch betw een the heads C O P IA ; prow , w ith an eye an d a dolphin; above, meta and a star superim posed on a globe

M a r k A n to n y

December 43 512

BC

i . S a m t- G e r m a in - e n - L a y e M A N 2400, 16.49; 2—2 7 . See G ia rd 73—4, no. 7; 2 8 . B K assel, 22.96 (holed); 29. S tern b e rg X V /1 9 8 5 , 314, 22.18; 3 0 . B 28642, 21.65; 3 1 - 3 2 . M arseille, 20.01, 19.32; 3 3 . K a m p m a n n , coll. N icolas, 9 -1 0 /Π Ι/1 9 8 2 , 39, 19.90; 3 4 . R o an n e , 19.84; 3 5 . L G 037, 19.82; 3 6 . S ain t-G e rm an -en -L ay e M A N 2280, 19.62; 3 7 . B ourgey, 1617/V /1973, 249, 19.55; 38· B 6820, 19.43; 3 9 . N Y , 19.10; 4 0 . R W , 18.25; 4 1 . C o p 689, 18.97; 4 2 · B G an sau g e, 18.48; 4 3 . B L ö b b , 18.37; 4 4 . Spink, G en ev a, 1 5 -1 6 /II/1 9 7 7 , 227, 18.47; 45“ 47 · F o rm erly coll. Savès ( = A cta N um ism atica V I, 1976, 115—6, nos. 111—2, a n d 127, no. 48), 18.26, 17.67, 17.81; 4 8 . V 421, 18.12; 4 9 . P V , 17.50; 5 0 . N Y , 17.34; 5 1 . B, 17.10; 5 2 . B F ried laen d er, 17.10; 5 3 . B u rg an 6 /X II/1 9 8 6 , 426, 16.81; 5 4 . C oll. Lifchuz, 16.54; 5 5 . C o p 690, 15.81; 5 6 . O , 15.77; 57 · G (-F iT A , pl. V I I , 23: rev .); 5 8 . R W , 15.96.

AR. 12 m m , 1.70g (41)· Axis: var. G iard 2,

rrc

489/5

B ust of V ictory/F ulvia, r. Lion w alking, r.; below, L V G V ; above, D V N I; in field, A XL i . P 4 6 4 8 , 1.77; 2—4 2 . See G ia rd 70, 1-9 a n d 11-42.

42 B C 516 513

AE. 17m m , 5.31 g (1). Axis: ?.

A R. i 2 m m , 1.71g (32). Axis: var.

FiTA 208, G iard 4

G iard 3,

C A ESA R D IV I F; head of O ctav ian , r. C O P IA ; a galloping bull, r.; below, snake w ith erect head

rrc

489/6

I I I.V I R R .P.C .; b u st o f V ictory/F ulvia, r. Lion w alking, r.; above, A N T O N I; below, IM P ; in field, A XLI

i . E . B o u r g e y , c o ll. R é c a m ie r , 2—6 /1 1 1 /1 9 2 5 , 6 4 1 ; 2. F o rm erly coll. R o th elin ; 3. L yon, 5.31; 4. L a G ran g e-F ran g y ( = M ém oires de la Société d ’Histoire et d'Archéologie de Chalon-sur-Saône V ,i, 1866, 288, p i. V I, fig. 7).

i . P 4 6 5 8 A , 1.76; 3—3 3 . See G ia rd 71, 1-7 a n d 9-32.

Vienna The coinage signed G.I.V. is well known and very abundant. It was struck at Colonia Iulia Viennensis, where a colony with ins Latinum was founded in c. 50 b c . The ius romanum was bestowed on the colony by Augustus in 16—15 b c , when it became Colonia Iulia Augusta Florentia Vien­ nensis (on the history of the colony, see A. Pelletier, Vienne antique; Regula Frei-Stolba, ‘Zum Stadtrecht von Vienna’, Museum Helveticum, 1984, pp. 81-95). The date of its coinage is a matter of debate. But its date is in the thirties b c as stated by Dawson Kiang, ‘Colonia Iulia Viennensium’, SM, 1969, pp. 33—6, who believed that the portrait of Caesar derived from the group of marble portraits of Caesar known as the Campo SantoChiaramonti type, and not in the twenties b c .

This series is struck on flans with double-bevelled edges; its die axis is 12 o’clock; it recalls 515 of Copia, but it was made in a more careful manner, having the same types (but engraved by better artists) and the same weight. As the Copia coinage is dated here to 36 b c (?), the coinage of Vienna is dated accordingly. Amandry {CENB, April-June 1986, pp. 27-34) has argued that the denomination struck was a dupondius. Halved coins are known which would fit perfectly the new Augustan system as asses. Amandry and Barrandon (RIN, 1988, pp. 146-7) have provided analyses of this coinage.

/§2

G A U L : Vienna, Narbo, Nemausus (517-518)

3 6 BC?_____________________________________ 517

i . P 2 9 4 3 , 19.74; 2 - 6 . P 2938-42, 19.28, 19.89, 19.70, 19.90, 20.02; 7— 14. P 2 9 4 3 a-6 , 22.31, 20.09, 1 9 0 2 , 18.47, 19-73, 1 9 0 3 , 18.07, 19*59; x 5 · L 1847 8 - 2 0 -8 , 18.33; 16—17. L 1867-1—1-2253 a n d 2254, 18.75, χ9· ι8 — 2 0 . L 1 9 0 1 -5 -3 -1 6 3 to 165, 19.81, 17.44, 18.71; 2 1 - 2 3 . L G 0 2 7 -9 , 19.57, 20.93, 18.59; 2 4 -1 :0 4 . 81 specim ens fro m d ifferent p riv a te a n d p u b lic collections o r au ctio n s.

Bronze. 29-31 m m , 19.19g (104). Axis: 12. NZ 1902, 117-8, no. 26, pl. 6, 9 - 1 1

IM P C A E SA R D IV I F D IV I IV L I; b are heads of C aesar, L, an d O ctavian, r. C-I-V·; prow w ith su perstructure, r.

Narbo This issue of asses has been diversely attributed. In the past it was assigned to Vienne or Lyons. Grant, FITA, pp. 41-3, rightly pointed out that the coins originated from southern France and attributed the issue to Arelate as he had thought that a specimen in his own collection, now in C (518/128), included the letters AR; but this is wrong. A Narbonese origin has been demonstrated by the dis­ covery of a small hoard of the coins at Narbonne in 1973. Since then, J.-B. Giard, ‘La monnaie coloniale de Narbonne en 40 avant J.-G .’, RN, 1983, pp. 63—72, pl. X II—XVI and M. Amandry, J.-N. Barrandon and J.-Cl. Richard, ‘Notes de numismatique narbonnaise. V. Les as d’Octave à la proue émis à Narbonne en 40 avant J.-G.’, RAN, 1986, pp. 57-77, have gathered the material and tried to elucidate the historical context. The issue was probably minted in 40 b c , either in the spring/summer, when Octavian was present in Gaul, or in the autumn, when Agrippa took the command of Gallia Comata and the Provincia which Octavian had received after the Brindisi agreement of September 40 b c .

Analyses have been provided by Amandry and Bar­ randon, RIN, 1988, pp. 142—3.

O c ta v ia n 518

c. 40

BC

L eaded bronze. 2 8 -3 0 m m , 16.29g (160). Axis: var. ή τα

41-3, A m an d ry an d alii,

ran

1986, 57-77

CAESA R; head o f O ctavian, w ith a slight beard, r. Prow w ith su p erstru ctu re a n d m ast, r. I . O , 21.62; 2—1 2 5 . See M . A m an d ry a n d a lii , r a n 1986, 6 1 -3 , no. 1-124; 1 2 6 . O , 16.92; 1 2 7 . C 61-1 9 4 8 , 17.55; * * 8 . G ( = F iT A , pl. I I , n : rev .), 15.17; 1 29. C 62—1948 (tooled), 14.08; 1 3 0 —1 3 1 . P erp ig n a n , 17.84, 15.03; 1 3 2 - 1 3 5 . M o n tp ellie r, 17.20, 14.50, 14.45, 14 4 0 ; 1 3 6 - 1 3 7 . M arseille, 17.37, 14.83; 138. B a.B ., 17.17; 1 39. B 4415, 18.12; 1 4 0 . B, 13.61; 1 41. P o in sig n o n -P esce 4e V S O , 3 0 /V I/1 9 8 7 , 755, 21.62; 142. C oll. M . R oux, 21.14; x 43 · C oll. T h io llier, 13.90; 144—157. L e M as d ’A genais, 20.99, 20.41, 17.83, 16.76, 16.64, 15*12, 4 - 8 3 , 14.56, 14.52, 14.12, 13.66, 12.94, 12.92, 12.64; 158—164. R W , 18.56, 17.90, 16.83, 16.68, 16.51, 15 -5 7 s 4 ·5 4 ; 165—1 68. Lyons, 16.66, 15.08, 14.40, 12.79. C o u n te rm ark : a cock w ith Q , on the obv. (on 1 a n d on 30 o th e r specim ens).

Nemausus The coinage of Colonia Nemausus (Nimes) has been the centre of much debate. Two periods must be considered here: the Triumviral and the Augustan.

The Triumviral period It seems that a colony with tus Latinum was founded by Tiberius Nero in 45 or 44 b c . The new colony struck a local coinage with a silver obol (519) and two bronze series (5201). This coinage was studied by Giard =J.-B. Giard, ‘Le monnayage antique de Mmes’, Ecole Antique de Nimes, 1971— 2, pp. 47-60 (with full bibliography on p. 47, n. 1). It is difficult to date this coinage precisely, but a date of c. 40 b c seems likely. The silver obol is slightly lighter than the obol struck at Gabellio under Lepidus in 44-43 b c (528). The two denominations in bronze seem to cor­ respond to a semis (520) and a quadrans (521). But it is uncertain to which system they fit. G. Rogers, RN, 1986, pp. 83-93, has recently argued that it was a special system in use only in the Provincia, but this view needs to be con­ firmed by more metrological data (see also p. 147). The coinage of the Volcae is not considered here as its date is uncertain, but it was probably struck in the second quarter of the first century b c (for a survey of this coinage, see Giard, loc. cit., pp. 58-9, no. 3-5).

The Augustan period Under Augustus the famous series with COL NEM and a crocodile was initiated. This coinage had an ambitious scope and, even if Nemausus was not an imperial mint, its production was so abundant that it earned this distinction. Much has been written on the subject by H. Willers, NZ, 1902, pp. 120-32; Grant, FITA, pp. 70-9, 114-15; C.M . Kraay, ‘The Chronology of the Coinage of Colonia Nemausus’, NC 1955, pp. 76-86; and J.-B. Giard, ‘Nimes sous Auguste’, SM, 1971, pp. 68-73. The coinage raises different problems which must be briefly examined here: problems of typology, chronology and denomination.

Typology On the obverse is IM P DIVI F with two heads, facing outwards: the left head has a rostral crown and represents Agrippa; the right head represents Augustus. These coins are usually divided into three main groups: on 522—3, Augustus is bare; on 524, Augustus is laureate; on 525, Augustus is laureate and the letters P P have been added. On the reverse is a crocodile chained to a palm with the legend COL NEM. The exact symbolism of this type has

G A U L : Nemausus (519-523)

been debated. It obviously recalls the conquest of Egypt, and might indicate the settlement of veterans in Nimes after 30 B C . The presence of the palm is more ambiguous: does it recall Actian Apollo, as stated by D. Roman, ‘Apollon, Auguste et Nimes’, RAN, 1981, pp. 207-14? It should be noticed that it already figured on the coinage of the Volcae and on 521. For other interpretations, see M. Christol and Ch. Goudineau, ‘Nimes et les Volques Arécomiques au Ier siècle avant J.-C .’, Gallia, 1987-8, pp. 99-101. The legend COL NEM recalls the juridical status of Nimes. The full title of the colony was Colonia Augusta Nemausus. Nimes was an oppidum Latinum and, under Augustus, became a colony with full privileges and was given 24 oppida latina formerly belonging to the Volcae. The problem is to date this change of status. Did it occur in 27 B e when Augustus was in Gaul? Did it occur in 16-15 BC when Augustus offered Nimes its walls and its doors? The second solution is favoured by A. Chastagnol, Annales de Bretagne, 1966, p. 195, and Ghristol-Goudineau, loc. cit., pp. 99-103, whereas the first has gained more support.

153

they were not made of brass, but of bronze. Their value was, in fact, indicated by the presence of two heads on the obverse of the coin, one head meaning the value of an as.

Conclusion The Nemausus coinage was produced in very abundant quantities and circulated widely (see FIT A, p. 71 and nn. 113). It has a number of countermarks studied by R. Majurel, ‘Les contremarques sur as nimois’, Ogam, 1965, pp. 243-78. Halves and quarters are also very frequent. Some coins look like pigs’ legs (526). On these, see Goudard, Notice sur les médailles dites pieds de sanglier ( 1880). They are exceptional and probably represent votive offerings. c . 40 B C _______________________________________ 519

A R (obol). 10-11 m m , 0 .3 9 g (13)· Axis: var. G iard 59, no. 6 H elm eted an d d rap ed bust, r. N E M C O L ; in a w reath

Chronology It is accepted here that the striking of the first group ( 5 2 2 3 ) began in c. 2 7 b c and ended at the latest in 9 b c , as the Port-Haliguen hoard (RN, 1 9 6 7 , pp. 1 1 9 - 3 9 , pi. X III— XIX), probably deposited in 8 b c , included eight mint state coins of the second group ( 5 2 4 ) . Therefore the striking of 5 2 4 probably began in 9 - 8 b c and ended at the latest in 3 b c as the title Pater Patriae, which Augustus received in 2 b c , figures on the third group ( 5 2 5 ) . The striking of this group might have begun in 2 b c , but more probably in a d 1 0 , when Lyons resumed its production of bronze coinage (RIC 23ia-48b). This chronology seems to be confirmed by the hoard of La Villeneuve-au-Châtelot ( Trésors Monétaires VI, 1 9 8 2 , pp. 9 - 9 2 ) which was deposited in a d 9 - 1 0 and did not include any Nimes group III ( 5 2 5 ) .

i . P 2 7 2 2 ( = L u y n es 764), 0.49; 2—6. P 2717-21, 0.37, 0.32, 0.42. 0.42, 0 . 36; 7 - 8 . P 2723-4, 0.36, 0.29; 9 - 1 2 . L 597-600, 0.46, 0.43. 0.37, 0.33; 13. C o p 691, 0.45; 14. V 481, 0.20. 520

AE. i5 - i6 m m , 2.22g (21). Axis: var. G iard 59-60, no. 7 H elm eted an d d rap ed bust, r.; behind, S N E M C O L ; H y g eia/V aletu d o /S alu s standing, L, left arm on a colum n, holding p a te ra over two snakes 1. P 2 7 3 5 , 2.50; 2—6 . P 2729-34, 2.23, 2.17, i . 81, 2.13, 1.62, 2.09; 7— 10. P 2736-9, 2.23, 2.65, 2.48, i . 81; i i . P Y 23627, 1.50; 12—21. L 192534, 2.12, 2.47, 2.21, 1.92, 2.27, 2.08, 2.03, 1.68, 2.55, 2.07; 2 2 —23. C o p 692—3, 2.14, 2.37; 24—25. M u SNG 4 3 1 -2 , 2.85, 2.45; 26—2 7 . V 483 -4 , 1.72, i . 61.

521

AE. i j - q m m , 1.19g (5)· Axis: var. G iard 60, no. 8 H elm eted an d d rap ed bust, r.; behind, Q N E M C O L ; inverted u rn betw een two palm s

Denomination

i . L 1 9 3 5 , 1-25; 2—5. P 2725-8, 1.18, 1.18, 1 .12, 1.24.

The coins of Nemausus (522—5) have generally been regarded as asses. The first group (522-3) can be divided into two series. Series 522 is heavy and struck on large flans, whereas the weight of 523 is lower. The weight of the different series is as follows: 522 523 524 525

28—9 m m , 27 mm, 27m m, 28m m,

c . 2 7 B C ___________________________________________________ 522

IM P D IV I F; above and below heads of A grippa to 1. a n d A ugustus to r. back to back; A grippa w ears a rostral crow n com bined w ith a laurel w reath; A ugustus is bare-headed C O L N E M ; to 1. a n d r. of a p alm to w hich a crocodile is chained; above p alm , w reath w ith long ties

16.74g ( 3 1* ) 12.50g (84) 13.27g (194) 12.85g (24)

The weight of 522 is lighter than the coinage of Arausio (?) (533), and was probably struck in c. 27 b c when Augustus was in Gaul. The striking of the coinage of Nemausus was resumed after the introduction of the new monetary Augustan system and the weight of series 523, though slightly light, corresponds to the theoretical weight of a dupondius. The weight of 524 perfectly suits the Augustan dupondius. As the mint of Lugdunum produced, between 10 and 7 b c (?), copper asses which circulated together with Nemausan coins, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the ‘crocodiles’ were intended to pass as dupondii, even if

Bronze. 2 8 -g m m , 16.74g ( 3 1)· Axis: var. Ric 154

i . P 2 7 9 9 , 17.29; 2—3 1 . Specim ens from v ario u s collections a n d h o ard s.

c. / 6 7 75 ( ? ) - i o 523

BC

B ronze/leaded bronze. 27m m , 12.50g (84). Axis: var. r ic

155-7

As 53a i . P 2 7 7 3 , 11.93; 2—8 5 . L a V illen eu v e-a u -C h âte lo t; 8 6 —9 3 . 94— 1 04. L; 1 0 5 —1 07. C o p 696-8; 108—1 17. T ü b in g e n 142-51; 118—1 3 1 . V 485-98.

c . 9 / 8 - 3 BC___________________________ _________ Bronze. 27m m , 13.27g (194)· Axis: var.

524

c. A D 525

1 0 -1 4

Bronze. 2 8m m , 12.85g (24). Axis: var.

Ric 158

r ic

As 522—3, b u t A ugustus has a laurel w reath

As

i . P 2 8 0 7 , 12.79; 2—1 9 5 . L a V illen eu v e-a u -C h âte lo t; 196—2 0 5 . P; 2 0 6 — 2 2 2 . L; 22 3 . C o p 699; 224—2 3 0 . T ü b in g e n 152-8; 2 3 1 -2 3 2 . V 499-500.

i . P 2 7 5 9 E (= D ’Ailly 17459), 13-54; 2 -2 4 · P; 2 5 - 4 2 . L ; 4 3 - 4 4 . C o p 700-1; 4 5 - 5 1 . T ü b in g en 160-6; 5 2 —5 7 . V 501 -6 .

159-61 524,

b u t P P to 1. an d r. o f the heads

526

As 5 2 2 —5, b u t in the form o f a pig’s leg i . P 2 8 3 9 ; 2. L 1 8 6 7 -1 -1 -2 2 4 6 ; 3 . C o p 702.

Cabellio Cabellio (Cavaillon) struck a silver coinage under the governorship of Lepidus in 44-42 b c . This coinage consists mainly of obols (528), but a hemidrachm is also known

528

BN 2544-9 As

( 5 2 7 )·

Bronze coins, with the legend COL CABE, are also known (529—30). Series 530 is dated precisely to 23 b c , as Augustus is consul for the eleventh time. Blanchet, Traité, p. 439, following Hirschfeld, CIL X II, p. 136, considered that Cabellio became a colony and received the ius Latinum under Augustus. But Rogers, RN, 1986, p. 87, supposed that the founder of the colony was Lepidus and that the absence of COL on 527—8 is by no means an argument against this proposition. The parallel with the foundation coinage of Lugdunum (511) supports his position. 529 could therefore be dated to the years 40—30 b c , as it is similar in size and weight (though slightly lighter) to 520 struck at Nemausus in c. 40 b c . 529 might be a semis, as Nemausus 520, and 530 is a quadrans of exactly the same weight as Nemausus 521. But a quadrans of 1.19 g struck in 23 b c does not ht in the Augustan system. Rogers, loc. cit., therefore thought a spe­ cial metrological system was in use in the Provincia, but see also p. 147.

527

!· p 2547, 0.48; 2 -4 · p 2544-6. ° - 3 4 . 0 -4 5 . 0 -4 3 ; 5~ 6 · p 2 54 8 -9 ( = L 6 8 5 -6 ), 0.45, 0.47; 7—10. L 6 0 2 -5 , ° · 5 °> ° - 5 4 > °· 4 Ι > ° · 4 7 > Ι Τ · C o p 684, 0.37; 12. V 4 ! 6 j °·4 7·

c. 4 0 - 3 0 529

BC?

AE. i4 - i6 m m , 1.96g (46). Axis: var. BN 2563-85 C O L ; helm eted head, r. CABE; head of Apollo, r.; all in a w reath o f m yrtle i . P 2 5 7 3 , 1.96; 2—13. P 2563-72, 1.74, 1.97, i . 51, 2.26, 2.01, 1.93, 1.89, 1.87, 2.16, 1.92, 2.25; 1 4 - 2 6 . P 2574-85, 1.82, 1.80, 1.83, r . 75, 2.09, 2.49, I-9 T : -99> *1· 6 ι, 1.85, 1.64, 2.18, 2.08; 27—3 7 . L 19 3 6 -4 6 , 2.08, 2.14, 1.85, 1.74, 2.08, 1.80, 2.05, 1 .18, 3.14, i . 91, 1.99; 38—3 9 . C o p 685 -6 , 2.01, 1.36; 4 0 —4 2 . M u SNG 3 4 4 -6 , 2.19, 1.85, 2.14; 4 3 —4 6 . V 4 1 7 -2 0 , 1.70, 1.55, 2.36, 2.22

A u g u s tu s 2 3 BC 530

L e p id u s , 4 4 - 4 2 B C

A R (obol). 10-11 m m , 0.45 g ( I2 )· Axis: var.

AE. 13m m , 1.19g (24 )· Axis: var. BN 2550-62

527

A R (hem idrachm ). 13 m m , 0 .9 7 g (2)· Axis: 6. [ 2 coins, i obv. die ]

C O L CABE; tu rre te d head o f Tyche, r.; below, three dots IM P C A ESA R A V G V S T C O S X I; cornucopia

B lanchet,

I. P 2 5 5 6 , 1.35; 2 - 7 . P 255 0 -5 , 1.50, 1.11, 1.34, 0.98, 1.22, 0.87; 8 - 1 3 . P 2557-62 ( = L 6 9 2 -7 ), 1.26, 1.39, 1.20, 1.16, 1 .18, i . 21; 14. P 2562/1, 1.08; 15. P C ô te 99, 1.12; 16—2 2 . L 1947-53, ° - 9 3 > J -3 r > 1-52, 1.30, 1.34, 0.80; 2 3 . C o p 687, 1.25; 2 4 . M u SNG 347, 1.02.

t r a it é ,

439, I I I , 23

GABE; head o f Apollo, r. LE P I; cornucopia; all in w reath i . V 4 1 5 , 1.10; 2. L 601, 0.83.

Antipolis The city of Antipolis (Antibes) struck a bronze coinage when Lepidus was governor of Narbonensis in 44-43 b c . Antipolis gained the Latin right at a date which is not yet certain, but Grant, FIT A 390-1 and Rogers, RN, 1986, pp. 83-7, have plausibly argued that the city obtained this right from Lepidus. Rogers has demonstrated that two different series were struck, each with different technical characteristics. One (531) is struck on cast flans, and the second (532) on round flans. The two series share common types (diademed head

of Venus/Victory crowning a trophy), but the only obverse legend of 531 is ΙΣΔΕΜ, whereas different names occur on the obverse of 532. Different restorations of the legend of 531 have been tried: Blanchet, Traité, p. 442, following La Saussaye, pro­ posed [Ε]ΙΣ ΔΗΜ(ον) ΑΝΤΙΠ(ολιτων) ΛΕΠ(ιδος), a curious formula implying that this series was issued by Lepidus in honour of the people of Antipolis. On the other hand, Grant’s explanation - [ΚΤ]ΙΣ(την) ΔΗΜ(ος) ANTI Π(ολίτων) ΛΕΠ(ιδον) - though more orthodox, lacks any

G A U L : Antipolis, Arausio (?), Forum Iulii {531-533)

confirmation: no trace of the first two supposed letters KT can be found even on the best-preserved specimens. The best solution seems to dissociate the obverse and the reverse legends. ΙΣΔΕΜ is probably a name, like the different names on 532.

i . P 2 1 8 2 , 2.42; 2—4 . P 2179-81, 3.40, 2.34, 2.39; 5—6. P 218 3 -4 , 2.84, 1.95; 7—8. P 2 1 9 9-200 (= L u y n e s 6 2 3 -4 ), 1.85, 1.21; 9. P 2188, 1.18; 10. L 1954, 2.28. 532

AE. io - i3 m m , 2.40g (11). Axis: var. Different nam es, diadem ed head of V enus, r. As 5 3 1 a - A I.M A i: i . P 2185, 2.11; 2. P 2187, 2.66; b - ΑΝΤΪ: 1. P 2206 ( = L u y n es 630), 2.13; c - KAVI: 1. P 2195, 2.25; d —ΛΑΚΑ: i . C o p 857, 1.93; e - ΛΑ.ΤΕ: i . P 2 1 9 6 , 2.21; f - Ν Ι Δ Ι : C o p 856, 2.05; g - ΠΑΚΟΡ: i . P 2193, 2.94; 2. P 2203 ( = L u y n es 627), 3.13; 3. C o p 858, 2.39; h TEP.AIM: i . F réju s; i - ΤΙ.Δ.ΚΟΡ: 1. P 2194, 2.50.

4 4 - 4 3 B C a n d la te r 531

755

AE. 15m m , 2.25g (10). Axis: var. BN 2179-84, FiTA 390 ΙΣΔΕΜ; diadem ed head of V enus, r. Α ΝΤ(Ι)(Π ) ΛΕΠΙ; V ictory crow ning a trophy

Arausio (?) 533 used to be attributed to Lyon or Vienne, but there is no resemblance to the issues of either colony (514-15; 517)· On the other hand, there are many similarities with the first issue ofNimes, the so-called ‘heavy’ series (Nîmes 1, 1: 522): the flans are of the same size (27-8 mm as against 32 mm for the coins of Lyon and Vienne), while the legend and the style are also the same. These features were probably what led Grant, FITA, pp. 208-10, to look for a possible mint in the Provincia, and, with some hesitation, he ultimately selected Orange (Col­ onia Firma Julia Secundanorum Arausio). Grant accepted Blanchet’s suggestion that the disc above the prow con­ tained a ram’s head and that this was the emblem of the veterans of the legio II Gallica which founded the colony, probably in 35 b c . The specimen in the Avignon museum (533/31) published by G. de Loye (‘Note sur le médaillon de la monnaie coloniale romaine attribuée à Orange’, Cahiers Numismatiques, 1988, pp. 357-67), which is in excellent con­ dition, would appear to confirm this hypothesis. The link between the ram’s head and the legio II Gallica still needs to be explained, and Grant had to admit that he was unable to do so. The attribution to Orange is therefore not entirely certain although the mint must have been somewhere in the Pro­ vincia: most of the finds have come from the area and the coins are plentiful in the Nimes and Carpentras museums and in private collections in Avignon. Arles, Béziers or even Narbonne itself are equally likely. The issue is slightly heavier than Nimes 1, 1 (=522). The

ram ’s head issue must have been struck before 28-27 b c , the generally accepted date of Nimes 522, for two reasons: its weight (higher although the face value is the same) and the fact that Agrippa does not yet wear the corona navalis, unlike Nimes 522. The issue may date from 30 to 29 b c when Agrippa and Maecenas were in charge of the Empire in Rome. Amandry (CENB, April-June 1986, pp. 26 and 30) has argued that the denomination struck was a dupondius. Halved coins are known which might have passed for asses under the new Augustan system. 533

Bronze. 2 7 -8 m m , 17.37g (73). Axis: var. ή τα

208-10, RN 1984, 77-84

IM P D IV I F; bare heads of A ugustus, r., an d A grippa, 1. Prow w ith su perstructure, r.; on the prow , ‘eye’; above, m edallion enclosing a ra m ’s head? i . C o ll. L a ffa ille ; 2—26. See G iard , r n 1984, 77—8; 27—29. F o rm erly coll. H . M iiller, 22.90, 17.59 (h o led ), 14.18; 3 0 . C oll. E rsk in e, 19.06; 3 1 . A vignon 521, 18.93; 32- 34 · N im es, 18.69, ΐ 7 ·7 5 > T7 -7 3 ; 35 “ 3 7 . C a rp e n tra s , 18.50, 17.90, 16.90; 3 8 . B F ox, 18.28; 3 9 . B L öbb, 17.74; 4 0 . M ailh ac (A u d e), 18.24 (holed); 4 1 . L 1901-5—3—239, 18.17; 4 2 · P V (ex S pink G eneva, 1 5 -1 6 /II/1 9 7 7 , 228), 18.14; 4 3 . F o n tain e des C h a rtre u x (Lot) ( = J .- L . D esn ier, M é ta l Pensant, 1988/1, 143), 18.13; 44 * P oinsignon, coll. R. H eitz, 4 /X II/1 9 8 5 , 241, 18.11; 4 5 —4 8 . C oll. V .M . (A vignon), 18.00, 17.90, 17.85, 17.80; 4 9 —5 0 . C oll. M aju re l, 17.99, 17.01; 5 1* V 512, 17-96; 5 2 —5 6 . C oll. J .L . (A vignon), 17.90, 17.45, 17-40, 16.65; 57. K lag 82, 17.87; 5 8 . P o n sig n o n a n d Pesce 3e V S O , 9 /V I/1 9 8 6 , 476, 17.82; 5 9 . C oll. H .N . (A vignon), 17.79; 6 0 . M arseille, 17.74; 6 1 . N em o u rs, 17.70; 6 2 . G ap , 17.63; 6 3 . R W , 17.56; 6 4 . P 4664c, 17.41; 6 5 . P D elep ierre, 17.08 (h oled); 6 6 . L 1 9 0 1 -5 -3 -1 6 1 , 16.76; 6 7 . C oll. P etit (D ijon), 16.72; 6 8 . S ain t-O m er 55, 16.46; 69,. Peus 316/1986, 9, 16.36; 70. O rléan s, 15.80; 7 1 . B o u lo g n e-su r-M er, 15.66; 7 2 . C ilhes (H é ra u lt), 15.23; 7 3 . M i, 13.48; 7 4 . V en ice A rch eo lo g ical M u se u m 3847, 11.85; 75— 7 7 . L yons, 18.21, 18.03,

Forum Iulii The city of Forum Iulii (Fréjus) was probably founded by Caesar after Massilia was defeated in 49 b c . It became a very important military harbour where, after Actium, Augustus sent the 300 warships which he had captured. It was probably on that occasion that the city became Forum Iulii Octavanorum colonia and was called Pacensis and Classica (Pliny, NH III, 35). Excavations conducted since 1975 have unearthed

important numismatic material among which are 55 unins­ cribed bronzes, of types previously unknown. These coins have been studied by Deroc = A. Deroc, ‘Les monnaies col­ oniales de Forum Julii (Fréjus)’, Mélanges Colbert de Beaulieu, 1987, pp. 285-93. They consist of two different series (534-5). To these series may be added a series of silver coins discovered in the vicinity of Fréjus (536).

G. Rogers and D. Brentchaloff, BSFN, 1979, pp. 560-2, and Deroc have argued that these coins were struck at Forum Iulii. This seems plausible and the date they pro­ pose, c. 31-27 B C , is perfectly suitable. 534

535

Deroc, 288 an d fig. 4 L au reate head, r. C apricorn w ith cornucopia, r.

AE. 10-12 m m , 2.20-2.30 g (53). Axis: var.

1—2. F réjus.

D eroc, 288 an d fig. 3

536

Prow w ith rostra, 1 . C apricorn w ith globe, r. I.

A E. io - i4 m m , 2.20g (2). Axis: ?.

A R (drachm ). i2 - i6 m m , 2.22g (3). Axis: var. Deroc, 289 an d fig. 5 Prow w ith rostra, 1. C apricorn, r.; below, O

F r é ju s 5 8 6 ; 2—5 3 . F réjus.

1—3. P riv ate coll.

Uncertain (Tiberius) 537 is described in the new edition of RIC, whereas 538 is not. But these series must be considered together, as stated by Grant, RAI, pp. 61-2. M. Amandry, BSFN, 1988, pp. 327-30, has pointed out that 537 and 538 have a common obverse die. This issue depicts Divus Augustus, Tiberius and Livia, and was struck after a d 22—3, as the reverse of 538 imitates the dupondii with the Pietas type struck at Rome in a d 22-3 (RIC 43). Livia is here assimilated to Ceres. This issue does not have any of the characteristics of the Rome mint and is probably provincial. As the specimen in B (538/1) was found in the vicinity of Trier, Grant (RAI, p. 62) proposed that the mint should be located in Gallia Comata. There is also a resemblance between these coins and the mysterious coin of Divus Augustus inscribed TA on the reverse (5431). 537 was intended to be a sestertius. Although 538 has the same size as 537, it was perhaps a dupondius, as it is half the weight.

G a llia C o m a ta ? 537

Brass. 30-1 m m , 28.99g (2). Axis: 12. Ric 70, BFSN 1988, 327-30

D IV V S A V G V S T V S P A TE R ; ra d ia te head o f D ivus A ugustus, 1.; above, star Bare head o f T iberius in an oak w reath, 1. i . N Y ( = A N S A n n u a l Report, 1979, 15 a n d f i g . 9), 28.48; 2. C o p ( = n c 1941, 103-4, n · *13> pi· I*11 — R a i , pi. I ,io ) , 29.50. i a n d 2 from th e sam e p a ir o f dies, a n d fro m th e sam e ob v erse die as 538/1. 538

B rass (?). 30-410111, 15.13g (1). Axis: 12. G ran t,

r a i,

pi. I I , 1, b s f n 1988, 327-30

As 5 3 7 D iadem ed an d veiled head o f Livia in a w reath of corn, 1. i. B R a u c h (= 5 3 i / t - 2·

r a i,

pi. I I , i ) , 15.13. 1 from th e sam e o b v erse die as

ITALY (AND CI SALPI NE GAUL) Cat. no.

Introduction Clovius Oppius Paestum Cn Piso Frugi Divos Iulius

601 602-3 604-18 6 iq

620-1

Page 07 07

08 08 160 161

During the period from the Hannibalic War, the currency of Italy had comprised almost entirely of the silver and bronze minted at Rome (and catalogued by M. H. Craw­ ford, Roman Republican Coinage). This had been supplemen­ ted by very small issues of bronze from some of the cities and colonies in Italy, especially in the second century b c (for these, see A. M. Burnett, AIIN 29 (1982), pp. 125fr. and M. H. Crawford, CMRR, p. 71). By the first century hardly any ‘civic’ coinage was still being produced, perhaps only at Paestum, Heraclea and Velia. In the period covered by this catalogue only Paestum continued to mint coins, and bronze semisses are known down to the reign of Tiberius. These issues, however, marked the end of local coinage in Italy. During the period of the civil wars a few other isolated issues had been made in Italy (601-3, 619-21), all produced

probably in the forties and thirties b c . Some of these issues were important, since two of them saw the introduction of orichalcum coinage to the west (Clovius and Oppius), while some of them were on a very large scale (Clovius and par­ ticularly Divos Iulius), representing the only large issues of base metal currency made in Italy between Sulla and the Augustan reform of c. 23 b c . The following issues included as Italian by Grant, FIT A, have been attributed elsewhere: (1) asses of Atratinus for Antony (FIT A 37: ‘Italy (Brundisium?)’): to uncertain of Asia (2226); (2) Antony’s ‘fleet coinage’ (FITA 43: ‘Taren­ tum ?’). The three series are given here to the Peloponnese (Atratinus, 1453-6), Greece (Oppius, 1672-70) and Cyprus or Syria (Bibulus, 4088-93); (3) the unique coin in L with a portrait of Agrippa and a triskeles (FITA 46—7: ‘Puteoli (?)’) is regarded here as a forgery.

Clovius Grant (FITA 7) attributed the orichalcum coins of Clovius to ‘Mediolanum (?)’, on the basis of various Italian and Swiss or south German provenances. S. Cesano (Rend. Pont. Acc. Arch, 1947-9) subsequently suggested that Clovius was an urban prefect, while A. Alfoldi (Mélanges Carcopino, pp. 30-1) thought that he was a naval prefect in Cyrenaica. The provenances given by Grant, and some further Italian ones (AIIN 29, 1982, p. 131, n. 38), exclude Alfoldi’s view; the finds seem to concentrate on northern Italy and Switzer­ land and so marginally support Grant’s attribution rather than Cesano’s. Crawford (RRC 476) pointed out that one would expect an urban prefect to be called PRAEF VRB, and preferred to leave the question of mint open. Northern Italy seems very likely, whether or not a precise attribution to Milan is correct. The probable date of Caesar’s third dictatorship, April 46-April 45, seems to reduce the likelihood of Grant’s identification of Clovius with the Cluvius known to have been supervising land allotments in 45 b c (Cicero, Fam. X III.7) As Crawford says (RRC, p. 94, n. 1), the nature of Clovius’s prefecture is best left open.

The similar coin in L = BMCRR 4124 with the reverse inscription L PLANCVS PRAEF VRB is a forgery (see M. Bahrfeldt, NZ igog, p. 83). As for the designs, Victory was commonly used by Caesar (RRC, p. 736 and n. 6); S. Weinstock, Divus Julius, pp. 99, 376-7, saw in the star a reference to the victory at Pharsalus. C C lo v i p r a e f, 4 6 - 4 5 B C 601

Brass. 2 7 -8 m m , 14.91g (99). Axis: 12. FITA 7, RRC 476, B ahrfeldt,

nz

[ 29 ]

1909, 78

C A ESA R D IC T E R ; d rap ed b u st o f V ictory, r.; (behind, star) C C L O V I PR A E F; M inerva standing, 1., w ith tro phy and spear an d shield; before, snake N o star: i . L = b m c r r 4 1 2 5 ; 2—7 2 . See B ah rfeld t; star: 7 3 . L = B M C R R 4 1 2 7 ; 7 4 —99· See B ah rfeld t. See also E. A. S y d en h am , Coinage o f the Rom an Republic , nos. 1025—6. M eta l analysis: 71% C u , 2 8 -9 % Z n (2 specim ens: see B ah rfeld t 84).

Oppius This issue was fully catalogued and listed by M. Bahrfeldt, NZ, 1909, pp. 80-4, but since then there has been much discussion of the origin and date of this issue, and indeed the identity of the Q. Oppius who signs it (W. V. Voigt, JIAN 13, 1911, pp. 24-8; H. Willers, Geschichte der römischen Küpferprägung, pp. 105-7; M. Grant, FITA 61-2; Μ. H. Crawford, RRC, no. 550). The alternative hypotheses are to attribute it to (1) Asia Minor (perhaps Laodicea), identify­ ing Oppius as the governor of Cilicia in 8 8 b c (Crawford, very tentatively, followed by E. Badian, ANSMN, 1984, p. 99), (2) to Italy in the time of Caesar, linking the issue with that of Clovius (Bahrfeldt), or (3) to Antioch in 33—31 b c (Grant). Crawford in RRC marginally favoured the first alterna­ tive, and this attribution received some support from metal analyses which showed that the use of brass was well established in Asia Minor in the first century b c (P. Crad­ dock, A. Burnett and K. Preston, ‘Hellenistic copper-based coinage and the origins of brass’, Scientific Studies in Numis­ matics (ed. W .D. Oddy, 1980), pp. 53-64, and A. M. Burnett, P. Craddock and K. Preston, ‘New light on the origins of orichalcum’, Proc, gth Int. Num. Congress (ed. T. Hackens and R. Weiller, 1982), pp. 263-8. Greater significance, however, should attach to the evidence of provenances, and until recently there seemed to be two (see RRC): the piece in P (Wa 7450) was said to come from Cilicia, while the Gnecchi piece (in R) was sup­ posed to come from Rome. Neither provenance was very strong and they were, of course, contradictory. There is now, however, more evidence about provenance, since another Italian provenance has been reported, from the excavations at Ordona (S. Scheers and J. Van Heesch, ‘Les monnaies. . . ’, in Ordona VIII. Rapports et études (ed. J. Mertens, 1988), p. 242, no. 95). There are therefore now two Italian (against one Cilician) finds, and this seems to favour an attribution to Italy, confirming the evidence of

fabric (the issue is very similar in appearance and metrology to the coins of Clovius; cf. Bahrfeldt, p. 81). Thus an attribution to an uncertain mint in Italy is followed here. As for the date, the analogy of the coin of Clovius sug­ gests that the coin of Oppius is also Caesarian in date, though the identity of the praetor (the natural expansion of PR, rather than praefectus or proconsul) Oppius is quite uncertain. (As for the presence of a capricorn, as a symbol, this presumably is an astral rather than a possibly Augustan symbol, in view of the ram.)

0 Oppius pr, forties 602

BC?

Brass. 27 m m , 13.46 g (45). Axis: 11. ή τα

[ 22 ]

43, RRC 550, B ahrfeldt, nz 1909, 80

D iadem ed head o f V enus, r.; (symbol) Q O P P IV S PR; V ictory advancing, 1., holding palm b ra n c h a n d bowl o f fruit; (symbol) i . L = b m c r r 4 1 3 3 ; 2 . L = BMCRR 4 1 3 2 ; 3 —4 1 . See B ah rfeld t. T h e follow ing o b v erse/rev erse sym bols h av e been rep o rted : s ta r in cresce n t/(R R C 2a); cresce n t/- (R R C 2b); c re s c e n t/th u n d e rb o lt (R R C 2c, B ah rfeld t c); c a p ric o rn /th u n d e rb o lt (R R C 2d, B ah rfeld t d ); c a p ric o rn /v in e -le a f (R R C 2e); crescen t a n d c a p ric o rn /th u n d e rb o lt (R R C 2f, B ah rfeld t e); - /th u n d e rb o lt (B ah rfeld t b ). M e ta l analyses: 1-. 79% C u , 20% Z n; 2. 84% C u , 15% Z n (B ah rfeld t, N Z , 1909, p. 84).

6 0 2 A 2 4 m m , 11.25 g. As 602, b u t V ictory facing, holding w reath and p alm (no symbols) i . S e e B a h r f e l d t T a f . I .1 7 ; 2—3 . See B ah rfeld t, nos. 4 6 -8 = r r c 550/1. O n ly th re e ex am p les kn o w n , all o f w h ich are slightly sm aller a n d lig h ter th a n 6 0 3 a n d 6 0 2 . 603

See 602.

[ 5 ]

As 6 0 2 , b u t head, 1. 1—4 . See B ah rfeld t; 5 , See C raw fo rd . T h e follow ing o b v erse/rev erse sym bols h av e b een rep o rted : s ta r/- (R R C 3a, B ah rfeld t); s ta r a n d r a m ’s h e a d /- (R R C 3b); v in e /le af/- ( R R C 3c).

Paestum The colony or municipium of Paestum (for its status, see L. Keppie, Roman Colonies in Italy, pp. 154-5) was one of the few communities in Italy to produce a coinage during the last two centuries of the Republic (A. Burnett, AIIN 29, 1982, pp. 125ÎL); this coinage has been fully catalogued by M. H. Crawford, ‘The form and function of a subsidiary coinage’, in ‘La Monetazione di bronzo di Poseidonia-Paestum (1Suppi. AIIN XVIII-XIX, 1973). The exact chronology of the Republican issues is not, however, certain, and some of the later ones may even have been produced in the reign of Augustus, for instance the coins of Mineia M. f. with her Livian hairstyle (Crawford no. 38). This issue and that of M. Nun and L. Suei (Crawford no. 37) are also linked to the imperial coinage by the use of the formula P S S C; in the case of the latter, these letters are spaced around the obverse head, like group (ii) below, and it is possible that it

may represent an issue for Livia made under Tiberius. These coins are not, however, included here; nor are the anonymous quadrantes with oil jar (Crawford no. 8, below), which there seems no obvious reason to assign to the imperial period. The imperial coinage has been described by Grant, APT, pp. 1-4, and fully documented by Crawford = M. H. Craw­ ford, AIIN 23-4 (1977), pp. 151-9. A sequence of groups can be established on formal grounds: (i) bare heads with lituus (604-5); (ii) laureate heads with lituus (606-9); and (iii) laureate heads surrounded by the letters PS SC (6ιο­ ί 8). As the first issue of (i) (604) copies Rome bronzes of Tiberius, it must obviously be Tiberian in date. If the sequence (i), then (ii), then (iii) is correct, then the single issue (605) of group (ii) must also be Tiberian. It should be observed, however, that the portrait looks more like

I T A L Y : Paestum (604-610)

Augustus, for whatever this is worth, and that there is no particularly strong reason why an issue with laureate heads should not precede the two with bare heads. It was regarded as Augustan by Garrucci cxxiii. 18-9 and Mionnet 6.587, followed by Münsterberg, Beamtennamen. For the time being, however, the issue is left under Tiberius, with appropriate reservations. Most of the remaining issues can be securely dated to Tiberius’s reign from the fact that they are signed by a flamen Tiberii Caesaris Augusti. The two remaining issues (613-18) have very similar obverses, and so, too, are also probably Tiberian. There is, however, no obvious way of establishing the order of 610-18, unless it is thought that issues by a single duovir are not likely to have interrupted those of pairs of duoviri. The order used here convention­ ally follows that of Crawford, and should not be regarded as at all certain. The following magistrates and names are found: C LOLLI M DOI IIV IR C LOLLI M DOI IIV IR I ITE (ii) M EGNATIVS Q OGTAVIVS IIV IR (iii) L FADI L GAEL FLA AVG TI CAESAR IIV IR L CAEL CLEM FLA T I CAESAR L LICINIVS IIV IR A VERGILIVS OPT IIVIR.

Tiberius C Lolli and M Doi Ilvir 604

apt

no. 4,

bm c

[ 16 ]

78—9

H ead, r.; before, lituus C L O L L I M D O I II V IR ; in exergue, P S S C. V eiled fem ale figure seated, r., w ith sceptre an d p a te ra I . L = b m c 7 8 ; 2. L = BMC 79; 3 . L 1 8 8 0 -6 -3 -3 6 ; 4 . C o p 1 3 8 3 ; 5— 28. See C raw fo rd i; 2 9 . B ( a p t no. 4).

C Lolli and M Doi Ilviri ite 605

AE. 16 m m , 3.83 g (12). Axis: var.

[ 9 ]

C raw ford no. 2, apt no. 5, bmc 80-1 H ead, r.; before, lituus C L O L L I M D O I; I I VTRI; IT E ; in exergue, P S S C. D ian a stan d in g facing, holding sp ear a n d bow i. L

=

b m c 8 0; 2. L

=

bmc

81; 3—14. See C raw fo rd 2.

M Egnatius and 0 Octavius Ilviri 606

A E. 17 m m , 3.81g (2). Axis: 12 or 6.

[

3

]

C raw ford no. 3a, apt no. 1 L au reate head, r.; before, lituus PÂ Ë S S C; M E G N A T IV S Q O C T A V IV S IIV IR ; all w ithin w reath

Of the other names in Münsterberg, Beamtennamen, the fol­ lowing are not included here:

The reverse designs are mostly derived from the imperial coinage. 604 copies bronze asses of Tiberius, minted in a d 15-16 (BMC 65), a type which was also copied elsewhere, e.g., at Panormus or in Africa, presumably because it was thought (whether rightly or wrongly) to depict Livia. 605 copies the figure of Diana on aurei and denarii minted at Lugdunum between 15 and 10 b c (BMC 463), and 617-18 copy the figure of Mars on aurei and denarii of 19-16 b c {BMC 437). Other reverses, such as the Victory of 613-16 and the biga of 610-11, may also be derived from the imperial coinage, but they are too generic for this to be sure. The reverse of 612 refers to the imperial priesthood held by the man who signs it. The common legend P S S C or, in one case, S P S C, and in another, PAE S S C, is probably to be expanded as Paestanorum Semis Senatus Consulto, the senate in question being that of Paestum. All the coins are of the same denomination, which, if the expansion of P S S C is correct, is the semis. The average weight is consistently about 4 g.

AE. 16 m m , 4.29 g (23). Axis: var. C raw ford no. 1,

(i)

a. . .NVN L SVL = in fact, L. Nun and L. Suei, dis­ cussed above. The coin cited by Münsterberg from Mionnet from Eckhel is in Vienna (3.80g); b. Mineia M. f. is a late Republican issue, discussed above; c. L IulFel flaTi Caesar Aug 11vir is a misreading of 610 (see Grant, APT, pp. 3-4).

ißg

i . C o p 13 8 1 ; 2—3. See C raw fo rd 3a; 4. B ( a p t , pi. i . i ) . A ttrib u tio n o f 6 0 6 -9 t0 T ib eriu s n o t ce rtain (see in tro d u ctio n ).

607

AE. 16 m m , 4.52 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 2 ]

C raw ford no. 3b, apt no. 1 L au reate head, r.; before, lituus Q O C T M E G N II V IR S P S C; in w reath i . L 1 9 1 4 —5—1 2 -4 ; 2. L G 0075; 3 —5 . See C raw fo rd 3b. 608

AE. 16 m m , 3.90 g (4). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

C raw ford no. 3c, apt no. 2 As 607, b u t head, 1. I.

609

C o p 13 8 2 ; 2—5. See C raw fo rd 3c.

AE. i 7 m m , 4.64 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 3 ]

C raw ford no. 3d As 608, b u t rev. inscription M E G N Q O C T IIV IR S P S C 1—3 . See C raw fo rd 3d.

L Fadi and L Cael Fla Ti Caesar Aug Ilvir 610

AE. 16 m m , 4.11 g (6). Axis: 12 o r 6.

[ 8 ]

C raw ford no. 4 corr., apt nos. 8-9 P S S C; lau reate head, r. L F A D I L C A E L FL A A V G T I C A E SA R IIV IR ; biga, 1. 1—7. See C raw fo rd 4a; 8. P ( a p t , pi. 1.12); 9 —10. B; 11. L G 2 0 1 4 (ex u n c e rta in ), 3.57; 12. P D elepierre.

611

See 610.

[ i ]

614

As 610, b u t biga, r. (and different sequence of w ords in rev. legend?) 1 -2 . See C raw fo rd 4b ( i n c . N Y s n g 814, w here th e read in g L FA D L C A E L F L A C C A E S A R A V G is given). C .J . H ow gego, N C , 1989, p. 203, η. i 2, suggests the rea d in g . . . T I C A E S A R A V G . ..

AE. See 613.

[ 1 ]

As 613, b u t V ictory, 1. 1—2. See C raw fo rd 6c; 3 . R o u x coll., 4.66. 615

AE. See 613.

[ o ]

As 6 1 3 , b u t lau reate head, 1. 1—2. See C raw fo rd 6d. 616

L Gael Clem Fla Ti Caesar

AE. See 613.

[ o ]

As 613, b u t lau reate head, r., an d V ictory, 1. 612

AE. 17m m , 4.52g (7). Axis: var. C raw ford no. 5,

a pt

[ 5 ]

i . See C raw fo rd 6e.

no. 7

P S S C; laureate head, r. L C A E L C L E M FLA T I CAESA R; apex

A Vergilius Opt Ilvir

i . L 1852—6 - 2 8 —8; 2. L 1 9 0 8 -1 -3 -1 ; 3—8. See C raw ford 5; 9. E velpidis 282; 10. P D elep ierre, 4.46; 11. Lew is, s n g 1222, 4.30.

617

C raw ford no. 7a,

AE. 16m m , 3.70g (28: 613—16). Axis: var. C raw ford no. 6,

a pt

[ 19 ]

no. 6

P S S C; lau reate head, r. A V E R G IL IV S O P T IIV IR ; M ars standing, 1., on pedestal, holding sta n d a rd an d sword

L Licinius Ilvir 613

AE. 17m m , 4 .1 4 g (29). Axis: var.

a pt

[ 9 ]

i . L 1 9 4 4 —4 —6—2; 2—3. L 1 9 0 3 -6 -6 -6 a n d 1 9 0 3 -6 -6 -5 ; 4 . C o p 13 8 4 ; 5— 3 5 . See C raw fo rd 7a; 3 6 . P D elep ierre, 5.04; 3 7 . B oulogne, 3.92.

no. 3

P S S C; laureate head, r. L L IC IN IV S IIV IR ; V ictory, r., w ith palm b ran ch and w reath

618

AE. 17 m m , 3.54 g (6). Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

C raw ford no. 7b As 617, b u t lau reate head, 1.

i . C o p 1386; 2. L 186 7 -1 -1 -1 5 9 3 ; 3—3 0 . See C raw ford 6 a -6 b ; 3 1 . P D elepierre, 4.69.

i . L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -4 3 7 ; 2—7. See C raw fo rd 7b.

Cn Piso Frugi The Pesaro bronze of Cn. Piso Frugi has been known since 1757. It has been published, e.g., by Bahrfeldt, NZ 42, 1909, p. 77 and pi. 1,9; H.A. Grueber, Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum, II, p. 592 and note; Grant, FITA, pp. 31-2; T. V. Buttrey, ‘The unique “as” of Cn. Piso Frugi, an unrecognised semiuncial dupondius’, Studia Oliveriana XI, 1963, pp. 3-10, and M. Crawford, RRC 547. If the authenticity of the coin is accepted, the problem concerning its date and its mint is far from being solved. Grueber ascribed it to 91-89 b c , comparing coins of C. Marcius Censorinus (RRC 364/4a-b dated to 88 b c ) ; Bahr­ feldt attributed the coin to Spain, comparing the Spanish asses of Sextus Pompeius (486-7); Grant preferred a ‘Sicilian port’ and 37 b c on the basis of style and the sup­ posed connection with the ‘fleet praefect’ bronze (1453-70); Buttrey was inclined to return to an early date of c. 90-85 b c , stating that the coin was a dupondius of the semiuncial standard struck at Rome; Crawford adopted more or less Grant’s opinion, dating the coin loosely to 43—31 b c , judg­ ing that ‘the trick of using two prows as a type to indicate a double unit puts the issue in the same general period as the fleet’ and Buttrey, Studies in Numismatic Methodpresented to Ph. Grierson, p. 40, n. 31, now accepts the revised date suggested by Crawford. Judging from the flan, the coin could be dated to the

second century b c , as it looks like an uncial as, as stated by Buttrey. That is the reason why Buttrey suggested an over­ strike even if no undertype is visible, as the obverse type clearly indicates a dupondius. The weight of 23.11g is reasonable for a semiuncial dupondius and it could be con­ sidered that this coin was struck in c. 91-90 b c when the semiuncial reduction was introduced at Rome, as the legend ROMA figures only on two semiuncial bronze emis­ sions: the L.P.D.A.P. as (RRC 338/1 dated to 91 b c ) and the as of C. Vibius Pansa (RRC 342/yb-f dated to c. 90 b c ) . For unknown reasons, this tentative reform of the bronze was immediately abandoned. On technical grounds, the only other parallel is the rare as struck by L. Cornelius Sulla (RRC 368/1 ) in c. 82 b c , whose weight returned to the uncial standard. Anyway, if the coin is genuine, there seems no very strong connection with the bronzes of Sextus Pompeius or Antony’s ‘fleet coinage’. 619

AE. 30mm, 23.11g (1). Axis: 3. RRC 547, FJTA 31

L au reate head of Ja n u s; above, II T w o ships, r.; above, R O M A ; below, [C ]N P IS O F R V G I i.

P e s a r o M u s e o O liv e r ia n o 7 1 9 , 23.11.

I T A L Y : Divos Iulius (620-621)

161

Divos Iulius A series of leaded bronzes struck for Octavian raises prob­ lems of mint and date. These bronzes are quite common and their workmanship is careful and delicate. These bronzes have been attributed by Goudard, Monographie des monnaiesfrappées à Nimes..., Toulouse, 1893, pp. 43-4, no. 2-5, to Nimes and by E. A. Sydenham, ‘The Mint of Lugdunum’, NC, 1917, p. 59, no. 19-20, to Lug­ dunum. But their style differs greatly from contemporary Gallic colonial coinages (511-26) and finds reported from Gaul are very scanty. Therefore R. M artini’s attempt to reattribute this series to Lugdunum seems groundless (.Monetazione brongea romana tardo-repubblicana, I, Glaux, Milan, 1988, pp. 33-64). Provenances support an Italian origin, but a more precise location for the mint is difficult to propose. Grant’s attribu­ tion to Puteoli (FITA, pp. 47-50), in parallel with the extra­ ordinary coin of M. Agrippa (FITA, pp. 46-7), which unfortunately seems to be a modern forgery (see M. Amandry, Essays Clain-Stefanelli (forthcoming), must be disre­ garded, as well as Alioldi—Giard’s attribution to Perusia (‘Guerre civile et propagande politique: l’émission d’Octave au nom du Divos Julius (41-40 avant J.-C .)’, QT, 1984, pp. 147-61), which lacks any proof. Of course, the various dates assigned to this issue depend on the location of the mint. Alföldi-Giard proposed 41/40 B C as they imagined that this coinage was minted during the Perusine war. Though possible, this hypothesis relies only on the parallel of the glandes plumbae inscribed L.XI DIVOM IVLIVM used by Octavian’s party against Antony’s brother, L. Antonius. Grant dated the coins to 37/36 B C , as he thought they followed the pattern of the ‘Fleet’ coin of Agrippa. It seems best to date it to 38 b c , as an Italian parallel to the Gallic gold and silver coinage issued by Agrippa, with the same legend and on which the sidus iulium, as on 621 (RRC 543/1—2), appears for the first time. Differences of style between these two groups are, of course, obvious as they were produced in two different mints (see Alföldi-Giard, pp. 150-1). This coinage was abundantly imitated and sometimes

overstruck on coins of Octavian from Narbo (518) or asses of Sextus Pompeius (671). Amandry has argued that the denomination struck was a dupondius (CENB, April-June 1986, pp. 21-34). Recent analyses have been provided by Amandry and Barrandon, RIN, 1988, pp. 145—6. c . 3 8 B C _______________________________________ 620

L eaded bronze. 29-30 mm , 19.55 g (56)· Axis: var. [ 62 coins, a t least 21 obv. dies ] RRC

535/1

C A ESA R D IV I F; head of O ctav ian , r., w ith a slight beard D IV O S IV L IV S ; lau reate h ead of C aesar, r. i . C o ll. M . L a f fa ille , 18.64; 2—3 7 . See A lfö ld i-G iard , loc. cit., 147-8, I , 1 36; 3 8 —3 9 . V , 24.41, 21.02; 4 0 - 4 3 . O , 22.06, 20.01, 17.43, 16.99; 4 4 . V in ch o n , coll. T ra m p itsc h , i3 - i 5 / X I / i 9 8 6 , 596, 21.97; 4 5 . V in ch o n 3 - 4 /I I I /1 9 7 5 , 97, 19.97; 46· P o in sig n o n , coll. R . H eitz, 4 /X II/1 9 8 5 , 240, 18.90; 4 7 . K a m p m a n n , coll. N icolas, 9 - 1 0 /I I I /1 9 8 2 , 41, 21.50; 4 8 . N F A X X /1 9 8 8 , 81, 18.98; 4 9 . M ü n z Z e n tru m 64/1988, 2, 22.69; 5 0 . B ourgey 1 1 -1 2 /III/1 9 8 5 , 63, 24.58; 5 1 . M M 61/1982, 397 (ex L o ck ett an d S y d en h am ), 22.56; 5 2 . N F A /L eu , coll. G a r r e tt I I I , 2 9 /III/1 9 8 5 , 396, 21.36; 53 · L a n z 18/1980, 309, 20.72; 5 4 . N ew H av en , 19.81; 5 5 . Leu 25/1980, 225, 18.61; 5 6 . N Y , 18.37; 5 7 . L eu 18/1977, 265, 18.10; 5 8 . W a sh in g to n S m ith so n ian , 17.79; 5 9 · C o sa n 6 , i9-oo; 6 o . P V , 23.21; 6 1 . C oll. M . R oux, 19.77; 6 2 · R W , 19.84.

621

L eaded bronze. 2 9 -3 0 m m , 19.74g (38)· Axis: var. [ 39 coins, a t least 19 obv. dies ] RRC 535/2

D IV I F; head o f O ctavian, r., w ith a slight beard; in front, star D IV O S IV L IV S ; in a laurel w reath i . P A -V 7 4 8 , 23.76; 2—2 2 . See A lfö ld i-G iard , loc. cit., 148-9, I I , 37-58; 23. N Y , 27.76; 24. N F A V I/1 9 7 9 , 567, 20.77; 25. L eu 20/1978, 192, 20.39; 26. Be 580, 19.96; 2 7 . Coll. H ey n en 132, 19.58; 28—2 9 . V , 19.24, 17.27; 3 0 . N F A X V I I I , 2/1987, 413 (ex N F A X II/1 9 8 3 , 137), 19.06; 3 1 . S tern b erg X V /1 9 8 5 , 313, 18.69; 3 2, N ew H av en , 17.44; 3 3 — 3 4 · B ologna 5 2 5 -6 , 18.77, 17-42; 3 5 · J - E lsen list 75 (J a n u a ry 1985), 37 (ex G a rre tt I/1 9 8 4 , 693), 18.91; 3 6 . G . K a s tn e r 8/1974, 141, 17.35; 3 7 · 6), 17.08; 3 8 . B irkler a n d W a d d ell II/1 9 8 0 , 281 (ex P eus 271/1969, 75), i 6 -3 5 ; 3 9 · R w , 19-72.

SARDINIA Cat. no.

Introduction Turris Libisonis? Caralis Uselis?

Page

162 162 163 163

622-3 624 625

A survey of the history of Sardinia from the third century b c until the end of the Republic can be found in P. Meloni, ‘La provincia romana di Sardigna, I. I secoli Ι-ΙΙΓ , ANRW I I .11.1 (1988), pp. 452-61. During the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, Sardinia was caught up between the two parties. The city of Caralis took the side of Caesar, but Sulci the side of Pompey in 47 b c . After Thapsus, Caesar, on his way back to Rome, stopped at Caralis and the city was perhaps then elevated to the rank of municipium civium Romanorum. The decision to found a colony at Turris Libisonis (Porto Torres) might date from the same time. Series 622-4 might reflect this situation. In 40 b c , Sardinia was conquered b y Menodoros, Sextus

2 7—8 mm

30—2 mm Turris (?) Caralis Uselis (?)

622 624

Pompey’s legate, and it remained under his power until 38 b c when Menodoros changed to the side of Octavian. M. Atius Balbus may have been then the new governor and have issued the large series (625) with the effigy of the eponymous deity of the island, Sardus Pater. No Sardinian coinage is known under the Empire, with the possible exception of 5417 (see under Uncertain). The three known Sardinian issues struck between c. 46 and 36 b c have the metrology shown in the table below. 622 was probably intended to pass for a heavy semiuncial as, 623 and 625 for heavy semiuncial semisses. The case of 624 is difficult: a very heavy uncial as or a semiuncial dupondius? The second alternative might be more likely in view of the presence of two heads on the obverse.

2 2—5 mm

18.87g (15)

623

8.20g (1)

625

6.30 g (47)

28.00 g (43)

Turris Libisonis? 622 and 623 have a northern Sardinian origin. Provenances point towards Ploaghe, Padria, Sassari, Truvine, Antas and Masala (see FIT A, p. 205, n. 1-4 and 8-11). They are closely connected by their style, their area of circulation and by the appearance of the same duovir, Q.A.M., on both series. 622 was attributed by G. Spano (Boll. Arch. Sardo IX, 1863, pp. 17-19) to Metalla as he expanded the obverse legend, which he read as C.P.M.L.PR., in Colonia Pia Metalla Lucius Praetor, and the reverse legend in Quintus Antonius Metallae Piae Col­ oniae Duumvir. Spano also attributed 623 to Uselis (Boll. Arch. Sardo V II, 1861, pp. 145-8), but this conjecture derived from his incorrect reading of the obverse legend (Q.A.M.F.C.V.IIV expanded to Quintus Antonius Marci Filius Colonia Vsellus Duumvir). Bornemann (Blätter für Münzfreunde, igoo, pp. 97-8) suggested Plubium (Ploaghe), which seems unlikely, as the style of these coins indicates a late Republican date and the legends a citizen community. Therefore the attribution of 622-3 to Colonia Iulia Turris Libisonis as suggested by Grant, FITA, pp. 205-6, is ten­

tatively accepted here. Turris was enfranchised before 27 b c (Kornemann, P IF IV, col. 526, no. 81), probably in c. 46-40 b c . The portrait on 622 might represent the founder of the colony, M. Lurius, Octavian’s governor in Sardinia from c. 42 until 40 b c (R. Syme, Roman Revolution, p. 213, p. 235, n. 6), according to Grant who expanded the legend M.L.D.C.P. as M. L(urius) D(eductor) C(oloniae) P(atronus). But the restoration of P(atronus) is highly implausible and the parallel with the coinage of Atius Balbus (625) unlikely. Maybe the legend should be read in the order P.M.L.D.C. and expanded as P.M.L.D(eductor) C(oloniae), P.M.L. being a personage unknown to us. On 623, the name of the duovir L.C.VE may probably be restored as L. Gerdonius Veratus by comparison with an inscription from Turris Libisonis (CIL X, 7956). 622 and 623 represent two denominations, probably a semiuncial as (622) and a semis (623). 622

L eaded bronze. 2 7 -8 mm , 18.87g (15)· Axis: 12 or 6. FiTA 205-6

S A R D I N I A : Turris Libisonis?, Caralis, JJselis? (623-624)

M L D C P · ; head, r.; below, plough Q - A M P - C T I V · ; hexastyle tem ple

623

163

AE. 24-5 m m , 8.20 g (1). Axis: ?. FiTA 205-6

i . C a g lia r i ( = A lbizzati, A n n a li della Facoltà di Lettere della R . Università di C agliari I - I I , 1928, tav. I, fig. 5); 2. R ( = f i t a , pi. V I , 19); 3 . L 1 9 2 4 -4 11-15, 15.26; 4 . L 1 9 2 5 -3 -2 -5 , 19.11; 5 . L 1 9 7 6 -1 1 -7 -2 , 18.18; 6 . P D ’A illy 17490, 17.68; 7 - 9 . P, 22.25, 1 7 Ί 8 , 17.17; 10. V 27335, 15-46; i i —12. M u SN G 1754-5, 18.44, 17-18; 13. N Y , 17.56; 14—15. P V , 18.29, 15.38; 16. G , 17.95; * 7 · Coll. C . M eloni, 16.00; 18. R W , 19-95- N u c le a r a b so rp tio n analysis on: 8 (Cu: 76.40, Pb: 19.60, Sn: 3.31).

Q-A-M L C -V E-II-V ·; helm eted head o f Sardus P ater, r. D D; plough i . C ag liari ( = G . S p an o , M em oria sulVaniica Truvine, C ag liari, 1852, 17 = B oll. Arch. Sardo IV , 1858, 199—201 = Catalogo del Can. Giovanni Spano da lui donata al R . M useo di Cagliari, C ag liari, 1865, 22, no. 212 = A lbizzati, loc. cit., tav . I, fig. 6), 8.20; 2. G o ( = f i x a , pi. V I ,20: o b v .); 3. T (Lavy 4 7 I 9 )-

Caralis A leaded bronze coin struck in the names of the suffetes Aristo Mutumbal Ricoce has the ethnic KAR. It has been attributed to either Carthage or Caralis. Müller (II, i860, p. 149, no. 319—20) favoured the African origin and was followed by E. Birocchi, ‘La monetazione romano-sarda’, Archmio Storico Sardo XXIV, 1954, pp. 44-50, and most recently by R. Martini, ‘Un probabile ritratto di M. Aemilius Lepidus su monete del secondo Triumvirato emesse a Carthago’, RIN, 1982, pp. 141-76. A Sardinian origin was argued by Bornemann, ‘Karthago oder Karales?’, Blätter für Münzfreunde, 1900, pp. 156-7, Albizzati, ‘Due questioni di numismatica sardo-romana’, Annali della Facoltà di Lettere della R. Università di Cagliari I—II, 1928, pp. 7-10, and M. Grant, FITA, pp. 149-50. The Sardinian origin is accepted here on the following grounds: (1) Provenances. These coins are quite frequently found in Sardinia: two specimens in the collection of Spano, probably found at Cagliari or in its vicinity; isolated finds at Pauli Gerrei, Cornus, Bonaria (= Spano, Scoperte Archeologichefattesi in Sardegna in tutto Vanno, 1865, p. 36; 1866, p. 34; 1874, p. 8); seven specimens in private Sardinian collections found around Cagliari and Sulcis (= Bornemann, loc. cit., p. 157). In contrast no specimen has turned up in the excava­ tions of Carthage or elsewhere in Africa (cf. Poinssot, Bull. Soc. Nat. Antiquaires de France, 1928, p. 266), nor are there any examples in the Bardo collection at Tunis; (2) the presence of suffetes is inconsistent with the status of Car­ thage which was a colonia civium Romanorum·, (3) the style and fabric are very close to the issue struck at Turris (?) in c. 40 BG (622-3). Caralis is a perfectly suitable mint. The city probably

became a municipium under Octavian. The occasion of this series could be the constitutio of the new municipium; the portraits are completely unlike those of Octavian and Agrippa, or M. Aemilius Lepidus and Octavian, and are probably those of municipal officials. The weight of the series is consistent with the weight of other series struck in c. 40 b c in the western part of the Empire. A coin imitated from the Nemausus series in the M col­ lection (FITA, pi. IV,27) is attributed by Grant, p. 146, n. 5, to Caralis, as an isolated provincial issue. Even if this coin corresponds exactly to the description of a specimen found at Sant’Antioca, an island off southern Sardinia, it does not follow that it was struck in Sardinia. 624

L eaded bronze. 30-2 m m , 28.00 g (43). Axis: 12 or 6. M u 319-20 (C arthage),

f it a

149-50

A R IS T O M V T V M B A L R IC O C E SVF; ju g a te heads, r. V E N E R IS ; tetrastyle tem ple; in exergue, K A R i . P 5 0 1 , 30.33; 2 - 4 . P 498 -5 0 0 , 26.23, 27.08, 31.05; 5 - 6 . P 5 0 2 -2 a, 26.41, 29.04; 7. L 1 9 4 7 -5 -4 -1 4 , 28.41; 8 . L 1 8 9 7 -1 -4 -5 3 9 , 31.04; 9 . L E H 703 N i ( = f i t a , p i. V ,i4 ) , 27.59; IO · L T C 240 N i, 26.14; 11. L 1 8 4 6 -4 -7 -2 , 25.67; 12. B 4994, 24.81; 13. B L ö b b , 31.43; 14. B R au c h , 31.20; 15. B Fox, 26.20; 1 6 - 1 9 . V 264 4 0 -3 , 40.30, 29.73, 30.15, 25.41; 20. V S ch o tt 5229, 26.55; 2 1 - 2 2 . M u , 33.18, 23.84; 2 3 - 2 5 . D resd en M K D 2697-9; 26· H , 24.21; 2 7 - 2 8 . M i B re ra 2 3 4 -5 , 3 2 ·5 °> 24.00; 2 9 3 0 . Ο , 26.82, 26.67; 3 1· C 74-1948, 23.39; 3 2 · C 1 ϊ5 6 , 28.10; 3 3 . C (M cC lean 9999), 26.48; 3 4 - 3 5 . G , 35.32, 35.06; 3 6 - 3 7 . N Y , 31.77, 28.98; 3 8 . W a sh in g to n S m ith so n ian 75231, 22.60; 3 9 —4 0 . C ag liari; 4 1 . P V , 28.43; 4 2 . W a d d ell 9 /X II/1 9 8 2 , 583, 26.63; 4 3 . L a n z 30/1984, 462, 29.07; 4 4 . C ré d it Suisse 7/1987, 576 (ex L a n z 3 8/1986,596), 25.90; 4 5 —4 7 . R W , 30.20, 26.80, 24.95; 4 8 . P V ogüé 697, 29.39. N u c le a r ab so rp tio n analysis on: 2 (C u: 72.82, Pb: 24.54, Sn: 2.09).

Uselis? The coinage of M. Atius Balbus Pr./Sard. Pater is found in large quantities in southwestern Sardinia and much has been written on it by Albizzati, ‘Due questioni di numis­ matica sardo-romana’, Annali della Facoltà di Lettere della R. Università di Cagliari I-II, 1928, pp. 5-7; Grant, FITA, pp. 150-2; E. Birocchi, ‘La monetazione romano-sarda’, Archivio Storico Sardo XXIV, 1954, pp. 19-38, and others. This series probably dates from the second Triumvirate. M. Atius Balbus is unknown, but he may have been the provincial governor after Octavian’s occupation of Sardinia in 38 b c . On two specimens in R, the reading of the obverse legend ends with P R and Grant concluded that Balbus was

P(atronus) R(eipublicae) and founder of Uselis. A dot occurs between P and R only on these two specimens (and on a few others: 625/38, 44, 47) and the great majority of these coins has no dot; consequently Grant’s interpretation seems unlikely. But it is still possible that this series was struck at Uselis. Uselis is described as a Colonia Iulia Augusta (ILS 6107) but a municipium Iulium was possibly founded under Octavian. This coinage was very popular as many barbarous speci­ mens are known of very bad style and very low weight. It was probably intended to pass as a semiuncial semis, as 623, with which it shares the same type of Sardus Pater.

ιβ4

S A R D I N I A : Uselis? (625)

M A tiu s B a lb u s P r 625

C opper. 2 2 -4 m m , 6 .3 0 g

(47).

Axis: var.

ή τ α 150-2 M A T IV S B A L B V S P R ; head, 1. SARD PA TE R ; helm eted head o f Sardus P ater, r.; spear at shoulder 1—4. L BMC 1—4, 7.50, 7.38, 4.04, 3.85; 5. L 19 4 7 -6 -6 -8 4 5 , 8.22; 6. L

G 0277, 6.15; 7—10. P 2243-6, 7.48, 4.58, 8.02, 6.53; i i —12. C o p 1112-3, 7.03, 7.00; 13. B, 6.27; 14. B I-B , 8.34; 15—16. B Fox, 6.34, 4.42; 17. B 10631, 5.72; 18. B F ried laen d er, 6.79; 19. B R au c h , 7.37; 20. B G an sau g e, 5.64; 21. B L ö b b , 6.34; 22—25. V 7405-7, 7409, 7.23, 7.03, 5.76, 6.31; 26. C (M cC lean 3066), 4.93; 2 7 . R (— f i t a , pi. V I ,4); 2 8 — 29. N Y , 6.49, 4.01; 3 0 . Be 4045, 3.29; 3 1 - 3 3 . C ag liari; 3 4 . G , 9.13; 3 5 · P V (ex K a m p m a n n , coll. N icolas, 9 - 1 0 /I I I /1 9 8 2 , 43), 6.17; 3 6 . Coll. W e b er 1795, 7.25; 3 7 . S tern b e rg X V /1 9 8 5 , 309, 8.66; 3 8 . M M list 508, M a rc h 1988, 8, 5.55; 3 9 —4 7 . R W , 8.39, 7.38 ( = C ré d it Suisse 7/1987,

575), 7 ·3 7 . 7 ·3 6 . 7 -2 3 . 5 -7 0 , 3 -9 C 3 - i 5 i 4 8 - 5 1· M u 6.75, 5.75. N e u tro n ab so rp tio n an aly sis on: 7.

sng

175(^3, 8.43, 7.56,

SICILY Cat. no.

Introduction Lipara (Messana) Tyndaris Halaesa Cephaloedium (Thermae) Panormus laiton Segesta (Eryx) Entella Lilybaeum

626 —

627 628-33 634-5 — 636-45 646-7 648-52 — 653-4 655-7

Cat. no.

Page

165 167 168 168 168 169 170 170 173

173 174 t 74 175

The currency of Sicily in the Republican period had con­ sisted of denarii and three different sorts of bronze coin: Republican bronzes, civic bronzes and fairly rare ‘RomanoSicilian’ bronzes. The currency of the period has recently been characterised by M .H . Crawford in CRWLR (p. 43), concentrating on eastern Sicily, while a good review of all the relevant issues was provided by G. F. Hill (Coins of Ancient Sicily, pp. 186—266). The chronology and, in some cases, the mint attribution of these Sicilian coins and their early imperial successors present problems. Discussions of the civic bronzes, which continue until the reign of Tiberius, at least at Panormus, are given in the introduction to each mint, while discussion of some aspects of the ‘Romano-Sicilian’ coinage, originally catalogued by M. Bahrfeldt (RSN, 1904) and often attributed to new mints and dates by Grant (FIT A, pp. 2630 and 52-4), can be found in the introductions to Lipara, Lilybaeum, Agrigentum and particularly Panormus. On chronological grounds these issues have not, for the most part, been included in this catalogue. Other misattributions by Grant are discussed in the introductions to the relevant mints; in addition, the dupondius of [C]n. Piso Frugi, which he attributed to ‘A Sicilian Port’ in 37-36 bc (FITA, p. 31) has been included under Italy (621), since there is nothing to suggest a Sicilian mint. Also omitted here are the HISPANORVM coins minted at Morgantina (see discus­ sion, p. 178); one variety of these has an inscription on the obverse whose reading is uncertain; if, however, it is right to think that it refers to duoviri (and this is far from sure), then it, too, should have been included. Other (silver) issues were made in Sicily during the Triumviral period, but have not been included here as they lie beyond the scope of this work. These include the denarii of (perhaps) L LENTVLVS C MARC COS (RRC 445/1-2, where an attribution to Apollonia is, however, given), of A. Allienus procos for Caesar (RRC 457) and the various issues of Sextus Pompey in gold and silver (RRC 483 and 511 ; see

Agrigentum H enna (M organtina/H ispanorum ) Assorus Centuripae (T auromenium) Uncertain mints Sisenna Silva Seius Sextus Pompey Melita Cossura

658-60 661-4 — 665-6 667 — 668-71 668 669 670 671 672-4 675-6

Page

176 r 77

178 178 178 r 79 : 79 !79 179 : 79

180 180 180

also now J. DeRose Evans, ANSMN, 1987, pp. 97-157). Sextus Pompey also produced asses in Sicily (RRC 479; included here as 671), but thereafter there was no further bronze or precious metal coinage except for that of the cities. . The other, more relevant, class of issue which has not been included is the poorly known group of Augustan Rome bronzes which were countermarked by various Sicilian cities. These countermarks were briefly discussed by H. Willers, Geschichte der römischen Küpferprägung, pp. 198-200, and by G. Manganaro, ANRW \.i (1972), 459; see also now Manganaro in ANRWW.i i.i, p. 56, and in L’Africa romand (ed. A. Mastino), pp. 581-5. They were also the subject of a paper given by G. Manganaro at the 10th International Numismatic Congress in London in September 1986, and an article by R. Macaluso in Studi per Laura Breglia (Supp. al N.4 Bolletino di Numismatica, 1987), II, pp. 93-100, on the specimens (4 sestertii and 22 dupondii: mostly contempor­ ary imitations?) in Palermo Museum. See also R. Martini, ‘Contramarca inedita della Zecca di Panormus’, Notife del Chiostro del Monastero Maggiore 31-2 (1983), pp. 35-52. Pend­ ing the publication of Manganaro’s article the list on p. 166 can be offered. It is noticeable that nearly all the countermarked coins are dupondii or sestertii, denominations which do not seem to have been made by the Sicilian cities themselves. The denominations produced by the cities tended, under Augustus, to weigh about 9 g or its half, 5 g, and should probably be regarded as asses and semisses (compare the semisses of Paestum at around 4 g). Earlier, in the Triumviral period, there is some evidence for a heavier standard, and denominations of about 19 g (Henna, Lilybaeum), 8 g (Henna, Assorus, Segesta), 5g (Henna, Assorus, Segesta, Lipara, Malta) and 2.5g (Henna) are found. These are probably to be regarded as asses, semisses, trientes (or quadrantes) and sextantes; the largest denomi­ nation is much the same weight as the asses of Sextus

i6 6

SICILY

Pompey made in Sicily (671), and, like them, the largest denomination at Henna (661) is sometimes found halved (see E. Cammarata, Ennarotary I.i, Dicembre 1987, pi. V a d). Thus we seem to have a clear picture of a heavier standard in the Triumviral period, a standard which was reduced under Augustus. Under Augustus the civic coinage consisted of asses and semisses, which were supplemented by larger denominations consisting of the countermarked dupondii and sestertii. It is implicit in the above discussion that one can dis­ tinguish coins of the Triumviral from those of the Augustan period. This is generally, though not always, the case, but (in the absence of the mention of historical persons, as at Entella and Lilybaeum) any greater precision in dating seems chimerical. There are no hoards to help with chronology, nor do the coins themselves provide any good internal evidence of style or other criteria for dating. As for epigraphy, we can observe that, in the Triumviral period, the omega occurs as W at Entella and as Ω at Lilybaeum, Melita and Lipara, whereas on the Augustan coins of Agri­ gentum and Segesta it appears as a diamond with a line beneath, as on the last issue of Republican Syracuse (Craw­ ford, in CRWLR, p. 43). But does this necessarily mean that the use of Ω at laiton (646—7) precludes the Tiberian date that has been suggested? Metrology, too, is of little use, particularly if it is pressed in too rigid and formal a manner (e.g., Malta by Coleiro); combined with fabric, however, it

City

Cmk

Catania?

brothers

Eryx Lipara Lilybaeum

can help to suggest a Triumviral date for the coinage of Henna. A final criterion that has been employed is the language (Greek or Latin) used for the ethnic or inscription, on the rule of thumb that it will be an indication of the status of a community. There are, however, two problems here. First, there is no simple relationship between Greek legend = peregrine status and Latin legend = Latin or Roman status. This is clearly shown by the coinage of Lipara (626) and perhaps Cephaloedium (634-5), where Greek legends occur with the names of duoviri. This should perhaps not cause too much surprise, as it is familiar enough from inscriptions (e.g., from Tauromenium, Agrigentum and Haluntium). But if we cannot assume that Greek means peregrine, can we safely assume the opposite, that Latin legends imply Latin or Roman status, and indeed that changes from one language to another are indications of changing status? Thus, if the dates and attributions fol­ lowed in this catalogue are correct, Segesta and Panormus adopt Latin and then revert to Greek under Augustus, with Panormus subsequently adopting Latin again, suggesting a change from chartered to peregrine status and then (for Panormus) the foundation of the colony. Similarly, the change at Agrigentum under Augustus from Greek to Latin probably reflects an Augustan grant of Latin rights there. But there are problems here, possibly at Assorus, Melita and Cossura (665-6, 673-4 and 676); these coins seem to be

D enom .t moneyer

Ref.

HS ? ?

A N R W II. 11.1.56

ΕΡΥΞ

Dp Salvius Otho

see Eryx

tongs

As Maecilius Tullus

Willers 18.10

LILVB

Dp M Sanquinius ? ?

A N R W 1 . 1.459

L 1940-11-1-2

Lilybaeum? or Halaesa?

lyre

Dp M Sanquinius Dp ? Dp M Sanquinius Dp

L 1940-1i—1-2 Willers 18.5 Willers 18.8 M acaluso

Lilybaeum?

branch

Dp M Sanquinius Dp ? Dp

L 1940-1i—1-2 Willers 18.5 M acaluso

Panormus

triskeles

Dp P Stolo Dp ? HS Cassius Celer Dp

L 1978-6-7-1 Willers 18.5 L Macaluso

Panormus

capricorn with star

Dp Dp Dp Dp Dp

L 1978-6-7-1 P B N C 400 P B N C 401 Willers 18.6 M acaluso

Panormus?

plough and three dots

HS Cassius Celer?

M artini

Syracuse?

helmet gladiator

HS ? HS ?

Α Ν Β Ψ Ι Ι .ιι.ι.φ A N R W II. 11.1.56

T auromenium? or Tyndaris

bucranium

Dp Cassius Celer Dp P Stolo Dp

O A M C 520 C Macaluso

Dp

Macaluso

HS Gallius Lupercus

L B M C 172

Tyndaris? Cossura

DD branch

P Stolo Cassius Celer Cassius Celer M Sanquinius

S I C I L Y : Lipara

later than the Triumviral period, but there is no evidence that they had chartered status (though see below). This particular problem cannot be resolved; either the dating may be incorrect (it is very fragile in these cases), or else Latin may not necessarily denote chartered status, or perhaps these communities did have some privileged status, unlikely though this may seem. See also Cephaloedium (63 5)· The second problem arises from uncertainty about the exact nature of the status of Sicilian communities at this time (see the discussions by M. I. Finley, Ancient Sicily ( 1 9 6 8 ) , pp. 15 1— 3 ; A. N. Sherwin White, The Roman Citizen­ ship ( 1 9 7 3 ) , pp. 2 3 0 , 3 4 1 and 3 6 5 ; G. Manganaro, ‘La pro­ vincia Romana’ in (ed.) E. Gabba and G. Vallet, La Sicilia Antica ( 1 9 8 2 ) , pp. 4 1 1 - 6 2 , and u iA N R W H aia, pp. 1 8 - 2 2 ; and in R.J. A. Wilson in ANRWII.i .1, pp. 9 3 - 1 0 1 , and his forthcoming Sicily under the Roman Empire, esp. chap. 2 ) . Caesar gave the Sicilians the ius Latii; Antony claimed, after Caesar’s death, that he had intended to give them Roman citizenship, and implemented such a measure. But what does this mean in practice: were the communities Latin colonies or municipia? And what was the effect of the usurpation of Sextus Pompey, or of Octavian’s annulment of Antony’s acta? What happened after the defeat of Sextus in 3 6 B C ? Were all Sicilian cities deprived of their privileges? Did the foundation of the colony at Tauromenium take place now (in 3 6 b c ) or later? Octavian later established a total of six colonies (the others being Tyndaris, Catina, Syracuse, Thermae and Panormus), several oppida civium Romanorum or communities Latinae condicionis. It is generally accepted that this settlement was largely made during Augustus’s visit to the island in 2 1 b c , but parts may have taken place later such as the grant of privileged status to Agrigentum, Halaesa and Lilybaeum; it is also sometimes thought that the colony at Panormus was a later founda­ tion. For the purposes of this catalogue, the following scheme is followed (basically that of R.J. A. Wilson: see above), which seems to ht the coins best. Latin or Roman status was held throughout the island until the defeat of Sextus, when most, if not all, communities reverted to peregrine status (cf. the Greek legends for Atratinus at

167

Entella and Lilybaeum, and under Augustus at Agrigentum and Segesta). Six colonies were later founded and some other cities received chartered status, mostly in 21 b c , though some later. Coins with Latin legends have therefore generally been dated in the period 44—36 or after 21 b c . The uncertainty about status, of course, makes this a cor­ respondingly fragile chronological guide, and for potential problems see the preceding paragraph. The order of mints followed here is not the traditional alphabetical one, generally used since the times of Eckhel and Head (there was probably also an Augustan alphabeti­ cal list), but a geographical one, starting with Lipara and then going around the island in an anti-clockwise direction. The towns on the north coast precede the block of those in the east; after Agrigentum come the inland cities around Enna. This is much the same as the order suggested by G. Manganaro for Calciati’s Corpus Nummorum Siculorum, although one or two minor modifications have been made to keep to a more strictly geographical order. As a result one can see very clearly how nearly all the communities in eastern Sicily (notably Syracuse, Catana and Leontini), which had produced a relatively large coinage in about 100 b c , ceased to coin before the imperial period. There is also a clear absence of any correlation between status (colony, municipium, etc.) and coinage, since of the six colonies, only two (Tyndaris and Panormus) produced any coinage at all. This is not the place to comment on why some communities produced coinage and others did not (see pp. 15-16). The evidence of the coins is, however, clear on the other general question, the ending of coinage in Sicily. Issues were produced under Augustus certainly at Agrigen­ tum, Halaesa, Lilybaeum, Panormus, Segesta and Tyndaris; none of these is closely datable (except for Agri­ gentum, after 2 b c ) . In the reign of Tiberius, two issues were made by Panormus, both copying imperial prototypes of the first few years of the reign. Another issue from an uncertain mint (L. Seius, 670) may also be early Tiberian, and a Tiberian date has been suggested for an issue of laiton, though this seems unlikely. There was no sub­ sequent coinage.

Lipara The chronology of Liparan bronze coins of the periodo romano’ (Gabrici 70-6) is uncertain, although the coins are presumably of the second and/or first centuries b c . Grant (FITA 52) attributed a whole mass of ‘Romano-Sicilian’ bronzes with the names of various Romans to Lipara and to the Triumviral period. Some of these attributions may be correct, in view of the use of Vulcan as a type, but others are certainly wrong, e.g., his no. 12, which is found in Etruria, or his no. 1, a specimen of which was found at Rome and which is also overstruck by his 12 {AHN 29, 1982, p. 127). See the introduction to Sicily. This leaves one issue of coins, with legends in Greek referring to duoviri. Friedländer (ZfN, 1879, p. 14) regarded it as an issue of a colony, but L. Zagami {Le Monete di Lipara, 1959, pp. 49-50) took it to be the issue of a

municipium in the hrst century b c . Grant {FITA 195) inter­ preted the issue as a commemorative foundation issue of a municipium, whose foundation he dated to c. 36 b c . The date of such a foundation, and indeed of the coins, which there is no need to regard as a ‘foundation issue’, seems uncertain. It should be presumably be dated to 44-36 b c , or before 37, when Octavian moved the population to Campania (G. Manganaro, ANRW II.11.1, p. 12). There is some uncertainty about the exact reading of the names on the reverse. First, what comes after Γ MAPKIOC? This part of the legend is usually off flan or illegible, but Friedländer read A[ on the Berlin specimen. Specimens in L {BMC 82 Έ ’) and Mu {SNG 1693) have either N[ or AE[. The owner of a specialist nineteenth-century collection thought that the reading was ΛΕΥ (C. Cavedoni, Bulletino

delTIstituto di Corrispondenza Archaeologica, 1862, p. i n , fol­ lowed by G. Tropea, Archivio Storico Messinese, 1901, p. 36). It is also uncertain whether this letter or letters represent a cognomen or filiation. The second problem concerns the beginning of the name of the second duovir. The monogram has usually been expanded to AV, giving the name Ausoneus, but Friedländer thought this an unlikely monogram and preferred to read A, giving Asoneus. AV, however, seems more likely, since, as Cavedoni pointed out, Friedländer’s view does not explain the definite part of the monogram above the A. Thus the most likely names seem to be G. Marcius Leu (?), G. Ausoneus duoand(res). Lipara also seems to have applied a countermark to Augustan moneyers’ bronze (see the introduction to Sicily).

4 4 - 3 6 B C (?) ___________________________________ 626

AE. 19m m , 5.42g (32). Axis: 2. G abrici 79-82,

bm c

81-4, H olm 715,

[ f it a

7

]

195

ΛΙΠ ΑΡΑΙΩΝ; head of H ephaestus, 1., w earing cap Γ M A P K IO C ΛΕΥ (?). Γ A V C W N E Y C , ΔΥΟ ΑΝΔΡ; tongs i· L = bmc 8 3 , 5.43; 2—4 . L = b m c 81—2 a n d 84, 6.01, 4.26, 4.98; 5. C o p 1100, 5.28; 6. B ( z f n 1879, !4); 7 - 8 . M u SNG 1693-4, 5 -8 4 > 5 -3 5 ; 9 “ 1 2 . P alerm o = G ab rici 7 9 -8 2 , 4.14, 4.72, 7.56, 6.18; 1 3 . M in i 54, 6.20; 14—18. C alcia ti I, 22, no. 48, 6.72, 5.44, 5.29, 5.09, 5.00; 19—3 3 . C efalu (T ro p ea , Archivio Storico Messinese, 1901, 32), 4.50, 4.60, 4.70, 4.80, 5.00, 5.10, 5.50, 5.50, 6.00, 6.10, 6.20, 7.00, 7.00, 8.10; 3 4 . W in te rth u r 1072, 4 -7 4 C o u n te rm ark s: a sp earh ea d on th e obv., on 3, 4 a n d ig ( G IC —).

Messana The coins attributed to Messana by Grant (FITA 194) are discussed under and attributed to Panormus (637) and Uncertain Sicily (668).

Tyndaris Tyndaris had produced a bronze coinage (Gabrici 19-52) during the third century, but may not have minted during the second and first centuries b c (Hill, Coins of Ancient Sicily, pp. 173 and 215). Two issues of anonymous coins with duoviral names (C. Iulius Longus and G. lulius Dionysius, 648-9) are usually attributed to Tyndaris, since they use designs referring to the Dioscuri, who figure prominently on the coinage of Tyndaris. Grant, however, attributed them to Panormus (FITA 190). They are tentatively given here to Segesta, however, on inscriptional evidence. The anonymous bronze with 2 pilei/rudder DD, attributed to Tyndaris by Grant (FITA 194, pi. V II.7) is also given to Segesta (651), in view of its typological similarity with the coins of lulius Longus; it might represent a smaller denomination. Only one issue is left for colony at Tyndaris, of Augustus and signed by the proconsul L. Mussidius Longus. Grant {FITA 237) regarded it as a foundation issue, and dated it, with Mussidius’s proconsulship, to probably 2 1 b c . In view of Augustus’s Sicilian settlement of that year, 21 is a likely

enough terminus post for the issue, and indeed for Mussidius Longus, since there is no need to regard it as a ‘foundation issue’. Holm merely dated him ‘vielleicht nach 21’, and suggested that he might be identical with the late Republi­ can moneyer L. Mussidius Longus {RRC 494). B. E. Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum, col. 1, no. 1 = Manganaro, ANRW II. 11. i , p. 86, no. 2, leaves him simply ‘sub Augusto’; there seems no basis for any greater precision. A u g u s tu s *i.

L Mussidius Procos 627

AE.

20

G abrici

mm,

7 .89

63-4,

g (4). Axis: var.

H olm

755

corr., C op

[ 1100,

fita

3

]

237

A V G V ST V S T V N D A R ; head, r. L M V S S ID (IV S ) P R C O S ; in w reath i. L 1936-2—520—13, 7.46; 2. P 2189, 8.63; 3—4. P alerm o = G ab rici 63-4, 7.56 a n d 7.92; 5. C o p 1100; 6—7. T G ra n t (acco rd in g to fita 237 n. 1); 8. Be (R 2916), 9.20; 9. F ro eh n er (R atio 1909) lot 1267.

Halaesa Halaesa, or to give it its full name Halaesa Archonidaea (named after its founder Archonides, a contemporary of Dionysius I), had produced bronze coins with Greek inscriptions (Gabrici i—15), perhaps during the first cen­ tury BC. Later Halaesa made coins with Latin legends. The earliest were dated by Grant {FITA 191) to 44 b c , and interpreted as foundation issues; the others were dated to the reign of Augustus {FITA 195-6). Neither the sequence of the issues nor their dates seem at all certain, although the reference to a FLAME(n) AVG(-usti or -ustalis) on one

issue puts it after 27 b c , and it will presumably have been minted after the Augustan settlement of 21 b c (see the introduction to Sicily). Stylistically the other issue does not seem far removed, though this is, of course, guesswork, and we cannot exclude Grant’s suggestion that it was produced in the Triumviral period. The following names are found: GAEC RVF IIV IR M PACCIVS MACXV FLAME AVG M PAC MAX IIV I[R ?F]L AVG DES

S I C I L Y : Halaesa, Cephaloedium (628-633)

The nature of the second title held by M. Paccius is not clear, at least partly because the legend is so far incomplete, and it is rather odd that he seems to style himself in dif­ ferent ways on what one would otherwise have thought were different denominations of the same issue. No parallel for flamen Aug designatus has been found; it might perhaps be the case that the rather grand way in which he announces the post indicates that he was its first holder; the coins, at any rate, provide the earliest evidence for the imperial cult in Sicily. (Thanks to R .J.A . Wilson for discussion of this point.) The issue allegedly in the names of M CASSIVS M ANT is based on misreadings. The specimens (BMC 17, Mu SNG 234, V 6366) reported on various occasions to have this inscription (BMC followed by Holm 753 and Münsterberg, Beamtennamen, FIT A 191, Calciati I, p. 62, no. 23) are all in fact issues of M. Paccius. The coin in Munich with lyre/wreath, reported to read CAEC R[ JIIV IR (SNG 235, followed by Calciati no. 24), has been omitted since its reading and hence attribution is not clear. Its types recall coins of Lilybaeum, and it may perhaps be a worn example of 656, though it is rather large. There seem to be three denominations, although this is not certain in view of the few weights recorded; nor is it clear what these denominations are supposed to be:

629

AE. 20 m m , 7.44 (5).

H ead, r. or I./w re a th

H ead, I./tr ip o d

— 26m m, 8.60g

21 mm, 7.79g 21mm, 8.03g

H olm 752, G abrici 16-8, bmc 16

i . L = BMC 16, 6.11; 2. B 6045; 3 . B R au c h ; 4 —6. P alerm o = G ab rici 168, 7.90, 8.82, 7.27; 7. C alcia ti I, 62, no. 19, 7.10; 8. C efalu (T ro p ea , Archivio Storno M essinese , 1901, no. 27).

A u g u s tu s

M Paccius Macxu Ilvir flame Aug (des?) 630

A E. 26 m m , 7.78 g (3). Axis: 12 o r 6.

H A LA ESA A R C H O N ID A ; lau reate head of A pollo, r. M P (A C )C IV S M A (C )X FL A M E ; in w reath, A VG i . P 1 9 7 a ( f it a , pi. V I I . 6: ] F L A M E [ ), 8.91; 2—3. P D ’A illy 17503, 1987/241 (M P C IV S [ ]M E , sic), 9.57, 6.29; 4 . B (I-B : ]M A C X F L A M E [ ), 6.92; 5. V 6366 (M [P A C JC IV S M A X F L A M E ), 7.50; 6. V irzi (M P A C C IV S M A X F L A M E ). 1 a n d 4, sam e obv. die; 5—6, sam e dies. 631

AE. 2 6 m m , 9 .1 1 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6.

i . B 1 0 6 2 7 (M P A C C IV S M A C X V F L A M E ), 10.70; 2. B (I-B : M P A C C I[V ]S M A C X V F L A M E ); 3. B (I-B : ]P A C C IV S M A C X V [ ); 4 . L — b m c 17 (M P A C C IV S [ ); 5. M u s n g 234 ( ]M A C X V F [ ), 10.53; 6. P en n isi ( ^ S a l in a s X X V I .15: M P A C C IV S M A C X V F L A M E ), 7.59; 7. M in i 32a (M P A C C IV S M A C X V F L [ ), 8.96; 8. P V ex H ess N ov. 1979 lo t 68. 632

A E. 2 0 m m , 8.03g ( 0 · Axis: 12 (1).

[ o ]

G abrici 19 H A L A R C H ; lau reate head o f Apollo, 1. M PAG M [ ]ES; tripod i . P a le r m o = G ab rici 19 (pi. V I . 14), 8.03.

Caec Ruf Ilvir

633

AE. 21 m m , 7.79 (3). Axis: 12 (1). H olm 751, FiTA ig i ,

[ 5 ]

17

As 630, b u t head 1., a n d M A C X V

20mm, 7.44g 20m m, 6.20g

U n c e rta in d a te

628

[ 5 ]

H olm , 754, FiTA 195

H ead, r.tlyre

The obverse heads and the reverse designs all refer to Apollo, who had regularly featured on Halaesa’s coinage. We have not been able to consult a copy of G. Romano, Monete romane-sicule dal Municipio di Alesa (Palermo, 1855: a book? an article?).

[ 3 ]

H A L A R C H ; lau reate head o f A pollo, r. CAEC R V F II V IR ; lyre

bmc

Caec. Ruf. M. Paccius

16g

bm c

[ 2 ]

AE. 20m m , 6 .2 0 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

H olm 754a, fita 195 H A L A R C H ; lau reate head o f Apollo, r. M PAC M A X II V I [R ?F]L A V G DES; lyre

15

H A L A R C H ; laureate head of Apollo, 1. CÂ ËC R V F II V IR ; tripod i . L G 0 1 0 0 , 10.43; 2. L = b m c 15 = S alinas X X V I .20, 6.15; 3. C efalu (T ro p ea , Archivio Storico M essinese, 1901, no. 26), 6.80.

i . P 1 9 7 (—RN 1889, 512 a n d pi. V I I I . 7 ‘H a d ru m e tu m 1i.: M PA C M A X II V I[R A] V G D E S ); 2. P V (M P A C M A X I I V I [ ), 5.87; 3. P a le rm o —S alinas X X V I .19 (M P A C M A [ ]L A V G D E S ). T h e rea d in g o f 3 h as n o t b een checked, b u t seem s plau sib le.

Cephaloedium Cephaloedium seems to have made small issues of bronze coins with Greek legends during the Republic (G. F. Hill, Coins of Ancient Sicily, p. 216). Then there are two issues of bronzes with the abbreviated ethnic in Greek on the reverse and a Latin name on the obverse. Both were attributed by Grant (FITA 192) to the period of Sextus Pompey. Certainly the general nature and fabric of 634 suggests the Triumviral period, as does the mixture of Latin and Greek, though greater precision does not seem possible. 635 may

perhaps also date from the same period, though the identity of the portrait is uncertain; it seems unlikely that it is sup­ posed to be of Augustus. The reading of the Latin inscription on both issues is not certain. For 634, Grant followed Tropea’s description of a coin in Cefalu (Tropea, Archivio Storico Messinese, 1901, no. 28) to read C L DOMINVS, whereas Salinas read C AE POM (no. 533, pi. X X I.22). Salinas’s coin is in L (= BMC 1), but is not legible: only traces of uncertain letters can be

made out - and the same specimen was read by Calciati (no. 13/1) as an example of 635! The only coin at all legible is in Paris (P 394), which seems to read C AE DOM, although the reading of the ligature is not clear. It is not certain if all coins with the same designs (head of Heracles/Heracles standing with club and lionskin) have the legend. Certainly traces of the legend have been claimed by Calciati (no. 12) on other specimens (NY SNG 1322 and Schweizerische Bankverein 1977, lot 94), although nothing is immediately apparent from the relevant illustrations. Other specimens, too, like BMC 2, look as if they may once have had the legend. It seems best to leave this point open. The second issue (635) was read by Grant as C CANIN RE[BIL]VS. This is doubtful. The four specimens per­ sonally examined, all struck from the same obverse die, have:

uncertain, though II VIR seems slightly more likely than anything else. The types on 634 refer to Heracles, common on the earlier coinage of Cephaloedium. The obverse of 635 is usually described as a ‘young male head’. Grant thought that it was a portrait of Caninius; it might, on the other hand, possibly be supposed to be a portrait of Augustus, though this is unlikely.

L a te f i r s t cen tu ry

B C

C A e (? ) D o m 634

AE. 23 m m , 9.39 g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

FiTA 192 C AE(?) D O M ; lau reate h ead of H eracles, r. KE ΦΑ; H eracles standing, L, holding club and lionskin

C CANINIVS [ P 394 (read by Salinas as C CANINIVS [II]VIR) ]CANINIVS[ PV ]CANINIVS[ B (I-B, 8.33) C CANI[ B (I-B, 7.62).

i . P 3 9 4 , 9.87; 2. L =

BMC

i = S alin as 533, 10.30; 3. C efalu (T ro p ea ,

Archivio Storico M essinese , 1901, no. 28), 8.00.

Tropea reported that the two specimens in Cefalu read:

C C a n in iu s [ H o ir ? ] 635

C CANINIVS II VIR

AE. 22 m m , 7.78g (6). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

H olm 750, FiTA 192, G abrici 27

(this was probably the source of Head’s same reading in HN 118, which was in turn followed by Holm 750), while Gabrici read the coin in Palermo as (his no. 27):

C C A N IN IV S [II V IR ?]; head, r. (of Caninius?) KE ΦΑ; H eracles standing, 1., holding club an d lionskin !· p 3 9 5 > 7 -5 6 ; *· p V ; 3 · B (I-B ), 8.33; 4 . B (I-B ), 7.62; 5. P alerm o = G ab rici 27, 8.79; 6—7. C efalu (T ro p ea , Archivio Storico M essinese , 1901, nos. 2 6 -7 ), 6.50, 7.85. C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in ob ject in o b lo n g ( G IC — : 2).

C CAN[INIVS ]VS. For the time being, the end of the legend is best left

Thermae Himeraeae Thermae had made interesting bronze coins with designs copying famous statues (including that of the poet Stesichorus). As the statues were stolen by Verres, the coins were presumably minted before his governorship. For the reign of Augustus, Grant (FITA 237) attributed, with some misgivings, a coin of L. lunius Ilvir Quin. Aug. and L. Acilius Ilvir Quinq. Aug. to Thermae, rather than

the traditional Carthago Nova, on the rather weak ground that two L. Acilii have been recorded in inscriptions of the colony at Thermae. In APT 139-40 Grant abandoned his attribution, but he did not follow Beltran’s reattribution to Carthago Nova (A. Beltran, Las Monedas Latinas de Carta­ gena, p. 29). The attribution to Carthago Nova seems most likely, and is followed here (152-3).

Panormus During the Republic, Panormus had produced its own civic bronzes with Greek legends or a monogram of its ethnic in Greek. The same monogram identifies Panormus as the mint of the Romano-Sicilian coins with Zeus/warrior and the abbreviated names of Roman officials in Latin (M. Bahrfeldt, RSN, 1904, nos. 42-57), which, as the Bisacquino hoard now shows (IGCH 2151 = RRCH 131, see now A. Cutroni Tusa, AIIN, 1976-7, pp. 304-15), were probably minted in the late second century b c . The other main series of Romano-Sicilian coins consisted of the asses, semisses and quadrantes with symbols or the names of Romans in Latin (Bahrfeldt nos. 1—14). Grant (FITA 26) attributed these to Lilybaeum in the first century b c ; there is no very good evidence for chronology, but the occurrence of some

names (NASO, Q FAB) on both this and the warrior series suggests an earlier date. As for mint, the presence of the same names on different series does indeed suggest a dif­ ferent mint; the presence of the warrior series and the absence of the as series from the Panormus 1980 hoard supports this, though where the mint was situated is not certain. Grant’s attribution to Lilybaeum, based on a poss­ ible monogram for Lilybaeum on one issue, may be correct. The other two main problems concerning Panormus are the correctness of the attribution to Panormus of various issues without ethnic, and the question of the date of the foundation of the Roman colony there, a foundation which could be regarded as accounting for the change in the ethnic from Greek to Latin. There are also problems in the

S I C I L Y : Panormus

chronology of issues with a Greek ethnic/monogram and Roman names in Latin. First, the various issues which have been or should be attributed to Panormus: i. The bronze coins with the legend HISPANORVM, attributed to Panormus in the period of Sextus Pompey by Grant (FITA 29). See p. 178. 3. Grant (FITA 194) gave to Messana some small coins with ‘Pharos’ and the inscription ‘DD’, sometimes with ‘L Q ’. It is not clear exactly which coins are meant, and there has perhaps been a conflation of three different issues, which are also mixed up in his discussion of Agrigentum (FITA 28 and pi. 1.6 and 1 .5, whose reverses have been interchanged). (i) Greek monogram of Panormus; below L GN/rudder and anchor. One specimen in L (BMC, p. 132, no. 41, wrongly given by FITA as p. 132.13), three in B (Bahrfeldt, RSN 1904, no. 71) and two in Palermo (Gabrici 128-9). A further coin, cited by Grant from Gabrici 132 with L Q (?), is probably another exam­ ple of the same thing. (ii) ( =637) Pharos or tower D D/altar. Bahrfeldt no. 73 (12 ex.); add Gabrici 114-120, Mu SNG 829 and Cop 1061. (iii) ( =638) Pharos D D/palmtree L M. Bahrfeldt no. 74 (2 ex.). Attributed to Agrigentum by Grant (FITA 28). Of these, (i) has usually been regarded as a coin of Panor­ mus in view of the monogram, but Grant pointed out that the monogram looks more like a monogram for Agrigentum and other specimens support his view (e.g., BMC 41, Gabrici pi. V III.32). On the other hand, Bahrfeldt pointed out that the rudder and anchor appear on definitely Panormitan bronzes of the warrior series, and in view of this the coin is here regarded as probably of Panormus and of an earlier date. As for (ii), despite the Pharos (if that is what it is), which does indeed suggest Messana, the presence of a specimen in the Palermo 1980 hoard (Calciati I, 366-8) suggests an attribution to Panormus. The hoard contained twenty-six miscellaneous bronze coins, representing the small change of early imperial times, and all twenty-five coins with an ethnic were of Panormus, (iii) should follow (ii), in view of its similar obverse; its lower weight suggests a smaller denomination from the same mint. Moreover, as Bahrfeldt pointed out, the altar on (ii) is very similar to the altar on earlier coins of Panormus with the ethnic (BMC 17-18). 3. The bronzes of the duoviri C. Iulius Longus and C. Iulius Dionysius, traditionally given to Tyndaris, but assigned to Panormus by Grant (FITA 190). These are included here under Segesta (648-9). 4. Anonymous issues of Sisenna Prcos, L. Seius Procos and P. F. Silva Pr. were respectively attributed to Messana, Haluntium and Panormus by Grant (FITA 196 no. 3, 197 no. 4, APT 4 no. 10). These are discussed and catalogued under ‘Uncertain Sicily’ (668-70). Second, the question of the status of Panormus. There are

iy i

perhaps two separate points. First, if it is correct to attribute the pieces with Pharos or tower (above, group 2(iii) to Panormus, and if they are of Triumviral date the mention of decurions would suggest chartered status, as has already been suggested by Grant. The reasons for the attribution to Panormus have already been discussed; a date in the Triumviral period is, of course, not definite, but seems likely in view of the use of the single abbreviated Latin name, which does not seem characteristic of the Augustan period, certainly not at Panormus. Thus, there is some likelihood that these coins reflect the Roman or Latin status of Panormus, presumably between 44 and 36 b c (see the introduction to Sicily). Second, there is the more vexed problem of the date of the foundation of the colony at Panormus: the choice between an Augustan as opposed to a late Augustan/Tiberian date cannot be illuminated by the coinage, even on the likely assumption that the change from Greek to Latin ethnic corresponds to this change; this change of legend cannot be at all closely dated (unless the issue of Sisenna could be definitely attributed to Panormus; as it seems definitely to be Augustan, it could exclude a Tiberian date for the colony). There are three issues of Augustus with Greek legends (639-41), none at all closely datable; there are then two issues of coins with Latin legends. One of these, the issue in two denominations signed by the duoviri Cn. Domi Procul and A. Laetor (64445), copies Rome issues of Divus Augustus (BMC 151, of a d 15—16: for the date, see RIC, p. 88) and of Livia under Tiberius (BMC 65, of a d 15-16). The other (642-3) has a male head on one side, and a veiled female head on the other, with the legend AVGVS. Grant (APT 5) thought that these were copies of the Pietas dupondii of Tiberius, minted in a d 22-3 (BMC 98); this does not seem definite, but it does seem likely that the legend on the reverse should be expanded to Augusta, in which case the coins must be later than Livia’s adoption of that title in a d 14. This point was also made by H. Bloesch, Griechische Münzen in Winter­ thur no. 828, where it is suggested that the coins were made after Augustus’s death on 19 August, but before his deifica­ tion on 17 September, since he is not radiate. This seems alarmingly precise, and identifications as Tiberius and Livia would seem preferable. (The view that the veiled head is of Geres, that AVGVS on the reverse refers to the emperor on the obverse seems implausible.) ‘Deutung und Datum bleiben problematisch’, as Bloesch concludes. The relative sequence and absolute chronology of the imperial issues is unclear; the order given here, within each of the two groups with different languages for the ethnic, may therefore be wrong. It is based entirely on fallible preconceptions of likely stylistic development. The decision of what to include in this catalogue and what to omit is also rather arbitrary. The main series of Romano-Sicilian issues have been excluded for the chronological reasons given above. Clearly all definitely imperial issues are included, as are such issues with mixed Latin and Greek legends as seem likely to fall in the Triumviral period. (636 has been dated to a d 23-6 by Manganaro, ANRW Ia, 1972, p. 459, because a temple countermark occurs on 642 and 644; but the Greek ethnic surely excludes this date, and indeed the theory that it refers to a temple of Divus Augustus.) It is still, of course,

possible that issues of the relevant date have been omitted, for instance the coins with Greek ethnic and the head of ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ (Holm 625a, Gabrici 5—7), which the analogy of Thessalonica (1553) might incline one to think of as belong­ ing to the period of the second Triumvirate. The designs used are for the most part traditional; the triskeles and ram, for example, can be found on the earlier coinage of Panormus. The types which appear to copy Tiberian bronzes of Rome have already been discussed. This leaves the capricorn, either loosely copied from Augustan coins or just adopted as a common symbol of Augustus, and the figure of Victory, either a reference to the battle of Actium or simply a more generic allusion. Panormus also seems to have countermarked Augustan moneyers’ bronze (see the introduction to Sicily). Recent evidence suggests the attribution of some coins of Drusus and Germanicus to Panormus (see 5452).

640

AE. 21 m m , 6.58 g (37).

[ 6 ]

G abrici 322-4 ΠΑΝΟΡΜΙΤΑΝ; head, 1. Eagle, facing, holding anim al (?) in claws i . C (M c C le a n 2 5 2 2 ), 8.55; 2. P 997, 9.30; 3 - 5 . B (I-B ); 6. M u s n g 820, 10.31; 7“ 9 - P alerm o — G ab rici 3 2 2 -4 , 8.89, 10.73, IO-Oo; 10. C alciati 19/2, 7.24; i i . M in i 25, 8.46; 12. N 4758; 13—14. W in te rth u r 8 2 4 -5 (‘L a m m o d er Z ick lein ’), 8.91, 8.16.

641

AE. 22 m m , g.71 g (26). Axis: 12 or 6. H olm 742, G abrici 333-5,

bmc

[ 20 ]

42, C op 543

ΠΑΝΟΡΜΙΤΑΝ; head, r. Triskeles w ith gorgon face an d corn ears betw een legs i . L = b m c 42, 11.26; 2—4 . P 991, 9 98-9, 8 . i i , 10.64 a n d 9.56; 5—9· B (R au ch , L ö b b a n d 3 I-B ); 1 0 - 1 2 . M u s n g 821 -3 , 9.96, 8.64, 8.58; 13. O , 10.82; 14—15. C (M cL ea n 2523, 1948-89 = G ra n t); 1 6 - 1 9 . V 6715-8, 9.25, 8.20, 9.85, 9.15; 2 0 - 2 1 . C o p 543 -4 , 10.86, 10.07; 2 2 2 4 . P alerm o = G ab rici 333 -5 , 10.27, 9 -: 3 > 10.85; 2 5 . M i (Laff. 284), 9.80; 26. PV ; 27. V irzi 1336; 28—29. S t 4 8 8 -9 , 10.14, 8.64; 3 0 —3 1 . C alciati 20-1, 11.85, 10.95; 3 2 —3 8 . N 4 759-62 a n d S 8 040-2; 3 9 . M in i 31a, 9.30; 4 0 . M M A G 489 (1986), 31, 9.95; 4 1 . T ü b in g e n 630, 6.63; 4 2 . Be (R 4280), 9.84; 4 3 . W in te rth u r 826, 9.02; 4 4 . P 1 9 8 7 /4 4 1 ex M M A G 505 (1987) lot 115, 7.71. C o u n te rm ark s: P lo u g h (see G IC 426 in text: 4, 35), te trasty le tem p le ( G IC 286: 27).

U n c e r ta in d a te ( T r iu m v i r a t p e r io d ?) 636

A E. 24m m , 9.12 g (8). Axis: 12 (1).

[19]

H olm 727 = 789, G abrici 98-108, B ahrfeldt no. 72 L aureate head o f Zeus, r.; behind, sceptre ΠΑΝΟΡΜΙΤΑΝ; C D; tem ple w ith four colum ns

T ib e r iu s (?) a n d L i v ia (?)

i . L = b m c 38; 2—3. L — BMC 39-40; 4—13· See B ahrfeldt; 14. C (M cC lean 2521), 7.27; 15—16. O , 7.80 a n d 4.13; 17. V 6692, 8.10; 18— 19. N Y 57 0 -1 , 7.01, 7.09; 20—3 0 . P alerm o = G ab rici 98-108; 3 1 . M in i 176, 8.93; 32—3 4 . C alcia ti 160, 7.90, 7.02, 6.70; 3 5 . P alerm o 1980 h o ard , 8.53; 3 6 . E velpidis 560, 5.83; 3 7 . T ü b in g e n 629, 8.19; 38—4 0 . N 4719-21; 4 1 . Be (R 4799), 7.31; 4 2 . W e b er 1498, 7.51. G . M a n g a n a ro suggests th a t C D — consensu Decurionum. H e w ould d a te this issue to the reign of T ib eriu s because a tem ple co u n te rm a rk ap p e ars on 642 ( A N R W W . n . i , p. 48, no.

642

H olm 743, G abrici 325-31, C op 562

AE. 17mm, 4.75g (32).

[

ii

]

1061 D D; Pharos or tow er A ltar

638

AE. 14m m , 2.06g (4). B ahrfeldt no. 74,

fita

643

a pt

no. 13,

A E. 22 m m , 9.33 g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. H olm 743, G abrici 332,

43, G ra n t

bmc

[ 3 ] a pt

no. 13 var.

P A N O R M IT A N O R V M ; head, r. A V G V S; veiled fem ale head, 1. I- L = BMC 43, 10.81; 2. M u 824, 9.07; 3. C o p 561, 10.37; 4 . P alerm o = G ab rici 332, g.40; 5 - 6 . N 47 5 6 -7 ; 7 - 8 . C alcia ti 38, 8.14, 7.85; 9. E velpidis 571, 9.90.

[ 2 ] 13

D D; Pharos or tow er L M ; palm tree

[ 9 ]

44, G ra n t

L = b m c 4 4 , 9.99; 2. Ο —λM( 1088 (‘D e m e te r’), 9.30; 3 . N Y 572, 7.94; 4 - 5 . V 6720 -1 , 7.60, 9.90; 6 - 7 . C o p 562 -3 , 6.66, 9.39; 8 14. P alerm o = G ab rici 325-3 1 , 8.60, 10.72, 8.17, 7.22, 7.65, 10.36, g.24; I 5 - J S W , 9.43; 16. V irzi 1338; 17. M in i 27, 7.48; 1 8 - 1 9 . p 1002-3, to .28, 9.28; 2 0 —22. C o p 560 a n d 562—3, 14.02, 6.66, 9.39; 2 3 —2 4 . N 4 7 5 4 - 5 ; 2 5 - 2 6 . C alcia ti 37, 9.01, 8.30; 2 7 . M in i 27, 7.48; 28. PV ; 29. Be (R 4984), 8.82; 3 0 —3 1 . W in te rth u r 8 2 7 -8 , 7.82, 10.01. C o u n te rm ark s: T e tra sty le tem p le ( G I C 286: 4, 7), co rn u co p ia (?) ( G I C — : 25 ‘d o lp h in ’, b u t cf. G ab rici 312).

H olm 746, G abrici 114, B ahrfeldt no. 73, bmc 22, Cop

i . L = b m c 22; 2. L = b m c 23; 3—12. See B ahrfeldt; 13. M u 829; 14. C o p 1061; 15—17. V 7323—4 a n d 37461, 5.10, 5.30 an d 4.40; 18— 24. P alerm o = G ab rici 114-20; 2 5 . P alerm o 1980 h o a rd , 4.25; 26— 28. C alcia ti 161, 5.03, 4.80, 3.85; 2 9 . M in i 179, 4.30; 3 0 . N Y 609, 2.81; 3 1 . T ü b in g e n 631, 2.57; 3 2 . K la g 563, 3.35; 3 3 - 3 4 . W in te rth u r 1056-7, 5 -‘ 4 > 3 -* 8 5 ; 3 5 · W e b er 1500, 5.02.

bmc

P A N O R M IT A N O R V M ; head, r. A V G V S; veiled fem ale head, r.

2 3 7 )·

637

A E. 19 m m , 8.95 g ( 3 4 )· Axis: 12 or 6.

R e ig n o f T ib e riu s

1 - 2 . B I-B ( = B ah rfeld t no. 74), 2.20, 1.70; 3—4 . M in i 180 a n d 180b, 1.85 a n d 2.49.

Cn Domi Procul A Laetor Ilviri 644

A u g u s tu s 639

AE. 23 m m , 8.80 g (6). Axis: 12 or 6.

AE. 22 m m ,

7.97 g

(12). Axis: 12 or 6.

H olm 744, G abrici 339-41, C op 564 [ 2 ]

G abrici 336 H ead, 1. ΠΑΝΟΡΜ; Nike standing, 1., holding w reath an d palm i . P 10 0 1 , 8.96; 2. B (I-B ); 3 . M i (A rslan 622), 9.04; 4 . P alerm o — G ab rici 336, 9.41; 5—6. C alcia ti 23, 10.60 a n d 5.04; 7. M in i 32, 9.75; 8. P alerm o 1980 h o ard , 3.61.

bmc

45, G ra n t

[ 11 ] a pt

no. 11,

P A N (H )O R M IT A N O R V M ; rad iate head, 1.; before, th underbolt; above, star C N D O (M I) P R O C (V L ) A L A E T O (R) IIV IR ; capricorn, r.; below, triskeles

S I C I L Y : Panormus, laiton, Segesta (645-647)

I. L = bmc 4 5 (C N D O M P [ ] T O I IV IR ), 8.15; 2. L = b m c 46 (C N D O P R O C [ ]O R I I V I R ) , 8.31; 3 . N Y 573 (]A L A E T O II V I R ) , 8.17; 4 - 7 . B (I-B : C N D O M P R O C V [, illeg., ]D O P R O C [, ]M P R O [); 8. V 6719, 7.35; 9 . P 1004 (C N D O M P R O C V [ ]A L A E T O I IV IR ), 7.18; 10. C o p 564 (C N [ ]M P R O [), 7.81; I I . C 1948-82 (G ra n t), 7.54; 12— 14. P alerm o = G ab rici 339-41 (C N D O M P R O C [ ] I I V I R , C N D O P R O [ ] I I V I R , J D O M I P R O C V L [); 15. N 4763 (C N D O P R O C [ ]V IR ), 9.25; 16. M in i 36 (C N D O M P R O C V [ ]A E T O II V I R , 7.38; 17. M in i 36b (]N D O P R O [), 9.25; 18. J P R 6409, 8.50; 19. W in te rth u r 829 (w here specim ens from th e la to excavations w ith o u t a n H in th e legend are m en tio n e d ), 6.68; 20. P s .n ., 10.44. C o u n te rm ark s: P lough ( G IC 426 in text: 14); tem p le (20).

645

AE. 16m m , 4 .2 6 g (17). Axis: 12 o r 6. H olm 745, G abrici 109-13,

bm c

/73

[ 11 ]

47, G ra n t

apt

no. 12

P A N O R M IT A N ; fem ale figure (Livia) seated, r., holding sceptre and p atera G N D (O M ) A LA; ram , 1. I. L = b m c 47 (C N D ), 4.47; 2 - 3 . N Y 5 7 4 -5 (C N D O M ), 3.72, 3.71; 4 6. B (I-B , I-B , 28755); 7 · G ; 8. M u 825 (C N D O M ), 4.30; 9. C (M cC lean 2524), 4.54; 10—11. V 6 7 1 3 -4 , 3.75, 4.20; 1 2 16. P alerm o = G ab rici 109-13, 6.6g, 4.55, 4.33, 4.22, 4.22; 17. V irzi 1339; 1 8 - 2 0 . N 4 764-6; 2 1 - 2 2 . C alcia ti 34, 3.70, 3.38; 23. M in i 13, 3.68; 2 4 . P alerm o 1980 h o ard , 3.70; 25. E v elp id is 570, 5.15; 26. W in te rth u r 830. G ra n t a n d G ab rici say th a t the figure (‘L iv ia-C eres’) h o ld s co rn ears, b u t this seem s inco rrect.

laiton The coinage of laiton has been fully studied by H. Bloesch (.Kokalos 18-19, *1I.972—3, pp. 201-7), who dated five ofhis six different issues to the hrst century, but suggested a late Tiberian or later date for the sixth, on the grounds that in the excavations at lato two examples were found together with a Tiberian bronze of Panormus (Tiberius/Livia) in a stratum with pottery of the mid-first century a d . The issue has therefore been included here, though with very considerable misgivings. The fabric suggests that an earlier date is possible, and the reverse design seems as close to Republican coins of Panormus (BMC 11—12) as to the relevant coins of Augustus (641). As it seems that earlier bronze stayed in circulation for a considerable time into the imperial period, it is indeed very possible that the excavated coins were just survivals of an earlier issue. In fact, Bloesch himself has also now abandoned such a late date ( Griechische Münzen in Winterthur, p. 65). The same countermark is found on 647 as on coins of near-by Panormus (641-2), but this cannot really be taken as evidence of a later date, any more than at Panormus (pace Manganaro: see 636).

F i r s t century B C 646

AE. 22 m m , 8.86 g (14: 6 4 6 -7 ).

[ 9 ]

Bloesch 6a, C op 330 ΙΑΙΤΙΝΩΝ; head of H eracles w earing lionskin, r.; behind, club Triskeles w ith gorgon face a n d corn ears betw een legs P 6 0 3 , 9.08; 2. P D elep ierre 329-30; 3—7. B; 8. L 1955-11-7-47» II. 58; 9 . C o p 330; 10. M in i 7, 8.55; 11. I a to excavations.

I.

647

AE. See 646. Bloesch 6b-6c, G abrici 2-6,

[ 10 ] bm c

1-2, C op 329

As 646, b u t no club 1—4 . L = b m c 1-2, 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -7 2 1 a n d 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -2 2 , 8.82, 8.11, 8.81, 8.48; 5—6. B 28809, 28850; 7 - 8 . O , 9.14, 11.63; 9 · G (M cC le an 2316); 10. C o p 329, 10.43; I I —1 5 * P alerm o = G a b ric i 2 -6 ; 16—1 7 . N 4388-9; 18—2 i . C alciati 7, 10.14, — > 9 ·3 5 » 8.29; 22. la to excavations; 2 3 . E velpidis 509, 8.30. C o u n te rm ark : T e tra sty le tem p le ( G I C 286: 19): cf. P an o rm u s.

Segesta Segesta had produced a small bronze coinage during the Republic. For Augustus (probably), there is an issue with Greek legends, presumably minted before the settlement of 2 1 B G , when Segesta was Latinae condicionis. In addition there are two issues without ethnic but with Latin legends referring to the duoviri C. Iulius C. f. Longus and C. Iulius Dionysius. These are normally linked together in view of the similarity of their designs (Dioscuri and a dolphin), and the use of the Dioscuri has led to their traditional attribution to Tyndaris. Grant, on the other hand {FITA 190—i), gave them to Panormus since he inter­ preted and expanded part of the legend to refer to Panor­ mus. This seems mistaken (see below), and the coins are here given to Segesta on the strength of the inscription found there which refers to C. Iulio C. f. Lon [go] duumviro municipium h. [c. p.] {AE, 1945, 64: a reference owed to R. J. A. Wilson). The use of designs referring to the Dioscuri is not otherwise attested at the inland city Segesta, but, together with the dolphin, they may perhaps refer to the port of Segesta. The Dioscuri on the obverse are a copy of the denarius of Mn. Gordius Rufus (RRC 463/1: 46 b c ) .

There is no problem with the reading of the coins of Longus or of the reverse legend of the coins of Dionysius. The obverse of Dionysius’s coins, however, causes some problems. Grant read it as SANTO ATHENI [II]VIR MV I P ( = MVnicipium Iulium Panormus). This does not seem a very likely abbreviation, and in fact there seems definitely to be a punctuation mark between the M and the V on the two dies identified, but not one between the I and the P. This, moreover, seems to start the inscription: D ie i. Legend starts at seven o’clock

(a) M VIPSAN O A [ ___ (b) M [ JSANO A T H E N [ (c) JIPSANO A THENA EO f

P 1980/229 B = F I T A , pi. V I. i

Froehner 1265

D ie 2. Legend starts at one o’clock

(a) M [ (b) M V IP[ (c) illegible

B = F I T A , pi. VI.2 B (I-B)

Cop 955

The study of further specimens will no doubt throw addi­ tional light on the problem. In addition to an illegible speci­ men in the Calciati collection, there are five specimens in Palermo, which have not been personally examined or

ij4

S I C I L Y : Segesta, Eryx, Entella (648-652)

illustrated (Gabrici, Tyndaris 58-62). Gabrici recorded the reading of the obverse for only one: M VIP[ (Gabrici 58). The smaller coin with pilei/DD rudder has also been transferred to Segesta, in view of its similarity with the duoviral issues, even though even Grant (FITA 194) left it in Tyndaris. Gabrici 57 records a further coin in Palermo with the same types as G. Iulius Longus, but reading M VIPS DOSS[: confirmation of this is required. The date of these two issues is also difficult. Grant put them late, in which case they would presumably be later than 21 b c ; on the other hand, there is nothing about them which seems to exclude an earlier date in the Triumviral period (i.e., 44-36 b c ) . The same uncertainty, of course, also applies to the inscription mentioning Iulius Longus.

i . B = f i t a , pi. V I.3 = z f n 1876, 32, no. 22; 2. C 83/1948 (ex G ra n t), 8.97; 3—6. P a le r m o = G a b r ic i 5 3 —6, 9.83, 10.03, 8.29, 6.04; 7. PV ; 8. W in te rth u r 1054, 7.85.

M 650

V ip s D o s s [ ??

AE. 2 1 m m , 6 .6 7 g ( ’ )·

[ o ]

G abrici 57 M V IP S D O S S [ ; two pilei w ith stars D olphin i . P alerm o = G ab rici 57, 6.67 (co n firm atio n o f re a d in g a n d existence o f m a g istra te req u ired ).

A nonym ous T r iu m v ir a l p e r io d (?) 651

M 648

V ip s a n u s A th e n a e u s C I u liu s D io n y s iu s I l v i r i

AE. 20m m , 7.39g (10). Axis: var. H olm 757, G abrici (T yndaris) 58,

fita

[ 6 ] f it a

191, C op 955

i. B =

652

(5)· Axis:

H olm 756, G abrici 53-5,

6.

fita

f it a

,

pi. V I I . 7.

B C ( ? ) I.

AE. 19m m , 9.52g (7). Axis: 6. H olm 747, G abrici 93-4,

bm c

[ 5 ]

65-6

ΕΓΕΣΤΑΙΩΝ; head, r. A eneas carrying p allad iu m an d A nchises, L; above, crescent; behind, eagle

L on gu s I lv ir

AE. 20 m m , 8.53 g

194

A u g u s tu s , before 2 1

I . P 1 9 8 0 /3 3 8 (rev. C I V L I O D I O [ ]X D D ), 6.23; 2 - 4 . B (all I-B: revv. C IV L IO D [ ] IR IS E X D D , C IV L IO D IO N Y [ a n d illeg.), 6.62, 7.00 a n d —; 5 . C op 955 (rev. ]O N Y S IO [ ), 7.88; 6 . C alciati (T y n d a ris) 30 (rev. illeg.), 6.68; 7—11. P alerm o = G ab rici (T y n d a ris) 58-62 (rev; o f 58: ‘J O N Y S IO I I V I R I S E X D D ’), 7.09, 10.59, 8.95, 7 - i 7 , 5 -7 2 j_ i* . N Y 608, 6.87 (illeg.); 13. F ro eh n er (R atto 1909) lo t 1265 (rev. C IV L I O D IO N Y S IO ).

649

[ i ]

Pilei D D; ru d d e r

M V IP S A N O A T H E N A E O [; ju g a te heads o f Dioscuri, r.; above, stars C IV L IO D IO N Y S IO IIV IR IS E X D D; dolphin, r., and aplustre

C I u liu s C f

AE. 16mm.

I . L = BMC 65, 10.48; 2. L = BMC 6 6 , 9 .5 5 ; 3. P 1 0 5 9 , 10.24; 4 · C (M cC lean 2 ^ 6 9 ), 8 .4 e;; r —6 . P alerm o = G ab rici 02—4 , 1 0 .0 8 ,8 .0 2 ; 7. C alcia ti 61, 8.05; 8. T (F a b re tti 1631), 9.38.

[ 2 ]

ig o

C IV L IV S C F L O N G V S I I V IR ; two pilei w ith stars E X D D; dolphin, r.

Eryx For a dupondius of the Augustan moneyer Salvius Otho countermarked ΕΡΥΞ, in Greek, see F. de Saulcy, Mélanges de Numismatique ι (1875), 106—8 (line drawing), followed by H. Willers, Die römische Kupfermünzen, p. 15, no. 215. The reference by J. Friedländer, ZfN, 1877, p. 337, to an

Augustan moneyer’s bronze countermarked ERVX (in Latin) is presumably a mistake based on de Saulcy’s coin. For the countermarking of Augustan bronze, see the introduction to Sicily.

Entella Entella does not seem to have produced any coinage in the second and first centuries b c , except for a small issue with Dionysus (?)/grapes (Gabrici 12, Cop 240). Its next and last issue was struck in two denominations, with the inscription ATPATINOY, almost certainly referring to L. Sempronius Atratinus, the Antonian general who helped Octavian against Sextus Pompey in 36 b c and whose name also appears on coins of Lilybaeum (655), Sparta (1101), an issue of Antony’s ‘fleet coinage’ from Greece (1453-61), and

an issue of bronze for Antony from northwest Asia Minor (2226). The designs of the smaller denomination repeat those of the previous small issue, but those on the larger piece are new. The figure on the reverse has been variously identified as Homonoia (BMC, FITA) or a ‘figura femminile’ (Gabrici), but was correctly interpreted by Holm and Hill (Coins of Ancient Sicily, p. 221) as the city goddess or Tyche, since on some specimens she is clearly wearing a turreted

S I C I L Y : Entella, Lilybaeum (653-655)

crown. Hill thought that she was holding a patera in her right hand, but it seems more likely that she is holding corn ears (clearly on B 28630). The obverse is Helios, probably a reference to Antony and perhaps a copy of one of his denarii (RRC 533/2, with p. 743).

i · L — b m c 8, 8.22; 2. P 4 1 1 (obv. a lte re d in m o d e rn tim es to A C H A T IN O Y ), 8.25: 3 —5 * B (L ö b b , I-B , 28630); 6. C o p 238, 7.40; 7. O , 8.38; 8. M u 1 0 2 0 7 5 ( s n g — ), 7.37; g . C (L eake), 6.23; 10. P alerm o = G ab rici io , 10.74; Ι Γ · N 4258; 12. M in i 18, 7.97; 1 3 16. C alciati 16, g.35, 8.71, 6.98, 6.56; 1 7 - 1 8 . E v elp id is 4 8 4 -5 , 8.45. 7.22. T h e re is a m o d e rn forgery (e.g., C alcia ti 15). C o u n te rm ark : B ull (12). 654

AE. ig m m , 7.98g (14). Axis: var. H olm 607, BMC 8, G abrici 10, C op 238,

AE. 17m m , 5 .7 7 g (3).

[ 3 ]

H olm 607a, G abrici 11, C op 239

A tr a tin u s , 3 6 B C 653

/75

ATPATINOY; head o f D ionysius, r. ENTEAAINWN; b unch o f grapes

[ 9 ] fita

I. C o p 239, 5.15; 2. B (I-B ); 3. P alerm o = G ab rici i t , 5.79; 4 . V irzi 952; 5· P V , 6 .1 1.

392

ATPATINOY; rad iate h ead o f Helios, r. ENTEAAINWN; T yche standing, 1., holding corn ears an d cornucopia

Lilybaeum Lilybaeum (Marsala) had produced two denominations during the Republic, the larger with Apollo/lyre (Holm 683, BMC 2, Gabrici i - i i ) and the smaller with Apollo/tripod (Holm 682, BMC 1, Gabrici 12). There is also an issue of the larger denomination with LAPV D E Q instead of the ethnic (Bahrfeldt, RSN, 1904, no. 18; a second specimen in L, 1948—4-2-1, 5.90 g). This has been linked to the Spanish issues of Urso, Myrtilis and Baelo with the legend L AP DEC Q, and dated to the forties B C (Grant, FITA 26-7). Crawford, however, has pointed out ( CMRR 211 and 341 ) that there is some hoard evidence for an earlier date for the Spanish issues, and has suggested that both they and the coin of Lilybaeum should be dated to the period of Sertorius, when the close connection between Spain and Sicily was equally possible. The issue has conse­ quently been omitted here. Grant (FITA 26-7) also attributed a series of ‘RomanoSicilian’ coins, signed by Roman officials, to Lilybaeum, perhaps correctly. These have, however, been discussed under Panormus, where the view was taken that they are earlier than the period covered here. During the Triumviral period, Lilybaeum made an issue of heavy bronze coins (asses; see p. 165) with the names ATPATINO and ΠΥΘΙΩΝ. The first name is almost certainly a reference to L. Sempronius Atratinus, whose name appears also at Entella (653) and elsewhere (Sparta 1101, Greece 1453-61 and Asia 2226) and who was the Antonian general helping Octavian against Sextus Pompey in 37-36 B e . Hill ( Coins of Ancient Sicily, p. 212) suggested that Pythion was the name of a magistrate or wealthy citizen who defrayed the cost of the issue (hence the use of the dative case for the ethnic). Manganaro (ANRWII. 11.1, p. 14) has also attributed a countermark found on coins of Lilybaeum to Atratinus. Subsequently there are two issues with Latin legends, both minted after 27, and presumably well after the settle­ ment of 2 1 B C , since Lilybaeum does not appear in Pliny’s list of communities Latinae condicionis. These are different denominations, and, although they were linked together in a single ‘issue’ by A. Gutroni Tusa, Sicilia Archeologica XI, 38, 1978, pp. 54-8 (where they are dated to 12-11 b c ) , they probably are separate issues, since they use different forms

of the ethnic and different forms of the letter Y (or V). The smaller coin is undatable. The larger refers to the proconsul Q. Terentius Culleo (an example in P, 687, has been recut in modern times to read PROCOS III). There seems no way of dating his proconsulship more precisely than ‘sub Augusto’ (B. Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum, col. 1, no. 3 = Manganaro, ANRW II.11.1, p. 86, no. 4); nor does there seem any reason for regarding the issue as a ‘founda­ tion issue’ (FITA 109-11). The designs mostly refer to Lilybaeum’s traditional association with Apollo, although the turreted head on Atratinus’s coins is presumably either the city Tyche or a personification of Trinakria (an identification by Manganaro which would explain the triangular ornament which encloses the head). The correct reading LILYBITA (rather than LILYBIT) on the smaller coin supports Mom­ msen’s interpretation (CIL X, 2, p. 742) of the legends as Lilybitanorum Augustanorum (though AVGV might stand for AVGVST(-0 /-VS). This issue is placed before that of Culleo on the (admittedly fragile) grounds that a coin with the fuller form of the ethnic is more likely to precede one with a shorter form. Lilybaeum also countermarked Augustan bronze of Rome with LILYB (see the introduction to Sicily). A tr a tin u s , 3 6 B C 655

AE. 2 6m m , 19.89g (35). Axis: 12. H olm 684, G abrici 15,

bmc

4, C op 376,

[ 29 ] f it a

393

AIAYBAIITAIC; veiled an d tu rre te d head, r., w ithin trian g u lar o rnam ent ATPATINO ΠΥΘΙΩΝ; tripod w ith snake coiled aro und i . L = b m c 6, 23.92; 2—4 . L = b m c 4 -5 a n d G 0106, 24.14, 21.46, 18.48; 5—6. N Y 28 2 -3 ; 7—8. C o p 376-7; 9—10. O , 17.06, 17.36; i i —14. P 6 7 7 -9 a n d D elep ierre, 19.06, 23.08, 21.44 a n d — ; 15—19. B; 2 0 . C (M cC le an 2360); 21—26. V 6560 -5 , 22.70, 18.50, 17.60, 15.80, 21.10, 21.70; 27— 29. M u 602-4; S ° ~ $ S · P alerm o = G ab rici 15—18; 3 4 .; M i (A rslan 434), Ϊ9.87; 3 5 —3 8 . N 4 5 17-20; 3 9 —4 0 . C alc ia ti 15, 21.95, 16.62; 4 1 . M in i 8, 21.45; 4 2 . PV ; 4 3 . E velpidis 524, 18.70; 4 4 . L eu M a y 1973, lo t 151, 21.38; 4 5 . S chw eizerische B an k v erein O c t. 1977, lot 108; 4 6 —4 7 . S t 4 5 4 5, 19.22, 17.69; 4 8 . B e (R 3940), 21.02; 4 9 . T (F a b re tti 1448), 20.35.

A u g u s tu s ,

R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s 656

AE. 16 m m , 4.93 g (6). H olm 748, BMC 7, G abrici 24,

[ 5 ] f it a

657

x3-795 1 7 9 —180. P rin ce to n F iresto n e, 19.90, 18.46; 181. Y ale U n iv ersity , 16.05; 182—185. W a sh in g to n S m ith so n ian , 24.18, 20.50, 18.57, 17.98.

Melita The coins of Melita have been studied most recently by Coleiro (NC, 1971, pp. 67-91), who arranged the coinage in a sequence and dated it by a false analogy with weight standards in use elsewhere. There seems little certainty on chronology, except that 672 with its Greek ethnic is prob­ ably earlier than 673-4 in Latin (pace Grant, FIT A 59 and i g i ). There is no good evidence to date Arruntanus after 36 (.FITA 59), or to call him a propraetor of Sicily in 38-37 b c (Coleiro 78, following Klein). The mixture of Greek ethnic and Latin name of a Roman magistrate seems quite likely to belong to the Trium viral period, while the Latin ethnic of 673—4 seems perhaps to imply privileged status. As in the case of the Sicilian cities (see the introduction to Sicily), this would seem most likely between 44 and 36 b c , since it is unlikely that Malta had chartered status under Augustus. There is, of course, no reason to suppose {FITA 191 ) that the coin should be regarded as a foundation issue of a municipium following Caesar’s grant of the Latin right. Grant {FITA 234) also attributed the curious coins with TADI and MARI to Malta (?), taking them to be evidence for a colony there during the civil wars of 42 b c . The auth­ enticity of these coins does not seem beyond question, and anyway the attribution is very weak, resting on typological similarities with earlier Maltese coins. This is, however, not very conclusive, as a veiled head with Stephane could occur at many other places. The names of Tadi and Mari are of little help: we find, for instance, a P. Tadius at Corinth (1117) and an S. Tadius at Utica (738). The coin is there­ fore classified under ‘Uncertain’ (5403). Grant {FITA 68) also attributed the curious coins with Apollo head/ears of corn Q to Malta, though the reason for this attribution is unclear (Bahrfeldt did not attribute them there, as Grant says). They presumably belong to the central Mediterranean, as several are in Palermo, but the attribution is not at all clear. Africa cannot be ruled out (compare the Isis/3 corn ears type of Iol, Cop 679), and Sardinia, too, seems a possible candidate, as corn ears had been used earlier there. The date, too, is unclear, though it seems likely to be rather earlier than the period of this catalogue, on metrological grounds. There are three denominations (two apparently unknown to Grant):

1. 2. 3.

Uncia. Apollo/2 corn ears Q; av. weight 3.19 g (14); Sextans. Apollo/3 corn ears O and . av. weight 3.40 g (6) (L, B, Gabrici 262-6); Quadrans. Apollo .. ./4 corn ears Q and ...; av. weight 7 -8 3 g (3 ) (U 8.48; Gabrici 261, 7.09; JPR 6411, 7.92).

As a quadrans weighing about 8 g implies an as of 32 g, the coin seems unlikely to belong to the late Republic and so is omitted here. T r iu m v ir a t p e r io d (?) C A r r u n ta n u s B a lb u s P r o p r 672

AE. 20 m m , 5.57 g (29). Axis: var.

[ 20 ]

C oleiro no. 10, H olm 727, G abrici 17, C op 473

ΜΕΛΙΤΑΙΩΝ; veiled head (Astarte?) with Stephane, 1. C A R R V N T A N V S BALB P R O P R ; curule chair i . L 1 8 7 4 -7 -1 5 -1 4 8 , 5.78; 2—6. L, 6.45, 6.04, 4.38, 5.81, 6.62; 7— 22. C a th e d ra l M u se u m , M a lta ; 23—2 5 . N atio n al M u se u m , M a lta ; 26— 27. C o p 47 3 -4 ; 28. P alerm o = G ab rici 17, 4.71; 29. M in i 20, 5.75; 3 0 3 1 . E velpidis 750-1, 4.73, 4.90; 3 2 —3 5 . N 6 6 2 1 -2 a n d S 9 875-6; 3 6 —38. P 2280-2; 3 9 . P V ; 4 0 —4 1 . N Y , 7.38; 4 2 . C Leake; 4 3 —4 6 . O ; 4 7 . P D elep ierre; 4 8 —4 9 . C alcia ti 14; 4 9 —50. T (F a b re tti 1891-2); 5 1 . M i (A rslan 1418).

A nonym ous 673

AE. 2 2m m , 5.05g (13). Axis: var.

[ to ]

C oleiro no. 11, H olm 728, C op 471 V eiled fem ale head (A starte?) w ith S tephane, r. M E L IT A S ; tripod I. L 1928-5-14-2, 4.32; 2-4. L , 5.32, 6.74 a n d 5.39; 5-6. C o p 471-2; 7. C a th e d ra l M u se u m , M a lta ; 8—9. N atio n al M u se u m , M alta; 10. M in i 13, 5.40; i i —13. P 2279, D elep ierre (2); 14. G p. 601, no. 32; 15. E velpidis 747, 4.83; 16. M i (A rslan 1416), 5.80; 17. D reer s n g 611,

4.74. 674

AE. 22 m m . As

673,

[ i ]

b u t head 1.

i . G p. 601, no. 33

Cossura The island of Cossura made coins with Latin legends, implying a late date, though there is no reason to tie either

issue closely to c. 44 b c {FITA 191-2), and the coins were generally dated to the ‘second-first century b c ’ by G. K.

S I C I L Y : Cossura (675-676)

Jenkins (SNG Cop). The general appearance, however, of the larger coin (675) is quite similar to that of Maltese coins of the first century b c (Coleiro no. 4), so a date in the Triumviral period seems not unlikely. The significance of the countermarks REG, eagle and capricorn are not clear. It is tempting to regard the smaller coin (676) as perhaps Augustan, since the DD and branch countermark is also found on Augustan moneyers’ bronze (see the introduction to Sicily); but the use of Latin perhaps makes this unlikely, if it implies chartered status, since there is no reason to suppose that Cossura was privileged in this way.

i . L T C 8 6 n o . i , 10.38; 2—1 2 . L , 9.98, 12.70. 9.18, 9.09, 11.84, 11.80, 11.07, I 2 -° 7 > 10.00, 8.04, 6.82; 13—2 2 . P alerm o = G ab rici 16-25; 2 3 — 2 4 . E velpidis 733-4, 11.20, 11.35; 2 5 —3 8 . N 6 113-25 a n d S 9824; 3 9 . C op 451, 12.39; 4 ° · T (F a b re tti 1872), 11.86. C o u n te rm ark s: In cu se R E G ( G IC — : 2 -4 , 8—21, 2 3 -4 , 2 6 -3 9 ), facing eagle w ith w re a th in b eak ( G I C — : 2, 4, 5, 9, 12, 18—20, 2 3 -4 , 3 4 -8 ), ca p rico rn (G IC 2, 4, 5, 18-21, 2 3 -4 , 34-8 ).

U n c e rta in d ate 676

AE. 2 2m m , 5 .6 6 g (7). Axis: 12 (1).

Holm 733, G abrici 26,

675

AE. 27m m , 10.69g (24 )· Axis: 12 or 6. H olm 734, G abrici 16, C op 451 Fem ale head (Isis?), crow ned by Nike, r.; before, m odius (?) C O SSV R A an d sign of T an it; in w reath

fita

[ 2 ]

ig i, Cop 452

As 675, b u t to 1. C O S S U R A in w reath

L a te f i r s t cen tu ry BC [ 13 ]

181

i . L 1 9 2 8 —5 —1 0 —1 4 8 , 4.37; 2—6 . P alerm o = G ab rici 2 6-30, 8.56, 5.27, 6.38, 5.72, 4.19; 7—9 . N 61 2 6 -8 ; 1 0 . M in i 6, 5.10 (illus.); 1 1 . C o p 452, 6.96. C o u n te rm ark : D D w ith b ra n c h betw een ( G I C — : 4 -6 , 9, 10).

AFRICA Cat. no.

West: Cirta/C onstantine Sicca/Cirta Nova H ippo Regius East: Utica (inc. Ju b a I) Carthage Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna Byzacium: H adrum etum Lepti Minus Thapsus Achulla Cercina

706-8 709-16 7 17 -4 4 7 4 5 -5 7

758-70 7 7 I_83

784-91 7 9 2 -7

798-80I 802 O

T c0 O co

Syrtica: T haena Sabratha Oea Lepcis M agna

7O I_5

811-25 826-39 840-52

Cat. no.

Page

182 186

Introduction Africa Proconsularis

186 187 188 190 192 194 I96 I99 200 201 202 203 204 206 208

The currency of Africa has been treated by M. Crawford, CMRR, pp. 133-42, and A. Burnett, CRWLR, pp. 175-85. The fall of Carthage in 146 b c brought a complete change in the precious-metal currency in Africa. Gold coinage dis­ appeared, and Punic silver was replaced by Roman denarii, as a number of hoards show (CMRR, App. 42, CRWLR, pp. .180—1). How did the denarius arrive in Africa? Roman and Italian involvement in Africa must have generated a supply of coins and coinage was officially shipped over to Africa at least in 111—110 and 82 b c . Outside the Roman province, we are ill informed about Numidia and Mauretania. The only coinage is of the Numidian king Massinissa and it bears the types ‘Bearded head, 1./Horse galloping, r.’; it was only in bronze. Produ­ ced on an enormous scale, it found its way widely around the western Mediterranean (e.g., in Dalmatia: CMRR, App. 49). The monetary history of Tripolitania is even more mysterious. If there is no numismatic sign of the Jugurthine War, the civil war between Pompey and Caesar did affect Africa, as each party struck coins in the area. Denarii were struck by Metellus Pius and Cato in 47—46 b c (RRC 459-62; CMRR, p. 248, fig. 105) and by Juba I, perhaps at Utica, to aid the Pompeian cause. He also produced sestertii and quinarii and his contribution was of a fairly substantial size (717— 20). The Caesarians perhaps also struck coins (RRC 458) and Bogud, the king of Mauretania, supported their cause:

(Alipota) (Zitha?)

209

—

209

M auretania West: Bogud Tingi Zilil (Lixus) Babba (Banasa) Uncertain East: Royal: Bocchus (Juba II) (Ptolemaeus) Province (loi) Cities: Caesarea (Ιοί) Cartenna Uncertain (Arsennaria?)

Page

—

210

8 5 3 -6

210

857-65

210

866

21 I

—

212

8 6 7 -9

212

—

212

8 7 0 -1

212

8 7 3 -6

213

—

214

—

214

877-9

214

8 8 0 -3

214

8 8 4 -5 886

215

2!5

coins, although produced on a very small scale, are denarii in every sense (853-5). After Thapsus the province of Africa was reorganised de facto, with the addition of a part of Numidia. After 42 b c , when Cornuficius struck aurei and denarii (RRC 509), no more silver was struck in Africa, with the exception of a small issue from Lepcis Magna later than 15 b c (847). It was presumably supposed to be a denarius of the reducedweight standard used by Juba II and his successor Ptolemaeus (25 b c - a d 40). The bronze minted in Africa raises difficult questions: which denominations did they use and when were they made?

Denominations For the reign of Augustus, we have coins from Lepti Minus bearing as value marks the Greek letters delta, beta and alpha: that is, 4, 2 and 1 as. There are two series: one is dated to the very end of Augustus’s reign, between a d 10 and 12 (788-90); the other is earlier, with obverses of CAESAR DIVI F (784) and DIVOS IVLIVS (785). The 4 as coin has a characteristic flan, with a diameter of about 35-8 mm and a weight of about 36 g, a flan which is recognisable on coins of Augustus and Tiberius from other cities, such as Hadrumetum, Thapsus and Achulla. These coins were clearly intended to pass as sestertii, their weight

A F R IC A

being heavier than sestertii of Rome (27.06 g) to compen­ sate for their lack of orichalcum. From this secure starting point we can classify most of the imperial smaller bronzes as dupondii and asses, with diameter and weights of about 273 im m /i4-20g and 23-71010/7-10 g respectively. Smaller change was also struck from time to time: semisses (17— 2imm/3~6g) and quadrantes (ii-i4 m m /2 -3 g ). In Syrtica the system is much the same. The main denominations are dupondii, asses and semisses, with diameters and weights of about 27-31 mm/14-18 g, 226 mm/8- ι i g and 18-22 mm/4-6 g respectively. Three series have been described as sestertii: there is no doubt concern­ ing the Tiberian issue of Lepcis (848) with a diameter of about 38-41 mm and a weight of 27.33 g; the other two issues, struck under Augustus at Oea and Lepcis (826 and 842), have a diameter of about 31-4 mm and a weight of about 19.5-21.5 g, which is low for sestertii, but still accept­ able. A few quadrantes may be noticed (831 and 841) with a

183

diameter of 12-13 mm and a weight of c. 2.00 g. The only curious denomination is represented by two series struck at Sabratha (824 and 825), with a diameter of 15-16 mm and a weight of c. 3-4 g: these might represent an intermediary denomination between the semis and the quadrans, and have been tentatively catalogued here as trientes.

When does this structure appear? As this structure is a reflection of the new Augustan system, a date after c. 2 0 b c is the most likely. But the insertion of Mauretania into the monetary structure of the Roman world is earlier, as Roman bronze denominations were used there before Augustus’s reign by Bogud (856) and Bocchus (873 - 6 )· In the provincia, at least fifteen cities issued coins: their different emissions hgure on the following four tables:

Form er N um idian Kingdom C irta

c. 20

bo

S Dp A Se

31-35 27-29 23-25 19—21

Q

15-20

C irta N o va (?)

H ip p o R egius

25.03 10.70 8.16 6.17

?

P. Quinctilius Varus 8 -7

L. Volusius Saturninus 7-6 Fabius Africanus 6 -5

S A Se

35-36 26 21

28.49 11.52 5-63

Q

l5

3-35

A. Passienus Rufus AD 3 (?) Tiberius Im p V AD 10

Dp A

24 18

I 1.64 7**3

Tiberius Im p V U ad 13 A. Vibius Habitus 13-14 (?)

Tiberius Augustus Im p V II 16-21 L. Apronius 20-21

Q. Iunius Blaesus 21-23 P. Cornelius Dolabella

23 Vibius M arsus 27- 28 28- 29

29- 30

s

3 4 -3 5

Dp A Se

28-29 24-25 20

21.89 13.67 7-95 3-78

i 84

A F R IC A

Zeugitania Utica

Col. Iulia Pia Patem a

Carthage

S Dp

40 31-32

32.74 17.50

L. Apronius 20—21

S Dp A

3 5 -3 8

28-29 24

30.28 22.63 7.67

Q. Iunius Blaesus 21-23

S Dp A

3 6 -3 7

29 22

43.68 14.88 7.40

P. Cornelius Dolabella

S Dp A

38 27-28 23-24

36.64 16.43 8.72

2 0 BC

C.

P. Quinctilius Varus 8 -7

L. Volusius Saturninus 7-6 Fabius Africanus 6-5 A. Passienus Rufus AD 3 (? )

7.06

T ib eriu s Im p V

A

AD 10

Se

23-25 23

3-79

Q

r3

1.83

A Se

23-25

6.83

17-18 12

3-30

Tiberius Im p V II a d 13 A. Vibius H abitus

Ï3-I4(?) Tiberius Augustus Im p V II 16 - 2 I

A Se

23-25

7-53

!7

Q

I I —14

4.02 2.17

Q

?

23 Vibius M arsus 27-28 28-29 29-30

Dp Dp Dp

2 9 -3 1 2 9 -3 1 29 - 3 1

12.43 13-54

14.14

Syrtica Thaena

Cercina C.

2 0 BC

P. Quinctilius Varus 8 -7

L. Volusius Saturninus 7-6

S

35_ 36

32.62

Fabius Africanus 6 -5

A. Passienus Rufus

S

38

3°-49

S

37

29.02

DP

29

r 7 ·66

AD 3 (?)

Tiberius Im p V AD IO

Tiberius Im p V II a d 13 A. Vibius H abitus

■3-14 (?)

A F R IC A

i

85

Byzacium Hadm m etum C. 2 0 BC

P. Quinctilius Varus

8-7 L, Volusius Saturninus 7 -6

Fabius Africanus 6-5

s

35

Dp A Se

30 23-24 16

S Dp

28-29

26.30 11.63

M Dp

3 8 -3 9 3°

54.14 12.79

S Dp A?

3 2 -3 3

27-29 22-23

26.74 14.07 6.58

!7

3.88

35

23.88 14.29 10.08 5.62

Achulla

Thapsus

Lepti M inus

s

38

Dp A

31

36.12 20.78

25-27

8-33

Dp S Dp A Se

19—20

5.64

A

22-23

8.02

S Dp A

3 3 -3 4

24-37

26-27 22-24

12.23 8.69

2 9 -3 1

I4.08

3 5 -3 7

26.O9 I3.O4 8.91

28-30 24-27

A. Passienus Rufus AD 3 (?)

Tiberius Im p V ad

10

Tiberius Im p V II ad

Se

S Dp A

3 7 -3 8 31

27-35

24-25

14.31 7 -3 1

25

8.00

A

13

A. Vibius Habitus r 3_ I 4 (?) Tiberius Augustus Im p V II

16-21 L. Apronius 2 0 -2 1

Q. Iunius Blaesus 21-23 P. Cornelius Dolabella

23 Vibius M arsus 2728 2829 2 9 -3 0

With the exception of the coinage of Oea, Sabratha and Lepcis, which cannot be dated very precisely but was certainly struck at the end of the reign of Augustus - i.e., from c. 10 B C onwards, and ends c. a d 25 (832-5) - the chronological and geographical pattern of the other African issues requires the following comments: 1. Under Augustus the city coinage was concentrated in Byzacium and most of the issues commemorate the procon­ suls Varus, Saturninus and Africanus from 8 - 7 b c onwards; they were amici principis and the efflorescence of this com­ memoration may arise from the deaths of Agrippa in 1 2 b c and Drusus in 9 b c and in Tiberius’s progressive retire­ ment. The phenomenon ceased after a d 4-5, when Tiberius was adopted by Augustus. 2. Under Tiberius the free cities of Byzacium stopped

striking coins and important emissions were struck in Zeugitania from a d 2 1 onwards. This was the date chosen by Tiberius for the numismatic celebration of his amici', he followed the precedent of Augustus to choose the moment when Drusus Junior was beginning to receive great honours to allow cities to emphasise his reliance on his amici as supporters of the dynasty. 3. It is curious that Carthage, the capital of Africa Pro­ consularis from 1 2 b c onwards, has a small coinage. 4. After a d 3 0 no more coinage was struck in Africa, with the exception of the coinage of Clodius Macer, legatus Augusti propraetore Africae, who rebelled against Nero in the spring of 68. From April (?) to October (?) of that year he struck large quantities of denarii, probably at Carthage. This coinage is described in RIC, pp. 1 9 3 - 6 , nos. 1 - 4 2 .

i86

A F R I C A : Cirta!Constantine

AFRICA

PROCONSULARIS

The convenient date of 27 b c has been generally accepted for the foundation of the unified province of Africa under a proconsular governor. But it is possible that Africa Nova (the eastern part of the former kingdom ofJuba I which had been organised as a province by Caesar after Thapsus in 46 b c , the western part being bestowed on Bocchus II) and the old praetorian province of Africa, now known as Africa Vetus, were governed as a single province as early as 40-36 when the Africas were controlled by Lepidus (see D. Fishwick and Brent D. Shaw, Hermes, 1977, pp. 369-80). The different coinages will be discussed in the following order:

Cities of the western part of Proconsularis, the former Numidian kingdom ofJuba: Cirta/Constantine, Sicca Cirta Nova/Le Kef(?) and Hippo Regius; Cities of the eastern part of Proconsularis: cities from Zeugitania (Pliny, N H N ,23,1) - Utica, Carthage and Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna; cities from Byzacium (Pliny, NH V,24,10-11) - Hadrumetum, Lepti Minus, Thapsus and Achulla; cities from Syrtica (Pliny, NH V,26) - Cercina, Thaena, Sabratha, Oea and Lepcis Magna.

Colonia Iulia Iuvenalis Honoris et Virtutis Cirta/Constantine After Caesar’s victory over the Republican party at Thap­ sus in 46 b c , P. Sittius from Nuceria in Campania was offered, as a reward for his invaluable help, the eastern part of Massinissa’s kingdom (Appian, BC IV,54). The western part, between the rivers Sava (Oued Soummam) and Ampsaga (Oued el-Kebir) was given to Bocchus. The eastern part of the former Numidian kingdom was the richest one, with coastal cities like Russicade (Skikda) and Chullu (Collo) and, inland, Milev (Mila). But Sittius and his Sittiani also took possession of the western part ofJuba’s kingdom with its capital, Cirta Regia. Arabion, Massinissa’s son, had escaped to Spain where he had joined the Pompeian troops. In 44 b c , after Caesar’s death, he came back to Africa, easily reoccupied the part of his kingdom given to Bocchus and tricked Sittius to his death. In 42 b c , during the conflict between Q. Cornuficius, governor of Africa Vetus, and T. Sextius, governor of Africa Nova, Arabion played a leading role. He curiously took the side of Sextius against Cornuficius and, thanks to him, Sex­ tius ruled over the two Africae. The Sittiani, who were established in Cirta and still formed an important party, also took Sextius’s side. Cirta, colonia Cirta Sittianorum (Pliny, NH V,22), was then certainly integrated with Africa Nova. At the end of 41 b c or at the beginning of 40, Arabion was assassinated on the orders of Sextius (on Arabion, see G. Gamps, ‘Les derniers rois numides: Massinissa II et Arabion’, BACTHS, 1984, pp. 303—11). His death was con­ venient to Bocchus and to the Sittiani. Russicade, Chullu and Milev were incorporated into the ager Cirtensis. The four cities were to constitute the Respublica 1111 Coloniarum Cirten­ sium created under Claudius and whose extraordinary existence came to an end after a d 251 (see J. Heurgon, ‘Les origines campaniennes de la confédération cirtéenne’,

Libyca, 1957, pp. 7-24; J. Gascou, ‘Les magistratures de la confédération cirtéenne’, BACTHS, 1984, pp. 323-35). A Colonia Iulia was founded by Octavian in Cirta after Arabion’s death or, more probably, after Lepidus’s dis­ grace, between 36 and 27 b c . In 26 b c a new deductio occurred (A. Piganiol and H.-G. Pflaum, RSAC, 1953, pp. 217-28) and the colony was definitely entitled Colonia Iulia Iuvenalis Honoris et Virtutis Cirta. The coins discussed below (701-5) form a single group as the name of the same magistrate appears on all of them; all the few specimens known are in bad condition, but this name, P. Sittius Mugonianus, may be reconstructed from 701 and 702. As the coins do not have an ethnic, the attribu­ tion of this group to Cirta/Constantine is based on the following: 1. The occurrence of the name of P. Sittius - not the famous condottiere whose cognomen was Nucerinus, but one of the Sittiani who stayed at Cirta after 44 b c (the problem of the cognomen Mugonianus is unsolved: no gens Mugonia is known; it might be a Spanish or African or even Greek toponym in a Latin form). 2. The presence, on 701, of the heads and names of Virtus and Honor, which were the patrons of Sittius and his troops and figure in the name of the colony in the genitive form, because no corresponding adjective exists. 3. The evidence of site finds: 701/2 and 703/2 were found by Berthier at Tiddis, near Constantine and 705/1 was also found near Constantine. Grant’s attribution of this coinage to Simitthu/Chemtou (FITA, pp. 178-81) is based on the breaking up of MVGONIANVS into MV(nicipi) CON(stitutor) I(ulii)

A F R I C A : Cirta!Constantine, Sicca (?) (701-705)

A(ntonii) NV(midici) S(imitthensium). This interpretation raises many problems: 1. There do not seem to be any dots to justify the division of the name Mugonianus (in the case of 702/1 there is a dot between NV and S, but on 701/1 there is not). 2. Simitthu is far from Constantine, and P. Sittius could hardly have founded a municipium within the jurisdiction of the proconsul of Africa Nova. 3. The date proposed by Grant, 44 b c , is unlikely as this coinage clearly reflects the monetary reform of Augustus. Indeed this coinage is struck in five denominations: 701 702 703 704 7°5

31-5 mm, 27~9mm, 23—5 mm, 19-21 mm, 15-20 mm,

25.03 g (3) 10.70g (1) 8 .i6 g ( i ) 6 .17g (1) ?

These correspond to a sestertius (701), a dupondius (702), an as (703), a semis (704) and a quadrans (705). In the case of 704, an S over the head of Roma/Virtus leaves no doubt about the denomination. The different obverses have representations of the guardian virtues of the Sittiani (Virtus and Honor on 701; Roma/Virtus on 704) or Roman deities (Jupiter (?) on 702 and a female (?) figure on 703: this last was described as Jupiter by Mazard, but it does not seem to be bearded and might be diademed). On 705 the bear could be a reference to the Diana Tifatina, the most important divinity in Campania in the first century b c (see E. Smadja, ‘Note sur une monnaie de Cirta’, Dialogues d’Histoire ancienne 5, 1979, pp. 279-81). On the reverse, the male bare head has been described as P. Sittius (Grant, Mazard) or Augustus (A. Berthier, RSAC, 1957-9, pp. 116-18; Id., La Numidie, Paris, 1981, p. 189). It is difficult to decide which is the right solution as the portrait has no decisive characteristic. The following coins have not been included here: 1. Mazard 535 (and Mazard, Libyca IV, 1956, p. 62) des­ cribes coins of Gades which have a countermark SITT. These coins with head of Heracles, l./two tunnyfish date from the second or first century (type SNG Cop. Spain 18-25) and were found by Berthier at Tiddis. It is doubtful whether they were countermarked in Spain before 46 b c or once the Sittiani were established in Numidia. 2. A. Berthier (La Numidie, pp. 187-97) suggests that the series Mazard 523—9, with neo-Punic legends, was struck in parallel with series 701-5. This series has a turreted head of Tyche on the obverse and different designs on the reverse. It represents three denominations: M a 523-526 M a 527 M a 529

31-3 mm, 30.33 g (4) 25—7 mm, 14.04g (3) ig-2om m , 6.22g (4)

These denominations were struck by the suffetes Bod-

i8y

melqart and Hanno. Mazard 528 is intrusive in the system, with the name ALBT on the reverse and not BDMLKRT OU HNA. Berthier imagined that ALBT was the name of Constantine before it was turned into Cirta: the substitution of the name occurred when the Sittiani came from Cirta/Le Kef and settled in Constantine in 26 b c . According to Ber­ thier, the autonomous series of Cirta and the Roman series were struck together on that occasion to commemorate the colonia Sittianorum ruled by quattuoriviri and the indi­ genous city ruled by suffetes. This hypothesis has gained no agreement at all, and it seems more reasonable to consider ALBT as the name of a magistrate. It seems better to date these autonomous coins before 46 b c , perhaps under the reign of Juba I.

A u g u s tu s

P Sittius Mugonianus IVVir 701

AE. 3 1 -5 m m , 25.03g (3). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

FiTA 178 (2), M az 532

V IR T V S H O N O R ; ju g a te heads of V irtu s an d H onor, r. P S IT T IV S M V G [ ]N V S I I I I V I R D E C R D E C V R D S P ; m ale bare head, r. i . P 7 1 0 ( —RN 1883, pi. I I , i o = F iT A , pi. V I, 15), 28.66; a . P ( = A . B erth ier, r s a c 1957-9, 116-18; Id ., L a N um idie, fig. τ ι ) , 25.83; 3. P V , 20.60. 702

AE. 2 7 -g m m , 10.70g (1). Axis: 12. ή τα

[ 1 ]

178 (4), M az 533

D E C R E T -D D C V R ; head o f J u p ite r (?), r. JG O N IA N V S ; m ale bare head, r. i . P 7 1 1 ( = RN 1889, pi. V I I I , 2 = 703

F iT A ,

pi. V I , 16), 10.70; 2. Alger.

AE. 23-50101, 8 .1 6 g (1). Axis: 6.

[ 1 ]

FiTA 178 (3), M az 534

D E C R E T O D S P [D E C V R IO N V M ]; fem ale diadem ed bust, r. ]N V S II IIV IR ; m ale b are head, r. i . P 7 1 2 , 8.16; 2. C o n stan tin e? ( = A . B erth ier, Libyca i9 6 0 , 93). 704

AE. 19-21 m m , 6 .1 7 g ( T)· Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

FiTA 178 (1), M az 530

D IC V R [ ]; helm eted head o f R o m a/V irtu s, r.; above, S P S IT T IV S [ ]S I I I I V IR ; m ale b are head, r. i . P 1 9 7 9 /2 2 7 ( = M ü lle r I I I , 60, no. 74 = th e specim en form erly in F lo ren ce), 6.17. 705

rn

1883, pi. I I , 11: obviously

AE. 15-20 m m , ?.

[ o ]

FTTA 179 (5), M az 531

Boar, r. S IT I I I I V IR M V G D I i . A lg e r ( = C h a rrie r,

rsac

1895-6, 1 = G sell,

m efr

1898, 129).

Colonia lulia Veneria Cirta Nova Sicca (?) Colonia Iulia Cirta Nova Sicca (the present Le Kef) was an Augustan colony (CIL V III, 27568: Divo Augusto Conditori

Siccenses), but an earlier Julian settlement could have existed.

On the three series listed one finds representations of Augustus and Tiberius (706 and 707) and Augustus and Caesar (?) (708). The coins represent two denominations: 706 707 708

24m m, 24m m, 18 mm,

II.4 0 g (5) 12.02 g (3) 7.13 g (5)

706 and 707 were intended to be dupondii, 708 asses. They probably date from the end of the reign of Augustus, as Tiberius does not figure on the African coinage before a d 10, when he was imperator for the fifth time (the only exception is the coinage of Hippo Regius: 710). These issues have traditionally been attributed to Car­ thage (Müller II, p. 149, nos. 321—2) or Cirta/Constantine (Grant, FITA, p. 232). But M. Amandry, RN, 1988, pp. 114-19, has tried to demonstrate that both attributions were wrong and has proposed Sicca as the minting place. His reattribution is based on the following arguments: 1. The style of this series is completely different from the series struck at Carthage by the duoviri P.I.Sp. and D.V.Sp. in a d 10 (745-8) and therefore 706-8 can be excluded from the Carthaginian mint, even though they have the same ethnic C.I.C. 2. These coins are struck on flans with bevelled edges: this type of fabric is found in the former kingdom of Numidia or in Byzacene, but the style of the coins points towards Africa Nova. 3. Cirta/Constantine might have been the minting place if the provenances did not point towards Simitthu/Chemtou,

where two specimens have been found. Under Augustus, there is no contact and no road between western Numidia and the western part of present Tunisia. The only possible mint is Sicca, even if the inscriptions refer to the city as Colonia Iulia Cirta Nova, C.I.C.N. A u g u s tu s , 706

c. AD

10

A E. 24 m m , 11.40 g (5). Axis: 6. M u 321,

ήτα

[ 2 ]

232, A m andry 116, A, pi. X IX

A V G D P Q C C I C D D P P ; b a re head of A ugustus, 1. T I CAES M T F Μ M A I I V IR ; b are head of Tiberius, r. i . P 5 0 3 ( = F iT A , pi. V I I I , 3), 9.26; 2. B R au c h , 14.67; 3. M , 13.22; 4 . P V , 12.03; 5 * K . B u tc h er coll., 7.85.

707

AE. 2 4m m , 12.02g (3). Axis: 6.

[ i ]

A m an d ry 116, B, pi. X IX As

706,

b u t b are head o f A ugustus, r.

i . C o p 446, 14.86; 2—3. P V , 1 2 .3 2 , 8.88.

708

A E. 18m m , 7.13g (5). Axis: 6.

[ 2 ]

M u 322, FiTA 232, A m andry 116, C, pi. X X As 7 0 7 M T F M M A II V IR C O N ; veiled an d diadem ed m ale head (C aesar?), 1. i . P 504 ( = f i t a , pi. V I I I , 4), 6.45; 2. P 1980/228, 8.20; 3. C a rth a g e 1980 (G erm an excav atio n s), 7.85; 4 —5. C h em to u (G erm an ex cav atio n s); 6. P V , 5.24; 7. P riv ate coll., 7.92.

Hippo Regius A full study of this coinage is provided by M. Amandry, RN, 1986, pp. 74-82, pi. V-VI. Hippo Regius/Annaba struck coins under Augustus and Tiberius. This coinage can be well dated from the names of the proconsuls which figure on it. Under Augustus, Hippo struck a small emission known in two denominations, a sestertius and an as: 7°9

710

35^6 mm, 28.49g (2) 26m m, 11.52g (2)

The name and the portrait of Fabius Africanus figure on the reverse of 710. Africanus was proconsul in 6—5 b c and this date is in accordance with the portrait and name of Tiberius - Claudius Nero - on the obverse. 709 honours Gaius and Lucius: though lacking the name of Africanus, it is obviously contemporary with 710, as the portraits of Augustus, Gaius, Lucius, Tiberius and Africanus are the work of a single engraver. Under Tiberius a system of three denominations - a sestertius, a dupondius and an as - was struck: 711 712 7 r3

34-5 mm, 21.89 g (2) 2 8 -9 mm,· 13.67g (4) 2 4-5mm, 7.95g (14)

On the reverse of 713 are the head and name of Apronius,

who was the proconsul of Africa between 18 and 21. The others, though lacking his name, were struck at the same time, to judge from stylistic similarities between the treat­ ment of the heads of Tiberius (711-13), Drusus Minor (712) and Apronius (713). The presence of Drusus Minor on 712 allows us to date the issue more precisely to the last year of the proconsulate of Apronius ( a d 20-1), as Drusus, who was the heir of Tiberius after Germanicus’s death in a d 19, became very popular through the Empire after the triumph over the Illyrians which he celebrated in Rome in a d 20. The other African issue on which Apronius figures, struck at Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna (762-4), also dates from a d 20-1, as it mentions the third year of Apronius’s procon­ sulate (PROCOS III). Three series of anonymous coins (714—16) cannot be dated with precision. They represent divisions of an as: 714 715 716

21 mm, 5.63g (8) 20m m , 3.78g (2) 15mm, 3.35g (q)

714 and 715 are semisses, 716 quadrantes. As 715 is parallel in weight to the semisses struck at Utica (727-8) and Car­ thage (756) under Tiberius, it may have been made with the issue of Apronius. 714 and 716 might represent small denominations of the issue of Africanus. The type of Geres

A F R I C A : Hippo Regius ( 709-716)

on 714, 715 and 716 is related to the corn trade which was one of the main sources of revenue for the city. The representation ofJuno/ As tarte on 714 and 716 can be paral­ leled at Utica (729), Carthage (752) and Thapsus (793-4). The identity of the figure on the reverse of 715 is mysterious. All these coins were traditionally attributed to Hippo Diarrhytus/Bizerte (Müller II, pp. 167-70; L. Teutsch, Das Römische Städtwese in Nord Afrika. .., 1962, pp. 148-9). We know that a Colonia Iulia Hippo Diarrhytus was founded under Caesar or Augustus. But, as this colony does not figure among the six colonies of Africa (Cirta, Sicca, Car­ thage, Maxula, Uthina and Thuburbi) listed by the Augustan Statistic, Teutsch supposed that Hippo was then included in the list of the free cities because of its coinage (HIPPONE LIBERA). F. Vittinghoff (Gnomon, 1968, p. 590 and n. 3) and, recently, M. Amandry (RN, 1986, pp. 81-2) have argued that this coinage should be attributed to Hippo Regius/Annaba. Hippo Regius was raised to the status of a colony in the second century a d . We know that in a d 78 Hippo was a municipium Augustum: this does not mean that Hippo obtained the status of municipium under Augustus, but more probably under Vespasian. Before his reign, Hippo was a free city, a status which corresponds to the legend HIPPONE LIBERA on its coinage. Moreover, the style of its coinage is different from that of coinages issued at Utica, Carthage, Hadrumetum or Lepti whose dies seem to have been cut by the same hands: as Hippo Diarrhytus is close to Utica, such differences would be hard to explain. Finally, some site finds point towards Hippo Regius and Africa Nova (709/1, 710/1, 713/15 and 715/3). The following coins should be deleted from Hippo’s issues: a coin with Britannicus and Nero, attributed by Lederer (NC, 1943, pp. 92-4) to Hippo Diarrhytus, is in fact from Sinope (see M. Amandry, RN, 1986, pp. 72-4, and 2135); the coin of Clodius Albinus described by Mu 379, now located in O, is a modern forgery.

18g

T ib e r iu s

L Apronius Procos, AD 20-1 711

AE. 3 4 -5 m m , 21.89g (2). Axis: 12. M u 376 (H ippo D iarrh y tu s),

a pt

[ 2 ]

[ 2 coins, i obv. die ] 18, A m an d ry H a

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; bare head o f T iberius, r. H IP P O N E LIB ER A ; Livia veiled, holding p a te ra an d sceptre, seated, r.; in field, IV L A V G i . L G 3 2 6 (= 712

a pt

,

pi. 11,4), 23.02; 2. M u , 20.76.

AE. 2 8 -9 mm, 13.67g (4). Axis: 6 or 12.

[ 4 ]

[ 4 coins, i obv. die ] M u 377,

a pt

ig , A m andry l i b

As 7 1 1 D RV SV S C A ESA R H IP P O N E L IB ER A ; bare head of D rusus M inor, r. o r 1 . H e a d , 1.: i . P 522, 16.31; H e a d , r.: 2. L G 3 2 7 ( = a p t , pi. 11 , 6 : rev .), 12.40; 3 . V 26452, 13.33; 4 * C o p 427 ( = a p t , pi. 11,5: o b v .), 12.65. 713

AE. 24-5 mm , 7.95 g (14)· Axis: 12 o r 6.

[ 9 ]

[ 14 coins, 2 obv. dies ] M u 378,

a pt

20, A m andry l i e

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; bare head o f T iberius, r.; in field, sim pulum an d lituus L A P R O N IV S H IP P O N E L IB E R A ; b a re h ead of A pronius, r. I. L 1 9 2 0 -2 -3 1 -5 , 7.54; 2 - 4 . P 5 2 3 -5 , 7.89, 9.96, 7.89; 5. B 3855, 6.31; 6. B Fox (= a p t , pi. 11 , 8 : rev .), 8.79; 7. O , 8.02; 8. C , 8.27; 9. A 7168b, 7.73; 10. H ( = a p t , pi. 11,7: o b v .), 6.70; i i . N Y , 10,47; I 2 · PV , 7.56; 13. L e u 28/1981, 372, 6.92; 1 4 S p in k 1 5 -1 6 /IÏ/1 9 7 7 , 264, 7.26; 15. C o n stan tin e.

U n d e r A u g u s tu s /T ib e r iu s 714

AE. 2 i m m , 5.63 g (8). Axis: var.

[

7

]

[ 8 coins, 2 obv. dies ] M u 374, A m andry I l i a L IB ER A ; diadem ed an d veiled h ead of Ju n o /A s tarte, 1. H IP P O N E ; Ceres, facing, holding caduceus an d two ears o f corn

A u g u s tu s F a b iu s A fr ic a n u s P ro c o s , 709

I. L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -6 0 , 4.08; 2. L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 4 0 , 6.49; 3 - 4 . P 5 1 8 -9 , 5.96, 6.32; 5. V 26453, 7.03; 6 - 7 . C o p 4 2 4 -5 , 6.62, 3.85; 8. P V , 4.71.

6 -5 BC

AE. 35-6 m m , 28.49 g (2). Axis: 9.

[ 1 ]

715

AE. 20 m m , 3.78 g (2). Axis: 12 o r 6.

[ 3 coins, i obv. die ]

710

[ 2 ]

[ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ]

M u 39, A m andry Ia

M u Supp. 375a, A m andry I l l b

C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; b are head o f A ugustus, r. H IP P O N E LIB ER A ; b are heads o f G aius an d Lucius facing each other; in field, C L

L IB ER A ; fem ale figure (Ceres?), veiled, stan d in g front H IP P O N E ; m ale figure, stan d in g facing, holding hasta; at his feet, a dog (?)

i . P 521, 26.20; 2. N F A X I I /1 9 8 3 , 158 (ex L eu 25/1980, 238), 30.77; 3. C o n stan tin e.

i . B I-B , 3.37; 2. B L ö b b , 4.19; 3. F o rm erly de L o d ib e rt coll. 1850, 651 = M u Supp. 375a).

AE. 26m m , 11.52 g (2). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

716

AE. 15m m , 3.35g (2). Axis: 12.

I.

P 526

( = R IT A ,

pi. V I ,24), 10.10; 2. L . 19 8 8 -9 -6 -6 , 12.93.

ra

vi,

[ 2 ] [ 2 coins, i obv. die ]

BACTHS 1897, 250-9, A m andry lb

C L A V D IO N E R O N I H IP P O N E L IB ER A ; bare h ead of T iberius, 1. F A B IO A F R IK A N O ; b are head o f A fricanus, 1.

(=

M u 375, A m andry IIIc L IB ÉR A ; diadem ed head (Juno?), r. H IP P O N E ; head o f Ceres, r. I.

P 5 2 0 , 3.10; 2. C o p 426, 3.59.

Utica An ancient Phoenician settlement (traditionally older even than Carthage), Utica had the status of a free city within Africa Vetus from 146 b c because it had broken off from Carthage during the Third Punic War. It became a muni­ cipium in 36 (Dio XLIX, 16,1) and was probably the residence of the governor of Africa, at least until 12 b c when the provincial capital was moved to Carthage. Prior to the coinage of Tiberius, the Utica mint seems to have operated only in the mid-second century, striking bronzes with types of Dioscuri heads, r./two horses, r. (Müller 341-3) and legend ’TG. Their attribution to Utica has been disputed. Müller gave them to Utica (II, p. 163), then to Tucca, on the Mauretanian frontier (III, pp. 70-1). L. Charrier {Description..., pp. 29-30, nos. 79-81) gave them to Russicade, reading the Punic legend as ’SG; Mazard (536-7) accepts this attribution with some reserva­ tions. But J.M . Solâ-Solé (Numisma, 1958, no. 35, p. ii) rightly reverted to the reading ’TG and for the moment the attribution to Utica remains the most plausible. During the civil war between Pompey and Caesar, Utica was perhaps operating for Juba. His silver coinage was struck at Roman weight standards in three denominations: denarii (717), quinarii (718-19) and sestertii (720) whose interchangeability with Roman coins can be seen from their widespread circulation in hoards of late Republican and early imperial times (see RRCH 383, 384, 409, 421, 432, 433 ; 437 ; 44 °; 442, 4 43 ; 46 °; 465; 4 7 G 475 ; 47 * 58 9; 479 ; 488, 4 9 G 493 ; 5 °6; 5°8, 5: G 5χ6, 528, 5 3 G 543 and 546; B. Fisher, Les monnaies antiques d’Afrique du Nord trouvées en Gaule, Gallia Supp. XXXVI, 1978, pp. 117-23). This coinage seems to have been minted at the very end of his reign on the basis of the stylistic similarity of his denarii with those of Cato and Metellus Pius (F. Bertrandy, BACTHS 12-14, 1976-8, pp. 9-20) and the fact that the revival of the silver sestertius at Rome occurred in 48 b c (A. Burnett, CRWLR, pp. 176-7). His bronze coinage (Mazard 90-3) seems earlier and does not fit in the Roman bronze system. The attribution of the ‘Roman’ coinage of Utica is unam­ biguous: it is signed M.MVN.IVL.VTIC. (or M.M.I.V.) i.e., MVN(icipium) IVL(ium) VTIC(ense). The first M is problematic, however. Eckhel proposed M(unicipes) MVN(icipii) IVL(ii) VTIC(ensis or -ensium), which would be pleonastic. Borghesi {Oeuvres Completes I, p. 475), on the other hand, suggested that MVN was an epithet of M(unicipium) and meant MVN(itum), referring to the magnificent fortifications built at Cato’s behest, which is not convincing either. In point of fact, not all the coins of Utica include these letters; some series struck under the proconsul Vibius Marsus read D.D.P.P. instead of M. M.I.V. All the series of Marsus’s first term of office (series 731-5) and the later series of his last term (series 742-4) have the letters M.M.I.V. The homogeneity of style of all the coins struck under Marsus would suggest that the whole coinage was struck by a single mint, though this does not resolve the problem of the variety of legends. The dating of this coinage is straightforward. It falls into two groups. In the first, 724-8 refer to Tiberius’s IM P V II

(as imperator for the seventh time) - i.e., a d 13-21. Series 721-3, though they lack this clue, belong to the same group, given their similarity of style and their denomination. In fact, the first group consists of at least two denominations corresponding to an as and a semis: 721-726 727-728

23-5 mm, 7.53 g (23) 17mm, 4.02g (3)

Since the reverse type (Livia seated) of this group (and, indeed, of the following one) copies the asses struck at Rome in a d 15-16 {RIC 33-6), group I must have been struck between 16 and 21. The second group refers to Tiberius as IM P V III (22 onwards) and, furthermore, to Vibius Marsus as proconsul (27-30). The coinage is spread across the three years of his term of office. The only chronological problem is how to date 729—30. These are quadrantes ( ii - q m m , 2.17g) and ought to belong to the first group, with the as and the semis, since the second group is made up entirely of dupondii. But the obverse type raises a difficulty: if the veiled figure is Livia (Müller 344), the type is based on the Pietas type struck at Rome in 22-3 {RIG 43) and the coins should belong to the second group. In view of the fact that these series appear to fit more readily into the first group, it is probably preferable to identify the head as that of Juno/Astarte (compare the type at Carthage [752] or Thapsus [793-4]). Müller 373 is a coin of Cnossus (see 989) and conse­ quently has been omitted from the coinage of Utica.

Juba 717

AR. 19-20 mm , 3.69 g (39). Axis: var.

[ 35 ]

M a 84-6 R E X IV B A ; diadem ed an d cuirassed b u st o f J u b a I, r.; sceptre on his r. shoulder IO B A I H M M L K T ; octastyle tem ple on podium ; in the m iddle, a globule or no globule A: W ith glo b u le (M a 84): 1 - 9 . P , 4 .0 1 , 3.96, 3.88, 3.86, 3.79, 3.61, 3.34, 3.20, 3.09 (p la ted ): « e - n · C o p 5 2 3 -4 , 4.02, 3.51; 12. C , 3.40; 13—15. G , 4.24, 4.04, 3.60; 16. M a n c h e ste r, 3.82; 17. A b erd een , 3.72; 18. St O m er, 3.70; r g . P D ’A illy 16972 (IO B A I 1., H M M L K T r.), 3.63: 2 0 —2 7 . B, 4 -° 5 , 3 -9 9 . 3-90, 3·80; 3 -7 3 . 3 -7 °. 3 -5 5 . 3 4 3 B: N o g lobule (M a 85): 1—2. P 6 8 4 -5 , 3 4 4 3-64; 3—4· C , 3.89, 3.67; 5. M a n c h e ste r ( s n g 1465), 3.56; 6 - 1 2 . B, 3.95, 3.79, 3.69, 3.64, 3.43, 3.32,

3.23718

AR. i 4 m m , 1.76g (9). Axis: var.

[ 8 ]

M a 87 R E X IV B A ; b ust o f V ictory, r. IO B A I H M M L K T ; free horse, r. i . P 6 9 3 , 1.57; 2. C o p 525, 1.74; 3. C (M cC le an 10031), 1.71; 4 . St O m er, 1.74; 5. B L ö b b , 1.66; 6. B I-B , 1.90; 7. B G an sau g e, 1.73; 8— 9 . L, 2.16, i . 61. 719

A R. t 3 m m , i.6 6 g (4). Axis: 12. M a 88 B ust of J u b a , r. Free horse, r. i . P 6 9 2 , 1.72; 2. C o p 526, 1.57; 3—4. L, i . 81, 1.55.

[ 4 ]

A F R I C A : Utica (720-734)

720

A R. io m m , 0.77g (3)· Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

728

M u 354

B ust of A frica, r. Lion, r.; above, S

T I CAE D IV I [ JIM P V II; b are head of T iberius, 1. As 7 2 7

i . P 6 9 4 , 0.85; 2. C op 527, 0.77; 3 . G , 0.68.

i . L 1940—12—2—i i , 4.57.

A E. 2 3 -4 m m , 12.1 g (1). Axis: ?.

i . N , 2.5; 2. V a t (obv.); 3. P V , 1.77 (rev.); 4. JS W , 2.82. 730

T I C A ESA R A V G F A VG ; bare head o f T iberius, 1. Μ M IV L V JT IC P P D D; Livia veiled, holding p a te ra an d sceptre, seated, r.

A E. 12m m ,

T I CAE D IV I A V G F A V G IM P ; b are h ead o f Tiberius, 1. M M V N IV L V T IC D D P P; Livia veiled, holding p atera and sceptre, seated, r.

723

C o p 4 3 a , 6.94.

A E. 2 3 -4 m m , 9.04g (1). Axis: 2.

V ib iu s M a r s u s P ro c o s , N e r o C a e s a r Q , A

731

[ 1 ]

[ 13]

L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -6 1 , 11.55; 2 · L U · 1» ; 3 · L 118, 13.47; 4 · P 542, 12.37; 5 - v 26459, 11.97; 6. V 33501, 12.42; 7 . O , 12.46; 8. N Y , 11.60; 9 . M i ( = B rera 604), 13.5; 10. J S W , 13.30; i i . P riv ate coll., 11.76; 12. B, 13.14.

G R u fu s P r ,

AD 2 J - 8 733

AE. 28 m m , 11.92 g (28). Axis: 9 or 3.

[ 22 ]

M u 364 As 7 3 2 C V IB M A R SO P R C O S D R CAE Q P R T G R V FV S F C; Livia seated, r.; in field, D D /P P

I· P 5 3 2 , 7-°G 8· P D ’A illy 17459, 8.88; 3 - 4 . C op 4 3 4 -5 , 8.95, 7.69; 5 . P riv ate coll., 6.05.

[ 1 ]

I. L 1 8 7 4 -7 -1 5 -4 3 4 , 11.76; 3 . L 1 9 2 0 -3 -2 5 -3 , 12.82; 3. L G 0323, 10.75; 4 - 6 . P 5 4 3 -5 , 12.63, 13-29. ϊ ί Φ , 7 - P D ’A illy 17454, 12.53; 8 - 1 2 . V 26461-5, 11.54, 12.76, 13-09, 10.62, 11.51; 13. V 26467, 12.59; I 4 “ I 5 · O , 12.54, 12.21; 16—17. C , 12.55, 10-40; 18—19· C o p 4 3 8 -g , 11.89, 12.70; 2 0 . A, 13.33; 2 1 . Y ale, 12.56; 22. G ap , 11.99; 23. P riv ate coll., 12.80; 24. L a n z 42/1987, 452, 11.58; 2 5 . M ü n z Z e n tru m 64/1988, 49, 13.19; 26. B L ö b b , 13.49; 27. B, 12.16; 2 8 . B R au c h , 14.56.

M u 352 corr. T I C A ESA R D IV I [F] A V G IM P V II; b are head of T iberius, r. M M V N IV L V T IC D D P P; Livia as 725, seated, r. P V , 6.90; 3. J S W , 6.98. 734 727

[ 9 ]

I.

V ib iu s M a r s u s P r o c o s , D r u s u s C a e s a r Q , T

T I C A E D IV I A V G F A V G IM P V II; b are head of T iberius, r. Μ M IV L V T I D D P P; Livia veiled, holding p atera and sceptre, seated, r.

3.

AE. 2 9 -3 0 m m , 12.40g (11). Axis: 9 or 3.

[ 4 ]

M u 347, 348 and 349

N Y , 6.91;

[ 4 ]

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S T IM P V III; bare head o f Tiberius, 1. C V IB M A R SO P R C O S N E CAE Q P R A M G E M E L L V S F C; Livia seated, r.; in field, D D /P P

I· L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 2 -5 , 8.39; 2 - 4 . P 530, 531, 53 3 , 9.05, 5.36, 5.85; 5 - 6 . V 26457-8, 6.87, 6.99; 7. C o p 433, 8.15; 8—9 . O , 6.78, 6.50; 10—i i . N Y, 7.35, 7.09; 12. V a t; 13. B R au c h , 6.25; 14. B F ox, 8.61.

I.

Axis: 6 or 3.

M u 363

T I CAE D IV I A V G F A V G IM P V II; b are h ead of T iberius, 1. M M V N IV L V T IC E N D D P P; Livia veiled, holding p atera and sceptre, seated, r.

AE. 23m m , 6.93g (3)· Axis: 12.

(3)·

i . P 5 4 1 , 14.43; 2. V 26460, 15.87; 3 . C o p 437, 13.04; 4 . B (P R C O S ), II. 62 (holed).

M u 346

726

AE. 30-1 m m , 14.45g

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A V G IM P V III; b are head of T iberius, 1. ___ C V M A R SO P R ( 0 )C 0 S N E R CAES Q P R A M G E M E L L V S ; Livia seated, r.; in field, D D /P P

732

A E. 2 3 -5 m m , 7.71g (5)· Axis: 12 or 6.

G e m e llu s P r ,

M u 362

i· P 5 3 4 , 9-04-

725

M

AD 2 7 -8

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G F A IM P ; b are head of T iberius, r. M M V N IV L V T IC P P D D; Livia veiled, holding p atera an d sceptre, seated, r.

A E. 22—3 m m , 7.17g (13)· Axis: 12 or 6.

N Y , 1.79.

T ib e r iu s I m p V I I I

M u 350

724

[ 1 ]

[ 2 ]

M u 349 and 352 corr.

3.

(t)· Axis: 12.

Veiled head, 1. As 7 3 9 I.

i . C o p 431, 7.39;

1.79g

M u 344 var.

i . H , 12.1 (not to be found).

AE. 21-3 m m , 7.17 g (2). Axis: 9.

[ o ]

V eiled head, r.; behind, sceptre Μ M IV L V T I D D aro u n d P P

[ o ]

M u 345

AE. i l —14m m , 2.36g (3). Axis: var. M u 344

T ib e r iu s I m p V I I ___________________________

722

[ 1 ]

M a 89

729

721

A E. 17m m , 4 .5 7 g (1). Axis: 12.

ig i

AE. 17m m , 3.74g (2). Axis: 12 o r 9. M u 353 T I CAE D IV I [ ]F A V G IM P V II; b are head of T iberius, r. M V /D D /P P; in w reath i . L G 0 3 2 5 , 4.10; 2. C op 436, 3.38.

[ 2 ]

AE. 30m m , 14.09g (4). Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

M u 365-6 As 7 3 2 -3 C V IB IO M A R SO PR C O S D R (V ) C A E Q PR(A ) T G R V FV S F C; Livia seated, r.; in field, D D /P P i . L 1 9 0 9 -1 -2 -3 4 (P R A ), 14.55; 2. L G 0324 (P R A ), 14.92; 3. V 2 6 4 6 6 (D R V ), 14.37; 4 · B G an sau g e, 12.52.

Vibius Marsus Procos, C Cassius Felix Hoir, AD 2J-8 735

AE. 30m m , 12.88g (5). Axis: 1 or 7.

i . L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 2 -7 , 16.66; 2. P 538, 16.00; 3 . C o p 441, 11.78; 4 . V 2 6 4 7 1 , 18.87; 5 * G , 12.41; 6 . M i ( = B rera 603), 13.5; 7. A b erd een ( = s n g 108), 15.07.

[ 4 ]

M u 367

740

As 7 3 2 -4 C V IB IO M A R S O P R C O S C CA SSIV S F E L IX A IIV IR ; Livia seated, r.; in field, D D /P P

T I CAESAR D IV I AVG F AVGVSTVS IM P V III; bare head of Tiberius, 1. C V IB IO MARSO PR( 0 )C ( 0 )S I II C SALLVSTIVS IVSTVS IIV (IR ); Livia seated, r.; in field, M M /I V i . L G 0322 (II V I R ) , 16.65; 2 * P D ’A illy 17449 (P R C O S . . . I I V ) , 17.63; 3. V 2 6 4 7 0 ( P R O G S . . . I I V ) , 22.50.

Vibius Marsus Procos II, L Caecilius Pius Ilvir, AD 28-9 AE. 30m m , 13.63g (14). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 3 ]

M u 360 corr.

i . L 18 4 0 -2 -1 7 -2 7 4 , 14.53; 2 · L 1 9 0 2 -4 -4 -5 , 12.07; 3 · L 1 9 0 6 -1 1 -3 2768, 13.12; 4 . M i ( = B rera 608), 12.00; 5. N Y , 12.67.

736

AE. 30 m m , 18.93g (3)· AMs: 12.

[ 12]

M u 355-6

Vibius Marsus Procos III, M Tullius Iudex Ilvir, AD

As 732-5 C V IB IO M A R S O P R ( 0 )C 0 S II L C A E C IL IV S P IV S II V (F C ); Livia seated, r.; in field, Μ Μ /Ι V

2 9 -3 0

741

i . L G 0320 (U V ), 14-435 2· L Ι 9 20~ 3_ 2 5"'4 (U V F C ), 12.00; 3 . L 19285 -1 0 -1 1 7 (U V F C ), 16.68; 4 . L G 0321 (I I V F C ), 11.48; 5. P 5 3 6 (IIV F C ), 15.42; 6 . P 537 (I I V F C ), 12.99; 7 · V 26469 (IIV F C ), 12.93; 8. O (IIV ), 11.30; 9. M i ( — B rera 602), 11.5; 10—11. N Y (I I V F C ), 16.35, 13.84; 12. Y ale (IIV F C ), 12.59; I 3 · G ( = M acD o n ald , pi. X C IV ,2 o ), 14.00; 14. B, 15.46 (P R O C O S . . . IIV ).

AE. 2 9 -3 0 m m , 12.69g (4)· Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 4 ]

M u 361

As 7 3 2 -7 and 739 C V IB IO MARSO PRCOS I II M TV LLIV S IV D EX IIV IR ; Livia seated, r.; in field, M M /I V i . L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 1 5 , 12.28; 2. P 539, 10.79; 3. P L u y n es 3911, 14.00; 4- V 2 6 4 7 3 , 13.70.

Vibius Marsus Procos II, Q Caecilius lovinus Ilvir, AD 28-9 737

AE. 30m m , 13.16g (5). Axis: 12.

[ 5 ]

Vibius Marsus Procos III, C Cassius Felix Ilvir, AD 2 9 -3 0

M u 357 corr. As 732—6 C V IB IO M A R S O P R C O S I I Q C A E C IL IV S IO V IN (V S ) II V F C; L ivia seated, r.; in field, Μ M /I V

742

AE. 30m m , 12.45 g (2). Axis: i or 7.

[ 2 ]

M u 367

As 7 3 2 -7 , 739 and 741 C V IB IO MARSO PR ( 0 )C 0 S I II C CASSIVS FELIX A IIV IR ; Livia seated, r.; in field, P P /D D

i . L 1 9 3 7 -4 -1 5 -6 , 10.98; 2. C , 12.43; 3 · G 14.19; 4 . B I-B (IO V IN ), 14.70; 5. B L ö b b , 13.51.

I.

P D ’A illy 1 7 4 5 0 , 10.61 (P R O C O S ); 2. C o p 442, 14.28 (P R C O S ).

Vibius Marsus Procos II, Sex Tadius Faustus Ilvir, AD 28-9 738

AE. 30-1 m m , 13.71 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 5 ]

Vibius Marsus Procos III, C Caelius Pax Ilvir, AD 29-30 743

M u 358

AE. 30 m m , 13.49 g (4). Axis: 1.

[ 2 ]

M u 369-70

As 73g C V IB IO M A R S O P R ( 0 )C 0 S I I SE X T A D IV S FA V ST V S IIV ; Livia seated, r.; in field, Μ M /I V

As 732—7, 739 an d 741—2 C V IB IO M A R S O P R C O S I I I C C A E L IV S PA X A (V )(G ) IIV IR ; Livia seated, r.; in field, P P /D D

i . L 1 9 3 7 -4 -1 5 -6 (P R O C O S ), 10.98; 2. P D ’A illy 1 7 4 4 6 (P R O C O S , n o th in g in field), 19.46; 3. O (P R C O S ), 14.36; 4 . C (P R C O S ), 10.72; 5. G (P R C O S ), 13.03.

i . H (A V G I I V I R ) , 12.9; 2. C o p 443 (A I I V I R ) , 13.72; 3. B L ö b b (AV I I V I R ) , 12.69; 4· JS W , 14.68. 744

AE. 2 8 -g m m , 12.99g (6)· Axis: 9.

[ 6 ]

Vibius Marsus Procos III, C Sallustius Iustus Ilvir, AD

M u 371-2

29- 3 °

T I C A E SA R D IV I A V G F A V G V S T IM P V I I I ; b are head of T iberius, r. C V IB IO M A R S O P R C O S I I I C C A E L IV S PA X A(V) IIV IR ; Livia seated, r.; in field, D D /P P

739

AE. 30 m m , 14.90g (7). Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

M u 359 As 732-7 C V IB IO M A R S O P R C O S I I I C SA LL V STIV S IV ST V S II; Livia seated, r.; in field, M M /I V

1. L t 9 3 5 - 6- 4“ 5 (A V I I V I R ) , 11.44; 2. P 549 (A V I I V I R ) , 13.87; 3 . P D ’A illy 17448 (A V I I V I R ) , 12.83; 4 . V 2 6 4 6 8 (A I I V I R ) , 12.21; 5. C op 444 (A V I I V I R ) , 15.20; 6. G (A V I I V I R ) , 12.38.

Carthage (Colonia Iulia Concordia Karthago) The coinage of Carthage is well known. The Siculo-Punic mints were active from the beginning of the fourth century B e (C.M. Kraay, ACGC, pp. 233-5), but Carthage itself

appears to have virtually no coinage until the second half of the fourth century, when a large quantity of gold staters and fractions was struck. At the^end of the century the gold

A F R I C A : Carthage (745-752)

coinage was progressively debased into electrum (G. K. Jenkins and R. B. Lewis, Carthaginian Gold and Electrum Coins, 1963). The defeat of Hannibal at Zama brought to an end the coinages minted outside Africa and its fall in 146 b c brought a complete change in the precious-metal currency of Africa, as its gold coinage completely disappeared and its silver was immediately replaced by Roman denarii. In 122 b c , a colony (Colonia Iunonia) was planned by Caius Gracchus, but its life was very short. The Colonia Iulia Concordia Karthago was founded in 44 b c (Appian, Lib., 136) and a new settlement of colonists was made by Octavian in 29 b c . In 12 b c Carthago replaced Utica as the capital of the Africa Proconsularis. The Roman coinage of Carthage falls into two groups: one group (7 4 5 -5 3 ) , issued by the duoviri P.I.Sp. and D.V.Sp., was struck under Augustus in a d 1 0 , as Tiberius, whose portrait appears on series 747 and 748, is styled imperator for the fifth time. This group has the ethnic C.I.C., which is rather curious, as most of the known inscriptions attest the ethnic CCIK. This group is in three denominations: 745-748 749-751 7 5 2 -7 5 3

23-5 mm, 7.06 g (45) 23m m, 3.79g (5) 13 mm, 1.85 g (2)

The three denominations were clearly intended to be asses, semisses and quadrantes. The semisses are very unusual. The mint struck coins of the same size as series 745-8 and cut them in half to produce semisses. It is evident that the coins were intended to be cut, because once halved the coins do have the same type: a sella curulis on the obverse, a patera (?) on the reverse. The variation between twelve and six o’clock die axis meant that each duovir may appear with each half of the obverse design. Why Carthage adopted this procedure and did not strike real semisses, as under Tiberius (756), is not clear. The second group (754-7) was struck under Tiberius by the duoviri L. A. Faustus and D. C. Bassus. This group does not have the ethnic C.I.C. but the attribution to Carthage is certain because of their frequent occurrence in the excava­ tions there and their stylistic analogies with the first group. As Livia figures on the reverse of series 754-5, this group must be dated after the production of the official asses in Rome in a d 15-16 and parallel with the coins struck at Utica between a d 16 and a d 31 (721-6). The same type occurs at many other places throughout the Empire (see p. 46). This group is in three denominations, like its predecessor: 754-755 756 757

22-3 mm, 6.83 g (43) i7 -i8 m m , 3.30g (3) 12 mm, ?

The three denominations struck were asses, semisses and quadrantes, a little lower in weight than the Augustan group. The veiled head on the quadrantes (752-3, 757) has been interpreted as Juno/Astarte and paralleled with the quadrantes struck at Utica (729-30). Various coins have been attributed to Carthage and are here excluded: Müller 319-20 - see Karalis (624); Müller 321-2 - see Colonia Iulia Cirta Nova (706 and 708); FIT A,

igg

pp. 50-1 - see Achulla (pp. 201-2); APT 17 - see ‘Uncertain Coins’ (5451).

A u g u s tu s

P I S p D V S p Ilviri, AD 10 745

AE. 23-5 m m ,

7.37g

(16). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 10 ]

M u 323 IM P C D F A P M P P ; b are head of A ugustus, 1. P I SP D V SP II V IR C I C aro u n d P P /D D 1 - 2 . L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 1 9 /2 0 , 7.56, 8.05; 3 - 4 . B 382 5 -6 , 7.03, 8.47; 5 . B R au ch , 5.44; 6. B G an sau g e, 6.67; 7 . O , 9.11; 8. C o p 418, 8.82; 9 . M i, 9 -7 5 ; ί ο - n · N Y , 6.92, 6.82; 1 2 - 1 3 . S t, 7.31, 5.70; 14. P V , 5.55; 15. A arh u s ( s n g 1099), 7.22; 16. Be, 7.45. 746

AE. 23~5m m , 7.04g (8). Axis: 3, 6, 9, or 12.

[ 6 ]

M u 324 Sam e legend as 745, b u t head o f A ugustus, r. As 7 4 5 i . L 1938—5—1 0 - 1 2 1 , 8.69; 2. P 505, 6.64; 3 . B 6686, 6.07; 4 . M u , 7.45; 5. C o p 419, 7.65; 6. C 6 00-1948, 7.39; 7. O slo , 5.77; 8. St, 6.68. C o u n te rm ark : N in a re ctan g u la r p u n c h o n th e o b v ., o n 8 (as G IC 679). 747

AE. 2 2 m m , 5.99g (2). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 2 ]

M u 326 T I CA F IM P V; bare head of Tiberius, 1. As 7 4 5 - 6 i . L 1 8 4 7 - 2 - 4 - 5 , 5.78; 2. B 3830, 6 . ig. 748

AE. 2 2 -3 m m , 6.95 g (2 I )· Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 15]

M u 325

Same legend as 747, but head of Tiberius, r. As

7 4 5 -7

i . L 1 9 0 6 -1 1 -3 -2 7 6 9 , 8.18; 2 - 3 . L G 317 -8 , 6.39, 7.20; 4 - 5 . P 5 0 7 -8 , . 5.08, 6.09; 6. B 3829, 7.78; 7. B L ö b b , 7.01; 8. B G an sau g e, 6.20; 9 10. V 26475-6, 6.57, 7.83; i i . C o p 420, 8.08; 12—13. O , 6.71, 6.32; 14— 15. N Y , 7.22, 6.91; 16—17. M i, 8.68, 5.72; 18—19. O slo, 7.02, 5.49; 2 0 . St, 8.59; 2 1 . P V , 6.87; 22. T ra d e , 8.36. 749

AE. 23m m , 3.33g (1).

[ o ]

R. C agnat, Klio 9, 1909, 202 an d n. 3 C I [ ] D [ ]; sella curulis P I SP IIV IR ; p atera i . P r iv a t e c o ll., 3.33; 2—3 . C a rth a g e 1974/45, 2 a n d 1978/139 (G erm an excavations). 750

AE. 2 3m m , 3.69g (3).

[ o ]

As 7 4 9 D V SP IIV IR ; p atera 1 - 3 . P r iv a t e c o ll., 4 .4 3 , 3.99, 2.67. 751

AE. 2 3m m , 4 .5 2 g (1).

[ o ]

[ ] C [ ] D; sella curulis P I SP IIV IR ; p a te ra i . P V , 4.52; 2. C a rth a g e 1978/68 (G erm an excav atio n s). 752

AE. 13m m , 1.98g (1). Axis: 9. J . A lexandropoulos,

rea

D D P P; veiled head, r. P I SP D V SP II V IR C I C; sim pulum I.

P 1 9 7 7 /1 , 1.98.

[ 1 ]

L X X X IV , 1982, 101 an d 104, fig.

ig 4

753

A F R IC A : Carthage, Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna (753-757)

AE. 13 m m , 2.09 g (2)· Axis: var.

T I C A ESA R IM P P P; b are head o f T iberius, r. As 754

[ 2 ]

C I C D D P P; veiled head, 1. As 75a

i . L 1 9 4 6 -1 2 -3 -1 0 , 5.95; 2 . L 1854-1—11-8, 6.17; 3 —5 . P 509-1 1 , 6.94, 7.14, 4.87; 6 —7 . P, 6.86, 5.91; 8 . P 1 9 8 7 / 3 0 , 6.26; 9 . B 3831, 6.80; 1 0 . B 5354, 7.86; i i . B G an sau g e, 6.84; 1 2 . B F ried län d er, 6.42; 1 3 . B L öbb, 5.61; 1 4 . V 26474, 4 ·4°1 1 5 - 1 6 · o , 9.75, 7.91; 1 7 . G 6 01-1948, 5.99; 1 8 . G , 7.97; 1 9 —2 0 . S t, 9.65, 7.14; 2 1 . O slo, 6.70; 2 2 —2 3 . C o p 4 22-3, 6 - 19, 5-971 2 4 - 2 6 . M i, 7.49, 5.69, 5.55; 2 7 . A 7168, 6.27; 2 8 - 2 9 . N Y, 8.02, 6.13; 3 0 - 3 1 . P V , 6.76, 6.53; 3 2 . L an z 26/1983, 455, 6.11; 3 3 . C a rth a g e ( = Excavations at Carthage /975 conducted by the University o f M ichigan I, 1976, 167, n. 8, pi. 28,8), 8.07; 3 4 . Be 4796, 5.86; 3 5 . T ra d e ,

O ( = C . K ing, N C 1975, 74 (unknow n q u a d ra n s ), 1.68; 2. L 1988 —11— 26—1, 2.50. i is from th e sam e rev. die as 7 5 2 /1 . I.

T ib e r iu s

7-

L A 754

F a u s tu s D

C B a ssu s I lv ir i

AE.

22-3

mm,

Mu

3 2 7 , a pt 15

7 .28

g

(8).

Axis:

756 12

or

6.

[

8

22-3

Mu

328,

mm, apt

6 .7 3 g

(35)· Axis:

12

or

6.

[ 22

i7-i8mm,

3.30g (3). Axis:

a pt

12.

[ 2 ]

16

T I C A E SA R IM P P P; b are head o f T iberius, r. L A F A V ST V S D C BASSVS IIV IR ; three corn ears; in field, P P /D D i . L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 2 2 ( = a p t , pi. 11,2), 3.88; 2 . P 3.43; 5. M allo y X I I I /1 9 7 8 , 116 (form erly H ).

i . L 1840—12—15—22 2 , 9.59; 2. P 1978/92, 6.45; 3. B R au c h , 7.56; 4 . B L ö bb, 5.85; 5. V 26644, 7 -3 8 ; 7 · C op 42 0 -1 , 8.08, 5.64; 8. G ( = a p t , pi. I I , 1), 7.65.

AE.

AE.

M u 329 c o rr.,

]

T I C A ESA R IM P P P; b are head o f T iberius, 1. L A FA V ST V S D C BASSVS IIV IR ; Livia veiled, holding p atera and sceptre, seated, r.; in field, P P /D D

755

93-

757

]

15

AE.

12 m m ,

512,

?. Axis: ?.

2.60; 3 . H ; 4. PV ,

[ o ]

?; veiled head, r. [L A ]F D C B II V IR aro u n d P P /D D i . C a r th a g e 1 9 7 4 /5 (G erm an excav atio n s).

Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna The coinage with the ethnic C.I.P. or C.P.I. discussed here has traditionally been given to Clypea (Eckhel, DN IV, p. 14; Müller II, pp. 155-9). Grant (FITA, pp. 225-6), however, followed by G. K. Jenkins in SNG Cop. Africa, assigned it to Thapsus. See now M. Amandry, RN, 1990, pp. 56-71. Before the arguments in favour of Clypea are considered, the case argued by Grant for Thapsus should be examined. His reasoning is based on coin 758, found near Nabeul/Neapolis and published by A. Merlin in 1915. This coin established for certain that the letters C.I. must stand for Colonia Iulia; in addition, the full name of the colony was completed by two monograms: PI for Pia and another monogram that Merlin read as and proposed to expand as PHAT[ ], while recognising that no such place name was yet known. On the basis of a reading by E. S. G. Robinson, who apparently saw the coin, Grant insisted that the monogram should in fact be read as T/? for THAP(sus). Hence his attribution of all the coins with legend C.I.P. to Thapsus. However, there are two objections to this attribution: 1. Thapsus was a free city, and not a Julian colony. 2. It struck its own coinage on which its name can be clearly read (see 792—7). Fortunately 759 provides the correct reading of the monogram. A previously unknown coin of this series was published by S. Weinstock (Divus Julius, 1971, p. 408), though his attribution of the piece to the colony of Arles was misleading. The coin is certainly African: the portrait of Caesar was cut by an engraver who worked at Lepti Minus (see 785). Now, the reverse legend is EX DD COL IV P PAT, which is the same as the abbreviated legend of 758, and the final monogram is quite clearly PAT, for

PAT(erna). Thus the C.I.P. coinage was struck at a place called Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna. To which colony does this refer? Clypea, as Eckhel and Müller suggested? Their only argument was that the type of Mercury seated on a heap of stones (series 758, 760, 762, 765, 768) was meant to represent Cap Bon, the Promun­ turium Mercurii, where the town was located (or at least the huge peninsula of Cap Bon, since Kelibia/Clypea is 30 km from the promontory in its strictest sense, Ras Addar). But Carpi, too, is located on the peninsula and could equally claim the coinage, as could Curubis and Neapolis, though slightly further from Ras Addar. The coins must belong to one of these four colonies, none of which is known to have had the title Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna. Two inscriptions refer to the Colonia Iulia Clipea (BACTHS, 1969, pp. 204-5); one inscription from Hippo Diarrhytus mentions the Coloni Col(oniae) Iuliae Carpitanae (CIL V III, 1206 = 25417); the Colonia Iulia Curubis is attested by several inscriptions (CIL V III, 980, 12452, 24100) and a late inscription mentions the Col(onia) Iul(ia) Neap(olis) (CIL V III, 968). The title of Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna suggests a colony founded during Caesar’s lifetime, like the Colonia Iulia Paterna Arelatensium Sextanorum at Arles (45 b c : Pliny, NH 111,35) 0Γ ώ ε Colonia Iulia Paterna Claudia Decuman­ orum at Narbonne (also 45 b c : Pliny, NH 111,32). Fur­ thermore, the choice of reverse type for 759 and 761, which is copied directly from a denarius struck by C. Vibius Pansa at Rome in 48 b c (Crawford 449/2), also points to a Caesarian foundation, inasmuch as Pansa was an ardent supporter of Caesar and the engraver chose a Ceres type that could be taken as an indirect reference to Caesar. An inscription from Formies ( CIL X, 6104) reveals that a freedman was twice duumvir at Clypea about 40 b c ; hence it is

A F R IC A :

likely that the town became a colony in Caesar’s lifetime or shortly after his death. But another inscription (CIL V III, 9, 77) tells us that in 45 b c a freedman, duumvir quinquen­ nalis, was responsible for building fortifications at Curubis; while it is true that this does not prove that the city had become a colony by this date, there is nevertheless a strong likelihood. Given that coin 758 was found near Neapolis, and thus closer to Curubis than to Clypea, it is tempting to assign the C.I.P. issues to Curubis. Ultimately only fresh epigraphic evidence can resolve the argument. In any event, the coinage of the mysterious colony must belong somewhere in Zeugitania and certainly from the Cap Bon peninsula. The colony struck under Augustus (758-61 ) and Tiberius (762-70). The chronology of the abundant coinage for Tiberius is straightforward, whereas the issues for Augustus —known from very few specimens - are not easily dated. There would appear to be two issues, each struck in two denominations (sestertius and dupondius): 759

40 mm, 3 2-7 4 g (1) 31—2 mm, J7-50 g (2)

760 761

35-6 mm, 34.83 g (2) 28 mm, 18.51g (2)

758

The issue 758-9, consisting of a sestertius with type of Augustus and a dupondius with Caesar, is exactly parallel to the issue struck at Lepti Minus, dated c. 20 b c (784-5: same modules for both denominations, same types and the same engraver); 758-9 can therefore be dated to about 20 b c as well. The issue 760-1 also consists of a sestertius and a dupondius, but smaller than those of 758-9. It is hard to date. The bald legend IM P AVGVSTVS has no parallel in Africa, or indeed anywhere in the ‘official’ coinage. Too much should not be read into the reverse legend of the sestertius, IIII VIR: the presence of IVViri in charge of the city need not necessarily indicate that it was a Latin colony since sometimes the duoviri i.d. and the aediles together made up a college of quattuorviri (see, for example, Tingi or Cirta). The dupondius repeats the reverse type of the previous issue as well as the obverse legend DIVOS IVLIVS. It is, however, difficult to recognise the inept portrait as Caesar. A certain resemblance to Tiberius might suggest a date for the issue towards the end of Augustus’s reign, at the time when Carthage (745-53) and Lepti struck their coinage (788-90). There may well turn out to be asses belonging with one or other of these issues. The coinage of Tiberius is more prolific and is well dated by the names of the proconsuls. It consists of three issues, each made up of three denominations: sestertius, dupondius and as. 764

35-8 mm, 30.28 g (6) 28—9 mm, 22.63g (2) 24 mm, 7-65 g (5)

765 766 767

36—7 mm, 4 3 -6 8 g (1) 29 mm, 14.88 g (1) 22 mm, 7 -4 ° g (1)

768 769 770

38 mm, 36.64 g (13) 27-8 mm, l6 -4 3 g (13) 23—4 mm, 9-37 g (4 )

762 7β 3

Each denomination has a different reverse type: for the

Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna (758-761)

/95

sestertius, Mercury seated as on 758 and 760; for the dupondius, Livia veiled, seated, r., holding patera and scep­ tre (a common type found at Carthage or, later, at Utica); for the as, the bust of Mercury, 1., as on the coinage of Lepti (784-91). The first issue (762-4) was struck in the third year of office of L. Apronius in 20-1, or more precisely in 21, since Tiberius is IM P V III and COS IV. The second issue (7657) is dated to the second year of office of Q. Iunius Blaesus in 22—3. The existence of the issue was questioned by Mül­ ler, who knew of one example but thought that the legend had been recut. This coin (766) should not be dismissed, and a recently discovered sestertius of the same issue (765/1) supports the authenticity of the dupondius. The as seen by Grant has not been traced, but there is no reason to doubt its existence. The third issue (768-70) belongs to the proconsulship of Dolabella, Blaesus’s successor, and should probably be dated to 23 since the same name P. Gavius Casca was the colleague of both Dolabella and Blaesus. Could Celsus and Casca have been the IV Viri of the city?

A u g u s tu s

c. 20 BC(?) 758

AE. 4 0 m m , 32.74g (1). Axis: 5.

[ o ]

BOTH 1915, cxciv, FITA 225

C A ESA R D IV I F; b are head o f A ugustus, L; in front, lituus E X D D C O L O N IA E IV L IÂ Ë P Ï PÄ T; M ercury w earing petasus an d holding caduceus, seated on rock, 1. i . T u n i s (form erly P rovotelle coll.), 32.74 (illu stra te d h ere o n p la te 50).

759

L eaded bronze. j M m m , 17.50g (2)· Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

D IV O S IV L IV S ; d iadem ed head of C aesar, r. E X D D C O L IV P PA T; Ceres w alking, r., holding torch in each h an d ; in front, a plough i . O ( = S. W einstock, D ivu s Iulius, pi. 30,9 = G ia rd , q t 1984, 160, fig. c), 14.58; 2. P V ( = G i a r d , q t 1984, 160, fig. d ), 20.41. N eu tro n a b so rp tio n an alysis on: 2.

c. AD 10 (?) 760

AE. 35-6 m m , 34.83 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ *1 ]

M u 330, Supp. 56 IM P A V G V ST V S; b are h ead o f A ugustus, 1.; behind, lituus; all in laurel w reath C I P I I I I V IR ; M ercury w earing petasus and holding caduceus, seated on rock, 1. I. C o p 5 2 ( = F iT A , pi. V I I I , 1), 37.16; 2. L e n in g ra d ( = D . Sestini, Hedervar I I I cont., 77, no. 9, p i .X X X I I I ,12), 32.5

761

L eaded bronze. 2 8m m , 18.51g (2). Axis: 3.

[ o ]

D IV O S IV L IV S ; diadem ed head of C aesar (?), 1. C I P A T D D; as 759 i . P V ( = G ia rd , ςιτ 1984, ι 6 ι , fig. e), 15.24; 2. L 1 9 9 1 -1 -3 0 -1 0 3 , 21.77. N eu tro n ab so rp tio n an alysis on: 1.

767

T ib e r iu s

A E. 2 2m m , 7.40g (1). Axis: 12 (1). a pt

L Apronius Procos III, Sex Pom Celsus, AD 21 762

As 764 PER[

L eaded bronze. 3 5 -8 m m , 30.28g (6). Axis: 6 or 12. [ 3 ] M u 331,

a pt

P

C o r n e liu s D o la b e lla P r o c o s , P

768

AE. 2 8 -g m m , 22.63g (2). Axis: 12. M u 332,

a pt

[ 1 ]

25

I.

P 1 9 8 5 /5 5 9 , 23.57; 2 - M i, 21.7; 3. H (=

a pt

,

pi. IV ,2).

L eaded bronze. 24 m m , 7.67 g (5). Axis: 6. M u 333,

a pt

[ 2 ]

26

769

D R V SO C A E SA R I; b are head of D rusus, 1. P E R M IS S V L A P R O N I P R O C O S I I I ; b ust o f M ercury, 1.

AE. 3 6 -7 m m , 43.68g (1). Axis: 6.

I.

[ 2 ]

766

N Y , 43.68; 2. B L öbb, 15.43 (very d am ag ed ).

AE. 29m m , 14.88g (1). Axis: 12. M u 339,

a pt

[ o ]

27

L eaded bronze. 2 7 -8 m m , 16.43g 6 3 )· Axis: 12. a pt

[

9

]

30

I. L 1 9 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 1 3 ( = A P T , pi. 111,5), 20.62; 2. P 517, 18.23; 3 · L r 5 -3 4 i 4 . P D ’A illy 17455, 16.14; 5 · p 1982/1351, ! 4 ·3 2; 6 · p 1 9 8 5 /9 8 7 , 17.50; 7. C o p 56, 13.00; 8. C 599-1948 (G ra n t), 13.53; 9 · H ; IO - p v , 14- 2 7 : i i . L aw ren ce coll., 17.79; I 2 · B ourgey 1985, 632, 18.70; 13. B L öbb, 15.09; 14. JS W , 19.21. N e u tro n ab so rp tio n an aly sis on: 5.

10, n. g

As 76a P E R M IS S V Q IV N B LA ESI P R O C O S IT C P G A V IO CAS D D; M ercury on rock, 1.; in field, C P I

[ 8 ]

As 762 P E R M IS P D O L A B E L L A E P R O C O S C P G CAS; Livia veiled, holding two ears o f corn an d sceptre, seated, r.; in field, C P I

23.88g (3) 30m m, 14.29g (7)

The series with Augustus and Gaius and Lucius is of sestertii: 775

35 mm, 26.30g (7)

The diameter is the same as before (771), but the weight is distinctly higher, though the two known specimens of 771 are admittedly very worn. Again as at Achulla, it is tempting to place these sestertii with the dupondii with proconsuls’ names. Since the Augustus/Caesar series is a group in itself (with sestertius and dupondius), which must therefore antedate the procon­ sulship of Varus, the Augustus/Gaius and Lucius sestertius could well have been struck under Varus because the portraits of Augustus and of Varus are very similar. What date should be assigned to the Augustus/Caesar issue? The sestertius and dupondius both have an apex behind the head of Augustus; this is the only occurrence of this attribute in Africa and it is probably a reference to Augustus’s election as pontifex maximus in 12 b c . The group can therefore be dated between 12 and 8 b c . The two unsigned series probably date to the same period. The types are traditional for the city (Neptune, Astarte, Sol) and there are two denominations, as and semis: 773 774

23-4 mm, 10.08 g (3) 16 mm, 5-65 g (8)

The semis has the same weight as at Cirta (704) and at Hippo under Africanus (714). The as and semis are grouped here under the issue for Augustus/Caesar but they might have been struck for Varus or Saturninus. The coinage with ethnic of Hadrumetum can therefore be summarised as follows:

7-6 Saturninus 6-5 Africanus

771 772 773 774 775 776 778 780

35 m m >

30 mm, 23—4 mm, 16 mm, 35 mm, 28—9 mm, 30 mm, 2 7—9 mm,

23.88g 14.29g 10.08 g 5.65 g 26.30g 11-63 g 12.79g I 4-°7 g

(3) (7) (3) (8) (7) (2) (4 ) (9 )

igy

sestertius dupondius as semis sestertius dupondius dupondius dupondius

Coinage without ethnic Three series of coins without mint names can be assigned to Hadrumetum, following Grant, FIT A, pp. 138-9. They share the same style and fabric as the dupondius of Afri­ canus (780), besides which Africanus is shown on 781. There are three denominations: 777 779 781

38-9 mm, 54.14 g (2) 32-3 mm, 26.74g (5) 22“ 3m m , 6.58g (12)

Series 777 is exceptional as regards its weight and a reference to a tribunician power of Augustus (probably fol­ lowed by an acclamation as imperator). It consists of two pieces which can be dated to 7-6 b c , Saturninus’s year of office. They would appear to be medallions (their weight is that of a double sestertius: unless they are indeed supposed to be ‘bronze quinarii’) and they are dedicated to Augustus because the reverse type - O(b) C(ivis) S(ervatos) in a wreath with two laurel branches - refers to the dedication which accompanied the clipeus virtutis given to Augustus in 27 b c . According to Grant (RAI, p. 20) the medallion marked the second decennalia of Augustus’s rule. Series 779 with Augustus on the obverse and Gaius and Lucius on the reverse is undated and has no proconsular signature, but the engraver is the same as for 777, 780 and 781. In 8-7 b c the mint acquired a new engraver and the appearance of the coinage changed. Series 778 is still the work of the first engraver, struck on bevelled flans. The second engraver was responsible for 777 and 779-81. 779 may have been struck under Africanus and is a multiple of 780; at Hippo Regius, too (709), Gaius and Lucius appear on the sestertii of Africanus. Africanus appears on the obverse of 781. As for 780, his titles are proconsul and septemvir epulonum (the septemviri epulonum date back to 196 b c and were respon­ sible for organising the epulum Iovi in Capitolio; see Marquardt VI, pp. 333-6). The reverse is unusual in that it is signed by G. Livineius Gallus, quaestorpro praetore, and the type copies a denarius of Caesar with an elephant trampling a snake. Grant (FITA, pp. 140-3) takes this to be an allu­ sion to a temporary transfer of Cyrenaica to Africa, but there is no evidence for this view. 781 would appear to be an as, but the diameter and weight are low compared with other asses of the same date (e.g., the as of Africanus at Hippo: 710). There remain two series with magistrates’ names but no ethnic. They are generally assigned to Hadrumetum for the following reasons: their types (head of Neptune and radiate head of Sol) which recall those of 774 - Neptune also appears on 773 and Sol on 776 and 778; and their proven-

ance, as some coins have come from Sousse, the site of Hadrumetum. The coins are rare and the condition of the specimens known to Müller was too poor to yield a correct reading. 782 was correctly read by Ph. Boissevain (ZfN 19, 1912, pp. 107—11): the duoviri are G. Fabius Catulus and D. Sextilius Cornutus. Grant (FITA, p. 227) was responsible for identi­ fying the duoviri of 783, L. Flamin. Capit, and L. Leiu. Pert. If these coins are classified as originating from Hadrumetum, this clearly raises the question of the city’s status. If it was a municipium under Augustus, why was this the only series to mention the names of duoviri? It may, of course, be a case of using a Roman term for a local magistracy, but that is simply to dodge the problem. The solution can perhaps be found in the dating of the series. Grant {FITA, p. 227) believed that this coinage must have been struck when the city was declared a colony by Lepidus, between 42 and 40 b c . Such a date seems unlikely, given that local bronze issues were not struck in Africa prior to the twenties b c and perhaps as late a s c. 1 0 b c . In fact the two series with flans of 17 mm, which weigh 3.57 g (7) for 782 and 3.88 g (9) for 783 respectively, were struck on the same standard as the semisses struck at Car­ thage (749-51) in a d IO-I2 and have the same diameter and weight as the semisses struck at Utica (727—8) and Carthage (756) under Tiberius. The rare semisses struck before about a d 10 are distinctly heavier: at Hippo Regius (714), Thapsus (792) and Hadrumetum itself (774), the coins datable to the last decade b c weigh between 5.50 and 6.00 g. One might therefore tentatively suggest that Hadrume­ tum became a municipium at the end of Augustus’s reign and these two issues are the evidence of its new status.

773

AE. 23-4 m m , 10.08 g (3). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

M u 21 H A D R ; h ead o f N eptune, r. H ead o f A starte, 1. i . C o p 58, 10.04; 2. H ; 3. N Y , 9.38; 4 . B 5460, 10.82. 774

AE. 16 m m , 5.65 g (8). Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

M u 22 H ead of N eptune, r. H ead of Sol, 1. ï . C o p 59, 5.36; 2. O , 5.73; 3 . G , 5.44; 4 . B o u lo g n e-su r-M er, 6.37; 5. P V , 4.64 (rev.); 6. T r a d e , 6.23 (obv.); 7 . B I-B , 5.36; 8. B L ö b b , 6.17.

P

8-y BC

Q u in c tiliu s V a ru s P ro c o s ,

775

A E. 3 4 -5 m m , 26.30g (7). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

M u 32-3 H A D R A V G V ST V S; bare head o f A ugustus, r.; lituus L CAE F C CAE F; b are heads o f G aius an d Lucius C aesar face to face i . L 1 8 4 9 - 7 —1 7 - 7 9 , 30.35; 2. P 109, 26.11; 3. S t, 31.4; 4 . W a sh in g to n S m ith so n ian 95904, 22.14; 5. P V , 25.30; 6 . M ü lle r 40/1982, 150, 26.00; 7. G iessen er 29/1984, 2829; 8. B a.B ., 22.87 (tooled). C o u n te rm ark s: Q Y R (C aesar) on th e obv., on 3, 4 a n d 5 ( G I C 697). 776

A E. 28-9 m m , 11.63 g (2)· Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

M u 26 H A D R V M E; h ead o f Sol, 1 .; trid e n t P Q V IN T L I V A R I; b are h ead of V aru s, r. ï . B R a u c h ( = K . R egling, ‘V a ru s au s M ü n z e n 5, A m tl. Ber. aus den König. Kunstsam m lungen 35, 1913/14, 325 -6 , fig. 2), 9.49; 2. P V , 13.77.

L

V o lu s iu s S a tu r n in u s P r o c o s , y - 6

777

BC

A E. 38~9m m , 54.14g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

FiTA 139 (1) [ ]T V S T R P O T X V II IM [P ; bare head of A ugustus, r. O C S in w reath; two laurel branches around

A u g u s tu s *i.

I . P 1 0 6 7 (=RAI, pi. I , I = r i m , pi. V I I , 3), 50.17; 2. L 1 9 8 8 -9 -6 -5 , 58.11. C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in o n th e rev ., o n 2.

12-8 BC 771

772

AE. 35 m m , 23.88 g (3). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

778

A E. 28-31 m m , 12.79g

(4)· Axis:

var.

[ 3 ]

M u 30

M u 27-8

H A D R A V G V (ST V S ); b are head, r.; apex CAESAR; bare head o f Ju liu s C aesar, L; lituus an d star

H A D R [ ]; head of Sol, r.; trid en t L V O L V S IV S SA TV R ; b are h ead o f S aturninus, 1.

i . P 107, 21.46; 2. P V , 22.71; 3 . B L öbb, 27.47. C o u n te rm ark : Q Y R (C ae sar), on 2 ( G IC 697).

i . L 1 8 4 9 - 7 - 1 7 - 3 9 , 14.33 (°b v .); 2. V 2 6 2 9 4 , 11.39 (rev·); 3· C o P 63, ii. io ; 4 . P V , 14.35.

AE. 30 m m , 14.29 g (7). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

a. M u 31

F a b iu s A fr ic a n u s P ro c o s, 6 - 5

CAESAR; bare head o f Ju liu s C aesar, r.; star an d lituus A V G V ST V S H A D R ; bare head, L; apex

779

i . P 108, 12. i i (obv.); 2. P V (ex K ric h e ld o rf X X X V I I I / 1984, 585), 11.93 (rev.); 3. P riv ate coll., 14.29; 4 . L 1 9 8 8 -9 -6 -4 , 13.89.

b. M u 31 var.

[ 2 ]

CAESA R; b are head o f Ju liu s C aesar, r.; lituus A V G V ST V S H A D R ; b are head, 1.; sim pulum an d star i . L 1 8 4 7 -3 -7 -2 4 , 16.16; 2. O AMC 1500 (ex M ü n z h a n d lu n g B asel 3/1935, 108; G len d in in g , R y an coll., 2 /III/1 9 5 2 , 2244), 17.17; 3. P V , 14.50.

BC

A E. 3 2 -3 m m , 26.74g (5). Axis: var. M u 38,

F iT A

[ 3 ]

139 (2), RN 1986, 75-6

C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; b are head o f A ugustus, r. L C A ESA R A V G V S T F C C A ESA R A V G V ST F; bare heads o f G aius a n d Lucius C aesar i . P K 3 2 5 0 ( = RN 1986, p i.V ,d ), 27.13; 2. P 1985/897, 29.19; 3. H ( = G ra n t, r i m , pi. 7,4), 30.41; 4 . N Y ( = A N S A n n u a l Report 1978, 14, no. 6; ex K u n s t u n d M ü n zen 15/1975, 522), 29.35; 5 · P V (ex S tack ’s, K n o b lo ch coll., 1 0 -1 1 /V I/1 9 7 0 , 606), 23.62.

A F R I C A : Hadrumetum, Lepti Minus (780-787)

780

AE. 2 7 -g m m , 14.07g (9). Axis: 3 or 2.

[

9

]

M u 29

c. AD 10 (?) 782

A FR IC FA B IV S M A X C O S P R O C O S V II E PV L; bare head of A fricanus, r. H A D R V M ; b u st of B aal w ith tiara; he raises r. h a n d and has two ears of corn in 1. h an d

AE. 22-3 m m , 6.58 g (12). Axis: 12 an d var. M u 37,

FITA

z fN

29, 1912, 107-11,

FITA

[ 4 ] 226

(i)

C FA BIV S C A T V L V S IIV IR ; head o f N ep tu n e, r.; trid en t D S E X T IL IV S C O R N V T V S IIV IR ; b u st o f Sol facing i . P 1 05, 3.90 (rev.); 2—3. C o p 6 1 -2 , 4.06, 3.28; 4 . A m sterd a m ( = Beschreibung der Griechischen Autonomen M ü n ze n im B esitze der Kön. Akadem ie der Wissenschaften z u Am sterdam , 1912, 189, no. 5), 2.87; 5. N Y , 4.00; 6. S tern b e rg X /1 9 8 0 , 253, 3.96; 7. P V , 2.93; 8. P V (silvered specim en = B ah rfeld t, n z 1896, 118-19; ex A. C a h n , H a e b e rlin coli., 1 7 /V I/1 9 3 3 , 2595), 4.95 (obv.); 9. B o u lo g n e-su r-M er, 3.66.

[ 9 ]

139 (3)

A FR FA M A X C O S P R O C O S V II E P V L O ; b are head o f A fricanus, r. C L IV IN G A LLV S Q P R O PR; elephant crushing snake,

AE. 17m m , 3.57g (7). Axis: var. M u 25,

i . P 106 ( = f i t a , pi. V I I , 28: obv.), 16.10; 2. P 106 bis, 14.47; 3 · C o p 65 (ex S a n ta m a ria , Signorelli coll., I I , 1623; N iggeler I I , 784), 15.08; 4 . O AMC 1499, 15.45; 5 * C o p 64, 13.25; 6. H ; 7. N Y , 10.66; 8. B ’Löbb, 13.60; 9. B R a u c h , 17.81; 10. L 1 9 8 8 -1 -6 -2 , 10.26. 781

igg

783

AE. 17 m m , 3.88 g (9). Axis: var. M u 23-4 (m isread),

f it a

[ 8 ]

227 (2)

L F L A M IN C A P IT ; head o f N eptune, r.; trid en t L L E IV P E R T ; h ead of Sol, r.

1. I . L 1 9 3 9 -3 -1 8 -2 , 7.11; 2 - 3 . P 115-6, 7.25, 7.38; 4 . P, 5.96; 5 - 6 . V 26295—6, 7.24, 4.81; 7—8. C op 6 6 -7 , 6.71, 5.94; 9 . N Y , 6.94; 10. T r a d e , 5.40; h . C ré d it Suisse 3/1985, 479, 7.06; 12. S chulten 2 0 -2 1 /X /1 9 8 8 ,

i . P 122, 4.49; 2. P 1980/265, 3.67; 3 . C o p 60, 4.30; 4 . St, 3.5; 5. B L öbb ( = z f N X /1 8 8 3 , 84, no. 51 = f i t a , pi. V I ,23), 3.64; 6 . B Fox, 3.57; 7 . L 1 8 4 4 -1 -1 5 -1 9 9 , 3.03; 8. L 1 9 1 6 -4 -5 -1 , 4.32; 9. L 1 9 2 1 - 3 - 1 1 - 1 , 4.41; 10. R W , 3.66. T h e n a m e on th e Sol sid e seem s to b e L eius ra th e r th a n C eius.

5 9 L 7 ·* 1©·

Lepti Minus Leptis Minus (the present Lemta) had the status of a free city in Africa Vetus as it was on the side of Rome during the Third Punic War (Appian, Lib., 94). Libera and immunis in 47-46 B e , the city took the part of Caesar during his African campaign (B. Afr., νιι,ι). It certainly became a colony under Trajan (J. Gascou, Antiquités Africaines VI, 1972, pp. 140-2). Its coinage has recently been studied by M. Amandry, SM, 1983, pp. 11-14. The coins struck there during the reign of Augustus present certain characteristics unique in Africa: they are bilingual as the name of the city is in Greek, and they bear as value marks the Greek letters delta, beta and alpha - that is, 4, 2 and 1 as. There are at least two series. One ( 7 8 8 - 9 0 ) is dated by Tiberius’s title (IMP V) to the end of Augustus’s reign, in a d 1 0 . The other ( 7 8 4 - 7 ) is much earlier, struck with obver­ ses of CAESAR DIVI F ( 7 8 4 ) and DIVOS IVLIVS ( 7 8 5 and 7 8 7 ) . Amandry has suggested a date of about 3 0 b c , but a date about 2 0 b c seems more plausible as the tridenominational system is certainly derived from the new Augustan monetary reform. The weight of the sestertius ( 7 8 4 ) and the dupondius ( 7 8 5 ) is greater than that of similar coins struck in Asia or Rome to compensate for the lack of orichalcum. With the obverse CAESAR DIVI F, we know a sestertius (784) and an as (786); with the obverse DIVOS IVLIVS, we know a dupondius (785) and an as (787). It is therefore possible that two groups were in fact struck: one complete tridenominational group with CAESAR DIVI F and another with DIVOS IVLIVS. The second group struck in a d 1 0 is parallel to the series struck in Carthage (745-53) and on series 788 and 790 Augustus bears the same titulature as that in Carthage. The treatment of Augustus’s portrait is very similar on both series and this similarity of style might indicate a common hand. Series 791 is peculiar as no other coinage of Tiberius

Caesar is known in Africa with the titulature IMP VII. Usually the coins with IMP V II were struck under his own reign (see Utica, 724-8). The coin described by Müller 20, ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ, head, r./AEIITIC, turreted female head, r., from Du Molinet, Cab. de Ste Geneviève, p. 82, tab. 21,3, is obviously a forgery, and so has been omitted. A u g u s tu s

c. 2 0 BC (?) 784

AE. 3 8m m , 36.12g (1). Axis: 12.

[ o ]

A m andry fig. 1 C A ESA R D IV I F; bare h ead o f A ugustus, 1.; in front, lituus AEIITIC; b ust of M ercury w ith petasus a n d caduceus, 1.; u n d er the bust, Δ i . P V , 36.12. 785

AE. 3 1m m , 21.78g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

M u 15, A m andry fig. 2 D IV O S IV L IV S ; diadem ed head o f C aesar, r. As 784, u n d er the bust, B i . P D ’A illy 1 7 4 4 5 , 21.78. 786

AE. 2 5m m , 7.53g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

M u 16 As 784 As 7 8 4 and 785; u n d er the bust, A i . C o p 5 7 , 8.26; 2. H , 6.8. 787

AE. 2 6 -7 m m , 10.65g (2)· Axis: 7.

[ 1 ]

A m andry fig. 3 As 785 As 786 i . L 1 9 0 9 -1 -2 -3 5 , 9.93; 2. P r iv a t e c o ll. ( — Seaby’s B u lletin 847 (1990), no. C 7 ), 11.36.

AD 10 788

790

AE. 37-8 m m , 27.35 g (1)· Axis: 6.

As As

[IM P ] C D F A P M P P ; bare head of A ugustus, 1. As 7 8 4

789

[ 2 ]

M u 17

[ 1 ]

A m andry fig. 4

I.

AE. 24-501111, 7.31g (2). Axis: 5.

i. P

788 7 8 6 -7 102,

8.09;

2.

B L ö b b , 6.52.

L G 0 3 1 6 , 27.35.

AE. 31m m , 14.31g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

M u 18

A D 13 791

AE. 2 5m m , 8 .0 0 g (3). Axis: 6.

[ 1 ]

M u 19

T I CAE A V G F IM P V; bare head o f T iberius, r. As 7 8 5

T I C A E A V G F IM P V II; b are head o f T iberius, r. As 7 8 6 - 7 , 7 9 0

1—2. P 1 0 3 -4 , 12.76, 15-86.

I . H 10212, 8.4; 2 . P V , 6.23; 3. L 827, J a n ./F e b . 1 9 8 8 ,0 5 ).

1 9 8 8 —5 —1 6 —1 6 ,

9.38

(e x

Seaby’s B ulletin

Thapsus The site of Thapsus has been located at present-day Ras Dimas. During the Third Punic War, Thapsus took the side of Rome and was rewarded with the status of free city in the province of Africa. In the conflict between Pompey and Caesar the city supported Pompey (B. Afr. l x x i x , 2 ) and was punished with a fine by Caesar (B. Afr. xcvn,2), though it kept its freedom. Prior to the creation of the province of Byzacene, but at an unknown date, the city became a col­ ony (CIL IX, 5087). Thapsus struck coin under Augustus and Tiberius. The attribution of coinage for Tiberius is straightforward because the city’s name is given in Latin. On the other hand, the Augustan issues listed here are usually given to Thysdrus (Müller II, pp. 58-60; Grant, FIT A, pp. 347-8). Issues 792-3 are bilingual, with the ethnic in neo-Punic. The legend should definitely be read STPSR and not STDSR or STSDR (the first S standing for ‘belonging to’). In addition to the legend, other points favour Thapsus over Thysdrus: 1. If it is assumed that issues 792-4 were struck at Thys­ drus, it would not be surprising that the coinage did not continue for Tiberius, since the same is true for Hadrumetum, Lepti Minus and Achulla. It would be odd, however, if Thapsus began to strike only under Tiberius, when the other towns of Byzacene stopped. In fact, the two issues together make up a more reasonable sequence of coinage at Thapsus. 2. The choice of Neptune as a type in issue 792 is more reasonable for a port (Thapsus) than for an inland city. 3. There is a typological continuity in the reappearance of Astarte (793 and 794) in a Roman form (Livia/Juno: 796

(capricorn with cornucopia and globe) and legend AVGVSTV clearly refer to the reign of Augustus. The weight and diameter (5.64 g, 19-20 mm) are those of a semis, though too heavy to be a fraction of the asses struck in c. a d 10 (793); the Carthaginian semis weighed only 3.79 g at that date. Rather, the weight of issue 792 is equivalent to that of the semisses struck at Hippo Regius (714) and dated to the proconsulship of Fabius Africanus in 6-5 b c . Issue 792 is therefore tentatively dated to the last decade of the first century b c . Issue 794 is unsigned and is identified only by the name of the city in neo-Punic letters. It is not easy to date, but the obverse of this issue (head of Astarte) and the reverse of 793 are of clearly similar style; furthermore, the weight and diameter are the same as those of 793. This issue is therefore assigned to the reign of Augustus. There are three denominations for the coinage for Tiberius at Thapsus: sestertius, dupondius and as: 795 796 797

33-4 mm, 24.37 g (3) 26—7m m , 12.23g (8) 2 2 -4 mm, 8.69g (4)

The date of this coinage is straightforward. The issue refers to Tiberius as IM P V II - i.e., a d 13-21. Since the reverse type (Livia seated on 795 and 797) copies asses struck at Rome in a d 15—16 (RIC 33-6), this issue must have been struck between a d i 6 and 21. Note the types of Livia as Ceres (CERERI AVGVSTAE: 795) and Juno (IVN AVG: 796 - 7 )· The coins attributed to Thapsus by Grant (APT 24-31) are here classified under Colonia lulia Pia Paterna (762-70).

)·

Issue 793 has the head of Augustus and the legend IMP AVG P P and must therefore be dated after 2 bc . In fact, it should probably be dated to c. a d i o, because in module, weight and style it is exactly like the asses struck then at Carthage (745—8) and Lepti Minus (790). The choice of Astarte as reverse type is not wholly surprising, though it is more widely found in Zeugitania (Utica, Carthage) and Thapsus is the only city in Byzacene to use it. Issue 792 is more difficult to place. The obverse type

A u g u s tu s , la s t decade o f the f i r s t cen tu ry BC 792

AE. ig -2 o m m , 5.64g

(7).

Axis: var.

M u 36 (T hysdrus) A V G V ST V ; capricorn w ith globe an d cornucopia, r. STPSR; head of N eptune, 1.; behind, trid en t 1—2. P 1 1 3 -4 , 6.00, 5.88; 3 . H ; 4 . St; 5—6. P V , 4.97, 4.87; 7. B G an sau g e, 5.37; 8. M arseille, 6.73; 9 . L 1 988-9-6—3, 5.69.

[ 4 ]

AFRICA: Thapsus, Achulla (793-797) 201 A u g u s tu s , 793

C. A D

T I CAE D IV I A V G F A V G IM P V II; b are head of T iberius, 1. C E R E R I A V G V ST A E T H A M P S IT A N I; Livia veiled, seated, holding sceptre a n d two ears of corn over m odius, r.

IO

AE. 2 2 -3 m m , 8.02g (9). Axis: 6.

[ 8 ]

M u 35 (T hysdrus)

i . L 1 9 2 0 - 3 —2—18 ( = a p t , pi. 11,9), 20.52 (obv.); 2. V a t(? ) (su lp h u r cast in L o f a coin s ta te d to b e in V at) (rev.); 3. T u n is; 4 . JS W ; 5. JS W , 23.50; 6. L o n d o n T ra d e 1988, 29.10.

IM P A V G P P; bare head o f A ugustus, 1. ST PSR ; head o f J u n o A starte, r.; behind, sceptre i . L 1 0 3 8 -5 -1 0 -1 4 2 , 7.88: 2. L 1 0 8 7 -4 -1 2 -1 , Q.27; 2 - 4 . P 111-2, 7.02, 7.57; 5. V 26619, 7.99; 6 - 7 . G , 8.10, 8.13; 8. H ; 9. P V , 7.94; 10. B L ö b b , 8.19.

796

M u 12 (T hapsus),

a pt

[ 4 ]

22

Sam e legend as 795, b u t b are head o f T iberius, r. T H A P S V M IV N AVG; head of Livia veiled, 1.

U n d e r A u g u s tu s 794

AE. 26~7m m , 12.23g (8)· Axis: 6 or 12.

AE. 2 1 -3 m m , 6.69g (5)· Axis: 12.

i . L 1874-7—15—432 ( = a p t , pi. I l l , i ), 14.42; 2. O , 11.90; 3 . G , 12.83; 4 . H ; 5. M i ( —B rera 610), 10.10; 6. N Y , 11.66; 7. P V , 14.39; 8. M M list 439, D ec. 1981, 25, 9.06; 9. L o n d o n T ra d e 1988, 13.69.

[ 2 ]

M u 34 (T hysdrus)

797

H ead of Ju n o A starte, r.; behind, sceptre S JP S R ; cithara

A E. 22-4 m m , 8.69 g (4)· Axis: 6 or 12. M u 13,

a pt

[ 2 ]

23

As 796 Sam e legend as 796, b u t L ivia seated, holding p atera and sceptre, r.

1 - 2 . H 10216-7, 5.29, 7.55; 3. B I-B , 5.44; 4 . L 1 9 3 8 - 5 - 1 0 - 1 4 1 , 7.98; 5. P V , 7.20.

i . P 1 9 8 2 /1 5 9 5 , 6.40; 2. C o p 53 ( = a p t , pi. 111,2), 8.24; 3 . A 86/7147, 7.40; 4 . P V (ex H ess list, J a n . 1981, 23), 12.70.

T ib e r iu s , c . A D 1 6 - 2 1 795

A E. 33-40101, 24.37g (3)· Axis: 6 or 12. apt

[ 1 ]

21

Achulla The ancient city of Achulla (Acholla, Acylla) is identified with Hr Botria. During the Third Punic War, the city had broken off from Carthage (Appian, Lib., 9 4 ) and was rewarded with the status of a free city as recorded by Pliny (NH V,3o: oppida libera ex quibus dicenda Achollitanum) and Strabo (XVII,3,i2). We do not know what happened to the city after Augustus. Under Augustus, Achulla struck a coinage well dated by the proconsulates of Varus and Saturninus. Three denomi­ nations were struck: 798 799

800 801

2 9-31 m m . 35-7 mm, 28—30 mm, 26—7m m ,

r4-o8g 26.09 g 13.04 g 8.91 g

(15) (4) (6) (2)

These are sestertii ( 7 9 9 ) , dupondii ( 7 9 8 and 8 0 0 ) and asses ( 8 0 2 ) . On 7 9 9 is the name of Varus, and on 8 0 0 and 8 0 1 the name of Saturninus. 7 9 9 lacks the name of a proconsul: it could be considered as the inaugural coinage of the city, c. 2 0 B C , and parallel to the series struck at Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna ( 7 5 8 ) and Lepti Minus ( 7 8 4 ) which have the same obverse legend (CAESAR DIVI F). But it is classified here with the dupondii and asses of Saturninus for the following reasons: I.

The size and weight of the sestertii struck at Paterna and Lepti Minus in c. 2 0 b c are larger and heavier than those of 7 9 9 - this series corresponds, in size and weight, to the sestertii struck at Hippo under Africanus ( 7 0 9 ) or at Hadrumetum under Varus (7 7 5 ).

2. 3.

The portraits of Caesar and Saturninus attest the same hand. 799 has a countermark which occurs on 798 and 800 as well as at Hadrumetum at the same time (775).

798 has been studied by Zedelius (Bonner Jahrbücher 183, 1983, pp. 469-74) who identified four reverse dies (p. 472: Typ A—D). In fact, at least six reverse dies were cut to strike this series and the identification of dies is different from that suggested by Zedelius: Ri R.2 R3 R4 R5 R6

P 98, G St, P 99, PV, Cop 51 P 100, P D ’Ailly 17444, St (?) L 1874-7-15-431 Mainz, Bonn (?) Private coll. Köln

798 and 800 were clearly struck with the same obverse die, which proves that the proconsulates of Varus and Saturninus follow each other. The following coins are not included here: a coin attributed by Grant (FITA, p. 230, and APT 14) to Achulla, under Tiberius, but which belongs to Cyprus (3918/2); and a coin attributed by Grant (FITA, pp. 50-1) to Carthage and Lepidus, in 37 b c , described thus - DIVOS IVLIVS, diademed head of Caesar, 1.; lituus/DICTATOR PER [, galley with sail; sidus iulium. Sestini, however (Hedervar. Ill, cont., p. 79, no. 1, pi. X X X III,14), discovered the ethnic ACJHVLLA on a specimen known to him (unless it is the same specimen as the one now in Cop). Grant recalls

Sestini’s customary flair for litterae evanidae and it is difficult to decide whether or not he can be trusted. Whatever the conclusion, this coin does not fit in with the rest of the issues struck at Achulla, nor with those struck at Carthage. The legend and the type of the reverse are curious and might in fact be a modern forgery, as is the coin of Agrippa with which Grant compares it (FITA, pi, 1,13: see M. Amandry, Festschrift E. Clain-Stefanelli, forthcoming).

L Volusius Saturninus Procos, y-6 BC 799

A E. 35—7 m m , 26.09 g (4). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

[ 4 coins, 2 obv. dies ] M u 6, ήτα 230 (1) C A ESA R D IV I F A C H V L L A ; bare head of A ugustus, r. D IV O S IV L IV S ; bare head of C aesar, L; all in a laurel w reath i . L 1 8 7 4 —7—15—4 3 1 , 23.40; 2. M i ( = B rera 238), 23.5; 3 . N Y (ex N aville, Levis coll., 166; A. C a h n 66/1929, 555), 31.04; 4. N Y , 26.44. C o u n te rm ark : Q Y R on the rev. o f 2 a n d th e obv. o f 4 ( G I C 697).

A u g u s tu s 800

A E. 28-30 m m , 13.04g (6). Axis: var.

P iluinctilius Varus Procos, 8 -7 BC 798

AE. 29-31 m m , 14.08g (15). Axis: 3, 7 or 1.

M u 9, Supp. 41, FiTA 230 (3)

[ 10 ]

As 7 9 8 L V O L V S IV S SA TV R A C H V L ; b are h ead of S aturninus, r.

[ 15 coins, i obv. die ] M u 7-8,

fixa

[ 3 ]

[ 6 coins, i (?) obv. die ]

230 (4)

A V G P O N T M A X ; b are head o f A ugustus, L; in front, bare head of G aius, r.; behind, b are head of Lucius, L; C L in the field u n d e r A u gustus’s head P Q V IN C T IL I V A R I A C H V L L A ; b are head of V arus, r. i . P 98 ( = f i t a , pi. V I I ,31; ob v .), 17.90; 2. P 99 ( = f i t a , pi. V I I ,30; rev .), 11.50; 3. P 100, 12.48; 4 . P D ’A illy 17444, 12.44; 5· L G 315, 13.28; 6. B I-B , 12.48; 7. B 485/1891, 15.42; 8. C op 51, 12.07; 9 · G (= H u n te r I I I , pi. X C III,7 ), 8.16; ί ο - n . S t, 1 8 .1 7 , T3 -4 6; I 2 · r 3 -7 5 >' Γ3 · M ain z R G Z M ( = F .J . H assel, ‘Z u r M ü n z e des V a ru s im R G Z M ’, Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums M a in z 20, 1973, 191-2, taf. 55; ex M M 41/1970, 619), 13.30; 14. B onn 78.3106 (= V . Z edelius, ‘P. Q u in ctiliu s V a ru s in A c h u lla ’, Bonner Jahrbücher 183, 1983, 4 6 9-74, taf. 1,2), 19.53; 15. P riv ate coli. K ö ln ( = H assel, loc. eil., taf. 55,2), 10.9; 16. B 294/1889, 14.85. C o u n te rm ark : Q Y R (C aesar) on th e obv. o f 3 a n d th e rev. o f 4 ( G I C 697).

i . L 1 9 8 8 -1 -6 -1 , 12.41; 2. P 101, 12.34; 3. C o p ( = M u Supp., pi. I I , fig. — SNG 50), 16.20; 4 . P V (ex M M 15/1985, 400), 10.38; 5. J S W , 13.60; 6. J . M a k e r X X X I V , 1 3 /X II/1 9 8 6 , 397, 13.37. C o u n te rm ark : Q Y R o n th e rev ., o n 6 ( G I C 6g7). 801

A E. 2 4 -7 m m , 8.91 g (2). Axis: var.

[ 1 ] [ 2 coins, i obv. die ]

M u 10, FiTA 230 (2) A C H V L L A ; diadem ed head of A starte, r. L V O L V S IV S SA TV R N ; b are head o f Saturninus, r. i . P 1984/1215, 7.81; 2. M i ( = B rera 239 — f i t a , pi. V I I , 29: rev .), 10.1.

Cercina The islands of Kerkena, Chergui and Gharbi, formed one of the natural boundaries of Syria. The town of Cercina was probably at Bordj el-Marsa, on Kerkena Major or Chergui. Its harbour was safe and could accommodate warships. Caesar seized the town in 47 b c because Pompey’s fol­ lowers had built up stocks of grain there (B. Afr. χχχιν,ι-3). In fact, the praetor Sallust was helped in his task by the inhabitants of Cercina and it was probably this willingness that earned the town its free status (Pliny, NH V,41,3). (On this episode, see J. Kolendo, ‘Le rôle économique des îles Kerkena au premier siècle avant notre ère’, BACTHS 17B, 1984, pp. 241-9.) During the proconsulship of Saturninus, in 7-6 b c , the city appears to have struck an issue of sestertii, though the attribution to Cercina has been much debated. Mionnet assigned the issue to Achulla (Description... VI, 1813, p. 578, no. 4), but he knew only the poorly preserved piece in Paris (802/2), and his attribution was based on the fact that other issues of Saturninus were well attested at Achulla. The specimen acquired by the British Museum in 1840 (802/1) made it possible to fill out the obverse legend (PERM L VOLVSI PROCOS CERC, with crab). Müller II, pp. 35-6, no. 65, hesitated between CERC and GERG and finally decided in favour of Gergis in Syrtica, for the following three reasons: he read the countermark QYR, which is found at Hadrumetum (771 and 775) and Achulla

(798-800), as indicating Cercina (Müller II, pp. 60-1), and from this he concluded that the official script at Cercina was neo-Punic and not Latin; he reckoned that if Cercina was a free city, it did not need the proconsul’s permission to strike coins (PERM ISSV ...), unlike Colonia lulia Pia Paterna for example (762-70); and finally he thought that the type of helmeted Roma/Minerva was curious in Byzacene, but common in Syrtica (see Oea: 826). Quite apart from the fact that little is known of Gergis (Zarzis) - no mention is made of it during the Republic or early Empire - Müller’s reasoning was faulty for the follow­ ing reasons: the countermark QYR actually stands for Caesar and not Cercina; although the majority of the known coinages with the legend PERMISSV are indeed from colonies (e.g., Emerita, Romula, Corinth, Berytus, Paterna), the coinage of A. Vibius Habitus at Thaena (810), a free city in Syrtica, provides an exact parallel with that of Cercina; and the Kerkena islands were on the edge of Syria and were part of Syrtica, not Byzacene, even though the Cercina issue is similar in many ways (e.g., denomination) to the coins struck in Byzacene. In his commentary on Müller’s handbook, C. Cavedoni (Bullettino Archeologico Italiam I, April 1862, pp. 171-2) dis­ cussed this coin. He referred to Borghesi, who knew the L specimen from a drawing by Falbe and thought that it should be attributed to an obscure town in Byzacene called

A F R I C A : Cercina, Thaena (802)

CENE, but Cavedoni proposed instead the reading CEN(soria) P(otestate) and an attribution to Hadrumetum because other coins of Saturninus are known to have been struck there (777-8), and in addition the city struck large quantities of sestertii (771, 775, 779). Grant (FITA, pp. 232-3), for reasons of his own, gave the issue to Simitthu/Chemtou. He read CENC and expanded this to make CEN(sente) C(uria). Since he gave the coinage of Sittius (701-5) to Simitthu and he interpreted the standard formula D.CVR DECRET (702) as D(e) CVR(iae) DECRET(o), the reference to a Curia on the issue of Saturninus and on the coins of Sittius was proof for him that the two were produced at the same mint. Furthermore, according to Grant, there are stylistic similarities in the treatment of the helmeted heads of Virtus (701) and of Minerva. Although they are certainly ingenious, these argu­ ments are not convincing and CERC seems the more likely reading of the legend. We must therefore fall back on Cercina, following Mommsen (Römisches Staatsrecht I I I ,i 3, 1887, p. 713, n. 1) and the shrewd discussion b y j. Desanges

Thaena (or Thena) is identified with Thyna on the coast, 10 km south of Sfax. Its name figures as Thabena in the B. Afr. ( l x v i i , 2 ) . The city took the side of Caesar during his African campaign and was certainly rewarded with the status of a free city even if its name does not appear in the Augustan formula provinciae (Pliny, NH V,25). There is no reason to believe with Grant {FITA, pp. 346-7) that Thaena was a civitas stipendiaria. It became a colony, certainly under Hadrian {CIL VI, 1685). Under Augustus and perhaps Tiberius, Thaena struck a coinage which is known by only a very few specimens. This coinage can be classified under two headings: coinage with ethnic and coinage without ethnic.

Coinage with ethnic Under Augustus, Thaena struck at least four issues which bear a clear portrait of him. It is very difficult to put them in a firm chronological sequence. All the issues are bilingual (with the ethnic T ’YNT) except one on which the Latin legend is omitted. This series might be the inaugural one (803), followed by two series (804-5) which have the same reverse type as 803 (a tetrastyle temple) and the legend CAESAR. On series 806 the reverse type is a head of Astarte and Augustus’s portrait is inscribed CAESAR DIVI F. Augustus’s portraits are all incompetent and crude and the dating of all the series is problematic: a date towards the end of the first century b c and the end of Augustus’s reign seems the most plausible. The denominations struck are uncertain, too: 803

804 805 806

27-8 mm, 25-7 mm, 23—4m m , 28-gm m ,

10.25 g 8.68 g 11.67g 12.15g

(2) (3) (1) (2)

803, 805 and 806 might be dupondii, 804 asses.

203

in the edition of Pliny V , i - 46 (Paris, Belles-Lettres, 1980, pp. 436-7). If indeed the crab clearly indicates a port, in this instance it would confirm the reading CERC as the Greek for crab is καρκίνος and the crab is then a punning type, a common phenomenon throughout the Greek world. A u g u s tu s

L Volusius Saturninus Procos, 7-6 BC 802

AE. 3 5 -6 m m , 32.62g (3). Axis: 12 or 3.

[ 2 ]

[ 3 coins, i obv. die ] M u 65 (Gergis) P E R M L V O L V S I P R O C O S C ER C ; crab, helm eted head of R o m a/M in erv a, r. IM P C A ESA R D IV I F A V G V ST V S; b are head of A ugustus, r.; lituus i . L 1 8 4 0 —2—17—2 7 3 3. A vignon, 31.07.

( =

f it a

,

pi. V I I I , 2), 30.30; 2. P 95, 36.51;

Series 807 is anonymous. It might be parallel to 806, as it is of the same size (even if heavier: 28-31 mm, 14.14 g [7]) and has the same reverse type (Astarte). On the obverse is Sarapis, as on the last series struck at Thaena with P(ermissu) A VIBI HABITI PROCOS (810). This series is difficult to date as the date of Vibius’s term of office is not precisely known. He was cos. suff. in a d 8 and might have held his proconsulship as early as 13/14. Thomasson offers the year a d 16/17, as the years 14/15 and 15/16 were prob­ ably held by L. Nonius Asprenas and L. Aelius Lamia. In fact, this recently published series of coins is the best evidence for dating Vibius’s proconsulate: a term of office under Augustus seems more likely for the following reasons: the pattern of minting at Thaena would be parallel to that of Lepti and of Achulla, which have no coinage under Tiberius; the portrait on the reverse of 810 has been identi­ fied with Habitus (Price, Stumpf), but it could reasonably be interpreted as Tiberius under Augustus or even Augustus himself, as the engravers who worked at Thaena were incompetent; and the typical period for the represen­ tation of proconsuls on coins is confined to the years of Tiberius’s eclipse which ends after a d 4—5. Series 810 is heavy (29mm, 17.66g [3]) and was intended to be a dupondius. The metrology is puzzling, as 806, 807 and 810 have the same size and differ considerably in weight, being 12.15g (2), 14.14g (7) and i7-66g (3) respectively.

Coinage without ethnic The mint of Thaena might also be responsible for two so far unique coins which can be attributed here on grounds of style. 808 is struck in honour of L. Passienus Rufus who held his proconsulship at the beginning of the first century, perhaps in a d 3; he was a close friend of Augustus, signally

honoured by the last cognomen imperatoris awarded outside the imperial family. Augustus’s portrait and the bust of Astarte on the reverse of 806 are from the same hand, as well as Passienus’s portrait and Augustus’s portrait on 804 (which confirms that the Augustan series are to be dated at the end of the first century b c or at the beginning of the first a d

807

808 809

T ’Y N T ; head o f Sarapis, r. T ’Y N T ; head of A starte, r. i . L 1 9 8 2 -2 -1 6 -2 , i i . 00; 2. P L u y n es 3729, 15.14; 3· M i ( = B r e r a 4279), 14-47; 4* JS W , 18 .07; 5 . L 1 9 8 8 -9 -6 -2 , 14.08; 6. P V , 14.87; 7. L o n d o n T ra d e 1988, 11.36.

L Passienus Rufus, AD j (?) 808

A E. 3 8 m m , 30.49g (1). Axis: 3.

IM P C [ ]D IV I F P P; b are head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus L PA SS[ ]V S R V FV S IM P ; b are h ead o f Passienus R ufus, r. i . P n o (=

F iT A ,

A E. 37 m m , 29.02g (1). Axis: 6. FiTA 139 (7),

A u g u s tu s AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 10.95g (2)· Axis: 6.

[ o ]

i. L G 329

B are head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus T ’Y N T ; tetrastyle tem ple i.H

( =

rn

pi. 1,2),

]; b are head of T iberius, r.;

29.02; 2. P V .

i and

2

have the same obverse

[ 1 ]

A u g u s tu s or T ib e r iu s

i . L ig 8 6 —10—2—i (obv. legend dow n w a rd s), 8.17; 2. P V , 9.41; 3. J S W (obv. legend u p w a rd s), i an d 2 from th e sam e p a ir o f dies.

AE. 23-4 m m , 11.67 g (1). Axis: 5.

A Vibius Habitus Procos, AD 13-17 810

[ o ]

[ 2 ]

T ’Y N T ; head o f Sarapis, r. P A V IB I H A B IT I P R O C O S ; b are head, r.

C A ESA R T ’Y N T ; b are h ead o f A ugustus, r. T etrastyle tem ple

i . L 1 9 7 2 —7—3—i ( = Archaeological Reports f o r 70, no. 15, fig. 15: rev. o n ly ), 19.62; 2. P 1983/413 ( = sm 1983, 34, fig.),- 18.47; 3 · P V ( = sm 1983, 81, fig. 2), 14.89. F o r th e id e n tity o f th e p o rtra it on th e reverse, see th e in tro d u ctio n to T h a e n a .

St, I 1.67

AE. 2 8 -g m m , 12.15g (2). Axis: 12.

AE. 2 9m m , 17.66g (3). Axis: 6 or 12. SM 1983, 80-1

M u 2 corr.

806

rai ,

]T V S P P; b are head of

1856, n o ) , 13.95; 2 - J P R , 7-95-

AE. 24-7 m m , 8.68 g (3). Axis: 6.

I.

(=

[ 1 ]

25

die.

C A ESA R (r., upw ards o r dow nw ards); b are head of A ugustus, r. T ’Y N T ; tetrastyle tem ple

805

rai

IM P C A ESA R D IV I F [ A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus T I C A ESA R A V G F IM P [ in front, lituus

Mu 3

804

pi. I V ,26: rev .), 30.49.

c .AD 10-14 809

803

[ *1I. ]

M u Supp. 39a, FiTA 139 (4)

38 mm, 30.49 g (1) 37 mm, 29.02 g (1)

In fact, 809 and 810 might represent two denominations of the same issue as 808 and 806. The relation between coinage with and without ethnic is difficult to understand, as in the case of Hadrumetum.

[ 3 ]

Mu i

).

Series 809 lacks a proconsul’s name; it represents Augustus and Tiberius and was certainly struck between a d 10 and 14. It is attributed to Thaena because of its crude style, its large dots and its die axis (six o’clock) - typical of the coinage of Thaena. Furthermore, Augustus’s portrait and ‘Tiberius’s’ portrait on 810 might be by the same engraver. 808 and 809 represent a large denomination, a sestertius:

AE. 28-31 m m , 14.14g (7). Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

Mu 4 CA ESA R (r., upw ards or dow nw ards) D IV I F ( 1., upw ards); b are head of A ugustus, r. T ’Y N T ; b u st of A starte, r. r . C o p 4 8 (C A E S A R d o w n w a rd s), 12.51; 2. H (C A E S A R u p w ards), II. 79. i a n d 2 h av e th e sam e reverse die.

Sabratha Sabratha is an ancient Tyrian or Carthaginian settlement whose origin goes back to the fifth century b c . Its Punic name was Sabratan (Sbrtn or Sbrt’n). Sabratha was a pros­ perous harbour. Its name does not appear in the Augustan formula provinciae (Pliny, NH V,25) and Grant {FITA, p. 341) and D. E. L. Haynes {The Antiquities of Tripolitania,

Ï959, p. 42) have suggested that the city had lost its liberty after Thapsus and recovered it under Augustus. Sabratha became a colony in the second century, perhaps under Trajan. Sabratha struck coinage under Augustus and Tiberius. All its coinage is bilingual: the ethnic of the city is in neo-

A F R I C A : Sabratha (8 i 1-815)

Punic, the name of the princeps in Latin. This name is always CAESAR, but on the Tiberian series, Augustus is radiate instead of laureate. On the obverse of the different series, names of magis­ trates (suffetes) or letters are added to the ethnic of the city. Under Augustus, the following legends occur: 812 813 814 815

G MN-SY R ZY-MS

2 7 -8 mm, 2 7 -8 mm, 22—4m m , 22-3 mm,

19.12g 15.56g 9.78g 8.82 g

(5) (14) (11) (22)

812 and 813 represent heavy dupondii, 814 and 815 asses. Melqart figures on 812 and 813, Sarapis on 814 and 815. Under Tiberius the typology does not change: Melqart figures on the dupondii and Sarapis on the asses. 811, which omits Latin legend, probably represents the inaugural coinage of the city under Augustus as the depic­ tion of Sarapis is different from that of 814 and 815 but very close to Müller 49 which, like Müller 48, is not catalogued here. Müller 48 and 49, similar in style and fabric to Juba’s bronze coinage, might be dated accordingly. A coin with Sarapis and SBRT/’N in a laurel wreath (RN, 1856, p. 100, fig.) seems to belong to the same group but the coin, sup­ posed to be in P, has not been located. Under Tiberius, the following names appear on the coinage: HMS’ ‘KBR and GD-RS. HMS’ ‘KBR (or HM ‘K on 818) are responsible for the following series: 816 817 818

could be dated under Tiberius, despite the form of the ethnic. A u g u s tu s 811

822 823 824 825

i . S t, 10.25.

G 812

[ 4 ]

S B R T ’N; lau reate head of B a a l-M e lq a rt, r.; G under the neck CAESAR; b are head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus; all in a laurel w reath i . L 1929—8—2—1, 23.21; 2. B I-B , 18.58; 3. O AMc 1504, 14.68; 4 . N iggeler coll., I I , 782, 17.18; 5 . B L ö b b , 21.96.

MN-SY 813

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 15.56g (14). Axis: 6 or 3.

[ 11 ]

M u 53 corr. S B R T ’N; lau reate head o f B aal-M e lq a rt, r.; M N-SY u n d er the neck As 8 i a L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -8 3 , 16.74; 2 . L G 314, 16.53; 3 - p 8 l *> 18.25; 4 - p 84, 15.21; 5 . P L u y n es 3725, 15.30; 6. V 26609, 18.93; 7 · C o p 37, 12.65; 8. O AMC 1505, 13.18; 9 . G (H u n te r I I I , pi. X G I I I ,6 ) , 12.70; 10. M i, 14.9; n . N Y , 14.37; I 2 , W a sh in g to n 65441, 18.39; J 3 · Spink, G eneva, 1 5 -1 6 /II/1 9 7 7 , 235, 14.23; 14. B F ox, 16.70. I.

R 814

AE. 2 2 -4 m m , 9.78g ( n ) . Axis: var.

[ 10 ]

M u 58 SB R T ’N; head o f Sarapis, r.; in front, R CAESAR; b are head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus i . L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -8 2 , 7.72; 2 . L 1 8 9 7 -1 -4 -5 3 7 , 10.51; 3 . L G 310, 8.98; 4 . L G 3 1 1, r 1.55; 5—6. P 8 8 -9 , 9.26, 12.73; 7 * P L u y n es 3726, 10.73; 8 . V 26612, 8.55; g . O AMC 1507, 8.24; 1 0 . G , 9.46; i i . P V , 9.84; 1 2 . K . K ress 158/1973, 845; 1 3 . K ric h e ld o rf 34/1980, 300 (ex K . K ress 170/1977, 7° i ) .

4 -9 1 g ( 7 )

5-°7g (10; 2 -8 3 g ( 0 3.92g (1)

822 and 823 have the same reverse type - a capricorn with cornucopia, rudder and globe - as 818 and 821. The type derives from the Augustan type introduced at ‘Colonia Patricia’ in 17-16 b c (RIC 125-30). 824 and 825 are related to 823 by their obverse type, Hermes. It is tempting to date all these issues under Tiberius, as there are no small denominations linked to the Augustan series with magistrates’ names or letters. But it must be noticed that the ethnic of the city is SBRTN and not SBRT’N on 822—5. Moreover, the beth and resch are simply represented by a vertical stroke on 822, as on 811, and 822 might be related to 811. The style of the reverse of 823 is quite close to that of 818 and 821 and therefore 823-5

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 19.12g (5). Axis: var. M u Supp. 53a

27-8m m , 14.54g (4) 23 mm, 8.23 g (1)

19 mm, 20 mm, 15 mm, 16mm,

[ o ]

SBRTN ; b are head o f A ugustus, r.; in front, C H ead of Sarapis, r.

27-8 mm, 15.37 g (2) 23 mm, 8.68 g (4) 21 mm, 6.33g ( : )

These are dupondii and asses. On 818 the head of Dionysus appears. This type also figures on 821, a semis (20 mm, 5.12 g) which lacks any reference to the princeps, but is signed by GD-SY. As GD occurs on 819 and 820, 821 is dated under Tiberius. The anonymous coins are difficult to date. They represent two denominations: semisses (822, 823) and trien­ tes (?) (824, 825).

AE. 2 5m m , 10.25g i 1)· Axis: 6. M u 60

These are dupondii, asses and semisses. GD-RS are respon­ sible for the following series: 819 820

205

ZY-MS 815

AE. 22~3m m , 8.82g (22). Axis: v ar.

[ 17]

M u 56-7 S B R T ’N; head of Sarapis, r.; ZY-M S u n d e r the neck CAESAR; bare head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus i . L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -1 5 6 , 8.72; 2 - 3 . L G 3 0 8 -9 , 10.73, 8.35; 4. P 85, i i . 01; 5. P 8 7 , 7.78; 6 . P L u y n es 3726, 10.73; 7 · V 26611, 9.31; 8. V 35282, 9.03; 9—10. C o p 4 0 -1 , 7.64, 7.14; i i . O AM C 1506, 8.77; 12. G (H u n te r I I I , p l.X C III,5 : o b v .), 10.46; 13—16. M i, 9 .3 , 9.1, 9.5, 9.2; 17—18. N Y , 8.73, 7.11; 19. N iggeler coll., I I , 783, 9.35; 2 0 . B Fox, 6.84; 2 1 . B L öbb, 8.30; 2 2 . L (R P K ), 8.66.

g d -Sy

T ib e r iu s

821

H M S’ ‘KBR 816

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 15.37g (2). Axis: var.

[ o ]

SB R T ’N; head o f D ionysus, 1.; behind, GD-SY

M u 54-5 corr.

As

S B R T ’N; laureate head of B aal-M e lq a rt, r.; in front, H M S ’ ‘K B R CAESAR; rad iate head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus; all in laurel w reath

i . P L u y n e s 3 7 2 8 , 4.91; 2. C o p 43, 4.85; 3 . B I-B , 5.60.

AE. 23 m m , 8.68 g (4). Axis: var.

[ 3 ] 822

i . L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -7 1 , 4.43; 2. P L u y n es 3727, 4.87; 3 . C o p 46, 4.98; 4 . O , 5.31; 5. S t, 4.39; 6. M i, 5.00; 7 . B Fox, 5.43.

[ 1 ]

S B R T ’N; head of Dionysus, 1.; behind, H M ‘K C apricorn w ith cornucopia, ru d d er an d globe, r.

823

[

3

i . L 1 8 6 7 -1 1 -9 - 1 22, 4.46; 2. L 1 8 9 2 -9 -5 -1 , 5.26; 3 . L G 312, 6.16; 4 . L, 4.21; 5 . P 92, 5.07; 6. P L u y n es 3732, 5.05; 7 - 8 . C o p 4 4 -5 , 5.44, 5.18; 9 . St, 4.37; 10. B P -O , 5.56.

]

M u 54-5 corr. 824

S B R T ’N; laureate head o f B a al-M elq art, r.; in front, GD-RS As 8 1 6

AE. 15m m , 2.83g ( : )· Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

M u 51 H ead o f H erm es, r. S B /R T N

L 1 8 7 4 - 7 - 1 5 - 4 9 2 , 16.09; 2 · C op 38, 14.28; 3. St, 13.52; 4 . B 77/1941, t 4 .2 7 . C o u n te rm ark : 3/f on th e obv., on i, 3 a n d 4 ( G I C 698). I.

i . L, 2.83. 825

AE. 23m m , 8.23g ( 0 - Axis: 7.

[ 9 ]

SB RTN ; b u st o f H erm es, 1.; behind, w inged caduceus As 818, 8 a i —g

GD-RS

820

AE. 20 m m , 5.07 g (10). Axis: var. M u 62

i . L 1 9 3 8 - 2 - 6 - 4 , 6.33.

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 14.54g (4). Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

SB R TN ; Sarapis standing, facing, sp ear in 1. h and; in r. field, crescent As 818 an d 8a 1

i . P 9 0 , 7.90; 2. C o p 42, 8.78; 3. N Y , 8.56; 4 . P V , 9.51. C o u n te rm ark : C C A E (or C A P) on th e h e a d o f S arap is on 4 ( G I C —).

819

AE. 19m m , 4 .9 1 g (7). Axis: 9. M u 63-4

S B R T ’N; head of Sarapis, r.; behind, H M S ’ ‘K B R CAESA R; rad iate head of A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus

AE. 21 m m , 6.33g (1)· Axis: 12.

818

U n d e r A u g u s tu s /T ib e r iu s

M u 59

818

[ 3 ]

M u 61

i . L e u 2 (1 9 7 2 ), 3 5 7 , 16.31; 2. Spink, G eneva, 1 5 -1 6 /II/1 9 7 7 , 236, 14.43. 817

AE. 20m m , 5.12g (3). Axis: 12.

[ i ]

A E. 1 5 -1 6 m m , 3.92g (1). Axis: 11.

[ 1 ]

M u 52

M u Supp. 58a

As 824 S/B R

SB R T ’N; head of Sarapis, 1.; in front, GD-RS CAESA R; rad iate head o f A ugustus, 1.; in front, lituus

I.

V 3 8 0 6 4 , 3.92.

i . C o p 3 9 , 8.23.

Oea The civitas Oeensis is identified with the present Tripoli. Oea was a Phoenician or Carthaginian settlement. Its Punic name is Wy’t. The city is not mentioned as free in Pliny’s list (NH V,25). Grant (FIT A, pp. 339-40) and D. E. L. Haynes ( The Antiquities..., p. 4 2 ) have argued with some good reason that Oea had recovered its liberty - which had not been confirmed by Caesar after Thapsus - under Augustus after 1 2 b c . Oea struck coins under Augustus and Tiberius. The eth­ nic of the city is always inscribed in neo-Punic, WY’T. Besides the ethnic, the two Augustan groups are inscribed with further neo-Punic words, S’VQ ThThE and M ’QR PYLN. Müller, searching for cities whose names these words could represent, implausibly ascribed the groups to ‘alliances’ of Oea with Zuchis and Zitha, and Macaera and Bilan respectively. These names, however, represent pairs of suffetes, such as appear on issues of Sabratha. The group with SV’Q and ThThE is known in two denominations:

826 827

31-3 mm, 21.45 g (4) 25-6 mm, 11.25 g (4)

The denominations were probably intended to be sestertii (826) and heavy asses (827) — the diameter of 827 cor­ responds to asses and not dupondii: see 828-9. This group is struck on flans with bevelled edges. The group with PYLN and M ’QR is known in four denominations: 828 829 830 831

28-gm m , 14.58g (15) 23—5m m , 8.81 g (18) 20 mm, 5.08 g (5) 12 mm, 1.64g (3)

These denominations are probably dupondii (828), asses (829), semisses (830) and quadrantes (?) (831). The group is struck on flans with straight edges. Under Tiberius two groups were struck. They both associate Tiberius and Livia. The type of Livia derives from the dupondii struck at Rome in a d 22-3 (RIC 47) with the

A F R I C A : Oea (826-833)

type Salus. On 832-3 different symbols have been added to the portraits of Tiberius and Livia: an eagle and a laurel branch for Tiberius, a peacock and an ear of corn for Livia which symbolise Livia/Ceres and Livia/Juno (see Thapsus: 796-7). 832-3 and 834-5 represent two denominations, a dupondius and an as: 832

■ 833 834 835

P Y L N M ’Q R 828

6.22g 6.07 g 3.44g 3.1g

[ 12]

Bare head o f A ugustus, r.; in front, lituus H ead o f Tyche, r.; on the L, M ’Q R ; on th e r., PY LN W Y ’T (a) or W Y ’T M ’Q R PY L N on the r. (b) L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -7 8 (a), 16.61; 2. L G 299 (b), 15.80; 3 - 4 . P 72-3 (a), 12.29, 15.02; 5—7. P 6 9 -7 1 (b ), 15.82, 14.69, 12.36; 8. P L u y n es 3722 (b), 13.60; 9. V 26293 (6), 13.87; 10. C o p 27 (a), 18.23; I I _ χ 2. St (a), 13.13, 13.37; I 3 * C ré d it Suisse 4/1985, 437 (b ), 14.09; 14. B 204/1873 (b), 13.86; 15. B I-B (a), 16.05.

I.

829

(10) ( I0) (4) (1)

i . L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -7 2 (a), 8.34; 2. L 1 8 7 2 -7 -9 -3 6 4 (a), 6.80; 3 . L 1 8 6 7 -1 1 9 -1 2 0 (a), 10.93; 4” 7 · P 74- 7 (a )> 8.98, 9·28, 9.33, 8-90; 8 . V 26618 (b), 8.01; 9. C o p 28 (a), 10.51; 10. C o p 29 (b), 8.89; i i . O A M C 1 5 0 3 (a), 7.78; 12. G (H u n te r I I I , pi. X C I I I , i : a ), 9.13; 13—14. St (a), 9.19, 7.52; 15—16. M i (a), 7.3, 9.7; 17. P V (ex K rich eld o rf, J a n . 1980, 295: a ), 9.70; 18. B L ö b b (a), 8.50.

AE. 20 m m , 5.08 g (5). Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

M u 41 H elm et Shield w ith vertical spear; W Y ’T M ’Q R PY LN (legend starts on 1.) i . L 1 8 4 9 - 7 - 1 7 - 1 0 0 , 4.48; 2. P 65, 5.03; 3. P L u y n es 3720, 5.35; 4 . C op 26, 5.39; 5. B F ox, 5.14. 831

AE. 12 m m , 1.64 g

(3)· Axis:

var.

[ 3 ]

M u 42 R ight hand, W Y ’T C aduceus, PY LN (1.) and M ’Q R (r.)

(8 3 8 ).

Müller 28 (= Cop 20) and 29 ( = R N 1856, pi. IV, 1) are not listed here. These issues seem earlier and might date from the time of Juba I.

i . L, 1.64; 2. P 67a, 1.58; 3. P L u y n e s 3 7 2 1 , 1.66.

T ib e r iu s , a fte r 832

A u g u s tu s

[ 13]

Bare head o f A ugustus, r.; in front, C L au reate head o f Apollo, r.; on the 1., PY LN ; on the r., M ’Q R (a) or PY LN M ’Q R on the r. (b)

830

They represent two denominations: semisses (836, 837) and quadrantes (?) (838, 839). On the basis of their fabric, 836 and 837 can be dated under Tiberius; 839 has not been seen, and therefore its fabric cannot be judged, but a Tiberian date seems likely, as well as for 838. On each series Minerva and Apollo are evoked: Minerva with her bust (836), her shield and spears (837), her gorgoneion (838) and her helmet (839); Apollo with his tripod, bow and quiver (836, 837, 839) and his cithara

AE. 23-5 m m , 8 .8 1 g (18). Axis: g. M u 46-7

Almost all the types struck under Augustus and Tiberius refer to Minerva (826, 830, 833, 835) and Apollo (826, 827, 829, 832, 834). There are four series of autonomous coins: 20—i mm, 18—20 mm, 16-17 mm, 15mm,

AE. 2 8 -9 mm , 14.58g (15). Axis: 9. M u 43-5

28-31 mm, 14.42 g (40) 25-30 mm, 9 ·5 2 g (21) 27-8 mm, !3-23g (24) 24-7 mm, 8 -3 9 g (G )

T h e s e tw o g ro u p s a r e s tr u c k o n fla n s w ith r o u n d ed g e s. T h e y a r e v e ry c o m m o n a n d th e T ib e r ia n c o in a g e o f O e a is c e r ta in ly o n e o f th e m o s t e x te n s iv e in A fric a a fte r 2 2 -3 . I t c a n b e c o m p a r e d o n ly w ith th e c o in a g e o f U tic a (731—4 4 ).

836 837 838 839

207

A D

2 2 -3

A E. 28-31 m m , 14.42g (40). Axis: var.

[ 31 ]

M u 37 S V ’Q 826

T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; b are head o f T iberius, 1.; in front, eagle w ith p alm b ran ch in beak; behind, laurel branch W Y ’T ; b ust of A pollo, r.; in front, lyre; w reath border

ThThE

AE. 31-3 mm , 21.45 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 3 ]

M u 38 an d var.

1—8. L, 16.42, 16.19, 14.02, 13.52, 12.78, 12.02, r i.0 2 , 8.79; 9 —12. P , 1 4 .7 0 , 14.55, 13-86, 10.16; 13. V 16.70; 14—15. C o p 31-2, 17.49, 18.90; 1 6 - 1 9 . O , 16 .79, 16.12, 12.77, 10.05; 2 0 - 2 2 . G , 17.17, 15.06, 14.41; 23— 2 4 . A, 14.69, 12.98; 25—26. M i, 14.0, 13.4; 2 7 - 2 9 . N Y , 14.58, 13.74, 13.07; 3 0 . W a sh in g to n , 18.39; 3 1· P V , 16.86; 3 2 . P eus 318/1987, 1408, 13.96; 3 3 . L e u -N F A , G a rre tt I I I , 1985, 251, 19.16; 3 4 . B 11430, 18.00; 3 5 . B L ö b b , 17.08; 3 6 . B G an sau g e, 12.71; 3 7 . B F ox 13.14; 38. B 4788, ϊ6 .5 4 ; 39· B I-B , 10.46; 4 0 . M arseille, 11.08.

B are head of A ugustus, 1.; in front, lituus; behind, praefericulum ; w ith o r w ithout C above lituus; all in laurel w reath H elm eted b u st of M inerva, r., an d lau reate b ust o f Apollo, w ith cith ara a n d q uiver on shoulder, 1., facing each other; above, W Y ’T ; b eneath, S’V Q T h T h E i . L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -7 5 , 24.48; 2. P 6 0 , 21.03; 3. V 26620, 21.41; 4 . P V (w ith G ), 18.88. 827

AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 11.25g

(4)·

Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

M u 39-40 B are head of A ugustus, L; som etim es, C in front; all in laurel w reath C ithara; above, W Y ’T ; 1. an d r., S’V Q T h T h E i . L 184 9 -7 -1 7 -1 0 2 ; 2—3. P 6 1 -2 , 11.04, 11 -62; 4 . P 6 3 (w ith C ), 11.86; 5. P L u y n es 3719 (w ith C ), 10.48.

833

AE. 2 5 -3 0 m m , 9 .5 2 g (21). Axis: 9 or 3.

[ 16]

M u 35 B ust of Livia, r.; in front, peacock; behind, ear o f corn W Y ’T ; b ust of M inerva, 1. 1 - 5 . L, 12.79, 7 -5 6 . 7 -5 4 . 7 -3 7 . 7 -: 9 ; 6 - 7 . P , 1 5 .2 7 , 10.80; 8. V , 8.43; 9 . C o p 34, 9.41; 1 0 - 1 1 . O , 8.78, 7.33; 12. G , 10.53; >3 · A 8.43; 1 4 15. M i, i i . 00, 9.3; 16. P V , 11.36; 17. P eus 311/1984, 489, 7.38; 18. B G an sau g e, 10.82; 19. B L ö b b , 10.93; 2 0 . B Fox, 9.31; 21. P V ogüé 643, 8.43.

834

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 13.23g (24). Axis: 8 or 9.

[ 18]

i . P 4 6 , 7.19; 2 . P L u y n es 3718, 7.73; 3 —4 . C o p 2 1 -2 , 4.60, 6.35; 5 —7 . L, 7.20, 6.97, 6.29; 8. B G an sau g e, 6.19; 9. B Fox, 4.73; 10. LafTaille 195, 5.02.

M u 36 As As

832,

b u t no eagle an d no laurel branch

837

832

AE. 2 4 -7 m m , 8.39 g ( T7 )· Axis: var.

[ 10 ]

M u 31

i —5. L, 15.52, 12.53, Î3 ·*1 i , 11-39, 11.04; 6—7. P , 1 5 .5 8 , 10.84; 8—10. V , T5 -5 ° , 14 -7 7 . 11-19: n - C °P 3 ° , *4 -9 4 ; 12- O , 13.49; * 3 - C , 13.18; 1 4 i6 . M i, 13.8, 12.0, 11.9; 17—18. St, 17.25,-; 19. N Y , 13.03; 20. Peus 311/1984, 488, 10.79; 2 I · M ü lle r 40/1982, 148, 15.2; 22. T ra d e , 15.23; 23. B I-B , 13.83; 24. B L öbb, 11.10; 25. B, 10.46. 835

AE. i8 -2 o m m , 6 .0 7 g ( I0 )· Axis: var. W Y ’T; bow a n d quiver T w o shields overlapping, w ith two transverse spears

I . P 48, 4.82; 2 - 3 . C o p 23-4 , 7.87, 3.58; 4 - 7 . L , g .2 4 , 5.53, 5.31, 4.57; 8 - 9 . B Fox, 8.53, 4.78; 1 0 . B L ö b b , 6.54.

[ 16 ]

M u 34 As As

833, but

U n d e r A u g u s t u s / T ib e r iu s

no peacock an d no ear o f corn

833

1 -4 . L, 8.61, 8.52, 8.31, 7.97; 5 - 7 . P , 9 .1 7 , 8.86, 8.51; 8 - 1 0 . V , 9.39, 8.42, 8.03; i i . C op 33, 8.40; 12. M i, 8.5; 13—15. St; 16—17. G , 7.84, 7.28; 18. N Y , 8.25; 19. B F ried laen d er, 8.14; 20. P V ogüé 642, 9.04.

838

Ae. 1 6 -1 7 m m , 3 -4 4 S

(4)·

Axis: 7.

[

4 ]

M u 32 Aegis w ith M ed u sa head, w inged snakes join in g a t top. W T ’T ; lyre

U n d e r T ib e r iu s

I.

839 836

AE. 20-1 m m , 6.22 g (10). Axis: 7 o r 9.

[ 9 ]

C o p 25, 3.53; 2 - 3 . L , 3 .6 0 , 2.80; 4 . B P -O , 3.83.

AE. 15 m m , 3 .1 g (1). Axis: ?.

[ o ]

M u 33

M u 30

H elm et W Y ’T ; tripod

W Y ’T; b u st of T yche, r., w ith helm et an d tu rrete d crown T ripod w ith bow an d quiver attach ed

I.

F , 3.1.

Lepcis Magna Lepcis Magna (the present Lebda) was an ancient Phoeni­ cian settlement. Its neo-Punic name, such as figures on its coins, is LPQY. Lepcis does not figure in the Augustan formula provinciae (Pliny, NH V, 25), and it might have lost its liberty after Thapsus and recovered it under Augustus, like Sabratha and Oea. Lepcis became a colony under Trajan, at the latest in a d 109-10. Lepcis struck coinage under Augustus and Tiberius; the Augustan coins have only the ethnic of the city in neoPunic, LPQY; under Tiberius, the coins are bilingual. Lepcis is the only African city to strike a small issue of silver with the designs of the attributes of Heracles and Dionysus, the patron deities of the city (847). When was it minted? G. K. Jenkins (‘Some ancient coins of Libya’, The Societyfor Libyan Studies. Fifth Annual Report, 1973—4, pp. 334) has suggested that it was struck during the Pompeian civil war. Müller thought that it was made just before or during the reign of Augustus, while Grant (FITA, p. 340) believed it marked a gift of freedom to the city in about 8 b c . An examination of the epigraphy of the coins of Lepcis reveals that two forms of the neo-Punic letter Y were used in the ethnic LPQY. The first form is used on all the apparently pre-Augustan issues (Müller 1-3, 6-7, 10-12, which are not catalogued here) and on several of the issues on which Augustus appears, one of which (845) can be dated no earlier than about 15 b c since it copies the capri­ corn from Augustan denarii struck at ‘Colonia Patricia’ in 17-16 b c (RIG 125-30). The second form is used only on one Augustan issue (846) and all the Tiberian issues. The silver coin has the second form of the letter, and so must be later than 1 5 b c , although how much later is impossible to say. (Its weight standard is the same as that of Juba II.) 845 and 846 represent the same denomination, an as: 845 846

20-2 mm, 5.75 g (4) 20-2 mm, 5.31g (10)

The other Augustan issues represent two groups: 840

21 m m ,

4-95g ( 3)

841

13 mm,

2.36g (4)

842 843 844

32-4m m , 19.96g (14) 25-6 mm, 10.67 g (6) 21 mm, 5-32 g ( 3)

and

On these two groups figure Dionysus (840, 841, 842) and Heracles (842) or the attributes of these two deities (843 and 844). The denominations struck were probably intended to be sestertii (842), asses (843), semisses (840 and 844) and quadrantes (841). The Tiberian coinage is represented by a single group, which consists of two series: Divus Augustus figures on 848 and Tiberius on 849 and 850. Though 849 and 850 have various legends (IMP CAESAR AVG, IM P CAESAR AVG COS, IMP TIB CAES AVG COS IIII), their style is uniform and therefore must have been struck at the same time - i.e., between a d 21 and 30. On the only specimen of 850 where the legend is complete, Müller had read COS IIII; Grant (FITA, p. 341) stated that the legend must be read COS III, but a close examination of the coin proves that Müller was right. 848—50 represent two denominations: 848 38-41 mm, 27.33g (10) 849-850 28 mm, 15-90g ( 14)

These denominations were intended to be sestertii and dupondii. But autonomous asses and semisses were also struck under Tiberius, probably as part of the group 84850. Their types recall Dionysus and Heracles. 851 852

2 4 -5 mm, i i.o 6 g (13) 18-19111121, 4.42 g (3)

A F R I C A : Lepcis Magna, Alipota, Zitha (?) and unattributed coins (840-852)

A u g u s tu s

847

AR. 16m m , 2.77g ( r )·

20g

[ 1 ]

M u 13 840

A E . 16 m m ,

4 .9 5

g (3). A xis: v a r.

L ion’s skin on club LPQ Y ; p an th er, 1.; above, thyrsus

[ 3 ]

M u Supp. 5a

i . L 1 8 6 7 —11—9—113 (ex J u d a s coll.), 2.77.

L P Q Y ; h e a d o f D io n y su s, r. L a u re a te h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r. o r 1., in a la u re l w re a th i . L 1 9 5 1 —6 —6—1 ( h e a d , 1.), 4 .6 7 ; 2 . C o p 1 0 ( h e a d , r .) , 5 .4 8 ; 3 . M ü lle r 4 0 /1 9 8 2 , 145 (ex K r i c h e l d o r f 3 4 /1 9 8 0 , 2 9 3 ), 4 .6 9 ; 4 . L ö b b , 4 .1 6 ( b ro k e n ) , i , 2, 3 a n d 4 h a v e th e s a m e o b v e rs e d ie. 841

A E . 1 3 m m , 2 .3 6 g (4). A xis: v ar.

[ 3 ]

T ib e r iu s 848

M u 21-2 D IV O S A V G V S T V S (or A V G V SV TS: sic); laureate head o f A ugustus, r. L PQ Y ; D ionysus holding cup an d thyrsus w ith panther, 1.

A E . 3 2 - 4 m m , ig .g 6 g

(14).

A xis: v a r.

1—2. L 1 8 4 9 -7 -1 7 -8 9 a n d 90, 23.97, 25.18; 3· L 1 8 6 8 -3 -2 0 -1 6 , 28.08; 4 . P 38, 32.27; 5. P L u y n e s 3 7 1 6 , 18.82; 6 . C o p 17, 33.21; 7. N Y, 26.01; 8. P V , 29.30; 9 . B Fox, 32.84; 10. B L o b b , 23.46.

[ 12]

M u 14

849

L P Q Y ; h e a d s face to face o f D io n y su s (on 1.) a n d H e ra c le s (on r.) B are h e a d o f A u g u stu s , 1., in a la u re l w re a th

A E . 2 5 -6 m m , 10.67 g (6)· A xis: v a r.

i . L 1 8 7 4 —7—1 5 - 4 2 9 (A V G C O S ), 15.35; 2—4 . P 4 0 -2 , 15.38, 19.08, 14.98; 5—6. P L u y n es 3717-17A (A V G C O S ), 14.41, 12.81; 7. V 26615 (A V G ), 14.48; 8 . C o p 18 (A V ), 15.47; 9 · C o p 19 (A V G ), 15.80; 1 0 . O (A V ), 16.8; i i . St (A V G C O S ), 18.11; 12. C ( —a p t , pi. viii,6); 13. B Fox (A V G ), 15.88; 14. B L ö b b , 8.88. C o u n te rm ark : C A E S A R on th e obv., o n 14 ( G I C 647).

[ 6 ]

B are h e a d o f A u g u stu s, 1. L P Q Y ; th y rs u s a n d c lu b in a la u re l w re a th p 3 ! “ 3 , 9 - 7 4 , 10.37, ” -30; 4 . P L u y n e s 3 7 1 4 , 9 .4 7 ; 5 . C o p 13, 12.80; 6 . B R a u c h , 10.32.

1 -3 ·

A E . 21 m m , 5.32 g (3). A xis: 3.

850

[ 3 ]

i . P 45 (T IB ), 20.20; 2. V 2 6 4 5 6 (T I ) , 13.87. C o u n te rm ark : C A E S A R o n the obv., on 2 ( G I C 647).

i . L 1 9 2 4 —4 —1 1 —6 , 5 .8 8 ; 2 . C o p 14, 3 .7 7 ; 3 . B C a s s e l, 6.3 2

846

[ 2 ]

IM P T I(B ) CAES A V G C O S I I I I ; lau reate h ead of T iberius, r. As 849

As 843 As 843

A E . 2 0 -2 m m , 5.75 g (4). A xis: v a r.

AE. 28-30 mm , 17.03 g (2). Axis: 5. M u 26 an d Supp. 27a

M u 16

845

[ 13 ]

IM P C A ESA R A V (G ) (C O S); laureate head o f T iberius, r. A V G V ST A M A T E R P A T R IA ; Livia veiled, seated, r., holding p a te ra an d sceptre

M u 15

844

AE. 28m m , 15.71g (12). Axis: var. M u 23-4

1—4 . L , 2 1 .5 1 , 18.68, 17.02 , 16.72; 5 —6 . P 2 7 - 8 , 14 .6 7 , 18.39; 7 * p L u y n e s 3713, 2 1 .1 5 ; 8 . V 3 5 2 8 0 , 2 3 .2 1 ; 9 . C o p 12, 2 0 .2 0 ; 1 0 . O AMC 1501, 15.82; ii— 1 2 . S t, 2 4 * 6 1 , 2 3 .7 4 ; * 3 · N Y , 1 8.69; Ι 4 · b 3 2 6 /1 8 7 4 , 24 .9 8 . 843

[ 9 ]

L P Q Y ; h e a d o f D io n y su s, 1. B are h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r., in a la u re l w re a th i . P L u y n e s 3 7 1 2 , 2.76; 2 . C o p 11, 2 .2 2 ; 3 . P V , 2 .0 6 ; 4 . B L i ib b , 2 .4 0 (n o w r e a th ) . 842

AE. 38-41 m m , 27.33g ( *4I0 i.)· Axis: var.

M u Supp. 5b

[ 4 ]

851

AE. 2 4 -5 m m , n .o 6 g (13). Axis: var.

[ 12 ]

M u 17

Mu 4

B a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r. L P Q Y ; c a p ric o rn w ith globe a n d c o rn u c o p ia , 1.

LPQ Y ; head o f D ionysus, r. Bull’s h ide w ith transverse club

i . L , 6 .5 3 ; 2 . P 3 5 , 5 .4 0 ; 3 . C o p 14, 6 .7 0 ; 4 . N Y , 4 .3 7 ; 5 . K r i c h e l d o r f 3 4 /1 9 8 0 , 3 9 4 (ex K r e s s 1 7 0 /1 9 7 7 , 7 02).

i . P 14, 14.01; 2. P 16, 8.91; 3 —4 . P L u y n es 370 7 -8 , 10.56, 9.96; 5 —6. B Fox, 12.10, 11.74; 7 * C ° P 5 . 9 -7 7 : 8. St, 10.59; 9· J S W ; 10. B Fox, 10.16; i i . L 1 8 6 7 -1 1 -9 -1 1 4 , 11.22; 12. L 1 8 6 7 -1 1 -9 -1 1 5 , 8.98; 13. L (R P K ), 12-35; T4 * L G 292, 13.46. C o u n te rm ark : C A E S A R o n th e obv. o f 5, 8 a n d 9, a n d on th e rev. o f 10 ( G IC 647)·

A E . 2 0 -2 m m , 5.31 g (10). A xis: v a r.

[ 10 ]

M u 18-20 B a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r. L P Q Y ; eagle, r., a b o v e (in v e rte d ), p eaco ck , r., below (or th e c o n tra ry ) L 1 8 4 9 - 7 - 1 7 - 9 4 , 5 .6 8 ; 2 . L 1 8 7 4 - 7 - 1 5 - 4 3 0 , 4 .5 6 ; 3 . L G 2 9 6 , 6 .9 0 ; 4 . L 1 8 4 9 - 7 - 1 7 - 1 0 1 , 5 .4 9 ; 5 . P 3 6 b i s , 5 .1 1 ; 6 . P 37, 5 .5 2 ; 7 . P L u y n e s 3 7 1 5 , 5-371 C o p 16, 6 .4 6 ; g . O a m c 1502, 3 .0 8 ; 1 0 . S t; 1 1 . N Y , 4 .9 2 . I.

852

AE. 18-19 m m , 4.42 g (3). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

Mu 8 C ista m ystica w ith ivy-leaf border L P Q Y ; skyphos w ith crossed thyrsi i . L 1 8 4 9 - 7 - 1 7 - 1 0 5 , 4.18; 2. C o p 9, 4.20; 3 . L G 0295, 4.88.

Alipota, Zitha (?) and unattributed coins The following series are not catalogued here: (a) Byzacium, Alipota Mu 5, Cop 49 (b) Syrtica, Zitha (?) Mu 68—9 (Suthul) and Supp., pp. 66-7, Cop 47

(c) Syrtica-Byzacium Mu III, 83-5, Cop 68-9 They are traditionally dated to the second century b g , but could be later. As evidence is lacking for dating them, they have been excluded.

MAURETANIA According to Pomponius Mela (1,25), Mauretania was the prima pars Africae, whose eastern limit was the River Mulucha/Malua (Moulouya). But Mela’s description of Mauretania refers to the political situation before the Jugurthine War. After 108 b c , the western part of the Numidian kingdom(s) (the kingdom of the Numidian Masaesyles) was attached to the kingdom of Bocchus I who had ruled over Mauretania since 118 b c . The new border of Mauretania was the River Ampsaga (Oued el-Kebir). It is a matter of debate who ruled over Mauretania after the death of Bocchus I around 80 b c (certainly Sosus = Mastanesosus, the father of Bocchus II: see G. Camps, ‘Sosus ou Mastanesosus, roi de Maurétanie 8o?~ 49? av. J.-C .’, Encyclopédie berbère, cahier no. 5, 1972). What is certain is that Mauretania was divided into two kingdoms in 49 b c , when Caesar and the Senate bestowed on Bocchus

and Bogud the title of allies and friends of the Roman people. Bogud ruled over western Mauretania, Bocchus II over eastern Mauretania. Around 40 b c , Bogud took the side of Mark Antony against Octavian. However, in 38 b c , the city of Tingi rebelled against Bogud, and, with the help of Bocchus, a friend of Octavian, the kingdom of Bogud passed into the hands of Bocchus. In 33 b c , when Bocchus died, Mauretania became a Roman province but, in 25 b c , it was again given to a client king, Juba II, the son of Juba I. The existence of the Mauretanian kingdom came to an end in a d 40 when Ptolemaeus, the son of Juba II, was murdered on the order of Caligula. Claudius, c. 43-4, divided the kingdom into two Roman provinces, Mauretania Tingitana with Tingi as capital, and Mauretania Caesariana with Caesarea as capital.

WES TERN MAUR E T ANI A R E G A L

C O I N A G E

Bogud, 49-38 The silver coinage of Bogud consists of denarii, probably struck in 47-46 to help the Caesarian cause. It illustrates the integration of the coinage of Africa, since Bogud’s denarii were struck on the Roman standard, and in one case on a Roman denarius (the L specimen is overstruck on RRC, 409, 419 or 431). Bogud’s bronze coinage is also Roman in every sense as the prow on the reverse is highly reminiscent of the prow on Republican bronzes. But which denomination were these coins intended to be? Either they were uncial semisses or semiuncial asses: the first seems more likely (see 859-60).

854

bc AR. 18-19 m m , 3.63 g (3). Axis: 6.

AR. i8 -ic )m m , 2.8 5 g (1). Axis: 6.

[ 1 ]

3

]

M az 104 Griffin a ttacking stag, 1. R E X B O C V T ; griffin on thun d erb o lt, r.; above, mihir I· p 735 . 3 -6 ° ; 2· C o p 536, 3.50; 3 . G ( = H u n te r I I I , 613,1, pi. X C V ,2 i) , 3.79. 1-3 fro m th e sam e p a ir o f dies.

855

AR. 1 8 -1 9 m m , 3-63g (3). Axis: 6.

[ 2 ]

M az 105 As 8 5 4 R E X B O C V ; griffin, 1.; above, mihir i . L 1 8 3 7 -1 0 -3 0 -1 9 ( =

853

[

856

pcg

V I I , C 1 4 ), 3.64; 2. P 7 3 6 , 4.17; 3. M a , 3.09.

A E. 25 m m , 10.84 g (4)· Axis: 6.

[ 1 ]

M az 106

M az 103

B earded h ead (king’s p o rtrait?), r. R E X B O C V T ; prow , 1.

H ead of Africa w ith elep h an t skin, 1. R E X B O C V T ; griffin, r.; above, mihir

i . C o p 5 3 7 , 12.41; 2—3 . R a, 11.05, 9 ·1 (found in B an a sa ); 4 . T h a m u s id a ( = Tham usida 1, 1965, 76, M 4 a n d pi. L IV ), 10.8.

i . P 7 3 4 , 2.85.

CITIES

Tingi Tingi was one of the capitals of Bocchus I. Its coinage before 38 b c is very abundant (see Mazard 589-611). In 38 b c , Tingi became a municipium and, certainly in 33 b c , was

granted the title of Colonia Iulia Tingi. Tingi struck ‘Roman’ coinage from 38 b c to the reign of Tiberius. Series 857-62 were struck on the semiuncial standard and

A F R IC A :

intended to be asses (857, 861 and 862) and semisses (859 and 860); series 863-5 were struck on the quartuncial standard and intended to be sestertii (863), dupondii (864) and probably heavy asses (865). A full study of this coinage is provided by M. Amandry, ‘Tingi’, Mélanges P. Bastien, 1987, pp. i—14, pi. 1. Mazard 620, quoted from Lorichs, Recherches Numismatiques, 1852, pi. XLI,6, has been excluded, as its description could not be checked; but the reverse type, a temple with the legend [ JGITAN, seems intrusive at Tingi.

Tingi, Zilil (857-865)

211

i . C o p 7 3 9 , 11.02; 2. R a , 11.85; 3—4 . T e to u a n ( = M a te u y Llopis, pi. I I I ,2 i - 2 ) . T h e read in g o f th e legends is certain .

Maior and Simint Ilviri, Aemil and Pol aed 861

AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 12.18g (6). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

M az 613, A m andry IV T IN G M A IO R S IM IN T IIV IR ; two ears o f corn A E M IL P O L AED ; head o f B aal-M elq art, r. i . L G 0336 (= F iT A , pi. V I I , 1), 12.23; 2. G (= H u n te r I I I , pi. X C IX ,2 3 ), 14.38; 3. M , 12.81; 4—5. R a, 12.44, 9-4°; K . B u tc h er coll.,

3 8 - 3 3 B C ______________________________________ d Fabius Fabullus L Aurelius Seneca IVviri 857

A E. 28m m , 17.40g (1). Axis: 12.

Augustus [ 1 ]

[ ] A Allienus[ ] IIv[iri]

M az 612, A m andry la IV L T IN G I; betw een two ears o f com ; aro u n d , IV V IR IV R D E X D D ___ Q FA BIV S FA B V L LV S L A V R E L IV S SEN EC A ; head o f Baal facing; behind, transverse sceptre

862

A E. i8 - ig m m .

A V G V S; bare head of A ugustus, r. [ ]A A L L IE N V S [ ] II V[ ]; h ead of B aal facing betw een two ears of corn i . C o p 740 ( = F iT A , pi. V I, 1 1), 14.71. T h e reverse legend o f th e u n iq u e specim en k now n so far is u n fo rtu n a tely b lu n d e red .

[ o ]

M az 621, A m andry lb E a r of corn IV L T IN G I

19 BC (?)

i . F o rm erly V ila coll.; 2. L . V ill a r o n g a p h o to 61e.

863

i . P 1020, 30.71 (obv.); 2. O 4 . R a, 27.60; 5. S de C 903.

[ 3 ]

M az 614, 615, 616, 617 a n d 619, A m andry II 864

AMC

915, 27.26 (rev.); 3. C o p 741, 37.65;

AE. 2 6 -8 m m , 18.21 g (6). Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

E X D D; diadem ed fem ale head (V enus-A starte?), r.; all in a laurel w reath L A E M I L V A L A ED ; betw een two ears of corn; around, Q FAB FA BV L C IV L A T T IC IV

As 8 6 3 M A G R IP P A IV L T IN ; b a re h ead o f A grippa, 1 .

! - 3 . N Y , 11 .5 3 , 9.99, 9.57; 4 . V a ( ~ FiTA, pi. V I, 10), 10.51; 5—6 . M , 10.96, 9.71; 7. R a, 9.30; 8. S de C 904.

i . L 1880-6-4—27, 18.64; 2. P 1021, 18.49; 3· P I 9 8 3 A I 4 > 2 i . 3 1; 4. C o p 742, 15.30; 5. R a, 18.92; 6. O ra n , 16.65.

3 3 -2 7 B C

M az 624, A m andry V Ib

______________________ _____________

Fabullus and Antistius (?) IVviri, L Baebius Cosa (?) and M Curius L M aed 860

[ 3 ]

M B A L T T ; h ead of B aal facing; sceptre, r. A V G V S T V S IV L T IN ; b are head o f A ugustus, r.

aed A E. 2 4 -6 m m , 10.22g (7). Axis: var.

AE. 32-4 m m , 30.90 g (4). Axis: var. M az 623, A m an d ry V ia

M u 404-19, BMC 4-16, 114-15 an d p. cciv, 7a, i i a - c H ead of A rtem is D iktynna, r., w ith bow and quiver at shoulder; beneath chin, no letter or letter Β,Γ L L O L /L I-V S , stag, r.; beneath belly, letter (from B to IZ) N o le tte r/n o letter: 1—3. L b m c 4 -6 , 8.86, 9.12, 7.69; 4 . L C am ero n 1947, 11 -36; 5 - 7 . P D ’A illy 17432, 17435, 17436, 11.45, 9 -79 . 8.50; 8 - 1 1 . V 26271, 26272, 26274, 26279, 9.74, 12.81, 9.49, 8.29; 12. C op 1309, 11.26; 13. G , 8.42; 14. A , i i . 81; 15. T u n is, 10.94; 16. N ew H av en , 9.12; 17. P riv ate coll., 10.50; 18. B I-B , 12.26. N o letter/B : 1. L b m c 7 (pi. X L ,2), 10.12; 2. P 3 3 2 , 11.46; 3. Be, 11.57; 4 . B a.B ., 11.34. B/Γ: i . L C am ero n 1947, 9.69; 2. C op 1310, 10.59; 3 * St? ( = b m c , p. cciv, 7a), 12.10. B/Δ ?: i . L b m c 8, 10.89; 2 · V 26273, 9.64; 3. T u n is, 8.98; 4. B G an sau g e,

I 3 -3 6 · 912

M u 391-4,

910

AE. i6 - i8 m m , 4 .4 2 g (17). Axis: 12. M u 420-1,

bmc

[ 16 ]

16-18

B: i . P 3 2 8 ( = b m c 20k, pi. X L I I , i ) , 13.75; 2 * V 26282, 9.66; 3. C op 1308, 10.59; 4 * G , 7.97. Γ: i . R W S , 8.24. E: i . L b m c 22 (pi. X L I I ,3 ) , 10.30; 2. B I-B , 16.32; 3. P 328a, 13.03. ζ : i . H ( = b m c 22a, p. ccvi), 9.90; 2. O , 10.76. IB: i . V 26283 (= b m c 22b, pi. X L I I ,4 ) , 7.77. IH: i , L b m c 23 (pi. X L IT 5 ), 11.76. U n certa in : 1. L b m c 21, 12.46; 2. V 26281, 12.17; 3. M u , 7.45; 4 . G , 11.21; 5. B oston 1345, 10.45; 6* T u n is, 12.88; 7. R eggio E m ilia, 10.09. 913

A E. i5 - i6 m m , 4 .1 4 g (6). Axis: 12 (6). M u 395-6,

bmc

[ 5 ]

23a an d 2^bisa,, p. ccvi

H ead o f Libya, r.; behind, letter (A-B) ΛΟΛΛΙΟΥ; caduceus w ith poppy an d ear o f corn; in field, 1. or r., letter (A,B) A /A : i . B ( = b m c 23a, p. ccvi, pi. X L I I ,6 ) , 3.41; 2. N Y , 4.13; 3. P V , 3.71. B/B: i . P 329 ( = b m c 23^'ra, pi. X L I I ,7 ) , 4.91; 2. V 26285, 4 · 1 2 ; 3· O , 4 -5 5 -

C ra ssu s

914

B/Γ: i . L b m c 16bis (pi. X L I ,i: rev.), 4.67. B/Δ : i . L b m c 17 (pi. X L I,2 ), 5.33; 2. P 340, 4.17; 3. V 26284, 4.59; 4. N Y , 3.80; 5. B I-B , 6.00. Γ?/Γ: i . L b m c i6 te r (pi. X L V I ,i3 ) , 3.65. Γ/Δ: i . L b m c 18 (pi. X L I.3 ), 4.01; 2—3. L b m c 18bis a n d ter, 4.50, 4.24; 4 · o , 3.03; 5. N Y , 3.69; 6. B L öbb, 5.45. U n certa in : 1. P 3 3 9 (B /?), 4.10; 2. A 7143, 4.89; 3. N Y (Γ/Δ?), 3.69; 4. B I-B , 4.52.

Sv 1903, B ahrfeldt, jiAN 1908, 227,1,

I I . 21;

3 0 . P, 8.61; 3 1 - 3 4 . O , 12.17, 10.72; 3 6 - 3 7 . N Y , 14.07, 15.08; 3 8 . A rt M u se u m (ex R a tto , M a rtin i coll. 4 1 . J S W , 11.28; 4 2 . J P R , 10.28; 4 3 . 25/1980, 222, 13.72; 4 5 . R ie ch m a n n 12.16. 915

24

11.55, 11.47, 8.95; 3 5 . C 1978-64, P rin ce to n 775, 12.18; 39. P rin ceto n 423), 11.20; 4 0 . P V , 11.07; E rsk in e coll., 14.64; 4 4 . L eu 1922, 383, 11.22; 4 6 . Laffaille coll.,

AE. 21 mm, 7 .2 3 g (13). Axis: 12.

[ 8 ]

Sv 1904, B ahrfeldt, j i a n 1908, 228,2, bmc 2 5 -2 5 bis L au reate head o f A pollo, r. CRA ; fasces

H ead of Zeus A m m on, r.; in front, sceptre; behind, letter B ΛΟΛΛΙΟΥ; sella curulis; betw een legs (or, in the field, 1.), letter (A-KH) A: i . P Y 27802 (in t h e fie ld ), 12.58; 2 . C op 1305 ( = bmc i8 £ w a , pi. X L I,4 ), 17.73; 3 · O , 21.46; 4 . P a d u a 6419, 20.88. AB: i . B ( = bm c i8è«t>, pi. X L I,5 ), 19.97; 2. V 26266, 18.84. B: i , R W S (B in th e field), 19.12. Γ]: I. S t ( = b m c i 8bisc), 23.1? (according to M u 384). E: i . L bmc 19 (pi. X L I,6 ), 21.14. C, : i . C 9974 (in th e field), 21.97; 2. B F rie d lä n d e r, 22.20. H: i . L bmc 20 (pi. X L I,7 ), 21.75; 2—3. C op 1306-7, 20.29, 22.11. I: i . R W S , 22.23. Θ: i . B (= bm c 20a, pi. X L I,8 ), 22.64. IA: i . V 26264 ( — bm c 20b, p i. X L L q ), 22.03. ΙΓ: i.JSW , 24.93· ΙΔ: i . P 327 ( = bmc 2od, pi. X L I ,io ) , 16.99.

bmc

[ 23 ]

i . P 3 7 , 14.46; 2—25. See B ah rfeld t, 227,1; 26. L bm c 24 bis, 10.45; 2 7 · L bm c 24ter, 11.87; 28—29. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 0 8 5 a n d 1086 (C am ero n ), 11.73,

[ 29 ]

M u 383-90, bmc i8 è w a -c , p p . cciv-ccv, 19, 19a, p. ccv, 20 and 2oa-j, p. ccv

AE. 2 5 -6 m m , n . 8 8 g (46). Axis: 12 or 6.

Crocodile, r. CRAS; prow , r.

Cyrene AE. 31-2 m m , 18.83 g (40)· Axis: 6.

20k, p. ccvi, 21-2, 2 2 a-b , p. ccvi, 23

Cnossus (?)

L L -O L /L I-V S ; club; ben eath on 1., letter (Β,Γ) L aurel w reath containing letter (Γ,Δ)

911

bmc

[14]

H ead o f Apollo, r.; bow an d quiver a t shoulder; beneath chin, letter B Λ Ο Λ /Λ -Ι/Ο -Υ ; drom edary; ben eath belly, letter (B-IH)

9 -9 2 -

B /E: i . L b m c 9 (pi. X L ,3), 7.56; 2. G , 12.64; 3—4 . N Y , 10.29, Ι2 ·24· B/Ç : i . L b m c 10 (pi. X L ,4), 10.21; 2—3. P D ’A illy 17437, 17433, 11.20, 10.14; 4 · O , 12.02; 5—6. V 26275-6, 12.16, 11.86; 7. B L öbb, 11.76. B /Z : i . P 333 ( = b m c , p. cciv, 11a, pi. X L ,5: rev .), 11.85. B/H : i . L C am ero n 1947, 11.31; 2. P 334 ( = b m c , p. cciv, 11b, pi. X L ,6: rev.), 10.73; 3 * P D ’A illy 17434, ΙΟ·^5; 4· G , 8.88. Γ/I: i . M i ( = b m c , p. cciv, n e , pi. X L ,7: rev .), 8.00. Γ/ΙΒ: 1—2. L b m c 12 a n d 12bis, 10.24, 11 -13; 3 · P 335, 10.96; 4 . V 26277, 11.44; 5. A, 12.79; 6. R W S , 10.53; 7. B 10613, 9 -5 5 Γ/ΙΓ: i . L b m c 13 (pi. X L ,9), 10.41; 2. L b m c 13a, 10.43; 3. P 336, 11.07; 4. V 26278, 12.09; 5 · C , 11.70; 6 . N Y , 11.66; 7. B R au c h , 11.14. Γ/ΙΔ: i . L b m c 14 (pi. X L ,10), 9.56; 2—3 . L b m c i4 a - b , 11.71, 10.72; 4 . V 26280, 9.42; 5 . O , 13.13; 6. A, 11.39. Γ / Ι ζ : i . L b m c 15 (pi. X L , i i ) , g.64; 2· P 337, 12.41; 3. P D ’A illy 17438, 9.01; 4 . O , 10.37; 5 · G , 10.27; 6. T u n is, g.78; 7. P V , 10.14; 8. B 10612, 10.62. Γ/ΙΖ: i . L b m c 16 (pi. X L ,12), 11.36; 2. P 338, 10.98; 3. C o p 1311, 11.62; 4. G , 11.86; 5 . J R W , 11.40; 6. B L öbb, 9.78. U n certa in : 1—2. C 9972-3, 10.94, 10.56; 3—6. M u , 10.51, 11.15, 9.80, 9.53; 7. O , 10.63; 8. N Y , 11.65; 9 “ n · R W S , 13.44, 9 -9 L 9·4°; I 2 · B Fox (Γ/ ), 10.44.

AE. 2 6 -8 m m , 10.31g (18). Axis: 6.

i . L bm c 25 (pi. X L I I ,g ) , 5.60; 2. L bm c 2 5 ^ , 7.87; 3—4 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 1083 a n d 1084, 7.50, 6.18; 5 . P 3 8 , 7.33; 6. P, 7.95; 7. V 19313 (C y p ru s), 5.66; 8. N Y , 8.26; 9 . G o, 6.20; 10—i i . R, 7.10, 6.50; 12. A, 8.05; 13. P rin ceto n A rt M u se u m , 9.80.

Ptolemais 916

AE. 2 9 -3 0 m m , 13.50g (4). Axis: 12. Sv 1901,

bmc

[ 1 ]

25Äwa, p. ccvi

ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙ (across field, upw ardly); tu rrete d head of Tyche, r. ΚΡΑΣ; crocodile, r.

C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Crassus, Pupius Rufus, Cleopatra and Antony (917-920)

i . V (= BMC 25^wa, pl. X L I I jio ; Sv, pl. L X III,2 7 ), 13.21; 2. A ( = Sv, pl. L X III,2 8 ), 14.30; 3 . F a lg h e r a c o li., 13.73; 4 · P riv a te coli. ( = A ngelo M elin, ‘C ire n a ic a N u m is m a tic a ’, Rassegna M onetaria X X X V , 1938, 1-2, pp.

3- 8 ), 12.75·

i . L 1 9 6 0 -1 -1 2 -1 , 11.38; 2. L G 1110, 10.15; 3. O , 12.79; 4 * M o d en a b m c 2§bis — Sv, pl. L X I I I ,2 9 ) , 15.25; 5. C y ren e, 15.32; 6. P V , . 13.62; 7. R W S (ex M a lte r X X X IV /1 9 8 6 , 352), 11.25. (=

918

AE. 14-15 m m , 3.03 g (11). Axis: 12 o r 6.

[8 ]

BMC 26 an d 2Ôa-b, p. ccvii

Cyrene 917

221

AE. 2 8 -9 m m , 12.82g (7). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

Sv 1902, BMC 25 bis, p. ccvii

KP A; head o f Libya, r. KYPA; silphium i . L BMC 2 6 (pl. X L I I ,i2 ) , 2.72; 2. G ( = BMC 26a, pl. X L I I ,i 1), 3.01; 3. L e n in g rad ( = b m c 26b ), 2.82; 4 . T u n is, 2.70; 5—7. N Y (N o rto n , from C y ren e), 3.52, 3.09, 3.02; 8. R W S (ex W a d d ell 15/1985, 225), 2.92; 9. B I-B , 3.23; 10. B R au c h , 3.58; 11. B, 2.69.

KYPA; head of L ibya, r. ΚΡΑΣ; crocodile, r.

CYRENA I C A (II) The joint coinage ceased in c. 34 b c , probably when Cyrenaica was given to Cleopatra Selene. Two more issues were struck for Cyrenaica alone before Actium: these are the Greek issues of Pupius Rufus and Cleopatra and Antony.

might have stayed in Cyrenaica only in 31 b c ; if the CAESAR DIVI F group is datable to 29 b c , Scarpus was in charge for a few years.

Cleopatra and Antony Pupius Rufus Pupius Rufus signed three denominations: 919-920 921-922 923

26—8 mm, 11.90g (45) 21 mm, 5-°5 g (23) 14-15 mm, 3.04 g (9)

These denominations bear obverse types which are tradi­ tional on Cyrenaican coinage: Zeus Ammon on 919-20, ram on 921—2 and head of Libya on 923. But the reverse types figure Pupius’s own types: the sella castrensis and fasces on 919-20 are the attributes of the propraetor and the sella quaestoria, hasta and sacculus the attributes of the quaestor. The issue of Pupius Rufus has generally been dated after Actium, between 30 and 27 b c (Robinson, p. ccxxiii; Grant, FIT A, p. 69; Perl, pp. 349-51, no. 19; and Price, p. 121). But Buttrey, pp. 31-2, is inclined to date it before Cleopatra’s and Antony’s issue (924-5) for the following reasons: 1. Metrology: if we admit that the weight and module of the unit steadily declined from Crassus to Augustus, Pupius’s unit (919-20) must be dated between Crassus (9 : 4 j 9 i 6 > 9 G) and Antony (924). 2. The post-Antonian issues bear at least the name of Augustus, and Pupius’s usage would be strangely independent. The presence of Scarpus in Cyrenaica is also a good reason to insert Pupius Rufus’s issue before 31 b c . Scarpus issued first denarii for Antony and then quinarii for Octavian (Grueber, BMCRR II, 583-6; Crawford, RRC 546/1-8). Scarpus’s coinage for Antony is limited to 31 b c , then Scarpus passed to Octavian. Did his coinage for Octavian follow immediately? This is Buttrey’s opinion. The problem depends in fact on the date which is assigned to Octavian’s denarii with CAESAR DIVI F/Victory on globe, r. (RIC 255), as Scarpus’s denarii imitate that type. If the CAESAR DIVI F coins are pre-Actian, Scarpus

This issue consists of two denominations: 924

2 6 —7 m m , 1 0 . 4 6 g ( 2 3 )

925

18 mm,

4-74 g (4)

The coins bear no types, but the legends ΑΝΤΩ/ΥΠΑ/Γ -BACIA/ΘΕΑ/ΝΕ. The indication of the third consulate of Antony dates the issue to 31 b c . This issue has variously been attributed. Müller omitted it first, but later included it in his Supplement (p. 30, no. 438a) as Cyrenaican, because of the similar typology of this issue and the Augustan issues of Capito and Palikanus (938-41). This attribution was accepted by Svoronos, Ptol. no. 1899; Regling, reviewing Svoronos (ZfN, 1906, p. 397), argued that no find evidence supported it; therefore Robin­ son did not mention it and Grant (FITA, pp. 64-5) gave it to ‘Patras (?)’. Buttrey (ANSMN, 1954, pp. 95-109) also denied this attribution to Cyrenaica but accepts it now (Studies. . ., p. 27), in view of the discovery of a halved coin of 924 in the Demeter sanctuary at Gyrene. It might be added that F. Caronni (Ragguaglio del Viaggio Compendioso di un Dilettante Antiquario, Milano, 1805) had already published, among other African coins, a specimen of 924 (tav. IV, 18).

A P u p iu s R u f u s , 3 4 -3 1 B C (?) 9 1 9 -2 0

[ 16 ]

AE. 26-8 m m , 11.90 g (45). Axis: 12 or 6. 919. M u 424, BMC 32 AYAOC H O Y inO C L; head o f Zeus A m m on, r. ΤΑΜΙΑΣ ANTICTPA; sella castrensis an d fasces; in the field, L-A i . L BMC 32 (pl. X L I I I ,3 ) , 12.58; 2. P 341, 13.80; 3. P 3 4 2 , 10.70; 4 . P 343, 11.53; 5 - 6 · P D ’A illy 17439-40, 7.87, 8.93; 7. V 26263, 12.00; 8— 9 . A, 12.71, 11.44; IO· C 6 1 8-1948 (G ran t) (1 /4 ), 2.86; 11. G , 11.21; 12— 15. M u , 12.47, 12.25, 10-84, 33 ·*01 ; 16· N Y , 12.33; 37—38· R W S , 14.09, 11.30; 19. B Fox, 14.40; 20. B Fox, 12.21.

g ao . M u 425-7, BMC 27-31

[ 24 ]

923

KAI TAMIAC L; head of Zeus A m m on, r. nO Y IIIO C ANTICTPAT; sella castrensis a n d fasces; in the field, L-A

M u 428,

AE. 2 i m m , 5.05g (23). Axis: 12 or 6. 931. M u 422,

BMC

Cleopatra and Antony, p i BC *17

[ 10 ]

924

33

[ 12]

BACIA Θ ΕΑ NE ΑΝΤΩ ΥΠΑ Γ i . L ι 859 —Ι Ι ~ Ι 5—2 ΐ Ι 2 ·9 2> 2. L D ev o n sh ire, 12.91; 3 “ 1 2 · See $ ν 1899ftι; 13. Ρ 4^6, 8.71; ΐ 4 ” Χ5 · P? 9 ·° 3 > 7 -94-ί *6. B o sto n 36146? 11.13; 17. N ew H av en , 7.85; *8· C 6 39-1960, 7.67; 19. M ü n z h a n d lu n g B asel 4/1:935, 1140 (ex W e b er 8297), 11.94; 2 ° · B o n h am s/V e cch i 1/1980, 315, 12.85; 2 I · M a lte r X I V / 1980, 128 (ex M a lte r I I , 304), 11.94; 2 2 . E rsk in e coll., 7.88; 2 3 . A u fh aü ser 5, 5 -7 /X /1 9 8 8 , 194, 8.89.

127 s . 5 -4 9 -

34

AE. 2 6 -7 m m , 10.46g (23). Axis: 12 or 6. Sv 1899

I . L BMC 33 (pi. X L I I I ,4 ) , 6.77; a . P 3 4 9 , 4.76; 3 - 4 . P 347-8, 4.68, 5.22; 5 . M u , 4.01; 6. C op 1315, 6.07; 7—9 . N Y (ex N o rto n ), 5.11, 4.13, 2.52 (1 /2); 10. N Y (N ew ell), 4.89; 11. T u n is, 6.06; 12. R W S , 5.12; 13. J P R , 6.15; 14. T ra d e , 4.25; 15. S ch u lm an 265/1976, 302, 4.20; 16. Lewis s n g

BMC

[ 8 ]

35

i . L BMC 35 (pi. X L I I I ,6 ) , 2.61; 2—3 . P 3 52-3, 3.14, 3.26; 4 —5. C o p 1317-8, 2.71, 2.26; 6. M u , 3.17; 7. A m sterd a m , 3.46; 8. N Y , 3.70; 9. B I-B , 3.03.

Π ΟΥΠΙΟΰ; ram , r.; ben eath belly, L ΡΟΥΦΟΟ TAMIAC; sella quaestoria, h asta an d sacculus; in the field, r., L

9 2 a. M u 423,

BMC

H ead o f L ibya, r.; behind, L nO Y IIIO C ; coiled serpent w ith h ead erect

1—5. L BMC 27-31 (pi. X L I I I ,i - 2 ) , 12.49, 13*08, 11.92, 7.95, 11.53; 6 . P 344, 12.58; 7. P 3 4 5 , 13.83; 8. P 346, 14.19; 9. P D ’A illy 17441, 14.96; 10. V 31449, 10.65; i i —12. V 26261-2, 9.49, 11.18; 13—14. M u , 16.48, 8.88; 15. C op 1314, 8.95; 16—17. N Y , 10.33, io -o i; 18. P oinsignon, H eitz coll., 4 /X II/1 9 8 5 , 212, 14.08; 19. B a.B ., 12.15; 2 0 . B, 16.13; 21. B I-B , 13.55; 2 2 · B I-B , 11.86; 23. B, 10.34; 24. B L ö b b , 11.81; 25. B R au ch , 11.09; 2 6 . Laffaille coll., 10.32. 9 2 1 -2

AE. 1 4 -1 5 m m , 3 .0 4 g (9). Axis: 12 or 6.

[

8

]

ANTICTPA; ram , 1.; ben eath belly, L Π ΟΥ ΠΙΟ ΰ TAMIAC; as 921

925

A E. 18m m , 4 .7 4 g (4). Axis: 6.

[ 2 ]

Sv 1900

I. L BMC 3 4 (pi. X L I I I ,5 ) , 6.15; 2. P 350, 4.68; 3 . P 350WJ, 5.40; 4 . P L u ynes 3695, 4.87; 5. C op 1316, 6.03; 6 . G , 3.92; 7. T u n is, 4.84; 8. B 631/02, 4.27; 9 . B, 4.48.

CRETE At the same time as the coinages of Lollius and Crassus were struck, Cnossian bronzes were issued as well as rare cistophoric tetradrachms of Kydas the Cretarch. As one of the series of Cnossian bronzes also bears the name of Kydas, some have thought that the silver and bronze were struck by the same official; moreover, that Kydas was the friend of Antony reviled by Cicero (Phil. V,5,i3).

Kydas the Cretarch Kydas is known from Gortynian inscriptions (IC IV, 250— 1) as Κρήταρχας and άρχός. His silver issue (926) is mysterious. This issue abandons the tradition of the island in favour of a coinage used for a century as the Roman coinage of the province of Asia. Its types are Roman as well, as the Zeus on the reverse derives from denarii struck by Lentulus and Marcellus in 49 b c (RRC 445/1—2). It is in fact a Roman provincial issue. According to A.-M. Rouanet-Liesenfelt (‘Le crétarque Kydas’, Mélanges H. van Effenterre, Paris, 1984, pp. 343—52) this issue was struck in 43 b c at the time when Antony had changed the status of Crete (cf. Cicero, Phil. 11,97 ) and constituted the island in a federation of Κρηταιεις whose command had been offered to his friend the Gortynian Kydas. Therefore the Cretarch Kydas and the Cnossian one are two different officials.

As 924 i . L 1 9 5 2 —6 - 2 —1 (o v erstru ck ), 4.47; 2. P 485, 5.43; 3. T , 4.00; 4 . C réd it Suisse B ern 1/1983, 166, 5.07.

( II) Series of Cnossian bronzes In the late forties to probably the late thirties b c , some Cnossian officials signed series of bronzes. Kydas was one of them, with Aristion, Mnesitheos, Sauromatas, Tauriadas and Tharsydikas. A seventh one, whose name ends in []menis, also signed coins. These civic issues were obviously parallel to the provincial ones. The overstrikes of Kydas on Crassus might prove that his coinage also fitted in a Roman system (see below). These issues have been studied by Anne E. Chapman, ‘Some First Century b c Bronze Coins of Knossos’, NC 1968, pp. 13-26. Chapman has shown that close stylistic connections linked the series of some Cnossian officials with the issues of Lollius and Crassus. The head of Artemis on gog is very similar to the head of Artemis on the smaller denomination of Tauriadas (933), and the head of Apollo on 912 is very close to the head of Artemis on the smaller denomination of Tharsydikas (931 ). Again, the head of Zeus on 9 n is not far from the head of Zeus on the large denomination of Thar­ sydikas (930). These similarities suggest a contemporary date for the coins of Lollius and those of Tharsydikas and Tauriadas. The overstrikes of Kydas on Crassus suggest, of course, a contemporary date for those coinages. As the apparently only surviving specimen signed by Sauromatas was struck

CYRENAICA AND CRETE: Cnossus with one of the dies used by Kydas, Sauromatas is also datable to the period when Crassus was in charge. There remain Mnesitheos, Aristion and [] menis. Chap­ man was inclined to place Mnesitheos before the group Tharsydikas/Tauriadas for the following reasons: 1. Coins of Mnesitheos are known with head of Zeus and ethnic on the obverse/eagle and magistrate’s name on the reverse; 2. Some coins similar to 1 have on the reverse the ethnic ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ accompanied by the letters MNH or NMH, which are apparently an abbreviation form of the name ΜΝΗΣΙΘΕΟΣ. Chapman thought that 2 was the earliest issue of Mnesitheos which was followed by 1. First the ethnic appears on the reverse, then it is transferred to the obverse while the magistrate’s name expands to its full form on the reverse. This view is not true as a die study clearly shows that the Mnesitheos issue was struck with only one obverse die which was progressively damaged: the obverse always has ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ even if it not visible on some speci­ mens; the reverses with ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ and MNH or MNH were introduced when the obverse die was already damaged, at the end of the issue. However, Chapman’s chronology might be true as she points out that the ethnic disappears entirely on the other issues. According to her, another denomination with Artemis head/crossed bow and quiver and ethnic ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ was struck as the half-unit of Mnesitheos’s unit. This is indeed possible: Mnesitheos, Tharsydikas and Tauriadas struck units and half-units, Kydas, Sauromatas and Aristion units only (but see the metrology below). 927 928 929 930 932 934 935 936 937

13-14 m m , 20-2 m m , 25 -9 m m , 25 -9 m m , 25-6 m m , 2.5-7 m m 5 25 -6 m m , 26—9 m m , 23 m m ,

3 -°6 g 8 .2 4 g I2 -95g 16.43g

(10) (13) (25) (18)

■4-°5g I 3-I 3 g i5 -5 8 g r4-58g 9-33g

(13) (7°) (1) (15) (2)

M nesitheos T harsy d ik as T a u ria d a s K ydas S aurom atas A ristion ] m enis

Chapman supposed that Aristion was the last official as the style of his issue is very poor and copies the head of Zeus on some of the coins of Kydas. This might be true but it could be as well a poor copy of the head of Zeus on the coins of Mnesitheos. A last official, [] menis, is not mentioned by Chapman, but two specimens from the same obverse die occur in P and NY. Unfortunately they are both very worn and the name of the official is not complete. A last issue must be mentioned: it has no name of an official but a bust of Artemis/winged caduceus and ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ. Chapman considers it as contemporary with the Lepidius one (907), in view of the style of the bust of Artemis and the weight and module of the specimens. To sum up, the chronology proposed by Chapman is as follows: 927

928-929 9 3 0 -9 3 1 9 3 2 -9 3 3 934 935

936

Artem is/caduceus Mnesitheos Tharsydikas T auriadas Kydas Sauromatas Aristion

late 40s bc Before 37-36 > After 37-36 1

bc

bc

Late 30s bc, possibly ju st after

J Actium

223

There is not much against this chronology; it may just be noted that the type of the eagle seems to refer to an Egyp­ tian influence: therefore the different issues were more likely struck after the granting of Crete to Cleopatra in 37/36 b c ; if these officials had an annual term of office, they would cover the period 37/36-31/30 b c . The average weight of these bronzes can be seen from the table. At first glance the weights seem erratic and there are important discrepancies between them: the Tharsydikas unit (930) weighs nearly 4 g more than the Mnesitheos one (929) for instance. The Tharsydikas and Tauriadas half­ units (931 and 933) weigh quite precisely half of the unit. Therefore it is difficult to consider 928 as the half-unit of Mnesitheos, as it weighs 8 g and the unit (929) only 13 g. Does this coinage fit in a Roman system? Diameters of 25-9 mm and 21 mm respectively correspond to an as and a semis (see below). But the weights of the Cnossian issues are heavier than those of the provincial ones, with the exception of the Mnesitheos and Kydas issues whose weights may be compared to the Crassus series (914, 91617). Therefore it may be admitted that these Cnossian issues were theoretically adjusted to a Roman weight standard. Sequence letters appear on these bronzes. The table on p. 224 (more complete than that given by Chapman, p. 24) provides an idea of the obverse and reverse letters and in what combination they are found. The sequence letters begin to die out with Kydas. His coins have A, B, Γ and Δ on the obverse but no reverse letters.

931 933

19-21 mm, 7.75g (10) 20—2m m , 6.82g (16)

Aristion has no letter at all, except a B on one reverse. Chapman’s statement that ‘the same letters appear on more than one die in the case of both obverse and reverse dies’ does not seem true and the letters are here considered as die numbers. A countermark consisting of a circle with a monogram 7^ is found on a fairly large number of those Cnossian bronzes (o n th e u n it so fa r): Cmk M nesitheos T harsydikas T au ria d a s K ydas S aurom atas A ristion

25 18 14

—

71 I

14 —

:5

2

I

This countermark was applied without consideration of weight, perhaps after 27 b c , to allow these coins to circulate throughout the province. It might be resolved as the word CRETA (NC, 1949, p. 43) or hide the name of a Roman official (Price). The first solution seems unlikely, as the countermark appears to include the Latin letter S, and possibly also an A. Could it be a mark of value, an as?

224

C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Kydas the Cretarch, Cnossus (926-934)

Obverse sequence letters Reverse sequence letters

Mnesitheos Unit

U nit

H alf-unit

U nit

H alf-unit

A B Γ Δ E

A A

B B B

—

A A A

A A, B

Tharsydikas

c, Z H Θ

Tauriadas

B B B

K y d a s th e C reta rch

Tharsydikas

Gortyn, 43 BC

930

AE. 2 5 -9 m m , 16.43g ( T8). Axis: 12.

[ 15 ]

Sv 153-8 926

AR. 26m m , 11.64g (2)· Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

H ead o f Zeus, r. ΘΑΡΣΙΔΙΚΑΣ; eagle w ith wings open, r.

Sv i (Province) C ista m ystica w ith half-open lid, from w hich a serpent issues to 1.; all w ithin ivy w reath ΚΥΔΑΣ ΚΡΗΤΑΡΧΑΣ; Zeus standing facing, head r., holding th u n d erb o lt in r. h a n d an d eagle in 1. h an d betw een two coiled serpents w ith heads erect; in the field, Κ ΡΗ-ΤΑ Ι/Ε-Ω /Ν

r 3 * L, 17.93, 17-02, 16.49; 4 - 7 · p . 18.17, 16.07, 15 -4 7 . : 5 · ^ ; 8. P , 13-09; 9 “ IO - V , 16.53, 15·16; Ι Ι “ Ι 3 · O , 23.1 r, 18.88, 15.43; 1 4 - 1 5 . A, 15.98, 14.53; *6· B R au c h , 16.47; τ 7 · B a.B ., 14.28; 18. Laffaille coll., 14.17. 931

H ead of A rtem is, r. ΘΑΡΣΙΔΙΚΑΣ; q uiver 1—2. L, 8.81, 8.35; 3—5. P , 7 .6 1 (rev .), 7.30, 7.04; 6—7. V , 9 .8 3 (obv.), 8.27; 8. H (A m sterd am ), 6.28; 9. B L ö b b , 7.08; 10. B I-B , 6.89.

C n o ssu s, c. 4 0 -3 0 B C

Without magistrate’s name AE. I3 - I4 m m , 3.06g (10). Axis: 12.

Tauriadas [

10]

932

AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 14.05g (13). Axis: 12.

Sv 173

Sv 160-4

B ust of A rtem is, r. Κ -Ν /Ω -Σ /Ι/Ω —N; w inged caduceus

H ead of Zeus, r.; in front, th u n d erb o lt ΤΑΥΡΙΑΔΑΣ; eagle w ith w ings open, r. 1 - 4 . L, 17.04, 16.18, 14.73, '3 -6 4 ; 5. P, 15.22; 6. P ,

1 - 4 . L, 4.24, 3.51, 3.27, 3.01; 5. P 157, 3.05; 6. P 1 9 8 5 /4 5 7 , 2.21; 7. B R au ch , 2.40; 8 . B I-B , 2.24; 9 . B 7484, 3.19; 10. B L öbb, 3.44. 928

AE. 20-2 m m , 8.24g (13)· Axis: 12.

[ 9 ]

Sv 170

i . P 2 5 9 8 , 11.37; 2. N 7581 ( = Sv, pi. X X X I I ,1), 11.90.

927

AE. 19-21 m m , 7.75g (10). Axis: 12.

[

13.62; 7—8. V , 12.63, 10.26; 9 . O , 14.14; 10. K nossos exc. 1982; 11. B a.B ., 12.64; I 2 · B 5189, 13.08; 13. B 5301, 17.32; 14. B L ö b b , 12.13. C o u n te rm ark : f on th e obv., o n 10.

12]

Sv 171-2

[ 13 ]

933

B ust of Artem is, r. Κ -Ν Ω /ΣΙ-Ω Ν ; crossed bow an d quiver

AE. 2 0 -2 m m , 6 .8 2 g (16). Axis: 12.

[ 13]

Sv 167-9 H ead o f A rtem is, r. ΤΑΥΡΙΑΔΑΣ; quiver

1 -3 · L , 8 .3 8 , 10.02, 7.17; 4 - 7 . P , 9.97, 9.59, 7.49, 7.00; 8 - 9 . B, 9.12, 7.36; 10. G , 5.73; i i . W in te rth u r 2283, 7.09; 12. B P -O , 7.70; 13. B I-B , 7.70.

1—6. L, 7.93, 7.38, 6.61, 6.12, 6.00, 5.21; 7. P, 9.06; 8. P , 6.04; 9 —10. V , 8.85, 6.44; i i — 13. A, 7.21, 6.55, 5.52; 14. C o p , 7.35; 15. M u , 8.12; 16. B L ö b b , 4.85.

Mnesitheos 929

AE. 2 5 -9 m m , 12.95g (2 5 )· Axis: 12.

[ 22 ]

Sv 133-41 ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ; head o f Zeus, r.; in front, thu n d erb o lt Μ ΝΕ(Α)ΣΙΘΕΟΣ or ΚΝΩΣΙΩΝ NHM (or NMH); eagle w ith w ings open, r. 1—4 . L, 15.93, 14.00, 12.94, 12.28; 5. P , 14.84; 6—10. P, 13.28, 12.27, 11.96, 11.51,7.64; 1 1 - 1 2 . V , 11.72, 9.50; 1 3 -1 7 . O , 13.83, 13.80, 13.57, 12.50, 11.77; 18—19. G , 12.31, 10.07; 20. T ü b in g e n , 10.48; 21—22. H (A m sterd am ), Γ3.77, Γ3.65; 2 3 . B 831, 10.52; 24. B L öbb, 11.87; 25. S IB, 17.42.

Kydas 934

AE. 2 5 -7 m m , 13.13g (70). Axis: 12.

[ 61 ]

Sv 142-51 H ead of Zeus, r.; in front, th u n d erb o lt ΚΥΔΑΣ; eagle w ith wings open, r. 1 -1 9 . i i . 16, j 5-96, 14.85,

L, 17 .1 1, 15.49, 13 -9 3 . ' 3 -8 7 . 13 -4 6 , 13.04, 12.67, 12.19, ι ΐ · 5 °, 10.95, ïo .g ij 10.78, 10.43, 10.37, 10.21, 10.03, 9-83, 9-^7; 2 0 - 2 7 . P, 15 -77 ; 15-32, 14 -9 9 ; *4-86, 13.77, 13*48, J2 - 7° i 2 8 - 3 1 . V , 17.28, 12.87, 9 -9 2 ; 32 - 33 · M u , 10.64, 9-8o; 3 4 - 4 5 . O , 17.47, 14.46, 13.35,

C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cnossus, Cyrenaica I I I (935-937)

12.80, 12.62, 12.32, 12.13, 11.60, 11.53, r i .38, 11.24, 10.95; 4 6 —4 7 · C op, 16.71, 11.82; 4 8 —5 2 . A, 16.81, 16.75, t 5-66, 13.24, 11.52; 53—5 6 . H (A m sterd am ), 14.66, 11.53, 11.27, n .2 5 ; 5 7 - 5 9 . G , 12.57, 11 .1 7 ,8 .9 1 ; 6 0 . C , 12.86; 6 1 . M cG ill 298, 17.29; 6 2 . B 5188, 15.34; 63· B R au ch , 11.46; 6 4 —6 5 . B Fox, 13.08, 11.26; 66—6 7 . B I-B , 11.77, ί 0 ·5 9 ί 6 8 . P a d u a 7269, 10.49; 6 9 -7 0 · P > 436-1456. iJ - 9 3 . >4-27; 7 1· L > 947-6-6-133 2 , ïo.58; 7 2 . V 1 4 5 8 1 , 16.66. C o u n te rm ark s: X on th e obv., on 3, 5, 6, 10, η , 17, 25, 35> 39; 45> 47ΐ 64> 68 a n d η\. A T I on th e obv., on 71. L IC IS in rectan g le on th e rev., o n 71 (see also A B S A 84 (1989), p. 50).

Sauromatas 935

Aristion 936

[ 12 ]

Sv 159 H ead of Zeus, r. ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ; eagle w ith w ings open, r. I. L, 13.29; 2 - 3 . P, 16.43, >3-52; 4 · V. >6.25; 5 - 6 . V , 14.75, >3-35; 7 ~ 9. O , 15.68, 14.90, 12.90; 10. A, 15.14; i i . C op, 15.39; I 2 · G , 14.16; 13. W in te rth u r 2282, 12.74; I 4 · B Box, 14.76; 15. B, 15.55. C o u n te rm ark s: X on th e obv., on 4 a n d 9.

[ 1 ]

937

1968, 17, pi. V I I ,9

CYRENAICA

U n d e r A ugustus Scato procos. Scato signed four denominations: 27—8 m m , I 4·17 § 24—5 m m , >o-52g 21 m m , 6-09 g 14-15 m m , 2.08 g

(>5) (>7) (18) (8)

942 and 943 bear the head and name of Augustus (CAESAR TR POT). The obverse of 943 is an imitation of Augustus’s reformed as with the head of the emperor (RIC 373, e.g.). The obverse of 942 bears two heads (Augustus and Agrippa) which no doubt indicate the coin’s value: one head indicates the as, two heads the dupondius (see But­ trey, AJA, 1972, pp. 31-48, and Amandry, CENB, 1986, pp. 21—34) · On the reverse the legend in a wreath imitates the obverse of the imperial dupondius (see RIC, 324, e.g.). The two other denominations have no reference to Augustus and the types (ram and Libya/serpent) are reminiscent of the small denominations struck by Pupius Rufus (921-2 and 923). Robinson had assumed (p. ccxxiii) that 944 also represented an as ‘somewhat lighter’ than 943 and that Scato had issued coins on two occasions. But But­ trey (p. 28) is, of course, right when he says that 944 is a semis and 945 a quadrans, even if the weight of 944 is higher than just the half of 943 as stated by him (three examples known to him, eighteen here). Given Augustus’s TR POT, this issue was struck after 23 B e . As it is a reflection of the new Augustan system intro­ duced at Rome between 23 and 19, Scato’s issue may be dated between c. 20 and 12 b c , the year of Agrippa’s death.

[ 2 ]

I . P Γ5 7 ι 9 ·6 ι; 2· N Y , 9 ·° 5 · C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in o n th e rev., o n i a n d 2.

i . B L ö b b , 15.58.

After Actium three issues were struck under Augustus and one under Tiberius. The three Augustan issues were struck in the name of Scato, Capito and Palikanus (this is the order followed by Buttrey; Robinson has placed Capito after Palikanus and Grant (FIT A, pp. 135-9) suggested the order Palikanus, Capito and Scato).

AE. 2 3m m , 9.33g (2). Axis: 12. H ead o f Zeus, r. [ ]ΜΕΝΙΣ; eagle w ith wings open, r.

H ead of Zeus, r.; in front, th u n d erb o lt ΣΑΥΡΟΜΑΤΑΣ; eagle w ith w ings open, r.

942 943 944 945

AE. 2 6 -9 m m , 14.58g (15). Axis: 12.

[ ] menis

AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 15.58g (1). Axis: 12. no

225

(III)

Capito q. and Palikanus pr. Each official struck two varieties: 938 939

Capito 2 5 -7 mm, 12.40g (1) 21-5 mm, 9.30 g (8)

940 941

Palikanus 25—9 mm, 10.58g (16) 21 -2 mm, 5.88g (5)

These varieties bear identical types. 938 and 940 have IM P AVG TR POT in wreath/sella (name), 939 and 941 have IM P AVG TR POT/(name). The relative order of the two coinages is unknown; it is assumed here that Capito precedes Palikanus as his coins have higher weights than those of Palikanus (pace Grant, FIT A, p. 135). But it is also assumed that Capito and Palikanus held office before Scato (pace Robinson and But­ trey) between 23 b c and Scato’s issue (see below, the discus­ sion on metrology). Grant (FIT A, pp. 135-9) is more precise in dating Palikanus to the years between 23 and c. 15 and Capito to c. 15 b c .

U n d e r T iberius The issue struck in honour of Drusus Minor and his twin sons, Germanicus Gemellus and Tiberius Gemellus, dates to c. a d 23 as Germanicus and Tiberius figure on official sestertii struck in 22-3 (RIC 42) and Germanicus died in a d 24. Three denominations were issued: 946 947

948 949

27—8 mm, 24—6 mm, 22—3 mm, 19—20 mm,

>3->5g ( IO)

8.85g ( 13) 5-44 g (3) 4-34g (2)

946 is no doubt a dupondius, 947 an as and 948—9 a semis.

D enom inations The bronze coins issued in Cyrenaica and Crete were struck in terms of Roman denominations. The problem lies in determining which ones. Müller (Numismatique de l’ancienne Afrique, I, pp. 169-70 and p. 180, table V), Robinson (p. ccxxvii), Grant (FITA, p. 138) and Buttrey (Studies..., pp. 33—7) have provided values, but these authors disagree with each other. Their different positions depend on the state of the mon­ etary system each of them imagines at the time of the civil wars. Writing about Lollius’s coins, Müller noted: ‘Les pesées ... correspondent assez bien au poids du dupondius romain de ce temps. A l’époque où la Cyrénaïque fut prov­ ince romaine, l’as était du poids d’une demi-once c. à d. de 1 3 , 5 grammes’ and therefore concluded that Lollius’s unit ( 9 0 9 and 9 1 2 ) was a semiuncial dupondius as the heaviest specimen known to him weighed 27.4 g. Buttrey {Studies..., p. 3 3 ) thought that Müller’s position could not be accepted. It is true that the semiuncial as ceased to be struck at Rome in 8 2 BG. The later military issues of Sextus Pompey were struck on a light uncial standard, not semiuncial; but it is assumed here that Octavian’s military issues (the ‘Perusian’ one, 6 2 0 - 1 , as well as his Gallic aes) are dupondii struck on a light semiuncial standard (see M. Amandry, CENB, 1 9 8 6 , pp. 2 1 - 3 4 ) - pace Buttrey who thinks that the dupondius did not exist at all as a denomi­ nation in the first century b c until the unique dupondius of Cn. Calpurnius Piso Frugi: RRC 5 4 7 . On the other hand, Robinson took Lollius’s unit to be a sestertius on the argu­ ment that its weight corresponds to that denomination in Antony’s fleet prefect coinage (and this is indeed the posi­ tion ofM. Price, p. 1 2 1 and n. 1 1 ) . Buttrey, Studies..., p. 3 3 , points out that: 1. their place of production is quite unknown; 2 . no Cyrenaican find is attested; and 3 . therefore Robinson’s association of this material with Lollius’s coinage is entirely arbitrary. This is not completely true: I. If the place of production of Antony’s fleet coinage was previously unknown, a clearer picture has now emerged, pointing towards a ‘Cypro-Syro-Phoenician’ mint for Bibulus, a Peloponnesian one (Corinth?) for Atratinus and perhaps an Athenian mint for Capito (see p. 284); 2. A cut quarter of a Fleet sestertius of Capito was found in Cyrene, and is now in NY (Buttrey, CRWLR, p. 173, n. 8, has corrected his opinion); 3. Sestertii, dupondii and asses of Atratinus and Capito probably circulated in Crete as they were part of the Seager and Cameron collections now in L; therefore Robinson’s association of the Fleet material with Lollius’s coinage is not arbitrary. But it must be recalled that the weights of the Fleet coinage are erratic, as each officer used his own system. Atratinus’s and Capito’s heavy sestertii, dupondii and asses have respectively the following characteristics (1453-70): Atratinus

HS Dp As

31—7 mm, I 9 -9 5 S (12) 24—6 mm, I2 .II g (13) 22—4 mm, 9-29 g (16)

HS Dp As

34—8 mm, 3 c 6 7 g (4 ) 25—8 mm, T5 -2 9 g (28) 20—4 mm, 7 -7 9 g (22)

Capito

Robinson’s association might be true if the coinage of Atratinus is the only one to be considered. What must also be stated is that the East under Antony’s rule seems to have adopted the quartuncial standard very early, because the Corinthian as struck from 44 b c weighs about 8-10 g with a diameter of 20-4 mm and the semis 4-4.5 g with a diameter of 15-17 mm (see Amandry, Le monnayage des duovirs corin­ thiens, pp. 82-9 and below, p. 246). After these considerations, we may turn back to the coins. The table on p. 227 includes average weights of the speci­ mens known to us (compared to Buttrey’s table [Studies..., p. 35], this table is based on a much more significant collec­ tion of material: 499 coins were examined instead of 184), and the various denominations proposed by Müller, Robin­ son, Buttrey and RPC. It is indeed a good idea to follow Buttrey’s reverse order and to begin with the latest issues as they are the clearest: Tiberius. The denominations are no doubt dupondii (946), asses (947), and semisses (948-9). There is here general agreement. Scato. The largest piece (942) with its two heads on the obverse is a dupondius analogous to the dupondius struck at Nemausus; the coins with Augustus’s head (943) imitate the obverse of the Augustan reformed as. It follows that 944 and 945 are semisses and quadrantes. Capito and Palikanus. Müller, Robinson and Buttrey consider that both varieties of each issue represent a dupondius and an as. But it is argued here that they represent an as and a semis, slightly heavier than the respective denominations of Scato’s issue, and therefore Capito and Palikanus have been dated before Scato, but after 23 b c , given Augustus’s TR POT. The weight of Capito’s and Palikanus’s heaviest denomi­ nation does not correspond to a dupondius, but to an as (a second specimen of Capito’s unit in P weighs 8.83 g, but it is holed: the average weight of both specimens would be 10.62 g). A weight e. 11 g is right for an Augustan as. And a diameter of c. 21-2 mm for the lightest denomination cor­ responds to the diameter of Scato’s semis. In fact, Capito’s and Palikanus’s denominations have about the same weight and diameter as Pupius Rufus’s two heaviest denomi­ nations (919-20, 921-2) which are considered by Buttrey as an as and a semis. Antony, Pupius Rufus and Crassus. The denominations stated by Buttrey seem correct and there is no need to discuss the problem further. From Crassus to Tiberius all the asses, semisses and quadrantes have about the same weight and diameter, respectively c. 10—12 g and 25-8 mm, 5-8 g and 21—2mm, 2-3.5g and iq-iym m . Lollius. As is obvious from the table above, the identification of Lollius’s denominations is the most hypothetical. Müller, Robinson and Buttrey have proposed three different systems. In fact, the identifications depend on the concep­ tion we have of the metrological system in use in Antony’s territories. It seems clear that the quartuncial standard was already in use in the late forties (at, e.g., Corinth) and early thirties b c (the Fleet coinage). So there is no reason to think that a reduction from the uncial to the semiuncial standard occurred between Lollius’s and Crassus’s issues; fur-

C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cyrenaica I I I (938)

227

Denomination Catalogue number

D iameter

Weight

(mm)

(g)

Lepidius

907

14-19

L. Loilius

908

30-1 26-8 16-18 31-2 26-8 15-16

21.46 10.65 4.42 18.83 10.31 4.14

25-6 21

909 910 9 11 9 12

913 Crassus

9H

9 r5 916

Pupius Rufus

Antony

Capito

Palikanus

90 918

28-9

919-20 921-2

26-8 21

Tiberius

14-15

Buttrey

RPC

-

Local st.

s

Dp As S Dp As S

HS Dp As HS Dp As

As

HS As

11.88 (46)

___

As

As

7-23 (13) i3-5° (4) 12.82 (7)

—

As As

As As

Q

Q

3-94 (8) (17) (92) (17) (40) (18) (6)

s Q As s Q

s

HS As

s

3-03 ( " )

— —

Dp As Dp Dp S

Dp As S

Dp As S

As

As

_

As

-

s

As

-

—

s

s

923

: 4_ I 5

11-9° (45) 5-°5 (23) 3-°4 (9)

924 925

26-7 18

10.46 (23) 4.74 (4)

938 939

25-6

10.62 (2) 9-3° (8)

Dp —

Dp As

Dp As

As

2 1 -4 25-9 21—2

id-58 (16) 5-88 (5)

Dp As

Dp As

Dp As

As S

942 943 944 945

27-8

(15) (17) (18) (8)

HS Dp Dp, As S

Dp As As

Dp As

Dp As

G -1 5

D -D 10.52 6.09 2.08

946 947 948 949

27-8 24-6 22-3 19-20

I 3-I 5 8.85 5-44 4-34

( I0 ) (13) (3) (2)

___

Dp As S

Dp As

—

—

Dp As S S

940

941 Scato

29-30

Robinson

Local st.

M üller

24-5 21

thermore, we are not even sure if Crassus’s issue did follow Lollius’s. So 909 and 912, with a diameter of 26-8 mm and a weight ofc. 10.5 g, are asses. 910 and 913, with a weight oft. 4g and a diameter of 15-18 mm, are semisses, even if their diameter is smaller than that of the semisses issued later. There remains the problem of 908 and 911: are they dupondii (Müller) or sestertii (Robinson)? They would be dupondii, like the Gallic aes of Octavian, if struck in the western part of the Roman world; but they were struck in Antony’s ter­ ritories and the closest parallel is Atratinus’s sestertius. It is therefore suggested here that Lollius’s denominations are sestertii, asses and semisses. Lepidius. 907 would also be a semis, if it is admitted that 910 and 913 are semisses. Whatever the solution is, a Roman monetary system had been in use in Cyrenaica and Crete in the late Republic. The weight standard was, from the beginning, as in the rest of Antony’s dominion, intermediary between the semiuncial and quartuncial standard. The denominations of as and semis were regular, with very rare sestertii (908 and 911 ) and a few quadrantes (918 and 923). The dupondius was introduced with the reform of Augustus (942, 946), but this reform had in fact been anticipated by Antony.

s

—

— —

s Q

s Q s

s Q s

s

s Q

Exclusions The following coins have been omitted from Cyrenaica: L. Fabricius Petellius: Müller 429: see under Carthago Nova (146). Female head to r./P COSCON, silphium plant?: Grant, FIT A, pp. 260-1, pi. IX ,6: see under ‘Uncertain Coins’ (5402). Clovius (RRC 476) and Oppius (RRC 550): A. Alfoldi, ‘Commandants de la flotte romaine stationnée à Cyrène sous Pompée, César et Octavien’, Mélanges Carcopino (Paris, 1966), pp. 25-42: see under ‘Italy’ (601-3).

A u g u s tu s Capito, 938

c. 20 BC

AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 10.62g (2). Axis: 9. Mu

Supp.

438A, BMC p. ccvii, 48b

IM P A V G T R P O T w ithin laurel w reath C A P IT O Q ; sella castrensis w ith cushion on seat i . L 1 9 4 6 —12—5 —12, 12.40; 2. P 371, 8.83 (holed).

[ 2 ]

939

AE. 2 i- 4 m m , 9.30 g (8). Axis: 9 or 3.

[ 6 ]

944

M u 430, bmc 42

IM P A V G T R P O T C A P IT O Q

R am standing, r.; above, eight-pointed star SC A T O ; in laurel w reath

i . P 3 7 a ( — BMC, pi. X L IV ,6 ), 7.32; a. P D ’Ailly 17217, 7.44; 3. M u , 11.77; 4 · C op 1322, 9.32; 5. N Y , 11.32; 6. P V , 13.35; 7. P riv a te coll., 5.57; 8. B L ö b b , 8.37.

i . L bm c 42 (pi. X L I I I ,9 ) , 6.00; 2—4 . P 3 5 5 -7 , 8.68, 7.27, 4.85; 5 . V 26259, 6.62; 6. C 615-1948, 4.86; 7. G, 4.57; 8. C o p 1319, 6.19; 9 . Be, 6.30; 10. T u n is, 9.87; i i —12. M u , 6.85, 5.90; 13. P V , 4.85; 14. R W S , 3.80; 15. T ra d e , 5.07; 1 6 - 1 7 . B Fox, 5.71, 5.25; 18. B I-B , 4.39. 945

AE. 2 5 -g m m , 10.58g (16). Axis: 12.

[ 15 ]

i . L bmc 43 (pi. X L I I L i o ) , 1.78; 2 —3 . P 3 5 8 - 9 , 1.76, 2.00; 4 —5. M u , 1.99, 1.85; 6. G , 2.82; 7. N Y , 2.38; 8. P 358a, 2.11.

i . L BMC 4 4 (pi. X L I V ,i) , 15.23; 2. L BMC 45, 18.14; 3 . L bmc 46 (pi. X L IV ,2 ), 9.16; 4 . L bmc 47, 8.27; 5. L bmc 48 (pi. X L IV ,3 ), 7.94; 6 8. P 366-8, 12.46, 7.92, 6.91; 9 - 1 0 . P D ’A illy 17442-3, 10.97, J 3 -9 *2i r i . M u , 16.26; 12. J S W , 9.01; 13. B Fox, 9.67; 14. B R au ch , 7.55; 15. B I-B , 7.72; 16. B L ö b b , 8.13.

AE. 2 1 -2 m m , 5.88g (5). Axis: 12.

U n d e r T ib e r iu s 946

[ 5 ]

L 1 9 5 4 -1 -6 -1 , 7.88; a - 3 - P 3 6 9 -7 0 , 6.54, 5.38; 4 . M u , 3.49; 5 . G bmc, pi. X L IV ,4 ), 6.12.

i . L bm c 49 (ΔΡΟΣΟΣ: p i. X L IV ,7 ), 15.63; 2 . L bm c 50 (p i. X L IV ,8 : rev .), 12.92; 3. P (ΑΥΓΟΣΤΟΥ), 14.10; 4 . P, 13.52; 5. P , 10.86; 6—7. V 2 7325~6, 13-57, 12.47; 8. N Y , 13.66; 9 . P V , 12.01; 1 0 . M i ( = B rera 709), 14.40; i i . B R au c h , 12.77; 1 2 . G , 14.32. C o u n te rm ark : a litu u s (?) o r a P on the obv., on 10 { G W 419)·

Scato AE. 27—8 m m , 14.17g (15). Axis: 12. M u 433,

bmc

[ 13 ]

947

36-9

i . L bm c 36 (pi. X L I I I j ) , 11.50; 2 - 4 . L bm c 3 7 -9, 15.17, 16.41, 12.56; 5 - 7 . P 363-5, 11.60, 13.43, 14.82; 8. P L uynes 3693, 14.93; 9 · V 26256, 18.66; 10. V 19008, 13.22; i i . C 617-1948 (ex G ra n t), 8.72; 12. Be 3842, 16.79; * 3 · P V , 13.36; 14. B 486/1891, 14.71; 15. B 801/1920, 16.65.

AE. 2 4 -5 m m , 10.52g (17). Axis: 12. bmc

A E. 24~6m m , 8.85g (13)· Axis: 12. bmc

[ 14 ]

51

ΔΡΟΥΣΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; lau reate head of D rusus, r. As 946

C A ESA R T R P O T A G R IP P A ; bare heads of A ugustus (on 1.) an d A grippa (on r.) face to face SC A T O P R O C O S ; in laurel w reath

943

[ 10 ]

49-50

ΔΡΟ(Υ)ΣΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP ΑΥΓΟ(Υ)ΣΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; laureate head of D rusus, r.; in front, sim pulum ; behind, lituus TIB ΓΕΡ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΣ; b are heads of the tw ins T iberius (on 1.) an d G erm anicus (on r.) face to face

IM P A V G T R P O T P A L IK P R -

942

A E. 2 7m m , 13.15g (10). Axis: 12. bmc

BMC 48a, p. ccvii

(=

[ 8 ]

H e ad of L ibya, r. SC A T; coiled serpent w ith head erect

IM P A V G T R P O T in laurel w reath P A L IK PR; sella castrensis w ith cushion on seat

I.

A E. i |- i 5 m m , 2 .0 8 g (8). Axis: 12. BMC 43

M u 434-5, BMC 44-8

941

[ 13 ]

M u 438, BMC p. ccviii, 48c

Palikanus 940

AE. 2 1 m m , 6.09 g (18). Axis: 6.

i . L bmc 51 (pi. X L IV ,9 ), 10.90; 2—7. P, 10.56, 9.60, 8.79, 7.55, 7.48, 6.95; 8 —9 . V , 10.18, 9.21; 1 0 . N Y , 9.13; i i . S ch u lten 1 2 -1 3 /IV /1 9 8 4 , 202, 8.16; 12. B L ö b b , 8.86; 13. B 12594, 9.17; 14—15. G , 11.08, 7.32. 948

AE. 22-3 m m , 5.44g (3). Axis: 12. bmc

[ 15 ]

[ 1 ]

52

D rom edary, r., in laurel w reath As 9 4 6 -7

40

C A ESA R T R P O T ; b are head o f A ugustus, r. SC A T O PR; sella castrensis w ith cushion on seat i . L bm c 40 (pi. X L I I I ,8 ) , 10.80; 2—3. P 360, 360a 11.07, t o .4 8 ; 4 . P 3 6 1 , 12 .37; 5—6. V 26257-8, 8.22, 13.41; 7. C op 1320, 12.01; 8. O , 10.86; 9. C 616-1948, 9.54; 10. A, 9.26; i i . Be, 10.72; 12—13. N Y , 12.08, 10.69; 14. M u , 10.09; * 5 · P V , 8.55; 16. B R au ch , 8.90; 17. B L öbb, 9.76; 18. L = bm c 41, 7.91.

C RE T On Roman Crete, see I.F . Sanders, Roman Crete, 1982. In 27 BC, Crete and Cyrenaica became a senatorial prov­ ince governed by a proconsul with praetorian rank. The proconsul was aided by quaestors and legati. The Roman officials could also be helped by the Provincial Council, the Koinon. Its main role was connected with the imperial cult. At the head of the Koinon was the Archiereus; the Xystarches organised five-yearly games. About twenty city states are known during the Roman period on epigraphic and numismatic grounds. Nine issued

I.

949

L

BMC 52

(pi. X L I V .io ) , 4.53; 2 - 3 . M i, 6.55, 5.25.

AE. 19m m , 4 .3 4 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

D rom edary, L, in laurel w reath As 946—8 I.

N Y , 3.31; 2. P , 5.36.

(Ill) coins: Axos, Cydonia, Eleutherna, Gortyn, Hierapytna, Lappa, Lato, Lyttus and Polyrhenium. The case of Diktynna is discussed below. Apart from Cydonia and Lappa, which were freed by Augustus and which issued coins over a longer period than any other city state in Crete, the others ceased striking coins after Caligula, when the provincial series began. But the main bronze coinage of Crete from Augustus to Nero was produced by Cnossus, Colonia lulia Nobilis. Traditionally the date of its foundation is given as 36 b c when Dio

C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cretan silver coinage

(XLIX,i4) records that Ocfàvian granted the Capuans an aqueduct and the territory of Cnossus. But Dio does not mention a colonia in Crete at this point and it seems unlikely that Octavian could have settled a colony in 36 b c in an area under Antony’s control. Its foundation is probably to be placed after Octavian became Augustus in 27 b g . The organisation of the colony was standard, with duoviri known epigraphically and from coins.

Cretan silver coinage Precious metal was not struck under Augustus, but from Tiberius to Nero. Under Tiberius silver coins were issued by individual cities, but signed with the names of the gov­ ernors Cornelius Lupus and Laches. The presence of these names may indicate a strict control maintained over the coinage. The Koinon was probably used as the intermedi­ ary body (Price, p. 124). The division of this coinage into ‘municipal’ and ‘provincial’ is thus quite meaningless. Svoronos remains the standard work, but more details can be found in G. MacDonald, ‘The Silver Coinage of Crete’, Proceedings of the British Academy IX, 1919, pp. 24-9, and D.R. Walker, Metrology, pp. 47-51, 78-9. J.-P. Callu, La politique monétaire des empereurs romains de 238 à j i i , pp. 151-2, 154, carries little weight as he did not know much of the material; furthermore, his tables are incorrect as he attributes to Augustus coins struck under Tiberius. It remains true, however, that our information concern­ ing this coinage is poor, as the surviving specimens are rare.

Tiberius Under Cornelius Lupus (on his career, see PIR2, C 1400), the cities of Axos, Cydonia, Eleutherna, Gortyn, Hierapytna and Polyrhenium struck silver coinages. The structure of this group can be seen from the table below. It consists of three denominations, tetradrachms, tri­ drachms and drachms (see metrology below). The tetradrachms have on the obverse the head of Divus Augustus and on the reverse the head of the Cretan Zeus (TAN KPHTΑΓΕΝΗΣ). Tridrachms are recorded at Axos and Cydonia, with the laureate head of Tiberius and the bearded and veiled head of the Senate. Drachms were struck at Cydonia, Eleutherna, Gortyn and Hierapytna with the heads of Tiberius on the obverse and the deified Augustus on the reverse. There are two drachms whose attribution is difficult. A drachm struck under Lupus, attributed to Hierapytna by

U nder Lupus: Axos Cydonia Eleutherna (jortyn H ierapytna Polyrhenium U nder Laches: Cydonia H ierapytna Axos

950 951

955 957

Svoronos (Sv 48), but lacking an ethnic (958), is here removed from Hierapytna, as the style and the form of the inscription in the dative do not suggest that mint. Second, the unique drachm of Lappa (959) has the magistrate’s name off the flan, but was more probably struck under Lupus. The other magistrate whose name occurs under Tiberius is Laches. As the term of his office extended into the reign of Caligula, he was a successor of Lupus. The evidence for this is not certain; it is supplied by the appearance of his name on a unique drachm of Axos (962), which bears the heads of Caligula and Germanicus, but whose authenticity is suspect. The structure of the coinage struck under Laches therefore can be seen from the table below. No tetradrachm is known for Laches. A tridrachm, unique so far, was struck at Cydonia, and drachms at Cydonia and Axos. The typology remained unchanged. Polyrhenium could be added to the short list of cities that issued a coinage under Laches, as the discovery of ‘a fine AR coin of Polyrhenium’ with the head of Augustus and the inscription ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΕΠΙ ΛΑΧΗΤΟΣ is recorded at Potamou in the excavation of a first-century a d cemetery (.Archaeological Reports, 1985-6, p. 93), but more information is needed.

Caligula After Laches the nature of the coinage does not really change. Under Caligula the three denominations inau­ gurated by Lupus were revived near the beginning of the reign, in a d 37-8, when Caligula was consul for the first time. This coinage was possibly minted at Gortyn, even if there is nothing in the legend to indicate the city of origin. 963 964 965

24 mm, 9.59 g (8) 22-3 mm, 7.55 g (11) i6 -i7 m m , 2.40g (37)

On all three denominations the head of Caligula figures on the obverse. The reverse types are: (a) a statue of Divus Augustus, in a toga, holding patera and sceptre, placed on a waggon drawn by four elephants, each with its mahoutrider, on the tetradrachms; (b) the same figure seated on a curule chair on the tridrachms; and (c) a radiate head of Divus Augustus on the drachms. In all three cases there are seven stars in the field of the reverse. The meaning of these reverses has been discussed by M. Price, ‘Elephants in Crete? New light on a cistophorus of Caligula’, Pepragmena tou Γ° diethnous kretologicou Synedriou, 25-6 mm, 7.65 g (1) 22m m , 7.13g (2)

2 6 -7 mm, 8.93g Ο) 24-6 mm, 9.45 g (1)

960

22g

952 953 954

956

i5 -i6 m m , i5 -i6 m m , 17 mm, 15-16mm,

2.50g 2.22g 2.68g 2.37g

962

17 mm, 2.46g (3) i8m m , 2.15g (1)

22 mm, 7.36 g (1)

(1) (1) (2) ( 3)

Athens, 1973, pp. 279-85. They commemorate the acces­ sion of the new emperor and the emphasis on Augustus, the founder of the Empire, was inherent in the policy of Cali­ gula. The elephant car is a consecratio type signifying the triumphal epiphany of the deified Augustus. The seven stars represent the Septentriones, the Great Bear; this con­ stellation had a particular connection with Crete as the nurses of Zeus, Helice and Kynosoura, were placed in the heavens as the Great and Little Bear. Therefore the seven stars linked with the cult image of Augustus brought him into a close relationship with Zeus Cretagenes. The type on the tridrachm might depict the chief statue of the imperial cult in Gortyn placed in the great shrine of Zeus Cretagenes. The coinage of Caligula was abundant, as is also true of the bronze coinage issued in his name by Augureinus at Gortyn (1022-3), Hierapytna (1024-5), Lato (1026), Lyttos (1027) and Polyrhenium (1028) and by two colleges of duoviri at Cnossus (991-8).

C laudius Claudius continued the system. 966-967 968 969

24-6 mm, 9.95 g (6) 24-5 mm, 7.43 g (7) 15 mm, 2.18 g (2)

He substituted only his own image, name and titles for those of Caligula but the reverse types remained unchanged. This first emission was also struck in the first year of his reign and has the same significance as under Caligula. Like his predecessor, Claudius saw himself as the true successor of Augustus. His coinage is less abundant than Caligula’s and the rarity of his drachms is difficult to explain. Later in his reign he introduced a new reverse type for the tetradrachms —a standing figure of Zeus - but the seven

stars remained (970). No more tridrachms were struck. A unique drachm, with two Korybantes dancing (971), may have been issued together with the new tetradrachm. The Cretan origin of this coin is not certain, but the occurrence of the same type on Cretan bronze coins of Vespasian makes it likely.

N ero Under Nero tetradrachms and drachms are known. There seem to have been two issues of tetradrachms, which are distinguished by the presence or absence of an eagle beside the god. The group with an eagle (974) has a weight of 8.55 g (4); the one without (975) a weight of 8.40 g (6). But three of the six known specimens of the second group are holed. It is therefore difficult to establish the sequence of these two groups and the treatment of Nero’s portrait is of little help. Walker is certainly right when he dates these issues after the reform of a d 64 at Rome (see the table below, ‘Metrology and fineness’). But the issues of drachms (972-3) were struck earlier in the reign of Nero as they represent Agrippina II (and not Agrippina I, pace Walker). The reverse type of 971a recalls the Claudian series 971. It is difficult to decide if it was struck in parallel with 972 and 973 or later in the reign of Nero, as a division of the tetradrachms. The first alternative has been adopted here. Three silver denominations were struck in Crete under Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius. These are probably tetradrachms, tridrachms and drachms (and not tridrachms, didrachms and 12 as pieces as stated by Callu) whose standard was rather lighter than the cistophoric system. Their fineness is remarkably consistent from Tiberius to Nero (c. 95% fine according to Walker) and the system was based on a drachm whose silver content was about 2.35 g. Under Nero only two denominations are

M etrology and fineness This table is based on W alker’s study (p. 50) but presents m inor corrections which anyway tend to confirm W alker’s discussion (pp. 50—1). M ean % o f silver

M ean weight o f silver (g)

Weight o f silver in drachms (g)

9.22 (2) 7-57 (3 ) 2.45 (10)

(95-75) (95-75)

(8.82) (7-25)

(2.20) (2.41)

95-75

2-34

2-34

Tetra. Tri. Dr.

9-59 (8) 7-55 I ” ) 2.40 (3 7 )

(94.66) 94.66

(9 -0 7 ) 7.14 2.26

(2.26) 2.38 2.26

T etra. Tri. Dr.

9-95 (6) 7·43 ( 7 )

94-25 94-75 (9 5 -12 )

9-37

7.04 (2.07)

2-34 2-34

(2.07)

95-37

(9 5 -3 7 )

9.41 (2.33)

(2 -3 3 )

Weight (g)

Tiberius

Caligula

Claudius First group

Second group Nero First group Second group

Tetra. Tri. Dr.

2 . i 8 (2)

94-42

Tetra. Dr.

2-45

Dr. (Ag. Il)

2-30 (3)

95-12

2.18

2.18

T etra, with eagle T etra, without eagle

8-55 (4 ) 8.40 (6)

94.16 94.16

8.05

2.01

7-91

T*97

9-87 (2)

(Ο

2-35

C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cretan silver coinage (950-958)

known: the weight of the larger implies a drachm of reduced weight, around 2 g, on the likely assumption that the denomination is a tetradrachm. If it is accepted that the Cretan standard was the same as the cistophoric and that the exchange ratio was also the same - that is, if a Cretan drachm was worth three-quarters of a denarius - the denarius on which it was based con­ tained c. 3.13 g of silver. But the official denarius of that period contained 3.65 g of silver. This means that the Cretan coin was overvalued by at least 17% in relation to the denarius and designed for local circulation. Under Nero the drachm contains c. 2 g of silver, which gives a denarius of 2.65 g of silver when the real denarius contained 3 g of silver after the reform of a d 64. The degree of overvaluation is about 14%. More coins of Nero are needed for study but the view that the Cretan coinage responded exactly to the reform at Rome may be accepted. A number of coins attributed by Svoronos to the province of Crete are catalogued elsewhere:

i . L BMC 18 ( = Sv, pi. X I I , 8), 2.22. W alk er ( M etrology , p. 78, n. 25) sup p o sed th a t this piece is an an c ie n t forgery, m a d e o f iro n w ith a coating o f silver. Sv 4 9 -5 0 , q u o te d from V a illa n t a n d M u s. Theup ., a re no d o u b t m isread coins.

G O R T Y N 954

A R (drachm ). 17m m , 2.68g (2). Axis: 6.

[ 2 ]

[ 2 coins, 2 pairs of dies ] Sv 192 ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΓΟΡΤΥΝΙΩ; lau reate head of T iberius, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΚΡΗΤΕΣ Ε(ΠΙ) KOP ΛΥ(ΠΩ); radiate head o f Divus A ugustus, 1. i . P 3 5 7 ( — Sv. pi. X V I I , 1), 2.70; 2 . C o p 566 (ΕΠ 1 KOP ΛΥΠΏ), 2.65. T h e C o p sp ecim en w as a ttrib u te d to th e K o in o n w ith th e obv. legend: -ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ K K (stan d in g for KOINON ΚΡΗΤΩΝ). T h is a ttrib u tio n is unlikely as the p ro d u ctio n o f th e K o in o n w as n ev er signed u n d e r th e Ju lio C la u d ian s; m o reo v er, th e dies w ere c u t b y th e sam e e n g rav e r as th e P coin a n d the letters TO could easily b e re a d in ste ad o f KK.

H I E R A P Y T N A 955

Sv 10—12 were struck by the Lycian League: see 3336-7, 3339 · Sv 14-18 were also struck by the Lycian League: see 3345 - 9 Sv 31-3 were struck at Caesarea Cappadocia: see 3635-6, 3643 ·

A R (tetra d .). 2 6 -7 m m , 8 .9 3 g ( Λ Axis: 6.

[ o ]

Sv 45 ©ΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΡΗΤΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΚΟΡΝΗΛ ΛΥ; radiate head of D ivus A ugustus, r. TAN ΚΡΗΤΑΓΕΝΗΣ ΙΕΡΑ; head o f Zeus bound w ith taenia, r. I.

956

T ib e riu s

G o ( = S v , pi. X V I I I ,2), 8.93.

A R (drachm ). i5 - i6 m m , 2.37g (3)· Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

[ 3 coins, 3 pairs of dies ] Sv 47

Cornelius Lupus

TIBEPIOE K A IIA P EEBAETOE E KOP AY; lau reate head of T iberius, r. Θ Ε Ο Ι I EBAETOE KPHTEE ΙΕΡΑ; rad iate head of D ivus A ugustus, 1.

A X o s 950

231

A R (tridrachm ). 2 5 -6 m m , 7.65g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

RN 1885, pi. V I I I ,3, Sv 40

i . B 28686 {— Sv, pi. X V I I I ,4), 2.67; 2. L 1 9 2 7 - 1 —1 6 - 4 2 5 S eager, 2.25; 3 . V 14435, 2.20. T h e V specim en w as a ttrib u te d b y Svoronos to C y d o n ia (Sv 1 16) w ith th e q u alificatio n th a t it could h av e b een stru ck a t G o rty n or E leu th e rn a . A n a ttrib u tio n to H ie ra p y tn a seem s m o re likely as th e legends are in the n o m in ativ e (n o t the d ativ e) case a n d th e d ie axis is a t tw elve (n o t six) o ’clock.

ΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ E KO Λ Y; lau reate head of Tiberius, r. ΚΡΗΤΕΣ ΑΞΙ ΣΥΝΚΛΗΤΩ; bearded an d veiled head o f the Senate, r. i . P 62 ( — Sv, pi. 111,40), 7.65. C Y D O N I A 951

A R (tridrachm ). 22m m , 7.13g (2). Axis: 6.

[ 2 ]

[ 2 coins, i p a ir of dies ]

P O L Y R H E N I U M

957

Sv 110

Θ ΕΟ[Σ ΣΕΒΑΣ]ΤΟΣ ΕΠΙ ΚΟΡΝΗΛΙΟΥ ΛΥΠΟΥ fà; radiate head o f D ivus A ugustus, 1. TAN Κ[ΡΗΤΑΓΕ]ΝΗΣ ΠΟΛΥΡ; lau reate head of Zeus K retagenes, r.

I. P 225 (= Sv, pi. X ,I5 ), 6.55; 2. L BMC 37, 7.70.

A R (drachm ). i5 - i6 m m , 2.50g (1). Axis: 6. mg

215, no. 17, Sv 115

U

i . B I-B (= Sv, pi. X ,2 o ), 2.50. E L E U T H E R N A

A R (drachm ). i5 - i6 m m , 2.22g (1). Axis: 12.

i . P 5 3 3 ( — Sv, p i. X X V I ,30), 9.45. T h e m o n o g ra m stan d s for ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ.

[ 1 ]

TI KAI TEB ΑΕΤ[Ω] KPH KY; lau reate h ead o f T ib eriu s, 1. ΕΕΒΑΓ [KPHTJEE E KOP AY; rad iate head o f D ivus A ugustus, 1.; in the field, KY

953

[ 1]

Sv 52

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΕΠΙ KOP ΛΥΠΩ; laureate head o f T iberius, r. ΣΥΝΚΛΗΤΩ ΚΡΗΤΕΣ KY; beard ed an d veiled h ead o f the Senate, r.

952

A R (tetra d .). 2 4 -6 m m , 9 .4 5 g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

Sv 48 TI KAI EEBAETOE KOP AY; lau reate head of T iberius, r. ΘΕΩ ΕΕΒΑΕΤΩ ΚΡΗΤΩΝ ΕΛΕΥΘ; rad iate h ead o f D ivus A ugustus, r.

N C

958

E

R

T

A

I

N

C I T Y

A R (drachm ). 16m m , 2 .1 4 g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1]

Sv 47 (H ierapytna) ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ KAIEAPI ΕΕΒΑΕΤΩ[ ; lau reate head of T iberius, r. KAIEAPI ΕΕΒΑΕΤΩ ΚΡΗΤΩΝ E KOP ΛΥ; rad iate head of D ivus A ugustus, r. i . P 3 8 0 ( = Sv, pi. X V I I I ,5), 2.14. A n a ttrib u tio n to C y d o n ia (cf. 9 5 2 ) seem s likely: sam e p o o r style, obv. leg en d in th e d ativ e case, sam e fo rm o f th e sigm a.

Cornelius Lupus or Laches

964

LAP P A 959

A R (drachm ). 16m m , 1.87g i 1)· Axis: 12.

Sv 2

[ 1 ]

Γ(ΑΙΟΣ) ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ(Μ) ΑΡΧ ΜΕΓ ΔΗΜ ΕΞΟΥ ΥΠΑ; as 963 S tatue o f D ivus A ugustus, in a toga, seated on a curule chair, holding p a te ra an d sceptre, 1.; feet rest on stool; in the field, seven stars

Sv 26 ]ICAP CEBA; laureate h ead o f Tiberius, r. ]OC CEBA[ ]ΛΑΠ; rad iate head o f Divus A ugustus, 1. i . P 4 1 8 (= RN 1885, 160, pi. V I I I , 6 = Sv, pi. X X ,13), 1.87.

i . L BMC I , 7.33; 2. L BMC 2, 7.66; 3. L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -3 1 (ex W e b er 4600), 7.06; 4 . P 593, 7.19; 5. V 14438, 8.69; 6 . B 27893 ( = Sv, pi. X X X I I , 2: rev .), 7.12; 7. C o p 567, 7.63; 8. C L eak e 8893 ( = s n g IV , 3998), 7.24; 9. C M c C Ie a n 7 2 1 5 (ex H irsch X X I/1 9 0 8 , W e b er 2069), 7.89; 10. N Y, 7.17; i i . M i ( = B rera 775), 4.96 (very w o rn ); 12. H irsch X X I/1 9 0 8 , W eb er 1908 (ex H o ffm an n = Sv, pi. X X X I I ,2: o b v .), 8.12. Γ ...Γ Ε Ρ Μ : 9 a n d 10; Γ Α ΙΟ Σ ... ΓΕΡ: 1 a n d 7; Γ Α ΙΟ Σ . . . ΓΕΡΜ: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 a n d 12. 1 a n d 7 are from th e sam e obv. die; 3 a n d 4 from th e sam e obv. die; 9 an d 10 from th e sam e obv. die.

Laches C Y D O N I A 960

A R (tridrachm ). 22m m , 7.36g (1). Axis: 6.

[ 1 ]

Sv 109 ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΕΠΙ ΛΑΧΗΤΙ; lau reate head o f T iberius, r. ΣΥΝΚΛΗΤΩ ΚΡΗΤΕΣ ΚΥΔΩΝΕΑΤΩΝ; b earded an d veiled head o f the Senate, r.

965

(drachm). i6-i7mm,

2.40g

(37).

Axis:

6.

[ 35 ]

Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ(Μ) APX ΜΕΓ ΔΗΜ ΕΞΟΥ ΥΠΑ; as 9 63 - 4 R ad iate head o f D ivus A ugustus, L; in the field, seven stars

H I E R A P Y T N A

A R (drachm ). 17m m , 2.46g (3). Axis: 6.

AR Sv 4

i . P 2 2 6 ( —Sv, p i. X ,i6 ) , 7.36.

961

A R (trid rach m ). 22~3m m , 7.55g ( π ) · Axis: 12. [ 10 ] [ 12 coins, a t least 7 obv. dies ]

[ 3 ]

[ 3 coins, 2 obv. dies ]

i . L BMC 3, 2.72; 2—4. L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -3 8 , 39 a n d 40, 1.88, 2.87, 1.97; 5. L 1 9 2 6 -9 -7 -2 8 , 2.07; 6. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -6 8 4 , 2.89; 7—8. P 5 9 6 -7 , 2.42, 2.50; 9. P 5 9 8 , 2.19; 1 0 - 1 5 . V 1 4439 - 4 4 ) 2 -3 7 » 2 .4 2 ,2 .5 0 ,2 .2 9 , 1 .8 5 ,2 .7 0 ; 16. B a.B ., 2.42; 17. B F ox, 2.47; 18. B I-B , 2.45; 19. B L ö b b , 2.31; 20. A, 2.05; 21—22. C o p 569 -7 0 , 2.13, 2.29; 23—2 5 . M u , 2.76, 2.59, 2.36; 2 6 - 2 8 . O , 2.70, 2.25, 2.07; 2 9 —3 0 . C L eake 8 8 9 5 -6 ( = s n g 4 0 0 0 -1 ), 2.13, 2.47; 3 1 - 3 2 . C M cC Iean 7216-7, 2.21, 2.07; 3 3 —3 4 . C s n g 400 2 -3 , 2.86, 2.55; 3 5 —3 6 . G , 2.44, 2.50; 3 7 . M ü n z Z e n tru m 65/1988, 757 (ex M ü n z Z e n tru m 64/1988, 69), 2.57.

Sv 46 ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΕΠΙ ΛΑΧΗ; lau reate head o f T iberius, r. ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΡΗΤΕΣ ΙΕΡΑΠ(ΥΤΝΙΟΙ); rad iate head o f D ivus A ugustus, 1. i . P 3 7 9 ( = RN 1885, 159, 2, pi. V I I I , 5 — Sv, pi. X V I I I ,3), 2.61; 2. L. 1 8 9 6 -7 -3 -3 2 0 B u n b u ry 1190, 2.53; 3. L 19 4 7 -6 -6 -5 0 5 , 2.25. 1-2 from the sam e obv. die.

C la u d iu s C a lig u la

First group

Laches

966

A R (drachm ). 18m m , 2.15g (1). Axis: ?.

Sv 7

[ o ]

TI ΚΑΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕ ΓΕΡΜ APX ΜΕΓ ΔΗΜ ΕΞΟΥ ΥΠ(Α); b are head o f C laudius, 1. As 963

ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΚΡΗΤΗΣ ΑΞΙΩΝ; lau reate head of Caligula, 1. ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΕΠΙ ΛΑΧ; lau reate head of G erm anicus, r.

i . L BMC 4, 10.29; 2 · P 6 0 1 , 10.53; 3. M arseille, 10.40; 4 . V 33775 (ex H irsc h X X I/1 9 0 8 , W e b er 2072), 10.25; 5 · B L ö b b , 9.74; 6. M u , 7.65; 7. O (ex L o ck ett 2081), 9.65; 8. R a tto 2 6 /III/1 8 8 9 , 741; 9. C o p 572, 7.54 (holed); 10. S a n ta m a ria , Signorelli I I , 1952, 1112; 11. N Y , 7.93 (very w o rn ). ΥΠ: 3, 4 a n d 9; ΥΠΑ; 2, 5, 6, 7 a n d 10; ΥΠ o r ΥΠΑ: 1, 8 a n d 11. 3, 9 a n d 4? from th e sam e obv. die; 2 a n d 20 from the sam e obv. die.

i . H ir s c h X I I I /1 9 0 5 , 3 9 1 2 , 2.15. T h e a u th e n tic ity o f this coin m u st be q u estioned. I t stan d s o u t from th e rest of L a ch es’s coinage a n d th e rev. legend, giving th e title sebastos to G erm an icu s, is very h a rd to accept.

No name of proconsul G

o

963

R T Y N

[ 8 ]

[ 11 coins, a t least 7 obv. dies ]

A X O S 962

A R (tetra d .). 2 4 -6 m m , 9 .9 5 g (6). Axis: 12.

967

( ? )

A R (tetrad .). 24m m , 9 .5 9 g (8). Axis: 12.

ΤΙ ΚΑΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ Σ Ε [ ΥΠΑ; lau reate head of C laudius, r. As 966

[ 7 ]

[ 8 coins, at least 4 obv. dies ] Sv 3 ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡΜ APX MET ΔΗΜ ΕΞΟΥ ΥΠΑ; bare head of C aligula, r., w ith drap ery at back of neck; transverse sceptre Statue o f D ivus A ugustus, in a toga, holding p atera and sceptre, placed on a w aggon draw n by four elephants, each w ith its m ahou t-rid er, 1.; in the field, seven stars i . P 59 4 , 10.24; 3· V 14436 ( = Sv, pi. X X X I I ,3), 9.85; 3. V 14437, 8.68; 4 . B F ox, 9.84 (holed); 5 . B I-B , 9.93; 6. C o p 568, 8.81; 7. C Leake 8894 = SNG IV , 3999, 9.25; 8. F o rm er coll. M itsotakis, 10.10. 3, 4, 7 and 5? from th e sam e obv. die; 1 a n d 3 from th e sam e rev. die.

A R (tetra d .). 2 4m m , 8 .8 7 g ( 0 · Axis: 12.

[ 1 ] ]Γ ΔΗ ΕΞΟΥ

i . B L ö b b , 8.87.

968

A R (tridrachm ). 24-5 m m , 7.43g (7). Axis: 12.

[ 6 ]

[ 7 coins, a t least 4 obv. dies ] Sv 6 As 966 As 964 I. L BMC 5, 7.59; 2. P 600, 6.93; 3 . V 14447, 7 -8 o ; 4 . C o p 571, 7.44; 5. C M c C Ie a n 7 2 1 8 (ex H irsch X X I/1 9 0 8 , W eb er 2071), 7.17; 6. M u , 7.38; 7. H , 7.73. i, 4 an d 7 from the sam e obv. die.

C Y R E N A IC A A N D C R E T E :

969

A R (drachm ). 15m m , 2.18g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

975

Cretan silver coinage, Cretan bronze coinage (969-975) sjß

A R (tetra d .). 2 i- 3 m m , 8 .4 0 g (6). Axis: 6 o r 12.

[ 5 ]

[ 6 coins, a t least 4 obv. dies ]

[ 2 coins, i obv. die ] Sv 8

Sv 34

ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΕ ΓΕΡ APX ΔΗ ΕΞΟΥ Υ[ΠΑ; bare head of C laudius, r. As 965

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΑΥΔΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟ(Σ) ΓΕΡΜ(ΑΝ); bare head of Nero, r. Zeus, naked, holding th u n d erb o lt an d sceptre, 1.; in field, seven stars

i . V 1 4 4 4 8 , 2.o i 2. F o rm er coll. M itsotakis ( = Sv, pi. X X X I I ,5: ob v .),

i . L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -3 6 S eager, 6.64; 2 . V 14450, 8.25 (h oled); 3. G , 9.47; 4. H 4727, 7.55; 5. N Y , 8.52 (h oled); 6. F o rm e r coll. M itso tak is ( = S v , pi. X X X I I ,21: o b v .), 9.98. 2 a n d 3 from th e sam e obv. die.

2·3 5 ·

Second, group 970

A R (tetrad.). 24m m , 9 .8 7 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 2 ]

[ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ] TIBEPIOY ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟ[Υ Σ]ΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΥ; laureate head of C laudius, r. Zeus, naked, standin g 1., holding th u n d erb o lt a n d sceptre; in the field, seven stars i . L 1 9 5 4 -1 0 -6 -7 , 10.09; 2· O (W alk er coll.), 9.65. T h e O specim en read s TIBE PIO C. . . 971

A R (drachm ). 16m m , 2.45g ( : )· Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

Sv 9 ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΕ KAI CAP CEBAC ΓΕΡΜ; lau reate head o f C laudius, r. T w o K orybantes i , B I-B (= Sv, pi. X X X I I ,11), 2.45.

N e ro *i.

First group 971AAR

(drachm ). 15m m , 2.56g (1). Axis: 6.

[ 1 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛ[ ; laureate head, r. Tw o K orybantes i . G D o m itia n 20 5 , 2.56. 972

A R (drachm ). 16m m , 2.20g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

[ 3 coins, i p air of dies ] Sv 30 corr. CEBAC Α ΓΡΙΠ Π είΝ Η Ν CEBAC ΓΥΝΑΙΚΑ; d rap ed b u st of A grippina I I , r. Q uiver, arrow , bow an d torch i . L B a n k 1 1 52, 2.15; 2. O (W alker coll.), 2.26; 3 . A ( —Sv, pi. X X X I I ,25), 1.23 (?) (n o t seen). 973

A R (drachm ). 17m m , 2.49g ( 0 - Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

CEBACT[]; d rap ed b ust o f A grippina II , r. T orch, quiver, bow an d two arrows i . B 6 2 7 /1 9 0 3 , 2.49.

Second group (after AD 64) 974

A R (tetrad.). 2 2 -3 m m , 8 .5 5 g (4). Axis: 6.

[ 4 ]

[ 4 coins, 3 obv. dies ]

Sv 35 ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ(Α) ΓΕΡΜ(ΑΝΙ); bare head of N ero, r. Zeus, w earing him ation, holding th u n d erb o lt an d sceptre, 1.; in field, seven stars an d eagle to 1. i . L 1 9 4 7 -6-6-691 (ΣΕΒΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙ), 8.40; 2. P 1 9 8 4 /1 1 2 7 (ex M M 66/1984, 224), 8.75; 3. V 14449 ( —Sv, pi. X X X I I ,21: rev.), 8.72; 4 . C L eake 8897 (—sng IV , 4002), 8.34. 3 a n d 4 from th e sam e obv. die.

C retan bronze coinage The main bronze coinage of Crete from Augustus to Nero was that of the colony of Cnossus (976-1009). The only other mint to coin regularly during that period was Cydonia, in the west of the island, which had been granted free status by Augustus (1010-19). Lappa, which had also been granted free status by Augustus, signed a small emis­ sion under Augustus or Tiberius (1020-1). Under Caligula a sequence of issues in honour of Ger­ manicus was signed by the cities of Gortyn (1022-3), Hierapytna (1024-5), Lato (1026), Lyttos (1027) and Polyrhenium (1028). These issues represent the same denomination and they were struck on cast flans with bevel­ led edges, with the exception of Polyrhenium whose coins were struck on thicker flans with straight edges and a smal­ ler diameter; Gortyn Hierapytna Lato Lyttos Polyrhenium

20-1 mm, 20-1 mm, 20-1 mm, 21 mm, 18mm,

6.29g 5.95 g 5.52 g 6.44 g 5.86g

(36) (16) (4) (5) (io)

The style of at least three of the cities (Gortyn, Hierapytna and Lato) is so close that the dies were prob­ ably cut by the same artists and possibly struck at a central mint, most likely Gortyn. These issues look like those of individual cities but can in fact be viewed as a provincial coinage because the name of the proconsul Augurinus figures on them; their production would have been supervised by the Koinon. From Claudius onwards the Koinon struck its own issues which were to take over as the main currency of the island, especially after Cnossus had stopped its coinage under Nero. The following coinages are excluded from this catalogue; The series attributed to Dictynna by Svoronos (Sv 2-3) which is difficult to date, but was probably minted under the Flavians or even later. A series usually attributed to Ephesus for Livia (?), with ΣΕΒΑ—A[N]T and a male or female (?) head, r./a stag, r. or L, but which should be reattributed to Crete on the basis of provenances (specimens from the Cameron collection). A date in the second century seems more likely. The attribu­ tion to Tabae (Caria) for Nero in C SNG 4735 with the description ΣΕΒΑΣ TOT, Nero, r./ΤΑΒΗΝΩΝ, stag, is fanciful. A Cretan series with a radiate head, r./a star is attributed to Divus Augustus (?) and Heraclion (?) in the Ashmolean Museum, but an Antonine attribution seems more likely.

C nossus The fundamental study remains J. Svoronos, Numismatique de la Crète ancienne, 1890, pp. 89-95, nos. 180-217. Some recent articles deal with individual duoviral colleges. Μ. Amandry is currently preparing a die study of this coinage. From Augustus to Nero, Cnossus issued a regular stream of bronze coinages which probably fitted the system adop­ ted at Rome by Augustus (see ‘Denominations’, p. 236). Augustus Under Augustus, a duoviral series in which eight colleges are represented was struck before the death of the princeps·. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

M. Aimilius, T. Fufius Ilviri C.I.N.C. EX DD. C. Petronius, M. Antonius Ilviri C.I.N.CN. EX DD. Aeschinus Caes(aris) L(ibertus) it(erum), Plotius Pleb(eius) Ilviri C.N.I.CNOS. EX DD. M. At.[ ] Ilviri C C I N C (sic). C.I(u)ve(?), Ti. Tarius Ilviri DD. Ti Caesar Ilvir, M. Aemilius Prae(fectus), Labeo Ilvir. Ti Caesar Ilvir Iter(um) DD, M. Aemilius Praefec­ tus), Labeo Ilvir. Pollio Iter(um), Labeo F Ilviri.

Grant (FITA, pp. 262-3) had listed eleven colleges, but his colleges 4 and 5 represent the same college; 7 and 8 represent two denominations of the same college, 1o and 11 represent the same college. There remain eight colleges but Grants’ no. 6, quoted from Borrell (RN, 1845, P· 3 4 L nos. 5-6 [= S v 192]), does not exist. The list here includes the seven remaining colleges and the college of C.I(u)ve (?) and Ti. Tarius, attributed by Grant to Dyrrachium (FITA, pp. 276-7), but securely reattributed to Cnossus by Ashton (ABSA, 1975, pp. 7-9, pi. 3). The problem is to establish the chronological sequence of these colleges. 4 is dated to or after 2 b c , as Augustus is entitled Pater Patriae; on 7-9 figures the head of Tiberius; therefore these colleges probably date after a d 4-5. 5, with Augustus’s head, has no ethnic; at Cnossus, the ethnic C I N C(N)(OS) appears on 1-4 and then disappears until the colony ceased to strike coins under Nero, so 5 has been placed after 4 and before 7-9. 1 seems earlier than 2 - 3 when Augustus’s portrait is considered. i has two heads (976) which have been variously identi­ fied. Svoronos thought that they represented Antony and Octavian, and this was indeed Grant’s belief (FITA, p. 262). But this opinion was based on dating the foundation of Colonia Iulia Nobilis to c. 36 bc. As this foundation occurred more likely in or after 27 b c , the two heads more probably represent Agrippa and Augustus, as already stated by Robinson (BMC Cyrenaica, p. ccix, n. 2) and Chapman (NC, 1969, p. 14, n. 1). Sanders’s assertion that 1 was not the foundation issue but that the real foundation issue had in one case a plough C C/DD, labyrinth (1009: Sv 186) and in the other a plough, AVG D D /C C , labyrinth (985: Sv 185) must be questioned as 1009 is given here to the reign of Nero (see below); the other one was struck under Augustus, but it is impossible to assign to it a precise date.

On 2 the reverse type of the labyrinth (977) recalls the traditional type which figured on the fourth- and thirdcentury coinage and on 1 in the obverse field. But the type of 3 is Roman, with Roma holding Victoriola and hasta (978), an obvious symbol of the Roman dominion on the island. Names of duoviri indicate the Romanisation of the area: M. Antonius on 2 was presumably the recipient of citizenship in the thirties. The legends of 4 are blundered and the names of the duoviri are difficult to establish. The six identified reverse dies unfortunately do not offer a clear answer. Certain groups of letters figure on each die: on R i, M AT(?) CVD ]IIVIR; R2 is illegible; on R3, M 0 []A 0 V[]ACVTAM IIVIR; on R4, M AT CVD AT C[ ]IIV; on R5, M 3 VI ACV [ ]T ACV TAM IIVIR; on R6 (retrograde), M AT CVDAT C[ JIIVIR. On R i, R4 and R6, the first duovir might be read as M. At(-ius, -ilius) Cudat( ) and a member of a gens (Acu(-tia, -tilia) whose surname was Tam(udianus?) might be restored on R3 and R5. But more specimens are needed to establish the names of the magistrates with certainty. 4 is datable to 2 bc onwards, as Augustus is entitled Pater Patriae (979). 5 has been proved by Ashton to be a product of Cnossus. The interpretation of the first line of the reverse legend, GIVE, is problematic; as the second line, TITARIO, certainly offers the name of a magistrate Ti(tus) Tarius, GIVE should stand for the first duovir: it is difficult to choose between C(aius) Ive(-) (as a contraction for luve) and C(aius) I(ulius) Ve(-). 6-8 are dated here under Augustus. Grant’s commentary on these issues (FITA, p. 263; APT Appendix 1, pp. 137-8) carries no weight as it was based on defective descriptions. A die study enables us to shed some light on this obscure group. On 6 Tiberius Caesar is styled Ilvir and M. Aemilius holds his office as a praefectus; Labeo is duovir for the first time. M. Aemilius and Labeo are distinct; they are not the same magistrate, as stated by Grant. Two heads appear on 6: when compared to 4 and 5, the obverse head can be identified as (probably) Augustus; Tiberius figures on the reverse. On 7 Tiberius Caesar is Ilvir for the second time and again M. Aemilius represents him as a praefectus: Labeo is duovir for the second time but neither Labeo nor Aemilius mentions his second term of office. Two heads appear on 7 as on 6: again, these heads represent probably Augustus and Tiberius but the style is really very different from that of 6. 8 has the legend TI CAESAR on the obverse; this series is here considered as Augustan and Ti. Caesar is identified as Tiberius (the possibility that Ti. Caesar is instead Ti. Gemellus in the reign of Tiberius is unlikely). The magistrates are Pollio and Labeo; Pollio is duovir for the second time, but did not sign a coin issue when duovir for the first time; Labeo is duovir for the third time if 8 was struck after 6—7, but he does not mention his first two terms of office. Svoronos thought that the legend was POL­ LIONE LABEONE IIV IR Q ITER; Grant accepted this reading and concluded that Labeo had been twice duovir quinquennalis. But the correct reading is F and not Q, and F seems to be applied only to Labeo and Iter only to Pollio: this is quite clear from 984. But the meaning of F is obscure.

C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cnossus

Tiberius Until recently no coinage from Cnossus was known for Tiberius Augustus. But Grant (APT, pp. 16-18, nos. 48-51) proved that two pairs of magistrates issued coins under Tiberius. The first pair, Fuscus and Maximus, are responsible for a group which comprises two denominations. The larger one (986) has Divus Augustus on the obverse and Iulia Augusta on the reverse; the smaller (987) Tiberius on the obverse and the names of the magistrates in four lines in field on the reverse. As the reverse type of 986 imitates the official reverse type struck on asses at Rome in a d 15-16 (RIC 33— 6), this group can probably be dated to c. a d 20. Grant rightly disregarded the old attribution to Buthrotum (on the inadequate grounds of a common Fuscus, L. Ateius Fuscus, who appears at Buthrotum: see 1383), as specimens of this group are frequently found in Crete (986/1,6; 987/1) and even at Cnossus (987/6). The second set of duoviri, C. Apronius and Doius, struck a series which links the head of Livia (988) and the head of Tiberius (989) to a common reverse type, the names of the magistrates in three lines in the field. This series was attributed by Müller to Utica, presumably because of the proconsul L. Apronius who struck coins at Hippo (713) and at Colonia Iulia Pia Paterna (762). But Grant pointed out that the issue has no close similarities with any issue of Utica and that the style was not African; he associated the issue with that of Fuscus and Maximus. The attribution to Cnossus has been supported by R .H .J. Ashton (‘Some Cnossian Coins of Tiberius’, NC 1973, PP· 40-3) wh° has expanded and corrected Grant’s conclusions with the aid of new material. Provenances of three of the six specimens so far known point towards Crete. The Cnossian provenance of 989/4 is beyond dispute and the coins in Oxford (988/2 and 989/2) were part of the Cameron collection, which was formed largely in Crete (see also ABSA 84, 1989, p. 54, n. 2: two further coins reported in Heraklion Museum from a tomb at Cnossus). This series probably dates to a period before the death of Livia, i.e., to c. a d 20-9. A last series which has a bare head, right, and CIC in wreath (990), lacking names of magistrates, was certainly struck at Cnossus, as all the L specimens come from Crete. The head is more likely to be Tiberius than Augustus, if one compares this portrait with, e.g., that of Tiberius on a silver coin of Cydonia (Sv, pl.X,2o: 952). Caligula Under Caligula two pairs of duoviri issued coins, Dossennus/Pulcher (991-3) and Varius/Pulcher (994-8). The former pair, Dossennus/Pulcher, must precede the latter as on the latter series Pulcher is duovir for the third time. Both series have portraits of Caligula and Germanicus, and they form a very extensive group of coinages, more extensive than the output of Cnossus under the whole reign of Tiberius, for example. This was also true at Corinth where the issue of Agrippa and Proculus (1172-9) was extremely abundant.

s35

The denomination struck by both colleges has a diameter of 20-2 mm and a weight of c. 6—7 g (see below). But the college Varius/Pulcher also struck two small denomi­ nations. One was identified by Grant, NC, 1949, pp. 114— 15. This series (997) represents Nero and Drusus, the brothers of Caligula; on the obverse the name PVLCHER is clear; on the reverse the reading C I P V SE has been expanded, probably correctly, to C(olonia) I(ulia) P(ublius) V(arius) SE(cundus). Grant’s correct attribution has been proved by the discovery of such a specimen in the Cnossus excavations in 1982. Nero and Drusus also figured at Corinth on the issue of Agrippa and Proculus (1 174). The second series (998) has a plough on the obverse and a labyrinth on the reverse with a legend which can be read as C I P V SE 11VI. T he obverse legend is obscure, perhaps C I Ç N P P , but PVLCHER might also occur. 997 and 998 have respectively a diameter of 15 mm and 12-13 mm and a weight of 3.81 g (1) and 2.30g (1) and represent two divi­ sions of the larger denomination (see below). A last series was ascribed to Cnossus by Svoronos (Sv 211) under Caligula. It represents Caligula on the obverse and his mother Agrippina on the reverse (1000). As this series lacks an ethnic and names of duoviri, Trillmich (Familienpropaganda. . . , pp. 112-13) was inclined not to con­ sider it as a product of the mint of Cnossus and to leave it to an ‘unbestimmte (lateinische) Münzstätte’. But the attribu­ tion to Cnossus seems secure on stylistic grounds. The same engraver cut the obverse of this series and some of the dies which were cut for Dossennus and Pulcher. And Agrip­ pina’s portrait is very similar to that of Messalina under Claudius, as noted by Trillmich. The lack of ethnic is no difficulty, as it does not figure on the Cnossian coins from the end of the reign of Augustus. The absence of names of magistrates is more curious. A series absent in Svoronos was also probably struck at Cnossus. It represents Caligula on the obverse and Ger­ manicus on the reverse (999). As in the case of 1000, this series has no ethnic or names of magistrates. However, on stylistic grounds it is also given here to Cnossus. Claudius Under Claudius the duoviri Capito and Cytherus issued two series of coins. The first (1001-2) has Claudius and Messalina and must be dated before a d 48, the year of Messalina’s murder. The second series (1003-4), signed by Capito and Cytherus duoviri iterum, has Divus Augustus and Victoria Augusti. This series has been studied by M. Amandry, BCH, 1977, pp. 241-7. The occurrence of Divus Augustus under Claudius is rare, but he figures on the official bronze coinage (RIC 101) and the type of Victoria Augusti may refer to Claudius’s personal policy. These two series represent two denominations (see below). Nero Under Nero the duoviri Volumnius and Lupinus were responsible for an issue with at least two varieties which represent two denominations. The largest one (1005-6) has Nero on the obverse and Nero and Octavia on the reverse;

the smallest one (1007) has Nero and Divus Claudius. Nero’s young portrait and the appearance of Octavia, who is also honoured at Corinth in 54/5 or 55/6 (1191), and at Sinope in 57/8 (2137) and 58/9 (2139), suggest a date of c. a d 55-60. Volumnius and Lupinus might be responsible for a third denomination with Nero/plough (1008). This series was attributed by Svoronos to Augustus (Sv 184), but wellpreserved specimens have shown that the correct reading is NERO CLAVD [ JO 11VI. The names of the duoviri are lost so far, but it is reasonable, on grounds of style, to attribute this series to Volumnius and Lupinus. A last denomination (1009), without names of magis­ trates, which was also attributed to Augustus by Svoronos (Sv 186) is here given to Nero because of the stylistic paral­ lel between 1008 and 1009.

A u g u s tu s M

A i m i l i T F u fiu s I l v i r i

976

L eaded bronze. 16-21 m m , 6 .1 4 g ( 3 9 )· Axis: 12.

[ 33 ]

[ 41 coins, 5 obv. dies ] Sv 180-3, FITA 262 (1) C I N C E X D D; b are head o f A grippa (?), r.; labyrinth,

1. M A IM I(L I) T F V F IV S (or F V F IO ) IIV I(R )(I); bare head of A ugustus, r. 1 - 2 . L BMC 72-3 , 8.35, 7.79; 3 . L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -5 2 , 7.55; 4. L 1947— 5— 4— 7.95; 5 —6 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 0 a n d 361 C am ero n , 5.37, 3.83; 7 —1 0 . P i64~ 6a, 5.32, 6.26. 6.45, 4.33; i i —1 2 . P 168-9, 6·42> 6.05; 1 3 · V 14598, 8 .io ; 1 4 —1 5 . V 14600-1, 5.81, 7.78; 1 6 —1 7 . V 27312-3, 6.44, 5.30; 1 8 . B W o lan sk i, 4.68; 1 9 . B L ö b b , 6.16; 2 0 —2 1 . B I-B , 6.63, 6.15; 2 2 . C o p 394, 6 - 7 9 ! 2 3—2 5 · M u , 7.22, 5.57, 4.45; 2 6 . N Fiorelli 89, 5.56; 2 7 . A 4623b, 6.02; 28—29. A Π 1901/2 K S' 19-20, 4.54, 5.20; 3 0 —3 4 . O , 6.99, 6.98, 5.97, 5.96, 3.80; 3 5 . C M cC le an 7072, 5.22; 3 6 - 3 7 . G , 8.61, 7.16; 38. C oll. F ran k e, 7.48; 3 9 . J S W , 6.14; 4 0 . P V , 7.53; 4 1 . R W , 5.37. N eu tro n a b so rp tio n analysis on: 7. 12,

D enom inations

C P e tr o n iu s M . A n to n iu s I l v i r i

From Augustus to Nero, five denominations were struck, as can be seen from the table below. These are probably dupondii, asses, semisses, quadrantes and sextantes. They have the same diameter as the cor­ responding Corinthian denominations, but are a little lighter.

977

AE. 1 9 -2 2 m m , 6.54g (5 °)· Axis: 6.

[ 34 ]

[ 50 coins, 2 obv. dies ] Sv 188-9, FITA 262 (2) C I N CN; bare head o f A ugustus, r. C P E T R O N IO M A N T O N IO (S ) II V IR E X D D; labyrinth 1 - 3 . L BMC 7 4 -6 , 5.67, 8.91, 5.32; 4 . L 1 9 2 0 -3 -5 -1 4 6 3 Fox, 9.68; 5. L I 9 2 7- 3- I ° - 4 7 S eager, 4.98; 6. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 5 C am ero n , 4.62; 7—11. P 171-20, 6.66, 5.02, 6.83, 5.3a, 5.74; 12—14. V 14602-4, 7.2Q, 7.84., 8.63; 15. B a.B ., 4.95; 16. B 3 2 0 /1 8 7 7 , 7.28; 17. B L ö b b , 5.72; 18. B I-B , 4 -3 3 ; 1 9 - 2 0 . M u , 5.63, 5.24: 2 1 - 2 2 . G o, 5.73, 5.07; 2 3 - 2 4 . C o p 396-7, 8.44, 5.47; 25. O slo, 7.08; 2 6 —28. M i ( = B rera 3 6 8 -7 0 ), 8.16, 5.92, 6.40; 29. N Fiorelli 91, 6.99; 3 0 - 3 4 . A , 7.88, 6.67, 6.62, 6.12, 5.24; 3 5 —3 9 . O AMC 1158-62, 7.33, 6.48, 5.69, 6.15, 6.56; 4 0 . O , 6.52; 4 1 . C L eak e 6087, 5.57; 4 2 . C Leake 8867, 7.25; 4 3 . C , 6.38; 4 4 - 4 6 . N Y , 7.98, 7.54, 6.91; 4 7 - 4 8 . E velpidis, 7.55, 7.18; 4 9 . C oll. H ow gego, 6.33; 5 0 . Coll. A rtem is, 7-

Augustus

976 977 978 979 980 981 982

6.14g 6 .5 4 g 6.85g 5 -0 ! g 4-53 g 6.48 g 4-83 g

(39) (5 °) (O ) ( !9 ) (4 ) (6) (15) 983

Tiberius

986

n - 9 6 g (5 )

987

11 mm

12—13 mm

r4 -r7 m m

18-22 mm

24-30 mm

25-

5-37 g (5 )

988-989

3 -7 6 g (22;

984

2 .4 3 g (5 )

985

2 .7 9 g

(7)

3 ·11 g (6)

990 Caligula

Claudius

Nero

1003 1004

8.69g (27) 9 ·11 S (I2)

1005 1006

10.21 g (12) 9-82 g (52)

991 992 993 994 995 996 999

6.06g 6 -3 9 g 7-33 g 5 -° 5 g 5-44 g 6.38 g 5-65 g

(20) (O ) (3 ) (O ) (3 °) (48) (4 )

1001 1002

5-44 g (9 ) 5.21 g (28)

IOO7

4.88g (23)

997

3 -8 i g (1)

1000

3-57 g ( 3 )

1008

2 .9 5 g (5 )

998

2.30g (i)

1009

2.28g (6)

I -68 g (5)

C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cnossus (978-987)

6.

C o p 219 (C o rin th ) ( = a p t , pi. V I I I , 4: h e a d r.), 4.75; 7. M u ; 8. A Π 1 9 1 8 E ’29 (h ead 1.), 6.75; 9. O a m c 1171 (h ead r.), 4.49; 10—11. B C D (h ead r.), 5.41, 4.64; 12—13. B C D (h ead L), 4.22, 3.73; 14. T ra d e (h ead 1.), 4.89; 15. B L ö b b (h ead 1.), 4.43; 16. B I-B (h ead r. = f i t a , pi. V I I I , 18), 5.12.

A e s c h in u s C a e s L ite r P lo tiu s P le b I l v i r i 978

AE. 21-2 m m , 6.85g ( I 9 )· Axis: 12.

237

[ 14 ]

[ 18 coins, 2 obv. dies ] Sv 190-1, FiTA 262 (3) A V G V ST V S (or A V G V S T O ) C N I C N O S E X D D; bare head of A ugustus, r. A E S C H IN O C A ES L IT E R P L O T IV S PLEB IIV IR ; R om a w earing tunic, stan d in g L, holding Victoriola and transverse sceptre; in field, R O M A

P o llio ite r L a b e o F I l v i r i 983

979

A t[

] I lv ir i,

Sv 199-200,

[ 19 coins, 4 obv. dies ]

984

AE. 13m m , 2.43g

(5)· Axis:

12.

[ 4 ] [ 5 coins, 2 obv. dies ]

A V G V ST V S P P C C I N C (sic); b are head o f A ugustus, r. Legend blundered, b are heads of G aius (looking to the r.) an d Lucius (looking to the 1.) face to face; C L in field i . L 1 9 2 0 -3 -5 -1 4 6 4 F ox, 4.56; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 8 C am ero n , 5.73; 3. L 1 9 47-6 -6 -1 1 5 6 C am ero n , 4.28; 4—5. P 174-5, 4.95, 5.48; 6. P 178, 5.08; 7. P L uynes, 5.02; 8. V 14605, 4.73; 9. B B onnet, 3.43; 10. B 7 0 8 /1 8 7 7 , 5.15; 11. B L öbb, 5.17; 12. A Π1918 E '3 8 , 4.50; 13. K a rlsru h e , 5.25; 14— 19. O AMC 1165-70, 5.38, 5.24, 4.83, 6.19, 5.49, 4.73. F or th e re a d in g o f th e rev. a n d th e nam es o f th e duoviri, see th e in tro d u ctio n to C nossu s, p. 234. N eu tro n ab so rp tio n analysis on: 5.

262 (7, 8)

i . L BMC 513 (C o rin th ) ( = a p t , pi. V I I I , i ) , 3.94; 2—3. L 1 9 2 0 -3 -5 -1 4 6 5 a n d 1466, 4.87, 4.86; 4 . L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -1 3 3 S eager, 4.49; 5 —6. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 369 a n d 371, 4.48, 3.02; 7. P 180, 4.04; 8. B R ü h le von L ilien stern , 4.08; 9. B I-B , 2.77; 10. A 46037, 3.59; i i . A Π 1 9 0 1 /2 K S ' 6 6 , 3.95; 12— 18. O , 3.97, 3.76, 3.69, 3.03, 2.79, 2.52, 2.24; 19. C M cC le an 7073, 3.89; 2 0 - 2 2 . N Y , 5.16, 4.63, 2.98. N e u tro n ab so rp tio n an alysis on: 7.

[ 17 ]

Sv 193-5, FITA 262 (4 ,5 )

f it a

T I CAESA R; b are head, r. P O L L IO N E IT E R L A B E O N E F IIV I(R ); stag, standing, r.

from 2 BC

L eaded bronze. 1 8 -2 0 m m , 5.00g (18). Axis: 12.

[ 20 ]

[ 22 coins, i obv. die ]

i . L 1 9 2 7 -3-10-51 S eager, 6.45; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 6 a n d 367, 5.95, 6.84; 4 . P 170, 9.05; 5. V 271, 5.60; 6—7. B I-B , 7 .0 4 , 6-5 4 ; 8 - 9 - G °, 7.35, 6.70; 10. C o p 398, 7.25; i i . M i ( = B rera 371), 5-85; 12. M u , 7.26; 13—14. O AMC 1163-4, 8.15, 6.14; 15. G , 7.20; 16—17. N Y , 7.09, 6.04; 18. P V , 6.44.

M

L eaded bronze. 15-1711™, 3 .7 6 g (22). Axis: 12.

Sv 201 D D; prow P O L L IO N E IT E R L A B E O N E F IIV IR ; in four lines i . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 7 0 C am ero n , 2.30; 2. A 1891-2 K H ' 36, 2.26; 3 - 4 . O , 3.02, 2 .2 8 ; 5. N Y , 2.32.

W ith o u t n a m e s o f m a g is tr a te s 985

AE. i3 - i5 m m , 2.79g ( 7 )· Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 5 ]

[ 7 coins, i obv. die ] Sv 185

C I ( u ) v e T i T a r iu s I l v ir i 980

AE. i8 - ig m m , 4.53 g (4). Axis: 12.

D D AVG; plough L ab y rin th

[ 3 ] [ 6 coins, i obv. die ]

i . L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 4 6 2 Fox, 2.66; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 3 C a m e ro n , 2.88; 3 . A 4623a, 2.83; 4—5. O a m c 1154-5, 2.71, 2.51; 6. N Y , 2.83; 7. H ow gego,

ABSA 1975, 7-9

3.T2.

A VG VS; bare head of A ugustus, r. C IV E T I T A R IO II V IR D D; in three lines in w reath i . L 1920 -1 -1 6 -9 7 5 S eager, 4.20; 2. L 1 9 4 8 -6 -7 -2 7 C am ero n , 4.94; 3. N Y , 4.27; 4 . C nossus (absa Supp. 8, 106, no. 148); 5 . C nossus 1972/16 (ABSA 84, 1989, 53); 6. JS W , 4.70.

T ib e r iu s T i C a esa r I lv ir M 981

A e m iliu s P ra e L a b e o I l v ir

L eaded bronze. i8 - ig m m , 6 .4 8 g (6). Axis: 12.

[ 5 ]

[ 6 coins, i obv. die ]

F u scu s M a x im u s I lv ir i 986

AE. 26-30 m m , 11.96g (5). Axis: 6 o r 12.

FITA 262 (9)

T I CA ESA RE IIV ; b are head, r. M A E M IL PR A E L A B E O N E II; bare head, r.; in field,

apt

1 -3 · p 7 3 ° - 3 o b . 5 ·9 8 · 5-66, 6.72; 4 . V 13519 (C o rin th ) (= a p t , pi. V I I I , 2), 8.01; 5 . Br, 5.80; 6. N Y , 6.73. N eu tro n ab so rp tio n analysis on: 1.

i . L 1 9 3 6 -1 1 -7 -2 C am ero n ( = a p t , p i. V ,i2 : o b v .), t o . 31; 2. L 1 9 8 4 —7— 24—1, 11.60; 3. V 27319, 12.80; 4 . V 27320, 13.64; 5. Ex G ra n t coll. ( = a p t , pi. V , i i ) ; 6 . D o u k as, 11.42.

A e m ili P ra e L a b eo I l v ir 987

982

49

M A X IM O II V ÎR D IV O S A VG ; b are head, 1. F V SC O II V IR IV L IA A V G V S; Livia seated, r.; D D in field

Δ Δ

T i C a e sa r I l v i r ite r M

[ 4 ]

[ 6 coins, i obv. die ]

AE. i7 -2 o m m , 4.83 g (15). Axis: 12.

AE. 17-20 m m , 5.37 g (5). Axis: 12 o r 9.

[ 10 ]

[ 13 coins, 2 obv. dies ] FITA 262 (1 0 -1 1)

T I CA ESA RE II V IR IT E R D D; b are head, 1. M A E M IL I PR A E L A B E O IIV IR ; bare head, r. or 1. 1—2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -7 5 2 a n d 753 (h ead r.), 4.32, 4.60; 3—4 . L C am eron 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -7 5 3 a n d 754 (h ead 1.), 4.74, 4.68; 5. P 167 (h ead L), 5.71;

[ 4 ]

[ 6 coins, i obv. die ] apt

48 corr.

T I CAS (sic) A V G V S; bare head, 1. F V S C O E T M A X IM O II V ÏR ; in four lines in field i . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -9 8 1 C am ero n ( = n c 1949, 44, no. 38b ), 4.86; 2. V 431» 5.40; 3. B G an sau g e, 6.73; 4 . N Y , 5.07; 5. T ra d e , 4.80; 6. C nossus ex cav atio n s 1982.

C A p r o n iu s D o iu s I l v i r i

P u lc h e r I I I V a r iu s I l v i r i

9 8 8 - 9 / AE. 14-1 5 m m , 3.1 1 g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. 988

APT 51, NC 1973, 40, 1-2

994

i . B I-B (=

apt,

C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; b are head, r. G E R C A ESA R P V L C H R O I I I V A R IO IIV IR ; bare head o f G erm anicus, r.

pi. V ,i4 ), 3.67; 2. O C am ero n , 2.64.

APT 50, NC 1973, 41, nos. 3 -4

i . L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 4 6 7 F ox, 6.04; 2. L 1 9 2 6 - 1 —16—1 3 7 S eager, 5.72; 3—6. P 744~6a, 6.89, 5.88, 7.36, 6.31; 7. B 28036, 6.53; 8. B F ried län d er, 3.18; 9. B I-B , 5.25; 10. B L ö b b , 6.80; 11. V 14599, 7.79; 12—15. O , 6.67, 6.43, 6.28. 5.21; 16—17. C M cC le an 7075 a n d 7077, 6.20, 4.27.

[ 3 ] [ 4 coins, i obv. die ]

T I C A E SA R A VG ; b are head, 1. As 9 8 8

995

i . L? (said to b e in L by G ra n t, b u t n o t found = apt, pi. V ,i3 ) , 3.34; 2. O C am ero n , 2.10; 3. C op 445 (U tic a), 3.41; 4 . C nossus excavations 1972/17 (absa 84, 1989, 54), c. 3.5; 5. B K a s s e l, 3.34.

A E. 19-21 m m , 5.44g (30). Axis: 6.

[ 15 ]

[ 30 coins, 2 obv. dies ] Sv 205 C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; lau reate head, r. G E R C A ESA R P V L C H R O I I I V A R IO IIV IR ; laureate head of G erm anicus, r.

W ith o u t n a m e s o f m a g is tr a te s

990

[ 17]

Sv 202 corr.

IV L IA A VG ; b are head of Livia, r. C A P R O N D O IO IIV IR ; in three lines in field 989

AE. 20-2 m m , 6.05 g ( o ) · Axis: 6.

[ 17 coins, 6 obv. dies ]

[ 2 ] [ 2 coins, i (?) obv. die ]

AE. 11 m m , 1.68 g (5). Axis:

12 o r

6.

L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -5 6 S eager, 3.09; 2. L 1 9 4 4 -4 -2 5 -5 1 2 6 , 5.62; 3. L G 682, 4- 6 · P 7 5 0 -5 0 R 6.85, 5.43, 5.86; 7. V 27314, 4.37; 8 - 9 . V 27335, 4.89, 4.67; 10. V U n iv ersity , 3.95; 11—12. B a .B ., 6 .1 1 , 5.30; 13—14· G o, 5.70, 5.61; 1 5 - 1 7 . A, 5.67, 5.54, 5.01; 18. B ern 2712, 6.49; 19. O 7.83; 20. C 759-1948, 5.22; 2 1 . G , 5.50; 2 2 . N Y , 6.41; 2 3 . E velpidis, 6.00; 2 4 . B a rtle tt W ells, 6.49; 25. C oll. A rtem is, 4.90; 26. H ey n en , 5.43; 2 7 . E x coll. M azzin i, 4.70; 28. W a d d ell 1/1982, 56, 5.15; 29. B irk ler and W a d d ell II/1 9 8 2 , 294, 5.38; 3 0 . T ra d e , 5.42.

[ 5 ]

I.

4-751

NC 1949, pi. V I ,17 B are head, r. C I C; in w reath 1—2. L 1 9 2 7 -8 -3 -1 4 a n d 15, ι .β ι , 1.56,· 3. L 1 9 4 7 —6 - 6 —738, 1.84; 4 —5 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -7 3 7 arid 739, 1.86, 1.52; 6. JS W .

996

AE. 20-3 m m , 6.38 g (48). /Yds: 6.

[ 34 ]

[ 48 coins, 3 obv. dies ] Sv 204

C a lig u la

A s 995

D o sse n n u s P u lc h e r I l v i r i

G E R M C A E SA R P V L C H R O I I I V A R IO IIV IR ; lau reate head of G erm anicus, r.

991

AE. 21-2 m m , 6.o 6 g (20). Axis: 6.

[

i . L d e Salis, 7.66; 2. L 1 8 5 3 -1 -5 -1 3 6 , 6.67; 3. L G 681, 6.47; 4 . L G 683, 4.97; 5—i i . P 747-9B , 5.68, 5.60, 6.65, 8.86, 6.19, 4.62, 5.88; 12— 13. P 7 5 1—2, 5.86, 7.40; 14. P 1985/511, 8.19; 15. V 14606, 6.29; 16. V 27332, 7.12; 17. V 27335, 7 -4 3 ; 18. B P ey trig n et, 5.69; 19. B 5414, 4.58; 2 0 . B K a s s e l, 7.67; 2 1 . B I-B , 8.26; 22. B L ö b b , 5.64; 23. C o p 399, 5.48; 24. A 1896/7 IB ' I 598, 5.93; 2 5 . A Π 1918 E ' 41, 6.00; 26. M u , 8.73; 2 7 - 2 9 . G o, 7.42, 4.78, 4.95; 3 0 . B asel 1905.1510 G 39, 5.30; 3 1 3 5 . O , 7.41, 7.40, 7.31, 6.20, 5.12; 3 6 . C M cC le an 7074, 6.37; 3 7 . C 1561948 G ra n t, 6.20; 3 8 . C 1192-1950, 6.27; 3 9 . G , 6.55; 4 0 . N Y , 4.18; 4 1 . N F 7426, 6.92; 4 2 . M cG ill U n iv ersity (vol. I l l , n i , no. 1), 6.57; 4 3 . E velpidis, 5.00; 4 4 . C an cio , 7.40; 4 5 . A rtem is, 5.00; 4 6 . P V , 6.68; 4 7 . K ric h e ld o rf 4/1957, 275, 8.10; 4 8 . S ch u lten 2 7 -2 8 /X /1 9 8 4 , 160 (ex G len d in in g , P la tt H all I I , 1002), 6.00.

16 ]

[ 20 coins, 3 obv. dies ] Sv 208 C C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; b are head, r. G E R C A E SA R D O S S E N N O P V L C H R O IIV I(R ); b are head o f G erm anicus, r. i . L 1 9 3 7 —12—10—2, 6.51; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -4 7 0 C am ero n , 5.84; 3—4. G 684-5, 5 - 7 1, 5-64; 5~ 6 · P 75 3 - 4 , 6.60, 7.49; 7 - 8 . V 27330-1, 7.03, 6.46; 9. B F ox, 4.57; 10. B I-B , 7.28; i i . M u , 5.50; 12. Z u rich ZB 1925/303 (C o rin th ), 5.94; 13. A 1904-5 M '2, 5.97; 14. O , 5.79; 1 5 -1 6 . G , 6.64, 5.59; 17—18. N Y , 6.13, 4.50; 19—20. T ra d e , 7 .1 1, 4.82. C o u n te rm ark : Po on th e obv., on 2 ( = N C 1949, 44, no. 39 = G IC 612)

992

AE. 20-1 m m , 6.39 g

(17)·

997

G ran t, Axis: 6 or 12.

[ 15]

[ 18 coins, 2 obv. dies ] C C A E SA R I A V G G E R M A N IC O ; laureate head, 1. G E R M C A E SA R D O S S E N N (O ) P V L C H R II V IR (or IIV IR ); laureate head o f G erm anicus, r. i . L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -4 8 S eager, 5.16; 2-3. P 755-6, 5.75, 5.60; 4-5. V 27335, 7.56, 5.56; 6. B I-B , 6.30; 7. B D an n en b erg , 5.32; 8. B a.B ., 6.52; 9— i i . M u , 7.12, 6.74, 6.51; 12. G o, 6.19; 13. A, 6.84; 14. Br, 5.86; 15— 16. O , 8.42, 5.91; 17-18. N Y , 6.50, 5.95.

AE. 2 i- 3 m m ,

7-33g (3)·

Axis: 6 or 12.

[ 4 coins, 2 obv. dies ] As 9 9 3 , laureate head, r. o r 1. ___ G E R M C A ESA R D O S S E N N P V L C H E R IIV IR ; laureate head of G erm anicus, r. i . P 757 (h ead 1.), 6.46; 2. V 27225 (h ead 1.), 7.Q0; 2· A I I iq o i - 2 KÇ' 65 (h ead 1.), 7.63; 4 . Ball V I/1 9 3 2 , 696 (h ead r.).

1948, 114

i . P ( —NC 1948, pi. V I , 11), 3.81; 2. C n o ssu s ex cav atio n s 1982, 140; 3. G o ( = Liebe 414).

998

AE. i2 - i3 m m , 2.30g (1). Axis: ?.

[ t ]

C I C N D D; plough C I P V SE I I V I; laby rin th I.

[ 2 ]

Sv 209 corr.

NC

[ 1 ]

[N E R C A E ]SA R P V L C H Ë R IIV IR ; b are head of N ero C aesar, r. D R V C A ESA R C I P V SE IIV IR ; b are head of D rusus C aesar, r.

Sv 210

993

AE. 15m m , 3.81g (1). Axis: 12.

O , 2.30.

W ith o u t n a m e s o f m a g is tr a te s

999

AE. 20-1 m m , 5.65g (4). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ] [ 4 coins, 3 obv. dies ]

G C A ESA R G E R M A N IC V S A VG ; b are head, r. G E R M A N IC V S C A ESA R; bare h ead of G erm anicus, r. 1—2. P 7 4 3 ~ 3 a, 5.30, 6.46; 3. M u (u n c e rta in ), 5.13; 4 . J S W , 5.50.

23g

C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cnossus (looo-ioog)

1000

AE. 16-17 m m , 3.57g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

N e ro

[ 3 coins, i obv. die ] Sv 211

Volumnius Lupinus Ilviri, c. AD 55-60

C C A ESA R G E R M A N IC V S ; lau reate head, r. A G R IP P IN A ; head of A grippina I, r.

1005

I.

AE. 2 6 -8 m m , 10.21 g (12). Axis: 6.

[ 8 ]

[ 12 coins, 4 obv. dies ]

O , 3.43; 2. B I-B (—T rillm ich ., pl. 13,14), 3.96; 3. A Π 4 0 2 , 3.33.

Sv 217 N E R O C L A V CAES A V G IM P V O L V M N IO L V P IN O II; b are head o f N ero, r., w ith d rap ery o n 1. shoulder and sceptre N E R O C LA V D CAES A V G IM P E T O C T A V IA A V G V S T I; b a re heads face to face o f O ctav ia, to the r., an d N ero, to the 1.; a crescent over O ctav ia’s head an d a sta r over N ero’s

C la u d iu s

Capito Cytherus Ilviri, before AD 48 1001

AE. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 5.44 g (9). Axis: 6 or 12.

[ 9 ]

[ 9 coins, i obv. die ] Sv 214 corr. T I C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; bare head, 1. V A L E R IA M E SSA L IN A C A P IT O N E [ ] C Y T H E R O IIV IR ; b are head of M essalina, r.

i . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 3 2 4 C am ero n , 9.93; 2. P 801, 10.81; 3. P 805, 9.66; 4 . P 806, 10.58; 5. B K assel, 9.73; 6. B 7 4 6 /1 8 7 7 , 11.09; 7 · B L ö b b , 9.94; 8— 9 . A Π 1901-2 KS' 6 8 -9 , 10.86, 7.70; 10. M i 1096, 10.67; 1T· M i ( = L a ffra n c h i 16366), 10.09; I 2 · O , 11.40. 1006

AE. ig~ 2om m , 5.21 g (28). Axis: 6.

N E R O C LA V CAES A V G IM P L V P IN O V O L V M N IO II; as 1005 As 1005

[ 20 ]

[ 33 coins, 4 obv. dies ]

i . L 1 8 6 8 -1 2 -7 -5 , 8.14; 2. L 1872—5—10-2, 9.63; 3. L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 4 6 8 Fox, 9.26; 4. L 1926-1—16-134 S eager, 10.17; 5—6· L 1927—3 -1 0 -5 3 a n d 54 S eager, 7.95, 7.28; 7. L 1947—6 - 6 —3 7 5 C am ero n , 11.15; 8—10. G 688-90, 8.80, 11.65, 9 ·5°5 11—13* P 802 -4 , 7.56, 13.24, 9.34; 14—16. P 807-7!), 8.38, 12.13, l 0 -345 17* P 182, 9 .11 ; 18. B R au c h , 11.81; 19. B D a n n en b erg , 9.26; 20. B I-B , 10.24; 2 I · B L ö b b , 9.50; 2 2 . B 674/1890, 8.40; 23. B a.B ., 10.45; 2 4~ 2 7 - v 2 7 3 3 5 ) 11-96, 10.47, 9 -4 2 > 8.57; 2 8 2 9 . M i 1097-8, 12.19, 8.09; 3 0 . M i (= L a fF ra n c h i 16369), 10.91; 3 1 — 3 5 . M u , 11.55, j i -323 8.25, 6.77; 3 6 —4 3 . O , 12.02, 10.61, 10.24, 10.24, 9-82, 9.71, 7.52, 6.40; 4 4 —4 5 . G 10.25, i a i 95 4 6 . H a m b u rg 150, i i . 11 ; 4 7 . A 46037, 11.02; 4 8 . A C re d it B an k coll. 817, 9.54; 4 9 . K a rlsru h e , 7.60; 5 0 —5 2 . N Y, 10.73, IO-46, 10.10.

Sv 212 corr. As 1001 V A L E R IA M E SSA L IN A C Y T H E R O C A P IT O N Ë ; bare head of M essalina, r. i . L 1 9 2 6 -1 —1 6 -1 3 8 S eager, 4.36; 2. L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -4 9 S eager, 4.25; 3. L G 686, 5.77; 4 - 5 . P 763-4, 4.88, 5.19; 6 - 8 . P 7 6 6 -7 ^ 4.63, 5.30, 4.29; 9 10. V 13537-8 (C o rin th ), 5.04, 5.45; 11* V 13540 (C o rin th ), 4.31; 1 2 . B 5422, 4.25; 13. B 875/1899, 5.62; 14. M u , 5.01; 15—18. O , 8.82, 4.99, 4.68, 4.35; 19. N Y , 5.19; 2 0 . L e n in g ra d 9005, 5.30; 21. Z u rich ZB 461, 6.91; 22—2 3 . K a rlsru h e , 5.26, 4.48; 24. G , 5.75; 2 5 . G len d in in g , L o ck ett 12, 2 1 -2 3 /IX /1 9 6 1 , 3041; 26. C . C rip p a II/1 9 6 5 , 456; 27. M M list 3 2 5 /1 9 7 1, 5; 2 8 . L eu 10/1974, 67 (ex M M V III/1 9 4 9 , 894), 5.25; 2 9 . H irsch 118/1979, 765; 3 0 . B irkler a n d W a d d ell II/1 9 8 0 , 308, 4.71; 3 1 . N iggeler 2/1966, 577 (ex N aviile X I/1 9 2 5 , Levis coll. 356), 6.06; 3 2 . M azzin i coll., pl. X L I I ,i ; 3 3 . C oll. A (ex L eu 13/1975, 399), 5.63.

1007

AE. 24-6 m m , 8.69 g (27). Axis: 12 or 6.

Sv 216

[ 19 ]

1—2. L 1926-1—16-135 a n d 136 S eager, 2.99, 5.08; 3 . L 1927-3—10-50 S eager, 3.26; 4 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 7 4 C am ero n , 4.49; 5. P 181, 5.68; 6—8. P 798-800, 6.05, 6.24, 5.17; 9. P 800a, 4.06; 10. B I-B , 5.25; i i . V 13522 (C o rin th ), 5.19; 1 2 - 1 3 . V 27335, 5.35, 4.50; 14. V , 5.12; 15. N F 7431, 5.54; 16. M i 1099, 6.62; 17—19. O , 4.78, 4.12, 3.89; 20. C , 4.42; 21. M u , 5.32; 2 2 . N Y , 5.00; 23. J S W , 5.39; 2 4 . F ran k e, 5.08; 25. B L ö b b , 4.68; 2 6 . C nossus ex cav atio n s 1972/20 (absa 84, 1989, 54).

Sv 215 corr. D IV V S A V G V ST V S C A P IT O N E IT E R IIV IR ; rad iate head of Divus A ugustus, 1. V IC T O R IA A V G C Y T H E R O IT E R IIV IR ; V ictory holding w reath and p alm , 1. L BMC 540 (C o rin th ), 7.27; 2. L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -5 5 S eager, 9.19; 3 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 7 3 C am ero n , 9.11; 4 . P 690, 9.93; 5 - 6 . P 693—3a, 10.00, 7.85; 7 —9 . V 13480-2, 9.04, 12.68, 8.56; 1 0 . V 37091, 8.66; i i . B I-B , 8.33; 12. B 19584, 7.85; 13. B, 8.81; 14. M i {= B re ra 487), 7.66; 15. M i (= L afF ran ch i 16277), IO-325 16—17. M i R 2543-4, 6.52, 7.66; 18. A 46037, 6.69; 19—20. O , 9-59, 7.31; a i . C M cC le an 6187, 8.57; 2 2 . C 1531948 G ra n t, 9.12; 23—24. G , 10.99, 9 -9 2i 2 5 · B a rtle tt W ells, 8.26; 2 6 . C o rin th 4 /II/1 9 3 2 , 15, 7.95; 2 7 . C nossus excavations 1972-19 (absa 84, 1989, 54); 2 8 . W in te rth u r 2110 (C o rin th ), 7.97. 1004

A E. 24-6 m m , 9.11 g (12). Axis: 12 o r 6. bch

1977,

1008

L eaded bronze. 16m m , 2.95g

(5)·

Axis: 6.

[ 5 ]

Sv 184 (A ugustus) N ER O CLAVD[ C C; plough

JO IIV I; b are head of Nero, r.

L BMC 77, 2.87; 2. L 1 9 3 9 —I I —I —I, 3.83; 3 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 4 (=NC r 949, 44, no. 40), 2.14; 4 . P 173, 3.10; 5. G , 2.81. N e u tro n a b so rp tio n an alysis on: 4. I.

[ 7 ]

[ 12 coins, 2 obv. dies ] A m andry,

[ 21 ]

N E R O C LA V CAES A V G IM P [ ] L V P IN (O ) V O L V M N IO IIV (IR ); b a re h ead o f N ero, r., w ith drap ery on 1. shoulder D IV V S C L A V D IV S V O L V M N IO L V P IN O IIV (IR )(I); b are head o f D ivus C laudius, r.

[ 26 coins, 2 obv. dies ]

i.

AE. 20-2 m m , 4.88 g (23). Axis: 6.

24 coins, 3 obv. dies ]

Capito Cytherus Ilviri iter 1003

[ 4.5 ]

[ 52 coins, 14 obv. dies ]

i . L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -1 3 9 S eager, 3.93; 2. P 765, 5.94; 3 . P A r m a n d - V a lto n 3 8 4 , 4.24; 4 . V 1353g (C o rin th ), 5.30; 5. V 33502, 5.54; 6. B I-B , 5.37; 7. B 1034/1893, 6.05; 8. O C a m e ro n , 6.16; 9 . M u , 6.42. 1002

A E. 26-8 m m , 9.82 g (52). Axis: 6.

242

D IV V S A V G V ST V S C Y T H E R O IT E R IIV IR ; rad iate head of D ivus A ugustus, 1 . V IC T O R IA A V G C A P IT O N E IT E R IIV IR ; V ictory holding w reath and palm , 1. i . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 7 2 C am ero n , 9.40; 2—3. P 6 9 1-2, 10.03, 7-595 4 · P D ’A illy 17500, 10.49; 5 “ ®· N F 7 4 1 0 -1 , 9.22, 12.52; 7. M i ( = B rera 488), 8.69; 8 . O , 7.69; 9—1 0 . N Y , 8.10, 7.00; i i . S tu ttg a rt ZV 15906, 8.61; 12. B C D , 10.09.

Under Nero 1009

AE. i 3 m m , 2.28g (6). Axis: 12 o r 9.

[ 5 ]

Sv 186 (Augustus) C C; plough D D; laby rin th i . L BM C 7 1 , 1.65; 2 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -3 6 2 C am ero n , 2.58; 7, 1.66, 2.59; 5. C o p 395, 2.52·, 6. A 4623, 2.66.

3 —4 .

O

amc

1156-

C ydonia In the west of the island, Cydonia was one of the principal mints active during the Hellenistic period (see Svoronos 186). Under the Romans the city was granted free status by Augustus (Dio L I,2) and provided a regular coinage from Augustus to Nero, with a brief interruption under Caligula. The pattern of its coinage is quite clear. Three denomi­ nations were struck, each of them with a fixed type (see table below). A statue of a seated Zeus figures on the largest denomi­ nation, the façade of a hexastyle temple on the middle denomination and the foundation story of Cydonia —the infant Miletus suckled by a bitch - is used for the smallest one. The smallest corresponds in diameter and weight to the principal denomination struck at Cnossus and supposed to be an as; therefore the middle one should correspond to a dupondius and the largest one to a ‘sestertius’, but with a very low weight. Some problems arise with the different issues signed 2 7 -8 mm

22-3 mm

Augustus Tiberius (under Augustus?) Tiberius Divus Augustus Tiberius (late) Claudius Nero

KAICAP which seem to represent Tiberius; but these issues have individual styles which might lead to their attribution to different periods during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. Therefore 1011 is considered as Augustan because of the close similarity in the treatment of the heads of Augustus (1010) and Tiberius; 1012 has a different style and seems to be from the same hand as the head of Divus Augustus (1013—14). 1015 and 1016 were probably also struck under Tiberius, but might be later in his reign. The issue 1017 illustrates the potential importance of a die study: the V specimen was attributed to Cydonia by Svoronos (Sv 130), who read KYAOtd on the reverse, and the B specimen to the Koinon (Sv 19) on the basis of the legend KOINON. But the two coins are from the same pair of dies and the attribution to Cydonia secure on the follow­ ing grounds: i.T he poor style of Claudius’s portrait on 1017 is similar to the one on issues 1018 and 1019; 2. The occurrence on 1017 of the countermarks 3 Ί and a star which are also found on issues 1016, 1018 and 1019; 3. The fact that the production of the Koinon is never signed as such under the Julio-Claudians.

20-1

1017

i3-°9g (4)

9 -°3 g (4)

1018

6.53g (9)

mm, 5 .6 3 g

1013

(8).

A xis:

[ 9 ]

12.

Sv

100-4,

9.

(12).

A xis: 6 o r

12.

1014

[

12

[ 1 ]

KAI f CAP I ; rad iate h ead of D ivus A ugustus, r. ΚΥΔΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ; in fan t M iletus to 1. suckled by a bitch to r.

]

119

i . V 1 4 6 2 6 , 5.57; 2. N ( = 1015

i . L 1 9 2 0 - 8 - 5 - 1 4 7 7 F o x , 3 .5 4 ; 2 . L 1 9 2 6 - 1 - 1 6 - 3 5 5 S e a g e r, 3 .8 2 ; 3 . P 217, 5 .2 6 ; 4 —5 . P 222—2 2 a , 4 .7 2 , 5 .0 5 ; 6 . P 22 4 , 5 .5 4 ; 7· P 22 9 , 4 .6 4 ; 8 . B R a u c h , 5 .9 1 ; 9 . B 7 0 6 /1 9 2 0 , 5 .7 8 ; 1 0 - 1 1 . O a m c 1 1 7 6 - 7 , 4 .4 7 , 4 .0 8 ; 12. N Y , 4 .4 2 ; 1 3 . F o r m e r ly T s ib o u r a k is co ll. ( = S v , p i. X , i 4 ) . 1—5, 7 - 9 ,

CAP r e t r o g r a d e

pi. X I I . 7).

AE. 17 m m , 5.42 g (2). Axis: 6.

[ 2 ]

ΚΑΙ I CAP I ; b are head o f T iberius, r. ΚΥΔΩΝ[ ; infant M iletus to r. suckled by a bitch to 1.

4 );

i . V 1 4 6 2 5 , 5.13; 2. B 12610, 5.71. i a n d 2 from th e sam e p a ir o f dies.

T ib e riu s AE. 2 0 m m , 4.78g (7). Axis: 12.

f it a ,

Sv 97

1016

1012

AE. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 5 .5 7 g (1). Axis: 4. Sv 96 corr.

K A I CAP; b a re h e a d o f T ib e riu s (?), 1. Κ Υ Δ Ω Ν ΙΑ Τ Α Ν ; in fa n t M ile tu s to 1. suckled b y a b itc h to r.

i i a n d 13 f ro m th e s a m e o b v . d ie (KAI r e t r o g r a d e | 6 a n d 10 f ro m t h e s a m e o b v . d ie (KAI | CAP t )·

[ 4 ]

1—2. P 2 27-8, 10.82, 8.30; 3. B I-B ( — Sv, pi. X ,i7 ) , 9.89; 4 . O , 7.12. 1-4 from th e sam e obv. die.

N Y , 6.45. ΑΥΓΥΣΤΟΣ is retro g ra d e.

mm, 4.77 g

AE. 2 2m m , 9.03g (4). Axis: 12. Sv 117

L BMC 3 4 , 6 .6 4 ; 2 . L 1 9 4 7 - 7 - 7 - 1 3 2 6 , 3 .5 4 ; 3 . P 21 8 (= S v , p i. X , 12),

20-1

4.81g (14)

KAICAP; rad iate h ead of Divus A ugustus, 1. TIBEPIOY [ΚΥΔΩΝ]ΙΑΤΑΝ; hexastyle tem ple

6.49; 4 . P 2 1 9 , 5 .5 3 ; 5 . V 1 4 631, 7 .2 9 ; 6 . B K a s s e l, 4 .1 5 ; 7 . C o p 4 2 4 ,

1011 A E .

(8) (12) (7) (i) (2) (9)

obv. die (KAI f CAP f ); on 4 th e leg en d is KAI f (retro g ra d e) CAP j (retro g ra d e).

Sv 94

5.00; 8. G;

1019

IO I2

1013

Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Α Υ Γ Υ ΣΤ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s, r. Κ Υ Δ Ω Ν ΙΑ Τ Α Ν ; in fa n t M ile tu s to 1. suckled by a b itc h to r. I.

1014 1015 1016

5-63 g 4-77 g 4 -7 8 g 5 -5 7 g 5-42 g 5-22 g

ΙΟ Ι I

A u g u s tu s 1010 A E .

17-21 mm IO IO

AE. J 7 - i 8 m m , 5 .2 2 g (9). Axis: 6 or 12.

[ 11 ]

Sv 106-7 [

7

Sv 105 KAI CAP; b are head of T iberius (?), r. ΚΥΔΩΝ; infant M iletus to r. suckled by a bitch to r. 1 - 2 . L BMC 3 5 -6, 5.59, 5.07; 3 . V 14629, 5.22; 4 . V 14627, 3.79; 5 . B L öbb, 4.64; 6 —7 . O a m c 1 1 7 4 - 5 , 4.30, 4.85. 1-3 a n d 5—7 from th e sam e

]

KAICAP; b are head o f T iberius, 1. ΚΥΔΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ; infan t M iletus to 1. suckled by a bitch to r. or 1. 1 - 2 . L 1 9 4 7 - 6 - 6 - 3 9 2 a n d 391, 4.14, 4.61; 3. L 1 9 4 8 -6 -7 -2 9 ( = n c 1949, 45, no. 42), 4.97; 4—5. P 220, 223, 4.24, 7.26; 6. B Fox, 5.98; 7. V 14630, 5 -7 8 ; 8—9 . O , 5.38, 4.67; 10—i ï . G . i - i 1: sam e obv. die; 4, 7 a n d 9: bitch to r. C o u n te rm ark : 34 on 3 ( G IC 624).

C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Cydonia, Gortyn, Koinon (1017-1025)

1021

C la u d iu s

AE. 14m m , 2.14g (1). Axis: 6. no

1017

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 13.09g (4). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 4 ]

Sv 129 an d 19 (Province) ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ KAI(CAP) (CEBA .. .); b are head o f C laudius, r. ΘΕΑ Α ΓΡΙΠ Π[ ] ΚΥΔΟΝ[ ]; Zeus draped, seated r., w ith p a te ra an d sceptre i . P 231, 13.34; 2. B L ö b b ( = Sv, pi. Χ ,ιρ ) , 13.02; 3. B F ox, 12.09; 4 . V 1 4 6 3 3 , 13.90. i a n d 2: sam e obv. die: ΤΙ ΚΛΑΎ KAI C E B A . . . ; 3 a n d 4: sam e obv. die: ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ KAICAP retro g ra d e. C o u n te rm ark s: 3 Ί on th e obv., on 2 ( G I C 624); a s ta r on 3 ( G I C 435).

1018

AE. 23m m , 6.53g (9)· Axis: 6.

241

[ *1 ]

1949, pi. V I I ,63

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; in two lines ΛΑΠ; in w reath i . L 1947—6—6—5 4 6 C am ero n , 2.14.

Gortyn A coin attributed to Gortyn under Augustus by Jenkins (NC, 1949, p. 46, no. 52, and pi. V I,52) is here considered as uncertain (5466).

[ io ]

Sv 122-8

Coinage of the Koinon

TIB ΚΛΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ; b are head, r. ΚΥΔΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ ΕΠΙ ETEAPXOY; hexastyle tem ple on podium

Coinage struck under Caligula with the name of Augurinus

i . L 1 8 8 8 -6 -8 -7 , 7.22; 2. L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -3 5 4 , 6.28; 3 . L 19 4 7 -6 -6 -3 9 3 , 5.73; 4 . P 230, 6.85; K. P 91 (A pollonia), 7.86; 6 . B Fox, 5.28; 7. B 5520, 6.18; 8. B 21450, 6.07; 9. G o ( - S v , pi. X , 18); 10. O , 8.53; 11. G; 1 2 .J S W , 6.69. C o u n te rm ark s: 3 d on 1 a n d 8 ( G I C 624); a 6 ray ed s ta r on 3, 7 a n d 11 ( G I C 435).

For a discussion of this coinage, see p. 233. G o rtyn 1022

AE. 20-1 m m , 6.29g (38)· Axis: 6 or 12.

[ 38 ]

Sv 193-4 ΓΑΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; laureate head, 1. ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΕΠΙ ΑΥΓΟΥΡΕΙΝΩ ΓΟΡΤ(Υ); lau reate head of G erm anicus, r.

N e ro 1019

A E. i7 - i8 m m , 4.81 g (14). Axis: 6 or 12.

[ 14]

Sv 131-4 NEP ΚΛΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΒ; bare head, r. ΚΥΔΩΝ; infant M iletus to 1. suckled by a bitch to r. I. L BMC 38, 4.84; 2 . P 221, 6.42; 3 . P 1 9 8 5 / 5 1 2 , 4.53; 4 . V I4634,

1—4. L BMC 8 0 -3 , 7.27, 5.53, 7.00, 6 .to ; 5. L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 4 9 2 Fox, 6.75; 6—7. L 1926—1-16—423 a n d 424 S eager, 5.72, 6.04; 8—10. P 358-60, 6.37, 6.67, 7.51; π . P 1 9 8 5 /5 1 4 , 7.14; 12. V 14690, 5.67; 1 3 - 1 5 . V 14692-4, 6.54, 6.21, 4.77; 16. B, 6.59; 17. B P ey trig n et, 7.03; 18. B Fox, 7.20; 19. B 168/1886, 5.03; 20. B I-B , 5.87; 21. B L ö b b , 6.11; 2 2 . B 8423, 5.74; 2 3 - 2 4 . G op 4 6 2 -3 , 6.23, 6.03; 25—3 1 . O , 7.75, 6.gg, 6.81, 6.02, 6.02, 5 -9 2> 5 -4 5 ; 3 ®—3 3 · G M cC lean 7123-4, 5.16, 8.07; 3 4 . G; 3 5 - 3 8 . N Y , 6.67, 5.98, 5.32, 4.65; 3 9 . P a d u a 17221, 6.90; 4 0 . C n o ssu s excavations 1972/22 ( absa 84, 1989, 54).

5.06;

5. B L ö b b , 4.66; 6. B 653/1877, 5.45; 7. B 11/1882, 4.13; 8. B 306/1965, 4.80; 9 —1 0 . O AMC 1172-3 (A u g u stu s), 5.50, 4.53; i i —1 2 . O , 5.16, 3.80; 13. C M cC le an 7093, 5.20; 1 4 . C o p 425, 3.28. C o u n te rm ark s: 3 d o n 7, to a n d 12 ( G IC 624); a s ta r on 4 { G IC 435). 1023

[ 1 ]

Sv 195

L appa The city of Lappa produced a coinage in the Hellenistic period (Svoronos 1-24). Under the Romans the city was granted free status by Augustus and issued a coinage possibly minted under him as θεός or under Tiberius in honour of Divus Augustus. This emission was struck in two denominations: 1020

1 8 m m , 4 . 2 2 g (7)

1021

1 4 m m , 2 . 1 4 g (1 )

As 1033 ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΓΟΡΤΥΝΙΩΝ; lau reate head of G erm anicus, r. i . P 3 6 1 , 5.09.

H ie r a p y tn a 1024

[ 16]

ΓΑΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; laureate head, r. ΙΕΡΑΠΥΤΝΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΑΥΓΟΥ; eagle on th u n d erbolt, L; p alm tree b ehind i . L 1927—3 -1 0 -6 5 S eager, 5.38; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -5 0 6 C am ero n , 6.06; 3 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 2 8 4 C am ero n , 6.19; 4 . L 1947-6—6 -1 3 4 6 C a m e ro n , 6.11; 5 . L ! 9 7 ° —5—8—5, 6.02; 6. P 381, 5.64; 7—8. V 14702-3, 4.76, 6.12; 9 . B I-B , 6.90; ί ο . B K assel, 5.98; 11. B R au c h , 7.35; 12. C o p 468, 7.25; 13—

A u g u s tu s or T ib e r iu s A E. 18m m , 4.22 g (7). Axis: 12 or 6.

AE. 20-1 m m , 5.95 g (16). Axis: 12 o r 6. Sv 49

The presence of Apollo on the reverse of Ï020 attests the existence of a cult of this god in the city or its vicinity.

1020

AE. 2 0 mm , 5.09g (1). Axis: 12.

[

Sv 25 ΘΕΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ; b are head of A ugustus, r. ΛΑΠΠΑΙΩΝ; A pollo, facing, holding plectrum an d lyre i . L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -7 6 S eager, 3.21; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 4 7 - 6 - 6 - 5 4 5 a n d 544 C am ero n , 4.36, 3.73; 4 . P 417, 4.80; 5 . V 14719, 4.29; 6 . O amc 1178, 5.13; 7 . N Y , 4.02.

7

]

15· ° > 5-42. 5-25, 5 -2 3 ; 16· N Y , 5.61. 1025

A E. 20-1 m m , 4 .1 9 g (1). Axis: 12. Sv 49 var. As 1084 As 1034, b u t eagle standing, r.; to r. p alm tree i . L 1 9 4 7 —6—6 - 1 3 4 7 , 4.19. S am e obv. die as 1 0 2 4 /5 .

[ 1 ]

242

C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Koinon (1026-1030)

Claudius. Series 1029-33 was probably struck at the begin­ ning of Claudius’s reign. The reverse of 1029 recalls the type of the silver tridrachm and was certainly intended to represent Divus Augustus as the emphasis on the founder of the Empire was inherent in the policy of Claudius. There­ fore the reverse of 1030 with ΘΕΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΑ might represent Livia, and not Antonia. The other series represents mem­ bers of the imperial domus: Antonia and Drusus, the parents of Claudius, figure on 1031; Messalina, the wife of Claudius, on 1032; Octavia, Claudius’s daughter born in a d 40, Antonia and probably Britannicus, Claudius’s son born in a d 41, figure on 1033. Series 1034-6 is later, as it represents Agrippina II and can be dated to c. a d 50. Nero. The bronze coinage of Nero is less abundant than that of Claudius. 1037 and 1038 were probably struck at the beginning of his reign, with Divus Claudius on 1037 and Divus Claudius and Agrippina on 1038. 1039, with the obverse legend ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, is probably later, c. a d 645, as it imitates the legend Nero Caesar which figures on the coinage of Rome in these years. Four out of the five denominations struck correspond to denominations struck at Cnossus: dupondii (1031, 1037), asses (1032, 1038-9), semisses (1034-6) and quadrantes (1033). I029 represents a sestertius, which was never struck at Cnossus.

L a to 1026

AE. 20-1 m m , 5.52g (4). Axis: 6.

[

]

4

ΓΑΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣ AP A ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ KA; laureate head, 1. ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΚΑΙΣ APA ΕΠΙ ΑΥΓΟΥΡΕΙΝΩ ΛΑΤΙ; laureate head, r. i . L 1 8 9 0 - 7 - 2 - 3 8 , 5.91; 2 . L 19 4 7 -6 -6 -4 6 9 , 6.12; 3 . L 194 7 -6 -6 -1 2 2 3 , 4.89; 4 . C M cC le an 7123 (G o rty n ), 5.16. O n th e obv. legend, KA certain ly m eans K a m a ra , to d istin g u ish L a to K a m a ra from L a to E tera.

L y tto s 1027

________________________ _____

AE. 2 i m m , 6.44 g

(5)·

Axis: 6.

[

]

5

Sv 88-9 corr. (AR) ΓΑΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; laureate head, r. ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΕΠΙ ΑΥΓΟΥ ; laureate head, r.; behind, ΛΥΤ i . L 1 8 4 4 —4 —5 —1 1 7 1 3 , 7.13; 2 . L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 5 5 4 Fox, 6.02; 3 . L 1 9 2 6 -1 t6 -5 5 7 S eager, 4.99; 4 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -6 0 8 C am ero n ( = nc 1949, pl. V I I , 72), 7.30; 5 . B 12624, 6.75. T h e m e an in g o f the c h i-rh o m o n o g ram is obscure: p e rh a p s C hersonesos?

P o ly r h e n iu m 1028

____________________ ____

AE. 18m m , 5.86g (10). Axis: 12.

C la u d iu s ,

[ 10 ]

1029

c. AD

4 1 -3

A E. 28-31 m m , 20.89g ( 7 )· Axis: 12.

[ 6 ]

Sv 53 corr.

Sv 13

ΓΑΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; laureate head, 1. ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ ΕΠΙ ΑΥΓΟΥΡΕΙΝΩ ΠΟΑ; laureate head, r.

ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ Κ Α Ι Σ Α Ρ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, 1. ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; D ivus A ugustus, seated 1., feet on cushion, holding acrostolium an d sceptre

I. L BMC 23, 6.40; 2 . L 1 9 2 6 - 1 - 1 6 - 6 0 2 , 6.07; 3 . L 19 4 7 -6 -6 -1 3 7 3 . 5 ·9 : ; 4· P 5 3 4 . 5 ·11. 5“ 6· Y Ι 4 7 7 0“ 1, 4 ·9 2. 6 . ι ι ; 7 . B L ö b b , 6.28; 8 . B K assel, 6.15; 9 —ί ο . C M cC îe an 7196-7, 5.25, 6.01; 1 1 . C ré d it Suisse 2/1984, 460,

i . L 1 9 2 2 -1 0 -2 6 -1 5 6 (W eb er), 19.01; 2 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -6 8 5 C am ero n , 19.53; 3 —4 . P 603 -4 , 19-61, 25.77; 5 * B Ï - B (=zfN 1885, 133, p i. IV ,7 = Sv, pi. X X X I I , 12), 24.05; 6 . C o p 573, 20.11; 7 . W a d d ell 7 /X II/1 9 8 2 , 53, 18.19.

5.62.

1030

AE. 20-1 m m , 4 .4 8 g (21). Axis: 6.

[ 19]

Sv 26 (‘M essalina’) C o i n a g e w i t h o u t g o v e r n o r ’s n a m e s t r u c k a t

ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑ ΣΕΒΑ; bare head, 1. ΘΕΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΑ; diadem ed head o f Livia (?), r.

G o r t y n (?)

i . L BMC 6, 4.19; 2 . L 1 8 4 4 -4 -2 5 -1 6 1 7 , 4.12; 3 . L 1 8 6 0 -3 -2 6 -1 7 5 , 5.56; 4 . L 1 9 4 7 —6 —6 —6 9 0 C am ero n , 4.71; 5 . L G 0673, 3.87; 6 —1 0 . P 609-13,

Bronze coins were first struck by the Koinon itself under Claudius. Under Claudius and Nero the pattern of the coinage can be seen from the table below.

4.69, 4.43, 4.04, 4.14, 4.29; 1 1 - 1 2 . V 27335, 4-78, 4 4 5 ; ! 3 · B 633/1876, 4.42; 14· B 533/1895. 5 ·ο ι; I 5 “ 1 6 · A, 4-57, 4·°4ί Ο · C o P 5 7 4 . 4 ·2 5 ; ι 8 ~ Ι 9 · ° . 5 · Ι 9 . 4 -8 ι; 20. C 155-1948, 3 -8 °; * ι· Ν Υ , 4 -7 3 -

Claudius 2 2-5 mm

28-31 mm

1029

20.89g (7)

1031

9-58 g ( !6)

1030 1032

4 .48g (21) 5 .46g (14)

1033

1034-1036

Nero 1037

1 ! - 5 4 g (3)

1038 1039

16 mm

i j - 1 8 mm

20-2 mm

7-74g (7) 5-31 g ( n )

4-” g ( 3 I )

2.41 g

(3)

C Y R E N A I C A A N D C R E T E : Koinon (1031-1039)

1031

AE. 22 -^m m , 9.58g (16). Axis: 6.

[ 16 ]

1035.

1. As

1034

i . L 1 8 4 4 -4 -2 5 -2 2 5 4 , 3.65; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -6 8 7 C a m e ro n , 3.94; 3. P 621, 4.20; 4 . P 623, 3.94; 5. B Fox, 4.13; 6. B L ö b b , 4.15; 7. B C assel, 3.58; 8. A , 4.26; 9 . W a d d ell 7 /X II/1 9 8 2 , 54, 4.31; 10. N Y , 4.25.

1 - 2 . L BMC 7 -8 , 10.77, 9 -5 3 ; 3- 5 · P 6 1 4 -6 , 11.33, 8.81, 9.29; 6 . V 14446, 10.49; 7 · V 19462, 8.74; 8. B Sallet, 8.62; 9 . B L öbb, 10.23; IO · B R a u c h , 9.42; i i . B F ox, 9.54; 12—15. O , 10.01, 9.94, 9.01, 7.92; 16. N Y ,

1036. Sv 24 corr. ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΡ ΣΕΒΑΣ; bare head, 1. As 1 0 3 4 - 5

9-65·

AE. 20-1 m m , 5.46g (14). Axis: 6.

[ 8 ]

ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΕ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙ (retrograde); bare head,

Sv 21-3 corr. TI ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP ΓΕΡΜ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΔΡΟΥ ΚΛΑΥ ΓΕΡ(Μ) (above), ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ (below); veiled head o f A ntonia, 1., facing bare head o f N ero D rusus, r.

1032

Sv 24 corr,

243

[ 13 ]

[ 5 ]

1—2. P 626 -7 , 4 -3 2> 4-27; 3 . B a.B ,, 2.95; 4 . B, 3.86; 5. B K assel, 3.69; 6. A, 4.60; 7. A , 3.32.

Sv 25 ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP ΓΕΡΜΑ ΣΕΒΑ; bare head, 1. ΟΥΑΛΕΡΙΑ ΜΕΣΣΑΛΕΙΝΑ; b u st o f M essalina, r. 1—3 . L BMC 9-1 r, 6.25, 6.79, 6.49; 4 . L 1947—6—6—6 8 9 C am ero n , 5.22; 5. P 608, 6.12; 6. V 39175, 4-87; 7. A, 5.87; 8. B L öbb, 5.54; 9. B Fox, 4.02; io . B I-B , 6.27; i i . C M cC le an 7219, 10.02; 12. N Y , 4.99; 13— 14. O , 6.19, 3.96.

N e ro *i. 1037

1033

A E. 16m m , 2.41 g (3). Axis; 6.

[ 3 ]

Sv 27 corr. ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑ[ΝΙΚ]ΟΣ; b are head, 1. ΚΛΑΥ OKTAIA ΚΛΑΥ ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ; ju g a te busts o f O ctav ia an d A ntonia, r. i . L BMC 12, 2.28; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 3 9 4 C am ero n , 2.98; 3. N Y , 1.99. T h e L specim en w as ac q u ire d from R a u c h w ho h a d p u b lish e d it in th e Berliner B lätter I, 1862, 259, pi. V I I I ,6. T h e co rrect in te rp re ta tio n of th e types is d u e to Im hoof-B lum er, nz 1915, 89; th e C am ero n specim en proves th a t he w as rig h t to identify O cta v ia.

C.

[ 3

]

i . L 1 9 2 6 —1—16—4 2 S eager, 11.37; 2 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 3 9 5 C a m e ro n ( = n c 1949, p i. V ,2 ), 12.80; 3 . V 10012, 10.44.

1038

AE. 2 1 -2 mm, 7.74g (7). Axis: 6. [ 7 ] ]ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; bare head, r. ] ΔΙΟ[ ]KAI ΑΓΡΙΠΙΝΗ ΣΕΒ(ΑΣ) ΓΕΡ; veiled head of Agrippina, 1., facing bare head of Divus Claudius, r. i . L 1 9 4 7 —6 —6 - 6 8 8 C am ero n ( = n c 1949, p i. V ,i) , 7.44; 2 . L 1947-6—6 1393 C am ero n , 7.96; 3 . L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 4 0 7 C am ero n , 6.74; 4 —6 . P 617—8a, 7.42, 7.46, 8.09; 7 . O , 9.07.

AD 5 0

1 0 3 4 -6

A E. 1 7 -1 8 m m , 4 .1 1 g (31). Axis: 12 o r 6. 1039 1034.

AE. 24-5 mm, 11.54 g ( 3 ) · Axis: 6. ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥ[ ; bare head, r. T I[ ]ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣ; bare head of Divus Claudius, r.

Sv 24

[ 7 ]

ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚ; b are head, 1. ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΗ ΓΥ(Ν) ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΚΑΙ(ΣΑ) (retrograde); d rap ed bust of A grippina, r. i . L 1 0 2 7 -3 -1 6 -2 S eager, 3.92; 2—3. P 6 iq -2 0 , 4.38, 4.23; 4—5. P 624 -^, 3-54, 3 -f e ; 6 · v 2 7335 ( = S v , pi. X X X I I ,23), 3.76; 7. A, 4.81; 8. O , 3.20.

AE. 2 0 -2 mm, 5.31g ( n ) . Axis: 6.

[ 13 ]

Sv 36 ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r. ZEYI; head of Zeus, r. i . L 1 9 2 7 -3 -1 0 -1 S eager, 5.46; 2 —3 . L 1 9 4 7 —6 —6 —6 9 2 a n d 693, 6.69, 4.47; 4 . P 1314 (C os), 4.39; 5 . B a .B ., 5.41; 6 . B R a u c h , 5.05; 7 . B I -B , 5.24; 8 . C o p 702, 5.76; 9 —1 0 . O , 6.07, 4.78; i i . N Y , 5.19; 1 2 —1 3 . G .

ACHAEA Cat. no. In tro d u ctio n Peloponnese: S p arta (M essene) (A rcadia) C o rin th Sicyon P atras D ym e Z acy n th u s (Sosius) A egean Islands: M elos (I°s) M yconos T enos A egina C e n tral G reece an d E uboea: A thens T a n a g ra

Page

244 i 101-15 — —

1116-237 1238-44 1245—82 1283-9 1290-3

247 248 249 249

T hebes O p u s (Locri) C halcis C arystus (Skyros)

Cat. no.

Page

1330-7 1338-42 1343-54 1355 - 8

268 269 269 27I 27I

—

258 258 262 263

W est coast (E pirus, etc.): C ep h allen ia (Proculeius) Nicopolis (C orcyra) B u th ro tu m Phoenice

1378-1417 I418-I9

279

E ast coast (Thessaly): P eparethus D em etrias (M agnetes) L arissa (T hessalian League)

I42O I421-4 1425-52

280 280

1305

263 264 264 264 265

1306-12 I 3 I 3” 29

265 266

U n c e rta in A chaea: ‘F leet coinage’ of: A tratin u s O ppius

1453—61 1462-70

284 286

1294-1300 —

1301 1302-4

The area of the Balkans, comprising the geographical areas of Illyria, Macedonia, Thrace, Epirus, Thessaly, central Greece, Euboea and the Peloponnese, was organised in dif­ ferent ways during the Julio-Claudian period. Under Augustus, it was divided into four major and one minor units: the provinces of Moesia, Macedonia (comprising Illyria and Macedonia), Achaea (comprising Epirus and Thessaly and all areas to the south), the client-kingdom of Thrace and the Thracian Chersonese, under an imperial procurator. In a d 15, however, Moesia, Macedonia and Achaea were united and placed under the command of the legates of Moesia - first, G. Poppaeus Secundus ( a d 15-35: B. E. Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum no. 10); then P. Mem­ mius Regulus (Thomasson no. 21), who ruled from 35 to 41/4. In 41 or 44 Claudius restored Macedonia and Achaea as separate (senatorial) provinces. In 46 the last king of Thrace was killed and the area was incorporated as a prov­ ince of the Empire. In this catalogue the Augustan arrangement is followed. There is, of course, some uncertainty about the exact extent of and divisions between the different areas, and, unless specified otherwise, we have followed the views of A. H. M. Jones, The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, chap. I (Thrace); B. Gerov, ‘Die Grenzen der römischen Provinz Thracia bis zur Gründung des Aurelianischen Dakien’, ANRW II.7.1, 212-40; and F. Papazoglou, ‘Quelques aspects de l’histoire de la province de Macédoine’, ANRW II.7.1, 302—69. Perhaps the only surprising innovation is to include the Bithynian city of Calchedon under Thrace; this has been done because the coins of Byzantium and Cal­

i 3 5 9 -6 2 ■3 6 3 -7 7 —

271 272 274 274

279

chedon were so closely linked and those of Calchedon quite unlike the contemporary products of Bithynia; and because, as the coins show, Calchedon was part of the Thracian kingdom. In 27 BG the Roman province of Achaea was created by separating southern Greece from Macedonia. It comprised the Peloponnese, central Greece, Thessaly and Epirus, although the evidence for its full extent (Epirus and Thes­ saly) is not entirely certain (see F. Papazoglou, ANRW I I .7.1, p. 325 and n. 105; her map, facing p. 304, is followed here). In a d 1 5 Tiberius took Achaea and Macedonia away from the Senate and united them with Moesia, under the control of an imperial legate (see above). In either 41 or 44 the province of Achaea was returned to the Senate (Suetonius, Claudius 25.9). Only one, or perhaps two, Roman officials figure on the coinage: 1. The proconsul L. Livius Rufinus is named on Augustan coins of Chalcis (1344) as A AIOYIIOC (sic) ΡΟΥΦΙΝΟΟ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΙ!. He is otherwise unknown (Thomasson no. 8). Grant (FITA 385) thought that the bare head which accompanies his name was his portrait, but this seems unlikely, as the similar coins from Chalcis naming Mescinius (who, contra Grant, was probably a local strate­ gos of Chalcis, rather than a Roman official) definitely portray Augustus ( 1345-6, with commentary). 2. C. Poppaeus Sabinus. Very rare coins, not implausibly attributed to Aegina (1305), have a bare head with an inscription which can be restored (not necessarily correctly)

ACHAEA

as CAB[EINOC ΑΙΓΕΙΝ]ΗΤΩΝ. These coins may, there­ fore, portray Poppaeus Sabinus, though this is, of course, far from certain. The late Republican coinage has been discussed by Crawford, CMRR, pp. 197-8 and M. Price in CRWLR, pp. 95 ~ io 3 · Silver coinage had been produced in the mid-first century b c only by the Thessalian League and at Athens (some silver of the Achaean League may also have been produced in the first century b c : CRWLR, p. 101, n. 23). The precise date of the cessation of Athenian silver, which circulated on a wide scale throughout the Balkans, is uncertain but seems to lie in the decade 50-40 b c (see the commentary on Athens, p. 265). Thessalian League silver has been dated by B. Helly to the second and first centuries b c , down to about 44 b c (RN, 1966, pp. 7-32; cf. M. Price in CRWLR, p. 98; see also the commentary on the Thessalian League, p. 280), but it was on a much smaller scale and circulated almost entirely in Thessaly. During the first cen­ tury b c Roman denarii had come to play an increasing role, though there are different opinions about the importance of the denarius before Caesar (see CRWLR, pp. 54, 99 and 167). During the Triumviral period, however, it seems that many issues of denarii and indeed aurei were actually min­ ted in Greece. It is a priori likely that Brutus and Cassius and then Antony would have struck coins there (e.g., the enormous issue of legionary denarii, and RRC 545 with the fourth imperatorial salutation which Antony took only just before the battle of Actium), and this likelihood is backed up by some specific considerations: 1. RRC 496/1 has an unusual reverse type which is otherwise known on the coinage of Buthrotum, perhaps suggesting that at least part of it was minted there (RRC, p. 100). 2. There are stylistic similarities between some issues of denarii (RRC 542/1-2) and the ‘fleet’ bronzes of Atratinus, produced also in Greece (1453fr.). Whether or not denarii were also made in Achaea in the Augustan period is unclear. A group of denarii have been attributed by C .H .V . Sutherland (RIC 472-4; RN, 1974, pp. 4gff.) to a ‘(?) north Peloponnesian mint, c. 21 b c ’ , largely on the strength of his identification of the temple on the reverse of IOVI OLVM as the temple of Zeus at Olympia. This seems very uncertain, though there is in principle no reason why these or other unattributed Augustan issues should not have been produced in Achaea. Even if they were, however, such issues were on a very small scale. The pattern of Achaean bronze coinage is more complex. A number of different cities minted bronze coins in the first century b c . According to J. Warren (NC, 1984, p. 21), the following Peloponnesian mints struck coins between 146 and c. 27 b c : Aegira, Aegium, Dyme, Patrae, Sicyon, Cor­ inth, Elis, Cephallenia)?), Zacynthus, Ithaca, Cythera, Messene (?), Sparta, Argos (?), Epidaurus)?), Megalopolis)?), Pheneus and Tegea; of these, only the coinage of Corinth (after its refoundation as a Roman col­ ony in 44 b c ) was large. Further north a similar picture obtains, with coins probably struck at a number of cities

245

(e.g., 1338, of Opus), but only that of Athens was on a large scale. Even its circulation was, however, restricted to Attica and Athens itself (A. Walker, A Chronological Study of the Greek Imperial Coinage of Athens (Univ. of Pennsylvania dis­ sertation, 1980), pp. 135fr., 145). In the early imperial period three coinages stand out and were presumably produced in large quantities: those of Cor­ inth, Patras and the Thessalian League. The coinages of Patras and the Thessalian league, however, were produced only intermittently and on a much smaller scale than the large coinage of Corinth, for which more than 2500 clear specimens survive for the period covered in this catalogue, struck from a known 406 obverse dies (and a calculated total of 451). Yet even the coinage of Corinth was not con­ tinuously produced, and its total output is not of very great economic significance (C. Howgego, NC, 1989, pp. 199200). Most of the other civic coinages produced are very rare, and were produced in only small batches at irregular intervals.

D enom inations Countermarks and coin legends give some evidence for the denominations used: 1. Corinth. Some coins are inscribed SE for semis (1164, 1167 and 1236-7). The earliest of these dates to late in the reign of Tiberius. 2. Corinth. The countermarks A, S and three dots (= as, semis and quadrans) were applied on coins of three dif­ ferent denominations of the duoviri M. Insteius and L. Cas. in the late forties b c ( i i 18-20, GIC, p. 59). It is significant that all coins have these countermarks. 3. Dyme. The countermark AC (?) (= GIC 703) occurs on Tiberian coins (1289), and perhaps stands for AS. See also, perhaps, coins of Nero from Carystus (1357, GIC 70g)? 4. The coins of Proculeius from Cephallenia have, on dif­ ferent denominations, the countermarks IS and three dots with S ( = i i asses and f as) (1359-60; GIC 743-4, with p. 59). The coins were minted in c. 30—28 b c . 5. Uncertain mints in Achaea. The ‘fleet’ bronzes of Atratinus and Oppius, attributable to mints in southern Greece in c. 38 b c , attest the full range of Roman denomi­ nations (1453fr.). 6 . Melos. The coins which appear to belong to this period have two relevant inscriptions. One issue is inscribed ΔΡΑΧΜΗ and is 25m m /:2.93g (4); the other, perhaps Neronian in date, is inscribed III and is 23-5 m m /10.88 g (6). These inscriptions referring to a drachma and three ?obols (cf. M. Tod, NC, 1947, p. 25), might be Rhodian drachmas (and half-drachmas), though this is perhaps unlikely if the large Rhodian bronze coins, weighing about twice as much, were drachms rather than didrachms (see commentary on Rhodes, p. 454). It is interesting to note that this evidence for Roman denominations goes back to at least c.40 b c , and coincides with the beginning of the production of denarii in Greece. This thereby provides a likely context for the introduction of Roman bronze denominations to southern Greece. Such

2φ

ACHAEA

an introduction was not, however, necessarily universal; the diorthoma which seems to have changed denominations in Thessaly from accounting in local Thessalian League staters to Roman denarii does not seem to have been made until after Actium, perhaps after 27 (Crawford, CMRR, p. 270; Price, in CRWLR, p. 99). Moreover, the introduction of Roman denominations would not have abolished local ones, but merely made them compatible. The Messene tax inscriptions, though they refer to denarii, continue to refer to obols and chalkoi for the smaller denominations (Craw­ ford, CMRR p. 270), while drachms are known from second-century Athens (M. Tod, NC, i960, p. 22), and at Aegium coins of 2omm/7.37g (5) - of uncertain date, however - are inscribed ΗΜΙΟΒΕΛΙΝ (e.g., BMC 1—3). The Messene inscriptions (IG V, 1433) make it plain that there were 6 obols in a denarius and 12 chalkoi in an obol; elsewhere (e.g., Athens) there would have been 8 chalkoi to an obol. But both these differences in the number of chalkoi to the obol and the mathematical inexactness of a sensible equivalent between obols and asses (1 denarius or drachma = 6 obols = 16 asses) make it impossible to draw up any convincing scheme between Roman and local denominations (though this is possible elsewhere: e.g., in Asia, see p. 374), and it seems likely that different cities used different systems. This problem renders it virtually impossible in many cases to assign denominational names to individual issues, although it seems true that there is a pattern, or rather two main patterns. The first stems from the coinage of Corinth, where the denominational system and indeed the denominations in question are not open to serious doubt. At Corinth the principal denomination was the as, made at about 20 m m /7 g; there were also some semisses at about 17 mm/4 g, and, at the beginning of the period, one issue of quadrantes (about i5-i7m m /3g) and some of sextantes (about 15 mm/2 g). A number of other Achaean issues con­ form, more or less, to this pattern as can be seen from the table below. This table seems reasonably convincing for the identifica­ tion of many of the denominations and for the conclusion

No. o f coins analysed S p arta P atras

N icopolis

1253

I I

!255

I

"55

1256 1257-81 1282 1368 I37I 1373

I 4 I

;I J1

26/ 9.58 g 26/ 9.74g 25/12.14g 25/ 9-52 g 24/ 8.96 g 24/ 8.97 g

(36) (72) ( : 5) (4 4 ) (44) (9 )

25/ 9 -7 6 g (3O

C lau d iu s D ivus A ugustus C lau d iu s C laudius N ero G alb a N ero

With the exception of 1255 (Claudius, Patras), all these issues were produced at the same standard, and as from every point of view - weight, diameter and metal - they closely resemble asses from the mint of Rome, the conclu­ sion that they were intended to be asses seems irresistible. This ‘reform’ (in the sense of the partial introduction of a new metrological standard) was not confined to Achaea, but is found also further north in Macedonia (Philippi, Thessalonica and the Macedonian Koinon). The evidence

as(?)

(?) 4-as C o rin th Sicyon D ym e P atras (A ugustus) S p a rta (Laco) C ep h allen ia Z acy n th u s A thens T a n a g ra Locri T hebes C ary stu s C halcis N icopolis B u th ro tu m T hess. L eague M agnetes P epareth u s

that, generally speaking, the Achaean bronzes were made to Roman denominations. But one should be fairly circum­ spect about accepting this view, since Kroll has argued that the principal denomination in the late second-century Athens was an obol (J. H. Kroll, AJA, 1982, p. 273), and Price has suggested that this may have been followed by a reform of denominations involving the production of bronze drachmae {CRWLR, p. 97). Yet the latest Athenian issues fit well enough into the table above. See also the discussion on pp. 30-7. All these coinages were made of bronze, or leaded bronze. There is only a single occurrence of brass in Greece, an issue of semisses from Corinth by the duoviri P. Aebutius and G. Heius (1133), struck at a slightly lower weight than normal for bronze semisses. The only other metallic dif­ ference in Greece, which characterises the second detect­ able pattern, was the production of copper coins. So far three instances have been found in Achaea: the Glaudian coinage of Sparta, the post-Augustan coinage of Patras and the Neronian coinage of Nicopolis (?). The diameters and weights of these coins are as follows:

2 o /7 g 20/7 g 20/6 g 20/6.5 g 20/7.5 g 2 i/6 .5 g

semis (?)

qd. (?)

sextans (?)

!7 /4 g

l6 /3 g

i5 /2 g

i6 /3 g 17/3-5 g

I3 /2 g 16/2 g

i8 /4 g 20/5 g

20/5 -5 g 18/6.5 g 19/6 g

23/8-5g

: 5 /4 g

2 l/8 g 2 l/7 g ! 9 /5 g 25^5g

20/7 g

26/13.5 g

23/5 -5 g 20/9 g 19/7 g

3 3A 4-5g 33/20 g

25/10.5 g 24/ 9-5 g

20/8.5 g

13/3-5 g !7 /3 g i8 /5 g 18/4.5 g

16/4 g 15 /3 -5 g

'9 / 7 g

A C H A E A : Sparta (i

for its date is not entirely conclusive; the Augustan issues of Sparta, Nicopolis and Patras were all made of bronze and conform to the other pattern just discussed, suggesting that the reform was post-Augustan. The same is true of Philippi. At Thessalonica, however, the change was not introduced until the reign of Claudius, since the coins of Tiberius and Caligula are all of bronze. The issue of Divus Augustus from Patras therefore seems to be the earliest example, if it is correctly dated to the reign of Tiberius. This dating is not absolutely certain, but is strongly indicated by the obverse legend DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER, since pater does not recur (at Rome) after Tiberius, for whom alone it was, of course, appropriate. The higher copper denomination at Patras (1255) can in general terms be paralleled by the higher copper denomi­ nations at Thessalonica.

io i- i

104)

277

D esigns The early imperial coins of Achaea do not, for the most part, have any great typological interest, though there is a surprisingly large number of representations of minor mem­ bers of the imperial family (Tanagra and, especially, Cor­ inth), of Galba (Opus, Thebes, Patras and Corinth) and perhaps even of one Otho (Opus). The reverse types, as one might expect, refer for the most part to local cults, but one contemporary event did have a profound affect on the coinage, namely Nero’s visit to Greece in a d 66-7. This is most noticeable on the coinage of Patras, Sicyon, Corinth and Nicopolis, but may also be reflected in the radiate portraits of the emperor which are also found at Phoenice (1418—19) and for the Thessalian League (1440; compare Apollo playing the lyre on 1439).

Sparta The coinage of Sparta has been fully studied by S. Grunauer-von Hoerschelmann, Die Münzprägung der Lakedaimonier (1978). According to her study, no coinage was produced between the early second century b c (although she would now date her group V III some years later, as a result of her study of the Olympia hoard, IGCH 270) and the period of the civil wars of the late Republic (although there is one very interesting issue for the Koinon, with a head labelled as ΡΩΜΑ on the larger denomination, which she has placed between 72 and 21 b c ) . She dates the resumption of the coinage, which is entirely of bronze and of several denominations, to about 48 b c , and places a very large quantity of coinage between then and the reign of Augustus (her groups X III to XXII; note the large number of dies, summarised on the table on her pp. 48—9). There seems little point in reproducing her work in extenso here, and an indication of the general nature of the coinage of the period can be seen from her table 6 (p. 37). One variety of this extensive coinage is, however, separately catalogued here, in view of its intrinsic interest, with the signature and portrait of Antony’s general L. Sem­ pronius Atratinus (1101). Coinage in his name was also struck in Sicily, at Entella (653) and Lilybaeum (655), as well as on a Greek issue of Antony’s ‘fleet’ coinage (1453) and an issue of Antonian bronze, probably to be attributed to northwest Asia Minor (2226). The early, pre-Claudian, imperial coinage falls into two groups, respectively signed by G. Iulius Eurycles (31-2 b c ; see A.J. Spawforth, ABSA, 1985, p. 193) and his son G. Iulius Laco (2 b c - a d 31), the successive ‘rulers’ of Sparta (Strabo calls Eurycles the hegemon)·, in between (7-2 b c ) Grunauer has placed a group of unsigned coins (her group XXXI). The Laco who signs coins under Claudius is presumably a relative. The types used refer mostly to cults at Sparta - Apollo Carneius and, in particular, the Dioscuri. Eurycles made coins for Augustus, Livia and Agrippa (who also appears in Greece on the coinage of Nicopolis). For Lysixenidas, see the discussion by Grunauer, pp. 71—2. The unique coin of Laco with two female heads (Grunauer XXXIV = 1112)

was tentatively identified by Grunauer as depicting the busts of Livia (before her death in a d 29) and Demeter. The metrology of the coins was discussed by Grunauer, especially pp. 75-6. The coins were struck in a number of different denominations, whose Roman equivalents are not clear. The coins of Claudius are unusual inasmuch as those with a smaller diameter are heavier; this change reflects a change of composition from bronze to copper (see the introduction to Achaea, p. 246). A tr a tin u s 1101

AE. 19 m m , 4.88 g (12). G ru n au er group X V I.9,

[ 8 ] bm c

69, C op 607

ATPATINOC; bare head of Atratinus, r. A A, ΦΙ ΔΙ; eagle standing, r. r. L =

bm c

6 9 , 5.80; 2—12· See G ru n a u e r.

U n d e r C I u liu s E u r y c le s ( 3 1 - 2 b c ) 1102

AE. 27 m m , 10.69g (38)· Axis: v ar.

[ 22 ]

G ru n au er group X X V , C op 602

ΣΠΑΡΤΗ; diademed head of Sparta, 1. Λ A, ΕΠΙ ΕΥΡΥΚΛΕΟΣ; Dioscuri riding, r., in wreath i . L 1 9 0 9 —5—4 —3 0 , 12.83; 2—3 8 . See G ru n a u e r. 8 obv. dies. C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , r. ( G IC 57). 1103

AE. 2 0m m , 5 .6 4 g (153). Axis: var. G ru n au er group X X V I,

bm c

[ 61 ]

63, C op 603

H ead of Zeus, r.

Λ A, ΕΠΙ ΕΥΡΥΚΛΕΟΣ; club in wreath i. L = 1104

bm c

63; 2—153. See G ru n a u e r. 64 o bv. dies.

L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .0 5 g (30). Axis: var. G ru n au er group X X V II,

bm c

[ 14 ]

70, C op 608

KAIC; head of Augustus, r. Λ A, ΕΠΙ ΕΥΡΥΚΛΕΟΣ; eagle standing, r. i . L = b m c 70, 2.49; 2—3 0 . See G ru n a u e r. u obv. dies. Q u alitativ e analysis on: i.

1105

1106

AE. 15m m , 2.68g (3).

[ 2 ]

1111

A E. 20 m m , 7.44g (21). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

G ru n au er group X X V III, C op 605

G ru n au er group X X X I I I .3-19,

H ead o f Livia, r. ___ A A, ΕΠΙ ΕΥΡΥΚΛΕΟΣ; in w reath

Λ A; beard ed head, r. ΕΠΙ AAKWNOC; heads of the D ioscuri, r., w ith stars above

i . C o p 6 0 5 ; 2—3. See G ru n a u e r. 2 obv. dies.

i . L = b m c 6 6 , 6.84; 2—21. See G ru n a u e r. n obv. dies. C o u n te rm ark : M ale h ea d , r. ( G I C 58).

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 2.46g (18). Axis: var. G ru n au er group X X IX ,

66

[ 13 ]

118

bmc

bmc

1112

ΑΓΡ; head of A grippa, r. A A, ΕΥ ΡΫ Κ Λ Ε; caduceus

AE. 15m m , 4 .2 0 g (1).

[ i ]

G ru n a u e r group X X X IV Λ A; fem ale bust, 1. ΕΠΙ AAKWNOC; fem ale bust, r.

i . L 1 9 2 0 -8 —5—1 3 3 4 , 2.64; 2—18. See G ru n a u e r. 5 obv. dies. Q u alitativ e an alysis on: 1.

i . P 1 926, 4.20. 1107

A E. i 5 m m , 2.51 g (6). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

G ru n au er group X X X Λ Υ Π Ξ Ε Ν ΙΔ Α ; head of Lysixenidas, r. A A, ΕΥ ΡΥ Κ Λ Ε; caduceus I.

C la u d iu s

B (I-B ), 2.79; 2—6. See G ru n a u e r, 2 obv. dies.

J - 2 B C __________________________________________________

AE. 2 3m m , 11.99g (11). Axis: var.

1113

[ 1 ]

G ru n au er group X X X V 1108

A E.

I

9 m m , 5.46 g (13). Axis: var.

G ru n au er group X X X I,

bmc

[ 10]

ΤΙ ΚΛ(ΑΥ)(ΔΙΟΣ) ΣΕΒ(ΑΣΤΟΣ); b are head, r. or 1. Λ A , ΕΠ Ι ΛAKWNOΣ; statu e of Apollo C arneius

67

1—2. B C D ; 3—i i . See G ru n a u e r. 8 obv. dies. T h e le tte r form s C a n d Ω also occur. T h e low re p resen tatio n o f th ese coins in p u b lic collections is ex p lain ed by th e fact th a t m o st specim ens com e from a single recen t h o a rd (see G ru n a u e r, p. 80).

H ead o f H eracles, r. ΛΑΚΕΔΑΙΜΟΝΙΩΝ; club an d caduceus i . L = b m c 6 7 , 5.92; 2—14. See G ru n a u e r. i obv. die. T h e le tte r form s £ a n d W also occur. 1114

C I u liu s L a c o , 2 b c - a d 3 1 1109

_______________

A E. 20m m , 5.74g (15)· Axis: var.

TI KAAYAIOC KAICAP ΑΥΓΟΥ; b are head, 1. Λ A , ΕΠΙ ΛΑΚΩΝΟΣ; caps of the D ioscuri w ith stars above

[ 8 ]

I.

B earded head, r. A A, ΕΠΙ ΛΑΚΩΝΟϋ; club 1110

L

1 9 1 2 —7 —1 4 —1 8 ,

5.48;

2 —1 5 .

1115

L 1975-4-11-43.

11 -9 7 ;

2· V,

9.57.

C opper. 26 m m , 9.58 g (36). Axis: var. G ru n au er group X X X V I.2-16,

See G ru n a u e r. 5 obv. dies.

A E. 20 m m , 7.63 g (3). Axis: var.

[ 2 ]

G ru n au er group X X X V I. 1 corr.

G ru n au er group X X X II

i.

AE. 2 6m m , 10.77g (2)·

[ o ]

G ru n au er group X X X III. 1-2 B earded head, 1. A A, Ε Π Ι AAKWNOC; heads of the D ioscuri, r. or 1., w ith stars above

bmc

[23]

72, C op 6og

ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ (ΑΥΓ)(ΟΥΣ); lau reate head, r. Λ A, ΕΠΙ ΛΑΚΩΝΟΣ; caps o f the D ioscuri w ith stars above i . L 1926— i —16— 871, 8.59; 2. L = bmc 72; 3— 37. See G ru n a u e r; 38. NY (see G ic 58), 11.8 1. 16 obv. dies. T h e le tte r form C also occurs. Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 2. C o u n te rm ark : M ale h ea d , r. ( G I C 58: 38).

1—3 . See G ru n a u e r. i obv. die.

Messene Hellenistic bronzes of Messene were countermarked with a very ‘Augustan-looking’ head (GIC 57: e.g., Cop 517); though the interpretation of the letter Ξ beneath the head is not obvious. Messene did not produce coins with imperial portraits until the Severan period, but there are some ‘pseudo-auto­ nomous’ coins which seem to be earlier: (a)

18 mm .

MCCCHNIWN; d rap ed b u st of Tyche, w earing m ural crown an d veil Zeus standing, r., w ith th underbolt; in field, w reath an d tripod 1- 2 . L — BMC 43, 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 3 1 9 , 6.16, 5.55; 3 - 4 . P I 7 6 l - 2 , 5 .3 I, 5.62;

5 - 6 . V ; 7. C op 527, 7.65.

(b) O bverse as (a) Zeus facing, holding long sceptre, an d 1. arm outstretched; in r. field, w reath I· P 1763, 7 ·° 7 ·

(c) O bverse as (a) Asclepius facing, w ith serp en t staff; to r., w reath 1—2. L — bmc 44, 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 3 2 0 , 6.22, 4.12; 3. P 1764, 5.63; 4. V; 5. C o p 528, 6.19.

(d) O bverse as (a) Fem ale (?) figure standing, facing w ith arm s outstretched i . L 19 2 2 -1 -4 -7 , 5.23: very w o rn - d escrip tio n o f rev. n o t certain .

A C H A E A : Messene, Arcadia, Corinth (1116)

(e) O bverse as (a) Fem ale figure facing, head r., holding a long sp ear or sceptre, w ith 1. arm on an uncertain object I.

P 1765, 7.81.

The style of all varieties is very close, and they represent a single short-lived issue. The problem is to assign a plausible date. Neither the thick fabric nor the letter forms (£, C, W) seems decisive between the first or second century; nor can

24g

we definitively rule out a date in the first century b c (com­ pare the bronze of Cleopatra from Patras, 1245). In particu­ lar, there does not seem very much to choose between the fabric of second-century Peloponnesian coins (e.g., Antoninus Pius from Aegium (BMC 12) or second-century Spartan coins {cf. Aurelius at Zacynthus, BMC 91) and of first-century coins like those of Nero at Sicyon (1238-44). The style of the Messenian coins seems quite fine, perhaps suggesting an earlier date, but this is not at all certain.

Arcadia Mabbott 987 is described as a coin of Augustus from ‘Arcadia under Rome’. The illustration, however, makes it clear that the coin in question is actually a bronze coin of

the fourth century BMC 70).

bc

with Pan on the obverse {cf., e.g.,

Corinth The coinage of Corinth is well known. From the middle of the sixth century to the end of the fourth century, Corinth struck large quantities of silver pegasi (Kraay, ACGC, pp. 78-88). The entire series of staters was published by O. Ravel, Les ‘poulains’ de Corinthe I, Basel, 1936, and II, London, 1948. The Corinthian mint seems to have struck Ptolemaic drachms at the time when the city was occupied by Ptolemaic forces from 308 to 306 b c (K. Jenkins, ANSMN 9, i960, pp. 32—4). During the time of Demetrius Poliorcetes, Corinth struck Alexanders; later in the century the Corinthian mint probably issued other Alexanders con­ nected with the Macedonian participation in the Cleomenic and Social Wars, in 224-222 and 220-217 respectively (see From 44 to 31 bc : 1. L. Aeficius Certus, C. Iulius 2. P. Tadius Chilo, C. Iulius Nicephorus 3. M. Insteius C. f. Tectus, L. Cas. 4. Cn. Publilius, M. Antonius Orestes 5. P. Aebutius, C. Pinnius 6. C. Heius Pamphilus, Q. Caecilius Niger U nder Augustus: 7. M. Antonius Theophilus, P. Aebutius 8. C. Heius Pollio, C. Heius Pamphilus 9. P. Aebutius Sp. f., C. Heius Pamphilus 10. M . Novius Bassus, M . Antonius H ipparchus 11. C. Servilius C. f. Primus, M. Antonius Hipparchus 12. P. Aebutius Sp. f., C. Iulius Herae. 13. C. Mussius Priscus, C. Heius Pollio U nder Tiberius: 14. A. Vatronius Labeo, L. Rutilius Plancus 15. P. Caninius Agrippa, L. Castricius Regulus 16. L. Arrius Peregrinus, L. Furius Labeo U nder Caligula: 17. P. Vipsanius Agrippa, M. Bellius Proculus U nder Claudius: 18. Octavius, Licinus 19. L. Paconius Fiam., Cn. Publicius Regulus U nder Nero: 20. M. Acilius Candidus, Q. Fulvius Flaccus 21. Ti. Claudius O ptatus, C. Iulius Polyaenus 22. L. Rutilius Piso, P. Memmius Cleander 23. P. Ventidius Fronto, T. Claudius Anaxilaus U nder Galba: 24. L. Caninius Agrippa

H. Troxell, ANSMN 17, 1971, pp. 41-94). And, c. 200 b c , the city ceased to issue any bronze autonomous coins (M. Price, Hesperia, 1967, pp. 348-88). In spite of its supposed freedom, there seems to be a gap from c. 196 b c to the destruction of the city in 146 b c . For a century Corinth remained abandoned until Caesar founded the Colonia Laus Iulia Corinthiensis in 44 b c . From 44 b c to a d 69 the colony issued a very abundant coinage signed by twenty-four pairs of duoviri. This bronze coinage has been studied by Amandry = M. Amandry, Le Connayage des duomrs corinthiens, BCH Supp. XV (1988). The new chronology he proposed is shown in the table. For a review of Amandry’s chronology, see C.J. How4 4 ° r 43 43 or 42

42 or 4 1 40 between 39 and 36 between 34 and 31 3D 27-26 or 26-25 17-16

between 10-9 and 5-4

2-1 1-2 4 -5

between 12—13 and 15—16 21-2 32-3 or 33-4

37-8 between 42—3 and 45-6

50- 5 1 5 4 - 5 or 5 5 - 6 57-8 or 58-9 66- 7 67- 8

68-g

gego, NC, 1989, pp. 200-8 (see also commentary here on 1171). The denominations struck were all light asses, with some semisses (1119, 1122, 1126, 1129, 1130, .1133, 1135, 116271, 1185-8) and a few quadrantes (1120) and sextantes (1121, 1123 and 1131). See Amandry, pp. 82—6. -Some types recall the deities honoured at Corinth or at the Isthmian sanctuary: Zeus (1118, 1125-6, 1137), Athena ( 1118), Neptune/Poseidon (1117, 1185, 1192-4), Saturn (1122), Dionysus (1122), Isthmos (1164, 1168, 1169), Melicertes-Palemon (1162, 1170, 1186-8), Helios (1185, 11956), Aphrodite (1127—8, 1197—1200); others recall the Isthmian games (1123, 1129-30, 1135) or the Corinthian myth of Pegasus and Bellerophon ( 1116, 1117, 1121, 11278, 1181, 1201). Some types derive from Roman official coinage (1124, 1149-50, 1153-6, 1159-61, 1178-9) or illustrate a local event (Nero’s visit to Greece: 1203-9). This coinage was made of bronze or leaded bronze. There is also one occurrence of brass, unique so far in Achaea, a series of semisses (1133) struck under Augustus. See Aman­ dry, pp. 87-9. A certain number of countermarks occurs on this coinage: a list is given below (see Amandry, p. 258). Open hand V A S

© G IC 476

478 589

619 648 677 687

688 710 7 11 744

BMC

i . B I-B (obv.); 2. B 7 3 7 3 (rev.); 3 - 3 6 · See A m an d ry , 124.

Inst L Cas Ilviri, 42 or 41 BC 1118

Bronze. 18-22 m m , 6.86 g (30). Axis: var. [ 30 coins, 8 obv. dies ] BMC

525, A m an d ry I l i a , pp. 124-5

C O R IN T ; lau reate head o f Zeus, r.; co unterm ark A on the neck II V IR IN S T L CAS; A thena-P allas advancing, r., holding th u n d erb o lt an d shield I.

1119

B I-B (obv ); 2. B P - O (rev.); 3—3 0 . See A m an d ry , 125.

AE. 17-20 m m , 4.44 g (46). Axis: var. [ 47 coins, 7 obv. dies ] BMC

526-8, A m andry I l l b , pp. 126-7

C O R IN T ; Nike advancing, r., holding p alm in 1. h and; in field, r., Q ; in field, L, counterm ark S IN S T L CAS IIV IR ; chim aera, 1.

I I 16 I I 16 III8

i. N S

1119 1120 1182, 1189, 1205 1207, 1209 1213 1192, 1205, 1208-9 1128, 1140, 1217 1190, 1205 1139-43, " 4 6 ,1 1 4 5 -8 , 1151-61 1207 1203 1192, 1207, 1208, 1214 1214, 1216

coin with CAESAR, bare head of Julius to r/[C]OR·, statue in hexastyle temple; amphora, published by Grant, FITA, p. 266(2) and pi. V III, 19, and supposed to prove that the colony of Corinth was founded before Caesar’s death, is here considered as a forgery.

X Z090

(obv.);

2.

C o r in t h

7 6 —2 0 7

(rev.);

3 —4 7 .

See A m an d ry ,

125. 1120

A E. i 5 -i7 m m , 3.37g (7). Axis: var. [ 7 coins, 2 obv. dies ] A m andry II Ic , p. 127 IN T S CAS I I V IR ; in w reath C O R IN T ; dolphin, L, behind, trident; in field,

countermark Θ i. 1121

A ( A m e r ic a n S c h o o l o f C la s s ic a l S tu d ie s ); 2—7. See A m an d ry , 127.

A E. 15 m m , 1.85 g (2). Axis: var. BMC

[ 2 coins, 1 obv. die ]

529, A m andry H id , p. 128

ÎN T S CAS II V IR ; trid en t C O R IN T ; Pegasus flying, 1.; ben eath Q i . C o r in t h i 8 / V / i g 3 4 8 (obv.), 2.23; 2. L = bmc 5 2 9 (rev.), 1.46.

Cn Publili M Ant Orest Ilviri quin, 40 BC 1122

44- 3 1

483-4, A m andry II, pp. 123-4

C O R IN T H V M ; Bellerophon, w earing petasus and chlam ys, striding r. an d seizing Pegasus, r., by the bridle, before a porch P T A D I C H IL O C IV L I N IC E P IIV IR ; Poseidon naked, seated r., on rock, an d resting on long trident

BC

A E. 15-20 m m , 4.45 g (12). Axis: var. [ 13 coins, 4 obv. dies ] A m andry IV a, pp. 128-9

L Aeficius Certus C Iulius Ilviri, 44 or 43 BC 1116

C N P V B L IL I M A N T O R E S T II V IR Q V IN ; head of S a tu rn, r. C O R IN T ; D ionysus, holding can th aro s an d thyrsus, standing, 1.

Bronze. 22-4 mm , 9.22 g (84). Axis: var. [ 87 coins, 11 obv. dies ] BMC 4 8 5 -9 , A m andry I, p p . 120-2

LAVS IV L I C O R ÎN T ; lau reate head o f C aesar, r. L C E R T O A E F IC IO C IV L I(O ) IIV IR ; B ellerophon w earing petasus, m ounted on Pegasus flying, r., an d striking dow nw ards w ith spear i . B F o x (obv.); 2. B L ö b b (rev.); 3 - 8 7 . See A m an d ry , 121—2.

P Tadi Chilo C lull Nicep Ilviri, 4p or 42 BC 1117

L eaded bronze. 24 m m , 8.05 g (36)· Axis: var. [ 36 coins, 10 obv. dies ]

1—2. B C D ; 3—13. See A m an d ry , 129. 1123

A E. 1 0 - iim m , 1.97g (21). Axis: var. [ 22 coins, 4 obv. dies ] A m andry IV b , pp. 129-30 C PV B L A N T O R; praefericulum C O R IN ; in w reath I.

A A g o r a (obv.); 2. P V (rev.); 3—2 2 . See A m an d ry , 129-30.

A C H A E A : Corinth (i 124-1136)

P A e b u tiu s C P in n iu s I l v ir i , 3 9 - 3 6 1124

BC

1131

bmc

M A N T T H Ë O P H ÏL I I Q ; dolphin, r. P A E B V T IV S II Q ; trid en t

490

i . L F o x ; 2—8. See A m an d ry , 140.

C O R IN T ; b are head of A ntony, 1. P A E B V T IO C P IN N IO IIV IR ; prow, 1 . i . C o r in t h 2 1 /I V /3 6 12—14 (obv.); 2. P V (rev.); 3—34· See A m an d ry , 130-1. 1125

L eaded bronze. 19-21 m m , 7.58g (17). Axis: var. [ 17 coins, 2 obv. dies ] bmc

C Heius Pol C Heius Pam iter Ilviri, 27-26 BC 1132

Bronze. 2 2 -4 m m , 7.54g (11). Axis: var. [ 12 coins, 2 obv. dies ] A m andry V I I I a - b , pp. 140—1

493, A m andry V b, pp. 131-2

C O R IN T ; head of Poseidon, r. P A E B V T IO C P IN N IO IIV IR ; chim aera, 1.

C H E IO P O L C H E IO P A M (IT E R ); b are head of A ugustus, r. II V IR C O R IN T ; lau reate head of C aesar, r.

i . B P -O ; 2—27. See A m an d ry , 131-2. 1126

i . P ; 2—12. See A m an d ry , 141.

L eaded bronze, iö - iy m m , 3.99g (31). Axis: var. [ 34 coins, 13 obv. dies ] A m andry V c, pp. 132-3

P Aebutius S p f C Heius Pamphilus p rf iter, 17-16 BC

C O R IN T ; head of Poseidon, r. P A E B V T IO C P IN N IO IIV IR ; in a w reath o f pine

1133

i . B C D ; 2—3 4 . See A m an d ry , 133

Brass. 15-1611101, 2.77g (29 )· Axis: var. [ 31 coins, 3 obv. dies ] bm c

C H e iu s P a m 1127

Q

C a e c il N i g e r I l v i r i ,

3 4 -3 1 B C

1128

i . L 1920—8—5 - 7 8 (C ockerell); 2—3 1 . See A m an d ry , 142.

498-9, A m andry V la - b , pp. 133-6

No legend or C O R IN T ; h ead of A phrodite, r. Q C A E C IL N IG R C H E IO PA M IIV IR ; Pegasus flying, r. I.

BCD;

M Novius Bassus M Antonius Hipparc Ilviri, 10/9-3/4 BC 1134

2 - 6 4 . See A m an d ry , 135—6.

Bronze. 22m m , 7.19g (52). Axis: var. [ 56 coins, 5 obv. dies ] bmc

495, A m andry IX , pp. 141-2

P R F IT E R ; Pegasus flying, r.; in field, C O R P A E B V T IO SP F C H E IO P A M P H IL O ; in five lines in w reath

Bronze. 21 m m , 8.01 g (59)· Axis: var. [ 64 coins, 4 obv. dies ] bmc

[ 8 coins, 1 obv. die ]

A m andry V I Ic, p. 140

L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 7.85g (30). Axis: var. [ 34 coins, 7 obv. dies ] A m andry V a, p p . 130-1,

AE. 11 m m , 1.76g (8). Axis: var.

25/

bm c

503, A m andry X a -b , pp. 142-3

M N O V IO BASSO M A N T H IP P A R C (or M A N T H IP P A R C M N O V IO BA SSO ); b a re head of A ugustus, r.

496-7, A m andry V ic , pp. 136-8

C O R IN T ; head o f A phrodite, r.__ Q C A E C IL N IG R C H E IO PA M IIV IR ; Bellerophon m ounted on Pegasus prancing, r., striking w ith sp ear at chim aera, L, beneath him

II V IR C O R IN T ; lau reate head o f C aesar, r. i . N Y (o b v .); 2. A S o u ts o s (rev.); 3—20. See A m an d ry , 143. 1135

i . W i n te r th u r; 2. C; 3—5 6 . See A m an d ry , 137-8.

L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 6.91 g (19). Axis: var. [ 20 coins, 2 obv. dies ]

A E. i5 - i6 m m , 3 .2 3 g (22). Axis: var. [ 23 coins, 2 obv. dies ] A m andry X c -e , pp. 143-4 II V IR C O R IN T ; athlete ru n n in g 1., or w alking r., a palm on the r. shoulder M A N T O N IO H IP P A R C M N O V IO BASSO (or M N O V IO BASSO M A N T H IP P A R C ); lighted race torch

A u g u s tu s M

A n to n iu s T h e o p h il P A e b u tiu s I l v i r i q u in q ,

1129

30 BC

A m andry V ila , pp. 138-9 M A N T O N I VS II V IR Q V IN Q ; table w ith four straig h t legs; upon it, w reath P A E B V T IV S II V IR Q V IN Q ; praefericulum i . G o th a ; 2—7. See A m an d ry , 139. 1130

i . L 1 9 3 2 —7—2—2 (W o o d w ard ); 2—2 3 . See A m an d ry , 144.

AE. 1 4 -1 6 m m , 3.65g (7). Axis: var. [ 7 coins, 3 obv. dies ]

AE. i 4-16 m m , 3.22 g (21). Axis: var. [ 21 coins, 7 obv. dies ] A m andry V H b , pp. 138-9 M A N T T H Ë O P H ÏL II V IR Q V IN Q ; b u cran iu m As n a g i. C o r in t h 76—179 (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 1928—13 (rev.); 3—2 1 . See A m an d ry , 139.

C Servilius C f Primus M Antonius Hipparchus Ilviri, 2-1 BC 1136

L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 6.57 g (66). Axis: var. [ 73 coins, 21 obv. dies ] bm c

505,

Amandry XIa-b, pp. 144-7

C A ESA R C O R IN T (or C O R IN T H I); b are h ead of A ugustus, r. C S E R V IL IO C F P R IM O M A N T O N IO H IP P A R C H O IIV IR ; bare heads, face to face, o f G aius and Lucius; C L in field i . B o s to n 5 9 .6 8 9 ; 2—73. See A m an d ry , 145-7.

1137

AE. 15 mm , 3.39g (20). Axis: var.

T ib e r iu s [ 20 coins, 3 obv. dies ]

BMC 506, A m andry X c -d , pp. 147-8

L R u tiliu s P la n c u s A

C O R IN T ; head of Poseidon, r. C S E R V IL IO C F P R IM O M A N T O N IO H IP P A R C H O ; in five lines in w reath

12113-15116 Bronze. 20 m m , 6.90 g (74). Axis: var. [ 84 coins, 10 obv. dies ] 1145

1138

S p fC

I u liu s H e r a c I l v i r i q u in ite r ,

AD

1 1 4 5 -6

i . B 7 8 2 8 (obv.); 2. B F o x (rev.); 3—20. See A m an d ry , 148.

P A ebut

V a tr o n iu s L a b e o I l v i r i ,

AD 1-2

BMC 502, A m andry X IV I, pp. 156-60

L R V T IL IO P L A N C O IIV IR ; lau reate head of Tiberius, r. or 1. A V A T R O N IO L A B E O N E IIV IR ; Pegasus walking, r.; in field, C O R

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 6.97 g (48)· Axis: var. [ 49 coins, 9 obv. dies ] BMC 491, A m andry X IIa -g , pp. 148-50

I.

A V G V ST V S C O R IN T ; bare head of A ugustus, r. P X ËB V T SP F C IV L IO H E R A (C ) II V IR Q V I(N ) IT E R ; in w reath

1146

B C D ; 2 - 3 5 . See A m an d ry , 157-60.

BMC 501, A m andry X IV II , pp. 160-2 As 1145 As 1 145, b u t V ictory on globe, holding w reath and palm , 1.

i . B C D ; 2—4 9 . See A m an d ry , 149—50.

i . B I-B (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 1 9 2 5 —3 2 (rev.); 3—4 1 . See A m an d ry , 160-2.

C

M u s s iu s P r is c u s

C

H e iu s P o llio ite r I l v ir i ,

AD 4-5 1 1 4 7 -8

1 1 3 9 -4 3

Bronze. 20 m m , 6.86 g (65). Axis: var. [ 58 coins, 10 obv. dies ]

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 6 .5 0 g (131). Axis: var. [ 139 coins, i g obv. dies ] 1139

BMC 509, A m andry X H I b i , d i, fi an d g i, pp. 153-6

1147

A V A T R O N IO L A B E O N E IIV IR ; lau reate head of T iberius, r. or 1.

C O R IN T H I A V G V ST V S; b are head o f A ugustus, r. C M V S S IO P R IS C O II V IR C H E IO P O L L IO N E IT E R (or C H E IO P O L L IO N E IT E R C M V S S IO P R IS C O IIV IR ); in a w reath o f parsley I.

1140

L R V T IL IO P L A N C O IIV IR ; Pegasus w alking, r.; in field, C O R

B C D ; * - 3 5 . See A m an d ry , 153—6.

A m andry X IIIb 2 , b3, d2, e i, f2, f3, g2 an d g3, pp. 153-6

i . P h liu s 73—26; 2 - 3 7 . See A m an d ry , 162-4. 1148

C O R IN T H I (or C O R IN T H I) T I CAESAR; bare head of T iberius, r. As 1139

1142

i . P 6 9 5 (obv.); 2. B 2 8 0 /1 8 7 1 (rev.); 3—29. See A m an d ry , 164-5.

BMC 510, A m andry X l I I a i , c i, d3, e2, f4 an d g4, pp. :53- 6 C O R IN T H I A G R IP P A CAESA R; b are head o f A grippa Postum us, r. As 1 1 3 9 -4 0

P

i . B 2 1 /1 8 7 1 ; 2—25. See A m an d ry , 153-6.

1149

C a n in iu s A g r ip p a L

BMC 512, A m andry X IIIa 2 , a3, a4, C2, C3, d4, e3, e4, f5

b m c

5 1 1 ; 2—24. See A m an d ry , 153-6

AE. 20-1 m m , 6.43 g (15)· Axis: var. [ 20 coins, 4 obv. dies ] P C A N IN IO A G R IP P A II V IR Q V IN Q ; b are head of D rusus M in o r (?), r. L C A S T R IC IO R E G V L O II V IR Q V IN Q C O R ; Livia veiled, seated, r., holding p a te ra an d sceptre r . N Y (obv.); 2. L = bm c 5 2 3 (rev.); 3—16. See A m an d ry , 166-7. A cco rd in g to C .J . H ow gego (JVC, 1989, p. 202) th e obv. o n 1149-50 p o rtra y s T ib e riu s r a th e r th a n D ru su s.

BMC 511, A m andry X IIIb 4 , d5 an d g6, pp. 153-6

i. L =

AD

BMC 523-4, A m andry X V I, pp. 165-7

i . B I-B ; 2—21. See A m an d ry , 153-6.

C O R IN T H I D R V SV S CAESA R; b are head o f D rusus M inor, r. As 1 1 3 9 -4 2

C a s tr ic iu s R e g u lu s I l v i r i q u in q ,

2 1 -2

and g 5 > PP· 153-6 G E R M A N IC VS C A E SA R (C O R ); b are head of G erm anicus, r. As i 1 3 9 -4 1 1143

A m andry X IV IV , pp. 164-5 As 1147 As 1147, b u t V ictory on globe, holding w reath and palm , 1.

i . B G a n s a u g e ; 2—3 3 . See A m an d ry , 153-6. 1141

BMC 500, A m andry X IV I I I , pp. 162-4

1150

AE. 20—1 m m , 6.46 g (19)· Axis: var. [ 15 coins, 5 obv. dies ] A m andry X V II, pp. 167-8

1144

AE. 21 m m , 6.38 g (1). Axis: 8. C H E IO P O L L IO N E IT E R C O R IN [T H I]; bare h ead of A ugustus, r. C M V S S IO P R IS C O IIV IR ; b are head o f T iberius, r.

L C A S T R IC IO R E G V L O II V IR Q V IN Q ; b are head of D rusus M inor(?), r. or 1. P C A N IN IO A G R IP P A II V IR Q V IN Q C O R ; Livia veiled, seated, r., holding p atera, or seated, 1., holding ears o f corn an d sceptre

i . C o r in t h T 5 3 —C 5 8 , 6.38.

i . B I-B ; 2—19. See A m an d ry , 167-8. See o n 1149·

A m andry X H Ih , p. 156

A C H A E A : Corinth (i 151—1171)

L A r r iu s P e r e g r in u s L

F u r iu s L a b e o I l v ir i ,

AD 32-3 (?)

1161

Bronze. 20 mm , 6.98 g (87). Axis: var. [ 97 coins, 14 obv. dies ]

i . N Y ; 2—6. See A m an d ry , 175.

BMC 520, A m andry X V I 1, 7, 13-14, 17, 19, pp. 169-73

1 1 6 2 -7 1

L A R R IO P E R E G R IN O 11 V IR ; rad iate head o f ___ A ugustus, 1. L F V R IO L A B E O N E (or L A B E O N E or LA B EO ) IIV IR ; hexastyle tem ple inscribed G E N T IV L I; C O R in exergue

1162

I.

1152

AE. 15-16 m m , 3.41 g (8g). Axis: var. [ 94 coins, 8 obv. dies ]

i . B C D ; 2—24. See A m an d ry , 178.

BMC 519, A m andry X V I 2, 3, 4, 8 -9 , pp. 169-73 1163

I.

BMC 514, A m andry X V I 5, 10, 15, pp. 171-3 1164

A m andry X V I 6, u , pp. 172-3 L A R R IO P E R E G R IN IIV IR ; b ust of L ivia/S alus, 1. As 1 1 5 1 -3

1165

I.

1156

C o r in t h 2 4 /I V /1 9 3 6 10—15;

2 —5.

1166

1167

i . A r g o s 6 8 A 29; 2. C o rin th 9 /X I/1 9 3 6 1. 1168

I.

1169

A m andry X V I 25-8, 40, 45, pp. 174-6 L F V R IO L A B E O (NE) (or N E or N I) IIV (IR ); lau reate head of T iberius, 1. As 1157

i . B C D ; 2—7. See A m an d ry , 179. 1170

BMC 515-16, A m andry X V I 29, p. 175

L F V R IO L A B E O N Ë IIV IR ; b u st o f Salus/L ivia, 1. As 1157—8 I.

1160

C o p 215; 2—2 1 . See A m an d ry , 175.

BMC 517, A m andry X V I 30-1, 38, 41, 43, 46, pp. 175-6

L F V R IO L A B E O (NË) (or N I) IIV (I)(R ); b ust of P ietas/L ivia, r. As i 1 5 7 -9 i . B 4 1 4 /1 9 0 0 ; 2—17. See A m an d ry , 175-6.

A m andry X V I 62-3, pp. 179-80 As 1163, 1166 an d 11 6 9 M elikertes lying on a dolphin, guiding it w ith his hands, r. or 1.

i . L 1867—1—1—2 2 5 7 (B lacas); 2—3 7 . See A m an d ry , 174-6. 1159

B C D ; 2—13. See A m an d ry , 179.

A m andry X V I 55-6, 59, 61, p. 179 As 1163 an d 1166 As 1168

i . P h liu s 1924; 2—18. See A m an d ry , 174-5. 1158

BMC 683, A m andry X V I 54, 58, 60, p. 179

As 1162 an d 1165 S E; Isthm os standing, r. o r 1., holding a ru d d e r in each h an d

BMC 522, A m andry X V I 22-4, 35-7, pp. 174-5

L F V R IO L A B E O N E IIV (IR ); rad iate b ust of A ugustus, 1. L A R R IO P E R E G R IN (O ) IIV (I)(R ); hexastyle tem ple inscribed G E N T IV L I; in exergue, C O R

A m andry X V I 53, p. 179 As 1164 As 1165—6

1 1 5 7 -6 1

1157

A m andry X V I 52, p. 179

t. NY.

B C D ; 2. Go.

Bronze. 20 mm , 7.07 g (103). Axis: var. [ 103 coins, 18 obv. dies ]

A m andry X V I 51, p. 179

As 1163 As 1165

A m andry X V I 12, p. 173

I.

6 8 2 (obv.); 2. B I-B (rev.); 3—12. See A m an d ry , 178.

i. B I-B.

See A m an d ry , 173.

As 1154—5, b u st of L ivia/P ietas, 1. As 1 1 5 1 -5

bm c

As 1162 LABE P E R E G IIV IR ; in three lines in w reath

A m andry X V I 16, r 8, 20-1, p. 173 As 1154, b u t bust of L ivia/P ietas, r. As 1151—4

BMC 682, A m andry X V I 49-50, p. 178

i. L =

i . A 1 9 0 7 /0 8 M '2 ; 2—12. See A m an d ry , 172-3. 1155

N Y (obv.); 2. A 3 9 9 9 b (rev.); 3 - 7 . See A m an d ry , 178

S E; Isthm os naked, holding a ru d d e r in each hand, standing facing, head r. C O R ; Pegasus flying, r. o r 1.

i . B o s to n 6 3 .2 9 6 8 ; 2—19. See A m an d ry , 169-73. 1154

BMC 679, A m andry X V I 48, p. 178

C O R ; Pegasus flying, r. As 1162

i . P 724; 2—2 3 . See A m an d ry , 169-73.

As 1151—2, b u t bust of L ivia/S alus, r. As 1151—2

BMC 681, A m andry X V I 47, p. 178

C O R ; M elikertes w ith thyrsus over his shoulder riding on dolphin, r. C O R ; Pegasus flying, r.

B C D ; 2 - 3 5 . See A m an d ry , 169—73.

As 1151, b u t laureate head o f T iberius, 1. As 1151

1153

A m andry X V I 32, p. 175 L F V R IO L A B E O N E IIV I; b u st of P ietas/L ivia, 1. As 1157—60

1 1 5 1 -6

1151

233

I. C o r in t h 1 0 /I I I / 1 9 3 3 1 4 4 (obv.); 2. B P -O (rev .); 3—17. See A m an d ry , 179—80.

1171

BMC 508, A m andry X V I 64-6, p. 180

C O R ; Pegasus flying, r. or 1. No legend o r CAE G E M ; busts, face to face, o f C aligula and T iberius Gem ellus (?) I. L = BMC 5 0 8 (obv.); 2. B 8 5 7 /1 8 9 9 (rev.); 3—9 . See A m an d ry , 180. T h e h ead s o n th e rev. are iden tified as G erm an icu s a n d T ib eriu s ‘G em ellu s’ b y C .J . H ow gego, N C , 1989, p p . 202 -3 . T h is w o u ld im p ly an earlier d a te for th e issue, sh o rtly before th e d e a th o f G erm an icu s in ad 23.

A m an d ry X V I I I 5-7, pp. 194-5

1181

C a lig u la

P Vipsanius Agrippa M Bellius Proculus llviri, AD 37-8

As 1180 As 1180, b u t Pegasus on rocks, r.

1 1 7 2 -9

X. B a r t le t t W e lls c o ll, (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 7 7 —1 2 0 6 (rev.); 3—2 1 . See A m an d ry , 194—5.

Bronze. 20 m m , 7.02 g (267). Axis: var. [ 276 coins, 35 obv. dies ] 1172

BMC 531-4, A m andry X V II 1-27, pp. 181-6

L Paconius Flam Cn Publicius Regulus llviri, AD 50/pi.

C (A IV S) C A E SA R A V G (V )(S )(T )(V ); b are head o f C aligula, r. or 1. P V IP S A N IO A G R IP P A IIV (I)(R ) C O R ; Pegasus flying, r. or 1.

1 1 8 2 -4

A E. 20-1 m m , 7.01 g (45). Axis: var. [ 46 coins, 8 obv. dies ]

i . B C D (obv.); 2. L = BMC 5 3 3 (rev.); 3—1 1 3 . See A m an d ry , 184-6

BMC 542, A m andry X IX 2, 3, 5, 7-8, 11-12, pp. 196-7

1182 1173

1174

1175

BMC 535-9, A m and ry X V II 28-67, pp. 186-9 As 117a M B E L L IO P R O C V L O II V IR C O R ; Pegasus flying, r. or 1.

T I C L A V D IV S CAESA R; lau reate h ead of C laudius, 1. L P A C ( 0 )(N I 0 ) F L A M (or FL A M ) C N P V B L (I)(C IO ) R E G (V L ) (O) II V IR C O R ; N ero an d B ritannicus, stan d in g face to face; N E B R in exergue

i. L =

i . B C D ; 2—19. See A m an d ry , 196-7.

bmc

5 3 9 ; 2—120. See A m an d ry , 186-9.

BMC 530, A m andry X V II 68-9, p. 190

1 (1 1 8 3

A m andry X IX i, 4, 6, 13, 14, 16-17,

IV L A G R IP (P IN A ) A V G C A ESA R IS; b u st of A grippina M inor, 1. As 1 1 8 2

i. L =

i . C o r in t h 1 1 /V /1 9 3 6 15—17 (obv.); 2. M u 2 0 8 9 4 (rev.); 3—18. See A m an d ry , 196—8.

bmc

5 3 0 (obv.); 2. B 2 8 6 8 6 (rev.); 3—8. See A m an d ry , 190.

A m andry X V II 70-1, p. 190 As 1174 M B E L L IO P R O C V L O IIV IR ; as 1174

\

1184

i . L 1 9 3 2 —7—2—4 (W o o d w ard ); 2—8. See A m an d ry , 197-8.

A m andry X V II 72, p. 191 A N T O N IA A V G V S; b u st of A ntonia M inor, r. P V IP S A N IO A G R IP P A II V IR C O R ; two cornucopias

1 1 8 5 -8

AE. 15m m , 3.59g (53). Axis: var. [ 54 coins, 13 obv. dies ]

i . L F o x (obv.); 2. A 4 0 0 9 (rev.); 3—13· See A m an d ry , 191. 1177

A m andry X V II 73, p. 191

1185

i . B I-B (obv.); 2. B 8 7 5 5 (rev.); 3—6. See A m an d ry , 191.

A m andry X V II 76, p. 192 G E R M A N IC CAESA R; lau reate head of G erm anicus, r. P V IP S A N IO A G R IP P A II V IR C O R ; ru d d e r an d globe I.

1179

i . B C D (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 6 2 —9 3 3 (rev.); 3“ 39 · See A m an d ry , 199-200. 1186

BMC 545-6, A m andry X IX 31-2, p. 200

As 1 1 8 5 SE C O R ; M elikertes lying on a dolphin, 1.

B I-B

A m andry X V II 74-5, p. 192 G E R M A N I (C) CA ESA R; laureate head of G erm anicus, r. or 1. M B E L L IO P R O C V L O II V IR C O R ; ru d d e r and globe

BMC 544, A m andry X IX 21-8, pp. 198-200 F L A M (or FL A M ) R E (G )(V L ) II V IR (or IIV IR ); rad iate b ust o f H elios, r. or 1. C O R SE; Poseidon naked, stan d in g 1., holding dolphin an d trid en t

As 1176 M B E L L IO P R O C V L O II V IR C O R ; two cornucopias

1178

A m andry X IX 9-10 an d 15, 18, pp. 197-8 A G R IP P IN A C A ESA R IS; b u st of A grippina M inor, r. As 1 1 8 2 —3

i . B F o x (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 62—802 (rev.); 3—6 . See A m an d ry , 190. 1176

20> PP· J96-8

A G R IP P IN (A ) G E R M ; diadem ed b u st of A grippina, r. P V IP S A N IO A G R IP P A II V IR C O R ; busts, face to face, o f N ero C aesar an d D rusus C aesar; in field, N E D

I.

1187

A m andry X IX 29, p. 200 R E G V L FL A M IIV IR ; M elikertes lying on a dolphin, r. As 1185

i . C o r in t h 2 9 /I I I / 1 9 3 4 1; 2—8. See A m an d ry , 192.

i.

C la u d iu s

_____________________

B C D ; 2—8. See A m an d ry , 200.

1188

B 5 1 1 0 ; 2. B C D ; 3. P.

A m andry X IX 30, p. 200 C O R SE; M elikertes lying on two dolphins As 1 1 8 5 a n d 1 1 8 7

Licinus iter Octavius llviri, AD 4213-4516

I.

B C D ; 2. B C D ; 3. B P -O ; 4 . N Y.

1 1 8 0 -1

AE. ig -2 o m m , 6.55 g (69)· Axis: var. [ 71 coins, 4 obv. dies ] 1180

BMC 541, A m andry X V I I I 1-4, pp. 192-4

T I C L A V D C A E SA R A V G P P; laureate head of C laudius, r. or 1. L IC IN O IT E R O C T A V IO II V IR (or O C T A V IO II V IR L IC IN O IT E R ); hexastyle tem ple on A crocorinth I.

C o p 232 (obv.); 2. C o p 231 (rev.); 3 - 5 0 . See A m an d ry , 193-4.

N ero

M Aci Candidus () Fulvius Flaccus llviri, AD 54-5 1 1 8 9 -1 2 0 0

AE. 20 m m , 7.22 g (178). Axis: var. [ 181 coins, 22 obv. dies ]

A C H A E A : Corinth (i 189-1205)

1189

A m andry X X 2, 6-9 , 14, 16-19, 24 > ΡΡ· 20 3 “ 4 N E R O C L Ä V or C L A V (D ) CAES A V G (or A V G ); laureate head of Nero, r. o r 1. M A (C )(I) C A N D ID O II V IR C O R or Q (F V L )(V IO ) F L A C C O II V IR C O R ; th e G enius of the Colony, standing 1., holding p a te ra a n d cornucopia; in field, G EN COL

1199

1190

i . L 1 9 7 9 —12—12—i .

1200 BMC 556, A m andry X X 77-80, p. 209 As 1189, 1192, 1195 an d 1197 M AC C A N D ID O II V IR C O R or Q F V L F L A C C O II V IR C O R ; b u st o f A phrodite, 1.; beneath, galley inscribed C E N C R H E A E (sic) or d olphin inscribed LECHAVM

4.

BMC 553, A m andry X X i, 3, 5, 10-11, 13, 15, 20-2, 25, pp. 203-4

A G R IP P IN (A ) A V G V (S T A ); b u st o f A grippina M inor, r. or 1. As 1189 i . I s th m i a C 3 6 9 ; 2—28. See A m an d ry , 203-4. 1191

BMC 558, A m andry X X 4, 12, 23, 26, pp. 203-4

i . B C D ; 2—9 . See A m an d ry , 209.

T i C la u d iu s O p ta tu s C I u liu s P o ly a e n u s l l v i r i ,

1192

B F o x ; 2—9 . See A m an d ry , 203-4.

Bronze. 20 m m , 7.16 g (153). Axis: var. [ 159 coins, 11 obv. dies ]

1201

As 1189 __ M AC C A N (D )(I)(D )JO ) II V IR (or IIV IR ) C O R or Q FV L FL A C C (O ) II V IR (or IIV IR ) C O R ; Poseidon in biga draw n by hippocam ps, 1. =

b m c

BMC 562-4, A m andry X X I 1-18, pp. 209-13

N E R O J p r N E R O ) C LÄ V (D ) (or C LÄ V D ) CAES(A R) (or CAES) A V G (or A V G ); b are head of N ero, r. or 1. T I C L A V D (IO ) O P T A T O II V IR C O R or C IV L IO PO L Y A E N O II V IR C O R ; Bellerophon, naked, w ith shield on 1. arm , seizing by brid le Pegasus 1.

55-6, pp. 204-6

L

or

1201-2

BMC 555, A m andry X X 27, 30-1, 34-7, 40-1, 43-6, 50-2,

i.

AD y y - 8

58-9

O C T A V IA E N E R O N IS A VG ; bust o f O ctavia, r. As 1189—90 X.

A m andry X X 76, p. 209 As 1191 an d 1194 As 1197 an d 1198

i . L 1920—8—5—8 4 5 (Fox) (obv.); 2. B F o x (rev.); 3—21. See A m an d ry , 203-

255

i. L =

BMC 5 6 4 ;

2—9 1 . See A m an d ry , 209—13.

555; 2—32· See A m an d ry , 204-6.

1202 BMC 565-6, A m andry X X I 19-33, PP· 213-15 1193

BMC 551, A m andry X X 28-9, 32, 38, 47-8, 53-4, pp.

As As

204- 6 As 1190 As 119a

1301 1301,

b u t IS T H M IA in a w reath o f parsley

i . B C D ; 2 . A 4 0 1 3 1 IS; 3—6 8 . See A m an d ry 213-15.

i —12. See A m an d ry , 204-6. 1194

A m andry X X 33, 39, 42, 49, pp. 205-6

L R u ti P is o P

As 1191 As 1192 an d 1193

1 2 0 3 -6

A m andry X X 57, 59-61, 63-4, 66, pp. 206-7

1203

N E R O C A E (S )(A )(R ) A V G (G E R M ) IM P ; lau reate head o f N ero, r. L R (V )(T ) P IS O N E IIV (I)(R ) Q V (I) C O R or P M C L E A N (D R O ) (II)£V ) Q V (I) C O R ; galley, 1.; in field, A D V E (or A D V E) A V G (or AVG)

i . L F o x ; 2—17. See A m an d ry , 206-7.

i . L F o x (obv.); 2. L =

BMC 522, A m andry X X 58, 62, 65, 67, pp. 206-7

As 1190 an d 1193 As 1195

1204

i —i i . See A m an d ry , 206-7. 1197

BMC 554, A m andry X X 68-72, 74, p. 208

As 1189, 1192 an d 1195__ M AC C A N D ID (O ) II V IR (or IIV IR ) C O R or Q FV L FL A C C (O ) II V IR C O R ; A phrodite holding a m irro r in a biga of T ritons, 1.

5 7 1 (rev.); 3—3 0 . See A m an d ry , 217—19.

BMC 567, A m andry X X II 3, 5, g, 12-15, 18, 21, 24-5, 28, PP· 2 i 7 - ! 9 ___ N E R O CAE(SA R ) A V G (or Ä VG ) IM P ; rad iate head of N ero, r. or 1. As 1303 I.

1205

b m c

A 4 0 1 3 3 a; 2—3 2 . See A m an d ry , 217—19.

BMC 569-70, A m andry X X II , 29, 32, 34-7, 40-2, 45-6,

As 1190, 1193 an d 1 196 As 1197

4 8- 9 > 5 L PP· 2 I 9 - 21 As 1303 L R V T (I) P IS O N E IIV I(R ) Q (V IN ) (C O R ) o r P M E M (IO ) C L E A N D R O ( I I ) (V IR ) Q (V )(IN )(Q ) C O (R ); E m peror, his r. h a n d raised, holding scroll, standing 1. on suggestum ; in field, A D L O A VG

1—6. See A m an d ry , 208-9.

i. L =

i . B F o x ; 2—2 6 . See A m an d ry , 208. 1198

BMC 571, A m andry X X II, 1-2, 4, 6 -8, 10-11, 16-17, 19-

20, 22-3, 26-7, pp. 215-19

As 1189 a n d 1192 __ M AC C A N D ID O II V IR (or IIV IR ) C O R or Q FV L F L A C C O II V IR (or IIV IR ) C O R ; Helios in a q u ad rig a, r.

1196

AD 66-y

L eaded bronze. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 6 .7 3 g (* t3)· Axis: var. [ 117 coins, 9 obv. dies ]

1—4 . See A m an d ry , 205-6. 1195

M e m m iu s C le a n d e r l l v i r i q u in ,

A m andry X X 73, 75, pp. 208-9

BMC 5 6 9 ;

2—3 2 . See A m an d ry , 219-21.

2$6

A C H A E A : Corinth (1206-1222)

1206

BMC 568, A m andry X X I I 30-1, 33, 38-9, 43-4, 47, 50, pp. 219-21

As As

1213

R O M A E E T IM P E R IO ; tu rrete d h ead of T yche/R om a, r. As 1210—12

1204 1205

i . I s th m i a C 7 5 9 ; 2—21. See A m an d ry , 230-1.

1—23. See A m an d ry , 219-21. 1214

T i C la u A n a x ila u s P

V e n tid iu s F r o n to I l v i r i ,

AD 6 y -8

L eaded bronze. 19 m m , 6.90 g (97). Axis: var. [ 98 coins, 17 obv. dies ]

i . B I-B (obv.); 2. L F o x (rev.); 3—24. See A m an d ry , 232-4. 1215

47- 9, 54- 6

N E R O C A E SA R (or C A ESA R); lau reate head of Nero, r. or 1. T I C L(A V ) A N A X IL A O IIV I(R ) C O R or ___ P V E (N )(T ID IO ) F R O N T O N E (or F R O N T O N E ) II V IR C O R ; N ero stan d in g 1., holding p atera; behind him , T yche tu rrete d crow ning him w ith r. h an d , holding cornucopias in 1.

As 1211 As 1214

BMC 549-50, A m an d ry X X I I I 13-24, pp. 224-5

i . C o r in t h 2 /V I /1 9 3 3 4; 2—3 8 . See A m an d ry , 224-5.

1216

A m andry X X IV 29, p. 233 As 1212 As 1214—15 1. C

1217

SN G

3470.

A m andry X X IV , 19, 25-6, 30-1, 35-6, 38, 42, 44-5, 502, 5 7 , PP· 232-4 As 1213 As 1214—16 1—2 7 . See A m an d ry , 232-4.

1218

BMC 572, A m andry X X IV 59, p. 234 As 1210 a n d 1214 L C A N A G R IP P A E IIV (I)(R ) C O R ; tetrastyle tem ple seen from corner

BMC 547, A m andry X X I I I 25-41, pp. 225-7 ___ __ As 1207—8 T I C LA V (or C LA V ) A N A X IL A O IIV (I) (or IIV IR ) C O R or P V E N T (I)(D IO ) F R O N T ( 0 )N E (or F R O N T O N E ) IIV (I)(R ) C O R ; in a w reath

, PP· 232-4

1—4 2 . See A m an d ry , 232—4.

As 1 2 0 7 T I C LA V A N A X IL A O IIV {I)_C O R o r P V E(N ) F R O N T O N E (or F R O N T O N E ) IIV I(R ) C O R ; tetrastyle tem ple w ithin w hich N ero standing facing

1209

BMC 579, A m andry X X IV 18, 21-4, 28, 33-4, 37, 40-1,

A m andry X X I I I 1-12, pp. 221-3

i . B 4 1 5 /1 9 0 0 ; 2—3 1 . See A m an d ry , 221-3. 1208

A m andry X X IV , 20, 27, 32, 39, 43, 46, 53, pp. 232-4 As 1210 L C A N (I) A G R IP P A E IIV I(R ) C O R ; V ictory holding w reath an d palm , 1.

1 2 0 7 -9

1207

A m andry X X IV 7-8, 14-17, pp. 2 30-r

i . B C D ; 2—15. See A m an d ry , 234. 1219

i . I s th m i a C 71—131; 2—3 9 . See A m an d ry , 225-7.

BMC 575-6, A m andry X X IV 60-3, 68-9, pp. 234-5

As 1211 a n d 1215 As 1218 1—3 0 . See A m an d ry , 234-5.

G a lb a L

__________________ ___

1220

A m andry X X IV 70, p. 236 As 1212 a n d 1216 As 1218—19

Cani Agrippa Ilvir, AD 68-9

i . A r g o s 6 8 A 28; 2. B C D .

1210-22 B ronze 1 9 -2 0 m m , 7.32 g (257). Axis: var. [ 268 coins, 24 obv. dies ] 1210

I —2 1 .

See A m an d ry , 230-1.

BMC 577-8, A m andry X X IV , 3-5, 10-12, pp. 230-1

SVL G A L (V Ä E ) CAE (or CAE) A V G (or ÄVG) IM P ; bare head o f G alba, r. As 1210 i . B C D ; 2—3 4 . See A m an d ry , 230-1 1212

A m andry X X IV 1, 6, 13, pp. 230-1 N E P T V N O A VG ; head o f Poseidon, r., bound w ith taenia; trid en t behind neck As 1210—i i i —i i . See A m an d ry , 230-1.

BMC 573, A m andry X X IV 58, 64-7, pp. 234-5

As 1213 a n d 1217 As 1218—20

A m andry X X IV 2, 9, pp. 230-1 SE N A T V P Q R; veiled an d diadem ed bust, r. L C A N A G R IP P A (E ) (or A G R IP P A E ) IIV I C O R ; two hands joined, holding poppy head betw een two ears of corn

1211

1221

i —3 4 . See A m an d ry , 234-5. 1222

A m andry X X IV 71-3, p. 236 As 1 2 1 2 ,1 2 1 6 an d 1220 L C A N A G R IP P A E IIV I(R ) C O R ; Isthm os standing facing, holding ru d d er in each h and i . N S 1 2 3 5 9 ; 2—10. See A m an d ry , 236.

A nonym ous coins Names of duoviri do not figure on series 1223-37. They have been classified by comparing their diameter and weight to the diameter and weight of the small signed denominations. They were intended to pass for semisses (1225-8, 1234, 1235, 1236 and 1237), quadrantes (1223, 1229, 1230, 1231 and 1232) and sextantes (1224 and 1233)·

A C H A E A : Corinth (1223-1237)

See Amandry, pp. 82-4. Very common types figure on them: deities such as Poseidon (1223, 1225, 1226, 1234 and 1235) or Helios (1227 and 1228), Pegasus (1226, 1227, 1228, 1233, 1235, I2 3*3 and 1237), a trident - the attribute of Poseidon - (1224, 1229 and 1232), a dolphin - recalling the myth of Melikertes - (1223, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1236 and I2 37 )·

1230

257

AE. 12m m , 2 .io g (10). Axis: var. [ 11 coins, 2 obv. dies ] A m andry An. E, p. 239 C O R IN T ; dolphin, r. W reath i . L W o o d w a r d 19 3 2 ; 2—11. See A m an d ry , 239.

1 2 3 1 -2

AE. 13 m m , 2.57g (24 )· Axis: var. [ 27 coins, 12 obv. dies ]

44 ~3 > B C _________________________________ 1223

1231

C O R ; ru d d er, 1. D olphin, 1.

AE. 1 3 -1 6 m m , 3 .0 2 g (11). Axis: var. [ 12 coins, 2 obv. dies ] A m andry An. A, pp. 236-7

B P -O .

I.

1232

BMC 684, A m andry An. F 2 -F 4 , p. 240

H ead o f Poseidon, r.; trid en t behind neck C O R IN T ; dolphin, r.

C O R ; ru d d er, r. T rid e n t

i. C o r in t h 1 3 /I /1 9 8 4 (obv.); 2. C o r in t h 1929—181 (rev.); 3—12. See A m an d ry , 237.

i . L F o x ; 2—26. See A m an d ry , 240. 1233

1224

A m andry An. F i, p. 240

A E. i l m m , 1.87g BMC

(3)·

Axis: var.

[ 12 coins, 5 obv. dies ] A m andry An. G, pp. 241-2

686, A m andry An. B, p. 237

C him aera, r. C O R IN T ; Pegasus flying, r.

C O R IN T ; Pegasus flying, 1. T rid en t i . L —b m

c

AE. 12m m , 1.85g ( I2 )· Axis: var.

[ 3 coins, 1 obv. die ]

i . B R a u c h (obv.); 2. N F 7 4 0 1 (rev .); 3—1 2 . See A m an d ry , 242.

6 8 6 ; 2—3 . See A m an d ry , 237. 1234

AE. 15 m m , 3.19 g (5). Axis: var.

[ 5 coins, 2 obv. dies ]

BMC 678, A m andry An. H , p. 242

1 2 2 5 -8

AE. 15-17 m m , 3.88 g (36). Axis: var. [ 36 coins, 5 obv. dies ]

H ead o f Poseidon, r.; trid en t on 1. shoulder C O R ; in w reath i . N Y ; 2—5. See A m an d ry , 242.

1225

A m andry A n. C i, pp. 237-8 H ead of P oseidon, r.; trid en t on 1. shoulder C O R IN T ; hippocam p, r.

1226

1235

AE. 15m m , 3.16g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 coins, 1 obv. die ]

A m andry A n. I, p. 242

i . B C D ; 2—4 . See A m an d ry , 238.

H ead o f Poseidon, r.; trid en t on 1. shoulder C O R ; Pegasus flying, r.

A m andry A n. C2, p. 238

i . C o p 26 2 ; 2. A th en s A gora.

As 1285 C O R IN T ; Pegasus flying, r.

1227

i . L W e b e r 1922; 2—21. See A m an d ry , 238.

U n d e r T ib e r iu s

A m andry An. C3, p. 238

1236

[ 29 coins, 5 obv. dies ]

B ust of H elios, r. As 1226

1228

AE. 14m m , 3.40g (29). Axis: var. A m andry An. J 1 -J 2 , pp. 242-3

i . B G a n s a u g e ; 2—9. See A m an d ry , 238.

Pegasus flying, r. o r 1. SE C O R ; dolphin, r.

A m andry An. C4, p. 238

i . N Y (obv.); 2. G o ttin g e n (rev.); 3 —2 9 . See A m an d ry , 242-3.

As 1227 C O R IN T ; Pegasus w alking, r. i.

1229

P r in c e to n 76—281 (obv.); 2. P r in c e to n 76—3 5 8 (rev.).

A E. 14-16 m m , 2.42 g (16). Axis: var. [ 16 coins, 2 obv. dies ] BMC

687-8, A m andry An. D , pp. 238-9

U n d e r C la u d iu s (?) 1237

AE. 14m m , 3.63g (19). Axis: var. [ 19 coins, 3 obv. dies ] BMC

680, A m andry K 1 -K 2 , pp. 243-4

1236, 1236,

C O R IN T ; dolphin, r. T rid en t

As As

b u t bo rd er o f dots b u t b o rd er of dots

i . B C D ; 2—16. See A m an d ry , 239.

i . C o r in t h 8 /Y /1 9 3 5 49 (°h v .); 2. B C D (rev.); 3—19. See A m an d ry , 244.

sß8

A C H A E A : Sicyon, Patras ( 1238-1244)

Sicyon In the late Hellenistic period Sicyon had produced issues of silver and bronze for the Achaean League (for the date of these see the discussion by M .J. Price in CRWLR, pp. 1012, n. 23). The autonomous bronze coinage of Sicyon has been fully published by J.A . W. Warren in NC, 1983, pp. 23-56; NC, 1984, pp. 1-24; and NC, 1985, pp. 45-66. Sicyon had produced many issues between the fourth and second century b c ; the last Hellenistic issue (Warren’s group 12) may have been minted in the first century. The only imperial issue relevant to this catalogue was minted during the reign of Nero. Formerly misattributed to Magnesia in Lydia, it was correctly given to Sicyon by Imhoof-Blumer in RSN, 1896, pp. 239-40 (followed by K. Regling, ZflN, 1901-2, pp. 107-8), and modern finds have confirmed the attribution (J. Fisher, Hesperia, 1980, p. 6). The issue was struck on the occasion of Nero’s visit to Greece and his proclamation of the Freedom of Greece, as is shown by the obverse legends, which assimilate Nero with Zeus Eleutherios. The issue is signed by a man who had previously been one of the duoviri of the near-by colony of Corinth, Γ ΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΥΑΙΝΟΥ Δ(ΥΟ)Α(ΝΔΡΟΣ), C. Iulius Polyaenus (see 1201-2). There are two types, a man on horseback and a nude figure. A figure similar to the latter appears on earlier and later coins of Sicyon, and was interpreted by ImhoofBlumer as the victor in a prize contest (JAI, 1888, p. 287; see J.A . W. Warren, NC, 1984, p. 2); the figure on horse­ back may perhaps be intended to be an equestrian victor, presumably also at the nearby Isthmian Games. In all cases the letter Z is reversed. The coins were all struck in a single denomination: 20 mm, 7.08 g (17).

NE KAI: 1—2, N Y; 3—4 . V 19394 a n d 19396, 7.85, —; 5. P 663, 7.11; 6. B d - B ) . 7 -3 5 ; 7 · L 1 8 7 2 - 7 - 9 - 2 8 1 , 7.43; N K: 8. B (505/1909), 8.52. 1-6: sam e obv. die as 1 2 3 9 /1 ; 7: sam e obv. die as 1 2 4 1 /1 -3 ; 8: sam e obv. die as 1 2 4 2 /2 -3 .

1239

L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 6.78 g (3). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

N(E) K(AI) ZEYC ΕΛΕ Y ΘΕΡΙΟ C; lau reate head, r. ΕΠΙ F ΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΥΑΙΝΟΥ ΔΑ, Cl; m an on horse, r. NE KAI: i . V 19465, 6.69; N K: 2. L 1912—12-2—1, 7.03; 3 . V 19466, 6.58. 1: sam e obv. die as 1 2 3 8 /1 -5 ; 2-3 : sam e obv. die as 1 2 3 8 /7 . Q u alitativ e an aly sis on: 2. 1240

AE. 20 m m , 6.88 g (4). Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

As 1239, b u t lau reate head, 1. 1—2. P 662 a n d 1979/225, 6.51, 6.47; 3, B (Fox, m isd ra w n in F ox’s Engravings o f Unpublished or Rare Greek Coins, as a coin o fD a ld is ), 6.97;

4 . M u 112a, 7.57. 1-4: sam e obv. die a n d sam e as 1242.

1241

A E. 20 m m , 6.99 g (2)· Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

N(E) K(AI) ZEYC ΕΛ ΕΥ Θ ΕΡΙΟ C; lau reate head, r. ΕΠΙ Γ ΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΥΑΙΝΟΥ, Δ Α , CI(KY); naked figure, w earing cloak, an d holding o u t arm s, r. N K: I. N Y ; NE KAI: 2. V 28489; 3 . P 664, 7.31; 4 . N Y (CIKY); 5. Lewis SNG 1270, 6.66. 2-4 : sam e obv. die, a n d as 1 2 4 3 /6 . F o r th e rev. type, on ea rlier S icy o n ian coins, see J . A . W . W a rre n , N C , 1984, p. 2.

1242

L eaded bronze. 2 0m m , 6 .2 8 g (2). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

As 1241, b u t head, 1. NE KAI: i . P 665, 6.43 (holed); 2. L 1 8 9 5 —7—3—9, 6.47; 3. M u 34c (CIKY = jAi 1888 T af. 9.7), 6.08. 1-2: sam e obv. die a n d as 1240. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 2.

1243

A E. 2 0m m , 7.14g (1). Axis: var.

[ a ]

As 1241, b u t figure on rev. to 1. I . V 19467 ( —JAI 1888 T af., 9.8; rev. inscr. ends ΠΟΛΥΑΙΝΟ); 2. M u 34b, 7.14. r-2 : sam e obv. die, a n d as 1 2 4 4 /1 -2 .

N e ro 1244 1238

AE. 20 m m , 7.65 g (5). Axis: var.

[ 7 ]

A E. 2 0m m , 7.21 g (1). Axis: var.

[ a ]

As 1241, b u t figure on rev. faces 1., raising r. arm and holding o u t 1. behind

N(E) K(AI) ZEYC ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΟ C; lau reate head, r. ΕΠΙ Γ ΙΟΥ ΠΟΑ Y ΑΙΝΟΥ ΔΑ, Cl; m an on horse, 1.

I.

N Y; 2. B (860/1899: CIKY), 7.21. 1-2: sam e obv. die, a n d as 1 2 4 3 /1 -2 .

Patras During the civil wars of the late Republic, the port of Patras must have been an important base, and Antony wintered there before Actium (Dio 50.9.3). This may have been the occasion for the issue of coins in the name and with the portrait of Cleopatra and with an Egyptian reverse, the headdress of Isis (so Sv Ptol, col. 478; see also p. 39). The name of the magistrate, who also signed the coins, is not otherwise known. The bronze coins with ANTW ΥΠΑ Γ and ΒΑΣΙΛ ΘΕΑ NE, which were given by Grant (FIT A 64) to ‘Patras (?)’, are, in fact, coins of Cyrenaica, as was orig­ inally thought (e.g., K. Regling, ZfN, 1906, p. 395: see 9 2 4 - 5 )·

The colony was founded in 14 b c , according to Jerome (see PW, 2209-10; P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, p. 599); as the types make clear, it was founded with veterans from the tenth and twelfth legions. Pliny gives its name as Colonia Augusta Aroe Patrensis, but some very rare coins, which

may be among the earliest minted there, give it the title COL AVG ACH PAT, the AGH presumably referring to Achaea {Achaica). This occurs only on a group of ‘auto­ nomous’ coins, whose style, however, looks early. There are two other groups of autonomous coins. One has the ethnic GA A P; as this form occurs only on Augustan coins, it seems likely that this group should be dated to the period of Augustus. The other group has the form COL A A PATR, which is the normal form on imperial coins of Claudius and Galba, as well as of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. There seems no obvious way of deciding to which period the autonomous coins should be assigned, and they have been included here for the sake of completeness. Otherv/ise the coinage seems straightforward, at least for the issues of Augustus, Claudius and Galba. The coins of Divus Augustus Pater are most reasonably assigned to the

A C H A E A : Patras (1245-1248)

reign of Tiberius, in view of the use of Pater, although B. E. Levy has allowed the possibility that their production may have continued under Caligula and Claudius (Mélanges Bastien, ed. H. Huvelin et al., 1987, 42, n. ig); some support for such a view might be seen in their composition (copper: see p. 246), but it is hard to believe that pater would con­ tinue to have been used of Augustus after the reign of his adoptive son Tiberius. The coins with INDVLGENTIAE AVG MONETA INPETRATA veiled bust/CAESARI AVG COL A A P triumphal quadriga have been dated to the reign of Domitian by B.E. Levy {op. cit., 39-49) and so have been omitted here. All the coins of Nero have the mature type of portrait and so cannot be earlier than 63. The types show that most of the coins were certainly minted in connection with Nero’s visit to Greece in 66-7, and, in view of the die links with less specific types it seems that the whole coinage should be assigned to this event. Even so, the coinage has a number of problems. The first is posed by the name of the colony. On one coin (1257) the name COL A A PATR is found, as occurred earlier and later, but the type labelled GEN(ius) COL NER PAT (1258) shows that the name was changed with a foundation of the colony by Nero during his visit. Yet there can be no real doubt that the coin with COL A A PATR was struck with the rest of the coinage on this same occa­ sion, since it shares its obverse die with coins with IVPPITER LIBERATOR, which refer to his grant of the Freedom of Greece during that visit. One can only surmise that it was using up an old Claudian die, perhaps in error. Second, some coins lack any ethnic, and their attribution to Patras has been doubted by Levy {op. cit.'. there is, of course, no doubt that Syd 9 is a coin of Corinth). The first issue in question is the one with DIANA LAPHR (1277), but one can hardly doubt the attribution in view of the use of this type, celebrating the principal diety of Patras. The second coin is the odd piece in P (1281), with an unusually large diameter and a very long obverse legend. However, the attribution of this coin seems very reasonable in the light of the discovery of the ‘autonomous' pieces with an identical tripod on the reverse; the reverse legend may too perhaps contain a reference to Diana Laphria, and the long obverse legend is not necessarily an insurmountable diffi­ culty in view of the variety of obverses found in the coinage. The third problem is indeed the extraordinary variety in style, obverse legends and fabric of the coins. Although the coins mostly all weigh the same (an average of 8.97 g), the diameter of their flans is rather variable. Most of the coins are about 24 mm in diameter, but the one with the tripod reverse (1281) is much larger (27 mm) and some are much smaller (e.g., one of the ADVENTVS coins and the DIANA LAPHR coins are only about 21 mm, and indeed are struck from even smaller dies only about 18 mm in diameter). In addition, the legends vary widely, according to no very obvious pattern {cf. Levy, op. cit., 171-2), and there seems no obvious reason why most of the portraits show Nero with a radiate crown, but some of them show him only laureate. The types of the coins all refer, one way or another, to Nero’s visit to Patras, no doubt on his way to the Olympic Games. His arrival is celebrated by the commonest reverse,

259

ADVENTVS AVGVSTI, while the refoundation of the col­ ony is celebrated by the depiction of the GEN(ius) COL NER PAT, and the good fortune of the colony in receiving the emperor’s arrival in the PORTVS FRVGIFERA type. The proclamation of the Freedom of Greece is reflected in the IVPPITER LIBERATOR (on which type, see B. E. Levy, Praktika tou XII Diethnous Synedriou Klasikes Archaiologias [Athena, 4-10 Sept. 1983] (Athens, 1988), pp. 131-5), and there are a series of types depicting other gods, APOLLO AVGVST, DEANAI AVGVSTAI, DIANA LAPHR and HERCVLI AVGVSTO. The piece in P with a tripod on the reverse (1281) is somewhat mysterious in view of the difficulty in reading its legend: DIAN AVG is clear enough, and the restoration [LAPHJRIA seems plausible. The let­ ters in between seem to be G A and G. Their significance is obscure, unless AC has something to do with Achaea, in view of the newly discovered autonomous pieces. The coin given by Sydenham {The Coinage of Nero, no. 7) from Hobler must be mistaken in some way, as the obverse (legend and globe) belong to bronze coins from the Lyon mint. For the denominations, see the introduction to Achaea, p. 245. The small coin in Mabbott 3279 = CNR XV.272 is, in fact, an Alexandrian didrachm, as 5135. A study of the coins is promised by Ch. Papageorgiadou.

C leo p a tra 1245

AE. 21 m m , 7.36g (10). Axis: 12 o r 6.

[

7

]

BMC 15, Sv Ptol 1905 BACIAICCA ΚΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑ; diadem ed bust, r. ATIAC AYCQNOC ΠΑΤΡΕΩΝ; headdress of Isis i . L = bm c 15, 7.14; 2. L — BMC 14, 6.33; 3—4 . P 1221-2, —, 7.49; 5 — 7. B (I-B , P rok, B -I), 10.15, 6.08, 7.60; 8. M M A G 38 (1968), 85, 9.26; 9— 10. B C D , 5.10, 6.56; i i , P V , 7.65.

W ith o u t e m p e ro r’s h e a d C ol A u g A ch P a t 1246

AE. 13 m m , 2.90 g (1).

[ 1 ]

C O L AVG; b ust of A rtem is (L aphria?), r. A C H PA T; arrow a n d quiver i . L G 0 6 6 3 , 2.90. S am e obv. die as 124 7 . 1247

AE. 13 m m , 2.82 g

(2).

[ o ]

C O L AVG; b ust of A rtem is (L aphria?), r. A C H PA T; tripod i . P a tr a s e x c a v a tio n s ( = P. A gallo p o u lo u , Hesperia 1989, p p . 4 4 5 -6 , no. 1), 2.94; 2. JS W , 2.70. S am e dies, a n d sam e obv. die as 124 6 . 1246—7 are d a te d to th e A n to n in e p erio d by A gallopoulou.

C A A 1248

P

(r e ig n o f A u g u s tu s ? )

AE. 14m m , 3.57g (3). Axis: 12 or 6. C op 156 C A A P; b o a r’s head, r. C ista w ith phrygian cap betw een p ed u m an d syrinx i . C o p 165, 3.84: 3 - 3 . P, 3.25, 3.62.

[ 3 ]

1249

AE. i 4 m m , 2.76g (i).

[ *1* ]

C A A P; b o a r’s head, r. G alley, r.

C la u d iu s 1255

i . N Y , 2.76.

C opper. 2 5m m , 12.14g (15). Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

T I C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M (A N IC V ); head, 1.

C O L A A 1250

P A T R

( F i r s t c e n tu r y

AD?

S e c o n d c e n tu r y

AE. 15m m , 2.13g (2). Axis: var.

L IB E R IS A V G C O L A A P; crossed cornucopias w ith sm all busts o f the three children of C laudius

AD?)

G E R M A N IG V : 1. N Y , 14.02; 3 - 3 . N 7489, S 11108, - , 13.38; 4 . V at; 5. M azzin i tav . X L I , 13.42; 6. S a n ta m a ria , Sept. 1967, lo t 704; 7. rin 1958, tav. I I I . 5; G E R M : 8. L 1 8 9 8 -6 -4 -3 1 , 11.02; 9. P 1 2 3 7 , 12.32; 10. B (Fox); i i . K a s tn e r 8 (1975), 154, 9-95- S am e obv. dies: 1-7 a n d 8— 11 ; sam e rev. die: 1, 8-11 (dies o f 2—4 n o t seen). Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on:

[ 2 ]

BMC 16

C ista, grapes an d thyrsus C O L A A PA TR ; club i. L =

bm c

i6 ,

8.

2.47; 2. P 1223, 1.79. 1256

1251

AE. 15m m , 2.30g (3). Axis: var.

[ 28 ]

[ 3 ]

BMC 17, C op 166

T I C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M (A N IC V S ); head,

A rrow , quiver and bow C O L A A PA TR ; lyre

1.

i. L =

bm c

C O L A A PA TR , X , X II; aq u ila betw een two standards G E R M A N IC V S : i . L = b m c 21, 10.25; 2. L = bmc 22, 11.35; 3 —4 * 8.56, 9.44; 5—8. B (L öbb, R au c h , 28676/18, L ö b b ); 9—11. P 1 2 3 6 an d D elep ierre (2), 11.56, 9.33, 9.22; 12. N Y , 9.99; 1 3 - 1 4 . V 13835, 13838; 15—16. M u 7, 7a, 7.42, 9.87; 17. G 10; 18—21. R , 10.64, — > 12.02, 8.99; 2 2 - 2 3 . N 7 4 8 4 » 7 4 8 8 , 7 - 15 , 11-05; 2 4 -3 2 - B C D , 11.55, 9 ·1 L r 0 -I2 > 9 -5 2 , 9.98, 8.93, 7.63, 7.17, 10.51. G E R M : 3 3 . N Y; 3 4 . P 1 2 3 5 , 9.14; 3 5 * p 1 2 3 4 , 8.10; 3 6 —3 7 . C L eak e 4568, M cC le an 6337 (pi. 220.20), 10.89, 10.84; 38—39· V 13836-7; 4 0 —4 3 . B (3 O ly m p ia finds, L ö bb ); 4 4 —4 7 . N 7485-7, S 11109, 9.37, 10.34, 7-88, 8.60; 4 8 . B C D , 10.29; 4 9 —5 1 . R , 9-oo, 7.99, 9.80; 5 2 —5 4 . T F a b re tti 3 297-9; U n c e rta in : 5 5 —6 2 . B C D , 10.50, 10.33, 9 -13? 13-67, 6.63, 7.89, 8.04, 8.57. Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : ΔΙΟ (G /C 6 1 4 : 2 6 -7 ).

17, 2.92; 2. C o p 166, 1.87; 3. P 1224, 2 . II.

A u g u s tu s , a fte r 1252

C opper. 25 m m , 9.52 g (44). BMC 21, C op 170

2

b c

_______________________________________

AE. 20m m , 6.46g (27). Axis: var.

[ 20 ]

BMC 18, C op 167, AMC 1152

PA TE R ; b are head, r. C A A P, PA T R IA E ; m an plouging w ith two oxen, r. i . L = b m c i 8 ( ‘la u re a te h e a d ’, in erro r); 2. N Y; 3 . C M cC le an 6335 (pi. 220.24), 6.44; 4—5 . O — AMc 1152-3, 7.25, 7.63; 6 . G 8; 7—8. P 1228-9, 7.27, 7.29; 9 - 1 4 . B; 1 5 - 1 7 . V 13829-31, 6.24, 7.31, 7.43; 1 8 -1 9 . M u 7 8, 6.40, 6.45; 20—25. B C D , 6.49, 5.07, 6.43, 6.27, 5.51, 5.86; 26. PV , 7.01; 27—28. E velpidis, 6.05, 4.05; 29—3 0 . N 7476-7, 5.74, 5.70; 3 1 — 3 5 . M i; 36—3 9 . R , 8.96, 6.99, 5.70, 5.56; 4 0 . V at; 4 1 —4 2 . V enice, M us. A rch.; 4 3 . P r iv a t e c o ll. M A .

N e ro 1257

AE. 2 4m m , 7.98g (1).

[ i ]

Syd 10 -1 i N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M (IM P ); rad iate head, 1. C O L A A P A T R , X , X II; aq u ila betw een two standards

R e ig n o f T ib e r iu s

IM P : i . B 2 8 7 9 1 , 7.98. S am e d ie as 1 2 8 0 /1 -2 ( I V P P IT E R L IB E R A T O R ); no IM P : 2. V enice, M u s. A rch.; 3. T.

_____________________ 1258

1253

C opper. 26m m , 9 .7 4 g (72). Axis: var.

[ 27 ]

N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M ; rad iate head, r. G E N C O L N E R PA T; G enius w ith p a te ra over a lta r and cornucopia

D IV V S A V G V S T VS PA TE R ; rad iate head, 1. C O L A A PA TR E N S; togate m an, holding m easuring rod (?) and vexillum w ith two oxen, 1.

1254

AE. 27m m , 10.31g (5).

[ 5 ]

i . L = b m c 23, 9.45. P e rh a p s from sam e die as 12 6 7 /1 (A D V E N T V S A V G V S T I); 2. B oston 62.431, 8.84. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 1. 1259

AE. 24 m m , 10.47 g.

[ 1 I

As 1258, b u t rad iate head, 1., an d lituus in field on rev. r . P 1 2 4 7 , IO *-471 2. B C D . S am e obv. die a n d as 1 2 7 3 /1 (A D V E N T V S A V G V S T I). 1260

AE. 24m m , 9 .7 3 g (1).

[ o ]

As 1258, b u t N E R O C A E SA R A V G G E R M IM P P; rad iate, 1. I.

1261

B C D , 9.73.

C opper. 24 m m , 8.62 g (2).

C op 169

C op 171

As 1853, b u t head, r.

As 1259, b u t N E R O C A E SA R A V G G E R M IM P; rad iate head, r.

i . P 1227, 10.20; 2. C o p 169, 10.61; 3. B (I-B ); 4—5. V 13827-8, 9.87, 10.14; 6. B C D , 10.74. O n ly tw o obv. dies?

[ 1 ]

BMC 23, Syd 14-15

BMC 19, C op 168

i . L = b m c 19, 9.12; 2—3. L G 0664, BMC 20, 10.20, 10.77; 4 . C op 168, 9.79; 5—7. P 1225-6 a n d D elep ierre, 11.25, 9-85, 10.60; 8—11. N Y , 9.28, 11.02, 9.70, —; 12—13. C L eake 4527, M cC lean 6336 (pi. 220.25), 11.35, 10.13; 14—15· 10.07, 9.01; 16—18. M u 4 -6 , 8.04, 8.39, 8.93; 19. G 9; 20—2 4 . V 13822-6, 14.13, 9-03, 9.77, 10.66, 10.86; 25—27. B (Fox, G an sau g e, L ö b b ); 2 8 - 3 6 . M i, inc. 10.17, 10.30, 8.73; 3 7 . R ouen, 12.10; 3 8—5 6 . B C D , 10.23, 7 ·7 7 > ιο .ο ο , 10.17, 8.85, 11.07, 8 .8 ι, 8.86, 11.36, 8.12, 10.66, 9.17, 8.55, 7.46, 9.19, 10.06, 8.77, 9.49, 11.87; 5 7 “ 6 5* · N 7478-83, S h 105-7, 9.25, i i . 51, 8.07, h . 14, 9.80, 9.20, 8.35, 7.82, 9.03; 6 6 . Basel, 6.67; 6 7 . B erne, 8.24; 6 8 . B u d ap e st, 7.72; 6 9 - 7 0 . G ö ttin g en , 9.96, 10.01; 71. H ; 7 2 . K a rlsru h e , 8.37; 73—76. R , 12.01, 9.58, 10.53, 9 -9 °; 7 7 “ 78· T F a b re tti 3295-6, 11.00, 10.34; 7 9 · V a t; 8 0 . W u rtte m b u rg , 11.85; 8 i . Lewis sng 1271, 10.89. Q u alitativ e analysis on: 2. C o u n te rm ark : N ( G IC 678: 28).

C opper. 24 m m , 9.45 g (1).

i . L 1 8 6 7 —i —i —2 1 6 8 , 9.17; 2. C o p 17 1, 8.07. S am e dies.

[ 2 ]

A C H A E A : Patras (1262-1282)

1262

AE. 23m m , 9 .5 2 g (i).

[ i ]

1273

As 1259, b u t N E R O C A E SA R A V G G E R M [ radiate, 1. (sm all die)

A E. 24m m , 9.76g ( i).

i . B (I-B ), 8.60. S am e die as 12 5 9 /1 (G E N C O L N E R P A T ) an d 1 2 6 5 /4 (A D V E N T V S ). C o u n te rm ark : N ( G I C 678).

[ i ]

1274

Syd 19

i . O , 9.76 ( = S y d en h am , Nero , pi. 38.19). T h e n am e N E R O h as been d elib erately erased, as on 1 2 7 8 /1 .

AE. 24m m , 9.18g (3).

I.

1275

N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M IM P ; lau reate head, 1. A D V E N T V S A V G V S T I, C P; galley, 1. 1276

[ 2 ] 1277

[ i ]

i . P 1239, 9.50. T h e n am e N E R O seem s to h av e been p a rtia lly erased (cf. 1 2 6 3 ).

1278

Syd 16

1279

i . P 1 2 43, 6.98; 2. V C o rin th 13551, 8.85; 3 . B C D . S am e obv. die, w hich h as a very sm all d ia m e te r (1 8 m m ).

i . V 13841, 7.81; 2. L 1 9 1 3 - 6 - 4 - 9 5 , 9.38; 3. P 1 2 4 9 , i i . 00; 4 . B 28676/77, 9.42; 5. V 13842, 8.85; 6. P rin ce to n 1399, 9.50; 7. B u d ap e st, 8.72; 8. D elp h i, 9.05. S am e obv. dies: 1-2 a n d 3 -5 . Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 2.

[ i ]

As 1264, b u t N E R O C A E SA R A V G G E R M IM P P; laureate head, 1.

1280

As

1281

As 1264, b u t N E R O C A ESA R (?); lau reate (?), 1.

Syd 3

1272

A E. 23m m , 7.24g (1). As 1271, b u t laureate head, r. I . H a ll, 7.24 (cast in L ).

, b u t N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M IM P

AE. 2 7m m , 7.30g (1).

[ i ]

[N E R O C L A V D IV ]S C A E SA R A V G G E R M T R P IM P P P; rad iate head, 1. [L A P H JR IA GAC (?) D IA N A VG ; tripod

[ 4 ]

I . P 1 2 4 6 , 7.30. N o eth n ic (?); for a ttrib u tio n , see in tro d u ctio n .

N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M IM P ; rad iate head, 1. A D V E N T V S A V G V S T I; galley, 1.; above, C; below, P i . V 13839, 8.70; 2. P , 8.99; 3 . P 1242, 7.64; 4 . B (P fau), 9.09; 5. 1897, tav. V .3. 1-3 a n d 5: sam e obv. die.

1379

Syd 13

i . B (L öbb), 9.98.

A E. 2 5 -6 m m , 8.61 g (4).

[ 2 ]

i . P 1 2 5 0 , 8.68; 2. P , 9-49- S am e obv. die (an d as 1 2 5 7 , C O L A A P A T R ).

[ I ]

?Syd 6

1271

AE. 23 m m , 9.09 g (2). Syd 18

i . M u 8 a, 8.21. S am e as 1264? C o u n te rm ark : N ( G I C 678).

A E. 21 m m , 9.98g (1).

[ 5 ]

N E R O CA ESA R A V G G E R M ; radiate, 1. IV P P IT E R L IB E R A T O R , C P; J u p ite r standing, 1., w ith eagle an d sceptre

Syd 5

1270

C opper. 23 m m , 9 .2 2 g (8). Syd 17

[ 2 ]

As 1264, b u t IM P N E R O CA ESA R; rad iate head, 1.

A E. 24m m , 8.21 g (1).

[ 2 ]

i . P 1 2 4 8 , 10.26; 2. B (I-B ), 8.96. S am e obv. die. T h e n a m e N E R O has been erased o n 1., as on 1 2 6 3 /1 .

i . P 1 2 4 0 (A V G S T I), 8.53. C oin m u c h tooled, orig in al re a d in g u n ce rtain . P e rh a p s from th e sam e die as 125 8 /1 (G E N C O L N E R P A T ).

1269

AE. 2 3m m , i o . n g (2).

N E R O CA ESA R A V G G E R M ; rad iate head, 1. H E R C V L I A V G V S T O , C P; H ercules leaning, r., w ith club an d lion skin

[ 1 ]

As 1264, b u t N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M IM P ; rad iate head, r.

AE. 21 m m , 7.92g (2).

[ 2 ]

i . P 124 4 , 7.52; 2. P 1 2 4 5 , 9 -4 5 - S am e dies. S m all obv. die (1 8 m m in d ia m eter). N o ethnic: for a ttrib u tio n , see in tro d u ctio n .

Syd 4

1268

AE. 21 m m , 8.49g (2)· IM P N E R O CAESAR; rad iate head, 1. D IA N A L A PH R ; D ian a standing, r., w ith bow

Syd i

AE. 24m m , 8.53g (1)·

[ 2 ]

Syd 12

As 1264, b u t N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R [M ?]; laureate head, r.

1267

AE. 21 m m , 9 .1 7 g (2).

i . B {I-B = GRMK 275, i a n d Taf. V I . 15), 9.32; 2. M u 8a, 9.02.

i . L 1913—6—4—9 4 , 8.27; 2. B 8966, 8.97; 3 . V 13840, 9.68; 4 - 5 . BC D , — , 9.58. 4 from sam e obv. die as 1 2 7 3 /1 .

A E. 24m m , 9.50g (1).

[ i ]

N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M ; rad iate head, 1. D E A N A I A V G V S T A I, C P; dog, bow an d quiver

As 1264, b u t rad iate head, 1.

1266

AE. 23m m , 9.51g (1).

i . N Y , 9.51; 2. BC D .

9 -3 7 -

C opper. 24m m , 9.13g (4).

B C D , 7.99.

IM P N E R O CAESAR; lau reate head, 1. [A P O L JL O A V G V S T , C P; Apollo standing, r., playing lyre

Syd 2

1265

[ o ]

Syd 8

[ 3 ]

i . P 12 4 1 , 9.12; 2. C o p 173, 9.05 (sm all die); 3. R de S anctis 109269,

AE. 2 4m m , 7.99g (1).

As 1271, b u t N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M IM P P; radiate, 1.

[ N E R O ] C A E SA R A V G G E R M [; rad iate head, 1. P O R T V S F R V G IF E R A , C P; m ale figure standing, L, w ith ru d d er an d cornucopias

1264

[ o ]

As 1271, b u t N E R O C A ESA R A V G G E R M

i . B (F o x ), 9.52. 1263

AE. 2 5m m , 8 .6 0 g (1).

261

r in

G a lb a [ o ] 1282

C opper. 24 m m , 8 .9 7 g (9)· Axis: var. BMC 24, C op 174

IM P E R A T O R GALBA; b are head, 1. C O L A A P A T R (A I), X , X II; aq u ila betw een two standards PATR: i . L =

bmc

24, 6.81; 2. L =

bmc

8.64, 9.17; 6 - 7 . B (28850, O ly m p ia find); 8. C o p 174, 9.64; 9. V 138844; 10. C L eake 8636, 9.92; i i —12. B C D , 10.41, 7.29; 13—14. N 7490-1; 15. N Y; P A T R A I: 16. N Y , 11.33. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 2. C o u n te rm ark s: ΔΙΟ ( G IC 614: 7); N ( G I C 678: 5).

25, 9.22; 3—5. P 1251-3, 9.60,

Dyme Dyme is located on the north coast of the Peloponnese. The city was a member of the Achaean League and its history is tied to that of the League until the latter’s dissolution in 146 BC and the reorganisation of Greece under Roman authority. Its Hellenistic coinage is discussed by I-B, MG, pp. 162-4. In 44 Be Caesar founded the Colonia Iulia Dumaeorum; it was refounded by Antony, as the series 1285 has the ethnic Colonia Iulia Antonia Dumaeorum. A new deductio occurred at the beginning of the reign of Augustus, as the ethnic C.I.A.D. must be interpreted as Colonia Iulia Augusta Dumaeorum. The ethnic of series 1286, struck between 31 and 27 b c , is not clear. After Tiberius, no coinage is known. The denominations struck are probably light asses (1283, 1286, 1289) and semisses (1284, 1285, 1287 and 1288). A detailed study of this coinage is provided by M. Amandry, RN, 1981, pp. 45-67, and RN, 1983, pp. 53-6.

M A N T A R IS T [ ]C N O C T A ; helm eted head of P allas/A th en a, r. C I A D V M ; in a w reath i . P 118 9 , 3.58. N eu tro n ab so rp tio n an alysis on: i (C u: 93.91, Pb: 0.88, Sn: 4.89).

O c ta v ia n , 3 1 - 2 J b c C l u l l C a la m u s L A e m il L a [ 1286

]

I lv ir i

Bronze. 21 m m , 5.68 g (2). Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

[ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ] A m andry,

rn

1983, 55-6

C IV L I C A L A M O L A E M IL L A []; bare h ead of O ctavian, r. II V IR [ ]D IM E N [ ]; diadem ed head o f C aesar, r. i . P 1 9 8 3 /4 0 8 , 6.06; 2. B C D , 5.29. N e u tro n ab so rp tio n an alysis on: i (C u: 89.14, Pb: 6.67, Sn: 3.88).

U n d e r A u g u s tu s 1287

A E. i g m m , 4 .5 1 g (1). Axis: 8.

44 S 1 B C ___________________________ A m andry,

C Arri A f C I u l Tang Ilviri quinq, 40 BC 1283

Bronze. 20 m m , 6.13 g (16). Axis: var.

[ 12]

L 1 9 2 1 -1 2 -1 7 -1 1 , 6.56; 2 - 5 . P 9 2 7 -3 0 (P ariu m ), 5.30, 5.40, 6.72, 7.18; 6. B a.B ., 6.65; 7. B I-B , 6.83; 8. V 13452 (C o rin th ), 4.52; 9. V 281, 4.85; 10. C o p 149, 4.71; i i . A 4053, 7.32; 12. N Y , 4.63; 13. C o r in t h 6 9 —7 8 6 , 7.03; 14. C o rin th 73—293, 7.28; 15. B C D , 6.61; 16. P rin ceto n 76-274, 6.59. N e u tro n ab so rp tio n analysis on: 2 (Cu: 88.27, Pb: 5■! — bn: 6.24). C o u n te rm ark s: S ta r on obv. b eh in d C a e sa r’s neck, on 1-3, 5 -9 , 11-16; owl in front o f C a e sa r’s h ea d , on 2, 7 -9 , 12 a n d 16.

Bronze. 17-20 mm , 4.46 g (4). Axis: g or 12.

1288

F iT A

264 (2), A m andry,

rn

C A R R I A F C IV L T A N G C I D; helm eted head of Pallas/A thena, r. II V IR Q V IN Q E X D Ό; fasces an d sella curulis i . P 1045 ( = v i t a , pi. V I I ,27), 4.45; 2. B I-B , 3.98; 3. B C D , 5.22; 4 . B C D , 4.19. N eu tro n a b so rp tio n analysis on: 1 (C u: 90.56, Pb: 2.72, Sn: 6 -3 9 )·

M Ant Arist Cn Octa, 39-36 BC 1285

Bronze. 18 m m , 3.58 g (1). Axis: 6.

[ *1 ] [ i coin, i obv. die ]

F iT A

264 (3), A m andry, r n 1981, 51,

in

AE. 20-1 m m , 3.98 g (5). Axis: var.

[ 3 ] [ 5 coins, 3 obv. dies ]

A m andry,

rn

1981, 52, V

A V G V ST V S; b are head o f A ugustus, r. C I A D V M ; prow , 1. i . L Fox 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 2 3 2 ( = fixa, pi. IX , 11), 3.49; 2. B 3 9 0 /1 9 2 5 (ex Pozzi), 3.93; 3. C o p 150, 4.79; 4 . A 4055b, 3.95; 5. K en ch rea i 157, 3.73.

U n d e r T ib e r iu s

[ 2 ]

[ 4 coins, 2 obv. dies ] 1981, 51, 11

1981, 51, IV

i . A 4 0 5 4 , 4.51.

I.

1284

rn

A VG ; b are head of A ugustus, r. C I A D V M ; V ictory holding w reath a n d palm , on prow, r.

[ 17 coins, 4 obv. dies ] FiTA 264 (1), A m andry, RN 1981, 50, 1 G A R R I A F C I D C T V L T A N G ; diadem ed head of C aesar, r. II V IR Q V IN Q E X D D; plough

[ o ] [ i coin, i obv. die ]

1289

Bronze. 1 8 -2 0 m m , 5 .9 5 g (22). Axis: var. a pt

[ 14 ]

[ 26 coins, 8 obv. dies ] 41 (D yrrachium ), A m andry, r n 1981, 60-1, V I

A V G (V ) C I A D; rad iate head o f A ugustus, r. T I C A E C I A D; lau reate head o f T iberius, r. i . L 1 9 0 6 -1 0 -7 -2 2 , 4.93; 2. L Fox, 6.04; 3 . L 1 9 3 9 —5—12—ï ( = apt, pi. V ,i) , 7.12; 4 . P ( = apt, pi. V ,3: obv.=FiTA, pi. V I I I , 26: rev.=SMACA, pi. X X ,9), 7.39; 5. P, 6.26; 6. V 282, 5.86; 7. V 15422 (A p am ea ), 5.80; 8. B a.B ., 5.31; 9. B I-B , 7 .11 ; 10. B R au c h , 6.30; 11. B 28955, 6.35; 12— 13. A 4055 a n d 4055V, 4.76, 6.72; 14. C o p 151, 7.91; ι ς —16. N Y , 5.42, 5.32; 17. C o rin th 76-360, 6,65; 18. P V , 5.34; 1 9 - 2 0 . J S W , 5.12, 4.86; 21. K ric h e ld o rf 4, 7 /X /1 9 5 7 , 243, 5.63; 22—26. P a tra s excavations; 2 7 28. W in te rth u r 2145-6, 6.65, 3.75. N eu tro n ab so rp tio n an alysis on: 4 (Cu:

83.87; Pb: 6 .59 Æ 9 ). C o u n te rm ark s: A S (?) o n th e obv. o f 3 a n d 22; on th e rev. o f 12, 13 a n d 22 ( G IC 703); C I A D o n th e obv. o f 12, on th e rev. o f 25 ( G IC 487 corr.: ‘p ro w ’, ‘c a p ric o rn ’).

A C H A E A : Zacynthus, Melos (1290-1293)

263

Zacynthus The island of Zacynthus had a long tradition of coinage which came to an end (at least as far as the silver coinage was concerned) in 191 b c when the island became Roman. Its coinage was resumed during the time Antony was in possession of the eastern part of the Roman world. After 31 b c no coinage was issued until the time of Antoninus Pius. On the history of the coinage of Zacynthus, see P. Gardner, NC, 1885, pp. 81-107, pi. III-V , and Head, HN, pp. 429-31. The coinage of Sosius has been attributed to Zacynthus on grounds of the letters ZA (on the reverse of 1290, on the obverse of 1291-3). This attribution is confirmed by prov­ enances (NC, 1885, pp. 8iff.). A fleet-station was established by Antony in Zacynthus after the Treaty of Misenum in 39 b c . According to the treaty, Sextus was to be given the Peloponnese, but Antony did not intend to turn over this territory to him. 1290 was struck in 39/8 b c , before Sosius took up his Syrian governor­ ship in 38 b c , replacing P. Ventidius. The reverse type is highly reminiscent of the Egyptian bronze coinage. Sosius captured Jerusalem in July 37 and the reverse of 1291 recalls that event. 1291 was probably struck when Sosius was back from the east before he assisted Octavian against Sextus in the last months of 36 b c . Series 1292 and 1293 omit Antony’s head. 1293 is dated from the year of the consulate of Sosius in 32 b c . On 1292 Sosius is entitled cos desig: he had been appointed consul designatus as early as 39 b c . As Sosius celebrated his triumph in Rome in 34 and is likely to have stayed in Rome until his consulate, 1292 was probably struck between 36 and 34 b c : if the tripod on the reverse is a plausible reference to the quindecimvirate, the issue is to be dated from 34 b c (but the tripod is the usual type of Zacynthus). At Actium, Sosius commanded the left wing of Antony’s fleet. He survived and was spared by Octavian. His name appears again among those of the members of the college of XVviri sacris faciundis in charge of the organisation of the Ludi Saeculares of 17 b c . 1290, 1291 and 1292 are frequently countermarked: all the known specimens of 1290, two of the three specimens of 1291 and one of the three known specimens of 1292 (pace GIC) have a star. The countermarking must have taken place before most of the coins were put into circulation. The same type of countermark appears at Dyme (1283) and at Cephallenia/Ithaca (1359-60). The four series represent four denominations: 19-21 mm, 19 mm, 17mm, i5 -i6 m m ,

5.75g 4.69 g 3.60g 2.22g

Gardner (NC, 1885, p. 105, no. 5, pi. V,i2) published an autonomous coin with lituus and oenochoe on the obverse/ZA in wreath on the reverse. He dated it to the time of Sosius, supposing that the lituus was an allusion to the augurate of Antony. C S o s iu s 1290

11.74.

i . C L e a k e (S u p p l. 164.2 =

1300

sn g

4015), 8.44; 2. P 277, 10.10.

AE. 18m m , 3.91 g (10). BMC 44, C op 696

N e ro 1295

A E. 23 m m , 11.20g (1). ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΠΑΝΚΛΕΟΣ TO Γ; pom egranate ΜΗΛΙΩΝ, III; cult-statue o f A thena

F i r s t cen tu ry AD (?)______________________________ 1294

AE. 30 mm . ΜΗΛ[ΙΩΝ ]ΑΡΣΑ; helm eted b ust o f A thena, r.; to r., star ΕΠ Ι ΤΙ ΠΑΝΚΛΕΟΣ TO Γ; in four lines in w reath

A E. 24m m , 10.12g (1).

ΜΗΛΙΩΝ; helm eted b ust o f A thena, r.; behind, pom egranate (?) ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΠΑΝΚΛΕΟΣ TO Γ in four lines in w reath

[ 1 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; lau reate head, r. ΜΗΛΙΩΝ III; cult statu e o f A thena

L — BMC 4 4 , 4.95; 2—3 . L — BMC 4 5 -6 , 4.14, 4.12; 4 . V 14950; 5—6. M u 7 -8 , 3.21, 3.94; 7. C o p 696, 4.80; 8. C Leake; 9 . G 10; 10. W eb er 4674, 3.43; 1 1 - 1 3 . P s.n ., 274 -5 , 2-89. 3-28, 4.44. I.

i . V 1 4 9 5 4 , 10.16 (M us. T h e u p ., p. 846 — M i S 4.394.219). A u th en ticity req u ires co n firm atio n (see in tro d u ctio n ).

los Ios produced coins in imperial times with portraits of Trajan (BMC io) and Faustina II (BMC n —12); in addi­ tion there were some autonomous coins, whose dating is very unclear. The coins with Homer/ΙΗΤΩΝ Athena r.

(BMC 8) are perhaps earlier in view of their convex fabric, and they m ay date to the first century ad . The coin in V (14944) attributed to Antonia at Ios is, in fact, a coin of Nero from Side.

Mykonos A single imperial issue is known for Mykonos: 1301

AE. 19m m , 5.47g (1). J . Svoronos,

bch

CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r. MYKONIWN; D ionysus standing, holding thyrsus an d can th aru s

[ i ]

1893, 467, no. 30

i . P ( = M i 2.320.66), 5.47; 2. A 1 8 9 2 /9 3 (see Svoronos).

I enos In his thesis on the coinage of Tenos, R. Etienne (Ténos II (Athènes-Paris, 1990), pp. 248-50) has suggested dating his period III to the end of the first century bc and his period IV to the beginning of the first century ad

(Tiberius?). The dating of these issues seems by no means certain, but the coins included in period IV have been included here exempli gratia.

A C H A E A : Tenos, Aegina (?), Athens (1302-1305)

1303

F i r s t cen tu ry a d (? ) 1302

i . P 4 9 2 , 6.67; 2. C o p 787, 4.26. C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G IC — : 2).

33

ΤΗΝΙΩΝ; Poseidon standing, 1., holding trid e n t over dolphin A m phitrite standing, 1., raising arm an d holding sceptre i. L =

bm c

AE. 18m m , 5 .4 6 g (2). Axis: 12 (1). L au reate m ale head, r. ΤΗΝΙΩΝ; Poseidon an d A m phitrite stan d in g in tem ple

AE. 2 im m , 8.43g (2)· Axis: 2. bmc

265

3 3 , 10.00; 2. L =

bmc

1304

AE. 14m m , 1.96g (2). Axis: 6. ΤΗΝΙΩΝ; can th aru s T rid e n t betw een tw o dolphins

34, 6.85.

i . L 1906—11—3—2 6 0 7 , 2.28.

Aegina (?) Aegina produced no coinage between the second century b c and the Severan period, unless it is correct, as seems poss­ ible, to attribute a rare coin there in the reign of Tiberius. This issue seems to be known in three examples, two in B and one in Cop, although they are slightly elusive. Unfortunately, the reading of the inscription on the obverse and hence the ethnic and perhaps the identity of the portrait are uncertain. The two Berlin coins were originally published (with a line drawing of one of them) by J. Fried­ länder (Archäologische Zeitung, 1871, 79-81), who hesitated to attribute the coin to Aegina for the rather weak reason that no coins were known before the time of Severus. Grant (F1TA, pi. X II.4; APT 162; and NC, 1949, p. 152 and pi. X.5) published a photograph of the specimens in Berlin (though he seems to have confused them and refers to the coin as ‘unique’) - He had no doubts that the coin came from Aegina and he restored the obverse legend to read ΣΑΒ[εΐΝΟΣ ΑΙΓ8ΙΝ]ΗΤΩΝ, identifying the portrait as that of C. Poppaeus Sabinus, the imperial legate governing the joint province of Moesia, Macedonia and Achaea in a d 1 2 35. The piece in Copenhagen is mentioned by C.J. Howgego (GIC 432), who bases his knowledge on a cast of the reverse in Winterthur. Howgego compares the countermark with his no. 440, attributed to Lampsacus, but 440 is incuse. Given the remains of the legend, the certain presence of AIAKOC, Aeacus the son of Aegina, on the reverse and the source of the B coins in Athens, the attribution to Aegina seems quite likely. The coin was, however, tentatively reat­ tributed to Pergamum (see, e.g., J. Boardman (LIMC, s.v.

Aiakos) ); this seems very unlikely, as the coin has nothing in common with the known coins of Pergamum (2354fr.). Grant’s identification of the portrait as Poppaeus Sabinus is by no means impossible, though the evidence is not good. Friedländer, followed by Grant and Boardman, inter­ preted the scene as a dead man standing before Aeacus, and he identified the small figure on the cippus as ‘Todesgenius’. Η. M. von Kaenel has kindly examined the casts in Winterthur, and is of the opinion that there are, in fact, two standing figures on the right of the scene, one of which must be female as it is wearing a peplos. The man standing before Aeacus seems to be holding some object, which is unfortunately not clearly preserved; it might be a purse. There also seems to be an object between Aeacus and the standing figure (a staff or torch?). The precise identifi­ cation of this scene is not clear. C P o p p a e u s S a b in u s ( ? ) , a d 1 5 -3 5 *I. 1305

AE.

17 mm .

[ 3? ]

APT 162

CAB[?£INOC ΑΙΓεΐΝ]ΗΤΩΝ; bare head (of Poppaeus Sabinus?), r. AIAKOC; dead m an (holding som ething in hand) standing before A eacus, who is seated r.; betw een them an object; to r., two figures (one female, one male) I . B ( = FiTA , p i. X I I . 4; ca st in W in te rth u r); 2 . B i — n c 1949, p i. X .5 ); 3. C op? (cast in W in te rth u r - see gic w ith pi. 17.432 - th o u g h the coin ca n n o t be lo cated in C o p ). C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G I C 432: 1-3).

Athens The late Hellenistic coinage of Athens has been fully treated by J. H. Kroll in his publication of the Ghaidari and Ag. Varvara hoards, Archaiologikon Deltion 27 (1972) Mel., pp. 86-120; in addition we are very grateful to him for giving us his latest thoughts on the relevant coinage. Kroll has divided this coinage into five periods: IVA (8642 b c ) , IVB (41-32 b c ) , IVC (31-early 20S b c ) , IVD (midlate 20s b c ) and IVE (10s b c ) . His periods IVA-B are not included here; period IVA coincided with the last period of Athenian silver, whose ending can be dated to the middle of the century, perhaps the mid- or late forties b c (H. M att­ ingly, NC, 1971, p. 328; Kroll, loc. cit.). From that point the

style of the bronze coinage develops away from that of the silver and the coins have changing reverse types, which have been interpreted as magistrates’ personal devices, though this view is only partially accepted by Kroll. In addition, Kroll follows the association of Dionysus types with Antony and his residence in Athens from 39 to 37 b c , and that of the coins with the sphinx reverse with Augustus in the early twenties bc. The issues of the mid-twenties were on a very large scale, among the largest of all Athenian bronze issues. In addition to the regular Athenian bronzes, Kroll has attributed cleruchy issues for Lemnos, Imbros and Skyros

to the period immediately after Actium, and has argued that they were minted in Athens. c .ji- e a r ly 20s 1306

H elm eted head o f A th en a Parthenos, r. ΑΘΕ; A th en a advancing, r.; to r., owl or snake; all in w reath A. O w l: i . L — B M C 5 6 2 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d A g. V a rv a ra h o ard s: 118; B. S nake: i . L 1 9 2 9 - 5 —15—84. N o. in C h a id a ri a n d Ag. V a rv a ra h o ard s: 47.

bc

L eaded bronze. 19 m m , 8.09 g (3)·

1310

C h aid ari 569—656

H elm eted head of A thena, r. ΑΘΕ; D em eter standing, r., holding torch; to r., kernos

H elm eted head o f A th en a P arthenos, r. ΑΘΕ; owl stan d in g on prow ; to r., ear o f corn; all in olive branch

i . L = b m c 5 6 5 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d Ag. V a rv a ra ho ard s: 3. T h e rev. ty p e is co n n e cted by K ro ll w ith O c ta v ia n ’s in itia tio n a t Elensis. 1307

i . L 1920—8—5—4 8 1 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d Ag. V a rv a ra h o ard s: 88.

AE. 19m m , 8.51g (14). 1311

C h aid ari 275-88

L eaded bronze. 2 0 m m , 7.57g (42). C h aid ari 657-98

H elm eted head of A th en a P arthenos, r. ΑΘΕ; N ike advancing r., w ith fillets: all in w reath

H elm eted head o f A th en a P arthenos, r. ΑΘΕ; sphinx w earing m odius, r.; all in w reath

i . L 1920—8—5—4 9 4 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d Ag. V a rv a ra ho ard s: 14, T h e rev erse ty p e is in te rp re te d by K ro ll as a reference to th e victory a t A ctiu m . 1308

A E. 19m m , 7.48g (88).

C h aid ari 290-2

i . L 1920—8—5—4 9 5 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d Ag. V a rv a ra h o ard s: 42.

A E. 20m m , 9 .5 2 g ( 1). C h aid ari 289 H elm eted head of A th en a P arthenos, r. ΑΘΕ; Zeus standing, r., w ith th underbolt; all in w reath

C. IOS B C

i . See C h a id a ri h o ard , pi. 38.1. N o. in C h a id a ri a n d A g. V a rv a ra hoards:

1312

L eaded bronze. i8 m m , 6 .3 0 g (117).

I.

C h aid ari 293-341, 342-99

c . m id -la te 2 0 s 1309

H elm eted h ead o f A th en a P arthenos, r. ΑΘΕ; owl stan d in g on am phora; to r., coiled snake or cicada; all in w reath

bc

A. S nake: i . L = b m c 1 9 2 9 —5—15—3 8 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d A g. V a rv a ra h o ard s: 49; B. C icad a: 1. L 1 9 2 0 —8—5—4 7 3 . N o. in C h a id a ri a n d Ag. V a rv a ra h o ard s: 58.

L eaded bronze. 19m m , 7.73g (161). C haidari 407-524, 525-67

1anagra The classification of coins in the Julio-Claudian period is not clear. The first problem concerns the ‘autonomous’ coins. The last discussion of these seems to be that of Head in NC, 1881, pp. 372—3. Head, basing himself mostly on the material discussed by Imhoof-Blumer, NZ, 1877, pp. 372-3, assigned various issues to the imperial period, without any greater precision. The difficulty arises because of the spar­ sity of datable coinage at Tanagra; between the coinage of the fourth century b c and the second century a d there is only a small group of Augustan and Tiberian coins (see below). We can be reasonably sure that very few of the ‘autonomous’ coins are later than the period of Trajan, on grounds of both fabric and epigraphy, since the W form of the omega is normal from his reign (this seems to occur only on ‘autonomous’ coins of the type BMC 51, which is presumably therefore to be dated to the second century). However, as the ‘autonomous’ coins are not closely connec­ ted to the Augustan/Tiberian issues, it is not really clear whether they should be regarded as Hellenistic, JulioClaudian or Flavian. The relevant coins have therefore simply been listed, without prejudice: those with ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ have been placed first, since the shorter TANA may perhaps have replaced it, in view of the

apparent change from the coins of Augustus to those of the reign of Tiberius. The coins with imperial heads are not easy to arrange. They were struck with different types in different denomi­ nations, but it is not clear which should be grouped together. The view taken here is that there is a group of coins struck under Augustus without obverse inscriptions, followed by a late Augustan issue for, on the larger denomi­ nation, KAICAP (= Augustus) and, on the smaller denomi­ nation, his heir TIB8PIOC KAICAP, and finally an issue in the reign of Tiberius for TCPMANIKOC and APOYCOC. There are admittedly difficulties with this arrangement: for instance, it may seem odd to divorce the coins of Tiberius from those of Germanicus and Drusus. The coins of KAICAP and TIBCPIOC KAICAP are, however, associated by the application of the caduceus and tripod countermarks (which do not appear on any other coins); they both have the ethnic ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ, whereas the coins of Drusus and Germanicus have TANA. In addition, the treatment of the truncation of the portraits of KAICAP and of TIBCPIOC KAICAP is very similar, but different from that on the portrait of Germanicus (the truncation on the unique coin of Drusus is unclear). There are a number of coins with obverses which appear

A C H A E A : Tanagra (1313-1325)

to represent an emperor’s head, but it is not at all clear which one is intended. The style of two of these suggests that they are two denominations of the same issue, and they have been tentatively identified by Imhoof-Blumer as Augustus (NZ, 1877, p. 31). As they are so uncertain, they have been grouped together under ‘Uncertain emperor’. The coins with imperial heads seem to have been made in three denominations'. (a) (b) (c)

23 mm 19 mm 15mm

three nymphs on rev. tripod on rev. various rev.

1318

L eaded bronze. 28 mm , 9.62 g (3).

i . L = b m c 5 7 , 3.35; 2. L = BMC 58, 3.33; 3 . C o p 239, 3.32; 4 - 6 . P 5 76-8, 3.64, 3.20, 2.73; 7. O , 3.90; 8—10. B (L öbb, 7485, I-B ); 11. N Y , 4.59; 12. G 3, 3.45; 13. V 12674, 3 ·7°; Ι 4~ Ι 5 · B C D ; 16. W in te rth u r 1897, 3.62. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 1. 1319

[ 1 ]

APOYCOC; b are head, r. TANA; p alm b ranch i. L =

[

3

]

1320

bm c

5 6 , 3.06. Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: i.

17 m m ,

5.50 g (2).

AE. 15 m m , 3.46 g

[ 3 ]

i . B ( 5 3 3 /1 9 1 3 ), 4 -4 9 ; 2. C M cC lean 5566 co rr., 3.44; 3. N Y . S am e obv. die.

[ 2 ]

B are head, r. ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; tripod

U n c e rta in em p ero r B

i . L 1920—8—5—244, 5 4 4 ; 2. C SNG 2899A, 5.56; 3. B C D . A ll from the sam e obv. die. Q u alitativ e analysis on: i. C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in (3).

1321

AE. 15m m , 4.96g (3).

(2).

Bare head, r. TANA; Apollo standing, facing, w ith laurel b ranch and bow

i . L = b m c 5 4 , 7.84; a . O = AMC 1126, 9.98; 3. P 579, 11.05. Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 1.

1315

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3 .0 6 g (1). BMC 56

B are head, r. ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; three nym phs

L eaded bronze.

[ 12 ]

ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟC; b are head, r. TANA; Apollo standing, facing, w ith laurel b ranch and bow

BMC 54

1314

L eaded bronze. 15 m m , 3.49 g (8). BMC 57, C op 239

U n c e rta in em p ero r A

A u g u s tu s (?) 1313

R e ig n o f T ib e r iu s : G e rm a n ic u s a n d D r u s u s

8.52 g (9) 6.04 g (8) 3 -8 9 g ( n )

The denominations of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins are unclear as there are not sufficient recorded weights to con­ struct a pattern. One can, however, say that they all represent small change, smaller than the coins with imperial heads.

26'γ

[ *1 ]

B are head, r. TANA; H erm es K riophoros carrying ram

[ 4 ]

i . B ( P r o k e s c h ) , 1.67 ( = P ro k esch -O sten , Inedita (1854), T af. I I . 62).

C op 236 1322

Bare head, r. ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; in three lines in w reath

A E. 14m m , 1.67g ( A

AE. io m m , 1.15g (1)·

[ 1

1

B are head, r. TANA; m ale figure standing, holding sp ear a n d sw ord on shield

i . N Y , 6.65; 2. N Y; 3. C op 236, 4.80; 4 . P 573, 3.42; 5—7. B C D . All p ro b a b ly from th e sam e obv. die.

i . B (I-B ), 1 .15 ( = NZ 1877, 31, no. 109).

A u g u s tu s a n d T ib e r iu s C a e sa r (?) 1316

L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 7.97 g. (6).

N o e m p e ro r’s h ea d , u n c e rta in da te [ 9 ] 1323

KAICAP; b are head, r. ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; three nym phs i . L = b m c 5 2 , 8.97; 2. L = BMC 53, 7.15; 3 - 4 . P 580 (obv. tooled to read ΑΦΡΙΚΑΝ) a n d 581, 7.26 a n d 8.24; 5—6. B (532/1912, L ö b b ); 7. N Y, 7.57; 8. G 143/1948, 8.32; 9 . V 12675, 7.90; 10—i i . B C D ; 12. C o rin th ex cavations (Hesperia 1986, 192, no. 84). Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 1--2. C o u n te rm ark s: W inged cad u ceu s ( G IC 388: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, i i , 12) a n d trip o d ( G I C 477: 2, 3, 4, 7, 9). 1317

L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6.22g (6). BMC

2

]

i . P 5 7 1 ; 2. B (I-B ), 4.15 (= NZ 1877, 29, no. 106); 3. B C D . 1324

A E. 12m m , 2.61 g (5).

[ 6 ]

BMC 50, C op 238

ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; in three lines in w reath TANA; w inged caduceus

55

i . N Y ; 2. L = b m c 5 5 , 6.06; 3 - 4 . P 574-5, 6.71, 6.55; 5 - 8 . B (28656/44, Fox, I-B , L ö b b ); 9. G 2, 5.36; 10. V 33750, 6.73; i i . M u 9, 5.90; 12. B C D . All from sam e obv. die. Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 2. C o u n te rm ark s: W inged cad u ceu s ( G IC 388: 6) a n d trip o d ( G I C 477: 2, 4, 6, 9, 10).

[

nOIM ANAPOC; bearded b u st of Poem andros ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; H erm es K riophoros carrying ram

[ 11 ]

TIBEPIOC KAICAP; b are head, r. ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙΩΝ; tripod

AE. 17m m , 4 .9 3 g (2).

L = b m c 5 0 , 2.53; 2. C o p 238, 3.75; 3. P 572, 1.95; 4 . B (L ö b b ); 5. V 12673, 2.5°; 6. M u 8a, 2.33; 7. B C D .

I.

1325

A E. 14m m , 1.93g ( U ΤΑΝΑΓΡΑΙ; head o f Tyche, r. TANA; A rtem is running, r., w ith torch i . M u 8, 1.93; 2 . B (L ö b b ); 3—4 . B C D . n z 1877, 29, n o . 105 ( c itin g M io n n et).

[ 2 ]

268

1326

A C H A E A : Tanagra, Thebes ( i 326-1337)

AE. 15m m , 2 .11 g (i).

[ i ]

1328

i . B (I-B ), 2 .1 1. N z 1877, 30, no. 108.

AE. 15m m , 3.20g (3).

[ 1 ]

A rtem is standing, r. TANA; m ale figure standing, holding spear an d sw ord on shield

TANA; head (of an em peror?), r. ACQIIOC; bearded head, r.

1327

A E. 10m m , 1.41g (1).

i . B (2 8 6 8 6 ), i .41.

[ 5 ] 1329

C op 237

AE. 11 m m .

[ 1 ]

Lyre TANA; w inged caduceus

Fem ale head, r. TANA; A rtem is running, r., w ith torch

I.

I . C o p 237, 3.48; 2—4 . B {I-B = nz 1877, 29, no. 105, L öbb, P rokesch — Inedita (1859), T a t. I I . 31), 3-55, —, — ; 5. M u 7, 2.56.

B (I-B ); 2 - 3 . B C D .

Thebes The only coinage minted at Thebes during the imperial period can be dated to the reign of Galba. There are coins with the head of Heracles or of Tyche, signed ΕΠΙ ΠΟΛΕΜ Γ K MAKPOY and ΕΠΙ APXI ΠΕΜΠΤΙΔΟΥ (if he was a priest, as was suggested by J. Friedländer, Berliner Blätter III [1866], p. 167) or ΑΡΧΙΠΕΜΠΤΙΔΟΥ if it is just a name. The coins of the latter have always been attributed to Galba’s reign because the same magistrate was attested on coin with the portrait and titles of Galba. The coins of the former, however, have traditionally been attributed to the reign of Trajan, because Mionnet (S3.532 ex Sestini) des­ cribed a coin of Trajan with this magistrate. This was accepted by Prokesch-Osten (see below) and Head (NC, 1881, p. 271) but is a mistake. There is a coin of the magis­ trate in P whose obverse can just be read ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΓΑΛ[ ; moreover, the coins with Heracles and Tyche show that the same dies were used for both magistrates. Some of the coins have had the name of the magistrate scraped off, and the countermark ΔΗΜΟ applied in its place, presumably before issue, as Howgego suggested (GIC 5 3 1)· The coins are all of a single denomination, 21 mm and 7 -9 4 g (18). R e ig n o f G a lb a

1—2. B C D ; 3. A p o sto lo Z en o 3687 (u n illu strated ; cf. K en n er, S tift St. n c 1881, 272). S am e obv. die: 1-2, a n d sam e as 1 3 3 6 /1 -1 5

Florian 57,

(ΠΕΜΠΤΙΔΟΥ). 1333

AE. 21

mm,

i . L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -2 5 5 , 8.27; 2. L = BMC 214, 6.01; 3. L 1 9 0 1 —6—3 —1, 6.91. S am e obv. die. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: i .

Pemptides 1334

[ 1

1331

AE. 21

mm,

1335

AE. 20 mm. ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; head o f H eracles, 1. ε π ΠΟΛΕΜ Γ K MAKPOY; club an d thyrsus

[ 6 ]

A E. 21 m m ,

7.31g

(5).

[ 8 ]

BMC 212, C op 395

[ 2 ]

[ o ]

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.81 g (4).

1—2. L 1 9 2 2 —3 —17—6 8 , 1 8 9 4 —5—5—9 1 , 9.61, 7.89; 3 . C o p 396, 9.93; 4 . M u 19, 7.81; 5—8. B C D ; 9—10. B (28656/47, L ö b b ). S am e obv. die: 13, 7, 9-1 0 ; 4 -6 , 8 ( a ls o = 1 3 3 1 /1 -3 o f MAKPOY). Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 2. C o u n te rm ark : D o t in circle ( G IC — : 1). E ra sed rev. legend an d co u n term ark ΔΗΜ Ο ( G IC 531: 2, 7-10).

ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; h ead o f H eracles, 1. ΕΠΙ APXI ΠΕΜΠΤΙΔΟΥ; club and thyrsus

ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; head of Tyche, r. ΕΠΙ ΠΟΛΕΜ Γ Κ MAKPOY; D ionysus stan d in g , r., w ith can th aru s

1332

]

ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; head o f T yche, r. ΕΠΙ APXI[ Π]εΜΠΤΙΔΟΥ; D ionysus standing, r., holding can th aru s

1

1. B ( P r o k e s c h -O s te n ) , 6.49 ( = P rokesch-O sten, Inedita 1859, T af. I I . 32); 2. C, 7.59; 3. B C D . A ll sam e obv. die a n d th e sam e as 1 3 3 5 /4 -6 , 8 (ΠΕΜ ΠΤΙΔΟΥ). C o u n te rm ark : D o t in circle ( G I C — : 2). E ra sed rev. legend an d c o u n term ark ΔΗΜ Ο ( G IC 531: 3).

4

C op 396

1336

7.04 g (2).

[

O n prow : i . B (4 9 5 7 ), 7.55; 2. B (I-B ); on globe: 3. L 1 8 8 2 —5—6—36, 12.02; 4 . B. S am e obv. die: 1 a n d 3 -4 . T h e re a d in g o n 2 seem s to be ] YTOKPATOPA ΓΑΛΒΑΝ C£B[ . Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 3. E ra sed rev. leg en d a n d c o u n term ark ΔΗΜΟ ( G I C 531: 2 -4 ).

ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΓΑΛ[ ; bare head, r. ΕΠΙ MAKP[ ] ΠΟΛΕΜ Γ, ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; Nike on globe, 1. i . P 6 6 9 , 10.09.

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 7.78g (2).

ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ TAABAC CEBACTOC; b are head, r. ΕΠΙ APXI ΠΕΜ ΠΤΙΔΟΥ, ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; Nike on globe (or on prow ), 1., holding w reath an d p alm

_______________________ 10.09g ( 0 ·

[ 3 ]

ΘΗΒΑΙΩΝ; head o f H eracles, r. ε π ί ΠΟΛε Γ K MAKPOY; club an d thyrsus

Polem Makros 1330

L eaded bronze. 2 1m m , 7.06 g (3). BMC 214

i . L = b m c 2 1 2 , 7.28; 2. L = b m c 213, 7.22; 3 - 5 . B, inc. b rockage (I-B ); 6. C o p 395, 7.89; 7. O , 7.22; 8. M u 18, 6.95; 9—13. B C D . P ro b ab ly all fro m th e sam e obv. die, w h ich is th e sam e as 1 3 3 2 /1 -2 (MAKPOY).

1337

AE. 21 m m , 6 .3 2 g (1). As 1336, b u t head o f H eracles, r. i . P 6 6 8 , 6.32; 2. B (28656/45).

[ 1 ]

A C H A E A : Locri (Opus), Chalcis (1338—1342)

26g

Locri (Opus) Locri issued very little coinage during the Julio-Claudian period. The large bronzes with Hades/Dioscuri in wreath are here tentatively assigned to the period of the second Triumvirate, on grounds of their large size and relatively heavy weights, which seem characteristic of the period (and in the absence of an imperial portrait, they are unlikely to be much later). There follows an issue made by the magistrate M. (unless the M should be attached to the CIII and interpreted as εΠΙΜΕΛΗΘεΝΤΟΣ) Claudius Serapion; this consisted of coins in the name of Galba (and Otho?), as well as two types without an imperial portrait. These coins are all very rare, and made from very few dies. Their metrology is rather puzzling, particularly as one of the ‘autonomous’ issues has a smaller diameter but a heavier weight standard than the other. We find: G alb a 21mm, 6.87 g (3) Hades 22 mm, 6.44g (2) Persephone 18 mm,7.28g (8)

ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ PAABAC; lau reate head, r. ΟΠΟΥ, ΕΠΙ Μ ΚΛΑΥ εεΡΑ Π Ι(Ω Ν Ο Ε); m ale figure, stan d in g L, holding o u t p atera, an d drap ery i . L 1910—8—i —i , 7.42; 2. C o p 8 0 , 6.70;

1338

O th o (?) 1340

i . M u ex G ousin éry (F ried län d er, Berliner B lä tter I I I (1866), 166). T h e a u th e n tic ity o f th e coin is n o t certain.

N o e m p e ro r’s h ea d , a d 6 8 - g *i.

BC (?) (3)·

L eaded bronze.

22 m m ,

6.44 g

(2).

Axis: var.

[

2

]

8

]

85

[επί] ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ε ε Ρ Α Π [; head of H ades, r. ΟΠΟΥΝΤΙΩΝ; w arrior resting arm on hip, a n d holding spear an d shield

[ 4 ]

i . L = bm c 8 5 , 6.29; 2. B (I-B ), 6.59. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: i.

W reathed head of H ades, r.; behind, poppy head; below, ear of corn (?) ΟΠΟΥΝΤ 1 ΩΝ; D ioscuri galloping, r., on horses; all w ithin w reath

1342

Axis: var.

[

18 m m , 7.28 g (8).

Axis: var.

[

ΟεΡΑΠΙΩΝΟΟ; head o f Persephone, r.; before, poppy head. ΟΠΟΥΝΤΙΩΝ, ΕΠΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ; w arrio r as 1341 i . L = B M C 86, 7.21; 2. L = BMC 87, 6.30; 3. G 14, 7.10; 4 —5. O , 8.08, 6.41; 6—8. B (I-B , 646/1877, P ro k esch ), 7.45, 8.03, 7.64. 8 w as p u b lish e d by A. von S allet, ‘D ie ang eb lich en L ocri O p u n tii E p icn em id ii’, 2J N 3 (1876), p p . 244-5. Q u alitativ e an aly sis on: 2.

G a lb a

(3)·

L eaded bronze. BMC 8 6

i . L 1920—8—5—210, 11.15; 2. L = BMC 88, 11.55; 3 . B (I-B ), 11.03; 4 . V 12536. Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 1.

Bronze. 21 m m , 6.87 g

[ 1 ]

ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑ ΟΘΩΝΑ; bare head, r. ΟΠΟΥ, εΠ Ι[]Κ Λ Α Υ CePAfilQNOC: as 1339

BMC 8 8

1339

A E. 21 m m . 6 .3 5 g (t)·

BMC

L eaded bronze. 24m m , 11.24g

B 28723 ( = F ried län d er,

th e rev. as a figure o f H erm es. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 1.

1341

L a te f i r s t cen tu ry

3.

Berliner B lä tter I I I (1866), 166); 4 . B (L ö b b ), 6.51. F rie d lä n d e r in te rp re te d

4 ]

C o u n te rm ark : ΛΟ ( G IC 620: 1—8).

C op 80

Chalcis The coinage of Chalcis has been fully studied by O. Picard, Chalcis et la Confédération Eubéenne (Athens and Paris, 1979), and his arrangement and discussion have been followed here (except for that of 1343). A little additional material has been included, since Picard’s work omitted the coins in G and most of the imperial coins of Chalcis in B. Picard 97 and 98 have not been included, as their date or attribution to Chalcis does not seem certain. The first issue is signed by the pronconsul L. Livius Rufinus, who is otherwise unknown (B. E. Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum, col. 190, no. 8, places him simply ‘sub Augusto’). Both this issue and the next, signed by MCCKINIOC CTPA(THrOC) were regarded by Grant (.FIT A 385, n. 16) as a sort ofjoint foundation issue of 18 b c , but Picard has pointed out that it is hard to see what is meant by a foundation issue, when neither the status nor the name of Chalcis changed; nor is it possible to date either issue so closely.

Grant also thought that the portraits were those of Rufinus and Mescinius; this is impossible in the case of Mescinius, since some coins have a female portrait, which is surely of Livia. The identification of the male head as Augustus therefore seems more likely in both cases. Picard (p. 121) has also argued convincingly, contra Grant, that Mescinius was a local rather than a Roman strategos, since the same magistracy appears on later coins (1352). The issue of Theokles Pausaniou was dated to the early imperial period by Picard. This seems implausible (e.g., the reappearance ofZ for C is rather surprising), and D. Knoepfler has re-dated the issue to the early first century b c , as an athlete of the same name appears on an inscription of that date, which is decorated with crowns such as appear on the coins (BCH, 1979, pp. 165-88). While it seems correct that the coin was dated too late by Picard, Knoepfler’s date seems too early, and a date in the Triumviral period, under Antony, appears more likely.

The coins were produced in the following denominations: Theokles Rufinus Mescinius Anon Kleonikos Euthyklides

25m m, 15.14g (5)

23 mm, 2 0 mm, 21 mm, 17 mm, 21 mm, 20m m,

7.37 g 6.39g 7.01 g 4.95 g 6.50 g 5.84g

(25) (2) (17) (3) (24) (19)

The three denominations were identified by Picard as asses, semisses and quadrantes, but they seem more probably to be dupondii, asses and semisses (see the introduction to Achaea, p. 246). For the use of the traditional type of Hera wearing a polos, see Picard.

13mm, 3.51g ( n ) ■3 m m . 3-92 g ( 3 )

A u g u s tu s a n d L i v ia 1347

A E. 17m m , 5.15g (2).

[ 2 ]

P icard 93/1 ΧΑΛΚΙΔΕΩΝ; b a re h ead o f A ugustus, r. H ead o f H e ra w earing polos, r. I· N Y , 5.33; 2. P 1 03, 4.97. 1348

T h e o k le s P a u s a n io u , f i r s t cen tu ry b c (?) 1343

AE. 23m m , 7.37g (25). Axis: 12. Picard 94,

bm c

A E. 17 m m , 4 .5 4 g (1).

[ i ]

P icard 93/2 ΧΑΛΚΙΔΕΩΝ; h ead of Livia, r. H ead of H e ra w earing polos, r.

[ 17 ]

i . N Y , 4.54. U n c e rta in co u n term ark .

89

ΧΑΛΚΙΔΕΩΝ; H e ra w ith sceptre in q u ad rig a, r. ΘΕΟΚΛΗΣ ΠΑΥΣΑΝΙΟΥ; in w reath

N e r o a n d A g r ip p in a

i . L = b m c 9 0 , 6.40; 2—4 . L 19 2 0 -8 -5 -2 8 8 , bmc 89, 91, 11.07, 6-8o> 8.77; 5—26. See P ica rd . F o r d iscussion o f date, see in tro d u ctio n . C o u n te rm ark s: E a r o f corn ( G I C —■: P 68, N Y , B (I-B )); trip o d ( G IC — ; N Y , five exam ples).

E p im e l K le o n ik o u 1349

A E. 21 m m , 6 .8 3 g ( 7 )· Axis: var.

[ 10 ]

P icard 95 semis (ΤΙ) ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; lau reate head o f N ero, r. ΕΠΙΜ(ΕΛ) KAEONI(KOY); d rap ed b ust o f H era w earing polos, (on Ionic capital, r.)

A u g u s tu s

i . L 1 9 1 2 —i —6—i , 7.31; 2—6. See P icard ; 7. V 2 7 3 3 5 /1 0 1 , 7.10 (dies ia ); 8. B (285/1871) (dies ia ) ; 9. B (L ö b b ) (dies 2b); 10. B ( I - B = m g 223, 66) (dies 2b).

L L iv iu s R u fin u s P r o c o s 1344

A E. 20 mm , 6.39 g (2)· P icard 91,

f it a

[ 2 ]

385

1350

XAAKIC; head of H e ra w earing polos, r. A (AIOYIIOC) (POYOINOC) ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΙ:; b are head, r.

bm c

[ 12 ]

107

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ; b u st o f A grippina, r. ΕΠΙΜΕ(Λ) KAEO(N)(I)(KOY); d rap ed b ust of H era w earing polos, (on Ionic capital) r.

ΡΟΥΦΙΝΟΟ: i . Ρ 1 06a, 6.72; 2. B (I-B = m g 222, 56), 6.06; AIOYIIOC: 3. W e b er (H irsch X X I) 1611; 4 . B C D ; 5. M i.

i . N Y , 4.30; 2. L = b m c 107, 7.31; 3 —14. See P icard ; 15. G 21; 16. B (IB = m g 223, 67), 5.39 (dies 4d); 17—18. B (K nobelsdorf, 28764), 8.11, 5.97 (b o th new co m b in atio n o f dies, 4a, u sin g rev. die o f N ero); 19. G rab o w 14 (1939), 736 (dies 4c.). Q u alitativ e an alysis on: 2.

A u g u s tu s a n d L i v ia 1351

A E. 13m m , 3 .5 1 g (11).

[ 7 ]

P icard 95 q u ad ra n s, C op 461

M e s c in iu s S tr a 1345

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 6 .3 7 g (17)· Axis: var. P icard 95 semis,

L eaded bronze. 21m m , 6 .9 9 g

(15).

[

ΕΠΙΜ KAEO(N); head of H e ra w earing polos, r. (KAEONI); baetyl in Ionic tem ple w ith two colum ns

10 ]

P icard 92/1-2

i . N Y , 4.04; 2. L 1 8 7 6 -1 2 -2 -1 , 3.70; 3—13. See P icard .

MECKINIOC CT(PA); b are head o f A ugustus, r. ΧΑΛΚΙΔΕΩΝ; head of H e ra w earing polos, r. 1—2. L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -2 9 1 , 19 2 1 -1 1-2 0 -3 3 , 6 -4 4 . 7 -2 7 . 3 · N Y , 6.68; 4—10. See P ica rd ; n —13. B (L öbb, 28686, I-B ), 7.52, 7.94, 5.69 (dies ra , 2d, 2d); 14. C M cC le an 5691 (pi. 204,17), 6.80; 15. B (I-B ), 8.20 (= m g 222, 57; n ew co m b in atio n o f dies, 2b). Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 2. 1346

L eaded bronze. 21m m , 7.07 g (2). P icard 92/3,

[ 3 ]

bm c i i i

MECKINIOC CTPA; head of Livia, r. ΧΑΛΚΙΔΕΩΝ; head o f H e ra w earing polos, r. i . L = bmc i n (‘C ris p in a ’), 7.28; 2—3. See P icard; 4 . G 20 (dies 3d); 5. B (L ö b b ), 6.86 (dies 3d); 6 . B (I-B™ mg 222, 56; dies 3d). Q u alitativ e an alysis on: 1.

N e ro T i K la u E u th y k li S tr a 1352

L eaded bronze. 2 5m m , 15.14g (5). P icard 96 as,

bm c

[ 3 ]

108

ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; bare head, r. CTPA ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ ΕΥΘΥΚΛΙ, ΧΑΛ; head o f H e ra w earing polos, on Ionic capital, r. I . L = b m c 1 08, 16.68; 2—5. See P icard ; 6. B (I-B = ib ) . Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: i.

mg

222, 61) (dies

A C H A E A : Chalcis, Carystus, Skyros, Cephallenia (1353-1358)

L eaded bronze. 20m m , 5 .8 4 g (19).

1353

[ 16]

1354

A E. 13 m m , 3.92 g (3).

Picard 96 semis, C op 462

P icard 96 q u ad ran s

ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; b are head, r. CTPA ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ ΕΥΘΥΚΛΙ, ΧΑΛ; head o f H e ra w earing polos, r.

CTPA ΕΥΘΥΚΛΙ; dolphin an d trident. ΧΑΛ; baetyl

27/

[ i ]

i . B (D a n n e n b e r g ) , 4.97; 2—3. See P icard .

i . L G 0 6 4 8 , 6.19; 2—10. See P icard; n —16. B (28723, L ö b b , I-B = m g 223, 62, Fox, L ö b b ); 17. S tern b e rg 14 (1984), lo t 284, 7.86. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 1.

Carystus The imperial coins of Carystus are all very rare, but for the most part present no particular problems. The exception is the issue placed second here (1356), where the identity of the obverse is uncertain. It seems to be an imperial portrait, but of which emperor is not clear; in B it is classified under Augustus, but other possibilities, such as the young Nero, cannot be ruled out. The portrait is shown as a bust, with a sceptre behind; if the head is correctly identified as that of an emperor, parallels for the sceptre can also be found for Nero at Cnossus (1005-6) and for Caligula on Cretan silver

U n c e rta in em peror 1356

AE. 16 m m .

[ 2]

B are-headed bust, w ith d rapery a n d sceptre, r. KAP; filleted head o f bull i . N Y ; 2. B (328/1876).

N e ro

( 9 6 3 )·

The order of the two issues of Nero is based on the apparent maturity of the portrait. In neither case is the portrait the mature ‘steps’ portrait introduced in 63, and, while that does not necessarily exclude a date after that year, the portraits do seem to be of a fairly youthful Nero, and should probably be dated in the early or middle part of his reign.

AE. 20m m , 6.36g (2). Axis: 6.

[ 8 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; lau reate head, r. KAPY; h ead o f Poseidon, r., betw een dolphin a n d trident i . L — b m c 29, 4-51; 2. L 1 9 2 9 -8 -5 -2 8 3 , 4.52; 3. N Y ; 4 . C o p 430, 4.46; 5—7. B (I-B , 28981, K n o b elsd o rf); 8 . V 14823, 5.30. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: i. C o u n te rm ark : OC o r AC ( G IC 709: 2, 7).

A E. 18m m , 5 .2 5 g (1).

[ 1 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝ[ ; laureate head, 1. ΚΑΡΥΟΤΙΩΝ; head o f Poseidon, r.

[ 2 ]

i . B (F o x ), 5.25.

KAPVCTI; b are head, r. H ead o f Poseidon, r., betw een dolphin an d trid en t I.

L eaded bronze. 19 mm . 4.70 g (4). Axis: 11 or 5. BMC 29, C op 43Ο

1358

A u g u s tu s 1355

1357

B (I-B ), 6.93; a. B 5556; 3 . S een a t L, 1986, 5.78.

Skyros A small issue was minted, probably at Athens, for the Athenian cleruchy at Skyros. These coins have been dated

immediately after Actium by J. H. Kroll, Archaiologikon Deltion 27 (1972), Mel., pp. 101-4.

Cephallenia Some uncertainty exists as to the place where the coins of Proculeius were struck, on account of different expansions of the monogram on the obverse of his coins. Morelli (Fam. rom. mm. II, p. 361) and Eckhel (Doctr. num. vet. V, p. 289) suggested that it is composed of the letters KOPKYPAI, or KO, and therefore attributed the coins to Corcyra. Gardner (BMC Peloponnesus, pp. xlii and 83) has proposed KPA which he identified as the initials of

the town of Cranium, in the island of Cephallenia. Bahrfeldt (JIAN11, 1908, pp. 225-6) saw the letters ΚΦΑΛΟ and connected the monogram with the town of Cephallenia. The position of Grueber (BMCRR II, p. 553, n. 1) was to attribute series 1359 to Cephallenia and series 1360-1 to Cranium, as he states that the monogram of 1359 is dif­ ferent from that on 1360 and 1361, which is indeed the case. This distinction was not accepted by Grant (FITA, p. 66),

who judged it untenable. He proposed the interpretation ΙΘΑΚ(η) which he thought ‘peculiarly suitable to the finds of these coins across the narrow strait near Cranium’ (but his position in RIM, pp. 19-20, is more flexible as he hesitates between Ithaca and Cephallenia). Indeed, the known provenances point towards the island of Cephallenia: three specimens now in L were collected by Woodhouse and Col. de Bosset in Cephallenia and the four specimens in the collection of A. Postolaka, Κατάλογος άρχ. νομισμ. των νήσων, p. 94, nos. 925—8, come also from Cephallenia (three from Cephallenia, one from Cranium). As the monogram on 1360-1 is very similar to that on some coins struck at Cranium in the fourth century b c ( BMC Pelop., p. 80, nos. 42-3, pi. XVII, 1), the position of Grueber is adopted here. Bahrfeldt’s recantation (NZ, 1918, p. 160) in favour of Corcyra is based on countermarks and carries no real weight. A fourth series (1362) whose style is different from 135961, being more crude and lacking any monogram, is diffi­ cult to attribute and is perhaps from a third mint in Cephal­ lenia (the style of the Apollo’s head[ ?] is similar to the Zeus head found at Pronni: BMC Pelop., p. 89, nos. 5-6, pi. X V III,7). C. Proculeius L. f. was a Roman knight and an intimate friend of Octavian. After Actium, Octavian sent Proculeius to Antony and Cleopatra. The period 30 to 28 b c is there­ fore probable for his coinage. A post-Actian concentration of troops and ships with a view to demobilisation might have taken place near Actium under the authority of Proculeius. It is difficult to explain the types of the skate fish, the double axe and the column on base. The skate fish is suggestive of a marine city (Grueber) or could allude to a subordinate of Proculeius of the Volscian family Raia who was possibly responsible for the coinage (Grant, FITA, p. 67). This coinage represents at least three denominations: 1359 1360 1361

21-2 mm, 6.46 g (35) 15—16mm, 2.71 g (13) i2 -i3 m m , 1.87g (3)

C P ro c u le iu s L f

Cephallenia (?) 1359

AE.

2

1-2 m m , 6.46 g (35). Axis: var.

[

19

]

JIAN 1908, 222-3, Ia ~C, BMCRR II, 232-3 T erm in al b u st of J u p ite r, r.; behind, (Jit C P R O C V L E I L F; skate fish 1. L = BMC 65 ( = BMCRR 233 = FITA, pi. 1 , 2 2 = RIM, pi. I l l , l), 4.78; 2. L = BMC 66 ( = b m c r r 232), 7.12; 3—4 . P 1 6 4 1 -2 , 4.98, 7.08; 5. B P -O , 6.18; 6. I-B , 8.11; 7. B L o b b , 5.78; 8. B F ried län d er, 5.92; 9 . B, 4.38; 10. V 27336a, 7.95; i i . V 27336b, 7.22; 12—13. V 273360-d, 6.43, 8.39; 14. O , 7.72; 15. C , 6.60; 1 6 - 1 7 . G , 5.86, 5.64; 18. C o p , 6.32; 19—2 0 . M i (= B e llo n i 2 3 5 6 -7 ), 7.42, 5.15; 2 1 . N Y , 6.52; 22. Be, 7.22; 23. M u , 6.60; 24. G o, 6.87; 2 5 —2 7 . R , 6.50, 5.40, 5.00; 2 8 . A , 7.15; 29. B C D , 7.43; 3 0 . P V , 5.94; 3 1 .J S W , 7.60; 3 2 . L e u -N F A , G a r r e tt I I , 394, 5.20; 3 3 . A. R ie ch m a n n X X /1 9 2 2 , 401, 6.42; 3 4 —3 5 . W in te rth u r 2185-6, 8.10, 4.97. C o u n te rm ark s: W h e el-sh ap ed o rn a m e n t (star?) on th e obv. o f 2 -3 , 12-13, 17, 20, 26, 28, 31, 35; ( G IC 433) IS (15 asses) on th e rev. o f 1, 4, 11, 15, l 9> 2 3 > 2 5 -2 6 ( G I C 745).

C r a n iu m (? )

1360 A E . i 5 - i 6 m m , 2 .7 1 g (13). A xis: v a r. jiAN 1908, 223, nos. 2 a -c ,

bmcrr

[ 6 ]

I I , 23 4 -5

H e a d o f J u p i te r , r.; b e h in d 7 -5 1· 1409

N E R O C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A VG ; lau reate head, r. D E X C O N S E C C I B; bridge

AE. 2 i m m , 8.91 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6.

I . M i ( = B r e r a 1 1 6 8 ) , 10.72; 2 . L 1 9 2 0 -3 -2 -1 9 , 9.53. 1 a n d 2 fro m th e sam e obv. die; o n i , th e rev. leg en d C C IB h as b een reto u ch ed to C O L B.

[ 2 ] 1410

M az X V I - X V I I corr.

i . P 9 6 9 , 10.86; 2. L G 625, 5.58; 3. Be 4358, 10.30. 1-3 from th e sam e obv. d ie as 1 4 0 0 / 1 - 5 . C o u n te rm ark s: B .A V on th e obv. o f 1 a n d 2 ( G I C 579).

AE. 23m m , 8.69g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

M az X As 1 4 0 0 — I , b u t ra d ia te h e a d , r. [D] [E ]X C O N S [] C C I B; bridge i . E v e l p i d i s 1 7 8 8 (ex M a b b o tt 767), 10.45; 2.

AE. 23 m m , 7.69 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 2 ]

As 1409 E X C O N S E N S V D; b u ttin g bull, r.; in exergue, C C I B

As 1 4 0 0 •D· E X C O N S E (N) C C I B; b u ttin g bull, r.

1402

[ 1 ]

N E R O C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N IC ; rad iate head, r., w ith aegis C C I B E X C O N S E N S V D; bridge

i · P 9 6 5 . 9.34; 2. P 964, 9.94; 3. V 26588, 9.18; 4 . B L ö b b , 7.45; 5 . P riv ate coll., 10.07. I - 5 from th e sam e obv. die, a n d as 1 4 0 1 /1 -3 . C o u n te rm ark s: B .A V on the obv. o f 2-5 ( G I C 579).

1401

A E. 22-4 m m , 10.13 g (2)· Axis: 12 or 6.

6 *9 2· 1 a n d 2 from th e sam e p a ir o f dies, a n d from th e sam e obv. die as 1 4 0 3 / 1. C o u n te rm a rk : B .A V on th e obv. o f 2 ( G I C 579).

i. B 1411

10626,

8.16;

2.

P 968, 7.22.

AE. 18m m , 5 .1 2 g (5). Axis: 6.

[

3

]

M az X X I corr. N E R O C L A V D IV S CAESA R; lau reate head, r. E X C O N -D -C C I B; b u st o f A esculapius, r.; in front, staff i . V 2 6 5 9 1 , 5.38; 2 . V 26592, 5.95; 3 . P 971, 3.42; 4 . M i ( = B re ra 1167), 5.48; 5 , S tern b e rg X I/1 9 8 1 , 236, 5.35; 6—7 . Ita lia n excav atio n s, 3.95, 3.10. 1-5 from th e sam e obv. die. C o u n te rm ark : B .A V on th e obv. o f 1, 2 a n d 4 ( G I C 579).

A C H A E A : Buthrotum, Phoenice, Peparethus ( 1412-1420)

1412

A E. i8 m m , 5.08 g (2). Axis: 12 o r 6.

[ 2 ]

i . O , 5.43; 2. V 26593, 3*86; 3. I ta lia n ex cav atio n s, 4.70. 1 a n d 2 from, the sam e obv. die as 1 4 1 3 /1 -2 . C o u n te rm ark : B .A V o n th e obv. o f 3 ( G IC 579).

M az X X I I I corr. As 1411 E X C O N C C I B; palm tree

1415

A E. i8 -2 o m m , 5.19g (2). Axis: 12. M az X I X - X X

1416

AE. 15 -1 7 m m ,

3.73g

(1). Axis: 6.

[ 1 ]

As 1415 C C I B; tw o fishes

in

front, staff

i . P 9 7 3 , 3.73. i fro m th e sam e obv. d ie as 1 4 1 5 /1 .

i . P 9 7 0 , 4.96; 2. C op, 5.42. i a n d 2 from th e sam e obv. die, a n d as 1 4 1 4 /1 -2 .

A E. 18-20 mm , 4.67 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 1 ]

i . P 9 7 3 , 2.78. S am e obv. die as 141 6 . C o u n te rm ark : B .A V o n th e obv. o f 1 ( G IC 579).

[ 2 ]

N E R O C LA V D C A ESA R A V G G E; ra d ia te head, 1. E X C O N S (E N S V D) C C I B; bust of Aesculapius, r.;

1414

AE. 1 5 -1 7 m m , 2.78g (1). Axis: 12. N E R O C A ESA R A V G [ ]; ra d ia te head, r. EX CON[ ]C C I B; V ictory w alking, r.

i . B 8 7 7 6 , 4.44; 2. N Y , 5.72. C o u n te rm ark : B .A V on the obv. o f 2 ( G IC 579). 1413

syg

1417

AE. 16m m , 3 .4 8 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 1 ]

M az X X V corr.

[ 2 ]

N E R O C L A V D IV S [ ; rad iate head, r. E X C O N D C C I B; two fishes

M az X X IV corr.

As 1413

ι· V 2 6 5 9 4 , 3.25; 2. T ra d e , 3.70. 1 a n d 2 fro m the sam e obv. die. C o u n te rm ark : B .A V on th e obv. o f 1 a n d 2 ( G I C 579).

E X C O N S E N S V D C C I B; p alm tree

Phoenice The Hellenistic history and small coinage (of the second century b c ) of Phoenice (modern Finik in Albania) has been fully discussed by P. R. Franke, Die Antiken Münzen in Epirus, pp. in -1 5 , and a summary of the coinage circulating in Epirus in general and Phoenice in particular (in the latter case based on the finds made in the Italian excavations of the 1920s) can be found in N. G. .L. Hammond, Epirus, pp. 723- 4 ·

Apart from Nicopolis and the colony at Buthrotum, it was the only community in the area to produce any coins during the Julio-Claudian period. This consists of a single issue of two denominations, made in the reign of Nero; the use of the radiate portrait suggests that it was minted in connection with Nero’s visit to Greece in 66—7. The issue was very small, to judge from the tiny number of surviving specimens. The identities of the figure and head on the reverses of the coins are not clear. If the object held by the figure on the larger piece is indeed a fulmen, it will identify the figure as the Zeus who had appeared on the Hellenistic coinage; the head on the smaller piece might be supposed to be Artemis (who figures on the smaller Hellenistic coins), but it does not look particularly like her (nor even is its sex particularly clear).

The coin classified in V as a coin of Claudius from Phoenice is, in fact, a coin of Augustus from Cos (head of Heracles, ΠΥΘΟΝΙΚΟΣ = 2737).

N e ro 1418 AE. 2 4m m , 8.66g (3). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 4 ]

BMC 5

NEPWN ΚΛ KAI C8(BA) ΓΕΡΜΑ; rad iate head, r. ΦΟΙΝΕΙΚΑ Α ΠΟ ΗΠ; naked figure, stan d in g facing, holding fulm en (?) an d sceptre I. L = BMC 5 , 8.46; 2—3. B (R au ch , O ly m p ia fin d ); 4 . V 12006 ( ]WN ΚΛ KAI C£BA Γ£ΡΜ Α[ ), 9.28; 5· R om e, from th e 1926-7 Ita lia n ex cav atio n s a t F in ik (S. L. C esano, ‘M o n eta zio n e e circo lazio n e sul suolo del a n tic a A lb a n ia ’, A I I N 7, 1932, 62, no. 78, w ith tav . 5.5 = L. M . U g o lin i, L ’Acropoli di Fenice [1932], 159, no. 95).

1419 AE. 18m m . Axis: 6 (i).

[ 2 ]

NEPWN K A K A C E ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙ; rad iate head, r. ΦΟΙΝΕΙΚΑ ΑΠΟ ΗΠεί; fem ale (?) head, r. i . V 12 0 0 5 ; 2. V 12004.

Peparethus The island of Peparethus had produced coinage in the fourth and second centuries b c ; there was then a single issue in the early Empire for Augustus, listed by E. Rogers, The Copper Coinage of Thessaly, nos. 568—9. The use of Dionysus refers, as had the types of the pre­ imperial coinage, to the reputation of the wine of Peparethus.

A u g u s tu s i. 1420

L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6 .7 0 g (5). Axis: 12.

[ 13 ]

Rogers 568/9 ΣΕΒΑΣ; bare head, r. ΠΕΠΑ; bearded head o f Dionysus, r. i . P 4 1 1 , 8.03; 2. L 1 9 4 8 -6 -7 -6 , 4.82; 3—4 . G 4 -5 (pi. X X X .20); 5—9 . B R au c h , I-B , Fox, L ö b b , I-B ; i o —n . C L eak e 6439, g en e ra l, 7.72, 5.79; 12. M u 8, 7.16; 13. N Y ; 14. T ü b in g e n 1274, 6.85. Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: 2. C o u n te rm ark : T h y rs u s (?) ( G IC 488: 4, 6 -7 , 13-14).

s8o

A C H A E A : Magnetes, Thessalian League (1421-1424)

Magnetes The coinage struck in the name of the Magnetes was presumably minted at the capital, Demetrias. Coinage had begun in the Hellenistic period, and continued on a sparse scale throughout the imperial period. Its coinage has been listed by E. Rogers, The Copper Coinage of Thessaly, and, although Rogers accepted the cata­ logue of A.J. B. Wace (JHS, 1906, 165-8), he added some extra coins which have subsequently been reattributed to Magnesia in Ionia by S. Schultz (Die Münzprägung von Magnesia am Mäander)·, in particular Rogers 361 and 361a are now given to Magnesia (Schultz 1 and 21), the latter having been found in the excavations at Magnesia. The uncertainty of attribution, however, persists in many museum collections today. The coin regarded by Rogers as an issue of Claudius (no. 362) is now in NY (= 1421/5), and is treated here as the same emperor as the coins regarded by Rogers as of Augustus (no. 359). Who is the emperor? The portrait perhaps looks more like Augustus, but the coin may really be of Claudius. Under Nero there is a large denomination with NEPWN KAICAP and a small denomination with CEBACTOC; there is a large denomination for Claudius with KAAYAIOC KAICAP, so the small issue with CEBACTOC might perhaps be the corresponding small denomination. Against this is the fact that the portrait does not look particularly like that of KAAYAIOC KAICAP; but that is not itself decisive. For the moment, then, the coins are left assigned to ‘Claudius (?) or Augustus (?)’. The coin classified by SNG Cop 168 as an issue of Claudius from the Magnetes does not seem to be correctly attributed. It is perhaps a coin of Miletus. Two varieties of Neronian coins (1423-4) have the later type of portrait, and so cannot have been made before 63; the other (142 2A) has a youthful portrait, and was presum­ ably minted at the beginning of the reign (or the end of Claudius’s reign). The type on the smaller denomination (3.42 g) is a cen­ taur, and on the larger (9.40 g - perhaps a triple unit of the smaller) is a radiate head. The identification of this radiate head is problematical. On one of the coins of Nero (1424) it has clear Neronian features (e.g., his hairstyle): on both the coins of Claudius and Nero the choice is between a radiate portrait of the current emperor or a portrait of Divus Augustus, with features contaminated by the portrait of the current emperor. The second alternative perhaps seems more likely (compare Abdera, 17270".).

C la u d iu s (?) or A u g u s tu s (?) 1421

______________

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3.34g (3).

[ 5 ]

Rogers 359 a n d 362 CEBACTOC; b are head, r. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; c en ta u r carrying p alm b ranch, r.; below, dolphin i . L 1 9 3 3 - 2 - 1 4 - 5 6 9 (ex R o g ers), 3.24; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 3 4 -7 -6 -5 , 1 9 2 4 -1 0 -1 6 45 (ex W ace), 3.48, 3.30; 4 . B Fox; 5 . N Y ( = R ogers 362); 6. A = j h s 1906, fig. 12.3; 7. E velpidis 1583, 3.05. Q u alitativ e an alysis on: 2.

C la u d iu s 1422

A E. 2 4m m , i o .i 6 g (i).

[ i ]

R ogers 360 KAAYAIOC KAICAP; b are head, r. CEBACTOC ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; rad iate head, r. I.

N e ro

N Y , 10.16.

____________________________ _

E a r l y in th e r e ig n (? )

1422 A A E. 23 m m .

[ o ]

N EP[ ]N KAICAP; head (bare?), r. CEBACTOC MArNHTW N; rad iate head, r. i . M a b b o tt 7 38.

L a t e i n t h e r e ig n

1423 L eaded bronze. 15 m m , 3.67 g (1).

[ 2 ]

Rogers 363 CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r. ΜΑΓΝΗ[ TWN]; c en ta u r carrying p alm b ranch, r. i . L 1 8 9 9 —4 —2—9, 3.67; 2. N Y . S am e dies. Q u alitativ e an alysis on: i. 1424

AE. 2 4m m , 8.61 g (1).

[ i ]

Rogers 363a NEPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, 1. CEBACTOC MATNHTWN; rad iate head, r. i . O , 8.61.

Thessalian League The Thessalian League had produced coinage in silver and bronze in the Hellenistic period. The silver has most recently been discussed by M .J. Price (CRWLR, p. 98, following B. Helly, RN, 1966, pp. 7-32), who dates it to 168—44 BGi the last date depends first on the traditional identification of the Petraios on the coins with the known strategos of the league in the forties, and second on the small Aidona hoard. The bronze coinage has been catalogued by E. Rogers, The Copper Coinage of Thessaly (1932), although the chronology of the late Hellenistic coins is not clear. Of

the issues dated by Rogers (p. 20) to the period ‘J ulius Caesar, b c 48-27’, those mentioning Petraios are presum­ ably correctly dated, but the others are less certain. In particular his no. 55 is a coin of Thessalonica (1553), while 56a is the same as his 72, a coin of Livia. A few of Rogers’s imperial issues have been omitted alto­ gether here (his nos. 73, 75, 76 and 77), as they probably do not exist. Other doubtful or misread entries are discussed below in the catalogue. The main problem for the early imperial issues is that of

A C H A E A : Thessalian League (1425-1426)

deciding, in the absence of any indicative legends, which emperor each issue portrays. The sequence and attributions shown below have been adopted here, based on the development of the obverse legend and other clues. Coinage resumed under Nero, when there were two issues, by ΛΑΟΥΧΟΣ and ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ. Both have the mature ‘steps’ portrait, introduced in 63; that of ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ is perhaps to be connected with Nero’s visit to Greece in 66-7 in view of the use of a radiate portrait and the reverse type of the radiate Apollo playing the lyre. It is possible that the use by ΛΑΟΥΧΟΣ of obverses portraying ΕΙΡΗΝΗ (regarded mistakenly by Rogers as a portrait of Agrippina) indicates minting after Nero’s death, in which case the coins with Nero will belong at the very end of the reign. The coinage was presumably minted at Larissa, the capi­ tal of the Koinon of Thessaly. On some dies, the letters of the legend were engraved retrograde or upside down; this is particularly frequent for the letters N and Ω on coins of Antigonos and Loukoutos, but has not been noted in the catalogue. The designs, which in nearly all cases have only local Thessalian significance, have been fully discussed by A. Moustaka, Kulte und Mythen auf Thessalischen Münzen (1983). The pattern of denominations used is not clear. The coinage of Antigonos uses four denominations; that of Laouchos adds a further, larger, one (looking very much like a Roman sestertius), while that of Aristion suggests that a distinction should be made between coins of about 7 g and 8.5 g. The evidence can be seen from the table below. It can be clearly seen that the distinction between the smallest denominations is very uncertain and hard to make.

The smaller denomination of Sosandros Sosandrou (Rogers 69a) is probably based on a misreading of the coins with the same type for Megalokles Sosandrou, not included by Rogers (the two coins he mentions are presumably the two acquired by L in 1933, which are coins of Megalokles: see below).

A u g u s tu s S o sa n d ro s S o sa n d ro u 1425

L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 7.46 g (6). Axis: var. Rogers 69

I. L 1 9 0 9 - 5 - 4 - 1 5 , 8.71; 2. L 1 9 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 6 9 , 7.85; 3 - 4 . G M cC le an 4994, L eak e 4898, 8.19, 6.29; 5—7. B (27619, I-B , L ö b b ); 8—10. N Y; i i . V 9994, 8.00; 12. M u 25b, 5.75; 13. E v elp id is 1670, 7.53. Q u a lita tiv e an aly sis on: 1.

M e g a lo k le s S o sa n d ro u 1426

L eaded bronze. 18m m , 5.08g (5). Axis: var.

!· L 5 -8 7 ; a. L 1 9 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 7 6 , 4.61; 3 . N Y ; 4 - 5 . C M cC le an 4992, L eak e 4897, 5.25, 5.18; 6. V 11026, 4.48; 7—8. B (b o th L ö b b ); 9. E v elp id is 1671, 6.75. Q u a lita tiv e an aly sis on: 2.

Augustus ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ obv. inscr. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΚΛΗΣ ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ The coins of Megalokles Sosandrou are stylistically very similar to those of Sosandros Sosandrou; in both cases the portrait looks very m uch like a youthful Augustus. Late Augustan ITA ΘΕΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΣΣΑΛ Despite the use of θεός, an Augustan date is suggested by the use of the name ΛΕΙΟΥΙΑ for Livia on the reverse. This issue used to be attributed to Itanos in Crete, but the reattribution to Thessaly by Svoronos is confirmed by specimens subsequently found in Thessaly.

ethnic ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ, s tr a te g o s in genitive Augustus and Tiberius Caesar (?) ΜΕΓΑΛΟ ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩ[ (ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩ on rev.) ΜΕΓΑΛΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ API ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ The combination of the youthful portrait of Tiberius with the more m ature laureate portrait on the larger denomination of coins apparently of the same m agistrate suggests the attribution to Augustus and Tiberius Caesar, although this is, of course, very tentative. Tiberius ΛΥΚΟΥΤΟΥ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ The radiate head suggests Divus Augustus, and hence the reign of Tiberius. ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ The inclusion of a veiled female portrait suggests the portrayal of Livia under Tiberius.

D enominations 20 mm, 7.5 g mm, 5 g 20 mm, 6 g 20 mm, 8.5 g mm, 4 g 20 mm, 7 g

20 mm, 9 g 21 mm, 8.5 g 25 mm, 8 g

22 mm, 11 g 25 mm, 10.5 g 24m m, 10.5g

[ 8 ]

ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. ΜΕΓΑΛΟΚΛΗΣ ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ; A th en a standing, r., b ran d ish in g sp ear an d shield; in field, >

Sequence of issues

19mm, 7 g

[ 12 ]

ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ; A th en a standing, 1., holding Nike an d sp ear w ith shield; in field, > an d Δ

ethnic ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ, m agistrate in nom inative

Sosandros Megalokles Ita Meg Ari Loukoutos Antigonos Aristion Laouchos

281

26 mm, 13.5g 24m m, 13.5g 28 mm, 13 g

33 mm, 20 g

Antigonos Strategos

A u g u s tu s a n d L i v i a

1433

I ta 1427

AE. 2 4m m , 13.23g (6). Rogers 63, BMC

A E. 20m m , 6.14g (5). Axis: var.

[ 6 ]

]

©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; lau reate head, 1. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ; Apollo standing, r., playing lyre; in field, Λ

C op 334, Sv 207 ΘΕΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ©ΕΣΣΑΛ, ITA; bare head, r. ΗΡΑ ΛΕΙΟΥΙΑ, Π Ε ; head o f Livia, r.

Ϊ . L = B M C 71, 11.85; 2—4 . L 1839-12—2 -249, BMC 72, 1933—2—14—174, 12.61, 13.01, 15.95; 5 - 8 . B (L ö b b , 1/1919, 499/1884, I-B ); 9 - 1 0 . C Leake 4 9 0 2 -3 , 13.28, 12.89 (p ierced ); 11. V 11025, 12.70; 12—14. E velpidis 1667-9; * 5 · W in te rth u r 1742. T h e h ea d o n 6 a n d 14 faces r.; 6 sh ares the sam e obv. die as 1 4 3 5 /1 -2 (A th en a).

i . B (2 8 6 3 3 ), 8.14; 2—3 . B (X-B, U n c e rta in ); 4 . P 91, 4.4.9; 5 . C o p 3 3 4 , 4.45; 6 . M u 24a, 7.06; 7. JS W , 6.56; 8—12. BCD .

A u g u s tu s a n d T ib e r iu s C a e sa r (?)

[ h

71

1434

A E. 24 m m , 10.49 g (6)· Axis: 12 o r 6.

[ 13 ]

Rogers 71 = M o u stak a 127, C op 335 M e g a lo k le s A r i s t S tr a te g o s 1428

L eaded bronze. 22m m , 11.03g

(9)·

Axis: 6 o r 12.

©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; veiled b u st (of Livia?), 1. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ; n ym ph L arisa standing, facing, holding u p ball; in field T\

[ 17 ]

Rogers 66-7

i . O , 12.61; 2—3. L 1 8 8 8 -6 -1 3 -1 , 1 9 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 8 0 , 8.95, 8.94; 4 . C o p 335, 11.19; 5. P 89, 10.30; 6 —10. B (I-B , 4 L ö b b ); i i . C L eak e 4899, 11.33; 12. M u 25a, 10.91; 13. V 11028, 9.70; 14. A (M o u stak a, pi. X I I I . 127); 15. E velpidis 1672. T h e h e a d o n 10 a n d 15 faces r.

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; laureate head o f A ugustus (?), r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ MET ΑΛΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ ΑΡΙ(ΣΤ); A th en a standing, r., b randish in g sp ear an d shield; in field, P 8 4 , 12.39; 2 - 5 . L 19 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 7 5 , 19 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 7 8 , 19 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 7 9 , 1 9 22-5-13—1, 13.51, 13.38, 9.31, 9.91; 6—8 . C M cC le an 4993, L eake 4896 co rr., g en e ra l, 14.13, 9.59, 8.79; 9 . 0 = amc 672, 8.23; 10—13. B (K nobelsdorf, 5554, I-B , L ö b b ); 14—16. N Y; 17. M u 28. Q u alitativ e analysis on: 2. I.

1429

AE. 20 m m , 8.56g (2).

1435

[ 9 ]

Rogers 77a corr. = 64/64a/65, C op 333, M ou staka 59. ©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; bare head, 1. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ; A th en a standing, r., b ran d ish in g sp ear a n d shield; in field, A

[ 2 ]

Rogers 68 (‘A ugustus’)

I. L 1 9 2 4 - 1 0 - 1 6 - 3 4 , 8.20; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 7 2 , i 9 3 3 - 2 - i 4 - : 73 , 10.91, 8.24; 4 . P , 8.20; 5—7. B (I-B , 2 L ö b b ); 8. C o p 333, 9.78; 9. M u 25a, 8.74. 1-2: sam e obv. d ie as 1 4 3 3 /6 (A pollo). C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in ( G I C 707: 4). T h e legend on 7 read s Θ Ε Σ Σ Α Λ Ε Ω Ν .. . R ogers 77a re a d th e obv. o f 3 as ΤΙ Κ[ΑΙΣ] ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ.

TIBEPI[ ] ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩ; b are head o f T iberius (C aesar?), r. ©ΕΣΣΑΛΩ ΜΕΓΑΛΟ ΚΛΕΟΥΣ; b ust o f? , r. i . N Y , 7.56; 2. N Y (u n d e r T h e ssalo n ica); 3. T ü b in g e n s n g 1268, 9.57. R ogers identified th e b u s t on th e rev. as A pollo; it m ay, how ever, be Livia.

A E. 2 1 m m , 9.06 g (6). Axis: 12 o r 6.

1436

AE. 2 2m m , 8 .1 7 g (4).

[ 4 ]

As 1435, b u t head, r.

R e ig n

o f T ib e r iu s _____________________

L y k o u to u s S tr a te g o s 1430

*· L ' 0 ν ί - · * - ' 4~ ' Ί ° 8.36. 1437

L eaded bronze. 26m m , 13.34g (2)· Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; rad iate head o f D ivus A ugustus, 1. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΥΚΟΥΤΟΥ; Apollo standing, L, holding plectrum an d lyre; in field, ^

1431

bm c

73, 15.17; 2. P 87,

ii

.51; 3. B (L öbb). Q u a lita tiv e analysis

A E. 25 m m , 10.25 g (6)· Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 12 ]

©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; seated figure (Eirene? Livia?), facing r., holding sceptre an d branch ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΥΚΟΥΤΟΥ; D em eter standing, 1., holding ears of corn an d sceptre or long torch; in field,

f i . C o p 3 3 6 , 10.10; 2. L 1933—2—14—181, 9.12; 3. L 193 3 -2 -1 4 -1 8 2 , 8.40; 4 . G 8 (pi. X X X .18); 5—6 . P, 9.79, 14.49; 7~ I I · B (I-B , Eox, 28947 a n d 2 L ö b b ); 12. M u 26, 9.61; 13. T F a b re tti 2732. O n one specim en (5 = P 88), the seated figure faces 1.

AE. 19m m , 7 .io g (1).

[ i ]

©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; laureate h ead of T ib eriu s (?), r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΥΚΟΥΤΟΥ; A th en a stan d in g , r., b randishing spear an d shield; in field, ^ i . P 9 2 , 7.10.

[ 3 ]

i. L = on: i . 1438

b m c

70, 7.83; 2. C o p 332, 9.78; 3. B R au ch . Q u a lita tiv e analysis

A E. 18m m , 4 .1 8 g (1).

[ 2 ]

Rogers 72 = 56a

Rogers 74, C op 336

1432

L eaded bronze. 19m m , 8.81 g (2).

Rogers 61-2 = M oustaka 187, bmc 70, C op 332 ©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΩΝ; b are head, 1. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ; A sclepius standing, facing, holding serpent-staff

Rogers 70, BMC 73

i. L = on: i.

9 -2 3 ; 2. L 1 9 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 7 1 , 7.79; 3 - 4 . P 8 5 -6 , 7.31.

©ΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; fem ale b u st (Livia? A rtem is?), r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ; A rtem is advancing, r., holding torch i.

P 9 0 , 4.18; 2. N Y.

C a lig u la

___________________________

The coin catalogued by Rogers (78) for Caligula is in V (110299 ex Tiepolo). It is a much later, third-century coin, as is shown by its fabric and style of portrait and bust; it has been tooled to read ΓΑΙΟΥ, perhaps from a coin such as that of Maximus (Rogers 118).

A C H A E A : Thessalian League ( 14 3 9 “ 14 5 2 )

N e ro

1445

A E. 25 m m , 8 .1 3 g (1).

283

[

5

]

Rogers 85 A r is tio n S tr a te g o s 1439

L eaded bronze. 21m m , 8 .4 2 g (11). Axis: 12 (2). Rogers 79 = M oustaka 84,

bm c

ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP ΘΕΙΧΑΛΩΝ; lau reate head, r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; N ike standing, 1., on globe, holding w reath an d palm

[ 18 ]

74, C op 337

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; lau reate head, r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝΟΣ; A pollo, rad iate, stan d in g r., playing lyre

i . N Y , 8.13; 2. N Y; 3—4 . B (L öbb, I-B ); 5. V 11030 (globe clear); 6 -1 4 . BCD. 1446

I. L = b m c 7 4 , 7.10; 2. L 1924-10-16—30, 6.46; 3—6 . N Y , inc. 9.59; 7. P 97, 10.59; 8 . C o p 337, 9.90; 9—12. C M cC le an 4997 (pi. 181.9), L eake 4 9 0 4-5, 8765, 8.85, 7.16, 8.75, 7.72; 1 3 - 1 4 . M u , 6.75, 9.69; 1 5 - 1 8 . B (2 L ö b b, I-B , 28781); r g . E velpidis 1673; 20. T . F a b re tti 2733; 2 1 . Be (R 3325); 22—4 9 . B C D . Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 1.

1440

AE. 20m m , 7.04g (2).

A E. 2 4m m , 6 .9 8 g (1).

[ i ]

ΝΕΡΩΝ K AI[ ; lau reate head, r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ [ JOYXOY; N ike, r. i . B (7 7 1 0 ), 6.98.

[ 3 ]

Rogers 81

N o e m p e ro r’s h e a d

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; rad iate head, r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝΟΣ; c en ta u r galloping, r.

L a o u c h o s S tr a te g o s

B (I-B ), 7.23; 2. B (L öbb); 3 . C M cC le an 4996 (pi. 181.8), 6.85; 4 - 1 4 . BC D . I.

1447

L eaded bronze. 3 3 m m , 18.43g ( 0 · Axis: 12 (1).

[ 1 ]

Rogers 87a ΕΙΡΗΝΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; w reathed b u st of Eirene, r.; all in w reath ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; n y m p h standing, facing, before horse trotting, 1.

N e ro

i . L 1 9 0 5 - 5 - 7 - 4 , 1843; 2. B C D . S am e obv. d ie as 1 4 4 8 /1 . Q u a lita tiv e an alysis on: i.

L a o u c h o s S tr a te g o s 1441

A E. 33m m , 18.97 g 6 ) ·

[ 1 ] 1448

R ogers 83 = M oustaka 129 ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; lau reate head, r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; n ym ph standing, facing, in front of horse trotting, 1.

As

1449

L eaded bronze. 33m m , 21.30g (10). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 14 ] ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; la u reate head, r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; n ym ph leading horse, r. 1450

M oustaka 85

1451

Rogers 84, M oustaka 86,

bm c

75, 15.69; 5. P 9 5 » 7.75; 6. M u 29a, 16.72; 7—9 . N Y , inc. 13.02; 10. B C D = M o u sta k a 86; i t —2 1 . B C D . Q u a lita tiv e analysis on: 4. bm c

AE. 2 4 m m , 8.76 g (r). Axis: 1 2 (1 ).

[ 2 ]

ΕΙΡΗΝΗ ΣΕΒΑΤΗ (sic) ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; w reath ed bu st of Eirene, r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; Nike on globe, 1., holding w reath an d p alm b ranch

75

i . B (5 6 4 /1 9 0 2 ), 12.16; 2 - 3 . B (L öbb, I-B ); 4 . L =

[ o ]

Rogers 87 corr.

[ 9 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; lau reate head, r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; Apollo seated, r., w ith h an d over side or by side, a n d lyre on lap

AE. Axis: 12.

i . B C D (ex M a b b o tt 750). S am e obv. die as 14 4 9 ; sam e rev. die as 144 3 . See 1443 a n d co m m en tary .

i . BCD (ex M a b b o tt 748) ( = M o u stak a, T a f. X I I I . 85). S am e rev. die as 1 450.

L eaded bronze. 28 mm , 13.07 g (5).

[ 4 ]

ΕΙΡΗΝΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; w reath ed b u st of Eirene, r. (no su rro u n d in g w reath) ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; Apollo seated, 1., on basis inscribed ΤΕΙΜΗΤΟΣ ΕΠΟΙ; he holds his h a n d behind his head; his bow an d arrow s lie against basis

[ o ]

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; lau reate head, r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; Apollo seated, 1., on basis inscribed ΤΕΙΜΗΤΟΣ ΕΠΟ Ι; he holds his h a n d b ehind his head; his bow and arrow s lie ag ain st basis

1444

L eaded bronze. 2 8m m , 10.48g (3). Axis: 12.

i . L 1 9 2 6 - 2 - 5 - 5 , 10.98; 2. L 1 9 2 4 -1 0 -1 6 -2 9 , 8.75; 3. P 96, i t . 71; 4 . N Y ; 5 - 9 . B C D . S am e obv. die as 1 4 5 0 . Q u a lita tiv e an aly sis on: 1.

i . C M cC le an 4995 (pi. 181.7 ex H irsch X I I I . 1226), 23.81; 2—3 . C Leake 4906-7, 13.10, 21.44; 4 - 6 . L 1904-7-1-31» G o6o 9 » 1 9 3 3 -2 -1 4 -1 8 5 , 21.47, 23.41, 20.10; 7. C op 338, 20.11; 8. M u 29, 25.04; 9. P 94, 19.78; 10— 13. B (1021/1893, I-B , 2 L ö b b ); 14. V 3 7 3 9 6 (= N a v ille X I .397), 24.76; 15. B C D = M o u stak a, T a f. X I I . 128; 1 6 - 2 5 . B C D ; 2 6 . E velpidis 1674.

AE. 27 mm .

n ym ph leading horse, r.

Rogers 86 ΕΙΡΗΝΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ; w reath ed b u st of Eirene, r. (no su rrounding w reath) ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ ΛΑΟΥΧΟΥ; Apollo seated, r., playing lyre

Rogers 82 = M oustaka 128, C op 338

1443

1447, but

[ o ]

1—5 . B C D ; 6 . Scholz ( n z 1910, pi. 1.10). 1 from sam e obv. die as 1 447.

i . N Y , 18.97; 2* B C D = M o u stak a, T a f, X I I . 129. 1442

AE. 3 2 m m , 19.40g (1). Axis: 12.

i . L 1920—3—2—5, 8.76; 2. B (I-B ); 3 —4 . B C D . S am e o bv. die as 1 452. 1452

AE. 23 m m . Axis: 12. As 1451, b u t Nike, r. i . B C D . S am e obv. die as 1451.

[ o ]

Mark Antony’s ‘fleet coinage’ Mark Antony’s ‘fleet coinage’ has been studied by M. Bahrfeldt, ‘Die Münzen der Flottenpräfekten des Marcus Antonius’, NZ 37, 1905, pp. 9-56, and pl. I-II; by T.V . Buttrey, Studies in the Coinage of Mark Antony (Princeton University, 1953); and more recently by M. Amandry, ‘Le monnayage en bronze de Bibulus, Atratinus et Capito’, RSN 65, 1986, pp. 73-85 and pl. 9-17; RSN 66, 1987, pp. 101-12 and pl. 15-25; RSN 69, 1990, pp. 65-96 and pl. 1416; and by R. Martini, Monetazione Brongea romana tardorepubblicana I, Glaux 1, 1988, pp. 83-93. This coinage was minted by Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus M. f. as praetor designatus (4088-93), Lucius Sempronius Atratinus as augur and consul designatus (1453-61) and M. Oppius Capito as propraetor and praefectus classis (1462-70). It has six varieties, each representing a different denomi­ nation. The types are identical for the three prefects for each denomination and only the reverse legend with the name of the prefect distinguishes each series. The denominations are as follows: 1. Sestertius Obv. Bare head of Antony, 1., facing r., and bust of Octavia, r., facing 1. Rev. A quadriga of hippocamps to r., surmounted by two drivers (Antony and Octavia?); at 1., HS; below, Δ and a square object. 2. Tressis Obv. Busts of Antony and Octavian at 1., facing r.; bust of Octavia, r., facing 1. Rev. Three ships under sail, r.; below, Γ and triskeles 3. Dupondius Obv. as i Rev. Two ships under sail, r.; above, two caps of Dioscuri; below, B. 4. As Obv. Jugate heads of Antony and Octavia, r. Rev. One ship under sail to r.; below, A and head of Medusa? 5. Semis Obv. Bare head of Antony, r. Rev. Prow, r.; above, S 6 . Quadrans Obv. Janiform head probably featuring Antony and Octavian Rev. Stem of prow; in the field, three dots These coins are very original because they introduced the following innovations to the Roman monetary system: for the first time, a sestertius was struck in bronze; the tressis, a 3 as piece, had not been minted since the third century b c ; and the whole system was characterised by a remarkable effort to clarify the denominations in different ways:12 1. Marks of value: the Greek numerals A, B, Γ and Δ. 2. A system of symbols running parallel to the marks of value: on the as, the head of Medusa (?); on the dupondius, the two caps of the Dioscuri; on the tressis, the triskeles which evokes the island of Sicily, Trinacria, the island with three promontories; last, on the sestertius, a square object

(an astragalus, a tessera, an altar?) which evokes the numeral 4. 3. The reverse types are carefully related to the value of the coins: the sestertius has four hippocamps, the tressis three ships, the dupondius two, the as one. 4. The reverses of the semis and the quadrans bear Latin marks of value and their types are also related to the value of the coins: a ship without sail for the semis and a prow on the quadrans. This coinage, however, gives rise to many questions: date, mint and purpose. The answers are uncertain.

D ate It seems quite easy, at first sight, to date this coinage as the obverse legend shows that Antony had received his third imperatorial acclamation and that he was consul designatus for the second and third time. We know that his second consulship fell in 34 b c . But, unfortunately, the year when the acclamatio occurred is not known for certain. The problem is to date Antony’s second and third acclamations. His second has been dated over a period of five years, between 42 and 38 b c (Philippi in 42, Perousia in 41, Brundisium in 40, Ventidius’s victories in 39 and again Ventidius’s victory at Gindarus in 38). It is considered here that Antony’s second and third acclamations belong to the years 39-38 and that the ‘fleet coinage’ was probably struck in 38-37 b c (see M. Amandry, RSN, 1990, pp. 80-3, where it is also suggested that the light series of Atratinus and Capito (1459-61, 1468-70) were made in late 36/5 b c ) .

M in t(s) Different mints have been proposed: Tarentum (FITA 435), Zacynthus (Grueber, BMC, pp. 512-14), on board Antony’s ships (Bahrfeldt), in the east (Buttrey). In fact, it is clear that this coinage was struck in three different mints, for the following reasons: 1. Grant argued that there was a complete uniformity of style between the three series, but this is not the case. Antony’s and Octavia’s portraits are treated in a very dif­ ferent way in each series. 2. The fabric is different: had the three series been minted together, we would expect the same technical character­ istics, but they are not the same. Bibulus’s and Capito’s coins are struck on flans with straight or round edges, whereas Atratinus’s coins are struck on flans with bevelled edges; furthermore, all the coins of Atratinus have a central cavity and recall Antony’s bronze coinage struck in the Peloponnese at Corinth, Dyme or Zacynthus. Finally, Bibulus’s series was struck with dies fixed at nine o’clock, whereas the dies for Atratinus’s and Capito’s series were not adjusted. 3. If the three series had been issued in the same mint, we would expect a uniformity of weight. But there is a great discrepancy between the three series, as shown opposite, though they were struck to the same standards:

A C H A E A : Mark Antony’s ‘fleet coinage’ ( 1454-1458)

285

Heavy series Bibulus Atratinus Capito

HS 30-1 mm, 26.17 g (4) 33-8m m , 20.36g (13) 33-9 mm, 31.67 g (4)

r 30-1 mm, 20.14g (5) 3 0 -5 mm, 17.02g (7) 28-32 mm, 22.15g (21)

B 28—30 mm, 17.64g (6) 24—3 1 mm, n - 9 9 g (15) 22-8 mm, 14-75 g (29)

Bibulus Atratinus Capito

22~3mm, 23-4m m , 20-3 mm,

A 12.18g (3) 9.29g (16) 8.06 g (27)

S 18-20 mm, 4.53 g (38) 15-161™ , 4 -7 5 g ( 0 14—16mm, 2.96g (3)

16 mm, 4 -23 g ( 0 2.90g (2) 13 mm, 11-14 mm, 2 -5 3 g (3 )

Light series Atratinus Capito

2728-

B HS 32 mm, 11.71g (16)21-3 mm, 7-55g ( 1 r) 8 mm, 12.74g ( IO)16-26 mm, 7.55 g (24)

For all these reasons, multiple mints are proposed here. In fact, E. Babelon had already attributed the coins to three different mints: Bibulus’s series to one in the east, Atratinus’s to one at Panormus and Capito’s to one in Sicily. Recently Martini has proposed locating Bibulus’s mint at Athens (?), Atratinus’s at Zacynthus and Capito’s at Ephesus. But these attributions are probably wrong, as they are contradicted by provenances which are now known in fairly good numbers. Bibulus’s find spots are in the east (Cyprus, Syria, Phoenicia, Judaea), Atratinus’s and Capito’s in Greece (see a detailed list in RSN, 1990, pp. 745). It is difficult to be more precise for Bibulus’s series; Corinth might be a suitable mint for Atratinus’s in view of its technical characteristics, and Athens is a possibility for the mint of Capito’s series.

A 17—20 mm, 4-95 g (6) 14—17 mm, 3 -9 1 g (102!

i . C . C . V e r m e u le c o ll, (ex G len d in in g , R y an , 2 /I V /i9 5 2 , lo t 2245), 20.9; 2 —1 2 . See RSN, 81, A 1-6, 8—12; 1 3 . V en ice, M u s. A rch . 3850, 25.33. 1454

AE. 30-5 m m , 17.02 g (7). Axis: var.

[ 3 ]

[ 7 coins, 2 obv. dies ] RSN 1986, 81, B

Sam e legend as 1453, b u t busts o f A ntony an d O ctavian a t 1., facing r.; b ust of O ctavia, r., facing 1. Sam e legend as 1453, b u t three ships u n d e r sail, r.; below, Γ a n d triskeles i . N u m is m a tic a A r s C la s s ic a 1 / X 9 8 9 l o t 7 5 6 (ex B u rg a n V S O 3 0 /V I/1 9 8 7 , lo t 355), 16.45; 2· B 220/1907 (ex J . H irsch , I-B , 2 7 /V /ig o 7 , lo t 494), 16.73; 3- 4 · V 35873, 35875, 17.50, 17.22; 5 . R , 17.19; 6. C o rto n a , 14.85; 7. M a lte r X X V I I I , R uzicka, 8 /X II/1 9 8 4 , lot 18, 19.20. 1455

L eaded bronze. 24-31 m m , 11.99 g (15)· Axis: var.

[ 7 ]

[ 15 coins, 3 obv. dies ] RSN 1986, 82, C

P urpose The system of Greek letters used to indicate denominations proves that the coins were intended to circulate in Greek­ speaking areas, as indeed they did. But the coins were Roman in essence and the purpose of the ‘fleet coinage’ was possibly to provide in the east a complete coinage of copperbased bronze to circulate with Roman gold and silver money: this was a step in the Romanisation of the east (see also p. 33). At the same time as Octavian was striking bronze coinages in the west (Narbonne: 518; Divus Iulius: 620-1), Antony could also have wished to present his imago to the east. Of course, this policy was not successful: the amount of coinage struck was quite small and the weight of the coins dropped so quickly that it became unacceptable.

As 1453 Sam e legend as 1453—4, b u t two ships u n d e r sail, r.; above, two caps o f Dioscuri; below, B i . V 3 5 8 7 4 , 13.94; A rch . 3851, 14.22;

1456

See RSN 1986, C i- 6 , 8 -1 3 ; V 5413, 8.15.

2 —1 3 . 15.

14.

AE. 2 2 -4 m m , 9 .2 9 g (16). Axis: var.

[ 15 coins, 4 obv. dies ] Sam e legend as 1453—5, b u t ju g a te heads o f A ntony an d O ctavia, r. Sam e legend as 1453—5, h u t one ship u n d e r sail to r.; below, A an d h ead of M edusa (?) i . B 6 0 /1 9 1 4 , 9.24; 2—17. See 1457

rsn

1986, D 1-6, 8-1 7 .

Bronze, i5 - i6 m m , 4 .7 5 g (1). Axis: 3.

L egend illegible, head o f A ntony, r. [ ]G V R C O S D [ ]; prow , r.; above, S

H e a v y s e r ie s

I.

[ 3 ]

1458

P V , 4.75.

Bronze. i3 - i7 m m , 2.90g (2). Axis: var.

[ 13 coins, 2 obv. dies ] RSN 1986, 80-1, A

M Ä N T IM P T E R C O S D E S IT E R E T T E R IIIV IR · R P C · ; bare head of A ntony, 1., facing r.; an d b u st of O ctavia, r., facing 1. L A T R A T IN V S A V G V R C O S D E S IG ; a q u ad rig a of hippocam ps to r., surm o u n ted by two drivers (A ntony and O ctavia?); at 1., HS; below, Δ an d a square object (astragalus?)

[ o ]

1986, 83, E

L S e m p r o n iu s A tr a ti n u s

L eaded bronze. 33-8 m m , 20.36 g (13). Axis: var.

[ 11 ]

RSN 1986, 82-3, D

rsn

1453

V enice, M u s.

[ 1 ]

[ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ] rsn

1986, 83, F

Sam e legend as 1453—6, b u t jan ifo rm h ead p robably featuring A ntony an d O ctavian Sam e legend as 1453—6, b u t stem of prow ; in the field, i . JS W , 3.71; 2. P 1982/1332, 2.09. O n I, the stem looks like a lituus.

As 146a Sam e legend as 1462—3, b u t two ships u n d er sail, r.; above, two caps o f D ioscuri; below, B

L i g h t s e r ie s

L eaded bronze. 2 7 -3 2 m m , 11.71g (16). Axis: var.

1459

[ 8 ]

[ 16 coins, 4 obv. dies ]

i . P 8 5 2 , 15.40; 2—2 8 . See r s n 1987, C 2-2 8 ; 29—3 0 . M . R oux coll., 15.17, I 3 -4 7 I 3 1 · P riv ate coll., 12.42.

RSN 1986, 83-4, A

As As

1453

1465

rsn

[ 4 I [ 11 coins, 2 obv. dies ] rsn

1986, 84, B

i . B 1 0 3 3 /1 8 9 3 , 7.68; 2—27. See r s n 1987, D 1-7, 9 -2 7 ; 28. Bo, 8.20; 2 9 . V enice, M u s. A rch . 3853, 8.50; 3 0 . W eigel coll., 9.45.

1455 1455

i . P 1 0 6 3 8 , 4.12; 2—8 . See r s n , B 1-2, 4 -8 ; 9 . V enice, M us. A rch . 3856, 5.66; 10. V a 6392, 8.23; i i . W eigel coll., 13.00. 1461

L eaded bronze. 17-20 m m , 4.95 g (6). Axis: var.

1466

rsn

AE. i4 - i6 m m , 2 .9 6 g (3). Axis: var.

1986, 84, C

i . P 1 0 6 3 0 , 3.05; 2. V T 4615, 3.50; 3. R W , 2.33; 4 . D o ro th eu m , Zeno II/1 9 5 5 , lot 2922.

1456 1467

AE. n - q m m , 2.53g (3)· Axis: var.

i . O , 2.55; 2. L 1 9 5 9 -1 2 -2 -1 , 2.27; 3. N Y , 2.76.

H e a v y s e r ie s

AE. 33-9 m m , 31.67 g (4). Axis: var.

[ 1 ]

[ 4 coins, i obv. die ] 1987, 102, A

L ig h t s e r ie s 1468

M -A N T -IM P -T Ë S T -C O S -D E S IG -IT É R -E T -T Ë R -III· V I R R P C · ; b are head o f A ntony, L, facing r.; an d b ust of O ctavia, r., facing 1. M O P P IV S C A P IT O P R O P R P R A E F CLA SS F C·; a q u ad rig a o f hippocam ps to r., surm o u n ted by two drivers (A ntony an d O ctavia?); a t 1., H S; below, Δ and a square object (astragalus?) i . S p in k G e n e v a , 15—1 6 /I I /1 9 7 7 , lo t 2 1 a (ex H e s s-L e u 36/1968, lot 419), 38.97; 2. L B lacas 1867, 26.75; 3- JS IV , 30.39; 4 . M M list 164, J a n .

rsn

1469

1464

(29 )· Axis: var· [ 10 I [ 31 coins, 8 obv. dies ]

rsn

1987, 103-4, C

1987, A 1-8, 10-12.

L eaded bronze. 1 6 -2 6 m m , 7.55g (24). Axis: var.

[ 9 ]

1987, 107, B

As 1464 As 1464 i . C o r in th , 8.21; 2—2 8 . See A rch. 3855, 8.22.

1987, 102-3, B

L eaded bronze. 22-8 m m , 14.75g

rsn

[ 29 coins, 6 obv. dies ]

[ 3 ]

i . W i n te r t h u r , 26.36; 2—2 0 . See r s n 1987, B 1-10, 12-20; 2 1 . V enice, M us. A rch. 3860, 22.06; 22. Bo 192, 15.50.

1987, 106, A

i . P V , 14.87; 2—12. See

[ 22 coins, 5 obv. dies ] Sam e legend as 1462, b u t busts of A ntony and O ctav ian a t 1., facing r.; b u st o f O ctavia, r., facing 1. Sam e legend as 1462, b u t three ships u n d e r sail, r.; below, Γ an d triskeles

[ 5 ]

As 1463 As 1463

rsn

AE. 2 8 -3 2 m m , 22.15g (21). Axis: var. rsn

L eaded bronze. 24-8 m m , 12.74g ( I0 )· Axis: var.

[ 12 coins, 3 obv. dies ]

1957. lo t 30, 3 0 -5 8 · 1463

1987, 106, F

Sam e legend as 1463—6, b u t jan ifo rm head probably featuring A ntony an d O ctavian M O P P I C A P P R A E F C L [ ; stem to 1.; in field, .·.

O p p iu s C a p ito

rsn

[ 3 ]

[ 3 coins, 2 obv. dies ] rsn

1462

1987, 105-6, E

Sam e legend as 1463—5, b u t head o f A ntony, r. Sam e legend as 1463—5, b u t prow, r.; above, S

1456

i . N e w H a v e n (Y ale U n iv ersity ), 5.08; 2. B I-B , 4.59; 3. P V , 4.41; 4 . S chaefer coll, (ex M allo y X X /1 9 8 4 , lo t 327), 6.23; 5. L eu 25/1980, Jot 220, 4.90; 6. T ra d e 1980, 4.51; 7. P arm a.

M

[ 2 ]

[ 4 coins, 3 obv. dies ] rsn

[ 1 ]

[ 7 coins, 4 obv. dies ] As As

1987, 104-5, D

Sam e legend as 1463—4, b u t ju g a te heads o f A ntony an d O ctav ia, r. Sam e legend as 1463—4, b u t one ship u n d er sail to r.; below, A a n d head of M ed u sa (?)

B ronze/leaded bronze. 2 1 -3 m m , 7.55g ( i r ) . Axis: var.

As As

[ 15 ]

[ 30 coins, 5 obv. dies ]

i . N Y , 9.34; 2 - 1 4 . See r s n 1986, A 1-3, 5-14; 15. V enice, M u s. A rch. 3852, 11.32; 16. R W , 14.48. 1460

Bronze. 2 0 -3 m m , 8 .0 6 g (27). Axis: var.

1453

1470

rsn

1987, B 1-12, 14-28; 29. V en ice, M u s.

Bronze. i4 - i7 m m , 3.91g (102). Axis: var.

[

43

]

[ 116 coins, at least 30 obv. dies ] rsn

1987, 10 8 -1 1, C

As 1465 As 1465 i . K a r ls r u h e , 4.13; 2—n o . See r s n 1987, C 1-70, 72-110; i n — 1 12. V enice, M u s. A rch . 385 7 -8 , 4.65, 3.12; 113—1 14. Bo, 3.60, 2.85; 1 1 5 . R W , 3.30; 1 1 6 . F ran k e coll., 4.22.

MACEDONIA Cat. no.

Introduction W est coast (Illyria): Apollonia (Dyrrhachium) Dium Cassandrea or Dium Cassandrea Edessa

287 1 5 0 1 -2

Cat. no.

Page

288 289

1503-8

290

1 5 0 9 -1 0

291

I5 I 1 -1 7 15 18 - 2 7

291

Pella/Dium Pella Thessalonica Koinon (Thessalonica) Amphipolis Philippi Uncertain (Philippi?)

Page

1 5 2 8 -4 4

293

' 545- 5° ' 55' - ' 6o9

296

1 6 1 O -2 5

297 303

l6 2 6 -4 5

3°5

1 6 4 6 -5 5

307 309

1 6 5 6 -6 0

292

In 27 B C the Roman province of Macedonia was reduced in size by separating off southern Greece to form the new province of Achaea. The extent and boundaries of the new province of Macedonia have been discussed by F. Pagazoglou {ANRW II.7.1, p. 325 and n. 105: her map of the boundaries of Macedonia, facing p. 304, is followed here). In a d 15 Macedonia was joined with Achaea and Moesia to form a huge Balkan province governed by the imperial legate of Moesia. C. Poppaeus Sabinus ruled for twenty years until a d 35, and was succeeded by P. Mem­ mius Regulus, who ruled until 41 or 44, when the separate provinces of Achaea and Macedonia were re-established under senatorial proconsuls. None of the coins made in Macedonia refers to any of its governors. The Republican background to the imperial coinage of the area has been described by I. Touratsoglou in CRWLR, pp. 53-78. The first century b c had been marked by a growing presence of Republican denarii, and the silver cur­ rency of the area consisted of these together with locally produced silver, principally the Athenian ‘New Style’ tetradrachms, the Macedonian tetradrachms of Aesillas and the silver drachms of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium. The production of these coinages does not seem to have survived much, if at all, into the second half of the first century (see the mint introductions to Apollonia and Athens), but a few issues of aurei and denarii may have been made during the civil wars: we know that silver was minted at Apollonia, perhaps the issue of denarii of 49 b c (RRC 445/1-2: see Apollonia). See also p. 245 (Achaea). The date at which the local silver coinages went out of circulation and were replaced by denarii is not clear, in the absence of any good hoard evidence. In the case of Apol­ lonia and Dyrrhachium, however, it seems that their drachms continued to circulate into the imperial period (at any rate the hoard from Tissa in Romania included them together with imperial denarii: S. P. Noe, Bibliography of Greek Coin Hoardr, no. 1112). In Touratsoglou’s view, very little bronze coinage was produced in Macedonia between the formation of the Roman province and the reign of Augustus. A certain amount of coinage was produced in the period of the civil wars: issues are definitely identifiable at Philippi, Thes­

salonica, Cassandrea, Cassandrea/Pella and Pella, some of these being produced on a large scale, to judge from their survival today. Several communities produced coinage under Augustus (Apollonia, Philippi, Thessalonica, Edessa, Amphipolis, Pella and Dium); a few for Tiberius (Thes­ salonica, Edessa, Amphipolis and Dium) and Caligula (Thessalonica and Amphipolis), and most of those com­ munities (except Edessa) which produced any coinage dur­ ing this period also coined for Claudius and Nero. There is no obvious specific occasion or reason for most of these issues, although we may suspect that some of the Neronian ones were connected with his visit to Greece: at any rate this seems the likely interpretation of the radiate crown used at Cassandrea or the figure of Apollo playing the lyre at Thes­ salonica. Finally, there is a single issue for Vitellius, by the Macedonian Koinon (minted probably at Thessalonica).

D enom inations The denominations of these coins are not clear, particularly as a certain amount of doubt is attached to the two cases where there appear to be value marks on the coins themselves: 1. In the Republican period both Amphipolis and Thes­ salonica had produced coins with a head of Janus and a I above; the corresponding coins with a Zeus (or Saturn) and an S suggested that these coins were intended to be asses and semisses, and so copied the normal obverse types from Republican bronzes. Touratsoglou has, however, expressed doubts about this interpretation, preferring to see, for instance, the S as a dolphin. 2. The Thessalonican issue of Octavian and Julius Caesar has a Δ, interpreted by Gaebler as standing for four asses; here, however, the interpretation of ‘year 4’ seems more likely. In the absence of any direct evidence we may look at the coins themselves. First, the Triumviral period. A possible metrological pat­ tern is given below, though the rather wide variation in weight and diameter makes it unwise to claim any certainty for such a scheme; nor is it clear what the denominations in

question might be (as, semis, triens, quadrans and sextans??): Thessalonica Hortensius Pella Philippi

27 mm, 2 1 g 25m m, 15g 27 mm, 19 g

23m m,

IOg

22 mm, 13 g 25 mm, 8 g

20 mm, 6 g 19 mm, 8 g

15mm. 3g

19mm, 7 g

17 mm, 4g

14mm, 3 g

17 mm, ?g

14 mm, 2 g

idly, the imperial period: Dium Cassandrea Edessa Pella/Dium Thessalonica Koinon Amphipolis Philippi

27 mm, 17g 29 mm, 16g

22mm, 20 mm, 2 1 mm, 22m m , 2 1 mm, 23 mm, 2 1 mm, 26m m,

io g 8g 8g io g 9g 8g 8g io g

19 mm, 6 g 17mm, 4g

24 mm, 12 g 23 mm, 12 g

19 mm, 7 g

5g 4g 3g 3g 3g

18 mm, 4 g

These figures are reasonably consistent, except for Apollonia Pella

14 mm, 16 mm, 14mm, 14 mm, 14 mm,

16 mm, 7 g

The case of Apollonia is perhaps to be explained by its geographical remoteness from the other, Macedonian, cities. The coins of Pella ‘fit’ better with the coins of the Triumviral period; the coins have anyway been dated shortly after Actium (see the commentary on Pella), and, similarly, the first Augustan issue of Thessalonica ( 1554) is much heavier than subsequent issues. This pattern holds true despite changes in the metallic composition of the coins. Orichalcum has not been found in Macedonia, and the great majority of issues were made of leaded bronze. But a few coins were made from pure cop­ per. Copper coins have been found at Philippi (for Claudius; the Augustan issues were of leaded bronze, and no coins of Nero were available for analysis), Thessalonica (for Claudius and Nero) and for the Macedonian Koinon, perhaps minted at Thessalonica (for Claudius, Nero and Vitellius). The use of copper was, however, only universal for the later Philippi issues; the small, ‘pseudo-auto­ nomous’, coins of the Koinon were made of bronze, and the same is true of the smaller Claudian and Neronian coins of Thessalonica. In a sense, moreover, the change from bronze to copper seems largely to have been cosmetic, since the introduction of the new metal did not make any significant difference to the weight standard employed. An analogous situation is found in the province of Asia, where cities generally might switch from bronze to, in that case,

orichalcum without changing their denominational structure. The identity of the denominations in question is not certain, even on the assumption that all were tarriffed in Roman denominations (see the discussion of Achaea, p. 246). In his book on Thessalonica, Touratsoglou argued that the four denominations used there were 4, 2, 1 and | as coins; but while it is certainly true that 4 as coins weighing about 18 g are found in Asia Minor, they are usually of orichalcum. It seems more likely that the Thessalonican issues are, rather, 2, 1, 1 and j as coins. There are two main reasons for thinking this. First, the Achaean analogy sug­ gests that we should expect the as to be the most commonly minted denomination at the time, followed by the semis. This would be the case at Thessalonica and the other Macedonian cities if the alternative, lower, values were assigned to the coins. Secondly, as was the case with the copper coins in Achaea (at Sparta, Nicopolis and Patras), the Macedonian copper coins of c. 22 m m /10 g look so like asses from the mint of Rome that it is hard to avoid the conclusion that they were intended to be asses (cf. Achaea, p. 246). It therefore seems likely that the imperial denominations used in Macedonia were 2 as, as, semis and quadrans; as elsewhere in the Empire, the denominational pattern shows a shift from smaller to larger denominations. There is an interesting contrast between Macedonia and Achaea, as the Macedonian as-standard seems to have been rather heavier (9—10 g) than Achaea (c.yg). In this respect, Macedonia looks to Italy, whereas Achaea looks east.

Apollonia Apollonia had produced an extensive coinage of silver drachms from the third to the first century b c (Crawford, CMRR 224-6; A. Giovannini, Rome et la Circulation Monétaire, p. 112). The date at which this coinage ceased is not certain, though Crawford (CMRR 245) has suggested the period of the civil war between Pompey and Caesar. At about that time we know from Cicero that silver was being minted at Apollonia (cum signaretur argentum Apolloniae, adfam. X III.29.4). This has been taken by Crawford to be the issue of denarii dated by the consuls of 49 b c (RRC 445/1-2 with p. 89: see also the introduction to Sicily),

although the passage of Cicero might as well refer to silver of Apollonia. Apollonia did make an issue of silver at about this time on the Roman weight standard, comprising denarii (Apollo/three graces), and rare quinarii (helmeted head of Athena/obelisk) and sestertii (lyre/obelisk). The dating of these is rather problematic, in the absence of any good hoard evidence. Crawford (CMRR 245) regarded the denarii and fractions as a small issue produced in the wars of the age of revolution, while H. Ceka (Questions de numis­ matique illyrienne, pp. 103-7) thought they were struck down to the reign of Augustus, and perhaps also in the early first

M A C E D O N I A : Apollonia, Dyrrhachium (1501—1502)

century a d . Geka argued that the variety of styles and the twenty-five magistrates’ names recorded on the coins imply twenty-five years of issue, since the name of one magistrate is preceded by the ligature of ΠΡ, presumably standing for prytanis. Ceka therefore regarded each of the magistrates as an annual eponymous prytanis. This conclusion is not, however, certain, nor is the size of the issue; as for chronology, one might perhaps point out that the forties b c is the characteristic time for the production of silver quinarii and sestertii, although this does not, of course, preclude other, later, dates. Some exiguous support for this view can now be found in a small, unpublished, hoard from Le Mans in France; this contained aurei and denarii down to Tiberius, and, in addition, one drachm of Apollonia (ΖΩΙΛΟΣ). For what it is worth, the wear on this coin was similar to that on Antonian denarii of the thirties b c . The coinage of Apollonia during the imperial period has traditionally consisted of two groups of coins, one for Augustus and one for Nero. The Neronian coins have been the subject of much discussion during the last few years. They have no ethnic, and are definitely not coins of Apol­ lonia. Here they have been catalogued and discussed under Nicopolis (1371, 1376), although that attribution is not accepted by all. This leaves the bronze coins of Augustus. They, too, have been the subject of some reattribution. Grant (FIT A 353) pointed out that there is a similarity between them and the unique coin of Odessus attributed to Augustus (1801), and proposed, in view of this, to reattribute them to Apollonia Pontica in Thrace (mod. Sozopol), not far south of Odessus. This reattribution is very attractive, as there is undoubtedly a similarity between the types and fabric of the two issues, but it is not accepted here on the grounds that the coins use the ethnic ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ, the same as the ethnic used on coins of Apollonia in Illyria (and the type of a cornucopia is

28g

also found there: Evelpidis 1721), whereas at Apollonia Pontica the ethnic is ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΗΤΕΩΝ on coins (from the earliest pieces, of Antoninus Pius till Severus). On inscrip­ tions from Apollonia Pontica, however, the forms ΑΠΟΛΛWNIATAI (IGBulg I2, 388, 393), AnOAAWNIATWN (390, 396, 320) and AnOAAWNIATAS (308) are found: these are not entirely consistent with the coins of Apollonia Pontica (.IGBulg 396 is tentatively dated to the Severan period, and 320, dated to the first century b c or a d has the genitive plural with the W rather than the A of the Apollonian coins). For these reasons the traditional attribution has been retained, although it is not, of course, beyond doubt. Moreover, no specimens have been reported from Bulgarian museums, and the attribution did not cause H. Ceka any hesitation, although it must be admitted that he was not aware of Grant’s reattribution (Geka, p. 107). The odd fabric and style of the coin in Vienna with the left-facing head (1502) makes one think that it is probably of another emperor; the possibility that it is a modern forgery cannot, however, be ruled out. A u g u s tu s 1501

AE. 24m m , 12.10g (5). Axis: var.

[ 5 ]

C op 417 CEBACTOC; head, r. ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ; cornucopia, bound w ith fillet, in w reath P 9 0 , 11.90; 2. B 1372/1914, 13.54; 3 · v 3 7 7 00, 9-79; 4 · C o p 4 ' 7 , 12.22; 5 . G 25, 13.07.

I.

1502

See 1501.

[ 1 ]

As 1501, b u t head, 1. i . V 1 1 3 1 0 (T iep o lo ).

Dyrrhachium Dyrrhachium produced a large coinage from the third to the first century b c (Crawford, CMRR 224-6). The date at which this coinage ceased is not certain, but it was probably after Pompey’s defeat since the city had taken his part against Caesar (Ceka, Questions de numismatique illyrienne, pp. 1°3—7; Crawford, CMRR 245). A colony was founded there by Octavian in 30 b c (Dio LI,4,6), but it is possible that Antony had already founded a colony in the forties (Grant, FITA, pp. 275-9; Vittinghoff, p. 126, n. 9). This colony had the ius italicum. No coinage of this town is known as stated by Kubitschek (Gnomon X III, 1937, p. 24), though Grant, FITA, pp. 275-9, tentatively attributed to it the following series: A. COLONIA [ ]; bust, r. Q PA[ ]DEDVX; tripod c. 4 0 b c : FITA, pi. IX , 21 B. Bare head of Augustus, r. C-I-VË T I TAR IIV IR Q D D; in a wreath c. 17 b c : FITA, pi. V III,23

C. CAESAR AVGVSTVS; bare head of Augustus, r. C-V-R·, MTVS-, M-HERENNIVS IIV IR QVINQ, CT-A-D-; in field, Roma standing with spear and globe 12-11 b c : FITA, pi. V III,25 D. As C ___ C-V-R·, M -Ι-, M -H ER IIV IR QVINQ C L A D -; plough 12-11 b c : FITA, pi. V III,24 E. T I CAE C I A D; laureate head of Tiberius, r. AVG C I A D; radiate head of Augustus, r. Under Tiberius: FITA, pi. V III,26 But the attribution of these coins to Dyrrhachium is wrong (as are his readings, which have been kept here) : for A see under Cassandrea or Dium (1510), for B under Cnossus (980), for C and D under Dium (1504-5) and for E under Dyme (1289).

Dium The foundation of Colonia Diensis may have occurred in 43 or 42 b c , but there is no definite evidence for this (see the discussion of Cassandrea or Dium, p. 291). Grant, FIT A, pp. 272-3, dated to 43 b c . series 1503 with Diana Baphyras trampling on a vexillum on the obverse and a plough on the reverse. His comparison with a denarius of Brutus (RRC 507/2) on which a Victory is tram­ pling on a broken sceptre and diadem is interesting, and his suggestion has been accepted by Papazoglou, ANR-WW,"],!, pp. 357-8, n. 248. But this dating is by no means certain. The colony was certainly (re)founded by Octavian in 30 b c (Pliny, NH IV,35) and entitled Colonia Iulia Augusta Diensis. From Augustus to Gallienus, a regular coinage is known for the city.

c. 4 3 1503

bc

(o r la te r ) ?

L eaded bronze. 1 3 -1 5 m m , 2.56g (3). Axis: 9. z f k rg2Ö, 172, no. 13,

A u g u s tu s C

V r m iu s M

A ugustus

H e r e n n iu s I l v i r i q u in q

A E. 23 m m , 8.62 g (2). Axis: 12.

1505

1981,

[ o ]

277

As 1 5 0 4 C VR[

] II V IR Q V IN Q C I A D; plough

i . V a t ( — fita, pi. V I I I , 24).

T ib e r iu s 1506

L eaded bronze, q - i g m m , 8 . n g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 4 ]

BMC 3, AMNG II, 6 l, no. 6, APT 33

T I C A E SA R D IV I F A V G V ST V S; b are head of T iberius, r. C O L O N IA IV L D IE N S IS ; Livia, veiled w ith p atera and sceptre, seated r.; D D in exergue i . L = b m c 3 ( = a p t , pi. I V ,5), 7.67; 2. P 671, 8.21; 3 . M u , 8.46; 4 . G . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i .

C la u d iu s 1507

AE. 21 m m , 9.25 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 1 ]

SNG Evelpidis 1217

C laudius

T I C L A V D IV S C A ESA R ) ; b are head, 1. C O L A V G D IE N S IS ; A th en a/R o m a w ith p a tera and spear, 1.; in field, D D i . E velpidis 1217, 9.90; 2. N Y

sng

248, 8.61. 1-2 from sam e obv. die.

N ero 1508

ably struck at the very beginning of his reign; the style of Nero’s portrait fits such a date. The four specimens known so far are from the same obverse die.

rn

AE. 17 m m . FITA

T iberius

N e ro T h e c o in a gO e in h o n o u r o f N e ro C la u d iu s C a e s a r w a s Ap ro b -

[ 1 ]

277-9, A m andry,

i . B; 2 . G o ( = m g 74, 58 ; z fN 1926, p i. X ,9; f i t a , p i. V I I I , 25: r e v .) , 8.50; 3. P V ( — r n 1981, p i . X V I , 3 ), 8 .7 3 . C o u n te rm ark : T o n th e neck o f A u g u stu s, o n 2 a n d 3 ( G IC 655: in itia ls o f a R o m a n n am e ‘P u ..

23 mm, 8.62 g (2) 17 mm, ?

The coin published in NY SNG 248 is indeed a coin of Claudius, as the beginning of the legend, T I CLAVDIVS and not NERO CLAVDIVS, is offered by the Evelpidis specimen (SNG 1217) from the same obverse die. After CAESAR, the legend is not clear.

f it a

65-7 C A E SA R A V G V ST V S; b are head of A ugustus, r. C V R M IV S M H E R E N N IV S ; A th en a/R o m a holding p a te ra an d spear, L; in field, C l A D

Under Augustus, an issue was struck by the duoviri quinquennales G. Vrmius and M. Herennius. It has two denominations :

Under Tiberius, only one issue was struck, probably of asses (1506). The reverse type - Livia seated holding patera and scep­ tre —derives from the coinage struck at Rome in a d 15-16, and it is therefore difficult to date this issue very precisely in the reign of Tiberius.

272-3

I. L = bmc 2 (rev.) (—fita, pi. I X ,i8 ) , 2.54; 2. V 3 7 8 6 9 (obv.), 2.74; 3. C o rin th 1926C -379A , 2.42. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

zfN 1926, 127-8, no. 14,

These denominations were probably intended to pass as asses (1504) and semisses (1505). This issue was attributed by Grant (FITA, pp. 277-9) lo Dyrrhachium as he suggested that the name of the first magistrate should be read as G V R M IVS, that is, C y l­ oniae) V(eneriae) R(estitutori) M IVS(tuleius?). This read­ ing is unlikely, as there are no dots between the letters and as the reverse type - Athena/Roma holding patera and spear - occurs on the coinage of Dium until Gallienus. In the field, C I A D is perfectly clear on the PV specimen (1504/3); the reading D D (Gaebler) must be disregarded.

f it a

D IA N A B A PH Y R ; D ian a B aphyras tram p lin g on a vexillum , r. C O L D IE N S IS ; plough

1504

1504 1505

II, 60, no. r,

amng

[ 2 ]

AE. 20-3 m m , 9.45 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 3 ]

N E R O C L A V D IV S C A ESA R; b are head o f N ero, 1. C O L IV L Dp IE1 N S IS ; A th en a/R o m a w ith p a tera an d 1 < · 11—. -j-v

spear, 1., in neiu, u u *' P DeIepierre’ ” '24;

° ’ 9°4; 4' Trade (London>

C o u n te rm ark : illeg ib le o n th e rev ., o n i a n d 5.

M A C E D O N I A : Cassandrea or Dium, Cassandrea {1509-1510)

2gi

Cassandrea or Dium Three different coin types were made in the name of the proconsul Hortensius, but the evidence for their attribution is inconsistent between Cassandrea and Dium. The proven­ ances of two favour Dium; the typology of the third indi­ cates Cassandrea, and has been catalogued there (1511). The issues in question are: 1509 15m 1511

Q H O R TE N SI PROCOS; head of Hortensius, r. PRAEF CO L O N DEDVC; ox-yoke, plough and measuring-rod (?) with vexillum C O L O N IA [ ]; female head, r. [Q ]H O R T X V V IR [CO JLO N DEDVX; tripod H A M M O pN ]; head of Ammon, r. H O R T CO L D; two ears of corn

Of these coins, the largest was tentatively attributed by Grant, FIT A, p. 33, to Macedonia (Thessalonica?), the second to Dyrrhachium {FITA, pp. 278-9; but see M. Amandry, RN, 1981, p. 62) and the smallest to Cassandrea (.FIT A, p. 272). While his attribution to Cassandrea seems correct, there have been over the last few years several finds of both the other two types from the excavations at Dium, and we are grateful to S. Kremidi for the information that as many as some six pieces of the plough type and three of the tripod type have been found there. A solution would be to split the coins between the two colonies, but one is unwilling to do this, partly because there is no other independent evidence for the foundation of a colony at Dium in the forties b c , and partly because the three look like three denominations of a single, foundation, issue. This is suggested both by the similarity of legends and by metrology: 1509 1510 1511

Dium provenances do not contradict this, since Dium is very close to Cassandrea, and since there has been no arch­ aeological exploration of Cassandrea. In view of the import­ ance of the question to the history of Dium, however, we do not feel that the evidence is strong enough to allow an attribution of all three issues to Cassandrea, and the classi­ fication of the larger two denominations has therefore been left uncertain, either Cassandrea or Dium. For a discussion of the portrait of Hortensius and the possible identification of sculptural representations of him, se ej. Ch. Baity, Revue Archéologique (1987/1), pp. 206-13.

Q H o r te n s iu s P ro co s, 4 3 - 4 2 b c 1509

AE. 2 5 m m , 14.87g (4). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

AMNG I corr., FITA 33 Q H O R T E N S I P R O C O S ; h ead of H ortensius, r. PR A E F C O L O N D ED V C ; ox-yoke, plough an d m easuring-rod (?) w ith vexillum i . O (P R A E F C O L O N D E D V C ) ex N iggeler I I (L eu—M M A G 1966, lot z Fn 1926, T af. X .i8 = f i t a , pi. I I . 7) ( ]C O L O N [ ); 3. L 1 9 3 4 -3 -1 2 -6 4 ( = p i t a , pi. I I . 8) (P R A E F C O L O N D E D V [), 14.84; 4. M M A G 52 (1975), lo t 441 ( ]C O L O N [ ), 18.81; 5 . A u fh ä u s e r 2 (1985), lo t 186 (P R A E F C O L O N D E D V [ ), 9.83; 6 - 7 . A, from D iu m ex cav atio n s (in fo rm atio n fro m I. T o u ra tso g lo u ). F o r fu rth e r specim ens from D iu m , see above. C o u n te rm ark s: B .P Q (? ) ( G I C — : 1), illegible (6 -7 ). 5 7 3 ); 15*98; 2. B (L ö b b =

1510

AE. 19m m , 8 .1 5 g ( 0 · Axis: 6 o r 12. ή τα

[ i ]

278-g

C O L O N IA [ ]; fem ale head, r. [Q] H O R T X V V IR | C O [LO N D E D V X ; tripod

25 mm, 14.87 g (4) 19mm, 8.15g (1) 15mm, 3.56g (2)

R W ( C O L O N IA [ /] H O R T X V V I R [ ]L O N D E [), 8.15; 2. P (C O L O N IA [ /J D E D V X : s e e M . A m an d ry , r n 1981, 62 a n d pi. X V .A ), 7.64. F o r fu rth e r sp ecim ens, from th e ex cav atio n s a t D iu m , see above. T h e rev. ty p e is to be ex p lain ed b y H o rte n s iu s ’s te n u re o f th e q u in d e cim v irate . I.

Undoubtedly the preferable solution would be to attribute all three issues to Cassandrea; one could argue that the

Cassandrea A colony was founded at Cassandrea (the former Potidaea) in 43-42 b c by Hortensius, and refounded by Augustus in 30 b c (F. Papazoglou, ANRW Il.g.i, pp. 357 and 358), after which it was called COL IVL AVG CASSANDREN (sis) (the fuller form occurring on coins of the reign of Nero). The colony has recently been attested epigraphically for the first time (BCH, 1979, p. 303: uncertain date). The main problem of attribution concerns the coins of Hortensius, whose attribution is uncertain between Cassan­ drea and Dium. Provenance for the larger denominations favours Dium, but the type of the third (a head of Ammon) seems to guarantee an attribution to Cassandrea, and hence the association of Hortensius with the foundation of the colony (cf. Grant, FITA 272). It has been catalogued here under Cassandrea (1511) and the other two under ‘Cassan­ drea or Dium’ (1509-10), although one is reluctant to separate them. A coin in Dresden was attributed by Grant (APT 11, no. 32, illustrated on his pi. IV.4) to Tiberius, but this is very doubtful. He describes it as follows:

]DIVI(?)[ ; laureate head, r. [CO]L IVL[ C]AS; head of Ammon, r. Grant himself quoted Bellinger’s opinion that the portrait on the coin was Antonine, and certainly the abbreviated form of the ethnic (CAS) seems to be a feature of the second century or later (to judge from the admittedly fairly limited material in AMNG and L). It has therefore been omitted here as probably a second-century coin. There is, of course, no intrinsic reason why there should not be a Tiberian issue, but the Dresden coin does not provide sufficient reason for accepting one at the moment. The main problem posed by the coins of Claudius and Nero is the exact reading of the end of the obverse legends. The coins of Claudius do not appear to give him the title P P, and so cannot be dated more precisely within the reign, unless the form of the titulature of the first variety, which is reminiscent of the very earliest gold and silver coins of Claudius, perhaps suggests a date at the beginning of the reign. The coins of Nero have the late portrait, introduced

in 63. Some also include IM P in the legend as a title rather than as a praenomen; at Rome this would suggest a date no later than 66, but it is hard to be sure that this practice would necessarily be observed in the provinces (it was not, for instance, at Corinth). The coins of Nero cannot, there­ fore, be dated more closely than between 63 and 68, and the use of the radiate crown on the portrait suggests a connec­ tion with Nero’s visit to Greece in 66—7 (see p. 287). The significance of the countermark AVG (GIC 576) on Claudian coins is not clear; it may just be used as part of the colony’s ethnic, denoting a new official issue of coins. It is not easy to date the small coins with no reference to an emperor. Some of them spell the ethnic with a single S, CASANDRE; from the time of Claudius onwards, two S’s are the invariable rule, so this suggests a pre-Claudian date; the same date may fit for the other similar pieces, as their ethnic, CASSANDRE, disassociates them from the coins of Claudius (CASSANDR) or Nero (CASSANDREN). On the other hand, small coins with very similar horses and inscriptions in a wreath also occur at Thessalonica under Nero, and it was this consideration that led Gaebler (.AMNG, p. 53) to date them to the Neronian period. There is certainly no doubt that, for instance, the trotting horse is very like that on Thessalonican coins of Antonia (attributed to the reign of Claudius) and of Nero. There are, however, no small Thessalonican pieces from the reigns of Tiberius or Caligula from Thessalonica for comparison, and, for the time being, therefore, a pre-Claudian date has been preferred.

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3 .8 7 g

1513

(4 ).

Axis: 12 or

[

6.

6

]

AMNG 4 - 5 , BMC I

AVG; on vexillum betw een two stan d ard s C A S(S)A N D R E ; in three lines in w reath C A S A N D R E : 1. B 28780 —K a t 1; C A S S A N D R E : 2. L = bm c i , 3.13; 3. P 590, 4.38; 4 . B (L ö b b ); 5. M u 1; 6. N Y s n g 233, 4.12; 7. E velpidis 1210, 3.85. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 2.

AE. 15m m , 2.81 g (2).

1514

[ 2 ]

AMNG 3

H orse, 1.; above, crescent C A SSA N D R E; in three lines in w reath i . B 1 5 /1 9 2 5 , 3.09; 2. A m sterd a m ( a m n g T af. X I I I . 1); 3. N Y 2.53; 4 . C a s t in L.

sn g

232,

C la u d iu s L eaded bronze. 2 0 m m , 8 .5 2 g (8). Axis: 6.

1515

AMNG 6 ( ? ) , BMC 4 ,

[ 15]

C op 14 7

T I C LA CAES A V G G E R M P M T R P O T (?); laureate head, 1. C O L IV L A V G CA SSA N D R; head o f A m m on, r. !· p 59 U 9 0 0 ; 2 - 3 . P 59 2 -3 ; 4 - 5 . L = b m c 4, 1 8 4 4 -4 -2 5 -1 5 7 3 , 8.52, 8.82; 6. C o p 147, 9.36; 7. G 3; 8. O , 9.20; 9 . B (L öbb); 10—11. V 35019, In c e rti 27335/77; 1 2 - 1 4 . M u 2, 3, 3a, 9.23, 7.45, 6.45; 15. PV ; 16. T F a b re tti 2272, 7.81; 17. N Y s n g 229, 8.84. Q u alitativ e m e tal an aly sis on: 4. T h e coin illu stra te d b y A M N G as a coin o f C la u d iu s is p ro b a b ly o ne o f N ero , in view o f th e left-facing h ea d o f A m m on. C o u n te rm ark : A V G on rev. ( G I C 576: 4, 10, 12, 17).

L eaded bronze. 20m m , 9 .2 1 g (3). Axis: 6.

1516

[ 13 ]

BMC 3

( I H o r te n s iu s P ro co s, 4 3 - 4 2 b c 1511

AE. 15m m , 3.56g (2). Axis: 6 (i).

T I C LA CAES A V G G E R M P M T R P ( ? ) ; laureate head, r. C O L IV L A V G CA SSA N D R; head of A m m on, r.

[ 2 ]

AMNG 2 , FIT A 272

I. L = bmc 3, 9.69; 2 - 3 . G 1-2; 4 - 6 . P 594, 595, 595a, 8.77, 9.16, 7 .11 ; 7 - 8 . B (R au c h = K a t 2, 2197/1951); 9 - 1 1 . V 9 705-7; 12. Be (R 4295), 9 - 14: 13. N Y s n g 230, 7.70. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : A V G o n rev. ( G IC 576: 2, 5 -6 , 8 - r o , t4 ).

H A M M O [?N ]; head o f A m m on, r. H O R T C O L D; two ears of corn B (I-B ) (]M M O [) = GM 92, 173 = FITA, pi. V I I I . 21, 3.60; 2 . A (jIA N 1907, 256, no. 14 ‘P ariu m , M y sia’: ‘] A M M O [/]O R T C O L [P ]’); 3. P 1052, 3.38 (In c e rta A fricae = P ellerin, Rec. I l l , pi. C X V I.2 : Ή Α Μ Μ Ο Ν ’) (know n in a s u lp h u r cast to G aebler, zfN 1926, 139): th e final N is d u b io u s, b u t possible. See also 1509—10 (C a ssa n d re a o r D iu m ). C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in (3). I.

N e ro 1517

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3.75g (2).

[

2

]

I. L 1 9 1 9 - 5 - 1 - 2 , 8.12; 2. L 1 9 5 8 -3 -4 -8 3 , 7.46; 3. N Y; 4 - 5 . G 4 -5 ; 6 7. C M cC le an 3194, 3195 (pi. 116.15), 5.83, 8.45; 8 - 9 . P 5 96-7, 9.08, 7.60; i o . O , 8 . 8 i ; i i —13. B (I-B , Fox = K a t 3, L ö b b ); 14. V 8708; ' 15. M u 4, 6.97; 16. E v elp id is 1 2 1 1 ,6 .9 9 ; 17. J P R 5841, 8.52. 1—2, 10-11 an d 13 h av e n o IM P ; 4—5, 8 a n d 12 h av e IM P ; 3, 6 -7 , 9 a n d 14-16 are u n ce rtain . 8 a n d 12 h av e C L A V D . Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 1.

BMC 2

H orse trotting, r.; behind, branch C A SA N D R E; in three lines in w reath i.

L=

BM C 2,

3.63;

2.

[ 15 ]

N E R O C L A V D (IV S ) C A ESA R A V G G E R P M T R P (IM P ) P P; rad iate head, 1. C O L IV L A V G G A SSA N D REN ; head of A m m on, 1.

P r e -C la u d ia n ? 1512

L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 7.81 g (7). Axis: 6.

N Y SNG 2 3 1, 3.87. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

Edessa Edessa (formerly called Aegae) had not made any coinage since the fifth century until it produced four small issues of coinage in the Julio-Claudian period, two under Augustus and two under Tiberius. In addition, the city applied the countermark of a reclining goat and ΕΔ on Augustan

moneyers’ bronze, of which a single example is known (B 17321 = Kat i, a dupondius: see J. Friedländer, ZfN u , 1875, p. 373; H. Willers, Geschichte der römischen Küpferpmgung, p. 199 and Taf. X V III.9 and GIC 312). The type of the countermark occurred on earlier coins of Aegae, and on

M A C E D O N I A : Edessa, Pella or Dium (1518-1527)

the earlier issue of Edessa for Augustus, and the counter­ marking may perhaps be contemporary with it. For similar countermarking of Augustan bronze in the Balkans and in Sicily, see the introductions to Tomi and Sicily. The first issue catalogued here for Augustus was regarded as ‘much later’ by Grant (FIT A 374, n. 6: it is not clear whether this also means that there is a second speci­ men of the piece in Sofia), but Imhoof-Blumer’s identifica­ tion as Augustus (MG 62) is followed here. The use of the praenomen imperator, however, suggests that Grant may have been right. It is not clear if the second issue of Augustus was sup­ posed to be in one or two denominations. The flans of the coins are sharply divisible into ones of about 25 mm and ones of about 20 mm; the weights, however, seem indis­ tinguishable. The coins were regarded by Grant (FIT A 353 and 374) as a ‘foundation issue’, though there seems to be no reason to accept this interpretation. The relationship between the coins of Tiberius struck with Divus Augustus and with Livia is not clear. They are probably separate issues, since the Livian coins do not have the same variety in the direction of the portraits; the legends for Tiberius are also different, and there are (obviously, therefore) no die links. If they are, indeed, separate issues, there seems no way of telling which precedes the other. Here the coins with Livia have been placed second, on the grounds that the portrait of Tiberius seems more mature (except on the issue with a bare head, 1527). A u g u s tu s 1518

T ib e r iu s a n d D iv u s A u g u s tu s 1521

AE. 22m m , 8 .0 8 g (11: 1521—4 ). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

C op 163 var. ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; head, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΘΕΟΣ ΕΔΕΣΣΑΙΩΝ; lau reate head o f A ugustus, r. I.

1522

L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 5 5 5 , 7.79;

2.

M u 2, 7.06.

See 1521.

[ 4 ]

C op 163 As 1521, b u t lau reate head o f A ugustus, 1. i . B (K n o b e lsd o rf = K a t 5); 2. C o p 163, 7.17; 3—4 . P 6 9 5 -6 , 9.30, 7.50; 5 - J S W , 9.00.

1523

L eaded bronze. See 1581.

[ 1 ]

C op 162 var. As 1581, b u t head o f Tiberius, 1. (laureate head of A ugustus, r.) i . L 1958—2—4 —8 5 , 10.28. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: i.

1524

See 1521.

[ 6 ]

C op 162 As 1521, b u t head o f Tiberius, 1., an d la u reate head of A ugustus, 1. i . L 1 9 2 4 -6 -2 -1 , 7.87; 2. C o p 162, 7.17; 3. P 697, 8.36; 4 . P 698, 9.25; 5. O , 8.23; 6. M u 3, 6.72.

T ib e r iu s a n d L i v ia as A u g u s ta

A E. 14m m , 4.97g (1). Axis:

9

(1).

[ 1 ] 1525

AYTOK[ ; head, r. ΕΔΕΣΣ[Α ΙΩ Ν ]; reclining goat, r. I . B (I-B ),

2513

AE. 21 m m , 10.49g ( A Axis: 1 2 (1 ).

[ 1 ]

ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΕΔΕΣΣΑΙΩΝ; head of Livia, r.

4.97 ( = m g 62, 5). N o t definitely A u gustus: see above.

i . N Y 2 5 6 , 10.49. 1519

L eaded bronze. 25m m , 8 .9 6 g (4). Axis: 12.

[ 8 ]

BMC 16, C op 161

1526

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΕΔΕΣΣΑΙΩΝ; in two lines in w reath

L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 8.58 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 12 ]

As 1525, b u t lau reate head, r.

i . L = b m c i 6, 9.57; 2. P 692, 8.54; 3 . P 1982/116, 9.05; 4 . C o p 161, 8.68; 5—6. B (28780, Fox — K a t 3 -4 ); 7—8 . N Y s n g 25 4 -5 , 9.68, 7.43; 9 . J P R 6296, ÎO.20. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i. 1520

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 9.12 g (6). Axis: 12 o r 6. BMC 18

i . L 1 9 5 8 —3—4 —86, 7.20; 2—3. L = b m c 18-19, 9.82, 8.88; 4 . P 699A, 9.99; 5 —6 . P 6 9 9-700; 7. O , 7.43; 8—10. B (L ö b b , I-B , 1148/1898); i i . M u 4, 10.04; IS*· V 9999. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.

[ 9 ] 1527

BMC 17, AMc 1095

See 1536.

[ 1 ]

As 1535, b u t ΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ a n d lau reate head, r.

As 1519, but sm aller diam eter. I . 0 = AMC IO G G , 9.35; 2 . L = BMC 1 Ί , 9.O5; 3—4 . P 6 9 3-4, 8 . 7 3 , 6.9Q; G— 7. B (I-B , L öbb, 2 8 6 7 6 = K a t 2); 8. V 9740; 9 . M u 1, 3.66; 10. PV . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.

i . B (L ö b b ).

Pella or Dium The series described under the heading Pella/Dium have been variously attributed: their Macedonian origin is clear, but they lack any ethnic. Issues 1534-44 have been given to Pella by Grant, FIT A 281-3, APT, pp. 11-13, and to Dium by Imhoof-Blumer, MG, pp. 74-6, Gaebler, ZJN, 1926, pp. 128-36, AMNG II, pp. 60-1, and Sutherland, JRS, 1941, pp. 73-81. They form a compact group which cannot be dissociated.

The duovir P. Baebius (1534-5), under Augustus, is likely to be the father of G. Baebius P. f., who appears on Tiberian issues with L. Rusticellus Basterna (1536-9). And the coinage of L. Rusticelius Cordus ( 1540-4) has very strong affinities with the coinage of Baebius/Basterna. The issue of P. Baebius has two denominations: 1534 1535

22-3 mm, 11.63 g (5) 17—18mm, 3.52g (1)

The issue of G. Baebius P. f. and L. Rusticellus Basterna has three denominations: 536 537 538 539

22—3 mm, 10.38 g (4) 22-3 mm, 9-97 g (25) 17 mm, 4 -6 g g (4 ) 16-17 mm, 3.20g (i)

The issue of L. Rusticellus Cordus has only two: 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544

24-51™ , 24-5 mm, 2 1 -3 mm, 23 - 4 mm, 15mm,

10.79g 11.59 g 9.83g 9.79g 3 -9 2 g

(6) (5) (7) (5) (0

These denominations were presumably intended to pass as asses (1534, 1536-7, 1540-3) and semisses or trientes (1535, 1538-9, 1544 ) ■ Most of the types on the small denominations seem to refer to quinquennalian games (1535, 1539, 4544)· The issue of L. Rusticelius Cordus was struck after ad 22-3, as the Pietas type on the obverse of 1542 and 1543 derives from the dupondii struck at Rome (RIC 43 and 46). In fact the Pietas type of 1542 is a copy of the Iustitia type. The main reason why the issues 1534-44 were attributed to Dium by Imhoof-Blumer and Gaebler is the analogy of DD, which they mistakenly thought occurred on coins securely attributed to Dium (see 1504-5). Grant’s attribu­ tion to Pella is based on the following reasons: (1) style, thickness and fabric; (2) the reverse composition of 1536-8 and 1540-3 - a legend in several lines within a wreath or not - is strongly reminiscent of Augustan coins generally attributed to Pella but here given to the group Pella/Dium; (3) some specimens of 1537 are countermarked PEL, and it is common for such countermarks to comprise the ethnic of the city in which the coins were actually struck. Issues 1528-30 and 1531-3 have always been attributed to Pella (Imhoof-Blumer, MG, p. 88; Gaebler, AMNG II, p. 98; Grant, FIT A 281-2). Issue 1528-30 is signed by the duoviri quinquennales Fictorius and Septimius and dates to 25 b c . It was struck in three denominations: 1528 1529 1530

282(2). Grant’s view is logical because the treatment of Augustus’s portrait on 1531 is very close to 1534: if 1531 was struck at Pella, it might follow that 1534 (and the rest of the group) was struck at Pella. On the other hand, the style of 1531 and 1534 is also very close to the Augustan issue struck at Dium (1504). The types of 1533 are the same as that on 1539 and 1544; this might confirm the attribution to the same mint of 1531, 1533 and 1534-44. Which mint is a problem that cannot be solved for the moment, although the excavations conducted by the University of Thessaloniki at Dium will hopefully provide a solution. Might the absence of ethnic denote a different status between strictly colonial coins and provincial ones? A u g u s tu s

M Fictorius M Septimius Ilviri quinq, 25 BC 1528

I. L 1914—6 - 9 - 3 , 15.13; 2—3 . P 9 8 1 -2 , 8.24, 11.87; 4 · B I-B (== AMNG, pi. X I X ,21); 5 . B L ö b b ; 6. C o p 277, 9.33; 7. O , 12.93; 8. C 108-1948, I I . 35; 9 * PV3 13.15; 10. P V , 9.05. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.

1529

21—2 mm, 10.23 g (4) 16 mm, 4.31g (1) 15-16 mm, ?

This issue has always been attributed to Pella (ImhoofBlumer, MG, p. 88; Gaebler, AMNG II, p. 98; Grant, FITA

L eaded bronze. i8 - ig m m , 5.78g (2). Axis: 1. AMNG

[ 4 ]

II, 98, no. 24

PA C IS; h ead o f Pax, r. M F IC T O R I M S E P T V M I II V IR Q V IN ; ploughing scene I. L = B M C 17, 5.29; 2. L 1 9 38-10-7—214, 6.26; 3 . B I-B ( = AMNG, pi. X I X , 13); 4 . M u . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.

1530

L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 3.88 g (5). Axis: 6. AMNG

[ 5 ]

II, 98, no. 25

M F IC T O R IV S M S E P T V M IV II V IR Q V I; view of city M F IC T O R IV S M S E P T V M IV S II V IR Q V IN Q ; A m azon shield I. L = bmc 18 (=FITA, pi. I X ,9), 4.50; 2. P 9 8 0 , 3.92; 3. B 8315; 4 . V 9729 (= AMNG, pi. X I X , 16), 3.83; 5 . A; 6. N Y sng 622, 3.05; 7. J S W , 4.08. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

C Herennius L Titucius Ilviri quinq 1531

L eaded bronze. 2 1 -2 m m , 10.23g (4)· Axis: 12. mg

88, no. 104,

ή τα

[ 5 ]

282 (2)

IM P A V G V ST V S; b are head of A ugustus, r. C H E R E N N IV S L T IT V C IV S I I V IR Q V IN in w reath i . L 1 9 1 2 —7—14—11, 1 1.55; 2. P 1982/124, 8.61; 3. B I-B ( = mg 88, 104); 4 . B L ö b b ; 5. V 33304, 10.25; 6. Sofia; 7. E gger (Prow e) 2 /I I I /1 9 1 2 , 525; 8. D o u k as coll., 10.72. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1. 1532

1531 1532 r533

[ 8 ]

II, 98, no. 23

IM P C A E SA R I A V G V S T O IX C O S; lau reate head of A ugustus, r. M F IC T O R I M S E P T V M (IV S ) II V IR Q V IN in laurel w reath

23—4111111, 11.38g (8) 18—19mm, 5.78g (2) 17 mm, 3-88 g (5)

These were probably intended to pass as asses (1528), semisses (1529) and trientes (?) (1530). The quadrans (triens?) described by Grant, FIT A 281 (1) as M FICTORIVS IIV IR QVI, praefericulum/M SEPTIMIVS IIV IR QVIN, strigiles, has not been found: a confusion with 1533 (?). The reasons for removing this issue from Pella have been discussed with the coinage of Pella (p. 296). The issue 1531—3 is signed by the duoviri quinquennales C. Herennius and L. Titucius and was struck in two (?) denominations: asses (1531) and trientes (?) (1532-3).

L eaded bronze. 23-41001, 11.38g (8). Axis: 12. AMNG

A E. 16 m m , 4 .3 1 g (1). Axis: 6. mg

88,

no.

105,

AMNG

II, 98,

no.

[ 1 ] 26,

f it a

282 (2)

[C H E R E N N IV S L T IT V C IV S IIV J IR Q V IN (? ); horsem an, r. C H E R E N N IV S L T IT V C IV S II V IR Q V IN i . B 2 8 7 7 8 (= K a t 76,2 = AMNG I I , pi. X I X , 17), 4.31.

M A C E D O N IA : Pella or D ium ( 1533-1544)

1533

AE. i5 - i6 m m . MG

88, 106,

[ 1 ]

AMNG

II, 98, no. 27,

FITA

1539

C H E R E N N IV S II V IR Q V IN ; praefericulum L T IT V C IV S II V IR Q V IN ; tw o strigiles i. M u

( =

amng

II,

p i.

AE. i6 - i7 m m , 3.20g (1). Axis: 12. zfN 1926, 133, no. 20, no. 6, a p t 36

282 (2)

AMNG

299

[ 2 ]

II, 60, no. 3, S u th erland 74,

C B A EB IV S P F D D; cup L R V S T IC E L IV S B A STERN A ; praefericulum an d two strigiles

X I X ,1 9 ).

i . P , 3.20; 2. B ( =

AMNG,

pi. X I I I , 31); 3—4 . Sofia.

P B a e b iu s I l v i r q u in q 1534

AE. 22-3 m m , 11.63 g z în

1926, 128-9,

no·

(5)·

Axis: 12 or 6.

i 5 > S uth erlan d ,

JR S

[ 6 ] 1941, 73, no. i

A V G V ST V S; bare head of A ugustus, r. P B A EB IV S II V IR Q V IN Q ; aro u n d D D

L R u s tic e llu s C o rd u s I l v i r q u in q *I. 1540

i . L 1 9 1 9 -2 —13—1319 (obv.), 11.67; 2. B ( = z f n , pi. X ,io ) ; 3. V , 11.66; 4 . M u , 12.80; 5. C o p 157, 11.24; 6· N Y SNG 2 4 5 (rev.), 10.76. 1535

A E. 17 -1 8 m m , 3.52g (1). Axis: 12. 1926, 130, no. 16, no. 2

z fN

AMNG

II , 60, no. 2, S u th erlan d 73,

1541

[ 2 ]

1926, 132, no. 17, S u th erlan d 74, no. 4

L B a n k 1 0 0 8 (C A E S A R ), 13.31; 2. B (C A E S A R ); 3. M u (C E S A R ), 10.97; 4 * A 1295b (C E S A R ), 11.86; 5. M i (C A E S A R ?), 11.9; 6. T ü b in g en s n g 1001 (?), 9.93. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

1542

i . P 665, 9.73; 2. B; 3 . M u , 8.70; 4. L e n in g ra d 8992 (C o rin th ), 11.12; 5. T 21842 (C o rin th ), 7.25; 6. P V , 10.37; 7 * N Y s n g 247, 11.24; 8. P r iv a t e c o ll. ( — z f n , pi. X ,i6 = a m n g , pi. X I I I , 30), 10.46; 9 . L an z 44/1988, 490, 10.88.

34

As 1 5 3 6 C BAEBIV S P F L R V S T IC E L IV S B A ST E R N A II V IR Q V IN Q D D

1543

i . L 1853—7-1 6 -2 4 6 , 10.63; 2. L 1 9 0 8 -1 1 -1 1—85 ( = a p t , pi. I V ,7: rev .), 11.38; 3. L B an k 1009, 10.48; 4 . L G 1184, 11.46; 5—6. P 66 8 -9 , 10.94, 11.96; 7 . P 1969/874, 11.26; 8—i i . B; 12—1 3 . V 9 7 3 1 -2 , 7.86, 7.07; 14. V , 11.83; O (= a p t , pi. I V ,6: ob v .), ro.83, 9.81; 17—19. M u , 11.05, 11-03, 8 .11; 20. A 1 9 1 7 ΙΘ i , 10.82; 2 1 . Be, 9.12; 2 2 . M i ( = B r e r a 725), 10.5; 2 3 . N Y SN G 246, 10.41; 24—25. T ü b in g e n s n g 1003-4, 8.73, 7.84; 2 6 . G o, 8.70; 2 7 . P V , 8.61; 28. B C D ; 2 9 . S ch u lten 2 θ ~ 2 ΐ/Χ /ΐ9 8 8 , 154, 9.22. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : P E L O o n th e obv. o f 12 a n d 28 ( G IC 598). P u n ch : Ê on 2 ( G I C 652). 1538

L eaded bronze. 17m m , 4 .6 9 g (4). Axis: 12. z fN

1926, 133, no. 19, S uth erlan d 74, no. 5,

L eaded bronze. 23-4111111, 9 .7 9 g (5)· Axis: 12. 1926, 135, no. 26, no. 10, a p t 38 z fN

amng

[ 3 ]

II , 60, no. 4, S uth erland 75,

P IE T A S ; b u st o f P ietas/L ivia d raped, diadem ed and veiled, r. As 1 5 4 a i . L 1 8 5 8 —11—6 - 2 9 (o b v .) ( = a p t , pi. IV , 10), 11.93; 2. B; 3 · V 3 5 2 2 * (rev.), 10.81 ; 4 . H ( = a m n g , pi. X I I I , 29); 5. T 21841 (C o rin th ), 7.60; 6 . J P R , 9.60; 7. N av ille 1925, Levis coll. 262; 8. L a n z 32/1985, 411, 9.03. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

[ 3 ] apt

[ 4 ]

II, 61, no. 5, S u th erland 75,

P IE T A S A V G V ST A ; diadem ed bust o f P ietas/L ivia, r. L R V S T IC E L IV S C O R D V S II V IR Q V IN Q D D

[ 20 ] apt

AMNG

no. 11, a p t 39

L eaded bronze. 22-3 m m , 9.97 g (25). Axis: 12 or 6. 1926, 132-3, no. 18, S uth erlan d 74, no. 3,

AE. 2 1 -3 m m , 9 .8 3 g (7). Axis: 12.

zfN 1926, 134, no. 25,

i . B L ö b b ; 2. A 1295a, 10.23; 3. A T s ib o u r a k is 3 5 8 , 10.11; 4 . H irsch X X I , E. W e b e r coli., 1108; 5. W a rs a w ( = w n V , 1961, p. 87, pi. V I ,3), 11.75; 6· L 19 3 5 -6 -1 4 -1 6 , 9.44.

z fN

[ 3 ]

1926, 134, nos. 22-3, S uth erlan d 75, nos. 8—g

I.

T I C A ESA R A V G F A V G V ST V S; b are h ead of T iberius, r. C B A E B IO P F L R V S T IC E L IO B A ST E R N A II V IR Q V IN Q D D

1537

p t,

T I C (A )E S A R A V G F A V G V ST V S; b a re h ead of T iberius, r. L R V S T IC E L IV S C O R D V S II V IR Q V IN Q D D in oak w reath

R u s tic e llu s B a s te r n a I l v i r i q u in q

A E. 2 2 -3 m m , 10.38g (4). Axis: 12. z fN

[ 5 ] 37

L eaded bronze. 24-50110, 11.59g (5)· Axis: 12. z fN

T ib e r iu s

1536

apt

i . L 1 9 3 8 -1 0 -7 -1 4 9 , 10.78; 2—3. P 6 6 6 -7 , 10-42, i i . 41; 4 . B; 5. C ( = a pi. IV ,9), 12.08; 6 . T ü b in g e n s n g 1002, 9.90; 7. E velpidis 1216, 10.13. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.

B I-B ( = M G 89, no. 107b), 3.52.

C B a e b iu s P J L

1926, 134, no. 21, S uth erlan d 74, no. 7,

T I C A ESA R A V G F A V G V ST V S; bare head of T iberius, r. L R V S T IC E L IV S C O R D V S II V IR Q V IN Q D D in oak w reath

[ 1 ]

M ale figure holding vase an d ju g , r. P B A EB IV S II V IR Q V IN Q ; aro u n d cup I.

L eaded bronze. 24-5 m m , 10.79g (6)· Axis: 12. z fN

35

D D; fem ale head w ith h a ir k notted behind neck, r. C B A EB IV S P F L R V S T IC E L IV S B A ST E R N A II V IR Q V IN Q I. L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -5 9 ( = APT, pi. I V ,8), 4.70; 2. P 6 7 0 , 4.78; 3. V 9730, 3.53; 4 . J S W (ex K ovacs V I I I , 2 2 /IV /8 8 , 104), 5.74. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.

1544

AE. 15m m , 3.92g (1). Axis: 12. a pt

40

Praefericulum an d two strigiles As 1 5 4 2 - 3 i. B (=

a pt

,

pi. I V , 11); 2. P V , 3.92.

[ 1 ]

2g6

M A C E D O N I A : Pella (1545-1547)

Pella Pella, the ancient capital of the Macedonian kingdom, had a long tradition of coinage which ceased with the defeat of Perseus at Pydna in 168 b c . After 168 the conquered Macedonia was not immediately transformed into a regular province, but divided into four merides. Pella, the capital of the third meris, Bottiaea, had no silver coinage and only a few bronzes restricted to the beginning of the period 168/7-146. The bronze coinage traditionally attributed to the vague period 187/6-31 b c (AMNG II, pp. 93-6, nos. 1-17) should be placed in 187/6-168/7, as stated by Touratsoglou, CRWLR, pp. 55-9. Grant’s supposition {FITA 279—81) that Colonia lulia Pella was first founded either in 40 b c by Antony or in 35 b c by Octavian has been rightly questioned by VittinghofF, Römische Kolonisation, p. 128, n. 2. Series 1545 and 1546 date from the Triumviral period, as they look contemporary with issues ordered by Antony at Thessalonica in 42-41 b c after the city was declared a civitas libera {1551-3; Touratsoglou, CRWLR, p. 57, pi. 8,24—5), but they have Greek legends. It is also possible that series 1547 was struck in the period 4232 b c : the Zeus Ammon on the obverse and the eagle on the reverse could be connected with the influence of Antony and Cleopatra on the city; a similar issue is possible at Thessalonica {AMNG III,2, p. 122, no. 25, and Tourat­ soglou, CRWLR, p. 57, pi. 8,28). According to Grant’s thesis, Pella was refounded by Augustus after Actium {NH IV,34). This restitution took place under the authority of Nonius and Sulpicius, duoviri quinquennales. On that occasion they struck an issue with three denominations: 1548 : 549

1550

23—6 mm, 12.26g (13) 19—20 mm, 7- i i g ( 7) 16-17 mm, 6.74g (0

Their date can be theoretically inferred from the issue of Fictorius and Septimius clearly dated to 25 b c (Augustus Cos IX). The three denominations struck by Nonius and Sulpicius were probably intended to be asses (1548), semis­ ses (1549) and trientes ? (1550). The obverse legend of 1549 has been interpreted variously as one die clearly reads CAESAR (specimens 2, 3 and 9) which led Gaebler {ZfN, 1926, pp. 118, 137) to make the following interpretation: CAESA R(uta) FLARVNT N(onius) S(ulpicius) IIV IR QVINQ, ruta caesa denoting raw material which would have been sold in order to procure the medium for coinage. Grant’s interpretation, FITA 279-82, was different: he read CAES-AR and restored the legend as follows: CAES(aris) A(uctoritate) R(estitutae) FLARVNT N S IIV IR QVINQ, R(estitutae) being applied to COLONIAE PELLENSIS on the other side of the coin. Though interesting, these hypotheses seem too inventive: there is no dot between CAES and A, and Grant was forced to argue that its omission was necessary to facilitate the interpretation of the sentence extending from obverse to reverse {FITA 281, n. 4)! And the fact that the dot between CAESA and R occurs on only one die suggests that it must be regarded as an error of the engraver. Issue 1528-30, signed by Fictorius and Septimius, does not bear the ethnic of the colony, but was assigned to Pella

by Imhoof-Blumer {MG, p. 88) on stylistic and technical grounds. This attribution was accepted by Gaebler, AMNG II, p. 98, nos. 23-5, and Grant, FITA 281-2. This issue, dated to 25 b c , is the basis of the dating of the issue of Nonius and Sulpicius to 30 b c . But if Pella was founded by Octavian in 30 b c , the issue of Nonius and Sulpicius cannot be a foundation issue of a new colony, since quinquennales duoviri could not have been appointed in the first year of a newly enfranchised city. Therefore this issue is later, c. 26 b c , and the issue of Fic­ torius and Septimius, dated to 25 b c , is not from Pella. A date c. 26 b c seems anyway more likely, as the obverse type of 1548 (Augustus in military dress, foot on prow, holding spear, 1.) seems derived from the coinage struck at Rome in 29 b c (e.g., RIC 251, 256: same composition with the legend IM P DIVI F parallel to CAESAR DIVI F across the field and same meaning of the types). The types of the sella curulis (1548, 1550) and the plough (1550) suggest a foundation issue. The types of Spes is unique (1549), but perfectly suitable for a foundation. The following series attributed by Grant, FITA 282-3, to Pella, are omitted here: (1) P BAEBIVS POLLIO IIV IR QVIN, Victory, r. C AQVINVS MELA IIV IR QVIN, two standards The traditional attribution to Carthago Nova is very probable (157: cf. APT, pp. 135-6). (2) AGRIPPA[, head of Agrippa Postumus, 1. [ ], Victory, 1. FITA, pi. IX, 17 (P) This series has been catalogued under Uncertain Coins ( 5438 )·

A n to n y , 4 2 b c 1545

A E. 2 6 -8 m m , 19.09g (7). Axis: var.

[ 8 ]

AMNG II, 96, no. 19 ΠΕΛΛΑΙΩΝ; b u st o f E leutheria (?), r. ΠΕΛΛΑΙΩΝ; Nike holding w reath, 1. i . L = bm c 31 (rev.): illu stra te d h ere a n d 32 (obv.) ( = a m n g , pi. X I X , 9: rev .), 19.34; 2—4 . P 9 7 5 -7 , 17-28 (obv. illu stra te d here), 18.53, 22.49; 5 . B I-B ( = AMNG, pi. X I X ,9: o bv.); 6. V 9816, 17.50; 7. O , 15.95; 8. N Y , 22.54. T h e d escrip tio n s ο ï B M C 31 a n d 32 are m u d d led in B M C : th e re is o n e coin as R P C 1545 a n d o ne as R P C 1546. 1546

AE. 2 2 -3 m m , 12.98g (3). Axis: var.

[ 4 ]

BMC 31 (obv.) an d 32 (rev.)

ΠΕΑΛΗΣ; b u st o f E leutheria (?), r. ΠΕΑΛΗΣ w ithin laurel w reath i . L = BMC 31 (obv.) a n d 32 (rev .), 15.61; 2—3. P 9 7 3 -4 , 8.67, 14.68. See 1 5 4 5 for th e p ro b le m o f B M C 31 a n d 32.

4 2 - 3 2 B C __________________________________________________ 1547

AE. 20 m m . AMNG II , 96, no. 18 ΠΕΑΛΗΣ; lau reate head o f Zeus, r. ΠΕΑΛΗΣ; eagle standing, r. I.

B ( — AMNG, p i . X I X , 8 ) .

[ i ]

M A C E D O N I A : Pella, Thessalonica (1548-1550)

A u g u s tu s

1549

AE. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 7.11g (7). Axis: 12.

297

[ 7 ]

AMNG II, 97, no. 20

Nonius Sulpicius Ilviri quinq, c. 26 BC (?) 1548

AE. 2 3 -6 m m , 12.26g (13). Axis: 12.

C A E SA R F L A R V N T N S I I V I R Q V IN ; b are head of A ugustus, r. C O L O N IA E P E L L E N S IS ; SPES in exergue, Spes holding w reath, 1.

[ 13 ]

AMNG II , 97, no. 21

IM P D IV I F (in field) A C T IO (in exergue); A ugustus in m ilitary dress, r. foot on prow , holding spear, 1. N O N IV S S V L P IC IV S II V IR O V IN Q ; w reath on sella curulis i . L 18 6 0 -3 -2 7 -2 5 4 , 13.60; 2. L B an k 1162, 9.87; 3 . L G 1185, 13.45; 4. L G 1188, 13.11; 5. P 979, 12.28; 6. P S de R coll., 11.20; 7. B I-B ( = AMNG, pi. X I X ,14); 8. B L öbb; 9 . B 6/1927; 10. V 2 6 3 0 0 , 12.78; i i . O AMC 1096, 13.21; 12. C , 12.68; 13. N Y SNG 624, 11.78; 14. G o, h . 81; 15. Be, 11.49; *6» S ch u lten 2 5 -2 7 /X /1 9 8 4 , 148, 12.08; 17. W in te rth u r 1400, 11.14.

i . L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 2 3 7 , 8.05; a. B 508/1872; 3 . B 28700; 4 . V 3 3 2 0 7 , 5.88; 5. C o p 276, 7.23; 6. O AMc 1097, 7.23; 7. N Y SNG 625, 8.64; 8. Be, 6.64; 9. J S W , 6.10. 1550

AE. i6 - i7 m m , 6 .7 4 g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

AMNG II, 97, no. 22 N O N IV S S V L P IC IV S II V IR Q V IN Q ; sella curulis C O L O N IA PELLA ; plough i . B Ï-B (—AMNG, p i. X I X , 15); 2. B L ö b b ; 3 . N Y S\G 6 2 3 , 6.74.

Thessalonica The Republican coinage of Thessalonica has been discussed by I. Touratsoglou (in CRWLR, pp. 55-7), who dates very little to the period after 146 b c . There is one issue with a veiled head and a ploughing scene, which was previously dated to the reign of Augustus by Gaebler (AMNG 26), but which has been connected by Touratsoglou with the acquisition of land at Thessalonica by Pompey in 48 b c for holding the election of Roman magistrates (Touratsoglou, CRWLR, p. 56, and AMETOS (Timetikos Tomosgia ton Kathegete M Androniko, Aristoteleio Panepistemio Thessalonikes, Thes­ salonica, 1987, pp. 885-91). For other occurrences of this type, apparently not denoting a colony, see 665 (Assorus) and 2649 (Tralles).

T h e T riu m v iral period Grant {FITA 13) attributed the issue of three denomi­ nations with a male head on the obverse and fiscus etc. or prow and Q on the reverse to ‘Thessalonica (?)’, interpret­ ing them as coins with the portrait of Julius Caesar and made in 45—44 b c . This is all very uncertain. Unfortunately there is no very good evidence of provenance. Grant men­ tioned examples from ‘Thrace or Mysia; own collection acquired at Istanbul’ {FITA 15 and n. 8), another ‘probably [found] in Greece; Athens Mus.’ {FITA 15 and n. 9). He later acquired another specimen at Istanbul {FITA, addenda, p. xiii). Seyrig, in his discussion of the PRINCEPS FELIX coins which he attributed to Ninica in Cilicia, mentioned two pieces seen at Beirut {RN, 1969, p. 52, n. 1). None of this is either very firm or consistent, and the coins are catalogued under Uncertain Coins (5409—11). Grant also {FITA 33) attributed the bronzes of Q HORTENSI PROCOS, PRAEF COLON DEDVC to ‘Macedonia (Thessalonica?)’, but it now seems certain that they were minted at either Dium or Cassandrea (see 1509, and the discussion there). The remaining coins of the Triumviral period apparently belong to a single issue of several denominations, dated to 42—41 b c by Touratsoglou, loc. cit., on his plate 8. The E, which appears regularly on the largest denomination and once on the middle denomination, cannot be a mark of value, but probably refers to the year of striking: we know

that Thessalonica used an era of Antony in the Triumviral period (see F. Papazoglou, ANRW Π.7.1, p. 328 and n. 114). If so, the date of the issue would be 37 b c . The largest denomination has a head identified by the accompanying inscription as Eleutheria (rather than Octavia, as Bompois, RN, 1868, p. 91, thought); this refers to the grant of freedom by the Triumvirs to Thessalonica in 42 b c (see Papazoglou, p. 328 and n. 112), after the battle of Philippi (the victory which is celebrated on the reverse). The reverse inscription should be expanded, with Gaebler {AMNG, p. 97), to Μ(ΑΡΚΟΣ) ΑΝΤ(ΩΝΙΟΣ) ΑΥΤ(ΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ) Γ(ΑΙΟΣ) ΚΑΙ(ΣΑΡ) ΑΥΤ(ΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ); similarly, on the middle denomination the inscription stands for the shorter ΑΝΤ(ΩΝΙΟΣ) ΚΑΙ(ΣΑΡ). The significance of the type of Agonothesia is not certain; it presumably refers to the establishment of games to celebrate the victory at Philippi. The smallest denomination has often in the past been attributed to the Thessalian League (see Gaebler, AMNG 24), on the basis of the incorrect reading ΘΕΣΣΑΛΩΝ rather than the abbreviated ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ(ΙΚΕΩΝ), and the coins can often be found misclassified as Thessalian coins in museum collections. Presumably the legends on the obverse and reverse should be taken together and interpreted as the Homonoia between Thessalonica and Rome, a Homonoia established by the Triumvirs and one of the earliest attested instances of such Homonoia between two cities (see p. 48). Touratsoglou has also dated to the period 43—32 b c ( i ) the coins with Zeus/eagle on thunderbolt {AMNG 25, attributed there by Gaebler to Augustus), on the grounds that the Ptolemaic types might fit a period of the influence of Antony and Cleopatra; and (2) the coins with Poseidon/ prow {AMNG, no. 22): but this coin was dated by Gaebler (in AMNG) to the reign of Augustus and by Grant to c. 5040 b c {FITA 14). Touratsoglou, however, informs us that there are also coins of this type with an E, so it, too, should be included in the ‘year 5’ issue.

T h e im p erial period The coinage of the imperial period has recently been very fully discussed and catalogued by I. Touratsoglou, Die

Münzstätte von Thessaloniki in der römischen Kaiserzeit (1988) ( = T ouratsoglou). A u g u s tu s

The coins of Augustus pose a number of problems. Firstly, the coins of Julius Caesar and Augustus. There are three issues which have been attributed to Thes­ salonica. (1) One of these (1554) has the letter Δ under the head of Augustus, regarded by Gaebler (AMNG, p. 125) as standing for 4 (asses). On the other hand, if the interpreta­ tion of E on the Triumviral coins as standing for a year is correct, then by analogy the Δ should refer to a date (so Touratsoglou, p. 25). In this case the era would be that of Augustus, which started from the date of the battle of Actium (Papazoglou, p. 328). (2) The second issue (1555) is undated, and differs from the first both typologically (the absence of a wreath on Caesar’s head) and epigraphically (the use of C, rather than Σ). Touratsoglou (pp. 42-3) stated that style, epigraphy and weight imply that the coins were issued much later, in the reign of Domitian. C.J. Howgego (GIC 702 and 705), however, has pointed out that some of the countermarks on these coins are otherwise found on only Augustan coins of Amphipolis, and has questioned so late a date (see his review, Gnomon, 62, 5 (1990), pp. 466—8). One might add that the idea of such a ‘restoration-issue’ under Domitian seems rather surprising. The coin has been included here, for the sake of completeness. (3) The third issue (BMC 61) has no ethnic; this and its unusual die axis (6-7 o’clock) suggest that it may not belong to Thes­ salonica, and it is here catalogued under Uncertain Coins

(5 4 2 1 ). The remaining issues of Augustus are not easy to put in a relative sequence. Clearly the issues with first Gaius Caesar and then Tiberius Caesar fall towards the end of the reign, presumably in its last two decades. The two other issues with wreathed portraits of the emperor (1561 and 1562) resemble them stylistically, and have been grouped before them. The remaining issues all have bare-headed portraits, and have, following Touratsoglou, been ordered according to the development of Augustus’s portrait. The issue of Livia (1563) has been included in the lifetime issues of Augustus, despite the honorific ΘΕΑ or ΘΕΟΥ, since it uses the name ΛΙΒΙΑ rather than ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ, normal after a d 14 (cf. Touratsoglou, p. 28, n. 12). Tourat­ soglou dates the coins to c. 20 because of the similarity with the portrait types, dated by W. H. Gross, Iulia Augusta. A later date is, however, possible, as it is difficult to be so certain about the portrait type or its date. The use of ΘΕΟΥ on one die, apparently referring to Augustus, is surprising, and one wonders if it might not be a mistake for ΘΕΑ, since no other coins of Thessalonica ascribe divinity to Augustus during his lifetime. On the other hand, a parallel exists under the Thessalian League (1427), where Augustus is called θεός on a coin where Livia is called Livia rather than Sebaste. Some of the designs used on the coins seem to be either traditional (e.g., the horse on the coins of Livia, a Hellen­ istic type of Thessalonica) or to refer to the victory at Actium (Nike on a prow, a prow). Several are dynastic,

showing Julius Caesar or Augustus’s heirs, Gaius and then Tiberius Caesar. For a discussion of the wreath worn by Caesar, see K. Kraft, JAG, 1952-3, p. 9, and of the cult of Caesar in the provinces, including Macedonia, see S. Wein­ stock, Divus Julius, pp. 401-10, esp. p. 404. The prow has been interpreted by Touratsoglou (p. 28) as referring either to Augustus’s journey to the east, the tenth anniversary of Actium or Agrippa’s naval operations in the early tens b c . T ib e riu s

The coins of Tiberius have been arranged stylistically, according to what seems to be the most natural develop­ ment of the portrait, though this is not the same order as that given by Touratsoglou. C a lig u la

The coins of Caligula call for little comment. The honour­ ing of his father Germanicus occurs frequently elsewhere, though it is attested here by only a few very rare coins. The honouring of his grandmother Antonia the Younger is unusual on provincial coinage, and was perhaps issued after her death (hence the veiled head). C la u d iu s

Coins of Claudius fall into three groups. One group has a shorter obverse legend (with Σ and E) and a laureate head of the emperor, the second a longer legend (with C and 8) and a bare head, and the third a different legend (with Σ and E) and a bare head. The first was struck in honour of the deified Augustus, the second with two reverses (inscrip­ tion in wreath, Britannicus), and the third with a veiled female head, regarded by von Sallet (in the Berlin cata­ logue) as either Messalina or more probably Agrippina. Neither the exact sequence nor the date of these issues seems certain. The small coins of Antonia have been attributed to the reign of Claudius. Coins with portraits of the emperor’s mother are obviously appropriate to his reign, and most of them have the ethnic spelt with ... NEIK... rather than with ... NIK ...: apart from the reign of Claudius (and one issue of Augustus), this spelling is found on only a single coin of Nero (1599). The alternative legend MAPKIA is puzzling (so Gaebler, AMNG 48); it is not used elsewhere as a name of Antonia (see the discussion by Touratsoglou, pp. 35 - 7 )· N ero

The coins of Nero are quite rare, and hard to classify con­ vincingly. They mostly have the same types (head/inscription in wreath). They can be divided into a number of separate groups throughout his reign on the basis of stylistic development and letter forms. There are sometimes larger and smaller denominations which correspond to the dif­ ferent groups of the standard denomination, but there is a rather wide range of stylistic variation which makes it diffi­ cult to classify the coins sharply into different ‘issues’; the ‘groups’ defined here should probably be regarded only as

M A C E D O N IA :

representing particular points in a continuously evolving stylistic sequence. The arrangement here differs from that of Touratsoglou. The principles which have been followed are the grouping together of coins of different sizes with similar epigraphy and portrait style. On this basis, the groups here called issues II and III seem reasonably likely, as do IV and VI. The way the other groups fit in is less clear, as is the relative sequence of the groups and their absolute dating. For instance, issue VI has been placed last despite having a bare left-facing head, since the portrait type seems most mature, but this is not certain, and it may indeed precede issue IV. There are also some rare coins of Agrippina II; these lack an ethnic, but can be attributed to Thessalonica on the grounds of the similarity of their types to known Thessalonican pieces. Some of them have only the inscription Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η , but these can be confidently identified as Agrip­ pina in view of the similar portrait to pieces with Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η , and in view of the similarity of the reverse of 1606A with that of 1605, and the similarity of the obverse of 1606A with that of 1604. One group includes coins with radiate portraits ( 1 5 9 9 1600) ; this feature and the appearance of a reverse of Apollo playing the lyre suggests an association with Nero’s visit to Greece (compare, e.g., the coinage of the Thessalian Lea­ gue, 1439-40).

Relations with other mints There are strong stylistic affinities between coins of Thes­ salonica and those of some other authorities. This is very clear for the coinage of Dium under Nero (1508), and especially for the coinage of the Macedonian Koinon (iöioff). The latter (and perhaps also the former?) was probably made at Thessalonica. M A n to n y a n d O c ta v ia n , y e a r (? ) y 1551

ΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑΣ; b u st of E leutheria, r.; (to 1. or r., E) M ANT AYT Γ ΚΑΙ AYT; Nike advancing, L, w ith w reath an d palm E to 1.: i . L = b m c 6 2 , 26.42; 2. V 9986, 20.41; 3 . P D elep ierre, 17.96; 4 . P V , 20.26; 5—8. B (L öbb, 2878o = K a t 99, L ö b b , Ι -B ), 24.85, 21.31, 2 0 -5 7 . I 9 -9 4 ; 9 - ! 2 · O , 19.56, 21.23, 13.15, 26.07; I 3* 4 “ I 4 · C L eak e 4948 -9 , 25.47, 23.67; Γ5 · G 38; 16. E velpidis 1308, 21.77; 17. T F a b re tti 2385, 18.87; τ 8· N Y 823 ( O c ta v ia 5*i,) , 22.98; 19. W in te rth u r 1927, 23.31; E to r.: 20. L = BMC 63, 20.22; 21. V 9987, 18.92; 22. C o p 374, 24.82; 2 3 . G 38; 2 4 —2 5 . B (b o th I-B ), 26.15, 18.36; 26. M u 74, 22.62; N o E: 2 7 . P V , 21.17. Q u a lita tiv e m é tal an alysis on: 1.

A

Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero

r4-66g (2) >7 -9 2 g (19)

L eaded bronze. 23m m , 10.06g (29). Axis 12.

[ 27 ]

BMC 64, C op 375

ΑΓΩΝΟΘΕΣΙΑ; head of A gonothesia, r.; (to L, E) ANT KAI in w reath W ith E: i . V 35021, 10.41; 2. E velpidis 1309, 10.14; 3. J P R 5600, 12.58; N o E: 4 . L = b m c 6 4 , 13.47; 5—8. L = b m c 6 5 -6 , 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 -1 7 0 6 , 18661 2 -1 -4 2 6 6 , 13.24, 12.12, 9.41, 10.89; 9 —n · C o p 375—7, 11.15, 8.12, 6.77; 12—14. C M cC le an 3778, L eak e 4 9 5 0 -1 , 8.18, 10.76, 9.54; 15. O , 10.97; 16. M u 75, 11.74; 17—2 0 . B (28791 = K a t 100, L ö b b , 28701 = K a t ι ο ί , IB ), 12.23, 8.67, r 1.52, 11.87; 21—2 3 . V 998 8 -9 0 , 10.48, 5.57, 8.67; 2 4 . G 39; .25—26. P V , 6.07, 12.36; 27. G 39; 28—3 1 . N Y 8 1 9 -2 2 , 13.91, 9.81, 5.66, 5.48. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 4.

Metrology

26 mm

L eaded bronze. 27m m , 21.58g (23). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 22 ]

0

1552

27m m, 21.58g (23)

= 57 B c

BMC 62

Some coins of the smallest denomination have been assigned to the reigns of Claudius and Nero by Tourat­ soglou, pp. 82-3, on the basis of similarities with the Claudian coins of Antonia, and with coins of Nero and Agrippina.

Triumviral O ct/C aesar

sgg

that the change of composition has no significant effect on the weights or diameters of the coins, just as the alternation between bronze and orichalcum in Asia had no effect (cf. the introduction to Macedonia, p. 288).

C o in s w ith n o im p e ria l h e a d

The mean weights calculated by Touratsoglou, pp. 98-9, are repeated here, in the table below. Touratsoglou calls A 4 asses, B 2 asses, G 1 as and D 5 as, but the view taken here (see p. 288) is that they are prob­ ably 2 asses, i as, \ as and \ as. A further complication is added by the composition of the coins. A number of specimens were analysed. Until Cali­ gula, denomination B was made of leaded bronze, but under Claudius and Nero it, and the new larger A, were made of pure copper. The smaller denominations were, however, throughout made of leaded bronze. It can be seen

Thessalonica (1551—1553)

1553

L eaded bronze. 2 0m m , 6.22g (13). Axis: 12.

[ 15]

AMNG 24, BMC 43, C op 378

ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ; b u st o f H om onoia, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ ΡΩΜ; horse galloping, r. I. L 1 9 2 0 —8—5—I I 5 , 6.95; 2—5. L = BMC 4 3 -4 , 1 9 20-6-1 I - 2 0 I , G 0374, 5.17, 7.79, 6.10, 4.81; 6. C M cC le an 3772, 4.21; 7—8. C o p 378 -9 , 6.04, 5.12; 9 . N Y 838 (‘L iv ia’), 7.79; 10. V (T h e ssalian L eag u e) 11027, 7.10; i i , G (T h e ssalian L eague) 27; 12—13. B (T h e ssalian L eag u e) 2870, Fox; 14. P D elep ierre, 7.47; 15. M u 25, 6.12; 16. E velpidis 1310, 6.24. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

23mm, io.o6g (29) 21 mm, 10.34g (22)

20mm, 6.22g (13)

B

c

D

21 mm S-5 5 g (121) 9-io g (118) 8-95 g (56) 9 -°4 g (5 7 ) 8-33 g (26)

17 mm 4 -7 7 g (58)

I4m m 3-64 g (16)

4 -°4 g (32)

3-26g (53)

R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s

L a u r e a te h e a d

Augustus and Julius Caesar

1561

1554

T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 126—40 (c. 10

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 10.34g (22)· Axis: 11 or 12. [

25

ΘΕΟΣ; crow ned head of C aesar, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; b are head of A ugustus, r.; below, Δ

i. L = 1562

i . L 1 9 5 8 —3—4—9 6 , 12.76; 2—3 . L = BMC 5 8 -9 , 11.24, i 0 ' 3 6 ; 4—8 6 . See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 8 7 . Be (JP R 3364), 8.87; 8 8 . J P R 6304, 6.49. F o r Δ as a d ate ( = 28-27 b c ) , see T o u ra tso g lo u 25. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm a rk s: N K ( G I C 625: com m on, a n o th e r ex a m p le o f th e coin w ith this co u n te rm a rk w as found a t P opesti, R o m a n ia ( Cercetari Arheologice in Bucuresti I I I , 1981, 151, no. 15), 2 dots in circle (see T o u ra tso g lo u 4 6/3), J .M . ( G I C 705; T o u ra tso g lo u 19/2).

L eaded bronze. 2 0 m m , 7.33g (51). Axis: 6 or 12.

[ 10 ]

bc)

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ(Ε)ΙΚΕΩΝ; in two lines w ithin w reath

]

T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 1-54 (28-27 BC)

1555

L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 8.25 g (24 )· Axis: 12 or 6.

bm c

6 9 , 8.47; 2—2 4 . See T o u ra tso g lo u .

AE. 16 m m , 3.88 g (8). Axis: 12 or 6. T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 141-4 (c. 10

[ 4 ] bc)

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; horse trotting, r. i . B 3 8 9 /1 9 2 5 , 3.26; 2—8. See T o u ra tso g lo u .

[ 19 ]

T ouratsoglou, D om itian 6-38 (reign of D om itian)

L i v ia (re ig n o f A u g u s tu s )

EOC; b are head of C aesar, r. OECCAAONIKEON; b are head o f A ugustus, r.

1563

0

i . L = B M C 6 0 , 9.24.; 2. L 1 9 3 7 -6 -1 4 -5 , 6.30; 3—5 9 . See T o u ratso g lo u ; 6 0 —6 1 . T F a b re tti 2383-4, 7.75, 9.04. F o r th e d a tin g to th e reign o f D o m itian , see T o u ra tso g lo u 42—3 (p articu la rly die axis a n d le tte r form s). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. F o r B M C 61, see U n c e rta in C oins (5421). C o u n te rm ark s: D ( G I C 702: 2 ex.), J .M . ( G IC 705: 1 ex.), N E ( G I C 623: 1 ex.), A (2 ex.: sam e as Δ?).

A E. 17m m , 3.32g (4). Axis: 12. T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 87-90 (c. 21-19

[ 4 ] bc)

EA or ΘΕΟΥ ΛΙΒΙΑ; bust, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚ; horse galloping, r. 0

ΘΕΟΥ: i . C ; ΘΕΑ: 2. B (L ö b b ), 3.52; 3—4 . See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 5 . J P R 6302, 3.72. F o r th e d a tin g a n d obv. legends, see in tro d u ctio n .

A u g u s tu s A u g u s tu s a n d G a in s C a esa r

Bare-headed portrait 1556

L eaded bronze. 14m m , 3.51g (4). Axis: 12. T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 55-6 (c. 27

[ 3 ]

1564

[

L eaded bronze. 21m m , 8 .1 6 g (25). Axis: 12 or 6.

1558

(c. 27

i . P 1 3 0 4 , 10.19; 2. L — BMC 73, 9.08; 3. L 1 9 5 8 -3 -4 -9 9 , 7.56; 4 - 3 2 . See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 3 3 . J P R 6307, 8.95. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 3. C o u n te rm ark : N K ( G IC 625: B Fox = T o u ra tso g lo u 155/1)·

[ 11 ]

an d later)

bc

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. 0 ΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ(Ε)ΙΚΕΩΝ in two lines w ithin w reath

A u g u s tu s a n d T ib e r iu s C a esa r

i . L 1 9 5 8 —3—4—9 7 , 6 -7 4 ; 2. L = BMC 70, 9.23; 3—26. See T o u ratso g lo u ; 2 7 . T F a b re tti 2389, 9.88. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

1565

AE. 17 m m , 5.36 g (8). Axis: 12 or 6. T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 78-84

[ 4 ]

(c. 27-23

X . L = b m c 74, 8.90; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 3 7 -6 -1 4 -4 , 1 9 5 8 -3 -4 -9 8 , 9.12, 8.31; 4 5 5 . See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 5 6 . M u C os 23. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2. C o u n te rm ark : N K ( G IC 625: V ie n n a U n iv ersity = T o u ra tso g lo u 201).

i . P 1 2 9 6 , 5.19; 2 - 1 2 . See T o u ra tso g lo u .

T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 91-125 (c. 17

1560

[ 22 ]

bc)

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ in three lines below star; all in w reath

T ib e r iu s *i.

i . P 12 9 8 ; 2 - 3 . L = BMC 72, 1 9 0 5 -6 -5 -5 , 5.19, 4.91; 4 - 5 1 . See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 5 2 . T F a b re tti 2388, 4.74; 5 3 . J P R 6303, 4.24. Q u alitativ e m e tal analysis on: B M C 71.

1566

AE. i g m m , 5.46g (3). Axis: 12. T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 85-6

(c. 21-19

[ 2 ] bc)

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; prow , r. I.

[25]

ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; lau reate head o f A ugustus, r. ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; head o f T iberius, r.

bc)

L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 4.63 g (42). Axis: 12 o r 6.

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8 .7 7 g (4 5 )· Axis: 12. T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 170-208 (c. a d 4 onw ards)

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ in three lines w ithin w reath

1559

]

ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; lau reate head o f A ugustus, r. ΓΑΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; head of G aius, r.

I . L 1 9 7 4 - 1 - 3 - 1 4 , 4.39; 2. P 1300, 3.44; 3 . C op 399, 3.40; 4 . G o (rev. = AMNG T a f. X X I V .7); 5. P lovdiv (see T o u ra tso g lo u ). T h e rev. — a n d th e m o d u le — copy silver q u in a rii of 27: R I C 58, see T o u ra tso g lo u 26. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 57-77

10

T ouratsoglou, A ugustus 145-252 (c. a d 1-4)

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟ[ ; Nike standing on prow , 1.

1557

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.93 g (2 7 )· Axis: 12, 3, 6, or 9.

an d later)

bc

P 1 3 03, 5.77; 2. C op 397, 5.40; 3. C (L ew is), 5.20.

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.65g

(3)· Axis:

12 or 6.

[ 4 ]

T ouratsoglou, T iberius 33-7 (c. 22-3 an d later) ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; head, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; D em eter carrying torches in serpent car, r. i . L = b m c 7 6 , 8.42; 2—6. See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 7. B (Fox) (‘T h e ssa lia n L e ag u e’). T h e spelling ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΑΙΩΝ is also fo u n d (T o u ratso g lo u 33)· Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.

M A C E D O N I A : Thessalonica (1567-1582)

1567 AE. 22m m , 8.97g ( 3 3 )· Axis: 12 or 6. T ouratsoglou, T iberius 38-61 (c. 22-3 an d later)

[ 14 ]

1575

Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΘΕΣΣ ΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ ; lau reate head, r. ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; veiled head of A ntonia, 1.

i . L 1 9 5 6 —12—8—19, 9 0 3 ; 2—3 3 . See T o u ra tso g lo u . T h e spellings TI ΚΕΙΣΑΡ a n d Τ Ι ΚΕΣΑΡ a re also found on th e obv. a n d ΘΕΣΣΑΑΟΝΕΙΚΕΏΝ, ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΕΙΚΑΙΩΝ a n d ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΟΚΕΩΝ on th e rev.

i . P 1 3 3 5 , 8.36. 1576

[ 15 ]

L eaded bronze. 2 1m m , 8.73g (26). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

T ouratsoglou, T iberius 62-3 (c. 22-3 an d later)

R e ig n o f C la u d iu s *i. 1577

[ 2 ]

ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔ(Ε)ΙΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝ(Ε)ΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, 1. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ; veiled fem ale head, r.

[ 13 ]

T ouratsoglou, T iberius 69-100 (c. 22-3 an d later)

L 1 9 2 0 - 8 - 5 - 1 6 8 3 ( . . . ΚΛΑΥΔΕΙΟΣ ΓΕΡΜ Α ΝΕΙΚΟ Σ.. ./Θ ΕΣΣΑ Λ ΟΝ ΙΚ Η), 13.75; a. B (Fox = K a t 121: .. ,Κ Λ ΑΥ ΔΙΟ Σ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ . . . / ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ), 15.52. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G I C 633: 2). C f. T h e ssalian L eag u e coins. T o u ra tso g lo u , p. 35, reg ard s th e issue as b ein g m a d e on th e occasion o f L iv ia’s deification, a n d d ep ictin g h er. I f this is co rrect, th e n th e issue sh o u ld n o t be d a te d before 43. I.

ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; laureate head, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣ ΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; d rap ed an d veiled b u st of Livia, r. i . L = bm c 7 7 , 9-55; 2. L = bmc 78, 12.24; 3 ~ 3 9 · See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 4 0 4 1 . J P R 5557, 5603» 9 28, 10.28. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G I C 633: 2 ex.). 1578

[ 4 ]

L eaded bronze. 2 1m m , 9.53g (10). Axis: 6.

[ 8 ]

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 1-8, 11-23 (?4i)

T ouratsoglou, T iberius 64-8 1570,

C opper. 26 m m , 14.66g (2). Axis: 6. T ouratsoglou, C laudius 32-3 (?4i)

i . P 1 3 14, 7 4 2 ; 2. L yon (see T o u ra tso g lo u ).

As

]

i . L = BMC 6 7 (‘A u g u stu s4), 10.52; 2 . L = bmc 68 (‘A u g u stu s4), 9.10; 3— 29. See T o u ra tso g lo u . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ[ ; laureate head, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ Θ ΕΣΣΑΛ Ο Ν(Ε)ΙΚΕ\νΝ ; Livia seated, 1., w ith p a te ra and sceptre

1571 AE. 22 m m , 9.56 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6.

7

T ouratsoglou, C aligula 25-46

i . N Y ; 2. L = BMC 75, 9.36; 3—43· See T o u ra tso g lo u .

1570 L eaded bronze. 22m m , 9 .3 3 g (42). Axis: 6.

[

Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ in two lines w ithin w reath

ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣ ΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ ; head o f Livia, r.

1569 AE. 22m m , 7.42 g (1). Axis: 6.

[ 1 ]

T ouratsoglou, C aligula 20

ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; head, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; b u st o f Livia, r.

1568 L eaded bronze. 22m m , 8 .8 4 g (36)· Axis 6 or 12. T ouratsoglou, T iberius 1-32 (c. 14-20/23)

AE. 2 1 m m , 8 .5 6 g (1). Axis: 6.

301

ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (TEP)(M); la u reate head, 1. ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΕΙΚΕΩΝ; rad iate and lau reate head of A ugustus, r.

b u t laureate h ead o f T iberius, 1.

i . L = BMC 79, 10.05; 2—7. See T o u ra tso g lo u .

i . L 1 9 5 6 —12—8—18, 9.78; 2—26. See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 27. J P R 5605, 8.84. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G I C 633: 2 ex.).

C a lig u la *18

1579

AE. 21 m m , 8.72 g (3). Axis: 6.

[

4

]

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 24-31 1572

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 9.43 g (3). Axis: 6.

[ 2 ]

As 1578, b u t lau reate head of C laudius, r.

T ouratsoglou, C aligula 1-2

1—9 . See T o u ratso g lo u .

Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1. ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟ[Σ] ΘΕΣΣΑ[ΛΟΝΙΚ]ΕΩΝ; h ead of G erm anicus, 1.

1580

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 9 .0 8 g (23). Axis: 6 or 12.

As 1 5 7 8 , b u t lau reate head o f C laudius, L, an d radiate head of A ugustus, 1. i —2. See T o u ra tso g lo u .

[ 10 ]

T ouratsoglou, C aligula 3-11, 2 1 -4

1581

I.

1582

[ 6 ]

T ouratsoglou, C aligula 12-19 Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΣΣ ΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; lau reate head, 1. ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ (ΘΕ); veiled head o f A ntonia, 1. 1—9 . See T o u ratso g lo u .

[ 1 ]

ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ; b ust of A ntonia, 1. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ in four lines w ithin w reath

i . O , 8.16; 2. L 19 5 6 -1 2 -8 -2 1 , 10.21; 3 . L 1 9 5 6 -1 2 —8—20, 9.91; 4— 18. See T o u ra tso g lo u . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.

AE. 21 m m , 9.29 g (4). Axis: 6.

AE. 16m m , 4.98g (1). Axis: 12. T ouratsoglou, C laudius 34

Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1. ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ (ΣΕ)(ΒΑΣΤΗ) (ΘΕΣ)(ΣΑ)(ΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ); veiled head o f A ntonia, 1.

1574

[ 1 ]

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 9-10

i . L 1956—12—8—22, 9.88; 2. L U n c e rta in 1 8 9 8 -1 0 -5 -5 , 8.54; 3 . See T o u ra tso g lo u . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

1573

AE. 2 1 m m , 9.79g (1). Axis: 6 (1).

B (L ö b b ), 4.98.

Bronze. 17 m m , 4.07 g (5). Axis: 12 o r 6.

[ 6 ]

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 38-42, 44 ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ; bust of A ntonia, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ(Ε)ΙΚΕΩΝ; Nike on globe, 1. i . N Y ; 2. L 1 9 2 0 -6 -1 1 —203, 4.57; 3—8. See T o u ra tso g lo u . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.

jo2

1583

M A C E D O N I A : Thessalonica (1583-1599)

L eaded bronze. 18m m , 4 .4 7 g (1). Axis: 6.

1592

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, 1. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; below eagle in w reath

L =

bm c

i . P 1 3 3 7 , 9-99; 2—5. See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 6. T F a b re tti 2393, 6.94.

85 (‘M a rc ia n a , T r a ia n f ) , 4.47. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

AE. 17m m , 4.61g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 43

I s s u e I I I : b a r e h e a d , I. ( £ , C , W )

ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ; bu st of A ntonia, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ(Ε)ΙΚΕΩΝ; Nike on globe, r.

1593

AE. 15m m , 3.57g (2). Axis: 12.

i. L =

b m c

[ 2 ]

I.

1594

8 0 , 3.02; 2—4 . See T o u ratso g lo u .

1595

AE. 16m m , 3.93g (1). Axis: 12 (1).

[ 1 ]

wreath

AE. 15 m m , 4.36 g (6). Axis: Touratsoglou, Nero 6-10

12

or 6.

[ 6 ]

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 47-8

NEPWN KAICAP; b are head, 1. Θ ΕCCΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ or ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ; Nike on globe, 1.

MAPKIA; bu st of A ntonia, r. ΘΕΣΣΛΟΝΕΙΚ[ ; horse walking, r.; behind, p alm b ranch

i . O , 3.94; 2—9 . See T o u ra tso g lo u . 1596

i . P 13 2 3 , 3.93; 2—3. See T o u ratso g lo u .

C opper. 23 m m , 8.04 g (9, w ithout no. 13). Axis: 6. [ 11 ]

AE. 22 m m , 8.26 g (4).

i . M u 91, 3.49; a . L i n d g r e n A 8 7 2 A (‘A ezan i“), 3.25.

I s s u e I I I : l a u r e a t e h e a d , I. o r r. 1596A

23 m m , 9.16 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 2 ]

NEPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, 1. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; below eagle in w reath

TI KAAJYAIOC KAICAP CEBAC[TOC]; b are head, 1. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; in three lines w ithin w reath

I. P 1 3 3 8 , 9.74; 2. G 4 9 , 8.46; 3—5. See T o u ra tso g lo u . C o u n te rm ark : 0 8 C ( G IC 537: 2).

G 4 6 , 7.90; 2. M u 88a, 7.31; 3—5. See T o u ra tso g lo u . 1597

R e ig n o f N e r o

AE. 15m m , 3 .5 3 g (1). NEPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, 1. Θ εΐΧ ΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ; Nike on globe, 1.

Issue I: bare head, r.

I.

(4)· Axis:

12 or 6.

[ 4 ]

[ i ]

T ouratsoglou, N ero 45

_______________________ _

AE. 16m m , 2.83g

[ 3 ]

T ouratsoglou, N ero 11-13

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 64-8

I.

[ 1 ]

NEPWN KAICAP; bare head, 1. H orse trotting, 1.; behind, p alm branch; above, star

TI KAAYAIOC KA I CAP CEBACTOC; bare head, 1. BPETANNIKOC © ECCAA ON I(K )(E)^N); d rap ed bust, 1., in w reath i . L = b m c 8 1 , 8.78; 2—22. See T o u ra tso g lo u . O n one obv. die, C la u d iu s w ears a w re a th . T h e specim en in M u (89) w eighing 15.61 g, w as stru ck on a n u n u su ally la rg e flan: 30 m m . Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : B u st o f A pollo o r h elm eted h e a d ( G I C 1: 5 ex.).

A E. 15m m , 3.42g (2). Axis: 6. T ouratsoglou, N ero 5

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 50-63 (53-4?)

1590

[ 3 ]

i . B (K a t 128), 6.70; 2. L 1 9 0 1 - 6 - 1 —3 0 , 9.75; 3—4 . See T o u ra tso g lo u . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 2.

i . B (K a t 113), 3.89.

1589

C opper. 22 m m , 9.06 g. Axis: 12 or 6. NEPWN KAICAP; b are head, 1 . ©ECCAAONIKEWN; below eagle in

[ 1 ]

As 1585, b u t bust, 1., an d [ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟ]ΝΕΙΚΕ[ΩΝ]

1588

B (I-B ), 23.99; 2 · P 1342, 17-341 3 —5 · See T o u ratso g lo u .

T ouratsoglou, N ero 14-16

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 35

1587

[ 2 ]

T ouratsoglou, N ero 27-30

ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ; b u st of A ntonia, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝ(Ε)ΙΚΕΩΝ; horse galloping, r. AE. 14m m , 3.89g (1). Axis: 12.

AE. 30 m m , 20.67g (2). Axis: 6. NEPWN KAICAP; b are head, 1. ©ECCAAONIKH; Nike on globe, 1.

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 36-7, 45-6

1586

[ 2 ]

MAPKIA; b u st of A ntonia, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; N ike on globe, 1.

i . P 1322, 4.07. 1585

A E. 2 2m m , 9 .5 2 g (3). Axis: 6. T ouratsoglou, N ero 17-20

I.

1584

[ 1 ]

T ouratsoglou, C laudius 49

1598

P 1 3 4 6 , 3.53.

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3 .6 7 g (5). Axis: 6.

T ouratsoglou, N ero 1-4

T ouratsoglou, N ero 46-53

ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; bare head, r. H orse trotting, 1.; above, star; behind, p alm branch

As 1597, but laureate head, r.

[ 5 ]

i . P 1 9 8 2 /1 1 7 , 3.92; 2. L 1 9 7 4 -1 -2 -1 5 , 3.71; 3—10. See T o u ra tso g lo u . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.

(A n in etu s), 2.99; 2—3. C M cC lean 3785 (pi. 141.14) a n d 3786, 2.74, 2.37; 4 . P 1348, 3.23. I. O

Is su e I V ; so m e r a d ia te h e a d s

Issue II: bare head, I. (E, Ω, Σ) 1591

AE. 27m m , 13.78g (3). Axis: 6. T ouratsoglou, N ero 31-3 ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, 1. ΑΓΡΙΠ(Π)ΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ; bust of A grippina II , 1. i . P r iv a t e c o ll., 13.50; 2—3. See T o u ra tso g lo u .

1599

[ o ]

AE. 27 m m , 16.26g (2).

[ o ]

T ouratsoglou, N ero 62-3 ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate (or radiate?) head, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΕΙΚΕΩΝ; Apollo, playing lyre, r. i . R u z ic k a ( z f n 1924, 3 5 4 -5 ), 16.85; 2 · A, 15.67. C o u n te rm ark : 0 £ C on face ( G IC 537: 1-2).

M A C E D O N I A : Thessalonica, Macedonian Koinon { 1600-1609)

1600

C opper. 22 m m , 8.32 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 2 ]

1605

A E. 16 m m , 2.83 g (4)· Axis: 12 or 6.

505

[ 5 ]

T ouratsoglou, N ero 54-9, ?6i

T ouratsoglou, A grippina 41-2

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣ AP; rad iate (som etim es laureate?) head, r. ΘΕΣΣΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; w ithin w reath

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bust, 1. H orse trotting, 1.; above, star and crescent

I· p 1 3 4 *1 *, 8.1a; a. J S W , 7.75; 3 . L 1 9 8 5 -5 -2 0 -4 , 8.47; 4 . P 1340; 5 8. See T o u ra tso g lo u . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 3. T h e ra d ia te crow n m a y be h a rd to d istinguish, a n d som e o f these coins m a y be la u reate . C o u n te rm ark : 0 £ C on face ( G IC 537: 1, 2, 3, a n d M u ).

i . O (T h e ssalian L e ag u e), 3.45; 2. O (A n in etu s); 3. V 10008, 2.31; 4 . P , 2.85; 5 . P, 2.65. 4 -5 b o th h o u sed u n d e r U n c e rta in C oins. 1606

AE. 16m m , 2.95g ( 0 · Axis: 12 (1).

[ 1 ]

T ouratsoglou, A grippina 43 As 1605, b u t horse, r.

Uncertain issue

i . B (I-B ), 2.95. 1601

A E. 23 m m , 7.00 g (1).

[ o ]

T ouratsoglou, N ero 60

1606A

16m m , 2.40g (1). Axis: 6 (1).

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; la u reate head, r. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; below eagle in w reath

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bust, 1. As 1605

i . B e lg r a d e , 7.00. P laced h ere because it uses th e sam e curious obv. leg en d as issue V.

Issue V: ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΟΣ, bare head, I.

i . P (U n c e rta in ), 2.40.

W ith o u t e m p e ro r’s h e a d (reig n o f N e ro ? )

1602 A E. 28 m m , 17.56 g (4). Axis: 12 o r 6.

[ 5 ]

1607

T ouratsoglou, N ero 34-40

1603

i

.

i . C M c C le a n 3 7 7 6 (pi. 141,11), 4.41; 2. G 23; 3—5. M u 48, 48a, 50, 4.37, 3 -3 9 , 2,19; 6. B ( = a m n g T af. X X I I I . 33); 7—13. See T o u ra tso g lo u .

[ 5 ]

1608

T ouratsoglou, N ero 21-6

A E. 16m m , 4 .3 0 g (1). Axis: 6.

[ 1 ]

T ouratsoglou, Pseudoautonom en I A 8 (reign o f C laudius)

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, 1. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; below eagle in w reath

As 1607, b u t horse galloping, r., w ith p alm behind

i . O , 7.48; 2 —6 . See T o u ra tso g lo u ; 7 . J P R 6316, 8.01. C o u n te rm a rk : 0 £ C o n face ( G IC 537: M u ),

i . P D e le p ie r r e , 4.30. 1609

A E. 16m m , 3 .5 1 g (2). Axis: 12 (1).

[ 3 ]

T ouratsoglou, Pseudoautonom en I I A 1-11 (N ero/V espasian)

A g r ip p in a I I 1604

[ 6 ]

H orse trotting, r.; above, crescent; below, star ΘΕ(Σ)ΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ in four lines in w reath

See T o u ra tso g lo u .

A E. 22 m m , 7.90 g (5). Axis: 6.

A E. 16 m m , 3.59 g (4). T ouratsoglou, P seudoautonom en I A 1-7 (reign of C laudius)

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, 1. ΡΩΜΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΗ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; R om a standing, facing, holding spear an d parazo n iu m i . C o p 4 0 6 , 18.14; 2 . G 5 0 , 17.20; 3—i C o u n te rm a rk : 0 £ C ( G IC 537: 5 ex.).

[ 1 ]

A E. 16m m , 3.01g (1). Axis: 6 (1).

[ 1 ]

T ouratsoglou, A grippina 44

Nike on globe, 1. ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ; in four lines in w reath i . L = bm c 4 5 , 3.57; 2. G 24; 3. M u 47, 3.46; 4 —16. See T o u ra tso g lo u .

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bust, 1. JAONIKH; Nike on globe (?), 1. i . B (F o x = K a t

108)

(‘L ivia o r A g rip p in a 4), 3.01.

Macedonian Koinon The Koinon or federation of Macedonian cities, first attested in the reign of Philip V (F. Papazoglou, ANRW I I .7.1, p. 352), made three issues of coins during the JulioClaudian period, one for Claudius, one for Nero (early in his reign) and one for Vitellius. The coins were probably minted at Thessalonica. The smallest denominations have the same designs (Nike and a horse) and all the coins show links of style and fabric with Thessalonican coins, particularly from early in the reign of Nero, and this attribution is supported by their composition (see below). Thessalonica is, moreover, the obvious choice, being the metropolis of Macedonia (e.g., Strabo V II fr. 21: the sources are given by Papazoglou, p. 361, n. 267). The style of the coins for Claudius might seem a difficulty for the attribution to Thessalonica, since the portrait style differs

from that on Thessalonican coins. It does, however, seem impossible to separate the Claudian coins from the Neronian ones (the shield reverses are particularly close). We should probably suppose that the Koinon coins were made at a different time from the Thessalonican ones; similarly the Koinon issues for Nero are very like the early Thessalonican coins of Nero, but very different from the later ones. The coins fall into three denominations. The largest (av. 16.51 g), which is fairly rare, has a winged thunderbolt or (later) a figure of Mars; the intermediate (av. 8.39 g) has a Macedonian shield, while the smallest (av. 3.04 g, assuming they are all supposed to be the same denomination) has no imperial portrait, but either Nike/shield, horse/shield or inscription/shield. The chronology of these small coins is

^04

M A C E D O N IA : Macedonian Koinon (1610-1621)

not certain. The use of the inscription ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ (rather than KOINON ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ) puts them before Domitian, while the use of the horse and the Nike links them to the period of the Neronian coinage of Thessalonica (see 1590, 1593, 1595-8 and 1604-6). As at Thessalonica, the two larger denominations were made from copper and the smallest ‘pseudo-autonomous‘ coins made from leaded bronze. This composition supports the attribution of the coins to Thessalonica, and also sug­ gests that the denominations in question were 2 asses, 1 as and i as.

V ite lliu s 1615

A E. 2 9m m , 17.75g ( T)· Axis: 5 (1). amng

[ 1 ]

243

AY ΟΥΙΤΕΛΛΙΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ÄVTOKPA; laureate head, 1. ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; M ars standing, 1., holding w reath and spear i . P 1 2 6 A , 1 7.75. 1616

C opper. 23m m , 7.95g (2: 1616-18).

[

3

]

AMNG 245 ΟΥΙΤΕΛΛΙΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ AYTOKPΑΤΩΡ; laureate head, 1. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; M acedonian shield

C la u d iu s 1 6 1 0 A E . 2 8 m m , 17.6 7 g (1). AMNG

i . L 1 9 2 6 - 8 —3 —2 , 7 .0 7 ; 2 . P 127, 8 .8 2 ; 3 . N Y . Q u a l it a ti v e m e ta l a n a ly s is on: i .

[ i ]

236

1617

Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Γ ΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ; h e a d , 1. Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Μ Α Κ Ε Δ Ο Ν Ω Ν ; w in g ed th u n d e rb o lt

1616.

[

3

]

AY OYITEAAIOC ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟC AYTOKPΑΤΩΡ; lau reate head, 1. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; M acedonian shield

i . M u 5 9 , 17.67; 2. M i (see amng). S am e obv. die.

1 6 1 1 A E . 24 m m .

AE. See

AMNG 244

[ o ]

i —2 . B (F o x = K a t 8, L ö b b ) ; 3 . M u 6 3 (ex C o u s in é ry ) ( th e b e g in n in g o f th e o b v . h a s b e e n a lt e r e d to Ω Θ Ω Ν : se e amng 2 4 4 * ).

AMNG 237 [Τ ΙΒ Ε ΡΙΟ Σ Κ Λ Α ]Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Γ Ε Ρ[Μ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ ] ; h e a d ,

1.

1618

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Μ Α Κ Ε Δ Ο Ν Ω Ν ; M a c e d o n ia n shield

1616.

[ 3 ]

AYAOC OYITEAAIOC ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟ C KAICAP; laureate head, 1. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; M acedonian shield

i . M i (see amng: th e coin is a h y b rid o f 1 6 12, using th e obv. die for the la rg er 1610).

1 6 1 2 C o p p e r. 2 3 m m , 8 .4 9 g (14)· A xis: v a r.

AE. See

AMNG 246

[ 27 ]

i . M u 64 ; 2 . B K a t 7 ( = amng T a f . I I I . 5 ); 3 . N Y .

AMNG 2 3 8 -9 , BMC 145, C o p 1334 ΤΙ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; h e a d , 1. Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Μ Α Κ Ε Δ Ο Ν Ω Ν ; M a c e d o n ia n shield I.

L =

bmc

O th o

145, 8.94; 2 - 4 . L 1866-1 2 -1 -3 9 8 9 , 10.90; 1 9 5 8 -3 -4 -5 4 , 8.97;

■ θ ί Ν - Κ ί . 6 -9 2 ; 5 · C o P 1334. 4 -2 2 ; 6 -7 · p 122-3; 8 - 9 . N Y; 1 0 12. Ο , 8.ΙΟ, 8.57, 9.90; 13—18. B (inc. K a t 1-4); 19—2 0 . C L eake 426 0 -1 , 8.44, 8.05; 21—2 3 . V 9562 (obv. tooled to AYTOKP ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ‘= A u g u stu s4: see amng, no. 238*), 9563, 3 7 m , —, —, 9.42; 24—2 6 . M u 60b, 60, 60c, 9.10, 8.16, 9.11; 27. G 26; 28—30. N 6507, S 9970-1; 31—44· See amng; 4 5 - 4 6 . T F a b re tti 2193-4, 10.77. 9-771 4 7 · E velpidis 1484, 8.98; 4 8 . W in te rth u r 1660. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

There are no genuine coins of Otho. For a coin of Vitellius in Mu, which has been tooled to read Otho, see 1617/3. W ith o u t e m p e ro r’s h e a d i. 1619

AE. 14m m , 2 .6 0 g (5). am ng

N e r o (ea rly in the re ig n ) 1613

_________________

Copper. 3 0 m m , 1 5 .9 1 g (4 ). Axis: 12. AM NG

2 4 0 -1 ,

BM C

I.

1614

ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; in three lines M acedonian shield i . P 9 4 , 2 .6 7 ; 2—4 . B ( 8 5 0 /1 9 2 1 , 1 2 9 /1 8 8 1 , I -B ); 5 . G i , 2.95; 6 . A 1233, 1.88.

[ 6 ]

147

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; head, 1. ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; M ars standing, 1., holding wreath and spear; to r., shield 6.

[ 5 ]

235

1620

amng

[ 4 ]

229, C op 1331

ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; Nike w ith w reath a n d p alm on globe, 1. M aced o n ian shield

L = b m c 1 4 7 , 14.53; 2 · M u , 15.57; 3 . P 124, 15.55; 4 · N Y ; 5 · G 27; B (I-B ); 7 . G o (see amng). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.

Copper. 23mm, 8.23g (8)· Axis: 6. BM C 146, Cop 1335 ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; head, Ϊ. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; Macedonian shield

L eaded bronze. 14m m , 3.39g (2).

i . C o p 1331 (—amng T a f . I I I .1 1 ) , 4 .0 2 ; 2 . M u 8; 3 . B ( L ö b b ); 4 . L 1 9 4 8 - 3 - 4 - 5 2 ( g lo b e n o t c le a r ), 2 .7 6 . Q u a l it a ti v e m e ta l a n a ly s is o n : 4.

[ 17 ]

AMNG 24 2 ,

i . N Y , 7.90; 2 . L = BMC 146; 3 . C o p 1335, 6.73; 4 - 5 . P 125-6; 6 - 7 . O , 10.06, 7.33; 8 — i i . B inc. K a t 5 -6 ; 1 2 —1 3 . V 9564, 29427; 14—17. M u 62, 62a, 62b, 62c; 1 8 . G 27; 1 9 —2 0 . N 6508-9; 2 1 —2 6 . See amng. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 2.

1621

AE. 14m m , 3.04g (8).

[ 8 ]

AMNG 230, BMC 89 Nike advancing, 1., w ith w reath an d palm ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ; M aced o n ian shield i . B ( L ö b b ); 2 - 3 . M u 9, 9 a , — , 3 .1 8 ; 4 . L = bmc 8 9, 3 .0 6 ; 5 . L = b m 9 0 , 3 .5 3 ; 6 . L — BMC H y r c a n is , L y d i a 1; 7 . P 68; 8 . V 9 5 1 4 ; 9 . See

AMNG.

c

MACEDONIA: Macedonian Koinon, Amphipolis (1622-1625) 305 1622 AE. 14mm, 3.53g (1).

[ i ]

1624 Leaded bronze. 14 mm, 1.96 g (4). AMNG 233,

AMNG 2 3 I , BMC 91

Cop

[

4 ]

1333

As 1621, but small shield in oak wreath on rev.

Horse, 1.

I . L = BMC 91 ( = AMNG T af. III .9 ) , 3.53.

Μ Α Κ Ε Δ Ο Ν Ω Ν ; M a c e d o n ia n shield i. L 1958—3—4—53, 097; 2. C o p 1333, 2.02; 3. B 28633/16 (—AMNG T af. I I I . 12), 1.51; 4. M u 10, 2.35; 5. A. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.

1623 Leaded bronze. 14mm, 3.41g (4).

[ 5 ]

232, BMC 88, Cop I332 As 1621, but Nike advancing, r. AMNG

1625 AE. 14 mm.

[ i ]

AMNG 234

As 1624, but star above horse

i . B (P ro k esch -O sten ); 2. C op 1332, 2.22; 3. P 67; 4 . V 33001, 3.03; 5. L = BMC 88, 3.10. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 5.

i. B (I-B).

Amphipolis The coinage of Amphipolis during the Republican period has been discussed by I. Touratsoglou (in CRWLR, pp. 557), who allows little coinage between the Roman conquest and the end of the Republic. There is no clear evidence to date any coins to the period of the civil wars of the late Republic, unless perhaps the heavy bronzes with Artemis/ Artemis Tauropolos on bull (BMC 55, Cop 81, G 4, P 425: 25 mm, av. wt 16.81 g) should be dated then. The issues minted for Augustus divide into two groups. The earlier ones continue to use the earlier form of the ethnic, ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ, while by the end of the reign this has been replaced by the shortened form ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ. The earliest issue seems to be 1626, since its titulature, ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ, suggests a date around the time of the battle of Actium, when aurei and denarii used the form CAESAR DIVI F, and before the adoption of the name ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ. The form of the portrait is also very like that used on early precious metal coinage, though that, of course, really only provides a terminus post. The form of the ethnic without the E shows that the issues with obverse legends in the genitive case come at the end of the reign; one of these shows a transition between the two forms. A number of issues which are normally attributed to Augustus have been excluded here. These are: a. AMNG 70, AMC 1093, Cop 93, SNG NY 158 KAICAP CEBACTOC; Rome standing with sceptre and parazonium ΑΜ ΦΙΠΟΛ(ε)ΙΤΩ(θΓ W)N; Artemis Tauropolos on bull, r. b. SNG NY 159 Obverse as a ΑΜΦΙ ΠΟΛεπνΥΝ ; statue of Artemis (?), holding long torch c. AMNG 67, BMC 78, SNG NY 155-6 KAICAP CEBACTOC; ‘Augustus’ striding, 1., holding spear and parazonium; foot on prow ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛεΐΤWN; Amphipolis seated, 1. The fabric, types (compare BMC 98 with a, BMC 102 with b or BMC 101 with c) and letter forms (ε, C) suggest that these are second-century coins, though it is not clear whether they are supposed to be ‘commemorative’ issues for Augustus, or merely imperial issues with indefinite titulature, b and c seem definitely to be Hadrianic; there is some doubt about a, as the ethnic is either ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ or ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛείΤννΝ: the latter is normal from Trajan until

Pius, but the former seems only to occur occasionally under Aurelius, Commodus and Severus. It does, however, occur as the normal form under Domitian (when the C is also normal). The date(s) of a is therefore best left uncertain, pending a study of the later issues of Amphipolis. The earliest issue of Tiberius continues the use of the genitive on the obverse; the die axis is also still fixed at 12 o'clock, whereas the later Tiberian coins have either 12 or 6. This consideration allows one to place the issues of Livia (12 o'clock axis) towards the beginning of the reign and those of Divus Augustus (12 or 6 o’clock) later in the reign. The Tiberian date of both the coins for Livia and for Divus Augustus is guaranteed by the application of the countermark KAI to both groups; otherwise this only occurs on coins of Tiberius. The portrait on 1635 is variously identi­ fied as Tiberius (AMNG) or Claudius (Sternberg X III.83): this is because the very few dies vary widely, and sometimes resemble portraits of Tiberius and sometimes do not. However, it is felt here that the similarity of titulature with 1636, whose identification as Divus Augustus is demon­ strated by the use of the radiate head, makes it more likely that the portrait is intended to be Divus Augustus rather than Tiberius (Claudius is definitely excluded by the countermarks). On the other hand, one cannot definitely rule out the possibility that Tiberius is called ΘΕΟΣ, though it seems very unlikely (cf. p. 47). Mouchmov also quoted coins for Gaius and Lucius Caesar and for Antonia: 6045

EAIOC KAICAP/ ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ Artemis and bull 6046 ΛΟΥ[ ] ΚΑΙΣΑΡ/ ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ Artemis on bull 6052 ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ, head veiled with wreath of ears of corn, 1./ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ Artemis on bull, 1.

Specimens of these coins have not been encountered during the preparation of this catalogue; while by no means impossible, the coin descriptions do not inspire total con­ fidence and so have been omitted until confirmation is found. The issues for Caligula, Claudius and Nero are relatively straightforward, and require no comment, except to point out that they cannot be dated more precisely within the relevant reigns. Three issues of 'autonomous' small coins have been

βοβ

M A C E D O N I A : Amphipolis (1626-1635)

included. The form of the ethnic used on them and the letter forms indicate that they were minted between late in the reign of Augustus and that of Domitian, though greater precision does not seem possible. The horse on 1645 recalls the similar denominations at Thessalonica and Cassandrea. At Thessalonica the comparable coins were Claudian or Neronian in date; at Cassandrea, they were probably pre-Claudian. Most of the designs used call for little comment, repeat­ ing traditional types of Amphipolis such as Artemis Tauropolos on a bull, or a bust of Artemis. The head on the obverse of the smaller denomination of Caligula may perhaps be intended to -represent Zeus, the god who appears on the tetradrachms of the First Macedonian region in the second century b c , with Artemis Tauropolos on the reverse. Greater interest attaches to the group of two statues on the reverse of 1627. The identity of the second figure is not clear. It is certainly not a prefect (BMC); von Sallet (in the Berlin Kat) compared the scene with the similar type on coins of Philippi (1650), where the second figure is apparently bearded and togate. Mionnet suggested the Genius of the town, while Gaebler (AMNG) suggested the Genius Populi Romani. None of this is very certain, but it appears that the enigmatic letter Φ on one variety of the type (1628) should provide a clue, and perhaps even iden­ tity the figure; but, if so, the answer remains elusive at the moment. The designs used for the later emperors probably also reflect statue groups, in the case of Caligula an equestrian statue of the emperor in an adventus pose.

1629 AE. 21 m m , 8 .2 9 g (6)· Axis: 12.

[ 17]

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; b are head, r. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛ(Ε)ΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r. Α Μ Φ ΙΠ Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν : 1 - 2 . V 9655, 9657; 3 . M u 67; Α Μ Φ ΙΠ Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν : 4 . P 4 6 8 , 5.62; 5 —6 . P 456, 463, 8.86, 8.12; 7 —8 . B (L öbb, R au c h ); 9 . G 27; 10. P V ; i i . N Y sng 160, 8.63; U n c e rta in form o f eth n ic: 1 2 . P D elep ierre, 10.10; 1 3 . B (L ö b b ); 1 4 . V 9654; 1 5 . M u 77 (‘G aius C a e sa r*i.*45); 1 6 . O = amc 1091, 7.18; 1 7 . S t 885, 9.85; 1 8 . C M cC le an 3231; 1 9 —2 0 . E velpidis 1159-60. C o u n te rm ark s: D ( G I C 702: 16), J (?) M ( G I C 705: 17).

1630 L eaded bronze. 2 1m m , 7.49g (6). Axis: 12.

[ 15 ]

AMNG 71, BMC 76, C op 92 ΚΑΙΣΑΡ(ΟΣ) ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; b are head, r. ΔΗΜΟΥ ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r. i . P V ; 2 . N Y s n g 162, 9 . 11 ; 3 —4 . L = bm c 7 6, 1 9 3 1 - 7 - 1 - 9 , 8 .4 9 , 6 .3 3 ; 5 . C o p 92, 7 .1 6 ; 6 —7 . O = amc 1092, 1092A, 7.32, — ; 8—1 0 . B ( I- B , 28922, L ö b b ); i i —1 2 . V 9658, 365248, —, 8.26; 1 3 —1 5 . M u 68, 69, 69a.

T h e le tte rs o f th e obv. leg en d m ay som etim es be retro g ra d e. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 4.

T ib e r iu s 1631 A E. 21 m m , 6 .1 4 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 5 ]

TIBEPIOY ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; b are head, r. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤννΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r. i . O , 5.66; 2. L (S idon) 1 9 4 6 -6 -6 -1 2 2 7 ; 3 . N Y sng 168; 4 . P (S idon) ex d o u b lettes; 5. C L eak e 3073 (‘A u g u stu s4), 6.62; 6. C M c C le a n 3 2 3 1 , 4.35. A ll sam e obv. die.

1632 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.05 g (8)· Axis: 12 or 6. AMNG

73,

BMC

[ 19 ]

80

ΤΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b a re head, r. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r. i . O , 8.95; 2. O , 7.18; 3 —4 . L — BMC 8 0 -1 , 8.48, 7.82; 5 . G 32; 6—7. P 469 -7 0 , 8.15, 7.39; 8—9 . (K a t 125, I-B ); i o —n . C L eake 3077, 106-1948, 8.62, 7.82; 12. V 9663; 13—16. M u 78-8 0 , 82; 17—18. T F a b re tti 2245-6, 7.18, 8.95; 19. N Y sng 169, 6.78. 8 h as th e spelling . . . ΣΕΒΒΑΣΤΟΣ . . . ; 13 h as b ull to left. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 3. C o u n te rm ark : KAI { G IC 542: 3, 7, 15-16).

A u g u s tu s 1626 L eaded bronze. 21m m , 8 .5 8 g (10). Axis: 12. BMC

[ 20 ]

73, C op 89

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; b are head, r. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r.

1633 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.67 g (8)· Axis: 12 or 6. BMC

i . L ^ b m c 73; 2. L 1866-1 2 -1 -3 4 1 9 , 5.88; 3—4 . N Y SNG 164-5, 9 -5 °! 8.56; 5—7· C op 89—91, 10.51, 8.44, 9.38; 8· C M cC le an 3230 corr. (pi. 118.2), 7.35; 9—1 3 . B (K a t n o - 1 2 , L ö b b , I-B ); 14—15. G 28, 28a (1917); 16. V 9656; 17—18. M u 65-6; 19—20. P 4 5 3-4, 8.25, 7.45; 21. T ü b in g en 994, 13.21; 2 2 . N Y SNG 161, 7.88; 23. J P R 3496, 7.82. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. C o u n te rm ark : C ircle w ith d o t in sid e (?) ( G IC 486: 3 -4 , 14, 16).

1627 L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 9.99g (7)· Axis: 12. AMNG

69,

BMC

[ 13]

82, C op 95

As 163a, b u t lau reate head, 1. i . N Y (=SNG I7 0 ), 7.28; 2—3. L = BMC 8 2 -3 , 7.49, 9.O2; 4 —5. C o p 95-6 , 8.53, 8.14; 6 - 8 . P 471, 482 a n d S idon 1711, 8.88, 8.87, 9.03; 9 - 1 0 . O , 10.16, 8.27; i i —12. B ( K a t 126, R eich sb an k ); 13. M u 81; 14. P V , 9.51; 15. T F a b re tti 2247, 8.41; 16. E velpidis 1162. 11 h as th e spelling . . . Κ Α ΙΣΑ ΡΣ. . . C o u n te rm ark : KAI ( G IC 542: 13).

[ 16 ]

77, C op 94

ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; b ust of A rtem is w ith bow a n d quiver, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; statu e group of A ugustus in m ilitary dress, raising h an d , an d being crow ned by m ale figure (probably laureate an d bearded) w earing toga; all on basis decorated w ith three bucrania i . L = bm c 7 7 , 9.50; 2. C o p 94, 10.98; 3—4 . G 29-30; 5. P 461, 14.21; 6— 9. B (I-B , K a t 117, L öbb, I-B ); 10—11. C L eake 3071-2, 9.92, 5.47; 12. V 9661; 13—14. M u 73~73a; 15. O = amc 1094, 9.99; 16. N Y sng 157, 11-38; 17. T ü b in g e n 993, 8.86; 18. T F a b re tti 2242; 19. E velpidis 1161; 2 0 . Be (J P R 3909). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. T h e style an d fabric o f 6 are very ro u g h a n d th e final Σ o f the rev. legend is m issing: an im itation?

1628 L eaded bronze. 22m m , 9.55g (3)· Axis: 12.

L iv ia

1634 L eaded bronze. 2 2 m m ,

7 .9 1 g

(6).

Axis: 12.

[ 15 ]

BMC 7 9

IOVAIA ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΘΕΑ; veiled head, r. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r. I. N Y (= SNG 166), 8.39; 2. L = BMC 79, 7.81; 3 . G 31; 4 —5 . P 4 6 6 -7 , 8.16, 7.75; 6 —7 . O , 6.29, 8.66; S - i o . B ( K a t 124, L ö b b , I-B ); 1 1 . C L eake 3076, 8.80; 1 2 . V 28906; 1 3 —1 5 . M u 74-6; m etal an alysis on: 2. C o u n te rm ark : KAI ( G IC 542: 8, 11).

16.

P V . Q u a lita tiv e

[ 3 ]

AMNG 6 8

As 1627, h u t Φ betw een figures on rev. i . L 1 9 2 0 —8—5—1678, 11.75; 2—3 . P 460, 461a, 6.86, 10.05; 4 * P V , 8.46; 5. K a rls ru h e ( = amng T af. X .15: obv.). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

D i v u s A u g u s tu s (? o r T ib e r iu s ? )

1635 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8 .2 1 g (8). Axis: 12 or 6. AMNG 7 2 , BMC 7 4

[ 16 ]

M A C E D O N I A : Amphipolis, Philippi (1636-1645)

ΘΕΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, r.

1 9 5 8 - 3 - 4 - 7 6 , 11.70; 2 - 3 . L = b m c 88, 1 9 1 4 -3 -2 -1 , 8.53, 12.41; 4 P 4 8 0 -1 , 8.00, 9.41; 6 —7 . O , 7.91, 8.80; 8 — 1 0 . B ( K a t 130-2); 1 1 . C L eak e 8308, 8.63; 1 2 . H ( = a m n g T af. X .23); 1 3 . T F a b re tti 2248, 7.02; 1 4 . E velpidis 1163.

1640

As 1639, b u t bull, r.

[ 11 ]

75

As 1635, b u t ΘΕ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ an d ra d ia te head, r. I . L = b m c 75, 7.96; 2 - 4 . P 4 5 7-9, 7.67, 9.19, 9.26; 5. O (S idon), 7.90; 6 —8. B (I-B , K a t 122, 5536/1954); 9· C Leake ex A m isus; 10—11. M u 8 3 4. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : KAI ( G IC 542: 2, 7, 10-11).

1637

N e ro 1641

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.40 g (9). Axis: 12 o r 6.

i . L = b m c 9 0 , 8.78; 2. C o p g9, 7.28; 3—4 . P 483, D elep ierre, 6.48, 8.08; 5. B ( K a t 133); 6 . V 9669; 7. M u (C la u d iu s) 92. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

AMNG 75, BMC 84, C op 97 1642

AE. 2 2m m , 5.80g (1). Axis: 6 (i).

[ 3 ]

As 1641, b u t ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟί: KAICAP ΝΕΡΩΝ C8 i . P 4 7 1A , 5.80; 2. M u 91; 3. N Y sng 173.

i . O , 8.73; 2—4 . L = b m c 8 4 -6, 8.50, 6.86, 9.20; 5. N Y s n g i 7 i , 8.52; 6 . C o p 97, 9.73; 7. C M cC le an 3232 (pi. 118.3), 7 -8 8 ; 8—13. P 4 7 2 -6 an d D elep ierre, 7.54, 9.47, 7.59, 7.19, 8.21, 7.91; 1 4 -1 5 . B (I-B , K a t 127); 16—17. V 9664—5; 18—19. M u 8 7 -8 ; 2 0 . W a d d ell (9.12.1982) lo t 6, 9.23; 21. T F a b re tti 2249, 5 ·4 5 ; 2 2 . Be (R 3007); 23. N Y s n g 172. Q u alitativ e m e tal analysis on: 2.

U n c e rta in d a te, p r o b a b ly J u lio - C la u d ia n 1643

bm c

[ 7 ]

go, C op 99

NEPW(or Ω)Ν ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; emperor in military dress, standing 1., raising hand and holding staff with eagle ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, 1.

[ 20 ]

L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .6 0 g (2). Axis: 12.

L eaded bronze. 2 2 m m , 7.66g (14). Axis: var. bm c

___________________________

Γ (in field) ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; em peror w ith raised h a n d on horse, r. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos, r.

1638

[ 20 ]

89, C op 98

i . L = b m c 89, 5.40; 2 . C o p 98, 10.84; 3 —1 6 · C M cC le an 3 2 3 3 -5 , Leake 3070, 9.66, 10.18, 11.56, 7.80; 7 —9 . P 478 -8 0 , 10.80, 7.27, 9.55; 1 0 —1 2 . B (K a t 128-9, L ö b b ); 1 3 —1 6 . V 9659, 9666-8; 1 7 —1 9 . M u , 90, 91a, 91b; 2 0 . N Y SNG 175.

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 8.40 g (5). Axis: 12 o r 6.

C a lig u la

AE. 22 m m , 9.23 g (9). Axis: var. bm c

Divus Augustus BMC

L

I.

5.

i , O , 7.93; 3—3 . O — AMC 1090, 8.42, 10.37; 4 “ 5 * L = b m c 74, 1 9 5 8 -3 -4 75, 7.79, 7.93; 6. P (A pollonishieron, L ydia) 74, 7.93; 7. B (K a t 123); 8 . B (I-B ); 9 . G L eake 8307, 7.09; 10. P 455, 8.20; 11. P V , 7.72; 12. S tern b e rg X I I I (1983), 83; 13—14. M u 85 -6 ; 15. Be (R 2176); 1 6 17. N Y SNG 167, 176, 7.93, 7.29. S am e obv. die: 2, 8 -9 ; 1, 4 -7 ; 11-12. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 4. C o u n te rm ark : KAI ( G I C 542: 1-3).

1636

ßoy

[ 2 ]

L eaded bronze. 14m m , 3.94g (3). BMC

87

[ 7 ]

65

H ead o f M inerva, r.

ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; laureate a n d beard ed head (of Zeus?), r. Γ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝ; em peror w ith h a n d raised on horse, r. i . L = b m c 87 (‘d ia d e m e d 4), 3.03; 2. M u 89, 4.17. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.

ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; eagle i . L = b m c 6 5 , 5.24; 2. L = bmc 66, 2.74; 3. C M cC le an 3226, 3.84; 4 — 5. V 96 3 4 -5 ; 6 . N Y sng 145. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an a ly sis o n: 1. 1644

L eaded bronze. 14m m , 3.04g (2). bmc

[ 3 ]

70

As 1643, b u t bull, r., on rev.

C la u d iu s 1639

i . L = b m c 70, 2.15; 2. L 1 9 4 0 -1 0 -1 -1 2 , 3.93; 3. P 4 0 7 . Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: i.

L eaded bronze. 22m m , 8 .4 4 g (6)· Axis: var. AMNG

76,

BMC

[ 11 ]

1645

88

L eaded bronze. 16m m , 1.92g (2). AMNG

58,

BMC

[ 5 ]

71, C op 87

ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; horse trotting, 1. ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; club

ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ(ΔΙΟ)(Σ) ΣΕΒΑΣ(ΤΟ)(Σ); em peror in m ilitary dress, standing L, raising h a n d a n d holding staff w ith eagle ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A rtem is T auropolos on bull, 1.

i . L = b m c 7 1 , 1.67; 2. C o p 87, 2.16; 3 . M u 63; 4 . B (K a t 102 = amng T a f. X .4 ); 5. N Y sng 146. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 1.

Philippi A colony was founded at Philippi in 42 b c by Mark Antony, as the first issue of coins shows (A I C V P = Antoni iussu colonia victrix Philippensis; cf. F. Papazoglou, ANRW II.7.1, pp. 357-8). It was refounded in 30 b c by Octavian (Dio 51.4.6), and later was known as COL AVG IVL PHILIP(pensis). The attribution of the first coins depends on the plausible expansion of the initials C V P . The issue was fully dis­ cussed by H. Gaebler (ZJN, 1929, pp. 260-9) and seems

clearly to be a foundation issue. It consists of four denomi­ nations, signed by Q. Paquius Ruf. Leg. C D (on the analogy of 1509-11 to be restored as coloniae deducendae or, with Grant, FIT A 274, coloniam deduxit). The two larger denominations have the portrait of Antony and the inscrip­ tion A I C V P on the obverse; the largest has the scene of the foundation of the colony; the second largest has a scene which may represent the giving out of allotments by lot (the togate man seated on the chair appears to be holding up

3

o

8

M A C E D O N I A : Philippi { ι β φ - ι 6 53)

something (?a writing board) and has an urn before his feet). The third denomination has a facing head, variously thought to be male (Gaebler, Grant) or female (ImhoofBlumer), and whose identity is not clear. Its reverse, the plough, picks up one of the elements of the founding of the colony which was present in the largest piece, just as the urn on the smallest piece picks up an element from the reverse of the second largest. Under Augustus, only a single type was made. To judge from the relatively mature and laureate portrait, it was probably produced in the second half of the reign. On the reverse it depicts a statue group, not unlike that found at Amphipolis, of one figure crowning another. In this case, however, the inscription on the base identifies the figures as AVG DIVI F being crowned by DIVO IVL. There is an issue of coins for Claudius, with the same statue group on the reverse. The obverse inscriptions used vary slightly, but mostly include PP, indicating that the coins cannot have been struck before 42. The rare coins of Nero with the same reverse are dated by his second consulship to 57. From this issue the order of the ethnic changes from COL AVG IVL PHILIP to COL IVL AVG PHILIP. There are also two ‘pseudo-autonomous’ issues, one being very common and the other very rare. The types of the larger presumably refer to the battle of Actium (VIC AVG) and the settlement of veterans from the praetorian cohort at Philippi (COHOR PRAE PHIL); the plough on the reverse of the smaller picks up the imagery of the foundation. These coins have always been assigned to the reign of Augustus, but some doubt now attaches to this in view of their composition, which is copper rather than bronze. At Philippi, and indeed elsewhere in Macedonia, copper is not found before the reign of Claudius, so a Claudian-Neronian date seems likely. For other coins possibly of Philippi, see 1656-60.

1648

AM NG

IO ,

z fN

1929, 261, no.

I ,

F IT A

I.

1649

AMNG

II,

ZFN

I929, 262, no. 2,

FITA

[ 14 ]

A I C V P; head of A ntony, r. Q P A Q V IV S R V F L E G C D; togate figure, seated 1., on chair holding up w riting b o ard (?); a t feet, u rn i . N Y ( = SNG 673), 6.58; 2—3. M u 69-70, 7.44, 6.75; 4 . L H P B 94, no. 9, 8.60; 5. C o p 304, 9.15; 6 - 7 . P 1063-4, 6.76, 6.82; 8. B (R a u c h ), 5.34; 9 — i i . B (81/1877, I -B, L ö b b ), 7.09, 7.85, 5.98; 12—13. V (P ariu m ) 16309, 16312, 7.14, —; 14. G (p. 738, 59); 15. JS W ; 16. P V (ex H irsch 154 lot 342), 6.94; 17. R W , 6.90. C o u n te rm ark s: P B ucranium ( GIC 4), u n c e rta in , p e rh a p s cad u ceu s (6, 9 ) 14-15)·

13,

1929, 263,

z fN

no.

4,

F IT A

[ 3 ] 274

i . P , 3.65; 2. B (R au c h ), 2.94; 3 . M u 60, 3.27; 4 —5. L e n in g rad , 3.49, 2.07.

A u g u s tu s 1650

L eaded bronze. 2 6 m m , 9 .9 5 g (7). Axis: 12. F IT A

[ 14,]

275

C O L A V G IV L P H IL IV SSV AVG; lau reate head, r. A V G D IV I F D IV O IV L ; three bases: on m iddle one, statu e o f A ugustus in m ilitary dress crow ned by statue of D ivus Ju liu s w earing toga I. N Y (= SNG 683), IO.24; 2 · O = AMC IO98, IO.36; 3. L I92O-8-5-1708, 9.71; 4 . C M cC le an 3269 (pi. 119.16), 10.46; 5—6. P 1071-2, 11.94, 10.90; 7—i i . B (K a t 46-8, I-B , L ö b b ); 12. V 9850; 13—14. M u 15-16, 8.94,

7-375 *5· P V , 7.30. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 3.

U n c e rta in d a te - C la u d ia n or N e r o n ia n ? 1651

C opper. 18m m , 4 .3 5 g (29). Axis: 12 or 6. AM NG

14-15,

BM C

23, C op 305,

F IT A

[ 72 ]

274

V IC A VG ; V ictory w ith w reath a n d p alm , 1., on base C O H O R PR A E P H IL ; three stan d ard s i . P 10 6 5 ; 2—17. P; 18—2 6 . V ; 2 7 —4 0 . B (inc. K a t 39 -4 5 ); 4 1 —43· L (inc. 1 9 0 6 -1 1 -3 -2 5 -2 5 7 9 , BMC 23); 44 - 45 - C o p 30 5 -6 ; 4 6 - 4 7 . G 1-2; 4 8 —5 3 . C (inc. M cC le an 32 6 7 -8 ); 5 4 —5 7 . M u ; 5 8 —6 7 . O = amc 1099iio 8 ; 6 8 . T ü b in g e n 1031; 6 9 . P V ; 7 0 . S tern b e rg (1983), 564; 7 1 —7 3 . T F a b re tti 2344-46; 7 4 —7 6 . E velpidis 1275-7; 7 7 * J P R 6297; 78—8 5 . N Y SNG 674 -8 1 . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 41. O n e coin in O (A M C 1102) a n d o ne in P (1068) h av e C H O R in ste ad o f C O H O R ; o ne coin in B is a brockage. O n 76 ( = E v elp id is 1277), V icto ry stan d s on a glo b e in ste ad o f a basis. T h e re is a sm all coin in P (1070, 1 5 m m , 2 .2 5 g ) w h ich lacks any inscrip tio n s: a sm aller d e n o m in atio n , o r an im itatio n ?

AE. 15m m , 2.36g (1). AM NG

16,

F IT A

[ i ]

274

C O L P H IL ; plough V IC AVG; two m odii (?)

274

274, C op 304

AE. 14m m , 3 .0 9 g (5). Axis: 12. A I C V P; urn Q P A Q V I R V F L E G C D; in w reath

A I C V P; head o f A ntony, r. Q P A Q V IV S R V F C D , LEG ; m an w ith veiled head ploughing, r., w ith two oxen

1647 AE. 21 m m , 7.17g (11). Axis: 12.

[ 7 ] 274

P 1 0 6 2 , 4.21; a . B (8 7 7 3 ), 2.98; 3. B (359/1879), 4.43; 4 . V 34335,

AMNG

[ 6 ]

I. L G 1 1 89, 8.05; 2. L 18 3 0 -1 1 -2 -7 9 , 8.32; 3. B (7945), 10.37; 4 · V 32343, 8.06; 5 . M u 71, 7.97; 6 . N Y (= s n g 672), 13.68. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i. C o u n te rm ark : B u cra n iu m (GIC — : i , 3).

F IT A

4 -9 5 > 5“ 7 · M u 6 1 -3 , 4.67, 3.36, 4.38; 8. L e n in g rad , 4.01.

1652

AM NG

12, zfN 1929, 263, no. 3,

A I C V P; facin g h e a d Q P A Q V IV S R V F L E G C D; p lo u g h

A n to n y , M P a q u iu s R u f leg c d 1646 L eaded bronze. 25 m m , 8.55 g (5)· Axis: 12.

A E. 17 m m , 4 .0 4 g (10). Axis: 12.

i . T ( = AMNG T af. X X .1 1); 2. N Y sng 682, 2.36.

C la u d iu s 1653

C opper. 2 6 m m , 9 .7 7 g (17)· Axis: 12 o r 6.

[ 19]

AMNG 17, C op 307, BMC 24

T I G L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G P M T R P (IM P ) (P P); bare head, 1. C O L A V G IV L P H IL IP ; two statues as on 1 6 5 °, base inscribed D IV V S A V G T R P P P: i . L = b m c 25, 9.44; 2. E velpidis 1278; 3 . M u 20, 11.10; 4 . B (K a t 50); 5—6. C L eak e 4631, 8666, 8.87, 9.70; 7. V 9853; 8. A ( = amng T af. X X . 16); T R P IM P : 9 . V 34935; 10. P 1073, 10.31; 11. G 5 (pi. 20.4); 12. T (F a b re tti 2347), 10.66; 13—14. N Y sng 68 4 -5 ; * 5 · T ü b in g en 1032, 8.92; 16. Be (R 4332); 17. M u 19, 10.32; T R P I M P P P: 18. O , 9.22; U n c e rta in v ariety : 19. C o p 309, 10.91; 2 0 - 2 1 . B (K a t 5 1 -2 ); 22. C L eak e 8667, 9.75; 2 3 - 2 4 . L = bmc 24, 26, 9.19, 11.02; 25. V 9851. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 23.

M A C E D O N I A : Philippi, Uncertain (Philippi?) (1654-1655)

ßog

N ero, a d 5 7 As 1653, b u t T I C L A V D IV S CAES A V G IM P P M T R P P P 1 —2. C o p 307-8, 10.40, 9.60; 3. M u 20, i i . 10; 4 . S tern b e rg X (1980) lot 282, 10.58; 5. B (I-B ). U n c e rta in obv. legends (betw een 1 6 5 3 a n d 1654): 6. P 1074; 7. O , 8.32; 8 . B (L öbb); 9 . M u 17, 8.44.

1655

AE. 2 7m m , 10.47g (3)· Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 4 ]

N E R O CAES A V G P M T R P C O S II; b are head, 1. C O L IV L A V G P H IL IP ; sam e design as 1 6 5 0 , w ith D IV V S A V G on base i . B (K a t 5 3 ), 9.00; 2. M u 20a, 11.40; 3. V 9854; 4 . P 1988/119 (ex M ü n z Z e n tru m 64 lo t 106), 11.00.

Uncertain (Philippi?) Coin issues under Augustus (1656), Tiberius (1657—9) and Claudius (1660) with the type of the two priests ploughing, and lacking any ethnic, have been attributed in the past to Parium, but they were considered by Grant, FITA 111—14, as official. His opinion was based on the following reasons:

and almost unique (it also occurs at Sinope from Caligula to Nero: 2129 etc.) - might refer to the two legions which colonised Antioch.

1.

The mere fact that there are two figures on the type, and not one, ruins the argument of identity with any other colonist type, at Parium or at any other mint. What about the evidence of find spots? Grant reported finds from Illyricum, Upper Moesia, Lower Moesia, Thra­ cian Chersonese, Mysia, Troas, Bithynia, Pisidia, Syria and Armenia. On this basis, the coinage would have had a vast circulation, but none of the find spots reported by Grant derives from a site publication. The conclusion, e.g., that these coins circulated in Mysia-Troas because many of them are in the Istanbul museum or were seen in trade at Istanbul-Pera, is subject to question. In fact, the only pre­ cise site where these coins are found escaped Grant. They turn up in appreciable numbers at Philippi in Macedonia. P. Collart, Philippes ville de Macédoine (1937), recalls that E.M. Cousinéry, Voyage dans la Macédoine II, p. 43 and pi. ΙΙ,ιο, had already published two coins (one Augustus and one Tiberius) of this type and proposed to attribute them to the town. Collart, pp. 236-7 and n. 3, pi. X X X ,5 and 7, published five new specimens of Augustus found at Philippi. Since then, the Greek excavations have produced two more coins (of Augustus: Archaiologikon Deltion XX X II, 1977, p. 41, nos. 20-1) and the French ones three (two Augustus and one Tiberius?: information from O. Picard). Moreover, these coins are found frequently in the French excavations at Thasos: eleven coins so far (four Augustus, five Tiberius and two uncertain). It is interesting to note that one Augustan coin from Thasos shares an obverse die with a coin found at Philippi, which suggests that the centre of production was located in the near-by area. Therefore it seems reasonable to locate it, or at least one centre, at Philippi where a mint was in activity since Mark Antony (1646-9).

2. 3.

Specimens have been discovered from Illyricum to Armenia and such a vast circulation would be anomalous for a single colonial series. A number of countermarks which appear on these issues are specifically official countermarks, which would be irregular on colonial pieces. The style varies greatly, suggesting a multiplicity of mints.

Grant imagined that the main mint was at Parium and branch mints were at Antioch in Syria, Antioch in Pisidia, in Bithynia and Pontus. But, in SMACA, pp. 88—96, Grant changed his mind and proposed Pisidian Antioch as the initiator of the series and Parium as a branch mint. The attribution of these series is indeed difficult and raises many problems.

N a tu re o f the coinage As these issues lack any ethnic, Grant considered them as one of the six main aes series inaugurated by Augustus which were intended ‘to possess a scope wider than a single province or part of a province’ (SMACA, pp. 1-2 (I)). But colonial issues may lack an ethnic (see Dium/Pella: 1534fr.; Cnossus: 999-1000), even if they are usually signed by local magistrates. The lack of names of magistrates may point towards a provincial coinage, as in the case of the Cypriot coinage (3901-34), though a colonial production is still possible. See also p. 14.

Typology The type, however, seems indeed more suitable for a col­ onial coinage than for a provincial one. Grant, FITA 112, insisted that the significance of the coin type was not limited to the details of a colonial foundation, but was more general, and he argued that it emphasised the position of Augustus as universal refounder. But, in SMACA, p. 92, he returned to a more conventional explanation. He attributed these series to Pisidian Antioch and he judged that the two figures of priests ploughing - which is a very unusual type

C ircu latio n

C o u n term ark s A number of countermarks which appear on the coins were said by Grant to be official: ÄV (1656/16), a wheel (1656/23) and a prow (1656/51). But AV (or AN) is not the same as that on aes from Rome and Lyons, the wheel (star of eight rays) is different from that on dupondii of Nemausus

and the prow (if a prow) different from that on a dupondius of Q. Aelius Lamia (BMC I, p. xxxix). These countermarks are in fact local; among others, the monograms PHR (1656/63 and 68; 1657/21) and 4 -3 5 » 3-89, 4-36; 16. P D elep ierre, 5.22; 1 7 - 1 8 . V 138323 (P a tra s), 4.34, 3.92; 1 9 -2 1 . V 16313-5, 4.62, 4.21, 4.58; 2 2 . V 16322, 3.66; 2 3 . V 27579, 4.09; 24. V 30438, 4.20; 25. V 32047, 5.90; 2 6 3 6 . O — AMC 1196-1206, 4.57, 5.38, 5.52, 3.77, 3.93, 4.08, 3.29, 4.17, 4.28, 5.23, 5.54; 3 7 . C M cC le an 7660 (T ib eriu s), 3.64; 3 8 . C o p 282, 4.24; 3 9 4 9 . N Y , 5.57, 5.53, 5.48, 5.39, 5.18, 4.71, 4.43, 4.43, 4-36, 4 -2 5 » 4-22;

1 6 6 0 AE. 16m m , 4 .1 7 g (21). Axis: 6. BMC

[ 21 ]

93

T I C L A V A VG ; b are head, 1. As 1 6 5 6 —9 i . L = BMC 93, 3.79; 2 ^ 1 9 2 7 - 7 - 1 4 - 2 , 4 . 2 2 ; 3 . L 1 9 4 0 -1 0 -1 -1 1 5 , 4.04; 4 - 5 . P 9 4 9 -5 0 , 4.42, 3.28; 6 - 7 . V 16323-4, 3.53, 3.54; 8 - 9 . O , 5.29, 4.17; 10. C M cC le an 7662, 3.35; 11—12. C o p 284—5, 4.65, 4.15; 13. B, 4.04; 14—15. B R a u c h , 4.22, 4.12; 16. B L ö b b , 3.97; 17. B 7947, 4.62; 18. I K .O . 8 7 9 -2 4 1971; 1 9 - 2 2 . N Y , 5.85, 4.64, 3.94, 3.79. C o u n te rm ark : A ca p rico rn o n th e obv., on 1, 2, 4 -5 , 7—8, 12-13, 15, 17 a n d 20-21 ( G I C 303).

T H R A C E Cat. no. In tro d u ctio n T h ra c ia n kings A b d era M a ro n ea (Lem nos) Im b ro s Sestos P erin th u s B yzantium C alchedon (A pollonia)

1701—26 1727-31 1732-3 — 1734-8 1739“ 44 1745-69 1770-82 1783-8 -

Page 3 11 312 3 15 3ï6 3ï6 3 l6 3!7 318 320 323 323

For most of the period of this catalogue Thrace was ruled by a series of kings (Jones, Cities, pp. 8-10); the coinage indi­ cates that their rule extended across the straits to Cal­ chedon, whose coinage is subsequently catalogued here under Thrace rather than in its more normal position under Bithynia. The area was, however, annexed by Claudius on the murder of the last king in ad 46, and it then became the province of Thrace, ruled by a Roman procurator of equestrian rank. The Thracian Chersonese, where the autonomous city of Sestos was situated, never formed part of the kingdom, but was owned first by Agrippa and, after his death, by Augustus, who governed it with a procurator (Jones, Cities, pp. 15-16). The coinage of the area is rather diverse in nature. The coinages of Byzantium and Calchedon, as always, were very similar, while the little bronze coins of Sestos recall those of its neighbour across the Hellespont, Abydus (2281-94). The coinage of Perinthus stands out from the rest, and its production of large brass coins, some of them looking very much like Roman sestertii, links it closely to the coins pro­ duced at several Bithynian cities (see p. 339, though not Calchedon). Perinthus also seems to have been the mint for a series of Latin coins of Nero (1758-62, with commentary for attribution). These coins may perhaps be related to the strange Latin coins of Britannicus, Agrippina II and the young Nero, recently catalogued and discussed by H.-M. Kaenel, SNR, 1984, pp. 127—50. I f these coins are genuine, then they seem to emanate from Thrace, on the basis of reported provenances. See also p. 319. The pattern of denominations is not very clear. Silver was produced at Byzantium but its metrology is rather uncertain, due to lack of specimens (see table below).

If these coins were all struck to the same standard, then they would seem to be tetradrachms, didrachms and drachms on the cistophoric standard. It would not be sur­ prising to find the standard in use at Byzantium, in view of its close connections with Asia Minor. On the other hand, the weights are rather too heavy (compare p. 321), and so Walker (Metrology, p. 56) regarded the smallest denomi­ nation as equivalent to the denarius rather than a cistophoric drachm (i.e., 12 asses). One must also take into account the countermarking at Byzantium of posthumous Lysimachi under Claudius (1782), though it is not clear whether this implies the survival, or the opposite, of the Attic standard at Byzantium. Within the Thracian kingdom, however, there are several hoards of denarii, implying that they constituted the principal silver denomination there (I. Youroukova, Pro­ ceedings of the 10th International Numismatic Congress (ig86) , pp. 189-99; M .H . Crawford, CMRR, pp. 328-9). This might, in turn, suggest that we should regard the Byzantine coins as denarii, i j denarii and 2 denarii pieces. The situation is no clearer when we turn to the bronzes. The Greek coins of Perinthus share their metrology with Bithynia (see p. 339), though the Latin coins seem to have the fuller weight, normal for coins from the mint of Rome which they copy. The regal coins have the weights shown in the table below. This might suggest the use of five (or perhaps four) denominations, though this is not definite, and it is curious how the heavier denominations of Rhoemetalces III have the same diameter as those of lighter coins of Rhoemetalces I. The heaviest coins of Rhoemetalces look as if they are copying the general appearance of Roman sestertii, and this denomination would fit well with the pattern at Perinthus and in Bithynia.

Silver R hoem etalces T ib e riu s

3 1 m m , 13.43g (2)

2 4 m m , 5 .83g f i ) 2 3 m m , 6 .2 9 g ( 0

18m m , 3 .4 6 g (6)

Bronze R haescuporis I R hoem etalces I R hoem etalces I I I

19 m m , 8.20 g 2 8 m m , 1 4 .6 7 g

29 m m , 20.66 g

2 4 m m , I 3 .2 3 g

19

9 .7 5 g n u n , 6 .7 0 g

17 m m , 3.45 g 18m m , 4 .6 5 g 17 m m , 4 .5 4 g

14m m , 2 .0 4 g

y 2

T H R A C E : Thracian kings

The other civic coins were struck at the standards shown in the table below. It is difficult, however, to attach values to these coins. There is the usual problem of whether we should talk of Roman or local denominations, especially as there is some specific evidence for the use of non-Roman denominations. 1773, of Byzantium, bears the inscription ΔΡΑΧΜΑ and has a diameter of only 16 mm and an average weight of only 2.73 g. Assuming the coin is correctly dated to this period, it is hard to know what to make of it, though one might guess that it was made during the civil wars, when relatively high denominations could be made at very low standards (e.g., the ‘fleet coinage1 1453-70, 4088-93, Lampsacus 2272-3). On this interpretation the metrology of the Byzantian drachma would be exceptional (hence the need for an Abdera M aronea Im bros Byzantium Calchedon

19 mm, 6.64 g 21m m, 7.06g 19mm, 9.12g (II?) 18mm, 7.90g (I) 23 mm, 6.62 g

inscription to that effect: really a silver coin struck in bronze during an emergency?), and of no help in the elucidation of the denominations in use at other times or elsewhere. Some of the coins of Imbros appear to have value marks. 1735 has a horizontal line, while 1734 perhaps has a double line. These might indicate denominations (a line was the normal abbreviation for an obol), but this is not certain and does not necessarily preclude the use of Roman denomi­ nations elsewhere in Thrace; if they were in general use, then one would guess, on the analogies of Achaea (p. 246) and Asia (p. 374) that the 6-7 g coins of Abdera, Maronea and Calchedon were asses, and that the c. 3-4 g coins of Abdera, Maronea, Byzantium and Calchedon were semis­ ses, but this must remain speculative.

16 mm, 19mm, 17mm, '9 mm, 18mm,

2.83 g 3.99g 5-39g 4.45 g 4.06g

16mm, 1.57g

Thracian kings The coinage of the Thracian kings was studied by Yordanka Youroukova, Coins of the Ancient Thracians, BAR Supplementary Series 4, 1976, on which this account draws extensively. The coinages of Koson, Rhaescuporis I, Rhoemetalces I, II and III are considered here, as they are Roman in essence.

Koson The attribution of 1701 to a Thracian dynast named Koson raises problems. Since Eckhel (DN V I,23), this series of gold staters was assigned to L. Brutus who, according to Appian (BC IV ,75), struck coins from the treasures con­ signed to him by Polemocratia, the widow of the Thracian dynast Sadalas. The obverse type is indeed copied from the denarii of M. Iunius Brutus struck in 54 b c (RRC 443/1), but the coins were issued by an independent dynast named ΚΟΣΩΝ. According to Head (HN2, p. 289) and M. Bahrfeldt (‘Über die Goldmünzen des Dakerkönigs ΚΟΣΩΝ’, Berliner Münzblätter, 1912, pp. 366-81), the monogram ß. does not stand for BR(utus) but for ΟΛΒ, the place of mintage. The eagle holding a wreath is one of the Olbian types and there­ fore this issue should be given to a Scythian king Koson or Kotison who died in c. 29 b c . See also Crawford, CMRR, p . 238, n. 60. The Thracian attribution is retained here, but the Scythian origin is probably the correct one. [See now O. Iliescu, QT, 1990, pp. 185-214.]

Rhaescuporis I

(c.

48-42

bc

)

Series 1702—3 were traditionally attributed to Rhaescuporis II and Kotys IV and dated to a d 12-19. But Youroukova

(pp. 40-53) convincingly demonstrated that 1702 and 1703 had been issued under Rhaescuporis I and Kotys II. Rhaescuporis I was a loyal ally to Brutus and he gave him the most active assistance in the war against the Bessi. The reverses of 1702 and 1703 derive from the coinage of Brutus struck in 43-42 b c (RRC 502/3 and 505/5 respectively). 1702 and 1703 represent two denominations, the smaller of which is probably the half of the larger: i8 -ig m m , 8.20g (2) 17 -1 8 mm, 3.45g (3)

Rhoemetalces I

(c. 11

b c —a d

i

2)

Rhoemetalces I ruled over the whole of Thrace from c. 11 b c to a d 12. Besides his bronze coinage, silver coins were issued in Byzantium in his name and in Augustus’s name ( 1774 - 5 )· His bronze coinage falls into two groups. One group (1704-7) has no portraits on it. The choice of the types, however, refers to Roman authority: the capricorn (1704, 1705, 1707) is the zodiacal sign of Augustus, the fasces, a sella curulis and a spear ( 1704—6) symbolise Roman power. Youroukova supposed that this group was struck in c. 11 b c when Rhoemetalces came to the throne and received from Augustus the symbols of his power. The second group has portraits on it: four portraits (1708-10: Rhoemetalces and his queen Pythodoris/ Augustus and Livia), three portraits (1711-13: Rhoemetalces and Pythodoris/Augustus), two portraits (Rhoemetalces/Augustus). According to the fabric of the coins, Rhoemetalces seems to figure on the obverse and Augustus on the reverse, and not the contrary.

T H R A C E : Thracian kings { 1701-1706)

At least four denominafions were struck (see table below). They could represent the equivalent of a dupondius, an as, a semis and a quadrans (?). Series 1710 is also probably a dupondius, but has a smaller diameter and weight than 1708-9 (25 mm, 12.21 g) and might be later in the reign. Series 1715-17, with two portraits, has a larger diameter and a heavier weight than 1718-20, on which two portraits also figure. 1718—20 might also be later than I 7 I 5- *1*?.

Rhoemetalces II

(c

a d

19-36)

Until Youroukova’s study, no coinage was attributed to Rhoemetalces II. But a hoard found at Gruevo, buried in the mid-thirties according to Youroukova, containing 449 coins usually attributed to Rhoemetalces I, could provide a fresh picture of the coinage of Rhoemetalces II, the nephew of Rhoemetalces I. Youroukova attributes series 1711, 1718 and 1721 to Rhoemetalces II. Series 1721 is here given to Rhoemetalces

gig

II, as the title ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ and the portrait figuring on it seem more characteristic of Tiberius. But series 1711 and 1718 were kept under Rhoemetalces I, until the detailed publication of the hoard of Gruevo is published.

Rhoemetalces III

(c .

a d

38-46?)

Rhoemetalces III was given the throne of Thrace by Cali­ gula and at least series 1722 refer to that event. To the traditional series 1722-4 must certainly be added series 1725-6, as suggested by Burnett, Mélanges P. Bastien, p. 26, n. 4. These coins were attributed to Judaea and Agrippa, but the style and the six o’clock die axis are those of the coinage of Rhoemetalces III, and they are probably smaller denominations of 1722-4. A system of four denominations was probably struck (see table below). These denominations were perhaps intended to pass as sestertii, dupondii, asses and semisses (see p. 3 1 1 )·

R h o e m e ta lc e s I 2 7 -g m m

2 2 - 4

m m

1 8 m m

14 - 1 5

m m

1708-1709 14.67 g (6) 1711-1713 9 .73g (29) i7 i8 - i7 2 0 4 .6 5 g (31) 1706-1707 2 .04g (5) R h o e m e ta lc e s I I I

28-gmm

2 4 -5

IQ -2 0

m m

m m

i j m m

1722 20.66g (4)

1723-172413.23g (2) 1 7 2 5 6 .7 0 g (3)

1726

K oson 1701

R h o e m e ta lc e s I (c . n

A V (stater). 20m m , 8 .4 2 g (io g ).^ S d s: 12. T h race 208, 1-2, B ahrfeldt, Berliner Münzblätter 1912, 3 6 6 -8 1

BMC

bc- ad

4-54g

(')

12)

Group without portraits 1704

AE. i7 - i8 m m , 3 .7 9 g (4). Axis: var. Y ouroukova 165-7, ph X X I

Procession of three m en in R om an togas, 1., the forem ost and hindm ost carrying an axe over shoulder; in exergue, ΚΟΣΩΝ Eagle standing, 1., on sceptre, holding w reath in one claw

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; fasces an d capricorn ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ; sella curulis an d sceptre I· p 3 o 8 > 3-65; 2· P 3 ° 9 > 4 -o6 ; 3 . L 1 9 1 3 -6 -2 1 -5 , 3.99; 4 . C o p 1196, 3.46; 5. Sofia 6452; 6. S ofia 4536; 7. Sofia 6974; 8 . B 770/1914. O n 7, ΡΓ ab o v e th e sella. C o u n te rm ark : M a le b u st, 1., in a c ircu lar p u n ch , on 8 ( G I C 145).

A - w ith m o n o g ra m β on th e obv. in th e field: i . P 3, 8.54; 2—7 5 . See B ah rfeldt 368; B - w ith o u t m o nogram : 1. P 4, 8.43; 2—3 7 . See B ahrfeld t 368-9. 1705

AE. i 7m m , 2.30g (1). Axis: 6. Y ouroukova 168, pi. X X I

R h a e sc u p o ris I ( c . 4 .8 -4 2 1702

bc)

A E. 18 -1 9 m m , 8.20 g (2). Axis: 12. Y ouroukova 153-6, pi. X X ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΚΟΤΥΣ; diadem ed bust, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΡΑΙΣΚΟΥΠΟΡΙΔΟΣ; V ictory holding w reath and palm , 1. i . P 3 1 3 , 7.51; 2. P 315, 8.88; 3—4 . L = bmc 1-2; 5. Sofia 5035; 6. Sofia 6117; 7. Sofia 2914; 8. Sofia 9408.

1703

As 1704 As 1704, b u t m ale head above the sella; on the sella, ΡΓ

AE. i7 - i8 m m , 3.45g (3). Axis: 12. Y ouroukova 157, pi. X X As 1702, b u t V ictory holds trophy i . P 3 1 4 , 2.62; 2. P 316, 4.46; 3. P lovdiv, 3.28.

i . S o fia 6 5 2 3 ; 2. L 1 9 8 2 -6 -6 -2 , 2.30. 1706

AE. 14-15 m m , 2.04g

(5)·

Axis: 12 or 6.

Y ouroukova 160-4, ph X X I ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; fasces B(A) ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ; sella curulis an d spear I. P 3 1 1, 2.48; 2. P 301, 2.01; 3—4 . L = BMC I O-I I, 1.71, 1.70; 5. E velpidis 1126, 2.28; 6. Sofia 6460; 7. S ofia 6924; 8. Sofia 2863; 9 . Sofia 6461; 10. Sofia 5684.

jj 14

1707

T H R A C E : Thracian kings ( 1707-1720)

AE. 14-15 mm .

T W O

Y ouroukova 158-9, pi. X X I

1713

K ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; capricorn w ith globe, r. ]P O IM H [ ; V ictory holding w reath a n d palm , r.

P O R T R A I T S

AE. 32 mm . Y ouroukova 176, pi. X X II [ ] P[ ]H [ ]; h ead of R hoem etalces, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ Σ [ ; b are head o f A ugustus, r.

i . Sofia 6976; 2. Sofia 8422. C o u n te rm ark : M ale h ea d , L, in a n oval p u n ch , on 2 ( G IC 146).

i . Sofia 7367. C o u n te rm ark s: H e a d , 1., o n rev. o f i { G IC 159); ea r o f b arley on rev. o f 1 [ G IC 406).

Group with portraits 1714 F O U R 1708

P O R T R A I T S

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΡΕΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ (sic):, d iadem ed h ead of R hoem etalces, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (sic); b are head o f A ugustus, r.

AE. 2 7 -9 m m , 14.86g (5). Axis: 6. Y ouroukova 182-4, 186, pi. X X I I I ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ POIMHT ΑΛΚΟ Y ; ju g a te heads of R hoem etalces, diadem ed, an d his queen Pythodoris, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; ju g a te heads of A ugustus, laureate, an d L ivia d rap ed , r.; in front, capricorn and globe

I.

1715

O

= AMC

8 4 3 , 7.15.

AE. 23 m m , 7.37 g (4). Axis: 6. Y ouroukova 171-5, pi. X X I ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ; diadem ed h ead of R hoem etalces, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; b are head, r.; in front, capricorn

P 3 0 5 , 12.86; 2—3. L = BMC 1-2, 15.56, 12.69; 4 * L 1920-9-7—10, 16.44; 5 · Sofia 10810-59; 6. Sofia 6750; 7. Sofia 6752; 8. Sofia 6189; 9 . O = AMC 8 5 Ο , 1 6 . 7 4 . C o u n te rm ark : Pf on obv. o f 1, 3, 8 { G IC 636). I.

1709

AE. 2 3m m , 7.15g (1). Axis: 6.

i . L 1 9 1 3 - 2 1 - 2 - 6 , 7.32; 2. L 1 9 3 7 -6 -1 4 -3 , 7.18; 3 . P 296, 6.21; 4 . P 1989/9, 8.75; 5. Sofia 6458; 6. Sofia 6454; 7. Sofia 6457; 8. Sofia 6922; g . Sofia 3174. C o u n te rm ark : Fd o n obv. o f 7, 8 a n d 9 ( G I C 636).

AE. 27—9 m m , 13.72g (1). Axis: 12. Y ouroukova 185, 187, pi. X X I I I As 1708, b u t m onogram H on the neck of Rhoem etalces As 1708

1716

AE. 23 m m , 7 .1 0 g (2). Axis: 6. As 1715, b u t sm all b u st (K otys IV ) in front, r., an d m onogram PI on neck o f R hoem etalces As 1715

i . P S e y m o u r d e R ic c i, 13.72; 2. Sofia 5627; 3. S ofia 6452. C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , 1. (?), in a c ircu lar p u n c h ( G IC 145-6?).

I.

1710

L 1 9 1 5 -6 -3 -1 1 ,

6.76; 2. J S W , 7.45.

AE. 25m m , 12.21 g (2). Axis: 6. Y ouroukova 188-93, pi· Χ Χ Π

1717

A E. 18m m , 4 .8 8 g (1). ^ x is : 6.

As 1709, b u t sm all b u st (K otys IV ) in field, r. As 1 7 0 8 -9

As 1716 As 1716

r . L 1 9 0 3 -5 -4 -7 , 14.09; 2 . P 306, 10.33; 3. S o fia 6 4 5 3 ; 4 . S ofia 2100; 5 . Sofia 1026; 6. Sofia 7353; 7. Sofia 6456; 8 . Sofia 6749; 9. N Y , 9.71. 9 h as a sm aller d ia m e te r (20 m m ). ______ C o u n te rm ark s: A n ch o r on obv. o f 6 { G IC 371); P V B L on obv. o f 9 ( G IC 656); m a le h ea d , r. (?), w earing d ia d e m on obv. o f 7, 8 a n d 9 ( G IC 54).

ï . C o ll. B , 4.88. C o u n te rm ark : T R ? o n obv., o n i.

1718

A E. 18m m , 4 .6 2 g (28). Axis: 6. Y ouroukova 194-200, pi. X X IV

T H R E E 1711

P O R T R A I T S

AE. 2 2 -4 m m , 9.6 6 g (25). Axis: 6.

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ; diadem ed head of R hoem etalces, r.

Y ouroukova 204-8, pi. X X IV

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; b a re head, r.

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ; ju g a te heads of R hoem etalces, diadem ed, a n d his queen P ythodoris, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; bare head of A ugustus, r.

ï . P 3 1 2 , 5.22; 2—i i . P 2 9 2 -5 , S ey m o u r de R icci, D elep ierre, 4.10, 4.06, 3.78, 4.69, 4.76, 4.65, 4.43, 3.61, 5.62; 1 2 - 1 4 . L = bmc 7 -9 , 4.86, 4.19, 5.12; 15. L R P K 103, no. i, 4.97; 16. L 1 9 2 0 -9 -7 -9 , 4.06; 17. L 1 9 2 1 -2 13-190. 3-96; 18. L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -7 6 0 , 4.25; 1 9 - 2 2 . C o p 1192-5, 4.55, 5.35, 4.93, 4.27; 23—26. T ü b in g e n sng 9 7 4 -7 , 5.78, 5.12, 4.94, 4.84; 2 7 . Sofia 43; 28. Sofia 4184; 29. Sofia 2393; 3 0 . Sofia 1095/65; 3 1 . Sofia 10952/65; 3 2 . Sofia 4580; 3 3 . Sofia 6239; 3 4 . Sofia 3188; 3 5 —3 6 . E velpidis 1124-5, 4.82, 5.08.

i . P 29 9 , 9.75; 2—9 . P 297, 298, 301, 302, S eym our d e R icci, D elepierre, 7.94, 10.76, 9.96, 11.04, 9·9°> δ . 34, 10.09, 8.88; i o —12. L = bmc 4 -6 , 8.46, 9.72, 9.41; 13. L RPK. 103, no. 2, 9.40; 14. L 1 9 1 5 -6 -3 -1 0 , 10.61; 15. L 1 9 4 9 -4 -1 1 -2 9 8 ,8 .2 5 ; 1 6 -1 7 . C o p 1188-9, 10.55, 10.18; 18—19. T ü b in g en SN G 9 7 2 -3 , 9.45, 9.30; 20—2 5 . O = AMC 837—42, 11.06, 10.34, 10.4 9 ,8 .2 4 , 8.87, 9.57; 26. S ofia 1477; 27. Sofia 44; 28. Sofia 3538; 29. Sofia 871; 3 0 . Sofia 6751; 3 1 . P 300, 12.96. C o u n te rm ark s: P K on obv. o f 14 a n d 26 ( G IC 632); A on rev. o f 15 a n d 27 ( G I C - ) . 1712

1719

As 1718 As 1718, b u t capricorn in front, r.

AE. 2 2 -4 m m , g.41 g (3). Axis: 6.

i · L 1 9 1 3 - 6 - 2 1 - 3 , 4.97.

Y ouroukova 177-81, pi. X X I I I As 1711, b u t long-necked vase in th e field, r. i . P 3 0 7 , 10.30; 2. P 304, 8.56; 3 . C op 1190, 9.39; 4 . Sofia 6455; 5. Sofia 757; 6. Sofia 6921; 7. Sofia 1551; 8. Sofia 6454.

A E. 18m m , 4 .9 7 g (1). Axis: 6.

1720

A E. 18 m m , 4.90 g (2). Axis: 6. As 1718—19 As 1718, b u t long-necked vase in the field, r. i . L 1 9 1 3 —6 - 2 1 —4, 5.01; 2. P 291, 4.78.

T H R A C E : Thracian kings, Abdera ( 17 2 ι - ι 730)

ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ; lau reate h ead of C aligula, 1. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ POIMHT ΑΛΚΑΣ; diadem ed a n d d raped b u st of R hoem etalces I I I , 1.

R h o e m e ta lc e s I I ( c . A D i g - 3 6 ) 1721

3 /5

AE. 24m m , 10.36g (1). Axis: 6.

I.

L =

bmc

2, 14.61; 2. P 1981/357, 11.85; 3 * Sofia 209; 4 . Sofia 210.

Y ouroukova 201-3, pi. X X IV ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ POIMHT ΑΛΚΟ Y ; busts o f R hoem etalces II, diadem ed, and his queen, r. ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΡΟΡΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; bare head of T iberius, r.

1724

A E. 24 m m , ?. Y ouroukova 210, pi. X X V As 1723 As 1723, b u t bust, r.

i , P 3 0 3 , 10.36; 2. Sofia 6531; 3. Sofia 3539; 4 . Sofia 3042. C o u n te rm ark : P K on obv. o f 4 ( G IC 632).

i . S o fia 7 4 4 7 . 1725

A E. 1 9 -2 0 m m , 6.70g (3). Axis: 6. M eshorer, Ancient Jewish Coinage, 278, no. 2

R h o e m e ta lc e s I I I 1722

(c. a d

3 8 -4 6 ? )

ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ; lau reate h ead o f C aligula, 1. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ (retrograde); V ictory holding p alm and w reath, r.

AE. 28-9 m m , 20.66 g (4). Axis: ?.

i . L — bmc A g rip p a 21, 6.41; 2. J e ru s a le m H eb rew U n iv ., 6.40; 3 . P V , 7.29; 4 . B (I-B = gm 770, no. 811).

Y ouroukova 212-13, pi. y X V - X X V I ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΕ lau reate head o f C aligula, 1. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ POIMHTΑΛΚΑΣ ΚΟΤΙΩΣ; C aligula in toga seated on throne, 1., giving diad em (?) to Rhoem etalces I I I standing in front o f him

1723

1726

A E. 17m m , 4 .5 4 g (1). Axis: 6. M eshorer 278, no. 3

i . Sofia 1303; 2. Sofia 6809; 3 . L = bmc i , 20.67; 4 . M M 41/1980, 320, 20.91.

As 1725 As 1725, b u t eagle stan d in g to front, head 1., holding w reath in beak

AE. 25m m , 13.23g (2). Axis: 6.

i. L =

bmc

A g r ip p a 22, 4-54; 2. B (Fox = Beschreibung I, 335).

Y ouroukova 20g, pi. X X V

Abdera The coinage of Abdera was discussed and catalogued by M. L. Strack in AMNG Band II: Die antiken Münzen von Thrakien (1912), pp. 1-127, and the Hellenistic coinage has been briefly surveyed by O. Picard, CRWLR, p. 82. After the second century b c , there seems to have been no coinage until the early imperial period, when fairly sparse issues of coinage were made until the middle of the second century. The coinage of the period was struck in two denomi­ nations, the smaller of which is presumably supposed to be half of the larger:

C la u d iu s 1728

[ 5 ]

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΩ ΚΑΙΣ(ΑΡΙ) ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΩ ΣΕΒΑΣ; bare head, 1. ΘΕΩ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΑΒΔΗΡΕΙΤΩΝ; b are head o f A ugustus, 1. i . L 1 9 0 9 —5—2—i , 5.98; 2—5 . See amng; 6. V 34760, 5.73. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1. 1729

19-20 mm, 6.64 g (16) 16 mm, 2.83 g (4)

L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6 .5 2 g (4). Axis: 6. AMNG 242

L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .2 6 g (2). Axis: 6. am ng

[ 3 ]

243 corr.

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΑΒΔΗΡΕΙΤΩΝ; lau reate head, 1. ΝΙΚΗ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ; Nike standing, 1., on basis, holding w reath an d p alm branch

The types used are, on the larger denomination, a head of the divine Augustus (compare Magnetes, 1421fr.), or, on the smaller, a figure of Nike. Although the Nike is of the current emperor, it is presumably generic, rather than refer­ ring to a specific campaign.

i . L 1983—12—12—I , 3.96; 2. B K a t 139, 2.56; 3. M u B ith y n iu m 2 (= R ec B ith y n iu m no. 3). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.

N e ro T ib e r iu s L eaded bronze. 20m m , 6 .2 6 g (8). Axis: 12.

1730 1727

L eaded bronze. 20m m , 7.51g (4). Axis: 1 o r 7. AMNG

[ 4 ]

241

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ; lau reate head, r. ΘΕΩ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΑΒΔΗΡΕΙΤΩΝ; bare head of A ugustus, r. i . L 1921—i i — i —i , 8.82; 2. P 101, 6.63; 3 . B, 6.60; 4 . C o p 381 (not illu stra te d ), 7.97; 5. J P R , 5.78; 6—9 . B C D (casts in P ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

AMNG

[ 8 ]

244

ΝΕΡΩΝΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ; b are head, 1. ΘΕΩ ΑΒΔΗΡΕΙΤΑΙ; bare h ead o f A ugustus (?), 1. 1 8 9 9 - 4 - 1 - 8 , 8 .74; 2 —8 . See amng; 9 —1 0 . C o p 382 -3 , 5.60, 4.99; V 33684, 4.37; 1 2 . C H a rt, 6.38. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1 . S trac k reg ard e d th e h ea d o n th e rev. as th a t o f C la u d iu s (?), b u t A u g u stu s seem s m o re likely in view o f the sim ilar pieces for T ib eriu s a n d C lau d iu s. i.

L

i i

.

g i6

1731

T H R A C E : Abdera, Maronea, Lemnos, Imbros ( 1731-1733)

AE. 16m m , 2.39g (2). Axis: 6 o r 12.

[ 3 ]

i . B I-B , 2.36 ( — mg 41.17); 3—3. B K a t 141, D ressel, 2.41, —; 4 . D resd en (see amng).

AMNG 245

ΝΕΡΩΝΙ ΚΑΙΣ API ΑΒΔΗΡΕΙΤΑΙ; laureate head, 1. NEIKH ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ; N ike standing, 1., on basis, holding w reath an d palm b ranch

Maronea The Hellenistic coinage (in silver and bronze) has been briefly surveyed by O. Picard, CRWLR, pp. 82-4, and most recently catalogued by E. Schönert-Geiss, Die Münzprägung von Maroneia (1987). In the early Empire, there was a single issue from Maronea, for Nero. The use of a radiate portrait suggests a connection with Nero's visit to Greece in 66—7. There were also ‘autonomous' imperial coins from Maronea. Their use of the rounded £, rather than the square E, however, suggests a rather later date, perhaps in the third century.

N ero 1732

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 7.06 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 3 ]

Schönert 1698-9 ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; rad iate head, 1. ΜΑΡΩΝΕΙΤΩΝ; heroic b ust o f Dionysus, r. i . L 1890—7—2—2, 7.73; 2. B I-B , 7.43; 3. P 845, 6.01. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i. 1733

AE. 19m m , 3.99g (1).

[ i ]

S chönert 1700 As 1732, b u t sm aller denom ination (?) I· C , 3 -9 9 -

Lemnos A small issue was minted, probably at Athens, for the Athenian cleruchy at Lemnos. These coins have been dated

immediately after Actium by J. H. Kroll, Archaiologikon Deltion 27 (1972), Mel., pp. 104—4.

Imbros Although in the second century the island of Imbros was in the province of Achaea (B. Gerov, ANRWW.t. i , p. 232), it is treated here as a part of Thrace, for the sake of simplicity. It produced very little coinage in the imperial period, and nothing necessarily later than the reign of Augustus. There is a certain amount of confusion surrounding the coins attributable to Imbros, and we are grateful to C.J. Howgego for advice on the countermarks which appear on the coins. For two issues (1734 and 1736), however, there is no difficulty since they have the abbreviated ethnic IMB and have been on Imbros. Next, there is a rare issue without ethnic but with the same type (caps of the Dioscuri between a caduceus) as on 1737 and the retrograde inscription ΜΕΓ. The attribution to Imbros is in no doubt, however, in view of the use of the same type as coins with IMB and the report by U. Kohler (AM, 1882, pp. 149-50) that one was purchased in a group of other coins of Imbros. Köhler also suggested that the legend stood for MET(AAWN 0 EWN). Finally, there are two issues without ethnic but both with the reverse type of an ithyphallic herm, whose attribution wanders between Imbros, Lampsacus and Mytilene. The larger of these two (1735) is reasonably securely assigned to Imbros, since it has on both sides the same countermark of a star (GIC 431) as 1736 with IMB. In addition the obverse style, portrait and legend ΣΕΒΑΣ are the same.

The smaller and equally rare issue (1738), which has a very different style of portrait, has a similar countermark, but only on the reverse (GIC 440). This different behaviour of the countermark neither helps nor excludes the attribu­ tion of this issue to Imbros; it may be that the countermark appears only on the reverse because it is accompanied by an incuse star countermark on the obverse. There seems no real basis for the attribution to Lampsacus: certainly there is no trace of the legend ΛΑΜΨΑΚΗΝΩΝ as reported by AMC (1192). Moreover, the ithyphallic herm seems very different in pose from the Priapus on definitely Lampsacene coins (e.g., 2276), but very similar to that on the larger denomination with ΣΕΒΑΣ. Nor is the 6 o’clock die axis an objection to the attribution, since some coins of the MET issue (1737) also have that axis. Moreover, Imbros was the home of Hermes, and an ithyphallic Hermes appeared on its bronze coinage in the fourth century b c . Thus it seems likely that it, too, should be given to Imbros, although there must be a certain amount of doubt. The identity of the portrait is uncertain: it may be of Augustus, or of one of his successors, like Tiberius. The pattern of denominations is not clear. There is certainly a smaller denomination of 17-18 mm, and 5-5.5 g, but it is not certain whether the two larger coins represent one or two denominations. There is no significant difference in size, but the weights do seem to be systematically (if only

T H R A C E : Imbros, Sestos (1734-1740)

slightly) different; moreover, if it is correct to think that the heavier has two lines and the lighter one line, then these may be marks of value, rather like the III at Melos. In addition to the coinage produced for Imbros alone, there was a small issue, probably minted at Athens, for the Athenian cleruchy at Imbros. These coins have been dated immediately after Actium by J. H. Kroll, Archaiologikon Deltion 27 (1927), Mel., pp. 101-4.

1 7 3 6 AE. 18 m m , 5 .6 0 g (g). Axis: 12.

ΣΕΒΑΣ; bare head, r. IMB; caduceus betw een caps o f the D ioscuri a n d stars n· p x9 3 7 > 6 -9 2; 2· O , 5 -0 9 ; 3 · C o p 967, 5.62; 4 - 8 . B inc. K a t 3 7 -9 , 5.48, 6.01, 6.32, 4.52, 5.32; 9 —10. N Y , 4.43, 6.13; i i . A (P o sto lacca 1128: ‘IMBPI5), 5.15; 12. Be (R4142) O n 2, in O , th e re is no cad u ceu s o n the rev.: this m ay p o ssibly rep resen t a se p a ra te issue. C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G I C 431: 2 -1 2 ).

[ 4 ]

Bare head, r.; behind, sta r (traces of legend?) Γ E M; caduceus betw een caps o f the D ioscuri an d stars

___________________________

1 7 3 4 AE. 19m m , 9.12g (4). Axis: 12.

[ 10 ]

C op 967

1 7 3 7 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 5.03 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6.

A u g u s tu s

5/7

i . B L ö b b , 5.49; 2—3. B 218/1897 = K a t 37, I-B , 4.88, 4.06; 4 . L 1 8 7 7 -8 2—9, 5.69; 5. P V , 3.40. See A M , 1882, 149-50. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 4. C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G I C 431: 1-3).

[ 3 ]

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.

IMB; head o f Apollo, r., w ith lyre (?) before i . B I-B , 9.13; 2—3. B 1175/1878 = K a t 39, I-B (—mg 50, 50), 9.55, 8.08; 4 . A (P ostolacca, pi. V .1126), 9.71. T h e ticket u n d e r 2 records th a t ‘drei d e ra rt, fan d F red ric h a u f Im b ro s 4. T h e id entification o f th e lyre before the h ead o f A pollo is n o t ce rtain ; it m ay be tw o sh o rt h o riz o n tal lines, ra th e r like the single line on 1735. C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G I C 431: 1-4).

1 7 3 5 AE. 18m m , 7.90g (4). Axis: 12.

U n c e rta in em peror

(For probable attribution to Imbros, see introduction) 1738

AE. 17m m , 5 .2 3 g (3). Axis: 6.

[

3

]

AMC 1192 corr.

[ 5 ]

Ithyphallic herm (H erm es Im b rian u s), r.; to 1., short horizontal line (?)

ΣΕΒΑ [ ; b are head, r. Ithyphallic herm , r.; uncertain o b ject/letter/m o n ogram in lower r. field

i . N Y , 7.05 (u n d e r M y tilen e); 2. P M y tilen e 287, 8.23; 3—4 . B I-B a n d IB, 8.15, 8.16; 5. P U n c e rta in , 8.27. C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G IC 431: 2 -4 ).

I. 0 = A M C 1 1 9 2 , 5.22 (L a m p sacu s); 2. P 7 9 6 , 5.35; 3. B 667/1927, 5.11. A ll from th e sam e obv. die. C o u n te rm ark s: In cu se s ta r o n obv. a n d s ta r on rev. ( G I C 440: 1-3).

ΣΕ Β Α Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.

Sestos The Thracian Chersonese was administratively separate from the rest of Thrace under its own procurator (see, e.g., B. Gerov, ANRW W p.i, pp. 231-2). The only place to produce coinage during the relevant period was Sestos. The coinage of Sestos is plagued with uncertainty at this period. There are definitely issues for CCBACTOC, ΓΑΙΟΣ KAI[, ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔ KAICAP and Ν8ΡΩΝ KAICAP, probably to be identified as Augustus, Caligula, Claudius and Nero. To judge from the youthful draped portrait, the Nero is perhaps Nero Caesar under Claudius; on the other hand, the coin is much more common than that of Claudius, so it is possible that it represents an issue early in Nero‘s sole reign. A coin in L (1880-6-1-5), which has sometimes been read as a coin of ΓΑΛΒΑ KAIC[AP], is almost certainly of Trajan, reading TPAIA[NOC] KAIC[AP] (as P 1918). There is also a coin which has been attributed to Domitian (BMC 16); this, however, has Σ rather than C, which is otherwise the constant form of the letter used in the ethnic. This suggests an early date for the coin, which is very tentatively attributed to the youthful Augustus. (There are, however, other coins definitely of Domitian, e.g. Cop 949, Evelpidis 1069.) The reverse types used are traditional: on the larger denomination there is a lyre and on the smaller a cornucopia. The use of the form W in the ethnic on coins in the name

of the ICPA CYNKAHTOC (as BMC 13) suggests a secondcentury date (PTrajan) for their production. The coins are very similar to those made at Abydus (just across the Hellespont), both in terms of size and general appearance: compare the placing of the legend on the coins of Augustus (1740 with 2284) or the portrait of Nero (1744 with 2291). The similarities do not, however, seem suffi­ ciently close in detail (e.g., the different treatments of the lyre) fully to justify thinking in terms of a single engraver. A u g u s tu s (?) 1 7 3 9 AE. 15m m , 4 .5 6 g (1). Axis: 6 ( 1 ) .

[ 1 ]

BMC 16 (‘D o m itian “) L au reate head, r. ΣΗ Σ[ ; lyre i. L =

bmc

16, 4.56; 2. L ischine 1197.

A u g u s tu s *i. 1 7 4 0 AE.

I

7m m , 2.25g ( 0 · Axis: 12.

C8BACTOY; bare head, r. CHCTI; lyre i . B I-B , 2.25; 2. B L öbb.

[ 2 ]

1741

AE.

13mm, 2.61g

(1). Axis:

12 (1).

[ i ]

(XBACTOY; b are head, r. CHC[ ; cornucopia

C la u d iu s 1743

i . B 3 1 0 /1 8 8 3 ( = K a t 37), 2.61.

L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 3 .7 9 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

I. B I-B , 3.59; *. C SNG 1786, 3.31; 3. N 6472; 4 . P U n c e rta in , 3.34. C o u n te rm ark : E ag le ( G IC 320: 1-4).

C a lig u la 1742

A E. 17m m , 3.4.5g (2). Axis: 12. ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔ KAICAP; lau reate head, r. CHCTIQN; lyre

[ 3 ]

ΓΑΙΟΣ K A E A [P ]; bare head, r. CHCTIQN; lyre

N e r o (u n d e r C la u d iu s? ? ) 1744

i . L = bmc 14, 2.92 (read in g ΓΑ ΙΟ Σ[ ); 2. V 9187 (read in g ]ΙΟ Σ K A l[); 3. L ischine 1198; 4 . L 1 9 9 1 -1 -3 0 -ro i (read in g ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑ [), 4.55. C o p 945 is d escrib ed as a coin o f C alig u la ( ‘. .. O C’), b u t is in fact o f T ra ja n , as th e le tte r form W a n d th e sh ap e o f th e lyre show . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

A E. 17m m , 4 .8 6 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. BMC

[ 10 ]

15, C op 946

ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; bare-headed an d d rap ed bust, 1. CHCTIQN; lyre i . C M c C le a n 41795 4-95 (pi· 151.8); 2. L = bmc 15, 4.89; 3 . C o p 946, 6.20; 4 . P 1915, 3.99; 5 - 9 . B 356/1879 = K a t 38, 382/1873 = K a t 39, I-B , B -I, F ox = K a t 39; 10. V 34401. O n o n e specim en (8) th e rev. legend has ΝΩ for ΩΝ. A t least tw o obv. dies.

Perinthus Perinthus, the later Heraclea, was the capital of the prov­ ince of Thrace after its formation in 46, and the seat of the provincial governor or procurator. Its coinage has been fully catalogued and discussed by E. Schönert, Die Münzprägung von Perinthos (1965) = Sch. There seems no way of dating the Claudian coins more precisely within his reign, although they are presumably later than the formation of the province, as Schönert thought (regarding them as ‘Provinzialprägung’). There are a number of different issues for Nero and his mother Agrippina and his wife Octavia. The Agrippina issue shares a reverse die with one of the Octavia issues; rather oddly, Schönert placed them at the end of Claudius’s reign, despite the absence of any corresponding issue for young Nero. It is surely more likely that they were made at the beginning of Nero’s reign, and that they should be associated with the rare larger coin of Nero (1748) with a youthful portrait of Nero as CEBACTOC (note that all three types, Nero, Agrippina and Octavia, use C and £, rather than Σ and E); in addition, the legends for Nero and Octavia are in the genitive case. Presumably this group should be dated somewhere between 54 and 59. It is less easy to classify the remaining Neronian coins. They should perhaps be divided into two groups, that with C and that with Σ. The former comprises smaller denomi­ nation coins of Nero with two reverse designs (Hera and Apollo, 1751 and 1752); the second consists of large denomination coins for Nero with two, die-linked reverse types (Apollo and inscription in wreath, 1753 and 1754), and small denomination coins for Octavia and (presum­ ably, afterwards) Poppaea. In view of the absence of the later type of Neronian portrait and the presence of Poppaea, these two groups (if that is what they are) of issues should probably be dated between 59 and 62. It should be stressed, however, that this arrangement is very tentative (and that it takes no account of one rather uncertain issue, 1757). Schönert has also dated a number of ‘pseudo-auto­ nomous’ coins to the period of Claudius and Nero (pp. 24-

6). Her arrangement is followed here, although the chronology does not seem very secure. The types used have been fully discussed by Schönert and refer to the cults of Perinthus, notably those from Egyp­ tian religion (the figure or headdress of Isis, 1747, 1756 and 1767). The statue of Samian HPA refers to the foundation of Perinthus by Samian colonists (cf. Schönert, p. 1), and a very similar figure appears on contemporary Samian coins (2685), which also appear to have been influenced by the metrology of Perinthian coins, in view of their uncharac­ teristically large flans. The only historical type occurs on the large coins of Claudius, which show the emperor restor­ ing the Tyche of the city; this is explained by Schönert as commemorating the receipt by Perinthus of ‘Stadtrecht’ and, probably, ‘Münzrecht’ after the ending of the Thra­ cian kingdom, but one wonders whether there may be some more specific allusion (cf. the similar scenes on coins of Asia Minor referring to the emperor Tiberius's help after the disastrous Asian earthquake). In addition to the material catalogued by Schönert, Perinthus was almost certainly the mint of some ‘Roman’ type sestertii, dupondii and asses of Nero (1758-62). These rare coins are found in the northwest Balkans, and were listed by D. W. MacDowall in NC, i960, pp. 106—11. MacDowall attributed them to a mint probably in Moesia, but some of them have the same Galban countermarks as coins of Perinthus (ΓΑΛ KAI on the large denomination and ΓΑΛΒΑ on the smaller), and, in the case of ΓΑΛ KAI, the same punch was used to apply the countermark on both sorts of coins (see Schönert, p. 36, and Howgego, GIC 527). In view of the fact that countermarks were generally applied by a mint on to its own coins, the attribution of the Neronian coins to Perinthus seems reasonably sure. This attribution helps to explain the otherwise slightly odd fact that Perinthus seems to have made no coins after 62 (all the coins with the ethnic of Perinthus have the earlier pre-63 style of portrait, whereas the ‘Roman1i. coins all have the later sort).

T H R A C E : Perinthus (1745-1754)

It is less clear how relevant these coins may be to the question of the denominations made at Perinthus. The ‘Perinthian’ coins of Claudius and Nero were struck in two denominations, regarded as the ‘Dreier’ and the ‘Fünfer’ by Schönert (pp. 30-1). Some criticism of this general sort of approach to denominations was made by A. Johnston, NC, 1983, pp. 231-39. Here it is instructive to compare the metrology of the ‘Perinthian’ and ‘Roman’ issues of Perinthus: head, 1.: head, r.:

32mm, 18.96g (25) 26m m, 9.16g (48)

R e ig n o f N e ro

sestertius: dupondius: as:

59

1748

AE. 3 2m m , 23.55g (1)-

32 mm, 27.72 g (1) 16.56g (1) 26 mm, 10.27 g (5)

ΝΕΡΩ Ν Οε KAI CAPO C CEBACCTOY; lau reate head, r. ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; two crossed cornucopias

1749

A E. 2 6m m , 12.02g (3).

C la u d iu s

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΕΙΝΑ CEB ACTH; b ust o f A grippina, 1. ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; three ears o f corn betw een two poppies i . M , 10.77; 2—3. See Sch. A ll sam e dies; sam e rev. die as 1750/1 (O ctav ia). 1750

Brass. 26m m , 10.27g (2).

3

OKTAIAC CEBACTHC; b u st o f O ctavia, r. ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; three ears of corn betw een two poppies i . L 1 9 2 1 —2—13—1 63, 1 1.08; 2. See Sch. B o th from th e sam e obv. die. R everse die o f i is th e sam e as o f 1 7 4 9 /1 -3 (A g rip p in a ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

S e c o n d g r o u p ( c ) , N e r o a lo n e 1751

Brass. 2 6m m , 8.87g ( I0 )· Axis: 12.

1747

[ 6 ]

Sch 242-8 ΝΕΡΩΝ K AI CAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r. ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; statu e of H e ra of Samos, r. i . L = bmc 14, 8.84; 2—10. See Sch. Five obv. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i. 1752

AE. 25 m m , 8.26 g (4).

[ i ]

Sch 249-52 ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r. ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; Apollo standing, facing, playing cithara i . N Y , 7.48; 2—6 . See Sch. T h re e obv. dies. C o u n te rm ark : ΓΑΛΒΑ (G I C 526: 6).

T h i r d g r o u p ( Σ '), N e r o w i t h O c t a v i a a n d th e n P o p p a e a , and 63

AE. 3 2m m , 18.01 g (3).

[ 2 ]

Sch 229-30

I

Sch 222-3

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1. ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; Apollo standing, 1., w ith b ran ch an d sceptre

TI KAAYAIOC ΚΑΙ CAP CEBACTOC ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟ C; laureate head, 1. ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; C laudius restoring the T yche o f P erinthus

i . O , 18.35; 2—4. See Sch. A ll sam e obv. die, w h ich is also u sed for 1 7 5 4 (in scrip tio n in w reath ). C o u n te rm ark : ΓΑΛ KAI ( G IC 527: 4).

i . B 6 7 7 /1 9 1 2 , 26.47; 2—9 . See Sch. O n e obv. die. 1746

[ *1* ]

Sch 253-4

1753

[

[ o ]

Sch 227

b e tw e e n j g

A E. 31m m , 18.97g ( 7 )·

[ o ]

Sch 228

i . S ofia, 23.55.

It is not possible to make too much of this comparison at the moment, in view of the uncertainty about the diameter of the ‘Roman’ dupondius, and indeed the metal of the ‘Perin­ thian’ coins is brass. It might, however, be tempting to regard the ‘Perinthian’ coins as dupondii and asses, but this temptation should probably be resisted, in view of the relatively heavy weight of the larger Perinthian denomi­ nation. In fact, in view of the pattern of denominations elsewhere (see the introduction to Thrace, p. 311), it seems more likely that the larger Perinthian denomination is sup­ posed to be a sestertius or 4 as coin, and therefore that the smaller one is supposed to be a 2 as coin. A second group of coins which may be connected with Perinthus is the odd group of sestertii for Britannicus, Agrippina the Younger and young Nero, and dupondii for Agrippina the Younger and young Nero. These coins have recently been fully discussed by H.-M. von Kaenel, SNR, 1984, pp. 127—50: if any of them are genuine (which von Kaenel accepts), then they seem also to emanate from Thrace. The main difficulty with them is the absence of any corresponding pieces for Claudius; this, combined with the rather peculiar appearance of many of them, makes one feel rather hesitant about accepting them. Moreover, as there is no particular reason for linking them with Perinthus (except for their apparent Balkan origin and the position of Perinthus as the Roman capital), they have been omitted from this catalogue.

1745

54

F i r s t g r o u p , N e r o w i t h A g r ip p in a a n d O c ta v ia , b e tw e e n and

‘R o m a n 3

‘P e r in t h i a n ’

31g

AE. 31 m m .

1754

[ 1 ]

Brass. 3 1m m , 18.95g (t3)·

[ 3 ]

Sch 231-40

As 1746, b u t Σ instead o f C, an d lau reate head, r.

ΝΕΡΩΝ (ΚΑΑΥΔΙΟΣ) ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head,

i . P 885. O n e obv. die.

1.

AE. 26 mm , 8.15 g (4).

[ i ]

Sch 224-6 ΤΙ ΚΑΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΠΕΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ; Isis stan d in g 1., holding sistrum over altar, and sceptre i . M u 3 2.955 4 · P 3 °3 ^ ( = W a 2008), 2.66; 5· C o p 1629, 2.36· 2 w as illu stra te d by M av ro g o rd ato , pi. V I I . 12.

Silver R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s

3.7 g

_____________________

2412 AR. 18 m m , 2.71g (4).

2416

[ 6 ]

ΣΕ Β Α ΣΤ Ο ν; sphinx seated, 1.; before, b unch o f grapes ΔΙΟΓΕΝΗΣ Ε νΔ Η Μ Ο Σ; am p h o ra

I . B (I-B), 2.90 ( = g m 657, no. 399, w ith T a f. I X . 21 = M av ro g o rd ato , pi. V I I . 13). C o u n te rm ark : G rap es (G /C 4 1 3 : 1).

I . L = B M C 1 0 2 , 2.42; 2 . G 47 M G 656, no. 395), 3.16; 3. P ( — M G 656, no. 3 9 7 ), 2·5 5 ί 4 · F 3 ° 4 ° ( = W a 2011), 2.71; 5—6. B (L öbb, 23723). 1 w as an aly sed by W a lk er, M etrology, 57 (85% silv e r).

[ i ]

M avrogordato 81

Bronze F a u s to s

ΦΟΥΡ[ ]ΣΣΙΦΑΥΛΟΣ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΣ; sphinx seated, r. ΧΙΟ[Σ] ΔΙΟΓΕΝΗΣ Ε νΔ Η Μ Ο Σ; am p h o ra

2417

i . B ( = gm 656, no. 354, a n d T a t. I X .20), 3.78.

AE. 25 mm , 9.97 g (4). M avrogordato 95 Α ΣΣAPION; sphinx seated, 1., on club ΦΑΥΣΤΟΣ ΧΙΟΣ; a m p h o ra w ith cornucopia in field

M id - fi r s t c en tu ry A D ?

1—2. B, 11.30 ( = I-B m g 298, no. 137), 9-955 3 · C L eake, 7.14; 4. M u , 1 1.50. i is illu stra te d b y M av ro g o rd ato , pi. V I I I . 1. C o u n te rm ark : G rap es ( G I C 413: 1).

2414 AR. 18m m , 2.88g (3). M avrogordato 80

2418

ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔΩΡΟΣ; sphinx seated, r.; before, bunch of grapes ΧΙΟΣ ΡΑΒΙΡΙΟΣ; am p h o ra, w ith crescent (and star) in field i· L = B M C 57, 2.97; 2. P 3045 ( = W a 2016), 2.67; 3. B; 4 . C = s n g 4610, 2.99. N o t a com plete listing. T h is issue has been in cluded because the A in R ab irios has a d ro p p e d b ar, otherw ise o cc u rrin g only on the bronzes o f Ti K la u G orgias.

AE. 19m m , 3.70g (3). M avrogordato 86 Sphinx seated, 1. ΦΑΥΣΤΟΣ ΧΙΟΣ; am p h o ra w ith star in field I. P 3109,

3.30; 2. V , 3.49; 3 . C o p 1635, 4.31.

A n tio c h o s A p o llo n id o u *298 2419

A n tio c h o s I V (re ig n o f N e r o ? ) 2415 AE. 19m m , 2.84g (5 )·

[ i ]

MINV; sphinx seated, L, holding b unch of grapes BACIAEnC ANTIOXOY ΔΩΡΟ[Ν]; am phora

M avrogordato 82

2413 AR. 19m m , 3.78g (1).

AR. 19m m , 2.90g (1). M avrogordato 8g

L eaded bronze. 33 m m , 21.60 g (3).

[ 2 ]

M avrogordato 96a [ 5 I

M avrogordato 88 ?]ΦΗΣΙ[?ΝΟΣ]; sphinx seated, 1., holding w reath ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY ΔΩΡΟΝ; am p h o ra in olive w reath

ΤΡΙΑ ACCAPIA; sphinx seated, r., w ith paw over prow ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΥΥ'ΝΙΔΟΥ ΧΙΟΣ; am phora; in field, b u n ch of grapes i . L 1 9 2 0 —i i —4—4, 23.03; 2. P 3205, 20.08; 3. U n iv . o f B ologna ( = 298, no. 140), 21.84. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.

mg

A S IA : Chios, Myrina (2420—2426)

2420 AE. 27m m , 10.96g (2).

411

T i K l a u G o rg ia s D o ro th e o u

M avrogordato g6ß [ΑΧΣΑ]ΡΙΝ ΗΜΙΣΥ; sphinx seated, r., w ith paw over prow Α[ΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ] AIIOAAW NIAOY ΧΙΟΣ; crossed thyrsi betw een bunch of grapes an d can th aru s

2423

Leaded bronze.

17m m , 2.77g

(4)·

M avrogordato 92

Sphinx seated, r.; before, club

i . B , 11.05; *i.2 *4· A, 10.87.

ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥ ΓΟΡΓΙΑΣ ΔΩΡΟΘΕΟΥ, XIOC; am p h o ra r. L =

bm c

1 04, 2.85; 2. G 49, 2.56; 3 . P 3154 ( = W a 2020), 3.34; 4 . A

( = j ia n 19 1 1, 93); 5. G o, 3.16; 6. C o p 1638, 2.49. Q u a lita tiv e m etal

analysis on: i. See also a d d e n d a , 2 4 2 3 . C o u n te rm ark : G rap es ( G I C 413: 5).

S tep h a n e p h o ro s 2421 AE. 31m m , 12.25g (3)· M avrogordato 97a

A sm enos

ΟΒΟΛΟΣ; sphinx seated, r., w ith paw over prow ΣΤΕΦΑΝΗΦΟΡΟΣ ΧΙΟΣ; c a n th a ru s betw een cornucopia an d plem ochoe; all in w reath

2424 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3.04g ( i ï ). M avrogordato 90-1 a

i . M u , 12.Ϊ 0; 2. F ( = mg 298, no. 138), 14.40; 3 . C o p 1641, 10.26; 4 . N Y .T h e step h a n ep h o ro s w as th e eponym ous m a g istra te o f C hios; it is n o t clear w h eth e r th e o ccu rren ce o f th e w o rd h ere rep resen ts this title o r a p erso n al nam e.

Sphinx seated, 1. ACM£NOC XIOC; am phora i . L = b m c 105, 3.51; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 4 9 -4 -1 1 -8 5 8 a n d 859 (M av ro g o rd ato ), 2.85, 2.53; 4. L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 0 3 , 2.70; 5. L in d g ren 584, 2.86; 6 - 7 . C o p 1636-7, 3.13, 2.72; 8. vA 2280, 2.85; 9. C M cC le an (pi. 291.29), 2.65; 10—i ï . G 5 0 -1 , 4.08, 3.43. T h e ro u g h style a n d le tte r form s recall th e silver issue o f M in u - for A ntiochos (2 4 1 6 ). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 4.

2422 L eaded bronze. 20 mm , 3.65 g (4). M avrogordato 97p ΤΡΙΧΑΛΚΟΝ; sphinx seated, r., w ith paw over ? ΣΤΕΦΑΝΗΦΟΡΟΣ ΧΙΟΣ; can th a ru s w ith grapes i . L = b m c I I 2 , 3.34; 2 . A , 4.05; 3 . B (I-B = 4 . V , 3.60. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

mg

298, no. 139), 3.60;

Myrina In the Hellenistic period, Myrina had struck bronze, and, in particular, a very large issue of silver tetradrachms in the second century b c (see P. Kinns, in CRWLR, p. 107). Only three coins are known from Myrina during the early imperial period, one of Claudius and two which apparently read TI KA[ ] APOYCOC. Who is this? The reading is clearer on the O specimen, but the final sigma does seem probable on the P specimen (though not absolutely certain), thus excluding a reading ΤΙ ΚΛ... APOYCOY, Claudius (son) of Drusus: i.e., the emperor (the omission of YIOC would anyway be surprising). The Emperor Claudius had himself originally been called Ti Claudius Drusus, but only until the adoption of his father by Germanicus in a d 4; so it is extremely unlikely that he is intended. We can presumably also exclude Claudius Drusus, the father of Claudius (PW Claudius 139), since his praenomen was Decimus and then Nero. The only remaining Claudius Drusus is the son of Claudius and Urguanilla (PW 138: his other names are not attested), who was betrothed to the daughter of Sejanus, but who died in about a d 20. If this is correct, one would expect the issue to have been made during the reign of Tiberius (although there is a coin of Claudius as emperor from Myrina, it looks very different, and a posthumous issue for his long-dead eldest son seems unlikely, given the absence of any coins for Britannicus). The same person is perhaps the APOYCOC HPQC who appears on coins of Clazomenae (see 2500 and the discus­

sion there). This identification and dating is by no means certain, and it is also possible that the legend is mistaken, and the coin is supposed to represent, perhaps, Britannicus. The reverse type, Apollo, was traditional at Myrina. Only one denomination was made: i8m m /4.i2g (3).

T i C la u d iu s D r u s u s , a b o u t a d 20??? 2425

AE. 18m m , 4 .2 5 g (2). Axis: 12 (1).

[ 2 ]

TI KA[ ] APOYCOC; bare head, r. ΜΥΡΙΝΑΙΩΝ; lau reate an d d rap ed bust o f A pollo, r.; before, lyre I. O

(read s TI KA[

(APOYCOC), 4.04; 2. P 386 (read s (POY CO C), 4.46.

C la u d iu s 2426 AE. 18 m m , 3.86g (1). Axis: 12 (1). km

[

511

ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔ[ ] c e BA CTO C; b are head, r. ΜΥΡΙ[ΝΑ]ΙΩΝ; lau reate an d d rap ed b u st o f Apollo, r.; before, lyre i . B (I-B ) (=

km

511, 1), 3.86.

1

]

A egae Aegae had produced a small coinage of silver tetradrachms in the second century b c (P. Kinns in CRWLR, p. 107) and a substantial bronze coinage in the second and first cen­ turies B C . In the early imperial period, Aegae made two issues of coinage, one in the reign of Augustus and one in the reign of Claudius. The Augustan issue was in two denominations, the larger for Augustus and the smaller for Gaius and Lucius Caesar (previously incorrectly regarded as being of Lucius and Augustus). Both are signed by the same magistrate, the agonothete Diphilos Phaita. There is no precise indication of date, but the presence of Gaius and Lucius obviously suggests the last decade b c . The Claudian issue comprises coins of the larger denomi­ nation for Claudius (erroneously identified as Trajan by Mionnet: ZJN 20, 1875, P· 275), and of the smaller denomi­ nation for Messalina and also for Britannicus (previously incorrectly regarded as Germanicus). The Claudian coins have the full magistrate’s signature, ΕΠΙ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΏΡΟΥ ΠΟ ΥΙΟΥ ΧΑΛΕΟΥ TO B, while some of Britannicus’s coins have ΕΠΙ ΧΑΛΕΟΥ; other coins of Britannicus and all the coins of Messalina have no name, but, in view of the imperial persons involved, must surely be part of the same issue, which can therefore be dated between 43 and 48. It is not immediately clear how to expand the name of the magistrate. ΠΟ could stand for ΠΟ(λεως) (cf. Aphrodisias 2839, for ‘son of the city’) or for ΠΟ(πλίου) (=Poplios or Publius). Either way the full name would seem to be Apollodoros, son of Poplios (or the city), son of Chaleos, or possibly a double name: Apollodoros, son of Poplios, also known as Chaleos (for double names, see, e.g., B. Levick and S. Mitchell, Monuments from the Aezanitis, pp. lxi-lxii). The person named on the smaller coins of Britannicus must surely be the same man (especially as ΕΠΙ implies a magistracy of some kind); his name was presumably given in a short form because less space was available. The nature of his magistracy, which he held for the second time (το β'), is unclear. The traditional figure of Apollo is probably that of Apollo χρηστήριος, who had a temple at Aegae. The two denominations are: Augustus Gaius and Lucius Claudius Messalina Britannicus

on a misidentification of one of the two pieces of Claudius there. A u g u s tu s , C. I O - I B C 2427 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 6.22 g (3). Axis: 12. AMC

[

]

4

1247

ΑΙΓΑΕΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. ΔΙΦΙΛΟΣ ΦΑΙΤΑ ΑΓΩΝΟΘΕΤΑΣ; Apollo standing, r., holding taenia an d laurel b ran ch i . B (I-B ) ( — g m 631, 421), 6.67; 2 . B ( I- B ) ; 3 . O — a m c 1247, 4.98; 4 . L

I 9 75 _ 4 '“ r i_ 2°8, 7.00. T h e le tte r form s £ a n d C are used on th e rev. o f i. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 4.

2428 AE. 18 m m , 3.50g (1). Axis: 12 (1). gm

270, 2 U

[ o ]

c o rr.

ΑΙΓΑΕΩΝ ΛΕΥΚΙΟΝ; bare head of Lucius C aesar, r. ΓΑΙΟΝ Δ ΙΦ ΙΛ Ο ε ΦΑΙΤΑ ΑΓΩΝΟΘΕΤΑΕ; b are head of G aius C aesar, r. i . J S W , 3.50; 2 . I-B ( =

C la u d iu s ,

c. a d

mg

270, 211: ‘A u g u stu s’ on obv.): n o t in B.

4 3 - 8 *I.4

2429 L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 4 .9 2 g (6). Axis: 12.

[

7

]

C op 22 TI KAAYAIOC KAICAP CEBACTQC; lau reate head, r. ΑΙΓΑΕΩΝ, ΕΠΙ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΩΡΟΥ ΠΟ ΥΙΟΥ ΧΑΛΕΕΟΥ TO Β; Apollo standing, r., holding taenia an d laurel branch I. P * 8 , 5.00; 2. N Y ; 3. C o p 22, 5.05; 4 —5. B (I-B ); 6. P 29, 4.40; 7. vA 7672; 8. L 1 9 6 1 —3—1—20 4 ; 9 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 180, 5.56. O n 1-5, th e eth n ic is w ritten d o w n w a rd s in th e 1. field; on 6—9, it is across th e field. T h e le tte r form s Ω a n d W a re b o th used. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 8.

2430 L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 2.97 g ( 7 )· Axis: 12.

[

6

]

C op 23 MECCAAEINA CEBACTH; d rap ed b ust o f M essalina, r. AITAEWN; Zeus standing, 1., head facing, holding eagle an d sceptre i . L o n d o n tr a d e (i o 8 k ), 4.36; 2. L 1 9 0 1 -6 -1 -4 4 , 3.97; 3. C o p 23, 3.97; 4 . B 323/1877 (— zfn 1879, 12); 5. B (I-B ), 3.75; 6 . P 30, 3.38; 7. V 32680, 2.73; 8. L o n d o n tra d e (1985), 2.60; 9 . M a lte r 8.12.1984, lo t 36 (‘A tta e a ’); 10. Lewis = s n g 1413; 11. W e b er 5470; 12. A u fh ä u s e r 5 (1988) lot 246. P ro b ab ly all from th e sam e obv. die. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 2.

2 1 mm, 6.22 g 18 mm, 3.50 g

2431 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3.28g (3). Axis: 12.

[

2

]

BPETANNIKOC KAICAP; b are head o f B ritannicus, r. ΑΙΓΑΕΩΝ (ΕΠΙ ΧΑΛΕΟΥ); Zeus standing, 1., head facing, holding eagle and sceptre

20 mm, 4.92g 17 mm, 2.97 g 17 mm, 3.28g

Α ΙΓΑ εΩ Ν C niX A A C O Y : i . L 1 8 5 0 - 3 - 2 6 - 1 2 7 , 3.77; 2. P 1983/601 ex S tern b e rg X I I I (1983) lo t 574 (‘G e rm a n ic u s’), 3.15; 3 . A u fh ä u se r 2 (1985) lo t 208, 2.91; ΑΙΓΑ εΩΝ : 4 . A u fh ä u s e r 5 (1988) lo t 247.

The vA Index includes an entry for Tiberius, cited from P: there is no such coin there, and the entry seems to be based

C ym e Cyme had produced a very large coinage of silver tetradrachms in the second century b c (see P. Kinns in CRWLR, p. 107) and bronze coinage throughout the Hel­ lenistic period.

In the early imperial period Cyme produced two issues, both in the reign of Nero. The first has a relatively youthful portrait and was produced in two denominations. The larger has ΚΥΜΗ ΑΙΟΛΙΣ on the reverse and the smaller a

A S IA : Cyme, Phocaea (2432-2435)

veiled portrait of Agrippina. The issue was presumably minted between 54 (Nero is sebastos) and 59 (the death of Agrippina). The second issue comprises only the larger denomination and has a trotting horse on the reverse; the portrait indicates that it belongs to the later part of his reign (although it does not have the ‘steps’ hairstyle, the portrait is so old and the neck so fat that there can be little doubt of this). Agrippina is described as thea, which is not unusual, but the use of theos for Nero on the first issue is unusual as the epithet was only very rarely applied on coins to imperial men. The ethnic on the later issue is the unusual ΚΥΜΑΙΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ, otherwise unknown at Cyme. There is, in addition, an issue with the head of ΚΥΜΗ on the obverse and a trotting horse on the reverse. This was attributed by BMC to the reign of Nero, because of the similarity of the reverse type with 2435. There are, however, differences of style, detail (the horse on the ΚΥΜΗ coins is bridled, but unbridled on the Neronian issues), technique (the die axis), metal (brass rather than bronze) and ethnic (only the abbreviated KY), which suggest that the issue cannot be exactly contemporaneous. Similar types were used on Hellenistic bronzes, so it does not seem clear when this issue was made, perhaps in either first century b c or the early first century a d . The issue has been included here for the sake of completeness. Münsterberg (Beamtennamen) adds the following entries: 1. Drusus επί Ξένοφαν Μοσθιδιου άρ a' from Mi S6.18.138. Mionnet’s entry is taken from Sestini (Lettere V III, p. 70, with tav. V.23, cited ‘ex mus. SeckendorfF). As Grant saw (NC, 1950, pp. 140-2), this is clearly a misdes­ cribed specimen of the uncertain coin of Drusus (5453: perhaps even the Cop example illustrated by Grant), sometimes attributed to Caystriani in Lydia and by Grant to Cyme/Cyzicus. 2. Caligula επί ΠΡΑΞΙΜΟϋ from Mi S6.18.139: in fact a coin of Aezani (3074). The vA Index adds an entry for Claudius, with Britanni­ cus, Octavia and Messalina, cited from P. There is not obviously any such coin in P: the description anyway fits only the Judaean bronzes, probably from Caesarea Paneas (4842). Alternatively, it is a misdescription of the coins minted under Claudius, but depicting Britannicus with Octavia and Antonia; such coins have only KY for an eth­ nic, but these are catalogued here under Cyzicus (see 2248, with discussion there). One of these Cyzicene coins of Britannicus was misdescribed by Imhoof-Blumer (RSN, 19*13, p. 32, no. 86 = Münsterberg, Kaisernamen, p. 6) as a coin of Nero Drusus with Livia and Antonia from Cyme.

413

The coinage was produced in two denominations: 1901111/4.98g (21) and 170101/3.87g (10).

F i r s t century

bc /a d

?? (see in tro d u ctio n )

Brass. 18m m , 3 .7 7 g (7). Axis: 12 or 6.

2432

BMC

[ 7 ]

98, C op 116

ΚΥΜΗ; head o f Cym e, r. KY ΕΠΙ IIP CEKOYNAAC; bridled horse trotting, r. i . P 1 76, 3.70; 2. P 175 ( = W a 1288), 3.80; 3. L = BMC 98, 4.46; 4 . C op 1 16, 3.05; 5 - 6 . O , 3.87, 3.34; 7. W e b er 5511; 8. P 174 ( = W a 1290), 4.19. Q u alitativ e m e tal an aly sis on: 4.

N ero, 2433

c. a d

5 4 -g

L eaded bronze. 19 mm , 5.64 g (9). Axis: 12 or 1. BMC

[ 13 ]

128, C op 139

Θ£ΟΝ ΝεΡΩΝΑ CCBACTON; lau reate head, r. ΚΥΜΗ AIOAIC; Cym e stan d in g facing, h ead 1., holding globe an d trid en t i . L = b m c 128, 5.44; 2. L = bm c 129, 5.29; 3 . N Y ; 4 —5. C o p 139-40, 5.68, 4.34; 6 . P 204, 6.35; 7. O , 6.65; 8—10. B (L ö b b , I-B , B -I) (= N om ism a I I (1908), 5, a n d T a f. 1 . 13}; 11. C M cC lean. 7923 ( = pi. 273.8), 5.79; 12. V 16810; 13. M u 88, 4.69; 14. W e b er 5531. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 1. 2434

AE. 17 m m , 3.87 g (10). Axis: 12 or 6, BMC

[ 11 ]

130, C op 143

ΘεΟΝ ΝεΡΩΝΑ ΚΥΜΑΙΩΝ; lau reate head, r. Θ εΑ Ν ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ; veiled b ust of A grippina II, r. i . N Y , 3.55; 2—3 . L = BMC 130-1, 3.42, 4.74; 4 . P 206 ( = W a 1295), 3 -5 5 ! 5 · C o p 143, 4.46; 6. O , 2.80; 7—10. B (Fox, I-B , I-B , B -I); 11. V

34883, 4.18; 12. L o n d o n t r a d e (1 9 8 5 ). T h e coin ca talo g u e d by Ϊ-Β (Lydische Stadtm ünzen 23, 7 = T af. I I . 4: n o t in B, a p p a re n tly ) as a coin o f A n in etu s is p ro b ab ly a n ex am p le o f th is type.

N ero, 2435

c. a d

6g~8

L eaded bronze. 19 mm , 4.48 g (12). Axis: 12 or 1. BMC

[ 21 ]

126, C op 141

ΝεΡΩΝΑ CCBACTON; lau reate head, r. ΚΥΜΑΙΩΝ ΚΑΙΟΑΡεΩΝ; un b rid led horse trotting, r. i . L = b m c 127, 4.70; 2—4 . L = bm c 126, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -2 0 9 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 6 8 2 ( = vA 1651), 4.81, 4.49, 3.87; 5—6. N Y ; 7. P 205 ( = W a 1294); 8—9 . C op 141-2, 4.25, 5.20; 10—ii. O , 5.03, 4.70; 12—16. B (Fox, 28701, Fox, L ö b b , L ö b b ); 17—18. C M cC lean 7 924-5 (pi. 273.9), 4- t 9 j 4 · Ί 31 τ 9 · V 30208; 20—2 1 . M u 90724, 44784, 3.14, —; 2 2 . W e b er 5530. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 1.

P h o caea The early imperial coinage of Phocaea has a number of problems. First, there are some letters after the name Menandros on the coin of Augustus; these look, on the clearest specimen (BMC 131), like Γ and Δ, but this is not certain, and one suspects that they may represent some part

of or abbreviation for ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ. Second, there are a large number of different names on the coins of Claudius. Some of these are not easy to read, but in each case the name is attested by only one or two specimens, so further examples can be expected to reveal new names. Those not

414

A S IA : Phocaea, Temnus (2436-2445)

known to Münsterberg (Beamtennamen) are [FA?]IOC IOYAIOC AON IOC and [C]TPATONIKOC (?), although the reading of the latter is particularly uncertain. The single name known for Nero is Demosthenes Hegiou, while a coin in B (69/1965 = 2444), which appears (the legend is not entirely clear) to depict Agrippina II, calls him Demosthenes philopatris. It is rather surprising to find her represented on a larger denomination than Nero, but this example can be paralleled (e.g., Philomelium, 3246). On the other hand, it may just be that there was also a larger denomination for Nero, which is unknown at the moment. The following denominations are found: Augustus Claudius Nero Agrippina

18 mm, 5.06 g (2)

20 mm, 6.17 g (1)

2439

I . L = b m c 1 3 2 , 4.30; 2. R iv er L iri finds (in fo rm atio n from C . S ta n n a rd ), 3.78. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

2440

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 4 .2 4 g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

As 8437, b u t ]IOC IOYAIOC AONTOC i . L 1 9 6 1 —3—1—2 88, 4.24; 2. N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i. 2441

AE. 15m m , 3.98g (1). Axis: 12 (1).

[ 1 ]

As 8437, b u t [ C?] TP ΑΤΟΝΙΚΟ C (?) i · L Ϊ 9 7 5 - 4 - *1 1 - 2 0 4 , 3 -9 8 ·

2442

AE. 15m m , 3.81g (1). Axis: 12 (1).

[ 1 ]

As 8437, b u t ΚΑΛΛ8[ i . M u 7 3 ( = M i 3.180.852, C o u sin éry ), 3.81. I t is possible th a t th e alm o st illegible P 2011 is also o f this m a g istrate.

N e ro 2443

A u g u s tu s

AE. 15 mm , 2.97 g (3)· Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 5 ]

C op 1062

L eaded bronze. 18m m , 5.06g (2). Axis: 12. BMC

[ 1 ]

132

As 8437, b u t NOYMHNIOC

15mm, 3.98g (7) 15 mm, 2.97 g (3) 16 mm, 3.75 g (1)

The types of the griffin and of Athena were traditional at Phocaea; that of Nike (for Augustus) seems new, and may presumably be a reference to his victories, though it may perhaps just be generic.

2436

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 4 .0 4 g (2). Axis: 12 (1). BMC

Ν8ΡΩΝ KAICAP; lau reate head, r. ΦΩ, AHMOCOCNHC ΗΓΙΟΥ; forepart of griffin, r.

[ 3 ]

131

i . B (L ö b b ), 3.16; 3. B (I-B = k m 93, no. 10, ‘AHMOC 0 8 NHC ΗΓΙΟΥ’, = m g 295, no. 125, ‘AHMOCOCNHC ΠΥΘΟΥ’); 3. C o p 1062, 2.96; 4 . O , 2.80; 5 . V 27735. T h e p a tro n y m ic is n o t very clear o n an y sp ecim en , b u t seem s ce rta in in view o f 2 4 4 5 .

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΦΩ; b are head, r. ΜΟΣΧΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ [ ]; Nike standing, 1 ., w ith w reath and palm I . P 2 4 8 6 A , 4.92; 2. L — BMC 131, 5.20; 3. B 660/1898. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.

2444

AE. 2 0m m , 6.17g (i)· Axis: 1 2 (1 ).

[ 1 ]

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ(?) CCBACTHN; d rap ed bust, r. ΦΩ, [AHMOCOJENHC [4 >IAO]HATPIC; A th en a standing w ith p a te ra an d sp ear an d shield

C la u d iu s

i . B 6 9 /1 9 6 5 (Forschung und Berichte io , 1968, 218 -1 9 ), 6.17. 2437

AE.

I 5m m ,

4.84g (1).

[

I

] 2445

KAAYAIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r. ΦΩ, EPMOKPATHC; forepart of griffin, r. I.

2438

[ 1 ]

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ CCBACTHN; d rap ed bust, r. ΦΩ, AHMOCOCNHC ΗΓΙΟΥ; figure w earing kalathos, 1., w ith ro u n d object in o utstretched h a n d an d circular object on shoulder

G 9, 4.84.

AE. 15m m , 2.96g (1). Axis: 12 (1).

AE. 16m m , 3.76g (1). Axis: 12 (1).

[ 2 ]

i . P 1 9 8 8 /X 1 8 ex M M A G L iste 388 (1977) no. 37 = M ü n z Z e n tru m 64 (1988) lo t 95, 3.76.

As 2437, fiu t MOCXOC i . P D e le p ie r r e , 2.96; 2. V 28413.

Temnus The imperial coinage of Temnus consisted of a single issue, in 5 B e , of two denominations, both signed by AIIOAAAC ΦΑΙΝΙΟΥ, the larger for Augustus and the smaller for the proconsul Asinius Gallus. His proconsulship is normally dated to 6—5 b c (B. E. Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum, Asia, no. 11 ) ; the issue of the coins in 5 is indicated by the reference to a consulship of Augustus, which must be that held in 5 b c . The correct reading of the Augustan obverse as KAICAP CCBACTOC ITAOYCIAC ΥΠΑΤΗAC was first made by A. von Sallet {ZfN 12, 1885, pp. 360-2), who

pointed out that the epithet πλούσιος does not seem to be known otherwise as a qualification of ύπάτεια; he sug­ gested the sense was ‘Caesar Augustus mit der hohen Consularwürde bekleidet’. Grant (FIT A, p. 387) said of Asinius’s title αγνός that it was generally reserved for Roman governors, and Tends him a measure of the superhumanity of the Σεβαστός himself’. The types of Athena and Dionysus were traditional at Temnus.

A S IA : Temnus, Magnesia (ad Sipylum) (2446—2447)

A u g u s tu s a n d A s i n i u s G a llu s

procos,, 5 b c

2447

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3 .4 7 g (20). Axis: 12. BMC

2446

21mm, 5.60g 27, AMC 1263, C op 277

L eaded bronze. BMC

(9). Axis:

12.

[

12]

KAI CAP C8BACTOCIÏAOYCIAC YIÏATHAC; b are head, r. AIIOAAAC ΦΑΙΝΙΟΥ TAMNITAN; helm eted A thena standing, 1., holding Nike an d b unch of grapes in r. h an d a n d spear an d shield in 1. h a n d i . L = b m c 27, 5.22; 2—3. L = b m c 2 8 -9, 6.43, 5.00; 4—5. P 423 ( = W a 135O , 4 2 5 . 3 -9 5 , 4 -5 2; 6 . 0 = a m c 1263, 6.15; 7. C op 277, 7.03; 8 - I O . B (L ö bb, 28701, 346/1883); ii. V 3.5938 (Prow e, 1914), 5.50; 12. M u 19, 6.65; 13. L in d g ren A 418B , 4.48. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

24,

AMC

415

[ 20 ]

1261, C op 276

ACINIOC LAAAOC AFNOC; b are h ead o f A sinius G allus, r. AÜOAAAC ΦΑΙΝΙΟΥ TAMNITAN; head o f Dionysus, w earing ivy w reath, r. i . N Y , 4.50; 2 - 5 . L = b m c 24-6, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -2 2 0 , 2.70, 3.60, 3.19, 3.89; 6— 7. P 422 ( = W a 1350), 424 ( — RN 1867, 114 a n d pi. IV .4), 3.70, 3.99; 8— 9 . O = AMC 1261-2, 4.48, 4.31; 10. C o p 276, 2.73; i i — 12. M u 17—18, 3.05, 3.40; 13— 17· B (28691, B -I, L ö b b , R au c h , I-B ), 2.87, 4.04, 3.08, 3.38, 3.78; 18. C Leake 2612, 2.81 (‘A u g u stu s ’); 19—20. V 28729, 34239, 3.83, 2.97; 21. L in d g re n A 418A, 2.98; 2 2 . K o v acs F P L 17, 148; 2 3 . PV , 2.92. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 2.

Magnesia (ad Sipylum) The coins with a portrait of Cicero ( 2 4 4 8 ) have been much discussed (e.g., Grant, FITA, p . 3 8 5 ) , and it has been dis­ puted whether the person represented is the famous orator, his son or Octavian. The second seems most likely; as Grant pointed out, the portrait ‘fits’ quite well with the portraits of other provincial governors early in Augustus’s reign, and it does not look much like Octavian/Augustus. Cicero’s pro­ consulship of Asia is known from Seneca (Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum no. 2 ) , and presumably dates to the early twenties (he was cos. suif, in 3 0 ) , probably before he was legate of Syria (late twenties: Thomasson, no. 3 ) . The unusual type of a hand should probably be compared with the similar type which occurs at Aezani for the proconsul Messala Potitus ( 3 0 6 7 ) . There is no obvious reason why Cicero should have been honoured in this way at Magnesia. The date of the issue by Kilas is presumably in the vicinity of 2 b c , in view of the presence of Gaius and Lucius Caesars. The coins of Tiberius should presumably be dated after the earthquake of 17 and before the death of Livia in 2 9 . There were a number of issues made under Nero: these have been arranged according to the age of his portrait. The issue with Poppaea probably dates to 6 2 , since it does not use the later ‘steps’ portrait which was introduced in 6 3 and is used on the latest Neronian issue from Magnesia. On the imperial coins the types are related to the denomi­ nations; the larger has either jugate portraits on the obverse and/or two heads or figures on the reverse, whereas the smaller denomination has a head or bust as the reverse type. The types used on the larger of the two denominations are very interesting. First, the coins of Tiberius depict the emperor raising a turre ted figure (= the Tyche of Magnesia); this gesture o f ‘restoration’ should refer to the help given by Tiberius to the Asian cities after the earthCicero Augustus Tiberius Caligula Nero

quake of 17. For the correct dating of Senate/Livia as the corresponding small denomination, see LS, p. 88; the types of both denominations recall the temple dedicated to Tiberius, Livia and the Senate at Smyrna (cf. 2469). Second, the coins of Caligula (which portray him with a radiate head, as at near-by Smyrna: see also the general introduction) depict his parents Germanicus and Agrippina on the reverse (see Trillmich, Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, p. 126, for a discussion). Germanicus is shown as a man, but Agrippina as a goddess (whether as Demeter or a fruit-bearing goddess, as Trillmich sug­ gested). This neatly illustrates the different treatment of men and women on early imperial provincial coins, and a similar depiction occurs later at Magnesia, for Nero and Agrippina II. It is not clear why Roma is put on the coins of Nero, but they recall her appearance elsewhere, like Ephesus. The denominations which occur are shown in the table below (the analyses show an indiscriminate use of brass and bronze between different issues; see the introduction to Asia, p. 371). The following ‘magistrates’ ’ names are attested (magis­ trates in the late second century were strategoi, but there is no evidence for the office, if any, held during this period): Theodoros (Cicero); Dionysios Dionysiou Kilas, a priest of Augustus. The signature επί Ύλου recorded by Münsterberg (Beam­ tennamen, after KM, p. 521, no. 2) is a misreading of the ethnic on a coin of Nero (2460/10: see RSN, 1923, p. 50). The entry in the vA Index for Augustus and Agrippa (based on vA) should be disregarded as there is no such coin. No coins of Agrippina II with Claudius from

23 mm, 8.73 g 20 mm, 5.03 g 19 mm, 4.87g i omm. Æ.7 Qe19mm, 6.43g 19mm, 5.24g

16 mm, 3.19g 16 mm, 3.47 g 16mm, 3.71 g 16mm, 3.55g

20m m , 5.2 9 g

average:

19mm, 5.15g (3°)

16 mm, 3.21 g (14)

4i 6

A S IA :

Magnesia (ad Sipylum)

(2448-2459)

Magnesia occur in the Weber catalogue, contra vA Index, and the coin of Agrippina II under Claudius, cited there from L, is presumably BMC 53-5, of Agrippina II with Nero.

C a lig u la 2454

bm c

L eaded bronze. 23m m , 8 .7 3 g ( I0 )· Axis: 12. BMC

13,

ή τα

[ 11 ]

385

ΜΑΡΚΟΣ ΤΥΛΛΙΟΣ ΚΙΚΕΡΩΝ; b are head, r. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΣΙΠΥΛΟΥ ΘΕΟΔΩΡΟΓ; r. h a n d holding w reath, two ears of corn an d vine b ran ch

i . L = b m c 5 0 , 4.16; 2—3 . L = b m c 4 9 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 9 9 9 (ex vA 3001), 5.76, 4 - O , 5.28; 5 - 6 . P 657, 659 ( = W a 5078), 5.29, 3.45; 7 - 9 . M u 34-6, 3.90, 4.53, 4.36; 1 0 —12. B (I-B , K n o b elsd o rf, B -I); 13. A (A D elt 27, 1972, B i, 8, no. 5 w ith pi. 9.21). T w o sp ecim en s (8, 13: sam e dies) have ΑΠΟ Cl a t th e en d o f th e legend a ro u n d th e type, a n d only MA in th e field. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1. 3 -4 9 ;

i . L = b m c 13; 2—3 . L = B M C 14-15, 11-65, 6.32; 4—6. P 647, 648, 648A, 7.42, 7.93, 8.65; 7—9 . B (I-B , L öbb, B -I), 7.49, 8.49, 8.95; 10—11. M u 29, 29a, 10.38, 8.01; 12. Lew is = SNG 1422. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 3.

[ 4 ]

2455

A u g u s tu s , 2449

c. 2

BMC

BC

L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 5.03g (6). Axis: 12.

[ 12 ]

49

ΓΑΙΟΝ KAI CAPA CEBACTON; rad iate head, r. ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ; in field, ΜΑ ΑΠΟ C in(Y ); A grippina an d G erm anicus: G erm anicus stands facing, w earing a toga capite velato and holding a patera; b ehind him stands A grippina as D em eter, holding out ears o f corn an d a sceptre

M a r c u s T u l li u s Cicero 2448

Brass, ig m m , 4 .7 9 g (8: 3454—5). Axis: 12.

51, C op 257

As 2454, b u t rev. legend ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΑΠΟ CinYAOY an d in field ΓΕΡΜ ΑΓΡΙΠ [ 12]

i . P 6 5 8 , 4.48; 2. L =

bm c

51, 5.97; 3. C o p 257, 4.64; 4. B 709/1901.

BMC 44, AMC 1358 ΜΑΓΝΗΤΕΣ ΑΠΟ ΣΙΠΥΛΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΙ; laureate h ead of A ugustus a n d d rap ed b u st of Livia, ju g a te r. ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΣ ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΥ ΚΙΛΑΣ ΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; heads of G aius and Lucius C aesar, facing each other

Nero, c. 2456

i . L = B M C 4 5 , 5.01; 2—3. L = BMC 44, 46, —, 5.55; 4—6. B (I-B = ls 87, no. 2, 466/1883, L ö b b ); 7. O = a m c 1358, 4.65; 8—9. P 650-1 ( = W a 5 0 7 5 -6 ), 4-63, 5 0 9 ; ί ο - n . V 19458-9, 4.86, 5.39; i a . M u 31, 4.69. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analy sis on: 1. 2450

AE. 16 m m , 3.19g (4). Axis: 12.

ad

5 4 (?)

L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3.71g (4). Axis: 12. bmc

[ 10 ]

52, C op 258

ΝΕΡΩΝΑ KAI CAPA; b are head, 1. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ C inY ΘΕΑΝ CYNKAHTON; d rap ed busjt of Senate, r.

[ 6 ]

i . L = b m c 5 2 , 4.25; 2. M u 38, 3.16; 3 . C o p 258, 4.21; 4 —6. P inc. F ouilles de Suse 613; 7. O , 3 -23* i 8—10. Β (I-B , o.N ., L ö b b ). Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: i.

ΜΑΓΝΗΤΕΣ Α Π Ο ΣΙΠΥΛΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΙ; b are head, r. ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΣ ΚΙΛΑΣ; d rap ed b ust o f Livia, r. i . P 6 4 9 , 2.96; 2—4 . B (F o x , I-B , R au c h ), 2.91, —, —; 5—6. M u 30, C ilb ian i Inf. 2, 3.68, 3.21. P ro b ab ly all from th e sam e dies.

N e r o a n d A g r ip p in a , a d 54-4) ____________________ T ib e r iu s , a fte r a d i j

2457

L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6 .4 4 g (4)· Axis: 12. bm c

2451

Brass. 19m m , 4.87 g (5). Axis: 12.

[ 6 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ; lau reate head of N ero and draped b ust of A grippina II, ju g a te r. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ CEBACTH; A grippina as D em eter stan d in g w ith ears o f corn an d sceptre, being crow ned)?) by togate figure (N ero), w ho stands behind holding a short sceptre

TIBEPION CEBACTON KTICTHN; lau reate head, r. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΓΙΠΥΛΟΥ; T iberius raising T yche of M agnesia i· L 4 ·7 5 ; 2 · P 656, 5 ·9 8; 3 * ° , 4 -9 3 ; 4 · B (B -* 1); 5 · v 19460; 6 . M u 33, 5.41; 7. vA 3000, 5.52; 8. W in te rth u r ( = g r m k 122, no. 2). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. 2452

Brass. 16m m , 3.32g (2). Axis: 12.

2453

i . N Y , 6.28; 2. N Y ; 3—5 . L = bm c 5 3 -5 , 5.51, 6.20, 7.59; 6. B (I-B = l s 89, no. 4); 7. P (M ag n esia, Io n ia ) 1483. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 3.

[ 6 ]

2458 AE. 16m m , 3 .5 5 g (1). Axis: 12 (1).

BMC 47 ΘΕΟΝ CYNKAHTON; d rap ed b u st of Senate, r. CEBACTHN MATNHTEC ΑΠ(Ο) Γ(ΙΠΥ); d rap ed b u st of Livia, r.

ΝΕΡΩΝΑ CEBACTON; lau reate head, r. ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ CEBACTH ΜΑΓΝΗ; d rap ed b ust of A grippina II , r.

i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1998 (ex vA 8232: Α Π Ο α π γ ), 3.85; 2. L = bm c 47 (ΑΠΟ C), 2.79; 3 · N Y (Â rT CI); 4· Ρ 655 ( = W a 5077), 2 ·7 6; 5 ~ 6 · Β Γ Β = ls 88, no. 3 ( Ä f f CI), Fox (ΑΠΟ C). Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 2.

i . P 6 6 1 , 3.55.

Brass. 15m m , 3.57g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 5 ]

BMC 48 CYNKAHTON MATNHT£C ΑΠΟ C; d rap ed b ust o f Senate, r. ΘΕΑΝ CEBACTHN; d rap ed b u st o f Livia, r. i . L = b m c 4 8 , 3.52; 2. P 652, 3.21; 3—4. O , 4.37, 2.82; 5. M u 32; 6. A u fh ä u s e r 5 (1988) lo t 232, 3.11. A ll from sam e obv. die. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 1.

[ 7 ]

53

N e r o a n d P o p p a e a , a d 62 2459

[ 1 ]

____________ _

AE. 19m m , 5.24g (1). Axis: 6.

[ 3 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑΝ CEBACTOYC; laureate head of N ero an d d rap ed b u st of A grippina II , ju g a te r. ΘΕΑΝ ΡΩΜΗΝ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΓΙΠΥΛΟΥ; turreted b u st of R om a, r.; before, ΑΠ i . P 6 6 6 , 5.24; 2 - 3 . B (I-B , B -I =

rsn

1913, 50, no. 149).

A S IA : Magnesia (ad Sipylum), Mastern (Caesarea), Smyrna (2460-2462)

i.

N ero, A D 6 % -8 _____ I __ *---------±2.------------------------------------------------------------ 6 . M u 2460

A E. 20m m , 5.29g (7). Axis: 12.

[ 6 ]

];

?;(1'B)i 5.19; 3. B (B-I);

3 -5 .

4/7

V 28716, 30145, 31929, 4.43, 5.22, 5.47;

37, 4.88; 7. vA 3002, 5.54; 8 . L in d g ren 755, 6.27; 9 . T ra d e ( = ls 90, no. 5); 10. W in te rth u r ( = km 521, no. 2 = rsn 1913, 50). T h e rev. legend is re tro g ra d e o n 2 a n d 5.

vA 3002 ΝΕΡΩΝ CclBACTOC; lau reate head, r. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΓΙΠΥΛΟΥ; tu rrete d b u st of R om a, 1.

Mostene (Caesarea) Mostene had produced some bronze coinage in the Hellen­ istic period (BMC 1-4), and during the Julio-Claudian period made a single issue, late in the reign of Claudius. On the larger denomination are the jugate portraits of Claudius and Agrippina II; and on the smaller is the portrait of NOON KAICAPA, clearly Nero in view of the presence of Agrippina on the larger denomination. The Pedanius whose name occurs on the coins seems to have been regarded since Münsterberg (Beamtennamen) as identical with L. Pedanius Secundus, cos. suff. 43, and is therefore thought to have been proconsul of Asia between 50 and 54 (e.g., B. Thomasson, Laterculi Praesidum, no. 45). There seems, however, no secure basis for this identification or the consequent ascrip­ tion of an Asian proconsulate to Pedanius, who may well be only a local magistrate. Of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins, most can definitely be excluded from this period by their ethnic, since from Claudius to the Flavian period the city was called Mostene Caesarea (it presumably adopted the second name after the help given to it by Tiberius after the earthquake of 17; cf. ILS, p. 560). The ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins do have this form of ethnic (LS, p. 100, no. 2: Tyche/Demeter) and L 1901-6-1-87 (Senate/rider on horseback), but both seem to be Flavian (see LS, p. 100, ‘wahrscheinlich aus der Zeit der Flavier’; the L coin seems very comparable to the coin of Vespasian in B: see LS, p. 101, no. 5).

The coins of Nero were attributed in error to his sole reign in the vA Index. C la u d iu s, a d 5 0 - 4 *18 2461 L eaded bronze. 2 0 m m , 5.12 g ( 11 ). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 12 ]

BMC 7, C op 285 ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΝ KAICAPA ΘΕΑΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ; laureate head of C laudius an d draped b u st of A grippina II , jugate r. επί ΠΕΔΑΝΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΰΑΡε\ΥΝ MOCTHNWN; hero on horseback, r., w ith double axe i . L = bm c 7 , 4.30; 2 . L = BMC 8, 6 . 6 6 ; 3 —4 . B ( i n c . I-B = l s i o i , n o . 4), 4.34, 5.08; 5 . C M cC le an 8680 (pi. 304.6), 5.67; 6 . C o p 285, 3.87; 7 —8 . P 760, D elep ierre, 6.10, — ; 9 . O , 4.73; 1 0 . V 19484; 1 1 . M u ia , 3.95; 1 2 . N Y; 1 3 . vA 3029, 5.60; 1 4 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 278, 5.29; 15. W e n d t X X I (1978) lo t 572b, 6.81; 16—17. S ard is ex cav atio n s 166; 1 8 . W e b er 6852. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

2462 AE. 17m m , 3.39g (2). Axis: 12. ls i o i ,

[ 2 ]

no. 4a

NEON KAICAPA; bare head of Nero, r. επί πεΔΑΝΙΟΥ MOCTHNWN; goddess seated, 1., holding two ears of corn a n d double axe I . B (B -I), 4.04; 2 . B (I-B = l s , no. 4 a), 2.73. S am e dies. F o r th e goddess, th e city goddess o f M o sten e, see l s i o i .

Smyrna The imperial coinage of Smyrna has been fully published by D.A. O. Klose, Die Münzprägung von Smyrna in der römischen Kaiserzeit (Berlin, 1987), and his arrangement and chronology has been followed here. 2 4 6 3 —8 . There were three issues under Augustus; that of Hermokles has been placed first as it shows the emperor with a bare head. The issues of Dionysios Kollybas and Leontiskos Hippomedontos are very close in style (though they share no obverse dies), and were probably struck in close succession. Their jugate portraits of Augustus and Livia are reminiscent of the similar design at Ephesus (note, e.g., the short wreath ties), and were perhaps produced at a similar date, possibly about 10 b c . The final Augustan issue, of Koronos, depicts Tiberius Caesar, and so would have been produced between a d 4 and 14. As Klose has noted, the types used on these issues are traditional for Smyrna; nevertheless, it is interesting that on the issue of Koronos, Livia is explicitly assimilated to Aphrodite

Stratonikis, the first of several such assimilations of imperial women at Smyrna (see also Drusilla and Poppaea). 2 4 6 9 —7 0 . There was a single issue for Tiberius, signed by Hieronymos in the proconsulship of Petronius ( a d 29—35). The designs on the larger denomination refer to the temple of Tiberius, Livia and the Senate, which was granted to Smyrna by Tiberius. Klose has suggested that its depiction on coins at this date may refer to its completion. As Klose has noted, this Hieronymos on coins of Tiberius is to be distinguished from the Hieronymos who, with the strategos Sosandros, produced exclusively ‘pseudo-auto­ nomous’ coins (2487-91). The letter forms are different (W not Ω), while overstrikes (on Caligula and Nero) and types place the coins at the end of Nero’s reign. Klose’s dating to 68-70 seems very plausible, and the absence of any imperial portrait can perhaps be seen as a response to the uncertain­ ties of 68-9.

2471—4.

Under

Caligula

an

issue

was

made

by

Menophanes in the proconsulship of Aviola (about 37-8). This issue has also been discussed by Trillmich, Familien­ propaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, pp. 121-3. It is interesting both for the honour paid to Drusilla before her death and for the unusual representation of Caligula with a radiate crown and accompanied by a star. This design, which has been interpreted by Klose (p. 12) as an indica­ tion of divinity, is discussed in the introduction (p. 43). 2475—7. Under Claudius the coinage is signed by two persons for the first time, plausibly interpreted by Klose (as was the case later) as the eponymous stephanephoros (with ΕΠΙ and the genitive) and the strategos (in the nominative case). There are two denominations, one depicting a jugate emperor and empress and the other a young draped male. The first two are identified by Klose as Claudius and Agrip­ pina II, the other as Britannicus. But it does not seem likely that Britannicus would appear with Claudius and Agrip­ pina. If Britannicus is to be retained, the empress should be identified as Messalina. The stylistic parallel drawn by Klose with the Britannicus on coins of Clazomenae does not seem fully convincing (the head there, for instance, is much smaller); a much better parallel for the issue can be found at Ephesus (see 2620fr.), where the identifications as Agrip­ pina and Nero are not in doubt. The head on 2477 is there­ fore interpreted here as Nero. 2478-85. Under Nero there were two issues. The first is signed by Aulos Gessios Philopatris: the youthful portraiture of Nero and the presence of Agrippina II place his issue between 54 and 59. The second, under Hermo­ genes and the strategos Klaros, includes coins for Poppaea, and so can be dated between 62 and 65. The coins of Nero and Poppaea as Nike, which have no magistrate’s signature, can perhaps also be regarded as an anonymous part of this issue. The denominations have been summarised by Klose, who has produced the following system (p. 107), very slightly altered in the table below. We agree with the absolute values which he assigns to the coins (see p. 371). The analyses of the coins reveal that they are sometimes bronze and sometimes brass. The Augustan issues are all of bronze, but those of Tiberius and Caligula Multiple

2

Û

Augustus Hermokles Dionysios Leontiskos Koronos

of brass. Bronze returns under Claudius, and is used also under Nero. The only exception is the 19 mm denomination of Sosandros, specimens of which were made sometimes in bronze and sometimes in brass. This is, however, not as odd as it may seem, since it has occurred as a result of overstrik­ ing: when the undertype is of Caligula, the coin is of brass, but when the undertype is of Nero, the coin is of bronze. This issue neatly illustrates how the metallic composition of the coin is unimportant to its denomination (see also p. 3 7 1)· Klose rightly discards the peculiar coin of Caligula and Drusilla in Cop 1346 (see plate 109) and ignores the entries in the vA Index for Augustus with Gaius and Lucius and for Drusus and Germanicus (in NY = Pergamum 2367). For Nero Caesar rather than Britannicus, see above.

A u g u s tu s H e r m o k le s ,

2 4 6 3 L eaded bronze. 17m m , 5.13g (34)· Axis: 12.

22 mm, 6.17 g

Caligula Menophanes

21 mm, 5.62 g

Claudius Philistos

20m m, 5.77g

K lose X X II A

I . N Y , 6.18; 2 . L = BMC 249; 3“ 3 6 · See K lose; 3 7 . L in d g ren 557, 4.36. 6 obv. a n d 22 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.

c. i o BC ( ? ? )

D io n y s io s K o lly b a s ,

2 4 6 4 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 5 .7 3 g (18). Axis: 12.

[ 15]

K lose X X I I I A ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΙ ZMYPNAIOI; ju g a te lau reate head of A ugustus and d rap ed b u st o f Livia, r. ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΣ ΚΟΛΛΥΒΑΣ; A phrodite S tratonikis standing, front, holding sceptre an d Nike, an d leaning on colum n; to r., dove i . L = b m c 254, 6.01; 2—25. See K lose. 2 obv. a n d 7 rev. dies. T h e eth n ic on th e second obv. die is re tro g ra d e (e.g., B M C 254). Q u a lita tiv e m etal

analysis on: 1.

I

1 2

1

4

17mm, 5.13g 17mm, 4.29g 13 mm, 2.86g

16 mm, 3.62 g

20mm, 4.65g

16 mm, 3.42 g

14mm, 2.41 g

16mm, 3.80g

13 mm, 2.58 g

14mm, 2.48g

Nero Gessios Klaros

22 mm, 8.93 g

18mm, 4.74g 19mm, 4.54g

16mm, 3.42g 16mm, 3.56g

Sosandros

24m m, 7.76g

19 mm, 4.18 g

17 mm, 3.32 g

19mm, 5.60g

[ 26 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ ΕΡΜΟΚΛΗΣ; A phrodite Stratonikis standing, front, holding sceptre a n d Nike, an d leaning on colum n

19mm, 5.73g 19mm, 5.32g 19mm, 5.43g

Tiberius Hieronymos

c. / 5 BC ( ? ? )

A S IA : Smyrna (2465-2476)

2465

L eaded bronze. 17 m m , 4 .0 9 g (47). Axis: 12.

[ 30 ]

41g

C a lig u la

Klose X X II B ΣΕΒΑ(Σ)ΤΟΣ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; b are head, r. ΔΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΣ ΚΟΛΛΥΒΑΣ; Nike standing, 1., holding w reath an d palm

Menophanes, Aviola procos, c. AD py-8 2471

ΓΑΙΟΝ KAICAPA ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ £Π Ι ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ; laureate head, r. ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΕΙΝΑΝ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ ΜΗΝΟΦΑΝΗΟ; d rap ed b u st o f A grippina I, r., facing bare head of G erm anicus, 1.

Leontiskos Hippomedontos, c. i o BC (??) L eaded bronze. 19m m , 5 .3 2 g (68). Axis: 12.

[ 27 ]

Klose X X IX

i . N Y ; 2. L = BMC 252; 3. N Y ; 4—5 0 . See K lose; 5 1 . L in d g ren 558, 4.35; 5 2 . B A ezani 92/1875. 3 obv. a n d 14 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.

2466

Brass. 22 m m , 5.62 g (44). Axis: 12 or 6.

i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —1 -1 7 7 1 (ex vA 2201), 5.44; 2 . L = bmc 269; 3—4 7 . See K lose. 6 obv. a n d 23 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.

[ 40 ]

Klose X X I I I B ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΙ ZMYPNAIOI; ju g a te lau reate head of A ugustus and draped bust o f Livia, r. ΛΕΟΝΤΙΣΚΟΣ ΙΠΠΟΜ ΕΔΟΝΤΟΣ; A phrodite Stratonikis standing, front, holding sceptre a n d Nike, an d leaning on colum n; to r., dove

2472

ΓΑΙΟΝ KAICAPA ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΝ ΕΠΙ ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ; lau reate head, r. ΔΡΟΥΠΛΛΑΝ ZMYPNAIWN MHNOOANHC; D rusilla as Persephone, seated L, holding poppies an d ears o f corn, an d sceptre i . N Y , 4.44; 2. L = bmc 272; 3—5 8 . See K lose; 5 9 . B A ezan i (Fox); 6 0 . C (1986 ac q u isitio n ). 7 obv. a n d 34. rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.

Koronos, c. AD 4.-14 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 5.43g (54). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 28 ]

2473

Brass. 16m m , 3.42g (27). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 21 ]

K lose X X IV

Klose X X V II A

CEBACTON TIBEPION KAICAPA; bare heads of A ugustus and T iberius C aesar, facing one an o th er ΛΙΒΙΑΝ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ KOPQNOC; Livia as A phrodite Stratonikis standing, front, holding sceptre an d Nike, and leaning on colum n; to r., dove; to 1., m onogram FT

ΓΑΙΟΝ KAICAPA ΕΠΙ AOY(I)OAA; lau reate head, r. ZMYPNAIWN ΜΗΝΟΦΑΝΗΕ; Nike, r., w ith p alm and w reath

i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —I —1770 (ex vA 2198), 5.42; 2—5 2 . See K lose. KAICAPA in th e obv. legend is som etim es retro g ra d e. T h e sense o f th e m o n o g ra m is n ot clear. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i. 2468

[ 33 ]

K lose X X V III

i . L = b m c 25 5 , 6.22; 2. L = bm c 258; 3 - 7 4 . See K lose. 5' obv. a n d 34 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2. ζ

2467

Brass. 21 m m , 4 .6 5 g (51). Axis: 12 or 6.

AE. 13m m , 2.86g (14). Axis: 12.

i . L = b m c 2 7 7 , 3.66; 2—2 7 . See K lose. 6 obv. a n d 14 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: r. 2474

Brass. 14m m , 2.41 g (28). Axis: 12 o r 6.

[ ig ]

K lose X X V II B ΓΑΙΟΝ KAICAPA; rad iate head, r.; behind, sta r ZMYPNAIW/ ΩΝ; crab

[ 12 ]

K lose X X II C corr.

i . L = b m c 2 8 0 , 2.15; 2. L = bmc 279; 3 —2 8 . See K lose. 5 obv. a n d 5 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; bare head, r. ΚΟΡΩΝΟΣ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; capricorn, r. i . N Y , 3.13; 2—16. See K lose, λ obv. a n d 2 rev. dies. T h e in scrip tio n on th e obv. is in th e accu sativ e case, as on th e la rg er d e n o m in atio n o f K oro nos.

C la u d iu s

Philistos and Eikadios, c. AD 50-4 T ib e r iu s 2475

Hieronymos, Petronius procos, AD 2g-py 2469

Brass, i 2 m m , 6.17g (56)· Axis: 12.

CEBACTH CYNKAHTOC/Y ZMYPNAIWN IEPWNYMOC; d rap ed busts of Senate an d Livia, facing each other CEBACTOC TIBEPIOC ΕΠΙ neTPW N IO Y ; tem ple w ith four colum ns enclosing statu e of em peror as pontifex I . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 1 7 6 9 (ex vA 7993), 7.05; 2 - 5 9 . See K lose; 6 0 . L G1999, 6.32. 7 obv. a n d 34 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

Brass. 17m m , 3.62g (41). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 14]

ZMY(P); lau reate h ead of C laudius an d d ra p e d b u st of A grippina II , ju g a te r. Ε Π Ι ΦΙΛΙΣΤΟΥ ΕΙΚΑΔΙΟΣ; C ybele seated, r., w ith patera; below, lion

[ 32 ]

Klose X X V I

2470

Bronze. 2 0m m , 5.77g (21). Axis: 12 or 6. K lose X X X

[ 27 ]

K lose X X V TIBEP(IOC) (C)EBACTOC; lau reate head, r. ZMYPNAIWN IEPW(N)YMOC; g arlan d ed alta r i . L = b m c 2 6 3 , 2.84; 2. L = BMC 265; 3—4 1 . See K lose; 4 2 . L in d g ren 561, 3.69; 4 3 . J S W , 3.28. 4 obv. a n d 15 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.

i . L = b m c 2 8 1 , 6.29; 2—22. See K lose; 23. L in d g ren A 561A , 4.80. 12 obv. a n d 19 rev. dies. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 1. 2476

Bronze. 16 m m , 3.80 g (76). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 43 ]

K lose X X X I (‘B ritan n icu s’) ZMY(P); d rap ed head o f N ero (?), r. ΕΠΙ ΦΙΛΙΣΤΟΥ ΕΙΚΑΔΙΟΣ; Nike, r., w ith trophy over shoulder i . L ^ b m c 2 8 4 , 3.83; 2. L = bmc 283; 3 - 9 1 . See K lose; 9 2 . L in d g ren 562, 3.16. 17 obv. a n d 45 rev. dies. F o r th e id en tificatio n o f th e h ea d , see in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.

430

A S IA : Smyrna (2477-2490)

2477

Bronze. 13m m , 2.58g (11). Axis: 12.

[ 9 ]

2484

AE. See 2483.

Klose I

Klose X X X II B, 61-2

ZMYP; bee ΕΠΙ ΦΙΛΙΣΤΟΥ ΕΙΚΑΔΙΟΣ; D em eter, veiled, stan d in g 1., holding b ranch

As 2483, b u t CTPATHTOC KAAPOC ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ

i . B 2 9 7 /1 8 7 9 , 2.36; 2. L 192 1 -1 -2 0 -1 0 9 ; 3—12. See K lose. 2 obv. a n d 3 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.

[ 4 ]

i . P 2 0 0 9 , 3.85; 2—5. See K lose. 2485

AE. 14m m , 2.48g (16). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 15]

Klose II B

N e ro

ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; tu rrete d b ust o f Cybele, 1. CTPATHTOC KAAPOC; T yche standing, 1., w ith p atera an d cornucopia

Aulos Gessios Philopatris, c. AD 54-g

i. L =

2478

Bronze. 19m m , 5.6 0 g (48). Axis: 12 or 6. K lose X X X III, 18-27

No magistrates, c. AD 62-5 2486

Bronze. 16 m m , 3.56 g (23). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 16 ]

Klose X X X IV B, 18-31 ΝΕΡΩΝΑ CEBACTON; lau reate head, r. NEIKH Π Ο(Π )Π ΑΙΑ ZMY(P); P oppaea as Nike, 1., w ith w reath an d cornucopia

i . L 19 2 0 -8 -5 —1666 (ex Fox ex W eb er); 2—15. See K lose 18-27. T h e form C also occurs as a re g u la r v a ria n t. 4 obv. (1 sh ared w ith 2 4 7 9 ) a n d 9 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

Bronze. See 2 4 7 8 .

1 31, 2.96; 2—19. See K lose. 4 obv. a n d 8 rev. dies.

[ 9 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝ; d rap ed b u st of A grippina II facing lau reate head o f N ero ΑΥΛΟΣ ΓΕΣΣΙΟΣ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; Nemesis standing, r., w ith caduceus; before, snake

2479

bm c

I . N Y , 5.31; 2. L = BMC 292; 3—27. See K lose. 5 obv. a n d 12 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 2. C o m p a re S ard is 3 0 1 0 ?

[ 21 ]

Klose X X X III, 1-17 an d 28-35 As 2478, b u t Ÿ ΓΕΣΣΙΟΣ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΣ, ZMY(P) i . L = b m c 2 8 7 , 4.62; 2—3 9 . See K lose. T h e form C occurs as a reg u lar v a ria n t. 6 obv. ( i sh a re d w ith 2478) a n d 24 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. 2480

Bronze. 18m m , 4 .7 4 g (51). Axis: var.

[ 37 ]

No im p e r ia l p o r tr a it stra Ti Claudius Sosandros and Ti Claudius Hieronymos, c. AD 68-g

K lose X X X II ΝΕΡΩΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; bare (or laureate) head, r. Ÿ ΓΕΣΣΙΟΣ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΣ, ZM(Y)(P); Zeus seated, 1., w ith transverse sceptre

2487

AE. 16 m m , 3.42 g (17). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 16]

ΣΤΡΑ ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΣΩΣΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; Zeus seated, 1., w ith transverse sceptre ΕΠ(Ε)Ι ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΙΕΡΩΝΥΜΟΥ in laurel w reath i . L = b m c 1 20, 9.13; 2. L 1 8 9 5 -6 -6 —35; 3—16. See K lose. 8 obv. a n d 14 rev. dies. T h e form C also occurs. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. 2488

Klose II A

i . C 15; 2—2 0 . See K lose; 21. B P e r g a m o n (o.N .), 3.55. 1 obv. a n d 11 rev. dies.

Bronze. 22m m , 8 .9 3 g Gl ) · Axis: 12 or 6.

1—4 . See K lose. 2 obv. a n d 3 rev. dies. T h e form Σ also occurs. 2489

[ 37 ] [ 11 ]

ΘΕΟΝ CYNKAHTON ZMYP; d rap ed b ust of Senate, r. ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΙΕΡΩΝΥΜΟΥ COCANAPOC; tem ple w ith six colum ns

ΝΕΡΩΝΑ CEBACTON ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑΝ CEBACTHN; lau reate head of N ero facing d rap ed b u st of Poppaea ΕΠΙ EPMOTENOYC CTPA CKPIBQNIOC KAAPOC, ZMYP; Zeus seated, 1., w ith transverse sceptre

i . L = b m c 122, 5.59; 2. L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 7 6 7 ; 3—6 3 . See K lose. 12 obv. an d 42 rev. dies. T w o pieces o v erstru ck o n C a lig u la /G e rm a n ic u s an d A g rip p in a (2 4 7 1 : B M C 122, O (5.03)). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2. T h e ov erstrik in g {cf. 2 4 9 0 ) suggests th a t som e coins m ay be o f brass; see also in tro d u ctio n .

I . L = b m c 291, 9.58; 2—18. See K lose; 19. J S W , 9.62. 9 obv. a n d 14 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

2490

Bronze. 19 m m , 4.54 g (36). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 14 ]

Klose X X X II B, 35-60 ΝΕΡΩΝΑ CEBACTON; b are head, r. ΕΠΙ EPMOTENOYC KAAPOC, ZMYP; river-god, reclining, 1. BM C

L eaded bronze (perhaps also brass?). 2 0m m , 4.18g (121). Klose I I I B a

Klose X X X IV A

i . N Y , 4.17; 2. L = on: 2.

[ 3 ]

ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΙΕΡΩΝΥΜΟΥ ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; Zeus seated, 1., w ith transverse sceptre CTPA ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ CQCANAPOY in laurel w reath

Hermogenes and strategos Klares, c. AD 62-5

2483

AE. See 2487. K lose I I I A, i 6 - i 8

ΘΕΟΝ CYNKAHTON; d rap ed b ust of Senate, r.; to r. and L, ZM ___ ΘΕΑΝ ΡΩΜΗΝ AY ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΕ; R om a standing, r., holding spear and trophy

2482

[ 13 ]

Klose I I I A, 1-15

i . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 —1 7 7 4 ( e x vA 7996), 3.57; 2. L = BMC 285; 3 - 5 2 . See K lose; 5 3 . L 19 4 7 -6 -6 -1 2 7 6 , 4.23. 7 obv. a n d 30 rev. dies. T h e form s C a n d 8 as w ell as Σ a n d E o cc u r as reg u lar v arian ts. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. 2481

Bronze. 24m m , 7.76g (19). Axis: 12 o r 6.

2 9 3 ; 3—3 2 . See K lose. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis

Brass (perhaps also bronze?). See 2489.

[ 49 ]

Klose I I I B b ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΙΕΡΩΝΥΜΟΥ; Nemesis standing, r. CTPA TI (KAA)(Y) ΕΩΕΛΝΔΡΟΥ/Ε ZMY(P); river-god, reclining, 1. i . L = b m c 1 28, 3.61; 2 - 7 7 . See K lose. O v erstru ck o v er N ero /riv er-g o d (2 4 8 3 —4: O , N Y , V ), a n d p e rh a p s C alig u la (2 4 7 1 : B M C 128). 29 obv.

ASIA: Smyrna, Clazomenae (2491) 421 CTPA CQCANAPOC, ZMYP; zebu standing, r. ΕΠΙ ΚΡΩΝΥΜΟΥ; lighted a lta r

a n d 46 rev. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i. T h e o v erstriking {cf. 2 4 8 9 ) suggests th a t som e coins m ay be o f bronze; see also in tro d u ctio n .

2491 Bronze. 17 mm, 3.32 g (9). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 10 ]

I . L = bm c 1 29, 3.29; 2—IO. See K lose, i o bv. a n d 6 rev. dies. Q u alitativ e m e tal an alysis on: i.

Klose III C

Clazomenae There are a number of different coins of Augustus, all of which are characterised by the inscription ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ (or similar). The sequence which has been adop­ ted here is based on the development of the portrait, from younger to older and from bare to laureate, and of the changes in the legend. The word ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ (which similarly occurs on Augustan coins of Teos, 2511-12) obviously refers to a refoundation of the city by Augustus: this is usually presumed to have taken place after the earthquake of 12 B C (D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, p. 479; W. H. Gross, Iulia Augusta, p. 34), but might well have occurred as a result of an earlier earthquake, such as that of 26/25 b c (Magie, p. 469) or 47/46 b c (cf. A. Davesne, RN, 1987, pp. 15-2°)· There is a unique coin of Gaius and Lucius in L (BMC 120, acquired in 1872 from Wigan, igm m A ^gg: see pi. 110): ΓΑΙΟΣ Λ8ΥΚΙΟΣ; facing busts of Gaius and Lucius Caesar. ΚΛΑΖΟΜ8ΝΙΩΝ; horseman, r. This coin is rejected here as a forgery. The style of the obverse portraits is very peculiar, and the lettering unconvincing: the K is made of separated I and C, the combination of 8 (as opposed to E) and Σ (as opposed to C) is unparalleled at Clazomenae during this period. Moreover, if genuine, it would be the only Augustan coin to have 8 rather than E. It seems more likely that it is a forgery, which has been made by altering one of the coins of ΡΩΜΗ and CYNKAHTOC (see, e.g., BMC 113, P 197 = Wa 1468, Mu 45; another in B), which have the same reverse. (The Roma and Senate coin should therefore not be dated to the Augustan period, but, on the basis of its letter forms and similarity with coins of Titus and Domitian - e.g., L 1893-6-3-40 - to the Flavian period.) Subsequent issues are known in the names of APOYCOC HPWC, Claudius, Agrippina, Britannicus and Antonia. The coins of Claudius and Britannicus clearly date from Claudius’s reign, but Trillmich (Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, pp. 172-3) suggested that the coins of Drusus, Antonia and Agrippina (= Agrippina I) were all minted under Caligula. This was because he thought that the style of the coin of Agrippina was close to that of the coins of Antonia and Drusus, but different from that of the coins of Britannicus. This is not at all clear, and the view taken here is that all of these coins were minted in the reign of Claudius. First, the reverses of the coins of Agrippina and of Claudius are extremely close (although a die identity has not been noted). Second, there is a coin of L (1929—5—16-71 = 2502) which combines an obverse of Britannicus with the same reverse type as one which is otherwise found only for Antonia (although, once again, there does not seem to be a die link). There is no direct

evidence linking Drusus to these coins, but otherwise his coins would be isolated (not impossible, but perhaps unlikely). Moreover, the commemoration of Claudius’s father would then match that for his mother Antonia. This leaves the problem of the identity of Agrippina: is it Agrip­ pina I or II? Agrippina I would seem unlikely under Claudius without Germanicus, his brother and her husband, and Agrippina II unlikely in a group which includes Britannicus but omits Nero. Although it is difficult to be sure, the portrait does seem more like that of Agrip­ pina I; we might therefore expect a coin for Germanicus to be discovered one day. According to this line of argument, the Claudian issue would have consisted of: Claudius /Athena on reverse Agrippina /Athena on reverse Drusus /altar Antonia /Cybele on reverse Britannicus/Cybele on reverse Britannicus/ram (One should perhaps also recall the possibility that APOYCOC HPWC is the same person as the Ti Cl Drusus on coins of Myrina, 2425.) None of the imperial coins without imperial portraits seems to belong to the Julio-Claudian period, as is indicated by their six o’clock die axis {BMC, 111), style and position­ ing of the legend. The symbolism of the Augustan types with stars is not clear. On one issue the portrait is accompanied by a star; on both the figure of Athena on the reverse seems to be holding a star, or perhaps she is holding the word ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ, with her hand underneath a star. One feels there must be some connection with the refoundation, but it is not clear what this might be. The description of Drusus as HPWC (not 0 EOC, as Münsterberg, Kaisernamen, thought possible) is unparalleled on coins, but can be seen as an example of the heroic rather than divine status accorded to junior (male) members of the imperial house {cf. S. Price, Rituals and Power, p. 34, n. 41). Most of the reverse types are tradi­ tional: Athena (and hence her owl) and the ram. The war­ rior, who also appears on later coins, may be Paralus (Strabo 633) or Parphorus (Pausanias, V II.3.8), the legendary founder of Clazomenae, obviously suitable in association with Augustus as refounder. The turreted figure of Cybele is also common on the later Clazomenian coinage. The following entries in the vA Index should be deleted: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Livia, on her own (P). No such coin. Tiberius, on his own (P). No such coin (unless it is P 202, which is catalogued here as ‘Augustus??’ = 2497). Tiberius, and Augustus (P). No such coin. Drusus II, under Tiberius. In fact, Drusus I under Claudius.

4S2

5.

6.

A S IA : Clazomenae, Erythrae (2492-2503)

Caligula (P). No such coin. Agrippina II, under Claudius. Probably Agrippina I (see 2499, and above).

In addition, the coin of Nero in B classified as a coin of Clazomenae is, in fact, a coin of Maeonia in Lydia. The denomination(s) is/are not clear. The earlier coins are all about 20 mm, and the later ones about 17-18 mm. It is not certain whether they are supposed to represent two denominations or one with a declining diameter; probably the second alternative, as the weight standard remains broadly consistent (4.33 g, average of fifty-three specimens). The coins are all bronze.

A u g u s tu s ? ? 2497

C la u d iu s *i.

L eaded bronze. 20m m , 4 .2 6 g (4). Axis: 12. 118,

AMC

[ 5 ]

i . B (5 7 8 /1 8 7 7 ), 4.50;

1265

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r.; to r., star ΚΛΑΖΟΜΕΝΙΩΝ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; A th en a standing, r., holding out h an d below star, an d resting arm on shield

2493

I . L 1 8 9 5 - 6 - 6 - 2 5 , 4.42; 2—3 . L =

bm c i

4 . O = AMC 1265, 4.43; 5 . B (I-B = analysis on: i .

mg

2499

7,

F IT A ,

[ 3 ]

2500

AE. 17 mm , 4.87 g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

2498

AE. 17m m , 5 .2 6 g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

APOYCOC HPWC; lau reate head o f D rusus, r. KAAZOMCNIWN; a lta r surm o u n ted by snake ! . B (I-B), 5.09; 2 . C o p 118, 4.72; 3 . M u 57, 5.97. A ll from th e sam e obv. die. i is illu strated b y T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der K aiser Caligula und Claudius, T a f. 16.20.

pi. X I.48 2501

A E. 17m m , 4 .0 9 g (6). Axis: 12.

[ 7 ]

C op 119

i . B (I-B ), 4 .8 7 ; 2. B (Fox); 3 . L = bm c 117, 4 .4 9 ; 4 . B U n c e rta in = f i t a , pi. X I . 4 8 ; 5. C = s n g 4 5 7 4 ( ‘P rie n e ’), 3 .9 7 ; 6. V 2 9 9 7 2 , 3 .6 8 ; 7. M u 56, 4 .2 5 . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 3.

ΘΕΑΝ ANTWNIAN; d rap ed b u st o f A ntonia, r. KAAZOMENIWN; Cybele, veiled a n d turreted , standing facing

L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 5.07g (9). Axis: 12.

i . B 2 8 9 5 5 , 4.42; 2 . B ( B - I) , 3.78; 3 . O , 4.05; 4 . C M cC le an 8045 (pi. 277.3); 5 . C o p 119, 3.86; 6 . V 32443 (obv. a lte re d to re a d 0 £ANKAAZOM £NIAN), 4.36; 7. M u 56, 4.08. 1 is illu stra te d b y T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, T af. 16.19. P erh ap s all from th e sam e obv. die.

BMC

I

15,

AMC

1264, C op

I

[ 13]

l6

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; lau reate head, r. ΚΛΑΖΟΜΕΝΙΩΝ; w arrior walking, r., w ith spear and shield

2502

i . P 2 0 0 ( — W a 1470), 4.63; 2—3. L = b m c 115-16, 5.93, 5.14; 4 . O — AMc 1264, 4.85; 5 . C o p 116, 5.16; 6 . P 199, 4.75; 7—10. B (F o x , T B , O.N., L ö b b ); n . C C o rja n , 3.89; 12. V 30683, 6.26; 13. M u 55, 5.02; 14. W e b er 5803. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. 2496

M u 60, 4.93. S am e dies: 1-2.

C op 118

[ 7 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; bare head, r. ΚΛΑΖΟΜΕΝΙΩΝ; owl, facing

2495

3.

km 514, 4), 4.58; 3 . P D elep ierre, 4.21. 2 is illu stra te d b y T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, T a f. 16.23.

B (I-B ), 3.60; 2. P 201, 4-59; 3. V 28271 (from S m yrna, 1881), 4.10; 4 . W e b e r 5802.

BMC I I

B (L ö b b );

i . P 2 0 4 (= W a 1471), 5.81; 2 . B (I- B =

I.

L eaded bronze. 18m m , 4 .2 5 g (5). Axis: 12.

2.

KAAZOMCNIWN; A thena, as

18, G0796, 3.98, 4.19; 284, 25). Q u a lita tiv e m etal

AE. 20m m , 4.10g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

ΘΕΑΝ ΑΓΡΙΠΠείΝΑΝ; d rap ed b u st o f A grippina (I?), r.

As 3492, b u t head 1. (star in front of head not visible, if ever present)

2494

AE. 18m m , 4 .7 2 g (2). Axis: 12.

TI KAAYAIOC KAICAP; b are head, r. KAAZOMCNIWN; A th en a standing, 1., holding out p atera and transverse sp ear a n d shield

A u g u s tu s

BMC

[ 3 ]

i . L 1 9 6 1 —3 —1—2 2 3 , 4.14; 2 . P 202, 4.54; 3 . O , 3.39. T h e a ttrib u tio n to A u g u stu s is by n o m ean s ce rtain , in view o f th e illegibility o f th e obv. I f a sp ecim en w ere found in c lu d in g ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ, how ever, th e a ttrib u tio n w ould be confirm ed. O th erw ise th e coin m ig h t p e rh a p s b e o f T ib eriu s. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.

2498

2492

L eaded bronze. 1 8 m m , 4 .0 2 g (3). Axis: 12. L egend (if any) illegible; lau reate head, r. ΚΛΑΖΟΜΕΝΙΩΝ; ram reclining, r.

L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3 .8 6 g (10). Axis: 12. BMC I

19,

AMC

Bronze. 17m m , 3 .7 8 g (1). Axis: 1 2 (1 ).

[ 1 ]

BPoTANNIKOC KAICAP; d rap ed b u st of Britannicus, r. KAAZOMCNIWN; Cybele, as 2501 r . L 1 9 2 0 - 5 —1 6 - 7 1 ( = nc 1921, 18), 3.78. P erh ap s a h y b rid o f B ritan n ic u s a n d A n to n ia. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.

[ 14 ] 2503

I266, C op I 17

Bronze. 17m m , 3.46g (3). Axis: 12. bmc

ΚΛΑΖΟΜ ΚΤΙΣΤΉΣ; lau reate head, r. ΘΕΑ ΛΙΒΙΑ; bust o f Livia, r.

[ 3 ]

121, C op 120

BPCTANNIKOC KAICAP; d rap ed bust of B ritannicus, r. KAAZOMCNIWN; ram reclining, r.

i . L = b m c i i 9 , 4.60; 2. N Y ; 3 - 4 . O = a m c 1266-7, 3.13, 2.81; 5. vA 7896, 4.12; 6 . C o p 117, 4.66; 7—8. P 203, 203(1), 4.41, 3.87; 9—i i . B (IB, L ö b b , B -I); 12. C 299/1948; 13—14. V 30943, 17070, 3.76, 3.06; 15. M u 57a, 4.20; 16. W eber 5801. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

I . B (I-B), 3.00; 2 . L = bmc 12 1, 3.45; 3 . C o p 12 1, 3.93. i is illu strated by T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der K aiser Caligula und Claudius, T af. 16.22. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.

Erythrae The coinage of Erythrae produced during the period of the Roman Republic has been studied by P. Kinns, Studies in the Coinage of Ionia (Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge,

1980), pp. 156-62. During this period it seems that there were three issues; the latest of these was struck in two denominations and by four magistrates, one of whom,

A S IA : Erythrae (2504-2506)

Metronax Zopyrou, also struck coins for Augustus, and was therefore dated by Kinns to c. 40-30 b c . In this catalogue only the coin of Metronax (Kinns, no. 343) is included, and it is dated rather later. Kinns pointed out that it stands a little apart from the other coins in the issue (e.g., lower weight, presence of ethnic), and in view of the similarity of the reverses it can hardly be dissociated chronologically from the Augustus issue. This in turn is not easily datable; the portrait is youthful, but it is wreathed (normally a late feature). The curious short wreath ties are reminiscent of so-called ‘Spanish’ denarii struck between 19 and 16 b c , s o a date ofc. 10 b c seems plausible for Metronax’s two types. In the early imperial period coins were otherwise struck only for Augustus (and, possibly, Tiberius: see below). Apart from the coins of Metronax there are two groups. An issue was made by ΕΚΑΤΩΝΥΜΟΣ ΑΙΣΧΡΙΩΝΟΣ: the portrait is of the same general appearance as that on Metronax’s coins, and the reverse is similar, with only an inscription in several lines. The issue is therefore probably to be dated shortly after that of Metronax. The issues of Metronax and Hekatonymos are followed by coins with a bare head on the obverse and a figure of Heracles on the reverse, signed by four different magistrates: Η Ρ Α Κ Λ Η Ο Σ (n o t Η Ρ Α Κ Λ Η [T ]Ο Σ, as KM , p. 63, no. 5) Δ ΙΝ Ο Μ Ε Ν Ο Υ Σ Σ Τ Ρ Α Τ Ο Κ Λ Η Σ Ο Ρ Θ Α ΙΟ Υ

ΕΠΙΘΕΡΣΗΣ ΘΕΥ(?)ΤΟΥ (according to Münsterberg, Beamtennamen, ΘΕΡΣΗΣ ΕΠΙΘΕΤΟΥ, but, despite ΘΕΡΣΗΣ ΕΚΑΤΟΔΩΡΟΥ of Kinns 322, the letters are not in the right places for this reading) ΕΚΑΤΟΔΩΡΟΣ HPA. The magistrates should all be dated closely together, as there are at least some die links between their coins, but it is not easy to see when they should be dated. The portrait, which is bare and relatively youthful, might have been expected to be among the earliest in the reign of Augustus, and it seems unlikely that these coins can break the sequence from the Hellenistic period to the issues of Metronax and Hekatonymos of plain inscriptional reverses. If, as appears probable, Heracleos Dinomenous is descended from Dinomenes Heracleou (BMC 216 of c. 7060 b c , according to Kinns), one would expect him to be a son or grandson. This might crudely suggest a date ofc. 4030 b c or c. a d 20-30, and raises the possibility that the emperor in question may even be Tiberius, a possibility which cannot be definitely excluded by the portrait. The question is here left unresolved. The following corrections should be made to the published corpus of contemporary Erythraean coins: 1. The entry in the vA Index for Livia under Augustus is based on Babelon’s (Wa 1678) misidentification of the Sibyl on 2504/8 as Livia. 2. Ήράκλεος Αυτόνομου: Münsterberg, Beamtennamen (ex M 3.133), is probably a misreading of ΗΡΑΚΛΗΟΣ ΔΙΝΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ. 3· Lor ΗΡΑΚΛΗΟΣ ΔΙΝΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ rather than ΗΡΑΚΛΗΤΟΣ ΔΙΝΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ (Münsterberg, Beamten­ namen, ex Imhoof-Blumer, KM, p. 63), see above.

423

4. Lor ΕΠΙΘΕΡΣΗΣ ΘΕΥ(?)ΤΟΥ rather than ΘΕΡΣΗΣ ΕΠΙΘΕΤΟΥ (Münsterberg, Beamtennamen, ex BMC 250), see above, and 2509 below. 5. Münsterberg, Beamtennamen, also includes, with scepti­ cism, ΣΥΜΑΡΟΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥΣ from Mi S6.220.951. Mionnet himself was doubtful, suggesting a possible alternative attribution to Colophon, and Münsterberg pointed out that a duplicate entry appears in Mi S6.451.84 under Antioch in Caria. Neither of these alternatives seems right, however; nor is the type (Apollo standing) right for them or for Erythrae. The coin published by Grant (FITA, p. 364 and pi. X I.66) as a coin of Tiberius from Erythrae, and sub­ sequently published by Heichelheim as a coin of Lebedus (SNG Fitzwilliam 450), seems to be neither of Erythrae or Lebedus, and is catalogued here under ‘Uncertain’ (5444). Lübbecke {ZfN 12, 1885, 318, followed very hesitantly by Münsterberg, Beamtennamen) published the following coin of Nero in his collection as an issue of Erythrae (16 mm): [Ν]ΕΡΩΝ KAICAP. Kopf des Nero linkshin. [EPY] ... ΚΛΟΥ-ΤΟ in vier Zeilen in einem Kranz A new specimen of this coin shows that the reverse inscrip­ tion is ΕΠΙ ΔΕΝΤΙΚΛΟΥ TO Γ. The coin does not resemble other coins of Erythrae, and has been catalogued under ‘Uncertain’ (5462). The early imperial coinage was struck in two denomi­ nations, the smaller of about 14 mm and 22-3 g, the larger (2506) of 18 mm and about 5 g, presumably double the smaller. All types used (inscription in four lines, Sibyl and Heracles) were traditional at Erythrae.

A u g u s tu s , C. 10 B C (? ) 2504

AE. 15m m , 2.07g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 4 ]

EPY; Sibyl H erophile, seated on a rock holding a scroll; all in w reath ΜΗΤΡΩΝΑΞ ΖΩΠΥΡΟΥ in four lines i . P 1 3 9 9 / 6 6 , 1.69; 2 —3 . B ( P ro k e s c h , L ö b b ); 4 . A 531716; 5 —7. I; 8 . P 1314 ( = W a 1678 ‘L iv ie’), 2.45. 2505

L eaded bronze. 14m m , 2.46g (12). Axis: 12. BMC

246,

AMC

[ 28 ]

1286, C op 764

EPY; laureate head, r.; before, lituus ♦ΜΗΤΡΩΝΑΞ ΖΩΠΥΡΟΥ in four lines *· L I 19 7 9 _ I —1—J 7 4 5 (ex vA 1974)5 2·33; 2 - 3 · L = bmc 2 4 6 -7 , 2.69, 2.30; 4 —6 . O = AMC 1286-8, 2.81, 2.32, 2.17; 7 —1 0 . P 1308 ( = W a 1679), 131112, D elep ierre, 2.59, 2.53, 1.77, 2.16; 1 1 —1 5 . B (Fox, Fox, I-B , L öbb, L ö b b ); 1 6 —1 7 . C o p 764-5, 2.51, 2.17; 1 8 —2 1 . C M cC le an 8173 (pi. 283.3), Leake S u p p l., H aslu ck , 289/1948, 2.45, —, 2.51, —; 2 2 —2 4 . V 17 3 7 4 —5 s 28141; 2 5 . M u 92, 2.42; 2 6 —2 8 . N Y ; 2 9 . L in d g ren A492A, 2.87; 3 0 . W e b er 5979. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

2506

L eaded bronze. 18 m m , 4.98 g (4). Axis: bmc

12.

[ 8 ]

245, C op 766

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. EPY ΕΚΑΤΩΝΥΜΟΣ ΑΙΣΧΡΙΩΝΟΣ in five lines i . L = b m c 2 4 5 , 5.28; 2 . C o p 766, 4.57; 3 —4 . B ( B - I, R a u c h ) ; 5 . P 1306, 4.48; 6 . V 35143, 4-971 7 · M u 9 3 , 5-o8; 8 . P 1299/78, 4.38.

424

A S IA : Erythrae, Teos (2507-2510)

3.32; 5 - 6 . C o p 762-3, 2.70, 2.51; 7 . V 35144, 2.90; 8 - 9 . P 1307 ( = W a 1680), D elep ierre, 2.84, 3.10; 1 0 —1 2 . B (I-B = mg 288, L ö b b , L ö b b ). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.

U n c e rta in e m p ero r ( A u g u s tu s or T ib e r iu s ) 2507 AE. 14m m , 3.26g (6). Axis: 12.

[ 14 ]

2509 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 2.51g (2). Axis: 12.

AMC 1290 EPY; b are head, r. ΗΡΑΚΛΗΟΣ ΔΙΝΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ; H eracles advancing, r., b randishing club

As 2507, b u t ΕΠΙΘΕΡΣΗΣ ΘΕΥ(?)ΤΟΥ I . L — B M C 2 5 0 , 2.49; 2 . C o p 761, 2.52; 3 —4 . P 1313, 1299/86, 3.02, 2.47; 5. V 30348; 6. B (I-B ). T h e Y in th e second n am e is n o t clear, b u t there does seem to b e a le tte r like Y p artially visible o n 2. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

i . N Y , 5.22; 2. N Y ; 3 . 0 = am c 1290, 2.17; 4 - 5 . P 1310, D elepierre, 2.51, 3.48; 6—8. V 17373, 3 5 ! 4 5 ! 359605 — 5 2 .0 0 , 2.60; 9—i i . B (Fox, BI = km 63, no. 5, L öbb); 12. M u 91, 4.12; 1 3 -1 4 · P 1299/82-3, 2.59, 4.09.

2508 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 2.63g (7). Axis: 12. BMC

248,

AMC

[ 6 ]

BMC 250 corr., C op 761

2510 L eaded bronze. 14m m , 2.96g (5). Axis: 12.

[ 12 ]

BMC

1289, C op 762

[ 7 ]

251, C op 760

As 2507, b u t ΕΚΑΤΟΔΩΡΟΣ HPA

As 2507, b u t ΣΤΡΑΤΟΚΛΗΣ ΟΡΘΑΙΟΥ

I . L = B M C 2 5 2 , 2.81; 2 . L = BMC 251, 2.28; 3 . C o p 760, 2 . 13; 4 —5 . B (IB, L ö b b ); 6—7 . V 35146-7, 4.10, 3.47. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

i . L G 0 8 1 9 , 2.84; 2—3. L = BMC 248-9, 2.01, 2.11; 4 . O = AMC 1289,

Teos The late Hellenistic coinage of Teos has been studied by P. Kinns, Studies in the Coinage of Ionia (Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1980), pp. 228-38. According to Kinns’s tentative classification there was a small issue of reduced Attic drachms in the first century b c and various small issues of bronze in both the second and first centuries. The early imperial coins were all struck under Augustus or Nero. No coinage was made for Tiberius, whose reign saw the establishment of a cult of Tiberius at Teos (L. Robert, Etudes Anatoliennes, pp. 34-5, for a priest of Tiberius, and for the probable renaming of the Dionyseia as the Dionyseia Kaisareia in his reign). The coins of Augustus with a laureate head on the obverse and Dionysus with a griffin on the reverse have been placed last, since laureate heads are likely to be later than bare, and since the griffin is found on Neronian coins. Three of the other coins (2512-14) have an identical obverse style, and, despite differences in obverse and reverse legend, should probably be regarded as different denominations of a single issue. The position of the remain­ ing issue, with the head of Augustus in the temple (2511), is not clear, but the style of the figure of Dionysus on the three-denomination issue is more like that on the laureate issue than on the emperor-in-temple coins, so 2511 is prob­ ably the first of the reign. Absolute dates are completely uncertain; one might guess that the laureate issue comes no earlier than about 10 b c , and the other coins somewhat earlier. There seems no reason to suppose, with vA Index, that the coins of Agrippina II were struck under Claudius; the portrait of Nero and the presence of Octavia and Agrippina suggest that all the coins belong in the first part of Nero’s reign. It is possible that more than one issue is involved, but the uncertainties about the presence of the star symbol (see 2516) make this an open question at the time of writing. The main problem with the imperial coinage of Teos is dating the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coinage. The following criteria have been used. All the imperial coins checked of the first century a d have a twelve o’clock die axis; in the early second century both twelve and six occur, but from the middle of the century six is normal. Second, the ethnic is written in a straight line on the coinage of the Julio-

Claudian period, but is circular from Domitian onwards. Normally the Julio-Claudian legend reads downwardly on the right; the only exceptions being the small denomi­ nations under Augustus and under Nero, when it reads upwardly (because of the additional reverse legend). Letter forms are of little use, since Ω is normal throughout the coinage (except for Faustina II, who has W); Σ and E occur under Augustus, but C and £ from Nero onwards, though this, of course, is of little assistance except on the rare occasions when there is some additional legend. These criteria (especially the positioning of the ethnic) exclude all the imperial ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins from the period catalogued here, though leaving a relatively large number of types probably assignable to the Flavian period (e.g., the Synkletos coins). In addition, one type (Silenus mask r./Dionysus in temple: KM, p. 99, no. 20, L 1894-10— 5—24) was struck over a coin of Nero (N. F. Schulten, October 1984, lot 182; and probably also L 1894-10-5-24). The reverse of the undertype is not clear but both under­ types are perhaps also coins of Teos. For similar overstrik­ ing of Nero’s coins, see Smyrna 2490 (perhaps in a d 68-9) and Sardis (under Vespasian). The types (grapes, Dionysus, griffin) are traditional. One type depicts Dionysus in a temple with four columns. This temple has recently been discussed by A. Davesne (‘Le temple de Dionysos à Téos’, RN, 1987, pp. 15-20), who has suggested that there is a change in the depiction of Dio­ nysus from the reign of Augustus, and that this is evidence that the temple of Dionysus, which had been demolished in the earthquake of 47—46 b c , was reconstructed between the reigns of Augustus and Nero. This conclusion does not, however, seem justified; the differences between the two representations are slight or non-existent (some Augustan coins show Dionysus with a griffin, some do not; coins of Nero have him with a griffin, but those of Agrippina and Octavia do not). Moreover, the reconstruction of the city probably began earlier, during the reign of Augustus, since he is always described as ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ (the same legend, ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ, occurs at near-by Clazomenae, where it is thought to refer to a similar refoundation after an earthquake). One imagines, however, that it was this tem­ ple of Dionysus which also appears enclosing a bust of

A S IA : Teos, Lebedus (2511-2520)

Augustus and of Nero, probably indicating that statues of the emperors were placed in the temple, although S. Price (.Rituals and Power) thinks that these coins depict the naos of the Sebastoi attested by an inscription (IGR, IV, 1581). The denominations used are not easy to elucidate. The emperor-in-temple coins of both Augustus and Nero seem to be the same (19111171/4.89 g and 1901111/5.4gg respect­ ively) and perhaps the same as the laureate issue of Augustus ( 17 mm/5.45 g); the three-denominational issue of Augustus consists of 1701111/3.58g, i2mm/2-36g and 11 mm/1 .g2 g. The largest of these may correspond to the denominations of the coins of Agrippina and Octavia (15mm, 3.91 g and 16mm, 3.42g respectively), but it is clear that the pattern of denominations is very uncertain. P 2g20 (ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; head of Augustus with lituus/facing head of Dionysus [?]) has not been included here as a coin of Teos. Only -ΩΝ in the legend can be read with certainty, and the reverse type is unknown at Teos. It has therefore been catalogued under ‘Uncertain’ (5430).

A u g u s tu s 2511

i . 0 = a m c 1 3 2 0 , 1.90; 2. N Y; 3. C o p 151 6 , 2.19; 4—5. B (I-B , B -I), 1.98, — ; 6. P 2970, i . 71; 7. V 28295.

2515

L eaded bronze. 17m m , 3.58g (7). Axis: 12.

2516 L eaded bronze. 19m m , 5.49g (9). Axis: 12.

[ 17 ]

BMC 71, C op 1518 ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; lau reate head, r.; before, sta r ΤΗΙΩΝ; D ionysus standing, L, w ith c a n th a ru s and thyrsus; to 1., griffin i . B (I-B ), 5.81; 2 - 5 . B (B -I, L ö b b , 7988, L ö b b ); 6. O , 6 .ig ; 7 - 8 . V 17 9 1ο , 32715, —, 4.oo; g . L = b m c 71, 5.51; 1 0 - 1 1 . L = bm c 72-3 , 4.18, 6.07; 12. P 2971, 5.21; 13—14· C o p 1518-19, 6.31, 6.12; 15. M u 46, 5.26; 16. N Y ; 17. B (Fox). T h e s ta r is n o t alw ays clear, a n d it is possible th a t som e dies do n o t h av e it: they m ig h t th en c o rresp o n d to th e v ariety o f O cta v ia w ith n o s ta r (2 5 1 8 below ). O n tw o coins (16 a n d 17, different dies) th ere ap p e ars to b e a scep tre b eh in d th e e m p e ro r’s h ea d , b u t this is n o t ce rtain . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 9.

2517 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3.93g (5). Axis: 12.

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ C8BACTH; d rap ed b ust of A grippina II, r. ΤΗΙΩΝ; tem ple w ith four colum ns, enclosing Dionysus standing, I., w ith can th a ru s a n d thyrsus I . L 1 9 4 7 - 7 - 3 - 2 6 , 3.95; 2. C o p 1517, 3.99; 3. P 2925, 4.03; 4 . P D elepierre, 3.87; 5. O , 3.80; 6 . B (I-B ); 7—8. V 17909, 28150. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 1.

[ 9 ]

2518 AE. 18m m , 4 .6 7 g (4). Axis: 12. bm c

74

[ '6 ] bm c

BMC 70, AMC 1321

]

[ 8 ]

75, C op 1520

OKTAOYIA; d rap ed bust, r.; to r., star ΤΗΙΩΝ; D ionysus standing, L, w ith c a n th a ru s and thyrsus

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΤΗΙΩΝ; b unch of grapes

I. L = b m c 75, 4.03; 2. N Y ; 3. C o p 1520, 3.94; 4 - 6 . P 2923, 2972-3, 3.42, 2.45, 3.30; 7. M u 46a, 2.79; 8. V 27494. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.

i . N Y ; 2. L = BMC 70, 2.54; 3. P 2920a ( = W a 1992), 2.82; 4 . O = am c 1321, 2.15; 5. B (I-B ); 6. V 36701, 1.92. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.

am c

7

I. B (I-B ), 4.61; 2. B (B -I); 3 . L = bm c 74, 4.57; 4 . L 1 9 2 7 -6 -7 -3 0 , 4.47; 5. P 2924, 4.40; 6 . O , 5.04; 7. V 30912.

2519 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .5 9 g (3). Axis: 12.

AE. 11 m m , 1.94g (4)· Axis: 12.

[

c o rr.

OKTAOYIAN; d rap ed b u st of O ctavia, r. ΝΕΡΩΝ ΤΗΙΩΝ; tem ple w ith two colum ns, enclosing bare head o f N ero, r.

i . B (I-B ), 3.06; 2. L = BMC 68, 3.37; 3 . N Y ; 4 . L 1 9 4 7 -7 -3 -6 , 3.76; 5. O — AMc 1319, 3.73; 6 . C o p 1514, 3.07; 7 - 8 . P 2921, 2968, 3.65, 3.23; 9 . V 34484, 3.72; 10. L in d g ren A 578C , 4.37; 11. W e b er 6232. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.

2514

[ 8 ]

C op 1517

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; b are head, r. ΤΗΙΩΝ; D ionysus standing, 1., w ith can th a ru s a n d filleted thyrsus

L eaded bronze. 12 m m , 2.36 g (4). Axis: 12.

]

N e ro

[ 12 ]

BMC 68, AMc 1319, C op 1514

2513

6

I . B (I-B ), 5.57; 2—3 . B (Fox, L ö b b ); 4 . L = bm c 67, 5.87; 5. V 30970; 6. M u 44a, 4.92. M u 45 (labelled ‘D ru su s a n d A n to n ia ’) is eith er a n o th e r ex am p le o f this, o r o f th e sim ilar ty p e for N ero (2 5 1 6 ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 4.

i . L = b m c 6 9 , 4.70; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -2 9 8 , 1947 -6 -6 -1 1 0 0 , 5.85, 4.17; 4 . N Y; 5. C op 1515, 2.58; 6 - 7 . P 2922, 2969, 5.20, 5.24; 8 - 9 . B 376/1880, 217/1886; ί ο - n . V 17908, 31129; 12. M u 94, 4.36; 13. PV ; 14. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 220, 4.98; 15. W e b er 6233. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. 2512

[

67

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; lau reate head, r. ΤΗΙΩΝ; D ionysus standing, 1., w ith c a n th a ru s and filleted thyrsus; to 1., griffin

BMC 69, C op 1515 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ; tem ple w ith four colum ns, enclosing b are head, r. ΤΗΙΩΝ; D ionysus standing, 1., w ith can th aru s an d filleted thyrsus

L eaded bronze. 17m m , 5 .4 5 g (3). Axis: 12. bm c

___________________________

L eaded bronze. 18m m , 4 .8 9 g (6). Axis: 12.

^25

[

7

]

2520 AE. 16m m , 3.29g

1320, C op 1516

As

2519,

(4).

Axis: 12.

[ 6 ]

b u t obv. legend OKTA(B)IA an d no star(?)

i . O , 3.25; 2. O (OKTAIA), 2.75; 3—4. B (B -I, 43 9 /1 8 8 7 ); 5. C Leake, 3.28; 6· C o p 1521, 3.87.

Bare head, r. TH; griffin, r.

Lebedus The late Hellenistic coinage of Lebedus has been studied by P. Kinns, Studies in the Coinage of Ionia (Ph.D. thesis, Univer­ sity of Cambridge, 1980), p. 258. A fairly large coinage of silver tetradrachms had been minted in the second century

BC, and m any varieties of bronze coinage had been produ­ ced until the m id-first century b c .

In the early imperial period, only one issue can definitely be ascribed to Lebedus, in the reign of Tiberius, signed by

Dionysodoros. There are two pairs of dies, one obverse being signed CEBACTOC and the other TIBEPIOC, but in view of the similar portraits and same magistrate’s name, it seems reasonable to regard both as Tiberius. The entry for Augustus in the vA Index, which follows the Wa catalogue, should therefore be deleted. Another coin has been attributed to Lebedus, the intrigu­ ing coin published by Grant in F1TA, p. 364 and pi. X I.66, with a reverse of Cybele between two lions and the inscrip­ tion ΝΟΜΗ. The coin was in Grant’s collection and was attributed by him to Erythrae, but it was subsequently acquired by C (290/1948) and published by Heichelheim as a coin of Lebedus (SNG 4500, reading AEBEAIWN (?), with the comments ‘ethnic uncertain’ and ‘Tiberius’). There seems to be no basis to this reading or attribution, and the coin is classified here under ‘Uncertain’ (5444).

T ib e r iu s 2521

A E. 19m m , 5 .3 4 g (1). Axis: 6 (1).

[ 1 ]

CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r. AION[Y]COAWPOY ΛΕ; d rap ed an d helm eted bust of A thena, r. I . P 1 3 8 4 ( = W a 1706: ‘A u g u ste’), 5.34; 2. M alloy 23 (1987), 17. S am e dies.

2522

AE. 19 m m , 4.75 g (2). Axis: var. km

74,

no.

[ 3 ]

13

TIBEPIOC; lau reate head, r. AIONYCOAWPOY ΛΕ; d rap ed a n d helm eted b u st of A thena, r. i . P 1 3 8 5 , 4.89; 2. B (I-B = km 74, no. 13), 4.61; 3 . B U n c e rta in (Fox).

Colophon The coinage of Colophon was published by J. G. Milne, Kolophon and its Coinage (NNM 96 [1941]), a work which has been revised by P. Kinns, Studies in the Coinage of Ionia (unpublished Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 1980). Kinns’s last period (IV: 170-30 b c ) corresponds to Milne’s period VII, though with a rather different chronology for the bronze. In the second century there had been a very small issue of silver tetradrachms with only a single obverse die (cf. P. Kinns in CRWLR, p. 107). In the first century only bronze was produced, and there are two groups; one minted c. 7550 b c , and a plentiful issue in the names of ΑΠΟΛΛΑΣ and ΠΥΘΕΟΣ, probably in the middle of the century. For the early imperial period, Milne knew of only a single issue for Augustus, represented by a single specimen. This

is still the case, and no subsequent issues are known before the reign of Domitian. Apollo was traditional on the coinage of Colophon. A u g u s tu s 2523

A E. 2 0m m , 5 .6 3 g (1). Axis: 12 (1).

[ *1 ]

M ilne, no. 180 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΚΟΛΟΦΟΝΙΩΝ; Apollo seated, r., holding laurel branch a n d lyre I . B (L ö b b ), 5.63 ( = zfN 12, 1885, 315-16: ‘im C atalo g d e M o u stier no. 240 irrig als m it sitzen d em H o m e r b esch reib en ’; M ilne, pi. X I , 180a).

Metropolis The early imperial coinage of Metropolis is represented by a total of four specimens in three different varieties, all signed by the same man, (Gaios) Ioulios Demetrios. The coinage was attributed by M. Grant (‘Phrygian Metropolis in the early Principate’, NC, 1949, pp. 157-65) to Metropolis in Phrygia (rather than the one in Ionia) on the grounds that the portrait and lituus are very similar to those on coins from Phrygia. He also (very tentatively) dated the coins to the reign of Tiberius rather than that of Augustus. The types used are no help in attributing the coins, since Cybele naturally occurs at both cities, and the serpent staff at neither. On the other hand, the lituus is known in Ionia (at Erythrae); more helpfully, the portrait on the lituus coins (2524-5) is quite like that at near-by Colophon (2523), and the portrait on the other coin (2526) is reminiscent of the Tiberian issue of Lebedus (2521-2: note, too, the positioning of the legend). For this reason an attribution to Metropolis in Ionia has been retained. As for the identity of the emperor, there is no difficulty in

attributing the coins with the lituus to Augustus on grounds of portraiture. But it seems impossible to attribute the new coin without lituus (2526) to the same emperor as the portrait is so different, and a tentative attribution to Tiberius is made here, especially in view of the similarity noted above with the Tiberian issue of Lebedus. If this is correct, of course, it implies that Demetrios was responsible for coinage on two separate occasions. It must be emphasised that neither the mint attribution nor the identity of the emperor(s) is at all certain. A u g u s tu s (?) 2524

A E. 2 0m m , 4 .9 7 g (i). Axis: 12 (1). ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.; before, lituus ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; Cybele seated, 1., w ith lion

[ 1 ]

A S IA : Metropolis, Hypaepa (2525-2529)

i . P 1 6 1 6 (== W a 1764 = X .1 1 ), 4.-97.

2525

km

83, no. 5 w i t h T af. I I I . 8 =

nc

1949, p h

A E. 14m m , 3.41g (1). Axis: 6 ( i).

T ib e r iu s (?) [ 2 ]

2526

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.; before, lituus ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; serpent staff i.

P 1615, 3.41; 2. B (I-B =

km

42p

AE. 19m m , 6 .0 9 g (1). Axis: 6 ( i).

[ i ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΓΑΙΟΣ ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΙΤ[ΩΝ]; b u st of Cybele, 1.; behind, fo rep art of lion

82, no. 4). S am e dies.

I.

P 1 9 8 5 /6 3 3 (ex A uktiones A G 15, 18.9.1985, lo t 275), 6.09.

Hypaepa For the site of Hypaepa and its famous sanctuary of Artemis Persica or Anaitis (which occurs frequently on the coins), see L. Robert, RN, 1976, pp. 27fr. Hypaepa made no coinage before the imperial period, when a number of rare issues were made under Augustus and Tiberius, and then a fairly extensive one under Nero. The Augustan issues have been sorted into three groups on the basis of obverse style. The first group consists of two coins, both with (apparently) different and unpublished magistrates’ names. The second group comprises two denominations signed by three different names; one of them (Papionos) has a monogram which might stand for ΓΡΑΜ, indicating that he was the grammateus, the office which also appears on the Neronian coins of Hegesippos (whereas the strategos appears on the latest Augustan issue, and is normal later, from the second century onwards). On the other hand, the monogram for Attalos seems different (that for Artemidoros is as yet indistinct), so perhaps both monograms stand for personal names. The final group con­ sists of a single coin, whose portrait suggests that it was made during the last two decades of the reign; the other two groups were perhaps made in the region of 20-10 b c or later. The Tiberian coinage is poorly known, as there are very few specimens, which are usually hard to read. However, there appear to be two magistrates for Tiberius himself, and one or two different ones for Germanicus. It is possible that Hypaepa also made one or two alliance coins with Sardis (see 5445-6). Most of the coinage was produced under Nero. An issue signed by Metrodoros Kon was produced at the beginning of the reign, c. 55, to judge from the portrait. (It is possible that there is an issue for Agrippina II at the same time: see on 2541.) The much more extensive issue of the gram­ mateus Ga(ios) Ioulios Hegesippos was produced in three denominations; the largest of these has the joint portraits of Nero and Statilia Messalina, so the whole issue can be dated between 66 and 68. Augustus I II

III Tiberius

As elsewhere the coins were made of bronze or brass at different times. Brass seems to be confined to the reign of Tiberius, but its use made little if any difference to the weight standards used for the different denominations. The standard does seem to be slightly reduced under Tiberius, but this is observable elsewhere in this area (see p. 375) on coins with no change in their metallic composition. The pattern can be seen from the table below. The types are Zeus, Dionysus or Artemis; in addition, the Lydian hero with double axe appears under Nero. A u g u s tu s F ir s t g ro u p 2527

AE. 18m m , 4 .5 9 g (1). Axis: 12.

I.

2528

P 4 7 0 , 4.59.

A E. 18m m , 3.87g (1). Axis: 12.

i . L 1 9 8 7 —11—4 0 —1 (ex M allo y 23, 1987, lo t 15), 3.87. T h e re is definitely a le tte r before ΑΚΟ ΔΑ [, p erh ap s a Σ. B o th Ns on th e rev. a re retro g ra d e.

S econ d g rou p 2529

L eaded bronze. 18 mm , 4.98 g (5: Axis: 12.

average

3 5 2 9 , 2 5 3 1 , 2 5 3 3 ).

[

3

BMC 1 3

C8BACTOC; b are head, r. Y n A inH N W N nA m W N O C ; lau reate h ead of Zeus, r.; m onogram f-T i . N Y ; 2 . V 19414, 5-13; 3 . L = b m c 1 3 , 4.60. 3 is from th e sam e obv. die as 2 5 3 1 / 1 (A ttalos) a n d 2 5 3 3 / 1 (A rtem id o ro s). F o r th e m o n o g ram , see in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 3.

löm m , 4.23g 18mm, 4.98g 19mm, 4.93g

16mm, 3.55g

19 mm, 4.02 g

16mm, 2.54g 12 mm, 2.05 g

2 3 m m , 1 0 .5 5 g

[ 1 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ [ ]Α Κ Ο ΔΑ [ ; Zeus standing, 1., w ith thu n d erb o lt

Agrippina II Nero I Nero II

[ 1 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ ΧΑΡΙΞΕΝΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ; Zeus standing, 1., w ith th u n d erb o lt

20 mm, 5.62 g

15mm, 3.03g 15mm, 3.52g

19mm, 4.26g (25)

15mm, 3.21 g (25)

]

428

2530

A S IA : Hypaepa (2530-2543)

AE. 16m m , 2.46g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

2538

i . L 1 9 7 5 —4 —i i —193, 3.48. P resu m ab ly th e sam e n am e as 2 5 3 7 A (i.e., ΣΑΚΑΝΤΗΣ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

i . L 1 9 8 8 —5—16—9, 2.46. F o r th e m o nogram , w hich is th e sam e as on 2 5 2 9 , see in tro d u ctio n .

L eaded bronze. See 2529.

[ 1 ]

BMC 14 As 2529 (head of Zeus), b u t Y nAIIIH N W N ATTAAO[ ; m onogram ΛΑ

G erm a n ic u s 2539

AE. 16m m , 3.75g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

i . L = B M C 15, 3.73; 2—3. M u i a , ic , —, 2.54. T h e rea d in g o f th e full m a g is tra te ’s n am e is n o t clear o n an y specim en; in p a rtic u la r, it is possible th a t 3 h as a d ifferent n am e. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

As 2530 (cult statu e), b u t Y nAIIIH N W N ATTAAOC; traces o f sam e m onogram as 2531 B (I-B ) ( = l s , no. 3), 3.75. P ossibly the sam e obv. die as 2 5 3 4 (B

2540

9 7 9 / : 9 12)·

2533

AE. See 2529.

[ 3 ]

15

ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r. ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ ΣΩΣΘΕΝΗΣ; hero standing, 1., w ith double axe

Ls 78, no. 3

I.

Brass. 16m m , 3.14g (2). Axis: 6. BMC

i . L = B M C 14, 4.61. S am e die as 252 9 /1 (P apion) a n d 2533/1 (A rtem idoros). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. 2532

[ 1 ]

TIBEPI[ON] ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; lau reate head, r. ΥΠΑΙΠ[ ]ΚΑΝΤΗΣ; as 2536 (Dionysus)

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. YnAinHNWN ΠΑΠΙΩΝΟΣ; facing cult statu e of A rtem is A naitis; m onogram K

2531

Brass. 19m m , 3.48g (1). Axis: 12.

AE. 17m m , 2.33g 6 ) · Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

[ ] ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r. ΣΩΣΘΕΝΗΣ [ ]; facing cult statu e o f A rtem is

[ 2 ]

As 2529 (head of Zeus), b u t Y nA inH N W N A PTE M l Δ W PO C; Pmonogram

I . B (I-B ), 2.33. T h e a ttrib u tio n s to G erm an icu s a n d H y p a e p a are n o t ce rtain , b u t th e obv. seem s v ery sim ilar to 2 5 3 9 ; an d , as w ell as th e sam e n am e, th e rev. type occurs a t H y p a e p a u n d e r N ero.

i . B 5 /1 9 2 7 , 5.84; 2. B (I-B ), 4.72. i is from th e sam e obv. die as 2 5 2 9 /1 (P apion) a n d 2 5 3 1 /1 (A ttalos). 2534

AE. 16m m , 3.36g (1). Axis: 12. As 2 5 3 0 (cult statu e), b u t YnAinHNWN A PT[ u ncertain m onogram

[ 1 ]

A g r ip p in a I I (?)

]; 2541

i . B 9 7 9 /1 9 1 2 (P erg am u m find), 3.36. P ossibly th e sam e d ie as 2 5 3 2 (B I-B ). T h e obvious resto ratio n o f th e legend w ould be Α ΡΤ[ΕΜ ΙΔΩΡΟΣ], as on 2 5 3 3 , th o u g h th e le tte rs a re p erh ap s too large.

AE. 19m m , 4.93g (1). Axis: 12. ls

[ 1 ]

78, no. 4

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΟΙ; laureate_head, r. ΕΠΙ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΑ[ΟΣ] ΚΑΠΝΑΣ ΣΤΡ ; Zeus Standing, L, w ith thunderbolt; in field, TO Γ I.

B (I-B ) ( = L S 4), 4.93.

N e ro M e tr o d o r o s K o n , 2542

T ib e r iu s 2536

[ 2 ]

i . M u 13, 2.05; 2. B 2 8 7 7 8 (obv. leg en d re tro g ra d e ), 2.27. T h e tw o coins a p p e a r to re p re se n t th e sam e p erso n , th o u g h th e vA Index iden tified th em as A g rip p in a I I a n d A g rip p in a I respectively. T h e a ttrib u tio n to A g rip p in a I I d ep en d s o n th e a p p e a ra n c e o f th e p o rtra it, a n d is n o t certain . I t does, how ever, seem likely. T h e coin m ig h t p e rh a p s be a sm all d en o m in atio n co rresp o n d in g to th e coins o f N ero signed b y M etro d o ro s.

T h ir d g ro u p 2535

AE. 12m m , 2.05g ( 0 - Axis: 12. C£BAC(C)TH; d rap ed bust, r. ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ; facing statu e o f A rtem is

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3 .0 3 g (10). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 11 ] BMC

AE. 19m m , 4 .5 6 g (1). Axis: 12.

c. AD 5 5 (?)

16, C op 188

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r. ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ ΜΗΤΡΟΔΩΡΟΣ KON; hero standing, 1., w ith double axe

[ 1 ]

C op 187

I . L = b m c 16, 2.69; 2— 3. L = BMC 17-18, 3.24, 2.40; 4. N Y; 5. C o p 188, 3.60; 6. P 471, 2.86; 7. O , 3.53; 8—9 . B (L ö b b , 18585), 2.68, 3.13; 10. V 36765, 2.51; i i . M u 2a, 2.72; 12. I-B ( = l s 79, no. 5, w ith T af. I V .5); 13. S ard is excavations 152. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

TIBEPION ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ; lau reate head, r. ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ ΜΕΝΕΚΡΑΤΗΣ; D ionysus standing, 1 ., w ith cantharus an d thyrsus i . C o p 187, 4.56. 2537

AE. 19m m , 4.08g (1). Axis: 12.

[ *1 ]

T I[B ]EPIO [ ]ΣΤΟΝ; lau reate head, r. ΜΕΝΕΚΡΑΤΗΣ Y [ ; Zeus standing, 1. I· V

2537

2543

^94:^5 , 4- 08 .

A AE. 19m m , Axis: 12.

G a ( io s ) Io u lio s H e g e s ip p o s G r ( a m m a te u s ) , c . A D 6 6 - 8

L eaded bronze. 2 3 m m , 10.55g ( II: a 5 4 3 —5 )· Axis: 12 or 6. [ 10 ] BMC

[ 1 ]

TI[BEPION ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟ]Ν; lau reate head, r. [ ]ΝΩΝ ΣΑΚΑΝ[ ; Zeus standing, 1. i . V 2 7 3 3 5 /7 9 (u n c e rta in ). P resu m ab ly th e sam e nam e as 2 5 3 8 (i.e., ΣΑΚΑΝΤΗΣ). See also U n c e rta in 5 4 4 5 for a possible alliance coin w ith S ardis o f S akantes.

21 corr., C op 191

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΜΕΣΣΑΛ(Ε)ΙΝΑ; d rap ed b ust of M essalina, r., facing lau reate head o f N ero, 1. ΥΠΑ(Ι) ΙΟΥ ΓΡ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ; facing cult statu e of A rtem is i ■ P 4 7 5 ( = W a 5015), 10.59; 2 * P A p am e a 487, 10.15; 3. L = bmc 21, 10.51; 4 . V 31533, 9.08; 5. O , 8.91; 6 - 7 . C o p 191-2, 9.37, 11.14; 8 1 0 . B (I-B — G RM K 119, no. 2, F ox, I-B ), 12.16, 12.1 ϊ , i o . o i ; 1 1 . W ad d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 264. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 3.

A S IA : Hypaepa, Dioshieron (2544-2558)

[ i ]

2544

ι . V 3 2 3 0 7 , 5.07; 2. W e b er ( = ls 8 o, no. io = T a f. I V .7). S am e obv. die as 2 5 4 8 /1 (Zeus) a n d 2 5 5 0 /1 (figure o f D io n y su s).

As 2543, b u t ΥΠΑΙΠΗ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ

L eaded bronze. 2 0m m , 4 .5 8 g (2). Axis: 12.

2550

I· b 28953, I 2 -3 *1·

As 2543, b u t ΙΟΥ(ΛΙΟΣ) ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠ(ΟΣ) ΥΠΑΙΠ(ΗΝΩΝ) ΓΡ i . P 4 7 6 , 11.36; 2. P A p am e a 493, 8.53; 3. S tern b e rg 13 (N ov. 1983) lot 592; 4. M M A G 41 (1970) lot 417. T h e le tte r form W also occurs. 2546

L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 5.62 g (14: 2 5 4 6 -8 ). Axis: 12 or 6. [ 14 ] BMC

i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1982 (ex vA 2961), 4.67; 2. S ard is ex cav atio n s 149. 1 from sam e obv. die as 2 5 4 9 /1 -2 (h ead o f D ionysus) an d 2 5 4 8 /1 (Z eus). Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 1.

AE. 2 0m m , 6 .1 1 g (1). Axis: 6.

2551

20, C op 190

[ i ]

As 2551, b u t ΥΠΑ ΓΡ ΙΟΥ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. ΥΠΑ(Ι) ΙΟΥ ΓΡ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ; Zeus

i . P 4 7 3 , 6 .1 1. S am e obv. die as 2 5 4 7 /1 —2. S t a n d i n g , 1., w i t h

L eaded bronze. 15 m m , 3.52 g (10: 2552—5). Axis: 12 or

2552

th u n d e rb o lt

6-

i . N Y ; 2. L = BMC 20, 5.06; 3—4 . B (B -I, I-B = cs 79, no. 9), 5.88, 4.19; 5. I-B = cs 79, no. 8, 6.34; 6. C o p 190, 6.09; 7—8. P 473B, 474 ( = W a 5014), 5.85, 6.14; 9 . L = BMC A p am e a 146, 4.50; 10. M u 2, 6.80; 11— 13. V 31484, 36763, A p am e a 19760, 4.18, —, —; 14. P 473A, 5.40; 15. S ternberg, N ov. 1976, lot 784, 5.79; 16. K ö ln er M ü n z k a b in e tt 38 (1985) lot 192; 17. W e b er 6830. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.

BMC

As 2546, b u t ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ ΓΡ ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ

i . L = b m c 19, 3.61; 2. C o p 189, 3.99; 3 . P 472, 3 .11 ; 4 . B (R au c h ), 3.56; 5 . C L e a k e , 4.06. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

[ 2]

2553

As 2552, b u t laureate head, 1., a n d ΥΠΑ ΓΑ IOY ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ

i . L 1914—12—5—4, 4.17; 2. B (I-B = GRMK 118, no. 1), 6.41. S am e dies, a n d sam e obv. as 25 5 1 /1 (figure o f D ionysus).

i . B (I-B = ls 79, no. 6), 3.72; 2. V 30764, 2.92. T h e re a d in g ΓΑ seem s clear, th o u g h o ne m ig h t h av e ex p ected ΓΡ.

[ i ]

2548

As 2547, b u t IOYAIOC ΗΓΗΓΙΠΠΟΓ ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ aro u n d type

[ 5 ] 19, C op 189

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; laureate head, r. ΥΠΑ ΙΟΥ ΗΓΗΣΙΠ ΓΡ; hero standing, 1., w ith double axe

[ 2 ]

2547

2549

[ 1 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. ΙΟΥΛ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠ ΥΠΑΙΠΗ ΓΡ; D ionysus standing, 1., w ith can th aru s an d thyrsus

[ 2 ]

2545

42g

[ 2 ]

2554

i . V 31485, 5.73. S am e obv. die as 2 5 4 9 /1 -2 (head o f D ionysus) an d 2 5 5 0 /1 (figure o f D ionysus).

As 2552, b u t lau reate head, 1., an d ΥΠΑΙ IOY ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ an d in field, Γ P

AE. 20m m , 5.07g (1). Axis: 12.

i . B (B -I), 2.83; 2. P (B agis, L ydia) 1 15, 2.94.

[ 1 ]

Ls 80, no. 10

[ 2 ]

2555

As 2552, b u t lau reate head, 1., a n d ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΣ ΥΠΑΙΠΗ

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. ΙΟΥΛΙΟΥ ΗΓΗΣΙΠΠΟΥ ΥΠΑΙΠΗΝΩΝ; head of D ionysus, r., w ith thyrsus; to r., ΓΡ

I . B (I-B ) ( = ls 79, no. 7), 3.94; 2. C = SNG 4 8 6 2 , 3.45. S am e obv. die (w hich has re tro g ra d e Ns).

Dioshieron Dioshieron made its first coins in the imperial period; as well as coins minted early (to judge from the portrait) in the reign of Nero, there were other issues, labelled only ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (or similar). One of these (2556) can be attributed to Augustus by its portrait, but the identification of the other (2558) is less clear. It is usually thought that it, too, represents Augustus, but Grant, for instance, suggested Tiberius; and, indeed, there is some similarity with the Tiberian coins of Hypaepa (2536-8). The following denominations occur, with corresponding

A u g u s tu s 2556

[ 1 ]

I. P 2 7 6 , 2.77; 2 - 3 . JS W , 3.48, 2 .7 4 . F o r th e in te rp re ta tio n o f the m o n o g ram , w h ich also occurs on 2 5 5 7 , see above.

2557

AE. 15m m , 2 .1 0 g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [

[ 1 ]

]N ΠΑΠΙΩΝ; eagle standing, 1. (head, r.); m onogram

rfi

ty p e s :

Augustus Augustus? Nero

AE. 18m m , 3.11g (2). Axis: 12. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; b are head, r.; before, lituus ΔΙΟΣΙΕΡΙΤΩΝ ΠΑΠΙΩΝ; lau reate head o f Zeus, r.; m onogram rfl

2 heads

Zeus head

eagle/capricorn

21 mm, 7.27g

18 mm, 3 .11 g 18 mm, 3.32 g 18 mm, 3.49 g

15mm, 2.IOg ?i5m m , 1.83g 15mm, 2.69g

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; capricorn w ith cornucopia, 1. i . L 1 9 8 8 —5—16—8, 2.10. F o r th e m o n o g ram , w h ich also occu rs o n 255 6 , see above.

(?A u g u s tu s or) T ib e riu s

The monograms on coins of Papion and Korboulon are very similar; they are, however, different in that there is no second downward stroke on the monogram appearing for Korboulon. It looks as if the monogram with Papion is of ΠΡ (prytanis?), whereas that with Korboulon is of ΓΡ (grammateus?). See also the commentary.

2558

AE. 18m m , 3.32g (5). Axis: 12.

[ 5 ]

C op 113 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΔΙΟΣΙΕΡΙΤΩΝ; laureate head o f Zeus, r. i . C o p 113, 3.49; a—3. P 2 7 8 -9 ( = W a 4 9 6 0 -1 ), 3.18. 2.70; 4. B (L ö b b );

5 . C = s n g 4857, 3.47; 6. L in d g ren 723, 3.80. See also below , 2 5 6 2 , for a possible sm aller den o m in atio n .

2558 A AE. 15m m , 2.55g (2 *i.)· Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

2561 L eaded bronze. 15m m , 2.69g (3). Axis: 12.

M 4.3.184 var.

N e ro [ 5 ]

7

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΖΕΥΣ; lau reate head of N ero, r., facing laureate head of Zeus, 1. ΔΙΟΣΙΕΡΙΤΩΝ ΚΟΡΒΟΥΛΩΝ, HPA; H e ra standing, L, w ith sceptre; m onogram ff i . P 282 ( = W a 4962), 8.52; 2. L = BMC 7, 7.76; 3. O , 6.53; 4 . B (B -I); 5 . V 31477, 6.25; 6 . A rolsen ( = l s 63, no. 2). T h e Z o f ΖΕΥΣ is retro g rad e. M ü n ste rb e rg , Beamtennamen (cf. G roag, PIR 2 3, 47), insisted th a t the m o n o g ra m on 5 w as o f ΠΡ ra th e r th a n ΓΡ, b u t this does n o t seem to be correct. F or th e m onogram , w hich also ap p e a rs on 2 5 6 0 -1 , see above. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.

2560 L eaded bronze. 18m m , 3.49g (6). Axis: 12.

5 ]

ΚΟΡΒΟΥΛΩΝ; eagle standing, 1. (head, r.) ΔΙΟΣΙΕΡΙΤΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; capricorn w ith cornucopia and globe, r.

i . J S W , 2.31; 2. P 280, 2.78.

2559 L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 7.27g (4). Axis: 12.

[

BMC I

CEBACTOC; laureate head, r. AIOCIEPITWN; Zeus standing, 1., w ith patera

BMC

I . P 2 8 1 , 3.51; 2. L = BMC 8, 3.44; 3 - 5 . B (644/1914 ex P row e 1454, K n o b elsd o rf, I-B = l s 64, no. 4, w ith T af. I I I . 20); 6. O , 3.06; 7—8. C o p 1 14-15, 3.55, 3-17; 9—10. V 28521, 31486; ii. M u i , 4.19. Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 2.

[ 11 ]

BMC 8, C op 114 ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. ΔΙΟΣΙΕΡΙΤΩΝ ΚΟΡΒΟΥΛΩΝ; Zeus (?) standing, 1., holding p atera (?); m onogram if

i . O , 3.24; 2. L = BMC 6, 3.04; 3—4 . B (198/1879, I-B = l s 63, no. 1); 5. V 31478, 1.78. T h e le tte r form s C a n d £ also occur. B o th BMC an d Im h o o f-B lu m er in LS d a te th e coin to th e reig n o f A u g u stu s (followed by M ü n sterb erg , Beamtennamen), re g a rd in g th e m a g istrate as ‘ein älterer C o rb u lo ’, b u t n e ith e r th e ab sen ce o f th e n am e o f N ero n o r th e presen ce o f the ca p rico rn necessarily p reclu d es th e obvious in te rp re ta tio n : i.e., th a t the coin is th e sm allest d en o m in atio n o f th e N ero n ian issue o f th e g ram m ateu s C o rb u lo . See also U . V o g el-W eid em an n , Die Statthalter von Africa und Asia, p. 372, n. 1202. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.

U n c e rta in da te 2562 AE. 15m m , 1.83g (1).

[ 1 ]

ΔΙΟΣΙΕΡΙΤΩΝ; eagle standing, r.; head, 1. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; capricorn w ith cornucopia, 1. i . P 2 7 7 , 1.83. I n view o f th e ab sen ce o f a m a g istrate, the coin should p ro b a b ly be reg ard e d as a sm aller d en o m in atio n co rresp o n d in g to th e coin o f T ib e riu s (?) (2 5 8 8 ). T h e style o f th e ca p rico rn is certain ly very like th a t o f th e A u g u stan issue for P ap io n .

Nicaea (Cilbianorum) The coinage of the two cities of the Gilbiani was discussed by F. Imhoof-Blumer, ‘Die Münzen der Kilbianer in Lydien’, NZ 20 (1888), pp. 1-18, and he gave a list of the coins of Nicaea on pp. 8—18. For the Julio-Glaudian period, he included only the coins of Gaius and Lucius (2564, below), illustrating three exam­ ples and giving the correct description for the first time. The coinage of Nicaea was also discussed by M. Grant, FITA 348. As well as the piece of Gaius and Lucius, he included the following two issues: 1. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. [NIJKAIEWN; uncertain type (described by Grant as ‘as last’, but there is no previous entry). Grant cited this from a cast at Winterthur. This is a cast of a coin from the Weber collection; this coin is now in L, where it has been kept for many years under the ‘Uncertain’ coins. It is, in fact, a coin of Apamea, reading ΜΕΛΙΤΩΝ ΑΠΑΜΕΩΝ (= 3128/9). 2. ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ NIKAIEWN; head, r. ΓΑΙΟΝ ΛΕΥΚΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΣ; heads of Gaius and Lucius, r. Grant cited this piece from the Hague, but the coin cannot now be located. One must, of course, be extremely hesitant

about accepting it, but as it might exist it has been included here as 2563. The coin of Augustus and Livia in Mu (28959) classified as a coin of Nicaea (followed by the vA Index) is, in fact, a coin of Magnesia in Lydia (cf. E. Muret, RN, 1883, p. 393, and Imhoof-Blumer, op. cit., p. 6). A u g u s tu s 2563 A E. 22 mm . FiTA 3 4 8 ( 2 )

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒ NIKAIEWN; head, r. ΓΑΙΟΝ ΛΕΥΚΙΟΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΣ; heads of G aius and Lucius, r. i . H (obv. — FiTA, pi. X I .42). T h e coin ca n n o t, how ever, now be found (in fo rm atio n from J . P. A. v an d e r V in ), a n d so som e d o u b t m u st a tta c h to its a ttrib u tio n a n d descrip tio n .

2564 AE. 18m m , 4 .9 7 g (7). Axis: 12. NZ

[ 11 ]

1888, 9, no. 8, C op 105

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΛΕΥΚΙΟΣ; ju g a te heads o f G aius and Lucius C aesar, r. ΑΡΑΤΟΣ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΚΙΛΒΙΑΝΩΝ ΝΕΙΚΑΙΑΣ; Demos standing, 1., w ith arm outstretched i . P V , 3.91; 2—3 . C o p 105-6, 4.52, 5.80; 4 —6. P 228, 229, 230 ( = W a 4945)5 4 -0 7 > 4.90, 5-3o; 7—8. B (I-B , L ö b b ); 9—10. V 19389-90; 11. M u ; 12. L in d g ren 719, 5.34; 13. S ard is ex cav atio n s 139, 4.90; 14. S chulten (20.10.88) lot 601, 2.84.

A S IA : Cilbiani Superiores, Mysomakedones, Ephesus (2565-2568)

431

Cilbiani Superiores The very rare coinage of the Cilbiani can now be seen to form a single issue of two denominations. 2566 has previously been tentatively attributed to Cisthene in Mysia.

I . B (I-B ) ( = l s i ) , 5.52; 2. M u U n c e rta in 225, 5.17; 3 . L 1 9 9 1 -1 -3 0 -1 0 2 , 5.33. T h e vA Index h as e x p a n d ed th e I-B coin in B a n d th e reference to it in L S in to tw o s e p arate en tries. N o te th e p ec u liar in v e rted form o f the le tte r om ega.

2566

N ero, a d 5 4 - g 2565

_______________________

AE. 19m m , 5.34g (3). Axis: 12. LS

AE. 17m m , 3.28g (2). Axis: 12.

[ o ]

GRMK 40 corr. NEPUN ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; head, r. ΚΙΛ TUN ANU E AY A [Π]ΟΥ; eagle standing, facing (head, r.); all in w reath

[ 3 ]

55, no. i

W i n te r t h u r 2 5 4 9 (= g r m k 40: ‘C isth e n e?’), 3.93; 2. S ch u lten (19.10.1989) lo t 441, 2.62. Im h o o f-B lu m er’s te n tativ e a ttrib u tio n C isth en e w as d o u b te d b y K u b itsch e k ( N Z , 1909, p p . 2 6 6 -7 ) a n d F ritz e (D ie A n tike M ü n ze n M ysiens, p. 233, no. 622). T h e eth n ic is th e new specim en 2 5 6 6 /2 , a n d th e sh ap e o f the om eg a leaves no th a t th e new a ttrib u tio n is co rrect. I.

NEPUN ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; ju g a te heads of N ero an d b u st of A grippina II, r. ΕΠΙ AY ANTUN ΠΟΥΛΧΡΟΥ ΚΙΛΒΙ TUN ANU; Zeus standing, 1., w ith eagle a n d sceptre

to H . von clear on doubt

Mysomakedones The coins of the Mysomakedones have been published by W. Leschhorn, ‘Mysomakedones’, JNG XXXIV (1984), pp. 55—62, who has also provided a full discussion of the evidence relating to them (cf. also L. Robert, A Travers l’Asie Mineure, pp. 336-7). Despite their name, the Mysomakedones belong in Lydia and were in Roman times attached to the conventus of Ephesus (these relationships are well expressed by the Lydian type of Zeus on the larger coin, and by the Ephesian Artemis on the smaller). Leschhorn identified the figure on the obverse of 2568 as Livia, certainly correctly in view of the inscription and the fact that it copies the PONTIF MAXIM denarii of Tiberius. The portrait on 2567 was identified by Leschhorn as that of Augustus, although probably posthumous. Leschhorn also argued plausibly that the two coins were issued at the same time (as two different denominations); this, and indeed the portrait, however, surely allow the possibility that the portrait is supposed to represent Tiberius. Generally speaking, paired portraits of an emperor and Livia as Sehaste are regarded in this catalogue as most prob­

ably representing Tiberius and Livia, rather than posthu­ mous Augustus and Livia. T ib e riu s ? a n d L i v ia , a d i4 ~ 2 g *I. 2567

AE. 2 0m m , 7.02 g (2). Axis: 12. W . Leschhorn,

jn g

[ i ]

1984, 55

L au reate head, r. MYCOMAKCAONQN; Zeus standing, 1., holding eagle an d sceptre I. P r iv . c o ll. (W . L esch h o rn , 1989-4-28-15, 7.31. 2568

jn g

1984, 55, a n d T a f. 8.1), 6.72; 2. L

AE. 16m m , 4.59g (1). W . Leschhorn,

jn g

[ 1 ]

1984, 56

CCBACTH; fem ale figure seated on throne, r., holding sceptre an d b ranch MYCOMAKCAONQN; facing cult statu e o f A rtem is E phesia i . V 3 6 9 0 3 (= M ü n sterb erg ,

nz

1915, 108), 4.59; a.(?) B en ed etti coll, (see

NZ 1915. I 0 9 )·

Ephesus Throughout the late Republican period Ephesus had been an important cistophoric mint, producing many coins signed by Roman proconsuls between 58 and 49 b c (see, e.g., P. Kinns in CRWLR, p. 111); it had also produced an extensive coinage during the same period in bronze and gold (G. K. Jenkins, ‘Hellenistic gold coins of Ephesos’, Festschrift Akurgal (ed. G. Bayburtluoglu) = Anadolu XXI (1978/80) (Ankara, 1987), pp. 183-8). Later on, in the thirties and twenties b c , cistophori were perhaps produced there by M. Antony, Augustus and Claudius (see 2201-3, 2213-15, 2221-5); and early in Augustus’s reign, in the twenties b c , it may also have been a mint for some of the ‘CA’ coinage (see 2227fr.).

The Triumvirs, Augustus and Tiberius Portraits and arrangem ent The triple jugate heads on the Triumviral issue were identi­ fied as Augustus, Antony and Octavia by Bompois (RN, 1868, p. 97), but are all clearly male. The head on the smaller denomination (2574) has been identified as ‘Octavia/Antonia’ (Imhoof-Blumer) or ‘Octavia’ (Aufhäuser catalogue). It seems virtually certain that the person represented is Octavia: the portrait is very like that on the unique aureus of her and Antony (RRC 527: made in Ephesus?: see p. 368) and on the cistophori of Mark Antony (2201-2).

T he strange bronze coin w ith three ju g a te heads/ IIIV IR I R C (sic) is regarded here as a m odern forgery (Schw. K red it. 3, 19 A pril 1985, lot 475: 20m m , 5.74g). T he arrangem ent of the civic bronze coinage catalogued here is to a certain extent conventional, since it seems clear th at a detailed study of the dies would alm ost certainly reveal m uch inform ation ab o u t the sequence of the m any m agistrates whose nam es occur during this period. T he greatest num b er ap p ear on the coins of the T rium virs and of A ugustus. T he coins of A ugustus have been arranged by the over­ laps betw een the second nam es (it should, however, be pointed out th a t other such arrangem ents are possible: e.g., ΑΡΙΣΤΕΑΣ has been placed first because he includes ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΑΔΗΣ, who occurs under the T rium virs; b u t they also have ΕΥΘΥΚΡΑΤΗΣ, who occurs und er A ugustus w ith ΦΙΛΩΝ). I f this arran g em en t is approxim ately correct, the link betw een the T rium viral and A ugustan coinage would suggest th a t the A ugustan coinage (and so the represen­ tation of Livia as well) started very early in his reign. But this seems by no m eans sure, and indeed seems rath er unlikely; for instance, the p o rtraitu re and short w reath ties are not very like those found on cistophori attrib u ted to Ephesus in the tw enties, and suggest ra th e r a prototype of betw een 2 0 an d 1 0 b c , such as th a t of the ‘Colonia P atricia’ denarii. T h e p o rtraitu re on all issues is very sim ilar, sug­ gesting th a t the issue cannot have lasted for very m uch longer th an the m inim um eleven years. A date tow ards the m iddle of the reign seems m ost likely. T he conventional division betw een the coins w ith stag reverses w hich have a bare head and those w hich have a laureate head as betw een A ugustus and T iberius has been followed here, w ith some hesitancy; it rests on the som ew hat lim ited evidence of portraiture. T h e laureate coins are definitely distinct from the others; a p a rt from portraitu re, they use different letter forms (C not Σ), have a different arran g em en t of the legend, and p u t the nam e of the first m agistrate in the genitive (rather th a n the nom ina­ tive) . Even so, while an attrib u tio n to T iberius seems likely, a late A ugustan date cannot be excluded. U n d er A ugustus the p o rtra it of Livia also appears, ju g a te w ith him on the larger denom inations an d on her own on rare sm aller denom inations (like O ctavia for the T rium viral issue).

ΕΙΣ ΑΣ ΜΗΤΡΟΒΕΙΣ ΝΙΚΟΛΑΟΣ (ΝΙΚΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ, B M C 198, fol­ lowed by M ünsterberg, B e a m ­ tennam en, is a m isreading for ΝΙΚΟΛΑΟΣ) ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΜΕΜΝΩΝ w ith

ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΑΣ w ith

ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΑΔΗΣ ΑΓΡΕΥΣ

(see

addenda,

ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΧΛΑΣ .with

ΝΙΚΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ ΤΡΥΦΩΝ ΠΑΜΜΕΝΗΣ ΕΥΦΡΩΝ

ΦΙΛΩΝ with

ΕΥΦΡΩΝ ΚΩΚΑΣ ΤΡΥΦΩΝΑΣ ΕΥΘΥΚΡΑΤΗΣ ΣΙΜΟΣ

ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ with

*ΜΕΝΤΩΝ ΓΛΥΚΩΝ ΠΡΕΣΒΩΝ ΜΗΝΟΦΑΝΤΟΣ Μ Ε ΡΩ Ν

ΤΡΥΦΩΝ with

ΜΗΝΟΦΑΝΤΟΣ ΜΕΡΩΝ ΜΕΝΕΚΡΑΤΗΣ *ΣΑΜΙΑΔΗΣ

*ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔ ΩΡΟΣ with

*ΒΩΝΕΙΤΗΣ (according to L. R obert, M o n n a ies Grecques, p. 60, Βωνέιχης is not a separate per­ son from A rtem idoros b u t an epithet or nam e referring to his origins in an outlying village of this nam e. However, the whole p attern of nam es on these E phesian coins suggests th a t it should be regarded as the nam e of a second individual).

HP ΑΣ with

ΓΑΙΟΣ

Magistrates U nder the T rium virs, a p a rt from one anonym ous issue, all the coins are signed by the ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΓΡΑΜ(ΜΑΤΕΥΣ) ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ, who (except on the sm all denom ination) is associated w ith either ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΑΔΗΣ, ΕΥΘΥΚΡΑΤΗΣ, ΘΕΟΝΑΤ ΑΣ or Μ ΑΖ(Ζ)ΑΣ. T here is, in addition, a worn coin in the RW collection (3.82 g) which appears to have a different reading ( ...Ο Λ K ...? ? ) , b u t this has not been included in the catalogue as it is not certain. U nder A ugustus, one finds the following m agistrates (names w hich do not ap p ear in the lists in Im hoof-Blum er, K M , pp. 58-9, or in M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en, have been m arked w ith an asterisk) :

ΧΑΡΙΞΕΝΟΣ ΖΩΠΥΡΙΩ[Ν] ΘΕΟΦΙΛΟΣ ΘΕΥΔΑΣ ΝΙΚΟΛΑΟΣ 2584Α)

ΚΟΝΩΝ ^ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΟΣ ΑΡΤΕΜΑΣ U n d er ‘T iberius’ only the following are found: ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΓΡ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ w ith

ΤΙΜΑΡΧΟΣ *ΜΝΑΣΕΑΣ *ΑΡΧΙΔΗΜΟΣ *ΤΑΟΣ *ANT[ *ΜΟΣΧΙΩΝ

A S IA : Ephesus

For the nam es ΚΟΥΣΙΝΙΟΣ an d ΑΙΧΜΟΚΛΗΣ w hich occur on later coins, of C laudius an d N ero respectively, see below. It seems clear, as Im hoof-B lum er pointed out ( K M , pp. 5 8 g), th at the first nam ed m agistrate is the γραμματεύς, who sometimes m ight also be the άρχιερεύς. T his seems certain in view of the sm all denom inations of ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ and ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ, w here a single nam e is com bined with both titles. T he title (if any) of the second nam e is unsure; Im hoof-B lum er suggested th a t it m ight have been πρύτανις or επίσκοπος, b u t this is uncertain.

C laudius an d N ero T here are then coins w ith a ju g a te p o rtrait of an em peror and empress. Some of these have the nam e of ΚΟΥΣΙΝΙΟΣ TO Δ, which also occurs on coins w ith a youthful head; and on very rare coins w ith the ju g a te heads we find ΚΟΥΣΙΝΙΟΣ ΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΣ TO Δ w ith (around) ]Π? MEM­ MIO Y [ΡΗΓ] ΟΥΛΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ. T his refers to P. M em m ius Regulus, proconsul of Asia (B. Thom asson, L aterculi P raesidum , Asia, no. 43, datin g him ‘47-54 (-51?)’). T he coins therefore depict C laudius and A grippina II, and presum ably the young N ero (rath er th an B ritannicus). Two other denom inations (2620-1) have no m ag istrate’s nam e but are linked together by a com m on reverse w ith the statue of A rtem is and the legend ΕΦ ΕΣΙΑ , w ith a square Σ: E. As the larger has ΘΕΟΓΑΜ ΙΑ on the obverse, these coins, too, m ust depict C laudius and A grippina a t the tim e of their m arriage in 49. T he rem aining type, ju g ate busts/ΕΦ ΕΣΙΩ Ν and stag (2622), cannot be form ally linked to the other coins, b u t the sim ilarity in p o rtraitu re an d in the represen­ tation of the stag suggests th a t they, too, depict C laudius and A grippina. T he title επίσκοπος, used for K ousinios seems unknow n elsewhere; F riedländer ( Z f N 6 (1879), p. 15) suggested th at it m ight be som ething like επιμελετής. U n d er N ero, there is a single issue m ade ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ (a L atin ablative absolute?) or on one denom i­ nation ΕΠ ΑΒΙΟΛΑ (2632), in the proconsulship of M ’ Acilius Aviola (B. T hom asson, L aterculi P raesidum , Asia, no. 59) in 65/6. T h e coins were all produced in a single year, since they nam e only one E phesian, ΑΙΧΜΟΚΛΗΣ, an d this year m ust be 65/6 as they p o rtray Poppaea, who died in 65, and Statilia M essalina, w hom N ero m arried in 66. This interesting issue of coins also depicts the goddess R om a, and in addition gives two views of a tem ple w ith the inscrip­ tion ΝΕΟΚΟΡΩΝ. T his is the earliest occurrence of this word on coins, an d it is generally thought th a t it does not refer to the establishm ent of the im perial cult a t Ephesus b u t to the position of Ephesus as the ‘tem ple-keeper’ of the T em ple of A rtem is (J. Keil, ‘Die erste Neokorie von E phesos’, N Z , 1919, cf. S. Price, R itu a ls a n d P ow er, p. 65, n. 47). B ut the argum ent th a t it cannot refer to a provincial tem ple of N ero a t Ephesus is not very strong; it is based on coins of D om itian w hich refer to a second neocorate at Ephesus. As a neocorate for N ero w ould not have been included in the num bering because of his dam natio memoriae, it is argued, the first neocorate m ust refer to som ething else. A nd because there is no trace o f a provincial tem ple for C laudius at Ephesus an d as the provincial tem ples of earlier

433

em perors were elsewhere, νεωκόρος cannot refer to an im perial cult b u t m ust refer to th a t of A rtem is. T his argu­ m ent, however, turns on the D om itianic coins referring to a second neocorate, b u t the evidence for them is very weak. O ne coin, th at of D om itia in P, is false; the only other one is a coin of D om itian in M unich, w hich, as recorded, has an unusual obverse legend, and we are grateful to D .A . O. Klose for exam ining it and inform ing us of his judgem ent th at the coin is totally reworked on both sides. M oreover, the tem ple on the coin of D om itian has a cult statue of Artem is; yet the tem ple of D om itian was supposedly separ­ ate. T here is, therefore, no evidence th at Ephesus was ‘neo­ corate for the second tim e’ under D om itian. I t is thus possible th at the N eronian coins m ight depict a neocorate tem ple, and this possibility gains some strength from the architectural details depicted: the coin w ith the frontal view of the tem ple shows it w ith sm all Nikai (though these do not appear on the three-quarter view), and it has been sug­ gested th a t it has C orinthian rath er th an Ionic (as on the tem ple of Artem is) capitals (M . Price and B. T rell, Greek Coins a n d T heir C ities, p. 262, no. 380, where it is also sug­ gested th at it is a neocorate tem ple). F urtherm ore, why is no cult statue shown in this tem ple, w hen it was standard practice to show A rtem is both earlier (the cistophori of C laudius, 2222) and later? T hus the view th at the N eronian coins refer to and depict a neocorate tem ple in his honour seems to m erit reconsideration. T he prom inence given to R om a m ight perhaps suggest a jo in t tem ple w ith her, unless perhaps she were portrayed to symbolise the bestowal of the privilege on Ephesus by Rome.

D enom inations T he p attern of denom inations is fairly straightforw ard and is aided by the fact th at one denom ination runs commonly through the whole period w ith the same reverse type (cult statue of A rtem is). W e find the p attern sum m arised in the table on p. 434. A few other denom inations were also struck, such as the very small pieces of O ctavia (2574: i3 m m /i.8 8 g ) and of T iberius (2619: i5 m m /2 .6 4 g ), and the unusual denom i­ nations produced by Philon (2597-8: 191^1/5.55 g) and T ryphon w ith M enekrates (2607: 20 m m ), characterised by their unusual obverse type (Artem is). T he values accorded to the various denom inations above (3-unit, etc.) are purely conventional, b u t express a possible relationship between them . I t is conceivable, b u t not sup­ ported by any very strong evidence, th a t the conventional ‘u n it’ referred to here was equivalent to an as (see also p.

374)· M isread nam es T he following nam es should be deleted from M ünsterberg, Beamtennamen·.

i . A ugustus: παρ Ά λε άρχιερ Ά σ , cited from C (Leake, p. 56). T he legend on the Leake coin (= SNG 4440) is in fact APXIEP ΑΣ £ Φ £ ΠΑΡ ΑΛΕ. T his has been altered (note, e.g., the £ rath er th an E), probably from ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΧΛΑΣ ΠΑΜΜΕΝΗΣ.

434

A S IA : Ephesus (2569)

2. A ugustus: άρχιερέ[ω]ς Ά ν τ . . . χου, cited from M i S 6.124.310: this seems certainly to be a m isreading of the T iberian coin w ith άρχιερέως ’Αλέξανδρου Ά ντ[. 3· A ugustus: επί γρ Ά ντιάνδρου ’Αλεξάνδρου, cited from M i S 6 .125.3! 3 ai'd V aillant. I t is not clear w hat this m ight be, and it seems im plausible: ΕΠΙ does not occur at this time. 4. A ugustus: Νικόσ[τρα]τος u n d er Ά ριστέας: m isread Νικόλαος (see above). 5. A ugustus: Κουσίνιος το δ: in fact u nder C laudius. 6. A ugustus: Θεΰδης? und er Μέμνων, cited from M ionnet and Cousinéry: in fact the coin now in M u w hich seems to read ΘΕΥΔΑΣ (2584/2). 7. Tiberius: άρχιερέως Νικοστράτου, cited from M i S 6.127.324, w hich is taken from Sestini, M useo H edervariano, p. 164, who in tu rn cites W iczay, M u seu m H e d e rv a ria m m , no. 4870, w here the inscription is given as ΕΦ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ K P ... ΟΥ. This is p robably a T iberian issue (cf. 2613?). 8. Nero: επί Ζήνωνος, cited from M i S6.334.1657. T his is an alliance coin of Sm yrna w ith Laodicea (2928), to which city Z enon belongs.

M isa ttrib u te d coins 1. Ju lia and A grippa, cited by the vA In d ex from the S aar­ brücken A rchiv. T he source for this is the Zeno sale cata­ logue I I I (1957), no. 3969, b u t it does not seem very convincing. T h e catalogue refers to M S 6.126.322, where the auth o rity is given as Sestini (Ainslie). This is not the J m ost creditable source either, and it seems unlikely th a t a coin of Ephesus from as early as the Ju lio -C lau d ian period could have the inscription ΠΡΩΤΩΝ ΑΣΙΑΣ. T h e Zeno coin was not illustrated, an d its condition was described as only ‘schön’. I t m ay perhaps have been a w orn specim en of C laudius an d A grippina (2620). 2. C. C aesar, cited by the vA In d ex from B. T his presum ­ ably refers to the peculiar coin in B (447217) w ith stag r./figure on horseback in front of standards. T h e reverse is copied from A ugustan aurei and denarii depicting C. Caesar, b u t this coin does not belong to Ephesus (as is Name: rev. type:

3-umt

2-umt

shown, e.g., by the five o’clock die axis). I t seems to be some sort of m odern concoction. 3. C. C aesar and L. C aesar, cited by the vA In d e x from O. N ot obviously any such coin in O. 4. Tiberius, w ith A ugustus, cited by the vA In d e x from Cop. T here is no such coin in Cop. I t looks as if the entry in the vA In d e x slipped a column, as Cop 369 is described as Tiberius w ith Livia; b u t this is anyway really a coin of C laudius and A grippina (2621/2). 5. C aligula, cited by the oA In d e x from Cop. T his coin, Cop 370, is a later coin, as is shown by the left-facing stag; the legible traces of p o rtrait and legend suggest an a ttrib u ­ tion to T ra ja n (as C op 385). 6. C laudius w ith M essalina and B ritannicus, cited hesitantly by the vA In d e x from V. T his appears to be a conflation of (1) a coin in V (17145, 1.75 g) w ith a young head, identified on the ticket as B ritannicus, and (2) coins in V identified as C laudius and M essalina. B ut ( 1) is pro b ­ ably not of Ephesus (or at any rate certainly not of this date as the E, rath er th an E, shows); and (2) is of C laudius and A grippina. 7. A ntonia and D rusus, under C laudius, cited by the vA In d e x from V. A m isidentified coin of C laudius and A grippina. 8. B ritannicus and N ero, cited by the vA In d e x from P. No such coin. O th er coins classified in m useum collections as coins of Ephesus should be rejected: M u 65 is of M agnesia in Ionia, M u 66 and perhaps 63 are not A ugustus b u t T rajan. T he coins classified in L w ith Σ Ε Β Α Σ ΊΉ /stag are not of Ephesus, as their die axis shows (see p. 233). In addition, silver coins of Nero from A ntioch can often be found under Ephesus (because of the old m isreading of the dates EP Γ as Ε Φ Ε ).

A n to n y , O c ta v ia n a n d L e p id u s 2569

L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .6 0 g (7). Axis: 12. EMC

unit

191, C op 357

è-unit cuit statue

è-unit?

16mm, 4.32g

Triumvirs Augustus Aristeas Memnon Ascias Philon Aristion Tryphon Artemidorus Heras Konon Apollonios Artemas

15mm, 3.00g 19mm, 7.23g 19mm, 7.14g

16 mm, 3.52 g

21 mm, 8.86 g 19 mm, 5.72g 19mm, 7.27g 1 9 m m , 6 .5 7 g

19 mm, 19mm, 19mm, 19mm,

? 6.28g 7.20g ?

Tiberius

16mm, 3.75g

Claudius

23 mm, 12.62 g

Nero

26 mm, 11.72 g

20 mm, 5.79 g 22 mm, 8.86 g

19 mm, 6.45 g

16mm, 3.78g

[ 9 ]

A S IA : Ephesus (2570-2583)

|-u n it (?) 15 mm, 3.00 g (13)

Ju g a te bare heads o f the T rium virs, r. ΕΦΕ; facing cult statu e of A rtem is (w ith supports) I . L = b m c 1 9 1 , 3.37; a . C o p 357, 4.33; 3 . P 591, 3.13; 4 - 5 . O , 3.02, 3-56; 6 - 7 . B (I-B , 902/1878), 4.49, 2.92; 8 . V 17135; 9 . M u 62, 3.52; 1 0 . P V , 2.04; i i . R W , 4.86; 1 2 . W e b er 5870. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i . i i is so clear th a t one can identify th e n ea re st p o rtra it as th a t o f A ntony.

2570 L eaded bronze. 16m m , 4 .1 8 g (2). Axis: 12.

433

Obverse as i-u n it (except on 2576 and 2580, where draped bust of Livia is on obverse) Stag standing, r.

All denom inations were of bronze (qualitative m etal analyses on: B M C 202, 200, 195^6 and 199).

[ 2 ]

192, C op 358

BMC

G r a m m a te u s A r i s t e a s ( a l l d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t ( ? ) ; L i v i a

As 2569, but ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΓΡΑΜ ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ ΕΦΕ

ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΑΔΗΣ

w ith A s c le p ia d e s a n d M e tr o b e is )

i . L = b m c 192, 3.15; 2. C o p 358, 5.20; 3. R W , 4.13. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i .

2575 Denomination: |-unit(?). AMC 1 2 7 2

2571 AE. 16 m m , 4.98g

(5 ). Axis: 12.

[

7

]

193

BMC

ΕΥΘΥΚΡΑΤΗΣ i . L = b m c 193, 4.03; 2. O , 5 .11 ; 3—4 . B (Fox, I-B ), 4.13, 6.15; 5. R W = A u fh äu ser, O ct. 1985, lot 187, 5.49; 6 . C Leake; 7— 8. P 589, 593 ( = W a 1610), 5.60, 4.34.

2

]

[

1

]

[

2

]

Γ Ρ Α Μ Μ Α Τ Ε Υ Σ Α Ρ ΙΣ Τ Ε Α Σ Ε Φ Ε Α Σ Κ Λ Η Π ΙΑ Δ Η Σ O — AMC 1272, 3.09; 2. V 30384, 3.17; 3 . JS W , 2.39.

I.

As 2569, but ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΓΡΑΜ ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ ΕΦΕ

[

2576 Denomination: g-unit (?) (Livia) Cop 3 6 7 As 2 5 7 5 , but draped bust of Livia on obv. i . C o p 367, 3.00.

2572 AE. 16 m m , 3.86g (2). Axis: 12. km

[ 3 ]

55, no. 47

Γ Ρ Α Μ Μ Α Τ Ε Υ Σ Α Ρ ΙΣ Τ Ε Α Σ Ε Φ Ε Α Γ Ρ Ε Υ Σ

As 2569, but ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΓΡΑΜ ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ ΕΦΕ

i . P 59 5 ( = W a 1611), 2.98; 2. v A 7 8 6 1 , 2.92; 3. V 30098, 2.82.

ΘΕΟΝΑΤΑΣ I.

B (Ι-Β )

(=

km

5 5 » η°· 4 7 ); 4-745 2. B 76Τ τ, 3.12; 3· V 31878·

2573 AE. i6 m m , 4 -9 3 g (5)· Axis: 12. BMC

2577 Denomination: j-unit (?)

[ 5 ]

2578 Denomination: g-unit (?) BMC 1 9 7 , AMC 1 2 7 3

[ 4 ]

Γ Ρ Α Μ Μ Α Τ Ε Υ Σ Α Ρ ΙΣ Τ Ε Α Σ Ε Φ Ε Ε ΙΣ Α Σ

194 corr.

i . L = bm c 1 9 7 co rr., 3.42; 2. B (B -I =

As 2569, but ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΓΡΑΜ ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ ΕΦΕ

km

57); 3. N Y; 4 . O — am c 1273,

2 -7 3 -

ΜΑ(Ζ)ΖΑΣ i . L 1961—3—1—228 (Μ ΑΖΑ[ ), 4-495 2· L 19 1 4 -6 -1 1 -4 (Μ ΑΖΖΑ[ ), 4-535 3· L = BMC 194 ( Μ Α[ ), 4 ·4 2 5 4 · Ρ 5 9 2 ( —W a 1609: Μ ΑΖΑΣ), 4 ·4°5 5 · Β (165/1884: Μ Α[ ), 5-82; 6. Seaby’s B u lletin , J u n e 1981, 158 (Μ ΑΖΖΑΣ); 7· A u fh äu ser, O ct. 1986, lo t 136, 5.40; 8. R W (M AZZA [ ), 4.14. T h e rea d in g o f th e la st n am e is n o t en tirely ce rtain ; it w as re a d in B M C as ΜΑΖΑΚΗΣ, in Seaby’s B ulletin as ΝΑΣΣΑΣ, w hile Im h o o f-B lu m er th o u g h t th a t th e (correct) re a d in g Μ ΑΖΑΣ w as p ro b a b ly a m istake for [ΘΕΟ]ΝΑΤΑΣ. I t does, how ever, rem ain u n c e rta in w h eth e r or n o t th e re are tw o Zs in th e m iddle o f th e n am e: they seem clear on 2 a n d 8, b u t n o t on th e o th e r exam ples (alth o u g h som e o f th e m h av e a so rt o f m a rk in the a p p ro p ria te place, p e rh a p s rep resen tin g th e rem ain s o f th e le tte r, e.g., on a filled-in die). I t is also possible th a t th e second Z is ac tu ally a Ξ.

2579 Denomination: g-unit (?) gm 1 1 5 , 2 8 2

[ 4 ]

Γ Ρ Α Μ Μ Α Τ Ε Υ Σ Α Ρ ΙΣ Τ Ε Α Σ Ε Φ Ε Ν ΙΚ Ο Λ Α Ο Σ 1—2 . B (I-B = gm 115, 282, ο.N .); 3 . L = bm c 198 corr. (‘ΝΙΚΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ’), 2.71; 4 . M u 78 (‘T ib e riu s ’), 3.03.

2580 Denomination: g-unit (?) (Livia). Cop 3 6 8 Draped bust of Livia, r.

[ 3 ]

S ta g ; Γ Ρ Α Μ Μ Α Τ Ε Υ Σ Α Ρ ΙΣ Τ Ε Α Σ Ε Φ Ε Μ Η Τ Ρ Ο Β Ε ΙΣ 2574

AE. 13m m , 1.89g (2)· Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

I.

C o p 3 6 8 , 3.44; 2. B (I-B = GM 115, 282a), 3.27; 3. V 30385, 3.04.

Rsn 1913, 35 D raped b u st of O ctav ia, r. A P X IE ΓΡΑ Μ ΓΛ Α Υ Κ Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε ; bee i . B (I-B ), 1.90; 2. R W ( —A u fh äu ser, O ct. 1986, lo t 138), 1.88. F o r the id e n tity o f th e p o rtra it, see in tro d u c tio n above.

G r a m m a te u s M e m n o n ( a l l d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t ) (S e e a ls o

a d d e n d a , 2584A )

2581 Denomination: i-unit. Cop 3 6 3 , a m c 1 2 8 4

A u g u s tu s

[

4

]

ΓΡΑ Μ Μ Α ΤΕ Υ Σ Μ ΕΜ Ν Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε Χ Α ΡΙΞ Ε Ν Ο Σ

T he coinage is in four denom inations (except for 2597-8, 2607), each distinguished by the use of different designs: 21 m m , 8 . 8 6 g (5 )

Jugate busts of Augustus (laureate) and Livia, r. Forepart of stag, reclining, r.; to 1., torch

i -unit 19mm,

Obverse as on 2-unit Stag standing, r.; above, quiver

2 - u n it

6 . 8 6 g (3 8 )

i . C o p 3 6 3 , 7.42; 2. P 614 ( = W a 1619), 7.83; 3 . B (I-B = 283 = KM 57, 57); 4. O = AMC 1284, 5.4O.

2582 Denomination: i unit.

Bare head of Augustus, r. Facing cult statue of Artemis (with supports)

15,

[ i ]

ΓΡΑ Μ Μ Α ΤΕ Υ Σ Μ ΕΜ Ν Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε Ζ Ω Π Υ ΡΙΩ [Ν ] i . P 6 1 3 ( = W a 1618 — km 57, 58), 6.98.

2583 Denomination: i-unit KM

i-unit 16mm, 3.52 g ( 11 )

gm i

57, 59

ΓΡΑ Μ Μ Α ΤΕΥ Σ Μ ΕΜ Ν Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε Θ Ε Ο Φ ΙΛ Ο Σ I . B (Ι-Β = km 5 7 , 5 9 )·

[ i ]

2584

D enom ination: i-u n it.

[

2

]

D enom ination: 2-unit.

2594

ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΜΕΜΝΩΝ ΕΦ Ε

0

i . P 6 0 3 , 7.12; 2. B (I-B = RSN X I I , 224, no. 10).

ΕΥΔΑΣ

i . C o p 3 6 4 , 9.50; 2. M u 76, 6.63.

D enom ination: 2-unit.

2595

km

i . B (L ö b b =

D enom ination: i-u n it. BM C

[ 4 ]

D enom ination: i-u n it.

t . P 6 1 1 ( = W a 1616), 9.69; 2. P 604, 9.52; 3 —4. B (I-B = w ith T af. I I . 17, L ö b b ), 9.35, — ; 5. O = amc 1285, 8.77.

[ 2 ]

2597

C op 359 B (I-B = KM 58, 61); 2. C o p 3 5 9 , 3.87.

D enom ination: i-u n it.

2598

i . Ο = AMC 1276, 5-72; 2. N Y ; 3. P 6 0 9 ( = W a 1614), 7.51; 4 . B (IB = gm 115, 284); 5. V 33109, 7.66; 6. M u 67a, 6.64; 7. L in d g ren 459, 9.60.

D enom ination: i-u n it. AMC

2590

AMC

amo

2599

1269-

56, 52), 6.43.

AE. i g m m , 5.30 g (1).

( o n ly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t )

D enom ination: i-u n it.

[ i ]

i . B 2 6 /1 8 7 8 ; 2. J S W , 7.26.

[ 7 ] 2600

1274

D enom ination: i-u n it. C op 362

r . M u 68a, 7.65; 2. P 605, 8.18; 3 . B (I-B —km 57, 60); 4 . NY; 5 . O — AMo 1274, 6.95; 6. C o p 36 1 , 7.43; 7. C 302/1948, 6.98.

ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ ΕΦ Ε ΓΛΥΚΩΝ

D enom ination: i-u n it.

[ o ]

ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ ΕΦ Ε ΜΕΝΤΩΝ [ 3 ]

i . C o p 3 6 2 , 6.24; 2. P 612 ( = W a 1617), 5.06; 3. V 33346, 4.89.

[ 3 ]

2601

196

D enom ination: i-u n it. km

[ 1 ]

56, 56

ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΠΑΜΜΕΝΗΣ

ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ ΕΦ Ε ΠΡΕΣΒΩΝ

L — BMC 196 corr., 3.90; 2—3 . M u 64, 74, 4.30, 3.72; 4. A u f h ä u s e r 4, 1 9 87, l o t 2 3 5 corr. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.

i . B (I-B = km 56, 56); 2. P V ex M ü n z Z e n tru m 67 (1989) lo t 1476 (for th e co rrect read in g o f th e n am e).

I.

D enom ination: i-u n it. C op 360,

2592

( = KM

ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΠΑΜΜΕΝΗΣ

BMC

2591

I-B

G r a m m a te u s A r is tio n

D enom ination: i-u n it. C op 361,

2.

[ 5 ]

ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΤΡΥΦΩΝ

2589

N Y , 5.29;

i . I-B ( — km 56, 51, w ith T af. I l.i f i) , 5.30.

126g

I . L = bmc 195, 3-451 2 · ρ 5 9 6 ( = W a 1612), 3 -3 9 ; 3~ 5 · Ο = 71, 2.87, 2.67, 3Α4· Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

[ i ]

ΕΦ; d rap ed bust of A rtem is, w ith bow an d quiver, r.; all in w reath ΦΙΛΩΝ ΣΙΜΟΣ; stag standing, r.; before, two taenias

ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦΕ ΤΡΥΦΩΝ

195,

55, 48,

AE. 19m m , 5 .8 6 g (2).

I.

[ 6 ]

AMC 1 2 7 6

BMC

km

ΕΦ; d rap ed b u st of A rtem is, w ith bow a n d quiver, r.; all in w reath ΦΙΛΩΝ ΤΡΥΦΩΝΑΣ; stag standing, r.; before, two taenias

ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΝΙΚΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ

2588

[ 5 ]

ΕΦ Ε ΦΙΛΩΝ ΤΡΥΦΩΝΑΣ

L = BMC 199, 6.45; 2. P 6 0 6 , 6.54; 3 . V 17138; 4 . V 30813, 7.81. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.

2587

55, 49).

AMC 1285

I.

I.

KM

D enom ination: 2-unit.

2596

199

ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΝΙΚΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ

2586

[ 1 ]

55, 49

ΕΦΕ ΦΙΛΩΝ ΕΥΘΥΚΡΑΤΗΣ

A r c h ie r e u s A s k l a s ( o n ly d e n o m in a tio n s 1 - a n d i - u n i t ) 2585

[ 2 ]

ΕΦ Ε ΦΙΛΩΝ ΚΩΚΑΣ

C op 364

AM C

[ 4 ]

2601

A D enom ination: i-u n it.

ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦΕ ΕΥΦΡΩΝ

ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ ΕΦ Ε ΜΗΝΟΦΑΝΤΟΣ

ι· V 30393, 7·°91 2· P 6 ιο ( = W a 1613), 7-96; 3 · 0 = am c 1 2 75, 6.78; 4· C op 360, 5.60; 5 · νΑ 1876, 7-63-

i. L =

D enom ination: i-u n it AM C

[ 3 ]

BMC 201

1275

[

2602 4

BMC

201, 5.97; 2—3 . P 601, D elepierre.

D enom ination: i-u n it.

[ 3 ]

AMC 1283

]

1268 corr.

ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΙΩΝ ΕΦ Ε ΙΕΡΩΝ

ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΑΣΚΛΑΣ ΕΦ Ε ΕΥΦΡΩΝ

i . Ο = am c 1283 (NC Γ9 3 7 > J 5 9 > η °· 26), 5-65; 2. NY?; 3. M u 66, 5.54; 4. A u f h ä u s e r 1 9 8 5 , l o t 2 0 0 , 4.72.

i . Ο = AMC 1268 co rr., 3-731 2. L 1961-3-1—231, 3-69; 3 · Ρ 5 9 ®’ 3-391 4· V :7 1Λ (read in g n o t c e rta in ), y : 6

T r y p h o n ( m o s tly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t ) P h ilo n ( m o s tly d e n o m in a tio n 2 - u n it) 2603 2593

D enom ination: 2-unit. BMC 2 0 2

L=

bm c

D enom ination: i-u n it.

[ 4 ]

BMC 2 0 0 , AMC 1 277

ΤΡΥΦΩΝ ΕΦ Ε ΜΗΝΟΦΑΝΤΟΣ

ΕΦΕ ΦΙΛΩΝ ΕΥΦΡΩΝ I.

[ 1 ]

20 2 , 9.39. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.

Σ. L = BMC 200, 7.90; 2 . B (I-B = KM 56, 53); 3—4 . O = AMC 1277-8, 7. l8, 7.24. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: i.

A S IA : Ephesus (2604-2620)

2604

D enom ination: i-u n it.

[ 1 ]

Τ ΡΥ Φ Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε ΙΕ ΡΩ Ν

437

T ib e r iu s ( fo r the a ttr ib u tio n to T ib e r iu s , see in tro d u c tio n )

i . M u 68, 6.47. 2605

D enom ination: i-u n it.

[ 1 ]

A le x a n d e r , A r c h ie r e u s a n d G r a ( m m a te u s )

[ 2 ]

A p art from the sm all denom ination (2619), coinage was issued in only one denom ination, the j-unit; the types are the sam e as for A ugustus except th a t the p o rtrait is laureate. O n the reverse the legend is partly circular, around the type, and partly horizontal a n d /o r vertical, interspersed in the type, thereby often m aking it h ard to read.

Τ ΡΥ Φ Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε Σ Α Μ ΙΑ Λ Η Σ i . V O.N., 7.23. 2. P V ex S ch u lten (15.10.90), lot 515 (m isread as ΣΑΜΙΔΗΣ) 2606

D enom ination: i-u n it. ΤΡΥ Φ Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε Μ Ε Ν Ε Κ ΡΑ Τ Η Σ 1 - 2 . V 29857, 3 ° 3 9 4 · 6 -5 3 , 8.22; 3 · L i n d g r e n Α 4 5 9 Α , 7-36·

2607

AE. 20 m m .

[ ο ]

I-unit 16 nun, 3.75 g (9)

H ead of A rtem is, 1. ΤΡΥ Φ Ω Ν Ε Φ Ε Μ Ε Ν Ε Κ Ρ Α Τ Η Σ ; bee

Laureate head, r. Facing cult statue of Artemis (with supports)

I . KM 513, 2. 2613

D enom ination: i-u n it. km

D enom ination: i-u n it. AM C

1280, C op 365 2614

[ 4 ]

I . O ( = nc 1937, 160, no. 27), 4.88; 2. P (doubles tra y 17), 3.23; 3 . JS W , 2.87; 4 . N Y; 5. V 17140, 2.79.

2615

( H ) e r a s (o n ly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t )

D enom ination: i-u n it.

[ i ]

ΕΦ APXIEPEOC ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ APXIAHMOC

D enom ination: i-u n it.

i . P D elep ierre, 5.34.

[ 1 ]

56, 54

2616

Η Ρ Α Σ Ε Φ Ε ΓΑ ΙΟ Σ i . B (L öbb = ζ Γν 1885, 317 co rr.); 2. I-B ( = ( A p ril 1988) l o t 3 4 7 , 6.98.

D enom ination: i-u n it. ΕΦ APXIEPEOC ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ MNACEAC

I . L 1 8 8 9 -9 -4 -3 ( = N C 1928, 385, no. 10), 5.50; 2. 0 = AMO 1280 (NO 19 3 7 , : 5 9 , no. 154), 7.40; 3 . C o p 3 6 5 corr., 5.71; 4 . B (M ag n esia fin d = 1633/1918).

KM

]

i . B (B -I = km 58, 62); 2. B (I-B = gm 115, 285 co rr.); 3 . P 617, 3.50; 4 . O , 3.91; 5. B (M ag n esia find = 1653/1918).

[ 4 ]

A PTEM IA W PO Z Ε Φ Ε B W N E ITH E

2609

5

ΕΦ TIMAPXOC APXIEPEOC ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ

A r te m id o r o s ( o n ly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t ) 2608

[

58, 62

D enom ination: i-u n it.

[ 2 ]

ΕΦ APXIEPEOC ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ TAOC km

56, 54); 3 . S c h u lte n

i. O (= 2617

nc

1937, 160, no. 28), 3.00; 2. P 6 1 6 , 3.17.

D enom ination: i-u n it.

[ 1 ]

[APX]IEPEOC ΑΛ[ΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ] ANT[

K o n o n ( o n ly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t )

I . P 6 1 5 , 3.09.

2610

D enom ination: i-unit. C op 366,

AMO

[ 4 ] 2618

1282

D enom ination: i-u n it.

KO NW N Ε Φ Ε

ΕΦ ΓΡ APXIEPEOC ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΜΟΕΧΙΩΝ

I . P 607, 7.90; 2. P 608 ( = W a 1615 = KM 56, 55), 6.96; 3 . O = AMC 1282,

i . L e w is =

sn g

[ 1 ]

1 4 4 6 , 4.70; 2. M u 75a, 3.64.

6.09; 4 . C o p 3 6 6 , 6.46. 2619

AE. 15m m , 2.64g (1). km

A p o llo n io s (o n ly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t ) 2611

D enom ination: i-u n it. AM C

[ o ]

55, no. 46

APXI ΑΛΕΞ; stag standing, r. ΓΡΑ ΕΦΕ; hen standing, r., w ith palm b ran ch

[ 2 ]

I . I-B ( — km 55, 46), 2.64: a p p a re n tly n o t in B. Illu stra te d fro m th e cast in W in te rth u r.

1281

Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Ε Φ Ε i . O = A M C 1281 (n c 1937, 159, no. 25), 7.20; 2. B 28778; 3. M alloy X X V I I (1989) lo t 37.

Claudius, c . a d 4g-$o *i. A r te m a s ( o n ly d e n o m in a tio n i - u n i t ) 2612

D enom ination: i-unit. ΑΡΤΕΜ ΑΣ ΕΦ Ε i . P 60 2 , 6.82; 2. B (I-B — RSN X I I I , 224, no. 11).

2620

[ 2 ]

L eaded bronze. 2 3m m , 12.62g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. BMC

[ 7 ]

208

ΘΕΟΓΑΜ [ΙΑ]; lau reate head of C laudius, r., facing d rap ed b ust of A grippina II, 1. ΕΦΕΣΙΑ; facing cult statue o f A rtem is (w ith supports) i . P 6 2 1 , 13.10; 2. L = BMC 208, 11.81; 3. C 303/1948, 12.45; 4 “ 6 · V 17146-8, 10.62, 53.29, 54.42; 7 . N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l an aly sis on: 2.

2621

L eaded bronze. 20 m m , 5.68 g (7). Axis: 6. BM C

[ 9 ]

207, C op 372

J u g a te laureate head of C laudius an d d rap ed b ust of A grippina I I , r. ΕΦΕΣΙΑ; facing cult statu e o f A rtem is (with supports) i . L = bm c 2 0 7 , 5.49; 2—3. C o p 369 (‘T ib e riu s a n d L iv ia’), 370, 4.64, 5.40; 4 . P 599, 5.84; 5. O , 5.01; 6. B (P ey trig n et); 7 - 8 . V 28994, W H b 6.03, 5.46; 9 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 188, 8.33; 10. W e b er 5871; 11. N Y. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analy sis on: 1. 2622

L eaded bronze. 20m m , 5.68g (11). Axis: 12 o r 6. BM C

i . L 1 9 7 2 —8—7—13, 14.48; 2. vA 7863, 8.96; 3 . P 626 ( = W a 1620), 1 1.23; 4 . O (= NC 1937, 160, no. 29), 10.13; 5 “ ®· B (B -I, o .N .); 7. V 31480, 13.83. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1. 2627

i . V 3 1 4 8 1 , 11.89; 2 · B (L öbb). 2628

[ 15 ]

AE. 21 m m , 6.6og (3). Axis: 12.

2629

i . B (I-B ) ( — gm 639, 287), 9.05; 2—5. B (L öbb, Fox, 9808, B -I); 6—7. P 627 -8 , 9 . i t , 8.10; 8 - 9 . L = bmc 213-14, 8.59, 9.61; 10. C o p 377, 10.15; i i . O , 9.05; 1 2 - 1 4 . V 17149, 27720, 31483, 8.27, 9.95, 9.48; 15. M u 77a, 9.74; 16. M M A G 41 (1970) lo t 380, 8.78; 17. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 189, 9.04; 18. S tern b e rg X X I (1988) lot 363, 8.79; 19. W e b er 5873, 9.13. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 8.

[ 23 ] 2630

205, C op 373

[ 11 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑ; ju g a te lau reate head o f N ero and d rap ed b u st of P oppaea, r. ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ ΑΙΧΜΟΚΛΗΣ, ΕΦΕ; stag standing, r.

I . C o p 37 4 , 5.53; 2. C o p 374, 5.35: 3 - 4 . L = BMC 205-6, 5.54, 5.38; 5. P

619, 5.19; 6—7 . P D elep ierre, 4.84, 6.85; 8. O , 7.15; 9—12. B (K nobelsdorf, L öbb, I-B , B -I), 6.94, 5.79, 5-79, 5.61; 13—14. C Leake 1667-8; 1 5 - 1 8 . V 29858, 17139, 17142-3, 5-32, 5-18, 6.63, 4.38; 1 9 a i . M u 6 9 -71, 6.40, 5.58, 6.44; 22. W e b er 2875; 33—24. N Y . Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 3.

L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3 .7 8 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6.

i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1712 (ex vA , sng — ), 6.34; 2. L = bmc 212, 8.89; 3. P 629, 6.95; 4. P 630, 6.87; 5—7, B (28850, L ö b b , B -I); 8 - 9 . V 31479, 30815, 6.74, 7.35; 10. M u 77, 5.60; i i . O , 6.55. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

[ 6 ]

59, 63

2631

A E. 22 m m , 8.36 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 1 ]

ΕΦΕ; bare an d d rap ed b u st o f N ero, r. ΚΟΥΣΙΝΙΟΣ TO Δ; facing cult statu e o f A rtem is (with supports)

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΕΦΕ; lau reate head, r. ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑΝ [ ]; d rap ed b ust o f Statilia M essalina, r.

i . B 6 0 6 /1 9 1 3 , 4.64; 2—4 . B (B -I — km 59, 63, 7158, I-B ); 5. L 1 9 8 1 -1 5—1, 2.88; 6. M u 72, 3.82. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 5.

1. B 1 9 1 /1 9 3 6 (p erh ap s from P row e (E gger 46, 1914) lo t 866), 7.97; 2. S tern b e rg X I ( ig 8 i) lot 279, 9.32; 3 . vA 7834 = L eu 30 (1982) lo t 313, 7.78.

N ero, a d 2626

L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6 .8 5 g (7)· Axis: 12. BMC 2 ϊ 2

As 2622 ΚΟΥΣΙΝΙΟΣ TO Δ, ΕΦΕ; stag standing, r.

km

[ 15 ]

213, C op 377

ΝΕΡΩΝ Π Ο Π ΠΑ ΙΑ , ΕΦ; d rap ed b u st o f P oppaea, r., facing lau reate head of N ero, 1. ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ ΑΙΧΜΟΚΑΗΣ. ΡΩΜΗ; turreted b ust o f Rom a, r.; below, bee

[ 3 ]

L eaded bronze. 20m m , 5.78g (17). Axis: 12 o r 6.

Bronze. 22 m m , 9.02 g (13). Axis: 12 or 6. bmc

i . L 1 9 1 3 —i —i —6 , 6.55; 2. B (S perling: zfk V I, 1879, 15 c o rr.), 7.43; 3 . P 618, 5.81.

2625

[ 1 ]

i . L 1973— 5— 1— 4, 8.36. A lth o u g h th e re s t o f th e legend is illegible, the types a n d style m ak e it seem very likely th a t this coin belongs w ith the o th e r N ero n ian issues. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: i.

ΕΦΕ; as 2622 ]Π (?) MEMMIOY [ΡΗΓ] ΟΥΛΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΥ, ΚΟΥΣΙΝΙΟΣ ΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΣ ΤΟ Δ; stag standing, r.

bm c

L eaded bronze. 2 2m m , 8 .3 6 g (1). Axis: 12 (1).

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r. ]ΕΟΚΟΡΩΝ, ΕΦΕΣΙΩΝ; tem ple w ith six colum ns; to 1. a n d r., bee

203, C op 371

i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1711 (ex vA 7862), 7.74; 2—3. L = bmc 203-4, 4 -7 3 , 6.36; 4· vA 1877, 5.48; 5. C o p 371, 5.46; 6 - 7 . P 597-8, 5.65, 5.40; 8 - 9 . O , 5.55, 5.64; 10. B (M ag n esia find), 5.38; 11—12. C L eake S u p p l., 428/1950; 13—14. V 17137, 17 144, 4.01, 6.24; 15. M u 76a, 5.92; 16. N Y. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analy sis on: 1.

2624

[ 2 ]

As 2626, b u t laureate head, 1.

As 2 6 2 1 ΕΦΕΣΙΩΝ; stag standing, r.

2623

AE. 2 6m m , 11.89g (t)· Axis: 12 or 6.

2632

65-6'

AE. 19m m , 6 .4 5 g (5)· Axis: 12. gm

L eaded bronze. 26 m m , 11.72g (5). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 6 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. ΑΟΥΙΟΛΑ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ ΑΙΧΜΟΚΑΗΣ, ΝΕΟΚΟΡΩΝ, ΕΦΕ; th ree-q u arter view of tem ple

[ 6 ]

639, 286

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑΝ [ ]; d rap ed bust, r. ΑΙΧΜΟΚΛΗΣ ΕΠ ΑΒΙΟΛΑ, ΡΩΜΗ, ΕΦΕ; R om a standing, r., holding sceptre an d cult statu e of A rtem is i . B (B -I), 6.52; 2. B (I-B = gm 639, 286), 6.25; 3. B 7977; 4 . P 620 ( = W a 1620 co rr.), 6.76; 5. O , 6.82; 6. V , 5.93; 7. M a b b o tt 1483.

Tralles (Caesarea) Tralles h ad produced large num bers of silver cistophori during the second and first centuries b c , right down to the period of the proconsular cistophori. A plentiful bronze coinage h ad also been struck. T he coinage o f T ralles in the early im perial period presents a n u m b er of problem s. First, there is the question of the status of the city. T h e Greek legends on the coins

suggest th at it was called C aesarea from A ugustus to Nero, b u t it is unusual to find the ‘colonist ploughing’ type (2649) except at colonies, and we know from A ppian th at Italian settlers were sent for an αποικία there by A ugustus (see D. M agie, R om an R u le in A s ia M in o r, pp. 469 and 1331, n. 7). But there are two other probable cases, at Assorus in Sicily (665) and T hessalonica in Greece (see p. 297) where the

A S IA : Tralles (Caesarea)

type appears at cities w hich do not seem to have been colonies. A t T ralles the type is even odder inasm uch as it is associated only w ith obverses of G aius C aesar, although it does also tu rn up on ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ bronzes of the second century (B M C 95). I t m ust presum ably refer to the settlem ent of Italian s at the refoundation of the city as C aesarea (for an inscription calling A ugustus κτίστης, see M agie, op. cit.) after one of the earthquakes w hich had devastated the region. A second, and perhaps related, poin t of interest concerns the issue of several denom inations m ade by M enandros Parrhasiou in honour of V edius Pollio. T his issue raises several questions: 1. Its attrib u tio n to T ralles ra th e r th a n C aesarea in Bithynia (the current view from the tim e of Eckhel) seems sure, though von Sallet (Z ß V , 1876, pp. 136-9) left the question open. Im hoof-Blum er, however, had no hesitation in the L ydian attrib u tio n (L S , p. 174), and it is confirmed by the use of eagle an d hum ped bull types on the sm allest denom ination, since they occur elsewhere at Tralles. 2. T he second question concerns Vedius Pollio. T here seems no dou b t th a t he was the fam ous equestrian and friend of A ugustus, who died (in disgrace) in 15 b c . Von Sallet thought th a t the coin should alm ost certainly be dated after 15 b c , because it would have been unthinkable to represent som eone other th an the em peror and his family during his lifetime, but, as G ran t (F I T A , p. 382) pointed out, the opposite seems m ore likely; the p o rtrait of a living friend of A ugustus is entirely characteristic of the beginning of A ugustus’s reign. G ran t argued th at, since Pollio was a knight, his activity in Asia m ust be before the restoration of proconsular governm ent there; hence a date im m ediately after Actium , 29/28 b c , seems likely. G ran t w ent on to argue th a t V edius Pollio is honoured on the coinage because he was responsible for the refoundation of Tralles as Caesarea; this certainly seems possible, b u t it is perhaps a little odd th a t, if so, the coins m ake no allusion to this. Von Sallet thought th a t Pollio was ju s t a benefactor o f the city; in view o f the typology (see below) one m ight guess th at he played a p a rt in a restoration of the T em ple of Zeus. 3. T here has been m uch discussion about the identity of the portraits on the coins: do they depict A ugustus or Pol­ lio? T he view th at it is A ugustus goes back to Eckhel, who thought th a t an exam ple of 2633 in F h a d ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ in small letters u nder the bust, b u t this reading is incorrect ( Z ß V 4, 1887, pp. 198-9). T he identification as A ugustus was followed by Im hoof-B lum er for 2637 ( L S , p. 174, no. 24), and by K . M .T . A tkinson, R ev. In t. des D ro its de l ’A n t., 1962, p. 263, n. 14, b u t since von Sallet ( Z ß V 3, 1876, pp. 136-9) il has generally been thought th a t the p o rtra it is of V edius Pollio (so vA 3277, K . Regling, D ie M ü n z e n von Priene, p. 103, n. 224). T h ere is, however, an elem ent of tru th in each view as there has been som ething of a con­ fusion betw een the issues w ith Pollio’s nam e an d an uncertain object behind the h ead r which seem to represent Pollio, an d the issue w ith ju s t a p o rtrait on the obverse w hich seems to represent A ugustus. T h e sam e identifica­

43g

tions can be applied to the sm aller denom inations; thus 2635 is Pollio and 2637-8 A ugustus. 4. T he significance of the typology is not clear. T he eightcolum ned tem ple has an eagle in the pedim ent, and so is presum ably of Zeus, m ost likely the Zeus Larasios who figures on other coins (e.g., 2645, 2655), b u t the m eaning of the caduceus is unclear (a link w ith H erm es, w ho appears on 2636?, a symbol of peace?). T he details of the decoration vary: there is a chariot on top o f the pedim ent on Pollio’s coins, w ith Nikai at corners, b u t not on the coins with A ugustus - perhaps ju s t a m inor variety of engraving. T he ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coinage of Nicomedes and the other three ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ issues w ith no nam e are dated to this period by their use of ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ as the ethnic, which is the norm al form on coins only between A ugustus and N ero. T h eir types allude generally to Zeus, though Apollo and Helios also appear. T he A ugustan coinage falls into two groups. T here is one unique coin depicting A ugustus and G aius C aesar (2646), b u t all others seem to belong to a single issue and centre on the em peror’s family, Livia and G aius and Lucius. T he issue presum ably dates from about 2 b c (see the general introduction). Livia is shown as D em eter, and the coins give G aius a clear seniority, as only he shares the reverse type (and once the portrait: see the com m entary on 2648) of his adoptive father, and as he has m ore reverse types than his brother. T he use of the capricorn for each of them presum ably symbolises their position as his heirs. For the ploughing scene, see p. 438. It seems th a t the coins for G aius often have a star underneath the p o rtrait (though it is often unclear), whereas those of Lucius have a lituus. This m ight suggest an allusion to G aius’s tenure o f the pontifi­ cate and L ucius’s of the augurate ( I L S 131-2), but a con­ nection betw een a star and the pontificate rem ains elusive. I f correct, however, this in terpretation would indicate a date of no earlier than 2 b c , the year in w hich Lucius probably becam e augur. T here follows a small issue u n der C laudius. H e is portrayed w ith an (unnam ed) em press, who, in view of the presence o f B ritannicus on the reverse, should be M essalina. T he latest coinage of this period is an issue o f four denom inations for Nero. T here is no good evidence for its date, b u t the p o rtrait m ight suggest c. 60. T he coin of MANTIO C a ttrib u ted to Tralles (W eber 6942; ÆSjVVII, p. 31) is now in L, and is a coin of Philadel­ phia (3036). T he following alterations need to be m ade to the vA In d e x : 1. T he two entries for Livia both refer to her presence on the reverse of coins of A ugustus and G aius; 2. Caligula, based on Im hoof-Blum er, is, in fact, Gaius Caesar; 3. G erm anicus and Agrippina?, cited from V , is a speci­ men o f C laudius and M essalina; 4. A grippina II, cited from W a, is M essalina (with C laudius).

Five denom inations are found (see table below). T he coins of A ugustus w ith G aius C aesar in a w reath (2646) recall the coins of N ysa (2660, 2662). Pollio Nicomedes ‘ps.-aut.’

19mm, 5.61 g

22 mm, 11.78g 22m m, 7.76g

Augustus Claudius Nero

25 mm, 11.49 g

19 mm, 5.39 g 19mm, 5.10g 19 mm, 5.55 g

average:

25 mm, 11.40 g

19 mm, 5.42 g

16mm, 4.85g 17 mm, 4.58 g 16 mm, 4.54g

T5 m ™> 3.34g 14mm, 2.96g 13 mm, 2.64g 14mm, 2.89g

16 mm, 3.87 g

14mm, 3.01 g

16 mm, 4.49 g

14mm, 3.09g

11 mm, 1.69 g

B are head of A ugustus, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; clasped han d s w ith caduceus; m onogram s o f ΜΕΝΑΝΔ an d ΠΑΡΥ

M e n a n d r o s P a r r h a s io u *i.9 2633

11 mm, 1.69 g

AE. 22m m , 11.29g (2)· Axis: 12.

I . B (I-B ) ( = ls 25), 3.55. As Im h o o f-B iu m er p o in ted o u t, th e m on o g ram s s ta n d for ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΠΑΡΡΑΣΙΟΥ.

[ 2 ]

LS 173, no. 23 Bare head o f A ugustus, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΠΑΡΡΑΣΙΟΥ; tem ple w ith eight colum ns; eagle in pedim ent; caduceus to r. i . B (L ö b b ) ( = Ls 23), 11.43; 2. B (I-B = lo t 146. C o u n te rm ark : PEagle (? G IC 329: 3). 2634

ls

AE. 22m m , 11.92g (7). Axis: 12.

gm

I . B (I-B )

2640

[ 17 ]

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; head of Helios, r. ΝΙΚΟΜΗΔΗΣ; Nike in biga, r. i. L 2641

76, C op 688, AMc 1363

=

bm c 8x,

7.76.

A E. 17m m , 4 .5 8 g (3). Axis: 12. bmc 82

i . L = b m c 76, 6.19; 2—3. L = bm c 77-8, 6.28, 4.75; 4 . M u 34, 5.71; 5— 9. P 1626 ( = W a 5413), 1628-9 ( = W a 5 4 14-15), 1627, 1630, 6.39, 5.65, 6.15, 5.12, 4.69; 10. O = AMC 1363, 5.69; i i . C op 688, 5.68; 12—13. B (L öbb, 4 1/1879), 5.20, 6.28; 14. C gen., 5.25; 15—16. V 36118, 19667, 5.46, 5.37; 17. P V ; 18. W e b er 6941, 4.40; 19. N Y.

AE. 16 m m , 4 .8 5 g (6). Axis: 12.

A E. 2 2m m , 7.76g (1). Axis: 12. bmc 81

ΟΥΗΙΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; b are head o f V edius Pollio, r.; behind, u n certain object ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΠΑΡΡΑΣΙΟΥ; lau reate head of Zeus, r.

2636

643a), 1.35; 2. V 33391, 2.02.

N ic o m e d e s

i —3. P 1631 ( = W a 5416), 1633, 1635, 11.62, 11.40, 12.33; 4—6. L = bmc 74-5, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 0 7 4 (ex vA 3278), 12.28, 11.67, 10-85; 7 · B 2 4 9 /1 8 7 5 , 12.18; 8. C op 687, 11.68 (holed); 9. C B u rk itt; 10. vA 3277, 12.75.

bmc

(= G M

[ 9 ]

ΠΩΛΛΙΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; b are head of V edius Pollio, r.; behind, u ncertain object ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΠΑΡΡΑΣΙΟΥ; tem ple w ith eight colum ns; eagle in pedim ent; above, chariot; caduceus to r.

AE. 19m m , 5.61g (16). Axis: 12.

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; veiled head, r. ΝΙΚΟΜΗΔΗΣ; lau reate head of Zeus, r. I . L = b m c 82; 2. L = o n th e obv. as Livia.

2642

bm c

83; 3 . V 36784, 5.47. B M C identifies th e h ead

AE. 14m m , 2.95g (2)· Axis: 12. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; head of Apollo, r. ΝΙΚΟΜΗΔΗΣ in w reath

[ 12 ]

i . L 1 9 2 8 —1—3—13, 3.06; 2. P 1650, 3.17; 3 . O , 2.85.

BMC 79, AMC 1364 ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΠΑΡΡΑΣΙΟΥ; lau reate head of A pollo, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; H erm es standing, 1., w ith purse and caduceus i . L — b m c 7 9 , 4.13; 2. L = bm c 80, 5.94; 3—5. P 1622-3 (“ W a 5 4 1 0 i i ) , 1624, 3.84, 5.20, 4.88; 6 —8 . O = AMC 1364-6, 4.85, 4.85, 4.20; 9 . C op 678, 5.14; 1 0 - 1 2 . B (1123/1878, L öbb, I-B ). 2637

AE. 14m m , 3.34g (4). Axis: 12. ls

F ir s t 2643

century a d AE. 16m m , 4 .0 6 g (2). Axis: 12. BMC 86

[ 4 ]

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; Nike, r., w ith p alm an d w reath L au reate head o f Zeus, r.

174, no. 24

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; bare head of A ugustus, r. ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΠΑΡΡΑΣΙΟΥ; clasped hands w ith caduceus

2638

i. L = 2644

b m c

86, 4.54; 2. P 1618 ( = W a 5407), 3.57.

AE. 13m m , 2.44g ( 0 · Axis: 12.

i . B (L öbb) ( = l s 24), 3.62; 2—3. B (I-B = l s T a t. V I I .9, 16/1875), 2 -9 2, 3.30; 4 . P 1 6 2 5 ( = W a 5412), 3.62.

bmc

AE. 15m m , 3.55g (1).

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ in w reath Eagle on th u n d erb o lt

ls

174, no. 25

[ 2 ]

203, no. 643a

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; h u m p ed bull, r. ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΣ; eagle standing, r.

23), 11.15; 3. K ovacs F P L 17,

BMC 74

2635

AE. 11 m m , 1.69g (2)· Axis: 12.

2639

[ i ]

84

i. L =

bm c

85, 2.44. B M C 84 is n o lo n g er in L.

A S IA : Tralles (Caesarea) (2645-2658)

2645

AE. 14m m , 2.89g ( J)· Axis: 12.

i . L = B M C 123; 2. P 1640 ( = W a 5422), 7.00; 3 . M u 40, 5.32; 4 . W eb er 6947, 6.48. F o r th e possible significance o f th e litu u s, see in tro d u ctio n .

BMC 87 L aureate head of Zeus, r. ΔΙΟΣ ΛΑΡΑΣΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; h um ped bull, 1. i. L =

bm c

2652

[ 4 ]

ΓΑΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ; Nike advancing, r., w ith palm and w reath ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; eagle

Augustus

2646

AE. 20 m m , 4.12 g (2). Axis: 12. BMC 122

87, 2.89.

I : A u g u s tu s a n d G a iu s ,

441

i. L =

c. / 0 - 5 BC??

2653

AE. 19m m , 5.30g (1). Axis: 12.

bm c

122, 3.95; 2. P 1645, 6.38; 3 . O , 4.28; 4 . B (L öbb).

AE. 2 0 m m , 3 .9 2 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

As 2 6 5 a, b u t ΛΕΥΚΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ

[ o ]

I.

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; bare head, r. ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head of G aius C aesar, r.; all in w reath

B (B -I), 4.54;

2.

B (I-B );

3.

J S W , 3.29.

i . T r a d e , 5.30.

I I : A u g u s tu s w i t h L i v i a , G a iu s a n d L u c iu s , c . 2 2647

AE. 20m m , 5.26g (5). Axis: 12.

Claudius,

BC? [ 6 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.; before, lituus ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ A(E)IBIA; Livia (as D em eter) holding ears of corn and poppy; in r. field, crescent

TI KAAY KAI CCBAC; d rap ed b u st of em press (M essalina), r., facing lau reate head o f C laudius, 1. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ ΒΡΕΤΑΝΝΙΚΟΣ; togate figure of B ritannicus standing, facing, w ith ears o f corn

AE. 20m m , 5.02g (4). Axis: 12.

L

i . P 1 642, 5.04; 2—3. P 1641 ( = W a 5423), D elep ierre, 5.25, 4.21; 4 — 5. L = BMC 124, 1 9 3 5 -1 0 -1 9 -1 ,5 .1 4 , 3.59; 6 . C o p 691, 5.97; 7 . 0 , 4.83; 8—10. B (all I-B ), 6.39, 5.13, 5.45; 11. V 30088; 12. M u 42.

[ 15 ]

5.40; 2 - 4 . L = BMC 118-20, 5.93, 4.93, 3.83; 5 - 9 . B (I-B ( = ls 175, no. 27), L ö b b ( = zfN 1885, 339), M ag n esia find (2)), U n certa in ; 1 0 - 1 1 . P 1637-8 ( = W a 5 4 19-20), 5.42, 4.86; 1 2 . V 38682; 1 3 - 1 5 . M u 37, 37a, 38. Rev. die o f 6 is th e sam e as A ugustus ( 2 6 4 7 / 4 ) . T h e p o rtra it varies betw een one like th a t o f A ugustus (e.g., 1-2) an d a m uch m ore y o uthful re p resen tatio n (e.g., 3 -4 ): it is n o t clear if this is a delib erate d y n astic s ta te m e n t o r ju s t th e ac cid en t o f co m bining th e legend for G aiu s a n d th e p o rtra it o f A ugustus on one die (th e la tte r seem s m ore likely). C o u n te rm ark : E agle ( G IC 329: 5, 8, 15). I.

124 corr., C op 691

117

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head of G aius C aesar, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ ΛΕΙΒΙΑ; Livia (as D em eter) holding ears o f corn an d poppy; in r. field, crescent

Nero,

c. a d

60

= bm c 117,

AE. 20m m , 5.62g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 5 ]

2655

AE. 20m m , 5.76g (2). Axis: 12.

2656

2657

AE. 19m m , 5.49g (7). Axis: 12 or i.

AE. 16 m m , 3.87 g (4). Axis: 12 or 1. BMC

[ 2 ]

BMC 123 ΛΕΥΚΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head o f Lucius C aesar, r.; to r., lituus ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; capricorn w ith cornucopia, r.

[ 7 ]

[ 11 ]

125, C op 692

NEPWN K A E A P ; b are head, r. K A EA PEW N ; four ears of corn L = B M C 1 27, 3.53; 2—3· L = BMC 125-6, 4.02, 3.44; 4 —5. P 1646, 1649 ( = W a 5426), 5.77, 3.85; 6 . C o p 692, 4.50; 7—i i . B (10008, 894/1900, R au c h , I-B , P rien e find = 58/1919). I.

2658

AE. 14m m , 2.88g (5). Axis: 12. BMC

[ 3 ]

]

i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —I —2 0 7 5 (ex vA 3285), 6.01; 2—3 . P 1644, 1647 ( - W a 5424), 6.38, 4.66; 4 - 5 . O , 5.51, 5.39; 6. B (Fox); 7. M u (U n certa in ) 221, 5.27; 8. M ü n z Z e n tru m 61 (1987), 5.16.

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head of G aius C aesar, r.; Pbelow, star ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; capricorn w ith cornucopia, r.

AE. 20m m , 6.27g (3)· Axis: 12.

4

NEPWN ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r. K A EA PEW N ; term inal statu e o f A th en a A lkidem os, r.

C op 690

i . C o p 6 9 0 , 6.10; 2. M u 3 6 , 5.41. T h e presence o f th e s ta r is n o t certain . See also 2 6 49.

[

i . B (B -I), ,0 .45; 2. B (L ö b b ); 3. P 1 6 4 3 , 12.76; 4 . V 34225, 11.25. 3 obv. dies (1 = 3 ) .

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head o f G aius C aesar, r.; below, star ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ; ‘colonist’ an d ploughing oxen, r. i . P 1639 ( = W a 5421), 5.90; 2. L = BMC 121; 3—4 . B (I-B = l s 175, nos. 28-9, w ith T af. V I I . 11); 5. M u 3 5 , 5.34; 6. T ra d e (1988), 5.07; 7. I (K O 9 38-34: ‘P a riu m ’). T h e s ta r is n o t usually clear, b u t w as p ro b a b ly p resen t on all specim ens; for its possible significance, see in tro d u ctio n .

AE. 25m m , 11.49g (3)· Axis: 12 o r i.

NEPWN ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r. K A E A PE W N ΛΑΡΑΣΙΟΣ; Zeus L arasios seated, 1., w ith Nike an d sceptre

BMC 12 1

2651

[ 12 ]

BMC

BMC

2650

AE. 19m m , 5 . io g (10). Axis: 12.

2654

B M C 1 15, 5.04; 2—3. L = BMC 114, 116, 4.86, 5.18; 4 . B (I-B = LS 175, no. 26), 5.47; 5 . P 1636 ( = W a 5418: ΛΙΒΙΑ), 5.12; 6. C op 689, 5.75; 7. Lewis = SNG 1478. Rev. die o f 4 is the sam e as G aiu s (2 6 4 8 /6 ).

2649

43-g

BMC 115, C op 689

I. L =

2648

AD

[ 5 ]

128

NEPWN; b are head, r.; behind, lituus K A EA PEW N ; eagle i . B (F o x ), 2.48; 2. L = BMC 128, 3.66; 3 . P 1648 ( = W a 5425), 2.71; 4 . M u 43, 2.90; 5. N Y (C aesarea, C a p p a d o c ia ); 6. Lewis = sng 1479 (b o u g h t a t K a ra o la r, n e a r A la b a n d a ), 2.65.

Nysa T he coinage of N ysa was listed by K. Regling, ‘Ü berblick über die M ü n zprägung von N ysa’, in W . v. D iest, N y sa a d M ä a n d ru m ( = Ja h rb u ch des D eutschen Archäologischen In stitu ts,

Ergänzungsheft 10, 1913), pp. 70-103. N ysa h ad issued m uch bronze coinage in the H ellenistic period, and in addi­ tion had m ade a nu m b er of issues of silver cistophori. T he coins w ith a ju g a te b u st of an em peror and empress signed by C hairem on (2665) are norm ally attrib u ted to A ugustus an d Livia, b u t the long neck of the em peror is m uch m ore suggestive of C laudius, and the general aspect of the ju g a te p o rtra it is very rem iniscent of the portraits of C laudius an d A grippina at near-by Ephesus (2621). Tw o types of N ero are die-linked and signed by the priest D iom edianos (2666-7), whose coins are probably to be dated to early in the reign, perhaps c. 55, on the basis o f the youthful p o rtra it of N ero (Regling thought th a t they were struck for N ero und er C laudius, but this seems a little unlikely in view o f the absence of corresponding coins for C laudius). T h e sm aller denom ination (2669, w ith the head o f M en) lacks a personal nam e but is probably contem por­ ary as the p o rtra it is quite sim ilar. T h e unique coin in L w ith the seated Ploutodes does seem rath er different, however, an d a d ate of c. 60 appears m ore likely for it. Regling also pointed out (pp. 77-8) th a t at least one ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ issue seems to belong to the period, on grounds of style, letter forms an d indeed positioning of inscriptions (2671). T he use of Σ shows th a t it can have been m ade no later th an the tim e of V espasian, while its size suggests th a t it is unlikely to be pre-N eronian; in ad d i­ tion, the positioning of the legend on the reverse seems most like th a t on coins of Nero. A N eronian date therefore appears likely, an d it is, of course, possible th a t it dates from 68 to 69 (hence the absence of an im perial p o rtrait?). T he types used reflect the local cults of M en and of Pluto and Kore: it was n ear N ysa, of course, th a t Persephone was supposed to have been abducted an d there was a Plutonion w ith a tem ple of Pluto and K ore in the territory of Nysa. O th er coins attest the cults o f Dionysus (see Regling, pp. 92fr.) and Apollo (Regling, p. 94). Regling regarded the coins depicting a god and labelled ΠΛΟΥΤΟΔΟΤΗΣ as Zeus Ploutodes, b u t the epithet seems appropriate to Pluto, with whom the type is therefore tentatively identified. U nder A ugustus m em bers of the im perial family appear (Livia and G aius), and there is a rem arkable p o rtrait of A ugustus being crow ned by a sm all figure of Nike (2661); this can only be paralleled a t near-by M agnesia on the M aeander (2690-1), though its local significance is not clear, particularly in view of its date, which (taking into account the p o rtra it of G aius on the reverse) m ust be about

the last decade of the first century b c . T he equally unusual coins w ith the types surrounded by a w reath (2660, 2662) recall the sim ilar w reath around the head on a coin of A ugustus and G aius from Tralles (2646). See also addenda, 2660A. O nly three m agistrates are attested. U n d er A ugustus/T iberius we find Philokaisar, who describes him ­ self as gram (m ateus) for the second time; C hairem on (who presum ably comes from the family of famous C hairem ons see v. D iest, p. 9; though if the dating of the coin to 50-4 is correct, he can hardly be the A ugustan C hairem on); and D iom edianos, who describes him self as a priest. T here is no evidence for the n ature of D iom edianos’s priesthood, though he m ay have been a priest of Pluto and K ore as his coins depict K ore and Pluto, as well as M en. Regling was probably right to suggest (p. 98) th a t he m ay have been the gram m ateus. A gram m ateus who was also a priest is attested in an A ugustan inscription; and later, from the second century, the coinage is generally signed by the gram ­ m ateus, who on one occasion also describes him self as a priest. T he same presum ably goes for the priest Iulios A ntoneinos on the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ issue. T here seem to be three denom inations in use (see table below ).

Augustus (See also addenda, 2660A ) 2659

AE. 16m m , 3 .7 4 g (1). Axis: 12. Regling 51,

I . O = AMC 1 359, 3-745 2. B (I-B = K o re, see 2 6 6 7 below (N ero). 2660

24 mm, 12.62 g

average:

24m m, 12.62g

18 mm, 6.21 g

719, no. 600). S am e dies. F or

bm c

[ 6 ]

24

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ an d tripod; all in w reath i . N Y ; 2. L = bm c 24, 5.61; 3. B (I-B ); 4 . C L eake, 8.23; 5. V 30240; 6. M u 14, 5.34. C o u n te rm ark : U n c e rta in (p erh ap s th e sam e as G IC 308: see 2 6 6 4 ) on 2. 2661

AE. 17m m , 4 .8 4 g (1). Axis: 12. Regling 53,

bm c

[ 5 ]

25

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r., being crow ned by Nike w ith palm ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare h ead of G aius C aesar, r. i . L = b m c 25, 4.84; 2—3 . B I-B ( = R au c h ; 4 . P 835, 4.84; 5. V 30963.

16 mm, 4.44 g 17 mm, 4.84 g 19mm, 6.23g 19 mm, 6.39 g 18 mm, 5.75g

gm

AE. 17m m , 6 .3 9 g (3)· Axis: 12. Regling 52,

17 m m, 6.39 g

Augustus/Tiberius Claudius Nero

[ 2 ]

1359

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ; veiled h ead of goddess (K ore), r.

16mm, 3.74g

Augustus

am c

15mm, 3.69g 16 mm, 4.13 g

mg

312, no. 72 — gm 719, no. 601),

ASIA: Nysa, Mastaura (2662—2671)

2662

AE. 16m m , 4.44g (6). Axis: 12. Regling 57,

AMC

[

9

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r. ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ ΔΙΟΜΗΔΙΑΝΟΣ ΙΕΡΕΥ(Σ); M en standing, 1., w ith p atera a n d staff

]

1360, C op 312

B are head, r., in w reath NYCAEWN; fem ale b u st (of Livia?), r. I . J S W , 5.77; 2. N Y; 3. O = AMC 1360, 4.15; 4—5. C op 312-13, 3.82, 4.03; 6 - 7 . B 507/1877, I-B = LS 1 1 1 -1 2; 8—9. V 18384, 31946, —, 4.88; 10. C M c C le a n 8 6 8 4 (pl. 304.10), 4.00. T h e rev. legend is som etim es re tro g ra d e (e.g., 2, 8, 10), a n d h as been tooled in m o d e rn tim es to Π Α Κ ΤΩ Λ ε\νΝ on 7. T h e h ea d on th e rev. h as a ‘L iv ian ’ h airsty le, a n d is to be identified as eith er L ivia o r K ore. 2663

AE. 18 m m 5.08g (1). Axis: 1 2 (1 ).

i . B 1 1 7 3 /1 9 1 2 (D o d o n a find), 13.32; 2. B (I-B = mg 313, 72a); 3. L 1961—3 -1 -3 2 4 , 12.66; 4 . Lewis = SNG 1475, 10.93. See E. L an e, Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D ei M en is, N y sa 3 (b u t w ith in c o rrect n am e on rev.; also L an e illu strates 3, n o t 1). S am e obv. die, a n d as 2 6 6 7 /1 -3 . 2667

bmc

[ 3 ]

28

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r. ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ ΔΙΟΜΗΔΙΑΝΟΣ ΙΕΡΕΥΣ ΚΟΡΗ; K ore, veiled, standing L, w ith sceptre

Regling 56

i . B ( B - I ) , 13 .23; 2. L = as 2 6 6 6 /1 -3 . 2668

i . P 8 3 4 , 5.08; 2. IB ( = GRMK 123, no. 3). T h e Ns in the rev. legend are retro g ra d e. T h is featu re a n d th e le tte r form s C a n d W link th e coin w ith th e previous issue, also w ith Livia.

bmc

28, 11.48; 3 . O , 12.42. S am e o b v . die, an d

A E. 18m m , 5.75g (2). Axis: 12.

[

4

]

Regling 60 ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r. ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ ΔΙΟΜΗΔΙΑΝΟΣ; P luto a n d K ore in quadriga, r.

Augustus or Tiberius

i . P 8 3 7 , 6.08; 2. N Y; 3. P D elep ierre, 5.39; 4 . B 1118/1878. 2669

2664

AE. 23m m , 12.38g (3). Axis: 12. Regling 59,

[ 1 ]

Bare head of A ugustus an d d rap ed bust of Livia, r. NYCAEWN; D ionysus standing, 1., w ith can th a ru s and thyrsus

443

AE. 19m m , 6.23g ( : )· Axis: 12.

[ 5 ]

Regling 62,

Regling 50

bm c

[ 12 ]

29, C op 312

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r. ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ; b u st o f M en, r.

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙΣΑΡ fP Ä M TO B ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ in five lines w ithin w reath i . L = b m c 23, 6.23; 2. P 832, 6.38; 3. V 18383; 4—5. N Y; 6. I-B ( = 178, no. 1); 7. T 4218. C o u n te rm ark : C ap ric o rn ( G IC 308: 1—7).

AE. 15m m , 3 .6 9 g (5). Axis: 12.

I . L = b m c 29, 3.63; 2 - 3 . P 836, 838 ( = W a 2498), 4.33, 3.75; 4 . O , 3.26; 5 - 6 . B (L öbb, I-B ); 7. C L eake, 3.49; 8 - 9 . V 27495, 3 r 9 4 7 , - , 4 -° 4 ; 10. L in d g ren 765, 4.01; 11—12. C o p 3 1 2 -1 3 , 3.82, 4.03; 13. N Y. E. L an e, Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D ei M en is, N y sa 2.

km

2670

AE. 23m m , 8 .3 1 g (i). Axis: 12 (1).

[ 1 ]

Regling 61 ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r. ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ ΠΛΟΥΤΟΔΟΤΗΣ; P luto (?) seated, 1., w ith Nike an d sceptre

Claudius and Agrippina I I (?) (for attribution, see introduction)

I.

2665

A E. 19 m m , 6.39 g (2)· Axis: 12 o r 6. Regling 54-5,

BMC

26,

am c

1361

U n c e rta in d ate (.N e r o -V e s p a s ia n ??)

CCBACTOI; laureate p o rtra it o f C laudius (?) an d draped b u st o f A grippina II (?), ju g a te , r. NYCAEWN XAIPHMWN; P luto a n d K ore in q u ad rig a, r. I. 0 =

2671

1 3 61, 6.81; 2· L = BMC 26, 5.97; 3—4 . B (L öbb, 355/1882); 5. P 833, 5.62; 6. V 27724; 7. W in te rth u r ( = g r m k 123, no. 2).

AE. 2 5m m , 9 .3 0 g (1).

[ 2 ]

Regling 39

AMC

ΔΗΜΟΣ ΝΥΣΑΕΩΝ; beard ed head of Dem os, r. ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ ΑΝΤΩΝΕΙΝΟΣ ΙΕΡΕΟΥΣ, ΚΟΡΗ; K ore, veiled, standing 1., w ith sceptre

Nero 2666

L = BMC 27, 8.31. F o r a d iscussion o f th e rev. ty p e, see in tro d u ctio n .

[ 6 ]

AE. 24m m , 12.99g (2)· Axis: J2.

[

3

I . B (I-B ) ( = gm 719, no. 599), 9.30; 2. V . As Im h o o f-B lu m er an d R egling n o ted , ΙΕΡΕΟΥΣ is p resu m a b ly a die e n g rav e r’s m istak e for ΙΕΡΕΥΣ. See in tro d u ctio n for discussion.

]

Regling 58

Mastaura M astau ra issued no coins before the im perial period, and in the early first century coins were m ade in the reigns of T iberius (probably) and of Nero. I t is not clear w hen the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins (B M C 1-4) should be dated (L S , p. 96, no. 2, is m uch later, as the letter forms C and £ show). T h e letter forms are E an d Σ, w hich occur on the coins down to V espasian; the next im perial issues (of F austina I an d L. V erus, in B) have C an d £ . T he large thick fabric of B M C 1 is very like th a t of the coin of

V espasian (B M C 10) and probably dates to th a t period, or perhaps to the early second century. T his leaves the date of B M C 2-4 rath er uncertain. T he fabric and size of B M C 3-4 seems quite like th a t of the coins o f T iberius, so the coins are tentatively attrib u ted to the m id-first century a d . Some confirm ation for this date is provided by the form of the ethnic: both ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΙΤΩΝ and ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΕΙΤΩΝ are found. T he first form occurs for T iberius, b u t the second is norm al from N ero onw ards. B M C 2 seems m uch flatter, and

444

A S IA : Mastaura (2672-2678)

the very circular legend is not like th a t found, for instance, on the coins of Nero; both N ero’s coins and BMC 2 have cornucopias, b u t they are of a different style. BMC 2 is therefore not included here, and is perhaps to be regarded as later th a n the Ju lio -C lau d ian period. T he issue w ith a laureate male p o rtrait facing a ‘Livian’ one is regarded as an issue o f T iberius an d Livia, for whom the legend ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥΣ w ould be appropriate. T h e reading on the reverse was a m atter of dispute between ImhoofBlum er, who read [Η?]ΡΑΣ XAIPEOY Ο ΕΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΠΑΝΑΘΗΝ(ΑΙΩΝ) (LS, p. 96, no. 3, following the view of J . F riedländer, ZJN, 1884, p. 51), an d H ead, who read ΑΘΗΝ ΑΓΟΡΑΣ XAIPEOY Ο ΕΠΙΜ ΕΛΕΗΤΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΠΑΝΤΩΝ (in BMC). U nfortunately, and perhaps surpris­ ingly, no new or com pletely clear specimens seem to have turned up since, b u t H e a d ’s reading seems slightly more . T he two specim ens w ith the clearest legends in the ‘ps.-aut.’ Tiberius Nero

21 mm, 9.80 g

average:

21 mm, 9.80 g (1)

19mm, 18 mm, 18mm, 18 mm,

3.66g 4.14 g 4.63g 3.93 g

18mm, 3.59g (10;

crucial place are BMC 6 and vA 3024. Both of these seem to be from the same die, and the reading ]ΑΓΟΡΑΣ does seem likely on them . For the title επιμελητής των κοινών πάντων, see BCH, 1879, pp. 510-14, 3-5 (cited by BMC). T he coins of N ero seem to fall into two groups, with legends ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣ AP and NEPWN ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ respect­ ively (the W also occurs in the ethnic of the second issue). T he portraits of the two groups are not, however, very different, and we m ight guess th at both were produced round about 60. T he denom inations w hich occur are shown in the table below. T he coins of T iberius were m ade of brass, while those of Nero were bronze; it can be seen from the table of weights that, once again, the difference in m etal seems to have been of no significance to the denom ination.

14mm, 3.31 g 15mm, 3.26g 1 4 m m , 3 . 2 9 g (2 )

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r. ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΕΙΤΩΝ; hero M astauros, 1., holding double axe an d resting h a n d on hip

First century a d ?? 2672

L eaded bronze. 19m m , 3.66g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. BM C

[ 4 ]

3

i . C o p 2 7 8 , 9.80. 2675

ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡ(Ε)ΙΤΩΝ; goddess, stan d in g 1., holding phiale and torch ΣΩΖΩΝ; Apollo, stan d in g front, holding plectrum and resting h a n d on lyre on colum n; to r., bow an d quiver

i . L = b m c 7, 4.63; 2 . P 731 ( — W a 5090), 5.26; 3. B 446/1972; 4—5. V 19480, 27334. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1. 2676

Tiberius

L eaded bronze. 14m m , 3.31g (1). Axis: 12. ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r. ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΕΙΤΩΝ; cornucopia

[ 5 ]

i . L = b m c 8, 3.31; 2. B (I-B — es 96, no. 4). S am e dies. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 1.

5

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥΣ ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΙΤΑΙ; lau reate head of T iberius, r., facing d raped bu st o f Livia, 1. ΑΘΗΝ ΑΓΟΡΑΣ XAIPEOY Ο ΕΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΠΑΝ; the hero M astauros on horseback, r.; in field, ΤΩΝ I . L = B M C 6 , 3 . 9 4 ; 2 . L = BMC 5 , 5 . 1 3 ; 3 . B ( = z f N 1 8 8 4 , 5 1 = L S 9 6 , 3) (Α ΘΗ Ν Α [ ] ΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗΣ ΠΑΝ, ΤΩΝ); 4 - 5 . M u 4 QAIPEOY O

no.

S e c o n d is s u e 2677

A E. 18m m , 3.93g (2). Axis: 12. km

ΕΠΙΜ ΕΛΗΤΗΣ ΠΑΝ, ΤΩΝ), 4 a (]Α Σ XAIPEOY Ο ΕΠΙΜ ΕΛΗΤΗΣ ΠΑΝ, ΤΩΝ), 2 .8 9 , 4 ·4 8 ; 6 . νΑ 3 0 2 4 (p ro b ab ly ]ΓΟΡΑΣ XAIPEOY Ο ΕΠ ΙΜ ΕΛΗ Τ[), 4-28. See in tro d u c tio n for a discussion o f th e legend. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i .

2678

Nero

522,

B (B -I)

AE. 2 i m m , 9.80g (1). Axis: 1 2 (1 ). C op 278

[ 1 ]

[ 1 ]

2

( = km

2 w ith T af. X X .9), 4.37;

2.

vA 3025, 3.49.

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3.26g (1). Axis: 12. BM C

F i r s t is s u e

no.

[NE]PWN ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟ [Σ; b are head, r. M A pT A Y PEITjW N ; goddess, facing, w ith crescent on head, holding torch I.

2674

[ 2 ]

BMC 8

Brass. 18m m , 4.1 4 g (5). Axis: 12. BM C

[ 5 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r. ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΕΙΤΩΝ; goddess standing, facing, w ith phiale an d torch

X . L = B M C 4, 4 .2 9 ; 2 . L — BMC 3, 3.O2; 3 . B 2 1 9 /1 8 8 6 ; 4 . V 19479. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.

2673

L eaded bronze. 18m m , 4 .9 5 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6. BMC 7

[ 2 ]

9

NEPWN ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. ΜΑΣΤΑΥΡΕΙΤννΝ; cornucopia i. L = on: i.

bm c 9,

3.26;

2.

B (Fox

=

es

96, no. 5). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis

A S IA : Anineta, Briula (?), Samos (267g)

445

Anineta T he coin, formerly in Im hoof-B lum er’s collection and now in B, which was catalogued by him as a coin of A nineta ( M G , p. 470, no. 74 = L S , p. 23, no. 6, followed by the vA Index) is, in fact, of O rth o sia in C aria (2824/3). T his reat­ tribution negates the rem arks of L. R obert, A Travers F A sie M ineure, p. 331. T he coin, also form erly in Im hoof-B lum er’s collection (but apparently not now in B) an d catalogued by him as a coin of A grippina and N ero from A nineta ( L S , p. 23, no. 7, with Taf. 1 1 .4, followed by the vA In d ex) is, in fact, a coin of

Cym e (2434, as B M C 130). T he v A In d e x also attests a coin in P for A grippina II at A nineta. T his is also a specimen of 2434. Im hoof-Blum er (L S , p. 23, n. 1) suggested th at the small coins of Nero w ith a horse 1. and palm b ran ch m ight be of A nineta; because of this, such coins and sim ilar ones for A grippina II are sometimes housed un d er A nineta (e.g., O ); they are, in fact, of Thessalonica (1590, 1596; cf. 1605—6A).

Briula (?) T he coin of T iberius in V classified as a coin of Briula (followed by the vA Index) is, in fact, a coin from G alatia

2679

AE. 16 m m , 3.36g (1). Axis: 12 (1). LS

( 3 5 5 4 / 6 ).

53,

[ 1 ]

no. i

ΒΡΙΟ Υ Λ ΕΙΤΩ Ν ; eagle sta n d in g facing, h e a d r.

A single ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coin is included here. Im hoof-B lum er regarded it as ‘eine der ältesten [sc. coins of Briula], etw a aus der Zeit des A ugustus’. T his dating is possible, though, of course, by no m eans certain.

T hyrsus I . B (I-B ) ( = L S 1), 3.36.

Samos T he im perial coinage o f Samos was covered by P. G ardner in his article on ‘Samos and Sam ian coins’ in N C , 1882, pp. 271-90. T his was m ore of a general survey than a catalogue, and was w ritten m ainly from the iconographical point of view. Some silver denarii of A ugustus have tentatively been attrib u ted to Samos ( R I C 475; ad d the corresponding aurei in H all, G lendining 1950, lot 774, and Sotheby’s, Zurich, 23.11.1986), and connected w ith A ugustus’s visit to the island (see C .H .V . S utherland, R N , 1974, pp. 58fr.), b u t both the date and the a ttrib u tio n are very u ncertain (see p. 368). T here is certainly no obvious point of contact between the aurei and denarii an d the local bronzes of Samos of this period. Im perial coins were produced for Samos depicting C ali­ gula, C laudius, N ero an d A grippina II. T here are also two issues (2681-2), variously attrib u ted to A ugustus, T iberius and Caligula. I t seems unlikely th a t either is supposed to be C aligula, as the p o rtrait (and, e.g., the truncation of the neck) is different from th a t on his coins. T he hairstyle and po rtrait on the piece w ith the peacock reverse are very A ugustan, an d the p o rtrait on the pieces w ith H era on the reverse looks different, possibly T iberian. T h e coins are therefore very tentatively attrib u ted to A ugustus and T iberius, respectively. T h e A ugustus issue would be late in the reign, as he is lau reate an d has a straight neck. Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero ‘ps.-aut.’

L etter forms and die axes are consistent throughout the Julio-C laudian period, and, even if they do not help w ith the identification of the different em perors, they do help greatly w ith the classification of the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins. U ntil D om itian Σ is always used; from his reign and until the reign of G ordian C is norm al, being replaced by E from Philip to V alerian. Die axis in the Julio -C laudian period was always twelve o’clock, b u t variable between twelve and six in the late first and second centuries, and exclusively six o’clock from the reign of Com m odus onwards. T hus of the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins of the R om an period discussed by G ardner (pp. 272-3), nos. 4-7 have the later form of C, as does his no. 8 (erroneously recorded as Σ by G ardner on the basis of the w orn B M C 219). G ardner him self thought th at his nos. 1-2 belonged to the first cen­ tury B G , and th at his no. 3 was early im perial, b u t H ead in the B M C of 1892 plausibly p u t 2 and 3 (both with m onogram s) in the first century b c . T hus only one issue (forepart of bull/prow , as B M C 210) is left for the JulioC laudian period (= 2680). T he types (H era, peacock on caduceus, prow) were all traditional at Samos. As regards denom inations, all the coins seem to have been m ade of bronze and the following p attern is found:

16 mm, 5 g 17 mm, 45g 24 mm, 12^g 25 mm, n g 25 mm, i o |g

20 mm, 6 g 13 mm, 2i g

T he following alterations are required to the vA Index'. 1. Livia, cited from G ardner. It is not clear w hat this refers to, unless it is G ardner, p. 280, w here he dismisses a description in P atin of a coin of Livia from Samos as a m isreading of a coin of R om a and the Senate from Pergam um . 2. Tiberius, cited from G ardner. T he coin G ard n er cites (p. 275 and pi. V .i) for T iberius is, in fact, of Caligula. 3. C aligula an d A grippina in M u is probably M u 18a (‘C laudius and A grip p in a’), and probably Nero and A grippina. 4. C laudius an d A grippina II, cited from W a. W a 2076 is attrib u ted here to Nero an d A grippina II. 5. A grippina II u nder C laudius. T his is, in fact, from the reign of N ero, for whom her epithet ΘΕΟΜΗΤΩΡ is appropriate. 6. N ero, cited from G ardner. I t is not clear w hat this refers to unless it is a confusion w ith the coin of N ero from Perinthus, cited by G ardner, p. 279 and pi. IV . 14.

L au reate head, r. ΣΑΜΙΩΝ; statu e of H e ra Sam ia, r. *· p 3374 ( — W a 2074), 5.23; 2. P 3373 ( = W a 2073), 4.27; 3 - 5 . L 19156 -3 -4 2 , G0841, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 0 4 , 3.57, 3.94, 4.24; 6. O — AMC 1326, 4.06; 7— 8* B, 5 4 5 , 4-531 9 · V 18054; IO I· N Y; 11. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 223, 4-751 I 2 · W e b er 6325, 5.83. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 3.

C a lig u la 2683

L eaded bronze. 24 m m , 12.69g (6)· Axis: 12. BMC

[ 6 ]

226, C op 1729

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΣΑΜΙΩΝ; statu e of H e ra Sam ia, r. 1· p 3 3 7 5 , 12.93; 2 · p 3 3 7 6 , i 5 -9 °l 3 · L = bmo 226, 11.84; 4 . C o p 1729, 14.44; 5 * B (I-B ), 10.67; 6· M u 18, 10.36; 7. Lewis = SNG 1498, 9.73. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 3.

C la u d iu s

First century 2680

A D _____________________________________

L eaded bronze. 13m m , 2.47g (5)· Axis: 12.

2684

Bronze. 2 5m m , 10.88g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

BMC 227

[ 9 ]

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΣΑΜΙΩΝ; statu e of H e ra Sam ia, r., facing prow of galley

BMC 210, C op 1726

F o rep art of bull, r. ΣΑ Μ ΙΩ Ν ; p ro w , r.

i . L — BMC 2 2 7 , 12.42; 2. O , 8.06; 3. B (I-B = gm 302, no. 174), 12.17. T h e Σ is in th e form E. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

I. L = BMC 21 2 , 3.13; 2—5. L = BMC 2 10 - I I, 213, 1 9 1 5 -6 -3 -4 1 , 2.22, 2.O5,

3 .i i , 2.18; 6. C o p 1726, 2.34; 7. O , 2.25; 8. P 3368 (= W a 2069), 2.21; 9 . V 18052, 2.70. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

N e ro

Augustus? _______________________________________________ 2685 2681

L eaded bronze. 16m m , 5.03g (15). Axis: 12.

[ 18 ]

L aureate head, r.

i . V 3 7 6 2 8 , 9.29; 2. P 3 3 7 9 ( = W a 2076), 10.51. T h e coin in M u (18a, 11.79: see p la te 116) m ay be a n o th e r sp ecim en , a lth o u g h th e p o rtra it o f A g rip p in a seem s ra th e r different.

ΣΑ Μ ΙΩ Ν ; p eac o ck s ta n d in g o n cad u c eu s, r.; b e h in d , sc e p tre I. N Y , 6.03; 2—4 . L = BMC 2 2 4-5, 1906 -1 1 -3 -2 6 3 6 , 4.88, 3.82, 5.30; 5— 6. 0 = AMC 1324-5, 3.78, 4.43; 7. C o p 1728, 6.33; 8. P 3372, 5.39; 9 II. B, 6.40, 5.12, 4.87; 1 2 - 1 3 . C L eake, 307/1948, 4.33, —; 14. V 18053; 15—16. M u 16-17, 4-69, 5-25; 17. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 224, 5.03; 18. W e b er 6324; 19—2 0 . N Y. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.

2686

L eaded bronze. 2 0 m m , 6 .o o g (5). Axis: 12. BMC

[

7

]

228

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΘΕΟΜΗΤΩΡ; d rap ed b u st of A grippina II, r. ΣΑΜΙΩΝ; peacock stan d in g on caduceus, r.; behind, sceptre

Tiberius?? L eaded bronze. 17m m , 4 .4 5 g (9). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΚΑΙ ΘΕΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΕΙΝ[; d rap ed b u st of A grippina II facing bare-headed, d rap ed b u st o f N ero, 1. ΣΑΜΙΩΝ; statu e of H e ra Sam ia, r.

BMC 224, AMc 1324, C op 1728

2682

AE. 2 5m m , 10.53g (3)· Axis: 12.

i . P 3 3 7 8 ( = W a 2075), 7.01; 2. P 3377, 5 4 9 ; 3. L = bmo 228, 5.54; 4 . B, 6.25; 5. V 18055; 6. M u 18b, 5.69; 7. N Y . F o r ΘΕΟΜΗΤΩΡ, see J . E ckhel, N u m i Populorum et Urbium, p p . 3 9-40. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on:

[ 10 ]

3-

AMC 1326

Priene T he coinage of Priene has been catalogued by K . Regling, D ie M ü n z e n von Priene (Berlin, 1927), whose catalogue for the im perial period (pp. 101-6) is followed here. T he earliest relevant coin is the unique one in P, which was previously attrib u ted to [C lodijus M acer, b u t was bril­

liantly attrib u ted to [Pom peijus M acer, an A ugustan legate in Asia, by Dressel (see Regling); Regling also disproved the later attribution by Babelon to a third-century legate. T he sam e conclusions were draw n by G ran t (F I T A , pp. 388-9), apparently independently of and in ignorance of

A S IA : Priene, Magnesia (ad Maeandrum) (2687-2689)

D ressel’s and Regling’s discussion, and he dated the coin to late in the p rincipate of A ugustus. U nfortunately, the coin is still unique, so the legend m ust rem ain uncertain; and, although Regling claim ed th a t he could see traces of the Π and O, it is possible th a t the reading is not ΠΟΜ ΠΗΙΟϋ. O ne should b ear in m ind D ressel’s other suggestion, Aemilius M acer, who died in Asia in 16 b c ( P W , p. 86). I t is very unfortunate th a t an inscription from Priene (I. von Priene 247), which appears to m ention a contem porary Pompeius, is not well enough preserved for his cognomen to be clear. T h e subject of the inscription was, however, a benefactor of the city, an d Dressel has suggested th at the reverse figure of Bias on the coin m ight im ply the ‘E rhaltun g oder A usschm ückung des B ianteion’. Regling has pointed out th a t otherw ise Priene m ade coins only for A ugustus and C aligula, and th a t the alleged coins of T iberius, C laudius an d N ero are all m isattributed (though the attrib u tio n to N ero of B M C 54 is still followed by the vA In d e x ). T he coin w ith an owl reverse, now in C, w hich was attrib u ted to Priene by G ran t ( F I T A , pi. X I.48) and H eichelheim (SNG Fitzw illiam 4574), is in fact a coin of Clazom enae (2494). T he denom inations represented are: M acer Augustus Caligula

12mm, 1.50g (1) 16mm, 2.52g (8) 19 mm, 6.21 g (2)

^7

[ P o m p e i? ] u s M a c e r , la te A u g u s ta n ? 2687

AE. 12m m , 1.50g (1). Axis: 12 (1). Regling 186,

FITA

[ 1 ]

388

]OC MAKCP; b are head, r. ΠΡΙΗΝ£ΩΝ; Bias standing, facing; to r., tripod i . P 2 1 2 7 ( = W a 1928), 1.50. Illu stra te d in Aréthuse / , pi. I . i (en larg ed ); R egling, T af. IV .1 8 6 ; a n d F I T A , pi. IX .3 4 .

A u g u s tu s 2688

A E. 16m m , 2.52g (8). Axis: 12.

t 9 ]

Regling 187-9 CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r. ΠΡΙΗΝΕΩΝ; helm eted b ust o f A th en a w ith aegis, r. I . B ( P r ie n e fin d ), 2.06; 2—8 . See R egling; 9 . P U n c e rta in , 1.84. 1 an d 3—7 w ere fo u n d a t P riene.

C a lig u la 2689

AE. 19m m , 6.21 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

Regling 190 ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; lau reate head, r. ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΠΡΙΗΝΕΩΝ; lau reate head (of G erm anicus), 1. i . B ( P r ie n e fin d ), 6 .49; 2—4 . See R egling.

Magnesia (ad Maeandrum) T h e coinage of M agnesia has been fully studied by S. Schultz, D ie M ü n zp rä g u n g von M a g n e sia am M ä a n d e r in der römischen K a ise rze it (Berlin, 1975), an d her classification has been followed here. In particu lar, her book has sorted out, on the secure basis of the M agnesia finds now in B, the confusion betw een coins of M agnesia in Ionia, M agnesia in L ydia an d of the M agnetes in Thessaly. T he arrangem ent of issues here is slightly different from hers; the A ugustan issues are discussed in the next p arag rap h , an d there seems to be no necessary reason to follow h er (p. 23) in separating the coins of N ero into a t least two emissions. T he types refer either to the em peror or to the M agnesian cult of A rtem is Leucophrys (see Schultz, pp. 36-7, 44-5); the types of the rid er and of Nike were also traditional at M agnesia ( B M C 44, 46). T h e m ost rem arkable type is the obverse showing the em peror crow ned by a sm all figure of Nike (2690-1); these were regarded as posthum ous portraits o f A ugustus by Schultz (p. 26), but a sim ilar type appears at N ysa (2661), an d there is no good reason to suppose th a t either is posthum ous. A t N ysa the p o rtrait is

coupled w ith G aius C aesar on the reverse; at M agnesia the presence of a m agistrate’s nam e, especially w ith a patronym ic, seems an indication of an early date, as the use of such nam es seems to tail off from the second h a lf of A ugustus’s reign. Similarly, Σ and E are replaced by C and £ after his reign. A lthough neither Schultz nor ImhoofB lum er ( K M , p. 78, no. 10) appear to have had any doubts, the m ain uncertainty would seem to be about the identity of the m an portrayed, since the features of the p o rtrait are unusual, especially on the two dies know n w ith Nike in front o f the portrait. It is hard, however, to believe th at this p o rtrait is intended to represent A ntony, b u t it does bear some resem blance to portraits of C aesar. O n the other hand, the po rtrait w ith Nike behind the head does look m uch m ore like Augustus. T he nam e of a m agistrate, Μάρκος, taken by M ü n ster­ berg, B eam tennam en, from M i 3.147.635 (Sestini), for Livia seems to be based on a m isread coin (the club is not known as a type a t M agnesia, and the obverse reading ΛΙΟΥΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ is im plausible).

448

A S IA : Magnesia (ad Maeandrum) {2690-2699)

T h e denom inational p a tte rn is sum m arised in the table below (the few available analyses suggest th a t the coins are all of bronze). T hese denom inations are called the ‘ Vierer’, ‘D reier’, ‘Z w e ie r’ and ‘E in e r’ by Schultz, p. 18. T h eir precise Augustus Euphemos M androgenes Gaius G. + L. Tiberius Claudius Nero

18mm, 16 mm, 19mm, 19mm,

11 mm, 2.40 g 12 mm, 1.88 g

3.64g 3.89 g 5.75g 4.73g 15 mm, 2.91g

19 mm, 4.97 g 19mm, 4.19g 24 mm,

values are not clear, however. T he general discussion of denom inations (p. 369) leads one to think th at they m ay be intended as 3-asses, as, 2 - as and 3 - or i-as.

!-3 4 g

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΓΑΙΟΣ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; b are head of G aius C aesar, r.

A u g u s tu s ( ? ), C a e sa r (??) ( fo r id e n tity o f p o r tr a its , see above) 2690

Bronze. 18m m , 3.89g (4). Axis: 12.

I . B (I-B ), 5.43; 2—4 . See S chultz; 5. A u fh ä u se r, O ct. 1986, lo t 148, 5.68. A ll d ifferent obv. dies.

[ 3 ]

2696

[ 3 ]

Schultz 10-12

L au reate head, r., crow ned in front by sm all figure of Nike ΕΥΦΗΜΟΣ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; A rtem is firing bow, r.

ΛΕΥΚΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare heads of Lucius an d G aius C aesar, facing each other; (m onogram ^ ) ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; facing cult statu e of A rtem is L eukophrys, w ith two supports

i . L 1970—9 - 9 —85, 3.87; 2—4 . See S chultz. 2 obv. dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. 2691

AE. 19m m , 4-73g (3)· Axis: 12.

Schultz 5-6

AE. 18m m , 3.44g (5). Axis: 12.

i . P 1 4 8 0 ( = W a 1742), 4.80; 2—3 . See S chultz; 4 . S ch u lten (A pr. 1988) lo t 349, 5.32. T h e re is an u n c e rta in m o n o g ram (?) b etw een th e h ead s on 2 a n d 3. 3 obv. dies.

[ 2 ]

Schultz 7 L aureate head, r., crow ned behind by sm all figure of Nike ΕΥΦΗΜΟΣ ΕΥΦΗΜΟΥ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; facing cult statu e of A rtem is L eukophrys, w ith two supports

T ib e r iu s *12

I . B (I-B ) ( = km 78, no. 20), 3.64; 2. G o, 3.70; 3. M u E phesus 65, 3.38; 4 J S W , 3.92; 5. K S ugden coll., 2.62. A ll from th e sam e obv. die.

2697

L eaded bronze. 19m m , 4 .9 0 g (12). Axis: 12.

[ 7 ]

Schultz 13-21 2692

AE. 11 m m , 2.40g (5). Axis: 12.

[

3

]

TIBEPIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; fem ale figure, seated r., holding sceptre and b ranch

Schultz 55-9 ΕΥΦΗΜΟΣ; bust o f A rtem is, r. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; bust of Apollo w ith lyre, r.

i . L 1 8 9 9 —7—3 —16, 5.09; 2—i i . See S chultz; 12. L 1 9 33-2-14—570, 5.26. 12 sp ecim ens, 6 obv. dies. T h is issue w as re g ard e d b y R ogers, The Copper Coinage o f Thessaly, no. 361a, as a n issue o f th e M ag n etes (a n d m u seu m

i . C o p 8 5 7 , 2.76; 2—5 . See S chultz. 3 obv. dies. 1 exam ple (in B) found a t M a g n e sia in Io n ia .

collections som etim es house th e m th e re o r u n d e r M ag n esia in L y d ia), b u t som e w ere found a t M ag n esia in Io n ia (2 ex. in B ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : S tatu e o f A rtem is ( G IC 237: B).

A u g u s tu s 2693

AE. 16m m , 3.89g (2).

[ 2 ]

2698

Schultz 22-5

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; lau reate head, r. ΜΑΝΔΡΟΓΕΝΗΣ ΑΙΣΧΡΙΩΝΟΣ; b ust o f A rtem is w ith bow an d quiver, r.

TIBEPIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r. ____ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; Nike on globe, r.; to L, XAP

dies.

L eaded bronze. 12m m , i.8 8 g (7). Axis: 12.

[

7

]

Schultz 60-2 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; capricorn, r. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΜΑΝΔΡΟΓΕΝΗΣ; m an on horse w ith spear, galloping r. i . L 1 9 7 4 —10—2—i , 1.69; 2—7. See S chultz, i obv. die. i exam ple found at M ag n esia in Io n ia . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i. 2695

AE. 19m m , 5.75g (3). Schultz 1-4

[ i ]

[ 5 ]

i . B (B -I), 5.72; 2—4 . See S ch u ltz; 5 . V N icopolis 11899, 5.05 (accepted as a u n iq u e coin o f T ib e riu s fro m N icopolis b y M . K aram e sin eO ik o n o m id o u , E Nom ism atokopia Tes Nicopoleos, p. 76). 1 ex am p le (B) found a t M ag n esia in Io n ia . T h e m o n o g ra m p resu m a b ly stan d s for a p erso n al nam e. C o u n te rm ark : L a u re l b ra n c h ( G I C 349, ‘ow l (?) facing, w ings o p e n ’: B 1G53/1918 = S ch u ltz 25). T h e o th e r coin cited b y H ow gego u n d e r this en try , a coin in B fo u n d a t P rien e, seem s u n co n n ected .

I . B (I-B ), 3.63; a - 3 . See S chultz. 1 exam ple found a t P riene (B). 2 obv.

2694

AE. 19m m , 5 .1 3 g (5)· Axis: 12.

Schultz 8-9

2699

AE. 15m m , 2.91g (1).

[ i ]

Schultz 26 ΙΟΥΛΙΑ [CCBAJCTH; d rap ed bust, r. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; facing cult statu e o f A rtem is Leukophrys, w ith two supports; to 1., XAP i . O , 2.91.

A S IA : Magnesia (ad Maeandrum), Miletus (2700-2701)

C la u d iu s 2700

AE. 18m m , 4.19g (5). Axis: 12.

qqg

N e ro [

]

3

2701

L eaded bronze. 2 4m m , 11.34g (8). Axis: 12.

[ 8 ]

Schultz 27-9

Schultz 30-8

KAAYAIOC KAI CAP; lau reate head, r. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ; facing cult statu e of A rtem is L eukophrys, w ith two supports

ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; bare head, r. ΜΑΓΝΗΤΩΝ ΛΕΥΚΟΦΡ-ΗΝΗ; tem ple w ith four colum ns, enclosing cult statu e o f A rtem is L eukophrys, w ith two supports

I . P 148 I' ( — W a 1743), 4.40; 2—4. See S chultz; 5 . P V (sam e obv. die as S chultz 27), 4.41. 3 obv. dies.

i . L 1 9 7 9 —I —Ϊ —1 7 4 8 (ex vA 2048), 12.72; 2 - 1 0 . See S ch u ltz; π . P D elep ierre, 7.37. 5 obv. dies. Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 1.

Miletus T he early im perial coinage of M iletus was struck in the reigns of Caligula, C laudius and N ero. T he a ttrib u tio n of other im perial issues is m ade difficult by the use of the vague CEBACTOC together w ith ra th e r am biguous portraits. N one of these seems to be any earlier th an C ali­ gula and C laudius, since until their reign Σ was used rath er than C; the lunate form comes in only during the reign of Nero. T here are the following issues:

A grippina I, though this is generally believed to be the case. T he coin in P, which is supposed to have the reverse legend ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑΜ ΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ (see, e.g., T rillm ich, F a m ilienpropa­ ganda der K a iser C aligula und C laudius, pp. 123—4, w ith Taf. 14.7 following M 3.167.773), can in fact just be correctly read ΘΕΑ ΔΡΟΥ[ (= 2704/4). T he coinage of Caligula has several reverse types, all linked by a com m on obverse:

1. i2 m m /2 .6 3 g : CEBACTOC laureate head, r./M IA lion, r. B M C 154 (‘D om itian’), C op 1009, B (2, inc. K M 87, no. 20: ‘N ero’) 2. 2 o m m /6 .i5 g : CEBACTOC laureate head, r./MIAHCIQN AIAYMEYC Apollo NY, O 3. 2om m /6-36g: CEBACTOC laureate head, r./MIAHCIQN Apollo, r., w ith tripod NY, B (20/1925: ‘A ugustus’) 4. ig m m /2 .3 7 g : CEBACTH bust, r./M IAHCIQN cult statue of A rtem is (B = K M 87, no. 19, and Taf. I I I . 12: ‘A grippina I I ’) 5a. 17 m m /2.85 g: CEBACTOC (retrograde) laureate head, r./εΠ ΙΛ Ο Υ Π Ο Υ (retrograde) Apollo, r. B M C 149 (‘N ero’), P 1869, O (2), NY 5b. 16 m m ,/2 .92 g: as last/ΕΠ ΙΛ Ο Υ Π Ο Υ (retrograde) lion w ith star B (3, inc. K M 88, nos. 21-2; V 33352, M u 42, W eber 6659) 5c. i6 m m /2 -7 9 g : as last (sam e d ie)/ΕΠ Ι ΛΟΥΠΟΥ river god (B = K M 88, no. 23)

2702. 2703. 2704. 2705—6. 2707.

O n grounds of p o rtraitu re, none of these seems to belong to the late Ju lio -C laud ian period, and they seem more plausibly to be Flavian. T h e portraits on some look like Nero or T itu s (5 ), D om itian (1, 4) or T ra ja n (3); the letter forms (C), the direction of the legend (inw ard not outw ard) and the portraits all suggest a date in the late first or early second century, say c. 50—120. B ut a m uch fuller collection of m aterial th an has been possible for this catalogue is required before one can hope to sort out an d correctly attrib u te these issues. O f the coins included here, m any have a star; in the cases of C aligula an d C laudius it is on the obverse. However, as T rillm ich (F am ilienpropaganda der K a ise r C aligula u n d C laudius , pp. 124-5) pointed out, the star does not seem intended to be either an indication of divinity or a control m ark, but rath er a symbol of M iletus (occurring on the reverse of earlier coins). T here are no coins of C aligula from M iletus w hich depict

Bust of Apollo Didym eus; C ult statue of Apollo D idym eus; Drusilla; B ust of the Senate; Tem ple w ith six columns.

I t can be seen th at these types com bine the local (Apollo Didym eus) and the R om an (Senate, D rusilla); as for the tem ple, it has been suggested th a t it m ight be the provincial tem ple of Caligula, which was at M iletus (S. Price, R itu a ls a n d P ow er, no. 40). B ut its reappearance under C laudius, accom panied by purely local types (Apollo and the lion, 2708, 2710), suggests th at it is in fact the T em ple of Apollo. T he only other type produced by C laudius depicts an em press on the reverse. U nfortunately, on the sole known specim en, one can read only the end of her nam e: ]INA. T he alternatives are M essalina or A grippina II; perhaps the form er is slightly more likely. U n d er N ero, the type depicting Apollo D idym eus is joined by new types, which have been discussed by L. R obert, M onnaies Grecques, pp. 47-51. O ne sm all denom i­ nation has no im perial portrait, and revives a H ellenistic type. T he other new types are A rtem is Pythia (2715-16) and Apollo Delphinios (2712). R obert has draw n attention to the fact th at the m an who signs the coins ΤΙ ΔΑΜΑ is known from two M ilesian inscriptions (Tiberius C laudius D am as); on one he is given the title of his m agistracy, archiprytanis, w hich was the title of the eponym ous M ilesian m agistrate. T he inscription gives details o f legislation pas­ sed about the cults of Apollo D idym eus and Apollo D el­ phinios, and, as R obert pointed out, we can see in this case th at there is a close link between the ‘m agistrate’ m entioned on a coin (who turns out also to be the eponym ous m agis­ trate) and the types used. (See also addenda, 2712A.) T he coinage was produced in three denom inations. T he coins of Caligula and C laudius were m ade of brass, those of Nero from bronze; as elsewhere, the differing m etallic com ­ position had no very definite effect on the m etrology of the

denom inations, though the N eronian coins are perhaps slightly heavier (see table below). T he following deletions should be m ade from the list in M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en: επί Ά λεξαν an d επί Φλάκκου β' under T iberius, taken from M i 86.271.1241-3. T hese can­ not be coins of T iberius (they have only CEBACTOC) in view of the use of C and 8 for Σ and E (see above). For επί Caligula Claudius Nero

C a lig u la 2702

26 m m , 11.58g (2)

20mm, 5.36g (15) 20 mm, 5.20 g (11) 20 m m , 6.05g Î3 1)

Λούπου, usually given to N ero (but to T iberius by M i), see above, nos. 5 a —c . T he following entries should be deleted from the vA In d e x : A ugustus and Tiberius (see above), C aligula w ith A grip­ pina (see above) and N ero under C laudius (= N e ro sole reign).

16 mm, 3.69g (3)

ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ ΔΙΔΥΜΕΥΣ; cult statu e of Apollo D idym eus holding stag an d bow, r.

____________________________

AE. 20m m , 5.13g (2). Axis: 12 or 6.

i . L = bmc 146, 4.90; 2. P 1 8 6 2 , 4.93; 3 . C M cC le an 8242 (pi. 285.16), 5.72. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.

[ 2 ] 2709

ΓΑΙΟΣ Κ[ΑΙΣΑΡ Γ Ε]PM ΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.; before, star ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ ΔΙΔΥΜΕΥΣ; lau reate b ust of Apollo D idym eus w ith laurel b ran ch , r.

A E. 2 0m m , 5 .3 4 g (2). Axis: 12. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.; before, star ΜΙΛΗΣ[ΙΩΝ]; tem ple w ith six colum ns I. P 1 8 6 3 , 5.34; 2 . 6 5 5 /1 8 7 7 ,5 .3 4 ; 3. G 17. F o r th e

[

3

]

id e n tity o f the

tem p le, see in tro d u ctio n .

I. P 1 8 5 8 (= W a 1857), 5.43; 2. B (Fox), 4.83.

2703

AE. 20m m , 5.85g (1). Axis: 12 (1).

[ 1 ]

2710

BMC

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r.; before, star ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ ΔΙΔΥΜΕΥΣ; cult statu e of Apollo D idym eus holding stag and bow, r. Brass. 20 m m , 5.23 g (6). Axis: 12 or 6. BMC

[ 6 ]

2711

144

Brass. 20 m m , 6.07 g (2). Axis: var.

N e ro (S ee also a d d e n d a , 2712

142

AE. 20 m m , 5.84 g (2). Axis: 12. 2705,

]

BMC

[ 3 ] 2714

AE. 20 m m , 5.94 g (3). Axis: 12 o r 6. I. B (I-B ), 6.64; 2. B (L ö b b ), 5.42; 3. L 1 9 9 1 -2 -7 -3 , 5.75.

2715

L eaded bronze. 2 0 m m , 5 .8 2 g (12). Axis: var. BMC

146

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, 1.; before, star

[ 10 ]

150, C op 1012

CEB A CTO C; lau reate head, r. ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΔΑΜΑ Μ ΙΛ ΗεΐΩ Ν ; cult statu e of A rtem is Pythia, holding p a te ra an d bow, r.; behind, stag

_____________________ _

Brass. 20m m , 5.1 8 g (3). Axis: 12. BMC

[ 3 ]

As 2713, b u t head, 1.

i . L = bm c 1 4 3 , 3.65; 2. C o p 1007, 5.43; 3. M u M iletopolis 3. F o r the id e n tity o f th e tem ple, see in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

2708

[ 4 ]

148

I. L = b m c 148, 6.47; 2. P 1867, 6.66; 3 —4 . B (I-B , R au c h ), 6.84, 6.88; 5. vA 2104, 6.77. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.

143, C op 1007

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.; before, star ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ; tem ple w ith six colum ns

C la u d iu s

[ 2 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΔΑΜΑ Μ ΙΛΗΠΩΝ; cult statu e of Apollo D idym eus, holding stag an d bow, r.

b u t head of C aligula, 1.

Brass. 20m m , 4 .5 4 g (2). Axis: var.

Bronze. 20 m m , 6.73 g (5). Axis: var. BMC

i . P 1861, 6.82; 2. B 729/1899, 4.86. 2707

L eaded bronze. 26 m m , 11.58g (2). Axis: 12.

i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1 7 5 8 (ex vA 2103), 11.27; 2 · P 1864, 11.89. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: i. 2713

[2

2J12A)______________________

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1. ΕΠΙ ΤΙ ΔΑΜΑ ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ; Apollo D elphinios, seated 1., on rock, holding bow

[ 2 ]

i . L — bm c 14 2 , 6.82; 2. B (I-B ). Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: i.

As

[ 1 ]

i . B 5 8 /1 9 1 9 (P rien e fin d ), 5.55. See in tro d u ctio n to M ile tu s for the id e n tity o f th e em press.

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r.; before, star ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ ΣΥΝΚΛΗΤΟΣ; d rap ed bust o f the Senate, r.

2706

AE. 2 0m m , 5.55g (1). Axis: i ( i). ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, L; before, star ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ [ ]INA; d rap ed b u st of em press, r.

i . L = bm c 14 4 , 5.37; 2. L — BMC 145, 5.02; 3. P 1859 (tooled), 5.92; 4 . P i860 (th is coin is g enerally reg ard e d as d ep ictin g A g rippina, see in tro d u ctio n ), 4.53; 5 . G 16; 6 . C 292/1948; 7. M M A G 41 (1970) lo t 387, 5.34; 8. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 211, 5.18. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

BMC

147, C op 1008

i . L — b m c 1 47, 4.67; 2—3. B (I-B , R a u c h ), 5.28, 4.98; 4 . C o p 1008, 5.02; 5. V 17494, 5-50; 6. P 1933 (17), 5.83. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r.; before, star ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ Θ ΕΑ ΔΡΟΥΣΙΛΛΑ; d rap ed b u st of D rusilla, r.

2705

[ 6 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.; before, star ΜΙΛΗΣΙΩΝ; lion standing, r.; above, star

i . P 1 8 5 7 , 5.85. 2704

Brass. 20 m m , 5.09 g (5). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

i . L = b m c 150, 6.01; 2. C Leake; 3. M u 43, 5.06; 4 . vA 2105, 6.64; 5. C o p 1012, 4.76; 6. P D elep ierre 31, 7.45; 7—11. B (Fox, 600/1877, I-B , L ö b b , B -I); 12—13. L in d g ren 517, A 517A, 5.24, 6.41; 14. W e b er 6058. 11 h as Σ r a th e r th a n C o n the obv. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 7.

A S IA : Miletus, Amyzon, Bargylia, Halicarnassus (2716-2722)

2716

AE. 2 0 m m , 5.99g (12).

[ 12 ]

Bronze. 16m m , 3.69g (3). Axis: 12 or 6.

2717

451

[ 3 ]

BMC 151, C op 1010

C op 1006

As 2715, b u t head, 1.

L au reate head of Apollo, r. ΕΠΙ TI ΔΑΜΑ MI[ ; lion, r.; above, star; all in w reath

i . L 1961—3—1—287, 6 .0 6 ; 2. L = BMC 15 1, 4 .3 5 ; 3 - 4 . C op i o i o - i i , 6 .8 0 , 6 .1 5 ; 5 - 7 . P 1 8 6 5 -6 , 1870, 5 .8 8 , 5 .1 9 , 6 .9 7 ; 8 - 1 0 . B (7 9 3 7 , 2 8 7 2 3 , D ressei), 7.04, 7.44, 6.15; 11-12. V 17495, 32458, 4-52, 5 -34 -

i . C o p 100 6 , 4.28; 2. V 17482, 4.00; 3 . L 1 9 3 3 -1 2 -3 -1 1 , 2.81. T h e type is a revival o f a H ellen istic type (B M C i2 iff.), an d , as th e coin is som etim es classified as su ch in m u seu m collections, it is likely th a t som e specim ens h av e b ee n m issed. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 3.

Amyzon For the site of Am yzon (= M a z in ), see J . and L. R obert, (1938), pp. 36-43. T he design (and denom ination?) seems strongly influenced by the A ugustan coinage of Ephesus, even though the design refers to the sanctuary of A rtem is a t Amyzon.

A u g u s tu s

F ouilles d ’A m y z o n en Carie

AE. 14m m , 1.83g (2). Axis: 12.

2718

[ 2 ]

C op 27, R obert 38, no. 2 [ΣΕΒ] ΑΣΤΟΣ AMY [ΖΟΝΕΩΝ ? ? ] ; b a re head, r. ΟΠΙΝΑΣ ΜΕΝΙΠΠΟΣ; stag standing, r. i . C o p 27, 1.80; 2. B 237/1880 ( = R e g lin g , zfN 1904, 129: m a g is tra te ’s n a m e n o t clear), 1.86. T h e stag, a n d A rtem is, o ccu r on som e o f th e o th e r ra re coins o f A m y zo n (R egling, Z f N , 1904, p p . 129-30; B M C 2).

Bargylia For the coinage of Bargylia, see the reconstruction by W. W eiser, ‘Z u r M ünzprägung von Iasos und B argylia’, in W. Blümel, D ie Inschriften von Iasos I I (Bonn, 1985), pp. 181-5. Bargylia h ad m ade a sm all issue o f silver drachm s (B M C 1) and è-drachm s (vA 8075) as well as m ore com m on bronze coins in the late H ellenistic period. For the im perial period, there is a single issue, w hich can probably be attrib u ted on grounds of the p o rtra it to A ugustus. T h e reverse type, a facing bust of A rtem is K indyas, h ad been used on earlier coins (B M C 7-8).

A u g u s tu s ?

____________________

AE. 2 0m m , 6 .4 1 g (2). Axis: 12.

2719

mg

[ 2 ]

306, no. 28

No inscription visible. B are head, r. ΒΑΡΓΥΛΙΗΤΩΝ; veiled facing b ust of A rtem is K indyas i . B (I-B ) ( =

mg

28), 6.47; 2. P 3 9 6 ( = W a 2284), 6.34.

Halicarnassus H alicarnassus had issued silver drachm s and fractional pie­ ces (B M C 43-53), as well as a fairly plentiful bronze coinage in the first century b c . In the first century a d , coinage was issued only u n d er Nero. T here are two issues. O ne was probably m inted early in the reign, c. 55, to ju d g e from the young p o rtrait an d the associated coins of A grippina II. T he oth er is very curious, as it revives the shallow incuse reverse fabric, w hich had been abandoned by the silver coinage of Rhodes in the first century b c , though it continued on the silver hem idrachm s o f Stratonicea (2776) an d on hem idrachm s and some of the bronzes of the Lycian League until the A ugustan period (3305fr.); it was also used on an uncertain bronze of A ugustus (5427). T o ju d g e from the p o rtrait, it m ust date to about the sam e tim e as the other N eronian issue. T he reverse type of the coins of A grippina, a cult statue of Zeus A kraios(?), is also found on later coins of H alicarnassus. T he coins all ap p ear to be of the sam e denom ination, about 19m m an d 3.97 g (10).

N e ro *I.4 2720

AE. 19m m , 3 .9 1 g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

C op 393 ΝΕΡΩ[ ]ΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΑΛΙΚΑΡΝΑ; facing term inal statu e of A thena; all in shallow incuse square I. P 6 3 4 (—W a 2375), 3.43; 2. B 21194, 4.38; 3 . C o p 380, 3.93. A ll sam e dies. C o u n te rm ark : ? ( G I C 496: 2).

2721

L eaded bronze, ig m m , 4 .1 0 g (3). Axis: 12 or 3.

[ 4 ]

BMC 8 l

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΟΣ (sic); lau reate head, r. ΑΛΙΚΑΡΝΑΣΣΕΩΝ; facing term in al statu e of A thena i . P 6 3 5 ( = W a 2376), 3.77; 2. L = BMC 81, 4.21; 3 . P 636, 4.33; 4 . B (IB = km 3 1 1, no. 62). A ll sam e dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2. 2722

AE. 18m m , 4 .2 8 g (5). Axis: 12.

[ 4 ]

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; d rap ed b u st of A grippina II , r. ΑΛΙΚΑΡΝΑΣΣΕΩΝ; cult statu e of Zeus A kraios (?) i . L i n d g r e n 6 4 8 , 4.03; 2. vA 8092, 3.83; 3 . P 637 ( = W a 2377), 4.16; 4 . C M cC lean 8497 (pi. 297.7}, 3-851 5 · B (Fox) ; 6. M a b b o tt 1720; 7. L i 9 9 i - i - 3 ° - 7 , 5 -7 2 ·

Myndus M yndus h ad produced a large q u an tity of coinage in the H ellenistic period, b u t only a single coin is know n for the early im perial period.

N ew -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 7 2 3 Leaded bronze. 16m m , 3.74g (1). Axis: 12 (1). [ 1 ] BMC

46

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; d rap ed bust, r. ΜΥΝΔΙΩΝ; branch i. L =

bmc

4 6 , 3.74. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.

Cos Previously Cos h a d produced silver coinages; a large num ­ ber of plinthophori, followed by rare silver drachm s (e.g., L 1925-1-6-2) a n d hem idrachm s (B M C 192-3). Cos m ight perhaps have been the m int of aurei and denarii m inted by Cassius w ith types w hich refer to Rhodes and Cos (R R C 505/3; see also Rhodes). In the late R epublican period, Cos was ruled by Nikias (PW , col. 14), w ho is norm ally dated betw een about 50 b c and the reign of A ugustus. T his d ating depends partly on the reappearance of C harm ylos on coins of Nikias and of A ugustus, but, even if they are the sam e person, the A ugustan m agistrate signs his coins C harm ylos B (for the second tim e). T h e only really firm statem ent th a t can be m ade is th a t the p o rtra it of Nikias w hich appears on his coins seems strongly influenced by th a t of O ctavian. Nikias produced a series of large bronze coins; as a t Rhodes, these large coins were probably intended in some way to replace the earlier silver coins. T hey were signed by various m agis­ trates; although the study o f their dies m ight well reveal a correct sequence, this has not been done for this catalogue, and they have sim ply been listed in alphabetical order. T he style and p o rtraits of the A ugustan coins are all very close, suggesting th a t they were all produced w ithin a fairly short tim e, probably the second h a lf of the reign, to judge from the p o rtrait. T h e types refer m ostly to the C oan cults of Asclepius an d Zeus, b u t Sophocles used the type of Eirene, although the significance of its use is not clear (unless it is ju s t a generic reference to the restoration of peace by A ugustus, as a t N icom edia, 2062). Cos produced a num b er o f ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins, some w ith interesting types such as a depiction of X enophon or H ippocrates. It is very doubtful, however, on two counts, w hether any of these fall in the Ju d io -C laudian period. First, letter forms. Σ and E are norm al on firstcentury coins, b u t C and £ are usual from the second cen­ tury on. T h e form Ω is used throughout the coinage until the reign of Philip, w hen it is replaced by a sm all circle above a line: o . Second, die axis. T his is strictly twelve o’clock a t first; it is either twelve or six und er D om itian and T rajan , an d six o’clock thereafter. O n these grounds we can exclude B M C 205 (reign of D om itian?), B M C 215, 216, 217-18 (early second century) and B M C 212-13, 204, 210II , 209 an d 205 (third century: O). T he vA In d e x includes an entry for A ugustus an d T iberius Nikias Augustus Caligula

C aesar, based on M u: there are two coins classified as such in M u, b u t neither is a coin of Cos. M u 23 is indeed a coin of A ugustus and Tiberius C aesar, b u t from Thessalonica (as 1565/56); M u 24 is a coin of N ero from Sardis, w ith a head of H eracles on the reverse (as 3002/14). T here is also an entry for A grippina I under Tiberius, cited from Istanbul; one wonders if this m ight be a coin of A grippina under C aligula (2741-2). Similarly, the coin in B cited under A grippina I I under C laudius is really A grippina I under C aligula (2741/1). T he coins o fN ero w ith a head ofZ eus on the reverse, often housed un d er Cos in m useum collections and publications (e.g., cited in the vA In d e x from P), are coins of the K oinon of C rete (1039). All the coins seem to be of bronze, as shown by the available analyses. T he denom inations found are shown in the table below.

N i k i a s , c . j o b c (? ) ______________________________________ 2724

AE. 31m m , 20.70g (32: 3734—31). Axis: 12. BMC

ΝΙΚΙΑΣ; w reath ed )?) head of N ikias, r. (lightly bearded) ΚΩΙΩΝ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ; lau reate head of A sclepius, r. i . L = BMC 196, 21.34; 2. L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 3 1 , 20.57; 3 · P x3 3 9 > 20.72; 4 . M u 12, 25.07; 5 . C o p 687, 24.85. T h e re are very clear w re a th ‘ties’ at th e back o f th e neck, b u t on ly very fa in t tra ces o f a line go in g across the h a ir (b arely visible even on th e b est-p reserv ed sp ecim en s). T h is certain ly does n o t look like a d ia d em , b u t it seem s m u ch slig h ter th a n th e lau rel w re a th o n th e rev. h ea d . T h u s its n a tu re a n d significance is so m ew h at u n clear. T ra c e s o f a b e a rd a re v isible only o n v ery w ell-preserved specim ens. 2725

AE.

[ 6 ]

As 3734, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΔΙΟΦΑΝΤΟΣ i . L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 3 6 , 19.25; 2. L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—6 0 0 (ex vA 2764), 18.80; 3. C o p 688, 19.69; 4. P 1340, 22.66; 5—6 . B, 20.35, 20·3 9 · 2726

L eaded bronze.

[ 3 ]

As 3734, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΕΙΡΗΝΑΙΟΣ I. L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 3 5 , 20.13; 2. P 1343 (— W a 2755), 22.79; 3 · B. 17 -5 5 · Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.

2727

AE.

[ i (?) ]

As 3734, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΕΥΚΑΡΠΟΣ i . L = B M C 197, 23.58. T h e coin h as b een tooled, especially on th e obv. a n d , as it is th e only coin w hich attests th e n am e ΕΥΚΑΡΠΟΣ, m u ch d o u b t m u st a tta c h to th e read in g .

31m m , 20.70g (32) 19mm, 5.79g (32) 22 m m , 7 .9 8 g (4)

[ 5 ]

196, C op 687

1 5 m m , 2 . 8 8 g (2 9 )

453

A S IA : Cas-(2728-2742)

2728

2729

AE.

[ 6 ]

2737

230,

[ 35 ]

1355, C op 700

BMC

I. L = BMC 198, 20.55; 2 * L 1 9 6 1 —3—I— 3 3 2 , 20.13; 3 · C o p 689, 20.35; 4 . P 1341, 19.67; 5. V 13545; 6. B, 19.72.

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΚΩΙΩΝ ΠΥΘΟΝΙΚΟΣ; head of H eracles w earing lion skin, r.

AE.

[ 2 ]

i . L 1961-3-1—337, 20.81; 2. B, 22.17.

AE.

AMC

i . L 1 9 6 1 —3—1—3 6 2 , 2.20; 2—8. L = bm c 2 3 0 -4 , 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 6 6 , 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 367^ 3-05, 2.34, 2.57, 2.92, 2.49, 3.20, 2.11; 9 - 1 1 . O — am c 1355-7, 3*°4) 3.04, 2.78; 12—13. C o p 700—1, 3.54, 3.19; 14—18. M u 20, 2 o a -d ; 19— 2 0 . P 1308, D elepierre, 3.38, 2.91; 21—22. B; 23—2 5 . G 26 -8 ; 26—2 7 . C, 2.96, 2.76; 2 8 - 3 2 . V 18547, 18549-5 ï, 28439; 3 3 - 3 4 . L in d g ren 683, A 683A; 3 5 . W e b er 6674, 3.15; 36—3 8 . N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on:

As 2724, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΟΛΥΜΠΙΧΟΣ

2730

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 2.81g (13). Axis: 12.

As 3724, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΚΑΛΛΙΠΠΙΔΗΣ

[ 3 ]

As 2724, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΠΟΛΥΧΑΡΗΣ i . L 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 3 4 , 21.18; 2. P 1342, 21.12; 3. B, 20.06. 2731

L eaded bronze.

[ 7 ] S o p h o c l e s T im o x e n o u

As 2724, b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΧΑΡΜΥΛΟΣ I . L = BMC IQ 9, 16.67; 2 . L = BMC 2 0 0 , 16.55;

3. L I 9 6 1 - 3 - I —333, 18.68; 4 . C o p 690, 22.04; 5 . B, 21.69; 6. V 36053, 20.95; 7 · M u 18b, 22.54. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.

Augustus

(C.

10

B C -A D

2738

JO??)

L eaded bronze. 19m m , 6 .3 3 g ( I0 )· Axis: 12. BM C

219,

AM C

2739

AE. 15m m , 1.79g (1). Axis: 12.

L eaded bronze. 19m m , 5 .8 1 g (9). Axis: 12. 223,

AM C

[ 18]

C a lig u la

1347, C op 696 2740

A E. 15m m , 2.75g (3). Axis: 12.

i . L = bm c 2 3 5 , 8.35; 2. P 1313, 8.62; 3—4 . B 4306, R au c h ; 5 . NY. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis o n : 1.

2741

AE. 22m m , 7.59g (1). Axis: 12.

[ i ]

ΘΕΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ; veiled head of A grippina I, r. ΚΩΙΩΝ ΠΟ ΟΠΤΙΜΟΣ; facing figure o f A sclepius, leaning on serpent staff

i . B (I-B ), 2.76; 2. G 29, 2.48; 3 . V 18546; 4 . C 324/1948, 3.00; 5. N Y.

I . B (L ö b b ) (= zfN 1883, 97, no. 34 — T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und C laudius , 125, a n d T a f. 14.9), 7.59; 2. F o n ta n a ( = r in

P y t h o n i k o s T im o x e n o u

L eaded bronze. 19m m , 5 .0 4 g (6). Axis: 12.

[ 5 ]

235

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΚΩΙΩΝ Π 0 ΟΠΤΙΜΟΣ ΕΥΔΑΜΟΣ B; coiled snake, r.

. [ 5 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΚΩΙΩΝ XAPMY; head of H eracles w earing lion skin, r.

L eaded bronze. 22 m m , 8.49 g (2)· Axis: 12. bm c

r 935 (ex vA 2767), 6.04, 6.63, 6.13; 5 - 8 . O = AMC 1347-50, 4.12, 5.25, 5 -4 1 . 5 '8 ; 9. C o p 696; 1 0 -1 2 . P 1305, R ead y , G a u d in , 5.29, 5.73, 5.99; 13. M u 22a, 7.25; 14—16. V 18554-6; 17. W e b er 6669, 6.61; 18—19. N Y. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : ΛΑΓΤ ( G IC 550: C o p 697, eith er N ikagoras or C h arm y lo s).

BM C

[ 27]

1352, C op 699

B

I . L = BMC 223, 6.28; 2 - 4 . L 1 9 6 1 - 3 - 1 - 3 4 3 , 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 5 7 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -

2736

am c

i . L = bm c 2 2 6 , 2.68; 2—7. L = bmc 227—8, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 6 0 , 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 —363, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 6 4 , 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 6 5 , 3.31, 2.96, 2.72, 2.92, 3.35, 3.31; 8 9. O = AMC 1352-3, 2.81, 3.68; IO. C o p 699, 3.28; I I —12. P 1309, D elep ierre, 2.76, 2.56; 13—16. B; 17. G 25; 18. C , 2.79; 19—22. V 18560, 18562, 28095, 28363; 23—24. M u 22a, 22b; 2 5 . L in d g ren 684; 2 6 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982, 3.17; 27—2 8 . W e b er 667 0 -1 , 3.37, 3.11; 29— 3 1 . N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

[ 2 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΚΩΙΩΝ ΧΑΡΜΥΛΟΣ B; lau reate head o f Asclepius, r.

2735

226,

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΚΩΙΩΝ ΣΟΦΟΚΛΗΣ; club a n d snake w ith staff

i . P 1 3 06, 1.79; 2. B (o.N .)

BM C

L eaded bronze. 15m m , 3.08g (12). Axis: 12. BMC

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΚΩΙΩΝ ΝΙΚΑΓΟ[ ; head of H eracles w earing lion skin, r.

2734

[ 17 ]

1351, C op 698

1344

5.93, 6.60; 6 - 8 . 0 = a m c 1344-6, 7.30, 6.15, 5.50; 9 . P 1304, 5.50; 10— 12. B; 13. M u 22; 14. V 18553; C ; 17. W e b er 6668, 6.67. F o r a possible c o u n term ark , see 2 7 3 4 (C harm ylos).

C h a r m y lo s

am c

I· L I 9 7 9 - *I - I _ I 9 3 4 (ex vA 2766), 5.65; 2 - 5 . L = bm c 2 24-5, i 9 6 3- 3 - i ~ 350, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 5 9 , 5.94, 4.55, 5.66, 6.56; 6. 0 = a m c 1351, 5.65; 7 - 8 . P 131°, 1312 ( = W a 2757), 5.00, 5.06; 9 . C o p 698, 5.43; 1 0 - 1 2 . B; 1 3 . G 24; 14. V 18548; 15. M u 21a; 16. L in d g ren 682; 17—18. N Y . T h e rev. legend on 4 is retro g ra d e. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

[ 16]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΚΩΙΩΝ ΝΙΚΑΓΟΡΑΣ ΔΑ; lau reate head of Asclepius, r. I. L = BMC 22 0 , 6.31; 2—5. L = BMC 219, 2 2 1 - 2 , I 9 6 1 - 3 -I-3 5 6 , 6.53, 5.84,

2733

224,

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΩΙΩΝ; lau reate head, r. ΣΟΦΟΚΛΗΣ ΤΙΜΟΞΕΝΟΥ EIPANA; d iadem ed b u st of Eirene, r., w ith olive branch in front

N ik a g o r a s D a 2732

L eaded bronze, ig m m , 5 .6 3 g (7). Axis: 12. BMC

1965, 92, no. 2, w ith tav . 1.2).

[ 13 ]

229

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΚΩΙΩΝ ΠΥΘΟΝΙΚΟΣ ΤΙΜΟΞΕΝΟΥ; staff w ith snake I. L 1 9 6 1 - 3 - 1 - 3 5 5 , 6.41; 2 - 5 . L — BMC 229, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 6 1 , 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 185, 19 5 1 -1 2 -8 -2 2 , 5.54, 5.51, 3.40, 4.19; 6. 0 = AMC 1354, 5.16; 7. P 1311 ( = W a 2756), 3.56; 8—10. B; n —12. V 18558-9; 13. M u 19; 14— 15. W e b er 6672-3, 5.31, 5.31. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

2742

AE. 2 2m m , 7.36g (1). Axis: 12. As 2 7 4 1 , b u t ΚΩΙΩΝ ΕΥΔΑΜ ΟΣ B i . J S W 8 7 —124, 7.36.

[ o ]

454

A S IA : Astypalaea, Rhodes (2743)

Astypalaea T here is only a single issue in the early im perial period, traditionally attrib u ted to Tiberius. T his attrib u tion is based on the p o rtrait, an d seems reasonable. T he large size of the coin and the choice of the figure of Nike are presum ­ ably the influence of the large bronze didrachm s of Rhodes (2748-87).

T ib e r iu s 2743

L eaded bronze. 2 8 m m , 14.79 g (4)· Axis: 12.

[

6

]

BMC 15 L au reate head, r. ΑΣΤΥΠΑΛΑΙΕΩΝ: Nike advancing, L, w ith w reath and p alm i . P 1 1 2 7 , 15.45; 2—3· P 1126 a n d A sp e n d u s 183, 14.55, 15.28; 4 —5. B (L ö b b , I-B ); 6. L = bm c 15, 13.09; 7. vA 2740, 13.89. A ll sam e obv. die. T h e re is also a sp ecim en in O (1 6 .8 5 g ), h u t it seem s to be cast. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 6.

Rhodes A part from the Greek legend coinage of Rhodes, whose attributio n is m ade certain by the presence of the ethnic, some coins w ith no ethnic and L atin legends have also been attrib u ted to Rhodes by G rant, F I T A , pp. 243-4 (pi. V I I .32), since they have a rose for a reverse type. G rant read the reverse legend as C. CA R., G. C O S., w hich he regarded as the nam es of the duoviri of an otherwise unknow n colony at Rhodes, founded during the occupation of the island by Cassius in 42 b c . T h e legend of the reverse is, however, G. C O SC . GAR., referring to one person only, and it seems likely th a t he is connected w ith the person w ith a sim ilar nam e (P. C O S C O N ) on a coin of very sim ilar size and w ith a very sim ilar obverse, b u t w hich was attrib u ted by G rant, F I T A , pp. 260-1 (pi. I X .6), to Cyrenaica! T he attributio n to C yrenaica was based on the reverse type, w hich G ra n t identified as a silphium plant, b u t both this identification an d the attrib u tio n to C yrenaica have been rejected by T . V. B uttrey, E ssays Grierson, p. 39, n. 29. In view of the sim ilarity betw een the coins it appears likely th at they come from the sam e place, b u t if this is not Cyrenaica, it is unlikely to be Rhodes either. First, the die axis o f both series of coins is twelve or six o’clock, whereas twelve o ’clock is norm al a t Rhodes; second, a specim en of the P C O S C O N series was overstruck, apparently over a R om an R epublican sm all bronze, an d this strongly suggests a w estern attrib u tio n . T h e coins are listed in this catalogue under ‘U n certain ’ (5401-2). I t is possible th a t the aurei and denarii of Cassius, with reverse types referring to Rhodes (and Cos) were m ade at Rhodes (R R C 505/3), b u t this is not certain. T he following arran g em en t of the early im perial Greek legend coinage of R hodes has been m ade by R ichard A sh­ ton. See also his article in Recent T u rkish Coin H o a rd s and N u m ism a tic Studies, ed. C. S. Lightfoot (BIAA M onograph no. 12, 1991).

Silver T he date at w hich the large nu m b er of ‘A ttic w eight’ drachm s (B M C 334-41, vA 2836fr.) was m ade is not entirely clear. T raditio n ally they have been placed in the m iddle of the first century b c , b u t there is now reason to

think th at some - perhaps m ost or all —of them belong no earlier th an the A ugustan period (see A shton, op. c it.). T he coinage was very large (more th an forty varieties are know n), b u t because of the com plexity of the issue and the lack o f clarity about chronology the coins have been om itted here. T he next issue of silver (2744), known .m ostly from a hoard of the mid-1970s (CHll, 127 = V II, 146), consists of lightw eight drachm s. I t is dated to the tim e of A ugustus or late from its sim ilarity in type (though not style) to the heavier ‘A ttic w eight’ drachm s (BMC 334-41) and associ­ ated bronzes (BMC 342-5). A nother issue (2745), apparently known in only two specim ens, is perhaps a little later, though its date is very uncertain. C om pare the busts of Tyche on the bronzes 2770 (BMC 415). T he only later silver coin of Rhodes is the small silver piece of N erva (R H JA coll. = MMAG Liste 395, 1977, 94: 1.02 g).

Bronze W e have om itted here the various issues of Helios/fullblown rose in oak w reath large bronzes (BMC 342-5) and the sm aller H elios/full-blow n rose bronzes (BMC 346-61), w hich replace or accom pany the ‘A ttic w eight’ silver drachm s. Like the silver drachm s, these bronzes have trad i­ tionally been placed in the m iddle of the first century b c , although there is now reason to suppose th a t all or m ost belong to the A ugustan period (Ashton, op. cit., w ith a full list of varieties). For the attribution to the years after A ctium of our first bronze issues with H elios/profile rose (2746-7) and Dionysus/profile rose (2748), see A shton, op. cit. T he sm aller H elios/profile rose coins (2746-7) are best regarded as bronze obols, and the large D ionysus/profile rose coins (along w ith the large D ionysus/N ike coins w hich follow: 35 m m , average w eight 23.70 g) as bronze drachm s. This appears likely, since the large bronze coins seem to replace the silver drachm s, though it is, o f course, true th at sim ilar large bronze coins, from the tim e of N erva onw ards, are inscribed ΔΙΔΡΑΧΜΟΝ (because their face value had been doubled?).

A S IA : Rhodes (2744-2750)

T he arrangem ent of the large coins w ith D ionysus (274967) is based on the following considerations:

Silver 2744

1. Teim ostratos has been placed first, as he also has a reverse type of a profile rose w hich is die-linked to his Nike type. In the large hoard C H 11, 136 (where ‘H elios/N ike’ is an error for ‘D ionysus/N ike’), his coins are generally more worn th a n those of the oth er m agistrates in the series. In addition, his nam e is not preceded by ΕΠΙ, unlike the other m agistrates. 2. D am aratos has been placed next, because his obverses are often like those of T eim ostratos. M oreover, only Teim ostratos, D am aratos and the next m agistrate, Antipatros, include the nam e of their m agistracy, TAMIA. D am aratos an d A ntipatros also struck coins w ithout the nam e of their m agistracy, an omission followed by all the succeeding ta m ia i in the series. 3. Phainilas, A ntigonos, Hierokles, Hypsikles an d Epikrates are placed in a group, as their coins are sim ilar. 4 . A nother stylistic group consists of the coins of Zenodotos, D iodoros and Eudoros. 5. Ghareinos has been placed next to Eudoros because both have a rose in the field, an d last in the series before the coins of N ero because the coins of C hareinos an d o f Nero have sim ilarly large roses in the field. (The nam e D eikaisitios was reported by M i 3.425.257 on a coin in G ousinéry’s collection; this coin is now in M u, and can be correctly interp reted as a coin of C hareinos = 2767/6: we are grateful to D .A . O . K lose for confirm ation of this point.) T he absolute date of the large D ionysus/N ike bronzes depends p artly on the evidence of C H II, 136, in w hich they were m ore w orn th an the im perial coins in the nam es of Nero an d D om itian. Second, the stylistic link betw een the coins of G hareinos and of N ero (see above) suggests th at their production stopped w hen th a t of the N eronian coins began. A date in the early to m iddle first century is also supported by the large coins of ‘T ib eriu s’ at A stypalaea { B M C 15 = 2743), w hich have a sim ilar Nike reverse and look as if they were m ade in im itation of the R hodian coins. Some coins w hich have been attrib u ted to this period have been om itted here. In particu lar, the bronze didrachm s { B M C 394-9) often signed ΥΠΕΡ ΤΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΝ, w hich are som etim es attrib u ted to T iberius and Livia { B M C , M i) or the reign o f A ugustus (M . Bar, C E N B , 1978, pp. 41-8), are regarded here as second-cen­ tury a d coins, as is suggested by their absence from C H II, 136, the use of the legend ΔΙΔΡΑΧΜΟΝ, style, lower weight an d die axis (at six o’clock). (See also A. K rom ann, ‘T he Greek Im perial coinage from Cos and R hodes’, in Archaeology in the Dodecanese (1988), ed. S. Dietz an d I. Papachristodoulou, pp. 213-17.) Also excluded from this c ata­ logue are the coins w ith m ythological reverses (e.g., B M C 400, 4 1 1, C op 906), H elios/galley (Lanz 32, 259; Lanz 30, 292), H elios/Sarapis { B M C 404), H elios/N ike (both the larger variety, as B M C 387-8, Cop 895, and the sm aller variety, as B M C 389, Cop 896-9, vA 2856-7), H elios/ cornucopia (L indgren 708), an d three Dionysus issues (A. B M C 384, C op 894; B. B M C 385, Cop 893, vA 2855; C. B M C 414, Cop 908).

455

AR. 16m m , 2.80g (5).

[ 2 ]

R ad iate head o f H elios, th ree-q u arters facing, r. POAIWN; full-blown rose from above i . L 1 9 7 6 - 3 - 1 8 - 2 , 2.97; 2. L 1 9 7 6 -3 -1 8 -1 , 2.85; 3 . vA 2840 ( = L e u 13, 2600), 2.59; 4 . R H JA , 2.95; 5. R H JA (ex G iessen er 30, 2434), 2.63. 2745

AR.

I

2m m , 1.13g (2)· Axis: 12.

[ i ]

R adiate head o f Helios, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; tu rrete d b ust of T yche (?) i . O , 1.24; 2. K eck m an coll. (S k o p b an k , H elsin k i), 1.02. D ifferent dies.

Bronze c. j i 2746

BC and later A E. i7 - i8 m m , 4 .8 1 g (3). Axis: 12. BMC

382

R ad iate head o f Helios, 1. POAIWN; profile rose; variable sym bol(s) i . L = b m c 3 8 2 , 4.98; 2. T D C 24390, 4.76; 3 . R H JA , 4.69. T h e rev. is ac co m p an ied b y a cad u ceu s, o r a cad u ceu s w ith d o lp h in a n d p a lm b ran ch . 2747

AE. 17-18 m m , 4.22 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6. C op 879 As 2746, b u t head, r. i . C o p 879, 4.45; 2. L 1 9 4 7 -6 -6 -1 0 2 4 , 3.44; 3 . R H JA , 5.01; 4. K eck m an coll. (S kopbank, H elsin k i), 5.1; 5. T D C 24389, 3.99· T h e rev. is ac co m p an ied by a cad u ceu s w ith d o lp h in o r b y a p o ppy.

C. ß l B C - A D 60 * I.9 2748

AE. 3 5m m , 23.70g (128: 2748—67). Axis: 12. BMC

377, C op 888

R ad iate head of D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΤΑΜΙΑ ΤΕΙΜΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΥ; profile rose w ith poppy an d ear o f corn I . L = BMC 377, 19.91; 2. L 1 9 2 4 —4 —6 - 3 4 , 28.58; 3. V 18665; 4 . L in d g ren 700, 22.55; 5 . C op 888, 24.96; 6— 8. B (Fox, F ox, 5080); 9— 12. P s.N ., 1630-2, 21.20, 23.13, 25.89, 17.90; 13—14. R H JA , 24.06, 26.55. D ie-linked to 2 7 4 9 (A shton, op. cit.). 2749

AE. 3 5m m , 23.70g (see 3748). Axis: 12. BMC

376, C op 886

R ad iate head o f Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΤΑΜΙΑ ΤΕΙΜΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΥ; Nike, r., holding p alm an d aphlaston (and stan d in g on prow) I . L = BMC 376, 22.73; 2. L 1 9 7 9 —I —I —1 9 4 3 (ex vA 2853), 21.68; 3—4 . V 27564, 18663; 5 —6. C o p 886 -7 , 27.26, 25.08; 7. L in d g ren 699, 21.34; 8— 9. P 1648, s.N ., 25.81, 21.93; 10—τ ι . B (L ö b b , B o n n et); 12—14. R H JA , 21.99, 22.14, 22.45. D ie-linked to 3 7 4 8 (A sh to n , op. d t .) . 2750

AE. 35 m m , 23.70g (see 27 4 8 ). Axis: 12. BMC

370

R adiate head o f Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠ Ι ΤΑΜΙΑ Δ AMAP ΑΤΟΥ ; Nike, r., holding w reath an d palm , on rose 1—2. L = BMC 370, 375 co rr., 24.68, 25.59; 3 · P 19.77, 20.61, 20.89.

24.76; 4—6. R H JA ,

2751

AE. 35m m , 23.70g (see

Axis: 12.

2758

I . L = B M C 3 7 1 , 25.57; 2 - 3 · L 30988; 6 - 7 . B (L öbb, 4311).

I . C o p 881, 34.04; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 2 5 -1 -3 -9 , 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 1 9 3 7 (ex vA 2844), 21.69, 26.09; 4. B (G an sau g e); 5. R H JA , 27.92.

—

BMC 372-3, 25.74, 23.01; 4 - 5 . V 18661,

Bronze. 35m m , 23.70g (see

2 7 4 8 ).

Axis: 12.

2759

AE. 35m m , 23.70g (see

2 7 4 8 ).

2760

BMC

2 7 4 8 ).

Axis: 12.

2761

2762

2 7 4 8 ).

Axis: 12.

2 7 4 8 ).

2763

2 7 4 8 ).

2764

2 7 4 8 ).

Axis: 12.

369, C op 884

A E. 35m m , 23.70g (see

2 7 4 8 ).

Axis: 12.

H ead of Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΖΗΝΟΔΟΤΟΥ; Nike, 1., w ith w reath and palm i . L 1 9 7 6 —5—18—4 , 23.60; 2. V 18660 (ex W elzl 6105); 3. R H JA (ex K M K 38, 18.4.1985, lot 110 = K M K 26, 23.11.1979, lot 51), 22.74; 4 . R H JA , 25.39; 5 - 6 - B (5079. F o x )·

C op 880

I . C op 880, 27.85; 2. L = BMC 365 corr., 16.19; 3—4 . vA 2850-1, 20.49, 25.81; 5 · V 18666; th y rsu s on obv.: 6. Signorelli (S a n ta m a ria 25.10.1951) 548, 21.98; 7. T (F a b re tti 4277), 27.58; 8—9 . R H JA , 22.41, 23.74; 10. B (I-B ), 23.17.

Axis: 12.

i . L = b m c 3 6 9 , 24.09; 2. C o p 884, 22.90; 3. B (I-B ), 23.50; 4 - 5 . R H JA , 21.86, 27.15.

Axis: 12.

R adiate head of Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. (thyrsus in field) ΕΠΙ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; Nike, r., w ith thyrsus (?) and w reath, on prow (?)

2 7 4 8 ).

H ead o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ, ΕΠΙ ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΟΥ; Nike, 1., w ith ap hlaston and palm , on rose

364, r8.86; 2. L G 2 0 2 1 , 23.73; 3 * M u 47, 22.52; 4 . P 1653,

AE. 35m m , 23.70g (see

A E. 3 5m m , 23.70g (see BMC

' 9 ·5 5 · 2757

AE. 3 5 m m , 23.70g (see

i . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 —1941 (ex vA 2849), 23.13; a. L 1 9 2 7 -6 -7 -6 , 24.51; 3— 4 . P 1640, 1647, 23.92, 21.28; 5—6 . B (Fox, P ro k esch -O sten ); 7 - 8 . R H JA , 2 I.3 2 , 26.49.

Axis: 12.

R adiate head o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1. ΕΠΙ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; Nike, r., w ith p alm and w reath, on rose bm c

Axis: 12.

R ad iate head of D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ EniK PATEYC; Nike, 1., w ith aphlaston and palm , on rose

364

i. L =

2 7 4 8 ).

i . L 1 9 7 6 - 5 —18—6, 22.51; 2. P 1651, 26.02; 3—5. R H JA , 20.66, 21.13,

i . L = b m c 3 7 9 , 22.01; 2. L = BMC 380, 26.53; 3 “ 4 · B (I-B , F ox); 5—6. P 1649-50, 20.57, 20.05; 7 · R H JA , 26.17.

BMC

A E. 35 m m , 23.70 g (see

2 3 ·5 9 ·

379

AE. 35m m , 23.70g (see

Axis: 12.

R ad iate head o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ, ΕΠΙ ΥΨΙΚΛΗΟΥΓ; Nike, r., w ith p alm and aphlaston, on prow

378, C op 889

H ead o f Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΦΑΙΝΙΛΑ; Nike, 1., w ith w reath an d palm , on rose

2756

2 7 4 8 ).

i . C o p 885, 23.95; 2 · V 18604; 3 · M u 49, 19.41; 4 . L a n z 22 (10.8.1982) lo t 4 0 0 = S K A F P L 30 (D ec. 1979) 80; 5. K ric h e ld o rf 38 (28.11.1984) lot 240; 6. P 1642, 21.80; 7. B (75/1884); 8—9. R H JA , 22.89, 2 3 ·2 3 ·

i . L = b m c 3 7 8 , 21.10; 2. L 1 9 7 9 -1-1-1942 (ex vA 2852), 20.95; 3 * C op 889, 25.73; 4. V 18662; 5. B (I-B ), 25.80; 6 - 7 . R H JA , 21.83, 22.81.

BMC

A E. 3 5m m , 23.70g (see

R ad iate d rap ed b ust o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1. ΕΠΙ IEPOKAEYC; Nike, L, w ith w reath an d palm , on p lin th inscribed ΡΟΔΙΩΝ

Axis: 12.

R adiate head of Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΦΑΙΝΙΛΑ; Nike, 1., w ith aphlaston and palm , on prow

A E. 35m m , 23.70g (see

Axis: 12.

C op 885

H ead of Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. ΡΟ ΔΙΩ Ν ΕΠ Ι ΤΑΜΙΑ ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡΟΥ; Nike, 1., w ith trophy and u n certain object, on basis (?)

AE. 35 m m , 23.70 g (see

3 7 4 8 ).

i . L 1 9 7 6 —5—18—5, 23.25; 2. V 32943; 3 . L in d g ren A 699A, 24.94; 4 . M u 48; 5. K ric h e ld o rf 38 (28.11.1984) lo t 240, 21.34; 6. S tan ley G ib b o n s F P L 14 (1977) 30; 7. P 1643, 24.88; 8. B (Fox); 9—10. R H JA , 26.39, 26.58. O n 6 th e o b ject h eld b y N ike ap p e ars to be a fish-hook.

C op 883

i . M Z K 24 (12.5.1976) 160, 20.15; 2. C o p 883, 22.48; 3—4 . L 1 9 2 0 -8 -5 1619, 1979—i —i —1 9 4 0 (ex vA 2848), 18.67, 24.40; 5. V 18658; 6. M u 50, 25.47; 7—9· P 1637-8, 1644, 22.73, 24.58, 21.32; 10—12. B (L öbb, L öbb, I-B ); 1 3 -1 5 . R H JA , 23.29, 23.39, 26.77.

AE. 35 m m , 23.70 g (see

R ad iate head o f Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ IEPOKAEYC; Nike, L, w ith u n certain object a n d palm , on globe

366, C op 882

I . L = B M C 3 6 7 , 21.55; 2—3. L = BMC 366, 368, 24.18, 23.45; 4 * C op 882, 21.73; 5 · V 18657; 6. M u 50a, 21.31; 7. L in d g ren A 697A, 26.07; 8. P 1636, 25.02; 9—i i . B (I-B , L ö b b , 376/1880); 12—14. R H JA , 23.89, 24.02, 25.85. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

2755

Axis: 12.

H ead o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1. ΕΠΙ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; Nike, r., w ith p alm and aphlaston

BMC

275 4

2 7 4 8 ).

R adiate head o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΔΑΜΑΡΑΤΟΥ; Nike, r., on prow , w ith palm and aphlaston

H ead o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡΟΥ; Nike, r., w ith p alm and w reath (on basis)

2753

A E. 35 m m , 23.70g (see C op 881

371

BMC

2752

8 7 4 8 ).

2765

AE. 35 m m , 23.70 g (see

2 7 4 8 ).

Axis: 12.

H ead o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1. Ε Π Ι ΔΙΟΔΩΡΟΥ ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; Nike, r., w ith p alm and w reath, on globe I . L 1 9 1 3 - 1 2 - 4 - 8 , 19.89; 2. vA 2846, 24.59; 3 - 5 · R H J A . 22-3 9 . 2 4 -5 2. 25.46; 6 . R H JA (ex K M K 26, 23.11.1979, lot 52), 25.97.

A S IA : Rhodes, Ceramus, Stratonicea (2766-2774)

2766

AE. 35m m , 23.70g (see 37 4 8 ). Axis: 12. BMC

AE. 12m m , 1.14g (2).

2770

BMC 415, C op 909

374

H ead o f Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, 1. POAIWN ΕΠΙ EYAWPOY; Nike, r., w ith p alm and w reath, on globe w ith rose

T u rre te d an d d rap ed b ust o f T yche, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; thyrsus bound w ith taenia i . L = bmc 4 1 5 , 1.17; 2. L G 0860, 1.09; 3 . C o p 909.

I . L = bm c 3 7 4 , 29.04; 2 - 4 . L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 9 3 8 (ex vA 2845), 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 1939 (ex vA 8199), G 0859, 26.45, 18.77, 24-09; 5 · vA 2847, 19.75; 6 . C = SNG 4830, 22.67; 7. P 1641, 20.84; 8—10. B (L öbb, L öbb, 4310); 1 1 - 1 2 . R H JA , 20.58, 25.45. 2767

BMC

390, C op 900

BMC 381, C op 890 H ead of Dionysus, w ith ivy w reath, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ ΕΠΙ XAPEINOY; Nike, 1., on prow , w ith aphlaston an d palm ; to 1., rose I —3. L = BMC 381, 1976—5—18—3, 18 6 8 -6 -1 9 -2 3 1 , I9.47, 22.82, 26.O9;

I. L = bmc 39a, 3.09; 8 -4 . L = BMC 390 -1 , 393, 2.78, 3.49, 3.56; 5 -7 . C o p 9 0 0 -2 , 5.32, 4.75, 3.72; 8. L in d g ren 703, 4.61; 9. E gger 46 (1914) 1397, 5.67; 1 0 - 1 2 . P 1654-6, 3.12, 4.20, 4.24. T h e h ead o n th e obv. o f bm c 390 m ay w ell be th a t o f H elios r a th e r th a n o f R hodos: bm c 390 m ay th erefore re p resen t a sep arate, th o u g h ro u g h ly co n tem p o rary issue.

AE. 35m m , 23.70g (see 27 4 8 ). Axis: 12.

AE. 18m m , 3.68g (2). Axis: 12. BMC

Nero, after 2772

386

AE. 13 m m , 2.33 g (4 )· POAIWN; d rap ed bust of Dionysus, r. POAIWN; full-blown rose from above bm c

62

AE. 3 5m m , 23.89g (17). Axis: 12.

[ 12 ]

i . L I 9 7 9 - 1 —1 - Ί 9 4 4 (ex vA 2859), 16.68; 2. L 1906-10—7—26, 25.02; 3 — 4 . B (F ox, I-B ), — , 27.18; 5 - 6 . V 18682-3; 7. C M c C le a n 8633 (pi. 302.1), 20.37; 8. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 255, 24.22; 9 . L in d g ren A705A, 25.17; 1 0 - 1 3 . ? l 6 *187 3 “ 5 a > 23.09, 24.70, 22.33, 3 3 -° 3 1 4 - 1 6 . R H JA , 22.23, 25 ·3 9 ΐ 2 7 ·6 7 ; * 7 - R H JA (ex M Z K 47, 10.11.1982, lo t 149), 23.19; 18. R H JA (ex S K A F P L 25 (1978) lo t 87 — S tern b e rg , 25 N ov. 1976, lot 765), 23.21; 19. K eck m an coll. (S k o p b an k , H elsin k i, ex M Z K 53, 13. i i . 1984, lo t 1728), 19.49; 2 0 *I.· N Y.

1—2. L = BMC 386, 1 9 2 8 —12—13—8 , 2.86, 4.49.

1—4 . L =

ad

ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; ra d ia te head, r. ΡΟΔΙΩΝ; Nike, 1., w ith w reath a n d palm , on prow; to 1., rose

H ead of D ionysus, w earing ivy w reath, r. PO; Nike, r., on prow , w ith w reath a n d palm ; to r., cantharus

2769

AE. 14m m , 3.78g (12). Axis: 12.

2771

R ad iate head o f n ym ph R hodos, r. PO; Nike, L, w ith w reath or ap hlaston, an d palm ; (symbol in 1. field)

4 . C o p 890, 26.32; 5. L in d g ren 702, 20.90; 6 . M u 51, 20.63; 7 · M u 5 2 ( = M i 3.425.257 ex C o u sin éry , Le., this coin, re a d in g ΔΕΙΚΑΙΣΙΤΙΟΥ; see in tro d u ctio n ), 21.18; 8—9 . P s.N ., 1646, 20.05, 18.19; 10. B (L öbb); 11— 12. R H JA , 23.78, 25.21. 2768

457

362-3, 1 9 2 6 -1 -6 -5 , 1949—4—1 1 -7 9 1 , 1.76, 2.19, 2.66, 2.69.

Ceramus C eram us h ad issued silver plinthophori and bronze coins in the late H ellenistic period. In the im perial period, under Nero, there was a sm all issue, know n today in only two specimens (2774). T h e obverse p o rtra it suggests th a t they were produced late in the reign. T h eir large size presum ­ ably results from the influence of the contem porary large bronzes of Rhodes. T h e head of Zeus on the reverse was traditional at C eram us. T here is also a unique coin (2773) w hich m ay represent an A ugustan issue. I t has a traditional type (eagle with head tu rn ed back) and the legend appears to read KEPAM[, b u t this is not certain and the attrib u tio n m ust rem ain doubtful.

Augustus (not definitely Ceramus)_____________________ 2773

A E. 15m m , 3.45g (1). Axis: 2.

[ o ]

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, r. KEPAM[; eagle standing, 1., w ith head tu rn ed backw ards; ?palm behind i . J S W , 3.45.

Nero 2774

AE. 28 m m , 9 .2 7 g (2). Axis: 12. GRMK

92,

[ 2 ]

no. I

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΚΕΡΑΜΙΗΤΩΝ ΑΡΞΑΣ ΕΥ ΑΝΔΡΟΣ; lau reate head of Zeus, r. I . B (I-B ) (=G RM K 1), 7.54; 2. P 4 2 2 ( = W a 2296), 11.00. D ifferent dies. F o r th e possible sense o f th e w ord άρξας, as ex -m ag istrate o r so m eth in g else, see Im h o o f-B lu m er, G R M K , p. 93).

Stratonicea In the H ellenistic period Stratonicea h ad produced a large silver coinage of plinthophori, whose chronology was dis­ cussed by H . von Aulock, / 7V(7 , 1967, pp. 7-15. T he p attern of coinage is like th a t at R hodes, or Cos; the plinthophori

ended in the early first century b c and were replaced by m uch rarer silver ( B M C 23, K M , pp. 155 and 152, nos. 14), w hich was accom panied by a bronze coinage. In the early im perial period, Stratonicea seems to have

m ade only silver coins, all excessively rare. T he latest is of A ntoninus Pius (B M C 49); the rest are norm ally attributed to A ugustus, b u t the attrib u tio n depends entirely on one’s judgem en t ab o u t the ra th e r crude portraits. Some of the coins certainly look like A ugustus or T iberius (2775, 2777), b u t others are m ore rem iniscent of C laudius or Nero (2779, 2781). In the catalogue below, possible identifications have been given, b u t it m ust be stressed th a t these are not at all certain. T h e silver drachm s (and, in one case, didrachm : 2781) w ere accom panied by hem idrachm s with H ekate/N ike an d w hich retain the shallow incuse fabric (as was the case w ith the Lycian League silver). Im hoof-Blum er, K M , p. 155, also attrib u ted the silver w ith H ekate ΖΩΠΥΡΟΣ/Z eus P anam aros on horseback ΣΤΡΑ (V at = G M , p. 449, 3.40 g) and A rtem is/serpent staff TAIOC CT (P = W a 2556, i.6 o g ) to the early im perial period. T he coin in V (29199) of C laudius an d Divus A ugustus is actually a coin of Thessalonica (1578). I t is cited in the vA In d ex, in error, u n d er Sebastopolis (i.e., the entry has shifted up one colum n). T he average sizes an d weights of these very rare coins are: didrachm drachm hemidrachm

A u g u s tu s or T ib e r iu s (?) 2777

A R. 19m m , 3.08g (3). Axis: 12. gm

[ 3 ]

15 1, no. 449a

L au reate head, r. ΑΡΙΣΤΕΑΣ XIAPWN; Zeus P an am aro s on horseback, r. i . B 6 9 /1 8 7 5 , 3.31; 2. B (I-B = gm 449a), 3.12; 3. L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1 0 8 0 (ex vA 2663), 2.92. 2778

AR. 16m m , 1.40g (1). km

[ o ]

153, no. 5

ΑΡΙΣΤΕΑΣ; head o f H ekate, w ith laurel w reath and crescent, r. XIAPWN ΣΤΡΑ; Nike, r., in shallow incuse square I . I-B ( — km 5), 1.40. A p p aren tly n o t in B o r W in te rth u r.

C la u d iu s? (N e ro ? ) 2779

A R. 19m m , 2.52g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

L au reate head, r. ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΘΕ[ΟΦΑΝΗΣ] ΣΤΡΑ; Zeus P anam aros on horseback, r. i . B 6 5 3 /1 9 1 0 , 2.52.

23 mm, 6.40 g (1) 19mm, 3.48g (5) 16 mm, 1.38 g (4)

2780

A R. 16m m , 1.37g (2)· km

153, no.

[ o ]

6

Silver

ΘΕΟΦΑΝΗΣ; head of H ekate, w ith laurel w reath and crescent, r. ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΣΤΡΑ; Nike, r., in shallow incuse square

A u g u s tu s (?)

i . I-B ( = km 6), 1.55; 2. W e b er 6359, 1.20. Illu stra te d from th e ca st in W in te rth u r.

2775

2776

AR. ig m m , 2.81 g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

ΕΥΜΕΝΗΣ; laureate head, r. ΣΤΡΑ [Τ] 0 ; Zeus P an am aro s on horseback, r.

N e ro ? (C la u d iu s ? )

i . L 1 9 7 9 —I —I —1081 (ex vA 8161), 2.81.

2781

AR. 16m m , 1.36g (1). Axis: 12. km

AR. 2 3m m , 6.40g (1). Axis: 12. BMC

[ o ]

[ 1 ]

33

L au reate head, r.; all in w reath ΣΤΡΑΤΟ [ IABEINIANO) ]ΑΣ; Zeus P anam aros on horseback, r.; in front, alta r

153, no. 7

ΕΥΜΕΝΗΣ; head of H ekate, w ith laurel w reath and crescent, r. ΣΤΡΑ; Nike, r., in shallow incuse square

i . L = bm c 3 3 , 6.40. A n aly sed b y W alk er, M etrology I, p. 57 (94.25% silver). T h e m a g istra te ’s n a m e h as b een re a d as S ab ein ian o s P y th ea s, b u t w hile this is possible, it does n o t seem certain .

I . W i n te r t h u r 3 5 3 1 ( = km 7), 1.36.

Mylasa T he coinage of M ylasa has been catalogued by A. A karca, L es M o n n a ies Grecques de M y la s a (1959). M ylasa h a d produced silver and bronze coins in the H el­ lenistic period. In the im perial period there was a fairly extensive issue of bronze for A ugustus, as well as at least one silver issue.

Silver T he silver coins o f M ylasa are all very rare, each of the four varieties being known in only a single specim en. O n one issue a lau reate em peror and em press are depicted ju g ate

(A karca 15); they are generally identified as A ugustus and Livia, though the p o rtrait of A ugustus is not particularly like th at on the bronze coins, and other identifications (e.g., C laudius and A grippina) would equally be possible. O n the other hand, the p attern of silver issues elsewhere (e.g., T abae, Stratonicea) suggests th a t the C arian silver issues petered out under A ugustus, thus m aking the traditional identifications of A ugustus and Livia more likely (though this is perhaps invalidated by a consideration of the other three silver coins). T he other three silver coins are even harder to classify, since their peculiar portraits are not at all like A ugustus, or

A S IA : Mylasa (2782-2785)

indeed any other em peror. O ne of them (Akarca 14) was identified by Im hoof-B lum er as G aius C aesar, though A karca preferred A ugustus. As w ith the ju g ate portraits, however, very different identifications (and so dates) m ay also be possible; there is some sim ilarity, for instance, w ith the bronzes o f ‘T itu s’ (A karca 52), and there w ould be a parallel for such a late silver issue in the sm all silver coin of N erva from Rhodes (see p. 454) or of Pius from S tratonicea ( B M C 49). T he coins, however, have been included in this catalogue, b u t w ith very strong reservations. In publishing the m ost recently discovered piece (2783), R. A shton (N C , 1990, pp. 224-5) has suggested th a t the head on it and the related 2784 m ay not be intended to depict an em peror at all, b u t a non-im perial personage and th a t this explains why the p o rtrait, in both cases, appears on the reverse of the coins. A shton has suggested th a t this person m ight be the orator H ybreas, whose nam e perhaps appears on the bronze coinage (see below). T he rose and the head of Helios w ith an eagle h ad been the norm al types o f earlier M ylasan silver.

Bronze T he bronze coins depicting A ugustus were classified by A karca according to their p o rtra it types. B ut w hile this is a valid way of dividing the coins into ‘issues’, it is not so clear th at they can be dated so precisely as A karca, following Bosch’s classification of A ugustan portraits, has dated them. Some of the coins are signed ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΥΟΝΤΟΣ YBPEOY; A karca and R obert (following Eckhel: see Akarca, p. 28) w ould identify him w ith the fam ous orator H ybreas who led M ylasa against L abienus an d later returned to M ylasa, b u t he m ay well ju s t be a hom onym , and it seems a little dangerous to use this coin in the reconstruction of H y b reas’s later career. Some ‘pseudoautonom ous’ coins were also recorded by M i S6.509.358-60 for H ybreas, on the authority of Sestini. T hese were disre­ garded by A karca and, as none of these ra th e r im plausibly described coins has been encountered in the p rep aratio n of this catalogue, they have also been om itted here. A nother series of coins bear the dedicatory inscription ΘΛΑΣΤΟΣ ΑΝΕΘΗΚΕΝ (for this phrase, im plying benefac­ tion, see A karca, pp. 2 8 - 9 , and L. R obert, M o n n a ies A n tiq u e s de T roade , p. 86), accom panied on one die by ΓΡΑΜMATEYΟΝΤΟΣ ΚΟΥΡΩΝΟΣ. T h e fine portraits on these coins leave no dou b t th a t they are intended to p ortray A ugustus; the coins were dated by A karca (pp. 2 0 - 1 ) to between 1 1 b c an d a d 2 , an d interpreted as referring to the establishm ent of the cult of A ugustus at M ylasa. T hey were dated betw een these dates since a priest of A ugustus is attested betw een 3 b c an d a d 2 an d since A karca believed the A ugustan p o rtra it could be no earlier th an 1 1 b c . B ut it is not certain th a t they m ust have been issued to com ­ m em orate or in conjunction w ith the foundation of the cult, and a date anyw here in the later p a rt o f the reign, or even after A ugustus’s death (see below) seems possible. I t is dubious w hether the coin classified by A karca as ‘A uguste ou T ib ère’ (no. 51) is really so early; its p o rtrait can be com pared m ore closely w ith th a t o f ‘T itu s’ (Akarca,

45g

no. 52). T he issue is consequently om itted from this catalogue. M ost of the types refer to the local cults of Zeus L abraundos or Zeus O sogoa (see A karca, pp. 33-50); the trident and double axe over a crab represent the conjoined symbols or w eapons of Zeus L abraundos (the double axe: Akarca, p. 34) and Zeus Osogoa (the trident, the crab: Akarca, p. 47, cf. 37). T he m ost unusual type is on the coins of Thlastos, which depict a naked person, presum ably A ugustus, in a quadriga (holding not a p atera b u t a w reath and a sceptre, according to A karca, pp. 20, 69). T his raises the possibility th a t T hlastos’s coins were m ade after A ugustus’s death, since this representation would be sur­ prising during his lifetime (though see also T abae, 2868, 2870). T he following denom inations are found: s ilv e r

15 m m ,

1 .4 9 g (3 )

b ro n z e

29m m , 22 m m ,

1 2 .2 8 g (3 ) 6 . 9 8 g (1 4 )

16—17mm,

3.95g (5)

Silver

Augustus? (see introduction) 2782

AR. 15m m , i . 5 5 g (2)·

[ 2 ]

A karca 15 L au reate head of em peror (PAugustus) an d d rap ed b u st of em press (PLivia), ju g ate, r. MYAACSQN; head of Zeus L ab rau n d o s, r. I . B (I-B ) ( = km 144, no. 1), 1.55; 3. P, 1.55 (sam e dies). M ay b e n o t L ivia, b u t T ib eriu s?

Uncertain emperor(s) (see introduction) 2783

A R. 14m m , 1.41g (1). Axis: 12 (1).

[ o ]

Rose Bare head, r. i . R H J A ( — n o 1990, p p . 2 24-5), i . 41. 2784

A R. 15m m , 1.50g (1). Axis: 6 (1).

[ 1 ]

A karca 13 (‘A u gustus’) MYAACEQN; facing head o f H elios, w ith sm all eagle on r. cheek B are head, r. i . B , 1.50. T h e legend C C B A C TO C w h ich w as re a d o n th e rev. b y A k arca is n o t a t all a p p a re n t.

Uncertain emperor?*I. 2785

AR. 13 m m .

[ i ]

A karca 14 (‘A u g u stu s’) B are head, r. MYAACCQN; statu e of Zeus L ab rau n d o s w ith double axe an d spear I . B (I-B ) ( =

km

144, no. 2, ‘G aiu s C a e sa r’), 1.46 (holed).

Bronze

ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; bare head, r. ΓΡAMMATEYΟΝΤΟΣ YBPEOY in w reath

A u g u s tu s 2786

i . L = b m c 22, 5.66; 2. L = B M C 23, 6.57; 3—16. See A karca; 17. O = AMC 1341, 8.31. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.

AE. 22m m , 7.36g (4). Axis: i i .

[ 8 ]

A karca 39

2787

B are head, r. ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; head of Zeus L ab rau n d o s, r.

T h la s to s (?a fte r A u g u s t u s ’s d e a th )

i . N Y ; 2. L = BMC 19, 7.36; 3—14. See A karca; 15. W addell 9.12.1982, lot 243, 6.24.

2792

L eaded bronze. 17 mm , 4.13 g (3). Axis: 11.

[ 12 ]

B are head, r. ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; trid en t an d double axe over crab

2788

amc

i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1 8 8 7 (ex vA 2824), 9.23; 2. L 1936—10—13—19, 13.56; 3—7. See A k arca; 8. S tern b e rg X I I I (1983) lo t 565. T h e le tte r form s 8, C a n d E all occur. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 2.

1340, 3.69.

L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3.54g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ] 2793

A karca 40

AE. 22 m m , 7.22 g (1).

[ i ]

A karca 46

B are head, r.; before, b ran ch (?) ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; head of Zeus O sogoa, r.

2789

[ 5 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; A ugustus, holding w reath (?) and sceptre, in q u ad rig a, r. ΘΛΑΣΤΟΣ ΑΝΕΘΗΚΕΝ in w reath

A karca 38

i . L = b m c 24, 3.82; 2—14. See A karca; 15. 0 = Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

L eaded bronze. 29 m m , 12. 2 8 g (3)· A karca 49-50

i . L 1963—6—2 6 —2 , 3.54; 2—4 . See A karca. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.

Illegible inscription. L au reate head, r. ΘΛΑΣΤΟΣ ΑΝΕΘΗΚΕΝ, ΓΡAMMATEY ΟΝΤΟΣ ΚΟΥΡΩΝΟΣ

AE. 16m m , 3.81g (1).

i . B (I-B ) ( — KM 144, no. 3), 7.22.

[ 4 ]

A karca 41-2 2794

B are head, r. MYAACCQN; trid en t an d double axe over crab L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 4 .8 0 g (1).

[ 2 ]

I . Ο = A M C 1 3 4 2 , 7-795 2. L = bmc 21, 8.67; 3 “ Ι Ο · $ ee A k arca. T h e le tte r form s C a n d 8 also occur. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.

A karca 43 B are head, r. ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; head of Zeus L ab rau n d o s, r. i. L =

b m c

[ 9 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ; lau reate head, r. ΘΛΑΣΤΟΣ ΑΝΕΘΗΚΕΝ

i . N Y ; 2—9. See A karca. 2790

Bronze. 2 2m m , 8 .0 3 g (3)· A karca 47

2795

20, 4.80; 2. B. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.

AE. 2 2m m , 5.62g (2).

[ 3 ]

A karca 48 As 2794, b u t ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΜΥΛΑΣΕΩΝ i . P 7 9 6 ( = W a 2457), 5.61; 2—5. See A k arca. T h e le tte r form s C, E an d 8 also occur.

G r a m m a te u s H y b r e a s 2791

L eaded bronze. 23m m , 6.64g (4)· Axis: 12.

[ 9 ]

A karca 43-4

Iasus For an overview o f the coinage of Iasus, see W . W eiser, ‘Zur M ünzprägung von Iasos u nd B argylia’, in W . Blümel, D ie Inschriften von Iasos II (1985), pp. 170-80. Iasus h ad issued an extensive silver and bronze coinage in the H ellenistic period, whose principal types were Apollo and A rtem is, the deities who also ap p ear on the m uch rarer early im perial bronze coinage. T here is an issue whose lettering (E and Σ) an d neat style im ply an early date, while the p o rtrait indicates th at it is alm ost certainly A ugustan (2796). T he coin in P (= 2797) w ith an obverse legend ]C£BACTOC m ay well be Ju lio -C lau d ian (e.g., Nero, or perhaps C laudius?), b u t this is very uncertain.

A u g u s tu s 2796

___________________________

AE. 16m m , 3.11 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

C op 418 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΙΑΣΕΩΝ; lau reate head, r.; all in w reath D rap ed b ust of A rtem is, w ith bow, r. i . V 18355 ( = Eckhel, Antioch , 40, a n d tav . IV ), 3.68; 2. C o p 4 1 8 , 2.54.

U n c e rta in em peror (N e ro ? C la u d iu s? ) *i. 2797

A E. 21 m m , 9 .6 6 g (1). Axis: 12. JCEBACTOC; lau reate head, r. IA [ ]WN; Apollo standing, 1., w ith branch i . P 7 5 9 ( = W a 2444 ‘N ero ’), 9.66.

[ 1 ]

A S IA : Euromus, Alinda ( 2798-2800)

461

Euromus E urom us h ad m ade very sm all issues of silver (vA 2521) and bronze (B M C 1-4) in the second an d first centuries b c . T he early im perial coinage is very difficult to classify; the im perial heads are all labelled only ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and the portraits are often executed in such a crude style th a t their identification is, even m ore th an usual, a m atter of guesswork. T here are only two issues w hich can be confidently attrib u ted to this period. T he first (2798) has a youthful and indeed very A ugustan-looking head; in particu lar, the angle between the back of the neck an d the head seems a feature of A ugustan ra th e r th an of later portraits. I t appears reason­ ably sure th a t these coins are of Augustus. T he second consists of two denom inations (2799-800). T he larger has facing p o rtraits of a bare-headed an d draped em peror and of an em press; the sm aller has the same portraits, b u t one on each side of the coin. T h e em peror’s p o rtrait seems to be th a t of the young Nero, an d the h a ir­ style and p o rtrait of the em press are com patible w ith a po rtrait of A grippina II. T his leaves a considerable group of coins w ith an im perial head of ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ w hich have been dum ped into the reign of Augustus: i a. CCBACTOC lau reate head, r. CVPQMSQN term inal statue of Zeus L abraundos eagle at feet i . L 1 9 0 2 —1 0 —2 —9 , 28 m m , 16.03 g, axis: 6 ib . CCBACTOC laureate head, r. (sim ilar p o rtrait to 8νΡΩ Μ £Ω Ν D ionysus standing w ith thyrsus cantharus i . L 1 9 2 1 —4 —1 2 —6 (ex W eber), 20m m , 6.54g,

4.

These coins have all been excluded from this catalogue, as being of later dates and em perors. For w hat it is w orth, the portraits do not look particularly like any of the JulioC laudian em perors, while some o f them at least suggest T rajan or H adrian. Second, they have the letter forms C and C, whereas the A ugustan and N eronian coins have E and Σ (for A ugustus) and E and E (for Nero). T h e ty p e s o f Z e u s L a b r a u n d o s a n d th e s ta g w e re t r a d i ­ tio n a l a t E u ro m u s , o c c u r rin g o n H e lle n is tic b ro n z e s .

Augustus 2798

3.

L eaded bronze. 16 m m , 3.78g (2). Axis: 12. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΕΥΡΩΜΕΩΝ; stag, r.

[ 2 ]

i . L 1 9 2 1 - 3 - 1 3 - 2 , 3.40; 2. V 33591, 4.16; 3 . J S W , 3.52. Q u alitativ e m e tal an aly sis on: I.

with N e ro *i. ia) and

2799

L eaded bronze. 25 m m , 7.09 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 2 ]

BM C 8

axis:

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΙ; d rap ed a n d bare-headed b u st o f young N ero facing d rap ed b ust o f A grippina II ΕΥΡΟΜΕΩΝ (sic); term inal statu e o f Zeus L ab raundos w ith eagle a t feet

6 2.

CCBACTOC laureate head, r. ενΡΩ Μ εΩ Ν C ni KAAPOV term inal statue of Zeus L abraundos with eagle at feet i. V 28236 (M ünsterberg, Beamtennamerr. ‘A ugustus?’), 25 m m , 9.87 g, axis: 7 i i . Private coll., 25m m , 11.05 g, axis: 7 (same dies).

i i . P 367 (= W a 2350) ( ‘A u g u ste ’), 20m m , axis: 12 CCBACTOC b are head, r. ενΡΩΜ ΒΩΝ stag, r. i . L = BMC 7 (‘A ugustus’), iq m m , 3.332, axis: 12 CCBACTOC laureate head, r. ενΡΩΜ ΕΩΝ stag, r. X. W in terth u r ( G R M K 88, no. 1: ‘H a d ria n ’), 20 mm.

i . L = bmc 8 (‘A u g u stu s a n d L iv ia5), 7.77; 2. P 563, 6.41. S am e dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1. 2800

L eaded bronze. 21 m m , 6.29 g (1)· Axis: 6.

[ 1 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΙ[ ; d rap ed and bare-headed bust, r. ΕΥΡΩΜΕΩΝ; d rap ed bust o f A grippina II, 1. i . L 1 9 2 7 —6—7—3 2 , 6.29. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.

Alinda A s m a ll c o in a g e w a s p r o d u c e d a t A lin d a ( = D e m i r c i d eresi; L . R o b e rt, Villes d ’A sie M in e u re , p . 22, η . 4 , ρ ρ· 2 6 3 -4 ; F ouilles d ’A m y z o n en Carie , p . i) d u r in g th e p e rio d . 2801 se e m s lik e ly to b e A u g u s tu s , in v ie w o f th e p o r tr a it; 2802 is also p r o b a b ly o f A u g u s tu s , a s Im h o o f- B lu m e r th o u g h t. T h e m a in p r o b le m c o n c e rn s th e id e n tity o f th e la d y p o r tr a y e d o n 2803. O p in io n s v a r y b e tw e e n A g r ip p in a I a n d II: fo r B a b e lo n (in W a ) a n d W a d d in g to n ( R N , 1851, p . 233) it w a s A g r ip p in a I; fo r C o p A g r ip p in a I I (?); w h ile T rillm ic h (F am ilienpropaganda der K a ise r C aligula u n d C laudius,

p. 136) was undecided between the two. (T he vA In d e x gives one coin to A grippina I, and another to A grippina II!) The coins of Nero (2804-5) seem irrelevant here, since the po rtrait suggests th a t they were m ade tow ards the end o f his reign. U nfortunately, it is not clear if the coins ever had an obverse inscription; and, while it seems likely th a t it is one of the A grippinas, other candidates (e.g., Poppaea) cannot definitely be ruled out. For w hat it is w orth, the hairstyle on the clearest specim en (2803/1) looks a little more like th a t of A grippina II, and her po rtrait is, of course, commonly found in near-by cities in L ydia and Phrygia. But this

462

A S IA : Alinda, Alabanda ( 2801-2805)

identification, though it seems the m ost likely, m ust rem ain uncertain. T he denom inations are not clear. T hey are: Augustus Agrippina Nero

A u g u s tu s 2801

A g r ip p in a I I (o r I ? )

N o legend? D rap ed bust, r. ΑΛΙΝΔΕΩΝ; in w reath i . P 82 ( = W a 2128), 4.08; 2. C o p 25, 4.10; 3 —4 . B (264/1884, I-B ); 5. C M cC le an 8446 (pi. 295.4), 4 ·12· See in tro d u ctio n for a discussion o f the id e n tity o f th e p o rtra it.

N e ro [

3

]

2804

AE. 21 m m , 6.46 g (1). Axis: 6.

BMC 12, C op 24

km

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΑΛΙΝΔΕΩΝ; w ithin w reath

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΑΛΙΝΔΕΩΝ; H eracles w ith club an d lion skin

I. P 81 ( = W a 2127), 3.45; 2. L = bmc 12, 2.89; 3. C op 24, 3.61. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.

i. 2805

2802

AE. 18m m , 4.23g (1). Axis: 1. km

[ o ]

107, no. 4

[ o ]

516, no. i

W i n te r t h u r 3 2 9 4 , 6.46.

L eaded bronze. 18m m , 5.23g (2). BM C

[ 5 ]

13

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΑΛΙΝΔΕΩΝ; club a n d bow case in w reath

L au reate head, r. ΑΛΙΝΔΕΩΝ; laureate b u st of H eracles w ith lion skin, r. i.

[ 5 ]

C op 25

_______________________ _

L eaded bronze. 16m m , 3.32g (3). Axis: 12.

AE. 18m m , 4 .1 0 g (3). Axis: 12.

2803

16mm, 3.32g 18 mm, 4.23 g 18 mm, 4.10 g 2 1 mm, 6.46 g 18mm, 5.23g

i . L = BMC 13, 5.53; 2. P 83 ( = W a 2129 = RN 1851, 233, no. 2), 3.90; G M cC le an 8447 ( p i . 295.5), 4-935 4 “ 5 - B (834/1899, L ö b b = ζ Γ ν 1885, 322). T h e p o rtra it seem s to b e th e la te ‘ste p s’ type, su g g estin g a d ate o f 63 o r la te r. Q u a n tita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. 3.

W i n te r t h u r 3 2 9 2 , 4.23.

Alabanda M ost of the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins of A labanda can be dated to the second century or the Severan period on the basis of the m agistrates who signed the coins (B M C 22, vA 2390) or the letter forms they used. In the Ju d io -C laudian period, an d u n d er V espasian, one finds E ra th e r th an £, w hich is norm al from A ntoninus Pius onw ards. Σ occurs for A ugustus, C for B ritannicus and E for B ritannicus, Nero and A grippina I I , w hile C is norm al from V espasian onw ards. O f the coins listed in B M C , only B M C 19 (Demos/CYNKAHTOC) is a candidate for the JulioC laudian period since it has E an d C; on the other h and, it seems to b ear m ore resem blance to B M C 31 (of V espasian) in style and thick fabric, and is therefore tentatively attributed to th a t period (and hence om itted from this catalogue). Four oth er ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins have been included. 2806, in O , has an early ‘look’, b u t m ight well be of a different period. T h e other three (2813-15) are linked by their sim ilar obverses and fabric; two of them include a capricorn in their unusual reverses (but capricorns appear on later coins of A labanda, in the second century (e.g., C Leake SNG 4664, L 1897-12-6-2, P 28-9 = W a 2101-2, etc.). T he letter form E indicates a first-century date, and the head on the reverse of the very w orn unique specim en of 2814 resem bles A ugustus. O n the other hand, the veiled head (on 2815) looks like a copy of the Pietas dupondii of Tiberius m inted in a d 22-3 (B M C 98 = R I C 43). T h e coins are therefore tentatively attrib u ted to the reign of Tiberius. (T here is, however, perhaps an objection to this datin g from

their w eight standard, w hich is a little heavier th an th at of other contem porary coins: see below. B ut it is not clear how m uch im portance should be attached to this difference.) O ne m ight perhaps be tem pted to link the three together as referring to the apotheosis of A ugustus, b u t such specula­ tion should perhaps be resisted in view of the uncertainty about their date. T he early im perial coins are very difficult indeed to clas­ sify, partly because they are all so rare th at the inscriptions are often uncertain (see also addenda, 2816A). They present m any difficulties, w hich are discussed in the cata­ logue below. M ention should be m ade of the view expressed by G ran t (F I T A , pp. 369 and 373) th a t 2811 and 2809 were m ade in the thirties b c , depicting, on the one hand, A ntony and O ctavia and, on the other, C leopatra. T his seems unlikely b u t cannot formally be disproved because of the poor condition of the coins. I t would additionally be some­ thing of a m ystery why these portraits should appear at A labanda; on the other hand, the coinage of A labanda is som ew hat innovative (e.g., the ‘T ib erian ’ group of auto­ nom ous coins, 2813-15, discussed above, or the large coins of C laudius and N ero and their fam ilies). A p articular prob­ lem arises for 2816, w hich appears to have no fewer than five portraits! T he later im perial Ju lio-C laudian coins present fewer problem s. T here is a striking series of large coins for C laudius, B ritannicus, N ero and A grippina II, all with a sim ilar aspect and all linked together by the com m on use of the sigm a with the form E. I t m ight be possible to date

A S IA : Alabanda (2806—2813)

them all as a family group to 50-4, b u t it seems a little more likely th a t they represent two groups, one of C laudius and B ritannicus struck u n d er C laudius and the other of Nero and A grippina struck u n d er Nero. T his view cannot be proved, since the titu latu re .for N ero lacks Sebastos; nor, however, does its absence indicate th a t the coin was struck under C laudius, because the title is sim ilarly om itted by C laudius, whose titu latu re N ero follows. T h e m ain reason for placing N ero an d A grippina in the reign of N ero is the po rtrait o f N ero. W hile this shows him as a young m an, he is not portrayed in as youthful a fashion as B ritannicus; in particular, B ritannicus is depicted w ith a draped bust (often a feature of p o rtraits of B ritannicus and N ero under C laudius), b u t N ero is presented w ith a plain head. This argum ent is not, of course, conclusive, only perhaps indicative. T he types used refer m ostly to the principal deity of A labanda, Apollo Kissios, on w hich see J . Friedländer, Z f l l , 1881, p. 9. M ost of the early im perial coins seems to be o f the same denom ination an d average out a t i7 m m /4 .2 6 g (14). T he ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ T ib erian group is slightly larger and heavier, at 2 o m m /6 .2 8 g (3). T h e large coins of C laudius and Nero have an average of 3 3 m m /i8 .i9 g ; they are accom panied by a sm aller denom ination (2819-21) at 24m m /8-7 5 g (2). T h e large coins look as if they were sup­ posed to be sestertii as they have the sam e diam eter as im perial sestertii; although they are ra th e r light in weight, they are very m uch the sam e w eight as is found for the sim ilar ‘sestertii’ in B ithynia or in T hrace a t Perinthus. (See also p. 338.) M ost perversely, the three specimens (qualitatively) analysed all have different compositions: leaded bronze, brass an d copper! M ost of the points relevant to the p attern presented by the v A In d e x have already been covered; it need only be added th a t the entry for ‘B ritannicus, N ero’ from W a is presum ably the coin regarded here as of C laudius and B ritannicus (?) (2819). Second, the entries for N ero under C laudius (vA) an d N ero (L) are coins of the sam e issue.

First century

2808

661, no. 407

gm

I . B (I-B ) ( = gm 661, no. 407, w ith T af. I X . 22), 4.43; 2. V 35994 (Prowe: ]Ο ΓΕΝ [ ]Π [ /ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ Μ ΑΙΑ), 5.72; 3. T ra d e {1987) (ΑΡΙΣΤ[ ]E N [ /re v . illegible), 4.43; 4 . JS W , 4.08. Im h o o f-B lu m er la te r suggested [ K M 105) th a t th e w o rd on th e rev. m ig h t be ΜΑΓΑ, the genitive o f ΜΑΓΑΣ, b u t Μ ΑΙΑ seem s d efin ite o n th e V sp ecim en . Im hoofB lu m er o riginally th o u g h t th a t Μ ΑΙΑ w as th e goddess w ith w h o m L ivia w as identified. G ra n t, F I T A 373 a n d pi. X I-5 7 ( = 2 8 0 8 /1 ), reg ard e d the obv. as a p o rtra it o f A ristogenes.

2809

A E. 16m m , 3.31g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

103, no. 7, FiTA 373

km

[ΕΠΙ ΑΦ]ΡΟΔΙΤΟΥ Α [Μ Ν?]ΣΣΟ[Υ]; b are head, r. ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕ[ ]ΓΙΤΟΥ ΤΗΛΕ(?); fem ale h ead (of Livia?), r. I . B (I-B ) ( = km 103, no. 7), 3.31. T h e rea d in g o f th e legends o n b o th obv. a n d rev. is n o t very ce rtain . G ra n t, F I T A 373 a n d pi. X I .55, reg ard e d Im h o o f-B lu m er’s d escrip tio n , w h ich is follow ed here, as ‘com pletely m isre ad a n d m isin te rp re te d ’. H e offered ‘AAABANAE[W N] ΕΠ . T. OKT. ΚΛΕ. h ea d o f C le o p a tra to right/A M (?)N (?)H 2 S [ 0 2 ΕΠ Α Φ?]ΡΟ ΔΙΤΟ Υ h ead o f A m n essu s (?) to r ig h t’, in te rp re tin g it as a coin m in ted b y a T . O cta v iu s, an oth erw ise u n k n o w n g o v ern o r o f A sia in 32—31 b c , d ep ictin g C le o p a tra , a n d a p riv a te citizen called A m nessos. G r a n t’s in te rp re ta tio n m ay p e rh a p s b e th o u g h t fanciful (a n d ΤΟΚΤΚΛΕ c a n d efinitely be rejected as a read in g : TO Y TH A E seem s m ore c e rtain ), th o u g h it m u s t be accep ted th a t Im h o o f-B lu m er’s is un satisfacto ry . I t seem s futile, how ever, to do m ore th a n w ait for an o th er, clearer sp ecim en to tu rn up.

2810

A E. 18m m , 4.01g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

C op 10 ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; b are head, r. B ust o f Apollo (or A rtem is?), r. i . C o p 10, 4.01; 2. B (B -I). T h e p o rtr a it resem bles th a t o n coins o f A ristogenes (2 8 0 8 ). 2811

AE. 18m m , 5.14g (2). Axis: 12. gm

661, no. 406,

F iT A

[ 4 ]

369

ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; bare head, r.; below, m onogram fvf Fem ale b u st (Livia? A rtem is?), r. i . P 3 3 , 4.01; 2. B (I-B = g m 661, no. 406 = G ra n t, f i t a , p i. X I . 54); 3 . B 28678/13; 4 . P U n c e rta in , 6.27. G ra n t, F I T A 369, re g a rd e d th e p o rtra its as A n to n y a n d O cta v ia. C o u n te rm ark : N o r Φ ( G I C 689: 1-2).

Augustus or Tiberius? (or later?) a d ? ? _______________________________________

A E. 16m m , 3.65g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

[ 2 ]

26

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; d rap ed b u st of A pollo, r., w ith lyre

i . O , 3.65.

i . L = b m c 26, 4.25; 2. P 32 ( = W a 2105), 3.95. T h e p o rtra it could b e o f A u g u stu s o r T ib e riu s, o r a la te r em p ero r such as H a d ria n ; th e b reak in th e obv. leg en d ΣΕΒΑΣ-ΤΟΣ a n d th e tru n c a tio n recall T ib e ria n p o rtra its from L y d ia a n d P h ry g ia, p e rh a p s su g g estin g th a t T ib e riu s is th e m ore likely choice. O n th e o th e r h a n d , a m u ch la te r d a te is p e rh a p s also suggested b y th e use o f brass; ag ain , this is u n ce rtain .

Augustus? A E. 15m m , 3.38g (1). Axis: 12.

Brass. 18m m , 4 .1 0 g (2). Axis: 12. BM C

ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; head o f A pollo, r. C ith a ra in w reath

2807

[ 2 ]

ΑΡΙΣΤΟΓΕΝΗΣ ill Π ΑΡΧΗΣ; lau reate h ead , r. ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ ΜΑΙΑ; fem ale h ead (of Livia?), r.; to r., m onogram

2812 2806

AE. 17 m m , 4.67 g (4). Axis: 12.

463

[ 1 ]

N o legend? L aureate head, r. ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; fem ale head, r. (of Livia?) i . B 7 3 0 /1 8 9 9 , 3.38. T h e identifications o f th e h eads a re very u n ce rtain ; it is h a rd to believe th a t th e extrem ely youthful-looking p o rtra it o n th e obv. could be la te r th a n th e reign o f A u g u stu s, w hile th e rev. h e a d has an A u g u stan -p erio d hairstyle.

Reign o f Tiberius? (for discussion, see introduction)*i. 2813

A E. 2 0 m m , 6 .1 4 g (1). Axis: 12. ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; d rap ed b ust o f A pollo, r. Q u ad rig a, L, w ith em peror (?); above, capricorn i . P 3 5 ( = W a 2107), 6.14.

[ 1 ]

2814 B ronze. 2 0 m m , 5 .9 4 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ i ]

2819

BMC 25 Α Λ Α Β Α Ν Δ Ε Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A pollo, r. B a re h e a d (o f A u g u stu s? ), r., o n to p o f c a p ric o rn , r. i. L =

bmc

25, 5-94- Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.

2815 See below . 2 0 m m , 6 .7 5 g ( 0 - A xis: 12.

i . P 3 7 (= W a 2109), 9.06. T h e obv. h ead s w ere in te rp re te d b y B abelon (in W a) as C la u d iu s a n d N e ro (? ); W a d d in g to n h im se lf (R N , 1851, p. 232, also th o u g h t th is, a n d in te rp re te d th e rev. b u sts as th e S en ate a n d A lab a n d a. A n id en tificatio n o f th e y o u th fu l b u s t o n th e obv. as B ritan n ic u s seem s m o re likely, how ever, as o th e r coins w ere stru ck for h im , b u t none, as far as we know , for N ero u n d e r C lau d iu s.

[ 1 ]

BMC 27 Α Λ Α Β Α Ν Δ Ε Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A pollo, r. V e ile d fem ale b u st, r. i . L = bm c 2 7 , 6.75. B M C d escrib ed th e rev. as ‘L ivia?’: see in tro d u ctio n for discussion. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on i suggests a com position basically o f bro n ze, w ith th e ad d itio n o f sm all p a rts of le ad a n d zinc.

2820

Leaded bronze.

2 5

mm, 8 .4 5 g 9)· Axis:

K AA YA IO C B P E [ B rita n n ic u s , r.

12

.

[

]

1

JN IK OC K A IC A P; d ra p e d (?) b u s t o f

ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; temple with four columns, enclosing statue of Apollo Kissios (?); in exergue, sheep (?)

U n c e rta in em p ero r 2816 B rass. 1 9 m m , 4.21 g (2). A xis: 12.

AE. 2 3 mm, 9 .0 6 g ( 1 ). Axis: 1 2 . [ 1 ] ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΙ; bare head of Claudius, r., facing draped male bust (of Britannicus?), r. ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔ[ΕΩΝ]; draped and laureate bust of Apollo, with branch, r., facing draped bust of Artemis (?), 1.

i . L 1970—9—9—9 1 ( = Nc 1971, 132 a n d pi. 26.21, w h ere th e rev. design is d iscussed b y M .J . P rice), 8.45. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

[ 3 ] 2821

BMC 28

23

mm.

[ o ]

ΚΛΑΥ ΔΙΟΟ B PET A N N IK O C K A IC A P; d ra p e d b u s t of B rita n n ic u s , r.

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Ι; la u re a te m a le h e a d , r., facing fem ale h e a d , 1. Α Λ Α Β Α Ν Δ Ε [Ω Ν ]; tw o sm a ll (P laureate) ju g a te h e a d s, su rm o u n te d b y s ta rs, r., facin g la u re a te h e a d , 1. i . L — B M C 28, 4.94; 2. P 36, 3.47; 3. B (I-B ); 4 . Lewis = s n g 1630, 3.74. A ll sam e dies. T h e identification of th e h ead s is extrem ely difficult. B M C , follow ing M i 3.307.21, identified th e obv. as A ugustus a n d L ivia, a n d the rev. as G aius a n d L u c iu s C a e sa r facing th e ir n a tu ra l fa th e r A g rip p a; this w as follow ed by Im h o o f-B lu m er (on his ticket u n d e r th e coin in B ). T h e p o rtra its a re n o t a t all d iagnostic; indeed, if an y th in g , th e y look S everan! O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e le tte r form Σ in d icates a n early d ate. T h e re is no obvious in te rp re ta tio n to offer; b u t for th e obv. legend one m ig h t h ave su sp e cte d th a t A pollo a n d /o r A rtem is w ere rep resen ted , as on th e sim ilar piece o f C la u d iu s (2 8 1 9 ). C o m p a re th e sim ilarly p u zzling coin of M e th y m n a (2 3 3 9 ).

AE.

ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; Apollo Kissios, standing, holding bird (raven?) and bow; to L, sheep i . U n c e r ta in . T h is coin w as p u b lish e d b y M i 3.307.22, a n d is k now n from a M io n n e t cast. T h e coin h as b een tooled (‘médaille retouchée1i.) , b u t m ay p e rh a p s re p resen t a g en u in e o riginal.

N e r o , p r o b a b ly

5 4 - g ( fo r a d isc u ssio n o f the

a d

d a te, see in tro d u c tio n ) 2822

Brass.

3 4

mm,

.

17 7 6

g (2 ). Axis:

12

.

[

2

]

BMC 3 0

C la u d iu s 2817 A E . 3 1 m m , 1 9 .1 7 g (1).

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r. ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; draped bust (of Apollo?), r. [ i ]

i . L = b m c 3 0 , 18.41; 2. G 5, 17.38; 3. vA 2391, 17.50. B o th from the sam e dies. T h e b u s t on th e rev. is d escrib ed in B M C , follow ed by M a cd o n ald a n d b y v o n A ulock, as o f D io n y su s w earin g a n ivy w reath ; b u t th e ty p e o f w re a th is n o t clear, a n d A pollo w o u ld seem th e obvious choice. L e tte r form E. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: r.

Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Γ ΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ AP; la u re a te h e a d , r. Α Λ Α Β Α Ν Δ Ε Ω Ν ; la u r e a te a n d d ra p e d b u s t o f A pollo, w ith la u re l b ra n c h , r. i . M u 8, 19.17. L e tte r form E. 2823

2818 A E . 3 3 m m , 1 8 .5 2 g (4). A xis: 12.

[ 4 ]

Copper.

3 3

mm,

.

17 3 4

g (2 ). Axis:

12

.

[

2

]

BMC 2 9

Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Β Ρ ΕΤ Α Ν Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t o f B rita n n ic u s , r. Α Λ Α Β Α Ν Δ Ε Ω Ν ; A p o llo K issios, sta n d in g , h o ld in g b ird (raven?) a n d bow ; to 1., sh e e p

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣ [TH]; head of Agrippina II, r. ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΕΩΝ; turreted bust, r. i . L = b m c 29, 17.48; 2. M u 9, 17.20. B oth fro m th e sam e dies. T h e b u s t o n the rev. w as d escrib ed b y B M C as ‘T y c h e o f C ity ?’; a n o th e r possib ility w o u ld be R o m a (cf. P erg am u m 2373fr.). L e tte r fo rm E. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

i . B (F o x ) (— zfN 1881, 9, a n d T a f. I I . 5 = n z 1915, 92, w ith T af, X .1 9 ), 18.71; 2—4 . P 38, 39 ( = W a 2110), d o u b lettes, 17.7 0 ,2 0 .1 0 , —; 5. JS W , 17.58. L e tte r form E.

Orthosia T he im perial coinage of O rthosia is know n from only a very few specim ens. T h e ir often poor preservation has h ad the result th a t they have not been published very adequately in the past. T here are two issues, one und er A ugustus and one under N ero (w ith A grippina). T he style of the p o rtraits links O rthosia into the work of the ‘L aodicea’ engraver (see p. 376); O rthosia is the m ost westerly city to have this style. T he reverse types reflect the proxim ity of N ysa (cf. 265971) an d its near-by sanctuary of Pluto an d K ore (cf. L. R obert, A Travers T A sie M ineure, p. 331).

T he m ain problem w ith the classification o f the coins of O rthosia concerns the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ issues. Letter forms are not m uch use, since both E and £, C and Σ occur during the Ju lio-C laudian period, and E and Σ are also used on the coinage of V espasian. Die axis is of m ore help because it is fixed at twelve o’clock in the Julio-C laudian and Flavian periods, b u t six o’clock in the second century. H owever, die axis allows one to exclude only B M C 6. Two other issues, D ionysus/panthcress and ΣΥΝΚΛΗΤΟΣ/Zeus { B M C 5 and 10), have the ethnic ΟΡΘΩΣΙΕΩΝ and a twelve o’clock axis, and their sim ilar style recalls th a t of coins of

A S I A : Orthosia, Bargasa, Antioch (ad Maeandrum) (2824-2830)

V espasian (B M C 11), to whose reign they are tentatively assigned. A nother issue, Senate/Z eus (B M C 8-g) has Ο ΡΘ Ω ϋΐεΩ Ν and a twelve o’clock axis, and is perhaps D om itianic in date.

A u g u s tu s

Nero, 2825

Leaded bronze. 1 8 mm, 4 .8 0 g (2 ). Axis: 1 2 . [ 3 ] 3 1 3 , no. 7 5 N£PWN[ ; jugate draped busts of Nero and Agrippina II

OPOWCIEWN; Hades and Persephone in quadriga, r. I. L 1 9 0 9 -5 -2 -2 4 ; 2. L 60854, Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: i.

[ 3 ]

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Ο ΡΘ Ω Σ ΙΕ Ω Ν Φ ΙΛ ΙΝ Ο Σ; H a d e s a n d P e rse p h o n e in q u a d rig a , r.

54-g

mg

___________________________

2 8 2 4 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .6 3 g (3). A xis: 12.

ad

2826

I. P 8 6 9 A , 5.55; 2. V 18406 (= E c k h e l, Cat. M u s. Caes. Vindob. I, 179, no. i, w ith T af. I I I . 18, w hence M i S 6.531.462), 6.15; 3. B A n in e tu s , L y d ia (I-B = mg 470, no. 74 = LS 23, no. 6, ‘A n in e tu s’), 5.21. T h e eth n ic on 3 is n o t d e a r.

5

'° 4 ;

3

· B ( I- B = m g 7 5 ), 4 .5 6 .

AE. 1 9 mm, 5 .4 6 g (2 ). Axis: 1 2 . [ 2 ] Co BA CTO C ΑΓΡΙΠΠ[ ; jugate draped busts of Nero and Agrippina I I OPOWCIEWN; laureate head of Zeus, r. 1 . C 1 9 7 3 / 1 7 4 , 4-975 2 . V 34950, 5.95. T h e obv. in scrip tio n is illegible on

2, a n d th e eth n ic is illegible on i.

Bargasa For the location of B argara in the valley of the H arp asus in northeastern C aria (probably at H aydere), see L. Robert, P r o c . g t h I n t. N u m . C o n g r e ss . B e r n e i g j g (1982), p. 336 ( c f. L a C a r ie , p. 273). T he earliest coins know n for B argasa come from the im perial period, and both belong to the reign of Nero. T he sim ilar portraits suggest th a t they represent two denom i­ nations of the sam e issue; to ju d g e from the youthful draped portrait, this would have been m ade early in the reign. T he types are H eracles, the father of Bargasos (the eponym ous founder of the city), and the cult statue of A rtem is of Ephesus, for w hich see L. R obert, A T r a v e r s T A s ie M in e u r e , p. 371.

N e ro 2 8 2 7 A E . 21 m m , 1 2 .3 0 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

NE[ ]Α ΙΣ Α Ρ ; d ra p e d b u st, r. Β Α Ρ []Σ Η Ν Ω Ν ; facin g c u lt s ta tu e o f A rte m is (w ith su p p o rts) i . M u i , 12.30. C o u n te rm ark : C irc u la r p u n ch w ith A? ( G 1C

i) .

2 8 2 8 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .4 5 g (1). A xis: 12. km

[ 1 ]

126, n o. i

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r. Β Α ΡΓ Α [Σ ]Η Ν Ω Ν ; H e ra c le s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith clu b a n d lio n skin I. B (I-B ) (=KM 1), 3.45.

Antioch (ad Maeandrum) A ntioch on the M aean d er h ad produced a small issue of silver tetradrachm s and drachm s in the second century b c , and a few bronze coins probably at the sam e tim e or later { B M C 4 an d 9: B M C 5 -8 are of A ntioch in Pisidia). In the early im perial period there were a num ber of issues, m ostly know n from unique specim ens. Some of these have double im perial po rtraits, and in this way Livia, Gaius and T iberius C aesar are all represented on the reverse of coins w ith the p o rtra it of A ugustus. T h e a ttrib u tio n of two issues (2834-5) to the correct em peror is not certain; see the relevant entries. T he coin described by M i 3.316.74 w ith D em os/river god ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ ΕΠ Ι ΜΥΩΝΟΣ, w hich was accepted by M ü n ­ sterberg, B e a m te n n a m e n , as a C laudian issue, is based on an entry in Sestini, w here the m ag istrate’s nam e is probably a m isreading of MAIANAPOC: i.e., a later coin as B M C

15 16 —

.

T he denom inations used are not clear; there seems to be a tendency for m ost of the coins to be ab o u t 18 m m and 3 I4 g, b u t there is wide variation an d only a sm all sample. T he unusual term s y n a r c h ia , w hich occurs on coins of

A ntioch of this period, was interpreted by Regling as refer­ ring to a board responsible for coin production; the individual nam ed in the genitive w ould be the chairperson (PW , 4 a .1327). A u g u s tu s *i 2 8 2 9 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .8 3 g (2). A xis: 12. km

[ 4 ]

110, no. 14 corr.

Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ε Ω Ν ; la u r e a te h e a d , r. Α Γ Ε Λ Α Ο Υ ΣΥ Ν Α ΡΧ ΙΑ ; d ra p e d b u s t o f L iv ia, r. i . P 141, 4.35; 2—3 . B (B -I, Fox); 4 . V 37743, 3.31; 5 . W in te rth u r ( = km i 10, no. 14).

2 8 3 0 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 4 m m , 3 .2 7 g (3). A xis: 12.

[ 3 ]

BMC 27 Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Υ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ε Ω Ν ; N ike a d v a n c in g , r., w ith p a lm a n d w re a th Α ΓΛ Α Ο Υ T O Y Α ΓΛ Α Ο Υ Σ Υ Ν Α ΡΧ ΙΑ ; g a rla n d e d a lta r i . P 142 ( = W a 2165), 2.82; 2. P 143 ( = W a 2166), 3.10; 3. L = BMC 27, 3.89, Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l an aly sis on: 3.

2831 A E . i8 m m .

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Π Α ΙΩ Ν ΙΟ Υ ΣΥ Ν Α ΡΧ ΙΑ Α Ν Τ Ι-Ο Χ Ε Ω Ν ; A th e n a , sta n d in g 1., h o ld in g sp e a r a n d shield

[ o ]

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ε Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d , r. ΙΑ ΣΩ Ν Ο Σ ΣΥ Ν Α ΡΧ ΙΑ ; in fo u r lines in a la u re l w re a th

i . O — A M C 1 3 2 7 , 3.44; 2. L = b m c 2 8 , 3.95; 3 . N Y ; 4 . P 140, 2.63; 5 6. B (B -I, F ox); 7 . C Leake; 8. V 34148, 2.44; 9 . M u I2 a, 2.63. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 2. T iberius?2835A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .7 3 g ( T)· Axis: 12. [ 1 ]C o p 47

i . I-B ( = GRMK 81, no. 4). N o t in B o r W in terth u r.

2832 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .5 2 g ( i ) . A xis: 12.

[ i ]

Nz 1912, 195, no. 12

[Τ ]ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ε Ω Ν (rev ersed ); h e a d o f T y c h e , r.

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ε Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Γ Α ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r, r.

i . C o p 4 7 , 2.73. A sim ilar coin w as d escrib ed by M i 3.316.77 from Sestini. W e h av e n o t ex am in ed th e coin in p erson, a n d th e rea d in g an d a ttrib u tio n d o n o t seem ce rtain .

i . B (I-B ), 3.52.

2833 A E . 2 0 m m , 4 .9 7 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

gm 662, no. 410 Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ A N T IO ; la u re a te h e a d , r. HEPHHC e v rC N E T W P Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ο Δ Ο Τ Ο Ο TIBEPIO C; b a re h e a d o f T ib e riu s C a e sa r, r. I.

B (I-B ), 4.97.

A u g u s tu s or T ib e r iu s ?

___________________

2 8 3 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 15 m m , 3.12 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6.

C la u d iu s 2836

A E . 21 m m , 3 .8 0 g (3). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 4 ]

Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Μ Υ Ω Ν Ο Σ ΣΥ Ν Α ΡΧ ΙΑ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ε Ω Ν ; N ike a d v a n c in g , r., w ith p a lm b ra n c h h e ld o u t in fro n t I.

C

3 3 8 /1 9 4 8

(=SNG 4672), 3.60;

2.

P

144,

4.29;

3.

B 7996;

4.

V 18245.

[ 9 ]

BMC 28, AMC 1327

Aphrodisias-Plarasa A phrodisias h ad originally m ade jo in t issues w ith Plarasa (for a discussion o f the date o f the sympolity, see J . Reynolds, A p h ro d isia s a n d R om e, p. 1) ; in p articu lar there was a very large issue of silver ‘drachm s’, m inted probably in the late first century b c , perhaps durin g the civil wars (see P. K inns in C R W L R , p. 113). T h e fact th a t these are sometimes signed by three m agistrates has been thought to reveal the possible influence of R om an institutions; even more interesting is the possibility th a t two varieties bear a denarius value m ark. U nd er A ugustus there is still one issue jointly for A phrodisias a n d P larasa, b u t subsequently P larasa was absorbed and only the ethnic of A phrodisias appears (Reynolds, op. c it., p. 108). T h e A phrodisian coinage of the early im perial period is not easy to classify, since m ost im perial heads are sim ply labelled Sebastos. Some discus­ sion has been provided by D. J . M acD onald in his publica­ tion o f the coins found a t Aphrodisias ( Coins fr o m A phrodisias, pp. 23-4). I t is possible, however, to use the criteria of letter forms an d changing die axis to suggest the following arrangem ent. After the jo in t issue w ith P larasa comes the issue signed by Sozon (w ith the letter forms C and £ ), placed first because its die axis is predom inantly six o ’clock. N ext comes the issue for an em peror (Sebastos) and an empress (Sebaste), signed by Apollonios. V arious identifi­ cations from A ugustus to C laudius have been proposed (see M acD onald, p. 23). T h e letter forms are E and E, or £ and C, and the die axis equally twelve or six o’clock. T he po rtrait of the em press is th a t of Livia, and as she is called Sebaste the issue should be later th an a d 14 (pace M ac­ D onald). T h ere seems no good reason to question the

obvious im plication th a t the em peror is therefore T iberius, who appears elsewhere w ith his m other. Presum ably the issue dates before her death in 29. V arious people w ith the nam e of Apollonios are recorded on inscriptions from A phrodisias (see M acD onald, p. 23, and Reynolds, nos. 5, 6 and 27), b u t the nam e is too com m on to perm it an identifi­ cation. For the application of the honorific title ‘son of the city’ (or ‘of A phrodisias’) to a benefactor, see A ttuda under T rajan , and the com m ents of A M C 1328 and L. R obert, D ocum ents de l ’A sie M ineure, pp. 85—6. T he nature of Apollonios’s benefaction is not clear: perhaps it is som ething to do w ith the cult or tem ple of A phrodite or w ith the pro­ vision of coinage. T he next issue consists, first, of coins for ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ. His coins use the letter forms E and Σ, and the die axis is always twelve o’clock. T his seems to rule out an A ugustan date, so the po rtrait m ust be of C aligula. I t appears likely th at the slightly larger coins for ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ should also be dated to this reign, since they, too, have the same letter forms and die axis. An issue in the reign of C aligula for the deified A ugustus is, of course, quite possible, as the coinage o f Rome shows. T he last relevant issue is also of an em peror and empress labelled LEBAETOL and EEBAETH, known in very few specimens (1. L 1970-9—9-93, 11.60; 2. P 269 = W a 2207, 12.99; 3- B = K M 116, no. 17, w ith Taf. IV . 17, 12.99; 4. M u 27a, 11.08; 5. London trade 1985, 10.37). T hey are sometimes identified as N ero and A grippina II (e.g., W a, vA In d e x ). I t seems m ore likely, however, from the portrait of the em peror and the hairstyle of the empress th at they are D om itian and D om itia, so the coins are not included in this catalogue.

A S I A : Aphrodisias-Plarasa (2 8 3 7 -2 8 4 5 )

T he p attern of denom inations is shown in the table below. T he types are traditional: e.g., A phrodite, a double axe. T he tem ple on the coins of Apollonios encloses the figure of the cult statue of A phrodite. T here is a tendency for a particular type to be used on a p articu lar denom ination, e,g., a head appears as the reverse type on the small, c. 3 g

denom ination, under A ugustus and Caligula, while the fac­ ing cult statue is used both by Tiberius an d under Caligula on the slightly larger denom ination of about 4I g. T he head on the third variety of the tem ple coins of Apollonios is traditionally identified as A thena, b u t a grouping of T iberius, Livia and R om a seems m ore likely.

Augustus Pla. and Aph. Sozon Tiberius, etc.

467

13 mm, 2.86 g (head) 13 mm, 2.90g (axe) 12 mm, 8.58 g (temple)

19 mm, 4.72 g (statue)

Caligula

19mm, 4.83g (statue)

A u g u s tu s , P la r a s a a n d A p h r o d is ia s 2837 A E . 1 3 m m , 2 .8 6 g (11). A xis: 12 o r 6.

Α Φ ΡΟ Λ ΙΕ ΙΕ Ω Ν ; h e lm e te d b u s t o f R o m a (?), r. Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Ο Y IOC Α Φ ΡΟ Λ ΙΕ ΙΕ Ω Ν ; as 2 8 3 9 [ 11 ]

C o p 76 B are h e a d , r. Π Λ Α ΡΑ Α Φ ΡΟ ; h e a d o f A p h ro d ite , r.

i . L = b m c 21, 8.78; 2. vA 2435 {'Zeit des Augustus?'), 7.65; 3 . B 8.44; 4 . N Y , 9.17. A ll fro m th e sam e o bv. die; th e rev. die o f 1 w as also used w ith obvs. o f L iv ia (2 8 4 0 /1 -3 ).

2 8 4 2 B ronze. 19 m m , 4 .8 0 g (9). A xis: 12 o r 6.

i . P 2 6 6 A , 2.95; 2. P 882 (= W a 2526), 2.13; 3. C op 76, 3.37; 4—5. B (L ö bb, I-B = m g 306, no. 21), 3.30, 2.41; 6. C L eake, 2.52; 7—9 . V 30241, 30916, 30958, 2.86, 3.60, 3.33; 10—i i . M u , 2.47, 2.50; 12—13. A ph ro d isias

199-200. A u g u s tu s , A p h r o d is ia s 2838 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 13 m m , 2.96 g (20). A xis: 6 (u su ally ) o r 12.

15mm, 2.81 g (head)

[ 26 ]

[ 9 ]

BMC 94 CEBACTOI; la u r e a te h e a d o f T ib e riu s a n d d ra p e d b u s t o f L iv ia, ju g a te , r. Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Ε Α Φ Ρ Ο Λ ΙΕ ίεΩ Ν Y IOC; c u lt s ta tu e o f A p h ro d ite ; above, s ta r a n d c re sc e n t i . P 2 6 8 , 4.62; 2. L = BMC 94, 3.95; 3 . N Y , 5.18; 4—6 . B (2894, I-B , IB ), 4.27, 4.44, 4.54; 7 - 8 . C L eake, 5.96, 4.52; 9. M u 27, 5.70; 1 0 13. A p h ro d isias 2 12-15 (‘A u g u stu s’). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 2.

2 8 4 3 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 9 m m , 4 .7 0 g (24). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 24 ]

BMC 90, AMC 1329, C o p 1 15

BMC 85, AMC 1328, C o p 117

CoBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r. Α Φ Ρ Ο Δ ίε ΐε Ω Ν ΟΩΖΩΝ; d o u b le axe

CLBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r. Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Ο Α Φ Ρ Ο Δ ίε ΐε Ω Ν Y IOC; c u lt s ta tu e , as 2 8 4 2

i . O — A M C I33O , 2.79; 2—4 . O = AMC 1329, 133 1—2, 2.91, 2.79, 3 .I4 ; 5 — 8. L = BMC 9 0 -3, 2.69, 2.54, 2.69, 3.00; 9—10. N Y ; i i —12. P 263 ( = W a 2202), 266B, 3.22, 2.32; 13—1 4 . C o p 115-16, 3.39, 2.76; 15—19. B (I-B , 746/1920, K nobelsdorf, 85/1875, L ö b b ), 2.88, 2.93, 3.72, 3.03, 3.38; 20— a i . C Leake; 2 2 - 2 3 . 2 3 -4 , 3 -16, 3.02; 2 4 - 2 6 . V 36458, 36009, 36848, 2 .8 i , 2.14, 3.45; 27. L in d g ren 616, 2.82; 2 8 - 3 8 . A ph ro d isias 2 0 1 - r i. O n one die th e P is m issing from th e ethnic. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 6.

T ib e riu s , A p o llo n io s ,

a d

I. L = B M C 8 7 , 5.55; 2 - 5 . L = BMC 85, 86, 88, 89, 5.49, 5.23, 3.83, 3.90; 6 —8. N Y , 4.51, 5.17, 4.46; 9. O = AMC 1328, 4.72; 1 0 - 1 1 . P 264 ( = W a 2203), 262, 4.40, 5.26; 12—13. C o p 117-18, 5.46, 4.78; 14—17. B (I-B , Fox L ö b b , I-B = m g 306, no. 20a), 3.65, 4.62, 4.74, 4.63; 18—19. C L eake, 4.81, 4.46; 20—22. V 18259, 18271, 30234, 4-00, 4.88, 4.10; 23—2 4 . M u 2 5 -6 , 6.12, 3.91; 25—28. A p h ro d isias 212-15; 2 9 . J S W . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

1 4 - 2 9 (see in tro d u c tio n C a lig u la *16

f o r d isc u ssio n o f id e n titie s a n d d a te) *i. 2839 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 23 m m , 8.58 g (2). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 2 ]

2 8 4 4 B ronze. 1 9 m m , 4 .8 3 g (11). A xis: 12.

[ 18]

k m 115, no. 16

BMC 99, C o p 119

EEBAETOE; la u re a te h e a d , r. Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Ε YIOE Π Ο Λ Ε Ω Ε; T e m p le o f A p h ro d ite

Θ Ε Ο Σ ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r. Α Φ ΡΟ Δ ΙΣ ΙΕ Ω Ν ; c u lt sta tu e o f A p h ro d ite

i . L 1979—i —i —1842 (ex vA 8063: ‘C la u d iu s ’), 8.72; 2. B (I-B = km 115, no. 16, w ith T af. I V .16), 8.43. S am e dies. T h e sigm a is in th e form E. A specim en w as seen by R o b e rt a t M ed et, th e site o f A pollonia S albak e {La Carie, p. 271, no. 10). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

i . L = b m c 9 9 , 5.97; 2 —4 . L = b m c 100-2, 4.34, 4-30, 4.40; 5 - 9 . P 265-6 ( = W a 2 2 0 4 -5 ), 264A, 265A, 265B, 5.34, 4.77, 5.26, 5.24, 5.86; 1 0 . C op 1 19, 5.10; i i . O , 5.48; 1 2 —1 4 . B ( I - B , L ö b b , B - I ) , 5.48, 3.74, 4.67; 1 5 — 1 6 . C 340/1948, 339/1948; 1 7 . V 30974, 5.30; 1 8 . M u 24, 4.33; 1 9 2 0 . A p h ro d isias 228-9; 2 1 . Lewis = s n g 1640, 4.76. F o r a discu ssio n o f d ate, see in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 3.

2840 B ronze. 2 3 m m , 8 .5 8 g (2). A xis: 6 (1).

[ 3 ]

BMC 95

2 8 4 5 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 2 .8 1 g (9). A xis: 12.

i . L = bmc 9 5 , 8.58; 2. N Y , 8.58; 3. L = BMC 96, 8.83 (holed). A ll from sam e rev. die w hich is also used for 2 8 4 1 /1 ( = B M C 21). 1-2 have sam e obv. die, w ith C a n d 8; 3 h as a different die w ith E a n d E. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 3.

2841 B ronze. 2 3 m m , 8.51 g (4 ). A xis: 12 (1). BMC 21

[ 12 ]

BMC 97

CEBACTH; d ra p e d b u s t o f L iv ia, r. Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ C YIOC Α Φ Ρ Ο Λ ΙΕ ίεΩ Ν ; as 2 8 3 9

[ 3 ]

Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r. Α Φ Ρ Ο Δ ΙΣ ΙΕ Ω Ν ; h e a d o f A p h ro d ite , r. i . N Y , 2.92; 2 —4 . L = b m c 9 7 -8 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 8 4 3 (ex vA 2454), 2.59, 2.43, 2.29; 5 —6 . P 267, 268A ( = W a 7140, 2206), 3.69, 3.10; 7—9. B (I-B , 645/1878, L ö b b ) , 2.00, 3.00, 3.00; 1 0 —i i . V 31824, 32358, 2.98, 3.50; 1 2 . M u 25a, 3.46; 1 3 —1 9 . A p h ro d isias 221—7. F o r th e id en tificatio n as C alig u la ra th e r th a n G aiu s C a e sa r, see in tro d u c tio n . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 3.

468

A S I A : Attuda, Trapezopolis (2846-2851)

Attuda A ttu d a (for the city, see Im hoof-Blum er, K M , pp. 122-3, an d L. R obert, M o n n a ies Grecques, p. 90) h ad m ade small issues of silver an d bronze in the first century b c . T h e silver drachm s (average w eight of three specimens: 3.48 g) bear the nam es o f three persons; this an d the style recall the sim ilar coins of A phrodisias (so Im hoof-Blum er, K M , p. 123), an d the coins probably belong to the sam e period, perhaps the civil w ars o f the late first century. T here are some even ra re r H ellenistic bronze coins (see K M ) , perhaps of the sam e date. F or the early im perial period, a single issue, probably of A ugustus, is known. T h e reverse design is Cybele, whose tem ple is depicted on a later, Severan, coin { B M C , pi. X I .1).

In view of the sim ilar design, the coin which was published by G ran t in F I T A , p. 364 and pi. X I.66, as a coin of E rythrae, and subsequently as a coin of Lebedus by H eichelheim (SNG Fitzw illiam 4500), m ight perhaps be from A ttuda; b u t this is uncertain, and the coin is classified here am ong the uncertain coins of Asia (5444).

A u g u s tu s ? 2 8 4 6 A E . 1 9 m m , 4 .2 7 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Α Τ Τ Ο Υ Δ Ε Ω Ν ; C y b ele s ta n d in g , facing, b e tw e e n tw o lions i . L 1 9 7 1 - 1 0 - 5 - 1 , 5.02; 2. P 369-25, 3.51.

Trapezopolis T here are two issues o f two denom inations ( i8 m m /4 .i6 g an d i5 m m /2 .8 4 g ) m ade u n d er A ugustus. Both are closely linked by style, type (e.g., the lituus, the capricorn) and conception (the reverse of the sm aller denom ination is related to the reverse of the larger), an d there seems little do u b t th a t both were m ade at about the sam e time, somewhere tow ards the end of the reign, to ju d g e from the m aturity of the p o rtrait. T h e nam e of one ‘m agistrate’ is certainly A ndronikos G orgippou; th a t of the other is less clear. His own nam e is certainly Apollodotus, and his patronym ic w hich occurs only on the unique and poorly preserved sm aller denom ination seems to read ΛΥΚΩΤΟ[, though only the h rst three letters are really clear. M ost of the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins seem to be later in date th an the period covered by this catalogue. Some have the nam es of m agistrates who ap p ear on H ad rianic { B M C 5, cf. K M , p. 162) or A ntonine coins { B M C 3-4, cf. K M , p. 161), w hile the letter forms (C and £) an d the six o ’clock die axis suggest a second-century date for the rem ainder { B M C 1-2, 4 and 6-7). T h e only exception is the issue for K laudios O rontes, w hich was assigned a Flavian date by M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en, for some (unclear) reason. Sim ilar types at Bagis and especially M aeonia and Nysa suggest th a t it m ay be N eronian, b u t this is not at all certain.

A u g u s tu s

__________________________

2 8 4 8 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 5 m m , 2 .6 9 g ( τ )· A xis: I2 · BMC 10

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; c a p ric o rn , 1., w ith c o rn u c o p ia Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Γ Ο ΡΓ ΙΠ Π Ο Υ ; b e a rd e d h e a d (o f S ilenus?), r.; m o n o g ra m T^T i . L = b m c 10, 2.69. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.

A p o llo d o to s L y k o to [u ] (? )

2 8 4 9 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 8 m m , 4 .1 6 g (4). A xis: 12.

2847

A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .9 0 g (4). A xis: 12.

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.; to r., litu u s Τ Ρ Α Π Ε Ζ Ο Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ο Δ Ο Τ Ο Σ ; m o n o g ra m G ; A p o llo s ta n d in g , 1., w ith la u re l b ra n c h ; to 1., m o n o g ra m X i . L = b m c 8, 4.58; 2. L = BMC 9; 3. 0 = A M C 1 3 4 3 , 4 .6 1; 4 . P 1112 ( = W a 2657), 3.60; 5. C o p 584, 3.85; 6. B (L o b b = zfiv 1880, 56, no. 9). T h e m o n o g ram s are n o t clear, n o r is th e ir sense; th e one after th e n am e o f A p o llodotos seem s p la u sib ly to s ta n d for νεώτερος, b u t th e in te rp re ta tio n o f th e one to th e 1. o f A pollo as &ρχων (N C I X , p. 161) seem s very u n ce rtain . I t is n o t even ce rtain ly a m o n o g ram .

2 8 5 0 A E . 1 5 m m , 2 .9 9 g i 1)·

[ 1i. I

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; c a p ric o rn , L, w ith c o rn u c o p ia Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ο Δ Ο Τ Ο Σ Λ Υ Κ Ω Τ Ο [; b ow -case; to r., sam e m o n o g ra m as 2 8 4 8 Τ&Γ i . L 1 9 8 8 —1—22—3, 2.99. T h e re are traces below th e legend, p e rh a p s o f th e sam e m o n o g ram as occurs after th e n am e A pollodotos on 284 9 .

R e ig n o f N ero ? ?

______________________

A E . 17 m m , 3.56 g (3). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 4 ]

M i 3.388.488 [ 4 ]

C o p 585 Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u r e a te h e a d , r.; to r., litu u s Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Γ Ο Ρ Γ ΙΠ Π Ο Υ Τ ΡΑ Π Ε Ζ Ο Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; filleted th y rsu s i . P m i , 2.92; 2. P m o , 4.52; 3 . C o p 585, 4.44; 4 . M u 5, 3.72.

[ 6 ]

BMC 8, AMC 1343

2851 A n d r o n ik o s G o r g ip p o u

[ 1 ]

Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Ο ΡΟ Ν Τ Η Σ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A pollo, w ith lyre, r. Τ ΡΑ Π Ε Ζ Ο Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f M e n , on crescen t, r. i . C L e a k e ( = s n g 4739), 4-56; 2. L 1902—10-2—12, 3.03; 3. P 1097, 2.35; 4 . B (B -I), 3.10. F o r th e d até, see in tro d u ctio n . T h e coin is catalo g u ed by E. L an e, Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D ei M en is I I , p. 50, T rap ezo p o lis, no. 3.

A S I A : Heraclea (28 5 2 -2 8 5 6 )

46g

Heraclea T he history and inscriptions of H eraclea Salbace (m odern Vakif) have been fully discussed by L. R obert (L a Carie, pp. 153-230) w ho has argued th a t (contra G ran t, F I T A , pp. 349-5°) it was founded before the im perial era. R obert also included a num b er of observations about the coinage, but did not offer a full catalogue. T here are three relevant issues of coinage w ith im perial portraits. T he first, w ith no m ag istrate’s nam e, has a p o rtrait w hich alm ost certainly depicts A ugustus, in view of its youthful appearance an d the angle betw een the neck and the back of the head. T h e n there is an issue in two denom i­ nations signed by Apollonios Apolloniou; this is generally identified as portraying A ugustus, b u t T iberius is perhaps a little more likely in view of the sim ilarity w ith the head on 2864 at Apollonia Salbace, w here the identification as T iberius seems justified by the association w ith Livia as Sebaste. T he p o rtra it on the sm aller denom ination was identified by R obert as A ugustus, b u t the traditio n al identi­ fication as D ionysus seems preferable, as the head seems to w ear an ivy w reath. C ults of both Dionysus and Zeus, who appears on the reverse, are attested a t H eraclea (Robert, p. 226). U n d er N ero an issue was m ade in two denom inations and several types signed by the priest Glycon. A lthough he was identified w ith Glycon, the son of Sosthenes, by Buckler and C alder ( M A M A V I .106, cf. R obert, pp. 171—2, no. 63), he m ust surely be the G lycon, son of Glycon who was priest of Heracles, known in an o th er inscription, as W addington thought (W a 1695, cf - R obert, p. 172 and p. 174, no. 67). T he inscription reveals th a t this Glycon h ad also been stephanephoros twice, gym nasiarch an d leader of the council. H e was presum ably priest of H eracles for life (cf. R obert, p. 226), and the inscription honours his dau ghter T ate, who am ong oth er things h ad p u t the sum of 2340 denarii tow ards the construction of the ‘sebaston H eraclion’. Glycon’s issue was m ade early in the reign of Nero, since A grippina I I also appears on a unique coin; the types are m ostly concerned w ith the cult of H eracles. O ne, however, depicts a goddess holding a double axe; R obert (pp. 228-30) has suggested th a t she was an indigenous and principal goddess of the city, who was closely linked to Heracles, the principal god. T his link can be seen from her appearance on Glycon’s coins in com pany w ith H eraclean types, an d on the rare issue o f ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins w hich share an obverse die an d have, for the respective reverse types, the club an d the double axe, the character­ istic w eapons of the two deities. T he dating of these an d the oth er ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ type is not easy. T h e letter forms (E not £) im ply a date no later th a n Nero, w hile their strictly twelve o’clock die axis is found only u n d er A ugustus and T iberius. T hus Im hoof-B lum er’s suggestion ( K M , p. 132) of an A ugustan date seems plausible, though a late H ellenistic date cannot be excluded. T h e identity of the female head on the reverse of 2852 is unsure, unless perhaps she is the goddess with the double axe who appears on other coins (see above).

T he following denom inations are found: no emperor Augustus Tiberius? Nero

is -iy m m , 3.39g 18 mm, 5.54 g 19mm, 5.62g 19mm, 6.19g

16mm, 16 mm,

3.98g 3.88g

T he following coin has been excluded from this period: CEBACTOC/temple w ith statue of E phesian A rtem is ( B M C 19 ‘A ugustus’ = Cop 401 ‘PTitus’; cf. R obert, p. 228, n. 7). T his is perhaps of T rajan; at any rate the letter form (C) and the fixed six o’clock die axis do not occur before V espasian. T he vA In d e x cites C laudius from R obert, in error; the entry for N ero under C laudius should, together w ith A grip­ pina II, ap p ear in N ero’s own reign. U n c e rta in d a te (A u g u s ta n ? ) 2 8 5 2 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .3 8 g (4). A xis: 12.

[ 7 ]

AMC 1337 H e a d o f H e ra c le s w e a rin g lion skin, r. Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; fem ale h e a d , r. i . 0 = A M C 1 337, 3.08; 2—3. B (I-B = km 13 1, no. i, 453/1 8 8 3), 3.90, —; 4 —5. P 6 8 9 -9 0 ( = W a 2 4 0 0 -1 ), 2.98, 3.78; 6. V 38638, 3.30; 7. M u id , 3 -2 5 -

2 8 5 3 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 7 m m , 3 .3 4 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

BMC 4 C o rn u c o p ia b etw een tw o e a rs o f co rn Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; d o u b le axe i . L = B M C 4 ( — km 132, no. 3 = R o b ert, pi. 36.4), 3.34; 2. A (see R o b ert). S am e obv. die as 2 8 5 4 /1 . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

2 8 5 4 A E . 1 9 m m , 3 .4 5 g (1). km

[ i ]

132, no. 2

C o rn u c o p ia b etw een tw o e a rs o f co rn Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; clu b i . I-B ( =

km

2 = R o b ert, pi. 36.5), 3.45. S am e obv. d ie as 2 8 5 3 .

A u g u s tu s 2 8 5 5 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .5 2 g (5). A xis: 12.

[ 7 ]

BMC 18 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d o f H e ra c le s, r. i . P 7 0 7 ( — W a 2415), 5.02; 2. P 704, 5.94; 3 . L = bm c 18, 6.30; 4 . C o p 396, 4.61; 5—6. B (I-B , I-B ); 7. V 31057, 5.72. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 3.

T ib e riu s ?

___________________________

2 8 5 6 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 5 .6 2 g (10). A xis: 12.

[ 21 ]

BMC 15, cf. R o b e rt 219 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Υ Η ΡΑ Κ Λ Ε Ω Τ Ω Ν ; H e ra c le s w alk in g , L, w ith a rm e x te n d e d a n d clu b I . N V; 2 - 3 . N Y; 4 - 7 . L =

bmc

1 5 -1 7 , 1 9 7 6 -2 -2 -2 , 5.29, 5.59, 5.34, 3.91;

8—9 . Ο = AMC 1338-9, 6.54, 5-83; 10—i i . C o p 39 7 “ 8 , 7 ·2 Ι > 5 -° 4 î Ι 2 · γ Α 2 5 4 5 j 4-66; ι 3 —χ 4 · Β (Ι-Β = gm 671, no. 436, w ith T af. X .7, Fox); 15— 16. P 70 5 -6 , 5.40, 5 .1 1; 17. C 337/1948: 1 8 -1 9 . v 31056. >7 39 ° . - , 6.50; 20—2 1 . M u ia , ic , —, 5.60; 22. G 2. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on:

2 8 5 9 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 6 .5 4 g (2). A xis: 12 o r 6.

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r. (*)ΓΛ Υ ΚΩ Ν ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; h e a d o f H e ra c le s, r.

5·

2 8 5 7 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .9 8 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 6 ]

i . O , 7.75; 2. L = bm c 22, 5.34; 3—5 . B (B -I, I-B , 5307/1954). Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 2.

C o p 391, cf. R o b e rt 219 Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Υ ; h e a d o f D io n y su s, w ith (?) ivy w re a th , r. Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; Z eu s se a te d , r., w ith sc e p tre a n d N ike i . P 6 9 3 {= W a 2404), 4.20; 2—4 . B (I-B = gm 437, I-B , B -I); 5 . V 32347, 3.75; 6. C o p 391. W ad d in g to n a n d C op reg ard e d th e h e a d as th a t o f D ionysus; Im h o o f-B lu m er ju s t called it a y outhful h ea d , follow ed by R o b ert, w ho also observed, ‘la tê te ressem ble en to u t cas à celle d ’A u g u ste.’ T h e ivy w reath , how ever, seem s fairly clear; for th e types, see in tro d u ctio n .

[ 5 ]

BMC 22, cf. R o b e rt 219

2 8 6 0 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 6 m m , 4 .1 9 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 3 ]

BMC 20, cf. R o b e rt 229, n. 6 Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t, r. ΓΛ ΥΚ Ω Ν ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; go d d ess s ta n d in g , 1., h o ld in g d o u b le axe i . L = bm c 2 0 , 4.61; 2 . B (I-B — km 672, no. 438); 3 . P D elep ierre, 3.76; 4 . vA 2546. D ie-linked to 2 8 6 1 (clu b ). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analy sis on: 1.

2861 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 16 m m , 3.55 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 9 ]

C o p 399, cf. R o b e rt 219 Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t, r. ΓΛΥΚΩΝ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; c lu b

N e ro 2858 L e a d e d b ro n z e , ig m m , 6 .1 2 g (6). A xis: 12 o r 6.

i . L 1 9 0 3 —5 —4 —1 5 , 3.92; 2 . N Y ; 3 —4 . P 710 ( = W a 2417), de R icci, 3.42, 3.56; 5 . P D elep ierre, 3.20; 6 . vA 2547, 2.71; 7 . C o p 399, 4.48; 8 —9 . B (L ö b b , I-B = gm 672, no. 439); 1 0 . V 31895, 3.46. D ie-linked to 2 8 6 0 (goddess). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.

[ 7 ]

BMC 21, cf. R o b e rt 219 Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r. ΓΛΥΚΩΝ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ ΤΩ Ν ; H e ra c le s w alk in g , 1., w ith a rm e x te n d e d a n d clu b

2 8 6 2 A E . 16 m m , 4 .8 8 g (1). A xis: 6. gm 672, no. 440,

[ 1 ]

cf. R o b e rt 220

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r. ΓΛΥΚΩΝ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Η ΡΑ Κ Λ ΕΩ Τ Ω Ν ; clu b

i . P 7 0 8 , 6.24; 2. P 709 ( = W a 2416), 6.43; 3. L = bm c 21, 5.65; 4 . NY; 5 . C o p 400, 5.99; 6. O , 6.18; 7. V 33372, 6.20. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 3.

I . B (I-B ) ( = GM 440), 4.88.

Apollonia Salbace Apollonia Salbace (m odern M edet) and its coinage have been fully discussed by L. R obert, L a Carie II, pp. 231-312. A very few coins h a d been produced in the H ellenistic period (R obert, A -C ), w hile the following coins are attested in the early im perial period: 1. CCBACTOC signed by K allippos (R obert, E). 2. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ an d Livia as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ signed by K allippos A rtem idorou (R obert, D and F). 3. LEBALTOL signed by Apollonios K okou (R obert, G and I). (1) has been a ttrib u te d to A ugustus by Im hoof-Blum er p. 119, no. 2), an d this is also the norm al attribution of (2) (e.g., B M C ; A M C ; R obert). A n attrib u tio n o f (2) to Tiberius, however, seems preferable, since Livia did not adopt the title A ugusta till a d 14, and is found elsewhere paired w ith T iberius. T h e p o rtrait on (1), for w hat it is w orth, does look different, an d m ore like A ugustus; this and the presence o f the lituus suggest an attrib u tio n to him. If this is correct, it is uncertain w hether the K allippos who signs both issues was the sam e person (th e n a m e is common in A pollonia an d C aria: K M , p. 119; R obert). (3) is generally given to C aligula (e.g., W a, vA 2489; Im hoof-Blum er, G M , p. 669, no. 428a; R obert). O n grounds of po rtraitu re (the long neck, the nose) this seems reasonable, and is followed here. O th er coins can be rem oved from Apollonia Salbace:

(Cop 147), previously given to A pollonia in C aria, were reattrib u ted to Apollonia in Pisidia by M . G rant, N C , 1949, pp. 150-6 {cf. R obert, pp. 249-50) whose reattribution is followed here (3527-8). 2. T he coin of N ero { B M C 21, followed by the vA Index) is, in fact, a coin of A pollonoshieron in Lydia (3045/16). T he p o rtrait of Tiberius belongs to the ‘Laodicea’ style (see p. 376); while th a t of C aligula can be com pared with portraits a t C idram a and Philom elium , and w ith the sim ilar left-facing p o rtrait (also of Caligula?) at C idram a (2874). T he coinage was struck in two denom inations: Kallippos Kallippos Artemidorou Apollonios Kokou

{K M ,

I. T he coins of A ugustus { K M , p. 119, no. 1) an d T iberius

average:

18 mm, 4.38 g 19mm, 5.10g

17111m, 3.56g

igmm, 5.65g

16mm. 3.46g

5 -2 4 g ( 1 9 )

3 -5 3 g ( i i )

T he types, in particu lar th a t of Apollo, unique in C aria at A pollonia, have been fully discussed by R obert, p. 269. According to H ead { B M C xxxvii) the nam es are those of strategoi, b u t there is no evidence to support this view.

A u g u s tu s 2863

A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .3 8 g (1). A xis: 12. R o b e rt E

[ 1 ]

A S I A : Apollonia Salbace, Sebastopolis, Tabae (28 6 4 -2 8 6 7 )

CEBACTOC; b a re h e a d , r.; in fro n t, litu u s Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΠ Π Ο ϋ; A po llo sta n d in g , 1., w ith p le c tru m a n d c ith a ra

ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔΩΡΟΥ: i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1 8 5 8 (ex vA 2488), 4.20; 2. L = bm c 20, 3.44; 3—4 . N Y ; K. 0 = am c 1336, 3.03; 6—7 . P 3 3 9 -4 0 ( = W a 223 7 -8 ), 4.46, 3.44; 8. C o p 146, 2.79; 9 - 1 0 . B (B -I, I-B ); 11. C H aslu ck , 2.66; 12—14. V 30996, 31077-8, 3.68, 4.29, 4.39; 15. M u 7 (B osch); 16. PV ; 17. W e b er 6427; APTEMI: 18. P 1 9 2 6 /3 6 . Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l analysis on:

I . B (I-B ) ( = km 119, no. 2), 4.38. R o b e rt com m ents, ‘l’absence de l’eth n iq u e... d o it être d u e à u n lapsus de l’é d ite u r.’

C a lig u la (?)

T ib e r iu s 2 8 6 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 9 m m , 5 .1 0 g (12). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 19 ]

2 8 6 6 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 5 .6 5 g (6). A xis: 12.

R o b e rt D (‘A u g u s tu s ’)

R o b e rt H

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΑ Τ Ω Ν Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΠ Π Ο Σ Α ΡΤΕ Μ ΙΔΩ ΡΟ Ύ ; A pollo s ta n d in g , 1., w ith ra v e n a n d la u re l b ra n c h

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , 1. Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΑ Τ Ω Ν Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Κ Ω Κ Ο Υ ; A pollo s ta n d in g , 1., w ith ra v e n a n d la u re l

i . L = b m c 17, 4.47; 2—3 . L = BMC 18-19, 3 -4 4 > 5-16; 4· L 1979 -1 -1 -1 8 5 7 (ex vA 2486), 6.16; 5—6. N Y ; 7—9 . 0 = a m c 1333-5, 5 -7 7 > 4 -5 2j 5 -2 9 i 10— i i . P 338 ( — W a 2236, w ith pi. IX . 18 = R o b ert, pi. 48.17), G a u d in , 5.36, 5.18; 12—14. B (I-B = m g 306, no. 22, L ö b b , B -I); 15—16. V 30399, 18272, 4.78, 4.65; 17. M u 8; 18. C o p 145, 5.67; i g . C M cC Iean 8461 (pi. 295.15), 5 -2 7 I 20. vA 2487, 6.07; 2 1 - 2 3 . W e b er 6424-6. F o r the a ttrib u tio n to T ib e riu s, see in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

2865 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 7 m m , 3 .5 6 g (8). A xis: 12 o r 6.

p ji

[ 9 ]

i. L 1979-1-1-1859 (ex vA 2489), 4.70; 2-5. P 3 4 2 -3 (= W a 2240 -1 ), G au d in ( = R o b e r t, pi. 48.19), T rip o lis 1760, 5.84, 6.28, 5.17, 5.80; 6 - 8 . B (I-B , Fox, I-B = gm 669, no. 428a); 9. N Y ; 10. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 233, 6 .1 1. T h e le tte r form s C w ith W a n d C w ith Ω a re b o th found. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

2 8 6 7 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .4 6 g (3). A xis: 12.

[ 5 ]

R o b e rt I [ 16 ]

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΑ Τ Ω Ν Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Κ Ώ Κ Ο Υ ; Z eu s se a te d , 1., w ith N ike a n d scep tre

R o b e rt F Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f L iv ia, r. Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΠ Π Ο Σ Α Ρ Τ Ε Μ Ι(Δ Ω Ρ Ο Υ ) Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ο Ν Ι Α ΤΩ Ν ; D io n y su s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith c a n th a ru s a n d th y rsu s

! . B (I-B ) ( = gm 669, no. 428), 3.34; 2—3 . B (1152/1891, I-B ); 4 . P 341 ( = W a 2239), 3.97; 5. C o p 148, 3.06; 6. K o v acs F P L 13 (1981), 102.

Sebastopolis T here is no coinage of Sebastopolis before th e reign of V espasian (R obert, L a Carie , p. 330). T h e entry in the oA In d e x for C laudius an d Divus A ugustus is based on a coin in

V; this coin, w hich is actually kept in V ienna under Stratonicea (and so presum ably has slipped a colum n in the vA In d e x ), is in fact a coin of Thessalonica (1578).

Tabae T he history an d coinage of T a b a e (m odem K ale) have been fully discussed by L. R obert, L a Carie II, pp. 80-152 and especially 123-51. R obert has argued th a t the silver drachm s and hem idrachm s w hich were assigned by H ead to the reign of N ero (B M C 31-8, etc.) do in fact d ate to the end of the first century b c , an d th a t the end o f silver at T ab ae was in the reign of A ugustus. R o b ert’s argum ent (pp. 132-4) is, basi­ cally, th a t it seems unlikely th a t T ab ae w ould have p ro d u ­ ced only very rare issues o f silver in the late H ellenistic period an d u n d er A ugustus, an d then a relatively plentiful issue in the early Em pire. B ut while R o b ert’s case clearly is not conclusive, he m akes other stylistic points in favour of his view an d has, m ore im portantly, shown th a t there is no evidence for H e a d ’s; for this reason, R o b ert’s view is fol­ lowed here an d the relevant silver o f T ab ae is dated to the first century b c ; the only silver included is the A ugustan pieces, regarded as the end o f silver a t T abae. T h e p o rtra it on the A ugustan silver (and the bronze with identical types) suggests a relatively late date w ithin the reign, durin g its last two decades. I t is slightly surprising to find an issue for G erm anicus and D rusus (2871) w ithout any corresponding type for T iberius. Subsequently an issue

of bronze in two denom inations w as m ade for Nero; the po rtrait suggests a date of c. 60. T h e m ain problem s with the other bronzes centre around the coins signed ΚΑΛΛΙ(ΚΡΑΤΗΣ) or ΚΑΛΛΙΚΡΑΤΗΣ ΒΡΑ(ΧΥΛΛΙΔΟΥ). T he following issues occur: R obert A P b -c (obv. m isread as [ΝΕΡΩΝ] ΚΑΙΣΑΡ by H ead, B M C 67-8) ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; laureate head, r. ΤΑΒΗΝΩΝ ΚΑΛΛΙ(ΚΡΑΤΗΣ); altar w ith caps o f the Dio­ scuri, and uncertain object between R obert BA and BB ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΤΑΒΗΝΩΝ; deer, r. or 1.; m onogram KA R obert 219, vA 2708 ΔΗΜΟΣ ΤΑΒΗΝΩΝ; laureate bust o f Dem os, r. ΚΑΛΛΙΚΡΑΤΗΣ ΒΡΑΧΥΛΛΙΔΟΥ; trident and dolphin R obert Z ΤΑΒΗΝΩΝ; head of Dionysus w ith ivy w reath, r. ΚΑΛΛΙΚΡΑΤΗΣ ΒΡΑΧΥΛΛΙΔΟΥ; two crossed thyrsi

R obert AA ΤΑΒΗΝΩΝ; head o f D ionysus w ith ivy w reath, r. ΚΑΛΛΙΚΡΑΤΗΣ BPA(X); a lta r w ith caps of the Dioscuri, and uncertain object betw een T here seems little dou b t th a t R obert, AP b -c , represent a Flavian em peror, in view of the portrait. T he p o rtrait on BA -BB and vA 2708 are also very sim ilar, and, although they have been thought to represent N ero (by M ilne, Im hoof-B lum er, M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en, an d Robert: see R obert), it seems m ore likely th a t they represent a Flavian em peror; hence the whole group has been excluded from this catalogue. I f this is right, it suggests th a t K alli(krates) an d K allikrates B ra(ch) (yllidou) m ay be the same person, although R obert (p. 130) was not convinced of this, and the treatm en t of the altars on the two issues is different. T he p o rtra it of Sebastos on the coins of ΚΑΛΛΙ(ΚΡΑΤΗΣ) has som etim es been identified as th a t of T itus. For the cults an d types used on coins of T ab ae, see R obert. T he reverse type of the A ugustan silver an d bronze coins (2868, 2870) depicts an em peror seated on a throne w ith a footstool, i.e., a divine representation.

K A IC A P CEBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r. TA BH N W N ; to g a te e m p e ro r se a te d , L, w ith feet on footstool, a n d h o ld in g N ik e w ith w re a th a n d sce p tre ; to L, m o n o g ra m NKP i . L 1 8 9 8 - 6 - 1 - 3 5 , 6.37; 2. L 1 9 3 7 -6 -1 4 -9 , 7.13; 3 . P 1045 ( = W a 2629), 6.20; 4 . v A 2713, 6.46; 5—6 . B (Fox, I - B — km 518, no. 3), — , 8.20; 7. G L eake, 8.65; 8. V 31024, 8.01; 9 . L in d g ren 672; 10. O (= M iln e, nc 1938, 264, no. 3 ‘D o m itia n ’); 11. W h itta l, n c 1840-1, 100, no. 4; 12. R h o u so p o u lo s 3939; 13. W e b er 3188; 14—15. E x am p les fo u n d at M y lasa a n d C id ra m a w ere illu stra te d b y R o b ert, pi. 2 0.28-9. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

G e rm a n ic u s a n d D r u s u s 2871 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 2 0 m m , 6.36 g (4). A xis: 12. R o b e rt A S corr. Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Δ ΡΟ Υ Σ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ο Ι; facin g h e a d s o f G e rm a n ic u s a n d D ru su s ΤΑ Β Η Ν Ω Ν Α Θ Η Ν Α Γ Ο Ρ Α Σ Σ Ε ; in fo u r lines in a n oak w re a th L = B M C 6 1 , 7.16; 2 . L = BMC 62, 4.26; 3 —5 . P 1046-7 ( = W a 2630 -1 ), 1048 ( = W a 2616), 6.37, 6.79, 6.04; 6 —7 . B (L ö b b , 332/1884); 8. V 29198, 5.30; 9 . S tern b e rg X I (1981), lo t 289, 8.69. T h e letters Σ Ε w ere n o t clear on any specim en u n til th e S tern b e rg piece tu rn e d u p ; they p resu m a b ly re p resen t th e filiation o f A th en a g o ra s S e(leukou?). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1. I.

Silver A u g u s tu s

___________________

2868 A R . 1 9 m m , 3 .5 3 g (4). A xis: 12.

[ 3 ]

N ero, c.

R o b e rt Q Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. TA B H N W N ; to g a te e m p e ro r seated , 1., w ith feet on footstool, a n d h o ld in g N ike w ith w re a th a n d scep tre; to L, m o n o g ra m N K P

2869 A R . i 7 m m , 1 .7 8 g (2). A xis: 9.

3d,

1.88;

2.

T ra d e

( = gm

i . L 1 9 7 9 —I — Ϊ —1 9 2 3 (ex vA , SNG — ), 5.80; 2 —3 . L = bm c 6 4 -5 , 5.02, 5.11; 4—5. N Y ; 6 . vA 2714, 4.88; 7. C o p 551, 5.83; 8. P 1049, 3.62; 9 . O , 3.98; 10—12. B (L ö b b , Fox, I-B ); 13. C L eake, 4.74; 14. V 28360, 6.10; 15. M u 3g; 16. W e b er 3189b; 17. P ro w e 1701. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: i.

2 8 7 3 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 6 m m , 2 .6 g g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 9 ]

R o b e rt A P a

677, no. 456), 1.68.

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ; la u re a te h e a d , r. ΤΑ Β Η Ν Ω Ν ; g a rla n d e d a lta r w ith c a p s o f th e D io scu ri, a n d u n c e rta in o b je c t b e tw e e n

Bronze

i . L = b m c 6 6 , 2.53; 2. N Y; 3. C o p 553; 4 . P 1051 ( = W a 2633 = R o b ert, pi. 22.4), 2.18; 5. P, 3.41; 6. vA 2715, 2.51; 7—8. B (I-B , L ö b b ); 9 . V 33598; 10. M u 3f; i i . P in d er, Beiträge , 75, no. 16 (from D av as); 12. P row e 1302.

A u g u s tu s 2 8 7 0 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 2 2 m m , 7 .4 7 g (6). A xis: 12.

[ 14 ]

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ; la u re a te h e a d , r. ΤΑ Β Η Ν Ω Ν ; in tw o lines w ith tw o sta rs above; a ll in la u re l w re a th

R o b e rt S

Mu

60

R o b e rt A Q

[ *1 ]

CCBACTOC TA B H N W N ; c a p ric o rn w ith globe, r. D ik aio sy n e sta n d in g , 1., w ith sc e p tre a n d b a la n c e ; m o n o g ra m NKP

a d

2 8 7 2 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 7 m m , 5 .0 0 g (9). A xis: 12 o r 6.

W ith C a n d W: i . B I-B ( — km 517, no. 2, w ith T af. 19.21), 3.74; w ith Σ: 2. P 1044 ( - W a 2628 = R o b ert, pi. 20.27), 3-4°; 3 · ® 402/1925, 3-6°; 4 . S chulten, A p r. 1988, lo t 345, 3.37.

I.

[ 8 ]

[ 8 ]

R o b e rt R

Cidrama T he history and coinage of C idram a have been fully dis­ cussed by L. R obert, L a Carie, pp. 337-75 (cf. his Villes d ’A sie M ineure, pp. 205-6, 413). T h e city, w hich R obert located in southern C aria, betw een Sebastopolis and C ibyra, p ro d u ­ ced very few coins before the im perial period (R obert, A C ). In the early first century the following issues are found:

ϊ . ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, signed by M ousaios K allikratous Pr. (Robert, D, cf. Z). T hese coins are generally thought to be of A ugustus (Im hoof-Blum er, K M , p. 139; R obert). But w ith their left-facing portraits they are very rem iniscent of the issue at near-by Apollonia for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ by Apollonios K okou (2866), where the em peror has generally been iden-

A S I A : Cidrama, Cibyra (28 7 4 -2 8 8 1 )

tified as C aligula. T h e portraits and style are not by any m eans identical, b u t it seems plausible to think th a t they are the sam e person. 2. An issue in various denom inations for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, signed by Polem on Seleukou (R obert, E— J , cf. A A ). As the p o rtrait of N ero is youthful, there can be no doubt th a t these coins depict C laudius and N ero C aesar (so Im hoof-Blum er, followed by R obert). T he deities represented have been fully discussed by R obert, who suggests th a t the goddess w ith outstretched arm s m ight be the indigenous ‘M other of Gods, Sparzene’, attested epigraphically. T he following denom inations are found: Caligula Claudius

23 mm, 11.48 g

20 mm, 5.61g 21 mm, 5.90g

i . L = b m c 5, 11.32; 2—3. B (B -I = km 140, no. 2, 1347/1914); 4. L ö b b 1883, 82, no. 48); 5 . C o p 194, 9.69; 6—7 . V 32426, 34978, 11.79, 12.10; 8. P 550G (= W a 4939), 10.96; 9. L in d g ren 633A, 10.32; 10. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 238, 13.87; 11. B arzo v a (see R o b ert). A ll from th e sam e dies. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1. (zfN

2 8 7 7 A E . 21 m m , 5 .7 7 g (2). A xis: 12.

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Π Ο Λ ΕΜ Ω Ν CEAEYKOY Κ Ι(Δ Ρ Α ); ra d ia te h e a d o f H elios, r. I. P 5 5 0 I , 5.08; 2. P 550J, 5.83; 3. N Y; 4 —5. B (b o th I-B — km 140, nos. 4 -5 ); 6—7. V 33700, 36925, 5.55, 5.99. S am e obv. die (also as 2 8 7 8 , w ith h o rse); 2 rev. dies.

2 8 7 8 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 2 1 m m , 5 .9 7 g (6). A xis: 12.

[ 11 ]

R o b e rt H ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Π Ο Λ ΕΜ Ω Ν CEAEYKOY Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ Μ Η Ν Ω Ν ; h o rse tro ttin g , r.

17 mm, 4.04g

2 874 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .6 1 g (5). A xis: 12.

i . N Y , 5.08; 2—3. B (I-B = km 140, no. 3, 5 4 99/1954), 6.46, —; 4 . L I 9 7 9 - 1—! —1873 (ex v A .2586), 5.58; 5 - 6 . P 550K , 550L ( = W a 4935), 6.84, 7-371 7 · C o p 195, 7.01; 8. O , 6.02; 9 . V 30927, 5.16; 10—11. M u i - i a , — , 5.60; 12—15. W eb er, R h o u sopoulos, B arzo v a (2) (see R o b ert). A ll from sam e dies; sam e obv. die as 2 8 7 7 (H elios). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 4.

[ 13 ]

R o b e rt D ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , 1. Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ Μ Η Ν Ω Ν Μ Ο Υ Σ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΚ ΡΑ Τ Ο Υ Σ Π Ρ; facing g oddess w ith o u ts tre tc h e d a rm s

2 8 7 9 B ronze. 20 m m , 5.92 g (3). A xis: 12 o r 6.

2 875 A E . 16 m m .

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν K AICA P; d ra p e d b u s t o f N e ro , r. Π Ο Λ ΕΜ Ω Ν CEAEYKOY Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ Μ Η Ν Ω Ν ; facin g g oddess w ith o u ts tre tc h e d a rm s i . N Y , 5.69; 2. L 1 8 9 7 -1 -4 -2 2 6 , 6.31; 3. C o p 196, 6.21; 4. B (L ö b b = zfN 1887, 52, no. 4); 5 . L in d g ren 633, 5.23; 6. Lewis = sn g 1650, 5.21. All sam e dies. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.

[ 1 ]

2 8 8 0 B ronze. 17 m m , 4.15 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6.

R o b e rt Z

[ 6 ]

R o b e rt I

Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ Μ Η Ν Ω Ν ; b e a rd e d h e a d o f H e ra c le s, 1. Μ Ο Υ Σ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΚ Ρ Α ΤΟ Υ Σ ; T y c h e s ta n d in g , 1., w ith r u d d e r a n d c o rn u c o p ia

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ; ra d ia te a n d d ra p e d b u s t o f N ero , r. Π Ο Λ ΕΜ Ω Ν CEAEYKOY Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ ; in 6ve lines in la u re l w re a th

B (I-B ).

i . L = b m c 4, 4.22; 2. L = BMC 3, 4.06; 3—4 . P 5 50M ( = W a 4936), de R icci, 4.33, 3.99; 5 —6 . B (L öbb, I-B = km 140, no. 6). A ll sam e dies.

C la u d iu s

2881 A E . 18 m m , 3 .8 3 g (1). A xis: 12. L e a d e d b ro n z e . 2 3 m m , 11 .4 8 g (6). A xis: 12.

[ 4 ]

R o b e rt J

I. N Y , 4.96; 2—4 . B (I-B - km 139, n o . I, w ith T a t. V . 14, L öbb — z f n 1888, 52, n o . 3, 528/1825); 5—6. V 29826, 32424; 7. M u la a , 6.64; 8. 0 = A M C 1336A , 7.19; g. C o p 193, 5.69; 10. vA 2585; II. C M cC lean 846g (pi. 296.5), 4.60; 12. P 550H , 4.51; 1 3 - 1 6 . R housopoulos, G o an d B arzova (see R o b ert). A ll from th e sam e dies.

2876

[ 7 ]

R o b e rt F - G

C a lig u la (?)

I.

475

[ 7 ]

[ 2 ]

R o b e rt A A

R o b e rt E

Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ Μ Η Ν Ω Ν ; h e lm e te d b u s t o f A th e n a , r. Π Ο Λ ΕΜ Ω Ν CEAEYKOY; lig h te d a lta r

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Π Ο Λ Ε Μ Ω Ν Σ Ε Λ Ε Υ Κ Ο Υ Κ ΙΔ ΡΑ Μ Η Ν Ω Ν ; facin g g oddess

i . N Y , 3.83; 2. B (I-B = R o b ert, pi. 60.13).

Cibyra C ibyra was situated in the far south of Phrygia, adjoining Lycia, and its coins reflect its rem oteness from Asia: they have no very obvious denom inational p attern , apparently portray governors in the reigns of T iberius, C laudius and N ero, and occasionally have dates. T here is also som ething of a problem about w hether the city was p a rt of the prov­ ince of Asia or of Lycia in the early im perial period. T his is of particu lar relevance here, since its coinage m ay well portray two governors of Lycia, V eranius an d M arcellus. S. Jam eso n states (/ÄS, 1965, p. 57, n. 32) th a t C ibyra was incorporated into Lycia at an early date, b u t she gives no

evidence, and there is no trace of such a view in Jones, C ities, or Im hoof-Blum er, K M . T he m ost recent com m en­ tator, T . Pekâry (Æ/VÂPTII.7.2, p. 633), accepts the view of G. Forni, G iornale Ita lia n o di F ilo lo g ia 7 (1954), pp. 179-81, th at C ibyra was in the province of Asia, b u t still prefers to follow L. R obert and deal w ith it together w ith Lycia. In a sense, however, this question is not so im portant, as (pace K M ) C ibyra could still honour the governors of another province (e.g., as benefactors); indeed, an inscription honouring V eranius is also known from C ibyra. T he coins com m em orating ΜΑΡΚΕΛΛΟΣ and

ΟΥΗΡΑΝΙΟΣ are not independently datable; it is, of course, possible th a t they were local notables (so H ead, H N , p. 670), b u t the identification o f them w ith the legates of Lycia under C laudius and N ero (B. T hom asson, L aterculi P raesidum , Lycia, nos. 1 and 3) is very tem pting (cf. G rant, F I T A , p. 359 an d pi. X II. 17), and tentatively followed here. O n the other hand, there is an inscription of the first cen­ tury a d honouring a citizen, V eranius Philagros, who had played an im p o rtan t political role (L. R obert, E tudes A natoliennes , pp. 375fr.). Some other coins have w hat seem to be dates, as also occasionally occur on later im perial coins. T here are coins for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ (Livia) an d for an individual whose nam e can now be read as ΑΡΡΩΝΤΙΩΣ (2887: see W . W eiser, S M 151, 1988, pp. 71—3); the d ate in question is P or 100. T h e same year appears on coins for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ. Im hoof-B lum er ( K M , p. 256) suggested th a t this m ight refer to a Sullan era, beginning in 85 b c , an d so d ated this series of coins to a d 15/16. I t has been suggested th a t ΑΡΡΩΝΤΙΩΣ is L. A rru n ­ tius, the consul of a d 6 ; certainly one m ight expect a Rom an governor in the com pany of T iberius an d Livia, and a tenyear gap betw een consulship and governorship is norm al at this period. T here is a gap in the A sian fasti at this date (R. Syme, Z P E , 1983, p. 194), b u t A rruntius is not otherwise known to have been governor of Asia, and W eiser (op. c it .) has argued th a t the identification is unlikely and th at the identity of the subject is not certain. In view of the im port­ ance of the question, especially its possible relevance to A rru n tiu s’s relations w ith T iberius, it has been left open here. O ne m ight com m ent, finally, on the peculiar spelling o f the nam e on the coin. A problem arises from the coins for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ which have a 9 ra th e r th an a P; the difficulty is th a t they are virtually identical to the coins w ith P, yet should be ten years earlier an d depict a different em peror (A ugustus). T his difficulty has been left unresolved, an d the coins divided betw een years 90 an d 100, w ith m uch hesitation. It is, of course, possible th a t one of the dates is a m istake for the other (cf. A M C , W eiser); in th a t case, P would be the m ore likely, given its ap p earance on the coins of Livia and A rruntius (?). T here are some other u n d ated coins for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (2882-3), w hich are both treated here as coins of A ugustus, in view of the ap p earance of the portrait: Bare head/Σ Ε Β ΑΣΤΟΣ capricorn (m isread by I-B, M G 397, no. 88, cf. K M 256, as ΣΕΒ, which was wrongly taken by Im hoof-B lum er to show th a t C ibyra was also called Σεβαστή: K M 256, followed by R obert, E tu d es A natoliennes, p.

374)·

B are h e a d , r. CEBACTOC KIBYPA TW N ; c a p ric o rn , r. (h e a d tu rn e d back) I. P 7 1 2 , 4.75; 2. P 713 (= W a 5819), 4.89; 3. C = SNG 4954, 3.43; 4 . vA 3727, 4.64.

2 8 8 3 A E . 1 7 m m , 4 .3 3 g (1). A xis: 12. km

256, no. 24

CEBACTOC; b a re h e a d , r. Κ ΙΒΥ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ν ; tro p h y w ith sh ield I.

W i n te r t h u r 3 3 9 8 ( =

km

24), 4.33.

2 8 8 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 7 m m , 4 .6 2 g (2). A xis: 12.

T here is also an u n d ated issue for ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ, presum ably T iberius an d Livia.

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Κ ΙΒ Υ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ν ; Z eu s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith th u n d e rb o lt a n d sc e p tre ; to 1., p a lm , c a d u c e u s a n d 9 I. L = b m c 39, 5.10; 2. C o p 280, 4.14. T h e 9 m ay possibly be a m istak e for P: see 2885 a n d in tro d u ctio n . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

T ib e r iu s ,

ad

1 3 / 1 6 (?)

2 8 8 5 A E . 1 7 m m , 4 .0 0 g (4). A xis: 12. km

___________________________

gm 397,

no. 88

[ 4 ]

256, no. 24b, AMC 1381

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Κ ΙΒ Υ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ν ; Z eu s s ta n d in g , L, w ith th u n d e rb o lt a n d scep tre; to 1., p a lm , c a d u c e u s a n d P P 714 ( - W a 5820), 3.55; 2. P 715 ( = W a 5821), 4.25; 3 . 0 = a m c 1381 (co m m en tin g th a t P m u st b e a m istak e for 3 ), 3.99; 4 . B (I-B = 24b); 5. S ch u lten 20.10.1987, lo t 387, 4.21. See also 2 8 8 4 an d in tro d u ctio n . I.

2 8 8 6 A E . 1 7 m m , 3 .7 6 g (2). A xis: 12.

km

[ 1 ]

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f L ivia, r. Κ ΙΒΥ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ν ; Z eus se a te d , 1., w ith eagle a n d scep tre; to r·, P i . P 7 1 7 ( = W a 5823), 3.74; 2. vA 8398, 3.78.

2 8 8 7 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .5 3 g (2). A xis: 12. km

[ 2 ]

256, no. 25 corr.

Α ΡΡΩ Ν Τ ΙΩ Σ; b a re h e a d o f L. A rru n tiu s (?), r. Κ ΙΒ Υ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ν P; in w re a th i . P 1987/224 (ex A u fh ä u s e r 4, 1987, lo t 147 = W . W eiser, sm 151, A ug. 1988, 7 1 -3 ), 3.48; 2. B (I-B — km 25 w ith T af. V I I I . 15), 3.58.

T ib e r iu s , u n d a te d 2 8 8 8 A E . 17 m m , 3.98 g (2). A xis: 12. km

[ 4 ]

256, no. 24a

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. K IBY PA TW N Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f L iv ia, r.

R e ig n o f C la u d iu s? ,

c. a d

4 3 - 8 ? *i.

2 8 8 9 A E . 1 5 m m , 2 .3 9 g (2). A xis: 12.

2 8 8 2 A E . 17 m m , 4.43 g (4). A xis: 12 or 6.

[ 2 ]

BMC 39, C o p 280. Y e a r go = a d 5 /6 (?)

i . P 7 1 4 a , 4.23; 2. P 716 ( = W a 5822), 3.65; 3—4 . B (L ö b b , I-B = km 24a).

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, b are h ead /tro p h y

A u g u s tu s

[ o ]

[ 3 ]

km

[ 2 ]

256, no. 26

Ο Υ Η ΡΑ Ν ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d o f Q . V e ra n iu s (?), r. KIBYPA TW N ; te m p le w ith fo u r c o lu m n s i . B (I-B ) (= km 26), 2.60; 2. B (L ö b b — zfx 1887, 51, a n d T af. I I I . 15), 2.15. F o r discussion, see in tro d u ctio n .

A S I A : Cibyra, Colossae, Laodicea ( 2890 -2 8 9 1 )

R e ig n o f N e ro ? ,

a d

54?

_________________

2890 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 17 m m , 5.34 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6.

475

i . L 1 9 2 1 —4 —12—8 4 (ex W e b er 7060), 4.82; 2—3. P 7 18-19 ( = W a 5 8 2 4 5, pi. X V .19), 5.57, 4.25; 4.· B (B -I = km 25 w ith T a f. V I I I . 14 = f it a X I I . 7), 6.33; 5. vA 8397 ('Z e it des Tiberius ’, follow ing bmc in tro d u ctio n ), 5.74. F o r discussion, see in tro d u ctio n .

[ 4 ]

km 257, no. 25

Μ Α ΡΚ ΕΛ Λ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f M a rc e llu s (?), r. Κ ΙΒΥ ΡΑ ΤΩ Ν ; eagle s ta n d in g , 1., o n a lta r

Colossae T he coinage of Colossae has been catalogued by H . von Aulock, M ü n z e n und S tä d te P hrygiens II, p. 89. V on Aulock rejects the possible coin o f A ugustus published in R B N , 1885, p. 58, and included in the v A In d ex. T his leaves a single coin o f this period, of C aligula (although it is only inscribed ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣ API, the p o rtrait indicates C aligula ra th e r th an G aius C aesar).

C a lig u la 2891

A E . 2 2 m m , 7 .2 4 g (r ). A xis: 6.

[ 1 ]

v o n A ulock, Phryg. I I , 547 ΓΑ ΙΩ Κ Α ΙΣ Α ΡΙ; la u re a te h e a d , 1. Κ Ο Λ Ο ΣΣΗ Ν Ω Ν ; N ike a d v a n c in g , r., w ith p a lm a n d w re a th i . P 8 2 1 ( = W a 5872), 7.24.

Laodicea Laodicea h ad produced silver cistophori and bronze coins in the first century b c , an d in the early im perial period was a fairly prolific m int for bronze (it m ay also have been the centre for an engraver who w orked widely in the upper M aeand er valley and southern Phrygia: see p. 376). As well as coins w ith im perial portraits, it produced a num ber of ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ issues, b u t as these nearly always have a ‘m agistrate’s’ nam e, they do not really present any problem s of classification. Some have non-im perial portraits, presum ably of the individuals whose nam es appear on them ; the nam e of one of these, Pythes, appears also on coins o f ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, tentatively attrib u ted here to T iberius (see below), b u t the other, Seitalkas, is otherwise unknow n. T he date of ‘tim e of A ugustus’ ( B M C ; Ram say, P hrygia, pp. 34-5) seems plausible, although slightly earlier is also a possibility. I t is also possible th a t the m onogram on some oth er coins (B M C 48—53), expanded by ImhoofBlum er to 'Ε κ α τ. . . , should in fact be expanded to Seitalkas: but this is perhaps not likely, since Seitalkas has a Σ, w hereas the m onogram w ould require a C. O n grounds of p o rtraitu re the earliest coins are those signed by Zeuxis philalethes; these were regarded as post­ hum ous (Caligulan) issues of A ugustus by G rant, F I T A , p. 464 (though on p. 470, cf. p. 352, he seems to im ply th at he thinks th a t they copy early A ugustan models!), b u t an A ugustan date is confirm ed by the likelihood th a t Zeuxis was alm ost certainly the director of the m edical school m en­ tioned by Strabo (note the use o f an Asclepian type on the sm aller denom ination w ith his nam e, 2895: cf. Ram say, P h ryg ia , p. 52). As he h a d a successor already by the time Strabo was w riting, clearly he m ust have been active in A ugustus’s reign; the p o rtrait on the coins m ight suggest a date of, say, 15 b c . _______ T here is also an issue by A nto(nios) Polem on philopatris; very probably the sam e m an who m ade coins for ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, although this is not absolutely certain, since G aius’s coins are signed w ith m onogram s rath er th an the nam es in full. T he identification does, however, seem very

likely, and so an issue for A ugustus and G aius C aesar would, as at H ierapolis, suggest a date of about 5 b c . T he coins signed by Sosthenes are probably about the same date, or perhaps a little earlier, since the style of p o rtrait is quite like th at on some coins o f Zeuxis and of Polemon. T his dating is, of course, not certain. O f the issues norm ally attrib u ted to A ugustus, this leaves the coins of Pythes Pythou and of Dioskourides. Both of them m ade two sets of coinage, in the second o f w hich their nam es are qualified TO ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΝ. T h e style suggests th at these represent two separate issues, each m ade jointly by both o f them . T he p o rtraiture indicates th a t the coins were not produced before late in the reign of A ugustus, b u t it is not easy to decide w hether A ugustus, Tiberius or even C laudius (the p o rtrait on some issues is very like th at on coins of ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, 2913 = B M C 159). I t is diffi­ cult to choose betw een these alternatives. C laudius can, perhaps, be dropped, since it w ould be very unusual at a fairly prolific m int like Laodicea for him to be styled merely as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ [but see now addenda, 2913A]; moreover, the cities in southern Phrygia seem alm ost w ithout excep­ tion to have given his nam e on the coins th at depict him. A hard er choice is betw een A ugustus and T iberius: there is no certainty, b u t T iberius is preferred here, since the p o rtrait is like those of the ‘Laodicea’ group (see p. 376), some of w hich com bine ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ w ith Livia as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ and are interpreted in this catalogue as Tiberius. T his conclusion carries the im p o rtan t im plication th at the coins of Pythes w ith a non-im perial p ortrait, presum ably Pythes him self (2902), were produced as late as the reign of T iberius, w hereas the characteristic tim e for such portraits w ould be the reign (and probably early in the reign) o f Augustus. A t the end o f C laudius’s reign an issue was produced signed by a single individual; as at H ierapolis, the issue was for C laudius, Britannicus and N ero, b u t not A grippina II. In addition coins were m ade w ith obverses of the Demos of Laodicea and the Demoi of Laodicea and Sm yrna. T he individual’s nam e is expressed in rath er different ways:

A S IA :

2912 2913 2914 2915-16

L a o d ic e a

ΕΠ Ι ΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ ΠΟ ΥΙΟΥ ΖΗΝΩΝΟΣ ΑΝΤΩ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΥΙΟΥ ΖΗΝΩΝΟΣ __ ___ ΕΠ Ι ΙΕ ΖΗΝΩΝΟΣ ΠΟ ΥΙ ΤΟ Δ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΥΙΟΥ ΖΗΝΩΝΟΣ

These various alternatives show th a t the coins were m ade in the fourth priesthood of A ntonios Zenon, son of Polemon; he m ay perhaps have been the son, or some other relative, of the A ntonios Polem on who signed coins in c. 5 bc (2898goo). H e was also presum ably the father of the m an who signed coins for N ero, some ten years later (2928). U nder N ero several issues were produced. T he earliest, for N ero and A grippina II, was signed by Gaios Postomos. T his was followed by oth er issues, whose relative and absolute chronology is not clear. W e find: Ioulios Andronikos: strikes for N ero (bare-headed) as θεός. H e also m akes coins for V espasian (B M C 177), w ith iden­ tical reverses; K rateros nomothetes strikes coins for N ero (bare-headed); Aine (i) as also strikes coins for Nero, of the ‘steps’ type (laureate); A nto Zenon, son of Zenon strikes ‘alliance’ coins with Sm yrna for N ero (laureate). T he p o rtrait is clearly the ‘steps’ type; Ioulia Zenonis strikes coins for Poppaea. T he p o rtraits of Ioulios Andronikos an d K rateros are sim ilar, as are those o f Aineias an d Zenon. T his and their portraits suggest th a t Z enon and A ineias m ade their coins late in the reign (63 or later), and th a t A ndronikos and K rateros m ade them ra th e r earlier (before 63). M oreover, Ioulia Zenonis, who struck betw een 62 an d 65, was clearly the wife of one of them , since her coins are sm all-denom i­ nation coins struck for an empress to accom pany largerdenom ination coins for an em peror (com pare, e.g., A cm onea, 3170-5). T h e question is: whose wife? Aineias can be excluded since he already has sm all-denom ination coins. O f the rem aining three possibilities we incline (although it is not possible to be certain) to the view th at she was probably the wife of Ioulios A ndronikos. T his is because the character of her coins is m ost like his: as well as ‘im perial’ coins for N ero, he m ade ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins for the Dem os an d the Boule of Laodicea; so she m ade ‘im perial’ coins for P oppaea and com parable ‘pseudo-auto­ nom ous’ coins for the personification of Laodicea. K rateros and Zenon m ade coins only for Nero. This reconstruction is, of course, by no m eans certain. It seems to us to be the m ost likely one, though it does involve (a) the a ttrib u tio n of coins calling Nero θεός to a period some three or five years before his death, and (b) the separation of his coins for N ero from those for V espasian by some five years (though one can poin t out th a t a t least more th an a year would have to elapse anyw ay). M oreover, it is perhaps surprising th a t N ero should be called a god but th at P oppaea should not be sim ilarly described. O n the assum ption th a t the above reconstruction is correct, we could suggest the following approxim ate dates: c. c.

60 62

Krateros Ioulios Andronikos and Ioulia Zenonis

c.

66-8

Aineias Zenon

Placing A ndronikos in 62 is suggested by the com bination of the association w ith Poppaea and the absence of the ‘steps’ portrait. N either of these points is, of course, con­ clusive. O ne m ight, however, speculate th at the title euergetes perhaps refers to help given by Ioulios A ndronikos after the earthquake of 60 (for w hich, see Ram say, p. 38). Several of the nam es on these early im perial coins are m em bers of the Zenonid family, perhaps the m ost im port­ an t family in Asia M inor, on w hich see Ram say, P h ryg ia , pp. 42-5 (cf. L. R obert, L a Carie II, pp. 165-9). R am say’s reconstruction o f the family needs some alteration, in view of the reattribution of the coins of Gaios K aisar from C ali­ gula to G aius C aesar and the discovery of coins of Ioulia Zenonis for Poppaea, and her association (if correct) with Ioulios Andronikos. W e find (although it is not always clear from the coin inscriptions exactly w hat the correct forms of their nam es are): Anto Polemon philopatris Anto Zenon, son of Polemon, priest for .the fourth time Ioulia Zenonis Zenon, son of Anto Zenon

U nder Augustus and Gaius 50-4

ad

ad ad

62-5 63-8

Some of the nam es given in M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en , require alteration: Ά πελλής Ποταμον Ποταμο (from M io­ nnet) should be deleted; δια γρ Διοσκούριδου belongs to the reign o f D om itian; and ε π ί. . . is a m isreading of p a rt of Σωσθένης. T here is norm ally no indication o f the nature of the m agistracy, if any, held by those who sign coins; perhaps they were strategoi (Ram say, P h ry g ia , p. 69, points out th a t the title nomothetes w hich occurs for K rateros under N ero m ight indicate a strategos, as one of the strategoi of Sm yrna was called by this title). T he only other title which occurs is priest, presum ably priest of Zeus Laodiceus. T he m ost com m on reverse type is the Zeus of Laodicea, for which see Ram say, pp. 33, 50. O th er coins refer to A phrodite, Apollo and Isis. Issues both un d er C laudius and N ero associate Laodicea closely w ith Sm yrna (2912, 2928); these are apparently early examples of w hat later becam e H om onoia coins (see p. 48). T he coins were all m ade from bronze. This was m ore or less leaded under A ugustus and T iberius, b u t - on the basis of only qualitative analyses - free of lead under Claudius and N ero, when the coins probably h ad a very high tin content as well. A p art from the coins w ith Seitalkas (2om m /7-25g (7)), the coinage was produced in four denom inations as can be seen from the table on p. 477. A few alterations are needed for the vA Index·. G erm anicus (B) is actually B ritannicus; A grippina I (V) is presum ably A grippina II; C aligula should be deleted (the coins are of G aius C aesar), and A grippina II should be placed under Nero, not C laudius.

A S I A : Laodicea (2 8 9 2 -2 8 9 7 )

Augustus Zeuxis Sosthenes Polemon

18 mm, 5.22 g (9)

15 mm, 3.57 g (14) 14mm, 3.32g (11) 15mm, 3.09g (16)

Tiberius (?) Pythes

19mm, 5.72g (13)

16mm, 4.29g (8)

Dioskourides Pythes deuteron

19mm, 6.28g (14) 19 mm, 5.28 g (9)

15mm, 3.83g (16)

Dioskourides

19mm, 6.20g (14)

18mm, 6.16g (20)

deuteron

477

13mm, 2.81 g (7)

14mm, 3.14g (14) I4m m , 2.81 g (3) 14mm, 3.39g (4) 14mm, 2.68g (4) 14 mm, 4.06 g y

Claudius 25 mm, 8.55 g (8)

Nero Postomos Krateros Andronikos

23m m. 9-98g (3) 23 mm, 10.02 g (5)

19mm, 6.05g ( ! I ) 20mm, 5.05g (10)

15 mm, 4.35 g (4) 15 mm, 4.26 g (14)

19 mm, 19 mm, 19mm, 19 mm,

15mm, 4.15g (11)

6.48 g 6.65 g 6.oog 6.96 g

(10) (9) (18) (3)

19mm, 6.54g (9)

15 mm, 4.23 g (2) 16 mm, 4.57g (7) 16mm, 3.84g (8)

19 mm, 6.02 g (139)

15mm, 3.83g ( i n )

Zenonis Aineias Zenon

24m m, 12.

average:

24 mm, 10.64 g (31)

S e ita lk a s , la te f i r s t cen tu ry 2892

b c

I Ig

(15)

? (see in tro d u c tio n )

L e a d e d b ro n z e . 2 0 m m , 7 .2 5 g (7). A xis: 12.

[ 6 ]

14mm, 3.24g (41)

6261), 7.79, 5.70, 7.38; 7 . 0 = AMC 1 4 1 1 ,7 .8 7 ; 8 . C o p 555, 4.33; g r - io . B (L öbb, I-B ), 3.73, 7.77; i i . G 9; 12—13. V 19897, 38698; 14. K ovacs 13 (1981) lo t 40. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 3.

2 8 9 5 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 3 .5 7 g (14)· A xis: 12.

[ is ]

BMC 54 corr.

BMC 153, AMC 1412, C o p 554

Σ Ε Π Α Λ Κ Α Σ ; b a re h e a d (o f S eitalk as?), r. Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Α Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d o f D em o s, r., w ith d ra p e ry o n sh o u ld e r

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s Α Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Ζ ΕΥ Ξ ΙΣ Φ ΙΛ Α Λ Η Θ Η Σ ; s ta ff e n tw in e d w ith sn ak e

i . P 1 4 3 4 a, 5.99; 2. P 1435a, 6.98; 3. L = bm c 54, 7.30; 4 . V 19894, 6.62; 5. B (I-B = m g 406, no. 2 15) ; 6. C M cC le an 8830, 8.35; 7 . J S W ( = S te r n b e r g X I, 1981, lo t 317), 7.07; 8. M M A G 41 (1970) lo t 474, 8.47. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 3.

i . L 1979—1—1—2 2 6 0 (ex vA 3837), 2.98; 2. L = bm c 153, 4.70; 3. O = AMC 1412, 3.43; 4 . C o p 554, 2.10; 5—6. P 1514, D elep ierre, 4.20, 3.23; 7—9 . B (461/1887, Fox, I-B ), 4.50, 3.57, 2.91; 10. N Y ; 11. V 34667, 4.00; 12. M u 22a, 4.12; 13. vA 3836, 3.15; 14. W e b er 7140, 3.88. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

A u g u s tu s S o s th e n e s , Z e u x is p h ila le th e s ,

c. 15 B C ( ? ? )

2 8 9 6 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 4 m m , 3 .3 2 g (11). A xis: 12.

2893 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 8 m m , 6 .0 9 g ( I0 )· A xis: 12.

[ 11 ]

BMC 149, C o p 556 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Α Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Ζ ΕΥ Ξ ΙΣ; Z eu s L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d staff; to 1., m o n o g ra m Φ Α i . L = b m c 149, 6.04; 3—3 . L =

bmc

c. 1 0 B C (???)

150, 1979-1 -1 -2 2 5 9 (ex vA 3835),

5 -3 4 , 6.43; 4 . C o p 556, 7.35; 5 - 8 . B (L öbb, B -I, 478/1883, L ö b b ), 5.73,

6.29, 5.44, 6.22; 9 . C L eake; ί ο . P 1517, 7.44; 11. V 30189; 12. L in d g ren 990, 4.58; 13. P V . T h e m o n o g ra m stan d s for philalethes. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: r.

2 8 9 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 6 .2 3 g ( I 0 )· A xis: 12.

[ 13 ]

BMC 151, AMC 1411, C o p 555 Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.; before, litu u s Α Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Ζ ΕΥ Ξ ΙΣ Φ ΙΛ Α Λ Η Θ Η Σ ; Z eu s L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eag le a n d sta ff I . N Y ; 2 - 3 . L = BMC 151-2, 5.03, 5.66; 4 —6. P 1512-13, 1521 ( = W a

bmc

[ 12]

147, AMC 1409, C o p 553

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Α Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Σ Ω Σ Θ Ε Ν Η Σ ; Z eu s L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , L, w ith eagle a n d staff; to 1., w re a th enclo sin g Z a n d fla n k e d by N an d Ω L = B M C 1 47, 3.75; 2. L = BMC 148, 2.98; 3—4 . 0 = AMC Ι4 Ο 9 -ΙΟ , 3.96, 5 · C o p 5 5 3 . 3·0 2 ; 6 - 7 . P 1519, 1525a, 3.45, 2.51; 8 - 9 . B (I-B , 677/1878), 3.45, 3 .Ϊ5 ; 10. C gen.; u . M u 20; 12. N Y; 13. L in d g ren 989, 3.59; 14. vA 3834, 3.28. T h e significance o f th e le tte rs w ith in a n d beside th e w re a th is n o t clear; cf. also 2 9 1 7 (N ero, G aios P ostom os). Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 1. I.

3-331

2 8 9 7 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 13 m m , 2 .8 1 g (7). A xis: 12.

[ 6 ]

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; c a p ric o rn w ith c o rn u c o p ia , r. Α Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Σ Ω Σ Θ Ε Ν Η Σ ; th re e e a rs o f corn i . L 1 9 2 1 —4—12—102 (ex W e b er 7141), 2.52; 2. P 1526 ( = W a 6260), 3.1g; 3—5. B (I-B = mg 403, no. 133, 18661, I-B ), 2.65, 2.28, 2.75; 6 . M u 3.02; 7. J S W , 3.27. Q u alitativ e m e ta l an aly sis on: 1.

A n to P o le m o n p h i l o p a t r i s ,

2 9 0 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 4 m m , 2 .8 1 g (3). A xis: 12.

c . j BC

[ 2 ]

BMC 57

2898 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .2 2 g (9). A xis: 12.

[ 12 ]

BMC 145, AMC 1408 Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Α Ν ΤΩ Π Ο Λ Ε Μ Ω Ν Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ ΡΙΣ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff i . B (L ö b b ), 4.86; 2. B (I-B ), 5.65; 3 - 4 . L = bm c 145-6, 5.79, 5.82; 5 . 0 = a m c 1408, 4.98; 6—8. P 15x3a, 1515a, 1516, 4.32, 4.65, 5.28; 9— i i . V 19898, 30456, 31916; 12. M u; 13. Lewis = sng 1598, 6.27. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 3.

2 8 9 9 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 15 m m , 2.83 g (3)· A xis: 12.

[ 3 ]

BMC 158

i . L = B M C 58, 2.38; 2. L = BMC 57, 2.91; 3. vA 8412, 3.14. O n this an d 2 9 1 0 , th e an im a l h as b een v ario u sly d escrib ed as a w o lf { K M 264; A M C ) , a ly n x { B M C ) , a lion o r a p a n th e r (C o p ), o r a p a n th e r (vA ). A w o lf seem s the likeliest a n d p resu m a b ly is a p u n o n th e Lykos river. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.

2 9 0 5 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .3 9 g (4). A xis: 12.

i . L = b m c 1 5 8 , 2.63; 2—3 . B (I-B , 28778), 2.78, 3.07. T h is a n d the follow ing issue a re often w rongly a ttrib u te d to C aligula. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

[ 17 ]

[ 3 ]

AMC 1399 Π Υ Θ ; la u re a te h e a d o f A p o llo w ith ly re, r. Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; h e a d d re s s o f Isis I. O = A M C 1 3 9 9 , 4.41; 2. B (I-B = 3. P 1447, 3.04; 4 . vA 3808, 4.04.

Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r, r. Α Ν ΤΩ Π Ο Λ Ε Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; eagle

2 9 0 0 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 5 m m , 3 .1 5 g (13). A xis: 12.

W o lf(?) se a te d , L, w ith d o u b le axe, in w re a th Π Υ Θ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; A p h ro d ite s ta n d in g , L, w ith dove

km

264, no. 10, w ith T af. I X .3), 2.10;

D io s k o u r id e s

2 9 0 6 B ronze. 1 9 m m , 6 .2 8 g (14). A xis: 12.

[ 14 ]

BMC 154, C o p 557

BMC 141, C o p 547, AMC 1406

Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r, r. Π Ο Λ Ε Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; eagle

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Ο Υ Ρ ΙΔ Η Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus L a o d ic e u s sta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d staff; to r., m o n o g ra m KOP

L = B M C 15 5 , 3.25; 2 - 4 . L — BMC 154, 156-7, 2.97, 3.26, 3.36; 5 - 8 . P 1527 ( = W a 6266), 1513b, 1517c, 1526, 3.92, 3.97, 3.44, 2.90; 9 - 1 0 . O , 2.61, 2.99; i i —12. C o p 557-8, 2.68, 2.41; 13—15· V 30926, 28280, 32208; 16. N Y; 17. C Leake; 18. vA 3838, 3.18; 19. L in d g ren 990A, 2.77. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. I.

T ib e r iu s (? ) ( fo r a ttr ib u tio n , see in tro d u c tio n , a n d addenda)

I. L = B M C 1 4 1 ,7 .5 7 ; 2. L = BMC 142, 6.06; 3 . 0 = AMC 1406, 8.16; 4 — 6. P 1522 ( = W a 6262), 1517a, 1523a, 6.65, 5.30, 6.05; 7—8. C o p 547 -8 , 5-95, 6.61; 9—10. B (I-B , 445/1896), 5.15, 6.62; 1 1 - 1 3 . V 27519, 35391, 28496; 14. M u 20a; 15. W e b er 7138, 6.41; 16—17. Lew is = sng 1596-7, 5.71, 5.53. T h e m o n o g ra m , w h ich also o ccu rs on N ero n ian coins o f A ineias (2 9 2 6 —7 ), h as b een v ario u sly in te rp re te d as s ta n d in g for co ro n atu s (R am say ), ΚΟΡΝΗΛΙΟΣ { B M C ) a n d APXO (W a) Κορ(νήλιος) is correct, as it is spelled o u t in full o n coins o f a n o th e r D io sco u rid es (u n d er D o m itian : km 266, nos. 2 0 -1 , vA 3845). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.

2 9 0 7 B ronze. 1 5 m m , 3 .8 3 g (16). A xis: 12.

[ 17 ]

BMC 64, AMC 1400, C o p 513

P y th e s P y th o u

2901 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 9 m m , 5 .7 2 g (13). A xis: 12 (o r 6). [ 14 ] BMC 138, AMC 1402, C o p 550 Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Π Υ Θ Η Σ Π Υ Θ Ο Υ ; Z eu s L a o d ic e u s sta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d staff; to 1. a n d r., pilei w ith s ta r I . L = B M C 1 3 9 , 5.69; 2. L = BMC 138, 5.24; 3—6. P 1524 ( = W a 6264), 1512a, 1518, 1522b, 7.40, 5.60, 4.35, 6.54; 7 - 8 . B (I-B , 5467), 5.27, 7.33; 9 . N Y; 10—ii. O = AMC 1402-3, 6.48, 4.35 ( = W e b er 7137); 12. C Leake; 13. V 19899; 14. M u 21; 15. Lewis = s n g 1595, 4.89; 16. W e b er 7137, 4.34. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analyses on: 1—2.

2902 L e a d e d b ro n z e . i6 m m , 4 .2 9 g (8). A xis: 12.

[ 9 ]

Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; b u s t o f M e n , w e a rin g P h ry g ia n cap , r. K O P Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Ο Υ Ρ ΙΔ Η Σ ; eagle I. L = B M C 6 7 , 3.81; 2—4 . L = BMC 6 4 -6 , —, 4.00, 3.81; 5. B (I-B = MG 404, no. 117); 6—7. 0 = a m c 14 0 0 - 1, 3.04, 3.72; 8—9 . C o p 513 -1 4 , 3.80, 2.90; 1 0 - 1 3 . p γ45°5 *45oa, 1454 ( = W a 6281), D elep ierre, 4.13, 2.65, 5.01, 4.10; 1 4 - 1 5 . V 28593, 30639; 16—17. i8 a b , 6a; 18. W eb er 7 I 3 L 4- 5 3 ; 1 9 - 2 0 . Lew is = s n g 1601-2, 3.47, 4.11. E. L an e, Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D ei M en is, p. 67, L ao d iceia, no. 1. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 2.

P y th e s P y th o u

to deuteron

2 9 0 8 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .2 8 g (9). A xis: 12 (o r 6).

[ 13 ]

BMC 55, C o p 509

BMC 140, AMC 1404, C o p 551

Π Υ Θ Η Σ ; b a re h e a d o f P y th e s, r. Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; d ia d e m e d h e a d o f D em os, r.

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Π Υ Θ Η Σ Π Υ Θ Ο Υ TO Δ Ε Υ Τ Ε ΡΟ Ν ; Z eus L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eag le a n d staff; to 1., tw o pilei w ith sta r

i . P 1435 ( = W a 6259 w ith pi. X V I I . n ) , 3.84; 2. P 1436, 3.44; 3— 4 . L = BMC 5 5 -6 , —, 3.46; 5. C o p 509, 4.94; 6—8. B (I-B = mg 406, no. 124, L ö b b , 444/1896), 5.14, 5.85, 4.29; 9 . V 19893 (ex P row e), 3.36; 10. Lew is = s n g 1599. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 4.

I.

L = B M C 140; 2. P 1525 ( = W a 6265), 4.22; 3—4 . O = AMC 1404—5,

5 ·3 5 , 5 -4 1; 5 - 6 - G oP 5 5 ! - 2 > 5 -7 L 5 - 8 i ; 7 - 9 · B (I-B , L ö b b , L ö b b ), 3.79,

2903 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .1 4 g (14). A xis: 12.

[ 18 ]

6.51, 5.26; i o - i i . C L eake, 381/1948, — , 5.73; 12. V 38697, 5.20; 13. N Y.

BMC 61, AMC 1395, C o p 510 Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; la u r e a te b u s t o f A pollo w ith lyre, r. Π Υ Θ Η Σ Π Υ Θ Ο Υ ; a lta r su rm o u n te d b y h e a d d re s s o f Isis L — B M C 6 l , 3.64; 2. C o p 510, 3.17; 3—6. 0 = AMC I3 9 5 -8 , 2.65, 2.66, 2-92, 5 -3 4 ; 7 - * 3 · p 1437-9 ( = W a 6 2 55-7), i4 3 7 a, 1440a, 1441-2, 4.02, 3.42, 2.99, 3.66, 3.75, 2.80, 2.23; 14. B (I-B = m g 406, no. 123); 15. G 7; 16—17. V 19884, 29121; 18. M u 18; 19. W e b er 7130, 2.72; 20. Lewis = s n g 1600, 3.45. F o r a specim en found a t Sebastopolis, see L. R o b ert, L a Carie I I , p . 33. I.

2 9 0 9 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .6 8 g (4). A xis: 12.

[ 5 ]

BMC 62, C o p 5 1 1 Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; la u re a te b u s t o f A pollo w ith lyre, r. Π Υ Θ Η Σ Π Υ Θ Ο Υ Δ ΙΣ; a lta r su rm o u n te d b y h e a d d re s s o f Isis I. L = B M C 62, 2.70; 2. L = BMC 63, 2.14; 3 . P 1440 (= W a 6258), 2.04; 4. C o p 5 1 1, 3.84; 5. M u 18a.

A S I A : Laodicea (2910-2920)

2910 A E . 1 4 m m , 4 .0 6 g (g). A xis: 12.

[ 9 ]

i . C o p 5 6 0 , 3.79; 2. L = BMC 163 co rr., 4.25; 3. B (L ö b b : ‘G erm an icu s’), 4.72; 4 . M M A G 41 (1970) lot 475, 4.65; 5. P row e (E gger X L V I, 1914) lot 1770 (‘G erm an icu s’), 3.80. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 2.

BMC 59, AMC 1393, C o p 512 W o lf (P) se a te d , 1., w ith d o u b le axe, in w re a th Π Υ Θ B Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; A p h ro d ite s ta n d in g , 1., w ith dove I . L = B M C 5 9 , 3.35; 2 . L = BMC 60j 2.91; 3 . C o p 512, 3.68; 4 — 5. O = AMC 1393-4, 2.57, 3.11; 6—9 . P 1444 ( = W a 6208), 1444a, 1445-6

(= W a 6209-10), 3.00, 5.59, 6.70, 5.65.

D io s k o u r id e s t o

deuteron

2911 B ronze. 1 9 m m , 6 .2 0 g (13). A xis: 12.

[ 11 ]

47g

L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 4 .2 6 g (14). A xis: 12.

2916

[12]

BMC 16 1, C o p 561 Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t o f N ero , r. Π Ο Λ Ε Μ Ω Ν Ο Σ Υ ΙΟ Υ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; trip o d w ith sn ak e i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 2 6 1 (ex vA 3839), 4.50; 2—3. L = bm c 161—2, 4.38, 3.98; 4 —5. P 1536 ( = W a 6268), 1529a, 4.20, 3.64; 6 . C o p 561, 4.34; 7—8. O , 3.68, 4.49; 9—i i . B (B -I, I-B , 497/1 8 9 6 ), 4.27, 4.26, 4.29; 12. M u 24a; 13. W e b er 7142, 5.05. Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 2.

BMC 143, C o p 549, AMC 1407 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Ο Υ Ρ ΙΔ Η Σ Τ Ο Δ Ε Υ Τ Ε Ρ Ο Ν Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus L ao d iceu s s ta n d in g , L, w ith eagle a n d staff; to r., m o n o g ra m K O P i . L = B M C 1 4 3 , 6.88; 2 . L = b m c i 4 4 , 4.58; 3 —6 . P 1523 ( = W a 6263),

15!5 , 1517, D elepierre, 6.50, 6.78, 7.44, 5.93; 7— 8. B (I-B = m g 404, no. 118, R a u c h ), 6.54, 5.64; 9 . C o p 549, 6.90; 1 0 . 0 = a m c 1407, 7.36; 1 1 . V 31586, 5.55; 1 2 . W a d d ell stock (1986), 6.94; 1 3 . W e b er 7139, 3.88. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 1.

C la u d iu s ,

a d

A n t e P o l e m o n , s o n o f Z e n o n , p r i e s t f o r th e f o u r t h t i m e

[ 6 ]

BMC 263, C o p 613 Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν Κ Α Ι ΖΜ Υ ΡΝ Α ΙΩ Ν ; la u re a te h e a d o f th e D em o s o f L a o d ic e a facin g la u re a te h e a d o f th e D em o s o f S m y rn a Ε Π Ι ΙΕ Ρ Ε Ω Σ Α Ν Τ Ω Ν ΙΟ Υ Π Ο Υ ΙΟ Υ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ; Z eus L ao d iceu s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff i . L = b m c 2 6 3 , 10.22; 2. L = bm c 264, 10.64; 3 . C o p 613, 8.23; 4—5. P 1539 ) T5 0 T ( = W a 6243), 7.43, 9.75; 6 . V 36205; 7. vA 3876, 7.42; 8. M M A G 41 (1970) lo t 481, 6.86. F o r a sim ilar issue u n d e r N ero, see 2 9 2 8 . Q u alitativ e m e tal analysis on: 1.

2913 B ronze. 1 9 m m , 6 .0 5 g ( T I)· A xis: 12.

G a i o s P o s to m o s ,

c. AD 55

2 9 1 7 B ronze. 1 9 m m , 6 .4 8 g (10). A xis: 12. bmc

164, C o p 562

i . L = b m c 164, 6.67; 2—3. L = bmc 165-6, 6.42, 5.05; 4 . C o p 562, 7.19; 5 - 6 . P 1530-1, 6.84, 7.36; 7 . O , 5.30; 8 - 9 . B (Fox, L ö b b ), 6.46, 7.79; 10. C Leake; 11. V 29980; 12. M u 24. T h e significance o f th e w re a th an d the B is n o t clear, th o u g h it is ta k en to m e a n ‘for th e second tim e ’ by M ü n sterb erg , Beamtennamen ; b u t cf. th e A u g u stan coins o f Sosthenes (2 8 9 6 ). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

2 9 1 8 B ronze. 1 5 m m , 4 .1 5 g (11). A xis: 12. bmc

I. L = b m c 174, 5.03; 2 - 4 . L — bm c 175-6, 1 9 2 0 -5 -1 6 -9 6 , 3.95, 3.78, 2.88; 5. P 1529 ( = W a 6267), 4.06; 6 - 7 . C o p 5 6 9 -7 0 , 3.83, 3.67; 8 - 9 . B (B -I, I-B ), 3.94, 5.05; 1 0 - 1 1 . V 29316, 30927; 12. L in d g ren 991, 5.01; 13. J S W , 4.48. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: i.

[ 14 ]

c. AD 6 0 ?

K r a te r o s n o m o th e te s ,

2 9 1 9 B ronze. 19 m m , 6 .6 5 g (θ)· A xis: 12.

i . L = b m c 160, 5.67; 2. L = BMC 159, 6.58; 3—4 . N Y; 5. C o p 559, 6.44; 6 - 7 . P 1522a, 1528, 5.12, 5.30; 8—10. B (L öbb, I-B , 960/1896), 6.38, 5.93, 5.85; i i . C Leake; 12. V 33675, 7.42; 13. O , 5.81; 14. M u 23a, 6.10. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. See also a d d e n d a 2913A.

[ 12]

BMC 74, C o p 516 Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d o f D em o s o f L a o d ic e a , r. Ε Π Ι IE Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ Π (σ Γ YI TO Δ; Z eus L ao d iceu s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff

bmc

[ 8 ]

167, C o p 566

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Κ ΡΑ Τ Ε ΡΟ Σ Ν Ο Μ Ο Θ Ε Τ Η Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z e u s L ao d iceu s sta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff i . P 1 5 3 7 ( = W a 6270), 6.94; 2. L = bmc 167, 6.21; 3. C o p 566, 6.35; 4 . O , 6.94; 5 —7. B (I-B , L öbb, B -I), 6.76, 7.85, 6.93; 8. M u 20b; 9. L in d g ren 992, 5.57. 5 w as m isre ad as [Α]Μ ΑΞΕΙΟΣ ΝΟΜ ΟΘΕΤΗΣ by M G 408, no. 134, follow ed by R am sa y , P hrygia, p. 68.

I o u l i o s A n d r o n i k o s e u e r g e te s a n d ( p e r h a p s ) I o u l i a Z e n o n i s ,

c. A D 6 2 ? ( f o r t h e i r t e n t a t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n , s e e i n t r o d u c t i o n )

I. L = = B M C 7 5 , 4.85; 2. L = BMC 74, 5.31; 3—5 . P 1499-1500 ( = W a 6 2 4 1 2). 1435b. 5 -i6 , 5.64, 5.35; 6. C o p 516, 4.52; 7 - 8 . Ο , 4.11, 5.64; 9—i i . B (I-B , R au c h , 477/1883); 12. V 31918; 13. vA 3809, 5.14. T h e Z is retro g ra d e. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

BMC

]

Α ΓΡ ΙΠ Π Ε ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r. Γ Α ΙΟ Υ Π Ο ΣΤ Ο Μ Ο Υ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; eagle o n cip p u s

BMC 159, C o p 559

2915 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 5 m m , 4 .3 5 g (4). A xis: 12.

[ n

174, C o p 569

Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r. Α ΝΤΩ Π Ο Λ Ε Μ Ω Ν Ο Σ Υ ΙΟ Υ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff

2914 B ronze. 2 0 m m , 5 .0 5 g (10). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 12 ]

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r. Γ Α ΙΟ Υ Π Ο Σ Τ Ο Μ Ο Υ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eu s L a o d ic e u s sta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d staff; to L, w re a th enclo sin g B

5 0 - 4 *I.

2912 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 25 m m , 8.55 g (8)· A xis: 12 o r 6.

N e r o *103

[ 3 ]

163 (‘N ero’), C op 560

Β ΡΕΤ Α Ν Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t o f B rita n n ic u s , r. Π Ο Λ Ε Μ Ω Ν Ο Σ Υ ΙΟ Υ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; trip o d w ith sn ak e

2 9 2 0 B ronze. 2 3 m m , 9 .9 8 g (3). A xis: 12. bmc

[ 3 ]

73

ΒΟ Υ Λ Η Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; v e iled b u s t o f B oule facing la u re a te h e a d o f D em os ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Ε Υ Ε Ρ Γ Ε Τ Η Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus L ao d iceu s sta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff I . L = bmc 7 3 , 7.72; 2 - 3 . P 1505 ( = W a 6240), 1504a, 11.92, 10.29. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: i.

2921 B ronze. 2 3 m m , 1 0 .0 2 g (5). A xis: 12.

[ 8 ]

BMC 70

A in e (i)a s

2 9 2 6 B ronze. 1 9 m m , 6 .5 4 g (9)· A xis: 12.

Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; la u re te h e a d o f D em os, r. ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Ε Υ Ε ΡΓ ΕΤ Η Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , I., w ith eagle a n d sta ff

bmc

Ν Ε Ρ Ω Ν Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. K O P Α ΙΝ Ε ΙΑ Σ (o r Α ΙΝ Η Α Σ ) Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff

i . L = b m c 70, 9.21; 2. L = BMC 71, 10.24; 3 * O j 12.30; 4 . P 1456, 6.64; 5— 8. B (I-B , I-B , 6234, P ro k esch -O sten ); 9. vA 3812, 11.74; IO · W e b er 7 133. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

2922 A E . 19 m m , 6.96 g (3). A xis: 12 o r 6.

ΑΙΝΕΙΑΣ: i . N Y ; 2 . L = bmc 173, 5.90; 3. P 1534 (= W a 6269), 6.44; 4 — 5 . C o p 563 -4 , 6.01, 5.04; 6 - 7 . B (I-B = gm 404, no. 120, L ö b b ); 8. V 2 9 9 6 9 ; 9 . C 382/1948; 1 0 . JS W , 6.33; ΑΙΝΗΑΣ: i t . C o p 565, 5.22; 1 2 — 13. P 1529c, 1533, 4~Ö5 > 7 ·4 9 ί I 4 * O , 5-48. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 2.

[ 3 ]

BMC 72

A s 2 9 2 1 (bmc 70), b u t sm a lle r d e n o m in a tio n I.

L =

bmc

2 9 2 7 B ronze. 1 6 m m , 3 .8 4 g (8). A xis: 12 o r 6.

72, 6.76; 2. O , 6.48; 3. C op 515, 7.65. bmc

2923 B ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 6.00 g (18). A xis: 12. bmc

[ 18]

ΑΙΝΕΙΑΣ: i . L = b m C 68, 4.23; 2. L = bmc 69, 3.36; 3 . O , 4.01; 4 . M u 18b; 5. vA 3810, 3.59; ΑΙΝΗΑΣ: 6—7. L 1 9 5 4 -1 1 -5 -9 , 1930-12—10-13, 4.19, 3.84; 8 . B (I-B = mg 404, no. 119); 9 . O , 3.74; 1 0 . V 32341, 3.77; i i . M u 6. E. L an e, Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D e i M enis, p. 67, L ao d iceia, no. 2. F o r KOP, see 2 9 0 6 —7 (A ug u stu s, D ioskourides).

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Θ Ε Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Ε Υ Ε ΡΓ Ε Τ Η Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus L a o d ic e u s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff

2 9 2 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 6 m m , 4 .2 3 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 10 ]

68

Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; b u s t o f M e n , w e a rin g P h ry g ia n cap , r. K Ö P Α ΙΝ Ε ΙΑ Σ (o r Α ΙΝ Η Α Σ ); eagle

168, C o p 567

I. L = b m c 168, 5.58; 2 - 5 . L — bmc 169-72, 5.83, 4.77, 5.83, 3.45; 6 7. C op 567-8, 6.67, 6.22; 8—q . N Y; 10—12. P i5 2 q b , 1529c!, i52qe, 5.83, 63 9 , 5-78; 13· O , 5.99; 1 4 -1 5 . B (I-B , 851/1877), 5.98, 5.80; 1 6 - 1 7 . V 30968, 36815; 18. M u 25aa, 7.29; 19. vA 3840, 6.98; 2 0 . W e n d t X X I (1978) lo t 636, 6.28; 2 1 . Lewis = SNG 1603, 5.90. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 1.

[ 13 ]

173, C o p 563

A n to Z e n o n , so n o f Z e n o n

2928

L e a d e d b ro n z e . 2 4 m m , 1 2 .1 1 g (15). A xis: 12. bmc

[ 2 ]

[

16]

265, C o p 614

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u r e a te h e a d , r. Α Ν ΤΩ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν Υ ΙΟ Σ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ZM YPΝ Α ΙΩ Ν Ο Μ Η ΡΟ Σ; facin g D em o i o f L a o d ic e a a n d S m y rn a, c la sp in g h a n d s a n d h o ld in g scep tres

Π Ο Π Π Α ΙΑ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f P o p p a e a , r. ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΑ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν ΙΣ Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Ε Ω Ν ; A p h ro d ite s ta n d in g , r., w ith sc e p tre a n d dove i . L 1979—1—1—2 2 6 2 (ex vA 3841), 4.10; 2. P 1538, 4.35. Q u alitativ e m e tal analysis on: i.

i. L =

b m c

2 6 5 , 1 1 .88; 2—5 . L = b m c 2 6 6 - 9 , 11 .3 2 , 13 .0 5 , 13.51, 13.81;

6 - 7 · N Y , 11.83, 12.75; 8. C o p 614, 11.83; 9“ IO‘ P 1535, S m y rn a 2491

2925 B ronze. 1 6 m m , 4 .5 7 g (7). A xis: 12 o r 6. bmc

[ 7 ]

(= W a 7131), 11.76, 8.97; ii— 1 3 . O , 12.03, 10.66, 12.03; 1 4 . V 37788, 10.09; *5—16. M u O.N., 25; 17. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, 11.51; 18. W eb er 7152. Specim ens in B n o t reco rd ed . F o r th e in te rp re ta tio n o f th e rev. scene, see D . A . O . K lose, S M 133 (1984), p p . 1-3, a n d D ie M ünzprägung von Sm yrna, p. 53. I t is n o t im m ed iately o bvious how to co n stru e a n d in te rp re t th e rev. legend, as th e w ords a re in such a n o d d ord er; it is possible th a t ΥΙΟΣ sh o u ld b e asso ciated w ith ΛΑΟΔΙΚΕΩΝ an d ΖΜΥΡΝΑΙΩΝ; as in th e p h ra se ΥΙΟΣ ΠΟΛΕΩΣ, a n d th a t ΟΜΗΡΟΣ should be tak en in a p erso n al w ay as referrin g to Z en o n (w ho h a d p erh ap s, e.g., ac ted as su rety in som e d isp u te betw een th e cities), r a th e r th a n as an a b s tra c t co n cep t like H o m o n o ia . F o r a sim ilar issue u n d e r C la u d iu s, see 2 9 1 2 . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.

92

Λ Α Ο Δ ΙΚ Η Α ; tu r re te d b u s t o f T y c h e o f L a o d ic e a ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΑ Ζ Η Ν Ω Ν ΙΣ; A p h ro d ite sta n d in g , r., w ith scep tre a n d dove I. P 1 4 1 7 b , 4.04; 2—3 . P 1480-1, 4.76, 4.61; 4—5 . L — BMC 9 2 -3, 4.66, 4.86; 6 - 7 . V 32811, 27712, 4.96, —; 8. vA 3811, 4.21. U su a lly reg ard e d as b eing o f th e lim e o f D o m itian (B M C ; M ü n sterb erg , Beamtennamen ), b u t this w as before th e p u b licatio n o f the coin o f P o p p aea , above 29 2 4 . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 4.

Hierapolis T he coinage of H ierapolis was discussed by L. W eber in Berlin, 19 11, pp. 481-90, and in N C , 1913, pp. 1-30 an d 133-61. T he coinage seems to be characterised by a num ber of short-lived issues, m isleadingly signed by a large num ber of ‘m agistrates’; such issues occur twice under A ugustus, under T iberius an d again early in N ero’s reign, probably representing a board of some kind under the gram m ateus demon (2940). T here are also other issues, late in A ugustus’s reign (?) an d late in C lau d iu s’s reign. These look m ore if they are discrete issues by the relevant officials; in the reign of C laudius, at least, the gram m ateus. M ost of the coins belong to the ‘L aodicea’ stylistic group (see p. 376).

Χ Α Ρ Ι Τ Ε Σ . F riedrich Leo zu m sechsigsten G eburtstag ,

Augustus T he A ugustan coinage is signed by m any ‘m agistrates’ ’ nam es, some of w hich also ap p ear on coins, generally of a sm aller denom ination, w ith the po rtrait of ΦΑΒΙΟΣ ΜΑΞΙΜΟΣ, the proconsul Fabius M axim us, and th at of ΓΑΙΟΣ, G aius Caesar. A loose chronology for these coins is provided by the overlaps in nam es betw een A ugustus, Gaius and M axim us (some of the coins are know n from unique specimens, so at least some of the ‘gaps’ will probably be filled eventually). In the following table O and A indicate w hether the ethnic is in the earlier form ΙΕΡΟΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ or in the norm al im perial form ΙΕΡΑΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ. T his criterion suggests that the earliest issue is the one signed by Zosimos and C harax (it also has a different reverse type for A ugustus, and a

A S I A : Hierapolis

larger denom ination th an norm al for M axim us); in tu rn this implies th a t the issue for M axim us an d A ugustus pre­ cedes th at for G aius an d A ugustus, suggesting dates of 10/9 B C (the date of his proconsulship: B. T hom asson, L aterculi P raesidum , no. 8 ) and c. 5 b c (one m ight perhaps have expec­ ted Lucius as well, if the issue were m uch later). T he die links (five of the seven nam es attested for M axim us share a single obverse die; all the A ugustan coins of the Gaius group share the sam e die) im ply a short-lived issue; the few and different titles given suggest th a t the nam es ap p ear qua prom inent individuals, ra th e r th a n qua any p articular m agistracy. I t is, however, possible th a t the nam es appear as those of a single ‘contem porary’ board (cf. K . H arl, C ivic Coins a n d C ivic P olitics, p. 27: a board of up to eight persons perform ing a liturgy); w ith the exception of Zosimos, whose coins seem to stand ap art, we could envisage two ‘b o ard s’ of between five and seven m en (sim ilar num bers recur under T iberius an d N ero, in the la tte r case also w ith one as gram ­ m ateus). O n two occasions two people sign an issue (one of these, ΖΩΣΙΜΟΣ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΣ ΧΑΡΑΞ, is som etim es in ter­ preted as Ζώσίμος φιλόπατρις (ε)χάραξ(ε), e.g., R am say, P h ryg ia , p. 107; K. H arl, loc. c it .; a p a rt from the inherent im plausibility of this interpretation, however, there are also other issues w ith two nam es (C hares C haretos an d Kokos; cf. R N , 1867, p. 110; and, perhaps, A ttalos and M eilichios). G r o u p I : A u g u s t u s a n d F a b i u s M a x i m u s , 1 0 /9 bc

ΣΕΒΑΣ-ΤΟΣ

ΦΑΒΙΟΣ ΜΑΞΙΜΟΣ

lyre reverse O Zosimos philopatris, C harax

O Zosimos philopatris, C harax

481

-ΙΤΩΝ rath er than -ΕΙΤΩΝ, and their portraits are com pat­ ible w ith dates in the first decade a d . I t is not, however, certain th at they depict A ugustus rath er th an T iberius; the portraits do seem m ore like those o f A ugustus th an those definitely of T iberius, and the inscription ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, which appears on two o f them , would be slightly unexpected for T iberius. For w hat it is w orth, also, the T iberian coins all have -ΕΙΤΩΝ. O n the other hand, if M eniskos D iphilou and Diphilos D iphilou (both in group III) are the sons of the D iphilos philopatris (group II), a later date (in T iberius’s reign) m ight seem m ore plausible. T he question is left unresolved, though at the m om ent an attribution to A ugustus seems m ore likely. G r o u p I I I : A u g u s t u s (?) a l o n e , c. a d 5 (?) a n d e t h n i c

ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (bare) lyre reverse ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (bare) Apollo reverse ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (laureate) hero reverse ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (laureate) horsem an reverse axe reverse

A Iollas Iollou gram m ateus

A D iphilos D iphilou archon to B

A M eniskos D iphilou to Γ A C haropides Sostratou A M atro n Apolloniou

T here are also coins w ithout an im perial head signed by ΔΟΡΥΚΑΝΟΣ (B M C 6, 9). T he sam e nam e occurs under A ugustus, b u t it seems likely th at the coins were m ade by an earlier hom onym ; as observed in B M C , ‘the style of these coins is distinctly earlier from th at o f the coins o f Augustus on w hich the sam e nam e occurs’.

Apollo reverse A ? A A A A

C hares C haretos, Kokos Bryon Bryonos Dorykanos D ioskoridou A rtem on K odrou Theokritos Theokritou D ryas gram m ateus demou

A C hares, K o A Bryon A D orykanos A Theokritos A D ryas A T ryphon

Tiberius U n d er T iberius, one issue of coins was m ade; like the A ugustan issues it was probably a short-lived one signed by several different nam es, as all the coins are stylistically very close and sometimes die-linked. T here seems, however, no way of telling at w hat period of the reign the issue was m ade.

G r o u p I I : A u g u s t u s a n d G a i u s C a e s a r , c. 5 bc

Caligula

ΣΕΒΑΣ-ΤΟΣ

TAIOC

tripod reverse (sam e obverse die)

bran ch reverse

T here is no coinage under Caligula: the coin in G (from which, e.g., vA Index) is, in fact, a coin of A ugustus (H eras Epainetou: 2951).

O A A A A A

A A A A A

Papias Apellidou Lynkeus philopatris Kokos Pollidos Diphilos philopatris H eras E painetou A ttalos M eilichios

Papias Lynkeus Kokos Diphilos H eras

T he rem aining A ugustan issues have been placed together for convenience in a group (group I I I ) , even though they are not closely associated. All have the ethnic w ith A and

Claudius Coins were produced by the gram m ateus M . Suillios Antiochos in the nam es of C laudius, B ritannicus and the young Nero. As at Laodicea, A grippina II is om itted and coins for N ero are m ore plentiful th an for B ritannicus. T here was also a ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ issue by A ntiochus, w ith a tem ­ ple on the reverse ΓΕΝΕΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΝ (see S. R. F. Price, R itu a ls a n d P ow er, p. 264, no. 85).

N ero

T here are a nu m b er of nam es on coins of ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣ AP; m ost o f these are accom panied by sm aller denom inations for A grippina II. T his, and the draped an d bare-headed youthful p o rtrait, suggest a date early in the reign for their production. As in the case of the A ugustan an d T iberian issue, one gets the im pression th a t the whole coinage was produced in a relatively short period, perhaps a year c. 55, by a b oard u n d er a gram m ateus (Pereitas).

M a g is tra te s

T he nam es o f the m agistrates are discussed, if necessary, in the catalogue. Lists were given by L. W eber (loc. cit.) and M ünsterberg (B eam tennam en ); as well as the corrections and additions noted below, one should delete the entries for C aligula, for Suillius A ntiochus und er T iberius and D iphilos u n d er T iberius (in fact, a m isread H a p lo s). T here seems to be no basis for the nam e Α κρίτα ς Διοτρέφου given by b o th W eber an d M ünsterberg from P (M i 4.300). T here is now adays no such coin in P; one m ight possibly suspect a m isreading of a coin of Ά τταλος Διοτρέφου from A pam ea (3125). T he inscriptions of H ierapolis seem to suggest th at more th an one gram m ateus held office at any given tim e (C. H u m an n et a l., A lte rtü m e r von H ierapolis (D A I E rgänzung­ sheft IV , 1884), p. 29); as some of the coin nam es are described as gram m ateus, it m ight be tem pting to see them as representing boards of gram m ateis, p erhaps under a senior gram m ateus (the gram m ateus demou) (2940). This, however, perhaps seems unlikely as one describes him self as an archon. F u rth er study of the die links and the inscrip­ tions m ight throw further light on the question. vA In d ex 1. T he separate entries for D rusus an d G erm anicus should be united (see 2968); 2. C aligula should be deleted (see above); 3. A grippina I I should be transferred from C laudius to Nero.

T he reverse types, a p a rt from the tem ple of the ΓΕΝΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΝ (see above), nearly all refer to the principal deity o f H ierapolis, Apollo Archegetes, also known as Apollo L airbenos (see R am say, P hrygia, p. 96; L. R obert, Villes d ’A s ie M in eu re, pp. 138, 362); he is shown sometimes radiate, som etim es not, sometimes on horseback with a

Tiberius Claudius Nero

D e n o m in a tio n s

T he following weights and diam eters are found; it is clear th at there are at least two denom inations involved, but there are considerable variations (all issues were m ade of bronze) as can be seen from the table below. I t is not clear w hether this table represents two basic denom inations (with varying standards at different periods), or several different denom inations. For a possible m ore general lowering of w eight under T iberius, see p. 375.

A u g u s tu s G ro u p I : A u g u s tu s a n d F a b iu s M a x im u s ,

10-9

Z O S I M O S

C H A R A X

P H I L O P A T R I S

A N D

2 9 2 9 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 20 m m , 7.53 g (6). A xis: 12.

BC

[ 6 ]

BMC 97, AMc 1390 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Ζ Ω Σ ΙΜ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΣ ΙΕ Ρ Ο Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Χ Α ΡΑ Ξ; lyre L = BMC 9 8 , 9.32; 2. L = BMC 97, 6.79; 3. O = AMC 1390, 8.O4; 4 —5 . P 1289, 1298 ( = W a 6141), 7.35, 7.26; 6 . B (B -I), 6.41. S am e o bv. die. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i. I.

2 9 3 0 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .0 2 g (6). A xis: 12.

[ 7 ]

BMC 93, C o p 447 Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α ΞΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r. Ζ Ω Σ ΙΜ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΣ ΙΕ Ρ Ο Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Χ ΑΡΑ Ξ; d o u b le axe w ith fillet I . L “ BMC 0 2 , 4.84; 2. L = BMC Q4-, 'V 'u: 2. C o p 447, ς .28; 4 —K. B (B -I, 121/1871), 5.06, 5.08; 6. P 1284 ( = R N 1867, 107), 4.35; 7. NY. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 2. C H A R E S

C H A R E T O S

A N D

K O K O S

2931 A E . 1 9 m m , 8 .2 7 g ( 0 - A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

AMc 1389 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Χ Α ΡΗ Σ Χ Α ΡΗ Τ Ο Σ Κ Ω Κ Ο Σ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo, s ta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre

T ypes

Augustus I Zosimos I rest II II I

double axe, and sometimes as Apollo K itharoidos. For dis­ cussion, see R E , Suppl. V, cols. 522-35; L I M C s.v. Apollo 485-91; and C. Cichorius in C. H u m an n et a l., A ltertü m er von H ierapolis (D A I Ergänzungsheft IV , (1984), pp. 42-7). For Pluto and Persephone, see 2982.

20m m, 7.53g (6) 19mm, 5.97g (13) 19mm, 5.97g (11)

I. 0

=AMC 1 3 8 9 (— NC 1940, 220, no. 5), 8.27.

2 9 3 2 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .9 7 g (2)· A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

BMC 96 Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α ΞΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r. ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Χ Α ΡΗ Σ ΚΩ i . L — BMC 96, 2.84;

2.

B (L ö b b ), 3.10.

18mm, 5.02g (6) 14mm, 2.89g (19) 14mm, 3.20g (7) 18mm, 4.85g (31) 16mm, 3.94g (13) 18 mm, 5.58 g (33) 18mm, 5.86g (30)

13mm, 2.38g

3 . 5 7 g (7)

A S I A : Hierapolis (2 933-2951)

B R Y O N

B R Y O N O S

T R Y P H O N

2 933 A E . ig m m , 5 .2 4 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

2 9 4 2 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 4 m m , 3 .0 2 g (4). A xis: 12.

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. ΒΡΥΩ Ν Β ΡΥ Ω Ν Ο Σ [ΙΕ Ρ Α ]Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω [Ν ]; A pollo, s ta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre I.

2 9 3 4 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .7 1 g (1). A xis: 12.

Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α ΞΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r. ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Τ ΡΥ Φ Ω Ν i . L = B M C 9 5 , 3.13; 2—3. B (B -I, 981/1901), 3.18, 2.85; 4 . P 1283 ( = W a 6143 = RN 1867, I08), 2.92; 5. PV .

[ 1 ]

Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α ΞΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r. ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ΒΡΥΩ Ν i . P 1282 ( = W a 6142 w ith pi. X V I .2 4 = r n 1867, 108, w ith pi. IV .3), 2.71.

G ro u p I I : A u g u s tu s a n d G a iu s , P A P I A S

D I O S K O U R I D O U

691 w ith T af. X I I .20), 4.93.

2 936 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .7 4 g (2)· A xis: 12.

I. O = A M C 1 392, 5.75; 2. L = bm c 99, 6.18; 3—4 . B (I-B = km 238, n o . 16, F ox), 7.49, 5.33; 5 . P 1285 ( = km 238, no. 17), 6.30; 6. C Leake S u p p l. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.

2 9 4 4 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .3 9 g (1). A xis: 12. [ 2 ]

I.

Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α ΞΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r. ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Δ Ο ΡΥ Κ Α Ν Ο Σ i . C o p 4 4 8 , 3.05; 2. O = AMC 1385 ( = no 1920, 220, no. 6), 2.42. F o r the n am e, see L. R o b ert, M onnaies Grecques, p. 69.

L Y N K E U S

bmc

238, no. 20); 3 . M u 11, 5.93.

km

2946 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .8 9 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

ΓΑ ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r, r. ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Λ Υ Ν Κ ΕΥ Σ; la u re l b ra n c h

103, 5.64; 2. N Y.

i . B 279/1884, 2.72; 2. v A 3 6 4 6 , 3.05.

T H E O K R I T O U

K

2 938 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .5 3 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

739, no. 694

o k o s

P

o l l i d o s

p

h

i

l

(

o

p

a

t

r

i s

)

( ? )

2947 A E . ig m m , A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

BMC 101

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Θ Ε Ο Κ Ρ ΙΤ Ο Σ Θ Ε Ο Κ Ρ ΙΤ Ο Υ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo, s ta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Κ Ω Κ Ο Σ Π Ο Λ Λ ΙΔ Ο Σ Φ ΪΛ (?) ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; trip o d i . L = B M C i o i ; 2. K ovacs I X (1988) lo t 180 (no m o n o g ram ?). T h e in te rp re ta tio n o f th e m o n o g ram is n o t certain .

i . P 1293 ( = W a 6136), 6.58; 2. P 1288, 4.49.

2 939 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .1 7 g (3). A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

AMc 1387 Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α ΞΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r. ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Θ Ε Ο Κ Ρ ΙΤ Ο Σ i . O = AMC 1387, 2.79; 2. B (I-B — km 238, no. 15), 3.06; 3. B r, 3.65.

2 9 4 8 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .6 5 g (1). A xis: 12.

gram m ateus demou 2 9 4 0 A E . 1 9 m m , 6 .4 8 g (5). A xis: 12.

[ 5 ]

C o p 449

Γ Α ΙΟ Σ ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r. ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Κ Ω Κ Ο Σ; la u re l b ra n c h i . P 1 3 0 0 ( = W a 6145 co rr.), 2.65. D I P H I L O S

P H I L O P A T R I S

[ 4 ]

Φ Α Β ΙΟ Σ Μ Α Ξ ΙΜ Ο Σ; b a re h e a d o f F a b iu s M a x im u s, r. ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Δ ΡΥ Α Σ; in w re a th gm,

238, no. 18), 5.86; 3. V

no. 688,

[ 1 ]

ΓΑ ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C aesar,, r. ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Δ ΙΦ ΙΛ Ο Σ ; la u re l b ra n c h i . P 1301 ( - W a 6146), 2.81. H E R A S

AMC 1386

238, no. 14, I-B =

km

2 9 5 0 A E . 1 4 m m , 2.81 g (1). A xis: 12.

I . P 1 2 9 4 ( = W a 6137), 6.76; 2. P 1295 ( = W a 6138), 5.85; 3 . C o p 449, 6.88; 4 . B (B -I), 6.94; 5. V 30086; 6 . L in d g ren 970, 5.75.

2941 A E . 1 4 m m , 2 .7 1 g (4). A xis: 12.

[ 3 ]

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Δ ΙΦ ΙΛ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ ΡΙΣ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; trip o d i . F 1 2 9 6 ( = W a 6139), 6.35; 2. B (I-B = 27706.

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Δ ΡΥ Α Σ ΓΡΑ Μ Μ Α ΤΕΥ Σ Δ Η Μ Ο Υ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo, sta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre

km

[ 1 ]

2 9 4 9 A E . ig m m , 6.11 g (2). A xis: 12.

D ryas

i . O — A M C 13 8 6 , 3.02; 2—4 . B (I-B = R au c h ), 2.70, 2.68, 2.42.

[ 3 ]

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Λ Υ Ν Κ ΕΥ Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ ΡΙΣ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; trip o d

[ 2 ]

i . L = b m c io o , 5.66; 2. B (I-B =

T H E O K R I T O S

gm

P H I L O P A T R I S

BMC 100

BMC 103

i. L =

B (F o x ), 3.39.

2 9 4 5 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .8 0 g (2). A xis: 12.

K O D R O U

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Α ΡΤΕ Μ Ω Ν Κ Ο Δ Ρ Ο Υ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo, sta n d in g , r., p la y in g lyre

[ 1 ]

Γ Α ΙΟ Σ ; b a re h e a d o f G aiu s C a e s a r, r. ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Π Α Π ΙΑ Σ ; la u re l b ra n c h

AMc 1385, C o p 448

2 937 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .6 4 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 6 ]

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Π Α Π ΙΑ Σ Α Π Ε Λ Λ ΙΔ Ο Υ ΙΕ Ρ Ο Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; trip o d

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Δ Ο ΡΥ Κ Α Ν Ο Σ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Ο Υ Ρ ΙΔ Ο Υ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo, s ta n d in g r., p la y in g ly re

A R T E M O N

A P E L L I D O U

BMC 99, AMC 1392

[ 2 ]

BMC 102

gm

c.5 BC

2 9 4 3 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 6 .2 1 g (5). A xis: 12.

2 935 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 5 .0 1 g (2). A xis: 12.

i . L = b m c 102, 5.09; 2. B (I-B = Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

[ 4 ]

BMC 95

P 1292 ( = W a 6135), 5.24.

D O R Y K A N O S

483

E P A I N E T O U

2951 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .9 9 g (1). A xis: 12. ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Η ΡΑ Σ Ε Π Α ΙΝ Ε Τ Ο Υ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; trip o d r . B (I-B ) ( — km 238, no. 19), 5.99; 2. G 8 (‘C alig u la’).

[ 2 ]

484

ASIA: Hierapolis (2952-2964)

2952 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .9 5 g (3). A xis: 12.

[ 4 ]

C o p 451 Γ Α ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d o f G a iu s C a e sa r, r. ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Η ΡΑ Σ ; la u re l b ra n c h i . N Y ; 2. C o p 451, 4.06; 3 . B (I-B =

gm

694b), 4.31; 4 . P 1299 ( = W a

6 H 4 )> 3 -4 5 ·

A T T A L O S

( A N D ? )

M E I L I C H I O S

2953 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .7 6 g (3). A xis: 12. km

[ 3 ]

238, no. 21

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Μ Α ΤΡΩ Ν Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ΙΟ Υ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; d o u b le axe on b asis, w ith sn ak e coiled a ro u n d a n d s u rm o u n te d by ra d ia te h e a d I. L = B M C 1 0 6 , 5.52; 2. P 1297 ( = W a 6140 ‘ΜΑΤΙΩΝ’), 6.34; 3—4 . B (28778, I-B = km 239, no. 22, w ith T af. V I I . 30), 3.48, 4.28; 5. O = amc 1391, 6.49; 6. M u 11a, 4.79; 7. C 359/1948, 5.05; 8. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 352, 5.07. ΜΑΤΡΩΝ w as p referred by Im h o o f-B lu m er to W a d d in g to n ’s ΜΑΤΙΩΝ; for th e n a m e Μάτρων, see L G P N , p. 300; for its o ccu rren ce at H ierap o lis, see W eb er, p. 487. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h ea d (A pollo L a irb en o s) ( G IC 11: 5).

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Α Τ Τ Α Λ Ο Σ Μ Ε ΙΛ ΙΧ ΙΟ Σ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; trip o d I . B (I-B) ( = KM 2 l) , 5.83; 2. P 1287, 4.81; 3. C = SNG 4 9 7 7 , 6.62;

4 . W in te rth u r ( =

grm k

152, no. 5).

T ib e r iu s A s k le p ia d e s

c . A D 5 ( ? ) (se e in tr o d u c tio n

G r o u p I I I : A u g u s tu s (? ) a lo n e , f o r d is c u s s io n ) i O L L A S

2 9 5 9 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 6 m m , 3 .5 4 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

BMC 109

l O L L O U

grammateus

2 9 5 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 17 m m , 5 .4 4 g (4). A xis: 12.

[ 7 ]

Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Α Σ Κ Λ Η Π ΙΑ Δ Η Σ ; lyre; ab o v e, m o n o g ra m

BMC 107

T4

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. ΙΟ Λ Λ Α Σ ΙΟ Λ Λ Ο Υ Γ ΡΑ Μ Μ Α ΤΕΥ Σ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; lyre

i . L = b m c 1 0 9 , 3.53; 2. M M A G 505 (1987) lo t 118, 3.55. T h e m o n o g ram is clear on 2, a n d seem s to co n sist o f T, N a n d E w ith tw o Os above: p e rh a p s ΝΕΩΤΕΡΟΣ? ΣΤΕΦΑΝΕΦΟΡΟΣ seem s unlikely, as th ere seem s to be no Σ. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G I C 634: 1).

i . N Y ; 2 - 3 . L = BMC 107-8, 4.71, 4-85; 4—5. B (I-B = GM 694a, Fox), 6.98, 5.22; 6. G 7; 7. M u 11b. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. D i P H i L O s

D i P H i L O u

BMC

2 9 6 0 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .9 5 g (3). A xis: 12.

archon to B

2955 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 7 m m , 4 .2 1 g (7). A xis: 12.

[ 6 ]

104, C o p 452

Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Δ ΙΦ ΙΛ Ο Σ Δ ΙΦ ΙΛ Ο Υ Α ΡΧ Ω Ν TO B ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo, sta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre i . L = b m c 1 0 4 , 3.89; 2. P 1290 ( = W a 6132), 5.38; 3—4 . B (I-B = km 240, no. 24a, F ox), 6.15, 5.19; 5. C o p 452, 5.40; 6 . C , 3.44. T h e coin is often a ttrib u te d to T ib e riu s, b u t th e ap p e a ra n c e o f th e p o rtra it seem s like th a t on coins o f C h aro p id es S o strato u a n d M eniskos D iphilou (?the b ro th e r o f D iphilos); a n a ttrib u tio n to A u g u stu s thus seem s m ore likely, th o u g h n o t bey o n d d o u b t. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. M E N I S K O S

D I P H I L O U

tO Γ

2956 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 4 .9 6 g (g). A xis: 12.

[ 9 ]

Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Μ Ε Ν ΙΣΚ Ο Σ Δ ΙΦ ΙΛ Ο Υ T O Γ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo s ta n d in g , 1., w ith p h ia le a n d d o u b le axe

i . B (I-B), 3.56; 2. B (F ox), 4.38; 3 . V 30908; 4. P 1 3 0 2 ( = W a 6147), 3 -9 7 -

C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G I C 445: 2, 4).

H a p lo s

2961 A E . 1 6 m m , 4 .9 7 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

k m 240, no. 25

Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ [Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ]; la u re a te h e a d , r. ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Α Π Λ Ο Σ ; lyre

2 9 6 2 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .9 7 g (3). A xis: 12. grmk

i . L = b m c 1 0 5 , 4.89; 2—3 . P 1286, 1286a ( = W a 6133), 4.08, 5.56; 4 . B (I-B = km 239, no. 23), 4.38; 5 . O — AMC 1388, 4.45; 6. C M cC le an 8823, 6.20; 7. C o p 450, 5.06; 8 - 9 . V 32390, 23945, 4 -3 2 . —; 10. vA 3644, 5.72. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

[ 4 ]

152, no. 6

A s 2 9 6 1 , b u t A pollo, sta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre i . N Y ; 2—3. B (I-B = gm 739, no. 695, B -I = 4 . L = BMC I 10, 3.58. C o u n te rm ark : s ta r ( G I C 445: 1)

grm k,

no. 6), 4.01, 4.33;

S O S T R A T O U

2957 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 4 .8 1 g (4). A xis: 12.

[ 3 ] M enandros

km 239, no. 24

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Χ Α Ρ Ο Π ΙΔ Η Σ Σ Ω Σ Τ Ρ Α Τ Ο Υ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A p o llo on h o rse b a c k , r., w ith d o u b le axe I . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 2 2 4 4 (ex vA 3645), 4.87; 2. L 1 9 2 1 -4 -1 2 -9 5 , 4.99; 3. B (I-B — km 239, no. 24, cf. gm 739, no. 698 co rr.), 4.43; 4 . W e b er 7113, 4.96. M ü n ste rb e rg , Beamtennamen, a n d W e b er (p. 488) give ΧΑΡΩΠΙΔΗΣ b u t th e O is clear. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. M A T R O N

A s 2 9 5 9 , b u t A pollo, sta n d in g r., p la y in g ly re (no m o n o g ra m , a p p a re n tly )

i . B (I-B = k m , no. 25), 4.97; 2. V 3 3 6 6 8 . C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G IC 634: 1).

BMC 105, AMC 1388, C o p 450

C H A R O P I D E S

[ 4 ]

A P O L L O N I O U

2958 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .1 4 g (7). A xis: 12. BMC 106, AMC 1391

[ 7 ]

2 9 6 3 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .7 1 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν M E N A N [; ly re, to r., m o n o g ra m A I. B (B -I) ( = RSN 1913, 69, no. 193), 4.03; 2. B (L ö b b ), 3.38. C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G I C 634: 2).

2 9 6 4 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .9 4 g (1). A xis: 12. A s 2 9 6 3 , b u t Μ Ε Ν Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Σ a n d A pollo, sta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre (no m o n o g ra m , a p p a re n tly ) I. O (= N C 1940, 220, no. 7), 3.94. C o u n te rm ark : S ta r ( G IC 445: 1).

[ 1 ]

A S I A : Hierapolis (29 6 5 -2 9 7 6 )

2971 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .5 9 g (1). A xis: 12.

Z o s im o s H ie r o n e ik [

2965 A E . 1 6 m m , 4 .1 8 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1]

Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν Ζ Ω Σ ΙΜ Ο Σ IE P O N E IK [ ; lyre

2 9 7 2 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 8 m m , 4 .5 6 g (5). A xis: 12.

2966 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .7 8 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1]

240, no. 26

A s 2 9 6 5 , b u t Ζ Ω Σ ΙΜ Ο Σ [ p la y in g lyre

[ 1 ]

ΒΡΙΤΑ Ν Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t o f B rita n n ic u s , r. ΣΥ ΙΛ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ IE P Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; ta b le w ith tw o crow ns; to r., p a lm b ra n c h I . O ( = NC 1940, 220, no. 8), 3.59.

i . B (L o b b ), 4.18. C o u n te rm ark : KPA ( G I C 634: 1).

km

485

]N E I[ a n d A pollo, sta n d in g r.,

i . B (I-B ) (= km 26), 3.78. C o u n te rm ark : s ta r ( G I C 445: 1)

bmc

[ 5 ]

117

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t o f N ero , r. ΣΥ ΙΛ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ IE P Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; d o u b le axe on b asis, w ith sn ak e coiled a ro u n d a n d s u rm o u n te d by ra d ia te h e a d r . L = b m c 1 1 7 , 6.16; 2 . P 1309, 4.48; 3 —4 . B (3644, B - I ), 5.26, 2.90; 5 . V 27536; 6 . S ch u lten (22.4.1985) lo t 368, 4.03. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

2 9 7 3 B ronze. 1 8 m m , 5 .7 7 g (10). A xis: 12.

[ T h je o tim o s [L J y k o to u

2 967 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .2 8 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

[ 9 ]

BMC I I

[Τ ΙΒ Ε ΡΙΟ Σ] Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. [IEP Α Π Ο ] Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω [N Θ ]Ε Ο Τ Ε ΙΜ Ο Σ [Λ ]Υ Κ Ω ΤΟ Υ ; A pollo, s ta n d in g r., p la y in g lyre

Μ ΣΥ ΙΛ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ IE P Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t (o f A pollo?), r. Γ Ε Ν Ε Ι ΣΕ Β Α ΣΤ Ω Ν ; te m p le w ith six c o lu m n s

i . O , 3.28. T h e resto ratio n T h eo teim o s seem s sure; for th e n a m e Λυκώτης a t H ierap o lis, see C . H u m a n n , loc. cit ., in scrip tio n no. 178.

i . B 391/1880, 5.63; 2 —5 . B ( I- B , Β Ί , L ö b b , L ö b b ) , 5.15, 5.75, 5-88, 6.94; 6 - 7 . P 1307-8, 5.92, 5.90; 8 . P 1 2 8 1 ( = W a 6131), 4.59; g . L = bmc i i , 5.98. T h e h ea d h as been id entified as D ionysus b y B M C a n d A g rip p in a I I (Z/W, 1882, p. 4); b u t th e w re a th seem s to be o f la u rel a n d th e h airsty le is w ro n g for A g rip p in a (no cue on th e neck); A pollo seem s th e obvious altern ativ e. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 9.

G e r m a n ic u s a n d D r u s u s

2968 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 3 m m , 2 .3 8 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

BMC 1 1 I

TEPM AN IK OC; la u re a te h e a d o f G e rm a n ic u s, r. APOYCOC ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d o f D ru su s, r. I . L = B M C i n , 2.38. T h e a u th e n tic ity o f th e coin (acq u ired by th e B M in 1845) is n o t bey o n d q u estion, in view o f th e u n u s u a l p o rtra its (especially th e la u re a te head) a n d th e absence o f a m a g is tra te ’s nam e (com pare 3 0 5 8 ) . I t m ight p e rh a p s h av e been alte re d from som eth in g else. O n the o th e r h a n d , the coin show s no sign o f alte ra tio n , a n d it m ig h t ju s t be th e sm all d en o m in atio n co rresp o n d in g to th e ‘issue’ signed by th e m a g istrates. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.

Nero, c. a d 55 B g r(a m m a te u s )

P e r e ita s

2 9 7 4 B ronze. 18 m m , 6 .3 2 g (3). A xis: 12.

[ 4 ]

BMC 1 18 Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r. Π Ε Ρ Ε ΙΤ Α Σ B ΓΡ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo o n h o rse b a c k , r., w ith d o u b le axe i . L = b m c i i 8 , 6.01; 2. P 1313 ( — W a 6150 — mg 403, no. 113), 6.15; B (L ö b b ); 4 . M u 12a, 6.68. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: t. C o u n te rm ark : R ad iate h e a d ( G IC n : 3 -4 ).

3.

Claudius, AD 50-4 M . S u illio s A n tio c h o s

T i D io n y s io s

g ra (m m a te u s )

2969 B ronze. 18 m m , 5.99 g (12). A xis: 12.

[ 12 ]

2 9 7 5 A E . 1 8 m m , 6 .1 0 g (6). A xis: 12.

[ 9 ]

1 19

BMC 112, C o p 453

bmc

Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Μ ΣΥ ΙΛ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ Γ ΡΑ IE P Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo, sta n d in g r., p la y in g ly re

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r. Τ Ι Δ ΙΟ Ν Υ Σ ΙΟ Σ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A p o llo o n h o rse b a c k , r., w ith d o u b le axe

i . L = b m c 1 1 3 , 6.66; 2 . L = bmc 112, 4.78; 3 —5 . P 1304-5, 1303 ( = W a 6148), 5.41, 6.27, 5.43; 6 - 7 . C o p 4 5 3 -4 , 7.80, 5.62; 8 - 9 . B ( I- B , L ö b b ), 5.70, 7.57; 1 0 . V 32912, 4.90; i i —1 2 . M u 12, M ytilene 58. E.g., 8 is from th e sam e obv. die as 2 9 7 0 / 8 . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h e a d ( G I C 11: 3, 11).

2 9 7 0 B ronze. 1 8 m m , 5 .5 9 g (10). A xis: 12. bm c

[ 13]

114, C o p 455

Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Μ ΣΥ ΙΛ Λ ΙΟ Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ ΓΡΑ IE P Α Π Ο Λ ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A p o llo on h o rse b a c k , r., w ith d o u b le axe i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 2 4 5 (ex vA 3647), 6.64; 2 —4 . L = bmc i 14-16, 5.61, 5.94, 5.29; 5 . C o p 455, 4.65; 6 . P 1306, 6.06; 7 . O , 5.38; 8 . B ( I- B ) , 4.93; 9 —i i . V 38548, 28726, 30982; 1 2 —1 3 . M u 12α, ΐ2β; 1 4 . vA 3648, 5.59; 1 5 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 353, 5.75. E.g., 8 is from th e sam e obv. die as 2 9 6 9 / 8 . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h ea d ( G I C 11: 6, 7, 9, 14).

i . L = b m c 120, 6.06; 2—4 . L = bm c 119, 121, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 2 4 7 (ex vA 3650), 5-58, 4-87, 5·80; 5 “ 6 · p Ι 3 ΪΟ» ϊ 3 ϊ 2 ( = W a 6149), 8.16, 6.18; 7. B (I-B = m g 403, no. 112), 5.93; 8—9. V 30168, 30909. C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h e a d ( G I C 11: 6, 7, 8).

C h ares

B,

P a p ia s

2 9 7 6 A E . 1 8 m m , 5 .7 4 g (7). A xis: 12. bmc

[ 6 ]

122, C o p 456

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r. Χ Α ΡΗ Σ B Π Α Π ΙΑ Σ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; A pollo o n h o rse b a c k , r., w ith d o u b le axe i . C o p 4 5 6 , 5.90; 2—3. L = bmc 122, 1 9 3 0 -1 2 -1 0 -1 2 , 6.59, 4.78; 4 —5 . B (B -I — km 240, no. 27, F o x ), 4.83, 6.45; 6. V 35399, 6.04; 7. W e b er 7114, 5 -5 7

·

C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h e a d ( G I C 11: 3, 5).

2977 A E . 15 m m , 3.99 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

i . V 19 8 7 4 ; 2—3 . B (L ö b b = km 28, Fox), 5.95, 6.90; 4 . JS W , 6.53. Lo is n o t ce rtain , th o u g h L. H elv iu s O p to m u s seem s a p la u sib le nam e. C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h ea d ( G I C 11: 2).

Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π Ε ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r. [Χ ]Α Ρ Η Σ B Π Α Π ΙΑ Σ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ [Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ]; c u p b e tw e e n tw o b ra n c h e s

2981 Bronze. 1 5 m m ,

.

3 77

g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

BMC 126

i . B (F o x ) ( = NC 1913, 154, a n d pi. I I . 29), 3.99. ·

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΕΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; draped bust of Agrippina II, r. ΕΛΟΥΙΟΣ ΟΠΤΟΜΟΣ ΙΕΡΑΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; thyrsus

M . A n to n io s K a lo s

2978 B ronze. 1 8 m m , 5 .4 1 g (4). A xis: 12.

i . L = b m c 1 2 6 (a p p a re n tly w ith ΑΠΤΟΜ ΟΣ, in e rro r), 3.77; 2. B (IB — gm 697 = Nz 4, T af. X .4 ).

[ 5 ]

BMC 123 Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r. Μ Α Ν Τ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Κ Α Λ Ο Σ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; Z eus s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eag le a n d sc e p tre

M a g u t e s n e o te r o s

2982 A E . 1 8 m m , 5 .4 2 g (5). A xis: 12.

i . B (I-B ) (= g m 696), 5.84; 2. L = bmc 123, 5.45; 3. O , 4.80; 4. B 390/1880, 5.58; 5. M u 12b. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2. C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h ea d ( G IC 11: 3).

2979 B ronze. 1 5 m m , 4 .4 0 g (3). A xis: 12.

[ 3 ]

I . B (B -I) (= R S N 1913, 69, no. 194 co rr.), 5.95; 2 . B (323/1894), 5.20; 3 . P 13 1 1, 5.68; 4 . P M ag y d u s 229 ( = W a 3297), 5.63; 5 . J S W , 4.67. T h is

BMC 124

ty p e a n d th a t o f th e n ex t refer to th e P lu to n iu m o r C h aro n e io n a t H ierap o lis (W eb er, N C , 1913, p. 144; C ic h o riu s in C . H u m a n n et al., op. cit., p p . 4, 38, 44; R am sa y , Phrygia, p. 86). F o r a co rresp o n d in g type a t O rth o s ia , reflecting its p ro x im ity to th e P lu to n iu m a t N ysa, see 2 8 4 6 . C o u n te rm ark : R a d ia te h ea d ( G I C 11: 3 -4 ).

Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π Ε ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r. Μ Α Ν Τ Ω Ν ΙΟ Σ Κ Α Λ Ο Σ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; sn a k e coiled ro u n d sta ff i . L = b m c 124, 3.69; 2. L = BMC 125, 4.72; 3. B (B -I), 4.79. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.

[ 4 ]

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t, r. Μ Α ΓΥ Τ Η Σ Ν Ε Ω Τ Ε Ρ Ο Σ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; P lu to a n d P e rse p h o n e in c h a rio t, r.

2983 A E . 1 5 m m , 4 .0 1 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

BMC 127 L o (? ) H e lo u io s O p to m o s

2980 A E . 1 8 m m , 6 .4 6 g (3). A xis: 12. km

Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π Ε ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r. Μ Α ΓΥ ΤΗ Σ Ν Ε Ω Τ Ε Ρ Ο Σ ΙΕ ΡΑ Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; D e m e te r, se a te d 1., h o ld in g e a r o f c o rn a n d p o p p ie s

[ 3 ]

240, no. 28

i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—2 2 4 6 (ex vA 3649), 3.23; 2 . L = bm c 127, 4.82.

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u st, r. A O Ε Λ Ο Υ ΙΟ Σ Ο Π Τ Ο Μ Ο Σ ΙΕ Ρ Α Π Ο Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; c o rn u c o p ia w ith d o u b le axe to 1.

Hydrela T he coinage of H ydrela was catalogued by H . von Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d Städte P hrygiens I, pp. 110-13. T h e evidence for its (uncertain) location on the u p p er M aean d er an d near the borders of Phrygia and C aria is discussed by him on pp. 57 - 8 -

H ydrela h ad m ade some rare bronze coins in the H ellen­ istic period (e.g., L 1979-1-1-1066 = vA 3674, B M C 1), and in the im perial period coinage is equally rare. D uring the Ju lio -C lau d ian period there are only two issues, one under A ugustus an d one und er Nero. O n both the reverse design is M en on horseback, as on some of the H ellenistic coins. T he coins o f N ero are signed by a m an of the sam e nam e, Apellas A thenagorou, who dedicated coins of H ydrela under H a d ria n (B M C 3); he is presum ably the grandson of the N eronian m an. T h e p o rtrait of Nero suggests a date tow ards the end of N ero’s reign.

A u g u s tu s (?) 2 9 8 4 A E . 1 5 m m , 4 .5 2 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

vA Phryg. I, 320 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Ε Υ Θ Υ Δ Ω ΡΟ Σ Y Δ Ρ Η Λ Ε ΙΤ Ω Ν ; M ê n o n h o rse, r. i . B (B -I) ( = km 245, no. i, w ith T a f. V I I I . 3), 4.52. R eg a rd ed b y von A ulock, H N , a n d M ü n ste rb e rg , Beamtennamen, as a coin o f N ero, b u t the p o rtra it seem s m ore like th a t o f A u g u stu s, to w h o m Im ho o f-B lu m er a ttrib u te d th e coin.

N ero,

a d

6 3 -8

2 9 8 5 A E . 21 m m , 5 .7 4 g (3). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 3 ]

vA Phryg. I, 321 -2 Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u r e a te h e a d , r. Α Π Ε Λ Λ Α Σ Α Θ Η Ν Α Γ Ο Ρ Ο Υ Υ Δ ΡΗ Λ (Ε )ΙΤ Ω Ν ; M ê n on h o rse, r. *· B 4 5 5 Λ 8 9 *. 6 .68; 2. L = BMC 4 ( ‘H a d r ia n ’), 5.10; 3. M u J u lia , P h r y g ia , 2 ( = vA Phryg. J u lia 415), 5.43. S am e obv. die.

Sardis (Caesarea) Sardis h ad been a sm all m int for silver cistophori and a prolific issuer of bronze coins in the H ellenistic period; the city continued to m int bronze in the im perial period.

A lthough no system atic study o f the coinage has yet been produced, the excavations from Sardis have produced num erous coins o f this period, published by H . W. Bell,

A S I A : Sardis (Caesarea)

X I: Coins ( i g i o - 1 4 ) (1916), and A. Jo h n sto n ‘T he Greek C oins’, in T . V. B uttrey, A nn Jo h n sto n , K en n eth M . M acK enzie an d M ichael L. Bates, Greek, R om an, and Isla m ic Coins fr o m Sardis (1981).

S a rd is

Augustus T he relative order of D iodoros an d D am as is not certain as there is little to choose betw een portraits they use. T he coins of D am as, however, look quite like T iberian coins of O pinas an d Akiamos, so he has been placed later than Diodoros. Both issues w ere probably quite late in the reign to ju d g e from the type of p o rtrait. D am as’s coins are close in style, particularly the obverse p o rtra it and legend, to the ‘alliance’ coins o f M ousaios (2988). T his ‘alliance’ coin with Pergam um is reciprocated by a sim ilar issue from Pergam um (2362), datin g to about a d i , an d has been discussed by R. Pera, H om onoia suile M onete da A u g u sto agli A n to n in i (1984), pp. 17-20. Both issues have been found in the Sardis excavations, though it is not clear w hether there was any attem p t to circulate the alliance coinage a t each of the two cities on a reciprocal basis (coins of Pergam um are anyw ay found at Sardis). In view of the likely date of the ‘alliance’ coin an d the general sim ilarity betw een the portraits of D am as and D iodoros, it seems th a t there was probably no A ugustan coinage before the last decade b c .

Tiberius T he issue jo in tly signed by O pinas an d Akiamos was pro b ­ ably m ade a t the beginning of the reign as it uses the simple ethnic ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΩΝ (see below ). T he sm aller denom ination is a continuation or revival o f a com m on type of the first century b c . After the earthquake of a d i 7, Sardis changed its nam e to Sardis C aesarea in acknow ledgem ent of the substantial financial help provided by the em peror. This is the subject of the coins m ade by Ioulios K leon and M em non, which depict the em peror raising or restoring the Tyche of the city. O n the reverse is a depiction of Livia as a goddess, presum ably D em eter.

Germanicus and Drusus T here are three issues, each of w hich is m ore or less problem atic. i . O ne issue has the ethnic Sardis C aesarea an d m ay well be the sm aller denom ination issued by K leon an d M em non, though lacking their nam es. I f so, both types presum ably date to betw een 17 an d 19. 3. T here is also a separate issue for G erm anicus, signed by M naseas in the nom inative. T his is m ore of a problem , as it does not ‘h an g ’ on to the T ib erian issues, either by ethnic or m agistrate; in addition it has an odd die axis (one o’clock). I t has been suggested th a t it m ight be a p osthu­ mous issue by G ran t ( N C , 1949, p. 163, n. 151 ); he pointed out the clear sim ilarity w ith p o rtraits of C laudius. Jo h n sto n (loc. cit.) agreed th a t it m ight be posthum ous, like the post­ hum ous coins from the m int of Rome. A M naseas appears under N ero, b u t his nam e is always in the genitive after ΕΠΙ (it is in the nominativè, on the coins of G erm anicus), and by

4.8J

the tim e of Nero the die axis m ay be six o’clock as well as twelve o’clock. This six/twelve o’clock die axis first appears un d er C laudius, whereas twelve was norm al under A ugustus and Tiberius; this suggests th a t the issue should probably fall somewhere under T iberius or C aligula, b u t greater precision is not possible. (It is possible th at one issue of the N eronian M naseas calls him ‘M naseas the Y ounger’, 3006; if he dates to the mid-sixties, a date in the m id-thirties would obviously be appropriate for a father, b u t this is ju st guesswork). 3. D rusus and G erm anicus. T he large coins bearing on the reverse a w reath enclosing the inscription ΚΟΙΝΟΥ ΑΣΙΑΣ and on the obverse the figures o f ΔΡΟΥΣΟΣ KAI ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΣ Ν ΕΟΙ Θ ΕΟ Ι ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΙ, traditionally attrib u ted to Sardis (B M C 104), raises several problem s. First, where were they made? T he attribution to Sardis rests on the reverse inscription ΕΠ Ι ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΚΛΕΩΝΟΣ ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΟΥ, b u t this is obviously a weak reason since the high priest of the K oinon (w hether or not he happened to be a citizen of Sardis) could clearly be responsible for an issue anyw here in Asia and m ight be expected to reside in the city w here the K oinon’s tem ple was: i.e., Pergam um . G aebler (Z/JV X X IV , 1904, p. 256, n. 2), who first corrected the reading of the reverse from ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΩΝ to ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΟΥ, suggested Pergam um for this reason, while M ünsterberg (B eam tennam en) sug­ gested Ephesus; Jo h n sto n has suggested th a t the coins ‘belong elsewhere’ th an Sardis and th at, as the reverse type and legend seem to refer to the gam es of the K oinon, Pergam um , Ephesus or Sm yrna are likely candidates. I t is difficult to decide between the relative m erits of these dif­ ferent candidates. Sm yrna is the only one to produce coins of anything like the same large size, but, for its single T iberian issue (between 29 and 35), uses C rath er th an Σ, and has a die axis which is twelve or six o ’clock, ra th e r than twelve as on the D rusus and G erm anicus coins. T h e same twelve o’clock die axis is used at Pergam um and Ephesus under T iberius, b u t both have C (though it is true th a t Σ reappears at Ephesus under C laudius). Pergam um particu ­ larly m inted coins for G erm anicus and D rusus. It seems w orth while, however, restating the case for Sardis as the m int; none of the objections about letter forms or die axis apply there, and the strongest argum ent for an attribution to Sardis is the evidence of finds, as no fewer th an six pieces are recorded in the recent volume on the Sardis excava­ tions. T his is a lot by the standards of coins found in these excavations, and, as far as seems known, no other proven­ ances have been recorded, a p a rt from two from Pergam um (K . Regling, B lä tte r f ü r M ü n zfre u n d e , 1914, cols. 5673-4). (O ne specimen in L has the counterm ark JEIMOY; but unfortunately this does not seem to have been recorded anyw here else.) I f the case for an attrib u tio n to Sardis is acceptable, we should presum ably in terpret the issue as one instigated (paid for?) by one of her m ost prom inent citizens, whose typology reflects his position as high priest o f Asia (com pare Laodicea, 2895, for the use of a type specific to the individual who signs the coin). And, indeed, although the m ost im p o rtan t gam es of the K oinon were at Ephesus, Pergam um and Sm yrna, there were also other less im port­ an t ones at other places like Sardis. (T he related question of the ‘auth o rity ’ for the issue - K oinon or city —is left on one side here: see p. 14.)

T he second problem concerns date. T here are in fact two difficulties here, since as well as the original issue there was a second one w ith a very elaborate ‘counterm ark’: the reverse legend was obliterated by a ring-shaped punch with the inscription ΓΑΙΩ ΑΣΙΝΝΙΩ ΠΩΛΛΙΩΝΙ ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ. T he proconsulship of A sinius Pollio is generally dated to 37-8, b u t B. E. Levy has pointed out th a t this dating is not very securely based and has proposed a datin g of probably 28-9, while suggesting 26 (or at least 23-6) for the original issue. H er d ating has been followed here.

Claudius T here is a sm all issue for C laudius, b u t it does not seem m ore closely datable th a n to his reign.

Nero U n d er N ero two issues were made: 1. T he issue for M indios can be d ated by the inclusion of O ctavia to no later th a n 62; the absence of any coins for A grippina perhaps suggests a date betw een 59 and 62, with w hich the p o rtra it is com patible. (A coin was accepted for A grippina I I by the v A In d ex = E. A. Sydenham , Coinage o f N ero = W . D rexler, N Z 21 (1889), p. 150 = M i 4.123.696, from Sestini (D escrizione ), p. 437; this is perhaps a m isread coin of O ctavia.) 2 . T he issue of M naseas is later; to ju d g e from the portrait, betw een 6 3 an d 6 8 . T h e ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coin w ith H eracles/N ike has the epithet C8BACTH on the reverse; the coin is therefore rem arkably like the issues of Sm yrna for P oppaea as Nike, and presum ably this coin, too, m ay be intended to represent Poppaea as Nike; in this case, the issue of M naseas will date between 62 an d 6 5 .

2. T he vA In d e x includes an entry for A ugustus and Livia based on P: probably a m istake for T iberius and Livia, as

2991· 3. T he vA In d e x also includes an entry for A grippina II, based on the Saarbrücken Archive, b u t see above under M indios. 4. Im hoof-Blum er (L S , p. 138) dated the coins of Phileinos ‘aus N e ro ’s Z e it ’ because he thought one o f them was overstruck by a coin of N ero ( G M , 722, no. 616), b u t the overstrike is the other way round, and the coin should probably be associated w ith the Flavian proconsul M arcel­ lus and dated between 70 and 73 (so Jo h n sto n on Sardis excavations, no. 247).

‘Magistrates’ Little is known about the status of the ‘m agistrates’. U nder Nero, M indios and probably M naseas indicate th at they were strategoi, b u t none of the earlier persons gives any indication of office; indeed, u n der T iberius, issues are twice signed by two m en (O pinas and Akiamos, and Ioulios K leon and M em non).

Denominations T he p attern found is show n in the table below. Jo h n sto n has pointed out th a t the reduction in the weight stan d ard under Tiberius coincides w ith the adoption of the title Caesarea, and has suggested th at it reflects either the straitened circum stances of the city after the earthquake, or the desire to make as m any of the coins as possible. The reduction in weight is unusual (but see also p. 375), though it can be seen th at the w eight standards appear to have fluctuated a lot, and th a t an even greater reduction appears to have occurred under N ero (M naseas).

Exclusions T he following issues have been excluded: I . T he gram m ateus D am ophon, accepted for A ugustus by M ünsterberg (B eam tennam en ), rests on an entry in M i S7.417.436 = Sestini, M u s . H edervar. II, p. 318, no. 22, w hich sounds like a m isread coin of Pergam um (2358).

Augustus Diodoros Damas Mousaios Tiberius Opinas, etc. Kleon, etc. Germanicus Drusus/Germ .

Types Some of the types have been discussed by Jo h n sto n , pp. 7 14 (Zeus Lydios, K ore and A rtem is). M ost of the ‘im perial’ types have already been m entioned, and the rem aining local deities m ostly ap p ear on the earlier coinage of the city.

19mm, 5.67g 20 mm, 6.08 g 19 mm, 6.95 g 20m m, 6.70g 19 mm, 4.62 g

■5 m ®. 5-99g 15 mm, 3.05 g 16 mm, 3.27 g

28 mm, 12.75 g

Claudius

15mm, 3.27g

Nero Mindios Mnaseas

20m m, 5.58g 18 mm, 3.97g

16mm, 4.27g 15 mm, 2.41 g

average:

19mm, 5.47g (51)

15mm, 3.18g (41)

A S IA : Sardis (Caesarea) (2 9 8 6 -2 9 9 6 )

2 9 9 2 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .0 3 g (9). A xis: 12.

A u g u s tu s

48g

[ 10 ]

BMC 1 10

2986 A E . ig m m , 5 .5 4 g (13). A xis: 12. BM C

97,

AM C

[ 12 ]

1362, C o p 514

Σ Ε Β Α ΣΤ Ο Υ ; b a re h e a d , r. Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Δ ΙΟ Δ Ω Ρ Ο Σ Ε ΡΜ Ο Φ ΙΛ Ο Υ ; Z eu s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff i . N Y , 7.09; 2 . L = BMC 97, 4.36; 3 . O = AMC 1362, 7.24; 4 . C op 514, 5-3°; 5 -8 · P 1184-5 ( = w 5 2 29-30), 1 1 8 3 ,1185a, 5 .4 1 ,5 .3 6 ,5 .7 0 ,4 .5 3 ; 9 —ί ο . B (I-B , 457/1882); i i . C L eake; 1 2 . M u 40; 1 3 . vA 3142, 4.49; 14. W e n d t X X I (1978) lo t 586, 6.62; 1 5 . L a n z 16 (1979) lo t 306, 6.21; 1 6 . L in d g ren A 812B, 4.55; 1 7 —2 0 . S ard is excavations 269; 2 1 . W ad d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 296, 5.96. T h e re a d in g -OY r a th e r th a n -ΟΣ is clear, e.g., on 14.

Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α ΡΕ Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d o f G e rm a n ic u s, r. Δ ΡΟ Υ Σ Ο Σ Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d o f D ru su s, r. i . L = B M C h i , 3.28; 2—3. L = BMC i io , 1 12, 3.39, 2.68; 4 . P 1199, 2.83; 5—6. O , 3.49, 2.13; 7—9. B (B -I, I-B , 4 1 0/1871); 10. M u 42c; i i — 13. L in d g ren 814-15, A 814A, 2.99, 3.17, 3*30; 14—15· S ard is excavations 272.

G e rm a n ic u s C a esa r ( fo r d isc u ssio n , see in tro d u c tio n ) 2 9 9 3 A E . 16 m m , 3.32 g (6). A xis: 1.

2987 A E . 2 0 m m , 5.92 g (6). A xis: 12.

[ '5 ]

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Υ ; b a re h e a d , r. Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Δ Α Μ Α Σ ; in th re e lines in w re a th i . N Y , 6.08; 2 . L 1972-3—8—4, 7.96; 3 —4 . P 1187-8 (inc. W a 5228), 5.10, 6.12; 5. G 18, 5.37; 6 . L in d g re n A 812A , 5.84; 7 . S ard is excavation s 268.

BMC 1 13 corr. ΓΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; b a re h e a d , 1. Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Μ Ν Α ΣΕ Α Σ; h e lm e te d figure o f A th e n a , sta n d in g 1., h o ld in g o u t p h ia le a n d s p e a r a n d shield i . P 1201 ( = W a 5234); 2—3. P 1202 ( = W a 5235), 1200, 3.72, 3.12; 4 . L = bm c i i 3 (‘h ea d r . ’, w rongly), 3.05; 5—6. O , 3.67, 3.14; 7—8. B (IB, K n o b elsd o rf); 9. C B uckler, 3.20; 10. M u 43; 11. V 27515; 12— 2 2 . S ard is excavations 273; 23—24. S ard is ex cav atio n s (1910-14) 280-1; 25. W e b er 6906.

S a r d is a n d P e r g a m u m

2988 A E . 1 9 m m , 6 .9 5 g (2 ). A xis: 12.

[ 11 ]

[ 3 ]

BMC 2 1 1, C o p 54 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Υ ; b a re h e a d , r. Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Κ Α Ι Π Ε ΡΓ Α Μ Η Ν Ω Ν Μ Ο Υ ΣΑ ΙΟ Σ; th e D em o i o f P e rg a m u m a n d S a rd is, e a c h h o ld in g a sc e p tre , c la sp in g hands L = b m c 2 1 i , 6.59; 2 . C o p 54; 3 . V 34182, 7.40; 4 . S ard is excav atio n s 269 (‘ov erstru ck ’); 5 . S ard is excavations (1910—14) 306. See in tro d u ctio n for discussion. I.

T ib e r iu s 2989 A E . 2 0 m m , 6 .5 3 g (9)· A xis: 12.

[ 8 ]

BMC 102 Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Υ Υ ΙΟ Σ; b a re h e a d , r. Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Ο Π ΙΝ Α Σ Α Κ ΙΑ Μ Ο Σ; in th re e lines in w re a th i . L = B M C 1 0 2 , 6.36; 2 . L = BMC 103, 7.38; 3—4 . P 1203-4 ( = W a 5 2 3 1 2), 6.26, 6.27; 5—6. B (I-B , L ö b b ); 7. G 19, 8.34; 8. V 31981, 6.80; g. L in d g ren 813, 4.83; 10. W e n d t X X I (1978) lo t 587, 6.16; 11— 12. S ardis excavations 271.

2 9 9 0 A E . 1 5 m m , 5 .9 9 g (5). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

km 183, no. i Ο Π ΙΝ Α Σ Α Κ Α Μ Ο Σ ; h e a d o f H e ra c le s , r., w ith lion skin k n o tte d a ro u n d neck Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; A p o llo sta n d in g w ith crow a n d la u re l b ra n c h ; all w ith in w re a th i . V 3 6 7 7 6 , 6.89; 2. I-B ( = km 1), 5.90; 3. vA 3135, 6.44; 4 - 5 . L in d g ren 805, A 805A, 5.37, 5-35; 6. S ard is excavations 245.

2991 A E . 1 9 m m , 4 .6 8 g (10). A xis: 12.

[ 15 ]

D r u s u s a n d G e rm a n ic u s, c .

i . L = b m c 9 8 , 4.57; a—4 . L —BMC 99-101, 3.94, 4.01, 4.88; 5—6. P 1205 ( = W a 5233), 1205A, 5.01, 4.82; 7 - 8 . O , 5.34, 4.42; 9 . V 19562; 1 0 II. C op 515-16, 5.37, 4.38; 12—15. B (B -I, 472/1883, I-B , 786/1914); 16— 24. S ard is excavations 270; 2 5 . S ardis excavations (1910-14) 279.

2 3 -6 ? ? ( fo r d a tin g ,

2 9 9 4 A E . 2 8 m m , 13 .0 3 g (11). A xis: 12.

[ 13 ]

BMC S a rd is 104. Δ ΡΟ Υ Σ Ο Σ Κ Α Ι Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Ε Σ Ν Ε Ο Ι Θ Ε Ο Ι Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ο Ι; to g a te figures o f D ru s u s a n d G e rm a n ic u s se a te d , L, on c u ru le ch a irs, one h o ld in g o u t litu u s Ε Π Ι Α ΡΧ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Ω Σ Α Λ Ε Ξ Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Υ Κ Λ ΕΩ Ν Ο Σ ΣΑ Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ο Υ ; w re a th enclo sin g Κ Ο ΙΝ Ο Υ Α Σ ΙΑ Σ I . L — B M C 1 0 4 , 13.20; 2—4· L = BMC 105, i 97 9 _ i _ i "'20 3 *i (e>c γ Α 3143), 1 9 1 4 -4 -6 -6 , 10.21, 15.91, 14.19; 5· C o p 5 *7 > 14 -2 8 ; 6—i o . P 1 1 8 9 -9 1, 1198, D elep ierre, 12.65, j i -Ö7 j ΙΟ·9 5 > Ι 2 ·° 5 ; 1 *· Ο , ΐ 3 ·9 °; Ι 2 · V 19560; ι $ . ΝΥ.

R e s tr u c k b y A s i n i u s P o llio , p r o c o s . , c. A D 2 8 - g (? ) ( fo r d a te a n d a ttr ib u tio n , see in tr o d u c tio n )

2 9 9 5 A E . 2 8 m m , 12 .6 8 g (20). A xis: 12.

[ 37 ]

BMC S a rd is 106, C o p 518 A s 2 9 9 4 , b u t obv. in s c rip tio n re s tru c k as a b o v e a n d rev. in sc rip tio n re stru c k : ΓΑ ΙΩ Α Σ ΙΝ Ν ΙΩ Π Ο Λ Λ ΙΩ Ν Ι ΑΝΘΥΠΑΤΩ . L = bmc 1 09, 10.43; 2—5. L — BMC 106—8, 1 9 7 5 -1 0 -5 -6 , 12.71, 12.73, 12.31, 10.06; 6—12. P 1193-5, 1196-7 ( = W a 5 2 3 7 -8 ), 1197A, D elepierre, 16.22, 11.30, 8.95, 16.i6 , 14.13, 12.16, 14.27; 13. C o p 518, 10.96; 14— 15. V 19561, 31982; 16—18. M u 41, 42, 42b, 11.83, H -2 6 , 15.87; 19— 22. O , 12.85, Ι 4·θ6, 11.62, 10.90; 2 3 —3 1 . B (P erg am u m ); 3 2 —3 3 . C L eake, gen.; 3 4 —30. S ard is ex cav atio n s 274; 4 0 . W e b er 6qos; 4 1 —4 4 . N Y. C o u n te rm ark : ]EIM OY { G IC — : 5). i

BMC 98, C o p 515 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Ε Ω Ν Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; to g a te figure o f e m p e ro r ra isin g k n e e lin g figure o f T y c h e o f S ard is Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ ΕΏ Ν Κ Α Ι Μ ΕΜ Ν Ω Ν ; L iv ia se a te d , r., w ith sc e p tre a n d ears o f co rn

a d

a n d a ttr ib u tio n to S a r d is , see in tro d u c tio n )

C la u d iu s

___________________________ _

2 9 9 6 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .3 0 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6. BMC 114 ΤΙ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , 1. Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; b e a rd e d h e a d o f H e ra c le s , 1. i. L =

bmc i

14, 3.45; 2. L = BMC 115, 2.89; 3. P 1206 ( = W a 5236),

[ 9 ]

(‘A u g u stu s a n d T ib e riu s C a e sa r’); 15. N Y ; 16. vA 3146, 2.80; 17. W e n d t X X I (1978) lo t 500a, 4.93.

3 -4 3 ; 4 - 5 · C o p 519-20, 3.25, 3.49; 6 - 7 . B (I-B = mg 389, no. 33, 4 9/1872); 8. C Leake; 9. V 30775; 10. S ardis excavations 275; 11. W eb er 6907; 12. Lewis = SNG 1510. T h e obv. in scrip tio n on 6 a n d 11 is TI

ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ (sic).

3003

[

2 ]

[

2 ]

A s 3 0 0 a , b u t rev. le g e n d Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Τ ΡΑ TO B 1—2. B (Fox, I-B ). S am e rev. die. D ie-linked to 3 0 0 2 .

N e r o , M in d i o s S tr ( a te g o s )

to B,

c .a d

60

2997 A E . 1 9 m m , 5.41 g (10). A xis: 12 o r 6.

_____

3004

A s 3 0 0 3 , b u t obv. leg e n d Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν a n d rev. leg en d Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Τ ΡΑ T O B

[ 16 ]

i . M u 4 4 , 4.20; 2. C o p 522, 3.68; 3. W e b er 6908, 4.79.

BMC 1 16, C o p 521 Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; D io n y su s s ta n d in g , 1., w ith c a n th a ru s a n d lo n g th y rsu s; (a t feet, p a n th e r); in field, Σ Τ Ρ Α TO B i . L = b m c 1 1 6 , 6.05; 2 —5 . L = bmc i 17-19, 1 9 7 9 - 1 —1—2 0 3 2 (ex vA 3144), 5.64, 4.59, 6.61, 4.46; 6 . C o p 521, 5.08; 7 —9· P 1210 ( = W a 5241), 1211, D elep ierre, 4.66, 5.30, 5.84; 1 0 . O , 5.91; 1 1 —1 3 . B (I-B , L öb b , BI); 1 4 —1 6 . V 27643, 19563, 35777; 17· W e b er 6909. T h e N in ΝΕΡΩΝ is re tro g ra d e on 4. T h e p a n th e r is visible only on 5.

2998 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .9 8 g (1).

[ o ]

3005

N e r o , T i K l M n a s e a s S tr a (te g o s ) (? ), 3006

[ 4 ] 3007

A E . 18 m m , 3 .9 1 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 6 ]

I. L = b m c 121, 4.39; 2 - 4 . P 1207-8, 1209 ( = W a 5242), 4.53, 3.37, 3.87; 5—6. B (I-B = gm 722, no. 617, I-B ); 7—8. S ard is ex cav atio n s 276. 6 is o v erstru ck by a coin o f M arcellu s (cf. in tro d u ctio n ).

A E . 17 m m , 3.94 g (6). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 8 ]

BMC 62

138, nos. 6 -8

Θ ΕΟ Ν CYNKAHTON; d ra p e d b u s t o f S e n a te , r. ΤΙ ΜΝΑεεΟΥ ΒΑΡΔΙΑΝΩΝ; Z eus s ta n d in g , 1., w ith eagle a n d sta ff

επί

Θ Ε Α Ν Ο Κ Τ Α Β ΙΑ Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f O c ta v ia , r., w ith ears o f c o rn in w re a th Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Τ ΡΑ TO Β (legend re tro g ra d e ); v e iled fem ale figure sta n d in g , r., w ith sc e p tre

i . L = b m c 6 3 , 3.49; 2—3 . L = BMC 62, 122 ( ‘N e ro ’), 3.63, 4.58; 4 . P 1181 (= W a 5226), 3.61; 5. O , 4.05; 6—8. B (Fox, I-B , L ö b b ); 9 . vA 3136, 4.24; 10—19. S ard is ex cav atio n s 246. 3009

A E . 1 5 m m , 2 .5 6 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 8 ]

BMC 123-4

2 9 8 8 -9 .

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r. ε π ί Τ Ι ΜΝΑΟεΟΥ/Α Β Α ΡΔΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; h e a d o f H e ra c le s, r.

[ 4 I A s 3 0 0 0 , b u t Θ Ε Α Ν Ο Κ Τ Α Ο Υ ΙΑ Ν

MNACEA: i . N Y , 2.59; 2. L = bm c 124, 2.33; 3 . C o p 524, 2.53; 4 . Β (IB); MNACEOY: 5 - 6 . L = bm c 123, 1979--1-1-2033 (ex vA 3145), 2.57, 2.81; 7. B (Fox); 8. V 30155.

Ϊ · V 3 4 9 3 3 (O K T A O IA N : sic), 5.95; 2 . M u 45 ( = ls 7), 5.15; 3 - 4 . B ( IB = ls 138, n o . 6, 117/1886); 5 . M ü lle r 49 (1985) lo t 269, 5.88.

3002 A E . 1 6 m m , 4 .0 6 g (12: 3 0 0 3 —5 ). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 2 ]

A s 3 0 0 6 , b u t ε π ί Τ Ι Μ Ν Α ε ε Ο Υ Β Α ΡΔΙΑ Ν Ω Ν

3008

3001

A E . 18 m m .

65

BMC I 2 I

[ 3 ]

i . P 1 2 1 5 ( = W a 5244), 5.38; 2 . P 1214 ( = W a 5243), 4.24; 3 . M u 46 ( = l s 8 ), 5.70. T h e id e n tity o f th e figure on th e rev. is un su re; Im hoofB lu m er suggested B oule, b u t D em e ter seem s q u ite possible in view o f

a d

2997)·

I. B (B -I), 5.99; 2 . L = BM CI25, 5.00; 3 - 4 . P 1216-17 ( = W a 5245), 4.37, 5.90; 5 . W in te rth u r ( = km 184, no. 3).

ls

.

i . V 19 5 6 3 ; 2. N Y . T h e w o rd after M NACEOY m ig h t possibly b e ΝΕΩΤ, b u t th is is com pletely u n c e rta in . T h e m o n o g ra m w as th o u g h t to s ta n d for ΓΡ b y M ü n ste rb e rg , Beamtennamen, b u t ΣΤΡΑ seem s m ore likely (as on

Θ Ε Α Ν Ο Κ Τ Α Ο Υ ΙΑ Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f O c ta v ia , r., w ith ears o f c o rn in w re a th Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Τ Ρ Α ΤΟ Β; D e m e te r h o ld in g tw o to rc h e s in se rp e n t c h a rio t, r.

3000 A E . 20 m m , 5.40 g (6). A xis: 12 o r 6.

c

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι TI KA M N A C EO Y [ ] ΒΑ ΡΔΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; Z eus s ta n d in g , L, w ith eagle a n d staff; in field, m o n o g ra m X

i . M M A G 4 1 ( 1 9 7 0 ) l o t 4 3 4 , 5.98.

BMC 125

i ]

i . J S W , 4.1 5; 2. V 27765. S am e dies.

Θ Ε Α Ν Ο Κ Τ Α Ο Υ ΙΑ Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f O c ta v ia , r., w ith ears o f c o rn in w re a th Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; D e m e te r s ta n d in g , 1., w ith ears o f c o rn a n d sc e p tre ; in field, Σ Τ Ρ Α Τ Ο B

2999 A E . 20 m m , 5.09 g (4). A xis: 12.

[

A s 3 0 0 3 , b u t obv. le g e n d Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν a n d m o n o g ra m o f Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν a n d rev. le g e n d Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Τ Ρ Α T O B

[ 15]

3010

BMC 120, C o p 522 corr.

A E . 1 5 m m , 2 .3 5 g ( 4 )· A xis: 12 o r 6. bmc

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι Μ ΙΝ Δ ΙΟ Υ Σ Α Ρ Δ ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; la u re a te h e a d o f H e ra c le s, r., w ith lio n skin tie d ro u n d neck

[ 5 ]

64, C o p 504

ΕΠ Ι TI M N A C EO Y Β Α ΡΔΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; h e a d o f H e ra c le s, r. CEBACTH; N ik e, 1., w ith w re a th a n d p a lm i . L = b m c 6 4 , 2.18; 2. P 1182 ( = W a 5227), 2.73; 3 . C o p 504, 2.05; 4. O , 2.43; 5. B (I-B ); 6 . S ard is ex cav atio n s (1910—14) 265, 2.64. C o m p a re S m y rn a, 2 4 8 6 ; h ere, too, th e re is p e rh a p s an assim ilatio n o f P o p p a e a a n d N ike, th o u g h n o t explicit.

i . L = b m c 1 2 0 , 3.61; 2 . L 1 9 1 4 -4 -6 -8 , 3.90; 3 —5 . P 1212-13 {= W a 5240, 5 2 3 9 )> D elep ierre, 3.69, 3.49, 2.53; 6 . C o p 523, 3.40; 7 . O , 3.50; 8 I I . B (I-B , B -I, L öbb, 768/1920); 1 2 —1 3 . V 28495, 31345; 1 4 . M u 24

Maeonia A single issue was m ade from M aeonia, und er N ero, signed by (ΕΠΙ) T i K l M enekrates; the p o rtrait suggests that it was

struck tow ards the end of his reign. I t consisted of two denom inations, the larger (ig m m /^ .o o g ) w ith three

A S I A : Maeonia, Philadelphia (Neocaesarea) (3 0 1 1 -3 0 1 6 )

reverse types, an d the sm aller (i5 m m /2 .g o g ) w ith two. Both the types and the style are like those of N ysa and H ypaepa. T he identification of the deities on the N eronian coins is problem atical, and the various suggestions which have been m ade are noted u n d er each entry. T he sm aller denom i­ nation has two different representations of the god M ên; see E. Lane, Corpus M onum entorum R eligionis D e i M e n is I I , p. 18, M aeonia i and 2.

N ero, c.

a d

4gi

i . M u g b b , 4 .8 7 ; 2—3. C o p 2 3 2 - 3 , 3 .1 6 , 3 .7 8 ; 4 . 0 , 3 . 1 1 ; 5—6 . B ( I - B = l s 9 3 , no. 4 , 7 9 7 2 ); 7. L 1 8 4 0 - 1 2 -2 6 - 4 6 7 , 3 .0 6 ; 8. vA 3 0 1 5 , 4 .4 4 . T h e type is d ie-lin k ed to th e coins w ith veiled goddess (3 0 1 1 /1 6 ) a n d ‘A rtem is’ ( 3 0 1 3 /1 -5 ). T h e le tte r form s £ a n d C also occur. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 7.

3 0 1 3 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 4 .0 2 g (4). A xis: 12.

[ 5 ]

C o p 234 Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Μ Α ΙΟ Ν Ω Ν Ε Π Τ Γ Κ Λ M E N EK P Α ΤΟ Υ Σ ; fa c in g c u lt s ta tu e o f g o d d ess w ith su p p o rts i . B 2 4 2 /1 8 7 5 , 4 .5 2 ; 2. B (B -I); 3. L 1 8 4 0 - 1 2 - 2 6 - 4 6 5 , 3 .7 3 ; 4. C o p 234, 3.4 8 ; 5. M u 9; 6. J S W , 4 .3 5 ; 7. I-B ( = km 176, no. I, w ith T af. V I . 7). 1 5 a re from th e sam e obv. die w hich is th e sam e as th a t u sed for th e coins

65*i.

3011 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m , 4 .1 5 g (11). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 17 ]

BMC 32, C o p 231

w ith Z eus rev. (3 0 1 2 /1 6 ) a n d veiled goddess (3 0 1 1 /1 ); also 6 = 3 0 1 1 /2 (veiled goddess). T h e type h as b een in te rp re te d as H ek ate (Im hoofB lu m er, K M , p. 176) a n d A rtem is A n aitis ( B M C ). T h e le tte r form s £ an d C also occur. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 3.

3 0 1 4 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 2 .7 8 g (1). A xis: 12.

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. ΜΑΣΟΝΩΝ M E N EK PΑ Τ Ο Υ Σ ; v e ile d g o d d ess s ta n d in g , r., w ith scep tre; in field, £11 ΤΙ ΚΛ i . L 1979—i —i —2002 (ex vA 3016), 3.84; 2—5. L = bmc 3 2 -4 , 1 9 2 0 -5 -1 6 6g, 4 -3 7 ) 3 -° 4 , 2.83, 3.59; 6 - 7 . N Y ; 8. P 601 ( = W a 5062}, 4.25; 9. C M cC le an 8672 (pi. 303.16), 4.85; 1 0 - 1 1 . O , 3.59, 5.19; 12—14. B (L öbb, R au c h , I-B = Ls 93, no. 5); 15. V 30142; 16. M u 9b; 17. C op 231, 4.73; 18. K ovacs 13 (1981) lo t 144. T h e ty p e is die-linked to th e o th e r tw o o f th is d en o m in atio n (16 = 3 0 1 2 /1 (M u , Z eu s) = 3 0 1 3 /1 -5 (A rtem is); 2 = 3 0 1 3 /6 (A rtem is)). T h e ty p e is variously in te rp re te d as Boule (Im hoof-B lum er, L S , p. 93), H e stia ( B M C ) o r D em e ter (W a). T h e le tte r form s C a n d £ also occur. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

3 012 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 9 m m , 3 .7 3 g (6). A xis: 12.

[ 7 ]

C o p 233 Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Μ Α ΙΟ Ν Ω Ν M E N EK P Α Τ Ο Υ Σ ; Z eu s s ta n d in g , L, w ith eagle; in field, E li Τ Ι ΚΛ

[ 1 ]

BMC 36 Ν ΕΡΩ Ν KAICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r. Μ Α ΙΟ Ν Ω Ν M EN EK PATO YC; b u s t o f M ê n , r.; to r., ΕΠ i . L = b m c 3 6 , 2.78. S am e obv. die as u sed w ith s ta n d in g figure o f M en (e.g., 3 0 1 5 /1 - 2 ) . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: i.

3 0 1 5 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 2 .9 3 g (4). A xis: 12.

[ 5 ]

BMC 35 Ν ΕΡΩ Ν K AICAP; la u re a te h e a d , r. Μ Α ΙΟ Ν Ω Ν M EN EK P ATO YC; M e n s ta n d in g , 1., w ith p in e cone a n d staff; in field, Ε Π Τ Ι ΚΛ i . L = b m c 3 5 , 2.64; 2. M u 9a; 3 . N Y; 4—5. P 600 ( = W a 5061), 599, 2.50, 3.16; 6. L in d g ren 751, 3.40. T h e coin is d ie-linked to th e piece w ith th e b u s t o f M ên (e.g., 1-2 = 3 0 1 4 /1 ). T h e le tte r form s E a n d Σ also occur. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

3 0 1 6 N o t used.

Philadelphia (Neocaesarea) A num ber o f problem s arise w ith the coinage of Philadel­ phia - the dating of the late H ellenistic or A ugustan coinage, the m ysterious coins of an uncertain T iberius, and the question of w hen P hiladelphia changed its nam e to N eocaesarea. T here is no definitely im perial coinage from P hiladelphia before the reign o f C aligula, b u t two groups of bronze coins have been attrib u ted to the reign of A ugustus. Both have various different types, w hich b ear m ostly m onogram s or, in one group, the nam e (in its fullest form) EPM ΙΠΠΟΣ ΕΡΜΟΓΕΝΟΥΣ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΥΣ. These were baldly dated to the A ugustan period by Im hoof-B lum er ( L S , pp. 113-15), but he gave no reason, w hile H ead (in B M C and H N , p. 655) dated them to the second an d first centuries b c . U nfortunately, there is no very good evidence for the date; the convex fabric perhaps suggests a date in the first cen­ tury b c , though, of course, the full nam e of H erm ippos seems an indication of a late date. For the tim e being, the coins are tentatively left in the first century b c , an d so not catalogued here.

‘Tiberius’ No certainty can attach to the reading, d ating or attrib ution of the sm all coins w hich m ention a T iberius (3017). These

have a thunderbolt on the reverse w ith the inscription ΝΕΟΚΕΣΑΡΕΙΣ or ΝΕΟΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΣ (the As are often upside down). T here is only a single obverse die: the inscription behind the head can definitely be read as TIBEPION, b u t the letters before the head are not clear, even on w ell-preserved specimens, since the die was d am a­ ged or broken. T he two readings w hich have been m ade are ΣΕΒΑ or (retrograde) ΝΕΩΤ, and identifications as T iberius, T iberius Gemellus and B ritannicus have been suggested; as well as the intrinsic interest of the identifica­ tion, the attribution obviously bears on the question of the nam e of the city (e.g., C. H abicht, J R S , 1975, p. 75, follow­ ing D. M agie, R om an R ule in A s ia M in o r, p. 500, accepts th at the city was called ‘N eocaesarea P hiladelphia’ from T iberius to C laudius, presum ably on the basis of this issue). A possible explanation of the difficulty of reading the legend even on clear specimens is th at the engraver originally m ade a mistake; it seems possible th a t he started to engrave TIBEPION (upw ardly and outw ardly) in front o f the head as well as behind it, b u t when he realised this m istake he engraved another legend on top of it w ithout obliterating the m istaken letters: one can read the letters TIB outw ardly from five to three o’clock on this interpretation. I f this is correct, ignoring the m istaken letters one can read the legend inw ardly from two o’clock, and the traces of letters

are ju s t ab o u t com patible w ith CEBACTON. I t m ust be stressed, however, th a t this (and the consequent identifica­ tion as the em peror T iberius) is extrem ely uncertain. But the coin w ould not fit in easily w ith the coinage of either C aligula or C laudius (e.g., the different forms of the ethnic, or the absence of any ‘m ag istrate’s’ nam e). For discussion, see Im hoof-Blum er, L S , p. 120, and K M , p. 522; H. Dressel, Z f N , 1922, p. 182; and W . Trillm ich, F am ilienpropaganda der K a ise r C aligula u n d C laudius, p. 128.

The name of the city T he dating of the coin is, of course, relevant to the change in the nam e of the city. I t seems m ost likely th a t the change was not from ‘P hilad elp h ia’ to ‘N eocaesarea’ b u t to ‘P hiladelphia N eocaesarea’ (the form which occurs on C laudian coins, e.g., 3039-40), in the sam e way th at M ostene changed its nam e to ‘M ostene C aesarea’ (cf. 244950). After this change it is probable th a t the city referred to itself by either or both parts of its nam e (hence the use of ‘P hiladelp h ia’ on the Puteoli basis o f a d 30, I L S , p. 156); this does not m ean th a t the new nam e could not have been adopted by 30. A nd indeed the m ost likely occasion for the new nam e w ould seem to be the help given by T iberius to the A sian cities including Philadelphia after the earthquake of 17. Philadelphia, Sardis and M ostene all figure on the Puteoli basis, an d change their nam es in this sim ilar way, though not on the basis.

Caligula A very large num ber of ‘m agistrates’ sign the coins under Caligula: fifteen are certainly attested for his four-year reign. T hey give them selves various different descriptions and titles: priest of G erm anicus, O lym pic victor, philo p a tris, gram m ateus, an d in a nu m b er of cases p h ilo ka isa r. T he im pression created by this variety is th a t the persons are m entioned ju s t as individuals rath er th an as holders of any specific m agistracy; alternatively, one m ight think in term s of a board of some kind, as at H ierapolis. A full die study, w hich has not been undertaken, w ould probably elucidate the chronological relationship between them , an d perhaps have a consequent bearing on their position. T he nam e [K e]phale[ ( L S , p. 118, no. 17, followed by M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en) is probably a m isreading of A ttalikos, as is Γ. ΙΤΑΛΙΚΟΣ (W a 5135: see K M , p. 523, no. 2)· T he coins fall into three groups: I. W ith ju g a te heads of the D ioscuri on the reverse and ethnic ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΕΩΝ (note letter forms; in addition, there is often a sta r behind the em peror’s head); II. W ith a capricorn reverse, and the title ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙϋΑΡ; the ethnic is ®IAAA8A®EWN (letter forms); all coins of A ttalikos, M oschion, K leandros and Antiochos seem to be from the sam e obverse die (the latter two w ith the die in worse condition); the die for M akedon is different an d th at for Zenon unknow n; (groups I an d II are linked by the com m on use of a sm aller denom ination w ith thunderbolt); I I I . A rtem on H erm ogenous. A grippina I is depicted as a

goddess (probably as D em eter rath er th an Eubosia: see T rillm ich, F am ilienpropaganda der K a ise r C aligula un d C laudius, p. 131); the sm aller denom ination has a panther, and earlier bronzes of Philadelphia had used D ionysiae types. Several types are used. 1. T h a t w ith ju g ate busts probably does not represent either G erm anicus and A grippina I, G erm anicus and A grippina as Apollo and A rtem is, or Apollo and Artem is (see B M C ', Im hoof-Blum er, L S , pp. 116-17; Trillm ich, F am ilienpropaganda der K a ise r C alig u la u n d C laudius, pp. 1 30I ) since the further figure can sometimes be seen to be also laureate (e.g., 2023/1 = B M C 53). I t m ust therefore be m ale, and the two interpreted as the Dioscuri, who had previously appeared on the coinage of Philadelphia. 2. T he choice of the capricorn is always associated w ith the use of the title p h ilo ka isa r, and was presum ably chosen to express th at concept. 3. T he thunderbolt h ad also been used on sm aller denom inations in the H ellenistic period and under T iberius, and should presum ably be regarded as the ‘stock type’ for the sm all denom ination.

Claudius T he coins of C laudius fall into two groups. Those signed by Eidom eneus, M antios, Sokrates and Seleukos share a com­ m on obverse die and disposition of obverse legend; on the reverse the legend is norm ally NEOKAICAPEWN and there are five ears of corn. T he others, signed by C hondros and M aros (who is attested, contra M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en), have a different obverse and only four ears on the reverse; the legend is Φ IΛ A ΔεΛ Φ εW N NEOKAICAPEWN. T he two groups presum ably represent different chronological periods, though a bridge is perhaps provided by some rare coins of Seleukos (3038/2) and Eidom eneus (see on 3034/7).

Nero U n d er Nero a single issue was m ade for Nero and, on the sm aller denom ination, A grippina I I (between 54 and 59 therefore) and signed by T i N eikanor (his first nam e was not known to M ünsterberg, B eam tennam en).

Denominations T he coinage was produced in two denom inations: Tiberius Caligula I II III Claudius Nero

18mm, 18 mm, 18mm, 18mm, 18mm,

average:

18mm, 4.44g (31)

4.05g 4.45 g 4.77g 4.66g 4.24g

14 mm, 3.06 g 14mm, 3.00g 15 mm, 3.25g 15mm, 3.51g 15 mm, 3.39g 14mm, 3.24g (15)

vA In d ex T he following revisions should be m ade to the vA Index: G erm anicus and A grippina under Tiberius (P) and Cali-

A S I A : Philadelphia (Neocaesarea) (30 1 7 -3 0 2 9 )

gula (Mu?) are both coins of C aligula w ith ju g a te busts on the reverse, interpreted above as the Dioscuri; T iberius (B) and T iberius G em ellus (M u) are both specimens of 3017, interpreted here as T iberius (see above); A grippina under C laudius (L) should be u n d er Nero.

ΓΑ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., s ta r Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Ε ΡΜ Ο ΓΕ Ν Η Σ Ο Λ Υ Μ Π ΙΟ Ν ΙΚ Η Σ; la u re a te b u sts o f th e D io scu ri, ju g a te , r.; to L, p a lm b ra n c h 1. L = B M C 5 3 ( = no 1889, 240 = T rillm ich , T af. 14.13), 4.93; 2. A u fh ä u s e r 2 (1985) lot 204, 3.76; 3 . W e n d t X X I (1976) lot 578a, 4.57. L [

3024

]

P H I L O P A T R I S

A E . 18 m m , 4.43 g (2).

[ 3 ]

C o p 369

T ib e r iu s ? ( fo r d isc u ssio n , see in tro d u c tio n ) 3017 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .0 7 g (6).

[ 8 ]

Ls 120, no. 24 T IB E P IO N CEB A CTO N (?); b a re h e a d , r. N E O K E C A P E IS o r N E O K A IC A PE IC ; w in g ed th u n d e rb o lt NEOKAICAPEIC: i . L 1929—10—13—5 6 , 3.35; 2. L 1914-8—10-7, 3.12; 3 · p 9 5 7 ( = W a 6359), 2.94; 4. M ü lle r 43 (S ept. 1983) lot 205, 2.73; 5. C 3 5 3 / 194-8 ( = G ra n t: ‘T ib eriu s gem ellus’), 2.95; 6. C o p 373, 3.10; NEOKECAPEIS: 7. M u , 3.19; 8. V 15137; 9. B (B -I). All from th e sam e obv. die; 1-6 a re p ro b ab ly from th e sam e rev. die, as p e rh a p s are 6 -8 .

Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r. Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Λ [ ] Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΣ ; la u re a te b u sts o f th e D io scu ri, ju g a te , r. ! . B (I-B ) ( = ls 116, 10 = T rillm ich , T a f. 14.14), 4.71; 2. M u 17, 4.15; 3. C o p 369, 3.22; 4 . A (see ls i 16).

G ro u p I I ( £ , C, W ) A T T A L I K O S

P H I L O K A I S A R

3 0 2 5 A E . 1 8 m m , 5 .0 7 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 2? ]

lA lO C K AICA P; b a re h e a d , r. Φ Κ Α ΦΙΛ Α ΔΕΛ Φ ΕΙΑ Ν A TTA A IK O C ; c a p ric o rn w ith c o rn u c o p ia , 1.

C a lig u la G ro u p I ( E , Σ , Ω ) M E L A N T H O S ,

P R I E S T

O F

G E R M A N I C U S

3018 A E . 1 7 m m , 3 .7 6 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

BMC 52

I. L = B M C 52 (— 3. vA 3071, 4.05.

I. P 9 6 0 ( = W a 5135 co rr., cf. km 523, no. 2), 4.75; 2. B (Fox = ls i 18, no. 17 ‘[ΚΕ]ΦΑΛΗ[ ’); 3. J S W , 5.38. I t seem s c e rta in th a t th e m o n o g ram stan d s for ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙΟΑΡ, w hich ap p e a rs w ith th e n am es o f all the o th e r n am es w ith this type. D ie-linked to M o sch io n , K le a n d ro s a n d A ntiochos.

3 0 2 6 A E . 1 5 m m , 2 .8 6 g (2). A xis: 12.

Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., s ta r Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Μ Ε Λ Α Ν Θ Ο Σ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Γ ΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Υ ; la u re a te b u sts o f th e D io sc u ri, ju g a te , r. ls

117, no. 4 — T rillm ich , T af. 14.12), 3.47; 2. V 28713;

3 0 1 9 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .0 0 g (1).

[ i ]

ls

[ 1 ]

118, no. 20

ΓA IO C K AICA P; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., litu u s Φ ΙΛ Α ΔΕΛ Φ ΕΙΑ Ν A TTA A IK O C ; w in g e d th u n d e rb o lt i . B (I-B) (=

ls

M O S C H I O N

20), 2.77; 2. A: See

ls;

M O S C H I O N O S

3 . J S W , 2.95. P H I L O K A I S A R

3 0 2 7 A E . 18 m m , 3 .9 3 g (3).

BMC 51 Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., s ta r Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Μ Ε Λ Α Ν Θ Ο Σ ΙΕ Ρ Ε Υ Σ Γ ΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Υ ; w in g e d th u n d e rb o lt i . L = B M C 5 1 , 3.00; 2. See G A I O S

4513

I O U L I O S

ls

D IO

117, no. 15. [

] θ [

3 0 2 0 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .8 5 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

Γ Α ΙΟ Σ K A I CAP; b a re h e a d , r. Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Γ Α ΙΟ Σ ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Σ Δ ΙΟ [ ; la u re a te b u sts o f th e D io scu ri, ju g a te , r. i . P 9 6 9 ( = W a 5137), 3-85; 2. V (T ralles) 19670. S am e dies.

3021 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .2 3 g (1).

ΓA IO C K A IC A P; b a re h e a d , r. Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΐεΑ Ρ Φ ΙΛ Α ΔΕΛ Φ ΕΙΑ Ν M O CXIW N M OCXIW NOC; c a p ric o rn w ith c o rn u c o p ia , 1. I. L = B M C 5 4 , 3.50; 2 . L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 0 0 7 (ex vA 3072), 3.71; 3 - 4 . B 28778 (=gm 196, n o . 607 = ls i 18, n o . 19), I-B ( = g r m k 126, n o . 2); 5. N Y; 6. V 31960, 4.60. D ie-linked to A ttalik o s, K le a n d ro s an d A ntiochos.

K L E A N D R O S

[ i ]

i . B 8 0 8 1 , 3.23; 2. W e b er (H irsch X X I) lot 3365.

P H I L O K A I S A R

3 0 2 8 A E . 1 8 m m , 5 .2 8 g (3). ls

Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., s ta r Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε Ω Ν Γ Α ΙΟ Σ ΙΟ [Υ ]Λ ΙΟ Σ Δ ΙΟ [ ] 0 [ ; w in g ed th u n d e rb o lt

[ 6 ]

BMC 54

[ 2 ]

1 18, no. 18

ΓΑ IO C K AICA P; b a re h e a d , r. Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΙϋΑ Ρ Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Ε VVN KACANAPOC; c a p ric o rn w ith c o rn u c o p ia , 1.; to 1., m o n o g ra m Ä i . P 9 6 1 ( = W a 5136), 6.01; 2. B (I-B = ls 18 w ith T af. V .9 ); 3. S p in k s to c k (1 9 8 5 ), 5.23; 4 . I - δ (= gm 196, no. 606, m isre ad ). T h e significance o f th e m o n o g ra m (a n am e? a title?) is n o t clear. D ie-lin k ed to A ttalik o s, M o sch io n a n d A ntiochos.

E P I K R A T E S

3022 A E . 1 8 m m , 3 .7 4 g (1). ls

[ 2 ]

1 16, nos. 11-12

Γ Α ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d , r.; to 1., s ta r Φ ΙΛ Α Δ Ε Λ (Φ Ε Ω Ν ) Ε Π ΙΚ ΡΑ Τ Η Σ ; la u re a te b u sts o f th e D io sc u ri, ju g a te , r. S tar: i . B (I-B) ( = l s 12), 3.74; no star: 2. V 19508 ( = l s ii ). H E R M O G E N E S

O L Y M P I O N I K E S

3023 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .4 2 g (3). A xis: 12. BMC 53

A N T I O C H O S

A P O L L O D O T O U

3 0 2 9 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .5 5 g (2).

[ 1 ]

ls

P H I L O K A I S A R

1 5 ]

118, n o. 16

TAIOC K AICA P; b a re h e a d , r. Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΐεΑ Ρ Φ ΙΛ Α ΔΕΛ Φ ΕΙΑ Ν A N T IO X O C Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ο Δ Ο Τ Ο Υ ; c a p ric o rn w ith c o rn u c o p ia , 1.; to 1., m o n o g ra m ^ (?) t· p 9 5 9 ( —IV a 5134), 4.45; 3—3 . B 371/1882 ( = ls 16), I-B ( = km 179, no. 1); 4 —5. V 28490, 31074; 6. L ö b b (see l s ); 7. W e n d t X X I (1978), 578b, 4.65. D ie-linked to A ttalik o s, M o sch io n a n d K lea n d ro s.

Z E N O N

G R A M M A T E U S

P H I L O K A I S A R

3030 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .6 5 g (1). A xis: 12. km

[ o ]

I . B (I-B ) (=km 3), 4.04; 2. V 36132 (P ro w e), 4.10.

179, n o . 2

TAIOC K A IC A P; b a re h e a d , r. Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΙΟ Α Ρ Φ IΛ A Δ E Λ Φ E YVN Z H N W N ΓΡ A M M A TEY C; c a p ric o rn w ith c o rn u c o p ia , 1. i . W i n te r t h u r 3 8 5 3 ex I-B ( = km 2), 4.65. M A K E D O N

P H I L O K A I S A R

3031 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .5 0 g (2). km

T K AA YA IO C Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο C K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r. N EO K A IC A PEW N M A N TIO C ; five ears o f co rn

[ 1 ]

3 0 3 6 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .5 1 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

k m 180, no. 4

N EO K A ICA PEW N ; h e a d o f T y c h e , r. M ANTIO C; g ra p e s i . L 1 9 2 1 —4 —12—6 8 (ex W e b e r = (I-B = km 4), 3.80.

ls

173, no. 22, u n d e r T ra lle s), 3.21; 2. B

3 0 3 7 A E . i g m m , 5.60 g (1). A xis: 6.

179, no. 2a

TAIOC KAICA P; b a re h e a d , r. Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΙΟ Α Ρ Φ ΙΛ Α Δ £ Λ Φ ε\ν Ν M AKEAW N; c a p ric o rn w ith c o rn u c o p ia , L; to r., m o n o g ra m f f I . J S W ( = W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 281), 5.14; 2. W in te rth u r ( = km 2a); 3 . V 37009, 3.84.

[ o ]

k m 180, no. 3a

T K AA YA IO C TEPM AN IK OC K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r. N EO K A IC A PEW N CW KPATHC; five e a rs o f corn i . W i n te r t h u r 3 8 5 8 ex I-B ( =

km

3a), 5.60.

3 0 3 8 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .7 2 g (1).

[ 2 ]

g r m k 127, no. 5

T K A A YA IO C TEPM AN IK OC K AICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r. (Φ IΛ A Δ εΛ Φ εW N ) N EO K A IC A PE W N CEAEYKOC; fo u r o r five e a rs o f co rn

G roup I I I A R T E M O N

H E R M O G E N O U S

3032 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .7 7 g (11). A xis: v a r.

[ 17 ]

BMC 55, C o p 372

TAIOC K A IC A P T£PM A N IK O C N EO KA ICAPEW N ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Α ΓΡ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Ν A PTEM W N E PM O rE N O Y C ; A g rip p in a I as g oddess se a te d , r., w ith sc e p tre a n d c o rn u c o p ia i . L = bmc 55, 2.89; 2—3 . L B ank 394, 1844 -4 -2 5 -2 1 0 , 3.89, 3.22; 4 —6. B (I-B , B -I, L o b b = l s 119, 21 = T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, T af. 14.15); 7 -1 3 · P 962, 963, 963A, 964-7, 4.04, 2-87, 4 -5 4 , 5 -8 4 , 4 -5 3 . 6.08, 3.73; 14. C op 372; 15. V 36770, 4.15; 16. M u i6 d , 3.97; 17. N Y ; 18. J S W , 5 . 91 . F o r a sim ilar re p resen tatio n o f an em press, see 20 9 7 .

3033 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .2 5 g (1).

[ 2 ]

LS I 19, no. 23, GRMK 126, no. 3 TAIOC K A IC A P TEPM AN IK OC; la u re a te h e a d , r. A PTEM W N εΡΜ ΟΓεΝΟΥC N EO KA ICAPEW N ; p a n th e r, r., w ith h e a d tu r n e d b a c k a n d h o ld in g th y rsu s

NEOKAICAPEWN, five ears: i . P 9 7 1 ( = W a 6361), 4.72; IAOKAICAPOC: I . L = BMC 3 6 , 5.31; 2 3. Ο , 5-33, 5.35; ε π ί ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΑΝΔΡΑΓΑΘΟΥ: 4· Β (L ö b b ), 6.77; 5· Ρ 2 0 4 7 ( = W a 6356), 7·°51 6. V 30670, 5-3^; U n c e rta in v ariety: 7· V 1 9 9 7 4 , 5.01. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1.

3 1 8 6 B rass?. 15 m m , 3.52 g (4). A xis: 12.

[

[ 9 ]

C o p 726

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b a re h e a d , r. TI K IIICQN ΦΙΛΟΚ CYNNAAEQN; Z eu s se a te d , 1., w ith N ike a n d scep tre i . L Ϊ9 7 9 —i —i —2 3 2 2 (ex 6 4 4 9 ), 4-86; 2. B (I-B = km 293, no. 13), 3.46; 3 - 4 . C o p 726 -7 , 3.44, 3.82; 5 - 6 . P 204 8 -9 , 3.19, 4.16; 7 - 8 . O , 3.98, 4.43; 9 . M u 6. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

7 ]

BMC 10 CYNNAACQN; h e a d o f A th e n a , w e a rin g c re ste d h e lm e t, r. Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Υ Α Ν Δ Ρ Α Γ Α Θ Ο Υ ; ow l on a m p h o ra

Iulia T he coinage of lu lia has been catalogued by H . von Aulock, I, pp. 63 an d 118. T h ere was an issue for N ero and A grippina I I signed by Sergios H ephaistion; this was dated 50-4 by von Aulock (followed by the vA In d e x ), but, in the absence o f any coins for C laudius, a date early in N ero’s own reign, say c. 55, seems m ore likely. T he style o f the coins is very like the sim ilarly dated coins for Nero and A grippina of the ‘L aodicea’ style (see p. 376). T his stylistic feature m akes one w onder w hether the traditional attrib u tio n of the coins to Iulia Ipsus is correct (even though the exact location of th a t city is unsure), since it is m uch furth er to the east th an any o f the oth er coins of M ü n z e n u n d Städte Phrygiens

this stylistic group. T here are indeed other Iulias, such as Iu lia G ordus in Lydia, Iu lia M aebozan z ( J R S , 1975, p. 73) or Iulia A ncyra (3108-15). O r perhaps some other city in w estern Phrygia had, like A ncyra, the additional nam e Iulia. But, while it seems right to raise doubts about the ascription of the coins, the stylistic argum ent does not con­ clusively disprove an attribution to Iu lia Ipsus, since the ‘Laodicea’ style is quite widely distributed: as far east as O rthosia, for instance; and certainly as far north and east as A cm onea (under Tiberius at any rate). A nother coin is known for A grippina signed by Pom ponia T itin [ (the restoration of this unusual nam e is uncertain).

V on Aulock cited only one specim en in P, on w hich the ethnic was not clear; there is, however, another specimen there, on w hich ΙΟΥΛΙΕΩΝ can be clearly read. O ne m ight expect to find a com panion piece for Nero, possibly signed by Pom ponia’s h usband. A lternatively, one m ight suppose th at Pom ponia was the wife of H ephaistion, b u t signed only p art o f the issue for A grippina. T he coin in M u attrib u ted to Iu lia by von Aulock (no. 415, following Im hoof-Blum er) w ith the reading ΔΗΜΕΑΣ ΑΘΗΝΑΙ .. ΙΟΥΛΙΕΩΝ is, in fact, a coin of H ydrela (2985/3, reading ΑΠΕΛΛΑΣ ΑΘΗΝΑΓΟΡΟΥ ΗΔΡΗΛΙΤΩΝ). T here are two denom inations, both of brass:

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ A P; d ra p e d b u st, r. Σ Ε Ρ Γ ΙΟ Σ Η Φ Α ΙΣ Τ ΙΩ Ν ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΕΩ Ν ; M ê n o n h o rse b a c k w ith sp e a r, r. i. L =

4 . 1 3 g (1 4 )

1 3 mm, 2.41 g

3, 6.23; 2—14. See vA . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.

3 1 9 2 B rass. 1 3 m m , 2 .3 4 g (6)· A xis: 12.

[ 5 ]

vA Phryg. I, 3 9 5 -7 , 39 9 -4 0 0 Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Ε ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r. Σ Ε Ρ Γ ΙΟ Σ Η Φ Α ΙΣ Τ ΙΩ Ν ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΕΩ Ν ; g o d (o r goddess?) se a te d , 1. I. L =

P o m p o n ia

18mm,

bm c

bm c

2, 2.54; 2—5. See vA . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: t.

T itin [

(8)

3 1 9 3 A E . i 3 m m , 2 .6 3 g (2)· A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

vA Phryg. I. 394, 398

N ero, c.

a d

5 5 _______________________________________________

Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Ε ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r. Π Ο Μ Π Ω Ν ΙΑ T IT IN [ ] ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΕΩ Ν ; g o d (or goddess?) se a te d , 1.

S e r g io s H e p h a is tio n

3191 B rass. 1 8 m m , 4 .1 3 g (14)· A xis: 12.

i. P 1397 (=

[ 10 ]

km

246), 2.62; 2. P 1396 ( — W a 6204), 2.63.

vA Phryg. I, 4 0 4 -1 4

Prymnessus Prym nessus h ad m ade some very rare coins in the first century b c . Its early im perial coinage is not easy to classify, as was previously found by H . von Aulock in his catalogue (.M ü n ze n u n d Städte P hrygiens II, pp. 117-21); a p a rt from two issues for N ero, there are a nu m b er of coins w ith the po rtrait sim ply identified as ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, an d these are variously identified as A ugustus or T iberius (e.g., B M C ; von Aulock; etc.). I t does indeed seem likely th a t both em perors are involved since some of the portraits are accom panied by a lituus, perhaps an indication of A ugustus (cf. Synnada, A cm onea), while there are also coins for G er­ m anicus and D rusus C aesar. I t rem ains uncertain, however, w hich issues should be attrib u ted to which emperor. T he following sequence has been adopted here: I. Leukiou. Placed first because of the bare-headed portrait. 2-4. [Ioulijos Pontikos, the priestess lo u k o u n d a and Nearchos A rta. Placed together because the portraits on the sm all denom inations o f Pontikos an d louko u n d a are very close, and because the large denom ination of lo u kounda and N earchos have a lituus (and share an obverse die). 5. A rtas philopatris/ktistes. T he reverses of his coins are very like those of N earchos (ligatured ethnic, m onogram ) ; the obverse of his sm aller denom ination is, however, dif­ ferent from th a t on the coins of Pontikos and loukounda, and m ore like th a t on (6—8). 6-9. Perigenes, Kaikilios Plokamos, Epigonou (?) A ndroneikou (?) an d K aikios[]on[: the first three all have sim ilar obverses, w hich in tu rn are quite like those on the coins of G erm anicus and D rusus. T h e unique coin of K aikios[ has a very sim ilar reverse to th a t of Epigonos. I f this arran g em en t has any validity, and it is only ten ta­

tive, one m ight guess th a t (1-4) were m ade in the reign of A ugustus and (5—9) in the reign of T iberius, but this is hypothetical. For w hat it is w orth, aspects of the p o rtrait on (5), e.g., the nose, are very suggestive of Tiberius. U n d er N ero, there were two issues. Both have the ‘steps’ portrait, introduced in 63, and the p o rtrait on M ithridates’s coins looks later th an th a t on Proklos’s. T he coinage was produced in two denom inations, whose stan d ard dropped by the tim e of N ero, probably reflecting the change from bronze (under A ugustus-Tiberius) to brass (under Nero): com pare, e.g., Aezani, Acm onea and Synnada. Augustus? Tiberius? Nero

18mm, 5.56g (23) 18mm, 5.83g (17) 20m m , 5.19g (33)

15mm, 3.86g (3) 15mm, 3.70g (4) 17mm, 3.41 g (8)

T he types refer to Dikaiosyne, for w hich see L. R obert, A pp. 252-5.

Travers l ’A s ie M ineure,

A u g u s tu s ? (see above)

___________________

3 1 9 4 A E . 1 8 m m , 6 .0 3 g (3)· A xis: 12.

[ 3 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 9 7 6 -8 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Λ ΕΥ Κ ΙΟ Υ Π ΡΥ ; D ik aio sy n e a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith scales a n d scep tre i . P 1 8 7 9 , 6.69; 2—3 . See vA.

3 1 9 5 A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .6 8 g (1). A xis: 6.

[ 1 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 979 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. [ΙΟ Υ Λ Ι]Ο Σ Π Ο Ν Τ ΙΚ Ο Σ Π ΡΫ ; D ik aio sy n e a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith scales i . V 1 9 9 5 4 , 3.68. T h e obv. is very close to 3 1 9 6 , o f lo u k o u n d a .

ASIA: Prymnessus (3196-3210) 51 7 3196 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .7 3 g (5). A xis: 12.

[ 4 ]

3 2 0 3 A E . 18 m m , 5 .0 7 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 9 8 1 -5

vA Phryg. I I , 99 9 -1 0 0 0

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.; to r., litu u s ΙΟ Υ Κ Ο Υ Ν Δ Α ΙΕ Ρ Η Α Π Ρ Υ Μ Ν Η Σ Σ Ε Ω Ν ; D ik aio sy n e a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith scales a n d tw o e a rs o f corn; before, globe; m o n o g ra m FP

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕΩ Ν Ε Π ΙΓ Ο Ν [ ] Α Ν Δ Ρ Ο Ν Ε ΙΚ [ ]; D ik aio sy n e se a te d , 1., w ith scales

i . P 1881 ( = W a 6422), 5.87; 2. L = bm c 23, 5.14; 3—5. See vA . 2 is from th e sam e obv. die as 3 1 9 8 (V 26219; N earch o s). F o r the m o n o g ram , see 3 1 9 8 ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.

3 197 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 3 .5 9 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 980

3 2 0 4 A E . 1 8 m m , 5 .5 2 g (1). A xis: 12.

i . L G 0 8 7 2 , 3.59. T h e obv. is very close to 3 1 9 5 , o f [Iouli]os P ontikos. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

[ 6 ]

vA Phryg. I I . 1002-8 corr. ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r.; to r., litu u s Ν Ε Α ΡΧ Ο Σ Α ΡΤ Α Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕΩ Ν ; D ik aio sy n e a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith scales a n d tw o e a rs o f c o rn ; m o n o g ra m FP i . P 1 8 8 0 (—W a 6 4 2 1 ), 5 .4 9 ; 2—7. See vA; 8 . J S W , 4 .7 5 ; 9. T h e litu u s, w hich is clear on V 3 6 2 1 9 = P row e 1826 = vA 1006, w as n o t n o te d b y vA, w hose id entification o f th e p o rtra it as T ib e riu s is therefore unlikely. T h e obv. die o f this coin is th e sam e as th a t o f 3 1 9 6 /2 (.B M C 23, of Io u k o u n d a). T h e m o n o g ram , w hich occurs on several o th e r issues (3 1 9 6 , 3 ϊ9 9 ) , w as in te rp re te d as ‘ΠΡΥ (?)’ by vA , b u t is h a rd to see w hy th e eth n ic should be rep ea ted , a n d th e m o n o g ra m o f th e ethnic, w h en it does o ccu r (e.g., 3 1 9 4 —5) is different; ΓΡΑ ( = g ram m ateu s) m ig h t be possible, th o u g h one m ig h t h av e ex pected a cross b a r for th e A.

[ o ]

vA Phryg. I I , 1001 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , 1. [ΠΡΥΜ Ν] Η Σ Σ Ε Ω Ν Κ Α ΙΚ ΙΟ Σ [ 1., w ith scales

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. ΙΟ Υ Κ Ο Υ Ν Δ Α ΙΕ Ρ Η Α Π ΡΥ ; scales in w re a th

3 198 A E . 18 m m , 5 .2 0 g (8). A xis: 12.

i . B 1 0 8 /1 9 1 3 , 5.20; 2. vA 3940, 4.93. I t is n o t clear w h e th e r e ith e r or b o th (so vA) n am es are in th e genitive, n o r w h eth e r (or w h ich) is a p atro n y m ic.

] O N [ ; D ik aio sy n e seated ,

i . W i n te r t h u r 4 2 0 6 , 5.52.

3 2 0 5 L e a d e d *1b ro n ze. 1 5 m m , 3 .3 4 g (5). A xis: 12.

[ 3 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 1017-20 ΓΕΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; b a re h e a d o f G e rm a n ic u s C a e sa r, r. Δ ΡΟ Υ Σ Ο Σ Π ΡΥ Μ (Ν Η ΣΣ[ ); b a re h e a d o f D ru su s C a e sa r, 1. i . B (L ö b b ), 3.51; 2. L 1 9 2 0 -5 -1 6 -7 8 (= no 1921, 23, no. 34), 4.17; 3— 4. See vA; 5 . W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 405, 2.68. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.

3 2 0 6 A E . 1 5 m m , 5 .4 9 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 1021 A s 3 2 0 5 , b u t Δ ΡΟ Υ Σ Ο Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Π ΡΫ I. V 2 8 1 4 9 , 5.49.

3 199 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .6 5 g (7). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 7 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 1009-15

Nero,

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Α ΡΤ Α Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ ΡΙΣ Π Ρ Υ Μ Ν Η Σ Σ Ε Ω Ν ; D ik aio sy n e a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith scales a n d tw o e a rs o f corn; m o n o g ra m FP i . L 1979—1—1—2 3 0 6 (ex vA 3 9 4 1 ), 5 .8 7 ; 2—4 . L — bm c 2 0 -2 ; 5—7. See vA; 8. P 1878, 4 .2 3 . F o r th e m o n o g ra m , see 3 1 9 8 . Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: 1.

3 200 A E . 1 7 m m , 4 .3 0 g (1). A xis: 6.

[ i ]

vA Phryg. I I , 1016

ad

63-8

T i Io u lio s P r o k lo s

3 2 0 7 B rass. 2 0 m m , 6 .2 2 g (11). A xis: 12.

[ 9 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 1022-31 Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Α Κ Α ΙΣ A P A Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕ ΙΣ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι ΤΙ ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Υ Π Ρ Ο Κ Λ Ο Υ ; D ik a io sy n e s ta n d in g , 1., w ith scales a n d tw o e a rs o f co rn i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—2 3 0 8 (ex vA 2308), 6.29; 2—10. See vA; n . J S W , 6.79. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: i .

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Α ΡΤΑ Σ Κ ΤΙΣΤΗ Σ; scales

3 2 0 8 B rass. 1 8 m m , 3 .9 8 g (3). A xis: 12.

i . P 1 9 8 0 /2 4 4 , 4.30. F o r th e n a m e an d title, see L. R o b ert, A Travers l ’A sie M ineure , p. 254.

[ 1 ]

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Α Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ A Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕΙΣ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι ΤΙ ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Υ Π ΡΟ Κ Λ Ο Υ ; scales i . L 1 9 7 7 —3—4 —8, 4.83; 2—3. See vA. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.

T ib e riu s ? (see in tr o d u c tio n ) K la u d io s M ith r id a te s

3201 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 5 .6 4 g (4). A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

3 2 0 9 B rass. 2 0 m m , 4 .6 7 g (22). A xis: 12.

vA Phryg. I I , 9 8 6 -9 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Π Ε Ρ ΙΓ Ε Ν Η Σ Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕΩ Ν ; D ik aio sy n e a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith scales a n d tw o e a rs o f c orn 1. O , 5.33; 2. L — bmc 18, 5 .5 1 ; 3—4 . See vA. Pace vA, there seem s to be no m o n o g ra m on th e clearest specim en (O ). Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 2.

[ ii ]

vA Phryg. I I , 1035-56 Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Α Κ Α ΙΣ A P A Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ Σ Ε ΙΣ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Υ Μ ΙΘ ΡΙΔ Α Τ Ο Υ ; D ik a io sy n e s ta n d in g , 1., w ith scales a n d tw o ears o f co rn i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 3 0 7 (ex vA 3942), 4.13; 2. L — bmc 24, 4.22; 3 - 2 2 . See vA ; 23. A u fh ä u s e r 2 (1985), lo t 218, 4.38. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: I.

3 202 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 6 .0 9 g ( I0 )· A xis: 12.

[ 6 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 9 9 0 -8

3 2 1 0 B rass. 1 7 m m , 3 .0 6 g (5). A xis: 12.

[ 3 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 1057-9

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Κ Α ΙΚ ΙΛ ΙΟ Σ Π Λ Ο Κ Α Μ Ο Σ Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕΩ Ν ; D ik aio sy n e a d v a n c in g , 1., w ith scales a n d tw o e a rs o f co rn

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Α Κ Α ΙΣ A PA Π ΡΥ Μ Ν Η Σ ΣΕ ΙΣ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Υ Μ ΙΘ ΡΙΔ Α Τ Ο Υ ; scales

i . L — B M C 19, 5.27; 2 - 9 . See vA ; t o . J S W , 7.34. Pace vA , his 996 does seem to be la u reate . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: i.

i . L = b m c 25> 3-82; 2. I , 2.82; 3 · B (Ι-Β = gm 221, no. 726), 3 -I 2 i 4 * B 1883, 3.40; 5 . T ra d e (1987), 2.16. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: 1.

Docimeum D ocim eum m ade its first coins in the reign of C laudius, during the proconsulship of C n. D om itius C orbulo (B. Thom asson, L aterculi P raesidum , no. 46: ‘sub C laudio, ultim is an n is’; V ogel-W eidem ann’s date of 50-1 was accepted by R. Syme, Z P E 53, 1983, p. 196). In addition, D ocim eum produced coins for a youthful ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣ AP an d for A grippina II, though it it not im m ediately clear w hether these were produced together with the issue for C laudius, or slightly later, at the very beginning of N ero’s own reign. T h e second alternative seems slightly m ore likely: the C laudian coins have C and the others Σ, there w ould have been plenty of room to p u t C orbulo’s nam e on (at least) N ero’s coins, and, while the coins for A grippina are of a sm aller denom ination, those for Nero are o f the sam e denom ination as those of C laudius, whereas one m ight have expected them to be sm aller if they were produced in his reign. T hese reasons are not, of course, conclusive, b u t at the m om ent it seems m ore likely th at the coins of N ero an d A grippina are N eronian in date. All the coins were m ade of brass. T h e following two denom inations are found: Claudius Nero

19 mm, 4.60 g (13) 19mm, 4.22g (7)

average:

19 mm, 4.47 g (20)

3212

i . L = b m c 14, 4.10; 2. L = B M C 15, 5.48; 3 . N Y; 4 —6. P 981 ( = W a 5953)5 979 -8 0 , 4.19, 4-68, 4.36; 7—10. B (I-B , I-B , L ö b b , L ö b b ), 6.46, 4.41, 4.45, 4.57; i i . V 28258, 4.54. F o r th e accu sativ e case, see 6, 7; for th e n o m in ativ e, e.g., 1-5, 8. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , 1. ( G IC 224: 9).

N ero,

c.

a d

3 2 1 3 B rass. 1 9 m m , 4 .2 2 g (7). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 9 ]

BMC 18 Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t, r. Δ Ο Κ ΙΜ ΕΩ Ν ; C y b ele s ta n d in g , facing, b e tw e e n tw o lions I. L = b m c 18, 4.96; 2 - 3 . P 982, 984 ( = W a 5954), 4.14, 4 .1 1; 4. O , 3.58; 5 - 6 . B (I-B , 574/1909), 4.39, 4.37; 7 . G 2; 8. V 27634, 4.00; 9. N Y. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i. C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , 1. ( G IC 224: 1, 3, 4, 8).

[ 3 ]

BMC 16

15 mm, 2.69 g (5)

Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r. Δ Ο Κ ΙΜ ΕΩ Ν ; d ra p e d a n d tu r re te d b u s t (o f R om a?, o f D o cim eu m ?), r. I. L = b m c 16, 2.77; 2. P 983, 3.29; 3. B (L ö b b ), 2.63. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.

5 0 ( ? ) *i.

3211 B rass. 2 0 m m , 4 .2 1 g (3). A xis: 12.

c.ad 55? (see also addenda, 3213A)I.

3 2 1 4 B rass. 1 5 m m , 2 .9 0 g (3). A xis: 6 o r 12.

15mm, 2.69g (5)

[ 11 ]

TI(B ) K A A Y A IO C /N K A IC A P(A ); la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι K O PB O Y A Q N O C Α Ν Θ Υ (Π ) Δ Ο Κ ΙΜ ΕΩ Ν ; C ybele sta n d in g , facing, b e tw e e n tw o lions

See also addenda, 3213A.

C la u d iu s ,

B rass. 1 9 m m , 4 .7 2 g (10). A xis: 12 o r 6. BMC 14

[ 3 ]

3 2 1 5 B rass. 1 5 m m , 2 .3 8 g (2). A xis: 12 o r 6.

TI K A A Y A IO C K A IC A P; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι K O PB Ο Υ Λ Ω Ν Ο C Α Ν Θ Υ Π Α Τ Ο Υ ΔΟ Κ ΙΜ ΕΩ Ν ; te m p le w ith six c o lu m n s

[

2

]

BMC 17 Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r. Δ Ο Κ ΙΜ ΕΩ Ν ; d ra p e d fem ale b u st, r., ?w ith b ra n c h

i . L 1930—12—10—4, 3.92; 2. P 978, 4.32; 3. V 19836, 4.39. T h e sam e tem p le ap p e a rs on la te r coins, o f th e th ird ce n tu ry (B M C 2, 19, 22, 28). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 1. C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , 1. ( G IC 224: 2).

i . L = b m c 17, 2.19; 2. V O .N ., 2.56. I t is n o t clear if th e P branch, visible only on 2, is o r is n o t a co u n term ark . Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis on: 1.

Appia For the coinage of A ppia, see H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n und I, p. ioo; coinage was m ade only in the reign of Nero, probably c. 60, to ju d g e from the p o rtrait. T he association of the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ and the p o rtrait coin was first m ade by Löbbecke, Z f N , 1885, p. 342; it probably represents a sm aller denom ination.

Ν ΕΡΩ Ν ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Α Π Π ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν in o ak w re a th

Städte P hrygiens

N e ro ,

c.

i . B (L ö b b ), 5.18.

3217

B rass. 1 8 m m , 3 .8 5 g (3). A xis: 12.

[ 3 ]

vA Phryg. 161-3, BMG 1 H e lm e te d b u s t o f A th e n a w e a rin g aegis, r. Α Π Π ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν in o ak w re a th

a d

60

3216 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .1 8 g (1). A xis: 6.

i. L = on: i .

b m c

I,

3.41; 2. B, 4.64; 3. P 551, 3.50. Q u a lita tiv e m etal analysis

[ 1 ]

vA Phryg. 182

Cotiaeum T he earliest im perial coinage was m ade for T iberius, and the M arcus L epidus nam ed on these coins is usually identi­ fied w ith the proconsul of Asia betw een 26 an d 28 (B.

Thom asson, L aterculi P raesidum , no. 33; cf. R. Syme, Z P E 53> 1983, pp. 192-4); it should be rem em bered, however, that there is no indication th a t the nam e on the coin is th at of a

A S I A : Cotiaeum (3218—3227)

proconsul, and, as R om an nam es are com m on on the coinage of C otiaeum , he m ay perhaps be ju s t a local notable. T he large R om an-sestertius-sized coins of N ero and A grippina I I are regarded here as forgeries: [ 2 ]

BMC 30 Ν ΕΡΩ Ν Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ A P; b a re h e a d o f N ero , r. Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε Ω Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r. i . L = b m c 3 0 , 19.55; 2* G L 2 1.35; 3. S p in k /G alerie des M o n n aie s (F eb. 1977) lo t 300, 19.38. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i.

All specim ens are from the sam e dies; the suspicious features are their unexpected size an d weight, the absence of a m agistrate’s nam e an d the die axis. In addition, the fabric of the pieces is suspect: they all have identical flan shapes; and the L coin, for instance, seems to have been cast (there are a num b er of raised pim ples on the surface) and the legend tooled. T h eir origin is probably the sam e as th at of the sim ilar coins of A lab an d a (2822), whose legend has then been altered. I f it is correct to condem n them as forgeries, they m ust be early: eighteenth-century pieces (to be in the H u n terian collection; sim ilarly, the L piece came from the Tow nley collection). C otiaeum is u nusual in th a t it produced coins for G alba, signed by no less th an three ‘m ag istrates’. T he coins of T iberius were m ade of bronze, those of C laudius an d G alba o f brass (com pare, e.g., Aezani, Acm onea, Prym nessus). Tw o denom inations are found, the lower w eight after T iberius reflecting the change of metal: Em press/Senate

3221 B rass. 1 6 m m , 3 .8 7 g (8). A xis: 12.

[ 8 ]

Α Γ ΡΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Ν ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Η Ν ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a I I , r. Ε Π Ι O Y A PO Y Υ ΙΟ Υ Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε Ω Ν ; C y b ele se a te d , 1., w ith lion i . L = b m c 3 1 , 5.29; a . L —BMC 32, 3.64; 3 —4 . C o p 3 21-2, 3.44, 3.88; 5— 6 . P 859-6 0 , 4.59, 3.22; 7—8. B (596/1927, 370/1920), 4.03, 2.81; 9. vA 3778, 4.00; 10. L in d g ren 933, 3.88. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 1.

G a lb a T i K l A r e tis

3 2 2 2 B rass. 2 0 m m , 5 .0 1 g (5). A xis: 12. bmc

[ 4 ]

33

ΓΑ Λ Β Α Ν A Y T O K PA T O PA ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι ΤΙ KA Α Ρ Ε Τ ΙΔ Ο Σ Α Γ Ω Ν Ο Θ Ε Τ Ο Υ Δ ΙΑ Β ΙΟ Υ Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ ΕΩ Ν ; Z eus (?) s ta n d in g , 1., w ith h a n d ra ise d ï . L = b m c 33, 4.84; 2. P 862 ( = W a 5892), 5.10; 3 . O , 4.82; 4 . C , 5.25; 5. W a d d ell 32 (1988), lot 131, 5.03. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an aly sis on: 1.

3 2 2 3 B rass. 1 6 m m , 3 .6 4 g (3). A xis: 12. bmc

[ 4 ]

i, C o p 313

ΣΥ Ν Κ Λ Η ΤΟ Ν Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε ΙΣ ; d ra p e d b u s t o f S e n a te , r. Ε Π Ι Κ (Λ ) Α Ρ Ε Τ ΙΔ Ο Σ ; C y b ele se a te d , r., w ith lion 1. L = b m c i , 3.88; a. C o p 313, 3.40; 3. P 851 ( = W a 5887), 3.64; 4 . B (137/1884). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.

3 2 2 4 A E . 15 m m , 3.19 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

GRMK 159, no. I

18 mm, 6.98 g (4)

Tiberius Claudius Galba

2 0 m m , 5 .3 1 g (7 )

16 mm, 3.87 g (8) 16 mm, 3.33 g (5)

average:

19mm, 5.39g (23)

16 mm, 3.66g (13)

19m m , 4 .9 1 g (12)

(L öbb, I-B , Fox, R au c h ); 13—15. C L eake, L eak e S u p p l., H aslu ck , 4.94, 5.51, —; 1 6 - 1 7 . V 19812, 29116; i 8 . M u 5a, 5.45; 19. O , 5.16; 2 0 21. vA 3777, 8401, 3.91, 5.90; 22. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 377. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 1.

BMC 31, C o p 321

3 218 B ronze. 3 0 m m , 2 0 .0 9 g (3). A xis: 6.

Emperor

g ig

A s 3 2 2 3 , b u t Ε Π Ι Α Ρ Ε Τ ΙΔ Ο Σ Α Γ Ω Ν Ο Θ Ε Τ Ο Υ i . B 5 7 0 /1 9 0 9 (ex P h ilip sen 2 5 2 9 ), 2 .9 0 ; 2 . I-B ( =

grm k i

), 3 .4 0 .

T i K la u d io s S ek o u n d o s

T ib e r iu s ,

a d

2 6 - 8 (?)

3 2 2 5 A E . 21 m m , 6 .9 0 g (1). A xis: 12. mg

M a r c u s L e p id u s

3 2 1 9 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 1 8 m m , 6 .9 8 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6. bmc

[ 6 ]

26

[ 1 ]

398, no. 94

Γ Α Λ Β Α Ν A Y T O K PA [T O PA Κ Ο ]Τ ΙΑ Ε ΙΣ ; la u r e a te h e a d , r. [Ε Π Ι TI K A A Y JA IO Y ΣΕ Κ Ο Υ Ν Δ Ο Υ ; Z eu s (?) s ta n d in g , 1., w ith h a n d ra ise d ï . B (I-B ) ( = mg 94), 6.90.

Τ ΙΒ Ε ΡΙΟ Σ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι Μ Α ΡΚ Ο Υ Λ Ε Π ΙΔ Ο Υ Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eus se a te d , r., w ith sc e p tre a n d th u n d e rb o lt i . L = b m c 27, 7.27; 2. L = bm c 26 (ΕΠΊ ΛΕΠ ΙΔΟ Υ Μ ΑΡΚΟΥ), 6.94; 3. P 855 ( = W a 5890), 7.20; 4 . O , 6.74; 5—6. B (I-B = km 261, no. 1, K n o b elsd o rf). Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: 2.

C la u d iu s ,

a d

3 2 2 6 B rass. 1 5 m m , 3 .0 7 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 5 ]

BMC 2 ΣΥ Ν Κ Λ Η ΤΟ Ν Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε ΙΣ ; d ra p e d b u s t o f S e n a te , r. Ε Π Ι K ΣΕ Κ Ο Υ Ν Δ Ο Υ ; C y b ele se a te d , r., w ith lion I. L = b m c 2, 3-09; 2. P 853 ( = W a 5889), 7.44 (stru ck o n oversize flan); 3. P 852a, 3.05; 4 —5. B (I-B = m g 398, 93, F ox). Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: i .

5 0 -4

V aru s

T i K la u d io s V a n s

3 2 2 0 B rass. 1 9 m m , 4 .9 1 g (12). A xis: 12. bmc

[ ig ]

3 2 2 7 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .2 2 g (1). A xis: 12.

28, C o p 320 gm

Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε ΙΣ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Ν Κ Α ΙΣ Α ΡΑ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι O Y A PO Y Υ ΙΟ Υ Π Ο Λ Ε Ω Σ ; Z eu s (?) s ta n d in g , h , w ith h a n d ra ise d i . L = b m c 29, 5.14; a. L = bm c 28, 5.69; 3 . N Y ; 4—7. P 858 ( = W a 58 9 O , 856, 856a, 857, 5.04, 4.62, 5.24, 4.50; 8. C o p 320, 4.47; 9 - 1 2 . B

733, no. 671

ΓΑ Λ Β Α Ν A Y T O K PA T O PA ; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι [ΤΙ Κ Λ ]Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Υ O Y A PO Y Κ Ο Τ ΙΑ Ε Ω Ν ; Z eu s (?) s ta n d in g , L, w ith h a n d ra ise d I . P 8 6 1 , 5.22; 2. T B ( =

GM 671).

[ 1 ]

j .20

A S I A : Midaeum, Amorium { 3228-3232)

Midaeum T he coinage of M idaeum , which m ade no coins before the reign of A ugustus, has been catalogued by H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d Städte P hrygiens II, pp. 99fr. O nly five coins are known, all of ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ w ith a lituus, alm ost certainly A ugustus, and w ith a second p ortrait, conventionally identified as G aius C aesar on the reverse. T hese coins fall into two groups. T h e first, represented by a single specim en, has ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and ΜΙΔΑΕΩΝ; the second has CEBACTOC an d MIAAEWN, and a very different p o rtrait on the reverse. T he identity/ies of the portrait(s) on the reverse is/are uncertain; th a t on the first issue is very rem iniscent of the p o rtra it of T iberius at Aezani (3068). T he entry in the vA In d e x for A ugustus, Livia, G aius and Lucius (cited from B) is a mistake.

A u g u s tu s 3 2 2 8 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 8 m m , 6 .9 2 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 718 ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s Μ ΙΔ Α Ε Ω Ν ; b a re h e a d o f ?, r. i.

L

=

bm c

i,

6.92. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: i.

3 2 2 9 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .7 0 g (4). A xis: 12.

[ 4 ]

vA Phryg. I I , 719-22 CEBACTOC; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s M IA A EW N ; b a re h e a d o f ? , r. I. 0 = A M C 1 4 1 3 , 5 .0 1 ; 2. V 3 6 2 0 6 (= P row e 1 7 9 5 ), 4 -4 7 ; 3. B (I-B = mg 4 0 9 , no. 1 37), 5 .1 6 ; 4 . C L e a k e , 4 .1 4 .

Amorium G ran t (F I T A , p. 350) has suggested th a t a representation of Nike on a coin of A m orium (Hisarköy) in K arlsruhe is supposed to represent Fulvia, as at Eum enea (3139), and th at therefore the city was reconstituted by Antony. N either the identification of the head, nor the interpretation, however, seems convincing. In the early im perial period coinage was m ade for A ugustus, C aligula, C laudius and Nero. Tw o different nam es ap p ear on the A ugustan coinage, K allippos Alexandrou and A lexandros K allippou, perhaps father an d son; b u t the position is m ade m ore com plicated by the first issue, known from only a single specimen: the different direction of the eagle, the m uch cruder style and particularly the different form of sigm a m ake it h ard to believe th a t it is contem porary w ith 3231. I t would seem, therefore, prob­ able th a t K allippos m ade coinage on two occasions. In addition, a very w orn coin in L (B M C 24) has a very dif­ ferent-looking p o rtra it an d eagle, and m ay perhaps represent yet an o th er issue (3234). T he coinages of C aligula an d C laudius present no pro b ­ lems, although there is no indication of w hen in the reigns they were m ade. In the case of Nero, the p o rtra it suggests a date in the m iddle of the reign, say c. 60. A lthough the sm aller N eronian denom ination has no signature, it seems very likely th a t it belongs w ith the coinage of K atôn. T he m ain problem of typology is the object on w hich the eagle stands. I t has been variously described as a ‘Blitz’ { K M , p. 198), an ‘ox-bone ending in b u cran iu m ’ { B M C , A M C ), an ‘ U nterschenkel eines Stieres ’ (vA), and it has been observed th a t it ‘resem bles a G aulish carnyx’ { B M C ) . No solution is given here; it seems clearly to be a thunderbolt on 3232, b u t definitely looks different on the coins of, say, Caligula. T he ‘m agistrates’ ’ have R om an nam es from the tim e of C aligula on (so K M , p. 202); they are preceded by ΕΠΙ, but the identity of the m agistracy is not clear. Both u nder C ali­ gula and C laudius two m en ap p ear {cf. e.g., Aezani, 30857). T he Leukios Ioulios K ato n who appears ‘for the second tim e’ und er N ero is probably the K aton who jointly appeared u n d er C laudius.

T he coinage was m ade of bronze from A ugustus to C laudius, and from brass u n der Nero. I t was in two denom inations; the larger has the eagle as a reverse type, and the sm aller has a seated figure of Zeus: Augustus Caligula Claudius Nero

19mm, 20 mm, 18mm, 20 mm,

6.78g 5.36g 5.74g 6.30 g

(14) (7) (7) (6)

16mm, 3.70g (1) 16 mm, 4.11g (3)

average:

20 mm, 6.19g (34)

16 mm, 4.01 g (4)

A u g u s tu s K a llip p o s (A le x a n d r o u )

3 2 3 0 A E . 1 9 m m , 6 .7 4 g ( ’ )· A xis:

12

o r 6.

[ 1 ]

ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΠ Π Ο Σ Α Λ Ε Ξ Α Ν Δ Ρ; eagle w ith c a d u c e u s sta n d in g , 1., o n u n c e rta in ob ject; below , m o n o g ra m A M O P i . B (L ö b b ), 6.74.

3231 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 1 9 m m ,

6 . 7 7 g ( 7 )·

A xis:

12

or

6.

[

6

]

BMC 2 2 , AMC 1 3 7 7

CEBACTOC; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s K A A A IIIIIO C A M O PIA N W N ; eagle w ith c a d u c e u s sta n d in g , r., o n u n c e rta in o b ject i . L = bmc 22, 8.51; 2—3 . P 288 ( = W a 5608), 289, 6.31, 6.22; 4 . 0 = amc 1377, 5.70; 5. B 833/1910; 6. C 377/1948, 6.83; 7 - 8 . vA 3 3 9 7 . 8 3 22> 7 -3 7 , 7-88; 9. J S W , 6.15; 10. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 328, 4.96. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an aly sis on: i.

A le x a n d r o s ( K a llip p o u )

3232 AE. 19m m , km

5.21g

(1). A xis:

6.

[

198, no. 8

CEBACTOC; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s Α Λ ΕΞΑ Ν ΔΡΟ !! Κ Α Λ Λ ΙΠ Π Ο Υ ; eagle w ith c a d u c eus sta n d in g , r., o n th u n d e rb o lt; in field, m o n o g ra m AM P I. B (L ö b b ), 5.2 1; 2. B 11137; 3. T ra d e ( = km 8).

2

]

A S I A : Amorium, Philomelium (3233-3242)

3233 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 19 m m , 7 .1 1 g (5). A xis: 12 o r 6.

521

TI K AA YA IO C Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο C K A IC A P; la u re a te h e a d , r. ΕΠ Ι nE A W N O C K A I K ATW NOC; eag le w ith c a d u c e u s____ s ta n d in g , r., o n u n c e rta in o b ject; in field, m o n o g ra m AM P

[ 8 ]

BMC 23, AMC 1378, C o p 120 CEBACTOC; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s Α Λ ΕΞ Α Ν Δ ΡΟ !) A M O PIA N W N ; eagle w ith c a d u c e u s sta n d in g , r., o n u n c e rta in o b ject

i.

B (I-B ) ( — Nz 1884, 287 =

gm

204), 7.86; 2 . B ( I - B ) ; 3 . L — b m c 28,

6-775 4 - 5 - v 27323, 3 6 7 9 2 , 4 -5 4 , 6· P 292 ( = W a 5610), 5.33; 7. vA 3 3 9 9 , 6.08; 8 . L in d g ren 878, 2.99; 9 . T ü b in g e n (see g i c ) ; 1 0 . N Y.

I. L = BM C 2 3 , 6.87; 2—3 . P 287, 287a, 6.69, 6.48; 4 . O —AMC 1378, 6.69; 5. C o p 120; 6—7. B (I-B = km 198, no. 7, 266/1877); 8. V 31401, 7.51; 9 . vA 3398, 8.17; 10. S tern b e rg X I (1981), lo t 309, 6.35. Q u alitativ e m etal analysis on: 1.

Q u alitativ e m etal an aly sis on: 3. C o u n te rm ark : AMP o n obv. ( G IC 604: 9).

3 2 3 8 A E . 1 8 m m , 4 .9 8 g (3). A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

C op 121 As

U n c e rta in , ? A u g u s tu s 3234 A E . 1 9 m m , 5 .5 0 g (1). A xis: 12.

3237,

b u t eagle, 1.

I. C o p 121, 5.19; 2 . L — BMC 29, 4.37; 3 . vA 3400, 5.38.

[ 1 ]

3 2 3 9 A E . 1 6 m m , 3 .7 0 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

BMC 24

km

JCTOC; b a re h e a d , r.; before, litu u s ]ΙΑ Ν Ω Ν ; eagle w ith c a d u c e u s s ta n d in g , r., on u n c e rta in object.

TI KAA YA IO C KAICA P; la u re a te h e a d , r. [ΕΠ Ι] n £ A [W N O C KAI] KATW NO C [A ]M O PIA N ; Z eus se a te d , 1., w ith th u n d e rb o lt a n d sc e p tre

I. L = BM C 24, 5.50. T h e p o rtra it seem s very different from those on all th e o th e r coins, p e rh a p s suggesting a very la te A u g u stan d ate, b u t the p o or p reserv atio n o f th e coin m akes its in te rp re ta tio n difficult.

I. B (I-B ) ( — km 9), 3.70.

N e ro

C a lig u la

L e u k io s I o u tio s K a t o

S ilv a n o s a n d I o u s to s V ip s a n io s

3235 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 2 0 m m , 5 .5 0 g (5). A xis: 12.

198, no. 9

[ 11 ]

3 2 4 0 B rass. 20 m m , 6.49 g (4 )· A xis: 12 o r 6. bmc

BMC 25 __ TAIOC K AICA P; b a re h e a d , r. ε π ί C IA O Y A N O Y K A I IO Y C T O Y Ο Y (8 )ΙΨ Α Ν IW N ; eagle w ith c a d u c e u s s ta n d in g , r., o n u n c e rta in ob ject; in field, m o n o g ra m AM P i . P 291 ( = W a 5609), 6.48; 2—3. L = BMC 25—6, 5.92, 5.99; 4· C Leake; 5—6. O , 5.42, 4.66; 7—10. B (L ö b b , I-B , Fox, I-B ); n . N Y; 12. W e b er 7013, 5-37- T h e m o n o g ra m is som etim es a t th e en d o f th e legend, n o t in th e field (e.g., 3, 10). Q u a lita tiv e m e ta l analysis on: 2.

[ 5 ]

30

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Α Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Α A M O PIA N O I; la u re a te h e a d , r. Ε Π Ι Λ ΕΥ Κ ΙΟ Υ ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΟ Υ Κ Α Τ Ω Ν Ο Σ T O B; eagle s ta n d in g , r., o n u n c e rta in o b ject i . N Y ; 2 . L = bm c 30, 6.88; 3 - 4 . B (B -I, I-B = m g 393, no. 57 = gm 204); 5. C = SNG 4923, 6.68; 6. vA 3401, 6.70; 7. L in d g ren 879, 5.68. Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis on: i.

3241 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .3 4 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 3 ]

C o p 122

3236 A E . 2 0 m m , 5 .0 8 g (3). A xis: 12.

[ 4 ]

BM C 2 7

As

3240,

b u t eagle, 1.

i . C o p 122, 5.34; 2 —3 . B (S perling, I-B =

gm,

no. 607).

A s 3 3 3 5 , b u t eagle, 1. i . P 2 9 0 , 5.24; 2—3 . L = BMC 27, 1974-1-2-17, 5.09, 4.90; 4 . B (I-B = MG no· 56)·

393,

3 2 4 2 B rass. 1 6 m m , 4 .1 1 g (3). A xis: 12. bmc

[ 4 ]

31

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Α Κ Α ΙΣ Α ΡΑ ; la u re a te h e a d , r. A M O PIA N O I; Z eus se a te d , 1., w ith th u n d e rb o lt a n d sc e p tre

C la u d iu s

i . B 5 5 2 / 1 9 1 1 , 4.02; 2 . B (I-B = km 199, no. io ); 3 . L = V 30175, 3.82. Q u alitativ e m etal an alysis on: 3.

P e d o n a n d K a to n

bm c

31, 4.50;

4.

3237

L e a d e d b ro n z e . 18 m m , 6.31 g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 7 ]

BMC 28

Philomelium G ran t ( F I T A , p. 350) suggested th a t the Nike on late H el­ lenistic coins o f Philom elium was supposed to represent Fulvia (as at E um enea, 3139), and th a t therefore the city was reconstituted by Antony. N either the identification nor the interpretation, however, seems convincing. T he m ain problem w ith the im perial coins of Philom elium is the identity/ies of the em peror(s) depicted. T he po rtrait on the coins of Flakkos (?) seems clearly to represent A ugustus, b u t the position is less clear w ith the Brocchoi and especially w ith T itos philopatris. T h e coins of

the Brocchoi depict a m ature ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, a youthful ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP and ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ, thereby suggesting th at ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ is C laudius. For Titos, Babelon (in W a) and Im hoof-Blum er (in G M ) identified the head as T iberius, followed by vA; the B coins, for instance, are labelled both as T iberius and A ugustus; B M C gave ‘T iberius (?)’, qualified in a footnote as possibly C laudius. O n grounds of portraiture, Tiberius seems the m ost likely candidate, and this identification is tentatively followed here.

522

A S I A : Philomelium (3243-3248)

T he coins all seem to be of bronze, and were m ade in three denom inations; curiously the largest (3246) occurs for an em press ra th e r th a n the reigning em peror. Augustus Tiberius Claudius

r5 mm, 3.93 g (1) 23mm, 10.79g (5)

18mm, 4.96g (2) 18mm, 5.02g (10)

14mm, 3.48g (2)

A u g u s tu s

C la u d iu s,

F la k k o s (?)

B ro c c h o i

3243

A E . 1 5 m m , 3 .9 3 g (1). Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Φ ΙΛ Ο Μ Η Λ Ε Ω Ν O A A K K O C (?); b u s t o f M ê n , r. i . N Y , 3.93; a· I (= E. L a n e, Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D ei

[ 1 ]

X X V I, P hilom elium 2); 3. P row e (E gger X L V I, 1914) lo t 1817 (‘APKLIOC’), 3.42. T h e rea d in g o f th e personal nam e is n o t clear. T h e p o rtra it copies coin p o rtra its o f a b o u t 20-15 bc (th e ‘y o u n g b u ll’ denarii: R I C 475).

5 0 - 4 __________________________

3 2 4 6 A E . 2 3 m m , 1 0 .7 9 g (5)· A xis: 12. gm

M en is , pi.

ad

[ 4 ]

744, nos. 71 9 -2 0

Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ Π ΙΝ Α Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A g rip p in a , r. Β ΡΟ Κ Χ Ο Ι Φ ΙΛ Ο Μ Η Λ ΕΩ Ν ; trip o d b e tw e e n v ex illu m a n d p a lm ; above, s ta r i . N Y ; 2. P 1832, 10.84; 3 ~ 4 · B (I-B , L ö b b = gm 719 -2 0 ), 10.87, 10.20; 5. vA 3920, 10.24; 6· J S W , 11.80. A n o th er specim en (M a b b o tt 1928) has b een tooled to M essalin a.

3 2 4 7 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 18 m m , 5.02 g (9). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 9 ]

T ib e r iu s (?)

BMC 9

T ito s p h ilo p a tr is

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Β ΡΟ Κ Χ Ο Ι Φ ΙΛ Ο Μ Η Λ ΕΩ Ν ; Z eu s se a te d , 1., w ith p a te r a a n d sc e p tre

3 2 4 4 L e a d e d b ro n z e . 18 m m , 4.96 g (2). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 13 ]

BMC 8 Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Τ ΙΤ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΣ Φ ΙΛ Ο Μ Η Λ ΕΩ Ν ; Z eu s seated , 1., w ith p a te r a a n d sc e p tre i . L = bmc 8, 4.94; 2. L 1979-1 -1 -2 2 9 7 (ex vA 3918), 4.98; 3 - 4 . P 1829, 1830 .( = W a 6396), 4.74, 4.01; 5 - 9 . B (I-B , L öbb, 591/1895, 256/1879, IΓ1 — o u 744, 718a); 10. V 19947; 1 T- M u ia ; 12—14. N Y . Q u a lita tiv e m e tal analysis on: i .

3245 A E . 1 4 m m , 3 .4 8 g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 3 ]

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , r. Τ ΙΤ Ο Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Φ ΙΛ Ο Μ Η Λ ΕΩ Ν ; b u s t o f M ê n , r. i . P 1831 ( = W a 6397), 3.99; 2. B (L öbb); 3 . V 37706, 2.96. E. L ane, Corpus M onumentorum Religionis D ei M en is , ρ. η2, P hilom elium 3·

i . N Y ; 2—3 . L = BMC 9 -1 0 , 5.65, 4.66; 4—6 . C o p 6 4 6 -8 , 5.86, 4.31, 4.93; 7. B (I-B = gm 744, no. 718 ‘A u g u stu s’); 8. C gen ., 4.72; 9. V 33678, 5.23; 1 0 - 1 1 . vA 3919, 8435, 4.28, 5.57. T h e leg en d on 4 ( = C o p 646) has b een tooled to ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ. Q u a lita tiv e m e tal an alysis on: 2.

3 2 4 8 L e a d e d b ro n ze. 17 m m , 5.02 g (1). A xis: 12 o r 6. gm

[ 4 ]

744, no. 721

Ν Ε ΡΩ Ν Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ; d ra p e d b u s t o f N ero , 1. Β ΡΟ Κ Χ Ο Ι Φ ΙΛ Ο Μ Η Λ ΕΩ Ν ; s ta r in c rescen t i . L 1977—10—2—i , 5.02; 2—3 . B (I-B = Q u a lita tiv e m etal an alysis o n : 1.

gm ,

no. 721, 8775); 4 . V 27526.

LYC I A - P A M P H YLI A C at. no.

Introduction Lycian League Claudius Bubon Balburâ Termessus by Oenoanda Phaselis

P age

523 33°I_33 3334-52 3353 3354-7 3358-S i

524 526 528 528

3362

529

529

T he province of L ycia-Pam phylia was created in a d 43, when C laudius deprived the Lycians of their freedom, and Lycia was join ed together w ith P am phylia to create the new province along p a rt of the southern coast of Asia M inor, with its capital at A ttalea. Previously P am phylia had formed p a rt of G alatia, both w hen it was a kingdom under A m yntas (36-25 b c ) and subsequently w hen it becam e the Rom an province of G alatia. Pam phylia, like C appadocia, was united w ith G alatia in about 55, an d rem ained p a rt of this huge province in eastern Asia M inor for a few years until it was reunited with Lycia. G alba, however, once again attach ed Pam phylia back on to G alatia, b u t this change did not, again, last. (For the changing history of the province, see B. Rémy, L ’évolu­ tion adm inistrative de l ’A n a to lie a u x trois prem iers siècles de notre ère, pp. 24, 34-8, 40-1 and 43-7.)

D uring the civil w ars of the late R epublic an d early in the reign of C laudius, the Lycian League produced silver and bronze coinage, occasionally w ith the p o rtrait of A ugustus. T here were very close connections betw een Lycian coinages and some o f the coins m inted by B rutus (R R C 501 an d 503: see H . A. Troxell, T he Coinage o f the L ycia n League, pp. 17981). T he m etrology of these coinages was taken from Rom an coinage (see below). Subsequently the League seems to have produced little or no coinage, until a final small issue of silver and bronze was m ade und er C laudius, at about the tim e of the annexation. T h e m etrology of the C laudian coinage, both of the silver an d the bronze, seems to reflect a new standard; in the case of the bronze, there is some sim ilarity w ith the change possibly m ade in Asia Bubon Balbura Termessus Phaselis Attalea Magydus Perga Sillyum Aspendus Side

C at. no.

Attalea Magydus Perga Sillyum Aspendus fSide Syedra

3363-7 3368 3369-73 3374-80 3381-90 339Ι - 4°4

3405

19mm, 4.51g (11) 17mm, 4.75g (18)

24m m, 8.47 g (2)

19mm, 4.90g (3) 18 mm, 4.27 g (2) 17mm, 4.51 g (6)

22 mm, 8.47 g (6)

17 mm, 4.07 g (8) 17mm, 4.50g (21)

53° 530 531 531

532 533 534

betw een the early years of A ugustus and subsequently (see p · 375')' In addition, a few cities in the area produced fairly rare civic issues for the em perors. In Lycia, such coinage was restricted to the inland cities of Bubon, B albura and Term essus by O enoanda, and to the coastal city of Phaselis; there were also issues from the P am phylian cities of A ttalea, M agydus, Perga, Sillyum, A spendus, Side and Syedra (which was probably united w ith P am phylia at this time). T he identification of the em perors portrayed is often very difficult and uncertain, b u t it seems th a t the two em perors m ost com m only represented were Tiberius and Nero, though there were also issues for A ugustus, C aligula and C laudius. A frequent characteristic o f these coinages is the addition to the obverse or reverse of a Greek letter or num eral, b u t the significance of these is not clear. T he denom inations found (the position of the coins of Sillyum is not clear) can be seen in the table below. T his p attern coincides reasonably well w ith the weights of the later and C laudian issues of the Lycian League and the denom inational system of Asia (see pp. 369 and 527):

F

4 asses 2 asses as semis

8.05 g 3-99g

G

3.87 g 2.46 g

C laudius

14.78g 7.69 g 4.09 g

O n this basis we m ight guess th at the m ain denom inations used by the cities were intended to be 2-as, as an d half-as. 16 mm, 3.03 g (3)

22 mm, 9.52 g (1)

P age

15mm, 2.96g (3) 17mm, 3.82g (1)

16mm, 3.06g (1) 17 mm, 3.57 g (8)

§24

L Y C I A - P A M P H Y L I A : Lycian League (3301-3309)

Lycian League T he coinage of the Lycian League has been fully studied by H .A . Troxell, T he Coinage o f the L ycian League (New York, 1982) = Troxell, L L . She has assigned to the period covered by this catalogue the silver and bronzes of her periods IV and V; in addition there were issues of silver and bronze by C laudius, catalogued by Troxell in an appendix (pp. 244-50). TroxelPs periods IV and V p artly overlap chronologi­ cally, and have plausibly been assigned by her (m ainly) to the period betw een Ju liu s C aesar and A ugustus; p articu ­ larly clear links exist w ith the coinage of B rutus of the late forties b c an d w ith the A ugustan cistophori an d ‘C A ’ coinage of the tw enties b c . H er classification has been fol­ lowed here; it seems pointless, however, to reproduce the full details of h er study, so only a simplified scheme is given, to represent the general structure of the coinage. F u rther details can be found in h er book. T he coins were produced for the districts of M asicytus (ΜΑ, ΜΑΣ) an d C ragus (KP, ΚΡΑ, ΚΡΑΓ), and the cities of P inara (ΠΙ), C yaneae (KY), Tlos (ΤΛΩ), Telm essus (TEA), X an th u s (ΞΑΝ) and M yra (MYPA). T he bulk of the coinage was of hem idrachm s, w ;'h a m ean w eight of ab o u t i.8 o g , the sam e as R om an quinarii (Troxell, p. 121); at the beginning of A ugustus’s reign drachm s were produced at double the w eight (about 3.50 g) and quarter-d rach m s a t h alf the w eight (about 0.80 g). T here were also some q uarter-drachm s issued slightly earlier. T h e fineness of the drachm s was investigated by W alker, M etrology I, nos. 534-60, who found a m ean fine­ ness o f 94% for the twenty-seven coins he analysed. As he and Troxell have b o th noted, their fineness an d w eight m ean th a t they contain ra th e r less silver th an contem porary denarii, w ith w hich they were presum ably equated. T he w eight sta n d a rd of the latest issue of hem idrachm s (series 7) fell to ab o u t 1.45 g, an d this stan d ard fell a little m ore for the drachm s ofC lau d iu s (average 2.74g). C hanges also took place in the m etrology of the bronze coinage at about this tim e (see below).

KPA: T ro x ell 88, 89 (b ra n c h ), 90 (trip o d ); ΜΑ(Σ): T ro x ell 91 (ΜΑΣ), 92 (MA, b ra n c h ). Illu stra te d : L = b m c M a s ic y te s 1 ( = T r o x e ll 91). s e r i e s

e a rly 3 0 s

bc

[ 88 coins, 63 obv. dies ]

T ro x e ll, LL 93-101 (C ra g u s , P in a ra , M a s ic y tu s , C y a n e a e , M y ra ) Λ Y; la u re a te h e a d o f A p o llo , r. C ith a ra in in c u se s q u a re ; m in t in itia ls KP, Π Ι, M A , KY or M Y PA (a n d sym bol) in field KP: T ro x ell 93 (eagle), 94 (e a r o f co rn ), 95; ΠΙ: T ro x ell 96; MA: T ro x ell 97 (serp en t ro u n d o m p h a lo s), 98 (ow l), 99 (to rch ); KY: T ro x ell 100 (h elm et); MYPA: T ro x e ll 101 (bee). Illu stra te d : L = bm c P i n a r a 5 ( = T ro x ell 96). s e r i e s

4 :

la te 30s

bc

3 3 0 4 A R h e m id ra c h m s.

[ 59 coins, 34 obv. dies ]

T ro x e ll, LL 102-3 (C ra g u s, M a sic y tu s) H e a d o f A pollo w e a rin g ta e n ia , r. ΛΥΚΙΩ Ν Κ ΡΑΓ o r Λ Υ ΚΙΩ Ν Μ Α ΣΙ; c ith a ra in in c u se sq u a re ΚΡΑΓ: T ro x ell 102; ΜΑΣΙ: T ro x ell 103. Illu stra te d : L = ( = T ro x ell 102). s e r i e s

5 :

la te 3 0 S -2 7

b m c

C r a g u s 13

bc

3 3 0 5 A R h e m id ra c h m s.

[ 85 coins, 64 obv. dies ]

T ro x e ll, LL 104-9 (C ra g u s, M a sic y tu s) Λ Y; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. C ith a ra in in c u se sq u a re ; m in t in itia ls K P o r M A (a n d sym bol) in field KP: T ro x ell 104 (filleted b ra n c h ), 105 (b ra n c h ), 106 (e a r o f co rn ); MA: T ro x ell 107 (filleted b ra n c h ), 108 (b ra n c h ), 109 (w inged cad uceu s). Illu stra te d : L = b m c M a s ic y te s 8 ( = T ro x ell 108). u n c e r t a i n

: b e tw e e n 48 a n d 27

3 3 0 6 A R q u a rte r-d ra c h m s .

bc

[ 48 coins, 26 obv. dies ]

T ro x e ll, LL 124-6 a n d 13 0 -4 (C ra g u s, M a sic y tu s) B u st o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r. Q u iv e r in in c u se sq u a re , w ith A Y a n d m in t in itials Κ Ρ(Α Γ) o r M A w ith sym bol KP: T ro x ell 124 (sta g ’s h e a d ), 125 (filleted b ra n c h ), 126 (Κ ΡΑ Γ an d star); MA: T ro x ell 130 (stag ’s h e a d ), 131 (filleted b ra n c h ), 132 (to rch ), r 33 (crescen t), 134 (crescen t a n d sta r). Illu stra te d : L 1905—10—5—13 (M asicy tu s, T ro x ell 131).

s e r i e s

L a te f i r s t cen tu ry B C

3 :

3 3 0 3 A R h e m id ra c h m s.

6 :

c. 2 7 - 2 0 b c

3 3 0 7 A R d ra c h m s.

[ 15 coins, 7 obv. dies ]

T ro x ell, LL h i (C ra g u s)

S ilv e r s e r i e s

i

: 48-42

B are h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r. ΛΥ KP; c ith a ra ; in field, b ra n c h

BC

3301 A R h e m id ra c h m s.

[ 138 coins, 110 obv. dies ]

T ro x e ll, LL 8 4 -7 (C ra g u s , M a sicy tu s) Λ Y; la u r e a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. C ith a ra in in c u se sq u a re ; m in t in itia ls KP o r M A (a n d sym bol) in field KP: T roxell 84; MA: T ro x ell 85, 86 (star), 87 (p lectru m ). O n som e coins th e re is no ΛΥ on the obv., b u t ΛΥΚΙΩΝ on th e rev. Illu stra te d : L = B M C C r a g u s 2 ( = T ro x ell 84). S E R I E S

2 :

4 2 BC

3302 A R h e m id ra c h m s.

[ 52 coins, 44 obv. dies ]

T ro x e ll, LL 8 8 -9 2 (C ra g u s , M a sic y tu s) L a u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. Λ Υ Κ ΙΩ Ν K PA o r Λ Υ Κ ΙΩ Ν Μ Α (Σ); c ith a ra in in cu se sq u a re (w ith sym bol)

T ro x ell 111. Illu stra te d : L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1 0 8 6 (ex vA 4312).

3 3 0 8 A R d ra c h m s.

[ 9 coins, 5 obv. dies ]

T ro x e ll, LL 115 (M a sic y tu s) ΛΥ; b a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s, r. M A; c ith a ra ; in field, trip o d T ro x ell 115. Illu stra te d : L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1 0 8 7 (ex vA 4 3 4 7 )·

3 3 0 9 A R d ra c h m s.

[ 139 coins, 76 obv. dies ]

T ro x e ll, LL 112-14, 116-23 (C ra g u s, T lo s-C ra g u s, M a sic y tu s) Λ Υ (Κ ΙΩ Ν ); b a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r. T w o c ith a ra s , w ith m in t in itia ls KP, ΤΛΏ KP o r M A a n d sym bol KP: T ro x ell 1 12 (p lectru m ) , 1 1 3 (b ra n c h a n d sta r) ; ΤΛΩ KP: T ro x ell 114

L Y C I A - P A M P H Y L I A: Lycian League (3310-3317)

or less w ith the system suggested for the province of Asia (p. 369), though the weights would be a little lighter:

(ΛΥ(ΚΙΩΝ), w inged caduceus); MA: T roxell 116 (ap h iasto n to 1.), ' : 7 (bow ), 118 (ap h iasto n in ce n tre), 119 (p le ctru m ), 120 (tw o p le ctra), 121 (no sym bol), 122 (ear o f co rn ), 123 (owl a n d b ra n c h ). Illu stra te d : L r 9 7 9 —1—r—, 0 9 3 (ex vA 4472 — T ro x e ll 114.).

3 3 1 0 A R h e m id ra c h m s.

F

[ 86 coins, 62 obv. dies ]

4 asses 2 asses as semis

T ro x ell, LL n o (M a sic y tu s) Λ Y; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. C ith a ra in in cu se sq u a re ; m in t in itia ls M A a n d trip o d sy m b o l in field T ro xell n o . Illu stra te d : L =

BM C

[ 45 coins, 23 obv. dies ]

C laudius h

8-05 g 3-99g

3-87 g 2.46 g

·78g

7-6 9 g 4-og g

s e r i e s a : late 305-27 bc 3313 A E d o u b le u n it. 2 6 m m , 9 .6 4 g (4).

T ro x ell, LL 127-9, 135—4 1 (C ra g u s, T lo s-C ra g u s, M a s ic y tu s , M y ra , M a s ic y tu s -M y ra )

[ 4 ]

T ro x ell, LL 165 (T lo s -C ra g u s), 168 (M a sic y tu s)

(A Y (K IQ N )); b u s t o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, 1. o r r. AY; q u iv e r a n d m in t in itia ls KP, TA KP, M A, MY o r M A M Y w ith sy m b o l in in c u se sq u a re

AY; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. C ith a ra in w re a th ; m in t in itia ls (a n d m a g is tra te ’s n am e) T ro x ell 165 (TAW KP), 168 (ΜΑ ΙΓΓΠΟΛΟ). Illu stra te d : L = ( — T ro x ell 165).

KP: T roxell 127 (u n certain sym bol), 128 (ear o f corn); TA KP: T ro x ell 129 (w inged caduceus); MA: T ro x ell 135 (no sym bol), 136 (b ra n c h ), 137 (bow ), 138 (ap h iasto n ), 139 (?Isis crow n); MY: T roxell 140 (Isis crow n); MA MY: T ro x ell 141. Illu stra te d : L M a s ic y te s 1 9 7 9 —1—1—801 (ex vA 4338 = T ro x ell 136).

BMC

C ra g u s 20

3314 A E u n it. 1 7 -2 0 m m , 4 .6 9 g (26).

[ 18 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 159-60 (C ra g u s ), 166 (T lo s -C ra g u s), 169 (M a sic y tu s)

s e r i e s 7 : late first century B c-early first century a d 3312 A R h e m id ra c h m s (lig h te r w eig h t: see ab ove). [ 92 coins, 62 obv. dies ]

H e a d o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r. M a g is tr a te ’s n a m e o r e th n ic S ta g s ta n d in g , r. M a g is tr a te ’s n a m e a n d /o r e th n ic

T ro x e ll, LL 142-58 (C ra g u s, T e lm e ssu s-C ra g u s, M a sicy tu s)

T ro x ell 159 (Δ 1/ΛΥ KP, p le ctru m ), 160 (ΕΠ /Λ Υ KP, p le c tru m ), 166 (AY/TAW KP), 169 (AY/MA(CI) ΙΠ ΠΟ (Λ Ο )). Illu stra te d : L — B M C D ia s ( = T ro x ell 159).

AY; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. C ith a ra in in c u se sq u a re w ith m in t n a m e (Λ ΥΚΙΩΝ) K P (A rO C ), T E KP (a n d sym bol) o r M A in field

3315 A E h a lf-u n it. 1 4 m m , 2 .3 6 g (42).

[ 32 ]

L a u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. M a g is tr a te ’s n a m e o r e th n ic B ow a n d q u iv e r in incuse sq u a re . E th n ic (a n d m a g is tra te ’s n a m e ) T ro x ell 161 (ΔΙ/ΛΥΚΙ KP), 162 (ΕΠ/ΛΥΚΙ KP), 167 (ΛΥ/ΤΛ KP), 170 (ΛΥ/Μ Α ΙΠ (Π Ο )), 172 (Λ Υ /Λ Υ Κ Ρ), 174 ( —/Λ Υ Κ ΙΜ Α ), 176 (Μ Α/ΑΠ Ο ). Illu stra te d : L — B M C 16 ί — T roxell 172).

3316 A E q u a rte r-u n it, i o - i i m m , i . i i g (14).

B ro n ze

A

B

H e a d o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r. M a g is tr a te ’s n a m e o r e th n ic Q u iv e r. E th n ic a n d m a g is tra te ’s n a m e T ro x e ll 163 (Δ Ι/Λ Υ Κ Ρ ), 164 (ΕΠ /Λ Υ KP), 171 (Λ Ύ /Μ Α ΙΠ ), 173 ( — /AY KP), 175 (Μ Α/ΛΥ M A), 177 (?/Α Π Ο ). Illu stra te d : L 1 9 0 5 —11—11—1 ( = T ro x ell 173).

S E R I E S B : C. 27-23 BC 3317 A E se ste rtiu s. 3 5 m m , 2 5 .1 2 g (12).

2.36g I.IIg

348 g i -53 g

[ 6 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 178 (T e lm e ssu s -C ra g u s), 182 (T lo s), 183 (T lo s-C ra g u s), 187 (C y a n e a e ), 189-90 (M a sic y tu s) (A Y); b a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s, r. (o r 1.) C ith a ra in w re a th . M in t in itia ls I . T ro x ell 178 ( —/K P TEA), 182 (ΛΥ/ΤΛ), 183 (Λ Υ /Κ ΡΤ Λ ), 187 ( — /AY

C

D

E

6.04 g 3-54 g

440 g

5-87 g 3-°6 g 1.72g

25-I2g 14.26g

9-64 g 4-69 g

[ 9 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 163 -4 (C ra g u s ), 171 (M a sic y tu s), 173 (C ra g u s ), 175, 177 (M a sic y tu s)

Troxell has divided the bronzes of this period into seven series, whose dates overlap th a t of the silver, though they are generally later. T h e coinage of series B , w ith large bronzes depicting A ugustus, seems contem porary w ith the A ugustus drachm s of silver series 6, thus suggesting th a t the bronzes ru n from the thirties b c until some date in the first century a d . T h e coinage of the first five series was produced m ostly in four denom inations, w ith the addition o f ‘sestertii’ and ‘dupondii’ in series B ; the denom inations in use in series F an d G seem different, though they resem ble those used by C laudius. T he likely denom inations are, for series A to E, shown in the table below. For series F to G and C laudius, we find the following possible p attern , on a lighter stan d ard w hich accords m ore

4 asses 2 asses as semis quadrans έ as

I

T ro x e ll, LL 161-2 (C ra g u s ), 167 (T lo s -C ra g u s), 170 (M a sic y tu s), 172 (C ra g u s ), 174, 176 (M a sic y tu s)

KP etc.: T ro x ell 142 (no sym bol), 143 (e a r o f co rn ), 144 (filleted b ra n c h ), 145 (sta r a n d b ra n c h ), 146 (b ra n c h a n d T ), 147 (ΠΑ); TE KP: T ro x ell 148; MA: T roxell 149 (ear o f co rn ), 150 (ΛΥ(ΚΙΩΝ) on rev., bow a n d arro w ), 151 (ap h iasto n ), 152 (MA on obv.; s ta r sym bol on rev .), 153, 154 (tw o stars), 155, 156 (h ead o f A pollo, r. or 1.; b ra n c h a n d sta r), 157 (h ead o f A pollo, r. o r 1.; b ra n c h a n d P trident), 158 (head o f A pollo, 1.; trid e n t a n d cad uceus). Illu stra te d : L = b m c M a s ic y te s 9 (= T ro x e ll 156).

sestertius dupondius double unit unit half-unit quarter-unit

G

As w ith the silver, there seems no point in reproducing here the full details of T roxell’s catalogue, and only an abbre­ viated version is provided.

M a s ic y te s 14.

3311 A R q u a rte r-d ra c h m s .

525

2.71g

5 26

L Y C I A - P A M P H Y L I A : Lycian League (3318-3333)

KY), 189-90 (ΛΎ/(ΛΥΚΙΩΝ) MA, w inged ca d u ceu s). Illu stra te d : 5. L 1 9 2 2 -2 —2 - 4 ( = T ro x ell 178); 7 . L = b m c M a s ic y te s 3 8 ( = T r o x e ll 189); 8. P 102 (= T ro x e l! 183).

3318 A E d u p o n d iu s . 29 m m , 1 4 .2 6 g (8).

[ 5 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 179-80 (T e lm e ssu s -C ra g u s), 184 (C ra g u sT lo s), 191 (M a sic y tu s) (A Y); la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. (w ith sym bol) T rip o d w ith in w re a th (w ith sy m b o l). M in t in itia ls

3319 A E u n it. 1 8 m m , 3 .4 8 g ( m ) .

[ ? ]

T ro x e ll, LL 181 (T e lm e ssu s -C ra g u s), 185 (T lo s-C ra g u s), 188 (C y a n e a e ), 192-3 (M a sic y tu s), 194-5 (M y ra -M a s ic y tu s)

3 3 2 0 A E h a lf-u n it. 12-13 m m , 1.53 g (3).

[ 2 ]

T ro x ell 211 (KP/KP (AY)), 218 ((ΛΥ)/ΛΥ o r MA o r AY M A). Illu strate d : L = B M C C r a g u s 2 4 ( = T ro x ell 211 ).

1 0 ]

AY; b a re h e a d o f A u g u stu s , r. M A; w in g e d c a d u c e u s in in c u se sq u a re i . W i n te r t h u r 4 2 7 7 ( =

seri es

f

333); 2. A .

f it a

: late first century

T ro x ell 219. Illu stra te d : L =

BG?

[ 24 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 197 (C ra g u s ), 200 (X a n th u s -C ra g u s ), 202 (M a sic y tu s) AY; h e a d o f A pollo, r. C ith a ra in w re a th . M in t in itia ls

bc ?

[ 4 ]

BM C

27.

3 3 3 0 A E . 1 7 - ig m m , 3 -6 6 g (32).

[ 20 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 220 (T los) AY; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. ΤΛ, A T or ΤΎ; d ra p e d b u s t o f A rte m is, r. T ro x ell 220. Illu stra te d : L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—8 3 4 (ex vA 4474).

T ro x ell 197 (ΛΥ/KP, s ta r), 200 (AY/KP ΞΑΝ), 202 (AY/MA(CI)). Illu stra te d : L 1920—6 - 1 1 —2 7 4 ( = T roxell 200).

3331 A E . 17—1 9 m m , 4 .3 6 g (27). [ 23 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 198-9 (C ra g u s ), 201 (X a n th u s -C ra g u s ), 2 0 3 4 (M a sic y tu s)

[ 19 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 2 2 1 -2 (M a sic y tu s) AY; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. M A; A p o llo P a tro ö s w ith b ra n c h a n d arro w ; (b ra n c h ) T ro x ell 221 (b ra n c h ), 221 (no b ra n c h ). Illu stra te d : L 1 9 6 3 —1—16—9 3 4 ( = T ro x ell 222).

AY ; h e a d o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r. Q u iv e r. M in t in itia ls T ro x ell 198 (AY/KP, s ta r), 199 (AY/KP, b ra n c h ), 201 (AY/KP HAN), 203 (ΛΥ/M A , arro w a n d bow ), 204 (ΛΥ/M A, sta g ’s h ea d ). Illu stra te d : L = B M C M a s ic y te s 3 4 ( — T ro x ell 204).

s e r i e s D : shortly after C 3323 A E d o u b le u n it. 21 m m , 4 .4 0 g (1).

[ 1 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 206 (T los)

seri es

G : late first century

bc / ad ?

3 3 3 2 A E . 1 7 m m , 3 .8 7 g (23).

[ 14 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 223 (C ra g u s ), 224 (M a sic y tu s) AY o r KP o r M A; la u re a te h e a d o f A p o llo , r. AY o r M A; b u s t o f A rte m is w ith bow , r. T ro x ell 223 (ΚΡ/ΛΥ), 224 (ΛΥ o r M A/M A o r ΛΥ). Illu stra te d : L 1921—4— 12—112 ( = T ro x ell 224).

AY; h e a d o f A pollo, r. ΤΛ; c ith a ra in w re a th I.

T ro x e ll, LL 211 (C ra g u s ), 218 (M a sic y tu s) H e a d o f H e rm e s w ith p e ta s u s, r. o r 1. M in t in itia ls W in g e d c a d u c e u s in in c u se s q u a re . M in t in itia ls

AY; la u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. KP ΤΛΩ; trip o d

T ro x ell 186 (ΛΥ/TA KP), ig 6 (? ). Illu stra te d : N Y {—T roxell 186).

3322 A E u n it. 18 m m , 3.54 g (39).

[ 12 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 219 (T lo s -C ra g u s) corr.

(A Y); h e a d o f A rte m is, r. Q u iv e r in in c u se sq u a re . M in t in itials

23-19

3 3 2 7 A E q u a rte r-u n it. 12-17 m m , 1.64 g (13)·

3 3 2 9 A E . 2 5 m m , 8 .7 9 g (5)·

T ro x e ll, LL 186 (T lo s -C ra g u s), 196 (?)

C.

H e a d o f A rte m is w ith bow , r. M in t in itials A rte m is, h u n tre s s s ta n d in g , facing. M in t in itia ls

T ro x e ll, LL 217 (M a sic y tu s)

T ro xell 181 (Λ Υ /Τ Ε Λ Κ Ρ ), 185 (ΛΥ/ΤΛ KP), 188 ( —/K Y A ΛΥ), 192 ( — o r AY o r ΛΥΚΙ o r M A/M A ), 193 ( — o r ΛΥ/M A, Isis crow n), 194 (ΛΥ/ΜΥ), r93 ( — or AY or M A/M Y, Isis crow n). Illu stra te d : L 1979—1—1—832 (ex vA 4454 — T ro x ell 181 ).

G :

[ 15 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 210 (C ra g u s ), 2 1 5 -1 6 (M asicy tu s)

3 3 2 8 A E q u a rte r-u n it. 1 4 -1 8 m m , 2 .2 3 g (2 )·

(A Y); h e a d o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r. S tag. M in t in itia ls

S E R I E S

3 3 2 6 A E u n it. 1 6 m m , 3 .0 6 g (19).

T ro x ell 210 (K P/KP), 215 (AY/M A), 216 (ΛΥ/Μ Α, b ra n c h ). Illu stra te d : L 1 9 1 6 - 7 —12—2 ( = T ro x ell 215).

T ro x ell 179 (cith ara/K P T E A ), 180 ( - / K P TEA, no w reath ), 184 ( - / K P TAW), 191 (ΛΥ/ΛΥΚΙΩΝ MA, b ra n c h , no w reath ). Illu stra te d : L 1979—1 1—2 3 4 7 (ex ν ·Λ, s n g —, I 3 -5 3 : Φ T roxell 184).

3321 A E d o u b le u n it. 2 1 -6 m m , 6.04 g ( 45 )·

T ro x ell 209 (KP/KP), 212 (ΛΥ/Μ Α), 213 (ΛΥ/Μ Α), 214 (ΛΥ/M A , sta r). Illu stra te d : L = B M C C r a g u s 19 ( = T ro x ell 209).

3 3 3 3 A E . i 4 - i 5 m m , 2 .4 6 g (9).

[ 7 1

T ro x e ll, LL 225 (C ra g u s ), 226 (M a sic y tu s)

B

3 3 2 4 A E u n it. 16—1 7 m m , 2 .7 1 g (30).

[ 20 ]

T ro x e ll, LL 205 (C ra g u s ), 2 0 7 -8 (T los)

KP o r AY; stag , r. AY; c ith a ra T ro x ell 225 (Κ Ρ/Λ Υ), 226 (MA/Λ Υ ). Illu stra te d : L 1 9 2 1 —4—12—h ( = T ro x e ll 225).

AY; h e a d o f A rte m is w ith q u iv e r, r. Q u iv e r o r stag . M in t in itia ls

i

T ro xell 205 (AY/KP, q u iv e r), 207 (ΛΥ/ΤΛ, stag ), 208 (ΛΥ/ΤΛ, q u iv er). Illu stra te d : L = b m c C r a g u s 21 ( = T roxell 205). s e r i e s

E :

C la u d iu s

A ugustan

3325 A E d o u b le u n it. 20 m m , 5.87 g (52). T ro x ell, LL 209 (C ra g u s ), 2 1 2 -1 4 (M asicy tu s) L a u re a te h e a d o f A pollo, r. M in t in itials A p o llo P a tro ö s w ith b ra n c h a n d a rro w . M in t in itia ls

[ 32 ]

Lycia produced small issues of silver and bronze for C laudius. T here is no clear indication of date, though the bronzes include the title ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ which

L Y C I A - P A M P H Y L I A : Lycian League (3 334-3342)

C laudius adopted early in 42. T h e coins were d ated by Troxell, L L , following Im hoof-B lum er an d Regling, to probably 43, the year in w hich Lycia lost its freedom and was incorporated into the E m pire (though the league itself continued in existence). T h ere is no clear indication of m int, or ra th e r m ints, as the silver an d bronze m ay perhaps have been produced a t different places (see below). Troxell has pointed out th a t Apollo Patroös o f P atara is shown on both silver an d bronze, b u t this cannot be taken to imply th at the coins were m inted a t P atara, since other bronzes depict A rtem is E leuthera of M yra. O n the silver, the traditional type of the cith ara is used, while both silver an d bronze have Lycian representations of Apollo, A rtem is an d their m other Leto. O ne bronze type copies the figure of L ibertas on asses of C laudius from Rom e (B M C 145). A nother, on both silver and bronze, has a representation of Elpis ju s t like the Spes on C lau dius’s R om an sestertii (B M C 124); the type refers specifically to the em peror, since he was born on 1 A ugust, the festival of Spes.

527

3 3 3 7 T ro x ell, LL C 4 TIBCPIOC K AAYAIOC K A IC A P CCBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r. TCPM ANIKOC A Y TO K PA TW P; E lp is s ta n d in g , 1., w ith flow er a n d ra isin g h e m i . P (C re te ) 6 0 2 , 2.31.

3 3 3 8 T ro x ell, LL C 5 TIBCPIOC KAA YA IO C K A ICA P CCBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r. TCPM ANIKOC A Y TO K PA TW P; L e to ru n n in g , L, w ith in fa n t tw ins i . B , 2.62; 2. See Troxell.

3 3 3 9 T ro x ell, LL C 6 TIBCPIOC KAA YA IO C K A IC A P CCBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r. - TCPM ANIKOC A Y TO K PA TW P; A rte m is or A pollo, r., w ith bow i . M M A G 3 5 9 , n o . 1.

S ilv e r

T he silver coinage of C laudius from Lycia was produced in a single issue of six types. T here are several die links between the different types, an d the coins are quite rare, known to Troxell, L L , in only tw enty-four specimens from eleven obverse dies. Five specim ens were analysed by W alker, M etrology I, nos. 561-5, w ith a m ean fineness of 95.6% . As W alker has pointed out, however, the coins are m uch lighter th an the A ugustan drachm ae for Lycia (though cf. 3312), and so would have contained consider­ ably less silver th an contem porary denarii but m ore th an they should if they were A sian (cistophoric) drachm ae. T he solution m ay be th a t Lycia was a closed currency area, where a lightw eight su i generis stan d ard would not be sur­ prising (com pare, e.g., the M au retan ian ‘d en arii’); this m ight in tu rn suggest th a t the coins were produced before 43, but this is by no m eans a definite corollary. 3 3 3 4 -3 9 A R (9 5 .6 % ). 1 7 -2 0 m m , 2 .7 4 g (21). A xis: 12 o r 6.

3 3 3 4 T ro x e ll, LL C i TIBCPIOC K AA YA IO C K A IC A P CCBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r. TCPM ANIKOC A Y TO K PA TW P; in field, (AY); c ith a ra i . L 1979-1 -1 -1 0 8 2 (ex vA 4.264), 3.19; 2—3. I. — BMi 5, 1 9 2 7 -9 -2 -9 , 2.27, 2.68; 4 . P , 2.84; 5—i i . See T roxell.

3 335 T ro x ell, LL C2

B ro n ze

Like the silver, the coins are all rare; like them , there are m any die links betw een the different types used for the different denom inations, indicating a single, probably short-lived, issue. T he letter forms an d p o rtra it style are different from the silver, im plying a different engraver and, perhaps, m int. T h e coinage was produced in three denom inations: 30m m, 16.36g (9)

23mm, 7.69g (40)

19mm, 4.08g (4)

From its diam eter, one would expect the largest to be a sestertius, though of a rath er lower w eight than the A ugustan pieces (see above). I f this identification is correct, then the other two denom inations would be 2-as and i-as coins. D O U B L E

U N I T S

3 3 4 0 A E . 2 9 m m , 12.92g (2). A xis: 12.

[ 2 ]

T ro x ell, LL C 7 Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , 1. Π Α Τ Η Ρ Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΔ Ο Σ Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Α Υ Τ Ο Κ ΡΑ Τ Ω Ρ; A pollo P a tro ö s, facing, w ith b ra n c h a n d bow i . L 1 8 7 4 —7—15—4 3 7 , 15-24; 2. B (R au c h ), 10.60.

3341 A E . 3 0 m m , 15.49g (4). A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 4 ]

T ro x ell, LL C 8

TIBCPIOC K AA YA IO C K A IC A P CCBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r. rC P M A N IK O C A Y TO K PA TW P; in field, (A Y); A pollo P a tro ö s, facing, w ith b ra n c h

Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , 1. Π Α Τ Η Ρ Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΔ Ο Σ Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Α Υ Τ Ο Κ ΡΑ Τ Ω Ρ; A rte m is, s ta n d in g facing, h o ld in g s h o r t to rc h a n d N ike; sta g b e h in d

i . P , 3 .11 ; 2. B; 3—9 . See T roxell.

i . P 6 0 5 A , 13 .44; 2—4 . See T roxell.

3 3 3 6 T ro x ell, LL C3

3 3 4 2 A E . 3 0 m m , 15.39g ( 3 )· A xis: 12 o r 6.

[ 3 ]

T ro x ell, LL C 9

TIBCPIOC K AA YA IO C K A IC A P CCBACTOC; la u re a te h e a d , r. TCPM ANIKOC A Y TO K PA TW P; A rte m is s ta n d in g , facing, w ith sp e a r

Τ ΙΒ Ε Ρ ΙΟ Σ Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; b a re h e a d , 1. Π Α Τ Η Ρ Π Α Τ Ρ ΙΔ Ο Σ Γ Ε ΡΜ Α Ν ΙΚ Ο Σ Α Υ Τ Ο Κ ΡΑ Τ Ω Ρ; c u lt sta tu e o f A rte m is E le u th e ra in te m p le w ith tw o c o lu m n s

i . L 1899—4—1—9 2 , 2.92; 2. See T roxell.

i . O , 14.05; 2. L 1 8 9 9 - 4 —1—101, 15.80; 3. B (F ox), 16.32.

528

L Y C I A - P A M P H Y L I A: Lycian League, Bubon, Balbura {3 3 4 3 - 3 3 5 3 )

3343

AE. 29m m , 15.34g (3). Axis: 12.

3344

[ 1 ]

3348

Troxell, LL C io ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, 1. ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ AYTOKPATQP; E leutheria standing, facing, w ith pileus

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, 1. ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; E leutheria standing, facing, w ith pileus

i . B (I-B ), 15.78; 2—3. See Troxell.

i.

AE. 30m m , 13.42g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

3349

5 0 2 4 , 7.93; 2—9 . See T roxell.

AE. 22~4m m , 7.79g (10). Axis: 12 o r 6.

[ 7 ]

i . P , 7.34; 2. L 1 8 4 0 -2 -1 7 -2 7 6 , 7.257; 3—10. See T roxeil.

[ 9 ] 3350

T roxell, LL C i 1

A E. 23 m m , 7.41g (2). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 1 ]

Troxell, LL C16

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, 1. ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; Apollo Patroös, facing, w ith b ran ch and bow

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, 1. ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; Leto running, 1., w ith infant tw ins

i . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 1 2 5 5 (ex vA 6907), 7.41; 2 - 4 . L 1 8 9 4 -5 -5 -1 0 2 , 1 9 1 6 -7 12-5, 1938—10 -7 -1 5 5 , 9.72, 7.53, 5.60; 5—i i . See T roxell; 12. S e a b y ’s B u l l e t i n , D ec. 196g, A1134.

AE. 23m m , 7.67g (6). Axis: 12 or 6.

= s n g

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, 1. ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; w arrior on horseback, r.; to 1., statu e on pedestal

U N I T S

AE. 2 i- 4 m m , 8.3 1 g (11). Axis: 12 or 6.

C

Troxell, LL C15

i . P 1 9 8 7 /2 4 2 (ex L eu 42, 1987, lot 272), 13.42.

3346

[ 6 ]

Troxell, LL C14

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, 1. ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; w arrior on horseback, r.; to 1., statu e on pedestal

3345

AE. 22 m m , 7.07g (8). Axis: 12 o r 6.

i . B 2 6 6 7 —3 7 , 8.75; 2. See T roxell.

[ 5 ]

H A L F - U N I T S 3351

AE. 19m m , 4 .1 5 g

(3)·

Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

Troxell, LL C12

T roxell, LL C17

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, 1. ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; A rtem is, standing facing, holding short torch a n d Nike; stag behind

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, 1. ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ; Apollo Patroös, facing, w ith branch an d bow i . L G 0 8 7 6 , 5.12; 2—3. See T ro x ell.

i . L 1921—i —10—26, 8.65; 2—7. See Troxell. 3347

AE. 21-2 m m , 6.96 g (3). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 3 ]

3352

AE. 18m m , 3.89g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

T roxell, LL C t8

Troxell, LL C13

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, L ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ; w arrio r on horseback, r.

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, 1. ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ; cult statue of A rtem is E leu th era in tem ple w ith two colum ns

i . L 1 9 2 8 - 1 - 3 —8, 3.8g.

i . P , 7.07; 2—3 . See T roxell.

Bubon Bubon produced a single issue during this period, known from only three poorly preserved specimens. In view of the portrait, it seems likely that it represents Augustus.

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are (?) head, r. BOYBWNEWN EN; figure standing, facing, head 1., with sp ear (?) an d raising h an d i· P 57> 3-251 2. L = BMC 2, 2.83; 3. C o p 56, 3.04. S am e dies. T h e id e n tity o f th e figure on th e rev. is n o t clear; it h as been describ ed as a ‘w arrio r?’ { B M C ) a n d ‘A rte m is’ (C o p ). T h e EN (w ith a re tro g ra d e N) is en ig m atic; if a d a te (55), it is n o t clear to w h a t era it w ould b elong (a S u llan one?).

A u g u s tu s 3353

AE. r6 m m , 3.03g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

BMC 2, C op 56

Balbura The inland city of Balbura had produced some rare bronze coins in the Hellenistic period, perhaps in the second cen­ tury B C . The early imperial coinage is not well attested or known. The first ‘issue’ is tentatively assigned to Augustus, on grounds of portraiture, though the exact nature (and signifi­ cance) of the ‘branch?’ on the obverse are unclear. This was followed by an issue of at least two denomi­ nations for Caligula, the larger copying Caligula’s western gold and silver (R I C 1-2). The smaller coin repeats the

figure of Heracles from the Augustan piece. A third type (3 3 5 7 ) was described by Löbbecke, but it does not seem to be extant. It perhaps represents a third denomination. The following denominations occur: Augustus Caligula

22 mm, 9.52 g (1)

18 mm, 3.97 g (2) 19 mm, 4.53 g (13)

These weights can be equated with those used for the Lycian League, from the end of Augustus’s reign till Claudius (see p. 523); if it is right to make this association, then they would be 2-as and as coins.

L Y G I A - P A M P H Y L I A: Balbura, Termessus by Oenoanda, Phaselis (3354—3362)

A u g u s tu s ?

3356

AE. 19m m , 4-53g (12). Axis: 12.

529

[ 13 ]

BMC 3, C op 53 3354

AE. 18 m m , 3.97g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. BAABOYPEWN; H eracles standing, facing, w ith club and lion skin

[ΣΕΒ]ΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r.; before, branch? BAABOYPCWN; H eracles standing, facing, w ith club and lion skin

I. P 5 1 ( = W a 3031), 3.72; S. P 5 3 , 4.21; 3 - 4 . L = BM C3 -4 , 6.08, 4.87;

C o p 5 3 -4 , 4.19, 4.86; 7 - 8 . O , 3.23, 4.51; 9 - X 0 . M u i , ia ; 1 1 . V 1893, 3-90; 1 2 - 1 3 . vA 4283 -4 , 5.24, 5.20; 1 4 . A (jian 1903, 188, no. 2, w ith pi. X I . 16); 1 5 . W eb er 7254, 5.18; 1 6 —1 7 . N Y . F o rm o f sigm a: E. F irst p u b lish e d by de L o n g p érier, R N , 1843, p. 252 (an d pi. X .7 ).

I. L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 2 3 4 3 (ex vA 8484), 3.79; 2. P 52, 4.15. T h e W in th e rev.

5 -6 .

in scription is up sid e dow n.

C a lig u la 3355

3357

AE. 22 m m , 9.52 g (1). Axis: 12.

[ o ]

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ; laureate head, r. BAAB[OY]PEWN; H erm es standing, 1., w ith caduceus and purse

[ 1 ]

[ΓΑ]ΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. BAA[ ; rad iate head o f A ugustus betw een two stars

i . L öbbecke (= ζ Γν 15, 1887, 4 6 ). F o rm o f sigm a: Π. T h e la u re a te h ea d , if correctly re p o rte d , is u n ex p e cted in view o f th e b a re h ea d s on 3 3 5 5 —6.

i . L 1 9 0 5 —10—5—14, 9.52. T h e coin w as ac q u ired in a g ro u p w ith o th er L y cian coins, so there should be no real d o u b t a b o u t th e a ttrib u tio n to B alb u ra. T h e rev. is a copy o f aurei a n d d en a rii o f C aligula. F o rm o f sigm a: Γ.

Termessus The attribution of the coins with the inscription TEP OI to Termessus Minor, the city of the Τερμησσεΐς οι προς Οι’νοάνδοις mentioned in inscriptions from Oenoanda, was made by Imhoof-Blumer, G M , pp. 703-4, and supported by G. F. Hill in N C , 1897, pp. 25-30 (though he seems to have become less confident later: B M C , p. xciii), followed by Jones, C ities, p. 108. Though Stephanus puts it in Pisidia, Hill, followed by Jones, has pointed out that it was prob­ ably in Lycia. The date of the coins with TEP OI is, however, far from clear. Hill and Imhoof-Blumer tentatively identified one head (with horse to left on the reverse) as that of Tiberius, but described the other (which has horse to right) just as a ‘beardless head’, doubting whether it was correct to identify it as Augustus. The two varieties were given to Tiberius and Augustus respectively by the vA Index. Only coins with horse to left have the laureate portrait that looks like Tiberius, but some of them have a bare head which is not characteristic of him and very like the head on the coins with horse to right. The hypothesis has therefore been adopted here that both varieties are intended to represent Tiberius. It also seems plausible to think that the coins with Apollo/cithara are also contemporary (a smaller denomi­ nation), as they are the only other coins with this form of reverse inscription. This reconstruction is, of course, very tentative. There are two denominations: rev. horse: rev. cithara:

AE. 18 mm .

Oenoanda T ib e riu s ? 3358

A E. 17m m , 4 .6 1 g (g). Axis: 12.

[ 13]

BMC 15, C op 145 L au reate head, r. TEP OI; horse galloping, 1. i . L = b m c 15, 4.32; 2. B (I-B = gm 703), 5.30; 3—4 . B (P ro kesch -O sten , Fox); 5. C o p 145, 5.17; 6 - 7 . O , 3.75, 3.79; 8—g . V 18980, 29421; 1 0 12. M u 17, 21, 51057, 4.66, 4.18, 4.63; 13. G 1; 14. vA 4461, 5.67.

3359

AE. 17m m , 4 .9 7 g (3). Axis: 12. gm

[ 3 ]

703, no. 548

As 3 3 5 8 , b u t b are head, r. I. L 1 9 3 4 - 3 - 1 2 - 5 8 , 5.22; 2. O , 5.09; 3. P 928 ( = W a 4021 w ith pi. I X . 17, ‘A u g u ste’), 4.61.

3360

A E. 17m m , 4 .8 6 g (6). Axis: 12.

[ 8 ]

As 3 3 5 8 , b u t b are head, r., an d horse galloping, r. i . L i g i o —i o —1 3 - 1 7 , 4.92; 2. B (I-B = gm 703, no. 548, w ith T af. X I .8), 6.80; 3 —4. B (L ö b b , R au c h ); 5—6. P 928a, 922, 4.90, 4.77; 7. V 36738, 4.24; 8 . M u 20, 3.51.

3361

AE. 15m m , 2.96g (3). Axis: 12. gm

[

4

]

703, no. 547

L au reate head o f Apollo, r. TEP OI; cithara I. P 2 89, 2.96; 2 - 3 . B (I-B — G M , no. 547, w ith T af. X I .9), 3.25, —; 4 . V

18969; 5. vA 4460 ( ‘A rtem is’), 2.66.

17 mm, 4.75 g (18) 15mm, 2.96g (3)

Phaselis A single early imperial coin is known. The identity of the portrait is not certain, but it probably depicts Tiberius. The B behind the portrait recalls the similar letters B and Γ which occur on coins of Attalea, Sillyum and Ariassus, but whose meaning is opaque. The reverse type was traditional at Phaselis (B M C 18).

T ib e riu s ? *I. 3362

AE. 17m m , 3 .8 2 g (1). Axis: 12. B; lau reate head, r. ΦΑΣΗ; A th en a advancing, r., w ith th u n d erb o lt I. V 1 8 7 3 5 , 3 -8 2 . C o u n te rm ark : S ta r

(G IC

447: 1).

[ 1 ]

Attalea The coins of Attalea have been catalogued by N. Baydur, ‘Die Münzen von Attaleia in Pamphylien’, J N G , 1975, pp. 33-72, but the early imperial coinage is very difficult to classify, since the portraits are not labelled before Trajan, and the identification of the portraits is not easy. There are a number of coins which clearly depict Domitian (e.g., Baydur, nos. 162fr.; B M C 15, vA 4616), but the identifica­ tion of earlier emperors is not at all clear. The vA In d e x , for example, assigns coins to Augustus (NY), Tiberius (B), ?Caligula (B), Claudius (L) and Nero (B); most of these identifications are based on the tickets in the Berlin collec­ tion. Baydur attributes coins to Augustus (nos. 150-2), Tiberius (nos. 153-4), Claudius (nos. 155-60) and Nero (no. 161), but these attributions all seem very uncertain. The attribution of some coins (3366, B M C 13) to Claudius seems very likely, in view of the distinctive portrait with its muscular neck, and various other tentative identifications have been made in the catalogue. In favour of the relative sequence proposed here is the consideration that the coins placed hrst have Ω, while those placed later have W, as on coins of Domitian and Trajan. In addition, some coins were catalogued by Baydur as issues ofTiberius (153) and Nero ( 161 ); it is not certain that the former is a coin of Attalea, while the second, if really a coin of Attalea, surely does not portray Nero, but rather some deity. In addition to the coins with imperial portraits, it is possible that some of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins also belong to this period (Baydur, nos. 79-80; B M C 5-12), but as this is not certain they have been omitted here.

A E. i g m m , 5.00 g (2). Axis: 6.

3364

AE. 18m m , 3.24g

[ 2 ]

(2).

B aydur 150 (‘A u g u stu s’), 158 (‘C lau d iu s’) L au reate head, 1. ΑΤΤΑΛΕΩΝ; helm eted b u st of A thena, r. i . P A tta le a i o 8 8, 3.66; 2. A 205; 3 . N Y , 2.82. 1-2: sam e dies (p ro b ab ly ). T h e p o rtra it is v ery rem in iscen t o f th e p o rtra it on T ib e ria n d en a rii (for copies o f d en a rii o r au rei a t B alb u ra, see 3 3 5 5 ) a n d is p ro b ab ly th a t o f T ib e riu s , b u t this is n o t a t all definite. A rece n t specim en (S ch u lten 18.10.1989, lo t 425) is re p o rted to h av e TIB o n th e obv., th o u g h this is n o t clear from th e illu stratio n .

U n c e rta in em peror: C a lig u la ? 3365

AE. 18 m m , 4 .1 9 g ( i).

[ 1 ]

B aydur 154 (‘T ib eriu s’) L au reate head, 1. ΑΤΤΑΛ[ΕΩΝ]; helm eted b u st o f A thena, r. i . B 2 3 4 /1 8 7 5 , 4.19. T h e id en tificatio n o f th e p o rtra it is suggested b y the sh ap e o f the h ea d , a n d especially th e lips.

C la u d iu s 3366

AE. 2 0m m , 4 .8 2 g (2). Axis: 6. B aydur 157,

bmc

[ 1 ]

13

B are head, 1. ATTAAEWN; helm eted b u st o f A thena, r. I. L

=

bm c

13, 5.44; 2. I, 4.20. T h e p o rtra it is very distin ctiv ely C lau d ian .

U n c e rta in em peror: N e ro ? *i.

U n c e rta in em p ero r: A u g u s tu s ? 3363

U n c e rta in em peror: T ib e riu s ?

[ 2 ]

3367

AE. 2 0m m , 4 .9 4 g (2). Axis: 6.

[ 2 ]

B aydur 155-6 (‘C lau d iu s’)

B aydur 159-60 (‘C lau d iu s’),

Bare head, r. ΑΤΤΑΛΕΩΝ; helm eted b u st of A thena, r.

B are head, r.; b ehind Γ ΑΤΤΑΛΕΩΝ; helm eted b u st o f A thena, r.

i . O (from E lm ali: jhs 1914, 39, no. 8g, w h ere R obinson a ttrib u te d it to C la u d iu s), 5.07; 2 . G 1, 4.92. S am e dies. T h e p o rtra it seem s different from th a t on 3 3 6 6 , a ttrib u ta b le to C lau d iu s; it seem s m ost like th a t of A ugustus.

i . L = b m c 14, 5.12; 2. B 235/1875, 4.76. S am e dies. T h e p o rtra it is com pletely d ifferent from th a t on 3 3 6 6 ( B M C 13), su rely in d icatin g a d ifferent em p ero r. A y o u n g ish N ero seem s possible, th o u g h o th e r la te r em p ero rs are also p o ssib le (e.g., D o m itian , T ra ja n ).

bmc

14

Magydus Magydus produced a single early imperial issue for Nero, known in only two specimens. The ethnic is followed by the numeral h , which represents the earliest in the sequence of numbers on Magydan coins, running up to 41 under Gal­ lienus: see B M C , p. lxxvii. To judge from the youthfullooking and draped portrait, the issue would have been produced early in the reign. The coin of Nero given by Wa 3297 (followed by vA Index) to Magydus is a coin of Hierapolis in Phrygia (2982/4).

N ero, 3368

c.55__________________________ AE. 18 mm , 4.27 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

NEPWN KAICAP; d rap ed bust, r. Μ ΑΓΥΔ£\νΝ H; helm eted figure o f A th en a standing, 1., w ith Nike an d spear i . L 1 9 7 5 —4—11—2 2 0 , 4.74; 2. C L eak e — sng 5073, 3.79. S am e dies.

L Y G I A - P A M P H Y L I A: Perga, Sillyum (3369-3379)

53/

Perga In the early imperial period Perga produced bronze coins for Tiberius and Nero; there is also an uninscribed issue (3372)5 which Imhoof-Blumer ascribed to Claudius. The coin attributed to Perga under Claudius by Wa 3338 is actually of Ascalon in Phoenicia (4876A). The types are either a running figure of Artemis of Perga or a representation of her cult statue in a temple. The coins appear to have been produced in three dif­ ferent denominations: Tiberius Claudius? Nero

24m m, 8.47g (2)

17mm, 3.97g (2)

16mm, 3.11g (1) 16mm, 3.06g (1)

17 mm, 4.78 g (4)

NEIKH TIBEPIOY; Nike advancing, 1., w ith w reath ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔΟΣ ΠΕΡΓΑΙΑΣ; tem ple w ith two colum ns enclosing cu lt statu e of A rtem is o f P erga i . W i n te r t h u r 4 3 2 3 (ex I-B = km, no. ia ) , 3.11; 2. A (= no. 288). P resu m ab ly a sm all d en o m in atio n for 3370.

3372

T ib e riu s AE. 24m m , 8.47g (2)· Axis: 12.

1903, 205,

C la u d iu s? AE. 16 m m , 3.06g (1). Axis: 12. km

3369

jian

[ 1 ]

326, no. 2.

B are head, r. APTEMIAOC; tem ple w ith two colum ns enclosing cult statu e o f A rtem is of Perga

[ 2 ]

I . B (I-B ) ( =

TIB8PIOC CEBACTOC; b a re head, 1. ΑΡΤ£ΜΙΔΟΟ ΠΕΡΓΑΙΑΟ; A rtem is, w ith bow an d torch, ru nning r.

km,

no. 2), 3.06.

i . L 1979—1—1—2 3 8 3 (ex vA 4666), 8.81; 2. P 297 (== W a 3337), 8.12. C o u n term ark ?: U n c e rta in ( i, on rev.). 3370

AE. 17m m , 3.97g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔΟΣ ΠΕΡΓΑΙΑΣ; A rtem is, w ith bow a n d torch, running r.

N e ro 3373

i . B (L ö b b ), 4.11; 2. B (I-B ); 3. P 296 ( = W a 3336), 3.83. In view o f the different p o rtra it, legend a n d le tte r form s, th is issue w as p resu m a b ly m a d e a t a different tim e from 3 3 69. 3371

AE. 16m m , 3.11g (1). Axis: 6 ( 1). km

AE. 17m m , 4.78g (4). Axis: 12.

[ 5 ]

NCPWN KAICAP; bare head, r. *APTCMIAOC nCPI AIAC; A rtem is, w ith bow and torch, ru n n in g r. I. L 1 9 7 5 -4 -1 1 -2 2 5 - 4 -5 7 ; 2 · P 298 ( = W a 3339), 4.73; 3. B 333/1924;

[ o ]

4 . O , 4.51; 5 . C M cC le an 8902 (pi. 316.2), 5.30; 6 —7. A ( = jian 1903, 205, nos. 289 -9 0 ). C o u n te rm ark : Ai.*v*I.(see G I C 750).

320, no. i a

Sillyum The early imperial coinage of Sillyum is, like that of other Pamphylian cities, difficult to classify, as the attribution depends on the identification of various portraits, without any inscriptions to help. Some other coins, with uninscribed portraits, have been excluded as probably being later, perhaps Trajanic or Hadrianic (as well as the portraits, the circular reverse legends suggest a later date): 3374

i . V 1 8 8 6 1 ( —J . Eckhel, A n t i o c h , 43); 2. P 7 3 4 ( = W a 3521, ‘A u g u ste ’), 4.41. T h e p o rtra it is q u ite sim ilar to th a t o n 3 3 7 7 . 3377

ϊ . P 7 3 5 ( = W a 3522, ‘A u g u ste’), 3.54; 2. vA 4869 ( ‘T ib e riu s ’), 3.75. T h e p o rtra it is q u ite sim ilar to th a t on 3 3 7 6 .

U n c e rta in em peror: T ib e riu s?

i . B 26/1885, 4.40. 3378

AE.

AE. 16m m , 3.05g (1).

I. B (I-B), 3.05; 2. N Y . T h e p o rtra it is q u ite sim ilar to th a t o n 3379.

i . B (I-B), 4.06. 3379

AE. 17m m , 4 .2 5 g (1). km

[ 2 ]

I. B (I-B) (= km, no. 9, ‘T ib e riu s ’), 4.25. T h e p o rtra it is q u ite sim ilar to

th a t o n 3 3 7 8 .

B are head, r. ΣΙΛΛΥΕΩΝ; Apollo standing, r., w ith lyre; to r., B

[ i]

351, no. 9

L au reate head, r. ΣΙΛΛΥΕΩΝ; Apollo standing, r., w ith lyre; to r., Π

U n c e rta in em p ero r: A u g u s tu s ? AE. 18m m , 4.41 g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

B are head, 1. ΣΙΛΛΥΕΩΝ; Apollo standing, r., w ith lyre

L aureate head, r. CIAAYEWN; Apollo standing, r., w ith lyre

3376

[ 1]

B are head, r. ΣΙΛΛΥΕΩΝ; Apollo standing, r., w ith lyre; to r., Γ

AE. Axis: 6. L aureate head, r. CIAAYEWN; laureate h ead o f A pollo, r.

3375

AE. 17m m , 3.65g (2). Axis: 12.

i . C o p 4 4 2 (‘A u g u stu s’), 3.46; 2. B (I-B = gm 491, no. 475, ‘A u g u stu s’); 3. V 134915, 3.27; 4 . M u , 2.85. T h e K w as in te rp re te d b y Im h o o f-B lu m er as s ta n d in g for KAICAPI; th e id en tificatio n as A u g u stu s seem s u nlikely in view o f th e use o f C r a th e r th a n Σ, w h ich suggests a r a th e r la te r date (C laudius???).

U n c e rta in em p ero r 3380

AE. 17m m , 3.19g (3). Axis: 6.

[ 4 ]

C op 442 K; laureate head, r. ΟΙΛΛΥΕΩΝ; laureate head o f Apollo, r.

Aspendus Aspendus produced a number of rare coins in the early imperial period; all with the same reverse type (the Aphroditai Kastnietides: L. Robert, H ellenica X I-X II, p. 181, 1). These coins depict different emperors. Some, with bare heads, seem definitely to be of Augustus, to judge from the portrait, while others, with a radiate head, are definitely of Nero (inscribed NCPWN KAICAP). Other coins have portraits of a different appearance, sometimes wearing a laurel wreath, and probably represent other emperors such as Tiberius or Nero (see, e.g., K M , pp. 319-20), and perhaps Claudius, but the paucity and poor preservation of the known specimens make identifications very difficult. It seems reasonably clear, however, that they are supposed to be Julio-Claudian emperors, since they mostly have the simple ΑΣ on the reverse, rather than the fuller ACIISNA, which occurs for Nero, or ACffCNAIVVN, which occurs for Domitian or Trajan (Cop 269-70). In the same way, the form C seems likely to be later than Σ. In this catalogue a number of different stylistic groups have been separated, perhaps resulting in an over-classification of the coinage. Coins with bare head r./ΑΣ crescent and star (P Perga 299 = Wa 3338, ‘Perga, Claudius’; L 1914-8-6-7) are prob­ ably coins of Ascalon in Palestine (4876A). Kovacs 13 (1981), lot 41, is a coin of Abydus (2282).

A u g u s tu s ? 3383

AE. 16m m , 4 .7 7 g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

320, no. 39

km

Bare head, r. ΑΣ; cult statues o f the A phroditai K astnietides; to r., beard ed head? I. B (I-B) (= km 39: ‘A u g u stu s ’), 4.77. Im h o o f-B lu m er’s iden tificatio n of th e p o rtra it is plau sib le.

3384

A E. 17m m , 4 .3 1 g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

AMc 1420 B are head, r. ΑΣ; cult statues o f the A p h ro d itai K astnietides; to r., b ran ch i . 0 = A M C 1420, 4.31. T h e p o rtra it is sim ilar to th a t o f 3383; in a d d itio n , b o th coins h av e a sy m b o l o n th e rev. (th o u g h th e legends are in d ifferent places). 3385

AE. 16m m . Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

320, no. 40

km

B are head, r. ΑΣΠΕΝΔΙΩΝ; cult statues o f the A p h ro d itai K astnietides i . V 18761. T h e p o rtra it looks A u g u stan , b u t th e fuller legend suggests a la te r d ate. O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e le tte r form s Σ a n d Ω a re early. 3386

AE. 16m m , 3.59g (1). Axis: 12. km

[ o ]

320, no. 40

B are head, r. ΑΣ; cult statues o f the A p h ro d itai K astnietides

A u g u s tu s

I· PV , 3-59· 3381

AE. 22 m m , 4.46g (3). Axis: 12. km

[ 3 ]

319, no. 38, C op 268

B are head, r. ΑΣ; cult statues of the A phroditai K astnietides

U n c e rta in em peror: T ib e riu s ?

i. P

3387

h i

( = W a 3233), 4.91; 2. P n o , 3.48; 3. C op 268, 5.60; 4 . I-B

(= km, no. 38, a n d T a f. X .28). T h e p o rtra it is very like th a t o f th e early

AE. 1 6 mm , 3.30g (1). Axis: 12. km

A u g u stan coins w ith I M P C A E S A R /C A E S A R D IV I F , th u s m a k in g an id entification w ith A u g u stu s very likely, a n d a d ate ea rly in th e reig n , say th e tw enties bc, q u ite likely.

______________ [ 2 ]

320, no. 40

L aureate head, r. ΑΣ; cult statues o f the A p h ro d itai K astnietides i . O, 3.30; 2. B (I-B = km, no. 40: ‘T ib e riu s ’).

A u g u s tu s ? *i. 3382

AE. 16m m , 3.62 g (2).

U n c e rta in emp e r o r: C la u d iu s? [ 1 ]

B are head, r. ΑΣ; cult statues of the A p h ro d itai K astnietides i . v A 4 5 8 5 , 3.71; 2. C Leake = sng 5069, 3.53. T h e p o rtra it looks like a m a tu re A u g u stu s, o f th e la st tw o decades o f his reign; hence th e te n tativ e a ttrib u tio n .

3388

_____________

AE. 18m m , 2.81g (1).

[ o ]

JKAICAP; lau reate b u st (head?), r.

[ΑΣ]ΠεΝΔΙΩΝ; cult statues of the A phroditai K astnietides i . L i n d g r e n A 1 0 7 5 A (‘C la u d iu s?’), 2.81 (bro k en ). T h e coin p ro b ab ly belongs to this perio d ; d esp ite th e form £ , it does a p p e a r to use Ω ra th e r th a n W, w hich is n o rm a l fro m D o m itian o n w ard s; on th e o th e r h a n d , the rest o f th e obv. leg en d m ig h t give a n em p e ro r’s n am e.

L Y G I A - P A M P H Y L I A: Aspendus, Side (3389-3396)

3390

N e ro ?

AE. 20 m m , 4.47 g (2). Axis: 12 o r 6. km

3389

AE. 20m m , 4.14g (1). Axis: 12. km

jjy

[ 2 ]

320, no. 42

NCPVVN KAICAP; rad iate head, r. ACII8N; cult statues of th e A p h ro d itai K astnietides

[ 1 ]

320, no. 41

I . B (I-B) (=km, no. 42, w ith T a f. X .2 9 ), 4.41; 2. P riv ate coll., 4.12; 3. M a b b o tt 1953. S am e obv. die: 2-3.

KAICAP; laureate head, r. AC; cult statues of the A phroditai K astnietides I. B (I-B) ( = km, no. 41: ‘N e ro ’), 4.14. Im h o o f-B lu m er’s identificatio n o f th e p o rtra it seem s plausible.

Side Side had produced large issues of silver and bronze coins in the late Hellenistic period. A die link shows that the silver tetradrachms had continued in production into the late first century b c , when Side also made silver tetradrachms for Amyntas, Antony’s appointee as King of Galatia (see 3501, B M C 1-7). In the early imperial period, bronze coins were definitely made in the reigns of Tiberius and Nero, and definite pieces for Caligula and Claudius have recently turned up. Many coins are, however, hard to classify; it remains unclear, for instance, whether coins were also made for Augustus. A coin in Cambridge from the Grant collection has been attributed to Augustus and the legend θεός reported on its obverse (SNG 5105). This reading is not, however, apparent, nor does the identification of the head seem at all certain. At a guess, the coin seems most likely to be one of Tiberius, but, as this is uncertain, it has been omitted. B 8015 has also been omitted, as it, too, is difficult to classify. The coins of Tiberius show a surprising amount of variety, and it is often uncertain whether the obverse legend is ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ or ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ. There is one group of denominations, each known in a single specimen, which show on their respective reverses Athena standing left and holding a figure of Nike (3394-5). The bulk of the Tiberian coins have the normal type of Athena advancing left with spear over shoulder and shield on shoulder; on these the reverse legend may be across the field, around the type or vertically upwards to the left of the type (3391). In addition, there are some rare pieces with the reverse legend across the field which show Athena standing right (3392) or occasion­ ally standing left (3393). Two, or perhaps three (it is not entirely clear if the two different Tiberian types are supposed to be the same denomination, or if the Tiberian and smaller Neronian coins are the same), denominations are found:i. Tiberius Nero la lb II III

16mm, 4.00g (10) 15mm, 3.82g (1) 23 mm, 8.62 g (3) 22 mm, 10.57g (1) 22 mm, 7.18g (2)

I7mm, 4.78g (2) 17mm, 5.22g (7)

T ib e r iu s 3391 AE. 1 6 -1 8 mm, 4.49g (6). Axis: 12.

[ 4 ]

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ [; laureate head, r. ΣΙΔΗΤ(ΩΝ); Athena advancing, 1., with spear over shoulder and shield on near shoulder; in front, pomegranate; at feet, behind, snake A. L eg en d ΣΙΔΗΤΩΝ a ro u n d type: i . L in d g ren A i 157A (obv. legend u p w ard ly , ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟ Σ[ in fro n t o f h e a d ), 4.41; B /i . L eg en d ΣΙΔ-Η Τ across field: 2. N Y (obv. as J S W ); 3. C o p 413 (obv. illegible, b u t rep o rted as TIBE[ ]A P), 3.95; B /2. L eg en d CIA-HT across field: 4 . vA 4809, 4.88 (obv. legend TIBE u p w ard ly b eh in d h ea d a n d PIO [ ] d o w n w ard ly in fro n t o f h e a d ); 5. M M A G L iste 441, lo t 24 (TIBEPIOC u p w ard ly in fro n t o f h e a d ), 5.02; C . L eg en d ΣΙΔΗΤΩ[Ν] u p w ard ly to 1. o f A th en a: 6 . J S W (obv. legend u p w ard ly ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟ Σ[ b eh in d h ea d ), 4.82; 7. B (I-B = km 336, no. 12: obv. ΤΙΒ ΕΡΙΟ Σ[ d o w n w ard ly in fro n t o f h ea d . I-B re a d K [A IC A ]P after ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ; this is possible b u t n o t c e rta in ), 4.10; 8. C = S N G 5 1 0 6 (obv. legend ]IO [ ] KAIC[ d o w n w ard ly in fro n t o f head : p ossibly C laudius??), 3.61.

3392 AE. 16m m , 4 .3 0 g (1).

[ 3? ]

As 3391, b u t ΣΙ-ΔΗ across field a n d A th en a standing, r. I. NY; 2. B 686/1914. B oth h av e obv. leg en d ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ d o w n w ard ly in fro n t o f h ea d . ?3· P 581C , 4.30 (classification very u n c e rta in ).

3393 AE. 18 -2 0 m m , Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

As 3391, b u t ΣΙΔ-ΗΤ across field an d A th en a standing, 1. 1. L C am ero n ad d itio n a l 7 (obv. legend illegible in fro n t o f h ea d ), 3.40; 2. B (I-B = km 336, no. 1 1). O b v . legend ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟ [Σ] u p w ard ly b eh in d head .

3394 AE. 18m m , 5.84g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟ[Σ; laureate head, r. ΣΙΔ-ΗΤ (?); Athena standing, 1., with Nike and spear i . L 1988—12—8—1 (ex L an z 46, 1988, lo t 456), 5.84.

3395 AE. 15m m , 3.82g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 0 ]

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r. ΣΙΔ-ΗΤ; A th en a standing, 1., w ith Nike an d spear I. J S W (ex K o v acs V I (1985), lo t 254), 3.82. O n ly traces o f th e legend can be m a d e o u t, b u t they a p p e a r to give th e re a d in g above. T h e sam e ty p e o ccu rs a t Side for T ib eriu s (3 3 9 4 ) a n d N ero (3 4 0 2 —3 ): n o sn ak e is visible o n this specim en; th ere is clearly n o sn ak e o n 3 3 9 4 .

C a lig u la

17mm, 4.52g (1)

3396 AE. 17 m m , 4.58 g (1).

[ i ]

TAIOC KAICA[P]; lau reate head, r.

[Σ]ΙΔΗΤΩΝ; Athena advancing, 1., with spear over shoulder and shield on near shoulder i . L 1988—12—8—2 (ex L an z 46, 1988, lo t 459), 4.58. N o p o m e g ran ate or sn ak e visible.

i . L = b m c 76, 9.80; 2. P 581, 6.89; 3. M u 21, 9.18; 4 . M allo y 23 (1987), lo t 78; 5. K u rp falzisc h e M ü n zen X X I X (1985), lot 92.

C la u d iu s 3397

AE.

I

7 m m , 4 .3 4 g (2). Axis: 3.

[ i ]

3401 AE. 17m m , 5 .2 2 g (7). Axis: 12 or 6 . NCPWN KAICAP; lau reate d rap ed bust, r. CIÄHT; A th en a advancing, L, w ith spear and pom egranate; on shoulder, shield; beside her, snake

i . B (L ö b b ), 3.77.

i . N Y ; 2. N Y; 3—4 . L 1947-6—6-12 3 0 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 —2399 (ex vA 4810), r. i 8. 4.39; 5. P 582a, 4.87; 6 . O , 5.52; 7 - 1 1 . B (R au ch , I-B , B -I, L ö b b , L ö b b ); 12. M u 21a, 5.88; 13. C = sn g 5107, 5.29; 14. V 30353, 4.80; 15. W in te rth u r ( = g r m k 179, no. 3); 16. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 434, 5.53; 17. W a d d ell 9 (1985), lot 192.

2.

A u f h ä u s e r 7 (1 9 9 0 ), lo t 367- 4.90. S am e dies.

U n c e rta in em p ero r 3398

AE. 17m m , 3.97g (1).

[ i ]

O bv. illegible; b are head, r. Rev. as 3 3 9 7

Secon d g ro u p :

i . J S W 8 6 -IO O I, 10.57. T h e p o rtr a it seem s to be lig h tly b ea rd e d , b u t it is n o t th e ‘step s’ ty p e o f p o rtr a it w h ich w as in tro d u c e d in 63.

F ir s t g ro u p : y o u th fu l d ra p e d p o r tr a it,

c . 55 T h ir d g ro u p :

)

3399

b a r e

AE. 17m m , 4.75g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

i. L = )

3400

bmc

c. 65

3403 AE. 22 m m , 7.18 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6.

7 4 , 4.84;

l a u r e a t e

2.

P 582, 4.70; 3. C o p 414, 4.72.

I. P 5 8 3 , 8.65; 2. N Y; 3. V 32950.

3404 AE. 17m m , 4 .5 2 g (1). Axis: 12.

h e a d

AE. 23m m , 8.62g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

NCPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r. CIAHTWN; A th en a standing, 1., w ith Nike an d spear; to 1., snake; to r., shield

ΝΕΡΩΝ KAI CAP; bare d rap ed bust, r. Ο Δ Η Τ ; A thena standing, 1., w ith spear a n d pom egranate; on shoulder, shield; beside her, snake b

‘s t e p s ’ p o r t r a i t ,

h e a d

BMC 74, C op 414

(

[ o ]

NEPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r. CIAHTWN; A th en a standing, 1., w ith Nike an d spear; to 1., snake; to r., shield

N e ro

a

c. 6 0

3402 AE. 22m m , 10.57g ( 0 · Axis: 6.

i . P 5 8 1 B , 3.97. A ugustus or C laudius?

(

[ 14 ]

TIBE[PIOC] KAAYAIOC; lau reate head, r. Ο ΔΗ ΤΩ Ν; A thena advancing, 1., w ith spear over shoulder and shield on n ea r shoulder; to L, pom egranate

[ 1 ]

BMC 75 [ 3 ]

NCPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r. CIAHT; A th en a advancing, 1., w ith spear and pom egranate; on shoulder, shield; beside her, snake

BMC 76

NCPWN KAICAP; lau reate d rap ed bust, r. CIAHTWN; Apollo standing, facing, w ith p a te ra an d sceptre; in field, pom egranate

i. L =

bm c

7 5 , 4.52.

Syedra Syedra was in the western part of Cilicia which was trans­ ferred first to Galatia, and then, with the rest of Pamphylia, to the province of Lycia and Pamphylia (see Jones, C ities, p. 439, n. 30). The city minted coins only for Tiberius. The coin of Nero in V (19171, 7.70) is not a coin of Syedra (contra v A In d e x ), but of Caesarea in Samaria (4863).

T ib e r iu s 3405

AE. 14m m , 3.71 g (7). Axis: 12 or 6. km

[ 5 ]

490, no. i

TIBCPIOC; lau reate head, r. CYCAPCWN; goddess standing, 1., on basis, w ith p atera an d sceptre i. P 1091 (= W a 4530), 4.11; 2—4. B (I-B = km, no. 1, F ox, B-I), 3.71, 3.73, 4.16; 5 . O , 3.63; 6. L e v an te 405, 3.38; 7. R. Z iegler, M ü n z e n K i l i k i e n s a u s k le in e r e n d e u ts c h e n S a m m l u n g e n , 102, 3.26.

GALATIA P age

Cat. no.

Introduction Kings of Galatia: Deiotarus Amyntas Kings of Paphlagonia: Attalus Deiotarus Philadelphus

535 —

536 536

3501-7

—

537 537

3508-9

Pisidia: Isinda Termessus Ariassus Uncertain Pisidian colony Crem na Sagalassus Apollonia (Mordiaeum)

538 538 538 538 539 539 540

3 5 IO- : 3 3 5 14

3515-16 3 5 17

3518-22 3 5 2 3 -6 3 5 2 7 -8

T h e R o m a n p ro v in c e o f G a la tia w a s fo rm e d in 2 5 b c o n th e s u d d e n d e a th o f K in g A m y n ta s , a n d p r o b a b ly c o m p ris e d all h is e n o rm o u s d o m in io n (B. L e v ic k , R o m a n C o lo n ie s in S o u th e rn A s i a M i n o r , p p . 2 9 - 3 0 ) . T h u s it w o u ld h a v e in itia lly e x te n d e d o v e r P a m p h y lia , P is id ia , e a s te r n P h ry g ia , G a la tia , L y c a o n ia , I s a u r ia a n d C ilic ia T r a c h e ia , b u t c h a n g e s w e re s u b s e q u e n tly m a d e to th e R o m a n p ro v in c e (fo r w h ic h , see B. R é m y , L ’é v o lu tio n a d m in is tr a tiv e d e l ’A n a to lie a u x tr o is p r e m ie r s s iè c le s d e n o tre ère, p a s s i m ) . I n a b o u t 2 0 b c p a r ts o f C ilic ia T r a c h e ia w e re d e ta c h e d a n d g iv e n to A rc h e la u s , k in g o f C a p p a d o c ia . I n 6 b c P a p h la g o n ia w a s a d d e d , a fte r th e d e a th o f its k in g , D e io ta r u s . I n 3 / 2 b c G a la tia n P o n tu s w a s a d d e d , in c lu d in g A m a s e a (w h ic h th e re fo re u s e d th e e ra o f 2 b c o n its c o in s). I n a d 4 3 , w h e n L y c ia w a s a n n e x e d , P a m p h y lia w a s d e ta c h e d fro m G a la tia a n d jo in e d in to th e n e w p ro v in c e o f L y c ia - a n d - P a m p h y lia . P a m p h y lia w a s, h o w e v e r, r e tu r n e d to G a la tia in th e fifties, w h e n C a p p a d o ­ cia w a s a lso a d d e d , th u s m a k in g a h u g e p ro v in c e c o v e rin g m o s t o f c e n tr a l a n d e a s te r n A n a to lia . T h is a r r a n g e m e n t la s te d fo r o n ly a b o u t te n y e a rs , w h e n C a p p a d o c ia w a s d e ta c h e d a n d P a m p h y lia r e tu r n e d to its p re v io u s p ro v in c e w ith L y c ia . G a lb a , h o w e v e r, o n c e a g a in jo in e d P a m p h y lia o n to G a la tia . F o r th e p u r p o s e s o f th is c a ta lo g u e (w h ic h a r e b a s e d s im p ly o n c o n v e n ie n c e ), G a la tia h a s b e e n d e fin e d a s th e p ro v in c e a f te r a d 43; th u s th e c itie s o f P a m p h y lia a re Amyntas Ariassus Sagalassus Antioch Apollonia Antiochus (Lycaonia) Lystra Claudiconium Tavium Pessinus Galatia (Basila) (Afrinus) (Nero) (Galba)

21 mm,

7g

27m m, 14g 27m m, 16g

22 mm, g g 20mm, io g

25m m, 26 mm, 25m m, 27 mm, 28 mm, 26 mm,

19 mm, 19mm, 20 mm, 19 mm, 20 mm, 21 mm, 21 mm, 20 mm, 20 mm,

14g 9g lo g 12 g 12 g 12 g

27 mm, 13 g 27m m, 14g

65 g 7g 5g 6g 6g 6g 7g 6èg 8g

Antioch Lycaonia: Antiochus IV of Commagene Lystra Claudiconium (= Iconium) Galatia: Koinon, etc. Pessinus Ancyra Tavium

C at. no.

P age

3529 - 3 2

54°

3533-7 3538-4° 3541-5

542 542

3546-67

— — 3568-70

Paphlagonia and G alatian Pontus: Gangra Amasea

— 3571

541

543 548 548 548

548 548

included in the province of Lycia-and-Pamphylia, while Cappadocia has been left separate. The city coinages catalogued are therefore confined to those of Pisidia (Isinda, Termessus, Ariassus, an uncertain colony, Cremna, Sagalassus, Apollonia and Antioch), Lycaonia (Lystra and Iconium), Galatia itself (Ancyra, Pessinus and Tavium), Paphlagonia (Gangra) and the relevant part of Pontus (Amasea). The coin attributed to Olbasa by M. Grant, N C , 1949, pp. 239-42, has been convincingly reat­ tributed to Ptolemais by H. Seyrig ( R N , 1969, pp. 4 7 -9 = 4 7 5 0 · It is not surprising, given the enormous area included in the province, that the coinages produced in its different parts were very different. Those from southern Pisidia were most like the products of Lycia. Further north in Pisidia, the coinage of Apollonia recalls the coinage of Asia. The coins of Sagalassus and Antioch are different again, and like those of much of Galatia proper and Lycaonia (Antiochus IV); all are reminiscent of the coinages of Commagene and Syria (rather than, e.g., Cilicia) with their thick and slightly oval flans, and struck on relatively heavy standards. Leaving on one side the small coinages of most of the Pisidian cities, we find the following pattern for the imperial period, a pattern basically of three or four denominations. The following scheme is possible, though it attaches greater weight to diameters than weights, which are very variable: 18 mm, 17mm, 19 mm, 18 mm, 18 mm,

5g 5g 5g 6g 5g

14 mm, 2 g 14mm, 3g

H ·™ , 17mm, 3g 17mm, 3 g 17mm, 5 g 17 mm, 5g 17 mm, 7 g

3g

This pattern could be interpreted as representing coins of 2, i, I and 4 asses. The weight standards would then be more

or less like those in Syria ( c f. p. 587), and a little heavier than those in the province of Asia (p. 370).

Kings of Galatia i. D e io ta ru s

The establishment of kings to rule the inland parts of Anatolia went back to the settlement of Pompey, who established three tetrarchs to rule each of the three tribes: Deiotarus over the Tolistobogii, Brogitarus over the Trocmi and an unknown ruler over the Tectosages. Deiotarus was also given, perhaps in 59 b c , the title of king, and a kingdom comprising a large part of northern Anatolia, the territory between Cappadocia and the Black Sea and much of Lesser Armenia. He seems subsequently to have taken over the other tetrarchies, though he was, however, deprived of Armenia by Caesar (B. Magie, R o m a n R u le in A s i a M i n o r , pp. 373-4, 413, 425-6). He remained ruler of Galatia, thanks to Antony, until his death in 40 b c . Deiotarus produced a number of different types of bronze coin with a monogram, which was identified as standing for his name by A. Blanchet, R B N , 1933, pp. 11—16, who dated the coins to the earliest part of his rule as a tetrarch. His study was followed up by E.T. Newell ( R B N , 1934, pp. 5— 10), who accepted Blanchet’s identification and added some new types: 1. 2. 3.

draped bust of Mên/two crossed cornucopias; laureate head of Zeus/eagle; laureate head of Zeus/shield.

Newell thought that the coins were produced in the Pontic part of Deiotarus’s domain, at Pharnacea, and between 63/2 and 59/8. In addition, civic coins of Pessinus (B M C 2) have a monogram which is generally interpreted as a monogram of Deiotarus. For a listing of these, see J. Devreker in J. Devreker and M. Waelkens, F o u ille s à P e s s in o u n te I (1984), pp. 173-4. There are also coins with a bust of Nike/eagle standing on a sword between caps of Dioscuri ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΙΟTAPOY (B M C I , vA 6102-3; A. von Sallet, Z f N x n , p. 371), which were presumably produced in the fifties or forties b c . These coins have a very Phrygian look, recalling coins of Acmonea, Apamea, Laodicea or Philomelium, and were perhaps made somewhere in Phrygia. At about the same time Brogitarus minted some silver tetradrachms, known today from a unique specimen ( R N , 1891, p. 385), but little coinage was otherwise produced until the reign of Amyntas. 2.

A m y n ta s

Deiotarus was succeeded by his grandson Castor, who died in 37/36, when the Galatian part of his kingdom was given to Amyntas by Antony, together with the title of king. Amyntas had previously been Deiotarus’s secretary, and in 39 had been appointed to rule northern Pisidia (when Lycaonia and perhaps some of Cilicia Tracheia were given to Polemo). His kingdom was increased by the addition of Lycaonia and at least part of Pamphylia (since he minted

silver at Side: see below), and in 31 he was given the part of Cilicia Tracheia which had been ruled by Cleopatra since 36 (Magie, o p . a t . , pp. 433-4; Levick, o p . a t . , p. 27). He was thus the ruler of a vast tract of central and southern Anatolia until his death. S ilv e r

The silver coinage of Amyntas has been fully studied by S. Atlan, ‘Die Münzprägung des Amyntas in Side’, B e lle te n 39 (I 9 7 5 )> PP· 575 —611 (in Turkish and German). None of these coins was known before the discovery of a hoard of several hundred specimens in 1845; a reasonable quantity of these coins are known today, but all were struck from only six obverse and thirty-three reverse dies. One obverse die is shared with the city coinage of Side, proving that Side was the mint of Amyntas’s coinage and indicating that the latest coinage of Side was produced immediately before, or perhaps even during, Amyntas’s reign. Half of the reverse dies have the letters IB, presumably standing for the 12th regnal year of Amyntas or 26/25. The die link with Side might suggest that the other coins were produced at the beginning of the reign. The gold coins with the same types as the tetradrachms are false. 3501

AR. 2 8m m , 15.70g (92). Axis: 12. [ 98 coins, 6 obv. dies ] BM C I

H elm eted head of A thena, r.; (to 1., ΑΔ) ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ AMYNTOY; Nike advancing, 1., holding sceptre w ith diadem ; in field, IB E.g., L =

b m c

6. O n i rev. die, N ike w ears a n e le p h a n t head -d ress.

B ro n ze

The bronze coinage of Amyntas falls into two groups. The first has the inscription B (for ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ) and a monogram of the king’s name (first resolved by F. Imhoof-Blumer, Z f N I, 1874, pp. 330-4). The second has the fuller inscription ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ AMYNTOY. There is also a third group (classi­ fied in L as coins of Amyntas, following Mionnet S7.538.258) in three denominations with a crab on the obverse and the inscription BA-MEM'TOY'M across the reverse, but it is hard to see that this really is a version of the king’s name (c f. E. Babelon, R o is d e S y r ie , p. ccxii; Imhoof-Blumer, Z f N I, 1874, p. 332; Leake, N u m is m a ta H e lle n ic a , Kings, p. 39), and these coins have been omitted here. Some of the coins with the full legend have been attributed to Gremna, because they have the same type (Hermes/caduceus: see B M C ) . If this attribution is correct, then all the full legend coins should also be attributed there since the other two types seem to be linked to the Hermes type as larger denominations. The attribution to Cremna,

G A L A T I A : Kings o f Galatia, Kings o f Paphlagonia (3502-3509)

however, does not seem very likely or conclusive, as dif­ ferent coins of Cremna have been plausibly given to the reign of Amyntas: H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n und S tädte P isidiens II, pp. 3 8 1 , 1 0 7 - 1 2 ; see 3 5 1 8 f r . ) . The Duc de Luynes attributed the largest denomination to Midaeum (because it sometimes has the letter M on the obverse) and the Hermes coins to Hermopolis in Isauria (because of the head of Hermes), but neither attribution has any weight. Moreover, it seems unlikely that the types can be used for mint attribution, since both the monogram and the full legend series have the same types, yet their very different style and fabric suggest two different sources. The thick rough fabric of the monogram series recalls the coins of Deiotarus from Pessinus, and was perhaps made there: one specimen was found in the excavations of the city (Devreker, op. cit., p. 1 9 3 , no. 7 ) .

B ust of A rtem is w ith bow a n d quiver, r.; (to r., m onogram ) ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ AMYNTOY; stag, r. i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1 0 2 5 (ex 6109); 2—6. L = bmc 14-15, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 —1026 ( = v A 6110), 1 8 4 4 -4 -2 5 -1 0 5 9 , 1 9 2 8 -5 -1 4 -1 3 ; 7—9. C o p 100-2; 10—17. P 32-5. E x am p les in L a n d O are c o u n term ark e d (b u cran iu m ?). N o t a com plete listing. 3504

3502

I :

F U L L

bmc

S E R I E S 3505

I I :

M O N O G R A M

A E. 22 m m , 9.56g (5). Axis: 12. bmc

12, C op 99

H ead of H eracles w ith club, r.; to 1., £ ζ B AMYNTOY; lion w alking, r. i . L = b m c 13; 2—5. L = bmc 12, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 0 2 8 ( = v A 6 i o 8 ) , 1 9 3 9 -7 19-3, 1 9 5 5 -4 -1 0 -1 5 ; 6. C o p 99; 7—i i . P 2 3 -7 . N o t a com plete listing.

L E G E N D

AE. 19-22 m m , 6.65 g (6)· Axis: 12.

3506

i . L = b m c 9 ; 2—6. L = bmc8, io- i i , 1 9 2 8 -9 -2 -4 , 1 9 4 7-6-6-1268; 7— 8. vA 6106-7; 9—10. C o p 97—8; i i —19. P 14-22. E xam ples in P a n d O are co u n term ark e d (b u cran iu m ?). N ot a com plete listing.

AE. 19m m , 9 .6 2 g (1). Axis: 12. B ust of A rtem is w ith bow a n d quiver, r.; on either side, £ and Ç B AMYNTOY; stag, r.

H ead o f H eracles w ith club, r.; (to 1., m onogram ) ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ AMYNTOY; lion w alking, r.

i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1 0 2 4 (ex vA , 3507

sng

— ), 9.62; 2—3 . P 28-9.

A E. 15m m , Axis: 12. B ust o f H erm es w earing petasus, w ith caduceus, r. B AMYNTOY; w inged caduceus; to r., £ Ç

AE. 17 -1 9 m m , 4 .7 7 g (6). Axis: 12. BM C

16, C op 103

i . L = b m c i 6 ; 2—3 . L 1 9 3 0 -3 -1 -6 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -1 0 2 7 ( = v A 6112); 4 . vA 6 1 11; 5. C o p 103; 6—8. P 36—8. N o t a com p lete listing.

BMC 8, C op 97

3503

AE. i4 - i5 m m , 2.58g (3). Axis: 12. B ust of H erm es w earing petasus, w ith caduceus, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ AMYNTOY; w inged caduceus

T h e m o n o g r a m se rie s c o in s a ll se e m to h a v e C a n d A i.e., th e n u m e ra ls 5 a n d 6, b u t it is h a r d to see th e ir sig n ific a n c e . S E R I E S

537

14, C op 100

E g ·, p 3 1 -

Kings of Paphlagonia The reorganisation of Paphlagonia was carried out by Pompey in 64 b c (see Magie, pp. 371-3). The seaboard was annexed to the province: of Pontus, and the remainder was assigned to native rulers, the first of whom was Attalus, who died in 40 b c . In 37 b c Antony gave the kingdom to Deio­ tarus Philadelphus, the son of Castor (Magie, p. 434). Deio­ tarus died in 6 b c , and Paphlagonia was then annexed as part of Galatia. 1.

A tta lu s , 6 4 -4 0

bc

T. Reinach published in R ecueil, p. 163, no. 4, a drachm of a King Attalus Epiphanus from the L collection (1914-8-6I = N C , 1917, pp. 22-3, pi. 1 1 1 , 5 ) . but its attribution is uncertain, and the coin might belong to an unknown King Attalus of Paphlagonia during the second century b c . This coin is therefore omitted here.

tarus. On the obverse, a date ΛΚΖ might indicate the year 27 of a Pompeian era, which would date the issue to 37 b c , the year Deiotarus came on the throne. The bronze coinage of Deiotarus is only known from one specimen, first published by Reinach, R N , 1894, pp. 41420. The name Deiotarus Philopator figures on the reverse: the king is otherwise unknown and might have been the brother of Philadelphus. The coins were presumably minted at the capital of the kingdom, Gangra. 3508

A R (drachm ). 17m m , 3.65g (3). Axis: 12. [ 2 ] [ 3 coins, i obv. die ] Rec 5 corr. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΙΟΤΑΡΟΥ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟ Y ; diademed

ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΠΡΟΥΣΙΑΔΟΣ ΑΔΟΒΟΓΩΝΙΑΣ; diadem ed an d d rap ed bust, r. I. B,

2. D e i o t a r u s P h i l a d e l p h u s , 3 7 - 6

3.81; 2. P 1988/202 (ex P .-F . J a c q u ie r, M ü n zlisle 9 /H e r b s t 88, 59),

3 -3 3 ; 3 · S tern b e rg X IV /1 9 8 4 , 103 (ex vA 151), 3.93.

b c

A coinage of silver and bronze is known for Deiotarus. The silver coinage consists of drachms with Deiotarus on the obverse and Queen Adobogonia on the reverse. A specimen recently acquired by P seems to offer the reverse legend ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΠΡΟΥΣΙΑΔΟΣ ΑΔΟΒΟΓΩΝΙΑΣ. Adobo­ gonia was the daughter of a Prusias, otherwise unknown, and it is uncertain if she was the mother or wife of Deio­

head,

r.; behind, Λ KZ (year 27?)

3509

AE. 2 1 -2 m m , 7.20g (1). Axis: 9.

[ 1 ]

Rec 6 ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΙΟΤΑΡ[ΟΥ ΦΙΛΑ]ΔΕΛΦΟΥ; d iadem ed head, r.; behind, indistinct m onogram ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΙΟ[ΤΑΡΟΥ ΦΙΛΟΠ]ΑΤΟΡΟΣ; two caps of the D ioscuri; betw een them , indistinct m onogram s i . L 1 8 5 8 —11—24—7 8 , 7.20.

Isinda The history and coinage of Isinda (modern Korkuteli) have been discussed by H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d S t ä d te P is id ie n s I, pp. 29-32 and 76-101. It had produced coinage in the Hellenistic period, and made plentiful coins dated accord­ ing to two eras, of King Polemo and a later era, either of the province of Galatia (25 b c ) or 9 b c (see von Aulock). In addition, various other coins were attributed to this period (vA, nos. 649-731), though their dating seems very uncertain.

3511

AE. 14m m , 3 .0 5 g (4).

[ 2 ]

vA Pisid., nos. 498-500, 515: years 1 an d 4 B ust of A rtem is w ith bow, r. ΙΣΙΝΔΕ; ear of corn; variab le letter A: i . P 4 1 6 ( = W a 3738), 4.52; 2—3. vA , nos. 498-9; Δ: 4 . vA , no. 515.

E r a o f A m y n ta s ? 3512

A E. i6 - ig m m , 4 .1 7 g (146).

[ 92 ]

vA Pisid., nos. 516-38, 551-76, 580-688: years 1-23

E r a o f P o le m o 3510

AE. 16m m , 3.28g (16).

[

7

L au reate head o f Zeus, r. ΙΣΙΝ; rider w ith sp ear galloping, r.; b eneath, snake; (before, p alm branch;) variable letter

]

vA , nos. 516 -3 8 , 551-7 6 , 5 80-603; Z: L = 8; Η -Κ Γ : vA , nos. 607 -8 8 .

vA Pisid., nos. 497, 501-14: years r, 2, 3 a n d 4

A -4

L au reate head of Zeus (w ith sceptre), r. ΙΣΙΝΔΕ(Ω); rider w ith spear galloping, r.; beneath, snake; variable letter A: i . O , 3.76; B: 2. vA , no. 501; Γ: 3. L = 5 03-10; Δ: 12—15. vA , nos. 511-14. C o u n te rm ark : S nake (1, 5 -8 , 10, 12-15).

bmc

3513

bm c 8,

3.98; vA, nos. 6 0 5 -

AE. 14m m , 2.89g ( : 5 )·

[

i i

]

vA Pisid., nos. 539-50, 577-9: years 1 an d 3

7, 3.96; 4—11, vA , nos.

B ust of A rtem is w ith bow, r. ΙΣΙΝ; M acedonian helm et; variable letter A: I. O, 2.61; 2—13. vA , nos. 539—4.0, 541—50; Γ: 14. L 1 9 2 1 -4 -1 2 -1 2 9 , 3.26; 15—16. vA, nos. 578 -9 .

Termessus Termessus had produced a long series of bronze coins in the first century b c , bearing numerals from i to 32, which are thought to belong to an era of 71 (Imhoof-Blumer, G M , pp. 701-3; H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d S tä d te P is id ie n s II, pp. 467). Von Aulock also, apparently, attributed some coins to a different era, perhaps that of Polemo or Amyntas {o p . c i t ., p. 46). He was perhaps referring to coins such as vA 5338 (Zeus/zebu Γ), but this is not clear.

Imhoof-Blumer also included the following coin as belonging to the Neronian period. 3514

AE. 19m m , 4 .0 8 g (1). Axis: 12. gm

703,

no.

546a. Y ear 130 =

ad

[ 1 ] 60

L au reate head o f Zeus, r. F o rep art of horse, 1.; below th u n d erb o lt an d ΛΡ i . M u, 4.08.

Ariassus The history and coinage of Ariassus have been discussed by H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d S tä d te P is i d i e n s I, pp. 26-9 and 67-76. On von Aulock’s classification, there were coins for Augustus and Livia (?), dated to year 2 of the province of Galatia, partly on the evidence of the Ariassus hoard. This identification and dates are not certain, however.

L au reate bust, 1. APIAC B; bull buttin g , 1. i . L = B M C i , 5.20; 2—5. See vA; 6. v A 374 = W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lo t 449, 3.70; 7. M ü n z Z e n tru m 53, lo t 1806, 2.99. T h e p o rtra it h as b een identified as th a t o f o th e r em p ero rs, see vA P i s i d . C o u n te rm ark : F em ale h ea d , r. (L ivia?) ( G I C 223: 3, 5, 7). 3516

A u g u s tu s ? , 2 4 B C ? 3515

AE. 17m m , 5.01 g (7). Axis: 12.

A E. 14m m , 2.74g (t)·

[ o ]

vA Pisid., no. 380

[ 2 ]

vA Pisid., nos. 374-9

D rap ed fem ale bust, r. (Livia?) API B; eagle, facing, on th u n d erb o lt i . I (from th e A riassu s h o a rd ), 2.74. F o r a discussion o f th e u n ce rtain id e n tity o f th e p o rtra it, see vA P i s i d . , p. 28, a n d en larg ed p h o to o n Taf. 36.

Uncertain (Pisidian?) colony Rare coins signed by the proconsul M. Rutilus were attributed by Grant, F I T A 238, to Lystra as a foundation issue of 43 b c , though the foundation of that colony is otherwise normally dated much later. The coins were sub­ sequently discussed by Vittinghoff {R ö m is c h e K o lo n is a tio n , p. 1 33)3 by H. von Aulock, C h ir o n II (1972), pp. 512-14, and

by B. Levick, R o m a n C o lo n ie s in S o u th e rn A s i a M i n o r , pp. 195— 7 (followed by P. A. Brunt, I t a l i a n M a n p o w e r , p. 602), none of whom accepted Grant’s views. The problem will, however, be resolved one day, since the end of the obverse legend, which is at present illegible, seems to give the name of the colony. Meanwhile, we have the following indica-

G A L A T I A : Uncertain (Pisidian?) colony, Cremna, Sagalassus (3517-3522)

tions. Firstly, as Grant pointed out, the humped-back oxen on the reverse point to southern Anatolia. Secondly, one specimen (in L) was found at Elmali in northern Lycia. Thirdly, the readings of the three (all die identical) speci­ mens can be read as follows: o b v e rse

1 M R V TIL V S-PR O C O SC O LTV L[____ ] 2 M RVTILVS PRO[ 3 [ JO-COS COL IVL ** re verse

]ERIDIVS[ JFERIDIVS [IIJVIR EX D[D JERIDIVS [IIJVIR EX D D On 3, IVL· is followed by a rounded letter, i.e. a G, a G or an O; after this, there is perhaps another punctuation mark and the bottom of a letter which is a horizontal bar, perhaps L or E: C or G (or O) seems very likely, but the remainder is very uncertain. The nearest colonies to Elmali are Olbasa, Comama and Cremna (in that order: 60, 75 and n o kilometres as the crow flies), while Lystra is much further away (235 kilometres), and thus seems a rather unlikely candidate. The problem with attributing the coin of Rutilus to any of these colonies, however, is that they all seem to have been Augustan foundations, whereas the coin does, as Grant thought, look earlier (whether or not his identification of Rutilus is right or wrong). The thick and slightly concave

53g

fabric of the coin and the portrait of the proconsul all sug­ gest a date in the civil wars, perhaps even in the forties, when Grant dated the coin, though von Aulock thought a date early in the reign of Augustus was likely. This raises the possibilities that the coin should be attributed to an earlier foundation of one of the Augustan colonies, or that it should be attributed to another, otherwise unknown, colony. It seems quite likely that the similar piece with CAESAR IMP DICT COS/IVL GEM(?) M FERIDIVS(P) IIV IR EX D D is a coin of the same colony, perhaps a larger denomination of the same issue. This coin has, however, been left under Uncertain coins (5407), as the reading of its reverse legend is very unsure.

M . R u tilu s 3517

pro cos,, 4 0 s

bc?

A E. 18m m , 6.o8g (3). Axis: 12. G ran t,

f it a

[ 2 ]

238, von Aulock, Chiron (1972), 518

M R V T IL V S P R O C O S C O L T V L [C, G or O? ]; bare head o f R utilus, r. JF E R ID IV S [IIJV IR E X D D ; colonist ploughing with two hum p-backed bulls, 1. i . L G 1 9 9 4 (found a t Elm ali: jh s 1914, 46, no. 185), 7.37; 2. B (I-B = r s n 1913, no. 302), 7.06; 3. M M A G 41 (1970), lo t 268 = S tern b e rg X (1980), lo t 252, w ith en larg ed p h o to ), 3.82. A ll from th e sam e dies. P a r t o f a letter is visible before F E R ID IV S on 2: it is th e lo w er h a lf o f a d iag o n al, p a r t o f A o r M , p erh ap s.

Cremna A series of bronze coins of Cremna bearing the Greek num­ bers from B to Z have plausibly been attributed to the reign of Amyntas, who held Cremna from 31 until his death in 25 b c (H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n und, S tä d te P is i d i e n s II (= vA P i s i d . ) , pp. 38-9, 106-45).

3520

B ust o f Tyche, r.; behind, spearhead KPH; fo rep art o f lion, r.; in field, letter Γ, E or Z i. L =

3521

[ 2 ]

3519

2A

( = v A 955);

AE. 8 m m , 1.67g (13).

i. L

B ust of A rtem is w ith bow an d quiver, r. KPH; w inged thunderbolt; in field, letter Γ o r ζ bm c

i B ( = vA 968) ; 2—25. See vA.

[ 9 J

2 —5 .

3522

See vA.

AE. 16 m m , 3.53g (68).

bc

H ead of H erm es in petasus, r. KPH; caduceus; in field, letter B, Γ, Δ, E or Ç

vA Pisid., nos. 954-6, 1007-8: years 3 an d 6

L=

BM C

vA Pisid., nos. 933-42, 962-4: years 2-5 = 31/30-28/27

AE. 16m m , 4.58g (5).

i.

[ 13 ]

vA Pisid., nos. 943-53, 965—73, 1009-13: years 3, 5 and 7

R e ig n o f A m y n ta s *i. 3518

A E. 15m m , 2.83g (25 )·

1 8 9 8 —6 - 1 —5 8

( = v A 935);

AE. 9 m m , 0.94 g

2 —3 8 .

See vA.

(3)·

[ 2 ]

vA Pisid., nos. 959-61: year 4 [ 41 ]

Fem ale head, facing KPH; cornucopia; in field, Δ

vA Pisid., nos. 957-8, 974-1006, 1014-47: years 4, 5, 6 an d 7

i . P r iv a t e c o ll. ( = v A 959); 2 - 3 . See vA.

L aureate head of Zeus, r. K(PH); w inged thund erb o lt; in field, letter Δ, E, ζ or Z i. L

1 8 8 2 —6 - 5 —4 5

(—vA 982);

2 —6 8 .

See vA.

Sagalassus The site of Sagalassus has been described by H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d S tä d te P is i d i e n s II, pp. 42-3, but he did not catalogue the coinage there.

Sagalassus had made silver and bronze coins in the Hel­ lenistic period; the silver (didrachms: vA 5173, Lockett, SNG 3028; drachms: B M C 1) was perhaps minted in the

late first century b c , during the period of the civil wars or during the reign of Amyntas of Galatia (Duc de Luynes, R N , 1845, P· 262, cf - von Aulock, loc. c it.). There are definitely imperial bronze issues for Caligula and Nero (with his late or ‘steps’ portrait); these are pre­ ceded by an issue which is probably of Augustus, although Tiberius cannot definitely be ruled out. For another Augustan coin, possibly of Sagalassus, see 5429. In addition, a number of ‘pseudo-autonomous’ bronzes were made at Sagalassus, some of which may date to this general period (vA 5153-62), but some of them may well be earlier. Some of the types refer to the supposed Spartan origin of the city (cf. B. Levick, R om an Colonies in Southern A s ia M in o r , p. 16). There are three denominations: Augustus Caligula Νέτο

i . 0 = a m c 1 4 2 1 , 4.00; a. P 562 ( = W a 3820), 5.55; 3—4 . B (Fox, BI = RSN 1913, 90, no. 255); 5—6. M u 3 -4 , 4.09, 3.81; 7. vA 8621, 5.97. All from th e sam e obv. die.

C a lig u la 3524

N ero, 6 3 -8 3525

19 mm, 4.68 g (5)

AE. 2 2m m , 9 .2 5 g (6). Axis: 12.

[

7

]

I. B (F o x ), 9.90; 2. B 28952; 3 - 4 . P 5 6 4 -5 (= W a 3822), 8.57, 7.33; 5. C M cC le an 8998 (pi. 3 2 3 . 5 ) , 8.75; 6 . V 18937, 9 -8 ° ; 7 * M u 5; 8 . v A 5163, I I. 12; 9. A (j i a n 1903, 23 5 , no. 542). T h e piece describ ed (b u t n ot illu strated ) b y K o v acs V I (1985), lo t 265, m ay p e rh a p s h ave been an ex am p le o f this coin, th o u g h it is given in th e ca talo g u e as A u g u stu s. 2 obv. dies.

19mm, 5.27g (6)

3526

AE. 19m m , 4.68g (5). Axis: 12.

__________________________

NEPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r. CATAAACCCWN; Zeus seated, 1., w ith Nike and sceptre

A u g u s tu s ? 3523

[ 1 ]

i . P 5 6 3 ( — W a 3821), 14.06.

27m m, 14.06g (1) 22mm, 9.25g (6)

AE. 27m m , 14.06g (1). Axis: 12. TAIOC KAICAP; b are head, r. CATAAACCCWN; helm eted figure of Lacedaem on, stan d in g L, holding Nike

[ 6 ]

AE. 19m m , 5.27g (6). Axis: 12.

[

7

]

AMc 1421

NCPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r. CATAAACCEWN; helm eted b u st of L acedaem on, r.

ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. CATAAACCEWN; lau reate head o f Zeus, r.

i . L 1 9 7 5 —4 —11—2 7 6 , 6.14; 2—3. P 566 ( = W a 3823), de R icci, 5.18, 5.34; 4 - 5 . B (Fox, I-B ); 6. V 36730; 7. M u 5a; 8. vA 5164, 4.58; g. L in d g ren 1334. 4.80; 10. Lewis — SNG 1700, 5.40. All sam e obv. die.

Apollonia (Mordiaeum) The history and coinage of Apollonia Mordiaeum (modern Uluborlu) has been discussed by H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n und Städte P isidiens II (=vA P is id .), pp. 20-3 and 52-63. Coinage had been made on a small scale in the Hellenistic period, and only two specimens survive for the early imperial period, convincingly reattributed from Apollonia in Caria by M. Grant, N C , 1949, p. 150.

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΑΤΩΝ ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ [ΒΙ]ΤΩΝ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΗΣ; goddess seated, 1. I. B (I-B) (— km 119, no. 1), 6.37.

T ib e r iu s C o rn u tu s 3528

A u g u s tu s

AE. 18m m , 6 .3 7 g ( 0 ·

[ 1 ]

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΑΤΩΝ ΚΟΡΝΟΥΤΟΣ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΗΣ; head of C ornutus, bound w ith taenia, r.

Io u lio s B it o n 3527

AE. 18m m , 4 .9 4 g (1). C op C arta 147

[ 1 ]

i . C o p 1 47, 4.94. F o r the C o rn u ti a t A p o llo n ia, see S. M itch ell, J R S > 1974, P· 3 7 ·

vA Pisid., no. 62

Antioch The coinage of Antioch (modern Yalvaç) has been catalo­ gued by A. Krzyzanowska, M onnaies Coloniales d ’A ntioche de P isid ie (Warsaw, 1970). Coinage had also been made at the city in the first century b c , before the foundation of the colony.

The date of the foundation of the Augustan colony of Antioch was placed in 20—19 by Krzyzanowska, pp. 13-141 following Grant, F I T A , p. 251, but it was raised to 25 b c by B. Levick, R om an Colonies in Southern A s ia M in o r, pp. 34-5 (cf · P W , Suppl. XI, pp. 49-61), on the basis of an interpretation

G A L A T I A : Antioch, Lycaonia (3529—3535)

of a Flavian issue as a centenary issue. But, as noted by P. A. Brunt (Ita lia n M a n p o w e r, p. 601), the ‘case is perhaps not decisive’, and indeed there is no obvious reason why the Flavian coin should be regarded as an anniversary issue. Moreover, the Augustan coin 3530, even if it is a foundation issue, should not be dated before 23 b c , since it probably belongs with 3529, which gives Augustus the title TR POT; the style of the portraits suggests that they are two denomi­ nations of the same issue. One would have guessed, on the basis of the portraits, that they were both made in about the tens b c . The types used record the settlement of veterans from legions V and VII. The coin of Tiberius in P (P 52 = Wa 3580) has been altered in modern times from a third-century coin into one for Tiberius (Hill, N C , 1914, p. 304, cf. Grant, A P T 138, no. 10). Another coin of Tiberius, with C G on the reverse (N C , 1914, p. 303, no. 12, with pi. X IX .8), seems unlike the coins of Antioch (Krzyzanowska, pp. 21—2), and has been ten­ tatively given to Cyprus (3920, M. Amandry, B S F N , 1988, pp. 325-6). The metrology of 3529 is unusual for Asia Minor, and is more reminiscent of the large bronzes from Syria and especially Antioch. There is no doubt about the attribution, however, in view of the provenance of 3529/3. On the other hand, the coins of Antiochus IV of Commagene from Lycaonia have a similar fabric (3533).

i . B 2 1 8 /1 9 2 8 ( = fita, pi. V I I I . 8) (th e A ra b ic tick et u n d e r the coin refers en ig m atically to A n tak y ah : th e p la ce it w as b o u g h t?), 13.01; 2. C G r a n t = SNG5117, 18.79; 3· U n certa in : fo u n d in o r n e a r A n tio ch (nc 1914, 312, no. 40). G ra n t, F I T A 251, in te rp re te d th e w o rd P A R E N S as in d icatin g a p aren t-city , o r p e rh a p s as referrin g to A u g u stu s. In view o f th e legend on th e coins o f N ero, th e full rea d in g o f this coin m ig h t in clu d e C A E S A R E A E r a th e r th a n C A E S A R E A (th e e n d o f the w o rd is u n clear), in w hich case a reference to A u g u stu s w o u ld m ak e good sense. T h is is th e so rt o f in te rp re ta tio n p referred by B. Levick, o p . c i t . , p. 196, on th e b asis o f th e ep ig rap h ic p arallel p a r e n s c o lo n ia e (I L S 5336). 3530

K rzyzanow ska 135,

AE. 27m m , 15.90g (2). Axis: 12. K rzyzanow ska 135,

f it a

f it a

[ 4 ]

251

CAESAR; b are head, r. C O L CAES A V G V ST V S; two legionary eagles betw een two stan d ard s i . P V , 9.16; 2. L 19 0 9 -5 -4 -1 0 1 ( = fita, p i. I X .5 = nc 1914, pi. X I X .6), 10.52; 3—4 . B (T B —km 358, no. 9, 17/1875), 11.90, 11.06; 5. V 36914, 9.31; 6. W arsaw , 10.09; 7 * U n certa in : fo u n d in o r n e a r A n tio ch (nc 1914, 303, no. 11). 3531

AE. 17m m , 5.30g (1). Axis: 6.

[ i ]

K rzyzanow ska 135 (‘T ibère?’) C C AN; togate figure ploughing w ith two oxen, r. C C; two legionary eagles betw een two stan d ards i . L 1 9 1 4 - 9 - 8 —8 ( — nc 1914, 303, no. 10, a n d pi. X I X .6), 5.30. T h e coin w as d a te d te n tativ ely to th e p erio d o f T itu s by H ill (M S n o te in L ), p e rh a p s followed b y G ra n t, A P T , p. 138, no. 10, b u t it h as been p laced h ere u n d e r A u g u stu s, as th e types a re so close to 3 5 2 9 a n d 3 5 3 0 , a n d it is re g ard e d as a sm aller d en o m in atio n c o n tem p o rary w ith 3 5 2 9 —3 0 . T h e re rem ain s th e p ro b lem o f th e use o f th e n a m e A n tio c h before th e F lav ian tim es, b u t this does n o t seem decisive a g a in st a n ea rlier d atin g .

3532 3529

AE. 20m m , 10.34g (6). Axis: 12.

N ero,

A u g u s tu s

5 4.1

[ 2 ]

c. 65 AE. 18m m , 6.24g (2). Axis: 12 (1).

[ 2 ]

N E R O C A ESA R [ ; lau reate head, r. C O [L ] CA ESA REA E; eagle, stan d in g w ith h ead L, betw een two stan d ard s

251

IM P-A V G V ST T R -P O T -; bare head, r. PA REN S C A E SA R E A [ ]C O L ; togate figure ploughing w ith two oxen, r.

i . P (H S ), 6.64; 2. L 1 9 8 8 —6 —1—2 (ex L a n z 44, 1988, lo t 518), 5.83. T h e S in C A E S A R is retro g ra d e. T h e p o rtr a it in d icates a d a te la te in th e reign.

Lycaonia The extent of the kingdom of Antiochus IV of Commagene in Lycaonia is not clear, though it was perhaps only the southern part of the region around Laranda and Derbe (Magie, p. 1368), and so inland of his territories in Cilicia Tracheia. The coinage has been catalogued by H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d Städte L ykaoniens (= vA L y k .) , nos. 1-10. It was perhaps minted at Laranda. It consists of coins which are unusually large for Asia Minor, but are more like the coins produced in Syria or in Commagene itself by Antiochus himself (3852fr.). The only other parallel is provided by the unusually large Augustan coins from Antioch in Pisidia

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ Μ ΕΓΑΣΑ ΝΤΙΟ ΧΟ Σ; diadem ed a n d draped bust, r. ΛΥΚΑΟΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath i . L = b m c 2 4 , 16.02; 2 —1 0 . See vA. O v a l flans, s tra ig h t edges, b u t d ifferent fo rm o f Ω from C o m m ag en e o r L a can atis. C o u n te rm ark : A n ch o r ( G I C 372: 5 exam ples).

3534

[ o ]

Β ΑΣΙΛ ΙΣΣ[A ΙΩ ΤΑ]ΠΗ ΦΙΛ Α ΔΕΛ Φ Ο Σ; diadem ed and d rap ed b ust o f Iotape, r. [ΛΥ]ΚΑΟΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath I . L i n d g r e n 1 8 8 7 , 16.28; 2. M ü n z Z e n tru m 67 (1989) lo t 1571. C o u n te rm ark : A n ch o r [ G I C 372: 1).

3535

( 3 5 2 9 )·

A E. 24m m , 16.34g ( 0 -

AE. i g m m , 6.43 g ( 0 · Axis: 1.

[ o ]

vA Lyk., 11

A n tio c h u s I V , 3 8 - 7 2 3533

AE. 25m m , 14.25g (10). Axis: 12. vA Lyk., 1-10

[

7

]

[ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΥΙΟΙ]; E piphanes an d C allinicus on horseback, 1. ΛΥΚΑΟΝΩΝ; capricorn a n d star, r., above anchor; all in w reath i . H B W e lls , 6.43.

3536

AE. 19m m , 6.56g ( i). Axis: 1.

[ 1 ]

AE. 14m m , 3 .2 7 g (1).

3537

vA Lyk., 12

vA Lyk., 13

A nchor betw een crossed cornucopias, surm ounted by m ale heads; above, star ΛΥΚΑΟΝΩΝ; tiara

ΠΙΣΤΙΣ; clasped han d s an d caduceus ΛΥΚΑΟΝΩΝ; anchor

[ i ]

I. O, 3.27.

i . P 4 6 , 6.56.

Lystra The coinage of Lystra was catalogued by H. von Aulock, Chiron II (1972), pp. 509-18 (=vA L y s .) . For the coins of the proconsul Rutilus, which were attributed to Lystra by Grant, F I T A 238, see 3517 (Uncertain Pisidian colony). The attribution of the unique coin in Berlin with CERERIS and Ceres on the reverse to Lystra was made by Grant, F I T A 250, and seems very plausible in view of the use of the same reverse on Lystran coins of Antoninus Pius. In addition, the style of the obverse is like that of the Augustan coins without the cornucopia. A ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coin with eagle/club was attributed to the reign of Augustus by von Aulock in the SNG (5402), but in his article in Chiron he assigned it to ‘2 Jh. n. Chr.?’. The coin (which is now in L, 1979-1-1-2537) has consequently been omitted here, though its dating seems entirely open. The Augustan coins were dated by Levick, R om an Colonies in Southern A s ia M in o r, p. 37, to 25 b c , and interpreted by her as a foundation issue of that year. Her implicit view that the similar coins of Aurelius were bicentennial pieces is not compelling, and it would be surprising to find a portrait of Augustus looking so mature at so early a date. One would have thought that the last decade, or the last two decades, of his reign was a much more likely date. Von Aulock proposed a date of c. 6 b c .

There are two denominations: 25141111/9.19 g (10) and i9 m m /6 .9 ig (i).

A u g u s tu s 3538

AE. 26m m , 9 .3 0 g (8).

[ 7 ]

vA Lys., 515 IM P E A V G V S T I; lau reate head, 1.; behind, cornucopia C O L IV L F E I G E M L V ST R A ; colonist ploughing, 1., w ith two hum p-backed oxen I. L = bmc I, 10.20; 2. L 1979-1-1-2538 (ex vA 5403), vA ; 8. O —AM G 1422, 9.32; 9 . S ch u lten (20.10.1988) lo t o f A V G V S T I is retro g ra d e. F E I is for F E L (ix ).

3539

A E. 25 m m , 8.75 g (2)·

10.10; 3—7. See 599, 13.03. T h e

S

[ i ]

vA Lys., 515 As 3 5 3 8 , b u t no cornucopia r. PV , 10.33; 2~ 3· See vA. 3540

AE. 19m m , 6 .9 1 g (1).

[ i ]

vA Lys., 515 IM P A V G [ ; lau reate head, r. C E R E R IS ; Ceres seated, L, w ith torch (?) an d ears of corn w ith poppies over alta r i . B (B -I),

6.91.

Claudiconium (= Iconium) The coinage of Iconium (modem Konya) has been fully discussed by H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n und, Städte L ykaoniens (=vA L y k .) , pp. 51-9 and 75-90. Its earliest coinage has been dated, more or less precisely, to the first century b c , though it is not clear whether it may or may not belong to the periods when Iconium formed part of the kingdoms of Polemo and then Amyntas. Von Aulock (op. c it., p. 54), however, dated it to the reign of Augustus, because he interpreted the letters HK on some coins (his nos. 242-4) as standing for the twenty-eighth year of the province of Galatia, i.e., a d 3. He himself, however, realised the very tentative nature of this dating and preferred to leave the coins as T Jh. v. Chr., vielleicht Zeit des Augustus’. The coins have not been included here. Under Claudius the name of the city became Claudi­ conium, and a number of coins were made, all signed by Annius Afrinus, whose governorship has been dated to 4954 (B. Thomasson, L aterculi P raesidum , no. 13; B. Rémy, L es F astes Sénatoriaux, p. 96, no. 105), in view of the presence of Agrippina II. One of the coins has the governor’s portrait,

unusual at so late a date. Coinage was also made for Nero, and, as this was produced with Poppaea, it can be dated to 62-5. There are three denominations: Claudius Nero

24mm, 9.72g (5) 20m m , 5.29g (5) 25m m, 10.40g (14)20m m , 5.51 g (7)

17mm, 3.11 g (5)

C la u d iu s , A n n iu s A f r i n u s leg a te 3541

A E. 24 mm , 9.72 g (5).

[

3

vA Lyk., 253-7 KAAYAIOC KAICAP C8BACTOC; lau reate head, r. KAAYAEIKONIEWN ΕΠΙ ΑΦΡ8ΙΝΟΥ; H ades seated, 1., w ith sceptre; (below throne, cerberus) i . B 1 7 3 5 8 , 9.18; 2 - 5 . See vA 253 a n d 255-7. A w o rn specim en was m isa ttrib u te d to P essinus b y Im h o o f-B lu m er { M G , 415, no. 172, c f . M . G ra n t, N C , 1950, p. 45, n. 23), follow ed b y J . D evreker, F o u i l l e s d e P e s s in o u n te , p. 174, no. 12.

]

G A L A T I A : Claudiconium, (Koinon o f Galatia {3542-3545)

3542

AE. 20 m m , 5.29 g (5).

[ 4 ]

543

N ero, 6 2 - j

vA Lyk., 258-62 KAAYAIOC KAICAP CCBA; lau reate head, r. CEBACTH ΕΠΙ Α Φ ΡείΝ Ο Υ KΛAYΔεIKONIεW N; d rap ed bust of A grippina II , r.

AE. 2 5m m , 10.40g (14).

3544

AE. 17m m , 3.11g (5).

[ 5 ]

i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 5 3 2 (ex vA 8647), 11.07; 2—3. L = 4 —14. See vA.

vA Lyk., 245-9 ANNIOC ΑΦΡείΝΟΟ; b are head of A nnius A frinus, r. ΚΛΑΥΔ(ε)ΙΚΟΝ(Ι)ε\¥Ν; Perseus standing, 1., w ith h a rp a an d head of M edusa

]

ii

NoPYVN KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r. ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑ(Ε) CEBA(C)TH ΚΛΑΥAEIKONIEWN; Poppaea (as K ore) seated, 1., w ith p oppy a n d sceptre

i . P 32 ( = W a 4763), 4-76; 2 . L 1 9 6 1 -7 -5 -1 , 5.07; 3—5. See v A 258-6 0 . 3543

[

vA Lyk., 270-83

bmc 2—3,

10.99, 7 -7 °j

AE. 20 m m , 5.51g (7).

3545

[ 5 ]

vA Lyk., 263-9 NEPWN KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r. KAAYAEIKONIEWN; head o f Perseus w ith h a rp a, r.

i . L 1978—9—17—1 (ex A uktiones 8, 1978, lo t 469, ex vA 8645), 4.35; 2— 5. vA 246-9; 6. K ovacs 17, lo t 151.

i . N Y ; 2—3. L 1979-1 -1 -2 5 3 1 (ex vA 8646), 1 9 2 0 -5 -1 6 -9 4 ( = 25, no. 38), 5.20, 5.60; 4 —9. See vA 2 64-6, 267-9.

nc

1921,

(Koinon of) Galatia During the Julio-Claudian period a number of coins were minted in Galatia (the tribal area, rather than the Roman province), which have been discussed by M. Grant, N C (1950), pp. 43-8, J. Devreker in J. Devreker and M. Waelkens, L es F ouilles de la R ijksu n m ersiteit te G ent à Pessinounte (1985), pp. 173fr., and by S. Mitchell, ‘Galatia under Tiberius’, Chiron ι6 (1986), pp. 17-33. See also now B. Rémy, L e s F astes Sénatoriaux, pp. 95fr. Some of these coins lack an ethnic, some refer to the Koinon of the Galatians and others refer only to the gov­ ernor of the province. The approach of Grant was to regard them as ‘the official coinage [of Tiberius] in Galatia’ (cf. Devreker, who distinguishes between ‘émissions de la cité’ and ‘émissions des gouverneurs ou de province’) since ‘coins of this period which possess neither ethnics nor the names of local magistrates are official issues of representa­ tives of the Roman state’. This statement, which does not anyway seem generally true (p. 14), seems to be of little validity here. Some of the coins have dates, which should indicate that they are city issues (see below); other groups of coins (of Basila and Afrinus) have types which sometimes suggest a specific reference to a city, and are probably therefore to be regarded as civic rather than provincial issues (even if the city in question cannot be securely identi­ fied) . A final group of coins of Nero and Galba refers to the Koinon of the Galatians, and should probably therefore be regarded as issues of the Koinon rather than of any Roman official. The relevant coins can be grouped into four main series. These are mostly catalogued in this section, though the coins of Afrinus from Claudiconium in Lycaonia have been catalogued there. Series 1: coinage in the name of the legate Basila. There are a number of different coins with the inscription (or part of it) ΕΠΙ BACIAA nPECBEYTOY. We find: 3546. Obverse: KAICAP CEBACTOC; reverse: Zeus (large denomination) 3547. Obverse as previous; reverse: Cybele (small denomination)

3548-9. Obverse: TIBEPJOC KAICAP; reverse: temple (two denominations) 3550. Obverse as previous; reverse: lion 3551. Obverse as previous; reverse: head of Zeus. Series 2: coinage of Tiberius with dates: 3552-3. Obverse: ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; reverses: Cybele (bust or figure) and date ‘43’. (two denominations) 3554. Obverse: ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; reverse: Cybele and inscription ‘in year 50’. Series 3: coinage under Claudius signed by Annius Afrinus (coinage for him was also made at Iconium, see 3541-3)· 3555-7. A series of three denominations, with the ethnic n£C CINΟΥΝΊΊWN and the formula εΠΙ ΑΦΡΙΝΟΥ. The types are Claudius/temple; Claudius/Cybele seated; and head of Afrinus/bust of Men. 3558-9. An issue of two denominations of poorer style and with the formula ΤΠΙ ΑΦΡΙΝΟΥ. Letters are often retrograde. The larger denomination has head of Claudius/temple and the smaller has head of Claudius/ins­ cription in wreath. 3560. A coin which possibly reads ΤΠΙ ΑΦΡείΝΟΥ and a bull. 3561. A coin with the inscription ΡΠΙ ΑΦΡείΝΟΥ and an altar, surmounted by an uncertain object with horns at the top ( = a bucranium, according to Grant and Devreker). (In addition Imhoof-Blumer ( M G , p. 415, no. 173 = Devreker, p. 174, no. 12) mentions a coin with Sarapis(?): this is, however, a partially illegible coin of Iconium = 3541, with Hades and cerberus.) Series 4: coinage of the Koinon under Nero and Galba. An issue was made for each emperor, that of Nero with two denominations and that of Galba with three. The unifying characteristic of the whole group is the unusual 1 o’clock axis on nearly all the coins. N ero:

a.

(3562) ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ, laureate head,

1./

ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΣ. Attributed to Galatia by Grant (N C (1950), p. 47, n. 33), since he acquired a specimen in Ankara: another specimen has recently been reported from Pessinus (see Devreker, p. 200, no. 81). The attribution is confirmed by the obverse legend, the die axis, a stylistic comparison with b and the use of the same countermark as on b; b. (3563) ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ, laureate head, l./TO KOINON ΓΑΛΑΤΩΝ, temple. (3564. As there are three denominations for Galba, one would have expected three for Nero; there is indeed a smal­ ler Galatian coin in Mu for Poppaea, but it is hard to accept it as genuine: see the commentary. On the other hand, it is possible that it may represent a forgery of a genuine type, not now extant, so it has been included.) G alba:

a. (3565) PAABAC AYTOKPATWP KAICAP CEBACTOC/ CEPOYIOC TAABAC CEBACTOC, Men standing 1.; b. (3566) TAABAC CEBACTOC/CEBACTWN, temple; c· (3567) KOINON TAAATWN, bust of Mên/ CEBACTWN, temple. This coin probably belongs here, rather than under Nero, in view of the similar reverse inscription and type as b. The attribution to mints, and the dating, of these dif­ ferent series pose difficult problems. M int attribution The coins of the second series are generally attributed to Pessinus. The fact that the coins bear dates suggests that they are not an ‘official coinage’ of the province, but a city coinage, since such eras were of individual cities rather than of provinces. In view of the inscription referring to the MHTHP ΘΕΩΝ and the type of Cybele, an attribution to Pessinus seems virtually certain. In addition, one example was found at Pessinus (see catalogue). One would, in general, have thought that provenances would be decisive in Galatia, given the huge distances involved between Pes­ sinus, Ancyra, Tavium and Claudiconium; yet one speci­ men of an issue under Claudius, which seems to be a product of Ancyra, was found at Konya (Claudiconium: 3 5 5 9 / 4 )· Pessinus is also the mint of one group of the third series, as the coins have the relevant ethnic. The attribution of the other coins of Afrinus is less sure. If 3560 is correctly read as a coin of Afrinus, then its reverse type suggests an attribu­ tion to Tavium, where a bull appears as the unique standard type of Flavian coins. It is possible that the other unique coin (3561) with the altar should be associated with it; the style of portrait seems reasonably similar, though the terrible preservation of the two coins makes this unsure. Similarly, the two coins may be linked by the spelling of Afrinus’s name with an E, and the uncertain object on the altar definitely has horns at the top - perhaps an object including a bucranium, i.e., related to the bull? If 3560-1 can, admittedly with very great hesitation, be attributed to Tavium, then the likely mint for the remaining group (temple and inscription in wreath) would seem to be Ancyra. The problem with this attribution is the find spot of

one piece (3559/4) at Konya. But it seems impossible for this coin to be a product of Claudiconium, since we know what coins of that city minted under Annius Afrinus looked like (3541-3), and they are completely different. But a prob­ lem clearly remains. The mint of the fourth series is also uncertain, and there are reasons for attributing it to Ancyra, Pessinus and Tavium! In favour of Ancyra: the figure of Men on Galba’s coins is very similar to the figure of Men on Ancyran coins of Titus (e.g., vA 6132—3) minted at the end of Vespasian’s reign, and other later coins; the Flavian coins have a related, though different, die axis (1 o’clock or 7 o’clock). In favour of Pessinus: its relative importance earlier as a mint; some of the coins of Afrinus (only the smallest denomination) have a 1 o’clock die axis. A similar standing figure of Men appears on coins of Antoninus Pius (Devreker, p. 176, no. 150). In addition, one coin was found at Pessinus (Devreker, p. 200, no. 81), though provenances have been reported from much further south (Cilicia). In favour of Tavium: the countermark on Neronian coins is a laureate head of Zeus, and on Galban coins an owl. Very often countermarks were applied at the same place as the original mint (C. Howgego, Greek Im p e ria l Counterm arks, p. 8). On this basis, the coins are likely to emanate from a city honouring Zeus and Athena, and, while the coins of Tavium, Pessinus and Ancyra depict Athena, Zeus appears as a standard type only at Tavium (though he does occur at Pessinus, Devreker, p. 186, no. 150, and Ancyra, vA 6156); and, as Howgego noted ( G I C 24), there was a temple of Zeus at Tavium. Against Tavium is the consideration that its late Flavian coins have a different axis (6 o’clock), but there are ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins of Tavium with a 1 o’clock axis (e.g., 3568-70), which may perhaps date from about this period. The case for each mint seems good, and there is no obvious choice; if a preference must be expressed, it would be for Tavium (because of the die axis), but this is, of course, not at all sure. The evidence of find spots seems equivocal, particularly given the problem posed by the coin of Afrinus of Ancyra (?), which was found at Konya. This leaves the problem of the mint or mints of the first series (coins of Basila). It seems reasonably sure that the small coins of KAICAP CEBACTOC with Cybele are from Pessinus: one was found there, while the type of Cybele is appropriate to that city. The large coin of KAICAP CEBACTOC has previously been described as also depicting Cybele on the reverse, but Devreker (p. 191, no. 9) has plausibly suggested that it actually depicts Zeus seated on a throne and holding a vertical sceptre. An extremely similar representation occurs on coins of Tavium (B M C 34 = 3568), and strongly suggests an attribution there. The mint(s) of the larger and the smaller coins of Tiberius with a temple are not clear, though they are generally attributed to Pessinus (Devreker, Mitchell)· Tavium is also a possibility, in view of the likely mint of the large KAICAP CEBACTOC/Zeus coin and the small Tiberius/Zeus coin (see below); a similar temple also occurs on coins of Tavium (vA 6238, here 3570), as well as on the Glaudian coins of Pessinus (3555)·

G A L A T I A : (Koinon of) Galatia 545

Basila’s unique coin with the head of Zeus (3551) was perhaps minted at Tavium, in view of the reverse type. There is no obvious way of deciding about the mint of Basila’s coins (3550) with a lion (given to Pessinus by Imhoof-Blumer, G R M K , pp. 228-9, because he thought a lion, as the animal of Cybele, was most applicable to Pes­ sinus); they do not resemble very closely any of the other groups, and it is tempting to give them to the third main Galatian centre, Ancyra. A lion does occur on the later coinage of Ancyra (e.g. vA 6151), but this is not very signifi­ cant (e.g., a seated lion featured on the pre-imperial coinage of Pessinus). A walking lion also occurs on the coinage of Amyntas (3502, 3505: the latter perhaps from Pessinus), but on both series or mints. Thus there are reasons for thinking that Basila’s coins should be split up between several Galatian mints. We should, however, also bear in mind the possibility that they were all made at one mint, and only refer to different Galatian centres. Dates It should be stressed that these mint attributions are not, for the most part, very certain. The chronology is, however, rather more secure, at any rate for series 2 to 4. Series 4 can be dated to 62-5 (Nero and Poppaea) and 68-9 (Galba), while series 3 belongs to the period of Annius Afrinus’s governorship, usually placed in 49-54 (e.g., B. E. Thomasson, L aterculi P raesidum , no. 13). The coins of series 2 are dated to the 43rd and 50th year of a city (almost certainly Pessinus); C. Bosch, followed by Mitchell (pp. 20-2), has argued that the eras of Pessinus and Ancyra probably began at the same time as that of Tavium (between 22 and 20 b c ) , giving dates of a d 21/2 or 22/3 and 28/9 and 29/30; but it is possible that the era in question began in 25 b c (cf. B. Levick, R om an Colonies in Southern A s ia M in o r , pp. 193-4), with the death of Amyntas and the formation of the prov­ ince, in which case the coins would date to a d 18 and 25. This question is related, though not necessarily so, to the much greater problem of the date of Basila. Basila is one of the Roman governors whose names appear on an inscrip­ tion on the temple at Ankara listing the benefactions of the annual priests of Augustus and Roma; his name appears in the same, abbreviated, form (επί Βασιλά) as on the coins. Because of the number of annual priests mentioned (seven­ teen plus) and the fact that the fourth is described as dedi­ cating statues o f ‘Caesar’ and ‘J ulia Sebaste’ (i.e., after a d 14), it is generally agreed that Basila must fall towards the end of Tiberius’s reign, especially as another early Tiberian governor is known independently from another inscription. This whole question has recently been fully discussed by S. Mitchell, op. cit., pp. 17-33, who has argued that Basila’s governorship fell from 35 until at least the accession of Caligula. From the numismatic point of view, however, it is not entirely satisfactory to date Basila’s coins to the period c. 35-40 and to interpret the portraits, with Grant, as those of Tiberius and (posthumous) Augustus or, with Mitchell (p. 25, n. 36), as Tiberius and Caligula. Without the existence of the inscriptional evidence, one would have had

little hesitation in dating these coins to the end of Augustus’s reign; KAICAP CCBACTOC, with a mature laureate portrait, would be Augustus, while TIBEPIOC KAICAP, with a very youthful and bare-headed portrait, would be Tiberius under Augustus, or perhaps Tiberius at the very beginning of his reign. If this point is accepted (and, despite all the difficulties provided by provincial portraiture, the contrast between the older and younger portraits does seem difficult to explain away), then one would have to reconcile it with the inscriptional evidence in one of two ways. Firstly, one might suggest that there were two governors of Galatia called Basila, one at the end of Augustus’s reign (where there is room) and the other twenty-five years later. This might perhaps seem rather too much the long arm of coincidence. The only alternative is, however, to date the Ankara inscription much earlier, to the reign of Augustus. The objection to this is, of course, the use of the name Julia Sebaste, which Livia adopted only in a d 14, and, of course, the reference to Θεώι Σεβαστώι in the heading. But one could perhaps get around this point: Mitchell has argued that the list begins near the beginning of Tiberius’s reign, when the temple was completed and inaugurated. One could, however, turn this view round and suggest that the list fin ish e d with the completion of the temple: the names of the previous priests of the cult were then inscribed. On this view, the list would have been inscribed after Livia had adopted her new name, even though it referred to earlier events, and so her name would appear in the later (anach­ ronistic) form. Another inscription, a Latin inscription from Antalya published by Mitchell, indicates that the legate T. Helvius Basila had served under two emperors (‘[Cajesares Augusti’). On the earlier dating of the Ankara inscription, one could make the following reconstruction: legate

no. of priests (= years)

incertus Metilius Fronto Silvanus Basila

2

2-1 BC

5 4 4

ad

2( + )

possible date

1-5

6-9 1 0-13

14 151-*- )

These would be followed by Sotidius, and then Priscus, not necessarily in that order, and the latter perhaps in c. 18, if the era of Pessinus began in 2 5 b c , or later if the era began in 2 2 - 2 0 b c . Such a scheme would make sense of the coinage. There would be coins for Augustus, KAICAP CFBACTOC, at the very end of his reign and then immediately after his death for Tiberius. The (probably Pessinuntine) coins of Tiberius have a temple on both denominations. This might represent the temple which has been excavated at Pessinus, but the temple is shown in an identical way as that on the later coins of the Koinon, which (wherever the coins were made) must surely depict the temple at Ancyra; perhaps also the very similar temple on coins of Pessinus (of Claudius as well) is the Ancyra temple, in which case the above argu­ ment would explain why it appears on these coins. If the Ankara temple was completed early in Tiberius’s reign dur­ ing Basila’s governorship, then it is perfectly understand-

G A L A T I A : (Koinon of) Galatia (3546-3555)

able that his coins should depict this temple at this precise time. Unfortunately, the reverse of the unique specimen of the larger denomination with the temple is very worn and one cannot tell if it might have had some further inscription; but the end of the legend on the smaller one can be reconstructed to read C EB A CTO C, presumably referring to the identity of the honorand of the temple, just as on the Galban coins the temple is labelled CEB A CTW N , i.e., after other members of the imperial family had been included in it. This view is put forward only as a hypothesis, which would, of course, have implications: it would be the very beginning of Tiberius’s reign and, specifically, the governorship of Basila which was crucial for the develop­ ment of the imperial cult in Galatia. It is, however, a hypo­ thesis with difficulties, notably that posed by the dedication of the statue o f ‘Caesar’; this would have to mean Tiberius, but this would seem rather surprising in a d 2 . The problem is left unresolved here.

3550

A E. 21 m m , 5 .7 4 g (2). Axis: 12. TIBEPIOC KAICAP; bare head, r. ΕΠΙ BAC ΠΡΕΡΒΕΥΤΟΥ; lion w alking, r.

i . P 43 ( = grmk 229, no. 2), 5.75; 2. B (L ö b b ); 3. vA 6114, 5.73. All from th e sam e obv. die. M in t u n ce rtain . 3551

A E. 17m m , 5 .4 6 g (1). Axis: 12.

i . P V , 5.46. P e rh a p s m in ted a t T av iu m ?

S eries 2 : d a te d coinage o f T ib e r iu s (see in tro d u c tio n f o r d isc u ssio n o f m in t a n d d a tes) (a ) P r is eus, A D 3552

21-3

AE. 2 8m m , 12.28g (1). Axis: 12 or 5.

[ 2 ]

1950, 44, no. 2, D evreker igo, no. 2

[ 1 ]

3553

AE. 2 3m m , 6 .6 7 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

1950, 43, no. i, D evreker 191, no. 1

NC 1950, 44-5, no. 8, D evreker 191, no. 9

NC

KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r. ΕΠΙ BACIAA nPECBEYTOY; Zeus w ith sceptre seated, facing

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head, 1. Ε Π Ι ΠΡΕΙΣΚΟΥ MHTHP ΘΕΩΝ; d rap ed b u st of Cybele, r.; in field, ΓΜ

i . P 2 0 7 , 9.90. D ev rek er also cites a coin in B; this is p ro b a b ly a confusion w ith 3 5 4 7 /1 , as th e re seem s to be no coin o f this type in B. M in te d a t T a v iu m ?

i . L 1 8 4 4 -4 -2 4 -7 0 2 6 , 7.75; 2. P 44B, 5.59; 3. G o (see nc 1950, 43, n. 4); 4 —5· I (see D ev rek er); 6. F o u n d a t P essinus (D evreker 200, no. 78). 1-

AE. 15m m , 3.14g (1). Axis: 12.

2 illu stra te d on

(b )

[K]AICAP CEBACTOC; b are head, r. ]CBEYT[; C ybele seated, facing, on throne

3554

no

1950, pi. I I . 1-2. P ro b ab ly m in ted a t Pessinus.

Year 3 0

=

A D 2 5 or 2 8 -3 0

AE. 19 mm , 6.50 g (4). Axis: 12 or 6. nc

[ 8 ]

1950, 44, no. 3, D evreker 191, no. 3

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r. MHTHP ©EWN ETEI N; tu rrete d an d d rap ed bust of Cybele, 1.

T ib e r iu s

AE. 26 mm , 16.36 g (1). Axis: 9.

NC,

[ 1 ]

D evreker ig i , no. 8

i . B (I-B ) ( — GRM K228, no. i , w ith T af. V I I I . 16), 3.14; 2. F o u n d a t P essinus (D evreker 200, no. 79, illu strated ). P ro b ab ly m in ted a t Pessinus.

3548

or

i . L 1 9 6 5 -2 -8 -2 (ex G r a n t) , 12.28; 2. B U n c e rta in (ex W ellersheim 6213: ‘M a llu s ’ ac co rd in g to Im h o o f-B lu m er, A n n a l e s d e N u m i s m a t i q u e (1883), 117, no. 56); 3. D resd en . All illu s tra te d on N C , 1950, pi. II. 4 -6 . P ro b ab ly m in ted a t P essinus.

A u g u s tu s ?

3547

18

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b a re head, 1. ΕΠΙ ΠΡΕΙΣΚΟΥ MHTHP ΘΕΩΝ; C ybele seated, 1.; in field, ΓΜ

Series i: Basila, c . a d 14-15, or35-J? (for discussion o f date and mint, see introduction)

AE. 25m m , 9.90 g (1). Axis: 12.

[ o ]

] KAICAP; b are head, r. ]AA nP E C [ ; lau reate h ead of Zeus, r.

NC

3546

[ 2 ]

1950, 44-5, no. 7, D evreker 191, no. 7

NC

i . B (B-I), 9.24; 2—4. B (I-B —gm 759 a n d T af. X I I I . 13, I-B , R au ch ); 5. L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 —2650 (ex vA 5020, ‘E te n n a ’), 6.01; 6. V B riu la 27488; 7. M u P essinus 2a, 4.14; 8. P U n c e rta in , 6.60; 9. A ( = nc 1950, pi. II.7 ); 10. T h o rv a ld sen , no. 170; 11. W e b er (H irsch ), no. 3974. P ro b ab ly m inted

[ 1 ]

1950, 44—5, no. 6, D evreker 191, no. 6

a t P essinus.

TIB8PIOC K[AI]CAP; b are head, r.; all in w reath ΕΠΙ BA[C]IA; tem ple w ith six colum ns I. L 1 9 6 5 - 2 - 8 - 3 (ex G ra n t), 16.36. M in te d a t P essinus o r T aviu m ?

3549

AE. 16 - 18 m m , 4 .5 7 g (5). Axis: 12 o r 9.

[ 3 ]

NC 1950, 44-5, nos. 4 -5 , D evreker 191, nos. 4 -5

TIB8PIOC KAICAP; b a re h e a d , r. 8Π Ι BACIAA nPE C CCBACTOC [sic]; tem ple w ith six colum ns i . L 1 9 2 7 - 2 - 2 - 5 ( ε π ί BACI[ ]A CTO C), 4.05; 2. 0 ( 8 n i B A C I [ ), 5.26; 3 . C 492-1948 (G ran t) ( ε π ί B A [ ), 4.41; 4 . L indgren A 1670A (8111 BACIAA n P £ C [ ), 4.37; 5. S ch u lten A pr. 1987, lo t 513 ( ε π ί BACIAA nP C C [ ), 4.76; 6. I ( = n c 1950, 44, n. 12, w ith pi. I I. 10); 7. M i ( = n c 1950, pi. I I . 9). T h e obv. die o f 2, 4 a n d 5 is th e sam e. G ra n t’s d escrip tio n o f a coin in L as N C , 1950, pp. 4 4 -5 , no. 5, is p resu m a b ly a m isd escrip tio n o f no. i here. M in te d a t Pessinus or T avium ?

S e rie s 5 : A n n iu s A f r in u s , 0 . 4 5 - 5 4 (see in tro d u c tio n f o r d isc u ssio n o f m in t a n d d a tes)

____

( a ) P e s s in u s 3555

AE. 2 5m m , 9 .6 6 g (5). Axis: 12. bmc

[

5 1

3, D evreker 175, no. 13

KAAYAIOC KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head, r. nECCINOYNTIWN; tem ple w ith six colum ns; below, εΠ Ι ΑΦΡΙΝΟΥ i . B (L ö b b ), 9.35; 2. B (I-B ); 3. L = bmc 3, 9.11; 4, P D elepierre, 9 .1 b

G A L A T I A : (Koinon of) Galatia (3556-3567)

3556

5. M u 2b, 9.94; 6—8. D evreker also cites a n o th e r coin from M u (10.76), W e b er (H irsch sale) 3975 a n d a piece from th e P essinus excavations ( = 200, no. 80). 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 a n d 8 are from th e sam e obv. die; 1 a t any ra te is different.

S e rie s 4 : N e r o a n d G a lb a ( T a v iu m ? )

AE. 20 m m , 5.44 g (8). Axis: 12 o r 6.

3562

(a ) N e r o ,

[ 8 ]

ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head, r. ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΣ; d rap ed b u st o f Poppaea, r. i . L 1962—2—8 -4 (ex G ra n t, b o u g h t a t A n k a ra ), 9.62; 2. L G 1 9 4 9 , 10.87; 3—6. L G 1216, 1 8 4 4 -1 2 -2 6 -4 4 6 , 1979-1—1—2652 a n d -2 6 5 3 (ex vA 6 1 1 7 18), 12.56, 10.69, î 4 - 2 9 > I 3 -3 °? 7—8. P A n cy ra 1973/92, 1965/1072; g— 13. P U n certa in , 10.94, 11.36, 13.37, 12·θ8, 14.85; 14. G (p. 739); 15. M u K o in o n o f G a la tia 3, 13.97; 16—18. V P essin u s 20017, 3 020 9 > U n c e rta in 27335/78, 10.91, r 3 -7 r J —j Γ9· C gen ., 11.67; 20. N Y , 17.17; 21. A m erican U n iv . o f B eiru t (cast in P); 2 2 . H a rla n B erk 30 th B uy or B id sale (13.2.1984), no. 290; 23. F o u n d a t P essin u s (D ev rek er 200, no. 81; 24—25. H , 11.85, 13.64. A n o te in P b y Seyrig read s, ‘ces pieces se re n c o n tre n t so u v en t en Syrie. P eu t-ê tre ciliciennes, cfr. R N 1964’ (c f . no. 3560). T h is is p ro b ab ly n o t a com plete listin g , since th e coins m ay be h o u sed in very different places in m u seu m collections (e.g., it w o u ld be su rp risin g if th ere w ere n o exam ples in B, som ew here). D ev rek er, p. 175, no. 16 (th e sam e coin w ith ΠΕΣ below th e b u s t o f P o p p aea) is b ased only o n M io n n et, an d is p ro b ab ly a m isread in g , as th e re seem to be n o letters th ere. D evreker, p. 192, no. 14 (2 4 m m . AYT K ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥΔ Σ ΕΒ /Π Ο Π Π Α ΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ) is b ased only o n M i 4.391.107 a n d seem s m o st im plausible. C o u n te rm ark : L a u re a te h ead o f Z eus ( G I C 24: 22).

AE. 17m m , 3.13g (3). Axis: i.

[

3

]

ANNIOC ΑΦΡΙΝΟΒ; b are head o f A frinus, r. neCCINOYNTIWN; b u st of M en, r. i . P 2 1 0 , 3.68; 2. B (L ö b b ), 2.87; 3. M u 2, 2.85. 1 a n d 2 a n d p ro b a b ly 3 are from th e sam e dies.

(b ) A n c y r a ?

AE. 20-3 m m , 7.33 g (5). Axis: 12 or 6.

[

7

]

3563

] KAICAP; laureate head, r. ΕΠΙ ΑΦΡΙΝΟΥ; tem ple w ith six steps i . N Y (επί ΑΦΡ[ ); a. N Y ( ]A ΙΠ 3 ); 3. L 1 9 6 5 -2 -8 -5 (ex G ran t: ]N OY ), 5.97; 4 . P 44A ( ]Π Ι ΑΦΡΓΚΟΥ), 6.67; 5. B 8024 (ex W ellersheim 6197, ‘A eg ae’: sam e dies as 2); 6 - 7 . C 491-1948 (επί ΑΦ Ή N OY ), 504-1948 (επ[ ] h o y ) , 6.25, 9.00; 8 . vA 6208 (επί α φ ρ μ ο υ ) , 8.78. D evreker also cites a piece in M u (10.41, illu strated ). T h e obv. is n o t fully legible on any specim en; all or p a r t o f KAICAP can be read on 1, 7 a n d 8; it is n o t clear w h e th e r or n o t th e legend in clu d ed KAAYAIOC.

AE. 1 6 -1 8 m m , 5.0 6 g (6). Axis: 12, 6 or 9.

[

3

3564

411, 5.07; 7. P V , 5.79. A ll o r p a rt o f KAICAP ca n be read on all specim ens, b u t th e rest o f th e obv. is obscure, as on 3 5 5 8 . T h e N is re tro g ra d e on 2. 4 w as fo u n d a t K o n y a: see in tro d u ctio n for th e pro b lem this raises.

AE. 24m m , 11.47g (i)· Axis: 6.

(b ) 3565

AE. 16 m m , 4 .0 7 g (1). Axis: 6.

AE. 2 7m m , 14.17g (5). Axis: i.

3566

[ 1 ]

{G IC

[ 1 ]

[

9

]

345: 4, 6 -8 , 10).

AE. 20m m , 8 .3 7 g ( 0 · Axis: i.

[ 2 ]

TAABAC CEBACTOC; bare head, 1. [CEjBACTWN; tem ple w ith six colum ns I. N Y ; 2 . P 47, 8.37.

3567

A E. 17 -1 9 m m , 6 .8 0 g (g). Axis: 1. gm

i . P 20 9 , 7.45. T h e identification o f th e rev. ty p e is n o t sure.

]

G a lb a , 6 8 - g

ΐ 3 ·29 · C o u n te rm ark s: O w l

C ae sa r { B M C 7), th o u g h th e position o f th e tail is different. O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e g en eral pose o f th e b u ll a n d p a rtic u la rly th e p o sitio n in g o f the h ea d is very sim ilar. T h e coin w as b o u g h t in A leppo; this does not d iscre d it a G a la tia n a ttrib u tio n , since, for in stan ce, Seyrig rep o rted freq u en tly seeing specim ens o f 3 5 6 2 in Syria.

] KAICAP; lau reate head, r. ΕΠΙ ΑΦΡείΝΟΥ; a lta r surm o u n ted by bu cran iu m (?)

13

[

i . Ο , 16.61; 2. L 1 8 4 4 -4 -2 5 -1 0 9 2 , 11.49; 3 “ 4 · W a 531, Seyrig 1965/700, 14.92, 14.55; 5 · B (ΓΒ = km 495, no. 1); 6 - 8 . N Y; 9 . G 1 (pi. lxi.21); 10. S tern b e rg X I (1981), lo t 376, 11.49; ι τ · W a d d ell 9.12.1982,

[ o ]

i - J S W , i 1.47. T h e read in g o f th e rev. legend a n d th e a ttrib u tio n are extrem ely u n ce rtain . A sim ilar b u ll ap p e a rs on T a v ia n coins o f T itu s

D evreker 192, no. 12

or 12.

TAABAC AYTOKPATWP KAICAP CE B A CTO C; b are head, r. CEPOYIOC ΓA ABAC CE BA CTO C; M en standing, 1.

] KAICAP; lau reate head, r. ]ΦΡξΤΝΟΥ; bull, r.

AE. 23m m , 7.45g (1). Axis: 12.

i

i . M u , 4.07. T h is coin is alm o st ce rtain ly a forgery; the style (especially o f the p o rtra it) is o dd, th e die axis is w ro n g a n d th e n o m in ativ e case unlikely. I t h as p ro b ab ly been alte re d from so m eth in g else. I t m ay p erh ap s b e a copy o f an oth erw ise g en u in e, th o u g h n o t e x tan t, coin, since one w ould ex p ect a th ird d e n o m in atio n (see in tro d u ctio n ).

]

I. M u I, 5.29; 2. P 4 4 ( = W a 6592), 4.61; 3 . V 37335; 4 · I (= B. P-émy, BSFN 1989, 5 2 2 -3 ), 4.23; 5 . L in d g ren 1671; 6. S ch u lten (20.10.1987) lot

3560

Axis:

ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bust, r. KOINON ΓΑΛΑΤΩΝ; alta r

] KAICAP; lau reate head, r. ΕΠΙ ΑΦΡΙΝΟΥ; in three lines in w reath

T a v iu m ?

(4)·

i . L i Q02—k—k—1 5, 6.p;q; 2. L 1 9 7 0 -1 -1 -2 6 5 1 (ex vA 6116), 6.25; 2—4. P 45, 46 (= W a 6593), 5.92, 5.63: 5 - 7 . B (L ö b b , F ox, I-B ); 8 - 9 . V 19985, 31102; 1 0 - 1 1 . M u G a la tia i, K o in o n o f G a la tia i; 12—13. N Y; 14. vA 6115, 7.84. C o u n te rm ark : L a u re a te h ea d o f Z eu s ( G I C 24: 3, 12-13).

D evreker 191, no. 10

(c)

AE. 2 0m m , 6.44g

ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head, 1. TO KOINON ΓΑΛΑΤΩΝ; tem ple w ith four colum ns

D evreker 191, no. n

3561

[ 20+ ]

KAAYAIOC KAICAP CCBACTOC; lau reate head, r. MHTPOC nCCCINOYNTIWN ΕΠΙ ΑΦΡ(£)ΙΝΟΥ; Cybele seated, 1.

D evreker 175, no. 15

3559

AE. 27m m , 12.51g (12). Axis: i or 12. D evreker 192, no. 13, cf. 175, no. 16

6209), 5.25, 5.40; 4—6. B (I-B = mg 415, no. 172, B -I, R au c h ); 7. P 208, 5.92; 8. M u 2c, 4.83; 9—12. D evreker also cites specim ens from M u (6.03 ex H irsch 13, 1905, lo t 4410, 5.08), W in te rth u r (5.39) a n d th e P essinus excavations (193, no. 10). A ll from th e sam e obv. die.

3558

62-5

D evreker 175, no. 14

I. L 1 9 0 0 - 7 - 5 - 2 , 5.61; 2 - 3 . L 1 8 9 9 -7 -3 -1 7 2 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 6 8 9 (ex vA

3557

547

[ 5 ]

746, no. 2

KOINON ΓΑΛΑΤΩΝ; b u st o f M en, 1. CEBACTWN; tem ple w ith six colum ns I. L 1 9 7 4 - 1 - 2 - 5 9 , 6.34; 2 - 3 . P 41, 42 ( = W a 6591), 8.37, 7.05; 4 . B (IB = gm 746, no. 2), 5.88; 5. M u Pessinus ia , 7.34; 6— 7. v A 6113, 8721, 5.79, 6.87; 8. M M A G 41 (1970), lo t 587, 6.20; 9 . S tern b e rg X I (1981), lot 374, 7.40.

Pessinus Pessinus had made coinage for King Deiotarus, and perhaps also for one series of King Amyntas’s coins (35057, see the discussion there). In the imperial period, coinage was made at Pessinus under Tiberius and Claudius (3552—7), and probably also by the legate Basila (3547, perhaps also 3548-9). Pessinus is

also the possible mint of the Koinon issues of Nero and Galba (3562-7). For a Claudian coin of Claudiconium misattributed to Pessinus by Imhoof-Blumer ( M G , p. 415, no. 172), see 3 5 4 1·

Ancyra For coins of Claudius and the governor Annius Afrinus, perhaps made at Ancyra, see 3558-9. Some of the other

issues of Galatia proper (3546-67) may also have been made at Ancyra.

T avium Tavium was very likely a mint for some of the coins of the legate Basila (3546, 3548-9?, 3551; see the discussion there), and perhaps also for the legate Afrinus under Claudius (3560-1). Two groups of ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins were produ­ ced at Tavium, perhaps contemporaneously and perhaps also during the late Julio-Claudian period, though they were dated ‘Titus-Severus’ in B M C . Both have the legend TPOKMWN CBBACTHNWN, which is not found before the end of Vespasian’s reign (B M C 6), and, although one of the reverses (figure of Nike) is very like that on coins of Domitian Caesar, the coins have a rougher fabric and dif­ ferent letter forms (W not Ω) from the Flavian coins. An earlier date is suggested by the use of a 1 o’clock die axis for these coins, which otherwise seems to occur only on the Koinon coins of Nero and Galba (perhaps also minted at Tavium). The coins of the larger denomination also have a slightly oval shape, very like the Koinon group.

M id - fir s t century a d ? *I. 3568

AE. 27m m , 12.41g (2). Axis: 12 or 1. BMC 3

TPOKMWN; bull standing, 1. SEBAETHNWN; Zeus seated, facing, w ith vertical sceptre I. L = bmc material. 3569

3,

12.64; 2 . L = BMC 4, 12.17. N o t a complete collection of

AE. 19m m , 5.74g (2). Axis: 12 or 1. BMC 5

TPOKMWN; lau reate head of Zeus, 1. 2 EBA 2 THNWN; N ike on globe, 1., w ith w reath and palm I. L = bmc 5, 5.82; 2. P 273 ( = W a 6689), 5.65. N o t a com plete collection o f m a terial. 3570

AE. 19 mm , 5.59 g (4). Axis: 1. mg

416, no. 175

TPOKMWN; lau reate head of Zeus, 1. SEBAZTHNWN; tem ple w ith six colum ns on basis i . V 3 6 3 8 7 , 5.32; 2 . P 274 ( = W a 6 6 8 8 ), 5.19; 3 . B (I-B — m g 416, no. 175), 5-531 4 · vA 6238, 6.32. N o t a com plete collection o f m aterial.

Gangra-Germanicopolis Gangra was the capital of the kingdom of Paphlagonia and was perhaps the mint of the extremely rare silver and bronze coins of its king, Deiotarus (3508-9). On his death in 6 Be Paphlagonia was annexed as part of the province of Galatia (see p. 537).

A single coin (of Nero) is classified in B under GangraGermanicopolis, an attribution followed by Rec and the vA Index. This coin is, however, of Tomi in Moesia (1836/1). There is, therefore, no Julio-Claudian coinage from Gangra.

Amasea Although Amasea, the old capital of the kingdom of Pontus, is normally classified under Pontus, it seems to have been included with the province of Galatia from 2 b c (B. Magie, R om an R u le in A s ia M in o r, pp. 465-6; B. Rémy, L ’évolution adm inistrative de l ’A n a to lie aux trois prem iers siècles de notre ère, p. 27), together with the rest of Galatian Pontus. Its coinage has been described in the relevant revised volume of Rec (1925). The city had produced a certain

amount of coinage for Mithradates VI; this was followed by the single issue attributed by Rec to Tiberius, which is the only issue to fall within the chronological limits of this catalogue. The attribution to a particular emperor and the correct reading of the reverse legend are not certain. Grant’s view (preserved on the ticket beneath the C coin; cf. the comment in SNG) was that the emperor was definitely not Tiberius,

G A L A T I A : Amasea (3571)

but Claudius, a view presumably based on the long neck. This consideration does not, however, seem compelling, especially in view of the dangers implicit in dating provin­ cial coins on the basis of the appearance of the portrait. Tiberius does not seem excluded, but any of the JulioClaudians (before Nero) is also possible. The correct reading of the reverse might help, as it might have included a date, like later coins of Amasea (based on an era of 2 b c ) . Rec read the inscription as ΑΜΑ2 ΕΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΝ; it is possible that one of the Gd. Due specimens which he knew had a clear reading, though this is perhaps unlikely as otherwise it would have been used for the illustration. The specimen in C is one of the clearest and reads ΑΜΑΣΕΩΝ E(?)[. The end of the inscription is clearest on the JSW specimen, which appears to end with an M or an MA ligature, possibly a date. If so the coin

54g

would presumably be of Caligula, as at near-by Comana (2157-61). The interpretation as a date is, however, very uncertain, as is the nature of the object behind the Tyche head. U n c e rta in em peror - p e r h a p s C a lig u la ? 3571

AE. 21 m m , 9 .9 9 g (4). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

Rec 6 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head, r. ΑΜΑΣΕΩΝ E (?)[ ] M A (?); tu rrete d h ead o f Tyche, r.; behind, uncertain object I . B (L ö b b ) ( = R ec, pi. I V .9), 10.31; 2. C = SNG 4031 = 1948-176 (ex G ra n t), 9.94; 3· JS W , 10.34; 4 · P 838, 9.36; 5—6. See Rec. C o u n te rm ark : C rescent? ( G I C 167: 4 -5 ).

CAPPADOCIA Cat. no.

Introduction Caesarea Archelaus (silver) (bronze) Tiberius Caligula Claudius Germanicus Nero Bronze (imperial) T yana Hierapolis (Comana)

Page 55°

3601-8 36 ° 9 - ! 9 3620-3 3624 3625-8 3629-30 363 !—53 3654-8 3659-60 3661

550 551 552 553 554 554 554 555 558 559 559

During the period covered by this catalogue Cappadocia was at first a kingdom, and then, from a d 17, a Roman province. The kingdom of the last king, Archelaus, was very large and included parts of Cilicia, particularly Elaeusa (which he rebuilt and renamed as Sebaste: see 3715); see pp. 535, 560. Coinage produced in Cappadocia was restric­

ted almost entirely to the royal and then Roman provincial silver. Small issues of bronze were also made under Arch­ elaus, for Germanicus and under Claudius; and in addition there were tiny civic issues under Nero at Tyana (3659-60) and Comana (3661).

Caesarea Caesarea was, as Mazaca, the royal capital of the Cappado­ cian kings; it had been renamed Eusebeia, perhaps in the second century b c , and finally changed its name to Caesarea in about 10 b c , as is shown by the dated bronze coins minted there for Archelaus (see 3609-13 and 361419). In a d 17 Cappadocia was incorporated into the Roman Empire, and became an important silver mint, whose pro­ duction continued until the reign of Gordian III ( a d 23844). The standard work on the mint is S = E. A. Sydenham, The Coinage o f Caesarea in Cappadocia (London, 1933); a reprint was published (New York, 1978) with a supplement by A. G. Malloy. As is well known, the book has a number of flaws, although these are not, in general, too serious for the Julio-Claudian period. Some of Sydenham’s readings, datings and even attributions to Caesarea are discussed below. The other fundamental work on the period is the relevant section of Walker, M etrology, who - in addition to the analyses of coins he published - discussed many of the problems which arise. The currency of the area in the early imperial period is best illustrated by listing the few hoards which are known:I. I. Sheikler, before 1930 (when it was acquired by Newell). This unpublished hoard is preserved today in the trays of the collection at NY. It is interesting for the mixture of Roman denarii and Archelaus’s silver (and in fact throws much light on vexed questions of the chronology of Augustus’s denarii). Its contents were:

4 Republic (R R C 415, 469/1 a, 507/2, 542/1) 11 Augustus i Octavian/Mercury CAESAR DIVI F i CAESAR/candelabrum 4 Rome moneyers (M. Sanquinius, B M C 70, 2 Platorinus, B M C 112-13, Antistius Reginus, B M C 119-20) i ‘Spain Γ { B M C 335) 4 ‘Spain IT (2 B M C 346-8, B M C 352, B M C 367) i Ariobarzanes II { B M C 2/3) 9 Ariobarzanes III (3 ‘year 9’, 6 ‘year 11’) i Ariarathes X { B M C 2) i Archelaus (Year 22 = 15/14 b c ) The date of deposition would appear to be about 15/14 b c ; although Archelaus did not issue any more drachms until year 39, one would have expected some denarii from Augustus’s Lyon mint if it had been put together much later. This obviously has possibly important implications for the chronology of the Rome moneyers (note that Platorinus also occurred in the Gallignano hoard, R R C H 506, which similarly lacked Lyon coins), and for the can­ delabrum issue. As far as Cappadocian currency is concerned, however, the hoard seems to be unique for the quantity of Roman denarii it contained (see the other hoards, below). 2.

Caesarea 1972

{C H

I, 116, with additional material in

C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea (3601)

BM file). Thirty-one coins were recorded out of a total thought to be at least sixty-two, if not larger. The parcel of the hoard examined in detail contained: 1 13 3 4 4 4

denarius of Tiberius drachms of Tiberius/Mt Argaeus (3620) drachms of Tiberius/Drusus (3622) drachms of Divus Augustus/Germanicus (3623) drachms of Caligula/simpulum and lituus (3624) didrachms of Glaudius/quadriga DE BRITANNIS

(3 6 2 5 )

2 didrachms of Nero Drusus/triumphal arch (3628) In addition the hoard is said to have contained a further twenty-seven drachms of Tiberius/Mt Argaeus (making a total of forty-one), and a further three didrachms of Claudius (type unspecified). 3 . Caesarea, before 1932. The hoard was deposited in about 65, and contained twenty-two coins. It was published by E.A. Sydenham in N C , 1932, pp. 68-9. Its contents were: 5 drachms drachms 4 drachms 2 drachms

ii

of Tiberius/Drusus (3621-2) of Divus Augustus/Germanicus (3623) of Caligula/simpulum and lituus (3624) ofNero/Divus Claudius (3648).

4 . Caesarea 1906. An extremely large hoard of about eight hundred coins going down to the reign of Hadrian. A few coins were acquired by F. Gnecchi and published by him in R I N , 1909, and today are in R. About a quarter of the hoard was acquired by Newell, and described by A. Baldwin in A réthuse 4 (1927), p. 145; the coins were subsequently acquired by NY, together with the rest of Newell’s collection. The relevant part of the hoard was: 9 drachms of Archelaus (4 ‘year 41’, 5 ‘year 42’) 15 drachms of Tiberius 11 Mount Argaeus i Tiberius/Drusus 3 Divus Augustus/Germanicus 4 drachms of Caligula/simpulum and lituus i didrachm of Nero Drusus 7 didrachms of Claudius (4 DE BRITANNIS, 3 PP OB CIVES SERVATOS) 16 didrachms and 8 drachms of Nero with GERMANI; didr. S 69, 74(3), 73 (7); dr. S 76 var., 76 and 77 with GERMA: didr. 68(5), 80; dr. 72, 88(2) 4 drachms of Polemo of Pontus (with Nero, year 19). Despite the evidence of the Sheikler hoard, the hoards sug­ gest that denarii did not play a very important role in the silver currency of Cappadocia, which was dominated by the Caesarean issues. Of these, the most abundant were the Greek legend drachms of Tiberius/Mt Argaeus and the second issue of didrachms ofNero/Divus Claudius. We can get an idea of the output by comparing the number of dies used in the available sample with the representation in the hoards (didrachms are underlined):

551

D ies! Sample

H oard 2

3

^

T IB ER IU S M t Argaeus Drusus Divus Aug

30/52 21/28 10/16

Ο (or 41) 3

(- ) 5

il

4

CALIGU LA

19/23

4

CLAUD IUS De Britannis P P ob cives Nero Drusus

15/30 7/12 1/4

4

NERO Germani didr dr Germ a didr dr

39/72 12/15 46/48 25/32

II

4

4

(-)

4 3

B 2

i 3

(-)

(-)

B

3

(-)

6 3

2

The Julio-Claudian issues appear to have survived well into the second century, on the evidence of the Caesarea 1906 hoard; similarly, the small Asia Minor hoard of eighteen coins down to Trajan (N C , 1932, pp. 238-9) contained two late didrachms of Nero and Divus Claudius. On the other hand, the hoard from Gerzeoul, USSR (V. Kropotkin, N u m ism a tik a e E p ig ra p h ika 6 (1966), no. 202), deposited in the reign of Marcus Aurelius, contained none of them, sug­ gesting that they disappeared from circulation some time in the second quarter of the second century, although the evidence about this is admittedly thin.

A r c h e la u s , 3 6 b c - a d i j S ilv e r

Archelaus (on whom see R. D. Sullivan, A N R W 11.8.2 (1980), pp. 1149-61) minted silver drachms and (very rare) hemidrachms. Three drachms have been analysed by Walker, to give an average fineness of 88%, showing that the silver was already fairly base before the Roman take­ over and at about the same level that they continued. (The coin of year 21 was finer than the two later ones, of years 41 and 42, but the sample is clearly too small to make anything of this.) The coins were attributed to a mint at Elaeusa/Sebaste by Imhoof-Blumer (see p. 563), because of the occurrence of ktistes in the reverse legend; but a mint at Caesarea seems more likely, since the hemidrachms depict Mount Argaeus (3607-8). The silver has most recently been described by B. Simonetta, T he Coins o f the C appadocian K in g s (Fribourg, 1977)2 PP· 45- 6; his account, however, is flawed by his mistaken view that there were drachms for the 49th regnal year of the reign. This is just an error for the 39th year. drachms 3601

(AR 88%, average weight: 3.65g)

Y ear 2 0 = 17/16 b c i, S im onetta 1

bm c

D iadem ed head o f A rchelaus, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ APXEAAOV ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΤΙΣΤΟV; club; K i . L = b m c i , 3.69; 2. L 1 9 2 6 -1 -1 6 -9 4 0 , 3.70; 3—4 . C ; 5 . P W a 6950, 3.77; 6—8. B; 9. C o p 165; 10. C a h n 60, 1021; 11. H a m b u rg e r 11.6.1930, 404; 12. N Y ; 13. S im onetta.

55·?

3602

C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea (3602-3614)

Y ear

22

= 15/14 BO

BMC 2, Sim onetta 2 As 3601, b u t K B i . L = b m C 2, 3.79; 2. W eb er 7791, 2.62; 3 . C a h n 68, 1511; 4. N aville 7, 1662; 5 . H irsch , N ov. 1907, 593, 3.65; 6. N Y (S heikler h o a rd ), 3.30; 7. S im onetta. 3603

Y ear 39 =

ad

3/4

Sim onetta 6 corr. As 3601, b u t obv. su rrounded by fillet b o rd er an d ΛΘ i . P 2 0 4 (W a 6 9 5 1 ), 3.46; 2. B. 3604

Y ear 40 = a d 4/5 Sim onetta 3 As 3603, b u t M i . P 2 0 6 (W a 6 9 5 2 ), 3.45; 2. S im onetta.

3605

Y ear 41 =

ad

5/6

Sim onetta 4 As 3 6 0 3 , b u t MA i . L = BMC 3, 3.53 (A tooled off); 2. L 1920—2—1—1, 3.24; 3. V 20245, 3.67; 4 . P W a 6953, 3.40; 5. S im o n etta; 6 . C a h n 50, 1023; 7. N av ille 5, 2781, 4.02; 8. N Y.

which occur on earlier regal drachms and many of the Eusebeia bronzes. This view has been followed here, and only groups 2 and 3 have been included. The cataloguing of the bronzes is, however, rather diffi­ cult, as the coins are all fairly rare and very diverse: the last full listing was that of Imhoof-Blumer in 1898. He was followed more or less by Sydenham and Herrli, and it has not proved possible to advance very much. As Imhoof-Blumer pointed out, the designs used are almost entirely copied from those used in the first century b c on coins of Phrygia and Pontus. The additions are speci­ fic to Cappadocia, e.g., Mount Argaeus (on which, see P. Weiss, ‘Argaios/Erciyas Dagi-Heiliger Berg Kappadokiens; Monumente und Ikonographie’, J N G 35, 1985, pp. 21-48). The coin allegedly reading year 14, vA 6338, seems rather to be a piece with a monogram (S Suppl. 3a, Wa 6724). Herrli, op. cit., no. 21, reports a coin as 3610 but of year K; this is possible, but is not certain from his illustra­ tion, and 13 seems possible. first 3609

3606

Y ear 42 =

ad

6-7

BMC 4, Sim onetta 5

Y ear 39 =

ad

Sim onetta 7,

(average weight: 1.84 g)

[ i ]

1898, 32. Y ear 12 = 25/24

bc

rsn

3611

bc

rsn

[ 4 ]

1898, 35. Y ear 1 9 = 18/17

bc

L au reate head of A pollo, r.; behind, lyre ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ; tripod; ΙΘ

1898, 11, no. 39

As 3607, b u t M

i . L 1 0 7 0 —i —i —1 0 6 4 = vA 6330, 7.28; 2. P 233 ( = W a 6723), 6.72; 3. B ( L ö b b -RSN 1898, T a f 1.20); 4 . V 36389 (P row e), 7.77.

I. B (I-B ), 1.75 ( = rsn 1898, T af. I.23 = T . R einach, E s s a i s u r la

(P aris, 1887), pi. I I I . 24). 3612

A E. 14m m , 1.94g ( f ·

[ 0 I

V eiled head of Tyche, r. [ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ]; p alm betw een tw o pilei; ΙΘ

B ro n ze

Bronze coins of three classes have usually been attributed to Archelaus, and the fullest discussion and listing of them was provided by Imhoof-Blumer, R S N , 1898:

1898, 33-4. Y ear 13 = 24/23

A E. 2 5m m , 7.35g (4). S 33,

N u m is m a tiq u e des R o is d e C app a d o ce

[5 ]

i . I-B ( = rsn 1898, T af. 1 . 19), 4.81; 2—3. B (L öbb, — ), 6.01, —; 4. P 1 9 7 1/ 3 4 7 ? 5 ·οι; 5 · M u ; 6 . W in te rth u r, 4.10; 7 . vA 6337, 5.84.

Y ear 40 = a d 4-5 rsn

rsn

A E. 21 mm , 5 .1 5 g (5). S 32,

1898, 11, no. 38, S Suppl. A

i . L 1 9 8 4 —8—7—13, 1.45; 2. P 210 ( = S im onetta, pi. 7.1), 2.28; 3. M u , 1.86; 4 . N Y.

Sim onetta 8,

Ε Υ ΣΕ Β Ε ΙΑ Σ

w i t h

H ead of D ionysus, r. ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ; M o u n t A rgaeus; above, eagle; on r., thyrsus; in exergue, m onogram an d ΙΓ

H ead o f H eracles w ith lion skin ro u n d neck, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ APXEAAOV; M o u n t A rgaeus; Λ Θ

3608

,

i . B (L ö b b —rs n 1898, T af. 1. 18), 3.63. 3610

3/4 rsn

d a t e d

H ead of Cybele, r. ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ; cornucopia; IB

I. L = b m c 4 , 3.24; 2. L 1 9 3 1 -5 -1 -3 9 , 3.49; 3. P W a 6954, 3.44; 4 - 6 . B; 7 · V 36388 = E gger 1914, 2388, 3.64; 8. G ; 9. Ο , 3.29; i o . C a h n 71, 567, 3.65; i i . N aville 7, 1663, 3.39; 12. S im onetta; 13. N Y.

3607

:

A E. 19 mm , 3.63 g (1). S 31,

As 3 6 0 3 , b u t MB

H E M i D R A C H M S

g r o u p

i . J S W , 1.94. T h e rea d in g o f th e eth n ic is n o t clear, b u t th e types m ake th e a ttrib u tio n to C a e sa re a seem plau sib le. 3613

AE. 23 m m , 8.08 g (4).

[

1.

2.

H ead of H eracles w ith lion skin on neck, r. ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ; tem ple w ith four colum ns an d three figures on pedim ent; in exergue, KE

undated, with the name ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ; d a t e d , y e a r s 12 t o 25 (=25-12 b c ) , w i t h t h e n a m e ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑΣ; 3 · dated, years 28 to 53 (= 9 b c - a d 17), with the name ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ (a last coin of group 3 , S 41, dated to a d i 7, is supposed to have the legend ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ, but the reading is not very reliable, depending on Sestini). Imhoof-Blumer supposed that group 1 came first. The recent discussion by H. Herrli (‘Die “autonomen” Bronzemünzen von Eusebeia und Kaisereia in Kappadokien’, N u m ism atisches N achrichten B la tt (March 1985), pp. 60-71), however, has suggested that group 1 belongs mainly to the predecessors of Archelaus earlier in the first century, on the basis of similarities between monograms

rsn

1898, 36. Y ear 2 5 = 12/11

4

S 34,

I

bc

i . L = bm c 3, 8.66; 2. L — bmc 4, 8.44; 3—4 . P 237, 238 ( = W a 6725),

7 -55 . 7 ·65 ·

SECOND

g r o u p

:

d a t e d

,

with

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ 3614

AE. 25m m , 7.39g (2). S 35,

rsn

1898, 37. Y ear 28 = 9 /8

[ 2 ] bc

H ead of H eracles w ith lion skin, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ; M o u n t A rgaeus; above, eagle; KH i . I5 a 3 9 ( = W a 6738: pi. X I X . 8), 7.78; 2. B (L ö b b = rsn, T af. 1.22), 7.00.

C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea (3615-3623)

3615 AE. 19m m , 3.68g (2). S 36,

RSN

1898, 40. Y ear 47

[ 3 ] = ad

i i

/ i

2

H ead of Dionysus, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ; M o u n t A rgaeus; above, eagle; MZ i . B (L ö b b ), 3.55; 2. M u ; 3. V 20046, 3.80.

3616 AE. 20m m , 7.60g (1).

[ i ]

S 37, RSN 1898, 41 L aureate head of A pollo, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ; lyre; MZ i . B (L ö b b ), 7.60.

3617 AE. 19m m , 3.78g (2). S 38,

RSN

1898, 42. Y ear 53 =

[ 2 ] ad

17/18

B ust of A thena, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ; shield a n d spear; ΝΓ i . B (L ö b b = RSN 1898, T af. 1 .25), 4.34; 2 . P 241 (owl in fro n t o f b u s t on o b v.), 3.22.

3618 AE. 23 m m , 7.05 g (4).

assigned to the reign of Caligula (Sydenham, p. 33; Walker, pp. 43-4). Both issues are poorly struck, but the main reason for placing them together arises from the legends. On both issues there are a number of completely different layouts of and breaks in the legends. More noticeably, both the Drusus and the Germanicus legends have a number of variants (unlike the coins of Caligula), and in particular have an infuriating vagueness about their use of the letters P and I, which are often hopelessly confused. Thus the PM in the middle of the legend of Tiberius often appears as I M; the P at the end of TR P for Drusus may look like an I, while the IMP at the end of Germanicus’s legend may appear as IMP, PM , I M or even M I. Similarly, the F for filiu s is often omitted from the Drusus and from the Germanicus legends. These similarities are not, of course, conclusive, but are sufficiently close to justify the association of the two coin types into a single issue, with a neat dynastic pairing of the members of Tiberius’s family:

[ 4 ]

Divus Augustus 1. Tiberius r.

S 39, RSN 1898, 43. H ead of T y ehe, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ; M o u n t A rgaeus; above, w reath; ΝΓ

3621

i . L 1938—10—7—72 (ex S y d en h am ), 7.66; 2. P 242 (= W a 6739), 6.25; 3—4. B (L öbb, L B ), 7.48. 6.80. 3619

AE. 15m m , 2.93g (1). S 40,

RSN

555

D rachm s (3631—3: A R 89% , 3.54g). [ 4 coins, 2 obv. dies ] S 43, Ric 84-5 ___ T I CAES A V G P M T R P X X X IV ; lau reate head, r. D R V SV S CAES T I A V G F C O S T R P IT ; bare head o f D rusus, 1.

[ i ]

1898, 44

V eiled fem ale head, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑΣ; two ears o f corn; ΝΓ

i . N Y , 3.62; 2. P ( = 3622

I. O, 2.93.

Germanicus r. Drusus 1.

bnc

158), 3.63; 3. V 39131, 2.15; 4 . B 28841, 3.68.

See 3 6 2 1 .

[ 24 coins, 19 obv. dies ]

S 43-7 corr., BMC 171 corr., W alker 436-39, Ric 86-8 T I CAES A V G P M T R P X X X V ; lau re ate head, r. a) D R V SV S CAES T I A V G G O C II T R P; head of D rusus, 1.

T ib e riu s

I. P, 3.42; 2. N F A 1979, 620, 3.97; 3. V 39133, 3.35; 4 . S G M B , J u n e

F i r s t g r o u p ( G re e k le g e n d s)

1973. A 586; 5. L eu 10 (1974), 44, 3.57; 6 . V 39132, 3.55; 7. V 39134, 3 -4 5 ·

The earliest silver issues are probably those with Greek legends, which Sydenham thought had a ‘close similarity of style’ with the dated coins of Tiberius and Drusus (Syden­ ham, p. 3), an observation which was accepted by Walker (p. 43). The similarity is not, however, particularly close, so the exact date of the issue is probably best left uncertain, somewhere between 17 and 32. For a discussion of the radiate figure, on top of Mt Argaeus, see P. Weiss, J N G 35 (1985), pp. 21-48. 3620

D rachm s (AR 86% , 3.61g). S 42,

BM C

[ 52 coins, 30 obv. dies ]

i i , W alker 429-35

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΘΕΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; M o u n t A rgaeus, surm o u n ted by radiate and naked statu e, holding globe a n d sceptre !· L *9 7 9 “ I —I —ϊ ο 9 7 ·

b) D R V SV S CAES T I A V G C O S II T R P 1 - 2 . P, 3.64 a n d 3.37; 3. N Y , 3.79.

c) D R V SV S CAES T I A V G F C O S I I T R P i. L =

b m c

172; 2. L = BMC 17 1; 3. B 27933, 3 -7 3 -

d) D R V SV S CAES T I A V G F C O S II T R P O T i . C o p 175, 3.75; 2· N Y , 3.44; 3 . N C i r c , D ec. 1985, 8426; 4 . S C M B , S ept. 1976, C 268; 5. N Y , 2.99. T h e read in g D R V S V S C A E S A R T I A V G F I M P occurs on a coin in M u (3.47), w h ich is a m o d e rn forgery, as the p o o r p o rtra it style a n d u n u su a l (3 o ’clock) die axis d em o n strate. 3623

See 3 6 a I. S 50-3, BMC 105, W alker 440-3,

[ r6 coins, 10 obv. dies ] r ic

C aligula 60-2

D IV V S A V G V ST V S; rad iate head o f A ugustus, 1. a) G E R M A N IC V S C ES T I A V G V C O S I I P M; beard ed head of G erm anicus, r. I. P, 3.06; 2—3 . L = BMC 105-6; 4 . CH 1.1 I 7, 15.

b) G E R M A N IC V S CAES T I A V G V C O S I I P M S e c o n d g r o u p ( L a t i n le g e n d s ): A D 3 3 - 4

There follow the dated drachms with portraits of Tiberius and Drusus. There are two main varieties, with the tribunician dates XXXIV and XXXV ( a d 32/3 and 33/4), the former being extremely rare (known in only four specimens). With these should probably be associated the drachms struck for Divus Augustus and Germanicus, normally

I. B all V I .568; 2. B (L ö b b ), 3.50; 3 . G; 4 . 39137, 3 -6 °; 6· B lançon 3 (1987), 62.

ch i.i

17 (B M file); 5 . V

c) G E R M A N IC V S CAES T I A V G F C O S II M [ i . N Y , 3.69; 2. L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—109 8 .

d) G E R M A N IC V S CAES T I A V G F C O S I I IM P i . N Y , 3.58; 2. S C M B , J u n e 1973, A 589 (fully legible); 3. B (417/1925), 3.79; 4 . H irsch X V I I , 1240, 3.57.

e) G E R M A N IC V S CAES T I A V G C O S II i . O , 3.70; 2. S C M B , M ay 1978, C 495.

3626

C a lig u la

See

[ 12 coins, 7 obv. dies ]

3625.

S 56, BMC 240, W alker 453,

The drachms of Caligula are usually dated to a d 37/8, because he is given the title TR POT. This could, however, probably have been used at any time during his reign. The drachms of Divus Augustus and Germanicus are usually dated to Caligula’s reign, but are here assigned to Tiberius (see above). The didrachms of Germanicus are discussed under the reign of Claudius (see below). 3624

D rachm s (AR 92% , 3.58g). S 48, BMC 102, W alker 444-7,

3627

[ 4 coins, 1 obv. die ]

3625.

S 63,

i . L 1926—9—1—1.

242,

bmc

r ic

124

i . L = B M C 242 ( = NZ 1915, T af. X .1 3 = NC 1894, 4, a n d pi. i .3), 6.70; 2— 3 . P 30a a n d 30b, 7.52 a n d 7.27; 4 . T r a u (H ess 1935) lo t 387. S am e obv. die: 1—4; sam e rev. die: 1-2. T h e d id ra c h m o f D ivus C la u d iu s an d M essa lin a re p o rte d in P b y M a ttin g ly { B M C , p. 282*) ca n n o t be found, a n d an y w ay seem s im p lau sib le.

C la u d iu s 3628

The reign of Claudius saw the introduction of the didrachm. There were two main types, DE BRITANNIS (triumphal quadriga) and P P OB CIVES SERVATOS (in wreath), both struck at the same time, as the use of shared obverse dies indicates. In addition some rare didrachms were struck for Claudius’s father, Drusus the Elder, and for his wife, Messalina. Walker (p. 44) dated the whole group to a d 46—8, while Sydenham thought the DE BRITANNIS type was prob­ ably issued in a d 46. It is difficult, however, to be very definite about chronology. We know, from rare bronze coins of Claudius dated ETH (3655-8), that the mint was active in a d 48, while the DE BRITANNIS type could not have been minted before 43, and the Messalina coin could not have been minted after 48 (or indeed before 43, as it names Britannicus on the reverse). The coin of Drusus, on the other hand, suggests an early date; his aurei and denarii with the very similar reverse type have recently been dated by von Kaenel to a d 41-2, and his sestertii to a d 41-2 and 42-3 (M ü n zp rä g u n g u n d M ü n z b ild n is des C laudius, pp. 9, 22 and 28), although this chronology is not necessarily absolutely correct. Nor is it clear how much weight to put on the fact that on aurei and denarii DE BRITANN does not appear until 46, the factor which presumably influenced Sydenham’s dating, or that P P does not appear on aurei and denarii with the oak wreath type before the same year. All that one can say with reasonable certainty is that the group was produced between 43 and 48, and probably towards the end of that period. D idrachm s

( 3 6 2 5 —8 :

A R 86% , 7.32 g). [ 30 coins, 15 dies ]

S 55, BMC 237, W alker 449-52,

ric

122

T I C LA V D CAES A V G G E R M P M T R P; laureate head, 1. D E B R IT A N N IS ; E m p ero r in triu m p h al q uadriga, r. i. L =

See

M E S S A L L IN A A V G V S T I; b u st of M essalina, r. O C T A V IA B R IT A N N IC VS A N T O N IA ; the three children of C laudius an d M essalina. O ctav ia and B ritannicus hold hands; A nto n ia has a m odius (?) on her head an d holds a cornucopia

63

C C A E SA R A V G G E R M A N IC V S ; head, r. IM P E R A T O R P O N T M A X T R P O T ; sim pulum and lituus

3625

123

i . L = B M C 2 4 0 . O n i rev. die th e in scrip tio n is ju s t O B C IV E S S E R V A T O S (S 57, B 18/1928). As th e die is o th erw ise perfectly n o rm a l (a n d th e coin sh ares an obv. die w ith P P sp ecim ens, N Y , 7.27), this is p ro b a b ly ju s t an e n g rav e r’s error.

[ 23 coins, 19 obv. dies ] ric

r ic

T I C LA V D CAES A V G G E R M P M T R P; laureate head, 1. P P O B C IV E S S E R V A T O S ; w ithin oak w reath

bm c

237.

See

3625.

S 62,

r ic

[ 4 coins, 1 obv. die ]

125-6

N E R O C LA V D D R V SV S G E R M A N IC V S IM P; lau reate head of D rusus, r. D E G E R M A N IS ; on arch itrav e of triu m p h al arch su rm ounted by equestrian statue i . R ex G n ecch i ex C a e sa re a 1906 h o a rd (rin 1908, T a v . I . i ) ; 2. C a e sa re a 1972 h o a rd ( = ch i, 116), no. 11, 7.20; 3. C a e sa re a 1972 h o ard , no. 12 =

p ! 974 / 338 , 7-31 -

G erm a n ic u s

It is not at all clear when one should date the coins in the name of Germanicus, which commemorate his coronation of the Armenian king Artaxias in a d 18, and bear the cor­ rect consular date for Germanicus for that year. It has been suggested that the coins were minted in that year (A. Bald­ win, A réthuse (1927), p. 150), but Mattingly (B M C I, p. cxlviii), followed by Sydenham (p. 32), assigned them to the reign of Caligula on grounds of style and historical prob­ ability (this seems rather unlikely, however, as Caligula gave Armenia away). Most recently, Walker (p. 44) has put them in Claudius’s reign, on the grounds that the didrachm was not otherwise minted before the reign of Claudius, and pointing out that a commemoration of Germanicus was just as likely under Claudius as under Caligula, as the Claudian asses of Germanicus show. On the other hand, there are also rare drachms of Germanicus and Artaxias; if the didrachms are dated to Claudius’s reign, then these could be the only drachms produced in the reign, a consideration which somewhat weakens Walker’s denominational argu­ ment. (The single coin analysed by Walker had a silver content of 86%, but this is equally compatible with the fineness of drachms under (late) Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius.) For the time being, the coins have been left, with Walker, under Claudius, but with appropriate reservations.

C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea (3629-3633)

3629 D idrachm s (AR 8 6 %, 7 .5 0 g (4 )).

[ 5 coins, i obv. die ]

S 4 9 , BMC 104 , Rie C aligula 59 G E R M A N IC V S C A E SA R T I A V G F C O S II; head of G erm anicus, r. A R T A X IA S G E R M A N IC V S ; A rtaxias crow ned by G erm anicus, w ho holds spear I . L = BM C IO4., 7.41; 2. B (424/1891 = zfN 1899, 228), 7.66; 3. P M 6 2 2 I, 7.47; 4. M ü n z h a n d lu n g B asel io , M a r. 1938, lo t 539; 5. M azzin i, T av . xxiv.6, 7.47. S am e obv. die: 1-5; sam e rev. die: 3 -4 .

3630 D rachm . 3.14g (1).

[ 2 coins, 1 obv. die ]

S As

3629,

b u t drachm

i . P M 2 1 9 3 ( = L . L affranchi, rin 1918, 184), 3.14; 2. ?L eningrad (form erly L uynes: rn 1838, 338, w here w rongly described as gold; see zfN 1899, 228, n. 2).

N e ro

The coins of Nero from Caesarea fall into two groups (apart from the tetradrachms of Nero and Divus Claudius, which are not regarded here as minted at Caesarea: see below). The two groups can be distinguished by their different obverse legends and portraits: G roup 1: NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR AVG GERMANI, early portrait (some of these coins have in the past been attributed to Crete, where they may still be found in museum collections; however, the similarities of style and legend with Caesarean coins, coupled with their presence in hoards of Caesarean coins, guarantee the attribution); G roup a: NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR AVG GERMA, later, ‘steps’, portrait. F ir s t g ro u p ( G E R M A N I )

Agrippina. Indeed there are some die links: NY 7.57 (veiled) = B M C 427 (veiled) = NY 7.33 (bare); NY 7.54 (veiled) = V 39129 (veiled) = B M C 422 (bare) = V 33504 (bare). Some of the dies used for the Agrippina coins are like those used for the rare didrachms with ARMENIAC: e.g., P 33 (veiled Agrippina), Leu 10, 1974, 69 (bare Agrip­ pina) and NY 6.70 (ARMENIAC). Similarly, the treat­ ment of the hemidrachm obverses (Victory and ARMENIAC) is like that on some of the Agrippina drachms. Finally, the obverses used with the Divus Claudius reverses match those used with both ARMENIAC and Agrippina reverses. The style of the 24- and 12-as coins is not particularly similar, though it is not unlike that used on some of the hemidrachms. The small sample of these very rare coins, however, makes the significance of this rather uncertain, and, for the time being, it seems best to regard them as part of the rest of the group. The stylistic considerations advanced above suggest that it was a fairly concentrated group, with the Agrippina coins, initially a pair with those of Divus Claudius (note the legends ...P A T E R AVG and ...M A T E R AVG) being replaced by the ARMENIAC ones, and the Divus Claudius coins being struck throughout. The main chronological parameters for this group are the type of obverse portrait which precedes the ‘steps’ type (introduced in 63), the presence of Agrippina (before her murder in 59), and the references to the Armenian victories won by Nero’s general, Corbulo, in his campaigns of 58-60. All these considera­ tions combined seem to make it most likely that the whole group was struck during the period 58—60, in connection with Corbulo’s campaigns. As Nero never seems to have adopted the title A rm eniacus, ARMENIAC must presumably stand for something like Victoria Armeniaca. 3631

The first group of Neronian coins were struck mainly as didrachms, drachms or hemidrachms, with a variety of dif­ ferent reverses: Didrachm

Divus Claudius Agrippina (bare) Agrippina (veiled) Victory (ARM ENIAC)

Drachm

D idrachm s

I.

3632

Claudius in wreath Agrippina (bare) in wreath

Agrippina (bare) in wreath

L =

See

r ic

613

413.

[ 31 coins, 14 obv. dies ]

3631. r ic

607

N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A E SA R A V G G E R M A N I; lau reate head of N ero, r. A G R IP P IN A A V G V ST A M A T E R A V G V S T I; bu st of A grippina, r. i. L = 3633

See

bm c

422.

[

3631.

S 74,

There is a certain amount of stylistic variety within the obverse portraits used for the group, particularly in the rendering and positioning of the wreath ties. These are very close on obverses coupled with the veiled and bare heads of

BM C

S 73, BMC 422, W alker 455,

In addition, a number of very rare coins were struck in unusual denominations, identified by their inscriptions as 24- and I2-It(alian) As(ses). These have the following reverse types: 12-as

A R 88% , 7.36g). [ 15 coins, i i obv. dies ]

N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A E SA R A V G G E R M A N I; lau reate head of N ero, r. D IV O S C L A V D IV S A V G V S T G E R M A N IC PA T E R AVG; laureate head of C laudius, r.

Agrippina (bare) Agrippina (veiled)

24-as

( 3 6 3 1 —4 :

S 69, BMC 413, W alker 456-8,

Hemidrachm

Victory (ARM ENIAC) Victory on globe Victory and shield

555

bmc

423, W alker 454,

r ic

20 coins, 10 obv. dies ]

608

N E R O C L A V D D IV I C LA V D F C A ESA R A VG G E R M A N I; lau reate head of N ero, r. A G R IP P IN A A V G V ST A M A T E R A V G V S T I; veiled b u st of A grippina, r. ï

.L =

bm c

4 23.

3634

See

[ 6 coins, 4 obv. dies ]

3631.

3643

12-as (AR 78% , 2.50g (2)).

[ 2 coins, 1 obv. die ]

S 80, BMC 405, RIC 6ig

S 79, BMC 427, W alker 465,

N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N I; laureate head of N ero, r. A R M E N IA C ; V ictory advancing, r., w ith p alm and w reath

N E R O C L A V D D IV I C L A V D F C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N I; lau reate head of N ero, r. AC IT IB; b u st o f A grippina, r., in w reath

i . L = b m c 4 0 5 (ex E gger 1912, 737), 7.37; 2. P 1^6764, 7.63; 3 . N Y, 6.70; 4 . G len d in in g , F eb. 1962, 366; 5. G ah n 60, 937 = M M A G 222, 26; . H ess-L eu, A p r. 1936, lo t 27, 7.32.

i. L = 3644

bm c

ric

4 2 7 , 2.36; 2. H o flic h -S tern b erg 15.11.1979, lo t 73, 2.63.

H em idrachm s

( 3 6 4 4 —6 :

6

A R 8 4 % , 1.67 g). [ 20 coins, 17 obv. dies ]

S 81, BMC 406, W alker 473-6, 3635

24-as

(3635- 6 :

A R 91% , 5.25g (4)). 614, Sv 31

ric

N E R O C L A V D D IV I C LA V D F C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N I; laureate head of N ero, r. AC IT ΚΔ; lau reate head of C laudius, r., in w reath I.

L=

I.

3645

4 1 7 , 5.44; 2. B u tc h e r coil. (1987), 5.17 (sam e dies).

bm c

L

See

=

BM C

See

S 75, BMC 424, W alker 460,

ric

609, Sv 32

N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N I; laureate head o f N ero, r. AC IT ΚΔ; bu st o f A grippina, r., in w reath i. L =

3637

4 2 4 , 5.16; 2. B (588/1908), 5.24.

bm c

D rachm s

( 3 6 3 7 —4 2 :

N E R O C LA V D D IV I C L A V D F C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N I; laureate head of N ero, r. A G R IP P IN A A V G V S T A M A T E R A V G V S T I; bust of A grippina, r. i . L 1938-6-11—i, 3.48; 2. N Y (ex C a e sa re a 1906 h o a rd ), 3.80; 3. B (L ö b b ), 3.05; 4 . V 39142 (B achofen), 3.80; 5. N iggeler 659. C o u n te rm ark : K K in fro n t o f b u s t of A g rip p in a ( G Ï C 850: 1-4).

3638

See As

[ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ]

3637.

veiled b u st o f A grippina,

3637,

i . C a h n 6 0 , lo t 936; 2. T ra d e . C o u n te rm ark : K K b eh in d b u s t o f A g rip p in a

3639

3640

1.

( G IC

850: 1-2).

N ot used. See

[ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ]

3637.

S 76 N E R O C L A V D D IV I C LA V D F C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N I; lau reate head o f N ero, r. A G R IP P IN A A V G V S T A M A T E R A V G V S T I; b u st of A grippina, 1.; behind, K K i . V 3 9 1 4 3 ( = B achofen 828), 3.70; 2. R ex G necchi ex C a e sa re a 1906 h o a rd ( r in 1909, 20, a n d T a v . 1 .3).

3641

See

[ 1 coin, 1 obv. die ]

3637.

S 78, BMC 426, W alker 463, As

3640,

i. L =

3642

See

bm c

ric

As

b u t bust, r. (K K)

·

3638.

3640,

611

42 6 .

S 77, BMC 425, W alker 461—2,

r ic

i. L = 3646

See

[ 5 coins, 2 obv. dies ] 610

b u t veiled b u st of A grippina, 1. (K K behind)

i . L = b m c 4 2 5 , 3.74; 2. O (ex H ess-L eu, A pr. 1936, 26), 3.55; 3. V 39141 ( = B achofen 831), 3.65; 4 . N Y (ex C a e sa re a 1906 h o ard — A r é th u s e 1927, pi. X X IV . 10), 3.59; 5. B (1124/1910), 3 .4 t.

bmc

409, W alker 466-g,

bm c

r ic

616

409.

[ 19 coins, 16 obv. dies ]

3645.

S 83,

A R 90% , 3.48g). [ 4 coins, 4 obv. dies ]

[ 23 coins, 18 obv. dies ]

N E R O C LA V D D IV I C L A V D F C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N I; lau reate head of Nero, r. V ictory seated on globe, r., holding w reath

[ 2 coins, 1 obv. die ]

3635.

406.

3644.

S 82, 3636

615

r ic

N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N I; lau reate head o f Nero, r. A R M E N IA C ; V ictory advancing, r., w ith p alm and w reath

[ 2 coins, i obv. die ] S 70, BMC 417, W alker, 459,

612, Sv 33

bmc

4 1 1, W alker 470-2,

r ic

618

N E R O C LA V D D IV I C L A V D F C A ESA R A V G G E R M A N I; lau reate head o f N ero, r. V ictory standing, r., w ith foot on globe an d inscribing shield set on knee !· L

ϊθ Τ Θ -ϊ-ϊ-ϋ Ο δ

N e r o a n d D iv u s C la u d iu s

- te tr a d r a c h m s

There are two varieties of tetradrachm which have been attributed to Caesarea, one of which has a star behind the head of Nero (S 65) and the other which does not (S 64, described as having an ivy leaf behind the bust; this appears to be a confusion with the wreath ties). The basic descrip­ tion is as follows: NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR AVG GER; laureate head of Nero, r. DIVOS CLAVD AVG GERMANIC PATER AVG; laureate head of Claudius, r. These have normally been attributed to Caesarea, ever since hoards showed that the didrachms and drachms with the heads of Nero and Divus Claudius (and similar legends) were minted there. Sydenham’s opinion was that ‘it scarcely seems reasonable ... to separate the tetradrachms from the didrachms and the drachms as they are similar in style and bear the same distinctive forms of legend’ (p. 36η.). However, as Walker has observed (M etrology, p. 69), the style is in fact different. So, too, are the legends: the tetradrachms have AVG rather than AVGVST in the reverse legend and GER rather than GERMANI or GERMA at the end of the obverse. The significance of this second difference is that it disassociates the coins from all the other Neronian coins of Caesarea, whose obverse legends always end, as has been seen, with one of those two forms. Walker’s analyses showed that the silver fineness of the coins also was different from Caesarean coins - 63%

C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea (3647-3652)

fine instead of 82%. Finally, as Walker noted, the tetradrachm is otherwise unattested as a denomination at Caesarea, and the coins have never been found in Asia Minor. Walker assigned them to two uncertain mints in Syria; certainly Syria seems to be the source of these coins, as they seem to turn up there. The coins are therefore catalogued under Syria (4122-3), where further discussion of their date and mint can be found.

not dealing with co-operation between imperial silver mints. One might perhaps hypothesise that these coins may have been produced in Pontus, at the former royal Pontic mint, which ceased coining with the annexation of the king­ dom in 64. In favour of this view is the fact that the didrachm was a known denomination in Pontus under Polemo II, and that the die axis of Polemo’s coin is usually six o’clock. This attribution is, however, only a guess. 3647

N e ro - seco n d g ro u p ( G E R M A )

Divus Claudius Divus Claudius Mt Argaeus ET I Mt Argaeus ET IA Mt Argaeus ET I

All the drachms and hemidrachms hang together stylisti­ cally, and there seems no doubt that they were minted during the 10th and 1ith regnal years (63/4 and 64/5). We should probably date the bulk of the issue to 64, presum­ ably in connection with the Armenian invasion of that year. The chronology of the enormous issue of didrachms is, however, less clear, as there are two distinct styles of portrait and lettering. One of these, which accounts for the greater number of the coins, is very like that of the drachms and hemidrachms, and presents no problems. The other is, however, very different (so much so that the coins have sometimes been catalogued elsewhere, e.g., B M C Antioch 174), and includes some coins with the variant . . . D I . . . instead of ... D I V I ... in the obverse legend. It is perhaps this group which Walker thought had a rather younger portrait, and which he therefore dated to c. 60-3, though allowing the possibility that it might perhaps have been completely produced in 63 (p. 45). As, however, this second style of portraiture also shows Nero with the later ‘steps’ portrait, which was not introduced until his tenth year (e.g., at Rome and Antioch), dates earlier than 63 must be excluded. How are we to interpret this unusual stylistic group? It cannot be simply a slightly earlier (or later) issue of Caesarea, nor indeed a contemporary issue from dies engraved by a different engraver, since a number of speci­ mens have die axis which varies from the twelve o’clock which is otherwise the invariable rule at Caesarea. There also seems a much greater variation in the weights of the coins, some of them being less than 6g. There seem only two alternatives: either the group represents the product of another mint, or the coins are a systematic group of ancient forgeries. The second alternative seems unlikely. On the other hand, it is hard to see exactly where this other mint might be. We can, at any rate, be sure that, unlike in later times (from the Flavian period onwards and especially in the early second century), the subsidiary group has no styl­ istic connection with any other imperial silver mint (whether Rome, Antioch or Alexandria) and that we are

[ 48 coins, 46 obv. dies ] 415,

bmc

ric

620 corr.

i . L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 0 2 . T h e v a ria n t leg en d en d in g G E R M reco rd ed by S y d en h am (S 67, R I C 619) seem s to be v ery rare; it h as been definitely en c o u n tered on only one coin (M u 10, 7.03), w h ere th e en g rav e r h ad sim ply ru n o u t o f space on th e die.

th a n in th e firs t g ro u p : Nero Nero Nero Nero Nero

D idrachm s (AR 82% , 7.28g). S 68 (p art), W alker 477-88,

N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A E SA R A V G G E R M A ; lau reate head, r. D IV O S C L A V D IV S A V G V S T G E R M A N IC P A T E R A VG ; lau reate head o f C laudius, r.

The second group of Neronian coins from Caesarea all have an obverse legend ending GERMA, thus NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR AVG GERMA, and the later, mature, portrait of Nero. There are fewer different sorts of didrachm drachm drachm drachm hemidrachm

557

3648

D rachm s (3648—50: A R 79% , 3.47g). [ 18 coins, 16 obv. dies ] S 72, W alker 489-94,

bmc

418,

r ic

622

As 3 6 4 7 , b u t drach m i . L = b m c 4 2 0 . T h e v a ria n t leg en d en d in g G E R M reco rd e d b y S y d en h am (S71, R I C 621) occurs very rarely (e.g., B M C 418); ag a in th e reaso n is th a t th e en g rav e r h as ru n o u t o f sp ace on th e die. 3649

See 3648.

[ 8 coins, 5 obv. dies ]

S85 N E R O C LA V D D IV I C L A V D F C A E SA R A V G G ER M A ; lau reate head, r. E T I; M o u n t A rgaeus surm o u n ted by naked and radiate figure, holding globe an d sceptre i . P 248, 3.53; 2. SN C , M ar. 1971, 2699A; 3. L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—1 1 0 6 ( = v A 6361), 3.40; 4 . N Y (= H e s s - L e u , A p r. 1936, 32), 3.59; 5. B (R au ch ), 3.18; 6. C o p 184, 2.63; 7. B all V I, 573, 3.7; 8, H ess-L eu , A p r. 1936, 31. S am e obv. dies: 1, 2, 6; 4, 5. T h e v a ria n t leg en d e n d in g G E R M w as reco rd ed b y S y d en h am (S 85), b u t a clear sp ecim en h as n o t been observed. 3650

See 3648.

[ 6 coins, 4 obv. dies ]

S 88, W alker 497-8 As 3 6 4 9 , b u t E T IA i . P 249, 3.50; 2. N Y ex C ae sa re a 1906 h o a rd (A r é t h u s e 1927, pi. X X I V .15), 3.55; 3. V 20052, 2.40; 4 . L 1 9 1 0 - 2 - 4 - 1 , 3.47; 5. B (Fox), 3.08; 6. O , 3.12; 7. N Y , 3.59. S am e obv. dies: 2, 3; 1, 6. T h e v a ria n t en d in g G E R M to th e obv. legend occu rs o n a sp ecim en in N Y , 3.59. T h e re is an o ld forgery w ith th is rev. ty p e a n d w ith th e obv. legend N E R O C A E S A R A V G V S T V S . S pecim ens, all from th e sam e dies, o ccur in gold (V 20051, 7.55, M u C .17, 7.56) a n d silver (V forgeries, c f . M io n n et 4.410.18). T h e falsity o f the coins is e v id en t from th e sty le (e.g., o f th e rev. figure) a n d th e 6 o ’clock die axis. 3651

H em idrachm s (A R 8 5 % , 1.61 g (5)). [ 2 coins, 2 obv. dies ] S 86, W alker 495-6 As 3 6 5 0 (E T I), b u t h em idrachm i . B (L 5 b b ), 1.73; 2. A u fh ä u s e r 6 (1989), lot 318. O n all th e o th e r fo u r h em id rach m s seen w ith M o u n t A rg aeu s o n th e rev ., th e re a d in g o f the d a te is E T I[, leav in g o p en th e po ssib ility th a t pieces m ay exist for y ea r 11 as well: B M C 14, 1.48; B M C 15, 1.55; B (L ö b b ), 1.66 a n d 1.64.

S U B S I D I A R Y 3652

G R O U P

-

P O N T U S ?

D idrachm s (3652—3: 6 .7 2 g (13)). [ 7 coins, 7 obv. dies ] S 68 As 3 6 4 7 , b u t different style i , P 3 8 , 5.14; 2. P, 6.88; 3. B (L ö b b ), 7.15; 4 . B r, 7.55; 5 . H irsch X X V I, 679, 7.63; 6. B all V I, 571, 7.3; 7 . C ; 8 . S C M B , J u ly 1977, C 566.

558

3653

C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea (3653-3654)

See 3652.

[ 8 coins, 5 obv. dies ]

S 66 As 3652, b u t obv. legend N E R O C LA Y D D I C LA V D F C A E SA R A V G G E R M A i . L = b m c A n tio c h 174, 6.37; 2. B (L ö b b ), 6.18; 3. V 39140, 6.95; 4 . P; 5. S tern b e rg X (1980), 298, 5.56; 6. C a h n 80, 369, 6.91; 7. H ess-L eu , A p r. 1936, 15, 7.42; 8. H irsch X X I V (1914), 957, 6.30. 1, 2, 5 a n d 6 from th e sam e dies.

B ro n ze

Very little bronze coinage was minted at Caesarea in the early imperial period. There was a small issue (known from only two specimens) in the name of Germanicus, and signed ΕΠΙ COVPA. Sura was identified by Sydenham as Q. Veranius Sura; Q. Veranius was the legate of Germanicus who was responsible for the organisation of the new prov­ ince of Cappadocia (Tac., A n n . Π.56). There is, however, no reason to suppose that Veranius had the cognomen Sura (see R. Syme, C Q (1957), pp. 123-5 = R om an P apers I, pp. 333—5), so the identity of the magistrate and the occasion remain uncertain. Under Claudius there was an issue in year 8 = a d 48, comprising four denominations; again, all are very rare today. The largest had Claudius/Mount Argaeus, the next Britannicus/Antonia and Octavia, the next Messalina/Octavia and finally Tyche/‘pyramid’ (or stylised Mount Argaeus?). There are a number of problems with these coins. First, the identity of the obverse portrait on the second denomi­ nation. Opinions have frequently varied as to whether it is Claudius or his son Britannicus (see the discussions by Imhoof-Blumer, N Z (1915), pp. 85-93, and W. Trillmich, F am ilienpropagada der K a ise r C aligula u n d C laudius, pp. 149fr.). Britannicus seems more likely, in view of the obverse inscription, which differs from that of the largest denomi­ nation (in particular omitting CEBACTOC). Similarly, the largest denomination has a laureate portrait and the smal­ ler a bare-headed one. Imhoof-Blumer’s explanation of these differences, in terms of a change of personnel or magistrates, is not very convincing. Secondly, the identifi­ cation fits well with the didrachm (3627) with Messalina on the obverse and all three children on the reverse; on the bronze coin, they again appear together, but in a different arrangement. The main argument used by Imhoof-Blumer against the identification as Britannicus was that the portrait was not childish enough for a young boy; this is not conclusive, however, since the portrait definitely looks younger than that on the largest denomination, and secondly since Britannicus hardly looks a five-year-old on the reverse of the Messalina didrachm. Secondly, the coins of Messalina and Antonia the Elder. These were traditionally attributed to Crete (Sv 29), but attributed to Caesarea by Trillmich, loc. cit. The grounds for the attribution are, firstly, that the style is not like that of Cretan coins; secondly, that the spelling of Messalina’s name with two S’s and two L’s occurs only on Caesarean silver (apart from a coin of Sinope, 2130); and, thirdly, that

the coins have a countermark otherwise found only on Caesarean bronzes of this period. This last argument is not watertight, since the Messalina coins have the countermark K Θ, whereas the other denominations have ΚΛ Θ (pace G IC 545). Even so, however, the countermarks are sufficiently similar for the argument to seem valid. The main other problem with the attribution is that the coins do not seem to have any regnal date on them, unlike the other three denominations. Despite these points, however, the attribu­ tion still seems very likely to be correct. Finally, the small ‘civic’ bronzes have usually been attributed to the reign of Trajan, but both von Aulock (see his comments on S N G 6340) and Howgego ( G I C 545) have realised that the issue for year 8 is different (e.g., in having an obverse inscription) from the other similar coins, which do indeed belong to Trajan’s reign. Other bronze issues have been incorrectly attributed to Caesarea: 1. Bronze coins with laureate head of Claudius/bust of Tyche ETOYC ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ Γ (S 58); 2. A bronze issue in two denominations, all with bare heads of Claudius and the reverse inscription KAICAPEQN ETOYC E (note the use of ‘squared’ C’s): (a) Zeus enthroned 1. (S Suppl. 59a = e.g., vA 6349); (b) Tyche seated above river god (S59). i and 2 are similar issues, which present the same problems of attribution: which Caesarea? The attribution of either to Caesarea in Cappodocia seems, however, most unlikely on many grounds: style, epigraphy (the squared C’s) and form of ethnic, which is normally KAICAPEIAC. The fabric of the coins points firmly to Cilicia and they are here catalogued as Uncertain of Cilicia (4084-6). 3. S 57 is based only on Mionnet, and surely represents a misreading for the large coins of Year 8 (‘B’ is easily con­ fused with H, particularly on a worn coin). 4. S 84 is, in fact, a bronze coin (with no regnal year), and belongs to a group of Bithynian coins without ethnic, dis­ cussed by C. Howgego in S M , 1985, p. 90, and attributed in this catalogue to Nicomedia (2084). 5. S Suppl. 35a and 35b are mistakenly described as bronze; they are in fact the two issues of silver hemidrachms made by Archelaus (3607-8). 6. S Suppl. 61 a is a misdescription of a Jewish coin (=4842). 7. S Suppl. 61b is simply a repetition of S 61. 8. S 88a (Nero/eagle) is a coin of Antioch in Pisidia (3 5 3 2 )· G e rm a n ic u s 3654

AE. 2 0m m , 5.90g (2).

[ 2 ]

S 54, RSN 1898, 46 TEPMANIKOC KAI[CAP]; bare head of G erm anicus, r. ΕΠΙ COVPA KAICAPHAC; head o f Tyche, r. i . B (L ö b b ), 6 .04; 2. G 5, 5.75. T h e flans o f b o th coins are very sim ilar, a n d one (p erh ap s b oth?) m u st be a forgery.

C A P P A D O C I A : Caesarea, Tyana, Hierapolis (Comana) (3655—3661)

2. B (B -I = T rillm ich , T af. 15.12), 7.65; 3 . B (L ö b b = nz 1915, T a f. 10.1), 7 .3 1; 4 —5. P 246-7 = W a 6747 -8 , 6.77, 6.78; 6. V 33503 ( = B achofen 825, T a f. 42); 7. L = b m c 13 (pi. 8.9 = S, fig. g = T rillm ich , T a f. 15.13), 6.05. C o u n te rm ark s: M o u n t A rgaeus a n d ΚΛ Θ ( G I C 424: 2 -7 ); E ( G I C 671: 7).

C la u d iu s , AD 4 8

3655 AE. 26m m , 11.77g (3 )· Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

S 60 3657

TIBEPIOC KAAYAIOC KAICAP CEBACTOC; lau reate head of C laudius, r. KAICAP ET H; M ou n t A rgaeus surm o u n ted by statu e

7

i . V 2 7 3 3 5 /6 ( = T rillm ich , T af. 15.9), 3.90; 2—3. B (C re te ) (b o th I-B, incl. T rillm ich , T a f 15.8), 4 .3 9 , 5.24; 4 . G C rete 5; 5. P In certain e s { = E s s a y s M a t t i n g l y , 103, n. 3), 3.50; 6. S tern b e rg X X I (1988), lo t 357 = M M A G 41 (1970), 586, 3.57. F o r a ttrib u tio n , see in tro d u ctio n . C o u n te rm ark : K Θ ( G I C 545: 3 -6 ).

] 3658

S 61, BMC 13

mg 416,

AE. 16 m m , 3.07 g (3).

[ 2 ]

S Suppl. 236a

KAAYAIOC KAICAP BPITANNIKOC; bare head of B ritannicus, 1. KAICAP ET H; OKTAOYIA ANTWNIA; O ctav ia and A ntonia, both holding cornucopias, clasp hands i . B (I-B =

[ 5 ]

MECCAAAINA CCBACTOY; d ra p e d b u st o f M essalina, r. ANTWNIA CCBACTH; d rap ed b u st of A ntonia, r.

3)·

[

AE. 19m m , 4 .1 2 g (5). Axis: 12. Sv 29

i . B (L öbb = T rillm ich , T a f. 15.n ) , 12.07; 2. B (L öbb), 12.79; 3 · vA 6351, 10.46; 4 . F lorence (mg 417, no. 180); 5. U n c e rta in ( = nz 1915, T af. X .3, b u t n o t in M u as s ta te d there). C o u n te rm ark s: M o u n t A rg aeu s a n d ΚΛ Θ ( G I C 424: 1-3, 5); E ( G I C 671:

3656 AE. 21 m m , 6.65g (6)· Axis: 12.

559

nO AEW C KAICAPEIAC; head o f Tyche, 1. ET H; p yram id i . P W a 6742; 2. vA 6340, 3.07; 3 . N Y , 3.39; 4 . G o, 2.75. C o u n te rm ark : ΚΛ Θ ( G I C 545 corr.: 3 -4 ).

179, a n d T a f G .32 = T rillm ich , T a f 15.14), 6.31;

Tyana N e ro , a d 6 6 3659

____

AE. 23m m , 10.89g (3 )· Axis: I2 ·

[ 3 ]

3 6 6 0 A E. ig m m . Axis: 12. [ 1 ] NCPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r. TVANCWN £T IB; T yche seated, 1.; river god, below

NEPWN KAICAP; lau reate head, r. TVANEW NCT IB; T yche seated, r.; river god, below

'■ v 202,0

I. B (B -I), 12.60; 2. P 750, 7.77; 3 . L 1 9 9 1 -1 -3 0 -8 4 , 12.29.

Hierapolis (Comana) Since A. Dupont-Sommer and L. Robert rejected all poss­ ible candidates for a coinage of Hierapolis {Le D éesse de H ierapolis C astabala (1964), p. 19; cf. pp. 94-5), a new coin has turned up for Nero, whose ethnic with the mention of the river Saros leaves no doubt about the attribution to Comana (modern Shar). The letter B in the reverse exergue perhaps denotes the second year of Nero’s reign, with which the youthful portrait is compatible, although the absence of any symbol or formula for ‘year’ is surprising, though paral­ leled on the bronze coinage of Archelaus of Cappadocia (3609-19). The precise description and identification of the reverse type is not clear.

N ero, a d 3661

55 ___________________

AE. 21 m m , 6.06 g (1). Axis: 6.

[ o ]

NEPWNOC ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ KAICAPOC CEBA CTO Y; laureate head, r. IEPOnOAITW N [TWN] nP O C TW CAP; m ountain; below, B i . J S W , 6.06.

CILICIA Introduction Selinus (Ninica) Gietis (Eirenopolis) Anemurium Celenderis (Seleucia-ad-Calycadnum)

T RAC H EIA

C at. no.

Page

3701-2 — 3703 — 3704-8 3709-1° -

560 561 561 561 561 562 562 562

Cilicia was the nam e given to two very different regions of southeast Asia M inor (Jones, C ities , pp. 192—214). Cilicia Pedias consisted of the fertile p lain w atered by the Pyram us, S am s and C ydnus rivers, and included the cities of Soli-Pom peiopolis, T arsus, A ugusta, M allus, M opsus, A nazarbus, Aegeae, E piphanea, A lexandria-ad-Issum and Rhosus; d uring the period of this catalogue this region form ed p a rt of the province of Syria, an d the coins are catalogued there (4101-81); inland there was also the principality of T arcondim otus (39-31 b c ) an d his successor Philopator (20 b c —a d 17), w hich seems to have centred on H ierapolis C astab ala (3871-2). F u rth er to the west lay the more inaccessible an d m ountainous region of Cilicia T racheia, w hich supported only a few cities along its coastal strip: Syedra, Selinus, A nem urium , Celenderis, Corycus and Elaeusa. Some coinage was also m ade in the interior (the Cietis region; b u t probably not at the cities of N inica and Eirenopolis: see the com m entary). T he R om ans thou g h t it better, as Strabo records (14.5.6, 671), th a t T rach eia should be ruled by kings ra th e r than by R om an governors. I t h ad been given by A ntony to C leopatra; O ctavian subsequently divided it between: (a) the larger, w estern p a rt of T racheia, w hich was given to A m yntas o f G alatia, an d on his death was divided between the province of G alatia an d A rchelaus of C appadocia; on his death in 17 it passed to his son, another A rchelaus, who was still reigning in 36. M ost of the kingdom , and the cities of T rach eia, were given to A ntiochus IV of C om m agene by C aligula in 38; (b) the principality of O lba, ruled by the T eucrid high priests an d controlling m uch of eastern T racheia, the trib al areas of the C ennatae an d the Lalasseis. T he dynasty seems to have died out in 41, w hen the principality was g ranted to Polemo I I of Pontus in retu rn for his loss of B osporus, an d he was perhaps responsible for Cietis Selinus Anemurium Celenderis Corycus Sebaste

24m m, 23mm, 23 mm, 24m m, 24 mm, 25 mm,

IO. 18g 10.19g 9.08 g 7.46g 8.47 g 10.08 g

(7) (4) (6) (ri) (4) (7)

average:

24 mm, 9.05 g (39)

Corycus Elaeusa-Sebaste Olba Uncertain Ajax M. Antonius Polemo King Polemo

C at. no.

Page

371 I - I 3 3714-22

563 563 564 565 565 566 566

3723 3724-34 3735-9 3740-2

its urbanisation. Polemo m ay have continued to reign there after the loss of his Pontic kingdom in 64 (cf. G alba and M. A nt. Polemon: 3741). Tw o cities only in T racheia produced coinage w ith the p o rtra it of an em peror: Syedra (Tiberius) and Corycus (ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ, alm ost certainly Tiberiu's to ju d g e from the p o rtrait). Syedra was, however, probably in the p a rt of w estern Cilicia w hich was transferred first to G alatia and then (with the rest of Pam phylia) to Lycia and Pam phylia, where its coinage is catalogued (3405). I t is not clear how to in terpret the issue from Corycus. I t m ust either have been m ade in honour o f Tiberius w hen Corycus was under the control of the A rchelaus who succeeded in a d i 7 ; or possibly his kingdom did not include Corycus (and so ElaeusaSebaste), though the city was, o f course, subsequently given to A ntiochus IV o f Com m agene. T he general absence of easily datable coinage from the region makes it very difficult to know w hether or how m uch ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coinage should be included in this catalogue. These are generally dated between the second century and ‘im perial tim es’; for the m ost p a rt these have not been included here (see, e.g., the discussion on Seleucia, p. 562), b u t sometimes they have, since the dating is rather m ore certain (Elaeusa). W e are very aw are, however, th at in this respect this area of the catalogue m ay well prove to be deficient. T he m etrology of the cities (and tribal area of Cietis) of Cilicia T racheia, striking for A ntiochus IV , is fairly con­ sistent, although an exception m ay be the coins of Celenderis, w hich seem to be system atically lighter. The p attern w hich emerges can be seen from the table below, although m uch uncertainty applies to the sm aller deno­ m inations, due to their scarcity. W hen these figures are com pared w ith the m etrology of the cities of eastern

17 mm, 4.48 g (6) 14mm, 3.05g (2)

19 mm, 5.61 g (3)

22 mm, 6.19g

(3 )

21 mm, 5.90 g (6)

17mm, 4.48g (6)

14mm, 3.05g (2)

C I L I C I A T R A C H E I A : Selinus, Ninica Claudiopolis, Cietis, Eirenopolis (3701-3703)

Cilicia, it can be seen th a t there seems to be quite a good fit. East Cilicia 34m m, 28.78g 26-30 mm, 14.81g 23~5m m , 10.83g 18-22 mm, 6.94 g 16-18mm, 3.79g i4 -i6 m m , 3.10g

W est Cilicia (2) (24) (123) (56) (48) (10)

24 mm, 21 mm, 17 mm, 14mm,

9.05 g 5.90g 4.48 g 3.05g

56/

fit too well w ith th at of his other coins, from Com m agene, L acanatis and Lycaonia, unless one assum es th a t the most com m on Cilician denom ination was not produced elsewhere in the kingdom: Commagene 24—8 mm, 14.61 g (21) 18-22 mm, 6.95 g (28) 16mm, 3.59g (9) Lacanatis 25m m, 15.13g ( n ) Lycaonia 25m m, 14.49g (11) 19mm, 6.84g (3)

(39) (6) (6) (2)

W est Cilicia was, of course, p a rt of the kingdom of A nti­ ochus of Com m agene, b u t the C ilician m etrology does not

O n the other hand, the largest denom ination corresponds well enough w ith A ntioch and the so-called Com m agene coins of T iberius (29111111/15.58g (19)).

Selinus For Selinus, see now E. L evante, N C 1990, pp. 226-30.

Antiochus I V o f Commagene, 38-72 ______________ 3701

AE. 23m m , 10.19g (4). Axis: 12.

3 7 0 2 A E. 17m m , 4 .4 3 g (12). Axis: 12.

IW TAIIH BACIAICCA; d rap ed an d diadem ed bust of Io tap e, r. CCAINOYCIVVN; A rtem is standing, r., w ith bow, and draw ing arrow from quiver; to r., stag

[ 2 ]

GRMK 2 1 9 , n o . I

BACIAEVC METAC ANTIOXOC; d rap ed an d diadem ed bust, r. CEAINOYCIWN; Apollo standing, facing, w ith p a te ra and sceptre; to r., raven

4.

L 1 10.20;

2 .9 4 ,6 .4 0 ; 14. JS W .

I.

L e v an te 458, 5.99; 2 . L 1 9 7 4 -5 -4 -2 , 2.83; 3 . B 14/1875, 4.16; L ev an te 457, 3.53; 5 . T ra d e = L ö b b zfn X V I I (1890), 17, a n d T af. I I . 8; 6. A u fh ä u s e r 4 (1987), lo t 183, 4.68; 7. A u fh ä u s e r 3 (1986), lo t 98, 5.70; 8. P row e (E gger X L V I, 1914) lo t 2484, 4.00; 9 —13. R . Ziegler, M ü n zen K ilikien s aus kleineren deutschen Samm lungen, 171-5, 5.00, 3.87, 4.12, I.

IO.35; *· L 1 9 0 2 -6 -1 0 -5 3 , 9.95; 3 . I-B ( = GRM K 1), L e v an te 456, 10.26. 5 . B (IB = km 486, no. 1), 9.10.

9 7 4 -1 -8 -5 8 , 4.

[ 2 ]

Ninica Claudiopolis An issue of two denom inations depicting P R IN C E PS F E L IX has been attrib u ted to N inica, but, w hile it seems definitely Cilician, the attrib u tio n to N inica is not a t all definite, and the coins perhaps come from further east, from Cilicia Pedias, an d the coins have been catalogued there (see 4082-3, w ith discussion).

T he ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coin w ith bust o f goddess/ C O L N IN IC yoke of hum ped oxen has been dated to the first century a d (Levante 596), b u t is probably of the second century (com pare Levante 603). T he v A In d e x quotes a coin o f Nero from N inica in I. It has not been possible to check this.

Cietis For the nam e Cietis, see Jo n es, C ities, pp. 195-6. I t probably refers to a p articu lar district o f T racheia, the inland area at the very west of T racheia, ju s t south of Lycaonia.

Antiochus I V o f Commagene, 38-72 3 7 0 3 AE. 2 4m m , io .i 8 g (7). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΜΕΓΑΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ ΕΠΙΦΑ; diadem ed and d rap ed bust, r. ΚΙΗΤΩΝ; scorpion; to 1., crescent i . L 1 9 7 9 —1—1—2 5 7 2 (ex vA , SNG —), 11.61; 2 . L 1 9 7 2 -2 -7 -1 , 8.57; 3 . P W a 4800, 8.12; 4 . L e v an te 561, 7.59; 5 —7· A u fh ä u s e r 3 (1986), lo t 97, 4 (1987), lo t 181, 5 (1988), lo t 167, 13.02, i i . 31, 11.03. A ll fro m th e sam e obv. die.

Eirenopolis T he coins attrib u ted to Eirenopolis in C ilicia (W a 4326, followed by vA In d ex) have been reattrib u ted to Sepphoris (4 8 4 9 -5 0 )·

Anemurium Antiochus I V o f Commagene, 38-72 _________________ 3 7 0 4 AE. 23m m , 8.99 g (5)· Axis: 12.

3 7 0 6 AE. 19 m m , 5.90 g (5).

[ 2 ]

BMC 19

i . A u fh ä u s e r 4 (1987), 182, 5.53; 2. L e v a n te 4 8 6 , 6.15; 3. A u fh ä u se r 5 (1988), lo t 169, 5.16; 4 . S ch u lten 20.10.1988, lot 448, 6.03; 5. K ö ln er M ü n z k a b in e tt 46 (1988), lot 2187; 6—7. R . Ziegler, Münzen Kilikiens aus kleineren deutschen Sammlungen, i g o - i , 6.61, 6.08. T h e o b ject in th e fig u re’s h a n d looks like a n ap h la sto n on 2—7, b u t m ore like a b ra n c h on 1. C / th e sim ilar ty p e a t E laeu sa (3 7 2 1 ).

Β Α Σ ΙΛ Ε Υ Σ Μ Ε Γ Α Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ Ε Π ΙΦ Α Ν ; d rap ed and

diadem ed bust, r. Α Ν Ε Μ Ο Υ Ρ ΙΕ Ω Ν ; A rtem is standing, r., w ith bow, and

draw ing arrow from quiver; to r., stag r . A u f h ä u s e r 5 (1 9 8 8 ), 166, 10.69; * · L = b m c 19, 7.33; 3 . P (in certain es), 8.05; 4 . A u fh ä u s e r 4 (1987), lo t 179, 10.59; 5 · S ch u lten 20.10.1988, lo t 446, 10.45; 6* L a n z 46 (1988), lot 307, 8.30.

3 7 0 5 AE. 23m m , 10.15g (1).

3 7 0 7 AE. 2 2m m , 7.86g (2). Axis: i.

[ [

[ o ]

diadem ed bust, r.

3 7 0 8 AE. 14m m , 3.05g (2). Axis: 12.

Α Ν Ε Μ Ο Υ Ρ ΙΕ Ω Ν ; A rtem is standing, r., w ith bow, an d

[ o ]

ΒΑΕΙΛΕΥΕ ANTIOXO[E]; diadem ed head, r. ΒΑΕΙΛΙΠΕΗΕ ΑΝΕΜΟΥ ] ; head of Iotape, r.

draw ing arrow from quiver; in field, L IB ad

[ ?i ]

] ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ Ε Π ΙΦ Α Ν Η [ ; diadem ed head, r. ]ΑΠΗ(?) AN8M OY[ ; diadem ed head of Iotape, r.

i . L e v a n te 4 8 4 , 6.43; 2. P 30, 9.29. F o r a la rg er d en o m in atio n , see a d d e n d a 3707A.

Β Α Σ ΙΛ Ε Υ Σ Μ Ε Γ Α Σ Α Ν Τ ΙΟ Χ Ο Σ [Ε Π ΙΦ Α Ν ] ; d rap ed and

I . L e v a n te 4 8 3 , 10.15. D a te d t o

[ o ]

ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΩΤΑΠΗ; d rap ed a n d diadem ed bust, r. ΑΝΕΜΟΥΡΙΕΩΝ; m ale figure standing, 1., w ith aphlaston an d (?) sceptre

49/50.

i . L e v an te 485, 2.86; 2. JS W , 3.23.

Celenderis Antiochus I V o f Commagene, 38-72 _________________

km

3709

AE. 2 3 -4 m m , 7.02 g (9). Axis: 12.

[

7

]

BMC 2 0

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ [ ; diadem ed an d d rap ed bust, r. ΚΕΛΕΝΔΕΡΙΤΩ[Ν]; Apollo, standing 1., holding branch and resting arm on colum n surm ounted by tripod; in field, E A N i . L 1 9 7 9 -1 —1—257 (ex vA , SNG — ), 7.90; 2. L = b m c 20, 11.16; 3. P 398 (= W a 4215), 4.06; 4 - 5 . B (P rokesch, L ö b b ), 6.00, 8.34; 6 - 7 . L ev an te 540-1, 4.22, 6.40; 8. A u fh ä u s e r 4 (1987), lot 180, 5.97; 9. M u ( = k m 457, no. 19); 10. K ovacs I X (1988), lot n o ; 11. R . Z iegler, Münzen Kilikiens aus kleineren deutschen Sammlungen, 256. A ll from th e sam e obv. die. T h e re are definitely som e le tte rs u n d e r th e king’s bu st, b u t it is n o t clear w h a t they say. I t is h a rd to re a d eith er ΜΕΓΑΣ or ΕΠΙΦΑΝΗΣ, a n d ]ΓΑ Ι[ seem s m ore likely, alth o u g h its m e an in g is n o t clear.

24mm, 8.84g (4)· Axis: 12. 457, nos. 20-1

3 7 1 0 AE.

[ 3 ]

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ; diadem ed and d rap ed bust, r. KEAEMAEPITWN; A pollo, stan d in g 1., holding branch an d resting arm on colum n surm o u n ted by tripod; in field, Μ Α Σ an d [ ]P Π ΑΔΗ i . P 397 ( = W a 4214), 7.69; 2—3 . B (9941 = k m , no. 20, 1150/1878 = k m , no. 21, w ith T a f. X V I I .21), 9.19, 9.66; 4 . JS W , 7.58. S am e dies. T h ese coins pose so m eth in g o f a p ro b le m since they seem to be die-linked to o th e r coins (L ev an te 544, M ü n z Z e n tru m 58 (1986), lo t 1433, S ch u lten (20.10.1988) lo t 447, R . Z iegler, Münzen Kilikiens aus kleineren deutschen Sammlungen, p. 255) w ith Κ ΕΛΕΝΔΕΡ[ ] ΘΠΡ(?) Π ΑΔΗ , w hich m u st surely b e false in view o f th e p o o r rev. style a n d th e fact th a t th e colum n is s u rm o u n te d b y a trid e n t a n d n o t a trip o d . O n e can only su p p o se th a t an obv. die h as b een copied b y m ech an ical m ean s. A sim ilar rev. die ap p e ars o n sim ilarly suspicious-looking coins (L e v an te 539, Z iegler 254) w ith an obv. th a t is su p p o sed to be T y ch e.

Seleucia-ad-Calycadnum Seleucia produced a fairly extensive series of bronzes, which are generally dated to the late H ellenistic and early im perial period. Tw o specific associations of the nam es which appear on the coins have been m ade to support a continu­ ation of the coinage into the im perial period:

a) .

Some of the coins m ention an A thenaeus (W a 4447) and a X enarchus { G M , p. 712, no. 572, Levante 703-4); two notew orthy p eripatetic philosophers of these nam es are m entioned as his contem poraries a t Seleucia by Strabo (X IV .5.4, 670; Jo n es, C ities, p. 438, n. 30). B ut these identi­ fications are not compelling.

b)

. T h e coins w ith A th en a/ΠΟΛΕΜ ΩΝΟΣ ΣΕΛΕΥΚ[ΕΩΝ] owl (B I-B = G M , p. 712, no. 572a, Levante 714) have been associated w ith Polemo the ruler of O lb a by

R. D. Sullivan, N C (1979), p. 17: ‘a coin published by Im hoof-Blum er . . . suggests he [Polemo] did [control Seleucia], though not w hen. B ut the absence of royal titles precludes identification w ith Polemo II , at least during his kingship.’ I t seems m ore likely, as Sullivan seems to adm it, th at the Polemo on this coin is ju s t another m an w ith the same nam e, as other personal nam es appear in the same way on sim ilar coins (e.g. ΕΥΦΡΑΝΟΡΟΣ, Levante 712). T he related nam e Polem archos also occurs at Seleucia { B M C 15, Levante 706, cf. K M , p. 482, no. 8). T hus, although it is certainly possible th at some, at least, of the coinage of Seleucia was m ade during the period covered by this catalogue, the evidence does not seem strong enough to justify its inclusion.

C IL IC IA T R A G H E IA :

C o ry c u s, E la e u s a -S e b a s te ( 3 7 1 1

—3 7 1 6 )

563

Corycus For the history of Corycus in this period, see the introduc­ tion to Cilicia, p. 560. 3712-13 show that it formed part of the kingdom of Antiochus IV of Commagene, like near-by Elaeusa; and earlier it had, with Elaeusa, also probably been part of the kingdom of Archelaus of Cappadocia. In view of the portrait, 3711 seems definitely to depict Tiberius. It is, therefore, the only city in Cilicia Tracheia to depict an emperor at this time (except for Syedra, which was probably in the province of Galatia). It is not clear whether one should interpret this coin as an issue honour­ ing the emperor made by Corycus, although the city was actually subject to another ruler (cf. the coinage of Olba, 3722-40, where the emperor’s portrait appears as well as that of the local dynast); or, alternatively, as an indication that some time during the reign of Tiberius Corycus, with the cities of Cilicia Pedias, was under the direct rule of Rome.

I . J S W , 12 .95; 2. L e v an te 807 (ex W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 505), 9.50. S am e dies.

Antiochus I V o f Commagene 3712 AE. 2 2 - 8 mm, 8 .9 4 g (3)· Axis: 1 2 . [ 3 ] BACIACOC ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ANTIOXOY; diademed head, r. ΚΩΡΥΚΙΩΤΩΝ; female figure, seated L, holding patera i . P 4 9 0 ( = W a 4252: o v erstru ck o n ?), 10.42; 2. P 491 ( = W a 4253), 8-59; 3· V 20938, 7.81. i a n d 3 sh are th e sam e obv. die. T h e seated figure is p ro b ab ly su p p o sed to re p re se n t Io ta p e , as on th e sim ilar coins o f n ea r­ b y E laeu sa (3 7 1 7 —20).

3713 AE. 2 2 mm, 7 .0 9 g ( 1 ). ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΟΤΑΠΗ; veiled head of Iotape, r. ΚΩΡΥΚΙΩΤ[ ; Apollo firing bow, r.

[ o ]

I . L e v a n te 8 0 6 , 7.09. T h e n o m in ativ e case a n d th e le tte r fo rm Σ are unex p ected , b u t th e re seem s no p a rtic u la r reaso n to d o u b t th e coin’s au th en ticity .

Tiberius? 3711 AE. 24mm, 11.23 g (2 ). Axis: 1 2 . [ o ] ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; laureate head, r. APX ΔΙΟ ΚΩΡΥΚΙΩΤΩΝ; diademed head of Aphrodite, r.; to r., aphlaston

Elaeusa-Sebaste Elaeusa was given to Archelaus of Cappadocia in 20 b c , and rebuilt on a magnificent scale as the capital of Cilicia (Jones, C ities, p. 205). Under Archelaus it was named Sebaste and styled metropolis. The coinage was studied and catalogued by Imhoof-Blumer, R S N V III, pp. 24-34. Imhoof-Blumer associated Archelaus’s acquisition of Elaeusa with his production of silver drachms dated from year 20 to 42 (17/16 b c till a d 5/6), and stated that they were minted at Elaeusa (because they refer to him as κτίστης), but it seems more likely that they were produced at Caesarea, since the corresponding half-drachms depict Mt Argaeus (see 3607-8, with discussion). Imhoof-Blumer plausibly attributed some bronze coins to this period, because, in one case, the same obverse die is shared by two coins, one with the old ethnic ΕΛΑΙΟΥΕ and the other with the new ΕΕΒΑΕΤΗΝΩΝ. In addition one of the ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins referring to the ‘metropolis’ probably dates from this period, or that of Antiochus IV, although the other (ÄSWVIII (1898), p. 29, no. 14) seems later. Several different issues were made from Elaeusa-Sebaste by Antiochus IV of Commagene. One of them (3720) has the date 224, interpreted by Seyrig (R N , 1963, pp. 51-2) as dating from an era of 163 or 162 (i.e. year 224 = c. a d 62). If the prominent E on the obverse of other coins is also a date, it must presumably be a regnal date. On the other hand, a new variety (3719) appears to have NAO in a similarly prominent position on the obverse (though it is in front rather than behind the portrait), but this cannot be a date.

Reign o f Archelaus o f Cappadocia,

20 b c -a d

3714 AE.

2 5 mm, 1 5 . 7 0 g ( 1 ). vm ( 1 8 9 8 ), 2 8 , no. g Head of Tyche, r.; ΘΑ behind ΕΛΑΙΟΥΙ; Nike advancing, 1.; monogram field

/7 [ i ]

RSN

A

and ΥΛ in

i . B ( I - B ) , 15 .70; 2. L e v an te 838, 14.67. O th e r p ro b a b ly co n tem p o rary varieties in clu d e R S N V I I I (1898), p. 27, no. 8, a n d L e v an te 837.

3715 AE.

2 5 mm, 8 .8 5 g (2)· Axis: 1 2 . [ 2 ] vm ( 1 8 9 8 ), 2 8 , no. 1 0 Head of Tyche, r. (same die as 3714) ΕΕΒΑΕΤΗΝΩΝ; Nike advancing, 1.; monogram or letters in field RSN

i . L 1 9 0 2 —6—10—5 0 , 9.22; 2. B (F ox), 8.47. O th e r p ro b a b ly co n tem p o rary varieties in c lu d e A 5803 (= R S N Y I I I (1898), p . 28, no. 11), a n d L in d g ren 1650, 10.81.

First century

a d *i.

3716 AE.

2 5 mm, 1 0 .6 5 g (2)· Axis: 1 2 . [ vm ( 1 8 9 8 ), 2 9 , no. 1 3 Head of Tyche, r.; before, uncertain monograms ΕΕΒΑΕΤΗΝΩΝ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΕ; Nike advancing, 1.

RSN

i . B (P ro k esch ), 13.72; 2. L 1 9 2 8 -4 -9 -2 4 , 7.68; 3 . L e v a n te 8 4 0 , 9.30.

3

]

Φ

4

C I L IC IA TRACHEIA:

E la e u s a - S e b a s te , O lb a ( 3 7 1 7

-3722)

i . L 1 9 8 5 —12—2 2 —i (ex G len d in in g 2.12.1985, lo t 170), 8.26; 2. L in d g ren 1885, 12.61. S am e obv. die.

Antiochus I V o f Commagene, 38-72 3717

AE.

mm, 9 . 1 0 g (3 ). [ 2 ] ( 1 8 9 8 ), 3 1 , no. 2 1 ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ANTIOXOY Ε[ΠΙΦ ; diademed head, r.; to L, E ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑΙΩΤΑΠΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝΩΝ; Iotape seated, I., with patera and sceptre; under throne, EP O A 2 5

3720

RSN V III

AE. 2 5 mm, 1 0 .4 0 g (i). [ i ] GRMK 2 1 8 , no. i BACIAEOC ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ANTIOXOY 8 ΠΙΦΑΝ[ ; diademed head, r.; to L, E ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΩΤΑΠΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝΩΝ; Iotape seated, I., with patera and sceptre; in field, EP ΟΞ AN I.

3719

mm, 1 1 .9 5 g (0· [ 1 I ( 1 8 9 8 ) 3 1 , no. 2 0 ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ANTIOXOY ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ; diademed head, r.; to 1., Δ K Σ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝΩΝ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ [ΙΩΤΑΠΗ]; Iotape seated, 1., with patera and sceptre; in field, ΔΙ 25

RSN V III

i . L e v a n te 8 4 3 (ex vA 8178), 8.57; 2. P 31 (pi. X X X .13), 8.57; 3. B 411/1874, 10.17. I t is n o t clear if B 1374/1905 (7.02 g) is a n o th e r sp ecim en, or a different variety. 3718

AE.

i . P ( = H . Seyrig, r n 1964, 51, fig. 7), 11.95; 2. P riv ate coll, (see V I I I ) . F o r th e d a te 224, see above. 3721

rsn

AE.

2 2 mm, 5 .2 6 g (2 ). [ o ] vin ( 1 8 9 8 ), 3 1 , no. 1 8 ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY; diademed and draped bust, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝΩΝ; naked figure, standing 1., on prow, holding /sceptre and /branch rsn

i . L e v a n te 8 4 a , 5.57; 2. T ra d e ( = r s n V I I I (1898), T af. I I . 12); 3. P 29, 4.95. F o r a sim ilar figure, see A n em u riu m 3 7 0 6 .

B (I-B ) ( = GRMK, no. 1), 10.40.

AE. 2 5 mm, 1 0 .4 4 g (2)· [ 1 ] ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ M[ ] ANTIOXOY ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ; diademed bust, r.; to r., N A 0(?) ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝΩΝ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΩΤΑΠΗ; Iotape seated, 1., with patera and sceptre; to 1., ΟΞ ΟΓ

3722

AE.

2 2 mm, 8 .0 5 g (0· [ 1 ] vin ( 1 8 9 8 ) 3 1 , no. 1 9 ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ] ; diademed and draped bust, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΝΩΝ; Tyche standing, L, with rudder and ? rsn

i . P 28, 8.05. I t is n o t ce rtain th a t this is a coin o f A n tio ch us IV .

AN(?)

The coinage of Olba was first studied in detail by G. F. Hill in N C 1899, pp. 181-207 (followed in B M C ) , and has more recently been the subject of a monograph by G. M. Staffieri, L a M on etazione d i O lba nella C ilicia Tracheia (Monograph of Q uaderni T icinesi di N u m ism a tic a e A n tic h ita Classiche, 1978). The problems concerning the identity of the Polemo (or Polemos) whose name appears on some of the coins have been discussed by R. D. Sullivan, ‘King Marcus Antonius Polemo’, N C 1979, pp. 6-20. The collection of material in this catalogue is not complete, but it seems unlikely that anything significant has been omitted. A ja x , h ig h p r ie s t a n d to p a r c h

After the defeat of Cleopatra, who had been given Cilicia Tracheia by Antony, Octavian divided the area between Amyntas of Galatia and the principality of Olba. The rulers of Olba were the Teucrid high priests, and they controlled much of eastern Tracheia, the tribal areas of the Cennatae and the Lalasseis. The high priest Ajax is attested under Augustus (years 1 and 2) and Tiberius (year 5), which puts his rule in the second decade of the first century, the years in question being therefore between 10/11-12/13 (year 1) and 14/15—16/17 (year 5). Although the name Olba does not appear on his coins, there seems little doubt that they were made there (cf. Hill, p. 183). P o le m o , a s h ig h p r ie s t a n d d y n a s t

Coins were also minted in the name and with the portrait of the high priest M. Ant. Polemo; they are dated to ‘year io’ and ‘year 1T, either regnal years or years of Tiberius (see Sullivan, p. 10); perhaps the former seems more likely as

Ajax had previously used regnal years. Polemo was identi­ fied by Hill with an unnamed son of Polemo I, but Sullivan has argued that he is the same as Polemo II of Pontus, who definitely acquired part of Cilicia in 41 (=K ing Polemo, below), in exchange for the loss of his Bosporan territory (Dio 60.8.2). Sullivan regards the rule of Polemo as high priest of Olba as falling perhaps in c. 28-38, before his appointment as king in 41. The chronology of this seems, perhaps, rather tight, since Polemo was a contemporary of Caligula, who was born only in a d 12, and Sullivan’s argu­ ment has not been accepted by Staffieri in Q T (1987), pp. 230-2. One could alternatively think that years 10 and n date from the gift of Cilicia in 41, but, if so, one would have expected to find the title of king as on Polemo’s later coins, unless he did not use the title king in Cilicia until after he had lost Pontus in 64. K in g P o le m o

The rare coins of King Polemo with Nero and with Galba both fall in the late sixties, since the portrait of Nero indi­ cates a date late in his reign and the obverse legends are very similar, suggesting that they have been made at about the same time. The small coin with Polemo’s name and the types of club/harpa (3742) is generally compared with coins of Domitian Caesar (Hill, p. 186, Sullivan, pp. 17-18), and may perhaps date from early in the Flavian period, as Domitian’s coins date from Titus’s reign (cf. Levante 651 = Staffieri 39, corrected by Staffieri, Q T 1987, p. 234); and before the formation of Tracheia into a province in 74· Thus, although this coin technically may fall outside the

C IL IC IA T R A C H E IA :

scope of this volume, it has been included here for completeness. Coins with the name of a Polemo were also made at Seleucia-ad-Calycadnum (see p. 562), but he is not necess­ arily King Polemo, and is perhaps just a homonym. King Polemo also made coins in Armenia (3844 = H. Seyrig, R N 1969, p. 45, and Sullivan, p. 16), and, of course, in Pontus (3 8 i 3 -

38

)·

‘P s e u d o - a u t o n o m o u s ’ c o i n

There is also an issue (3723 = Ajax Pol Nero Galba

26 mm, 15.13 g (7) 27 mm, 14.63 g (4)

BM C

1 = Staffieri 1) which

23m m , 11.43g (58) 23mm, 11.47g (10)

21 mm, 7.70g (29)

AE. 23 mm , 8.90 g (6)

3728

L = b m c I , 7.86; 2. vA 5782, 4.47; 3. L e v an te 645, 7.84; 4 . M u 4, 7.55 ( = Staffieri, pi. I I . 2); 5. P 842, 12.96. F o r discussion, see in tro d u ctio n above. F or a sm aller d en o m in atio n w ith th e sam e types a n d legends, see Staffieri, Q T (1987), p. 233, no. ib is. i.

Ajax, high priest and toparch, c. 10/12-14/16

AE. 23m m , 11.44g ( I6).

3729

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head of A ugustus, r. ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ aro u n d ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY ΤΟΠΑ(Ρ)ΧΟΥ ET A and th u n derb o lt i . L = b m c 7 , 13.96; 2 - 4 . L = BMC 8 -9 , 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 6 1 5 (ex vA 5788), 10.46, 10.83, 12.62; 5—9 . P 852, 8 5 4 -5 ( = W a 4 4 2 1 -2 ), de R icci, 11.40, 12.12, 12.13, 13.77, 11.02; 10—i i . O = AMC 8 6 0-1, 11.08, 12.02; 12— 14. M u i, ia , ib , 11.38, 10.91, 12.06; 15—16. C o p 188-9, 12 Λ 3> Ι 3 ·Ι 9 > 17—18. L e v an te 63 5 -6 , 12.14, 11.83.

3730

Staffieri 7—8

i . L = b m c 2, 7.50; 2. O — AMc 855, 7.38; 3—5. P 8 3 3-4, 836 ( — W a 4418), 8.31, 7.49, 7.88; 6 . C op 186, 7.80; 7 . L e v an te 630, 7.95; 8 . vA 5783, 7.40. 3726

AE. 17m m , 4.14g (5). Staffieri 9 ΤΟΠΑΡ(Χ) KENNAT ΛΑΛΑΣ ET A APXIEPE ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY; triskeles an d ET A I . L — B M C 3, 4.28; 2 . O = AMC 856, 3.53; 3. P 845 4 . C op 187, 3.98; 5. L e v an te 631, 4.92.

Year 2 3727

AE. 23m m , 10.25g ( I0 ). Staffieri 10-12

(—

W a 4416), 3.96;

AE. 1 7 mm, 4 . 8 2 g ( 7 ). Staffieri 1 6 ΤΟΠΑΡΧ KENNAT ΛΑΛΑΣ ET B ΑΡΧΙΕΡ ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY; thunderbolt I. L = bmc 5, 3.16; 2. V 28597; 3 - 5 · P 841, 843 (= W a 4415), 1970/76, 4.98, 4.64, 4.44; 6. 0 = a m c 859, 3.96; 7. L e v a n te .634, 4.06; 8. vA 5786, 6.97.

AE. 21 m m , 7.64g (12). ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY; d rap ed b ust of A jax w earing cap an d w ith caduceus, r. ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΤΟΠΑΡΧΟΥ KENN AT AAA ΑΣΣ; triskeles and ETA

AE. 2 1 mm, 7 .4 9 g ( 1 4 ). Staffieri 1 3 - 1 5 ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY; draped bust of Ajax wearing cap and with caduceus, r. ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ Τ0ΠΑΡΧ(0)(Υ) ΚΕΝΝΑΤ(ΩΝ) ΛΑΛΑΣ; thunderbolt and ET B i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —2 6 1 4 (e x vA 5784), 6.89; 2—3. L = b m c 4, 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 9 5 , 7.20, 6.36; 4 —5. C o p 190-1, 6.27, 7.04; 6 - 7 . M u 2, 2a, 7.20, 8.29; 8. O = AMC 857, 7.15; 9. L ev an te 632, 7.53; 10. vA 5784, 6.90; 11—12. P 837 ( = W a 4417), 838, 7.91, 8.13.

Staffieri 2-6

3725

15mm, 3.09g (7)

i . L = bmc 10, 10.83; 2 * 4 L = b m c i i , 8.33; 3. V 34790, 10.52; 4—7. P 850 -1 , 853, 855 (= W a 4423), 10.41, 9.71, 10.03, 10.51; 8 - 9 . O = AMC 862—3, 9 ·ι 0 3 10.85; 10. vA 5789, 12.73.

EP; throne Z ΟΛΒΕΩΝ; w inged th u n d erb o lt

3724

17mm, 4.59g (14)

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; laureate head of Augustus, r. ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ around ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY ΤΟΠΑΡΧΟΥ ET Β and thunderbolt

Staffieri 1

1

565

16mm, 2.61 g (2)

Uncertain date, ‘y ear j ’

Year

//>a (3723—3731)

has only the types of the thunderbolt and throne and the inscription ΟΛΒΕΩΝ; in the field are the letters normally read as IN and EP. These coins are generally (Hill, Staf­ fieri) placed before the coins of Ajax, though there seems no particular reason why this should be so. In addition, IN is surely a misreading for (year) Z (with the number sign of a line above) ; year 7 would certainly fit the rule of Polemon as high priest (who uses both the designs of his named coins), and (for all we know) of Ajax. The pattern of weights of the coins can be seen from the table below.

23m m, n . i q g (4)

3723

0

AE. 1 5 mm, 2 .8 8 g (5 ). Staffieri 1 7 Draped bust of Ajax wearing cap, r. ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY E B i . L e v a n te 6 3 3 , 2.09; 2. vA 5785, 3.72; 3. P 840, 3.44; 4 - 5 . R. Ziegler, M ü n zen K ilikien s aus kleineren deutschen Sam m lungen , 3 6 5 -6 , 2 .8 i, 2.31.

Year 3731

5

AE. 2 4 mm, i i . 8 1 g (3 2 ). Staffieri 1 8 - 2 3 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; laureate head of Tiberius, r. ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ around ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY ΤΟΠΑΡΧΟΥ ΕΠΙ ΔΙΟΔΩ; thunderbolt and ET E i . L 1 9 6 1 —3—1—3 9 6 , 12.51; 2 - 9 . L = BMC 12-17, 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 6 1 6 ( = v A 5 7 9 °), 1 9 6 1 -3 -1 -3 9 7 , 11.87, *11-75s 10.77, 12.50, 10.58, 5.11, 12.26, 12.92; i o . V 27974; 11—13. M u , 11.91, 10.46, 9.79; 14—1 7 . 0 , 1 1 . 5 7 , 9 . 6 6 , I I . 84, ΐ ϊ · 2 ΐ ; i 8 —2 6 . P 857-6 1 , de R icci, 13.49, 13.08, 12.18, 10.17, 9.79, 11.35, 12.40, 12.76, 12.25; 2 7 - 2 8 . C o p 193-4, 12.46, 12.90; 29— 3 1 . L e v an te 6 3 7 -9 , 11.88, 12.85, 12.31. O n o ne d ie (vA 5790) th e rev. legend read s ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY TEYKPOY ΤΟΠΑΡΧΟΥ: this is p resu m a b ly ju s t a die e n g rav e r’s m istak e ( pace S taffieri, p. 32, n. 3).

566

C I L I C I A T R A C H E I A : Olba {3732-3742)

3732

AE. 2i m m , 9 .9 2 g (3).

MAPK ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ; d rap ed b ust o f Polem o, r. ΔΥΝΑΣΤΟΥ ΟΛΒΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩΝ KAI ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ E IA; throne

Staffiert 24-5 ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY; d rap ed b ust of A jax w earing cap and w ith caduceus, r. ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ ΤΟΠΑΡΧΟΥ KENNAT ΛΑΛΑΣΣ ΕΠ Ι ΔΙΟΔΩ; triskeles an d ET E i . P 8 3 5 ( = W a 4420), 9.69; 2. P 832 ( = W a 4419), 9.39; 3· M u 3, 10.69.

L = B M C 2 0 , 18.62; 2 . L = BMC 19, 14.18; 3 . L e v an te 643 (ex vA 5793), 16.02; 4 - 5 . P 8 2 8 -9 ( = W a 4411), 19.59, 15.48.

i.

Staffieri 33-4

3733 AE. 17 m m , 4.90 g (2).

MAPK ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ; head of Polem o, r. ΔΥΝΑΣΤΟΥ ΟΛΒΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΕΝΝΑΤ ΚΑΙ ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ Ε ΙΑ; th u n d erb o lt

Staffieri 26 APXIEP ΑΙΑΝΤΟΣ TEYKPOY; th u n d erb o lt ET E ΤΟΠΑΡΧ ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩ ΛΑΛΑΣΣ an d two m onogram s I.

3734

AE. 2 3m m , 10.76g (4).

3739

v A 5 7 8 7 , 5.37; 2. P 844 ( = W a 4416), 4.42.

i.

L e v a n te 6 4 1 , 12.78;

2.

L e v an te 642, 12.20.

AE. 15m m , 3.62 g (2). Staffieri 27-8 D raped bu st of A jax w earing cap, r. ET E AIANTO TEYKPO an d two m onogram s I.

L =

bmc

6,

3.78; 2. P 8 3 9 ( = W a 4413), 3.45.

King Polemo and Nero 3740

A E. 2 7 m m , 14.63g (4). Staffieri 35 AYTOKP ΝΕΡΩΝΑ TON ΕΥΕΡΓ CEBACT KAIC; laureate head o f N ero, r. M ANT ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝ ΒΑΕΙΛΕΥΕ; w inged caduceus an d two snakes

M . Antonius Polemo, high priesti. Year

10

3735

AE. 26m m , 13.63g (2).

i . L 1 9 6 3 —13—6 —20, 13.66; 2. O ( = S ullivan, n c (1979), pi. I I . 6), 13.66; 3. L e v an te 649, 12.90; 4 . N Y ; 5 . S tern b e rg X I (1981), lo t 360, 17.32. F o r a ttrib u tio n to O lb a , see S u lliv an , p. 15.

Staffieri 29 MAPK ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ; d rap ed b u st o f Polem o, r. ΔΥΝΑΣΤΟΥ ΟΛΒΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩΝ KAI ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ E I ΕΠ Ι ΝΕΩΝΟΣ; throne

King Polemo and Galba

i . P 8 2 7 , I l .23; 2. vA 5793, 16.02. 3736

AE. 23m m , 12.61g (4).

3741

Staffieri 30

AYTOKP CEPriO N ΓΑΛΒΑΝ TON ΕΥΕΡΓ CEBACTON KAICAPA; b a re h ead o f G alba, r. M ANT ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝ BACIAEYC; helm eted A thena, stan d in g 1., w ith sp ear an d shield

MAPK ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ; head of Polem o, r. ΔΥΝΑΣΤΟΥ ΟΛΒΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩ ΚΑΙ ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩ E I ΕΠΙ ΝΕΩΝΟ; th u n d erb o lt i. L = 12.16. 3737

bmc

AE. 23 m m , 11.19g (4). Staffieri 37

i . P 8 6 3 ( = R N (1886) 2 8 4 -6 ), 10.70; 2. P 862 ( = W a 4427), 10.76; 3. L e v an te 650, 11.02; 4 . M M A G 441 (F eb. 1982), 12.18.

18, 12.20; 2. L e v an te 640, i 3 -r 3 l 3 · yA 5791, 12.95; 4 · P 830,

A E. 23 m m , 10.61 g (2). Staffieri 31 As 3 7 3 6 (Staffieri 30) b u t ΕΠΙ ΜΑΝΕΩΝ i . v A 579 2> Ι0 ·δ2; 2. R . Z iegler, M ü n ze n K ilikien s aus kleineren deutschen Sam m lungen , 370 ( = M ü lle r 50, 1985, lo t 125), 10.40. S am e obv. die as previous (3 7 3 6 /3 ).

Year π 3738

AE. 26m m , 15.73g (5). Staffieri 32

King Polemo, c. 70? (for date, see introduction) 3742

AE. 16m m , 2 .6 1 g (2). Staffieri 36 M ANT ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; club ΚΟΙΝΟΝ ΛΑΛΑΣΣΕΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΚΕΝΝΑΤΩΝ; h a rp a i . B ( P r o k e s c h ) , 2.76; 2. L e v an te 644, 2.41.

Ο F

KINGDOMS C at. no.

ASIA

C at. no.

P age

Commagene: Antiochus I Samosata Antiochus IV Lacanatis

3845-7 3848-51 3852-63 3864-7

571 572 572 572 574

Commagene?: Tiberius

3868-7O

574 574

Cilicia: Tarcondimotus Philopator

3871 3872

575 575 575

Page

Pontus: Polemo I Pythodoris Polemo II T ryphaena Polemo II and T ryphaena Polemo II

3801-2 3803-7

567 568 568

3808-9 3810-12 3813-38

568 569 569

Armenia Minor: Aristobulus

3839-40

570 57°

Armenia: Tigranes, II I or V Artavasdes III? Polemo II

3841-2 3843 3844

570 571 571 571

MINOR

Kingdom of Pontus T he history of the kingdom of Pontus is not very well attested (see Jones, C ities, pp. 169-71, 208; E. O lshausen, ‘Pontos und R om ’, A N R W I I . 7.2, pp. 903-12; R. Sullivan, ‘D ynasts in P ontus’, A N R W I I . 7.2, pp. 913-30).

accepts the piece (Rec, p. 21, n. 1) w ith ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ head of Polemo/M ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΣ AYT ΤΡΙΩΝ ΑΝΔΡΩΝ head of Antony, b u t the authenticity and indeed existence of this piece seem very doubtful.

P o lem o I {c. 37 - c . 8

P y th o d o ris

bc)

In c. 3 9 b c Pontus was given by A ntony to D arius, and then in c. 37 Be to Polemo I. Polem o h ad previously been given p art of Cilicia and at least p a rt of Lycaonia (Iconium ) by A ntony in c. 3 9 , b u t was transferred to Pontus, perhaps w hen Cilicia T rach eia was given to C leopatra. H is kingdom stretched from A rm enia to the H alys, an d in c. 3 5 A rm enia M inor was also added (Dio 49.44). Polemo survived being on the w rong side a t A ctium , though A rm enia M inor was detached in 2 0 b c an d add ed to C appadocia. In return, Polemo was allowed to expand north and east. In c. 17 b c A grippa com m issioned him to attack Scribonius (who had usurped the B osporan kingdom after the death of A sander), b u t he was unsuccessful until 14 when A grippa sailed to Sinope and threatened the Bosporans w ith an invasion. T h ey subm itted and Polemo m arried D ynam is, A sander’s wife (cf. 1854). T h e m arriage, and indeed Polem o’s rule over the Bosporus, seem to have been short-lived, Polem o m arrying Pythodoris soon after, and D ynam is, w ith the help of A spurgus, organising a revolt against Polemo, w hich led to Polem o’s death, perhaps in c. 8 b c . O nly a few rare silver coins w ere m ade in the nam e of Polemo I, giving him the title ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΟΥΣ; Sullivan (p. 918) has suggested th at this titulatu re reflects his appo in tm en t as a ‘friend an d ally of the (Rom an) people’ in 26 b c (Dio 53.25.1). Sullivan also

After Polemo, the kingdom of Bosporus was abandoned by Pontus, w hich was ruled by Polem o’s widow Pythodoris. She subsequently m arried A rchelaus, king of C appadocia, b u t continued to rule Pontus in her own nam e. She lived on until about 23, or possibly as late as 35. T he chronology of her reign and her rare silver coins have been discussed by H . R. Baldus, ‘Die D aten von M ü n zp rä­ gung und T od der K önigin Pythodoris von P o n tu s’, Chiron 13 (1983), PP· 5 3 7 ~ 4 3 · T he coins are d ated to year ‘60’ and (perhaps) ‘63’, b u t it is not clear w hat era is used. Baldus thought the dates referred to her age, corresponding to c. 30 and c. 33, b u t this is not certain. A n to n ia T r y p h a e n a O ne of the children of Pythodoris was appointed as K ing A rtaxias of A rm enia by G erm anicus (cf. 3629-30). A nother, A ntonia T ryphaena, m arried Cotys of T h race and was the m other of Polemo II, as well as K ings Rhoem etalces and Cotys of T hrace. Silver coins were m ade in Pontus in her nam e, as queen; on some of these she is associated w ith Polemo II, b u t others are struck in her nam e alone, w ith a regnal date, year 17 or 18. T his has led Rec to give her a reign o f ‘22/3?~49?’, while Sullivan (p. 923) interpreted the coins as referring to ‘at least 18 years of her era, down to a d 39/40’. For Baldus {op. cit., pp. 539-41), years 17 and 18 are

equivalent to a d 49/50 an d 50/1, being based on an era of 33/4 (the date, according to Baldus, o f Pythodoris’s death). But the coins have the diadem ed head of a king on the reverse, an d it seems m ore n a tu ra l to in terp ret the dates as the regnal years of Polem o II, which occur on his coinage. B aldus’s argum ent against this in terpretation, th at the coins w ould then fall in years when Polemo h a d stopped honouring his m other, does not seem conclusive. T he coins are therefore regarded here as having been m inted in 54/5 and 56/7. T he u n d ated coins of T ry p h aen a (3810-12) were pro b ­ ably m ade ab o u t the sam e tim e, or a little earlier, con­ tem porary w ith the coins of years 12-16 (49/50-54/5) where she appears w ith Polem o (3822-7; note particularly the die link betw een 3811 an d 3826).

were m inted in Pontus after the annexation. T h e denom i­ nation is, of course, known there, and such an attribution would also explain the die axis of the pieces, since six o’clock (or a tendency tow ards it) is norm al on Polemo I I ’s coinage.

Polemo I, c .y y -c . 8 b c 3801

(a d

i . 0 = AM C 8 5 3 = W alk er, M etrology 523 (9 5 % ), 3.18; 2» 0 = amc 854, 3.17; 3. P , 3.90; 4 . (Rec, pi. I I I . 7), 3.19; 5—8. See R ec. O n an o th e r specim en ( = R ec 17a, pi. C .7 ), th e in scrip tio n is a ro u n d th e h e a d on the obv.

3 8 -6 4 )

After the unknow n d ate of Pythodoris’s death, the status of Pontus is unclear, though it m ay perhaps have been annexed. In 38, however, C aligula restored the kingdom, appointing Polem o I I as king (and his b rother Cotys to A rm enia M in o r). T here is som ething of a controversy as to w hether he is identical w ith the M. A ntonius Polemo found on Cilician coins of O lba (3735-9, w ith com m entary). Polemo was also given Bosporus, though it is doubtful w hether he actually reigned there (see 1905-11, coins of G epaepyris and M ith rad ates, w ith com m entary); b u t when in 41 C laudius gave Bosporus to M ithradates he com pen­ sated Polem o w ith p a rt o f Cilicia. Polemo also acquired p art of A rm enia in 60 as a rew ard for helping Corbulo. However, Pontus was annexed in 64 and join ed to the prov­ ince of G alatia (B. Rém y, L ’É volution adm inistrative de l ’A n a to lie , ρ. 43); and Polemo retired to Cilicia.

Rec 18.

[ o ]

D iadem ed head, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΟΥΣ; pegasus galloping, r. i . S ee R e c 2 1 , fig . 1 (line d raw in g ).

Pythodoris, c. 8 bc - c. 22I3 or later? 3803

Rec 19.

[ 4 ]

L au reate head, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΠΥΘΟΔΩΡΙΣ ΕΤΟΥΣ Ξ; capricorn w ith globe, r. i . L 1 8 9 3 —4—6—2, 3.44; 2—8 . See R ec; 9 . vA 6685, 3.44. R ec describ es the h ead as th a t o f A u g u stu s. 3804

Rec 20.

[ 1 ]

L au reate head, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΠΥΘΟΔΩΡΙΣ ΕΤΟΥΣ Ξ; balance i . P 5 4 , 3.28; 2. See R ec. R ec d escribes the h e a d as th a t o f T ib eriu s. 3805

C o in a g e

T he Pontus rulers m inted only silver coins (for a unique bronze coin of Polem o II, m inted in A rm enia w ith his wife Ju lia M am m aea, see 3844). F or the m ost p art, this silver coinage is rare, the only exception being the coinage of Polemo I I betw een his 12th and the 20th years (and p a r­ ticularly the 18th to the 20th regnal years = a d 55-8). For those years, the coins are today quite com m on and m ust have been struck in appreciable num bers; in addition, some rare didrachm s were also struck, at precisely this time (3822 = Rec 34, of year 13, and 3828 = Rec 35bis, of year 19; also 3810 = Rec 24, und ated b u t perhaps of this period, too). W alker (M etro lo g y I, pp. 52-3) has convincingly con­ nected these coins w ith the help Polemo was giving to C or­ bulo an d C orb u lo ’s use of Pontus as a base. W alker’s m etrological analyses have indicated th a t the coins contained the sam e am ount of silver as drachm s of C aesarea, w ith w hich they m ay be found in hoards (e.g., A. Baldwin, A réthuse 4 (1927), p. 147). T he coinage is entirely of silver, and (except for the didrachm s 3810, 3822 an d 3828) of drachm s w ith an aver­ age diam eter of 18 m m , average weight of 3.18 g and an average fineness of 94% silver (see W alker). It is possible th a t the anom alous style of ‘C aesarean’ didrachm s depicting N ero and Divus C laudius (3652-3)

[ 5 ]

D iadem ed head, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΟΥΣ; star

3802

P o le m o I I

Rec 17.

Rec 20a.

[ 1 ]

L au reate head, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΠΥΘΟΔΩΡΙΣ ΕΤΟΥΣ Ξ; sta r betw een balance i . P 55, 3.58; 2. See Rec. 3806

Rec 21.

[ o ]

Fem ale head, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΠΥΘΟΔΩΡΙΣ ΕΤΟΥΣ Ξ; cornucopia i . R e c , p i. C .8 . T h e obv. w as iden tified by R ec as th e h ea d o f P ythodoris r a th e r th a n o f Livia. 3807

Rec 19a. L au reate head, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΠΥΘΟΔΩΡΙΣ ΕΤΟΥΣ ΞΓ; capricorn with cornucopia a n d globe, r. 1—2. See Rec. T h e re a d in g o f th e d a te req u ires co n firm atio n , as th e piece is only know n from descrip tio n s o r line d raw in g s.

Queen Tryphaena___________________________ (p r o b a b ly m in te d u n d e r P o le m o I I , AD

54- 6 :

see

in tro d u c tio n )

Rec

2 2 -3

ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ; diadem ed head of T ryphaena, r. D iadem ed head (of Polem o), r.

K I N G D O M S O F A S I A M I N O R : Kingdom o f Pontus (3808-3838)

3808

ΕΤΟΥΣ

IZ

1—5 . See R ec 2 2 -2 2 a .

3809

ΕΤΟΥΣ

IH

R ec 23.

L = bmc

[ 3]

20, p p . 2 6 7 -8 , R ec 25, n. 2. T h e d iad em seem s to in d icate th a t th e p o rtra it is in te n d e d to be o f Q u e e n T ry p h a e n a .

[ I]

II.

569

[ · ]

Rec 33

Polemo and Tryphaena (p r o b a b ly m in te d b e tw e e n y e a r 3810

13

and

20,

i.e ., in th e

ΒΑΰΙΛοΩΟ ΠΟΛοΜΩΝΟΕ; d iadem ed head o f Polemo, r. D iadem ed bust of T ry p h a e n a (as 3 8 2 3 ); date

50s )

A R didrachm . 21 m m , 7.26g (2).

3823

ETOYC IB

49/50

i.

3824

ETOYC IT

50/1

1—2. See R ec.

3825

ETOYC ΙΔ

51/2

I . L = bmc 2; a. V 15174, 3.51; 3 4. See R ec; 5—6. vA 11, 6688, 2.95, 3.27. ΔΙ also found. [ 4

3826

ETOYC IE

52/3

1—6. See R ec; 7. B r ( = rbn 1913, 111 T h e piece in B sh ares a die w ith the u n d a te d 3 8 1 2 (N Y ). [ 3

3827

CTOYC IZ

54/5

i.

[ o ]

L = bmc 3; 2—5. See R ec; 6 . vA 6687, 3.27; 7. C o p 239. IB also found. [ 3

Rec 24 ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝ; diadem ed head o f Polem o, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΗΣ; diadem ed bust of T ry p h aen a i . P ro w e , 7.32; 2. S chlesinger (F eb. 1935) lot 1100, 7.20. 3811

Rec 27-8.

[ 3 ]

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ; d iadem ed head o f Polem o, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ/ΗΣ ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΑ(Σ); d iadem ed h ead of T ry p h aen a, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΑ (R ec 27): 1. B L öbb; 2. O = W alker, M etrology 525 (9 4 % ), 2.66; 3 - 6 . See Rec; ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ ΤΡΥΦΑΙΝΑΣ (R ec 28): 7 - 8 . See R ec. T h e N Y piece shares its obv. die w ith a coin o f Polem o from y ea r 1 5

Rec 25-6.

[ 6 ]

3828

8TOYC ΙΘ

56 /7

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ; d iadem ed head o f Polem o, r. L au reate head of N ero, r.; date 3829

CTOYC IZ

3830

ΕΤΟΥΣ IH

Polemo II, 38-64

54/5

i . V 15172, 3.64; 2—7. See R ec. ZI also o ccurs. [4

5 5 /6

I —3. L I92O -9-7-3O , I9 3 1 -6 -I-4 O , BMC

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΩΝΟΣ; d iadem ed head o f Polem o, r. L aureate head o f C laudius, r.; date

[ 9 ]

3813

ΕΤΟΥΣ IB

49/50

1—4. See Rec; 5. vA 6690, 3.64. BI also occurs. [ 0 ]

3814

ΕΤΟΥΣ IE

5 2 /3

i. L

3815

ΕΤΟΥΣ

3 -4 C 4 ·ΐ9 · T h e ty p e is to 1. o n 5. T h e re are also m a n y coins [ B M C 9 -1 4 ) w ith th e sam e types, b u t w ith low er w eight, p o or style an d

Antiochus I, 6g-late jo s bc

(som etim es) b lu n d e re d legends: im itatio n s? 1 show s signs o f being ov erstru ck . N o t a com p lete listing. 3845

AE. 20m m , 6 .1 3 g (13)· Axis: 12.

[ 8 ]

BMC I

U n c e r ta in d a te

H ead o f A ntiochus, w earing tia ra decorated w ith two eagles and a star ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY; lion walking, r.

3846

3851

BMC I

i . L = bmc i , 5.83; 2—3 . L = BMC 2, 1930-6-11—1, 6.02, 5.09; 4—8. P B ab, 6 -7 , 7a~7c ( = W a 7 4 20-2), 5.39, 6.07, 4.99, 6.08, 7.52; 9—13. B edo u k ian (inc. ANSMN 1983, pi. 12.25), 7-55, 7-26, 6.52, 5.88, 5.55.

L au reate h ead o f Zeus, r. ΣΑΜ ΟΣATWN; lion walking, r.

AE. 16m m , 2.94g (2).

i . L = bmc 2, 7.51; 2—3 . L = BMC i a n d 3, 6.62, 6.22; 4 —6. P 1438-40, 5.98, 7.53, 7-47- P e rh a p s ea rlier th a n 3 8 4 8 —5 0 , as th e rev. is q u ite like th a t o f th e coins o f A n tio ch u s I (3 8 4 5 ). N o t a com plete listing.

[ o ]

As 3845, b u t sm aller denom ination 1—2. B edoukian ( = 3847

a n sm n

1983, pi. 12.27), 2·9 5 > 2·9 3 ·

A E. 16m m , 6 .0 0 g (1).

[ o ]

H ead o f A ntiochus, w earing tia ra decorated w ith two eagles an d a star ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY; eagle standing, r. i . B e d o u k ia n ( =

a n sm n

1983, p i. 12.26), 6.00.

Samosata Sam osata h ad been given to A ntiochus I by Pompey. Its first im perial coins were produced in the nam e of H adrian, though it w as p erhaps the m int of the coins of A ntiochus I. In addition, S am osata produced a num ber o f civic issues ( B M C 1-16). T hese w ere loosely d ated ‘c. 31 b c - a d 38’ in B M C , a dating w hich is probably m ore or less correct, since the lion reverse continues the reverse type of the coins of A ntiochus I (3845). T h ere are three types linked by the sam e legend, of w hich the two larger were, as K evin B utcher has pointed out to us, struck over coins of A ntioch whose m odule suggests a date in the forties b c . A date during the thirties b c seems likely, and the siege of Sam osata by A ntony seems a possible occasion.

3 0 s B C ? (see in tro d u c tio n ) 3848

A E. 18m m , 6 .8 8 g (6). Axis: 12.

A E. 23m m , 12.68g (1). Axis: 12. BMC 15 Eagle standing, facing, wings outstretched, head to r. ΣΑΜΟΣΑΤΩ ΠΟΛΕΩΣ; T yche seated on rock, holding palm branch, r. i . L = BM C 15, 12.68. O v erstru ck on a Z e u s/Z eu s bronze o f A ntioch , o f th e m odule m in ted in th e forties b c (4218fr.). N o t a com plete listing.

Antiochus IV ,

A D

38-72

A ntiochus was appointed king o f C om m agene by Caligula; although he was deprived of the kingdom by the same em peror, he was later restored to it by C laudius (M agie, pp. 514, 549). As well as C om m agene itself, his kingdom included eastern Cilicia (T racheia) and Lycaonia: coinage is found for him and his wife Iotape w ith inscriptions refer­ ring to the regions o f C om m agene (3852—63), Lacanatis (3864-7), Lycaonia (3533—7) and Cietis (3703), as well as to the Cilician cities o f Selinus (3701-2), A nem urium (3704-8), Celenderis (3709-10), Corycus (3712-13) and Elaeusa-Sebaste (3717-22). T he coins w ith royal (diadem ed) heads w hich are known at this period at Aegeae, H ierapolis and A lexandria-ad-Issum (4036, 40645, 4075: see the discussion there) are regarded in this cata­ logue as representations of A lexander the G reat. T he coins of A ntiochus IV fall into two m ain groups, those w ith bevelled edges and those w ith straight edges. It is not clear w hether this represents a difference of m int or of date; the latter seems m ore likely w hen one considers the contem porary coinage of A ntioch, which has very similar oval flans w ith straight edges at the end of T ib eriu s’s reign and for C laudius, w hereas the coins of Nero and particu­ larly G alba and O tho have very sim ilarly bevelled flans; indeed they are so sim ilar th a t it is tem pting to think th at they were m ade at A ntioch. T he coins of Lycaonia and L acanatis also have sim ilar oval flans w ith straight edges, b u t they have slightly different forms of omega in the reverse inscriptions, and the L ycaonian coins have their own counterm ark (the anchor), suggesting th a t they were not m inted at the same place. T he whole question of the relationship between 'the coinage of Antioch, the coins of

K I N G D O M S O F A S I A M I N O R : Commagene (3852-3861)

T iberius ‘from C om m agene’ (3868-70) and the coins of Antiochus IV from C om m agene, Lycaonia an d L acanatis would repay further investigation. U ntil a m ore definite chronology can be established for his coinage, an association betw een it and C orbulo’s cam paigns can only rem ain tem pting. T he sm aller denom inations w hich are generally dated to c. 72 under A ntiochus’s sons E piphanes and Callinicus have also been included here, as the parallel pieces of Lycaonia ( 3 5 3 5 ) m ust have been struck during A ntiochus’s lifetime (H. von Aulock, M ü n z e n u n d Städte L yka o n ien s , p. 24). I t is not clear exactly w hich groups of the larger denom inations they belong w ith since, although they have straight edges, some of them have the sigm a in the form E, and it can be observed th a t the ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins of A ntioch have straight edges w hile the larger denom inations with im perial portraits have bevelled edges. T he following counterm arks are found on A ntiochus’s coins from Com m agene: anchor betw een A N ( G I C 373, applied after 69: on coins o f A ntiochus and Iotape), crossed cornucopias ( G IC 403, also after 69: on coins of A ntiochus, Iotape an d E piphanes an d C allinicus), P R ( G IC 599, only once on A ntiochus) an d M (?) ( G I C 676, only one exam ple).

I . B e v e lle d edge

ΜΕΓ: i . L — BM C i i , 7.69; 2—3. L = b m c 12-13, 7.49, 7.40; ΜΈΓΑΣ: L = BMC 14-15, 6.56, 6.48; 4 —8. P 8, 23, 23a, d e R icci, L u y n es 3438, 7.62, 8.11, 7 -5 9 . 6.55, 7.12; 9 - 1 0 . V 35693, 20933, 6.79, 7.12; i i . L in d g ren 1883, 6.22. C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n .

Ic .

£ , C, h e a d

3856

AE. 2 7m m , 12.80g (6). Axis: 12. BM C 4

BACIAEYC ΜΕΓ ANTIOXOC ΕΠΙ; diadem ed head, r. ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath i . L = bmc 4 , 11.89; 2. L = b m c 5 (ANTIXOC, sic), 1 1.96; 3 - 6 . P 1 i - i 2 a , d e R icci, 13.49, Ι2 ·° 3 > 14.14, 13.25. £ is in th e form C·. C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n .

I I . S tr a ig h t edge, o v a l fl a n s 3857

3852

A E. 2 4 -5 m m , 14.15g (14). Axis: 12. bm c

7

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ·ΜΕΓ ΑΣ -ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ; diadem ed a n d draped bust, r. ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath (w reath enclosed in lines) i . L — bmc 7, 15.65; 2—4 . L = b m c 8 -1 0 , 14.74, T5 -5 2> T3 · ^ ; 5—16. P 1 3 20a, d e R icci (3), 12.70, 14.74, ΐ 4 ·2 9 > Ι 3 ·^ 3 » *6.03, 13.48, 15.48, 15.75, 14.60, 12.74, 11.77; 17. L in d g ren 1882, 13.72. C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n . 3858

E, ΕΠΙΦΑ, head, w reath in lines

la.

gyg

AE. 2 4m m , 15.57g (8)- Axis: 12. bm c

Io tap e 4

ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΩΤΑΠΗ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ; d iadem ed an d draped b u st o f Iotape, r. ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath (w reath enclosed in lines)

AE. 28m m , 14.30g (2). Axis: 12. BM C 6

BΑΕΙΛΕYE ·Μ ΕΓ·ANTIOXOE ·ΕΠΙΦ A; diadem ed head, r. ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath (w reath enclosed in lines)

I. L = bmc 4 , 13.53: 2. L (T C ), 15.36; 3 - 8 . P 32, 33, 34, 36, 36a, 36b

( = W a 7250), 16.71, 16.36, 15.58, 17.44, 15.05, 16.20; 9. L in d g ren 1886, 14.67.

I. L = BM C 6, 14.49; 2· P G a u d in , 13.90.

C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n . 3853

AE. 29m m , 14.75 g (6)· Axis: 12.

III.

BMC Io tap e 1 ΒΑΓΙΛΙΓΕ A -ΙΩΤΑΠΗ ·ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΕ; diadem ed and draped b u st of Iotape, r. ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath (w reath enclosed in lines)

3859

E Σ, ΕΠΙ, bust, w reath in lines

3854

bm c

3860

AE. 19m m , 6 .6 8 g (5). Axis: 12. bm c

E piphanes an d C allinicus 8

[ΒΑΕΙΛΕΩΕ ΥΙΟΙ]; anchor betw een crossed cornucopias, surm ounted by m ale heads; above, star ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; tiara

BM C I

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ·ΜΕ(Γ)·ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ·ΕΠΙ; diadem ed an d d rap ed bust, r. ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath (w reath enclosed in lines)

3855

16

i . L = bmc 16, 5.61: 2—3. L = b m c 17-18, 4.55, 6.20; 4 —8. P 24—5a, de C lercq (2), 4.95, 5.25, 5.76, 4.20, 6.01; 9 . L in d g ren 1884, 6.22.

AE. 28m m , 14.22g (10). Axis: 12.

i . L = bmc i , 15.52; 2—3 . L = BMC 2 -3 , 14.73, I2 -9 3 i 4—10. P io , 22, L u ynes 3437, de R icci (2), de G lercq 4 1 8 -19, 13.35, 15 -5 5 . I 3 -4 L i 4 -° 7 > Ι 3 ·6 7 . 14 -3 4 . 14-60. C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n .

A E. 18m m , 5.41g (g). Axis: 12. ΒΑ ΣΙ-ANTIOXOC·; diadem ed a n d d rap ed bust, r. ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; crossed cornucopias

i. L = bmc i , 15.13; 2—3. L = BM C2 -3 , 13.52, 14.55; 4 —l6· P W a 7249-50, L u ynes 3439, 14.29, 16.22, 14.82. C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n .

lb.

S m a lle r d e n o m in a tio n s ( a l l w i t h s t r a ig h t ed g e)

I . L = bmc 8, 7.82: 2—4. P 4 3 -4 3 a, L u y n es 3441, 5.38, 7.58, 7.82: 5. L in d g ren 1889, 6.81.

3861

A E. 19m m , 7.55g (16). Axis: 12. bm c

E piphanes and C allinicus 1

BM C I I

•ΒΑΕΙΛΕΩΕ ΥΙΟΙ; E piphanes an d C allinicus on horseback, 1. ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; capricorn an d star, r., above anchor; all in w reath

ΒΑΣΙ·ΜΕΓ(ΑΣ)·ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ·ΕΠΙ; diadem ed an d draped bust, r. ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; capricorn a n d star, r., above anchor; all in w reath (w reath enclosed in lines)

I . L = BM C I , 8.21; 2— 8. L = BMC 2 -8 , 7.59, 6.87, 8.00, 7.74, 7.1 I , 7.19, 6.32; 9—14. P 4 0 -2 , L u y n es 3440, W a 7251-2, 10.25, 7.76, 7.51, 7.77, 7.22, 6.77; 15—18. B; i g —2 0 . V 20943-4, 7.98, 6.53. T h e in scrip tio n o n the obv. is n o t alw ays visible, b u t, w h en it is, it alw ays seem s to use th e form E for sig m a (B M C 1, 3, 5).

AE. 22~3m m , 7.15g (13)· Axis: 12.

3862

AE. 16m m , 3.88g (5). Axis: 12.

i . L = BMC 21, 15.11 ; 2—3. L = BMC 2 2 -3 , 15.66, 14.59; 4r 7 · B; 8. C, 16.58; 9—12. P 26, 26a, 27, 27a ( = W a 7248), 16.24, 13.70, 13.50, 13.57; 13—1 4 . L e v an te 5 6 5 -6 , 14.39, 16.79. O v a l flans, s tra ig h t edges, b u t different form o f Ω from C om m ag en e. C o u n te rm ark : A n c h o r betw een A N ( G I C 373: tw o ex am p les). T h e sam e co u n term ark occurs freq u en tly o n coins o f C o m m ag en e.

BMC C om m agene 7 C apricorn, r.; star above ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; tiara I. L = BMC 7, 4.22; 2. L —BMC 8, 3.95; 3 -4 . P 1411 (= W a 7253), 1412, 3-5Ö, 3.78; 5—6 . V 20811-12; 7. L in d g ren 1891, 3.87. 3863

3865

BMC C om m agene 1 ΠΙΣΤΙΣ; clasped han d s a n d caduceus ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ; anchor i. L = 3.62.

bmc i ,

A E. 2 4m m , 14.37g (4)· ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΩΤΑΠΗ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ; diadem ed and draped b u st of Iotape, r. ΛΑΚΑΝΑΤΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath

AE. 15m m , 3.23g (4). Axis: 12.

i . P 3 7 , 14.29; 2. P de R icci, 13.79; 3 * L e v an te 567, 16.34; 4 · M ü n zen K ilikien s aus kleineren deutschen Samm lungen 274, 13.07.

3.42; 2 - 3 . L = b m c 2-3, 3.06, 3.69; 4 - 5 . P 1414-15, 2.77, 3866

Ziegler,

AE. 19 mm , 7.77 g (4). Axis: i. BMC E piphanes an d C allinicus 9 ΒΑΠΛΕΩΟ ΥΙΟΙ; E piphanes a n d C allinicus on horseback,

Lacanatis

1.

ΛΑΚΑΝΑΤΩΝ; capricorn an d star, r., above anchor; all in w reath

For L acanatis, see Jones, C ities, p. 205, N C (1950), p. 288.

i. L = 3867

A n tio c h u s I V o f C o m m a g e n e

bmc 9,

6.32; 2—4 . L e v an te 5 6 8 -7 0 , 7.14, 8.01, 9.61.

AE. 2 0m m , 7.59g (3). Axis: 1. BMC E piphanes a n d C allinicus 10

3864

AE. 25m m , 15.01g (10). Axis: 12.

[ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΥΙΟΙ]; an ch o r betw een crossed cornucopias, surm ounted by m ale heads; above, star ΛΑΚΑΝΑΤΩΝ; tia ra

BMC 21 ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ·ΜΕΓΑΣ ·ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ; diadem ed an d draped bust, r. ΛΑΚΑΝ ΑΤΩΝ; scorpion; all in w reath

i. L =

bmc

10, 7.69; 2. L e v an te 571, 7.19; 3 . P 45, 7.88.

Commagene? T he kingdom o f C om m agene was annexed by T iberius in 17 (T acitus, A n n , I I .42), and shortly after th a t date a series of bronze coins was m inted in his nam e, w hich are generally attrib u ted to Com m agene (Cohen 8; R. M ow at, R N 19 11, pp. 423-6; B M C , p. cxli; R I C , pp. 89, 100). T he attrib u tio n is based on the occurrence of the sam e reverse type on coins of C om m agene an d the sim ilarly bevelled flans, w hich also occur on coins of A ntiochus of C om m agene (particularly the finest style group, la ). T he a ttrib u ­ tion was d oubted by G ra n t ( R om an A nniversary Issues, pp. 57— 8), while C. Howgego ( G IC , p. 23, n. 1) has suggested th at A ntioch was the only other possible (though unlikely) m int. An attrib u tio n to A ntioch would be based on the fact th at (1) the coins have been found in a h oard w ith coins of A ntioch (G. Brunk, A N S M N 25 (1980), pp. 63-76). (2) T hey share a sim ilar range of counterm arks w ith A nti­ ochene coins (C. Howgego, N C (1982), p. 11). G I C 26—7, i n - 1 2 , 151, ?i52, 245, 352, 401, 521, 599, 600, 695, 729, 73^! 737 ar*d 739 are all com m on on both sorts o f coins, though 367, 500, 501, 519, 528, 548 and 549 occur only on the T ib erian coins. (3) T he undoubted, if unclear, relation­ ship betw een coins of A ntiochus IV and A ntioch (see p. 572). O n the other hand, an attrib u tio n is m ade unlikely by the rare occurrence of the coins in the A ntioch excavations (only two) com pared w ith D u ra (seven; this difference perhaps is not very significant, and K. B utcher tells us th at there are several pieces in A ntakya M useum ), and the fabric of the coins, w hich seem thin n er and bro ad er than ad

coins of A ntioch of T iberius (m inted in 14 and 31). The attrib u tio n has therefore been left as ‘C om m agene?’. T he coins are dated T R P X X I and X X II, and CO S I II IM P V II; they were therefore m inted between m id -19 and the end of 20. T here has, however, been some discussion of the reliability of the titles found on these coins, particularly the im peratorial acclam ation (H . Gesche, Chiron 2 (1972), PP· 3 3 9 - 4 8 ; P. A. B runt, Z P E 13/2 (1974), p. 177). As for the denom ination of the coins, this seems probably to be the sam e as th a t of the largest denom ination of A nti­ och; in addition, one piece was counterm arked K O B = 2 quadrantes ( G I C 548). I t is not clear quite w hat should be m ade of this counterm ark, as the coin is not typical of those bearing the counterm ark.

Tiberius,

AD

ig-20

( a t t r i b u t i o n to C o m m a g e n e n o t c e r t a i n ) 3868

AE. 2 9m m , 15.58g (19: 3 8 6 8 —9). Axis: 12. R ic

89,

BM C

174

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G V ST V S; laureate head, r. P O N T M A X IM C O S I I I IM P V I I T R P O T X X I; caduceus betw een crossed cornucopias i . O ; 2. L = bm c 174, 16.82; 3. B; 4 —6. P 162, 1 6 4 -5 , 16-21, 13.533 : 3 -7 4 · C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n .

3869

3870

AE. 23 m m , 8 .3 5 g i *1)· Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

T I C A ESA R D IV I A V G V S T I F A V G [V S T V S ]; laureate head, r. P O N T M A X C O S I I I IM P V II T R P O T X X I; caduceus in b unch of four ears o f corn

R IC 9 0 , BMC I 7 5

As 3868, b u t T R P O T X X II i . L 1 9 5 9 -3 —5—i , ϊ 3 ·5 0ί 2—6 . L inc. bmc 175-6; 7—10. P 163, 166-7, de Ricci, 17.27, 17.57, *9-04, ΐ 5 ·3 °· L 19 3 6 -1 0 -1 3 -3 7 , w ith a re tro g ra d e rev. legend, is p resu m a b ly an im ita tio n . C o u n te rm ark s: See in tro d u ctio n .

i . P = BNC 1 71 ( = RN (1 9 1 1) 429, no. 17, p i. V I I I . 14 = G ra n t, Roman Anniversary Issues, pi. 1.9), 8.35. A p p aren tly a (unique?) sm aller d en o m in atio n .

Kingdom of Cilicia In lan d Cilicia form ed the kingdom of T arcondim otus, who had at first been styled a toparch, b u t was prom oted by A ntony to the rank of king, w hich he held till his d eath at the battle of A ctium . T h e extent of the kingdom is not clear, b u t seems to have included m ost of inland Cilicia, plus an uncertain am ount of the coast. I t m ay therefore have included the cities of A nazarbus, C astabala, C orycus, Elaeusa and Aegeae (Jones, C ities, pp. 202—3). A fter his death the kingdom was suppressed, b u t it was revived, probably m ostly in its inland extent, in 20 b c u n d er K ing Philopator, who ruled until he died in a d 17. A t th a t date the kingdom was probably annexed. T he identity o f Philopator is not exactly sure (see Jones, C ities, p. 437, n. 1). F or his identification as T arcondim otus II Philopator, see G. D agron and D. Feissel, Inscriptions de G l i d e (1987), pp. 67fr. T he coins are usually (plausibly) attrib u ted to a m int at H ierapolis, since the capital of the dynasty was there (cf. B M C ; A. D upont-Som m er an d L. R obert, L a D éesse de H iérapolis-C astabala, pp. 45—6, 72). B ut the presence of A thena on the reverse o f coins of Philopator is som ew hat unexpected, ra th e r th an one of the norm al types of H ierapolis. V eiled heads o f Tyche do occur on coins of H ierapolis, b u t also elsewhere, for instance, A dana. Indeed A dana seems quite a good candidate to be the m int of these dynastic coins since both reverse types (seated Zeus, stan d ­ ing A thena) occur there (see, e.g., the catalogue by E. Levante, N C 1984, pp. 81-94). O n the other h an d , both

types occur frequently elsewhere in Cilicia, e.g., Aegeae or, particularly, A nazarbus, where the sam e m onogram as on the coins of Philopator occurs (Levante 1364). A com plete collection of m aterial has not been m ade.

Tarcondimotus, c .jg - j i bc 3871

A E. 2 0 m m , 8 .4 8 g (11). BMC I

D iadem ed head of T arcondim otus, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΤΑΡΚΟΝΔΙΜΟΤΟΥ ΦΙΛΑΝΤΩΝΙΟ Y ; Zeus seated, 1., w ith Nike a n d sceptre i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —1 - 9 5 6 (ex vA 5413), 8.10; a—5. L = bmc 1 - 4 ,9 .9 2 ,9 .6 8 , 8.52, 6.00; 6 —8. P 1583 ( = W a 4714), 1581—2, 9.57, 11.03, 6.12; 9— 10. L e v an te 1257-8, 7.98, 8.01. C o u n te rm ark : A n ch o r (3 -5 , 8).

Philopator, 20 bc - ad iy 3872

AE. 20m m , 7.62g (7). Axis: 12. BMC I

V eiled head of Tyche, r. BACIAEWC ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΟΡΟΟ; A th en a standing, 1., w ith Nike a n d shield; to r., m onogram I. L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 9 5 7 (ex vA 5414), 8.90; 2 - 3 . L = b m c I, 1 9 7 7 -7 -3 -1 , 6.66, 6.65; 4 —5 . L e v an te 1259-60, 8.80, 7.59; 6—7. P 1584 ( = W a 4715),

i585> 7-00>7-73-

CYPRUS Introduction Cleopatra Augustus Tiberius Claudius Galba

C at. no.

Page

3901-3 39°4-ϊ6 3917-26 3927-33 3934-5

576 578 578 579 580 580

A t the end o f 59 b c , P. Clodius Pulcher used the L e x Clodia de Cypro to give C yprus the status of a province (see E. B adian, JÄ S1 1965, pp. n o ff.). From 58 to 48/47 b c C yprus was governed as an additional p art of the province of Cili­ cia. In 48 b c it was restored to Egypt by C aesar to be ruled by the two children of Ptolem y X II, A rsinoe IV and Ptolem y X I I I , but, in 47 b c , it was tu rn ed over to C leopatra V II and h er son C aesarion. In 40 b c A ntony confirmed the possession of C yprus to C leopatra. In 30 b c , after A ctium and the death o f C leopatra and C aesarion, C yprus fell under the direct control of O ctavian. But, in 2 2 b c , A ugustus ceded the island to the Senate to be governed by proconsuls of p raeto rian status (on R om an C yprus, see T .B . M itford, A N R W U N l l y , pp. 1285-384). In the second century b c the Ptolemies h ad produced, on a large scale, silver coinage m inted in Salam is, K ition and Paphos. T h e m int of K ition closed a t the end of the reign of Ptolem y X in 105/104 b c . U n d er Ptolem y X I Sôter II, the production o f Salam is and Paphos was very sm all, ending in 91/90 b c (I. N icolaou an d O. M orkholm , P aphos I . A P tolem aic C oin H o a rd (Nicosia, 1976); O. M orkholm , Chiron 13 (1983), PP· 69-79, pl· 1-4; O . M orkholm and A. Krom ann, Chiron 14 (1984), pp. 149-65, pl. I - V I I I ) . T he activity of the m int of Paphos resum ed in 47 b c , w hen Cyprus was restored to Egypt: bronze coins were then m in­ ted in the nam es of C leopatra and Ptolem y X V C aesarion. After 30 b c the n atu re of the coinage changed: from royal, it becam e provincial. C yprus shared the fate of Egypt: no colonies w ere established in the island, no cities were gran­ ted either full civitas or lim ited privileges, and all were taxpaying. T h e change in the n atu re of the coinage was also a step tow ards the R om anisation of the m onetary system in use on the island. A u g u s tu s A full study of the coinage struck und er A ugustus has been provided by M . A m andry, Centre d ’E tu d es Chypriotes, C ahier 7, 1987-1, pp. 17-32. T h e coinage falls into four groups. T he first group (3904-5) was struck in 26 b c , not in 27, as stated by H ill (see B M C 1); G ra n t’s com m entary { F I T A 8 0 1) is based on the defective reading D E SIG . T h e reading D E S IG IX is clearly attested by O = A M C 726 and some of

the best preserved specim ens in P. Tw o varieties can be distinguished by their obverse legend and by their style: the treatm en t of A ugustus’s p o rtrait and the treatm ent of the V ictory show substantial differences. T he attribution to Cyprus is certain as these coins occur frequently on the island (see A m andry, n. 7). T he second group (3906-7) was struck in the nam e of the proconsul A. Plautius. G ran t suggested th at these two varieties m ight have a connection w ith the transfer of the island to the Senate (F I T A 143). T he proconsul A. Plautius is otherwise unknown; he was possibly the father of Aulus Plautius, the conqueror of B ritain in a d 43. 3906 and 3907 are differentiated by their reverse types. O n 3906 the temple of A phrodite in Paphos appears (F. G. M aier, ‘D er Tem pel der paphischen A phrodite in der K aiserzeit’, R om anitasC hristianitas. Untersuchungen z u r Geschichte u n d L itera tu r der römischen K a iserzeit, J . S tra u b ... gew id m et (B erlin-N ew York,

1982), pp. 768-77), and on 3907 the Statue of Zeus Salam inios (M. Yon, ‘Zeus de Salam ine’, in R. Bloch, Recherches sur les religions de l ’a n tiq u ité classique (1980), pp. 85103). B ut they are also distinguished by their obverse legend and by the treatm en t of A ugustus’s portrait: the same engravers seem to have cut the dies of 3904 and 3906, others the dies of 3905 and 3907. T he production of 3904 and 3906 is m uch larger th an th a t of 3905 and 3907: two obverse dies were used for 3907, and at least eight obverse dies for 3906. T he third group (3908-13) is later. T hough series 390810 and 3911-13 are distinct, they seem to have been produ­ ced together. T hey are linked by a com m on reverse (3908, 3911 and 3912) and it is likely th a t com m on reverse dies betw een 3908-10 and 3911-13 will be discovered in the future. O n 3911-13 A ugustus is entitled P a ter P atriae (2 b c ) . O n 3909 Gaius is P rinceps lu v e n tu tis (5 b c ) . But the best chronological evidence is the consulate of G aius on 3908, 3911—13 (the reverse of 3910 is ju st an error of the engraver). Gaius assum ed his consulate in a d 1, during the year he was in the east. T he whole group, struck specifically in his honour, m ight be a testim ony of his journey. 3914 and 3915 were produced together: com parison of portraits, style, w eight and fabric makes this virtually certain, even if no die links have yet been discovered. In their typology, they are very close to the issues produced at

CY PRU S

A ntioch betw een 5 b c an d a d 4/5 (see N C (1982), pp. 1-20, pi. i—6 and p. 380). T h eir attrib u tio n to C yprus seems certain and was already proposed by G rant, F I T A 106. T he style of A ugustus’s p o rtra it is very close to 3908-13 and provenances favour C yprus. T h e L specim en of 3914 was found on the island; the C specim en of 3915 was bought in Nicosia and, according to G ran t, another specim en is preserved in Nicosia. T h e C ypriot attrib u tio n h ad already been suggested by Pellerin in 1767 (R ecueil . Suppl. IV , pp. 1-2, and pi. I, fig. 1). G ra n t thought th a t 3914 and 3915 were struck around 15 b c , w hen Paphos was given the title Σεβαστή (F I T A 143). B ut their close sim ilarity of style links them to 3908-13 an d both groups were probably struck at the same time. W hether they should be classed not as prov­ incial, b u t ra th e r as im perial, or provincial com ponents of an im perial series, is a m a tte r of speculation. T he question o fm in t(s) is open. I t is logical to locate it at Paphos, the political capital during the R om an period. But 3905 and 3907, which have individual features, m ight be attrib u ted to an auxiliary m int, Salam is, which rem ained the industrial capital of the island, and indeed its more im portant city. V arious denom inations were struck, as can be seen from the table below. T hey probably represent dupondii (3914 and 3915), asses (3908-13), semisses (3904 and 3905, still struck on a sem iuncial standard?) an d q u ad ran tes (3906 and 3907). 1. a coin of the sam e type as 3907, b u t w ith the legend M V E R G P R O C O S , was published by B. Borghesi, Oeuvres Completes II (1864), pp. 21-3: it is a m isread coin or a forgery; 2. coins of the proconsul Q . Am. Q uinti: the existence of this proconsul is due to a defective reading of G ran t, F I T A 144. T hough he corrected his interp retatio n ( N C (1949), p. 242, n. 23), this nam e is still to be found in M itford, A N R W I I .V I I ,2, p. 1300, no. 12 (list of governors). F or this series, see 5412; 3. dupondii IM P C A IS A R /C A in rostral w reath (Howgego, N C (1982), p. 2, no. d and pi. 1,5) an d semisses C A ISA R /C A in laurel w reath ( N C (1982), p. 2, no. fa n d pi. 1,7-8) are attrib u ted by G rant, F I T A , p. X IV , add. p. I02ÎT., to C yprus on grounds of some local finds (four speci­ mens of the semis found at C urium : N N M 145, 1959, no. 211 and pi. V III). B ut other local finds are recorded (Side, Antioch, Beirut) an d the argum ents of provenance are not conclusive: see p. 380. T ib e riu s Studies of this coinage have been provided by M . G rant,

The Coinage o f T iberius in Cyprus (U niversity of M elbourne C yprus Expedition, 1957), pp. 1-6 (abbreviated here to C T C ), and M . A m andry, ‘Le m onnayage julio-claudien à Chypre. II. T ibère’, Centre d ’E tu d es Chypriotes, C ahier 8,

1987-2, p p · 17-25·

This ab u n d an t coinage falls into two groups. T he first group (3917-19) was struck after a d 15/16, as the reverse type of 3917-18 - a radiate head o f Divus A ugustus - is directly im itated from asses struck at Rom e in a d 15/16, and the reverse type of 3919 - Livia seated w ith p atera and sceptre, r. - is also im itated from asses struck in a d 15/16. 3917-19 represent two denom inations: 39r 7-39i8 3919

27-3om m , 14.50g (23) 23m m, 8.58g (12)

These denom inations probably correspond to dupondii

^ θ 1? - 18) and asses (39I9)· T he second group (3921-6) has D rusus M inor on the obverse and Zeus Salaminios and the tem ple o f Paphian A phrodite on the reverse. It m ight have been struck in a d 22 w hen Paphos and Salamis were confirm ed in the right of asylum long enjoyed by their tem ples. A nother coin (3920) m ight be p a rt of this group and is here tentatively attrib u ted to C yprus. I t is a coin of T iberius, struck after a d 18, w hen T iberius received his eighth im peratorial salu­ tation, w ith the type of Livia, veiled, holding p atera and sceptre, r., and the letters C C . T his unique coin was attrib u ted by Hill, N C (1914), p. 303, no. 12 w ith pi. X IX ,8, to Pisidian Antioch, where it was found (as was 3919/3). H ill expanded the letters C C to C(olonia) C (aesarea), as the form C O L CAES occurs on coins struck un d er A ugustus at this colony (3530). T his attribution, though accepted by G rant, A P T 52 w ith pi. V ,i5 , was ques­ tioned by A. Krzyzanow ska, M onnaies coloniales d ’A ntioche de P isid ie, pp. 21-2, who proposed to assign the coin somewhere in Africa! M . A m andry, B S F N (1988), pp. 3256, has tentatively expanded the letters C C to C (ommune) C (ypri). B ut this attribution is by no m eans certain. 3920-6 m ight represent three denom inations: an as (3920), a semis (3921-2) and a q u adrans (3923-6). 3920

22m m, 6.23g (i)

392!-2

17 -18mm, 4.63g (15)

3923-6

14-17 mm, 3.14 g (21)

T he activity of the two m ints - Paphos and Salamis cannot be identified for the first group, b u t seems clear for the second. 3921, 3923 and 3924 are linked together by style, as are 3922, 3925 and 3926. T he production of Paphos rem ains m ore im portant.

D enom inations under A ugustus

3 9 :4 3 9 15

2 8 - 9 m m , 1 4 .7 3 g (2) 2 8 - 3 0 m m , 1 4 .5 3 g (6)

3 9 0 8 -3 9 ”

2 4 - 7 m m , 8 . 6 7 g (1 3 )

3 9 11_3 9 : 3

2 3 - 5 m m , 8 . 7 8 g (1 8 )

577

3904

1 9 - 2 0 m m , 6 .7 3 g (3 3 )

3905

17 - 1 8 m m , 6 . 7 2 g (3 ) 3906

i 5 - i 6 m m , 3 . 7 0 g (4 1 )

3907

i5 - !7 mm, 3-64g (15)

3902

C la u d iu s

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 11.98g (1). Axis: 12. Sv 1876-7

No coinage is know n for C aligula. U n d er C laudius, the coinage is signed by the K oinon and also, in one instance, by the proconsul C om inius Proculus. T he coinage o f the K oinon seems to have been struck in three denom inations, not two, as stated by H ill, B M C C yprus, p. cxxi.

H ead o f Zeus A m m on, r. ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; two eagles, 1., on thunderbolt; u n d er r. eagle’s r. wing, sceptre?; in field, r., ΚΥΠΡ i . P 445, 11.98; 2. B, 7.85; 3 . V S ch o tten stift. O n 2 a n d 3, n o sceptre?. 3903

AE. 2 5 -6 m m , 7.71 g (8). Sv 1875, BMC Ptolem ies 52-3 (Ptol. X V an d Ars. IV )

33- 4

3 9 2 7 -8

As 3902 As 3 9 0 2 , b u t one eagle, 1., on th u nderbolt; u n d er eagle’s r. wing, palm ; in field, r., ΚΥΠΡ

m m , 2 5 .3 7 g (19)

3929-3° 3931

28-9 mm, 14.41 g (16) 23-5 mm, 6.72 g (3)

I . P 6 2 4 , 7.59; 2. P 625, 9.14; 3 . P L u y n es 3611, 8.45; 4 . L = b m c 52, 7.51; 5. L = b m c 53; 6 - 7 . A , 7.82, 7.45; 8 - 9 . L L ö b b , 8.12, 5.60.

These denom inations correspond to sestertii (3927-8), dupondii (3929-30) and light asses? (3931). O nly one denom ination was struck by Proculus, pro b ­ ably an as: 3 9 3 2 -3 9 3 3

23—7 mm,

10.00 g (18)

T hough no die link has yet been discovered, the same obverse dies m ight have been used for 3929-30 and the series of Proculus; b u t Proculus’s coinage is struck on sm al­ ler flans and the denom ination is uncertain: very light dupondii or m ore likely asses? T he proconsulship of Proculus is d ated around a d 43/4 (.S E G IV ,834; O pus. A rch . IV (1950), p. 17, no. 9) an d all the coinage o f C laudius should probably be dated accordingly.

Augustus 26 BC 3904

bmc

i . P 1 9 6 5 /7 3 4 , 6.58; 2. L = b m c i, 6.82; 3 . L 1 8 9 6 -1 2 -3 1 -1 4 , 6.56; 4 . L i 9 *i 5 - 2 - 4 - 2 , 8.46; 5 - 6 . L G 0 3 7 4 -5 , 5 ·4 4 > 5 -5 3 i 7* 5 -7 ° ; 8. P W a 4844, 7 -5 5 i 9 · P C h a n d o n 1533, 6.78; 10—12. B 10284-6, 6.78, 9.63, 6.08; 1 3 14. B Fox, 7.14, 6.49; 15. O = AMC 726, 6.83; 16. C = SNG 5365, 7.07; 17. V 27335, 6 -3 5 J 18—3 1 . N Y , 8.65, 8.21, 7.57, 7.20, 6.76, 6.65, 6.65, 6.64, 6.47, 5.96, 5.8a, 5.73, 5.75, 5.05; 3 2 . Be, 6.00; 3 3 . P V , 7.47; 3 4 . Ni (= D ik a io s 159). 3905

AE. 1 7 -1 8 m m , 6 .7 2 g (3). Axis: 12. [ 3 ] [ 3 coins, 3 obv. dies ] A m andry ib (Salamis?) IM P CAES D IV I F A V G V ST V S; bare head, r. As 3 9 0 4 I.

L G 0 3 7 3 , 7.58; 2. L 1 9 2 6 -9 -9 -1 , 6.99; 3. B 10283, 5.59.

A . P l a u t i u s P r o c o s , in o r s h o r t l y a f t e r 2 1 3906

Cleopatra V II and Ptolemy X V Caesarion AE. 29-30 m m , 16.46 g (8). Sv 1874, BMC Ptolem ies 2-3 B ust o f C leopatra, r., as A phrodite, w earing Stephane, and Ptolem y X V C aesarion, 1., as Eros, in h er arm s; sceptre at shoulder ΚΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗΣ; two cornucopias, jo in ed at the bottom a n d bo u n d w ith fillet; in field, r., ΚΥΠΡ i . P 4 7 6 , 17.35; a . L = BMC 2 ( = FiTA, pi. I X ,29: obv.), 16.97; 3· L = bmc 3; 4 . V 23682, 18.50; 5 . A, 17.70; 6. B L öbb, 15.70; 7. B P -O , 15.78; 8. I-B , 15.60; 9. S tern b e rg X X I/1 9 8 8 , lot igg, 13.95. N ot a com plete list.

BC

AE. i5 - i6 m m , 3 .7 0 g (41). Axis: 12. [ 37 ] [ 44 coins, 10 obv. dies ] bmc

3901

I, FiTA 80-1, A m andry ia (Paphos?)

IM P C A ESA R D IV I F A V G V ST V S; b are head, r. C O S O C T A V O D E S IG IX ; V ictory on globe holding w reath an d palm , 1.

G a lb a No coinage is know n for Nero. G alba struck two series (3934 an d 3935) in the second year of his reign (from 1 Septem ber 68 to 15 J a n u a ry 69). O n 3934 appears the tem ple of P ap h ian A phrodite and on 3935 Zeus Salaminios: b u t the two series were produced in a single m int, as they share an obverse die. T he denom ination struck was probably intended to be a dupondius (2 7 -8 m m , 13.74g [to ]), but it is possible th a t a sestertius was also struck, since I. N icolaou, ‘C ypriot Bronze G reek Im perial C ounterm arked C oins’, Proceedings o f the International N u m ism a tic Congress, London, ig 8 6 (1989), p. 211, no. 37, publishes a specim en w ith the tem ple of P aphian A phrodite whose size is 33 m m and weight 26.55 g (Nicosia, O ld C ollection of the C yprus M useum , no. 20).

AE. ig -2 o m m , 6 .7 3 g ( 3 3 )· Axis: 12. [3 1 ] [ 34 coins, 4 obv. dies ]

2-3, FiTA 143, A m andry 2a (Paphos?)

IM P C A ESA R D IV I F; b are head, r. A P L A V T IV S P R O C O S ; tem ple o f A phrodite at Paphos, in w hich conical xoanon; sem icircular courtyard i . B F o x , 3.55; 2—3. L = BMC 2 -2 , 4-57, 3.89; 4 . L 1 9 1 3 -4 -3 -2 , 4.63; 5. L 1 9 7 4 -1 1 -9 -1 9 , 2.86; 6 . P 786, 4.63; 7. P W a 4845, 3.78; 8 - 9 . P D elep ierre, 3.94, 2.88; 10. P, 2.69; 11. B a.B ., 3.18; 12—14. B Fox, 4.22, 3.28, 2.58; 15. B I-B , 2.57; 1 6 . 6 9 9 8 1 , 3 . 1 6 ; 17—19. O = AMC 727-9, 4.70, 3.17, 3.49; 20. C 484-1 9 4 8 , 4.20; 2 1 - 2 2 . A, 3.32, 3.23; 2 3 -3 3 · NY, 5 0 3 . 4 -9 5 . 4 -5 2 . 3 -9 9 , 3 -9 3 . 3 -9 3 , 3 -8 9 , 3 - 7 2 , 3 -6 8 , 3 .1 1, 2.89; 3 4 -3 6 - v I 9 3 I 4“ i6 , 4 .4 1, 3-83, 2.64; 3 7 - 3 9 . M i ( = B rera 3 7 5 -7 ), 4.6, 4.0, 2.5; 4 0 . C o p 69, 3.76; 4 1 . P V , 3.2; 4 2 . E velpidis, 3.3; 4 3 —4 4 . N i (= D ik a io s 160-1).

579

C Y P R U S (3907-3919)

3907

AE. 1 5 -1 7 m m , 3.64g (15). Axis: 12. [ 12 ] [ 15 coins, 2 obv. dies ]

3 9 1 4 AE. 2 8 -9 mm , 14.73g (2). Axis: 12.

BMC 4, FiTA 143, A m an d ry 2b (Salamis?)

IM P A V G V S T T R P O T ; lau reate head o f A ugustus, r. A V G V S T in a laurel w reath

IM P CAES D IV I F; bare head, r. A P L A V T IV S P R O C O S ; Zeus Salam inios standing to front; holds in r. phiale; 1. rests on short sceptre; eagle perched on his 1. w rist I . 0 = AMC 73O, 4.O9; 2. L = BMC 4, 4.34; 3. L 1 9 7 4 -1 1 -9 -1 8 , 3.95; 4 . P 787, 3.86; 5—6. B I-B , 4.28, 3.86; 7. B 28778, 4.23; 8. C 490-1948, 3.10; 9 - 1 2 . N Y , 3.70, 3.39, 3.34, 2.91; 13. M i ( = B re ra 378), 3.1; 14. P V , 3.42.

i . G le n d i n in g , H a ll I /1 9 5 0 , lo t 8 4 1 (ex G n ecch i, r i n X I (1898) 166 an d pi. 3,2 = M erzb ac h er 2 /X I/1 9 0 9 , lo t 1 130 = H a m b u rg e r 1 9 /X /1 9 2 5 , lot 516), 15.60; 2. L 1 9 2 5 -1 -5 -6 5 , 13.96 (found in C y p ru s).

3 9 1 5 AE. 2 8 -3 0 m m , 14.53g (6). Axis: 12. nc

AE. 2 4 -7 mm , 8.90g (6). Axis: 12.

i . C 4 8 7 - 1 9 4 8 ( = G ra n t, c t c , fig. i) , 16.82; 2. L G 0916, 12.08; 3 . B, 14.89; 4 . V , 18.02; 5. Bu, 14.27; 6. P V , 11.07; 7 * N i ( = f i t a , p. X IV , ad d . 98); 8. K ress 190/1985, lot 1640 (ex S a n ta m a ria , C oll. Signorelli II/1 9 5 2 , lo t 1020; D o ro th eu m 1 5 /IV /1 9 8 3 , lo t 401).

[ 6 ]

A m andry 3 a A V G V ST T R IB P O T P O N T M A X ; laureate head of A ugustus ,r. ___ C C A ESA R A V G F P O N T C O S; b are head o f G aius C aesar, r. i . B 2 8 8 4 7 , 9.09; 2. L 1908—4—8 -1 1 , 8.64; 3 . L 1923-11—5 -3 4 ( = Nc 1924, pi. I I ) , 9.68; 4 . B 633/1902, 10.26; 5. V 19317, 8.33; 6. N Y , 7.41. 3 9 0 8 /1 , 3, 4 from th e sam e obv. d ie as 3 9 0 9 /4 ; 3 9 0 8 /2 as 3 9 0 9 /1 -3 . 3909

AE. 2 6 -7 m m , 8.78g (6). Axis: 12.

U n d e r A u g u s tu s ? 3 9 1 6 A E . i 6 - i 7 m m , 2 .6 8 g (1 6 ). BM C

[ 6 ]

I . P V , 7.54; 2. L 1 9 2 3 -1 1 -5 -3 3 ( — n c 1924, 14, no. 25), 8.11; 3. P, 9.29; 4 , B G an sau g e, 8.48; 5—6. N Y , 10.18, 9.11. 3 9 0 9 /1 -3 are from th e sam e obv. die as 3 9 0 8 /2 a n d 3 9 1 0 /1 -2 ; 3 9 0 9 /4 is from th e sam e obv. d ie as 3 9 0 8 /! , 3, 4.

[ 1 ]

NNM 145, 1959, no. 132a a n d pi. V; A m andry 3c

3917

AE. 2 3 -4 m m , 8.55g (9)· Axis: 12.

[ 8 ]

i . B F o x , 9.28; 2. L 19 2 3 -1 1 -5 -3 5 , 9-63; 3. L G 0889, 9.18; 4. P 1232, 8.94; 5—7. P , 7.88, 7.10, 6.65; 8. O — AMC 732, 8.88; 9. N aville, Levis coll., 1 8 -2 0 /V I/1 9 2 5 , lot 275; 10. L a n z G raz X /1977, lot 311; i i . B o n h am ’s V ecchi 8/1982, lo t 482; 1 2 . A m ath u s 82.132.1 ( = b c h 1983,

[ 17]

1-3, A m andry ia

12.80; 4 —5 . P 4 7 9 5 a-6 , 14.67, 15.62; 6. B G an sau g e ( = c t c , fig. 5), 15.38; 7. B 21188, 17.30; 8. O , 14.35; 9 - G 4 8 5 - : 9 4 8 ( = s n g 5364 = 0™ , fig. 8), 20.37; 10—16. N Y , 19.69, 14.94, 14.65, 13.52, 12.82, 12.37, 11-69; 17. V 193 1 8 ,1 3 .1 8 ; 18. M i ( = B rera 658), 14.1; 19. Be, 16.32; 2 0 . R ouen, 14.85; 21. C u riu m ( = n n m 145, pi. V ,i3 5 ); 2 2 . C itiu m ( = s c e I I I , pi. X X X I X , 13). 3918

AE. 2 8 -3 0 mm , 13.36g (3). Axis: 12. G ran t,

957, fig· 2)·

AE. 2 3 -5 m m , 8.85g ( 7 )· Axis: 12.

C A ESA R A V G PA T P A T R ; lau reate head o f A ugustus, 1. As 3908 an d 3911 I . P 12 3 3 , 10.80; 2—3. P, 9.54, 7.52; 4 . O = AMG 731, 8.1 1; 5. C = SNG 5363, 10.07; 7· N Y , 9.16, 6.81. 3 9 1 2 /1 —5 a re from th e sam e obv. die as

3 9 I 3 / i - 2·

ctc

[ 2 ]

4-5, A m andry ib

As 3917 Sam e legend as 3 9 1 7 , b u t rad iate head o f D ivus A ugustus, 1.

[ 7 ]

A m andry 3 e

i . P 4 7 9 5 ( = c t c , fig. 6), 15.32; 2. P 97 ( = a p t 14, pi. I ,2 i u n d er A ch u lla = C T c , fig. 7), 14.72; 3. J S W , 10.03. 3919

A E. 2 3 -4 m m , 8.58g (12). Axis: 12.

[ 12 ]

G ran t, ctc 6-8, A m andry 2

AE. 23-5 mm , 9.61g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

A m andry 3f As 3 9 1 a Sam e legend as 3908 an d 3911, b u t bare head of G aius C aesar, 1. i . N Y , 7.21; a. V 27335 ( = G ra n t, the sam e obv. die as 3 9 1 2 /1 -5 .

ctc

I. L 1 9 2 5 - 1 - 5 - 5 3 ( = CTC, fig. 4), 1 1.44; 2 - 3 . L G 0368, 0370, 13.66,

C A ESA R A V G PA T PA TR ; lau reate head of A ugustus, r. As 3908

3913

AE. 2 7 -3 0 m m , 14.69 g (20). Axis: 12.

T I CA ESA R A V G V S T VS; b are h ead o f T iberius, r. D IV O S A V G V S T V S P A T E R PA TR ; ra d ia te head of D ivus A ugustus, r.; in front, thun d erb o lt; above, star

A m andry 3d

3912

15/16

G ran t,

i . N Y , 6.63; 2. C u riu m ( = n n m 145, no. 132a a n d pi. V ). 3 9 1 0 /1 -2 are from th e sam e obv. die as 3 9 0 8 /2 a n d 3 9 0 9 /1 -3 . 3911

143, A m an d ry 6

Tiberius A fte r AD

As 3908 and 3909 C A ESA R A V G PA T P A T R ; b are head o f G aius C aesar, r.

f it a

i . P M 1 3 3 5 , 2.13; 2. P 1413, 3.01; 3—5. L = BMC 4 -6 , 2.86, 4.07, 2.71; 6 . L G 0884, 2.79; 7. O , 2.92; 8—14. N Y , 4.16, 2.63, 2.57, 2.50, 2.32, 2.24, 1.52; 15. Be, 2.17; 16. T L av y 2671. Previously a ttrib u te d to C o m m ag en e { B M C G ala tia , p. xlviii a n d p. 112), these coins w ere given b y H ill to C y p ru s ( n c 1927, p. 24) w h ere th ey o ccu r freq u en tly . A d a te u n d er A u g u stu s, d u e to th e type o f the ca p rico rn , is possible, th o u g h by no m eans certain .

As 3908 ____ C C A ESA R A V G F P R IN C IV V E N T ; b are head o f G aius C aesar, r.

AE. 2 4 -7 m m , 6.63g ( l )· Axis: 12.

C om m agene 4 -6,

C apricorn, r.; sta r in field Scorpion; sta r in field

A m andry 3b

3910

[ 4 ]

(1982) 14, Issue 6b, n. 83 and pi. 5,8-13, A m andry 5

As 3 9 1 4 SC in an oak w reath

AD i 3908

[ 1 ]

106, n c (1982) 14, Issue 6a, n. 82 a n d pi. 5,6-7, A m andry 4 F iT A

ctc,

fig. 3), 12.01. 3 9 1 3 /1 -2 a r e from

T I C A ESA R A V G V ST V S; b are h ead o f T iberius, r. IV L IA A V G V ST A ; Livia seated on ch a ir w ithout a back, veiled, w ith p a te ra an d long sceptre, feet on footstool, r. I. L = BMC 5, 6.98; 2. L = BMC 6, 6.78; 3. L ( = NC 1914, pi. X I X ,9 ‘P isid ian A n tio c h ’ = c t c , fig. 10, now m issing); 4 . L 1925—1—5—52 ( = c tc , fig. 11), 9.26; 5—6. L G 0354 -5 , 7 -2 7 > 8-64; 7 · B I-B , 10.60; 8. O ( —c t c , fig· 9 )> 8.93; 9 —12. N Y , 10.68, 9.00, 8.10, 7.56; 13. P V , 8.90; 14. N i (= D ik a io s 162).

58o

C Y P R U S (3920-3935)

AD 22I3 3920

3928

AE. 22m m , 6.23g i * 1)· Axis: 12. a pt

52 (Pisidian A ntioch),

b sfn

[ 1 ]

As 3 9 2 7 , b u t lau reate head, r. As 3927

(1988) 325-6

ι· P 7 9 3 , 24.12; 2. P 792, 26.54; 3 - 4 . L = BMC 12-13, 2 3 -9 2, 22.39; 5 · D elep ierre, 24.97; 6. B L ö b b , 20.85; 7. B Fox, 30.07; 8. B 670/1920, 28.26; 9. N Y, 27.14; 10. N i (= D ik a io s 164), 20.94.

i . L 1914—9—8—9, 6.23. A ttrib u tio n to C y p ru s tentative: see in tro d u ctio n .

A E. i7 - i8 m m , 4 .6 0 g (8). Axis: 12.

[

7

3929

]

CTC i i an d 13, A m andry 3a (Paphos?)

AE. i7 - i8 m m , 4 .8 7 g (2). Axis: 12.

B F o x , 17.33; 2 · L = BMC 14, 21.51; 3 - 4 . L 1 9 2 5 -1 -5 -5 4 a n d 55, 10.23, 11*29; 5 · P 794, 12.49; 6* P C h a n d o n , 11.79; 7 » B a.B ., 17.72; 8. B 9984, 11.02; 9. V 19321, 11.76; 10—i i . N Y , 18.46, 12.35; Mi ( = B re ra 903), 10.7; 13—14· N i ( = D ik a io s 166-7), 15*65, 15.92; 15. S aint O m e r 169, 14.46. I.

[ 2 ]

CTC 12, A m andry 3b (Salamis?)

3930

As 3 9 8 1 , b u t different style As 3981, b u t different style

3923

bmc 7, 4.73;

[ 11 ]

T I C L A V D IV S C A ESA R A V G P M T R P; laureate head o f C laudius, 1. As 3 9 3 7 -8

i . O ( = CTC, fig. 15), 4.32; 2. L = bmc 8 ( = CTC, fig. 16), 4.29; 3. P 788, 5.59; 4. B L öbb, 3.96; 5—6. C M cC lean 9183-4, 4.25, 4.23; 7. C o p 70, 5.06; 8. W e b e r 7747, 5.12.

I- P 789, 5.02; 2. L =

AE. 2 8 -g m m , 14.15g (14)· Axis: 12.

P

BMC 14

D R V SV S CA ESA R; bare head o f D rusus M inor, r. Zeus Salam inios, 1.; tem ple of P ap h ian A phrodite, r.

3922

[ 9 ]

BMC 12-13

[T I C A ES(A R )? D IV ]I A V G F A V G V S T IM P V III; b are head of T iberius, 1. C C; Livia veiled, w ith p a te ra an d long sceptre, seated, r.

3921

AE. 3 3 -4 m m , 24.91g (10). Axis: 12.

AE. 2 8 -g m m , 16.23g (2)· Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

BMC 15 3. C u riu m ( =

As 3 9 3 9 , b u t lau reate head, r. As 393 7 -9

nnm 145, pi. V ,i3 5 ).

[ 5 ]

AE. i4 - i5 m m , 3.1 2 g (6). Axis: 12. CTC 9, A m andry 4a (Paphos?)

I.

3931

D R V SV S CAESA R; b are head o f D rusus M inor, r. Zeus Salam inios stan d in g to front, head 1., holding phiale and short sceptre, eagle on 1. w rist

L = BMC 15, 16.16; 2. C o p 74, 16.30.

AE. 23~5m m , 6 .7 2 g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

As 3 9 3 0 As 3 9 3 7 -3 0 I.

B I-B , 6.99; 2. L 1 9 2 8 -1 1 -5 -3 6 , 7.54; 3. N Y , 5.65.

i . P ( = C T C , fig. 13), 3.09; 2. B I-B , 2.41; 3. C op 72, 2.75; 4—5. N Y , 3.77, 3.06; 6. Be, 3.64. 3924

AE. 1 4 -1 5 m m , 3.05g (11). Axis: 12.

[ 10 ]

CTC 10, A m andry 4a (Paphos?)

C o m in iu s P r o c u lu s , 3932

As 3933 T em ple of P ap h ian A phrodite, w ith conical xoanon and sem icircular courtyard I.

AE. 16 -1 7 m m , 4.3 3 g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ] 3933

AE. 2 3 -6 m m , i i . u g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

BMC 16 As 3 9 3 3 , b u t lau reate head, r. As 3933

i . L = bm c 10 ( = ctc, fig. 12), 4.33. S am e obv. die as 3926/1-2.

AE. i6 - i7 m m , 3.1 1 g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 13 ]

i . P W a 4 8 4 6 , 11.90; 2. L G 0372, 8.49; 3 —4 . P 795-6, 8.83, 10.64; 5. B a.B ., 7.88; 6. B Fox, 8.40; 7. V 19320, 10.79; 8. C L eak e 8904, 11.85; 9 . C M cC lean 9185, 9.79; 1 0 - 1 3 . N Y , 11.02, 10.03, 7.57, 7.08; 14—15· Ni (= D ikaios 168-9), 12.54, 9.97.

As 3 9 3 3 , b u t different style As 3 9 3 3 , b u t different style 3926

A E. 2 3 -7 m m , 9 .7 8 g (15). Axis: 12.

επί

P

CTC g, A m andry 4b (Salamis?)

4 3 /4

T I CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG P M TR P; lau reate head of C laudius, 1. KOMINIOY ΠΡΟΚΛΟΥ ΑΝΘΥΠΑ(ΤΟ)(Υ); KYnPIWN in centre

790, 3 -3 4 ; 2. L = BMC 9 ( = C T C , fig. 14), 2.79; 3. L 19 7 4 -1 1 -9 -2 0 , 3.38; 4. P C h a n d o n , 2.38; 5. B Fox, 3.52; 6. B 9983, 2.09; 7. V 19319, 2.80; 8. C = SNG 5362, 2.31; 9—10. N Y, 3.84, 3.62; i i . M i ( = B rera 714), 3.5. 3923 a n d 3924 s h are an obv. die. 3925

AD

i. L =

[ 2 ]

bmc

16, 10.17; 2. C L eak e 8905, 9.59; 3. N Y , 13.58.

CTC 10, A m andry 4b (Salamis?) As 3 9 3 4 , b u t different style As 3 9 3 4 , b u t different style

Galba

i . A 5805, 3.69; 2. B L ö b b , 2.39; 3. O , 3.26. 3925 a n d 3926 s h are a single obv. die.

3934

Claudius 3927

AE. 33~4m m , 25.90g (9). Axis: 12.

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 13.72g (7). Axis: 12.

[ 5 ]

TAABAC CCBACTOC: lau reate head, r. ΚΟΙΝΟΝ ΚΥΠΡΙΩΝ CTOYC B; tem ple of P ap h ian A phrodite i . V 3 7 6 4 9 , 14.18; 2. L, 13.13; 3. B Fox, 1 1.06; 4. B R au c h , 13.71; 5· B 9985» 15*58; 6· M i ( = B rera 1275), 13.14; 7. N i, 15.41. C o u n te rm ark : Illeg ib le le tte rs o n a c ircu lar b ac k g ro u n d (shield?) delim ited by tw o concentric, circles, on th e obv., b eh in d G a lb a ’s h ea d , on all the specim ens ( G I C 538); th e M i sp ecim en offers th e rea d in g ΙΙΛ CA: IM (P ) C A (E S A R )?

[ 8 ]

BMC I I T I GLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG P M T R P IMP; laureate head o f C laudius, 1. ΚΟΙΝΟΝ ΚΥΠΡΙWN; in a laurel w reath

3935

AE. 2 7 -8 m m , 13.78g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

5. C o p 73, 32.60; 6 -8 . N Y , 26.05, 19.05, 18.74; 9* N i (= D ik a io s 165),

As 3 9 3 4 Sam e legend as 3 9 3 4 , b u t Zeus Salam inios, facing

3 5 -7 8 C o u n te rm ark : A la u re a te h ea d o f D o m itian , r., on 8 ( G I C 108).

i . P 7 9 7 , 15.50; 2. L 1 9 2 5 -1 -5 —56 ( = b m c , pi. 26,2), 14.01 ; 3. N i, 11 -85C o u n te rm ark : S am e as 3 9 3 4 o n all specim ens ( G I C 538).

i . P 7 9 1 , 28.90; 2. L = BMC 11, 30.50; 3 . B L öbb, 22.37; 4 . O , 19.12;

S

C at. no.

Y

R

I

A

C at. no.

Page

581

Introduction Cilicia Pedias: Pompeiopolis Tarsus Augusta Mallus Aegeae Mopsus Anazarbus-Caesarea Hierapolis (Castabala) Epiphanea Alexandria-ad-Issum Rhosus

4001-3 4004-5 4006-14 4015-24 4025-46 4047-58 4059-63 4064-5 4066-73 4074-6 4O77-8I

590 59° 591 592 593 594 595 596 596 597 598

Uncertain Cilicia/Syria: Princeps Felix Uncertain Caesarea(s) ‘Sistripia’ ‘Fleet’ coinage: Bibulus Cleopatra and Antony Regulus ‘CA’ coinage Zeus tetradrachm s Nero/Claudius tetradrachm s

4082-3 4084-6 4087 4088-93 4094-6 4097-9 4100-7 4108-21 4122-3

598 599 600 600 601 602 602 603 605

N orthern Syria: Antioch: silver bronze Seleucia Apamea Laodicea Gabala

4124—200 4201-323 4324-32 4333-78 4379-448 4449-55

606 617 630 631 634 638

Geographical A rrangem ent T he arrangem ent adopted in this catalogue is m ostly geographical, working from north to south. T he province naturally lends itself to division into a num ber of blocks, and these have been followed here, as they generally reflect differences in the n atu re or stru ctu re of the coinages of the cities they contained. First is the Cilician plain, running from (west to east) Pompeiopolis along the coastal p lain an d round the gulf of Issus to Rhosus. T his area, Cilicia Pedias, h a d been organised by Pom pey into a netw ork of city states w ith the koinon centre at T arsu s, an d form ed p a rt of the R om an province of Syria from the thirties b c . T he general appearance of the coinage of the area is very consistent, since the coins were m ade on sim ilarly flat an d large, though som ew hat thin, flans. N ot infrequently there are very large denom inations w ithout an im perial p o rtra it (e.g., Aegeae, M opsus). T h e im perial p o rtra it was not m uch used before the reign of T iberius, possibly suggesting a gap in m inting until th a t tim e (see also below). T he distinction,

Page

Balanea-Claudia Leucas Aradus M arathus Demetrias Orthosia Tripolis Botrys Byblus Berytus Sidon Tyre Ptolemais Dora

4456-65 4466-93 4494-9 4500 4501-8 4509-22 4523-4 4525-8 4529-47 4548-618 4619-739 4740-51 4752-67

639 641 643 644 644 645 647 647 648 651 655 658 660

Antilebanon: Chalcis Damascus

4768-80 4781-806

662 663

Judaean and Palestinian cities Antioch-ad-Hippum G adara Nysa-Scythopolis Canatha Gerasa Caesarea Paneas Caesarea Paneas or M aritim a Irenopolis Neronias Sepphoris Tiberias Gaba Caesarea M aritim a Ascalon Gaza

4807-8 4809—24 4825-35 4836-8 4839-41 4842-6 4847-8 4849-50 4851-4 4855-7 4858-65 4866-93 4894-96

666 666 667 668 669 669 670 671 671 672 672 673 676

however, between pre-im perial and im perial ‘pseudo-auto­ nom ous’ is very h ard to draw (as in T racheia: see p. 560); some pieces w ithout a p o rtrait would not have been included in this catalogue if they did not have dates on them , and it seems possible th at some of the coinage of cities w hich did not p u t dates on their coins should also have been included here. T he coins w ith portraits, especially those of C laudius, exhibit a very sim ilar ‘C ilician’ style, perhaps of a single engraver or engraving tradition. T he coins are, however, all very rare, and often difficult to attrib u te to individual em perors, either because o f their poor preservation or because of the absence of any identify­ ing legend. T he picture of the coinage presented here is therefore very likely to be substantially m odified w ith the discovery of new specimens, as can be seen from the relatively large num ber of pieces in the recently published S N G Levante, now the standard work for the area. O verall, however, it seems fair to say th at the sm all n um ber of surviving specimens suggests th at not very m uch coinage was issued in this area in the Ju lio -C la u d ia n period. Next, separated from Cilicia by the A m anus m ountains, comes northern Syria (Seleucis), w hich merges into the long

coastal strip of Phoenicia, hedged in betw een the sea and the Lebanon m ountain range. T he coinages of these areas show internal links betw een neighbouring cities; in general, there is a resem blance between, on the one hand, the coins of the tetrapolis o f A ntioch, Seleucia, A pam ea an d L aodi­ cea; on the oth er h an d , the coins of the Phoenician coast generally used Phoenician letters, and ‘pseudo-auto­ nom ous’ sm aller denom inations were generally produced on a large scale, continuing the strong tradition of the im m ediate p ast (see also below). In p articular, there are close stylistic links, as noted in the catalogue, between several cities, e.g., A ntioch and Seleucia, G abala and Balanea or A radus an d M arathus. T he coinage o f this area was dom inated by the massive o u tp u t from A ntioch. D uring this period, A ntioch produced large quantities o f silver and bronze (though on an irregular basis), notably the bronze SC coinage. T his can be seen, perhaps m ost clearly for the reign of Tiberius; hardly any silver was m inted throughout the reign, an d bronze was m inted on three short occasions, once early in the reign and twice tow ards the end. Silver was alm ost non-existent under C laudius, b u t enorm ous quantities of bronze were m inted during his reign (inform ation from K evin B utcher); large issues of silver were m ade under (perhaps) C aligula and (certainly) Nero (see also below). F u rth er south, the oth er significant silver m int was Tyre, which supplied silver to the southern p a rt of the area and, in particu lar, to Ju d a e a . Bronze was also plentifully produ­ ced, and w ith a large variety of different types (usually ‘pseudo-autonom ous’) an d a confusing num ber of denom i­ nations. T h e Phoenician character of the coinage was in ter­ rupted only by the coinage produced a t the A ugustan colony at Berytus an d the C laudian one at Ptolem ais. T he principal m ints of the area were A radus, Tripolis, Berytus and Sidon, and their coinages were very fully listed in a series of articles by J . R ouvier (see R ouvier). T he p o rtraits of all A ugustus’s successors appear regularly, though there is a virtual absence of represen­ tations of other m em bers of the im perial family. T his is a com plete con trast w ith other areas of the Greek east; the explanation m ay be p artly the Syrian reluctance to use the im perial p o rtrait, an d p artly the use of ‘pseudo-auto­ nom ous’ types, ra th e r th an m em bers of the im perial family, to denote sm aller denom inations. A t the southern end of the L ebanon m ountains, the coastal plain opens up into the interior, and this geographi­ cal change coincides m ore or less w ith the political one. T he Ju d a e a n kingdom of H erod stretched from here southw ards to th at of his rival C leopatra, and, throughout m ost of the period covered by this catalogue, J u d a e a retained some sort of political coherence, w hether und er the rule of Ju d a e a n princes or R om an procurators, though some of the cities inside its boundaries rem ained p a rt of the province of Syria. T o the im m ediate n o rth of the Ju d a e a n kingdom , around the A ntilebanon m ountains, lay the principality of Chalcis and the city of D am ascus, whose influence and territory varied widely (e.g., a t one tim e the territory of D am ascus was contiguous w ith th a t o f Sidon, b u t und er C aligula the

city was given to the N abataeans). This area and its coinage was for the m ost p a rt culturally distinct from the long coastal strip o f Phoenicia, or politically separate from the T ran sjo rd an cities of the Decapolis, w hich were all p a rt of the province of Syria, as were the cities on the A ntilebanon m ountains (Dam ascus) or the principality of Chalcis. For the history of Ju d a e a , see E. M . Smallwood, The J e w s under R om an R u le (1981) and E. Schürer, The H isto ry o f the J e w is h People in the A g e o f C hrist , Vol. I, ed. G. V erm es and F. M illar (1973). T he latest stan d ard work on Ju d a e a n coinage from H erod to A grippa I I is Y. M eshorer, A n cien t J e w is h Coinage, Vol. I I (1982). Earlier Ju d a e a n (H asm onean) coins are described in Vol. I of M eshorer’s book, and are not treated here. No silver coinage was produced in Ju d a e a (though M eshorer has suggested that, from the tim e of H erod, the shekels of T yre were m inted at Jeru salem rath er th an Tyre: see p. 656), b u t a num ber of different sorts of bronze coins were m ade during this period. These can be divided, roughly, into three groups. T he ‘aniconic’ coinages were those m ade by the Jew ish rulers and Rom an prefects at Jerusalem ; these, like the products of the city of Tiberias, avoided portraits o f the rulers, out of regard for Jew ish sentim ent. T he coins o f Jeru salem are preserved in huge num bers today, im plying a very large output. T he second category of bronzes m ight be characterised as ‘philorom an’. These were produced a t C aesarea M aritim a and particu ­ larly C aesarea Paneas, and exhibit an obsessive em phasis on the em peror and the im perial family, w ith represen­ tations o f some very m inor m em bers of the family and with legends th at are, ra th e r surprisingly, sometimes in Latin. Some of them were struck un d er the Jew ish rulers, especi­ ally A grippa I, b u t the au thority for some of the other issues is less clear, especially in the case of the coins produced between the reigns of A grippa I and A grippa II: were these issues of the procurators? T he th ird and final class of bronze coinage is the norm al civic type of coinage, for instance, those from Sepphoris, G aba or Gaza.

Political O rganisation and Portraits T he R om an province of Syria was created by Pompey. M any cities began new eras a t this time; these are generally known today as ‘Pom peian eras’, though they were more correctly eras of Rom e (note L A ΡΩΜΗΣ at G adara: H. Seyrig, S yria , 1959, p. 71). M any substantial changes were also m ade under Pom pey’s successors. Some of them were responsible for the foundation or refoundation of cities; for exam ple, G aba was renam ed after the proconsul M arcius Philippus, and counted its era from this date (4855-7). One of the m ajor figures in the history of early Syria, b u t one who has left only a shadow y record, was G abinius, procon­ sul in 57-55 B e . H e was responsible for the refoundation of towns such as N ysa-Scythopolis, w hich bore his nam e and p u t his po rtrait on its coins (4825fr.), as well as the num erous other cities w hich Josephus specifies as being rebuilt by him (Jones, C ities, p. 257). O n the financial side, it is possible th at he was responsible for the financial

SYRIA

reorganisation of the province (cf. M . H . Craw ford, C M R R , pp. 203, 205h, 209; H. R. Baldus, C R W L R , pp. 127-8), and certain th a t he reform ed the silver coinage of R om an Syria, inaugurating the coinage of silver tetradrachm s m inted posthum ously in the nam e of K ing Philip Philadelphus. T he first and only large issue has a m onogram of his nam e (4108). Subsequently, substantial changes were m ade to Syria by the other leaders of the late R epublic (for reflections o f these on the coinage, see Baldus in C R W L R , pp. 123-5). C aesar freed the city of A ntioch, w hich adopted a new era starting from this date, as did some other cities, including Laodicea, which was renam ed J u lia Laodicea. Antony, too, m ade changes (see H . B uchheim , D ie O rientpolitik des T riu m virn M . A n to n iu s ). H e freed B alanea to p unish A radus for its resistance; B alanea started a new era und er him , as did A pam ea. H is position was recognised by the appearance of his po rtrait at the following cities in n orthern Syria: A ntioch B alanea A radus M a rath u s T ripolis Ptolem ais

?37 bc 38/37, 37/36 37/36 42/41 39/38

4135 4456 4466-7 4494 4501 (w ith Fulvia) 4740

A nother change resulted from A ntony’s gift to C leopatra in 37/36 of the form er Ptolem aic territories in Phoenicia and Palestine, as far north as the E leutheros river (as well as Cyprus an d Cilicia T racheia: the rest of Cilicia was transferred to Syria). T his saw the: appearance of a num ber of portraits of the queen on her new territories: O rth o sia T ripolis B erytus P tolem ais D ora Chalcis D am ascus

36/35, 35/34 36/35 36/35, 32/31 35/34 34/33 32/31 37/36, 33/32

45OI-2 4 5 10 4529-30 4741-2 (w ith A ntony) 4752 (w ith A ntony) 477 r—3 (w ith A ntony) 4 7 81,4783

These coins are dated by different eras. A t D ora C leo p atra’s E gyptian reckoning is used, and a double reckoning is used at Berytus and Chalcis (‘year 6 w hich is also y ear 2Y). These two eras are generally regarded as her E gyptian and Phoenician eras, though it is noticeable th a t the second era coincides w ith the second era adopted in E gypt to m ark the recognition of C aesarion, an d very sim ilar form ulae are used both in Egypt an d on Phoenician coins. I t does, however, still seem likely th a t this is ju s t a coincidence, and th at the era of C aesarion an d of C leo p atra’s Phoenician kingdom are distinct (if concurrent), since otherw ise it is im possible to understan d the use of only the lower d ating on p o rtrait coins of C leopatra at O rthosia, Tripolis and her first issue from Berytus. T he cases of D am ascus, Ascalon an d ‘A ntioch’ all raise problem s for the interp retatio n of C leo p atra’s portrait. A lthough C leo p atra’s p o rtra it appears a t D am ascus in 37/36 and 33/32 B e , no ancient text m entions the gift of the city to her, and the coins continue to use the Seleucid era.

583

Baldus has argued [op. cit.) th at D am ascus did not form p a rt of her kingdom , b u t rem ained an independent city w hich, however, used her po rtrait to honour her. It can now be seen, however, th at the coinage o f Ptolem ais also seems to retain its traditional (C aesarian) era alongside the new (Phoenician) one. I t therefore seems likely th a t D am ascus, a t this stage a weak power greatly overshadow ed by the neighbouring principality of C halcis, also form ed p a rt of the queen’s new territory. A t Ascalon superb portraits of the queen appear on very rare tetradrachm s m inted (at any rate) in 50/49 and 39/38 (4066-8). Ascalon, however, rem ained free after Pom pey’s settlem ent, and, though its status m ay have been som ew hat dim inished (hence the dropping of autonom es from its titles: see p. 673), it did not form p a rt of C leo p atra’s new king­ dom. T he portraits stand at the end o f the line o f other royal portraits produced on the ‘autonom ous’ coinage of Ascalon during the first century b c , although it is not clear w hether these portraits are supposed to be o f Seleucid or Ptolem aic kings. Are these portraits ju s t m inted to honour the relevant m onarchs, or is it possible th a t Ascalon acknowledged in some sense the position of rulers such as Cleopatra? Finally, there are the famous tetradrachm s m inted w ith the portraits of C leopatra and A ntony (4094-6), T he detailed study of their dies has revealed th a t C leopatra is on the obverse and A ntony on the reverse, and this (and other considerations: see the com m entary) seems to pose distinct difficulties for the traditional attrib u tio n to A ntioch. I f a m int is to be sought elsewhere, however, for instance in the territories of C leopatra (as her presence on the obverse would suggest), then there is no obvious candidate. T he m ain change m ade by A ugustus was, o f course, the restoration of C leopatra’s dom ains to the province o f Syria; in addition the Ju d a e a n kingdom o f H erod was enlarged on m ore th an one occasion. T he m ain later organisational changes to the province were confined to the south, and related to the problem of the succession to H erod (see p. 679), initially involving the division o f his kingdom between H erod’s three sons, and subsequently requiring the transfer of certain Ju d a e a n territories to R om an prefects or procu­ rators. W ithin the boundaries o f Ju d a e a , a num ber o f cities were not dependent on the Ju d a e a n rulers (e.g., Antiochad-H ippum , G adara, G aza), b u t rem ained p a rt of the prov­ ince of Syria. Because Syrian coinages generally bear precise dates, they offer a unique opportunity to date the adoption of the im perial po rtrait on the coinage of the area. Syria has added interest from this point of view, since it was an area well used to ruler portraits. In addition to the portraits o f the Seleucid kings on silver tetradrachm s, A ntiochus IV had early in the second century im posed his p o rtrait on the civic coinage of Syria (see O. M orkholm , Stu d ies in the Coinage o f A n tio ch u s I V ) . In the im m ediate p ast before A ugustus, portraits of another kind had also appeared, nam ely those of C leopatra and, m ore significantly, A ntony. W h at h ap ­ pened w ith A ugustus’s victory? As suggested in the survey published a few years ago (S. W alker and A. B urnett, A u g u stu s. H a n d lis t o f the E x h ib itio n , pp. 23—35), the adoption

5 84

SY R IA

of A ugustus’s p o rtrait in Syria seems surprisingly late. This can now be docum ented m ore fully: see table below. Several conclusions can be draw n from this table. First, there was an avoidance of the p o rtrait altogether in the predom inantly Jew ish areas of southern J u d a e a (Jerusalem , and T iberias?), a fact which has long been well known (cf. p. 683). I t is possible to speculate th a t this Jew ish prefer­ ence for aniconic coins m ay have contributed to the avoidance o f portraits a t T yre. T y rian coins were used to pay the Jew ish tax (Josephus, W ars I I . 592), an d this may well have entailed an economic incentive to m aintain the coinage in its trad itio n al form, a tradition w hich was only broken by the R om ans in a d 60 (see above). Secondly, in the inland areas (Decapolis, Coele Syria), the p o rtrait of A ugustus was very rapidly adopted. A t the first opportunity (i.e., w hen it was first decided at a p articu lar town to make coinage), the p o rtra it was im m ediately used. T hirdly, the coastal areas of Phoenicia and n orthern Syria show a m arked reluctance to ad o p t the p ortrait. T his is all the more surprising in view of the nu m b er of portraits of A ntony w hich had previously appeared. In the case of A ntioch, indeed, it is clear th a t the traditional n o n-portrait issues

Pompeiopolis Tarsus Augusta Mallus Aegeae Mopsus Anazarbus Epiphanea Rhosus Seleucia Antioch Apamea Laodicea Gabala Balanea Aradus Orthosia Tripolis Byblus Berytus Sidon Tyre Ptolemais Dora Chalcis Damascus Antioch (Hipp.) G adara Nysa

D a te o f fir s t po rtra it

Previous A u g u sta n coinage

Nero

no

c.

ad

5

O ther po rtra its

no?

founded in Augustus? Tiberius Tiberius Claudius Tiberius Tiberius AD 6 5 BC 4 / 3 BC

Caligula 24 or 9 Be AD 13/14 8 / 7 BC

Nero Caligula 2 / 1 BC

before 5 9 or 5

bc

bc

none Claudius. none

ad

20 no? no? no? no? no? no?

yes yes yes yes no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Antony

Antony Antony Cleopatra Antony, Cleopatra Cleopatra

Antony, Cleopatra Cleopatra Cleopatra Cleopatra

31

30/29 Nero

(posthum ous coins of Philip Philadelphus) were in fact revived for some fifteen years after A ntony’s defeat, while at other cities a quite considerable am ount of ‘pseudo-auto­ nom ous’ coinage was m ade w ithout the p o rtrait. T he m ain change cam e w ith V aru s’s reform of the coinage of A ntioch in 5 B C , w hich saw the introduction of the po rtrait on both silver and bronze (at any rate the larger bronze denom i­ nations). I t is h ard to see an easy explanation of this late appearance of the p ortrait, unless it is seen partly as a reaction against A ntony and C leopatra and partly as a restoration of the pronounced autonom y of Syrian and Phoenician coinage (the insistence of the full titles of the city, giving their autonom ous and other titles, as an indica­ tion of their privileged sta tu s). It is not clear w hether the sam e p attern extends to the Cilician p a rt of Syria. T he im perial po rtrait was not, generally, adopted there until the reign of T iberius, b u t we cannot be sure w hether or not any ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coinage was m inted in the reign of A ugustus, as Cilician coins do not system atically bear dates. After the reign of A ugustus, the Julio-C laudian em peror who seems to have had m ost effect on the Syrian cities was

BC

no

3 1 /3 O BC

Caligula

no

Canatha Gerasa

Caligula Nero

no no

Paneas Sepphoris Tiberias Gaba Caesarea Jerusalem

AD 1/2 Nero none Claudius Claudius none

no no yes no no yes

Ascalon Gaza

4 / 3 BC

yes no

AD 5/6

Cleopatra

SYRIA

C laudius, and this, too, is reflected on the coinage. A num ­ ber of changes in status or refoundations were m ade by C laudius: A pam ea becam e C laudia A pam ea, Balanea becam e C laudia Leucas, G aba Philippi becam e G aba Philippi C laudia, T iberias becam e T iberias C laudia, while Ptolem ais becam e (first) G erm ania-in-Ptolem ais an d (then) the Colonia C laudia C o(n)s(ularis?) Stabilis G erm an(icia?) Felix. T h e arrangem ents in Ju d a e a , w hich were frequently changed m ostly as a result of the deaths of the rulers to whom p a rt or whole was entrusted, were, of course, com­ pletely disrupted by the Jew ish revolt w hich broke out in

66 . T he revolt does also seem to have been m arked by the production of coinage in southern Syria an d Ju d a e a . Issues were m ade at ju s t this period a t several m ints, such as Tripolis. In Ju d a e a , as well as a big issue from C aesarea, there is a noticeable increase in the num b er of com m unities either in or adjacent to J u d a e a coining a t this tim e and in the size of their o u tp u t (Sepphoris, D ora, Ptolem ais, Antioch-ad-H ippum , G erasa, G ad ara, Nysa-Scythopolis and

R ef.

-

-

D am ascus), and these issues are all presum ably to be con­ nected w ith the Jew ish revolt; indeed on two o f them (C aesarea and Sepphoris) V espasian’s nam e actually occurs in the reverse inscription.

Governors and Rom an Officials T he list below gives the R om an officials whose nam es are attested on the coinage. T he reference n u m ber is to B. E. Thom asson, L aterculi P raesidum , cols. 303—7, w here relevant discussion is given. T he identity and status of Regulus (under Augustus) and Culleo (under T iberius) are uncertain.

Coinage and D enom inations S ilver T he general picture of silver production from the second h a lf of the first century b c to the death of N ero is of the drying up or cessation of the local civic silver coinages in

D a te o f Coin

C at. no.

ΑΥΓΒ ΓΑΒ

C- 57-55 BC

Crassus C. Cassius Bibulus

KPA Γ KAC PR D ESIG

C- 54/53 BC

Antioch 4124 Nysa 4825 Antioch 4125 Antioch 4126 Uncertain 4088-93

Regulus Varus

ΡΗΓΛΟΣ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΣ ΕΠ Ι ΟΥΑΡΟΥ

Late Republican Gabinius 1

c 5 3 /5 2 BG C.

38

BC

Augustus -

9

7/6 6/5 5/4

BC BC BC

P Q V IN C T (I)L (L )(L )V S V(V )RVS {sic) P VAR Saturninus Silanus

I I

!5

ΕΠ Ι ΣΑΤΟΡΝΙΝΟ ΟΥΟΛΟ ΕΠ Ι ΣΙΛΑΝΟΥ ΕΠ Ι ΣΙΛΑΝΟΥ

AD

4/5 12/13 I3A4

14/15 16/17

Antioch 4270-1 Seleucia 4330-2

AD

Silanus

ΕΠΙ ΣΙΛΑΝΟΥ ΕΠΙ ΣΙΛΑΝΟΥ

Flaccus Culleo

ΕΠΙ ΦΛΑΚΚΟΥ ΕΠΙ ΚΟΥΛΕΩΝΟΣ

33/4

Berytus 4544 Antioch 4274-5 Aegeae 4030

ΕΠΙ ΠΕΤΡΩΝΙΟΥ ΕΠΙ ΚΑΣΣΙΟΥ

41/2 47/8

Antioch 4276 Antioch 4278 Antioch 4284-7 Antioch 4290-1 Antioch 4296 Antioch 4303-4 Sepphoris 4849-^0 Caesarea 4865

PERM SIL

I !9 —

Uncertain 4097—9 Antioch 4242 Antioch 4245 Antioch 4252 Berytus 4535 countermark (G 1 C 058) at Laodicea and G abala Antioch 4262 Antioch 4268 Antioch 4269 Berytus 4541 Berytus 4542

PERM ISSV SILANI SILANVS P Tiberius >5

Claudius 21 Petronius Cassius 23

585

Nero 25

Q uadratus

ΕΠΙ ΚΟΥΑΔΡΑΤΟΥ

27

C. Cestius

p

Vespasian

ΕΠΙ ΚΕΣΤΙΟΥ ε π ί γ α ιο υ κ ε ε τ ι ο γ ε π ί ο γ ε ε π Α ε ίΑ Ν Ο Υ ε π ί ο γ ε α ίΛ Ο Α Ν Ο Υ

55/6 56/7 65/6 66/7 67/8 67/8

Galba 29

Mucianus

ΕΠΙ ΜΟΥΚΙΑΝΟΥ

68/9

Antioch 4313

Otho 29

Mucianus

ε π ί ΜΟΥΚΙΑΝΟΥ

68/9

Antioch 4316-17

favour of the R om an m int of A ntioch. T h e silver production of some m ints h ad ceased ju s t before the period covered by this catalogue, like T ripolis in the sixties or A radus in the forties b c . T h e following issues are found, in geographical order:

from a handful of dies and known from only a very few specimens. T he w eight stan d ard was about 15 g until 46/45, and was then reduced to a Ptolem aic standard of about 14.3 g. T he im perial silver coins have a fineness of 91.5% and an average w eight of 13.35 g.

1. T arsu s (4004-5). Tw o very sm all issues were m ade (14.66g, 84% fine), one u nder A ugustus an d one under Tiberius.

9. Sidon. A fairly scarce coinage of shekels (13.22 g) was produced down to 30/29 b c (4548-56). Half-shekels (6.49 g) had been produced occasionally during the same period, and there were subsequently slightly large issues of them on three occasions: 6/5 b c , a d 18/19 and as late as 43/4 (455861). No im perial portraits ap p ear on the coins.

Aegeae (4025-6). T etrad rach m s (average weight: 14.23g) m ade on the C aesarean era in years 4, 13, 16, 17 and 18 = 44/43, 3 5 / 3 4 , 3 2 / 3 C 3 1/ 3 °, 30/29· T h e coins are all very rare, suggesting a sm all production. 2.

3. Zeus reverse tetradrachm s (4108-21). A series of tetradrach m s w ith a seated figure of Zeus an d various ‘m agistrate’s’ initials on the reverse was produced for A ugustus, T iberius, C aligula an d Nero. T hese coins are all very rare (one specim en each know n for A ugustus an d C ali­ gula), and, although the traditional attrib u tio n to A ntioch seems unlikely, their m int does not seem identifiable, but was probably in north ern Syria or Cilicia. T he average weight is 13.93 g. A nalyses have given ra th e r puzzling data on the fineness; 66% for T iberius (two coins), and 54% for C laudius (four coins). 4 . T etrad rach m s w ith L atin legends, m inted tow ards the end of N ero’s reign an d depicting Divos C laudius on the reverse, seem m ore likely to be from Syria th an C appadocia (4122—3). A gain their m int is, however, uncertain, though the coins are not so rare as the Zeus tetradrachm s. 5. A ntioch. F or the long and complex history of silver production a t A ntioch, see the relevant p a rt of the catalogue (4124-200). T h e coinage of posthum ous Philips was begun w ith a huge issue by G abinius, and it continued on a relatively sm all scale into the reign of A ugustus, w hen it was replaced, in 5 b c , by p o rtrait issues, which continued for the rest o f his reign. T here was a single tiny issue under Tiberius (in 34/5), an d issues were m ade in the first three years o f C aligula’s reign, a t the end of C laudius’s reign and at the beginning of N ero’s reign ( a d 56/7). From a d 60, however, a vast o u tp u t began which continued for five years. This increase in o u tp u t coincides w ith a change of typology (the adoption of an eagle as the reverse type), and is related to the cessation of the coinage of Tyre. T hereafter, at the end of the reign and for G alba an d O th o (and V espasian, not treated here), o u tp u t continued on a slightly reduced scale.

6.

Seleucia. No silver was m inted from the tim e of Tigranes until two rare issues of tetradrachm s under A ugustus (in a d 6 and 8; 4328-9). T h e average w eight is about 15 g, an d the recorded fineness 74%. 7. A pam ea. A n issue of tetradrachm s was m ade under C laudius; only a single specim en is extant (4377: 13.69g). 8. Ju lia Laodicea. A series of tetradrachm s was m ade from C aesar’s refoundation until 17/16 b c (4379-80). T here was, then, an issue for A ugustus, one at an uncertain date for Divus A ugustus an d one for Nero in 63 (4381-3). All these issues were on a very small scale; they were struck

10. Tyre. Shekels (13.95g, 95% ) were produced alm ost every year down to 58/9 (4619-80). T he issues o f the later years seem particularly m ore com m on th an the earlier ones. R arer half-shekels (6.67 g) were produced irregularly throughout the sam e period; in addition there is a single specim en apparently produced in a d 65/6 (4681-706). T he coins produced after 18 b c have been attrib u ted to a H erodian m int at Jerusalem , a view which is not followed here. T he coins did, however, circulate extensively and p re­ ferentially (Josephus, W ars, I I .592) in Ju d a e a , no doubt because they did not have the im age o f any ruler and because their fineness was very high. 11. Ascalon. Ascalon h ad produced a small, though fairly regular, coinage of silver during the first h alf of the first century b c . T hereafter some very rare tetradrachm s (13.15g) were produced w ith the p o rtrait of C leopatra, in 50/49 and 39/38 b c . T his survey m akes it clear th a t m ost of these issues were only very sm all - the total o u tp u t of the cities o f Tarsus, Seleucia, A pam ea, Ju lia Laodicea and Sidon was tiny, as was th at of the m int of the Zeus reverse tetradrachm s. T he L atin legend tetradrachm s o f N ero/D ivos C laudius are a little m ore ab u ndant, b u t they are all sm all in com parison w ith the ou tp u t o f the two m ain m ints, T yre and especially A ntioch. W ith the reform of these coinages and the am alga­ m ation of the T y rian into the A ntiochene coinage in a d 60, the production of silver coinage was effectively centralised at A ntioch, where it rem ained until the end of the period treated in this catalogue. Y et the coinage of A ntioch was still ‘civic’ in nature; at first, it had types or inscriptions which referred to the city, and even later, under Nero, the coins are dated by the civic era of A ntioch. W e are therefore dealing w ith the R om an m anipulation of a ‘city coinage’, rath er like th a t of the bronze coinage of N em ausus; both coinages were, on the face of it, city coinages, b u t their enorm ous output shows th at they were used by the Rom an authorities as the vehicle for producing the currency which was required. T he varying weights and finenesses of these coinages, however, raise the problem of how they were related to each other, and to R om an systems of reckoning. T he following weights and finenesses occur: Aegeae Tarsus Zeus series Augustus Tiberius

i 4-23 g i 4.66 g

85%

i 4.28g i 342 g

66%

12.6g of silver

SYRIA

Caligula Claudius mean Latin 4drs

12.71g !3-97 g !3-76 g 14.08 g

84% 77% 63%

10.6g 8-9g

Seleucia

15-00 g

74%

I I .I g

Gabinius Crassus/Cassius Years 4-12 Cleopatra Years 19-24 Years 25—33

■5-35g ' ^■ogg H-78 g 14.80 g ■ 14.62 g ■4-11 g .

Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero year 3 years 6-10 year 114 year 116 Galba year 1 Galba year 2 Otho

!4-54g H -65g !4-36g ï4.66g !4-23g r4-59g i4-3°g 1 r4-47 g J !4-55 g r4-58 g 14.60 g

Apamea

!3-69g

Laodicea

H-Sog r3-35g

Sidon

13.22g

T y re

■3-95g

1 "•3 g 75%

J

I I .I g 11.0g 10.6g

θ 'CO r-·

J I *3g

—

68% 76% 63% 79% 78%

9-8 g I I .I g 9-0 g "■ 5g I I .2 g

92%

I2-3g

95%

!3-3g

It is difficult to resolve this array o f figures of weights and weights of silver into any sim ple pattern . T h e fluctuation in the coinage of A ntioch is striking; initially (perhaps), the fineness rem ained stable w hile the w eight declined, but (from A ugustus) the w eight rem ained stable while the fine­ ness declined until a d 60, w hen it was im proved. A t no time did the silver content m atch th a t of the T yrian shekel, which seems to have been (approxim ately) m etrologically equivalent to the coinage a t T arsus an d Laodicea. A lthough some of the coins b ear the nam es of local coin denom i­ nations (ΔΙΔΡΑΧΜΟΝ, ΔΡΑΧΜ Η), it seems likely th at silver R om an units of reckoning were established in Syria (see W alker, M etrology I, an d p. 588); this is im plied by references, in the Bible an d in R abbinic texts (C .J. Howgego, I N J , 1984-5, pp. 59-64) an d by the som ew hat exiguous evidence for R om an bronze denom inations (see below ). O n this basis, the problem is to equate the local silver production to their possible face value in term s of R om an denarii. O ne could perhaps retain W alker’s division into two groups (W alker, M etrology I, p. 74: a group at 3 denarii and a group a t 4 denarii) in a simplified or m odified form. O n this scheme, we m ight suppose th a t all the coins down to a d 60 passed at 3 denarii, except for the coins of T yre (and, perhaps T arsus an d Laodicea; perhaps also Sidon, though no analyses are available) w hich passed at 4 denarii. From the reform of a d 60, however, the A ntioch tetradrachm s (alm ost the only silver still m inted) passed at 4 denarii, though a t a ra th e r low er stan d ard th a n th at previously enjoyed at T yre. T his in tu rn m ight possibly explain why the coinage of T yre was brought to an end. If the R om an authorities w anted to debase the A ntiochene tetrad rach m (which they did by increasing its face value by 33% , b u t its silver content by only 25% ), then it would

587

have been essential, for the new coin to be accepted, to remove the T yrian shekel w ith its m uch greater silver con­ tent. T his is, of course, only speculation, b u t it links up the change in the Syrian silver of N ero w ith th at elsewhere in the Em pire (e.g., the west, A lexandria). A nother possible parallel w ith A lexandria is the possi­ bility th a t the very large ou tp u t of tetradrachm s in the years im m ediately after 60 was in some sense a recoinage of earlier coins, ju s t as A lexandrian tetradrachm s of Nero seem largely to have been a recoinage of earlier Ptolem aic and T iberian tetradrachm s. T he evidence for this in Syria is not very strong; it depends on two considerations. First, in later hoards (e.g., Tiberias, Eleutheropolis: see p. 611), tetradrachm s earlier th an those of a d 60 are absent, sug­ gesting a dem onetisation m ay have taken place at some time. Secondly, the p attern o f die-linking under, say, C ali­ gula suggests th at his tetradrachm s were originally m uch m ore com m on than the survivors suggest. T etradrachm s of C aligula are today extrem ely rare, yet a surprisingly large num ber of dies are represented am ong them . In a sim ilar way, the earlier A lexandrian tetradrachm s of T iberius are not very com m on today, b u t M ilne’s die count (see p. 13) indicated an enorm ous num ber of dies. In both cases, it seems th a t the original coinage m ay have been very large (as indicated by the dies), b u t the surviving specimens are very rare as a result of a possible N eronian dem onetisation. W hen did R om an denarii start to circulate in Syria? U nlike Asia, there is little trace of them in Syria during the C aesarian civil wars. N one seems to have circulated there, and there is only one issue which m ight possibly have been m ade there, the denarii of C leopatra and A ntony (R R C 543), which resem ble the sim ilar Syrian tetradrachm s. Two earlier issues m ay also have been m ade in Syria ( R R C 536 and 539). By the end of the first century a d , however, the circulation of denarii seems to have becom e well established, and it is perhaps im plied by T acitus (‘apud A ntiochensis aurum argentum que sig n atu r’: H is t. Π .82) th a t they were m ade at A ntioch by V espasian (c f. W. E. M etcalf, Proceedings o f the g th Intern a tio n a l N u m ism a tic Congress , pp. 324-6). T he m ention of denarii in the Bible and R ab­ binic texts m ight suggest the currency of the denarius at an earlier date, b u t m ay only refer to its use as a unit of account. T here is unfortunately little find evidence to help (for instance, D. T. Ariel, ‘A Survey of Coin Finds in Jeru salem ’, L ib e r A n n u u s, 1982, pp. 273-326, cites only one R epublican denarius, one of A ntony, one of A ugustus, one of Tiberius; there are a few more from the second century). T he date of the arrival of denarii in large num bers in Syria therefore rem ains uncertain. D e n o m in a tio n s

T here is no very strong evidence to show th at R om an bronze denom inations were generally cu rren t in Syria, though, conversely, there is no very strong evidence to show th at they were not (see also the general introduction, p. 33). T he Bible and R abbinic sources freely use coin term s like the as or the issar, as well as sm aller denom inations, b u t they do raise problem s of interpretation (date, audience?). T he Bible refers to the q u adrans (and its half,

588

SYRIA

the lepton), and confirm ation of the use o f the quadrans in Syria seems to be provided by the counterm ark used at C aesarea M aritim a o f KO B, plausibly explained as ‘two q u ad ra n te s’; m uch earlier, in the thirties b c , the ‘fleet coinage’ o f Bibulus indicates th a t it was expected th at R om an denom inations would be understood, although it is, of course, true th a t the attrib u tio n of these coins to Syria, ra th e r th an , say, C yprus, is not certain. Perhaps the best evidence for R om an denom inations comes from the inscrip­ tion at P alm yra w hich m entions the letter of G erm anicus w hich stipulated th a t taxes should be paid in the ‘Italian as’ (see p. 35). B ut w hile this indicates a R om an desire th at R om an denom inations should be used, it also, of course, proves th a t other systems of reckoning were also current. Similarly, some very rare N eronian coins of A ntioch have the inscription ΧΑΛΚΟΥΣ (4302), an d the sam e inscription appears on another sm all bronze coin, perhaps m inted at A ntioch u n d er A ugustus (5406). See also 4 5 7 7 , 4509A and 4610 for chalkoi at Sidon. R om an denom inations did, then, occur in Syria. T hey m ight have been introduced by G abinius, or by the reform er o f the A ntiochene coinage, Q uintilius V arus, or they m ight ju s t gradually have come into use from the period of the civil w ars (cf. p. 36). I t is, however, quite impossible to generalise, from this slender evidence, about the extent to w hich R om an or other local systems were used. This, in turn, raises problem s when we look at the coins them selves, an d try to assign denom inations to them . T he obvious startin g point, w ith such an exercise, is the coinage o f A ntioch, p artly because it has survived in such large quantities th a t its m etrological structure is reasonably clear, and p artly because there is a strong presum ption th at it used R om an denom inations: this is a deduction m ade from the w ay the coinage was used as a m ilitary coinage by the R om an authorities (volume, L atin legends), coupled with the evidence from the Palm yra inscription for the attitu d e of the R om ans to denom inations. O n this basis, we are able to suggest th a t the two principal coin denom i­ nations a t A ntioch were the dupondius an d the as. T he position is ra th e r less clear for the sm aller denom inations, as it is not clear w hether there were two or three o f them : if only two, they could be regarded as a semis an d a quadrans. I t is this sm allest denom ination, the ‘q u a d ra n s’, w hich is Antioch Seleucia Berytus Ptolemais Paneas: Philip Agrippa I Claudius Nero

25 mm, 27m m, 23 mm, 25 mm,

15 g 14.4g 18.98g 12.50g

21 mm, 7.5 g 22m m, 8.78g 22 mm, 9.18g 8.37 g 7.40 g 8.20g 5.86 g

labelled ΧΑΛΚΟΥΣ under N ero and perhaps Augustus. T his does not necessarily m ean th at it is incorrect to think of the coin as a quadrans; as in Asia (p. 370), it m ay be that a local system and the R om an one were m ade com patible. This is certainly suggested by the ΔΙΔΡΑΧΜΟΝ and ΔΡΑΧΜΗ inscriptions on the silver of c. 50-5 a d , and one could hypothesise that, if the early Antiochene tetradrachm s were indeed 3-denarius pieces, the quadrans would have been equivalent to 43 of a local drachm or | of a local obol; perhaps it is no accident th at the Syrian obol contained eight chalkoi? T his rath er neat equivalence does not, o f course, work after the N eronian reform, if it is correct to think th at the reform revalued tetradrachm s at 4 denarii. O ne might, however, perhaps argue th a t the bronze coins were deliberately left unaffected by the change to the silver. From this start, can we say anything helpful about the rest of Syria? W hen one looks at the m etrology of Syrian bronze coinage some p atterns do emerge, although, as in the case of Asia (see p. 372), this sort of exercise does run a risk of finding p atterns where none m ay really have existed. In Syria, moreover, there seems to be m uch less consistency betw een the diam eters and weights produced at different cities (and sometimes even w ithin the sam e city!). This is especially true in Phoenicia, where the confusing picture of denom inations a t a place like Sidon should w arn against placing too m uch confidence in attem pts to assign values to individual issues. O ne would expect to find the p attern at A ntioch followed by its sm aller neighbour, Seleucia. T he two areas where one m ight, as at A ntioch, expect to find R om an denom inations are the coinage of the colonies (Berytus, Ptolem ais) and the ‘philorom an’ coinages of Ju d a e a . In the table below, the figures given for A ntioch are oversimplified; the actual p a t­ tern is m ore com plicated and shows a decline from A ugustus. O ne would not, o f course, pretend th at this table is fully convincing, and there are several obvious difficulties in it (in addition one of the possible denom inations at Berytus has been om itted, and is possibly only a slightly lighter version of the second one). T here does, however, seem to be a general adhesion to the denom inations in use in A ntioch, w ith the addition of a sm allest denom ination, presum ably corresponding to the p ru to t (or lepton or half16 mm, 18mm, 17mm, 19mm,

5.5g 4.60g 5.45g 4.64 g

18mm, 5.88g

14mm, 13mm, 15 mm, 14 mm,

2.5g 2.50g 3.05 g 2.93 g

23mm, 11.87g 22 mm, 12.14g

21 mm, 19 mm, 19mm, 18 mm,

Caesarea: Agrippa I Nero/Ag. Nero

24m m , 14.82 g 23m m, 11.77g 23 mm, 10.26g

20 mm, 9.06 g 19mm, 5.16g? 19mm, 7.15g

16 mm, 3.93 g

Tiberias: Antipas Claudius

22 mm, 12.98 g 23 mm, r 1.09 g

19mm, 6.21 g 18 mm, 7.43 g

I4m m , 3.53g 13mm, 3.65g

Agrippa II

23 mm, 13.51g

15 mm, 3.65 g 15 mm, 3.87 g 13mm, 3.73g

I2m m , I.33g

10 mm, 1.68 g 12 mm, 2.60g

Igm m , 2.62g

18 mm, 6.01 g

13mm, 3.18g

11 mm, 1.78 g

SYRIA

quadrans), which was the stan d ard denom ination for the Jerusalem coinage of the Jew ish rulers and R om an procurators. I t is even m ore difficult to try an d see the sam e or sim ilar patterns at other cities. T h e cities of Cilicia Pedias, for example, exhibit a fairly consistent p attern: 34mm, 28.78g (2) 26-30 mm, 14.81g (24)

(only Anazarbus) (Mopsus, Anazarbus, ‘Caesarea’, Aegeae, Rhosus)

2 3-5m m , 10.83g (123) i8-22m m , 6.94g (56) i6 -i8 m m , 3.79g (48) i4 -i6 m m , 3.10g (10)

I f it is correct to equate these w ith R om an denom inations (and they are shared w ith the coinage of the uncertain colony, 4082-3), then one is tem pted to regard the two m ost common denom inations as the as an d the semis; the larger pieces would represent dupondii (unusual) an d a sestertius (uniquely a t A nazarbus). Some doubts, however, m ust rem ain: the use of a prow on the sm allest denom ination of the Cilician ‘Q ’ coinage (5411: 19-20 m m , 4.63 g) suggests th at it m ay be intended to be an as (though note the unusual brass com position o f 5410). T his p a tte rn is not very close to th a t of A ntioch, and, as com m ented earlier, the Cilician coinage is characteristically different in physical appearance from th a t of, for instance, Antioch. Even the other cities of Seleucis (except Seleucia),

however, are difficult to equate w ith the coinage of Antioch, as can be seen from table 1 below. Some of the difficulties inherent in this table arise from the uncertainty as to how m any denom inations should be recognised in various ‘pseudo-autonom ous’ coins which have different types, b u t sim ilar m etrology. T his problem is encountered in an even more extrem e form in Phoenicia. O ne can hardly p u t the d ata into any coherent system, as table 2 below illustrates. Phoenicia is, perhaps, the area w here one m ight think local denom inations were m ost likely to continue, given the very traditional appearance of the coinage in early im perial times. T his m ay perhaps be the explanation of the dif­ ferences which can be observed; if so, one im agines th a t the differences between cities would indicate a num ber of dif­ ferent local standards, perhaps specific to each city. See also 4577 and 4509A. O n the other hand, one should not, perhaps, exaggerate the extent to which different systems m ay have existed. W hile one m ust, of course, be cautious about forcing systems onto a set of data, there do seem to be very wide variations in the standards used even w ithin the sam e city, as can be seen, for instance, at som ewhere like D am ascus. In this case, it seems th at one is dealing w ith a coherent set of denom inations, b u t th a t the stan d ard w as liable to fluctu­ ate widely from issue to issue. T able 3 illustrates the dangers of averaging out the

i D enom inations at cities in Seleucis Antioch Apamea Balanea Gabala Laodicea Seleucia

A

B

25 mm, 15 g 21 mm, 9.73g

21 mm, 20 mm, 22 mm, 20m m, 22 mm,

c 7.5g 7.63 g 8.75 g 7.75g 9.00 g

E

D

16 mm, 18mm, 19mm, 18 mm, 20 mm, 18mm,

27 mm, 14.38 g

5.5g 6.13g 6.20g 5.83 g 7.00 g 4.60g

14mm, 2.5g 16mm, 4.70g 16mm, 3.50g

15mm, 2.53g 13 mm, 2.50 g 13 mm, 2.50 g

16 mm, 4.80 g

2 D enom inations at cities in Phoenicia (mm/g) Aradus Orthosia Tripolis Byblus Berytus Sidon Tyre Ptolemais Dora

24/8.25

23/18.98 26/19.39 25/12.50 23/12.51

22/8.36 22/8.76 22/8.78 22/8.71 21/9.89 22/9.18

22/7.47

20/7.32 21/7.18 20/6.24

21/7.2O 20/6.21 19/6.70

21/6.90

1 9 / 5-21 17/ 4-33

18/3.44 17/545 etc. etc.

16/2.61 >5/3-°5

12/1.33

15/2.82 14/2.93 17/3-45

19/4.64 1 9 / 5·0 6

3 D enom inations at Damascus R u ler

D a te

Cleopatra

276 280 283 306 306-8 325

Augustus

Tiberius Nero

335 345 377

25mm, 9-94 g 6.21g 22mm, 20mm, 8.09g 19 mm, 8.33g

(10) (8) ( I0) (0

igm m , 6.62 g (4) 18mm, 6.01 g (2) 17 mm, 3.97 g (4)

13mm, 2.19g (2) 14mm, 3.05g (4)

24 mm, 15.02 g (10) 19mm, 8.29g (5) 22 mm, 11.47 g (4) 22m m , 12.44g (7)

58g

18mm, 9-!2g (2) 18 mm, 8.66g (3)

16 mm, 6.10 g (1) 16mm, 16 mm, 16 mm, 15mm,

5.30g 5.73 g 4.28 g 4.13g

(1) (2) (3) (2)

13 mm, 1.80 g (1) 14mm, 2.23g (1)

ggo

S Y R I A : Pompeiopolis, Tarsus (4001-4004)

figures over a long period of time; as at A ntioch, there is a gradual decline in the standards, b u t there are still surpris­ ingly variable stan d ard s for individual issues. W e m ight well suppose th a t these denom inations are supposed to be the sam e as at A ntioch, b u t this would h ardly be clear from an overall sum m ary for the whole period a t D am ascus. T o sum m arise: our general view is th a t R om an an d local coin denom inations probably co-existed, and th a t the m ajor coinage o f the area, th a t o f A ntioch, is u n derstandable in

term s of R om an denom inations. M any of the other coinages of the province can be understood in the same way, p articu ­ larly at Seleucia, the colonies of Berytus and Ptolem ais, and Ju d a e a . T he p attern was different in, at least, Cilicia Pedias, and the picture of denom inations in Phoenicia is, at the m om ent, baffling. I t rem ains true, however, th a t we are very aw are of the fragile n atu re of the conclusions draw n here.

Pompeiopolis T he coinage o f Pom peiopolis (the form er Soli) has been discussed by A. A. Boyce, ‘T h e d ated coins of Pom peio­ polis’, in her F e sta l a n d D a te d Coins o f the R om an E m p ire (1965), pp. 12-21, m odifying the earlier views of ImhoofBlum er, Z f N X , 1883, pp. 296-8. A full study was p repared by Boyce in the 1970s, b u t never published; a copy of the m anuscript exists in L (and presum ably NY). D uring the relevant period, only two issues were m ade, in years 96 (= a d 30/1) w ith the p o rtra it of Pom pey an d 130(F) (= 64/5) w ith the p o rtra it of Nero. So m uch is clear, though the detailed reading of some of the additional letters which appear on the coins is very uncertain.

4002

NE ΘΕ ΝΑ a n d A P* in field: i . L = BMC4 8 , 10.32; 2. C o p 245, 7.52; NE a n d Θ Ε in field: 3. L = bmc 49, 10.34; 4 . B, 9.90; Π ΑΠ ΓΑ (?) in field; 5. P 1057/1, 8 .1 1.

Nero: year igo (?) = 64!5 AE. 23m m , 9 .0 1 g (g). Axis: 12.

[

9

]

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. ΠΟΜΠΗΙΟΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; A th en a standing, 1., w ith N ike and sp ear and shield; in field, varying letters including ET PA(?)

Reign o f Tiberius: year g6 = g o ti A E. 23m m , 7.74g (2).

[ 5 ]

H ead o f Pom pey, r.; (to r., star) ΠΟΜΠΗΙΟΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ (ETOYC) A th en a standing, L, w ith Nike a n d spear an d shield; in field, varying letters

4003

4001

AE. 2 3m m , 9 .5 2 g (4). Axis: 12. BMC 48, C op 245

NÏ ΑΑΡΓΔΗ (?) in field: i . P 1059, 7.48; 2. P 1061 ( = W a 4516), 7-8o; 3 . O , 9.40; 4 . B 577/1895, 10.28; 5. G o, 9.85; 6. M u U n c e rta in (tra y 43) 2999, 9.52; ΠΑ ΔΙ EP ET PA(?): 7. P 1060 ( = W a 4517), 6.47; 8. P 1058, 7.25; 9. O, 12.75; IO*V 376455 7-93; i i . L e v an te 887, 7.40. T h e d a te is very u n c e rta in (th o u g h th e p o rtra it in d icates a d a te to w ard s the end o f N ero ’s reig n ); B osch re a d y ea r 131, w hile Boyce p referred 130 (see h er d iscussion).

[ 2 ]

H ead o f Pom pey, r. ΠΟΜΠΗΙΟΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; A thena, seated 1., holding Nike; in field, ν ζ an d several letters X. N Y , 8.09; a. B (I-B ), 7.28.

Tarsus D uring this period T arsus m inted silver tetradrachm s with im perial heads, u n d er A ugustus and T iberius. O th er tetradrachm s (T iberius-C laudius), w ith a seated Zeus on the reverse, have also been attrib u ted to T arsus, b u t this is uncertain, an d the coins have been catalogued under ‘U ncertain o f Cilicia or Syria’ (4108-21). No bronzes were m ade w ith im perial heads. T he piece of C laudius in NY, classified u nder T arsus (and followed by the v A In d e x ), is a coin of Rhosus (4081/9). A nother coin was reported by M ionnet (S7.259.407) w ith CCBACTOIC A ugustus an d Livia/K O IN O N ΚΙΛΙΚ tem ple. T his was accepted by E .J . Bickerm ann, A J P , 1947, p. 355, and (hesitantly) by S. R. F. Price, R itu a ls and P ow er, p. 247, no. 154, b u t R. Ziegler, Städtisches P restige und kaiserliche P o litik , pp. 19—20, has pointed out the obvious dangers in accepting the coin, w hich is m ore probably a m isread second-century coin. Sim ilarly, as Ziegler has pointed out, M i 3.624.419 is not of A ugustus, b u t a m isidentified coin of A ntoninus Pius. It is, of course, possible th a t some of the u n d ated bronzes of T arsus were produced in this period, though there are

differences from the treatm ent on, e.g., the rocks or throne on w hich Tyche is seated on silver coins. I t is quite likely th a t T arsus m ay have been the m int of the bronzes of A ugustus signed by ΡΗΓΛΟΣ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΣ, since one specim en was found in the excavations there (see Regulus, 4097/4).

Augustus 4004

A R 83.5% (1). 25 m m , 14.56g (3). [ 7 coins, 2 obv. dies ] AMC 1424, W alker, Metrology I, no. 566 ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head, r. ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ; Tyche, seated r., holding palm branch an d w ith river god beneath; in field, TAP i . P 1206, 14.16; 2. K ric h e ld o rf 26 (1973), lot 180; 3. J N F A 5 /1 (1976) C3; 4 . 0 = amc 1424 (ex G len d in in g 27.10.1971, lot 101), 14.89 (83.5% ); 5 . L e v an te 988, 14.64; 6. M M A G 3 1 2 (1 9 7 0 ), lo t 27; 7. S ch u lm an 215 (1979), lo t 79. S am e obv. dies: 1-3, 4 -7 . A co m p ariso n o f th e p o rtra it w ith th o se a t A n tioch suggests a d a te o f th e first d ec ad e ad.

S Y R I A : Tarsus, Augusta {4005-4012)

TIBEPIOY ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗΣ ΙΟΥΛΙΑΣ HP ΑΣ MHTP; L ivia as H era, on throne, r., holding ears o f corn a n d poppies; to r., TAP

Tiberius______________________________________ 4005

ßgi

A R 84.75% ( 0 · 25 m m , 14.80g (2). Axis: 12. [ 2 coins, i obv. die ]

I. L 1 9 7 0 -9 -9 -2 5 (=NC 1971, 134), 14.43; 2 · p 1207 ( = W a 4622), 15.16. S am e obv. die. T h e p o rtra it is q u ite sim ilar to th a t o f th e A n tioch te tra d ra c h m s o f y ea r 84, su ggesting a d a te o f c. 35.

W alker, Metrology I, no. 567

Augusta T he city of A ugusta was founded in a d 20, and nam ed in honour of Livia (Jones, C ities, p. 204). T here is som ething o f a problem in datin g the coins of the city which depict Livia, since, not surprisingly, coins con­ tinued to be m ade in her honour for a long time, as is indicated by the ra th e r rare pieces w hich are dated by the era of the city. Such pieces include year 6 (= 26/7), perhaps i i (= 3 0 /1 ), 48 (= 6 7 /8 , a y ear for w hich coins are also known for Nero) and 8 [] (A ufhäuser 4, 1987, lot 241: perhaps 8 6 = 1 0 5 /6 , w hen coins are known for T rajan, B M C 8). T he existence of these dates cause problem s for the classi­ fication and dating of the other, m ostly undated, issues. For instance, the type of L ivia/T yche seated r. (B M C 3 = 4014) would naturally have been classified w ith the coins of T iberius/L ivia (B M C 4 = 4 0 0 6 ), as suggested by ImhoofBlumer, K M , p. 437, b u t the appearance of a piece with year 48 suggests th a t the type should be placed u nder Nero. This leaves, presum ably und er T iberius, the large coins w ith T iberius/L ivia, and the two sm all denom inations with Livia/capricorn and sta r an d L ivia/hum ped bull. N one of these coins is dated; one specim en of L ivia/capricorn has been reported as perhaps having Ç = year 6 on the obverse, b u t this seems doubtful. CTOYC (\ does, however, appear on a coin w ith L ivia/T yche seated r. (though of a sm aller module th an and w ith different letter forms from the pieces discussed in the previous p arag rap h ), and it w ould be tem pting to p u t all the oth er T ib erian coins in th a t year. This tem ptation, however, should probably be resisted since the dated piece uses the letter forms £ , W and C, rath er th a n E, Ω and Σ w hich are norm al on the oth er coins, though both Σ and C do occur on the L ivia/capricorn type. T he decoration on T ych e’s throne is the sam e as on some coins of T arsus (e.g., L 1901—7 -6-18, Levante 979). T he coin in V (19097), apparen tly of A ugustus (so vA In d e x ), seems unlikely to be of A ugusta, despite its ap p aren t legend, as a coin for A ugustus seems im possible an d since it has a five o ’clock die axis, w hereas twelve o’clock seems the invariable rule in Cilicia. See ‘U n certain coins’ (5425).

Tiberius, after 20_____________________________ 4006

AE. 25m m , 12.20 g (6). Axis: 12.

[ 6 ]

437, no. 2); 7. L ev an te 1240, 12.30; 8. J S W , 11.67; 9 · M allo y 23 (1987), lo t 44; 10—x i . R . Z iegler, M ü n zen K i li k k m aus kleineren deutschen Sam m lungen ,

86 - 2 . i

C o u n te rm ark : M ale h ea d , r. ( G I C —: 9). 4007

A E. 16m m , 3.28g (9). Axis: 12.

[ 16 ]

BMC i, C op 69 D raped b u st of Livia, r. ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΑΝΩΝ; capricorn w ith globe, r.; above, star i . L = bm c 2; 2—3 . L = bmc i , G 0886; 3—4 . C o p 6 9 -7 0 , 3.44, 2.07; 5. P 303; 6. O , 3.37; 7—r i . B (Fox, I-B , 266/1876, B -I, I-B ); 12. C Leake; ζ 3 · V 34546, 3.58; 1 4 - 1 5 . vA 5 5 3 1 -2 , 5.43, 1.95; 16. L in d g ren 1458, 2.40; 17. P V , 3.45; 18. A u fh ä u s e r 4 (1987), lo t 239 (‘? f in field on o b v .’), 4.68; 19—21. R . Ziegler, M ü n zen K ü ik ie n s aus kleineren deutschen Samm lungen , 8 58-60; 22. N Y . T h e le tte r form C also o ccurs, e.g., on 1 ,9 , 11. 4008

A E. 14m m , 2.97g (3)· Axis: 12. D rap ed b ust o f Livia, r. ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΑΝΩΝ; h u m p ed bull, r.

i . P 3 0 4 ( — W a 4184), i . 91; 2. L e v an te 1239, 3.53; 3. C a s t in P, 3.48. 4009

AE. 16m m , 4 .3 6 g (1).

[ o ]

ΙΟΥΛΙΑ CEBACTH; d rap ed b u st of Livia, r. ΑΥΓΟΥCTANWN ETOYC ζ; veiled T yche, seated r., on throne, holding ears o f com ; before, river god i . L e v a n te 1 2 4 1 , 4.36. Y ear 6 = 4010

ad

26/7.

AE. 17m m , 4.51g (1). Axis: 12.

[ o ]

ΙΟΥΛΙΑ [ ]; d rap ed b u st o f Livia, 1. ΑΥΓΟΥ[ ]WN; veiled T yche, seated 1., on throne, holding ears o f com ; before, river god I. J S W , 4.51. T h e le tte r form W (ra th e r th a n Ω) is n o t ce rtain . P e rh a p s a v ariety o f 4 0 0 9 (previous) w ith th e types reversed.

4011

A E. 16m m , 4 .3 0 g (3). Axis: 12. km

[ 3 ]

437, no. i

D rap ed bust of Livia, r. ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΑΝΩΝ AI; helm eted b u st of A th en a w ith aegis, r. i . O , 4.25; 2—3 . B (9950/1902, L ö b b ); 4 . km, no. 1, w ith T a f. X V I .26; 5 . L e v an te 1242, 4 .0 0 ; 6. L in d g ren 1460, 4 .6 6 ; 7. J P R , 9 .5 0 . T h e read in g o f th e rev. legend given h ere follows th a t o f K M , th o u g h it does n o t seem ab so lu tely certain ; sim ilarly, som e d o u b t a tta c h e s to the in te rp re ta tio n o f A I (if th a t is w h a t it says) as y ea r 11 ( = a d 3 0 /1 ), in th e ab sen ce o f

ETOYC.

Nero,

a d 6 y /8 _________________________________________

4012

AE. 2 5m m , 10.09g (4 )· Axis: 12.

BMC 4

BMC 5

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; bare head, r. ΙΟΥΛΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΑΝΩΝ; d rap ed b u st o f Livia, r.

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΑΝΩΝ ΕΤΟΥΣ HM; b u st o f D ionysus w ith thyrsus, r.; behind, cantharus

1· L i 9 7 9 - i - i - * 5 6 3 (ex vA 5533), 13.29; 2. L = BMC 4; 3. V 37528, 12.24; 4 . P 305 (= W a 4183), 12.43; 5 · O , 11.24; 6. B 4 4 9 /ig o o (= km

[ 1 ]

[ 6 ]

L = BMC 5; 2—3. L = BMC 6, 19 2 7 -4 -2 -1 1 ; 4 . P 306, 7.93; 5. G 1, 11.33; 6. L ev an te 1243, 10.65; 7 * Vi^· 5 5 3 4 ^ IO-4 4 i 8. R- Z iegler, M ünzen K ü ikien s aus kleineren deutschen Samm lungen, 863; 9. N Y. i.

5Q2

S Y R I A : Augusta, Mallus (4013-4021)

4013 A E . 2 2 m m , 6 .6 7 g (8:

4013

- 4 ). A xis: 12.

ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΑ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f L ivia, r. Α Υ ΓΟ Υ ΣΤΑ Ν Ω Ν ; v e iled T y c h e , se a te d r., o n th ro n e , h o ld in g ears o f corn; before, riv e r god

[ ο ]

ΙΟ Υ Λ ΙΑ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η ; d ra p e d b u s t o f L ivia, r. Α Υ Γ Ο Υ ΣΤ Α Ν Ω Ν E T [ ] HM ; v eiled T y c h e , se a te d r., on th ro n e , h o ld in g ears o f corn; before, riv e r god i . A u f h ä u s e r 4 ( 1 9 8 7 ) , lo t 2 4 0 (ΑΥΓ[ (ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΑΝΩΝ ΕΤ[ ), 8.35·

4 0 1 4 Α Ε . See 4 0 1 3 · BMC

] HM), 6.40;

2.

I . L = BMC 3 ; 2 . L G 0885, 9.26; 3 . P 302 ( = W a 4185), 7.63; 4 —5 . B (L ö b b , I-B — ZFN X , 1883, 291, no. i, w ith T af. X .1 7 ); 6. V 37722, 5.84; 7 . M u i, 4.95; 8. L in d g ren 1459, 6.37; 9 . J S W , 7.57; 1 0 . K ö ln er M ü n z k a b in e tt 38 (1985), lot 222; 1 1 — 1 4 . R. Z iegler, Münzen Kilikiens aus kleineren deutschen Sammlungen, 85 4 -7 ; 1 5 . N Y . F o r th e d a tin g to the reign o f N ero , see in tro d u ctio n a n d 4 0 1 3 .

L e v an te 1238

[ 8 ]

3

Mallus A listing of the rare coins of Mallus was given by ImhoofBlumer (Annales de Numismatique, 1883, pp. 89-127 = NZ, 1883, p. 358). This now needs revision, since more coins have turned up, and one coin needs to be removed from Mallus (his no. 56, in fact of Galatia, now in B under ‘Uncertain coins’: see 3552/2). Imhoof-Blumer’s no. 54 (= V igi27) looks later than the Julio-Claudian period. The poor preservation and rarity of the coins present problems for their classification. The identification of issues for Claudius and Nero are certain, in view of their obverse legends, but there are other coins with no obverse legend. One left-facing obverse occurs with two reverse types (Nike 1. with rudder and Nike r.) linked to the same obverse die. In addition to the ethnic, the reverse has ME and EP, which seem to be numerals as they both have a horizontal line above. The era used at Mallus was Pompeian, starting from 68/67 BC [BMC, p. ccxxiv), so 45 would be 23/22 b c and 105 would be a d 37/8. A date for the coin in 23/22 b c seems unlikely in view of the portrait, which seems too mature for one of Augustus at that date, but an identification as Cali­ gula is quite plausible, although the portrait does look more like Tiberius (though portraits at Mallus in the first century are idiosyncratic). It remains unclear how one should inter­ pret 45, as there seems no reason why Mallus should have started another era in 8/7 b c , nor does there seem to be any trace of a second era there otherwise. It seems likely that the larger denomination coins with a left-facing head (4017) are also of Caligula, as the portrait is similar to that on the coins just discussed. A similar-sized coin in B with a right-facing portrait probably depicts Augustus (as Imhoof-Blumer thought), in view of the portrait (4015). There are also coins with a left­ facing female bust (4016), which seems without any doubt to be that of Livia. As there seems to be no coinage for Tiberius, this perhaps falls in the reign of Augustus, perhaps as a smaller denomination for the coin of Augustus just discussed. The coin in C (ex Grant), identified as a coin of Claudius from Mallus, is in fact of Domitian from Celenderis (e.g.. Levante 545).

4016 AE. 20m m , 5 .6 8 g (2). Axis: 12.

A u g u s tu s (?) ______________________________

N e ro

4015 A E . 2 6 m m , 1 7 .4 6 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ 1 ]

L a u re a te h e a d , r. Μ Α Λ Λ Ω ΤΩ Ν ; T y c h e seated , r.; below , to 1. a n d r., tw o riv e r gods i . B ( B - I ) , 17.46. Cf. Im hoof-B lum er (Annates de Numismatique, 1883, pp. 1 16-17, η °· 55 (‘A u g u ste ou T ib è re ’), b u t identified on the ticket u n d er the coin as A u g u stu s. F or discussion, see in tro d u ctio n .

[ 0 ]

D rap ed b ust (of Livia), 1. ΜΑΛΛΩΤΩΝ; facing figure of A th en a M agarsis, w ith spear a n d holding snakes I . v A 5 7 2 3 , 5.71; 2. K o v acs V I (1985), lo t 346 — fvov.'tcs I X (1988), lot 185; 3. A n tak y a M u s. 18148 (in fo rm atio n from K . B u tc h er); 4 . L ev an te 1265, 5.64. F o r discussion, see in tro d u ctio n .

C a lig u la (?)

_________________________

4017 AE. 2 4m m , 8 .3 6 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

L au reate head, 1. ΜΑΛΛΩΤΩΝ; Tyche, seated r., holding b ranch; below, to 1. an d r., two river gods i . P 7 2 6 , 8.17; 2. C 4 8 1 -1 9 4 8 ex G r a n t (cf. fita, p p . xvii a n d 463), 8.54. U su a lly id entified as T ib eriu s, b u t see in tro d u ctio n .

4018 AE. 18m m , 3.73g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

GRMK 2 1 3 , n o . i .

L au reate head, 1. ΜΑΛΛΩΤΩΝ; Nike standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r an d palm branch; in field, ME EP i . L 1 9 7 5 —4—11—3 3 0 , 3.00; 2. B (I-B = GRMK, no. i) , 4.25; 3. L ev an te 1266, 4.00; 4 . A n ta k y a M u s. 18249 (in fo rm atio n from K . B u tc h er). Sam e obv. die as 4 0 1 9 . U su a lly id entified as T ib eriu s, b u t see in tro d u ctio n .

4019 AE. 18m m , 3.94g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

L au reate head, 1. ΜΑΛΛΩΤΩΝ; Nike, ad vancing r., holding w reath; above, sta r (?); in field, ME EP i . L 1 9 7 9 —6 - 1 0 —10, 3.80; 2. L e v an te 1267, 4.07. S am e obv. die as 4 0 1 8 .

C la u d iu s

_____

_____

4020 AE. 2 4m m , 9 .7 1 g (3). Axis: 12.

[

3 1

Κ Λ ΑΥ ΔΙΟε KAICAP; la u reate head, r. ΜΑΛΛΩΤΩΝ; T yche, seated r., holding branch; below, to 1. an d r., two river gods I. N Y ; 2. P 725 ( = W a 4368), 9.63; 3. C = sng 5264, 9.23; 4. R. Ziegler,

Münzen Kilikiens aus kleineren deutschen Sammlungen, 8g8, 10.26.

_____________________

4021 AE. 23m m , 11.99g (2). Axis: 12. km

_ [ 1

1

472, no. 12

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.; to r., star ΜΑΛΛΩΤΩΝ; Tyche, stan d in g 1., holding cornucopia; below, to 1. an d r., two river gods; in field, ΔΙ POY(?) I. G i ( = km 12), 9 .11; 2. R. Z iegler,

Sammlungen, 899, 14.86.

Münzen Kilikiens aus kleineren deutschen

S Y R IA : Mallus, Aegeae (4022—4035)

4022 A E . 2 3 m m , 1 1.33g (3). A xis: 12.

[

]

i

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.; to r., lituus ΜΑΛΛΩΤΩΝ; T yche, seated r., holding branch; below, to 1. and r., two river gods; in held, NIKA NIKO(?); in exergue (under ethnic), A 0 E1(?)

i . L 1920—7—28—15 (ex W e b er 7570: ‘C la u d iu s ’), 6.33; 2. L e v an te 1268, 6.55; 3. JS W ; 4. K ovacs V I (1985), lot 292; 5. R. Z iegler, Münzen Kilikiens aus kleineren deutschen Sammlungen, 900. S am e obv. die, an d as 4 0 2 2 .

4024 AE. 22 m m , 7.02g (1).

[ o ]

] C8BACTO[ ; lau reate head, r. ΜΑΛΛΩΤΩΝ; facing hgure o f A th en a M agarsis, w ith spear; in held, two stars an d CAP

i . J S W , 11.52; 2 . P 1 9 6 5 / 7 3 9 , 8 .62; 3 . L in d g ren A 1543A, 13.54. S am e obv. die, a n d as 4 0 2 3 .

4023 AE. 19m m , 6.44g (2). Axis: 12.

5513

[ 1 ]

i . L e v a n te 1 2 6 9 , 7.02. Y ear 135 = a d 67/8. T h e p o rtra it does n o t look very m u ch like N ero, b u t th e d a te seem s clear. C o u ld it p ossibly b e a coin o f G alba?

ΝΕΡΩΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.; to r., lituus ΜΑΛΛΩΤΩΝ; facing h g u re of A th en a M agarsis, w ith spear and holding snakes

Aegeae The Hellenistic coinage of Aegeae has been discussed by H. Bloesch, ANSMN, 1982, pp. 53-96, and the silver tetradrachms were also studied by him in Essays Thompson, pp. 1-7, where they were dated to the early first century b c . O. Morkholm (ANSMN, 1987, pp. 57-60) and A. Houghton and S. Bendall (ANSMN, 1988, pp. 82-3) have independently argued that the dates on the coins refer to a Caesarian era (of 47/46 b c ) , and that therefore the tetradrachms dated 4, 13, 16, 17 and 18 were minted in 44/43, 35/34, 32/31, 31/30 and 30/29 b c . A convincing case has been made on grounds of weight, style and legends. The early imperial coinage is imperfectly known, due to the great rarity of specimens, but the general outline seems clear, thanks to the practice of (usually) putting dates on the coins. The most surprising issue is 4036, with a diademed head of a king on one side, and a bare head on the other. These heads have been identified as those of Alex­ ander the Great and Julius Caesar; the former can be paral­ leled by the similar issues from Hierapolis Castabala (40645) and Alexandria-ad-Issum (4075), the latter both dated to the same period, the early forties a d . It is, perhaps, tempt­ ing to identify these royal heads as of Antiochus IV of Commagene, but there is no evidence that he controlled this area, and it would then be hard to explain the head on the reverse of 4036. On the assumption that the king is Alex­ ander, then the identification of the other head as Caesar makes sense; the coin would depict the two founders of the city. Why such commemoration should have seemed appropriate at this particular time is obscure.

L au reate head, 1. ΕΠΙ ΚΟΥΛΕΩΝΟΕ ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ Δ HM AN; in five lines in w reath I . B (I-B ) ( = km, no. 16), 9.75; 2. M allo y 23 (1987), lot 37. C ulleo was id entified b y Im h o o f-B lu m er w ith Q . T e re n tiu s C u lleo , cos. suif, in a d 40, b u t th e view th a t he w as a leg ate a p p o in te d by G erm an icu s in ch a rg e o f ‘T a rsu s a n d the k o in o n ’ ( J .P .V . D . B alsdon, JRS, 1974, p. 225) seem s to rest en tirely o n inference from this coin; an d , as n o te d in P W (col. 655: T e re n tiu s 46), th e id en tificatio n o f th e m a n n am ed on the coin a n d the consul is n o t ce rtain . I t does, how ever, seem likely th a t th e C ulleo a t A egeae is a R o m a n official, as th e coin also n am es a m a n , Δημάν(θης), w ho is o bviously a local ‘m a g is tra te ’.

4031 AE. 24 m m , 9.13g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 1]

TIBEPIOY ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟ[Υ]; la u reate head, 1. ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ EYAN; in three lines in w reath i . P 7 1 ( = W a 4069), 8.74; 2. L e v an te 1688, 9.51; 3. A d a n a (C ox, no. 76, illu stra te d ). All sam e obv. die. I f E Y A N a n d £ Y A o n 4 0 3 2 a re th e sam e p erso n , th e coin m a y d a te to 30.

4032 AE. 2 2m m , 8.32g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 1]

H elm eted b ust of A thena, w earing aegis, r. ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ; T yche standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r and cornucopia; in field, 8Y A ZO i. P

1 9 6 5 /7 1 7 ,

C a lig u la

8 .80; 2. L ev an te 1689, 7.83. Y ear 77 = a d 30/1.

___________________________

4033 AE. 25 m m . km

[ o ]

426, no. 10

H elm eted b u st of A thena, w earing aegis, r. ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ; T yche standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r an d cornucopia; in field, ΗΡΑ ΕΠ

S ilv e r tetra d ra c h m s o f 4 4 - 3 0 B C

i . See

km ,

n o . ιό . Y ear 85 = a d 38/9.

4 0 2 5 -9 AR. 28m m , 14.23g (12).

[ 3 ]

ANSMN 1988, 73

V eiled head of Tyche, r. ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ; standing figure of A th en a w ith Nike and shield; in fields, letters or m onogram s; in exergue, Δ, IT, RJ, IZ or IH

4034 AE. 30 m m , 16.33g (3)· Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

H ead of Dionysus, r., w ith thyrsus ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ; b u st of Poseidon w ith trid en t, r.; in field, ζΠ ΑΝΤΙΓΟ i . L 1 0 7 4 —1—2—4 8 , 16.21; 2. vA 5447, 13.82; 3. L e v an te 1690 (ex vA 8665), 18.96. Y ear 86 = a d 39/40.

i . L 1 9 8 7 - 6 - 4 8 - 4 8 , 14.52; 2—12. See a n s m n 1988, also for th e dates.

4035 A E. 2 5m m , 10.01 g (2). Axis: 12.

T ib e riu s 4030 AE. 24m m , km

[ 1 ]

]EPMANIKOC KAICAP; lau reate head, 1. ΑΙΓΕΑΙ[ΩΝ]; T yche standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r and cornucopia; in field, ΖΠ API 9 .7 5 g

427, no. 16

(1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

I . O ( — no 1940, 239, no. 9), 9.81; 2 . R. Z iegler, Münzen Kilikiens aus kleineren deutschen Sammlungen, 1377, ιο .2 θ . Y e a r 87 = a d 40/1.

R e ig n o f C a lig u la o r C la u d iu s 4036

H elm eted b ust o f A thena, w earing aegis, r. ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ; T yche standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r and cornucopia; in field, 9 ΑΘΑ

_____________

AE. 25m m , n .8 8 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ o ]

D rap ed and diadem ed b u st (A lexander the G reat), r. ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ THC IEPAC ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΝΟΜΟΥ; m ale head (?Julius C aesar), r.; in field, ΖΠ or MI ΖΠ

i . L 1 9 7 9 -1 2 -2 4 -2 , 10.20; 2. L e v an te 1695, 10.49; 3 * L in d g ren 1398, 10.32; 4 . P 10, 8.73. Y e a r 90 — ad 43/4.

4041 AE. 25m m , 12.33g (2)· Axis: 12. km

ΖΠ: i . L e v a n te 1692 (ex L anz 30, 1984, lot 468), 13.26; MI ΖΠ: 2. L e v an te 1691 ( = R . Z iegler, Städtisches Prestige und kaiserliche P o litik (1985), T af. Ι . ι ) , 10.49; 3 · P V . Y ear 87 = ad 40/1. Z iegler, p. 17, in te rp re ts the h ea d s as th o se o f A lex an d er a n d J u liu s C ae sa r, as th e two fo unders o f A egeae. F o r o th e r co n tem p o rary rep resen tatio n s o f A lex an d er, see 4 0 6 4 —5 (H ierap o lis-C astab a la) a n d 4 0 7 5 (A lex an d ria-ad -Issu m ).

[ 2 ]

426, no. 12

H elm eted b u st o f A th en a, w earing aegis, r. ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ; Tyche, standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r and cornucopia; in field, 9 Δ API i . L 1 9 1 4 —12—5 —7, 10.g4; 2. B (I-B — km, no. 12, a n d Taf. X V I .14), 14.03. Y ear 94 = ad 47/8.

,4042 A E. 2 4m m , 10.52g (3). Axis: 12.

C la u d iu s? 4037

[ 2 ]

BMC 21

AE. 24m m , 9.63g (1). Axis: 12.

] ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ [ ; laureate head, r. ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ CTPA; in three lines in w reath

[ *1 ]

]ΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1. ΑΓΓΕΛΙΩΝ API; in three lines in w reath i . B 2 8 7 6 4 , 9.33. API also occurs on d ated coins o f 40/1 (4 0 3 5 ) a n d 47 /8 (4 0 4 1 ), so th a t it is likely th a t th e coin dates from this period. As the p o rtra it a n d in scrip tio n seem different from those on 4 0 3 5 , a n a ttrib u tio n to C la u d iu s seem s m o s t plausible.

i . L = bmc 21, 12.55; O , 8.51; 3 . L e v an te 1693, 10.51. CTPA seem s m ore likely to b e a p erso n al n a m e th a n a d ate, in view o f its p o sitio n an d th e clear use o f C r a th e r th a n C (as in CT).

[ i ]

4043 AE. 2 2m m , 7.27g (2). Axis: 12. ]ΤΑΝΝΙΚΟΣ[ ; d rap ed b u st o f B ritannicus, r. ET P ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ NEI; in four lines in w reath

I. B (L S b b ), 7.92; 2. L e v an te 1699 (ex K ovacs 13, 1981, lo t 131), 6.62. Y ear 100 = ad 53/4.

C la u d iu s

4044 AE. 18 m m , 5.09g (1). 4038

AE. 23m m , 11.65g ( 0 ·

[ 0 ]

H elm eted b u st of A thena, w earing aegis, r. ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ; T yche standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r and cornucopia; in field, ΘΠ ΔΙΟΓ i . L e v a n te 1 6 9 4 , 11.65. Y e a r 89 = 4039

ad

i . L e v a n te i6 g 8 , 5.09.

4045 A E. 22m m , 7.38g (1).

42/3.

AE. 29m m , 22.37g ( r )·

i . W a d d e ll I I (S e p t. 1 9 8 7 ), 3 7 8 , 7 .3 2 . Y ear 100 =

km

ad

5 3 /4 .

4046 AE. 18 m m , 4.24 g (1).

[ o ]

H ead of Tyche, r. ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ; horse’s head, 1.; in field, ET P ΔΙΟ

i. L e v a n te 1 6 96, 22.37. Y e a r 90 = ad 43/4.

AE. 23m m , 10.34g (3)·

[ o ]

ΒΡΕΤΑΝΝΙΚΟΣ[ ; d rap ed b u st of B ritannicus, r. ET P ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ ΔΙΟ; in four lines in w reath

[ ° ]

B ust of Isis, r.; before, cornucopia ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ; A thena advancing, 1., w ith sp ear a n d shield; in field, 9 Α ΘΑ

4040

[ o ]

H ead o f T yche, r. ΑΙΓΕΑΙΩΝ; horse’s head, 1.; in field, ET P NEI

[ 2 I

i.

426, no. 11

L e v a n te 1 6 9 7 , 4 .2 4 .

Mopsus The coinage of Mopsus has been catalogued by H. von Aulock, ‘Die Münzprägung der kilikischen Stadt Mopsos’, AA, 1965, pp. 231-78 = von Aulock. Coinage was produced in the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius. The coinage is similar to that of near-by Aegeae, e.g., the minting of large denominations without an imperial head; the remarkable reverse of one type (4054) shows the emperor Claudius holding a small nike, perhaps an allusion to his conquest of Britain.

4048

AE. 25m m , 10.44g (2)· Axis: 12.

[ 1

1

von Aulock 22 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ; lau reate head, 1. ΜΟΨΕΑΤΩΝ TEI; in w reath i . P 7 5 3 / 3 ( = W a 4379), 7.97; 2. V en ice ( = collection (N o rw ay ), 10.78. 4049

km 474,

no. 4); 3 . P riv ate

AE. 26m m , 11.84g ( 0 ·

[ 1 ]

von Aulock 20 OEOC CEB[ ] ΜΟΨΕΑΤΩΝ; rad iate head (of Divus A ugustus), 1. ΘΕΑ CEBACTH Μ Ο[ΨΕΑΤΩΝ]; d rap ed b u st of Livia, r.

T ib e riu s 4047

AE. 23m m , 9 .8 8 g (3). Axis: 12.

I. N Y , 11.84.

[ 1 ]

von Aulock 19, 21 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΚΑΙΣ APA; bare head, r. ΜΟΨΕΑΤΩΝ, m onogram , Β, m onogram ; all in w reath i . L e v a n te 1 3 20, 9.46; 2. N Y , 8.80; 3. vA , 11.42; 4 . K ovacs 8 (1988), lot 123.

4050

AE. 25 m m , 9.80 g (4). Axis: 12.

[ 4

von Aulock 23 ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ; b are head, r. ΜΟΨΕΑΤΩΝ; T yche, seated r., holding ears of corn; below, river god; to 1., m onogram (s) I. N Y ; 2. L 1 9 7 5 -4 -1 T- 3 3 3 , 9 -3 5 ; 3 · p 7 5 3 ^

( = W a 4378), 10.40; 4 . B,

1

S Y R IA : Mopsus, Anazarbus-Caesarea (4051-4058)

8.76; 5. L e v an te 1319, 10.68. 1 has a single m onogram ; 2-5 have two (different) m onogram s.

I . L = BMC 10, 12.69; 2 . P 753/4 ( = W a 4380), 12.33; 3“ 5 · See von A ulock; 6. L ev an te 1322, 13.22. I t is possible th a t th e rev. is an allusion to C la u d iu s ’s B ritish victory, b u t it m ay ju s t be a m ore g en eral reference to im p erial victory.

4055 AE. 22 m m , 6 .0 5 g (3)· Axis: 12.

C la u d iu s

595

[ 1 ]

von Aulock 12 Y ear n o 4051

= 4 2 /3

AE. 24m m , 8 .0 0 g (1).

[ i ]

TIBCPIOC ΚΛΑΥΔ[IOC KAICAP]; laureate head, r. Μ ΟΨΕΑ[ΤΩΝ]; Zeus, seated 1., holding Nike an d sceptre; in field, two m onogram s an d PI

L au reate an d d rap ed b u st o f Zeus, r.; to r., eagle ΜΟΨΕΑΤΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΝΟΜΟΥ; three figures (the C orybantes?) w earing helm ets a n d holding spears an d shields i . L e v a n te 1 323, 6.00; 2—3. See v o n A ulock. A lth o u g h u n d a te d , th e coin seem s to b elong to this y ear in view o f th e sim ilarity w ith 4 0 5 4 .

i . L 1 9 8 9 - 5 - 2 - 2 ( = S ch u lten 19.4.1989, lo t 318), 8.00. T h e m onog ram s are p ro b a b ly th e sam e as on 4 0 5 2 —3. 4052

AE. 23 mm , 9.08g (4). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

von Aulock 24

4056 A E. 2 2m m , 5.91g (4). Axis: 12.

TIBEPIOC KAAYAIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r. ΜΟΨΕΑΤΩΝ; two m onogram s an d IP in w reath

[ 3 ]

von Aulock 13 D rap ed b u st of Tyche, r.; before, ear of com ΜΟΨΕΑΤΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΝΟΜΟΥ HIP; Apollo (?) holding b ran ch a n d leaning on tripod

i . L = b m c 9, 10.62; 2. P 754, 11.09; 3 . B ( = km474, no. 5), 7.19; 4 . J S W 87-143, 7-43- T h e m o n o g ram s a re th e sam e as on 4 0 5 3 , an d p ro b a b ly 4 0 5 1 .

4053 AE. 24m m , 8 .1 7 g (5). Axis: 12.

Year 118 = 30/1

[ 2 ]

i. L e v a n te 1 3 2 4 , 6.62; 2. L = bmc 8, 5.32; 3. N Y , 6.31; 4 . G 6, 5.41.

von A ulock 25

Year n g = 31/2

TIBCPIOC KAAYAIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r. ΜΟΨΕΑΤΩΝ; T yche standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r and cornucopia; in field, two m onogram s an d IP

4057 AE. 17 m m , 3.87 g (2). Axis: 12.

i . P 1 9 7 3 /8 0 , 7.54; 2. B 277/1911, 8.63; 3. L e v an te 1321, 8.09; 4 . JS W , 8.49; 5. JS W , 8.09; 6. A n ta k y a M u s. (inform ation from K . B u tc h er). T h e m o nogram s are th e sam e as on 4 0 5 2 , a n d p ro b a b ly 4 0 5 1 .

ΘΙΡ; lau reate head o f Apollo, r. ΜΟΨΕΑΤΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΝΟΜΟΥ; facing figure of A rtem is, draw ing arrow i . L e v a n te 1 3 2 5 , 3.84; 2. L 1 9 1 4 -8 -6 -2 , 3.90.

Y e a r 1 1 3 = 4 3 16

4054 AE. 28m m , 12.29g (4)· Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

von Aulock 14

[ 2 ]

4058 AE. 13 mm .

von Aulock 26

von Aulock 15

L aureate and d rap ed b u st of Zeus, r.; to r., eagle ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΓ KAIEAP ΜΟΨΕΑΤΩΝ TIP; togate figure of E m peror C laudius, stan d in g L, holding Nike; in field, two m onogram s

ΘΙΡ; lau reate head of Apollo, r. ΜΟΨΕΑΤΩΝ; fire alta r

[ o ]

i . H irsch X X V , lo t 2723; cited by von A ulock, b u t th e en try in th e sale is im p erfect a n d th e coin is n o t illu strated .

Anazarbus-Caesarea The name of Anazarbus was changed to Caesarea by Anazarbus and a new era was started in 19 b c (Jones, Cities, p. 204), perhaps the result of a refoundation by the king (Tarcondimotus or Tarcondimotus Philopator), whose kingdom was restored in 20 b c . Coins of Philopator (3872) have the same monogram as some of Anazarbus (Levante 1364), though these coins have the old name of the city. Coins have been attributed to Augustus (NC, 1940, p. 240 = AMC 1423, followed by the vA Index)', the same coins were regarded as being of Germanicus by Grant (NC, 1949, p. 163), but they are in fact of Claudius as clearer specimens show. Jones was, therefore, right in saying that coinage began with Claudius; he also inferred that this shows that the city was no longer part of the kingdom. This coin was probably struck on a different occasion from the coins dated to year 87, as they have different letter forms and style. The larger of these depicts Claudius; the

smaller is often also identified as Claudius, but the inscrip­ tion is different (ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP), as is the portrait (e.g., bare-headed not laureate). Who is the subject? The choice seems to be between Britannicus, but it is very hard to accept that he would still be called Germanicus Caesar in 48/9, or a posthumous portrait of Germanicus, Claudius’s brother, as suggested by Grant, NC, 1949, p. 163, and which seems more likely. Exactly why Germanicus should have been honoured at Anazarbus is not clear. A series of other coins of Claudius, dated ‘year 3’ and ‘year 5’ and with the ethnic ΚΑΙΕΑΡΕΩΝ are sometimes attributed to Anazarbus, but this attribution is not followed here, since it is difficult to see why the era of Anazarbus should not have been used. The style and fabric of the coins, however, is distinctively Cilician, and the coins have been catalogued under ‘Uncertain Caesarea(s)’ (4085-6).

ßg6

S Y R IA : Anazarbus-Caesarea, Hierapolis (Castabala), Epiphanea (4059-4065)

i . B 4 2 6 /1 9 1 1 , 2.96; 2. L 1 9 7 5 -7 -1 5 -2 , 4-49; 3 . O = amc 1423, 4.36; 4 . B (L öbb: ‘P h ila d elp h ia, T ib e riu s ’); 5. L e v an te 1367, 4.46; 6. I ( = nc 1949, 163, n. 51); 7. A n tak y a M u s. (in fo rm atio n from K . B u tc h er); 8. L 1 9 9 1 -1 -3 0 -8 1 (clearest rev. le g en d ), 2.74.

C la u d iu s 4059 AE. 34m m , 26.75g (3 )· Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

TIBEPIOE ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΕ KAIEAP; laureate head, r. KAIEAPEWN TWN ΠΡΟΕ TW ANAZAPBW; helm eted figure of A thena holding Nike over a lta r an d spear and shield; in field, ETOYE ΖΞ r . P 152 ( = W a 4103), 22.69; 2' P J 5 T (— W a 4-102), 27.39; 3 · W ad d ell 9.12.1982, lot 475, 30.16. Y ear 67 = ad 48/9.

4060 AE. 30m m , 16.92g (10). Axis: 12. mg

N e ro 4062 AE. 18m m , 5 .7 3 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 7 ]

34Q, no. 10

ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΕ KAIEAP; bare head (of G erm anicus?), r. KAIEAPEWN TWN ΠΡΟΕ TW ANAZAPBW; b u st o f Zeus O lybris in front o f m o u n tain w ith acropolis; in field, ETOYE ΖΞ

i. O , 6.26; 2. K o v acs coll., 5.20. C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , r. ( G IC 23: o n b o th sp ecim ens).

4063 AE. 16m m , 3 .9 4 g (7). Axis: 12.

amc

[ 9 ]

BM C 6

ΝΕΡΩΝ KAICAP; lau reate head, r. ETOYC ίΠ KAICAPEQN; veiled fem ale figure seated, 1., w ith am p h o ra

I . N Y ; 2. N Y ; 3 - 4 . L 19 7 5 -4 -1 1 -2 8 9 , 19 3 5 -1 0 -1 9 -5 , 14.29, 13.90; 5 6. B (L ö b b , I-B = mg, no. io , w ith T a f. F.20); 7. C 456-1948 (G ran t), 18.22; 8 . L e v an te 1366, 15-37; 9· B erk sale 45 (1986), lo t 415; 10. M ü lle r 49 (1985), lo t 305, 20.50; i i . P row e (E gger X L V I, 1914) lo t 2152, 16.29; 12. N iggeler (M M A G -L eu 1966) lot 647, 16.40; 1 3 - 1 6 . R . Ziegler, M ünzen K ilikiens aus kleineren deutschen Sammlungen, 949-52, 19.56, 20.50, 18.50, 11.9 1 . Y e a r 6 7 = a d 4 8 /9 .

4061 AE. 17m m , 4 .0 7 g (4). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

NWPQN [KAICAP]; lau reate head, r. £TOYC tjn KAICAPCQN; river god sw im m ing, r.

I. P 4.81, 13. 4.21;

W a 4104), 4.38; 2. P 973; 3. L = BM C6, 4,05; 4-7. O , 3.62, 2.98, 3.95; 8— 9. N Y ; 10— i i . vA 5471-2; 12. L e v an te 1368, 4.38; W ad d ell 32 (1988), lot 139, 3.81; 14. M ü n z Z e n tru m 53, lo t 1819, 15. L an z 44 (1988), lo t 519, 4.70; 16— 19. R· Z iegler, M ünzen K ilikien s aus kleineren deutschen Samm lungen, 9 53-6. Z iegler in te rp re ts th e type as ‘B oule sitzen d 1., ein en S tim m stein in eine V ase w erfen d ’, b u t the figure’s h a n d seem s to be em pty. C o u n te rm ark : H e a d , r. ( G I C 23: on all sp ecim ens).

[ 5 ]

1423 corr.

KAAYAIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r. KAICAPEQN ΤΩΝ nP O C ANAZAPBON; three ears o f com

1 53 (—

Hierapolis (Castabala) Hierapolis was the capital of the dynasty of Tarcondimotus, and may have been the mint for his coins and those of his successor Philopator (3871-2). The ‘civic’ coinage of the city has been catalogued by A. Dupont-Sommer and L. Robert, La Déesse de Hiérapolis-Castabala, though with no attempt to establish a chronology, other than to observe that the ‘autonomous’ coins should date to the second and first centuries b c . It is not possible at the moment to know what should be included in this catalogue, though one issue is included, as it —at least - probably belongs to this period, and in view of its interest. The obverse depicts a diademed male head, and was identified by Imhoof-Blumer as one of the princes of Tarcondimotus’s dynasty {KM 447), a view implicitly accepted by Robert (p. 72). A more likely identifi­ cation, however, is Alexander the Great, in view of his appearance on coins of Alexandria-ad-Issum and Aegeae (4075, 4036). The earliest coins with imperial heads are of Nerva.

F i r s t cen tu ry a d ? 4064 AE. 23 mm .

[ i ]

R obert 72, no. 21 V eiled head o f Tyche, r; before, branch. ΙΕΡΟΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; diadem ed an d d rap ed b u st (A lexander the G reat?), r. i. B Löbb.

4065 AE. 22 m m , 7.68 g (3). Axis: 6.

[ 5 ]

R obert 72, no. 20 D iadem ed a n d d rap ed b u st (A lexander the G reat?), r. ΙΕΡΟΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ; veiled head of Tyche, r.; before, torch i . L = b m c 6, 6.92; 2—3. P 6 0 2 -3 ( = W a 4 1 3 0 -1 ), 8.01, 8.13; 4 . B L öbb; 5 . N Y ; 6 . L e v an te 1577, 9.09. A lth o u g h o ne m ig h t oth erw ise ex p ect the le tte r form £ to b e la ter, it occurs o n coins o f P h ilo p a to r (3 8 7 2 ), p erh ap s m in ted a t H ierap o lis.

Epiphanea The attribution of coins of Epiphanea to the city of that name in Cilicia (from the city in Syria) was made by H. Seyrig, Syria, 1950, pp. 25-6, where the (Pompeian) era used at the city is also discussed. Coins are known under Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius, dated to years 99 (= a d 31/2), 107 (=39/40) and 108 (=40/1). The coin attributed to this period by Levante

(1812) is, in fact, later since the date can be clearly read ANP rather than ΑΛΡ on another specimen in Antakya Museum (information from K. Butcher). As Seyrig noted, it is surprising that the full titles of the city appear only on the smaller denomination, but a similarly irregular use of such titles occurs elsewhere in contemporary Cilicia (e.g., Aegeae, Mopsus, Rhosus).

S Y R IA :

4070 AE. 18mm .

T ib e r iu s , a d 3 1 / 2 4066

AE. 23m m , 9.35g (3). Axis: 12.

[ i]

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΥ ΚΑΤΣΑΡΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; lau reate head, 1. ΕΠΙΦΑΝΕΩΝ; T yche standing, 1., w ith ru d d er and cornucopia; in field, 0 ? i . J S W , 10.09;

Epiphanea, Alexandria-ad-lssum (4066-4076) ggy [ j? j

D rap ed head of Tyche, r. ΕΠΙΦΑΝΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ; Zeus, seated I , holding Nike and sceptre; in exergue, ZP I. G 2 (d a te n o t ce rtain ). B M C i m a y be a n o th e r ex am p le, b u t th e d ate is illegible.

V 2 1 6 7 3 ; 3. W a d d ell 9.12.1982, lot 488, 8.56;

4. M M A G 41 (1970), lot 552, 9.40; 5. M ü lle r 54 (1987), lo t 118 = R. Ziegler, M ü n zen K ilikiens aus kleineren deutschen Samm lungen, 1409. A ll from th e sam e obv. die. 4067

AE. 18 mm .

C la u d iu s, a d 41 [ i]

D raped head of Tyche, r. ΕΠΙΦΑΝΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ; Zeus, seated 1., holding Nike and sceptre; in exergue, 0 ° i . G i (pi. lxxiv.5); 2. P h ilip sen (H irsch X X V , 1909) 2969 ex Prow e (E gger 1904) 1578. P erh ap s also W e b er 7978 (d ate illegible).

4071 AE. 26m m , 9 .4 1 g (1).

[ o ]

ΕΥΘ; head o f D ionysus, w ith ivy w reath a n d thyrsus, r. ΕΠΙΦΑΝΕΩΝ PH; Tyche standing, 1., w ith ru d d er and cornucopia I. K ö ln e r M ü n z b a b in e tt 4 3 (1 9 8 7 ), lo t 7 7 = R. Z iegler, M ü n zen K ilikiens aus kleineren deutschen Sammlungen, 1410, 9.41; 2. S ch u lten 27.3.1990, lo t 566

(b u t HP).

C a lig u la , 4068

a d

j g / 40

4072 AE. 23m m , 8.04g (2)·

AE. 23m m , 10.01 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

]ΣΕΒ Α [ ; laureate head, 1. ΕΠΙΦΑΝΕΩΝ; T yche standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r and cornucopia; in field, ZP

[ o ]

ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ AP; lau reate head, 1.; in field, ΕΥΦ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΕΩΝ; T yche standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r and cornucopia; in field, HP an d T(?) I. L e v a n te 1 811, 9.06; 2. L in d g ren 1491, 7.01.

i . L 1972—7—1—1, 11.00; 2. B L ö b b ; 3 . L e v an te 1809, 9.02. 4069

AE. 22m m , 9.70g (2).

[ o ]

4073 N ot used.

D raped b u st of D ionysus w ith thyrsus, r. ΕΠΙΦΑΝΕΩΝ; Tyche standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r an d cornucopia; in field, ZP i . L e v a n te 18 1 0 , 11.36; 2. L in d g ren 1490, 8.03.

A le x a n d ria -a d -Issu m The coinage of Alexandria was catalogued by E. Levante, NC, 1971, pp. 94-102. Coinage began for the Syrian king Antiochus IV, and there were subsequently some issues of the late second or first century b c . The imperial coinage is dated by the Pompeian era, prob­ ably of 67/66 b c , and issues were made in years 107 (=40/1) and n o (=43/4). The diademed head on coins of the latter year has sometimes been identified as Antiochus IV of Commagene, but the portrait does not resemble the portrait elsewhere (see BMC, p. cxxix); in addition, all the city coinages of Antiochus are confined to Cilicia Tracheia, and it would be surprising to find the city of Alexandria, so far to the east, under his control. Levante, indeed, identified the head as that of Alexander the Great, who founded the city in 333 b c after the battle of Issus, and this identification is supported by the smaller denomination of year n o (Heracles with lion-skin head-dress), and by the likely occurrence of Alexander’s portrait elsewhere in contempor­ ary Cilicia (Aegeae, 4036; Hierapolis, 4064-5).

H ead of Tyche, r. ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΩΝ ET ZP; T yche standing, 1., w ith ru d d er a n d cornucopia I. L = bmc 5, 5.90; 2. P 133, 5.77. C o u n te rm ark : NE ( G IC 552: 2).

Y e a r 1 1 0 = a d 4 3 /4 *7 4075 A E. 2 4m m , 10.21 g (9). Axis: 12. L evante,

nc

[ 7 ]

1971, 99, nos. 64-70

D iadem ed and d rap ed b ust (of A lexander the G reat), r. ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΩΝ ET IP; D ionysus standing, 1., w ith can th a ru s an d thyrsus; to 1., p a n th e r i . L e v a n te 1 8 4 1 , 9.58; 2. L ev an te 1842, 11.43; 3 —5 · P : 3 4 > T35 ( = W a 4094), Seyrig, 9.97, 9.85, 11.34; 6 . V 19068 (= k m 430, no. 5), 11.00; 7. C o p 382, 10.70; 8 - 9 . O , 8.80, 9.26. C o u n te rm ark : NE ( G I C 552: i, 7).

4076 A E. 17 m m , 5.38 g (2). L evante,

no

[ 2 ]

1971, 99, n o s. 62-3

H e a d o f H e ra c le s w e a rin g lio n sk in , r.

Year i o y = a d 4011

ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΩΝ ET IP; Zeus standing, 1., w ith w reath I. V , 5.02; 2. C o p 381, 5.73.

4074 AE. 18m m , 5.83g (2). Axis: 12. L evante,

nc

1971, 98, nos. 60-1

R hosus Although Rhosus is sometimes placed in Syria, communica­ tions with the regions of Syria to the south and east were not easy, and its coinage has strong physical affinities with that of Cilicia Pedias, even though it often used Syrian designs. The coinage has been catalogued by E. Levante, ‘The coinage of Rhosus’, NC, 1985, pp. 237-43. The era used starts in 42/41 b c , the year when Antony granted the city its autonomy.

4079

R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s

C la u d iu s, 4 4 /j *I.

4077

A E. 20 m m , 7.64g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

[ 6 ]

V eiled b ust o fT y c h e , r. ΡΩΣΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ KAI ΑΥΤΟΝΟΜΟΥ; EIZ OB; B aal o f R hosus w ith ears of corn, betw een two foreparts of bull an d caps of the D ioscuri i . S e e L e v a n te ; 2—13. See L ev an te. Y e a r 72 =

4080

ad

30/1.

A E. 2 6m m , 12.57g (2)· Axis: 12.

L evante 21-6

L evante 60-1

V eiled bust o fT y c h e , r. ΡΩΣΕΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΝΟΜΟΥ; R?; B aal of R hosus w ith ears of corn, betw een two foreparts of bull an d caps o f the D ioscuri

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. ΡΩΣΕΩΝ ET ζΠ ; T yche standing, 1., w ith ru d d er and cornucopia

i . P (S e y rig ), 8.07; 2. L 1 9 2 0 -7 -2 8 -3 6 (ex W e b er 7991), 7.92; 3—6 . See L ev an te. Y e a r 16 = 26/25 bc. L e v an te w as u n su re if tw o exam ples h ad y ea r 15 ra th e r th a n 16. O n e o f these a t least seem s m o re like 16, so the view h as been tak en , for th e tim e being, th a t all specim ens (w hich all h ave th e sam e obv. die) are p ro b a b ly o f y ea r 16.

AE. 22m m , 8 .7 6 g (1). Axis: 3 (1).

[ 1 ]

L evante 59 TIBEPIOY ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑ [ ΡΩΣΕΩΝ ET A [ (?); wolf, 1.

[ 2 ]

I. N Y , 12 .00; 2. B Fox, 13.14. D ie-lin k ed to 4 0 8 1 . B o th le tte r form s, Σ a n d C, occur.

4081

A E. 2 2m m , 9 .1 7 g (8). Axis: 12.

[ 5 ]

L evante 62-9 ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; lau reate head, r. ΡΩΣΕΩΝ ET ζΠ ; veiled T yche, seated r., on rocks and holding ap hlaston

T ib e r iu s 4078

AE. 2 0m m , 6 .5 7 g ( I2 )· Axis: 12. L evante 27-39

I. B (L ö b b ), 9.47; 2—8. See L ev an te; 9. N Y (T a rs u s ) ; 10. P (C ast coll.). D ie-linked to 4 0 8 0 . B o th le tte r form s, Σ a n d C, occur. C o u n te rm ark s: E ag le ( G I C 342: 1 ex.); M e d u sa h ead ( G IC 194: 1 ex., an d no. 10).

; laureate head, r.

I . P (S e y rig ), 8.76. E ith e r y ea r 61 o r 71 ( — ad 19/20 o r 29/30).

Princeps Felix: u n c e rta in colony in C ilicia The Princeps Felix issue was assigned to Pella by ImhoofBlumer, MG, p. 89, and to some Colonia Iulia on the SyroPhoenician coast by Gaebler, ZfN, 1902, p. 186. Grant, FITA, pp. 244-5, rejected these attributions and proposed Alexandria Troas: according to him, the coins were struck by Mark Antony as an inauguratory coinage for the founda­ tion of the colony in c. 42/41 b c . His attribution was based on the misreading of the first monogram which he inter­ preted as ALE or ALEX. Bellinger, Troy, the Coins, 1961, pp. 199-200, doubted Grant, but accepted the reading ALE. However, the legible specimens are clear: the correct interpretation is YE: this is the name of the first duovir, the second being TER(entiusP). It is, moreover, difficult to sup­ pose that of two monograms side by side one could represent the town, the other one duumvir. Grant, FITA, pp. 14-15, followed by Weinstock, Divus Iulius, pp. 297-9, identified the portrait on the obverse as Caesar. The alleged similarity with portraits of Caesar on some denarii struck by Sepullius Macer is not, however, convincing. The portrait should, rather, be identified as Octavian, as stated by Imhoof-Blumer, MG, p. 89; Gaebler, ZJN, 1902, p. 186; Alföldi, AJA, 1959, p. 11 ; and Seyrig, RN, 1969, pp. 49-52.

One specimen was bought in Smyrna (J. Friedländer, Berliner Blätter für Münzkunde, 1868, p. 27) and a second specimen is supposed to come from Mysia (not to be found in L), but the other provenances favour Cappadocia (H. Riggauer, Sitz- Akad. München II, 1897, pp. 530 and 533), Cilicia (specimens 4083/4, 12, .13 and 16) and Syria (two coins in Antakya Museum: see K. Butcher in (ed.) C. Lightfoot, Recent Turkish Coin Hoards and Numismatic Studies, (1991), p. 183). Seyrig regarded the coins as a coinage ordered by Octavian/Augustus for the foundation of the Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Ninica (on the obverse the epithet Felix could apply to Octavian and to the colony). Alfoldi’s attribution to a hypothetical Colonia Iulia Secundanorum (II) Urbanorum (VIR) Veteranorum (VE TER) is completely unlikely {AJA, 1959, pp. ίο- n ) . Find spots and fabric indicate Cilicia, probably Cilicia Pedias, but an exact attribution is not possible at the moment. An immediately post-Actian date would suit perfectly the portrait of the Princeps; the reverse type of 4082, otherwise unknown in Cilicia during the Roman times, could also refer to Actium. This issue is struck in two denominations: 4082 4083

22-3 mm, 13.08 g (5) 19-20 mm, 7.11g (19)

S Y R IA : Princeps Felix, Uncertain Caesarea(s) (4082-4083)

They represent a dupondius and an as, or, more likely, an as and a semis.

X I X , 11), 12.38; 5. A; 6. Go; 7. I; 8. JS W , 12.70. N e u tro n a b so rp tio n analysis on 2. C o u n te rm ark s: A tro p h y (?) on th e obv. on 2 a n d 6 ( G I C — ); a b ra n c h on th e obv. o n 5 ( G I C 384); a ca p rico rn on 7 ( G I C — ). 4083

O c ta v ia n i A u g u s tu s

ggg

L eaded bronze. 19-20 m m , 7.11g (19). Axis: 3. F iT A

244-5, Bellinger 199, A pp. 2, Seyrig,

rn

[ 11 ]

1969, 49-52

As 4082

Ve[ ], Ter[ ] Ilviri 4082

L eaded bronze. 22-3 m m , 13.08g (5). Axis: 12.

[ 4 ]

99, F iT A 13-15 a n d 244—5, Bellinger 19g, A pp. i, Seyrig, r n 1969, 49-52

AM NG

P R IN C E P S F E L IX ; bare head of O ctav ian /A u g u stu s, r. V Ë T Ë R /C O L O N IA /IV L IA II V ÏR ; A thena, standing 1., holding V ictory i . O ( = M M list 204, lo t 13), 13.95; 2 * P 19 8 4 /3 4 1, 13.12; 3 . B I-B

(= FiTA, pi. V I I I , 5; B ellinger, pi. 27, App. 1), 13.26; 4. B I-B ( = amng, pi.

C O L O N IA /IV L IA ; two hum p ed oxen pulling plough to L; in field, II V ÏR Ÿ E T E R i . L e v a n te = SNG5 9 8 , 6.49; 2. L e v an te = sng 597, 6.19; 3. L B an k 1, 8.12; 4 . L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 6 0 7 , 8.11; 5 . P 1971/1, 7.03; 6. P 1983/213, 6.08; 7. P D elep ierre, 9.68; 8. B (L ö b b ), 11.06; 9 . B I-B (= gm 248/772; amng, pi. X I X , 10; B ellinger, pi. 27, A p p . 2), 5.91; 10. B 11220, 7.22; 11— 13. N Y , 6.84, 6.38, 6.12 ( = A N S A n n u a l Report 1976, 13-14); 14. M u {?); 15. P V , 6.44; 16. JS W . 7.74; 17—18. L in d g ren 1553-4, 5.80, 5.65; 19. A. M allo y X X / 1984, lot 304; 20—21. H a rv a rd , 8.31, 5.92. N eu tro n a b so rp tio n an alysis on 6. C o u n te rm ark s: A tro p h y (?) on th e obv. o n 1, i6 a n d 18 ( G IC —); a b ra n c h on th e obv. on 4, 5, 6 a n d 11 ( G I C 384).

U n c e rta in C aesarea(s) Two sets of coins with the ethnic Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ Ε Ω Ν and the date formula Ε Τ Ο Υ Σ Γ or E have been variously attributed; Amisus (Rec 73, but misread as KAICAPOC), Caesarea Panias (de Saulcy, pp. 114-15; Rosenberger III, p. 38, no. 5), Caesarea in Cappadocia (Imhoof-Blumer, MG 417; Sydenham 58, 59 and 59a) or Anazarbus (BMC] M. Gough, Anatolian Studies, 1952, p. 94).

C oins of ‘year 3’ There is no good evidence for the attribution of these coins, since there seem to be no provenances. The main question is whether or not they are sufficiently similar to the year 5 coins to be attributed to the same mint. The style is dif­ ferent, as is the fabric, but this is not necessarily a fatal objection (compare, e.g., Anazarbus 4061 with 4059-60; note also that the coins of year 3 do indeed have some stylistic affinity with 4061). But there are other differences, such as the letter forms (again a similar variety occurs at Anazarbus) and the form of the legend (which on the coins of year 3 is in the order CTOYC KAICAPEQN Γ but in the form ΕΤΟΥΣ E ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ on the coins of year 5). It is hard to know how much significance to attach to these similarities and differences. The reverse design, a veiled head of Tyche, can be paralleled on 4086, and suggests an attribution to this general area (southern Anatolia or Syria). Thus the coins are included here, but with the pro­ viso that they may not be from the same city as the year 5 coins or even from Cilicia.

C oins of ‘year 5’ The two denominations of coins for year 5 can be attributed fairly definitely to Cilicia Pedias, as they seem to occur most frequently in Cilicia Pedias and northern Syria (see Gough); for instance, a piece in L was bought at Anazar­ bus, de Saulcy reported a piece bought at Beirut and K.

Butcher informs us that there are some ten pieces of the smaller denomination in Antakya Museum, suggesting find spots in northern Syria or eastern Cilicia (see K. Butcher, in (ed.) C. Lightfoot, Recent Turkish Coin Hoards and Numismatic Studies (1991), p. 190). Provenance, therefore, rules out Amisus and Caesarea Paneas. The attribution to Caesarea in Cappadocia is not likely, on grounds of style, epigraphy and form of ethnic (KAICAPEIAC in Cappadocia). The attribution to Anazar­ bus ( = Caesarea) is more plausible, as the coins are found in that general region, and since they resemble Cilician coins in fabric (large size, rather thin flans), and style (com­ pare, e.g., the coins of Anazarbus or Mopsus). The problem with an attribution to Anazarbus itself, however, is the date formula, since Anazarbus dated its coins according to an era of 19 b c (see 4059-60), and this seems a fatal objection to the attribution. It is not clear if the dates refer to regnal years of Claudius, or dates of an era of the relevant Caesarea. The latter perhaps seems more likely, both on general grounds (coins more normally refer to city eras than imperial years), suggesting that it is the era of Caesarea in question. If so, the era would have to commence between 38 and 52. According to Jones (Cities, p. 264), there is one such city, Caesarea Germanicia in Commagene, which he says dated its coins on an era of a d 38, but there seems no basis for his remark; moreover, a portrait of Claudius rather than Anti­ ochus IV of Commagene, in whose kingdom Caesarea Ger­ manicia was, would be rather unexpected. The types used are Zeus seated with patera and sceptre and Tyche seated on rocks holding ears of corn and with river god swimming beneath. The types, however, are not specific enough to tie down a possible mint, as they occur in Cilicia, Syria and Phoenicia (even though Zeus with a patera rather than a Nike is less usual). Perhaps the coins should be attributed to a city which changed its name (briefly) at this time; but no such occurrence is attested, so such a suggestion must remain hypothetical.

C la u d iu s , y e a r y 4084

AE.

I

C la u d iu s , y e a r

g m m , 6.04g (8)· Axis: 12.

[ 12 ]

4085

A nazarbus 5, C op (C aesarea, C app.) 177, Rec (Amisus) 73

AE. 30m m , 12.34g (3)· Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

TIBEPIOC KAAYAIOC KAICAP; bare head, r. ΚΑΙΕΑΡΕΩΝ ETOYE E; Zeus seated, 1., w ith p atera an d sceptre

BM C

KAAYAIOC KAICAP; lau reate head, r. ETOYC KAICAPEQN Γ; veiled head of Tyche, r. i . L 1 9 7 9 -1 -1 -2 7 0 5 (ex vA 6348), 4.05; 2—4. L = bmc A n a z a rb u s 5, 19207 -2 8 -4 9 , 1 9 2 9 -1 0 -1 3 -4 6 1 , 8.62, 3.76, 5.36; 5—6. B C a e s a re a S a m a r ia (L ö b b , L ö b b ); 7—8. P A n azarb u s s.η., 150 ( —W a 6746), 5 ·^ 5 > 3·*6; g . C op 177 ) 9 ·3 5 ) ί ο —ι ι . N Y (C aesarea); 12· Ο , 6 -7 4 > τ 3 · R osenb erg er I I I , 38, no. 5) 4·20; 4 ReC) pl· G .22.

5

*· L 1 9 7 9 - 1 - 1 - 2 7 0 6 (ex vA 6349), 13.93: 2. L 1 9 7 7 - 3 - 4 - 6 , 11.63; 3. W a d d ell 9.10.1982, lo t 543, 11.47. 4086

AE. 2 3m m , 9 .0 9 g (7). Axis: 12. bm c

τ·

[ 13 ]

A nazarbus 4

TIBEPIOC KAAYAIOC KAICAP; bare head, r. ΚΑΙΕΑΡΕΩΝ ETOYE E; veiled T yche, seated r., on rocks an d holding ears o f corn; below, river god i . L 1 9 1 2 —i —i —10 (b o u g h t a t A n a z a rb u s ), 8.26; 2. L = bmc 4, 11.26; 3— 5. P 148-9 ( - W a 6744—5), Y 28.600, 7.38, 8.83, 6.30; 6—7. O , i i .21, 10.28; 8—9. B (L ö b b , L B ); 10. C , 8.76; 11. M u 17a, 7.54; 12—13. NY; 14. W ad d ell 9.12.1982, lot 544, 8.05; 15. W ad d ell 9 (1985), lot 211.

£Sistripia’(?): uncertain city in Syria or Phoenicia Four coins, probably all from the same dies, which represent an issue for Augustus (probably) from somewhere in this region. Unfortunately the ethnic is not properly leg­ ible, but the general attribution seems clear both from the formula THC IEPAC (visible on no. 2), which is found on the coinage of only Cilicia and Syria, and the fabric, which suggests Syria or Phoenicia. In addition one specimen (no. 3) is said to have come perhaps from ‘south Turkey’. -CWN is clear at the end of the ethnic. The first and third letters are curved (so C or £), and the second upright looks most like an I. The ethnic has been read as CPSTPIEWN (Regling, hence the attribution in B), or, perhaps, CICTPUIEVVN (Howgego), but what looks like a Π, however, might perhaps be the end of Nike’s drapery. No obvious ethnic is suggested by a word which looks like starting with CIC, followed perhaps by TPI, and ending with 8WN. The only places in the right region with ... tr ... are Demetrias and Botrys, but the ethnic of the latter is in a different form (4523-4); but it is hard to reconcile either name with the letters which seem to be there. The answer to this problem may be that the coin was made by an otherwise unknown city (unlikely?), or perhaps that the legend has been badly blundered or engraved so that it is

unrecognisable (the lettering is, in general, very poorly formed). A second problem concerns the identity of the portrait. The obverse legend can be reconstructed as follows: 1. Howgego ΘΕΟ[ 2. B ΘΕΟΥ [YIOJY KAI CAPO C 3. JSW ©EOY ΥΙΟΥ KAI CAPO [C 4. L ©EOY [YIOJY KAICAPO[C ‘Caesar divi £’ is suitable for either Augustus or Tiberius, but more applicable to Augustus (as on denarii and aurei, or Alexandria 5301), with whom the portrait is therefore identified. A u g u s tu s (?) *i. 4087

A E. 2 0m m , 6 .4 3 g (3)· Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

ΘΕΟΥ ΥΙΟΥ KAICAPOC; b are head, r. JEWN THC IEPAC; N ike advancing, r., w ith palm an d w reath i . H o w g e g o c o ll., 5.38; 2. B 2 0 6 /1 9 2 8 (E retria, E u b o ea); 3. J S W 8 7 127 (‘from so u th T u rk e y ’), 7.37; 4 . L 1 9 9 1 —1—3 0 —1 04, 6.53. All from the sam e obv. die; th e rev. die o f 3 m ay be different.

‘Fleet coinage’: Bibulus On the date and attribution of this coinage to Syria, see the general introduction on the ‘fleet coinage’, p. 284. 4088

L eaded bronze. 31-2 m m , 26.17 g (4). Axis: 9. [ 2 ] [ 5 coins, i obv. die ] RSN 1986, 78, A M A N T IM P T E R C O S DES IT E R E T T E R I I I V IR · R P C · ; bare head o f A ntony, 1., facing r. an d b u st of O ctavia, r., facing 1. L B I B V L V S M F P R D E S I G ; a q u ad rig a o f hippocam ps to r., surm ounted by two riders (A ntony a n d O ctavia?); a t 1., IIS ; below, A and a square object (astragalus?)

I. W a rs a w 316670, 27.42; 2. V 35891, 25.50; 3. L en in g rad ; 4. O , 26.96; 5. M M A G 72 (1987), lot 719 (ex M M 53/1977, 232; M azzin i I, 37, pl. X ,5 ), 24.81. 4089

L eaded bronze. 29-31 m m , 20.15 g (4). Axis: 9. [ 4 ] [ 4 coins, 2 obv. dies ] RSN

1986, 78, B

Sam e legend as 4 0 8 8 , b u t busts of A ntony an d O ctavian at 1., facing r.; b u st of O ctav ia, r., facing 1. Sam e legend as 4 0 8 8 , b u t three ships u n d er sail, r.; below, Γ an d triskeles i . O , 19.70; 2. P 1982/97, 22.60; 3. V 35980, 20.22; 4. B 273/1880, 18.06. C o u n te rm ark : on th e obv. o n 2.

S Y R IA : Fleet Coinage: Bibulus, Cleopatra and Antony (4090-4093)

4090

L eaded bronze. 29-31 m m , 17.63 g (6). Axis: 9. [ 3 ] [ 6 coins, 2 obv. dies ] RSN

1986, 78-9, C

i . S e y rig c a s t i n P ; s>. P 1968/181, 17.96; 3. B Fox, 16.20; 4 . T e l Aviv, 16.54; 5· P riv ate coll., 19.50; 6. R W , 17.21; 7. P 1987/346, 18.41. C o u n te rm ark s: 7? on th e obv. on 1, 2, 4 a n d 7; E a n d p a lm on th e obv. o n 6.

L eaded bronze. 22m m , 12.18g (3). Axis: 9. [ o ] [ 3 coins, i obv. die ] RSN

i . J S W , .1 .4 1; 2. V enice, M u s. A rch ., 12.87; 3. L yons, 12.27. C o u n te rm ark : E a n d p a lm o n th e obv. o n 2.

4092 L eaded bronze. 1 7 -2 0 m m , 4.52 g (27). Axis: 9.

As 4088 Same legend as 4 0 8 8 —9, b u t two ships u n d er sail, r.; above, two caps of the D ioscuri; below, B

4091

601

1986, 79, D

Sam e legend as 4 0 8 8 —90, b u t ju g a te heads of A ntony and O ctavia, r. Sam e legend as 4 0 8 8 —90, b u t one ship u n d er sail, to r.; below, A an d head o f M edusa (?)

[10 ] [ 30 coins, i obv. die ]

RSN

1986, 79-80, E

Sam e legend as 4 0 8 8 —91, b u t head o f A ntony, r. Sam e legend as 4 0 8 8 —91, b u t h a lf ship w ithout sail, r. I . J S W , 5.39; 2 - 2 9 . See RSN 1986, 79-8 0 , E; 3 0 . C 80-1 9 4 8 , 4.51.

4093 AE. 16 m m , 4 .2 3 g (1). Axis: ?. RSN

[ o ]

1986, 80, F

M -A N T -IM -T E R -C O S-D E S[ ; jan ifo rm head L B IB V L V S M F PR D E S IG ; stem o f prow in the form o f the head an d neck of a goose; in th e held, ·.· I. R , 4.23.

Cleopatra and Antony These well-known coins depict Cleopatra on the obverse and Antony on the reverse, as the pattern of die-linking indicates. The coins are usually poorly preserved, and weakly struck from lightly engraved dies. They give no obvious indication of mint, and their date is only generally indicated by the reference to Antony’s third imperatorial acclamation (for the problems of dating this, see p. 284). One specimen (Allotte de la Fuye, Florange et Ciani 1925, no. 1281 = RN, 1904, pi. V I.3) was overstruck by a Parthian tetradrachm of Phraates IV of the month Hyperbateios in the year 279, i.e., September, 33 b c . A similar terminus ante is also suggested by the Sarnakounk hoard (H. A. Mushegyan, Monetnie Kladi Armenii), a mixed hoard of various coins including several of the Cleopatra and Antony tetradrachms, but no denarii later than the similar Cleopatra and Antony issue (RRC 543), dated by Crawford to 34 b c . In addition, H. R. Baldus (CRWLR, p. 129) has argued that striking of the tetradrachms must have begun by year 276 of the Seleucid era (= 37/36 b c ) , s o that the portrait of Cleopatra could be copied at Damascus in that year (4781). A date of 36 thus seems likely, though produc­ tion might have continued for more than a year. The question of the mint is even more unclear. The coins were traditionally attributed to Antioch, and this attribu­ tion has been restated by H. Seyrig, Trésors du Levant, p. 210, and recently by both H. R. Baldus (loc. cité) and A. Houghton and S. Bendall, ANSMN, 1988, pp. 82-3, both essentially on the grounds that the tetradrachms would fit perfectly into the gap in the dated tetradrachms of Antioch from year 12 (= 38/37 b c ) and year 19 (= 31/30 b c ) . This is undoubtedly true, but there are problems with this attribu­ tion. T. V. Buttrey (ANSMN, 1954, pp. 95-109) rejected the attribution and suggested that the coins were produced elsewhere, somewhere in Phoenicia. His arguments against the attribution to Antioch were based on metrology and on what we know of Cleopatra’s domains. Buttrey’s metrologi­ cal point is not, however, valid, since the coins are produced to the same weight standard (and indeed fineness: see p. 609) as contemporary tetradrachms of Antioch: Gabinius Antioch, years 4-12

4124 4128-34

i 5 -3 5 g ( 3 3 ) 14.78g (12)

Cleopatra Antioch, years 19-24'

4094-6 4136-49

14.80 g (36) 14.62 g (39)

Nevertheless, the other point made by Buttrey, that Anti­ och was never ruled by Cleopatra, is valid, and indeed strengthened by the consideration that Cleopatra is on the obverse; otherwise, as far as we know, her portrait only appears in her new kingdom (though see Patras 1245, Damascus 4781, 4783, and Ascalon 4866-8, with discus­ sion). Buttrey also thought that the style of Antony’s portrait was different enough from that which appears on his unique drachm of Antioch to make an attribution unlikely. This has been disputed by Baldus (loc. cité), but, whatever we conclude about the portraits, there is no doubt that the letter forms on the two sorts of coins are different: the drachm uses the letter forms E, Σ and Ω, while the tetradrachms always have 8, C and W. The character of the engraving, too, seems different; the dies are, as already noted, lightly engraved and weakly struck, in contrast to the definite products of Antioch, which are strongly engraved and struck. Another difficulty arises from the rare sub-group of these coins with a horse’s head behind Antony (4095, cf. 4096); Svoronos took this as an indication of minting in Cyrene, but this is impossible as Cleopatra appears on these coins as queen of Syria rather than Egypt (see below). An attribu­ tion to Antioch-ad-Hippum has also been made (by whoever put the O coin there in the Ashmolean’s collec­ tion). But the horse’s head should also be seen in the light of the unique coin in the Sarnakounk hoard with R· behind Antony. The significance of these additional symbols is unclear, though it is tempting to think that they give some clue to the place of mintage. Because of these difficulties, it seems that doubt must attach to the attribution of the coins to Antioch. We can accept that the break in the coinage of Antioch at least implies that the silver bullion which would have been used at Antioch was used for these coins, though this does not necessarily mean that the coins were struck there. The portraits might suggest that one should look for a mint further south in Cleopatra’s ‘Phoenician’ kingdom; an alter­ native explanation might be that they were made on the

move by Antony, after wintering in Antioch 37/36. This would at any rate explain their rather rough fabric. The coins have an interesting relationship with the denarii of similar type (RRC 543), though it should be noted that they have a different pattern die orientation (the tetradrachms are fixed at twelve o’clock, the denarii vary). For the titles given to Cleopatra, see Buttrey, op. cit., who has demonstrated that she is called the younger Cleopatra Thea to distinguish her from the Seleucid queen of the same name in the second century b c ; she therefore presents her­ self on these coins, perhaps unsurprisingly, as queen of Syria rather than of Egypt. Cleopatra and Antony, c .y 6

BACIAICCA ΚΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑ ΘΕΑ NEWTEPA; diadem ed and d rap ed b ust of C leopatra, r. ANTWNIOC AYTOKPATWP ΤΡΙΤΟΝ TPIWN ANAPVVN; b are head o f A ntony, r. i . L = b m c 56. Λ full die stu d y is u n d e r p re p a ra tio n . T h a t C le o p a tra is on th e obv. is d e m o n stra te d by the fact th a t die links can be fo u n d betw een th e C le o p a tra side, b u t h ard ly ev er for th e A n to n y side as well: obv. die links a re m uch m o re freq u en t in Syria.

[3 coins, 3 obv. dies ]

4095

Sv 1898 As 4 0 9 4 , b u t horse’s head b ehind A ntony I. O, 14.1 6; 2. A ( = nc 19383 pi. I.3 ), 13.43; 3 · S a rn ak o u n k h o a rd 371,

14.93. S arn ak o u n k 370 (14.58) h as a n u n clear ob ject b eh in d A n to n y ’s h ea d , p e rh a p s also a h o rse’s head ; a very w o rn coin in th e S tu d iu m B ib licu m F ran cisc an p m also seem s to h av e so m eth in g b eh in d his head. T h e coin w as a ttrib u te d by Sv to C y ren aica.

bc

1

4096 4094

A R (81% ). 2 6 -8 m m , 14.80g.

[ 43 coins, 21 obv. dies ]

[ i coin, i obv. die ]

As 4 P 9 4 , b u t R· behind A ntony

BMC 53, W alker, Metrology I, 611-13

i . S a rn a k o u n k h o a rd 372.

Regulus Some very rare coins with a bare head of CEBACTOC and a reverse inscription which in its longest form reads ΡΗΓΛΟΣ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΣ were attributed by Grant, FIT A 1 2 5 - 6 , to Sidon (?), on grounds of stylistic similarity between the obverse portrait and those on coins of Balanea and Berytus. Grant’s general attribution of the coins to northern Syria or Phoenicia has been greatly strengthened by the discovery of a piece in the Tarsus excavations ( 4 0 9 7 / 4 ) . This also adds the possibility that the coins may have been made in eastern Cilicia; Tarsus itself is an obvious candidate for the mint, and another specimen (4 0 9 8 /2 ) ‘zusammen mit Münzen überwiegend ostkilikischer Städte erworben wurde (sie wurden von Jahrzehnten in der Cukurova aufgekauft)’ (R. Ziegler, Münzen Kilikiens aus kleineren deutschen Sammlungen, no. 1 4 3 0 ). While the exact place of mintage cannot, however, be certainly dehned, it seems certain that the coin was made in the Roman province of Syria and therefore that Regulus was a Roman official in that province. Grant suggested that he was a legate of Agrippa and tentatively identified him with Q. Articuleius Regulus, but this is quite uncertain. The coinage was dated by Grant ‘not long after 20 b c ’, but this seems rather early for this sort of portrait in Syria (e.g., the parallel cited by Grant from Berytus = 4 5 4 0 prob­

ably dates from the very end of Augustus’s reign), and a date in the last decade or so of Augustus’s life seems more likely. AE. 23m m , 10.43g ( 0 · Axis: 12.

4097

[ 1 ]

G ran t, fita 125 [ CE]BACTOY[ ; b are head, r. ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΣ; ΡΗΓΛΟΣ; across centre i . P W a 7 4 9 1 ( = G ra n t, fita, pi. I V .21), ( ]BACTOY[ ); 2. L in d g ren 2403 (obv. rea d in g ]BACTOY[ ), 10.43; 3 * R au c h (bb 1870, 30 ‘ΣΕΒΑΣΤ A Y [ ’); 4 . T a rsu s ex cav atio n s (D . C o x in ed. H . G o ld m a n , Excavations at . Gb'zlU (P rin ceto n , 1950), pi. 92, no. 283: rev. illu strated u p sid e dow n). 4098

A E. 2 0m m , 6 .5 6 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

G ran t, fita 125 CEBACTO[ ; b are head, r. ΡΗΓΛΟΣ; in two lines in w reath i . V 3 4 9 7 0 , 7.23; 2. R . Z iegler, Münzen Kilikiens aus kleineren deutschen

Sammlungen, 1430, 5.89. 4099

A E. 15m m , 2.70g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

G ran t, fita 125 B are head, r. ΡΗΓΛΟΣ; aro u n d star i . P W a 7 4 9 2 ( = G ra n t,

fita,

pi. I V .20), 2.70; 2. JS W . S am e dies.

CA coinage Three variant groups of the CA coinage (cf. 2227—35) can be attributed with some plausibility to Syria, as was suggested by Grant, FITA, pp. 106, 344, and J.-B. Giard, Bibliothèque Nationale. Catalogue des Monnaies de l’Empire Romain. I. Auguste, 1976, nos. 100iff., and argued in detail by C.J. Howgego, NC, 1982, pp. 13-18 (as well as another group from Cyprus: see 3915). Most of them (4100-7) charac­ teristically have line borders both inside and outside the wreaths on the reverse.

/ The first of these is Howgego’s class 3, a group of asses having the same description as his class 2 (=2235), but whose stylistic affinities with his classes 4-5 (here = 41015) and provenances suggest that they should be attributed to Syria: six examples were found at Antioch (D. B. Waage, Antioch-on-the-Orontes IV, no. 315: see Howgego, p. 4, n. 20);

S Y R IA : CA coinage, Zeus tetradrachms (4100-4107)

specimens 5-12 all come from Syria (Antioch, Apamea, Aleppo, Tripolis) and 26-8 from Antioch. Perhaps Antioch would be the obvious choice for the mint. The date is as uncertain as the attribution; a date in the twenties is poss­ ible, but so is one rather later. 4100

AE. 23m m , 10.58g (28). Axis: 12. BM C

733,

AM C

704,

R ic

4103 A E. 2 2m m , 9 .6 0 g (18). Axis: 12.

[ 14 ]

BMC 712, AMC 693, FiTA 106 iiiC, ric 495 = 500?, Howgego 4

H ead, r. C A; in laurel w reath i . L = BMC 71 2 ; 2—3. P 933-4; 4 —24. See H ow gego 14, n. 78. T h e ab sen ce o f a legend o n th e obv. m ay in d ic a te th a t this v a rie ty w as m ad e ea rlier th a n th e rest o f th e group.

[ 24+ ]

486 (p art), Howgego 3

CAESAR; bare head, r. A V G V ST V S; in one line in laurel w reath

603

4104 A E. 2 2 -4 m m , 9 .5 1 g (9). Axis: 12.

[ 9 ]

BMC 739, C op 142, FiTA 106 111B, ric 503, Howgego 5a

I . L = BMC 7 3 3 , IO.69; 2. L = BM C 734, IO.38; 3—4 . P 9 7 0-1, II.6 0 , 12.95; 5 - 1 2 . P 1972/1341 9 -1 6 , 10.19, 8.83, 12.04, 9.23, 9.94, i i . 17, 7.91, 10.42; 13—16. 0 = am c 704, 706-8; 17—24. N Y , 11.93, 11-87, 11 4 2 , 11.03, 10.93, 10.52, 9.57, 8.84; 2 5 - 2 8 . Y ale, 11.59, 11.42, 10.74, 9-6o.

A V G V S T T R P O T ; head, r. C A; in laurel w reath i . L = BMC 7 4 1 ; 2. L = BMC 739; 3 . P 1002; 4—9. See H ow gego 14, n. 79. F o r B M C 740, see below , no. 4 2 4 9 .

4105 A E. 2 2 -4 m m , 10.13g (20). Axis: 12.

II

[ 15 ]

AMC 749, ric 530, Howgego 5b

The second group (Giard’s ‘Atelier secondaire A de Syrie’) comprises Howgego’s groups 4—5, with the addition of related sestertii. Groups 4 and 5 are related stylistically, as Howgego noted, and probably represent the products of the same mint. The coins have a rather heterogeneous collec­ tion of reverse types: as well as CA, there are SC and OB CIVIS SERVATOS in wreath. Provenances favour a mint in Syria (nine from Antioch, one each from Curium and Dura), as does the fabric and denomination of the dupondius 4102, which seems characteristic of the large bronzes from places like Antioch or Seleucia, but not like anything in the province of Asia, though found elsewhere, e.g., at Antioch in Pisidia (3529). On the other hand, the sestertius 4101 would probably be the only brass (if that is what the metal is - it looks like brass by visual inspection) coin ever made in Syria, which seems rather unlikely, though not impossible. The date is uncertain. Augustus’s titulature indicates a date later than 23, and, if the SC type is a copy of the similar type from Antioch (4246fr.), then the date would be later than 5 b c . On the other hand, the group may represent a precursor of the SC coinage, produced perhaps in the tens BC. 4101

AE. 35m m , 23.69g (4). Axis: 12. BM C

738,

F IT A

145,

R IC

[ 5 ]

549

X. L = b m c 7 3 8 , 22.23; 2. L = BM C 737, 23.59 (tooled obv. an d rev.); 3 . P 1001, 22.33; 4 . N Y ( = b n c , pi. X X X I X .a ) , 26.60; 5. P r in c e to n = A n tioch (D . B. W aage, Antioch-on-the-O rontes IV , no. 314, illu strated ); 6. E m p ire 8 (1987), lo t 100; 7. M cA lee = H irsch 164 (1.12.1989), lo t 494; 8. P V ; 9. P 1982/162, 26.21. S am e obv. die: 3 -5 , 8 -9 . T h e alleged d u p o n d iu s o f this ty p e m en tio n e d by B M C , p. 118* is in fact th e sam e coin as B M C 738.

AE. 28m m , 17.68g (2). Axis: 12.

i . L 1 8 4 1 —12—2—20, 10.52; 2 - 3 . L 1 9 2 1 -7 -1 -2 , 1 9 2 0 -5 -5 -1 , i i . 31, 9.49; 4 . P 1003, 9.62; 5—20. See H ow gego. F o r a h alv ed piece, see A n tioch (D .B . W aag e, Antioch-on-the-Orontes IV ), no. 321.

Ill:

A T CA

The AT CA coins (Giard’s ‘Atelier secondaire B de Syrie’) stand apart from the others, since the coins have a variable die axis. The attribution to Syria seems plausible in view of the provenance and the countermark, which is otherwise found only on the Antioch SC bronzes. The mint is quite uncertain; if AT is a date (and it is not easy to see what else it might be, then there is an insuperable problem in finding a city with an era starting no later than 316. Λ(επτά) Τ(έσσαρα) or Τ(ρι'α) are not very plausible, as the λεπτόν was not an official coin name in Syria; moreover, as Grant poin­ ted out, 3 or 4 would be Γ or Δ, not T. The date and mint of the coins are therefore unclear. The same mint seems to have been responsible for 4107, since the style of its obverse portrait suggests that its die was cut by the same hand as 4106. 4106 A E. 2 i m m , 9 .4 9 g (24). Axis: var.

[

22

]

BMC 742, AMC 718, FITA 344, RIC 504, Howgego 7

IM P -A V G V S T -T R -P O T ; head, r. O B C IV IS SE R V A T O S; in laurel w reath

4102

A V G V S T T R P O T ; head, r. 5 C; in laurel w reath

[ 2 ]

A V G V S T -T R -P O T ; lau reate head, r. AT CA; in two lines in laurel w reath I. P 1 0 0 5 , 10.78; 2—3. P 1004, 1006; 4 —7. L ==BM C 7 42-4, 1974-4—17-2; 8—2 6 . See H ow gego. H ow gego m a d e a die stu d y o f tw en ty -fo u r coins, w h ich h a d tw o obv. a n d eig h teen rev. dies. C o u n te rm ark : IMPOTHO ( G I C 593: G 297). T h e co u n te rm a rk occurs o th erw ise on ly on SC bronzes o f A ntioch.

4107 AE. 2 i m m , 7.45 g (2). Axis: var.

[

2

]

A V G V S T -T R -P O T ; lau reate head, r. S C; in laurel w reath

C op 139, Howgego 5c A V G V S T -T R -P O T ; head, r. S C; in laurel w reath

I . P 133, 7.00; 2. B (a.B .), 7.90. P ro b ab ly b o th from the sam e obv. die. T h e S o n th e rev. o f 2 is retro g rad e.

i . C o p 139, 19.30; 2. N Y , 16.06; 3. U n c e r ta in ( = G ra n t, S ix M a in Aes Coinages o f Augustus , pi. 10.2).

Zeus tetradrachms The rare Zeus reverse tetradrachms are (with one exception, see 4150) regarded here as forming a separate series,

from a different (if uncertain) mint. There are several reasons for this. First, the style, both obverse and reverse, of

the whole group is homogeneous. Secondly, the obverse style of Tiberius and Caligula is different from the definite and contemporary products of Antioch; similarly, the style of the figure of Zeus is different from that on the posthu­ mous Philips and the Augustus Zeus tetradrachm of 5 b c . Thirdly, the Zeus coins all have monograms or abbreviated names, unlike the definite products of Antioch. Fourthly, the unique Zeus tetradrachm of Caligula cannot be fitted into the well-dated Caligulan silver of Antioch; the same is probably true of the new Augustan piece of about 1 b c / a d (though it is difficult to be sure in view of the uncertainty of the date). Walker’s analyses produced the following results (Walker, Metrology I, pp. 60-1; sample size in parentheses): Antioch

Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius

Zeus

78.43% ( 11 ) — 67.75% (5) 76.33% (3)

— 65.75% (2) — 84.00% (3)

Obviously these figures are based on only a small sample, and individual pieces have a wide variation, giving large standard deviations (e.g., 7.36 for Augustus). In view of this it seems pointless to suggest that the fineness of one series might differ from the other, or that both series were made at the same fineness. The evidence simply does not allow such conclusions to be drawn. On the other hand, the weights do seem to be lighter, though once again the evidence is not really sufficient: Antioch

14-54 g >4-65g H -3 6 g 14.66 g

average:

Γ4·52 g ( n o )

(85) (5) (16) (4)

r 4 -2 8 g I 3 ·6 2 g 12.71g i 4 -° 3 g

A u g u s tu s 4108

AR.

[ i coin, 1 obv. die ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΥΠΑΤΟΥ [ ]; bare head, r. ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΘΕΟΥ ΥΙΟΥ; Zeus seated, 1., w ith Nike and sceptre; to 1., Ν -ΚΈ -Δ; in exergue, AN i . P r i e u r c o ll, (ex M ü n z Z e n tru m 62, 4.11.1987, lot 398), 14.28. U n fo rtu n ately th e co n su la r d ate, o f w h ich th ere a p p e a r to be traces u n d er th e neck, is illegible. T h e p o rtr a it suggests a d a te very ea rly in th e first d ec ad e ad.

T ib e r iu s

Zeus

Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius

how the Laodicean tetradrachms of Augustus and the new Zeus tetradrachm of Augustus should be reconciled. Finally, the few coins of Augustus and Nero from Laodicea which were analysed by Walker (Metrology I, p. 65, cf. p. 69), were much finer (mean of 91.25% for three coins). While the attribution to a mint therefore remains unresolved, one is tempted to think that the coins may come from Cilicia, since the style of the obverse, particularly the portraits of Claudius, is quite like that found in Cilicia (compare, e.g., with the coins of Anazarbus 4059-60, Mop­ sus 4051 or Uncertain Caesarea(s) 4085-6). If this guess is right, then presumably Tarsus is not a possibility in view of 4004-5, but one wonders about Anazarbus or Aegeae, or even the Uncertain Caesarea(s) (wherever it was). The coins perhaps passed at 3 denarii (see p. 610, on Antioch).

(1) (3 ) (1) (19)

4109

[ 5 coins, i obv. die ]

W r 14 TIBEPIOY ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΘΕΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; bare head, r. ΥΙΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; Zeus seated, 1., w ith Nike and sceptre; to r., ΑΘΗ ΔΩΡ ΣΑΝ

■3 -9 3 g (24)

Altogether, it seems that there are cogent reasons for detaching these coins from Antioch. But if the Zeus tetradrachms were not made at Antioch, then where were they made? Little can be deduced from the fact that two were overstruck on posthumous Philips, though perhaps this indicates the general area of northern Syria. H. Seyrig {Syria 20, 1939, p. 39) thought that they were from Tarsus, but this seems unlikely as we have Augustan and Tiberian tetradrachms which were definitely minted there, with either the letters or monogram of TAP (4004-5), and they have a very different style and a higher silver fineness (Walker, Metrology I, p. 56). Another suggestion is Laodi­ cea, which was favoured by A. Dieudonné, RN, 1909, pp. 459-60, and Imhoof-Blumer, MG, pp. 439-40. They thought that the different style and fabric excluded Antioch, and favoured Laodicea because names of magistrates were found there. This view has something to commend it, since the tetradrachms of Laodicea do have various names and monograms, and are known for Augustus and Nero, i.e., the two periods when Zeus tetradrachms do not occur. On the other hand, the names are not the same; the reverse type on definitely Laodicean tetradrachms is invariably a head of Tyche, and the Laodicean coins seem generally to have dates of the Laodicean era. In addition, it is not easy to see

AR.

i . P (T a rsu s) 109, 14.22; 2. L 1 9 2 1 —6—7—3 9 , 13.12; 3. M cA lee coll. = E m p ire 3 (1985), lo t 179; 4 . P rie u r coll, ex S pink stock (1985), I 3 -5 U 5 · NY.

[ 1 coin, 1 obv. die ]

4110

As

4109

1. O ,

, b u t M in field, to 1.

12 .8 3 . V ery d ifferent obv. style.

C a lig u la 4111

AR.

[ i coin, i obv. die ]

ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; b are head, r. ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; Zeus seated, 1., w ith Nike a n d sceptre; to r., ΑΘΗ i . M u 1 0 1 0 5 9 , 12.71.

C la u d iu s 4112

AR.

[ 2 coins,i? obv. die ]

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; bare head, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΟΣ; Zeus seated, 1., w ith Nike and sceptre; to 1., ΑΘΗ A. W ith ΑΘΗ in 1. field: i . P r ie u r ; B. W ith Α Θ Η in exergue: 2. M cA lee (n o t seen).

S Y R IA : Zeus tetradrachms, Nero/Claudius tetradrachms (4113-4123)

4113

AR.

[ 8 coins, 2 obv. dies ]

As 4 1 1 2 , b u t ΣΩ ΕΛ in field, to 1.

As 4 1 1 2 , b u t ΣΩ API

I . S p in k s to c k (1 9 8 5 ), 14.16. S am e obv. die as coins w ith ΑΣ NI (4 1 1 6 ).

4118

i . M u 15a, 13.20; 2. P rieu r coll. = K n o b lo ch (S tacks, J u n e 1970) lot 457 = E m p ire 7 (1987), lo t 331, 13.70; 3. S p in k 40 (1984), lot 288 = G a la ta coins (D ec. 1985), 13.94; 4 . M cA Iee.

4119

As 4 1 1 2 , b u t ΔΙ in 1. field a n d EP in exergue

i . B (I-B = W r, T af. I.1 9 ), 14.00. S am e obv. die as ΚΟΛΑ (4 1 1 5 ).

i . L 1 9 2 8 —9—10—1, 13.04; 2. E m p ire 3 (1985), lo t 181; 3 . L a n z 40 (1987), lo t 602, 14.25. S am e obv. die as ΣΩ ΔΙ (4 1 2 0 ).

[ i coin, \ obv. die ]

Wr 21

4120

As 4114, b u t ΚΟΛΑ in 1. field

[ 3 coins, \ obv. die ] As 4 1 1 2 , b u t ΔΙ in 1. field an d ΣΩ in exergue

I . B (I-B = W r, T af. 1 .2 1), 13.93. O v erstru ck . S am e obv. die as ΖΩΙ ΗΛΙ

I. P 1 9 6 7 /9 0 (—N iggeler 664), 14.58; 2. L a n z 24 (1983), lo t 494, 14.58; 3. P rie u r (ex M a k e r 33, 1986, lot C 277). S am e obv. die as ΔΙ EP (4 1 1 9 ).

(4 1 1 4 )·

[ 4 coins, i obv. die ]

4116

[ 3 coins, i obv. die ] W r 23

As 4112, b u t ΖΩΙ ΗΛΙ in field, to 1. AR.

[ 4 coins, i obv. die ] As 4 1 1 2 , b u t NI in 1. field an d ΑΣ in exergue

[ i coin, i obv. die ]

AR.

Wr ig

4115

[ i coin, \ obv. die ]

4117

Wr 18 Λ: ΣΩ a n d API in 1. field: i . W a lk er ex H ech t; 2. N u m . C i r c D ec. 1981, 8353; 3. S pink stock (1985), 14.80; 4. P rie u r coll, (ex L a n z 22, 1982, lot 614), 14.39; 5· L anz 28 (1984), lo t 422, 14.22; B: ΣΩ in 1. field, API in exergue: 6. O , 15.20; 7. B (L ö b b ), 14.05; 8. K ovacs I X (1988), lo t 196. S am e obv. dies: 1-5 a n d 6-8. 4114

605

Wr 20

4121

[ i coin, i obv. die ] W r 22 corr.

As 4112, but ΑΣ NI in field, to 1. i . P (T a rsu s) £1679, 14.58; 2. B 11665, 14-19; 3 · M u 15b, 13.66; 4. M M A G L iste 35g, 16. S am e obv. die as ΣΩ ΕΛ (4 1 1 7 ).

As 4 1 1 2 , b u t Z A in 1. field an d ΑΠΟΛ(?) in exergue i . L 1 9 1 2 —i —I —2, 12.26. O v erstu ck o n p o sth u m o u s P hilip.

Nero/Claudius tetradrachms These coins are often attributed to Caesarea (e.g., Syden­ ham, The Coinage of Caesarea in Cappadocia, nos. 64—5; K. Regling, ZJN, 1920, p. 151, n. 1; P. Gilmore, Num. Circ., 1980, p. 210), but, as remarked in the section on Caesarea, this attribution seems unlikely. The style and obverse legend is different from the didrachms and drachms of similar types definitely attributable to Caesarea, and the fineness is much lower, about 63% instead of 82% (Walker, Metrology I, p. 69). Moreover, the tetradrachm is a denomi­ nation which was never minted at Caesarea, but is charac­ teristic of Syria. The very few provenances support a Syrian attribution. There is one piece in Antakya Museum (infor­ mation from Kevin Butcher), and a further two in the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum in Jerusalem (informa­ tion from Roger Bland); other pieces have been published in a hoard of Syrian tetradrachms (C. van Hoof, JAG, 1986, pp. 107-27) and in a hoard from Latakia (J.H. Evers, De Geuzen Pening (Juli 1970), pp. 29—32). But if the coins are of Syrian manufacture (as was also thought by G. Macdonald in his catalogue of G and by A. Dieudonné, RN, 1909, p. 461, and RN, 1927, p. 39) it is hard to see exactly where they might have been made. The coins do not look particularly Antiochene, though the star behind the head of Nero on one variety recalls the star on Antiochene tetradrachms of Galba. (There seems no basis for the ivy leaf symbol recorded by Sydenham; this just seems to be a confusion with the wreath ties.) The only places in the region to produce Latin coins, are, apart from colonies like Berytus or Ptolemais, Antioch (the bronze coinage) and further south, in Judaea. Antioch seems very unlikely, partly on grounds of fabric, but also as the coins

would be very hard indeed to insert into the sequence of late Neronian tetradrachms from Antioch (4188fr.). Other Latin legend coins are known from Judaea, from Caesarea Maritima (4858) and indeed Caesarea Paneas, where the coins sometimes have ‘Cappadocian’ types (compare 4842 with 3627), but one obviously hesitates to make an attribu­ tion to this region, as there is really no very good evidence. The coins have therefore been left here under ‘Uncertain of Syria’. As for date, we might suppose that the coins were broadly contemporary with the similar Caesarean coins, which were produced in two groups, in 58—60 and c. 64. In the case of the tetradrachms, the portrait of Nero has the later hairstyle introduced in 63, so the coins should be dated between 63 and 68. 4122 A R (63% ). 24m m , 14.08g (29). Axis: 12. [ 10 coins, 10 obv. dies ] S 64 corr.,

BM C

A ntioch 171

N E R O C LA V D D IV I C LA V D F C A E SA R A V G G ER ; lau reate head, r. D IV O S C LA V D A V G G E R M A N IC P A T E R AVG; lau reate head o f C laudius, r. i . L 1 9 7 9 —i —i —1 1 0 0 (ex vA 6352), 13.21; 2—3. L = BM C 171, 173, 15.46, 14.35. N o t a co m plete listing.

4123 A R. See 4122. S 65, As

BM C

4122,

[ 19 coins,

17

obv. dies ]

A ntioch 172 b u t star behind head o f N ero

i . L 1876—7—7—3 7 2 , 14.32; 2. L 1979—1 -1-1101 (ex vA 6353), 14.81; 3 . L = BMC 172, 13.55; 4 — 7 · P = BNC 4 5 0 -3 , 13.98, 14.50, ΐ 4 ·4 3 , 12.16. N ot a com plete listing.

Antioch S ilv e r

Antioch had been the principal mint for the Seleucid kings, and issues were made down to the reign of Antiochus X II (c. 69-65 bc ). After the annexation of Syria by Pompey, the Romans took over the mint at Antioch, but no silver coinage was produced until the proconsulship of Gabinius (57-55 bc ), who seems to have been responsible for the financial reorganisation of Syria, even though the details are not clear (see M. Crawford, CMRR, pp. 203, 205, 209). One aspect was the establishment of the Roman coinage of Syria, a coinage which was to last right through the imperial period. Initially, this coinage consisted of posthu­ mous issues of silver tetradrachms of Philip Philadelphus. (It is also possible that the gold coin signed by Cn Lentul (.RRC 549) was produced at Antioch, by the governor Cn Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus (59/58 bc)). This was briefly interrupted, in some sense, in the thirties by the tetradrachms of Cleopatra and Antony (see 4094—6 and commentary), but then revived by Octavian and continued until the tens bc . In 5 bc Quinctilius Varus, the legate of Syria, reformed the coinage of Antioch as part of his financial reorganisation of Syria (see C. Howgego, NC, 1981, pp. I—20), though it is possible that his reforms were the culmination of a period of experimentation, if it is right to think that some or all of the Syrian CA coinage was produced at Antioch and before 5 bc (see 4100-7, with commentary). Varus’s innovations were the establishment of the emperor’s portrait on both the silver and the new SC bronze coinage, and these changes set the pattern for the subsequent imperial coinage. After the reign of Augustus, silver coinage was spasmodic until the second half of Nero’s reign, when the large issue of eagle reverse tetradrachms, long to remain the normal reverse type for Antioch, com­ menced. Bronze coinage was produced on a number of occasions during the period, and the output of SC bronzes was particularly large in Claudius’s reign. Here the coinage will be considered in several blocks: the coinage of posthumous Philips (56—16 bc); then the early imperial coinage from Augustus to the coinage of Nero’s third year (5 bc—ad 57); the eagle tetradrachms of Nero, Galba and Otho; and, finally, the bronze coinage. The fol­ lowing issues are not included here under Antioch: the tetradrachms of Cleopatra and Antony (4094-6), the Zeus reverse silver tetradrachms of Augustus to Claudius (410821), the Latin legend tetradrachms of Nero and Divus Claudius (4122-3) or the probably Syrian issues of the CA coinage (4100-7). Although we are confident that all of these were produced in the Roman province of Syria, their attribution to Antioch is either uncertain (Cleopatra, CA) or unlikely (Zeus tetradrachms, Nero and Divus Claudius). The attributions of all these issues are discussed in their relevant introductions. In addition, while the bulk of the bronze SC coinage is catalogued here under ‘Antioch’, some issues have been placed under ‘Cyprus’ (3915) or ‘Uncertain of Syria’ (4102, 4105, 4107). No attention is paid here to the supposed distinction between local and provincial issues, a distinction which

accounts for the omission of much material from the standard work on the period by W. Wruck, Die Syrische Provinzialprägung von Augustus bis Traian, Stuttgart, 1931 = Wr.) and which can still be seen today (e.g., Trillmich, Familienpropaganda der Kaiser und Claudius, pp. 113-14). This distinction is simply between coins whose legends directly refer to Antioch (= local) and those which do not (= provincial). The absurdity of such a distinction can be seen in the coinage of Augustus: that of years 26-31 is classified as provincial, and that of 36-44 as local because of the change in the legend from ΕΤΟΥΣ ... ΝΙΚΗΣ to ANTIΟΧΕΩΝ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ; yet in every respect the two sorts of coin are identical, including their reverse type (the Tyche of Antioch). Similarly, the use of the Caesarian dates on the coins is a purely civic feature, since the era was of Antioch, not Syria; yet coins with these dates are, neverthe­ less, traditionally regarded as ‘provincial’. P o s th u m o u s P h ilip s

In the early fifties, the Romans revived the coinage of King Philip Philadelphus to be their coinage of Syria, copying his types (portrait of Philip/Zeus seated 1.), though in a debased style. The coinage lasted from then until the reign of Augustus, and has been discussed most recently by H. R. Baldus (in CRWLR, pp. 127-30, with earlier references to H. Seyrig, E. T. Newell, A. R. Bellinger and C. M. Kraay). The first issues were made with the monograms of Gabinius (57-55 bc), Crassus (54/53 bc ) and Cassius (52/51 bc). Thereafter, after the establishment of a Caesarian era at Antioch in 49/48 bc, their monogram was replaced by one standing for Antioch (or ‘autonomous’: see Wr. 21) and the coins were dated in the exergue by the years of this era. Years 3-12 and, then with a new style (see E.T. Newell, NC, 1919, pp. 69fr.; Baldus, p. 150, n. 14) 19-33 are known. It may seem odd that the Romans chose the tetradrachms of Philip (92-83 bc ) to revive, rather than those of the last king, Antiochus XII; it is true that the last substantial issue of Seleucid tetradrachms was made by Philip, so that his would have comprised a most important proportion of the currency (so Newell, pp. 80-4; M. J. Price ap. Baldus, op. cit., p. 127), but it is hard to see that this provides a sufficient reason, and it is possible that some other consideration might be relevant. While Antiochus (c. 69-65 bc ) was away campaigning against the Arabs, the people of Antioch revolted and put forward, as king, Philip, the son of Philip Philadelphus. As the claims of Antiochus were rejected by Pompey when he formed the province, the Roman view may have been that *Philip was the last legitimate Seleucid king, and, if so, his coins would naturally have been chosen as the prototype for the Roman coinage of Syria. The Philips were interrupted from year 12 until year 19, and it seems that in this gap the tetradrachms of Cleopatra and Antony were produced. The evidence for their produc­ tion at Antioch, however, does not seem sufficient, and they have been catalogued elsewhere, under ‘Uncertain of Syria (4094-6). It is certain, however, that a unique drachm

S Y R IA : Antioch (silver)

portraying Antony was produced at Antioch during this period, as it bears the ethnic ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕΩΣ. See also addenda 4131 A. After the defeat of Antony, the coinage of posthumous Philips was revived in 31/30 bc , though it is not clear whether this represents a conscious decision to avoid put­ ting Octavian’s portrait on the coinage, as happened in Asia and Egypt (similarly, the portrait does not appear on city bronzes of Syria before the last decade bc ) or whether it is just the simple reinstatement of the previous type, after the new type of Antony and Cleopatra had become unac­ ceptable. At any rate the coinage continued until at least year 33 (= 17/16 bc ). Current evidence does not permit us to be sure that it continued any later, to year 36 (= 14/13 bc ), as Newell thought, though this is not impossible. A u g u s t u s to N e r o

In 5 bc the coinage of Antioch was reformed by Quinctilius Varus, the legate of Syria, as part of his financial reorganisation of the area. One part of the reform was the inauguration of the bronze SC coinage, which was to last well into the middle of the second century. In addition he reformed the silver coinage, replacing the traditional designs: initially, the head of King Philip was replaced by that of the emperor, and, quickly thereafter, the seated Zeus was replaced with the Tyche of Antioch beside the river god Orontes (copied from the earlier Antiochene tetradrachms of Tigranes). The fineness and the weight of the coinage, however, seem to have been left relatively unaltered (see below). Only small quantities of silver were minted under Tiberius. There was a small issue with the Tyche reverse, dated to year 84 = ad 34/5. In addition there was a small issue with the radiate head of Divus Augustus. To judge from the style of the portrait, the issue would seem to have been produced well before the year 84 coins, and probably near the beginning of the reign. Under Caligula, coins were produced with the portrait of the emperor’s mother Agrippina I; these coins are dated to the first, second and third regnal years of the emperor. In addition, there was also an undated issue for his father Germanicus. Not many of these coins survive today from this reign, but it is possible that they may have been issued in greater numbers than their survival rate suggests (see below). No coins were produced in the reign of Claudius, until the issue between 50 and 54 of tetradrachms portraying Claudius and the young Nero, didrachms portraying Nero and Agrippina II and with Nero/sacrificial implements (inscribed ΔΙΔΡΑΧΜΟΝ). Under Nero, there seem to come first, perhaps at the very beginning of the reign, two isolated coins, both with the obverse ΝΕΡΩΝΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ. Both are drachms, one with Agrippina II, and the other with a legionary aquila. The attribution of these two coins to Anti­ och depends on stylistic similarities with the slightly later (?) issue of year 3, and seems reasonably sure. The coins presumably date to 54/5. They were followed by an issue of several denominations,

6oy

all dated to year 3 of Nero and year 105 (Caesarian) of Antioch. This consists of tetradrachms with the portraits of Divus Claudius and of Agrippina II, of didrachms (ΔΙΔΡΑΧΜΟΝ) with sacrificial implements or an eagle on thunderbolt (with or without standards), and of drachms (ΔΡΑΧΜΗ) with a tripod on the reverse. N e r o ( e a g le t e t r a d r a c h m s )

After this issue no silver was coined until ad 60, and a regular large-scale coinage (see below) of tetradrachms was produced continuously over the next four years until ad 63/4, though with a rather dramatic change of style in year 112. The relationship of these new coins, with an eagle on the reverse, to the cessation of the production of Tyrian shekels is discussed below; it seems clear that the new eagle tetradrachms replaced the Tyrian shekels in some way. Whether this reform consisted solely of the amalgamation of the Antioch and Tyrian silver coinage is not clear. It seems possible, however, that the coins were produced at least partly to re-coin the earlier coinages, of Tyre (which they replaced) and perhaps also of Antioch. It must be admitted that there is little evidence for this view, though two points perhaps support it. First, the seemingly high number of dies found in the relatively rare surviving coins of Caligula. This pattern would make sense if the Caligulan coinage was originally much larger but had been subsequently with­ drawn under Nero. Secondly, later hoards, of the second century, do not include the issues before the eagle tetradrachms, suggesting that they had disappeared from circulation some time before. Although the evidence is therefore not strong, the large-scale output of the coins and the disappearance of earlier issues recall the parallel case of contemporary Alexandria and suggests that a similar explanation may well be likely (p. 53). An alternative, or perhaps complementary, explanation would interpret these issues as being required for the expenses of the Parthian War (Walker, Metrology III, pp. 113-14). N e r o to O th o

Thereafter, from the last years of Nero’s reign till the end of the period, the coinage seems to become more disjointed, stylistically and chronologically. This character of the coinage has led to the view, nowadays generally accepted, that more than one mint was responsible for the eagle tetradrachms of 65-9. Wruck (p. 5) thought that the tetradrachms of Nero with the eagle on club were probably minted at Tyre, but the most developed theory of multiple mints was provided by C. M. Kraay (RN, 1965, pp. 60-7), who argued for four silver mints (A—D) operating in Syria in late Neronian early Flavian times. He divided up the coinage on the basis of style, and particularly letter forms: the coins of Nero, Galba and Otho were attributed to his mints A (= Antioch), B (possibly Tripolis) and D (= Tyre). The coinages of years 6-10/108-12 had shown the eagle standing on a thunderbolt and used the letter forms eg Σ, E. For the issues of 65-9 one finds: i. (4191) Nero: year 114, eagle on club (misread as year h i by Kraay, p. 66, and Wruck, p. 44: see

Walker, Metrology I, p. 80, n. 41). Attributed by Kraay to mint D. Letter forms: Ω, C, E. ii. (4192) Nero: year 116, eagle on wreath (Wr. 48).

There seems no basis to Wr. 43, the same eagle on wreath with date ΕΤΟΥΣ AIP Θ: although it was also accepted by Kraay, it seems to stem from Mac­ donald’s misreading of Glasgow 93; in fact, this is a poor specimen with year 116. Kraay’s mint B (Tripolis?). Letter forms: o, E/C, E: die axis: usually one o’clock. iii. (4193) Galba: year 116, eagle on fulmen. Not known to Kraay or Wruck. Letter forms: E, C, (omega unknown). iv. (4I94-6B) Galba: ‘new holy year T and ‘new holy

year 2’, eagle on fulmen (Wr. 55-7). Kraay’s mint A (Antioch). Letter forms: o, C, E; die axis: usually one o’clock. Portrait similar to (iii). (i—iv) are closely linked by letter forms, the style of the eagle and by the slightly unusual die axis.

(4197-8) Galba: year 2, eagle on wreath (Wr. 589). Kraay’s mint B (Tripolis?). Letter forms: W, C, 8. Different, bare-headed, portrait from (iii) and (iv).

V.

p. 467; for the link between (vi) and (vii), see above), and attention has already been drawn to the surprising change of style which took place in year 112 on the coins always attributed to Antioch. But the main reason for an attribu­ tion to Antioch is the use of the Caesarian era to date the coins; as Dieudonné pointed out, in regard to (i) , the use of this era for coins of Tyre would be inexplicable (RN, 1909, p. 467), and, of course, the same would be true for most other places (e.g., Tripolis); the Caesarian era is not a ‘provincial era’, but a city one, used by Antioch and by some other cities (e.g., Aegeae in Cilicia or Laodicea: note the significant point that the Caesarian eras of these cities start in different years). If it is accepted that the use of this era on the coins must indicate Antioch, then both the groups (i) and (ii—iv) are tied to that mint, while the reasons for linking (v—vii) have already been mentioned (and, as well as the bronzes corresponding to Otho (vii), there are also bronzes corresponding to both styles of Galba (BMC 203 for (iv), and BMC 204-5 for Galba (v)). It therefore seems most likely that all the coins form a single sequence from Antioch, though it must be admitted that, on stylistic grounds, this is rather surprising. Minting during this period continued to be on a large scale (see below); a connection with the Judaean wars seems likely.

vi. (4199) Otho: year 1, eagle on wreath, crescent

between legs (Wr. 63). Kraay’s mint B (Tripolis?). Letter forms: W, C, 8. vii. (4200) Otho: year 1, eagle on wreath (Wr. 62)

Kraay’s mint B (Tripolis?). Different portrait type from (vi). Letter forms: W, C, 8. The style of the eagle on (v—vi) is very similar, and rather different (much more rounded and less angular wings) from the eagle on (ii—iv ) . Some of the eagles on (vii) are similar, though many have much straighter wings; they probably all come from the same group, though this is surprising in view of the difference in portrait between (vi) and (vii). There seem, then, to be three groups, not entirely cor­ responding to Kraay’s scheme: (i), (ii—iv) and (v—vii). Which mint(s) do they represent? There are difficulties in accepting Kraay’s scheme of dif­ ferent mints, both in detail and in general. First, the coins of Otho (vii) which he attributes away from Antioch have an extremely similar obverse portrait and style to bronzes, both with SC and with the Greek Antiochene reverse. Secondly, the new issue for Galba (iii) makes a link between (ii) and (iv), issues which, on Kraay’s scheme, are from different mints. Thirdly, the correct reading of the date on (i) and the disposal ofWr. 43 mean that there is no necessity to posit more than one mint, as there are no stric­ tly contemporary issues of different style and as one can place all the coins in a single chronological (as opposed to stylistic!) sequence. Given this, we should consider whether or not it might in fact be correct to put all the issues in one sequence and attribute them all to Antioch. The main problem is the different style and letter forms. But there are some stylistic links between the different groups (e.g., between the eagles on (i) and (iv), as pointed out by Dieudonné in RN, 1909,

D a ti n g c o in s o f A n tio c h

Silver Most Antiochene coins are dated according to various eras. The posthumous Philips are mostly dated by the Caesarian era, according to which year 1 = 49/48 bc . The reformed coins of Augustus from 5 bc to ad i use an era of (Actian) victory (ΕΤΟΥΣ ΝΙΚΗΣ), together with a reference to his twelfth and thirteenth consulships (5 and 2 bc : ΥΠΑ IB and IT). From ad 5 the reference to the ‘year of Victory’ was dropped, but the coins continued to use dates from this era, together with the Caesarian era. The Caesarian era was used for some of Tiberius’s coins; others (with the deified Augustus) had no date; similarly, under Caligula, the coins with Germanicus had no date, while those with Agrippina I used the regnal years 1-3 (regnal years had already been used at the beginning of the reign of Tiberius on the bronze coinage. The Claudian coinage had no explicit dates, but under Nero a dual system of regnal and Caesarian dates was introduced; towards the end of the reign, the regnal year was dropped and only the Caesarian year kept (114 and 116). The Caesarian year was used initially for Galba (116), but then dropped for a ‘new holy year’ (ΕΤΟΥΣ ΝΕΟΥ ΙΕΡΟΥ); after years one and two, this was just called year (2), and this formula was retained for Otho’s tetradrachms. Bronze The late Republican bronze had used a Pompeian era from 6 4 to 4 8 b c , and then the Caesarian era from 4 8 to 1 9 b c (years 2 till 2 1 ) , though briefly reverting to a Seleucid date in 4 1 / 4 0 (year 2 7 2 ) . Under Augustus the coins were dated by the Victory era (years 2 7 , 2 8 , 2 9 , 3 0 and 3 5 ; in addition 4 2 , 4 3 and 4 4 occur on ‘pseudo-autonomous’ bronzes). Under Tiberius, the same era was initially used, together with a regnal year (1 and 4 5 ) ; late bronzes used a

S Y R I A : Antioch (silver)

tribunician date (TR POT X X X III) or the Caesarian era (82); from then onwards only the Caesarian era was used on bronze; unlike the silver there was no use of regnal years (though under Caligula they were used on the series of countermarks from ΓΑ B-S: GIC 521-4). The coins can therefore nearly always be well dated, though some problems do arise when one considers the details of when in the year the different eras commenced. For instance, it is generally held that the Victory and Caesarian eras started on 1 October (Wruck, p. 13), the beginning of the Macedonian year which had been followed by the Seleucid era for three hundred years. But this cannot be so, since a new coin (4160) shows that the two years did not run concurrently, and the same problem occurs for Nero with his regnal years, which are not concurrent with the Caesarian years. First the Actian and Caesarian years. When do they begin? Actium was on 2 September 31, Pharsalus (generally thought to be the occasion for the change at Antioch) in June 48. As Augustus died on 19 August, and his reign included Caesarian year 63 and Actian 44, the Caesarian year must have begun before 19 August; and as there are also rare coins of Galba from year 116 (4193), which presumably were made after Nero’s death on 9 June 68, the conclusion seems to be that the Caesarian year at Antioch changed between 10 June and 14 August. But if this is so, then there is a problem for Nero’s regnal years. We have coins with the dual dates 9/111, 10/111 and 10/112, but, if the Caesarian year began between June and August, then there is no obvious point to hang Nero’s era: it can neither be his accession day (13 October), the beginning of the Syrian year (18 November) nor the tribunician year (10 December: see Wruck, pp. 69fr.), but would have to be some date before June/August, and probably only just before as the coins of 10/111 are rare compared with the others. This problem has not been resolved here. One minor puzzle, perhaps chronological, is raised by the prominent dots which sometimes appear on the reverse field of some issues. These were interpreted as ‘Nominalkennzeichen’ by W. Trillmich, Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, p. 113, but it is hard to see why this should be so. The pattern of their appearance suggests that they normally come towards the end of the year, and it is therefore possible that they are some chrono­ logical indicator, possibly, e.g., referring to part of the year (compare the bronze coinage of Tyre): 1. in 1. field on posthumous Philips of year 27 (no 27s without dots) 2. Caligula: dot ET A ET B

dot

ET B

ET Γ dot ET Γ 3. Nero: name in genitive name in genitive name in nominative name in nominative name in nominative 4. Nero: young hairstyle older hairstyle older hairstyle

year 8/11 o dot year 9/111 dot year 9/111 year 9/111 (all from one obv. die) dot year 10/111 year 10/112 year 10/112 dot year 10/112

Similar explanations might also apply to the crescent and

6og

stars which appear on the coins of 68/9, but this is, however, not clear. M e tro lo g y a n d d e n o m in a tio n s

The weights and finenesses of the various periods are as follows: Posthumous Philips (Caesarian era)

Gabinius Crassus/Cassius Years 4—12 (Cleopatra) Years 19—24 Years 25-33

: 5-34 i5-09 14.78 14.80 14-62 14.11

(3 3 ) (12) (23) (36) ( 3 9 ). (27)

75 % (21)

14-54 (85)

78% (11)

Portrait issues

Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero year 3 years 6-10 year 114 year 116 G alba year 1 year 2 O tho

14.65 14.36 14.66 14.23 14-59

14.30 14-47 14-55

I4-58 14.60

(2) (16) (4) (20) (127) (8) (9 ) (19) (19) (36)

—

68% 76% 63% 79% }

(4) (3) (8) (3 3 )

7 8 % (6)

— —

The weight standard used at the beginning of the coinage was the reduced Attic tetradrachm (O. Morkholm, ANSMN, 1983, p. 101; H. R. Baldus in CRWLR, p. 127; A. Houghton and S. Bendall, ANSMN, 1988, p. 74). This gradually declined and there was a fairly sharp drop in Augustus’s reign with the Philadelphus coins of years 25 = 25/24 B C . From the beginning of the portrait coins of Augustus, however, the weight recovered to about 142 g, and it remained at this level, with some fluctuation, throughout the period. As for fineness, the picture seems more complicated. The L and O specimens of the posthumous Philip coinage were analysed by Walker, Metrology I, p. 59; unfortunately this does not represent a very large sample (only a total of twenty-one coins), and nearly all of the coins analysed belong to the second period, between years 19 and 32/36. The fineness of most of the coins was between 70 and 75% fine; only two pieces were substantially finer. One had the monogram of Gabinius and was 88% fine; the other, with a fineness of 91.75%, was regarded by Walker as a product of year 1, and, combined with the Gabinius result, appeared to show that the first phase of posthumous Philips was substantially finer than the later phase, particularly as the three Cleopatra and Antony coins gave a mean fineness of 80.7%. This picture may, however, be misleading as the coin of ‘year one’ (with an alpha) seems in fact to be of year 30 (with a lambda), since it has the later style of reverse, which only started with year 19 (see Newell, NC, 1919, p. 69). Thus, judgement should be suspended on the question of whether there was any decline between Gabinius and Augustus; but we can be confident that the coinage was never very fine. For the time being the whole phase of the coinage, including the coins of Cleopatra and Antony, is regarded as having a mean (of twenty-four specimens) fine­ ness of approximately 75%.

6io

S Y R IA : Antioch (silver)

(Other dates in Walker’s table need correction: his 595 and 596 are of year 24, not 21, while his 609 is probably of year 32, rather than 36: see the catalogue below.) The unique drachm of Antony (Walker 614) gave a fine­ ness of 90%, though obviously the sample is too small to allow one to believe that the drachm may have been finer than the tetradrachm. The reform in 5 bc of the coinage of Antioch by Quinctilius Varus, the legate of Syria, saw a change in the designs used on the silver tetradrachm, but the fineness (and the weight: see above) of the coinage, however, was left relatively unaltered (mean fineness of about 78% silver). This view of the reform is slightly different from that presented by Walker, Metrology I, p. 68. According to Walker the fineness of the Tyche tetradrachms was ‘markedly higher’ than that of the later posthumous Philip tetradrachms, but the figures do not really bear this out, particularly when the mean for the Philips is recalculated to include his very fine 591 as a coin of year 30 rather than of year 1. This is not to say that there definitely was not any change to the fineness, only that such a conclusion does not seem warranted by the figures as we have them at the moment, particularly in view of the large variations in individual finenesses and hence the standard deviations. There is no evidence for the fineness of the rare Tiberian tetradrachms. Under Caligula Antioch produced tetradrachms with his portrait and that of his mother, Agrippina I, dated by his regnal years 1, 2 and 3; there was also an undated issue with his father Germanicus. The mean fineness of the Caligulan coins, according to Walker’s analyses, was 67.75% (five specimens analysed). It is hard to tell if this represents a change from Augustus: the figure is indeed lower, but the sample is very small, and the figure reverts to the higher level again under Claudius, though again on the basis of a very small sample (three analyses giving a mean of 76%). Under Nero, Walker’s analyses gave (for coins of Nero’s year 3) finenesses of 63.16% (mean of three tetradrachms), 57.75% (mean of two didrachms) and 65.33% (mean of three drachms), a mean for all eight coins of about 63%. Although Walker argued for a system for the early Anti­ ochene and ‘seated Zeus’ coinages, giving some a value of 3 denarii and 4 denarii, his scheme is not entirely satisfactory, as it does not account for the Zeus tetradrachms of Claudius and as it seems very complicated. Some of the difficulty is removed, if it is accepted, as proposed here, that the imperial Zeus reverse tetradrachms (except for 4150) should be removed from Antioch (see 4108-21). Another, perhaps the main, problem arises from the variation in the analyses (note, e.g., Walker’s 646 and 647, two die dupli­ cates with finenesses of 55.5% and 74%); when allowing for a certain degree of change over the whole period, it seems not impossible that all the tetradrachms before the Neronian eagle type were intended to be of the same general (though declining) weight and fineness and that they were all intended to pass at 3 denarii, but judgement must, of course, be reserved until further analyses have been published. There was a gap in minting from Nero’s third year until

60, when the production of a very large quantity of tetradrachms with an eagle on the reverse began. Walker has pointed out that this new typology coincides with an increase in fineness (to a mean of about 79% for thirty-three coins), and he has also pointed out the connection with the ending of the silver of Tyre, whose last shekels were produ­ ced in 58 and which used the eagle as its standard reverse type (this connection was also made by A. Dieudonné, RN, 1909, p. 463). The shekels of Tyre were much finer (mean of 94.5% for twenty-two coins), so that the coincidence of their cessation with the improvement of the Antioch tetradrachms and their adoption of the Tyrian reverse type suggests (Walker, Metrology I, p. 71) that they were intended to replace them in some way. This seems to mean that the new eagle tetradrachms of Antioch were intended to pass at 4 denarii, like the Tyrian shekels before. In this respect the tetradrachms from the reign of Nero are the coins of ‘good silver of Tyrian design’ (άργυριου κοίλου Τυρι'ου κόμματος), a phrase which occurs from the second half of the first century ad until the end of the second. It must be admitted that this reconstruction is only tenta­ tive, and that several problems remain. For instance, the metrological distinction between the earlier and the eagle tetradrachms is not really fully clear; the eagle tetradrachms contained about as much silver as the Augustan ones, even though they do represent an improve­ ment over their immediate predecessors. Thus equations of the coins with 3 or 4 denarii need to be made with caution. Moreover, the question of the date at which a close denominational relationship was established between the tetradrachm and the denarius is not at all clear, and it is a problem which is not helped by the virtual absence of denarii from Syria before ad 100. There is not necessarily any reason to suppose that the posthumous Philips were tariffed at so many denarii, any more than may have been the case with the late Republican cistophori of Asia (see p. 369). Moreover, in the case of Egypt, it has been suggested that the Alexandrian tetradrachm was not related to the denarius until the reign of Claudius (p. 688). At Antioch, moreover, the smaller denominations attest the survival under Claudius and Nero of the didrachm and drachm (ΔΙΔΡΑΧΜΟΝ and ΔΡΑΧΜΗ), and so, by implication, the tetradrachm. These qualifications apart, however, the reconstruction given here seems to us to make best sense, at the moment, of the available evidence. ad

H o ard s

1. Aleppo (1950): H. Seyrig, Trésors du Levant, no. 35· A total of 22 tetradrachms, one of Philip Philadelphus (‘usé’) and twenty-one posthumous Philips, all with the monogram of Aulus Gabinius (‘en brillant état’). 2. Sarnakounk (1945): IGCH 1746, CH I, 105; H. A. Mushegyan, Monetnie Kladi Armenii (Erevan, 1973) (in Armenian and Russian, but fully illustrated). A hoard of 373 coins: 210 Roman denarii (to RRC 511/2 (2), 533, 536 (3), 539 and 543 (3))

S Y R IA :

A year later, in (Pompeian) year 32 = 33/32 b c , another bronze issue was made with the head of Doros on the obverse; this has previously been read (BMC) as year [ 1]32, but Baldus has plausibly suggested that the correct reading is 32. Meshorer, however, has recently suggested year 2 = 63/62 b c (his no. 10). This seems less likely. De Saulcy (p. 144, no. 1 = Rouvier 762) recorded a strange coin in his collection with Zeus/tripod AWPA ΓΑΙΟΥ. Whatever this coin may have been, it does not seem likely to be a coin of Caligula from Dora.

Dora (4752-4767) 661

R e ig n o f T ib e riu s AE. 19m m , 6.47g ( * l *3)·

4756

M eshorer 16. Y ear 78 =

[ o ] ad

14/15

V eiled head o f Tyche, r. ΔΩ L OH; Tyche standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r a n d cornucopia i . I s r a e l D e p t o f A n tiq u itie s ( = M esh o rer, pi. 19.16), 6.47; 2—3 . D o ra ex cav atio n s (see M esh o rer).

R e ig n o f N ero C le o p a tra a n d A n to n y

2 3m m , 12.51 g (5).

4752 AE. 23m m , 8.03g (4)· Axis: 12. M eshorer 13. Y ear 19 = 34/33

L aureate head o f D oros, r. AWP(E)ITWN; T yche standing, 1. (head r.), w ith sta n d a rd an d cornucopia

[ o ]

bc

Ju g a te busts of C leo p atra a n d A ntony, r. L ΘΙ ΔΩ; Tyche standing, L, w ith p alm b ran ch and caduceus

4757

PKH

M esh o rer 17, R o u v ier 758: L = bmc 3, L = BMC 4 , P = B ab 1424-5, G i, N Y , B ara m k i 2. a d 64/5.

4758

ΛΡ

M esh o rer 20-2 o b .

i . T r a d e ( = sm 1983, 10, no. 2 = M . H . C raw ford, Coinage and M oney in the Roman Republic, p. 255, fig. 109), 8.86; 2. A . K in d le r, Alon 4/2 (O ct. 1969), 22fi, no. 3 = R o sen b erg er (P tolem ais) i 8 = sm 1983, 10, no. 1, 6.65;

4759

ΑΛΡ

3. Sofaer coll. ( = M esh o rer, pi. 19.13), 7.30; 4 . D o ra excavations (see M esh o rer), 9.95. D a te d to (P om peian) y ea r 19 ( = 4 5 /4 4 bc) by M esh o rer, w ho identifies th e p o rtra its as C le o p a tra a n d P tolem y X V (see in tro d u ctio n ). M . C raw ford, C M R R , p. 253, n. 19, states th a t these coins h ave th e P to lem aic m a rk o f v alu e Π.

M esh o rer 23, R o u v ie r 760: L = BMC 6 , L = bmc 5 a n d 7, P = B ab 1429, P C h a n d o n 999, N Y (4 ex x .), B ara m k i 5-6 a n d ?4, C o p 154. ad 67/8.

4760

BAP

M esh o rer 25~25a (in c lu d in g co u n term ark : X F = N Y (2 exx.). ad 68/9.

ad

66/7.

gic

733),

19 mm , 5.06 g (6).

4753 AE. 17m m , 5.41g (1). M eshorer 14. Y ear 31 = 34/33

[ o ]

V eiled head o f Tyche, r. AWP(E)ITWN; T yche standing, sta n d a rd a n d cornucopia

bc

1.

(head r.), w ith

J u g a te busts in w reath, r. L ΑΛ; Tyche standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r an d cornucopia

4761

L

r . S o fa e r c o ll. ( = Y. M esh o rer, City Coins o f Ereig-Israel , p. 16, no. 19 = M esh o rer, pi. 19.14), 5.41. T h e b u sts a re described by M esh o rer as those o f A n to n y a n d C le o p a tra , b u t this is n o t ce rtain . T h e a ttrib u tio n to D o ra does n o t seem sure: th e types suggest T ripolis.

4762

PA

M esh o rer 21.

4763

ΑΛΡ

(T y ch e h ea d , 1.): M esh o rer 24. a d 67/8.

4764

ΒΛΡ

(T y ch e h ea d , 1.): M esh o rer 26. a d 68/9.

4754 AE. 16m m , 3.15g (1).

[ o ]

M eshorer 15 Fem ale head in w reath, r. L ΛΑ; poppy betw een two ears of corn

4755 AE. 22m m , 8.27g ( J)· Axis: 12. 24 corr. Y ear 32 = 33/32

ad

66/7.

17m m , 3.45g (3).

i . I s r a e l M u s. ( = M esh o rer, pi. 19.15), 3.15. T h e p o rtra it w as identified M esh o rer as th a t o f C le o p a tra . See co m m en t on 4 7 5 3 .

bm c

M esh o rer i8 - i 8 a , R o u v ier 755: L — BMC 17, L = bmc 16 a n d 18, N Y , P = B ab 1426, B aram k i 3, N Y , R o sen b erg er 9. a d 64/5.

V eiled head of Tyche, r. AWP(E)ITWN; galley

b y

M eshorer 10,

PKH

[ 1 ] bc

L aureate head of Doros, r. ΔΩΡΙΤΩΝ; Tyche standing, 1., w ith p alm b ran ch an d caduceus; in field, L BA i . L = bmc 24, 8.27; 2—3 . See M esh o rer (no d etails). F o r th e d ate, see B aldus, op. cit. M esh o rer (no. io) re a d th e d a te as L B = 63/62 bc, b u t the Λ seem s clear on B M C 24 (a n d w as so re a d by H ill, pace M esh o rer).

4765

L PKH

M esh o rer 19, R o uvier 756: L =

4766

L ΛΡ

M esh o rer 22.

4767

L

BAP

ad

bm c

23, N Y . ad 64/5.

66/7.

M esh o rer 27a, R o uvier 757: N Y (2 exx.); (T y ch e h ea d , 1.): M esh o rer 27. ad 68/9.

Rouvier 759 records ΡΚΘ for this type, citing de Saulcy who quoted it from P. Rouvier himself regarded the reading as ‘douteuse’.

Chalcis Chalcis was ruled by a succession of tetrarchs until given by Antony to Cleopatra in 36 b c . After their defeat it was restored to the previous dynasty and absorbed in the king­ dom of Herod on the death of the tetrarch Zenodorus. In 41 Claudius gave it with the title king to Agrippa I ’s brother Herod, who ruled until his death in 48. In 49 it was given to Agrippa’s son, Agrippa II. Herod’s own son Aristobulus was in 54 appointed king of Armenia Minor, where he produced some coins in 62 (3839-40). The coinage of Chalcis was first described by F. de Saulcy, ‘Recherches sur les monnaies des tétrarques héréditaires de La Chalcidène et de L’Abilène’, Wiener Numismatische Monatshefte V, 1870, pp. 1-34. Subsequently coins of Cleopatra and Antony were attributed there (from Berytus) by H. Seyrig, Syria XXVII (1950), pp. 44-6. In the last few years large numbers of coins of Chalcis have appeared in the coin trade, allowing a more or less complete reconstruction of the coinage to be made, and (by associa­ tion) confirming Seyrig’s brilliant attribution of Cleopatra’s coins. It is hoped to devote a separate study to these coins. Coinage had been first produced in (Seleucid) year 240 = 73/72 b c ; this was followed by two issues in the name of the high priest and tetrarch Ptolemy. One was dated to (Pompeian?) year 2 = 63/62, but the other was undated. The next coins were made by Lysanias; one very crude issue in (Seleucid) year 272 = 41/40 and the other undated, but presumably produced between 40 and his deposition in 36. This was followed by the coins of Cleopatra (sometimes with Antony), dated jointly to her (Egyptian) year 21 and her (Phoenician) year 6 = 32/31 (cf. Berytus, 4530). The last issues of the tetrarchs were made by Zenodorus, the son of Lysanias to whom the tetrarchy was restored by Augustus; they are dated ΒΠΣ or ΖΠ, apparently both Seleu­ cid dates, years 282 = 31/30 and (2)86 = 27/26 (so Seyrig, pp. 46-7). The final issue of coins from Chalcis was made by King Herod; the coins are dated to his year 3 = a d 43/4. Most of them are catalogued by Meshorer, p. 170 and Suppl. IV. They are very different from earliest coins of Chalcis, and very like, both in fabric and typology, the coins of Herod’s brother Agrippa (4988-90); if 4777-80 were made at Chalcis, then perhaps 4998-90 also were. L y s a n ia s ( 4 0 - 3 6 b c ) _____________________________

4769 AE. 2 0m m , 4 .5 7 g (6). Axis: 12.

[ o ]

Fem ale head, r. AC A TCTP APX ΦΙ; double cornucopia I. S everal specim ens in tra d e a n d JS W .

Undated, better style 4770 AE. 2 0m m , 4.72 g (19). Axis: 12.

[

7

]

BM C 6

ΠΤΟ; diadem ed head, r. ΛΥΣΑΝΙΟΥ TETPAPXOY ΚΑΙ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣ; A thena standing, 1., holding Nike a n d resting h a n d on shield; to r., ΦΛ i . L = b m c 7; 2. L = bmc 6; 3. B L ö b b ; 4 —7. P 6, 7, 7a, Seyrig, 4.05, 6.20, 4.39, 5.71; 8. JS W , 4.96; 9—13· N Y . M an y in tra d e. F o r th e id en tity o f th e p o rtra it, see 4 7 6 8 . F re q u e n t co u n term ark : M o n o g ram . M .

C le o p a tra , 3 2 / 3 1 b c 4771 AE. 20m m , 6 .6 8 g (21). Axis: 12. Sv Ptol 1887, R ouvier Berytus 440,

[ bm c

11

]

Berytus 15

BACIAICCHC KAEOHATPAC; b u st o f C leopatra, r. ETOYC KA TOY ΚΑΙ ζ 0 EAC NEWTEPA C; bare head of A ntony, r. i . L = bmc 15, 5.75; 2. C o p 382, 5.82; 3 —4 . N Y ; 5. C; 6—7. V 23679-80; 8—11. B, —, 7.29, 5.37, 5.68; 12—16. P 482, C h a n d o n 716A, de Ricci, Seyrig, 9.10, 6.22, 5.43, 5.10, 5-66; 17. J S W , 9.64. N o t a full listing: m an y m ore in J S W , R W a n d re c e n t tra d e . S eyrig th o u g h t th a t th e re w as also a la rg er d en o m in atio n b ec au se o f th e h ea v ier w eig h t o f a specim en in the A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (13.75). B u t this coin (cast in P) is th e sam e g en eral size, a n d seem s ju s t a n ex am p le stru ck on an a b e rra n tly th ick flan.

4772 AE. 17 m m , 5.10g (8). Axis: 12. Sv Ptol 1888, R ouvier B erytus 438,

[ 5 ] bm c

Berytus 14

BACIAICCHC KAEOnATPAC; b u st of C leopatra, r. 8TOYC KA TOY KAI Ç 0 EAC NEWTEPAC; Nike advancing, r., w ith p alm a n d w reath; all in w reath i . L = bmc 14, 6.52; 2. P 1987/215, 5.83; 3 .6 2 0 9 /1 8 8 4 ,4 .7 1 ; 4 —5. N Y ; 6. J S W , 4.54. O th e r specim ens in R W a n d trad e.

4773 AE. 16 m m , 4 .0 4 g (4). Axis: 12.

[

4

]

R ouvier Berytus 439 BACIAICCHC KAEOnATPAC; b ust of C leopatra, r. ETOYC KA TOY ΚΑΙ ζ 0 EAC NEWTEPAC; A thena advancing, 1., w ith shield a n d spear i . L 1 9 6 9 -9 -1 -1 , 4.47; 2. G , 4.18; 3 . N Y , 4.20; 4 . M u B ervtus, 3.30; 5 · J S W , 3.46. Specim ens also in R W a n d trade.

Year 2J2 = 40 BC, crude style 4768

AE. 20m m , 5.06g (18). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

ΠΤΟ; diadem ed head, r. BOC (AVCANIOV) (APXIEPE); Nike standing, 1., w ith w reath and palm ; various m onogram s T h e in scrip tio n a n d m on o g ram s on th e rev. com e in v arious forms: (a) AVCANIOV APXICPC TC; sam e m o n o g ram as co u n term ark e d o n 4 4 7 0 ; (b) AVCAJSIOV^TCTPAPX 1Φ; (c) as (b ), b u t re tro g ra d e m o n o g ram s an d dale; no ΙΦ; (d) ACÄ τ ε τ ρ Ä P X ΦΙ; an d (e) Φ Ι Λ ϋ λ τ ε Τ Ρ Α Ρ Χ . i . L 1986-4—3 4 -12, 4.79; 2—3. P (Seyrig), 6.41, 4.76. M a n y m ore sp ecim ens in tra d e a n d J S W . O n e w ould expect th e p o rtra it to be th a t o f L ysanias, b u t th e Πχο m o n o g ram b eh in d th e h ead (here a n d on 4 7 7 0 ) suggests th a t it m ay in fact be a p o sth u m o u s p o rtra it o f Ptolem y. I t seem s an o d d place, for in sta n ce, to p u t a patro n y m ic . I t is su rp risin g th a t the p o rtra it has a d ia d em , as n e ith e r P tolem y n o r L ysanias h a d th e ra n k o f king.

Z e n o d o ru s i.

Year 282 = 32 131 BC 4774 AE. 2 0m m , 6 .7 4 g (9)· Axis: 12. AMc 866

[ 9 ]

NE L ΒΠΣ; b are head o f O ctavian, r. ΖΗΝΟΔΟΡΟΥ TETPAPXOY ΚΑΙ ΑΡΧΗΡΕΩΣ; bare head of Z enodorus, 1. i . P (S e y rig ), 6.03; 2—3 . P 9 -1 0 , 6.27, 5.07; 4 . O = amc 866, 6.66; 5— 8. B (I-B , B aalb ek find, L ö b b , F o x ), 5.45, —, 4.66, —; 9 . N Y , 6.00. Specim ens also in J S W a n d tra d e . T h e d a te is som etim es retro g ra d e; the B is som etim es b ro k en a n d can look like a Δ. C o u n te rm ark : V A R (? ) ( G IC 659: 8).

S Y R IA : Chalcis, Damascus (4775-4780)

Year (2)86 —27I26 BC 4775 AE. 20 mm , 6.63 g (9)· Axis: 12. BM C

7, Cop 417,

amo

i . L 1 9 8 5 - 1 0 - 2 - 1 , 14.61; 2. T ra d e (from L e b an o n , 1981), 14.37. See A. B u rn ett, M élanges de N um ism atique offerts à Pierre Baslien (1987), p p . 34-5. A co m p an io n piece to th e coins o f A g rip p a I, 4 9 8 2 .

[ 7 ]

867

4778 AE. 2 4m m , 14.08g (6). Axis: 12.

ΖΗΝΟΔΟΡΟΥ TETPAPXOY ΚΑΙ ΑΡΧΗΡΕΩΣ; b are head of Z enodom s, 1. L ΖΠ NE KAI; b are head o f A ugustus, r.

Β Α Σ ΙΛ Ε Υ Σ Η Ρ Ω Δ Η Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ; d ia d e m e d h e a d o f H e ro d , r. Κ Λ Α Υ ΔΙΩ Κ Α ΙΣΑ ΡΙ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ω E T Γ; in w re a th !· B, 15.31; 2. P II, 12.75; 3 - o , 14.35; 4 · v 2 I 0 4 7 ; 5· J S W , 13.01; 6. L e u 4 5 (1 9 7 0 ), l o t 3 6 0 = M a b b o tt 2738, 15.66; 7. S u p erio r (Ju n e 1977), no. 2745; 8. M esh o rer 1, 13.39; 9 · Lewis = sng 1784, 11.88 (holed).

[ o ]

NE; laureate head o f Zeus, r. ΖΗΝΟΔΩΡΟΥ; Nike advancing, r., w ith p alm an d w reath

4779 AE. 20m m , 7.87g (2). Axis: 12.

ad

[ 1 ]

M eshorer Suppl. IV , no. 2

i . J S W , 3.99; 2. Q e d a r coll.

King Herod,

[ 4 ]

M eshorer Suppl. IV , no. 1

i . L = BM C 7, 6.40; 2. B (K n o b elsd o rf); 3—4 . P 8, 8a, 6.76, 6.23; 5. C op 417, 6.35; 6. Ο = AMC 867, 7.08; 7. N Y , 5.67. C o u n te rm ark : TK (?) ( G I C 722: 1).

4776 AE. 17m m , 3.99g (1). Axis: 12.

66ß

Β Α Σ ΙΛ Ε Υ Σ Η Ρ Ω Δ Η Σ Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΟ Σ ; d ia d e m e d h e a d o f H e ro d , r. Κ Λ Α Υ ΔΙΩ Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ Ι Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ω E T Γ; in w re a th

43/4

i . P , 7.69; 2. M esh o rer 2, 4.01. 4777

AE. 25m m , 14.49g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

4780 AE. 15m m , 4.01 g (1). Axis: 12.

ΒΑΣΙΛ ΗΡΩΔΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑΣ; K ings H erod and A grippa crow n the em peror C laudius, w ho stands w earing a toga capite velato; in exergue, ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΛΑΥΔΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ET Γ; in w reath

[ o ]

M eshorer Suppl. IV , no. 3 Β Α Σ ΙΛ Ε Υ Σ Η Ρ Ω Δ Η Σ ; d ia d e m e d h e a d o f H e ro d , r. Κ Λ Α Υ Δ ΙΩ Κ Α ΙΣΑ Ρ Ι E T Γ; in w re a th i . M e s h o r e r 3, 4.01.

Damascus The coinage of Damascus was catalogued by F. de Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre Sainte, pp. 30-56, and has been discussed by H. Seyrig, ‘Sur les ères de quelques villes de Syrie’, Syria XX V II (1950), pp. 34-7 (see also H. R. Baldus in CRWLR, pp. 142-3). The coins are dated by the Seleucid era, with a year beginning in the spring (PW ‘Aera’ 634, 642). The first issue of coinage was made by Cleopatra in 37/36 B e , and her coins have been discussed by H. R. Baldus, JNG, 1973, p. 32, who regards the portrait as a copy of that on the tetradrachms of Cleopatra and Antony (4094). It is not clear whether she is portrayed as an honour from an independent city (Baldus) or because Damascus was among the territories given to her by Antony (see the introduction to Syria, p. 583). Though no ancient source mentions Damascus among the territories given to her, the presence of her portrait is very suggestive that this was the case. The use of the Seleucid, rather than one of Cleopatra’s, era is not a fatal objection, in view of the use of the local era at Ptolemais (4741—2). The coins supposedly of Caesarion and dated year 277 Cleopatra Augustus

Tiberius Nero

276 280 283 306 306-8 325 335 345 377

25 mm, 22 mm, 20m m , 19mm,

9.94 g 6.21 g 8.09g 8.33g

are regarded here as ‘pseudo-autonomous’ coins minted under Nero in year 377, i.e. a d 65/6: see 4805. The first issue of Augustus (or rather, Octavian) is very like the issues of Cleopatra in denominations, style and type, but the character of the coinage changes somewhat thereafter, for instance with the introduction of a larger denomination, and the curious way in which coinage is made at ten-yearly intervals (years 325, 335 and 345). In the last two cases the types are also more or less identical, but the reading of the dates is certain. During the first century, Damascus fell into the power of the Nabataeans (who used it as a mint), and this is presum­ ably the explanation of the gap in its coinage between 33/4 (4800-2) and 65/6 (4803-5), by which year it had presum­ ably been re-annexed by the Romans (cf. Jones, Cities, pp. 290-1; Y. Meshorer, Nabataean Coins, pp. 63-4). See also p. 686 .

The denominational pattern is not entirely clear, but there seem to have been four denominations. There is a clear tendency for the second largest denomination to have a seated figure on the reverse, as shown below: (10) (8) ( I0) (ο

19mm, 6.62g (4) 18 mm, 6.01 g (2) 17 mm, 3.97 g (4)

13mm, 2.43g (3) 14 mm, 3.05 g (4)

24m m , 15.02 g (10)

22 mm, 11.47 g (4) 22 mm, 12.44g (7)

19 mm, 8.29 g (5)

16mm, 6.10g (1)

18mm, 9.12g (2) 18mm, 8.66g (3)

16 mm, 16 mm, 16mm, 15 mm,

5.30g 5.73g 4.28g 4.13 g

(1) (2) (3) (2)

13mm, i.8 0 g (1) 14mm, 2.23g ( 0

C leo p a tra

___________________________

B are head, r. ΔΑΜΑΣΚΗΝΩΝ L ΓΠΣ; T yche seated, 1., on rock w ith arm outstretched an d holding cornucopia; below, river god; all in w reath

Year 276 = 37/36 BC 4781

AE. 25m m , 9.94g (10). Axis: 12.

[

7

i . L 1 9 1 0 - 6 —9 —3, 7.12; 2. N Y ; 3 —4 . B (R au ch , L ö b b ); 5—6 . P 31-2, 6.95, 6.36; 7. 0 = AM C 1479, 7.45; 8. V 21855; 9 . M u 7, 9.05; 10. R o sen b erg er 8, 6.6; 12—14. J S W , 6.10, 9.72, 7.09; 15. J S W , 7.09; 16. P N S ch u lten (K ö ln ) (22.4.1985) lo t 326, 7.35; 17. R W , 6.27; 18— 19. N Y . T h e d a te is alw ays retro g ra d e.

]

de Saulcy p. 34, 2, C op 419, Sv Ptol 1890 D iadem ed b u st of C leopatra, r. ΔΑΜΑΣΚΗΝΩΝ i 3 -5 2 · Y e a r 66 = 3 9 /3 8 b o.

A u g u s tu s B r o n z e coinage 4877 A E . 2 3 m m , 1 0 .1 4 g (5)· A xis: 12. 4869 AE. 21 m m , 9.74g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

B earded head, r. ΑΣ ΔΟ; eagle standing, 1., w ith p alm over shoulder; to 1., dove i. L =

bmc 1 6 .

Y ear 7 4 = 31/30

As

4869

I. L =

bc.

4870 AE. 22m m , 10.40g (x). Axis: 12.

[ o ]

4871 AE. 22m m , 10.45g (t)· Axis: 12.

[

1

BM C

72,

I O .6 4 ;

2—3.

L

= BMC

7 3 - 4 , 9 .6 9 ,

1 2 .5 1 ;

4.

O

= AMC

]

[ o ]

A s 4 8 7 7 , b u t B A to 1., a n d L PIB Α Σ to r.

V eiled bust of Tyche, r. ΑΣ ΘΟ; T yche standing, 1., w ith rud d er; to 1., dove Y e a r 79 = 26/25

[ 2 ]

i . N Y = sng 667, 10.17; 2. B L ö b b , 13.29; 3. R o sen b erg er 75 (line d raw in g ). T h e d a te is n o t ce rtain , see in tro d u c tio n . Y ear 105 = ad 1/2.

4879 A E . 23 m m .

BMC 1 7 .

I4 9 7 ,

8.25; 5. P 78, 9.60; 6. B 60/1923; 7. R o sen b erg er 74; 8. A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (B aram k i 46), 9.11. T h e obv. le tte rs a re n o t n o rm a lly visible, b u t are clear on 6—7. Y ear 101 = 4 /3 bc.

A s 4 8 7 7 , b u t L E P(?)

17

i. L =

]

72

4878 A E . 2 3 m m , 11.73g (2 )· A xis: 12.

(bmc 16) b u U iO

i . R osenberger III, 73, no. 6, 10.40. Y e a r 76 = 29/28 bc. T h e read in g o f the d a te is n o t certain.

bmc

bmc

6

B are h e a d , r.; on e ith e r side, Σ E Α Σ LAP; T y c h e -A sta rte s ta n d in g , 1., o n p ro w h o ld in g sc e p tre a n d a p lu s tre ; to 1., dove

16

BM C

[

i . R osenberger 77. T h e d a te seem s clear, b u t see in tro d u ctio n . C o n firm atio n req u ired . Y ear 112 = ad 8/9.

bc.

T ib e r iu s R e ig n o f A u g u s tu s (?) *i.5 4872 AE. 14m m , 4.04g (1). Axis: 12.

4880 A E . 2 3 m m , 1 1 .4 3 g ( 0 - A xis: 12. [ 1 ]

I . P 8 3 , I I .45; 2. S ch u lten (22.4.1985) lo t 337; 3 . R o sen b erg er 83 (line d raw in g ). Y e a r 119 = ad 15/16.

34

bmc

M ale head, r. ΑΣ; forepart of galley, 1. i. L =

bmc

4881 A E . 2 3 m m , 9 .8 2 g (1). A xis: 12.

[ ?i ]

A s 4 8 7 7 , b u t L ZK P

3 4 , 4.04.

i . R osenberger 84; ?2.

4873 AE. 14m m , 2.94g (5)· Axis: 12. bmc

[ r ]

A s 4 8 7 7 , b u t L Θ ΙΡ

[ 4 ]

0

= amc 1498 (d a te n o t c e rta in ), 9.82. Y ear

127 = ad 23/4.

36

M ale head, r. ΑΣ; prow, 1.

Caligula ________________________________________________

i . L = bmc 3 7 , 3.56; 3—3. L = bmc 36, 38, 3.60, 3.03; 4 . P 2.53; 5. A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (B aram ki 52), 1.96.

4882 A E . 2 3 m m , 12.15g (6). A xis: 12.

4874 AE. i i m m , 1.73g (4). Axis: 12. bmc

[ 2 ]

39

M ale head, r. ΑΣ; w inged caduceus i . L — BMC 3 9 , 2.24; 2 .1 . = bmc 40, 1.48; 3—4 . A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (B aram ki 19, 51), 1.74, 1.45.

bmc

[ 5 ]

81

Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Ο Σ ; la u re a te h e a d , 1. Α ΣΚ Α Λ Ω ; T y c h e -A sta rte s ta n d in g , L, o n p ro w h o ld in g sc e p tre a n d a p lu s tre ; to 1., a lta r; to r., dove; to r., BM P I . L = bmc 81, 11.86; 2. P 85, I I . 51; 3. N Y = S NG 671; 4 -5 . B 17760, 28632/8, 12.84, 12.08; 6. R o sen b erg er 90. See also 4884, for a possible sm aller d en o m in atio n o f C alig u la. Y ear 142 = ad 38/9.

4883 AE. 23m m , 13.29g (4). Axis: 12. BM C

[ 2 ]

Nero

82 4888

As 4 8 8 2 , b u t ΓΜΡ

4884 AE. 19m m , 6.79g (4 )· Axis: 12.

[ 4 ]

I . L = BMC 9 1 , 13.I4; 2—5. L = BMC 8 8 -9 0 , 92, 13.56, II.5 5 , ΓΙ.15, II.3 0 ; 6 - 7 . N Y = sng 6 7 5 -6 , 13.38, 8.64; 8. C o p 32, 11.49; 9—i i . P 8 9-91, 12.ο ι, 9.95, 14*37; I 2 · O , 13.99; I 3 ~ I 5 · B (R au ch , L ö b b , L ö b b ), ι ι . ι ι , 12.40, — ; 1 6 - 1 8 . V 22565-7; 19. R o sen b erg er ιο ο ; 20—2 2 . A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (B aram k i 5 8 -6 0 ), 11.11, 12.14, 11.46. Y e a r i62 = ad 58/9.

L au reate head, 1.; on either side, Σ E A Σ; Phanebal, stan d in g facing, holding h a rp a a n d shield I . L = B M C 7 7 , 6.25; 2—3. L = B M C 7 5 -6 ,6 .9 5 ,6 .8 9 ; 4 . N Y = SNG668, 7.08; 5 . R o sen b erg er 80 (line d raw in g ); 6 . A m erican U n iv ., B eirut (B aram ki 53), 6.35. All from th e sam e obv. die. A ttrib u te d to A ugu stu s by B M C because th e E o f th e obv. legend w as m isre ad (on its side) as L IP. T h e p o rtra its o f A u g u stu s a n d T ib eriu s are usually b are-h e ad ed , a n d th e left-facing h ea d also suggests a la te r d ate. P ro b ab ly C aligula?

4889

[ 10 ]

Σ E; lau reate head, r.; to r., a lta r A Σ; P hanebal, stan d in g facing, holding h a rp a an d shield w ith palm ; to r., OP I . L = BMC 9 8 , 6.65; 2—4 . L = B M C9 6 -7 , 99, 7.39, 5.31, 6.62; 5. P 82, 7.00; 6 . O , 6.95; 7—i i . B 426/1874, I-B , L ö b b (3), 6.88, 7.57, — , 5.88, 6.21; 12. R o sen b erg er ι ο ί ; 13—14. A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (B aram k i 6 3 4), 6.10, 8.75. Y e a r 170 = ad 66/7.

[ 3 ]

4890

BMC 83

A E. 2 4m m , 12.52g (15: 4 8 9 0 —1). Axis: 12.

[ 4 ]

As 4 8 8 8 , b u t AOP

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. ΑΣΚΑΑΩ; T yche-A starte standing, 1., on prow holding sceptre a n d aplustre; to 1., altar; to r., dove; to r., ζΜΡ

i . N Y = s n g 6 7 8 , 12.16; 2—4 . B 661/1919, L ö b b , L ö b b , 13.07, 11.91, 13.24; 5. A gora C oins 2 (1975), lo t 202, 14.00; 6—7. A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (B aram k i 6 1 -2 ), 10.37, 13.90. Y ear 171 = ad 67/8.

i . L = BMC 8 3 , 1 3 .11; 2. N Y = sng 672, 13.46; 3. B 14.43; 4— 5 . R o sen b erg er 96 a n d 99. See also 4 8 8 5 , for a possible sm aller d en o m in atio n o f this issue. Y e a r 146 = ad 42/3. C o u n te rm ark : M a le h ea d , r. ( G I C 143: 1-2, 5).

4891

AE. See 4 8 9 0 .

[ 11 ]

BMC 93 As 4 8 9 0 , b u t laureate head, r. I. L = BMC 93, 12.99; 2—3. L = BMC 94—5,

12.69, I I . 10; 4. N Y = sn g 677, 12.29; 5 —7 · P 7 9 , 88, 92, 12.57, 9 -3 L 12.85; 8—ίο . B 28645, L ö b b , L öbb, — , 11.95, t 5*o8; i i . C o p 33, 12.66; 12—13. R o sen b erg er 103-4.

[ 2 ]

BMC 78 L au reate head, r. A Σ; Phanebal, stan d in g facing, holding h a rp a an d shield

4892

AE. 1 9 m m , 6 .1 1 g (3). Axis: 12.

[

3

]

BMC 100

i . L = b m c 7 8 , 7.00; 2. L = BMC 79; 3. L = B M C 8 0 has sim ilar types, b u t d ifferent le tte r form s; a sim ilar piece in B (L öbb, 5.04) has tra ces o f ]O C o n th e obv., as in CEBACTOC (cf. R osenberger 81 - line d raw in g ). P ro b ab ly to be a ttrib u te d to C la u d iu s, as he is th e only em p ero r w ith a right-facing la u re a te h e a d a n d no a lta r on th e obv. (issue o f y ea r ÇMP); a sim ilar co u n term ark , also, ap p e ars on C la u d ia n coins. C o u n te rm ark : M ale h ea d , r. ( G I C 143: 1).

4887 AE. 23m m , 12.03g (11). Axis: 12.

AE. 19m m , 6 .6 4 g ( I0 )· Axis: 12. BMC 96

Claudiusi.*6

4886 AE. 19m m , 7.00g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 18 ]

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, 1.; to 1., alta r ΑΣΚΑΑΩ; T yche-A starte standing, L, on prow holding sceptre an d aplustre; to 1., altar; to r., dove; to r., ΒΞΡ

BMc 75

4885 AE. 23 m m , 13.67 g (3). Axis: 12.

A E. 2 4m m , 12 .0 0 g (14). Axis: 12. BMC 88, C op 32

i . L = b m c 82, 11.99; 2. P 86, 13.39; 3—4 . R o sen b erg er 88 a n d 91; 5. N iggeler 685, 14.36. T h e d a te is clear on 2 a n d 5. Y ear 143 = ad 39/40.

As 4 8 8 9 , b u t AOP I. L —bmc ioo, 6.50; 2. N Y = sng 669, 6.12; 3. B 660/1919, 5.71; 4 . R o sen b erg er 105 (line d raw in g ). Y e a r 171 = ad 67/8.

Uncertain emperor: Claudius or Nero

[ 11 ]

4893

BMC 84

AE. 19m m , 6 .7 2 g (6). Axis: 12.

[ 6 ]

BM C I O I

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, L; to 1., alta r ΑΣΚΑΑΩ; T yche-A starte standing, 1., on prow holding sceptre and aplustre; to 1., altar; to r., dove; to r., ÇNP an d BP

Σ E; laureate head, L; to r., alta r A Σ; P hanebal, stan d in g facing, holding h a rp a and shield w ith palm i . L = BMC 102, 7 .2 2 ; 2—3. L = BM C 10 1 , 103, 7 .2 9 , 6 . 16; 4. O, 6 .1 4 ; 5. B, 5 .5 3 ; 6. C Leake; 7—8. A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (B aram k i 5 6 - 7 ) , 7.11, 6 .0 5 . T h e a lta r o n the obv. m akes it unlikely th a t th e coin w as m ad e

i . L = b m c 8 5 , 12.59; 2—4. L = bmc 84, 8 6 -7, 14.67, 12.32, 9.63; 5— 6 . N Y = sng 6 7 3 -4 , 13.91, 12.23; 7—8. P 80, 87, 11.99, i 1-87; 9—10. B, 11,51, 8.60; i i . M u 7, 13.06; 12—13. R osenberger, no. 98, a n d I I I , 75, no. 18; 14—15. A m erican U n iv ., B eirut (B aram ki 5 4 -5 ), 16.09, Ι2 ·° 5 · T h e re is no BP on (at least) 2 a n d 8. Y ear 156 = ad 52/3.

before N ero: p e rh a p s it is th e sm aller d en o m in atio n co rresp o n d in g to the la rg er coins o f y e a r 162.

Gaza Gaza was given by Augustus to Herod (Josephus 1 .396), and after his death made a small issue of coins with Augustus’s portrait and dated to year 66, presumably a

Pompeian date = a d 5/6. There are also coins with a Tyche head and date 6[ ]: although the remains of the second numeral on the two extant specimens look more like 5 ,

S Y R I A : Gaza (4894-4896)

presumably 6 (i.e., 66) is more likely in view of the portrait coins. There is also a coin, apparently of year 10, in the Rosenberger collection (no. 30). There are some small undated coins with a portrait that looks like that of Augustus (4896). The coin attributed to Caligula by Rosenberger 46 (‘L PA’) is actually of Vespasian (L ΡΛ). Coins of Gaza have a prominent mem, the first letter of the name of Marnas, the principal god of the city.

677

KAI; bare head, r. L Ξζ ΓΑ; T yche standing, 1., w ith b ra n c h a n d tw o ears of corn; to 1., mem i . NY = S N G 9 io , 9.94; 2. N Y = sng 911, 8.53; 3 -4 . L = bmc 1 0 -1 1, 8.88, 8.86; 5 -6 . B 928/1874, L ö b b ; 7. V 22590; 8. R o sen b erg er 44; 9. S tern b e rg 1976, lo t 612, 9.28; 10. Y . M esh o rer, C ity Coinages o j E retzIsrael , p. 29, no. 54, 9.96. Y ear 66 = ad 5/6.

4895 A E. 1 8 m m , 4 .9 4 g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

Γ A; d rap ed b u st of T yche, r. L Ξ[ ]; ear of corn; to r., mem I. L 1 9 2 1 -6 -7 -1 , 5.01; 2. P 148 (= BM C, pi. X L I.7 ), 4.87.

4896 AE. 1 2 m m , 4 .4 4 g (2). Axis: 12.

A u g u s tu s 4894 AE. 20m m , 9.24 g (6). Axis: 12. BMC 1 0

[

7

]

[ o ]

B are head, r. Γ A; a ltar i . PV, 5.78; 2. R o sen b erg er 45, 3.10. F o r a possible sm aller d en o m in atio n (club rev .), see S ch u lten (22.4.1985) lo t 33, 1.90.

JUDAEAN Cat. no.

Herod Herod Archelaus Herod Antipas Philip Procurators Agrippa I Agrippa II

4901-11 4912 - 17 4 9 18 -3 7 4 9 3 8- 5 3 4 9 5 4 -7 2 4 9 7 3 -8 7

4988-92

KINGDOM

Page

678 679 679

680 682 683 684

For general discussion, see above, p. 582, under Syria. For Judaean and Palestinian cities, see under Syria (4807-96).

Herod (40-4 Herod was appointed king in 40 b c , and the bronze coins he minted dated ‘year 3’ have been dated to 37 b c and associ­ ated with Herod’s capture of Jerusalem in that year. This, however, seems impossible since the capture of Jerusalem would have fallen in Herod’s fourth year. Meshorer (p. 10), moreover, has suggested that the coins in question may have been produced in 40 b c , counting the era from the appointment of Herod as tetrarch by Antony in 42 b c , and he has interpreted the monogram TP which appears on the coins as standing for ‘tetrarch’ (compare the similar monogram on coins of Lysias, tetrarch of Chalcis (47689) ). Meshorer also supposes that the coins continued to be made for four years until 37 b c , but an immobilised date seems unlikely. It seems however, impossible to decide between 40/39 and 38/37, although one can perhaps observe that it seems odd that Herod should refer to his previous title as tetrarch after he had been appointed king. These coins, which were made in four denominations, have been attributed to a mint at Sebaste in Samaria, an attribution which seems to be supported by the evidence of finds from excavations (see Meshorer, p. 12; D. T. Ariel, Liber Annuus, 1982, pp. 287-8). The denominations in ques­ tion have been associated (to simplify) with the Roman as, its half, quarter and eighth (the prutah). Herod also made a large number of cruder, undated coins, which have been assigned by Meshorer to Jerusalem, although it has not proved possible to establish a chronology for them. Two types (4910-11) were, however, continued after Herod’s death by his son Herod Archelaus, so these were presumably made towards the end of his reign. The types used have been extensively discussed by Meshorer, pp. 22—30, and more recently by D. M. Jacob­ son, ANSMN, 1986, pp. 145-65.

bc)

Meshorer has also suggested that, from 18 b c , the silver shekels and half-shekels made with the name of Tyre were actually minted in Jerusalem, being (initially) the silver coinage of Herod. This view has not been followed here (see p. 656).

C o in a g e o f y e a r j :

m in te d a t S e b a ste , S a m a r ia ? *I.

4901 AE. 2 2m m , 6 .6 4 g ( I0 )· Axis: 12. M eshorer 1 Pileus on couch; tw o p alm branches ΗΡΩΔΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; tripod; in field, IX TP i. L =

bmc 8.

4902 A E. 20 m m , 4.50 g (3). M eshorer 2 Shield ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ; crested helm et; in field, IX TP I . L = BMC I I .

4903 AE. 17m m , 3 .3 1 g (4). Axis: 12. M eshorer 3 -4 Poppy head on stalk ___ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ; w inged caduceus; in field, IX TP i.

L=

bmc 1 7 .

4904 AE. 14m m , 2.39g (2)· Axis: 12. M eshorer 5 Palm branch ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ; aplustre; in field, IX TP i.

L

=

bmc

18.

J U D A E A N K I N G D O M : Herod, Herod Archelaus, Herod Antipas (4905-4917 )

U n d a te d co in a g e: m in te d a t J e r u s a le m

________

679

G alley, 1. BACIAEWC HPWAOY; anchor i . L = BMC 77. T h e legend is often b lu n d e re d o r incom plete.

4905 AE. 18 m m , 2.98g (16).

4909 AE. 11 m m , 0.88 g (5).

M eshorer 7-8 T able w ith bowl betw een two p alm branches BACIAEOC ΗΡΩΔΟΥ; diad em enclosing cross I. L = BMC 32. T h e legend is often incom plete o r poorly engraved.

M eshorer 23 Eagle standing, r. BACIA ΗΡννΔΟΥ; cornucopia I . L = bmc 7 0 . T h e legend is o ften b lu n d e re d o r in co m p lete.

4906 AE. 14 m m , 1.50 g (4).

4910 AE. 14m m , 1.65g (23)·

M eshorer 9-13 T able BACIAEQC ΗΡΩΔΟΥ; diadem enclosing cross I. L = BMC 3 6 . T h e legend is often incom plete or poorly engraved.

M eshorer 17 C aduceus betw een crossed cornucopias BACIAE HPVVA; anchor I . L = BMC 4 7 . T h e legend is often b lu n d e red o r in co m p lete. T h e type w as co n tin u ed by A rch elau s (4 9 1 2 ).

4907 AE. 11 m m , 1.01 g (2). M eshorer 14

4911 AE. i i m m , 1.02 g (4).

T w o crossed palm branches ΒΑΕΙΛΕΩΕ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ; table

M eshorer 18-21

i . M eshorer 14. T h e legend is often incom plete o r poorly engraved .

A nchor in w reath BACIAEYC HPWAHC; in lines o r circle

4908 AE. 11 m m , 1.04 g (3)·

i . L = bmc 6 6 . T h e in scrip tio n is often b lu n d e re d o r in co m p lete. T h e type w as co n tin u ed b y A rch elau s (4 9 1 4 ).

M eshorer 22

Herod Arct

u s (4 bc - a d 6)

On Herod’s death, his kingdom was divided by Augustus among his three sons, none of whom received the title king. Herod Archelaus became ethnarch of Judaea, Samaria and Idumenaea; Herod Antipas (4 b c - a d 39) became tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea; and Philip became tetrarch of Gaulanitis, Trachonitis, Batanea and Paneas. The capital of Herod Archelaus was Jerusalem, and this was the mint of his coins, which resembled the issues made there by his father Herod. Indeed two types continue types used by his father (4910-11). Meshorer has suggested that a galley appears on his coins to recall his journey to Rome.

4914 AE. 18m m , 2.79g (6).

4912 AE. 12 m m , 1.24 g (9)·

4916 AE. 14m m , 1.27g ( I0 )·

M eshorer 3 HPWAHC; double cornucopia ΕΘΝΑΡΧΗΟ; galley, 1. or r. i. L

=

bmc

3 .. T h e in scrip tio n is often b lu n d e re d o r incom plete.

4915 AE. 14 m m , 1.07 g (3)· M eshorer 4 HPWAHC; double cornucopia ΕΘΝΑΡΧΗ; galley, 1. i . L — BMC 8 . T h e in scrip tio n is often b lu n d e red o r incom plete.

M eshorer 1

M eshorer 5

ΕΘΝΑΡΧ; caduceus betw een crossed cornucopias ΗΡννΔΟΥ; anchor

HPW; prow , 1. ΕΘΝ; in w reath

i . M eshorer i. T h e legends are often b lu n d e red o r incom plete. T h e type is co n tin u ed from th e reign o f H e ro d (4910).

i. L =

bmc

3 6 . T h e in scrip tio n is often b lu n d e red .

4917 AE. 18m m , 2.03g ( · 7 )·

4913 AE. 14m m , 1.31g (6). M eshorer 2

M eshorer 6

HPWAOY; anchor in w reath ΕΘΝΑΡΧΟΥ; in lines w ithin w reath

HPWAOY; b unch o f grapes a n d vine leaf on stem ΕΘΝΑΡΧΟΥ; crested helm et; to 1., caduceus

i . L = BMC 3 6 . T h e in scrip tio n is often b lu n d e re d o r incom plete. T h e type is co n tin u ed from th e reign o f H e ro d (4911).

i. L =

bmc

19. T h e in scrip tio n is often b lu n d e re d o r incom plete.

Herod Antipas (4 b c - a d 39) On Herod’s death, his kingdom had been divided among his three sons, none of whom received the title king; Herod Antipas (4 b c - a d 39) became tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea. Antipas initially established himself at Sepphoris, but

later founded a new capital which he named Tiberias in honour of the emperor and which was the mint of his coinage. The date of the new city’s foundation has been much debated, but a date of a d 19/20 makes the best sense of the numismatic data (Meshorer, pp. 35-6).

68o

JUDAEAN KINGDOM: Herod Antipas, Philip {4918-4939)

The coins were produced in four denominations (at first all with the same designs), equated by Meshorer with the Roman dupondius, as, semis and quadrans. A variety of new types was introduced in a d 39. For later issues of Tiberias, see 4851-4.

L ΚΔ

=year 24 = ad 20h

HPWA(OY) TETPAP(XOY); reed; in field, L ΚΔ TIBE(PIAC); in w reath 4918

23 m m , 17.45 g (2)

M esh o rer i, L —bmc 8.

4919

21 m m ,

8.25 g (1)

M esh o rer 2.

4920

15m m ,

3.60g (2)

M esh o rer 3, L

4921

10m m ,

1.39g ( 0

M esh o rer 4.

L Λ Γ = year 33

= ad

L Λ Ζ = y e a r j y — a d 3 3 /4 HPWA(OY) (TETPAPXOY); p alm branch; in field, L ΛΖ T(IB 0 PIA)C; in w reath 4930

2 4m m , 15.80g

4931

I9 m m ,

6 .0 1 g

(4)

M esh o rer 14, L =

4932

i 4m m ,

3 .0 5 g

(i)

M esh o rer 15.

4933

i I

m m , 1.95g

(i)

M esh o rer 16.

Year 43 = = bmc 9.

(i)

M esh o rer 13. b m c 6 -7 .

33/40i*.

ad

4934 AE. 21 m m , 12.84g

(5)·

[ 3 ]

M eshorer 17 ΗΡΩΔΗΣ TETPΑΡΧΗΣ; p alm tree; in field, ΕΤΟΥΣ ΜΓ ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣ API ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΩ; in w reath

29/30

i . N Y = SNG230, 12.58; 2. B, 14.26; 3. V , 15.00. O n o n e coin (M esh o rer 17a) th e rev. in scrip tio n is ΓΑΙΩ Κ ΑΙΣΑ ΣΕΒΑΣ.

HPWA(OY) (TETPAPXOY); p alm branch; in field, L AT T(IB£PIA)C; in w reath 4922

22m m , 13.47g ( 0

M esh o rer 5.

4923

20 m m ,

6.22 g (2)

M esh o rer 6, L

= bmc 5 corr.

4924

15 m m ,

3.80 g (2)

M esh o rer 7, L

= bmc 1.

4925

11 m m ,

1.90 g (i)

M esh o rer 8.

4935 AE. 19mm, 7.04g (6). Axis: 12.

[

4

]

M eshorer 18 ΗΡΩΔΗΣ TETP ΑΡΧΗΣ; p alm b ranch; in field, L ΜΓ ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΩ; in w reath i . L = BM C 10, 7.25; 2. N Y = SNG 231, 7.35; 3. V , 6.15; 4 . M u , 8.72.

4936 AE. 14m m , 3.55g (1).

[ i ]

M eshorer ig

L Λ Δ = year 34

= ad

30/1

ΗΡΩΔΗΣ TETP ΑΡΧΗΣ; cluster of dates; in field, L ΜΓ ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; in w reath

HPWA(OY) (TETPAPXOY); p alm b ranch; in field, L ΛΔ T(IB£PIA)C; in w reath 4926

24 m m , 14.43 g i 1)

i . N Y = SNG 232, 3.35.

4937 AE. 13m m , 1.68g (1).

M esh o rer g.

4927

20 m m ,

6.63 g (2)

4928

15 m m ,

3.43 g (2)

M esh o rer 11, L

4929

11 m m ,

1.87 g (i)

M esh o rer 12

[ o ]

ΗΡΩΔΗΣ TETP ΑΡΧΗΣ; p alm branch; in field, L ΜΓ ΓΑΙΩ; in w reath

M esh o rer 10, L = bmc 3.

= BMC 2.

i . P r iv a t e c o ll. ( = J - M altiel-G ersten feld , N e w Catalogue o f Ancient Je w ish Coins, no. 1 14), 1.68.

= L = BMC 4.

Philip (4 BC -A D 34) On Herod’s death, his kingdom was divided by Augustus among his three sons. None received the title king, and Philip became tetrarch of Gaulanitis, Trachonitis, Batanea and Paneas. The population of this area was non-Jewish, and so in the absence of any need to observe Jewish scruples about images, portraits of both the emperor and Philip appear on the coinage. Towards the end of his reign he also made coins with the portrait of Livia; it is curious that she appears only after her death in 29. These coins inaugurate the long series of coins from Paneas which depict members of the imperial family, under Agrippa I (4973-80) and later (4842-6). Philip made his capital at Paneas, which he refounded (ΚΤΙΣ(της): 4948) and renamed Caesarea, and which was the mint for the coins he produced between year 5 and year 37 of his reign. The coins regularly depict a temple, which has been identified as the temple of Augustus built by Herod.

A coin of year 3 was reported b y j. Maltiel-Gerstenfeld, 260 Years of AncientJewish Coins, p. 144, no. 107. But this coin seems the same as Meshorer 1. A similar piece was published by A. Kindler (IEJ, 1971, pp. 161-3), who finally opted for year 5. The question is therefore left open. Year 5 = 4938

a d

1 /2

______________________

AE. 2 2 m m , 7.67g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

M eshorer 1 corr. KAICAPOC C0 BACTOY; b a re head o f A ugustus, r. ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ TETPAPXOY; bare head o f Philip, r.; in field, L E i . P 1980/264, 9.93; 2. J S W (for co rrec t read in g ), 8.41; 3. See M esh o rer. 4939

AE. 18m m , 3.82g (1). M eshorer 2

[ ° ]

J U D A E A N K I N G D O M : Philip (4940-4951 )

ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ TETPAPXOY; b are head o f Philip, r.; in field, LE CeBAC KAICAP; tem ple w ith four colum ns i . M eshorer 2, 3.82.

Year 12

= ad

Year

gg = a d 2g/go

4946 AE. 18 mm, 5.15g (1).

[ j ]

M eshorer 10a ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are or lau reate head of T iberius, r.; before, laurel b ranch ΕΠΙ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ TETPAPXOY; tem ple w ith four colum ns; LAT

8/g

4940 AE. 21 m m , 9.06g (3). Axis: 12.

681

[ 1 ]

i . A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (B aram k i 2), 5.15; 2. See M eshorer.

M eshorer 3 KAICAPI CEBACTQ; lau reate head o f A ugustus, r. ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ TETPAPXOY; tem ple w ith four colum ns: i. L =

bm c i

4947 AE. 18m m , 6.70g (1). L

IB

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ; b are or lau reate h ead of T iberius, r. ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ TETPAPXOY; tem ple w ith four colum ns; LAT

, 9.61; 2—3. See M esh o rer. T h e rev. is re tro g ra d e on

M esh o rer 3b. C o u n te rm ark : S ta r (or m onogram ?) (M esh o rer 3a).

4941 AE. 19m m , 5.44g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

M eshorer 10

[ 3 ]

i . P 1 16, 6.70; 2. B L ö b b ; 3. See M esh o rer. T h e style o f this v ariety w ith o u t a la u rel b ra n c h seem s r a th e r d ifferent from 4946, a n d to b reak th e stylistic sequence from y ea r 30 to 37; th e e x p lan atio n for this is n o t clear (different m in t? im itation?).

M eshorer 4 KAICAPI CCBACT; b are head o f A ugustus, 1. ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ TETPAPXOY; tem ple w ith four colum ns; L IB i . L = b m c 2, 4.62; 2. B Löbb, 6.14; 3. B R au c h ; 4. A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (B aram ki 1), 7.71; 5.,}. M altiel-G ersten feld , N ew Catalogue o f Ancient J e w ish Coins, no. 136; 6—7. See M esh o rer. T h e d a te is re tro g ra d e on M esh o rer 4a. C o u n te rm ark s: Φ (3, 5).

Year

gg

= ad

go! 1

4948 AE. 18m m , 5.16g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

M eshorer 11 ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head o f T iberius, r. ΕΠΙ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ TETPAPXOY ΚΤΙΣ; tem ple w ith four columns: L ΛΔ

Year 16 = AD 1 2 h g 4942 AE. 19 m m , 5.87 g (5).

[ 3 ]

M eshorer 5

4949 AE. 15m m , 3.85g (3).

KAICAPI CCBACTO; lau reate head of A ugustus, r. ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ TETPAPXOY; tem ple w ith four colum ns; L Iζ i . P 117, 5.70; 2—3. B (L öbb, F ox), 6.33, 5.81; 4—5. See M eshorer. C o u n te rm ark : Φ (M esh o rer 5a).

Year ig

= ad

I . L = BMC 4, 5 .1 6 . F o r Κ Τ ΙΣ (τη ς), see i n tr o d u c tio n .

[ 3 ]

M eshorer 278, no. 1 ΙΟΥΛΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; d rap ed b u st o f Livia, r, ΚΑΡΠΟΦΟΡΟΣ; h an d holding three ears of corn; in field, LAA 1—2. P (M ag n esia, L y d ia) 653—4, 4 ·02> 4·°31 3 · V (P ro cu rato rs) 29219; 4. See M eshorer. T h e ep ith et on th e rev. w o u ld b e su ita b le for Livia, b u t th e ty p e seem s to refer to P an eas (see 4975, 4992). J . M altiel-G ersten feld ,

ig t 16

N ew Catalogue o f A ncient J e w ish Coins , no. 132, read s a n o th e r piece as ‘year

4943 AE. 18 m m , 5.88 g (5).

[ 2 ]

M eshorer 7 ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ [ΤΟΣ]; lau reate head of T iberius, r. ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ TETPAPXOY; tem ple w ith four colum ns; L ΙΘ i . P 118, 4.29; 2. V 37712, 5.74; 3—5· See M eshorer. T h e d a te is retro g ra d e on M esh o rer 7d. C o u n te rm ark s: S ta r (M esh o rer 7a); Φ (M esh o rer 7c).

Year go

= ad

37’, b u t this is n o t clear from th e illu stratio n .

4950 AE. 10m m , i . 6 i g (i).

o

]

M eshorer 12 ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ; b are head of Philip, r. L ΛΔ; in w reath i . M eshorer 12.

T ib e r iu s (?) a n d L i v ia , u n d a te d ,

26I y

4944 AE. 18 m m , 6.78g (3). Axis: 12.

[

[ 1 ]

4951 AE. 2 2m m , 7.63g (3). Axis: 12.

c.g o [ i ]

M eshorer 8

M eshorer 6

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head o f T iberius, r.; before, laurel branch ΕΠΙ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ TETPAPXOY; tem ple w ith four colum ns; L

ΣΕΒΑΣ[ ; ju g a te heads o f lau reate T ib eriu s (?) and Livia, r. ΕΠΙ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ TETPAPXOY; tem ple w ith four colum ns enclosing circular object

A i . L — BMC 3; 2. See M eshorer.

4945 AE. 15 m m , 3.80 g (1).

[ o ]

M eshorer g L aureate head of T iberius, r. ΕΠΙ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ TETPAPXOY ; tem ple w ith four colum ns; L Λ i . A. R eifenberg, Jerusalem , 3.80; a. See M eshorer.

i . L 1947—6—6—1273, 11.88; 2—3. See M esh o rer. T h e o b ject in th e tem ple w as prev io u sly in te rp re te d as Θ = y ea r 9, b u t see M esh o rer, p p . 4 4 -5 . I t looks like a shield. M esh o rer observes th a t, as L iv ia is called S eb aste, th e d a te o f th e coin m u st b e after a d 14; h e also p o in ts o u t th a t ΕΠΙ is n ot used on P h ilip ’s coinage un til y ea r 30 = a d 26/7, so th e coin should p e rh a p s d a te no ea rlier th a n th a t year. L iv ia a p p e a rs on th e coinage of y ea r 34 = a d 30/1 (4949)3 a n d this coin sh o u ld p e rh a p s d a te to th e sam e tim e. I n view o f th e d ate, th e m a le p o rtra it sh o u ld p ro b a b ly be in te rp re te d as th a t o f T ib eriu s. C o u n te rm ark s: S ta r a n d p a tte rn d esig n (incuse phi?) (M esh o rer 6a).

68z

J U D A E A N K I N G D O M : Philip, Procurators (4952-4969)

Y ea r 3 7 = a d 3 3 / 4 4952

____________________

AE. 18m m , 6.30g (2). Axis: 12.

4953 AE. 10m m , 1.75g ( 0 ·

[ 1 ]

As

M eshorer 14 As

[ 1 ]

M eshorer 13 4950

(M eshorer 12), b u t L ΛΖ

i . B; 2. See M esh o rer.

4948, but

L ΛΖ

i . L = bmc 5, 5.54; 2. A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (B aram ki 3), 5.91; 3. See M eshorer.

Procurators In a d 6 , Herod Archelaus was banished from his kingdom, which was placed under a succession of Roman prefects until Judaea was given to Agrippa I in 41. On his death, soon after, in 44, the rule of Roman procurators was restored, and they then ruled the former kingdom of Antipas as well as that of Archelaus until the Jewish revolt of 66. The coins they minted do not bear their names, but those of the emperor or other members of the imperial house, and are dated by their regnal years. The coins were made in Jerusalem (D. T. Ariel, Liber Annuus, 1982, p. 287) and con­ tinue the tradition of Archelaus; they are of a small denomi­ nation, and avoid the use of portraits. As all the coins are of the same denomination, a slightly different format has been adopted for the catalogue. The first line gives the number, the date and a reference to Meshorer’s book; the second and third lines give the des­ criptions. Hybrid coins sometimes occur (e.g., Meshorer 7); these and minor failures of engraving types and legends have been ignored here (for details, see Meshorer). Under Caligula and the early part of Claudius’s reign, Jerusalem was part of the kingdom of Agrippa I, who min­ ted there a similar issue of coinage in his regnal year 6 (=41/2: 4981). The Claudian coins of Caesarea Paneas and Caesarea Maritima might also have been minted by the procurators (see 4842-4, 4847-8 and 4858-61, with commentaries).

T ib e r iu s ( V a le r iu s G r a tu s )

4958 M eshorer 6.

KAICAP; in w reath TIB LB; crossed cornucopias

4959 M eshorer 8.

4960 M eshorer 10.

4961 M eshorer 12.

4962 M eshorer 15.

1

. 6 bc.

4963 M eshorer 16.

4955 M eshorer 2.

ad

9.

As 4 9 5 4 , b u t L ΛΘ

4956 M eshorer 3.

ad

10.

As 4 9 5 4 , b u t L M

4957 M eshorer 4.

ad

11.

As 4 9 5 4 , b u t L MA

17.

ad

17.

ΙΟΥΛΙΑ; vine b ran ch an d leaves L Δ; base w ith two handles

4964 M eshorer 17.

17.

ad

TIB KAICAP; in w reath ΙΟΥΛΙΑ L Δ; p alm branch

4964,

4964

18.

ad

but L £ 24.

ad

(M eshorer 17), b u t L AI

F o r a co u n te rm a rk (p alm b ra n c h a n d le tte rs), see M esh o rer 20.

(P o n tiu s P ila te )

4967 M eshorer 21. (A m b ib u lu s )

ad

TIBCPIOY; vine b ran ch an d leaf KAICAPOC L Δ; vase w ith tw o handles

4966 M eshorer 19.

KAICAPOC; ear of barley L Λζ; p alm tree

16.

ad

ΙΟΥΛΙΑ; in w reath L Γ; three lilies

As

4954 M eshorer

16.

ad

KAICAP; in w reath TIBCPIOY LP; caduceus betw een crossed cornucopias

As

( C o p o n iu s )

15.

ad

ΙΟΥΛΙΑ; in w reath L B; laurel b ran ch

4965 M eshorer 18.

A u g u s tu s

15.

ad

ad

29.

TIBEPIOY KAICAPOC L IÇ; sim pulum ΙΟΥΛΙΑ KAICAPOC; three ears o f corn F o r a c o u n te rm a rk (p alm b ra n c h a n d le tte rs), see M esh o rer 22.

4968 M eshorer 23.

30.

ad

TIBCPIOY KAICAPOC; lituus L IZ; in w reath

4969 M eshorer 24. As

4968, but

ad

L

31.

IH

J U D A E A N K I N G D O M : Procurators, Agrippa I {4970-4979)

C la u d iu s

N e ro

(A n to n iu s F e lix )

(F e s tu s )

4970 M eshorer 32.

ad

4972 M eshorer 35.

54.

TI KAAYAIOC KAICAP ΓΕΡΜ; crossed p alm branches; in field, L ΙΔ ΙΟΥΛΙΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ; in w reath

4971 M eshorer 29.

ad

ad

683

59.

NCPWNOC: in w reath L Ç KAICAPOC; palm b ran ch

54 (B ritannicus an d Nero)

BPIT KAI; palm tree; in field, LIA NEPW ΚΛΑΥ KAICAP; two crossed spears an d shields

Agrippa I (37-44) The coinage of Agrippa I has been discussed by A. Burnett, ‘The coinage of King Agrippa I ofJudaea and a new coin of King Herod of Chalcis’, Mélanges de Numismatique offerts à Pierre Bastien (ed. H. Huvelin, M. Christol and G. Gautier, 1987), pp. 25-38; for some additional remarks, see INJ (forthcoming). Subsequently a coin previously attributed to Agrippa II has been convincingly re-attributed to Agrippa I by R. Deutsch, ‘A portrait coin of Agrippa II recon­ sidered’, INJ9 (1986-7), pp. 36-7, and further specimens of previously unclear or unknown coins have turned up, the most dramatic being a new specimen of 4978, which can now be seen to depict Agrippa’s wife Kypros. Agrippa’s coinage falls into three main groups. Under Caligula, coinage was struck in years 2 and 5 at Caesarea Paneas; under Claudius, there was an aniconic issue in year 6 from Jerusalem (in the tradition of the coins of Archelaus and the Tiberian prefects); finally, in years 7-8, there was an issue from Caesarea Maritima. The types used have been discussed by Burnett. A num­ ber of the Caligulan issues are very close copies or adap­ tations of bronzes made at Rome. There are also portrayals of members of the family of Caligula (his wife Caesonia, his daughter Drusilla, his father Germanicus and his three sis­ ters) and of Agrippa (his son Agrippa II and his wife Kypros). Under Claudius, the types refer again to the king’s family, and particularly (on Burnett’s interpretation) to the ceremonies at Rome concerning the treaty made between Agrippa and Claudius.

4975 AE. 14m m , 4.06g (2). Axis: 12. B u rn ett 3

]NA(?) ΣΕΒΑΣΤ[ ; d rap ed fem ale bust, r. ]ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ[ ; h a n d holding three ears or corn; in field, [L] B i . P (Seyrig), 5.49; 2. J . M altiel-G ersten feld , N e w Catalogue o f Ancient J e w ish Coins , no. 163, 2.62. T h e id e n tity o f th e p o rtr a it is u n ce rtain .

Year

5 = ad

40h

( m in te d a t C a esa rea P a n e a s ) *i.3

4976 AE. 2 2m m , 11.56g (5). Axis: 12.

ΓΑΙΩ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚ[Ω; lau reate head of C aligula, 1. ΝΟΜΙΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ; G erm anicus in trium phal chariot, r.; below, LE i . Sternberg X (N ov. 1980), lot 276, 1 1.93; 2. R e ic h a rd t (= bmc, pi. xlii.9); 3. NY = s n g 2 6 i , 11.64; 4—5· P Seyrig, 130, 1 2 .6 9 ,9 .9 7 .

4977 A E. 18 m m , 5.80g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 2 ]

M eshorer 3 corr., B u rn ett 6 [ΚΑΙΣ] ΩΝΙΑ ΓΥΝΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; d rap ed b u st of C aesonia, 1.

ΔΡΟΥΣΙΛΛΑ ΘΥΓΑΤΡΙ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; D rusilla, standing, holding Nike an d branch; to L, LE I. L 1 8 9 8 -1 -3 -1 , 5.80; 2. M u ( = T rillm ich , Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius, p p . 173-5, a n d T a f. 16.24); 3 ” 5 · K in d le r, H a ’aretz M useum Yearbook 1983-4, p. 70; 6 -7 . M eshorer 3 -3 a (one from G am la); 8. J . M altiel-G ersten feld , 260 Years o f Ancient J e w ish Coins , no. 127.

[ o ]

M eshorer 7 corr., B urnett 7 corr.

Y e a r 2 — a d g y / 8 ( m in te d a t C a esa rea P a n e a s ) [ 1 ]

B urnett 2 ΓΑΙΩ[ ; laureate head o f C aligula, 1.; to 1., LB [IOYjAIA ΔΡΟΥΣ 1ΛΛΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ; the three sisters of C aligula, holding cornucopias; J u lia leans on a colum n i . P (Seyrig), 15.90; 2—3. See B u rn ett.

4974 AE. i 9 m m , 8.20g (4). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

M eshorer 2, B urnett 4

4978 AE. 15m m , 3 .3 9 g (3). Axis: 12.

4973 AE. 23m m , 12.75g (δ)· Axis: 12.

[ 1]

[ 2 ]

M eshorer 1, B urnett 1 ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑΣ; diadem ed head of A grippa, r. ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ ΥΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; A grippa II on horseback, r.; below, LB i . L 1923—5—i —5, 7.96; 2. G i (pi. lxxviii.8), 7.22; 3—4. See M eshorer.

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ [ ; diadem ed head o f A grippa, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΗ ΚΥΠΡΩ; K ypros standing, facing; to L, LE i . Private coll. ( = J . M altiel-G ersten feld , N e w Catalogue o f Ancient J e w ish Coins, no. 140), 3.78; 2. JSW ( = M élanges . . . Bastien, pi. 3.7), 2.56; 3. K a d m a n M u s., M ey sh an ( = i n j 4, 1963, 6 6 -7 ), 3.82.

4979 A E. i 2m m , 2.60g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

M eshorer 4, B urnett 5 ]ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠ[ ; b are head o f A grippa II, 1.; to L, LE [ΒΑΣ ΑΓΡΙΠΠ]Α ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙΣΑΡ; crossed cornucopias i . Mu (read in zfN 13, 1885, 139-40, w ith T af. I V . 17, as [ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ] ΑΓΡΙΠ Π Α Α Γ ΡΙΠ Π [ΕΩ Ν ]/[Β Α Σ Α Γ ΡΙΠ Π ]Α Φ ΙΛ Ο Κ Α ΙΣ Α Ρ[Ο Σ ], 2.45; 2. M esh o rer 4 (w ith th e rea d in g ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ [ΥΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ A] ΓΡΙΠΠΑ/ΒΑΣ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙΣΑΡ), 2.38; 3 · J· M altiel-G ersten feld , 260 Years o f Ancient Jew ish Coins, no. 128 (illegible), 2.98.

684. J U D A E A N K I N G D O M : Agrippa I, Agrippa I I {4980-4987)

4980

AE. 13m m , 2.86g (i).

4983 AE. 2 4m m , 14.01g (4 9 8 3 -4 : 5)·

ΓΑ ΒΑΣ; in w reath T em ple w ith four colum ns I.

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΓΕΡ; lau reate head of C laudius, r. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΜΕΓΑΣ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑΣ ΦΙΛΟ(ΚΑΙΣΑΡ); tem ple w ith two colum ns containing K ing A grippa, C laudius and two other figures; in pedim ent, LZ

Private co ll. ( = J . M altiel-G erstenfeld, N ew Catalogue o f Ancient Je w ish

Coins, no. 137), 2.86. T h e rev. ap p e ars to d ep ict th e sam e b u ild in g at P an ea s, as on coins of P hilip. T h is u n iq u e sm all b ronze ap p e a rs to be a coin o f A g rip p a, m in ted a t P an ea s in th e reign o f C aligula. Its a ttrib u tio n to P an ea s is b ased on the tem ple rev. ( 4 9 3 9 , etc.). S. Q e d a r has suggested to us th a t th e obv. legend refers to th e (E m peror) G a(iu s) a n d K in g (A grippa); this is n o t entirely convincing, b u t it is h a rd to see an altern ativ e. O n e m ig h t also h av e expected a d a te on a coin o f A g rip p a. T h e d en o m in atio n does occur on P an eas coins o f th e end o f P h ilip ’s reign

i . L = bmc 23, 14-05; 2. B 662/1919, 16.03; 3. P 133, 15.79; 4 · N F A 1976, J2 2 ; 5. A. K in d le r, Coins o f the L a n d o f Israel, no. 54, 16.20 (doublestru ck ); 7. M eshorer, J e w i s h C o i n s , 89. F o r a n in te rp re ta tio n o f th e rev. ty p e as th e co n secra tio n , in th e T e m p le o f C ap ito lin e J u p ite r a t R om e, o f th e tre aty b etw een A g rip p a a n d C la u d iu s, see B u rn ett. C o u n te rm ark : M ale h ea d , 1. ( G IC 1 5 6 = 160: e.g., M esh o rer, pi. 10.8a).

(e-g·, 4953)

[ o ]

4984

Year 6 = 4981

41/2 (minted at Jerusalem)

ad

AE. 15m m , 2.49g ( 19)■ Axis: 12.

M eshorer io , B u rn ett io As 4 9 8 3 , b u t LH

[ 52 ]

1—2· See M esh o rer. C o u n te rm ark : M ale h ea d , 1. ( G I C 1 5 6 = 160: M esh o rer, pi. 10.10a).

M eshorer 11 BACIASWC ΑΓΡΙΠΑ; canopy L ζ ; three ears of corn L = :b m c n a -j.

i.

i

.

4985

AE. 20 m m , 9.06 g (2: 4 9 8 5 - 6 ) Axis: 12.

[ i ]

M eshorer 6

F o r overstrikes a n d v ariatio n s in style, etc., see M esh o rer

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΜΕΓΑΣ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑΣ ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙ; diadem ed head of A grippa, r. ΚΑΙΣ APIA Η ΠΡΟΣ ΤΩ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΛΙΜΕΝΙ; Tyche standing, 1., w ith ru d d e r a n d cornucopia; in field, LZ

Years 7 and 8 —a d 42/3 and 43/4 (minted at Caesarea Maritima)i.*

i . N Y = SNG 274, 9.06; 2—3. See M eshorer. C o u n te rm ark : M ale h e a d , 1. ( G I C 1 5 6 — 160: M esh o rer, p i. 9.6a). 4986

4982

[ 3 I

M eshorer 8, B u rn ett io

AE. 25m m , 15.64g (5). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

See 4 9 8 5 .

[ 1 ]

M eshorer 9

M eshorer 5, B u rn ett 8

As 4 9 8 5 , b u t LH

ΒΑΣ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑΣ ΣΕΒ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΒΑΣ ΗΡΩ [ΔΗ Σ]; K ings A grippa an d H ero d crow n the em peror C laudius, who stands w earing a toga capite velato ΟΡΚΙΑ ΒΑΣ ME ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ ΠΡ ΣΕΒ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ[Α K ΣΥ]ΝΚΛΗΤΟΝ K ΔΗΜ (Ο) ΡΩΜ ΦΙΛΙ Κ ΣΥ(Ν)ΜΑΧ(Ι) AYT(OY); w reath enclosing clasped hands

1—2. See M eshorer; 3. P 129, 8.01. C o u n te rm ark : M a le h ea d , 1. ( G I C 1 5 6 — 160: M esh o rer, pi. 10.9a). 4987

AE. 16m m , 3.93g (1). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

M eshorer (A grippa II ) 4

i . Bank o f Israel, 18.30; 2—7. See B u rn ett. F o r a related issue o f K in g

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΟΥ ΥΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; b are head of A grippa II , 1. LZ; anchor

H ero d o f C halcis, see 4 7 7 7 . N o d a te is visible on an y o f th e ex tan t specim ens, b u t it seem s likely th a t LZ o r LH (or bo th ) w ill a p p e a r if a clear obv. exergue tu rn s up. C ounterm ark·. M a le h ea d , 1. ( G IC 1 5 6 = 160: e.g., M esh o rer, pi. 9 .5 a -b ).

i . B L öbb, 3.93; 2—3 . See M eshorer. F o r th e co rrect d ate, see R. D eu tsch , I N J 9 (1 9 8 6 -7 ), p p . 3 6 -7 . T h e rev. type p resu m a b ly is a reference to C a e sa re a M a ritim a , as o n 4985—6 (the T y c h e o f C aesarea). C o u n te rm ark : M ale h ea d , 1. ( G I C 1 5 6 = 160: M esh o rer, pi. 11.4a).

Agrippa II Agrippa died in 44, leaving his son Agrippa II, aged about seventeen. Agrippa II did not succeed immediately to his father’s kingdom, but remained in Rome. In 49 (?), he suc­ ceeded to his uncle’s kingdom of Chalcis; in 53 Claudius transferred him to the old tetrarchy of Philip (together with that of Abilene), and shortly afterwards, in 56, Nero added the toparchies of Tiberias, Tarichaeae, Abila and Livias-Julias. Agrippa made a few coins under Nero, but most of his coinage was produced in the Flavian period and is not catalogued here (see Y. Meshorer, Ancient Jewish Coinage, pp. 251-8). He also made an issue at Tiberias, at the end of Nero’s reign = 4854. The coin of year 10 listed by Meshorer as a coin of Agrippa II (no. 4) has now been shown to have been issued in year 7 of his father’s rule (R. Deutsch, INJ 9,

1986-7, pp. 36-7: see 4987). This leaves two groups of coins. (1) The first group was produced in three denominations with the portrait of Nero and a reverse inscription ΕΠΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕ ΑΓΡΙΠΠ ΝΕΡΩ-ΝΙΕ (Meshorer 1-3). Meshorer took this to stand for ΕΠΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕ(ΩΣ) ΑΓΡΙΠΠ(ΟΥ) ΝΕΡΩΝΙ(ΑΔΟΣ) E, the last two words referring to the mint (Neronias) and the regnal year 5; he therefore dated the coin to 61, counting from an era of 56. This view has been criticised by A. Stein, INJ 8 (1984-5), pp. 9-11, who advo­ cated a return to the old interpretation of the last word as Νερωνιέ(ων), and her view must be correct, since the portrait of Nero on the obverse has the ‘steps’ portrait which was not introduced until 63. All that is certain about

J U D A E A N K I N G D O M : Agrippa I I (4988-4992)

685.

the date is that it is between 63 and 68, and so the coins can have little bearing on the date of the foundation of Neronias.

have been produced at Paneas. The current evidence does not allow the problem of mint(s) to be finally solved.

(?) The second group consists of two small coins linked by inscriptions referring to King Agrippa and by a double date formula: ETOYC AI TOY ΚΑΙ ζ (year 11 = year 6). The obverse of the larger coin was read by Meshorer as ΝΕΡΩΝΙΑΔ ΡΙΠΠΑ (sic) (p. 250) or NEPWNIAAI KAICAPI ΑΓΡΙΠΑ (p. 74), but was plausibly read by H. Seyrig (NC, 1950, p. 287, n. 5) as KAICAPIA ΤΗ KA NEPWNIAAI, so definitely referring to Caesarea Paneas. The complicated question of the eras used by Agrippa II is not re-opened here (see Meshorer, pp. 65fr.), but on eras of 56 and 61, the coins would date to 66/7.

Mint of (uncertain?) Neronias

What are the mints of these coins? In the first place, it is hard to believe that the two groups were minted at the same place: they must have been produced in quite close suc­ cession, but their character seems completely different. The legends on group (1) show that it was produced at Neronias, but which Neronias? Group (2) was produced at Paneas, in view of the legend and the reverse design of the smaller denomination which repeats the type (hand and ears of corn) used there by Philip (4949) and Agrippa I (4975). If group (2) is attributed to Paneas, then it seems that group (1) should perhaps be attributed to another Neronias. We happen to know that Sepphoris was renamed Irenopolis Neronias, but the coins seem unlikely to come from that city, since one would have expected an imperial date, as on the definite coins of Sepphoris from Nero’s year 14 (4849-50). But this does point to the possibility that other cities might have adopted the name Neronias. The countermarking of one coin with XF, which otherwise seems confined to coins of Caesarea Maritima (GIC 727), might perhaps suggest a mint in Samaria (or Galilee). On the other hand, the best parallel for a coinage with the same type on all three similarly sized denominations is the coinage of Herod of Chalcis (4777-80). Chalcis, however, is supposed to have been removed from Agrippa II in 53, though its history under Nero is obscure before its (poss­ ible) eventual return to Aristobulus in about 72. A problem with the attribution of either group to Caesarea Paneas is the need to reconcile their production with the more or less contemporary coins with Latin legends for DIVA POPPAEA (4846), which also seem to

4988

AE. 2 3m m , 13.51g (5). Axis: 12.

[ 5 ]

M eshorer 1 ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; lau reate head, r.; to r., lituus ΕΠΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕ ΑΓΡΙΠΠ ΝΕΡΩΝΙΕ; in w reath i . L — BM C i, i i . 91; 2—3. B (L öbb, L ö b b ), 13.97, 13.32; 4—5. P 134—5, 15.93, 12.41; 6—7. See M eshorer. C o u n te rm ark : X F ( G IC 727: M esh o rer ia ). 4989

A E. 18m m , 6.01 g (6). Axis: 12.

[

7

]

M eshorer 2 As 4988, b u t sm aller denom ination, an d star (instead of lituus) to r. o f p o rtrait i . L = BM C 2, 6.93; 2—5. B (P ro k esch -O sten , 919/1904, L ö b b , 5532), 6.00, 5.09, 5.54, 6.40; 6—7. P 136-7, 7.36, 7.44; 8. A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (B aram ki 4), 6.11; 9. M eshorer 2. 4990

AE. i 3 m m , 3.18g (3). Axis: 12.

[ 3+ ]

M eshorer 3 As 4988, b u t sm aller d enom ination a n d crescent (instead o f lituus) to r. of p o rtrait 1—2. L = BMC 3—4, 3.60, 2.85; 3. B 468/1901, 3.10; 4. See M eshorer.

Coinage of Year 6 — Year n (minted at Paneas?)i.*4 4991

AE. 16m m , 2.90g (2). Axis: 12.

[ 1 ]

M eshorer 5 KAICAPIA TH KA NEPWNIAAI; head o f T yche, r. BAC ΑΓΡ ΕΤΟΥΣ A I TOY KAI; aro u n d ζ i . See M eshorer, 3.22; 2. J . M altiel-G ersten feld , 260 Years o f Ancient Jew ish Coins , no. 142, 3.22; 3—4 . A m erican U n iv ., B eiru t (B aram k i 1-2: ‘N E P W N IA K A IC A P ’; o n e i ll u s tr a te d ; se e a ls o nc 1950, p . 2 8 7 , n . 5 ), 2.70, 2 .6 1 . F o r th e r e a d in g o f th e o b v ., se e a b o v e .

4992

A E. 13m m , 2.06g (5). Axis: 12.

[ 3 ]

M eshorer 6 BACIAEOC ΜΑΡΚΟΥ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΟΥ; h a n d holding ears of corn ETOYC A I TOY; around ζ i . L 1908—1—10, 1.53; a. B L ö b b , 1.96; 3. P 138 ( —M esh o rer 6), 1.52; 4. See Meshorer; 5. J . M altiel-G ersten feld , 260 Years o f A ncient Je w ish Coins, no. 143, 2.61.

EASTERN Cat. no. Nabataeans Himyarites

KINGDOMS Page

—

686

4993-8

686

The Nabataeans For the history and coinage of the Nabataeans, see Y. Meshorer, Nabataean Coins (Qedem, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, no. 3, 1975), where the coin issues are fully catalogued. The Nabataeans appear as a distinct entity in the Hellen­ istic period, and increased in importance during the first century bc, in the wake of the collapse of Seleucid power and Pompey’s settlement of the region. At this time Petra became their capital, and they began to make coins in the names of their own kings. The first such coins were in fact

made at Damascus by Aretas III (84-71 bc ), but thereafter from the reign of Obodas II (62-60 bc ) a long series of base silver and bronze coins were minted, down to the time of the Roman conquest in ad 106. The most abundant issues were made by Aretas IV (9 bc- ad 40), reflecting the most bril­ liant period of Nabataean power and culture. The coins generally have a portrait of the king, sometimes accompanied by that of the queen, and are inscribed with Aramaic legend giving the name of the king and the regnal year in which the coins were struck.

The Himyarites Our knowledge of the late coinage of the Himyarites was greatly increased by the discovery of the hoard buried at San‘â and described by G. Schlumberger, Le trésor de San‘â (Paris, 1880). His classification has been questioned by Head, NC 1880, pp. 303-10, pi. XV, and G. F. Hill, BMC Arabia, pp. liv-lxii. Hill’s introduction to the Sabaean and Himyarite coinages is the basis of the present summary. The late Hellenistic Himyarite coinage used as the reverse design the new Attic type (owl on amphora). The San'â class coins may be divided into three groups:

Series 4994-8 introduce new monograms, whose inter­ pretation is very difficult. The whole group presents three denominations. The standard in use was probably the Persian one, as the unit weighs approximately a Persian siglos.

(1) with Arab head on obverse, Aramaic inscription and monograms on reverse (BMC 2-13); (2) with similar obverse, monogram only on reverse (BMC 14-3O; (3 ) with Augustus’s head on obverse, monogram on reverse {BMC 32-48).

The later coinage of the kings of Saba and Raidan is not studied here, as its date is uncertain. The coinage inscribed with regal names {BMC, pp. lxv-lxxvii, 68-74) might be dated to the period ad 50—150, but this is very unsure.

Only the last group is considered here, and the adoption of the Augustan head may perhaps date from the time of the expedition of Aelius Gallus in 24 b c . The first series (4993) retains the monograms from the previous group {BMC 25-30). The left monogram represents a personal name, Hadur; the right one, the name Yada'il, the name of five kings of Saba.

4993 4994-5 4996-7

26mm, 5.37 g (4) 26 mm, 5.47 g (12) 19-21 mm, 2.72 g (8)

4998

17 mm, 1.29 g (5)

4993 A R (unit). 26m m . 5 .3 7 g (4). Axis: 5. BM C

32-3

W ithin a w reath is W ithin a standing,

r Y

w reath, lau reate head of A ugustus, r.; the tied below w ith X ; behind head, ) b o rd er form ed of handleless am phorae, owl r., on p ro strate handleless am phora; on L, JJ; on

Ί

i . P 196 (K 3269), 5.30; 2. P 191 (K 3268), 5.38; 3 -4 . L —BMC 32-3, 5 - 4 9 5-40; 5 · C o p 165, 5 -4 0 -

E A S T E R N K I N G D O M S : Himyarites (4994-4998)

4994

A R (unit). 26m m , 5 .5 0 g (11). Axis: aro u n d 6.

As 4 9 9 4 , b u t no m edallion on the w reath an d no letter b ehind head As 4 9 9 4 - 5

BMC 34-9 W ithin a w reath (showing pellet-in-crescent m edallion top), laureate head o f A ugustus, r.; b ehind head, or W ithin a border form ed of handleless am phorae, owl standing, r., on pro strate a m p h o ra w ith handles; on 1., or on r.,

at r1 ^

J&j

I. P 203 (K 3274), 2.71; 2. P 201 (K 2937), 2.57; 3. P 1972/1340-53, 3.19; 4—5. L = bm c 4 0 -1 , 2.80, 2.75; 6. C o p 168, 2.65.

4997

As 4 9 9 5 , b u t no m edallion on th e w reath an d no letter behind head As 4 9 9 4 - 6

5.38, 5.29; 12 -1 3 . C op 166-7, 5 -3 9 , 5 -3 '■

A R (unit). 26m m , 5.19g (1). Axis: 6. Schlum berger, pi. I l l , 50 As 4994, b u t head, 1. As 4 9 9 4

4996

A R (half-unit). 19m m , 2.61g (3). Axis: 6. BMC 42-3

I . P 192 (K 3271), 5.53; 2 -4 . P 193-5 (K 3272, 2 3 95-6), 5 -5 0 , 5-20, 5-27; 5. S eym our de Ricci, 5.50; 6 -1 1 . L = BMC 3 4 -9, 5.55, 5.53, 5.50, 5.33,

4995

I . P 202 (K 2938), 2.70; 2—3. L = BMC 4 2 -3 , 2.75, 2.40; 4. C o p 169, 2.67.

4998

A R (q u arter-u n it). 17m m , 1.29g

(5)·

Axis: 6.

BMC 4.4—8

I . P 197 (K 3270), 5.19.

As As

A R (half-unit). 19-21 m m , 2.80g (5). Axis: 6.

I . L = BMC 46, 1.28; 2—3. L = BMC 4 4 -5 , 1-33, 1.30; 4—5. L = BMC 47-8,

BMC 40-1

687

4996 4 9 9 4 -7

1.28, 1.28; 6. C o p 170, 1.37.

ALEXANDRIA Cat. no.

5001-74 5° 7 5 - I0 5 5106-12 5 113~99 5200-325 5 3 2 6 -5 2

5353 - 7 1 5 3 7 2 -8

Page

688 691 696 698 O O r-.

Introduction Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius

7°4

710 712 712

C le o p a tra

During the reign of Cleopatra VII, the mint at Alexandria had struck silver tetradrachms with the traditional types (head of Ptolemy/eagle); at the very end of the reign tetradrachms were also struck with the regnal years of Caesarion (O. Morkholm, ANSMN 20 (1975), pp. 7—24). These coins were made of debased silver, about 46% according to Walker, Metrology I, p. 142, or even more base according to R. A. Hazzard and I.D . Brown, RN 1984, p. 234. Rare silver drachms were also struck, in the sixth and eleventh regnal years; these, unlike the tetradrachms, have the queen’s portrait. In addition, the production of bronze coinage at Alexandria was revived, after a long gap. Two denominations were struck, with the queen’s portrait on the obverse and an eagle on the reverse. The larger pieces have an average weight of 17.80 g, and are marked with the numeral Π (8o); the smaller have an average weight of 8.50 g, and are marked with M (40). Cleopatra’s reform has been discussed most recently by A. Gara in CRWLR, pp. 153-63; her view is that Cleopatra’s main initiative was to stabilise the previously fluctuating ratio between the silver and bronze drachma at 480 to 1; the piece marked Π would therefore be worth 80 bronze drachmas or 1 silver obol, and the piece marked M worth 40 bronze drachmas of i silver obol. This reform cannot be dated exactly as the coins do not bear dates; the queen’s portrait, however, looks older than that on the silver drachms, so a date towards the end of the reign seems likely. I m p e r i a l s il v e r

With the Roman conquest of Egypt, the silver coinage came to an abrupt end and was not resumed until a d 2 0 /1 , some fifty years later. Even subsequently, minting was patchy: silver was minted only irregularly during the reign of Tiberius, not at all under Caligula or during the last nine years of Claudius’s reign, while under Nero no silver was minted during years 1 -2 and 7—8. The reason for this patchy production is not clear, and is related to the question of the source of the bullion from which the coins were made. For A. Savio, La coerenza di Caligola nella gestione della moneta,

pp. 1-51, the absence of Caligulan silver came about because Rome supplied no silver to Alexandria; similarly, E. Christiansen, The Roman Coins of Alexandria, pp. 105-6, argued that the silver accruing from Nero’s recoinage (see below) was sent to Rome (cf. A. Savio, QT 1988, pp. 22139). In the same way, one could suggest that the abrupt ending of silver coinage in 30 b c is connected with Octavian’s removal of the wealth of Egypt to Rome after the Roman conquest. This sort of explanation raises more general questions of the extent to which there was an Empire-wide policy for silver coinage during this period, a question discussed more fully in the general introduction (p. 52). Here it must suffice to say that at least some of the coinage was presumably minted to renew the stock of silver to be exchanged for the ‘foreign’ coins brought by traders and others to Egypt (cf. Christiansen, p. n o ); similarly, it is hard to see that all the gaps in Alexandrian production could be explained by imperial policy rather than local conditions. The silver coinage was entirely of tetradrachms, though there was clearly an experiment in 42/3, when the minting of didrachms and drachms was tried; this was perhaps partially repeated in c. 57 with the production of some very rare didrachms. The reasons behind these experiments and their abandonment are not, however, clear. The fineness of the imperial tetradrachm has been systematically investigated by D. R. Walker and C. E. King in Walker, Metrology I, pp. 139-59. Their summary (p. 149) is repeated here: Rul er

Fineness

Wt o f A R

Cleopatra Tiberius Claudius Nero (year 3) Nero (later)

46% 3:% 23% 23% 17%

5 -8 g 4-0 g 3 ·° g 3 -!g

2-2 g

Apart from providing fundamental information on levels of fineness and debasement, Walker and King’s work has raised two further important questions. The first is the rela­ tionship between the Alexandrian tetradrachm and the denarius. An equivalence between the two is attested from Flavian times, and Walker and King (p. 155) would associ-

A LEX AN DRIA

ate its introduction with the beginning of Claudius’s reign, when, for the first time, the tetradrachm did not contain more silver than the denarius. Before this, there may have been no hxed exchange (though this is usually assumed: e.g., A. Gara, Prosdiagraphomena e Circolazione Monetaria, pp. 36-7, 79), as has been argued elsewhere for Republican Asia (P. Kinns in CRWLR, p. 112; cf pp. 28, 369). Such a view would explain why, after the disappearance of Cleopatran and Tiberian tetradrachms from circulation, both Claudian and Neronian coins continued to circulate with later coins. The second point concerns the Neronian coinage, where Walker and King have argued that Nero debased the coinage in his year 4 (= 57/8), establishing in that year the standard which was to prevail for the next century. Such a reform is, however, somewhat questionable. Firstly, there is not much of a difference between the coins of Nero’s year 3 (or indeed Claudius) and later ones, compared with the difference between Claudius and Nero on the one hand and Tiberius on the other. Secondly, the analyses published by Walker and King (pace p. 154) show a gradual decline throughout Nero’s reign, rather than a sharp break in year 4: year fineness

3 23

4 5 21 19

6 18

9 16

10 17

11 16

12 13 15 17% silver

Finally, a change during the course of year 4 cannot be demonstrated, since the coins of the year can be divided into earlier and later coins on the basis of their obverse legends (Milne, pp. 147-54 and 155-66); the earlier and later groups, however, have average finenesses of 20.3% and 23%, respectively (cf Christiansen, op. cit., p. 104). The view taken here is that we should not really talk of the establishment of a new standard in 57/8, but of one in 41, which had an initial decline and then stabilised (though this view is not accepted by Christiansen). The theory of a new standard in 57/8 was previously accepted by E. Christiansen (CH VII, 1985, p. 80), and played an important part in his reconstruction of the mon­ etary history of Egypt in Nero’s reign. Christiansen linked the adoption of this new standard to the disappearance of references to ‘Ptolemaic and Imperial silver’ from papyri and the disappearance of the tetradrachms of Cleopatra and Tiberius from hoards: both took place towards the end of Nero’s reign. Christiansen’s explanation was that, with the introduction of the new standard in 57/8, bad money drove out good. The change in the currency is less explic­ able, however, if bad money had already been around for 30 mm

( fr o m 6 3 )

( fr o m 6 4 )

C le o p a tra

-

A u g u stu s I

-

-

I I (?) I l l (?)

-

-

IV (? ) V VI

-

-

-

-

T ib e riu s C la u d iu s N ero G a lb a

2 3 -9 ° g ( 0 2 5 -4 9 g ( 5 )

O th o V ite lliu s

2 7 -7 5 g ( 0 7

-

’ 4 -7 9 g i 5 -° 4 g i 4 -3 2 g i 7 -° 3 g

over fifteen years, and an alternative reconstruction is poss­ ible; indeed Christiansen has in his recent The Roman Coins of Alexandria (pp. 104-8) modified his view. He now prefers to see the adoption of a new standard under Nero in year 9 (= 62/3), and interprets the change in the currency stock as a government decision to melt down the Ptolemaic and Tiberian coins and re-coin them. The effect on the currency in circulation is, of course, the same, but the cause is dif­ ferent; not market forces, but government action. This approach seems more convincing, although, as argued above, it does not seem that there was any decisive change in the silver standard under Nero. One feature of the Neronian coinage which has been fully discussed by Christiansen in his book is the enormous out­ put of silver under Nero. His select die counts (Vol. II, pp. 104-7: see the review by C.J. Howgego, JRS 1990, for a commentary on his statistical method) suggest an enormous output under Nero, with a production of something of the order of more than 10,000 dies. A similar exercise was per­ formed by Milne (NC 1910, pp. 333-9) for the coinage of Tiberius. He examined the 136 coins in a hoard of Tiberius’s year 7 and found 122 different obverse dies. Clearly the scale of minting during the Julio-Claudian years was massive, though we should remember that one should not aggregate the Tiberian volume with the Neronian, since much at least of Nero’s coinage was a recoinage of melteddown Tiberian coinage, i.e., the same silver was issued twice. Even so, the output was vast compared with that of any of the other provincial silver coinages (see p. 13). B ro n z e c o in ag e

Bronze coinage was, like the silver, issued in irregular periods; e.g., in the reign of Tiberius, only in years 4, 5 and 6. The most plentiful bronze coinage of the period seems to be that of Augustus, although this is perhaps over-represen­ ted in museum collections due to its diversity of types. The only sizeable bronze hoard of this period, probably from Abydos, contained coins of Cleopatra and Augustus down to the end of his reign (E. Christiansen, CH V II, no. A13). Similarly, Christiansen’s die counts of Neronian bronze suggest a fairly low level of minting, at any rate compared with the quantity of silver being produced ( The Roman Coins of Alexandria, pp. 97 and Vol. II, pp. no-11). The main point for discussion concerning the bronze coinage concerns the denominations used. The first Augustan issue continues Cleopatra’s coinage of 80 and 40 drachmas; thereafter the weight standard drops:

(7) (5) (6) (1)

I^m m

20 m m

23 m m

35 mm

68g

10 m m

Π:

1 7 .8 0 g (3 8 )

M:

8 .5 0 g (2 8 )

-

-

Π:

1 7 .7 3 g ( 2 2 ) 1 3 .7 6 g (8 2 ) -

M:

8 . 7 5 g (1 3 ) 6 . 5 1 g (1 2 )

-

-

4 - 9 9 g (2 0 )

9 -3 4 g ( 3 9 )

4 .8 4 g (2 0 )

9 - 9 3 g (3 1 )

4 -9 8 g (29 )

9 -3 ° g ( I 2 )

5 -8 7 g (2 ) 5 - 7 2 g (3) 4 - i 8 g (2)

3 .6 0 g (2 8 ) 3 - i o g (9 )

I:

2 - 6 o g (3 5 )

-

1 0 .2 5 g (8 ) 1 0 .6 2 g (3 7 ) 8 .7 1 g (6 8 ) -

9 4 i g ( I2 ) 8 .6 8 g (3 )

K:

6 4 9 g (1 0 )

ô -D g riS )

-

3 -6 4 g (2 5 )

i-9 ° g 2 .3 4 g 2 .3 6 g 1 .9 8 g

K:

( r3) (3 4 ) (1 5 ) (1 3 )

0 -9 2 g (7) 1-5 3 g (6 ) ° - 7 5 g (2 ) 0 .8 8 g (1 0 ) I . I O g (1 ) 0 - 9 4 g (2 )

h

-

o . 9 3 g (1 5 ) -

-

-

Milne {JEA 1927, p. 139) argued that there was a general doubling of the face values of the denominations from his series 4 (= III (?) here), and, on this basis, various values have been assigned to the coins. A very concise view of such earlier views (with references) can be found in E. Christian­ sen, The Roman Coins of Alexandria, Vol. II, pp. 7-10. The following suggestions have been made (see below). Christiansen himself follows Gara’s scheme, though he also included the smallest denomination (VI), tentatively calling it a 2-chalkoi piece. As Christiansen observes, there are some unsatisfactory features of his and Gara’s scheme, not least the absence of a coin corresponding to the obol and diobol, mentioned frequently in papyri (bronze drachmas die out during the reign of Augustus). It seems more desirable to fit the coins to the papyri than to equate them closely to Roman bronze denominations; although western denomination systems were often accommodated to Roman elsewhere (see pp. 26— 37), this was not necessarily the case in Egypt, since Roman bronzes did not circulate there, nor do papyri mention them; moreover, if it is correct to think that the silver tetradrachm was not equated to the denarius until 41, it would be surprising if the analogous change had been made forty years earlier to the bronze coinage. Egypt, a closed currency area, could reasonably have an independent set of denominations. As the weight relationship of the bronze is, from VI to I, approximately 1:2:4:8:12:20, the neatest solution seems to be that of Schuman, with the addition of VI = i obol or 2 chalkoi. The problem with this otherwise attractive view is the value marks which seem to appear on Neronian coins, the K on a unique coin in NY of year 5 (5250 = ANS Annual Report, 1975, p. 15, fig. 19): perhaps also the E on another coin: 5251) and the I which appears on coins of year 6 (5262), though both it, and the same thing on Augustan coins of the third (?) series (5015-16), are sometimes described as a club. These marks appear to suggest that Ptolemaic denominations may well have survived until c. 60, and also that there was no doubling of the face values under Augustus (a possibility perhaps supported by the Abydos hoard which contained coins of Cleopatra and of all periods of Augustus’s reign). If so, the values given above should be halved. There is no intrinsic reason why this should not be the case, at any rate in the period covered by this catalogue, except that references in papyri to bronze drachms die out in the last decade b c (A. Gara, Prosdiagraphomena e Circolazione Monetaria, p. 17, n. 54).

chronology. (This excludes the star on the obverse of early Claudian bronze coins, which is clearly used to indicate the denomination). The following cases are found: Tiberius year 21

some tetradrachms with lituus, some without

Claudius years 1—5 Nero years 11-12 year 14 Galba year 2 Otho year 1

some tetradrachms with lituus, some without (all year 6 coins without) some with simpulum, some without some with star, some without some with star, some with simpulum some with star

Although it is tempting to see these symbols as indication of date (e.g., part of a year), this intepretation is not definite. In the case of Nero years 11—12, for instance, one finds a reverse type (an eagle) carried over from the end of year 11 to the beginning of year 12, still with the simpulum and without any apparent break in the coinage. C atalogue Alexandrian coinage has been the object of various good catalogues, so it has not seemed necessary to give as much detail about specimens in different collections as in the rest of this catalogue. The standard format has therefore not been used in this section (except for the problematical reign of Caligula), but a more concise layout has been adopted. This comprises: catalogue number; obverse (coded accord­ ing to the abbreviations set out at the beginning of each reign; reverse type and inscription; reference to the three main catalogues of the Dattari, Oxford and London collec­ tions; supplemented where necessary by other references); and number of coins in the ‘core’ collections (see above, p. xiii). This last figure is of very limited value in the case of Alexandria, since it is clear that most museum collections have a tendency to collect only one specimen of each variety. On the other hand, while it therefore tends to over­ represent the rarer coins, it does give some index of the relative survival of the different varieties, and can be com­ pared with Christiansen’s die counts or Milne’s table of hoards.

Symbols

Bibliography

As well as the dates, some of the coins bear symbols (a star, a simpulum or a lituus) which may perhaps be marks of

Of the^enormous literature on the Alexandrian coinage of this period, the following works have been found most use-

A lternative schem es for the denom inations o f A lexandrian bronze coins

35 mm I

Milne Schuman Schwartz Gara

drachm drachm 13! obols J sestertius 1 drachm

j o mm II

è drachm 4 obols η\ obols j dupondius [ 5 drachm

2$ mm III

20 mm IV

2 obols 2 obols 4! obols j as [ 12 obols

obol obol 2§ obols J semis \ f obol

i j mm V

i obol \ obol obol J quadrans [ 3 chalkoi

10 mm VI

A L E X A N D R IA :

ful, in addition to the works in the standard select biblio­ graphy (pp. x-xi): BMC

R. S. Poole, A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Coins of Alexandria and the Nomes (1892). A supplement, with the coins acquired since 1892, is to be published by E. Christiansen. The supplementary BMC numbers are also used here.

A. Gara, ‘Egitto’, in CRWLR, pp. 153-63 Geissen

A. Geissen, Katalog Alexandrinischer Kaisermünzen der Sammlung des Instituts für Altertumskunde der Universität zu Köln, I (1974)

O

J. G. Milne, University of OxfordAshmolean Museum. Catalogue of Alexandrian Coins (reprinted with a Supplement by C.M . Kraay, 1971) J. G. Milne, ‘The Alexandrian coinage of Augustus’, JEA (1927), pp. 135-40

E. Christiansen, The Roman Coins of Alexandria (1988)

E) Dem

E. Christiansen, ‘The Roman Coins of Alexandria: An Inventory of Hoards’, in CH VII (1985), PP· 77 ffG. Dattari, Numi Augg. Alexandrini (1901)

Augustus 69.

Vogt

J. Vogt, Die Alexandrinischen Münzen (1924) D. R. Walker and C. E. King, ‘ “Ptolemaic and Augustan silver” : the evolution of the tetradrachm of Roman Egypt’, in Walker, Metrology I, pp. 139-59

F. Feuardent, Collections Giovanni di Demetrio. Numismatique. Egypte Ancienne. II. Domination Romaine (1872)

Augustus Glassification With the defeat of Cleopatra, the issue of silver tetradrachms for her and Caesarion came to an abrupt end. No silver was minted under Augustus, and it was only in Tiberius’s seventh year (=20/1) that silver coinage resumed, after a hiatus of fifty years. A considerable variety of bronze coinage was issued under Augustus, however. This is not easy to classify, for two reasons. Firstly, the bulk of the coins do not have a date. Dates appear occasionally only from his year 28 = 3/2 B G and systematically only from year 38 = a d 8/9; before that it is necessary to rely on stylistic considerations. Secondly, it is usually thought that his reign saw a change in the denominational structure of the coinage. The earliest issue bears the value marks Π and M (= 80 and 40 bronze drachmas: see, e.g., K. Regling, ZfN 23 (1901-2), pp. 115— 16), which had also occurred on the coinage of Cleopatra; by the time that dates were used on the coinage, however, it is usually thought that the denominations had changed. This is not, in fact, definitely the case, and for a fuller discussion of the bronze denominations, see p. 689. The coinage was basically sorted out by J. G. Milne, JEA 1927, pp. 135-40. The following classification is more or less the same, although the relative order of the groups seems less certain than Milne thought (see below). 1. First series (= Milne’s first series). Struck in two denominations, with the value marks Π and M. The value marks and the reverse type (eagle with cornucopia) provide a direct link with the coinage of Cleopatra, indicating that these are the earliest coins of the reign. The absence of ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ in the otherwise very full legend suggests a date of 30-28 B C . 2. Second)?) series (= Milne’s second series). Struck in several denominations, the two larger of which have a bare head with ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ on the obverse and the legend

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ on the reverse. On most coins the sigma has the form E, though on many coins with the vase reverse (the commonest type) Σ is also found (on both obverse or reverse). With these coins have been associated the two varieties of a smaller denomination without a portrait, but with the same legends and letter forms. Both these varieties carry a prominent K, sometimes interpreted as a date (year 2 0 = 1 1 /1 0 b c : so Dattari) or a value mark (2 0 bronze drachmas). The absence of the year symbol L strongly sug­ gests that the denominational interpretation is correct (cf. Milne, p. 13 6 , n. 1, surely decisively; see also p. 6 9 0 ). Two similar varieties of the smallest denomination have also been placed here; although they have only ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ, they do again have the same form of sigma, E (so Milne). In addition, it seems likely that the two varieties of coins of Livia (with cornucopias and with eagle) belong here. Since Dattari’s catalogue (D57 and D58), these coins have nearly always been described as having value marks Π and M on the reverse, which would associate them with the first series. Dattari himself, however, later withdrew this view (RIN 1904, pp. 155-7), and no clear instance of these value marks has subsequently been published; admittedly the coins are often in poor condition, but none of the twentyone coins which have been examined during the prepara­ tion of this catalogue shows any real trace of these numerals. As the inscription on the obverse uses the form E for sigma, therefore, it seems most likely that these coins belong with the second (?) series. 3. Third)?) series (= th e first part of Milne’s fourth series). There are no coins with portraits, of Augustus or Livia, in this series, which consists of coins (20 mm and 15 mm denominations) which have their legends in the genitive case: ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟν and ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ. The genitive case is similarly found on the (dated) smaller denomi­ nations of the fifth series. This fourth series of coins has tentatively been constructed around the pieces bearing the

date LKH (= year 28 = 3/2 b c ) . A larger denomination has been associated in view of the similar types, legends and letter forms (usually Σ, but also E, sometimes). Two smal­ ler denominations perhaps also belong here: the smallest denomination also with LKH, and the next larger denomi­ nation with SEBASTOV on the reverse, around I, perhaps a value mark (10 drachmas). 4. Fourth (?) series (= Milne’s third series). The charac­ teristic feature of this series is that the obverses always have laureate portraits of Augustus. This is accompanied by the legend ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ on the 25 mm denomination, by ΚΑΙΣΑΡ on the obverse and ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ on the reverse of the 20 mm denomination (three varieties), and by no legend on the smallest, 10 mm, denomination. It is possible that another coin, known only in two specimens (5020: D6, A 1116 = Dem 547) belongs here. On the reverse (illustrated by Dattari) is the legend ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and an eagle with folded wings; the obverse seems to have no legend and a laureate head. It may be possible, however, that the obverse had a worn inscription (perhaps ΚΑΙΣΑΡ or ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ), in which case it could definitely be attributed (to this or to the next series). This remains uncertain. There seem to be no corresponding coins for Livia; this is rather puzzling, as she seems to occur both earlier (second (?) series) and later the (the fifth and sixth series), though one can point out, for instance, that there are no coins for Livia from year 38. 5. Fifth series (= the second part of Milne’s fourth series and part of his fifth series). The coins in this series refer to Augustus’s new title, Pater Patriae (acquired in 2 b c ) , either on the obverse with his laureate portrait on his own coins, or on the reverse on the coins of Livia. There are also a number of smaller denomination coins, which do not allude to this honour, but which have regnal years: 30, 32 and 25 (1 b c / a d , a d 2/3 and 5/6). It would be possible to date the ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ coins between 2 b c and b c / a d i and have them followed by these dated coins, but it seems more plausible to think that the two sets of coins are contemporary. An initial date of 2 b c would place the ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ series uncomfortably close to the LKH series, while the capricorn and star reverse provides a close link with the issue of LAH (year 38 = a d 8/9). In addition, placing the larger denomination ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ coins beside the dated smaller denominations would avoid the oddity of an issue of just larger denomi­ nations being followed by patchy emissions of the smallest denomination on its own. If this is so, then the series can be dated c. a d 1-5. Sixth series (= th e rest of Milne’s fifth series and his sixth series). The characteristic of this series is that the coins of all denominations are systematically dated. There is an initial issue in year 38 of three denominations (25 mm, 20 mm and 15 mm); in the next year was inaugurated a joint coinage for Augustus and Livia, in three denomi­ nations (25 mm, 20 mm and 15 mm), each with several reverse types, two of which (Euthenia and date in wreath) were shared by both Augustus and Livia. This coinage lasted from year 39 (= a d 9/10) until year 42 ( a d 12/13): to 6.

judge from the relative scarcity of year 42 coins, it probably ceased early in that year, say late in a d 12, well before the death of Augustus (contra Milne, p. xx). M is r e a d a n d p r o b le m c o in s

There used to be some discussion and rather fanciful theorising (A. von Sallet, ZfN 12 (1885), pp. 376-7) on the basis of the B coin, 2.67g, whose date was read L Μζ = year 46 = a d 16/17; but, as Dressel correctly noted on the coin’s ticket in B, ‘LMÇ ist doch wohl nur LMB’; cf. Dattari, RIN (1900), pp. 276-7. Some reverses are only known in one or two examples, so it seems likely that future discoveries will fill out the picture of this coinage: for instance, there is, in Cologne, a 20 mm coin with a bust of Nilus as its reverse type; this is the only instance of this reverse type which has so far been recorded, and unfortunately the year is not legible. Some coins have been disregarded in this classification, because it seems possible, even likely, that they are misread coins. Most of them come from Dattari’s collection and catalogue and so cannot be verified: 1. D32 (25 mm): 3

Bust of Nilus with cornucopia, r.; LA 2. D59 (25 mm): Liv2 Athena standing, 1.; L A 3. D33 (19mm): 3 Bust ofNilus with cornucopia, r.; LA 4. D36 (10mm): 3 Oak wreath enclosing date L A 5. D60 (25 mm): Liv2 Athena standing, 1.; L ΛΑ The typology of these coins belongs to years 39-42; as dates are often hard to read due to the poor preservation of the coins, it seems plausible to think that 1-4 are misread coins of year 39 and 5 of year 40 (the absence of a cross-bar would turn ΛΑ into M). There is also the frequent report of coins (25 mm) with a Euthenia reverse but no date; these have been reported for both Augustus (D5, Cop 16, Geissen 14) and Livia (D58, BMC 28, AMC 807); it seems most likely that these are coins from the dated series years 39-42, where the date is illegible or invisible. It is very difficult, otherwise, to see where such coins would fit into any classification: Milne placed them with the ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ issue, but the obver­ ses seem very different. Finally, there is also a small coin (10 mm) with crescent/ star (Dig, NY 1.17); it is not clear where this should be classified; presumably somewhere in the middle of the reign. A b s o lu te d a te s

The question of the absolute dates is less clear. The dates of the first, third (?), fifth and sixth series are more or less certain, but those of the second (?) and fourth (?) are not. This is because the sequence of the second, third and fourth series is not clear. The most obvious order to adopt for them is that favoured by Milne, namely 2, 4, 3, as this makes the best sense of the dating clues they contain. Two of the reverse types used on the second (?) series are copied from Asian cistophori with the Temple of Mars Ultor and the

ALEXANDRIA: Augustus (5001-5010) 695 Triumphal Arch ( 2 2 1 6 , 2 2 1 8 , 2 2 2 0 ) ; the cistophori were minted in 1 9 / 1 8 b c , giving a terminus post. The largest denomination of the fourth (?) series depicts ΓΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ. Elsewhere Gaius appears on coins from the late teens b c until his death in a d 2 . A date towards the end of this period of some fifteen years might seem unlikely here, however, since the relevant years are occupied by the L KH ( = 3 / 2 b c ) and the ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ (after 2 b c ) coins, and a date of c. 1 0 - 5 b c would be natural. This, more or less the sequence of Milne, would make a coherent chronological sequence, but there are some prob­ lems. The most important is the form of the letter sigma, which can be either Σ or E. Σ or occasionally E occurs on the first series; E or occasionally Σ on the second (?) series; E or Σ on the third (?) series and Σ on the fourth (?) series (Σ is the only form used on the fifth series, and there is no sigma on the sixth). On Milne’s scheme, we would have to think that the E form was dropped after his second series, but came back in his fourth series (= third (?) series), only to be dropped again. Milne does not seem to have regarded this as a problem, since he made no comment, despite the fact that he appreciated the significance of the two different forms of the letter. It does, however, seem to be of import­ ance to the question of the relative sequence of the groups, and strongly suggests that the first, second and third series (all of which use E to a greater or lesser degree) should be adjacent in the sequence. Secondly, the table of weights (p.

First series,

c.

689) seems to show that the coins of the third series are rather heavier than those of the fourth, whereas the tendency is otherwise for the weight to decline throughout the reign. The following schemes are therefore possible: Scheme:

A

B

C

series 1 2 4 3 5 6

c. 3 0 -2 8 BC 18-IO BC C. 10 -5 BC c. 3/2 BC C. AD 1-5 AD 9 - I 2 C.

2

10 BC?

3 3/2 EC

4 2

f. IO BC IO—5 BC

4

3

3/2 EC

C.

2/1 BC

Neither scheme A, B nor C is ideal, but B perhaps seems the most likely, on epigraphical and metrological grounds, even though the chronology is rather uncomfortably tight. Obverses Augustus i 2 3 3a 4 5

6 Livia Livi Liv2

ΘΕΟΥ ΥΙΟΥ EEBAETOE No legend No legend ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ

bare head, r. bare head, r. laureate head, bare head, r. laureate head, laureate head, laureate head,

ΛΙΟΥΙΑ ΕΕΒΑΕΤΟΥ No legend

draped bust, r. draped bust, r.

30-28 b c

Obverse: ΘΕΟΥ ΥΙΟΥ; bare head, r. AE. 25m m , 17.73g (22)· 5001

i

ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ; eagle standing, L; to r., Π; to L, cornucopia

AE. 20m m , 8.75g ( r 3 )· 5002 i ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ; eagle standing, 1.; to r., M; to 1., cornucopia

D2,

[ 29 ]

BMC 2

D3, O l j

BMC

3

[η ]

Second (? ) series, after ig b c (for date and sequence, see introduction) with sigma usually in the form

E

AE. 25 m m , 13.76g (28). 5003

2

KAIEAP; T em ple o f M ars U lto r

D14, O 5, BMC 7

5004

2

KAIEAP; T riu m p h a l arch

5005

2

ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; vase

D i 3 > l >p 7 9 3 D9, O 2, BMC 12

5006

Livi

D ouble cornucopia

D57,

0 6

[ 151 [2] [ 19 1 [ IO ]

O n 5005, th e le tte r fo rm Σ is a ls o fo u n d , fr e q u e n tly o n th e re v e rs e a n d so m e tim e s o n th e o b v e rse . AE. 21 m m , 6.51 g (14). 5007

2

KAIEAP; sacrificial im plem ents

D io , O 7, BMC 10

5008

L ivi

Eagle standing, 1. (folded wings)

D57, BMC 2636, Gl8

[ 01 ] [8]

AE. 15 mm , 3.60g (28). 5009

O bv.: Rev.:

EEBAETOE; a lta r inscribed K KAIEAP; cornucopia

D45,

5010

O bv.: Rev.:

EEBAETOE; prow , r.; above, K KAIEAP; in w reath

D48, BMC 23

0 8

, BMC 19

[ 00 ] [ -4 ]

r. r. r. r.

6g4

A L E X A N D R I A : Augustus (5011-5030)

AE. 10 mm.. 0.90g (11). EEBAETOE; in two lines 5 0 1 1 Obv.: S tar Rev.: 5012

Prow, r. EEBAETOE; in two lines

Obv.: Rev.:

It is possible that the coin dated

Third (?) series, c.

3/2

L KA

(here

=

BMC 25, C op 19

[9]

D21

[«l

5111) is in fact a coin of Augustus, i.e., of 10/9

bc.

BC (for date and sequence, see introduction)

Genitive case AE. 20 mm , 6.49 g ( I0 )· 5013

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; g arlanded a lta r betw een two laurel branches ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ; in two lines in w reath

O bv.: Rev.:

D16, O i ty-BMC 18

[

131

D47, BMC 21

[

10 ]

A M C 800, NY, 6.88, have E. AE. 15 mm , 3.12 g (9). W ith d ate (year 28 = 3/2 bc ) on obv. 5014

KAIEAPOE; aro u n d a lta r inscribed L KH EEBAETOV; in two lines in w reath

O bv.: Rev.:

AE. 12 m m ,

i-53 g (6)·

5015

Obv.: Rev.:

C apricorn an d star EEBAETOV; aro u n d

1

D l8 , O 22, C op 17, AMC 806

[ 41

5016

O bv.: Rev.:

Crocodile EEBAETOV; aro u n d

1

C op 18, N Y, B

[

5017

O bv.: Rev.:

S tar L KH in w reath

B

[I]

Obv.: Rev.:

C rescent L KH in w reath

D em 558 (not in A?)

[ 01

5018

31

Fourth (?) series (for date and sequence, see introduction) Laureate head AE. 25 m m , 10.25g (8)· ΕΑΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; b are head o f G aius C aesar, r. 5019 5 5020

3?

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; eagle standing, 1.; all in w reath

AE. 15 mm , 2.65g ( 3 )· ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; sta r an d crescent 5021 4

D i, AMC 784, G e is s e n 7

[8]

D6 (illus), A = D e m 547

[0]

D l I , O 9, BMC 8

[ 27 ] [ 12 ]

5022

4

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; ibis, 1.

D7, AMC 785, BMC 6

5023

4

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; headdress of Isis; all in w reath

D7, BMC 9

AE. 10 m m , 0 -75 g (2)· 5 0 2 4 3a S tar

BMc 2625,

[7]

B, D i 2

[

4

I

F ifth series: ΠΑΤΗΡ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ, c. AD ι- β AE. 25 mm , 10.62g (37). ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; capricorn and star

D53, AMC 79I, BMC 2630

5026

6 6

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; six ears o f corn tied together

D 5 I, O r 2, BMC 27

[9 ] [ 20 ]

5027

Liv2

ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΠΑΤΡΙΔΟΣ; cornucopia w ith fillet

D72, O 15, BMC 2637

[

5025

AE. 20 mm , 5 -! 7 g ( l8 )· ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; six ears of corn tied together 5028 6 5029 5030

6 6

-9

]

7

]

O 1 8 , P77O

[

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; cornucopia

D55, O 2 I, BMC 26

[91

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; two pilei w ith stars

D54, O2O, BMC 2632

[ ■■ ]

AE. 10mm,

o.88g

(10).

D ated y ear

30, 32 or 35 (1 bc/ad i, ad 2/3, 5/6).

5031 star

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟν; above L A

O24

5032 star

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟν; aro u n d L ΛΒ

F rankfurt 20,

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; aro u n d L ΛΕ

D49,

5033

crescent

[ ■] bmc

3629

C op 27, B

f ■] Î 7

1

S i x t h series , AD 9 - 1 2

L Λ Η =year 38 = AD 8/g AE. 25 m m , 8. 14g ( 7 )· 5034 5035

3 3

NY

[ 5 ]

Geissen 19

[.1

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟν; capricorn, r.

D34, C op 28,

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟν; bull bu ttin g , r.

D35,

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟν; capricorn, r.

P778

NY,

AE. 20 mm. 5036

3

[ >]

AE. 15 m m , 0. 88 g (7).

29,

5037

crescent

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟν aro u n d date

C op

5038

star

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ aro u n d date

B

[4] [I]

D22, P779

[I]

B, N Y

L ΛΘ —year jg = AD g! 10 AE. 25m m , 9.56g (13).

(cf.

O ak w reath enclosing date ( cf. 5042)

D37, C op 30, NY

[

5041

3 3 3

B ust of Nilus, r.

Mu 37

[i]

5042

Liv2

O ak w reath enclosing d ate

D66, BMC 30

5043

Liv2

M odius a n d torches

D69, AMG 809, BMC 29

5039 5040

ΕΥΘΗΝΙΑ; b u st of E uthenia, r.

A E. 20 m m , 4. 11 g ( 7 )· 5044 3 ΕΥΘΗΝΙΑ; b u st of E u th en ia, r. 5045

3

O ak w reath enclosing date

5046

Liv2

O ak w reath enclosing date

5047

Liv2

M odius an d torches

{cf.

{cf.

{cf.

5063)

5063)

[

5043)

AE. 15m m , i. 9 9 g (4 )· 5048 3 O ak w reath enclosing date

5

]

]

t 10 ]

[ 0]

D23

5042)

5

D38, AMC 81 I , BMC 13

[

D65, NY

[ =]

D71, M u

[ - ]

bm c

5

]

14, N Y, V

[6)

L M =year 40 = AD io! 11 AE. 25 m m , 8. M g ( 7 )· 5049 3 ΕΥΘΗΝΙΑ; b u st of E u th en ia, r.

5063)

D24, NY, P

[ 2]

D40, O 26

[

D25, V , Geissen 22

[ - ]

Nike w ith w reath an d p alm , stan d in g 1.

5052 5053

Liv2

ΕΥΘΗΝΙΑ; b u st of E uthenia, r.

C op 38, Geissen 41,

5054

Liv2

O ak w reath enclosing date

BMC 31,

5051

5055

Liv2

O ak w reath enclosing d ate B ust of N ilus, r.

{cf.

A thena standing, 1.

{cf.

{cf.

3 3 3

5050

5042)

{cf.

5062)

5041)

{cf.

Geissen 24 NY,

]

[ ° ] [ - ]

bmc

G2O

PGeissen 39, D em 575

5065)

7

[

5

]

[ ?i ]

AE. 20 m m , 3.75 g (7).

D/J.I, BMC 15

5057

3 3

Nike w ith w reath a n d p alm , standing 1.

5058

Liv2

O ak w reath enclosing date

5056

O ak w reath enclosing date

{cf.

5067)

D27,

?A M C

[

814, ?V

BMC 32

[

5

]

?2 ] [ i ]

AE. 15m m , i. 76g (8). 5059

3

O ak w reath enclosing date

AMC

815, BMC 35

[ 10 ]

L MA =year 41 = AD n ! 12 AE. 25m m , 8.49g ( 3 3 )· ΕΥΘΗΝΙΑ; b u st o f E uthenia, r. 5060 3

{cf.

5063)

A bydos hoard

5061

3

O ak w reath enclosing date

D42, O 30, BMC 16

5062

3

Nike w ith w reath a n d palm , stan d in g 1.

D28, O 29, BMC 4

[ 0] [ 12 ] [ 13 1

6g6

A L E X A N D R I A : Augustus, Tiberius (5063-5074)

5063 Liv2 5064 Liv2

ΕΥΘΗΝΙΑ; b ust o f E uthenia, r.

NY

O ak w reath enclosing date

D6 7 ,

5065 Liv2

A then a standing, 1.

D 6 l, O 27,

AE. 20 mm,

5066 3

5 -4 5

g ( 5 )· O ak w reath enclosing d ate (cf.

50 4 5

)

[

I

]

[8]

BMC 33 BMC 3633

D 4 4 , NY, G 1 6

[H]

t

4

]

I 3

]

5067 3

Nike w ith w reath an d palm , standing 1 .

D2 9 ,

5068 Liv2

O ak w reath enclosing d ate (cf.

D 6 8 , ?B

[-I

NY,

[ a]

50 5 8

)

BMC 5

AE. 15 mm.

5069 3

O ak w reath enclosing date

AM C 8 2 1

L MB —year 42 = AD 12/'13 AE. 25 m m , 9.23 g (8).

5070 3

O ak w reath enclosing date (cf.

50 6 1

)

5071 3

Nike w ith w reath an d palm , standing 1. (cf.

5072 Liv2

A thena standing, 1. (cf.

5065

?NY 50 6 2

)

D30,

)

[ ?i 1 am c

823

[ 7]

D63, O32

[ 3]

D31, NY, C op 36

[ 5]

B

[ 1]

AE. 20 m m , 3.41 g (4).

5073 3

AE.

15m m ,

5074 3

Nike w ith w reath an d palm , stan d in g 1. (cf

50 6 7

)

2.67g i1)· O ak w reath enclosing date (cf

50 6 9

)

Tiberius Bronze At the beginning of Tiberius’s reign bronze coins, of only the smallest denominations, were made in his name and that of Livia in years 4, 5 and 6 (17/18 to 19/20). The weight of the 20 mm denomination is regarded as 5 g (aver­ age of twenty examples: 4.99 g) and of the 15 mm denomi­ nation as 2.35 g (average of thirty-four examples: 2.34 g). A specimen for year 3 was described by Dem 577; this is not impossible, but no examples seem to survive, and it seems possible that the Lr is a misdescription of a possibly worn LE. The coins attributed to Germanicus by BMC 63-4 were correctly re-attributed to Tiberius year 4 by Dattari, RIN 1900, p. 375. Small coins with an ibis and LA (Dem 578, Mu) are sometimes given to Tiberius, but as such coins are known for years 4, 6 and 11, Claudius seems a more likely attribution (see 5161 and 5172). Silver In year 7 (20/1), the production of tetradrachms began, some fifty years after the last issue at the end of the reign of Cleopatra. The standard used for this very large issue was lower (13.13g, 30.6% AR, excluding anomalous year 14) than that used under Cleopatra (12.66g, 45.7% AR) Obverse: Ar ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; laureate head, r. Al As Ar, but laureate head, 1. B Σ E; laureate head, r. C TI BE; laureate head, r. D Laureate head, r. Li Head of Livia, r.

(Walker, Metrology I, p. 149; cf. C.E. King and D. R. Walker, ZPE 21 (1976), pp. 265—9). A considerable puzzle is posed by the results for year 14, which shows a wide variation and higher average than in year 7 or in later years, whose finenesses are otherwise very consistent. Walker commented that ‘it is possible that the intention was to return to the Cleopatran standard’. Another possible explanation is that the year 14 coins were overstruck on earlier (possibly Cleopatran) coins: this would account for the higher fineness and the wide variation. The coins them­ selves, however, show no obvious sign of overstriking. There are two poorly attested years. Coins of year 11 (LIA) were reported by Dattari (D79) and Milne (O53), but LIA is very similar to LIA, and no coins have been seen which definitely have IA rather than ΙΔ. There is a coin in NY (Newell, 13.28g: see illustration 5091/2), which does seem to be different from L ΙΔ, but its reading is L ΙΛ! Thus, for the time being at any rate, year 11 has been omitted. Secondly, year 23 was attested by Dattari (D93); Vogt cited another specimen in B, but there is no coin there with a clear LKT. There is, however, a specimen of this year clearly illustrated in the catalogue of the Frankfurt collec­ tion (G. Förschner, Die Münzen der Römischen Kaiser in Alex­ andrien. Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, no. 34), so Dattari’s (slightly different) coin has also been accepted here.

(AR, years (AR, years (AE, years (AE, years (AE, years (AE, years

7-33) 14-33) 4-5) 4-5) 4-6) 4-6)

A L E X A N D R I A : Tiberius (5075-5095)

LA on reverse =year 4 = AD i y t 18 A E. 20 mm , 5g. 5075

AE. 15 mm ,

D lO O ,

TIBEPIOY; h ippopotam us, r.; LA

D 2 -3 5

032b,

[81

BMC 56

g-

5076

B

L aurel w reath enclosing TI L A

D94, BMC 3

[ 13 ;

5077

C

Eagle standing, 1.; L A

5078

D

TIBE; crocodile, r.; L A

[ ii : [ 20

5079

Li

T w o ears o f corn a n d two poppies; L A

D95, 0 3 5 a, BMC 54 D98, O33, BMC 53 D1O4, O35, BMC 6 l

[ 5.

AE. 10 mm .

NY C rescent a n d star; L A(?) 5 0 8 0 Li T here is another coin in M u (31a, i.i o g ) w ith a crescent a n d LA visible on the rev., b u t the obv. is com pletely illegible. ?Dem 585 (not located in A) records a coin w ith an anepigraphic o b v ./h ead of goat LA, and attrib u te d it to T iberius. A sim ilar, poorly preserved (no date legible), coin in L (B M C 2711, 10m m , 0.89g) has been a ttrib u te d to N ero by C hristiansen, w ho identified th e rev. as the head o f an elephant. All m ay, in fact be coins o f C laudius (5160). 5081

LE on reverse = year 5 = AD 18/ 19 AE. 20 m m , 5g. 5082

D

D101, O 36, BMC 57

TIBEPIOY; hippopotam us, r.; LE

13 ]

[

A E. 15 m m , 2.35 g. 5083

B

L aurel w reath enclosing TI L E

NY,

5084

C

Eagle standing, l . ; L E (cf. 5077)

D96, BMC 55

[ 6 ]

5085

D

TIBE; crocodile, r.; L E (cf. 5078)

D99

[ 0 ]

5086

Li

Tw o ears o f corn an d two poppies; L E (cf.

5079)

V99

D106, 0 3 7 a , BMC 59

[

3

]

[ 12 ]

LÇ on reverse = year 6 = AD 19/20 AE. 20 m m , 5g. 5087

D

TIBEPIOY; hippopotam us, r.; LÇ

D I 03, 0 3 7 b , BMC 59

[

7

Peacock, r.; Lζ

D107 (doubtful?)

[

01

]

AE. 15 mm. 5088

? Li

LZ on obverse = -year 7 = AD 20/1 T etrad rach m . 31 .5% A R (W alker 59-65). 5089

Ar

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head of A ugustus, r.

D78, O 38, BMC 36

[

45

1

]

LIA on obverse ■=year 14 = AD 2J/8 T etrad rach m . 40.6% A R (W alker 66-72). 5090

Ar

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head o f A ugustus, 1.

D80, O 54, BMC 39

[

-5

5091

A1

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head o f A ugustus, r.

D 8 l, O 56, BMC 40, NY

[

12 ]

LIH on obverse —year 18 = AD 91 / 2 T etrad rach m . 27.3% A R (W alker 73-4) 5092

Ar

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head o f A ugustus, 1.

D82, BMC 42

[

5

]

5093

A1

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head of A ugustus, r.

D83, BMC 43

[

3

]

L W =year 19 -= AD 32/3 T etrad rach m . 30.3% A R (W alker 75-7). 5094 5095

Ar

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head o f A ugustus, 1.

D84, BMC 44

[

9

1

A1

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head o f A ugustus, r.

D85, BMC 45

[

7

]

6gy

6g8

A L E X A N D R I A : Tiberius, Caligula (5096-5105)

LK on obverse —year 20 = AD 33/4 T etra d rach m . 31.8% A R (W alker 78-81). 5096

A1

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head o f A ugustus, r.

D87,

bm c

47

[ 7]

5097

Ar

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head o f A ugustus, 1.

O57,

bm c

46

[ 7]

D 86 (‘Ar/Aug r.’) is probably a mistake, as it is otherwise surprising that Dattari did not have the normal variety (5097)· LKA on obverse =year 21

= AD

34/5

T etrad rach m . 28.7% A R (W alker 82-4). 1.

[ O]

5098

Ar

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head o f A ugustus,

5099

A1

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head o f A ugustus, r.

D8g bmc 49,

5100

Ar

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; as 5098, b u t lituus, 1.

D88, b m c 50

5101

A1

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; as 5099, b u t lituus, r.

D90, b m c 48

[41 [ 31

D91, O 59

[ 3 i

D92, B

[ 31

B

r 21

LKB on obverse =year 22 —AD 33/6 T etra d rach m . 31.5% A R (W alker 85) 5102

Ar

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head o f A ugustus,

5103

A1

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head o f A ugustus, r.

1.

Engraving error: O 58 = 5102, but reverse legend retrograde. LKF on obverse =year 23 = AD 36 17 T etrad rach m . 5104

Ar

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate head of A ugustus,

5105

A1

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; rad iate h ead of A ugustus, r.

1.

D93 F r a n k f u r t (see introduction)

[ o] [ »i

Caligula No tetradrachms were minted for Caligula at Alexandria, and this absence has recently been discussed by A. Savio, La coerenga di Caligola nella gestione della moneta (Pubblicazioni delPIstituto di Papirologia dell’Università di Milano, no. 1, 1988), pp. 1—51, who believes that the absence of tetradrachms of Caligula should not be seen in the same light as the other gaps (some longer) in the production of tetradrachms during the first century (pp. 5-6). He rejects the views of Poole (that the mint was closed because of unrest in Alexandria) and of Sutherland (that there was just no need for any new issues of tetradrachms), and sees an explanation in terms of an Empire-wide decrease in minting of precious metals; this decrease in turn was the result of the central authorities not sending the necessary silver to mints like Alexandria. For a general discussion, see the introduc­ tion, p. 6. The question of what, if any, bronze coinage may have been minted under Caligula has been discussed by A. von Sallet, ‘Beiträge zur antiken Münzkunde. Alexandrinische Münzen des Caligula’, ZfN 13 (1885), pp. 376-81; G. Dat­ tari, ‘Appunti di numismatica alessandrina V ’, RIN 1900, p. 378; Vogt, p. 22; Milne, p. xx; and Savio (pp. 8-19). Milne took the most extreme view, that no coins were made: ‘Some small anonymous bronze coins with the date year 2, and one with the date year 4 and the legend ΓΑΙΟΥ, have been ascribed to him; but the specimens of the former

group are for the most part of later style, many of them cast: while the piece dated in year 4 looks more like a third century concoction than a first century coin.’ The attribu­ tion, however, of the pieces with ΓΑΙΟΥ (Savio, nos 1 and 3, here 5106) to Caligula, which was first made by von Sallet (followed independently by Dattari, and by Vogt) seems beyond reasonable doubt. The date (year 3) and the use of a genitive legend on the reverse recall the similar small bronzes from the first years of Tiberius’s reign (cf. 5075, etc.). Nor would it be obvious how to explain the name Gaius at any later date. It is not clear that there are specimens with ΓΑΙΟΥ for year 4 as well as year 3. Year 3 is sure from specimens in L and B where Γ can be clearly read. A specimen from year 4 was, however, described by Dattari in his catalogue (no. 108, followed by Vogt and other writers down to Savio, who includes the coin as his no. 3). Dattari first published this coin in RIN 1900, p. 378, no. 108, where he described it as a coin of year 3; the illustration there, however, suggests that the date was not legible, but only the L to the left of the bust. Thus it seems that year 4 is not well attested, and so it has been omitted from this catalogue. The other pieces listed here and by Savio have all been attributed to Caligula on various occasions, but there is no very convincing reason to accept the dating. They do fall, however, into groups. One group (Savio, nos. 6-9 = 5109-

ALEXANDRIA: Caligula (5106— 5111) 6gg 12) can almost certainly be dismissed from consideration. The year on one variety (Savio, no. 8 = 5111) is almost certainly 21, thereby excluding an attribution to Caligula. Two other coins (Savio, nos. 7 and 9 = 5110 and 5112) are, in some specimens, much bigger and heavier than the pie­ ces of Caligula, and it seems unlikely that a larger denomi­ nation would not have a portrait. They are both perhaps of the second century. Finally, the piece with Ammon (Savio, no. 6 = 5109) has no obvious connection with Caligula, and could be attributed to almost any emperor. This leaves two coins. Savio, no. 2 = 5107, has a radiate head/crescent LB, and has been attributed to Caligula on the basis of the radiate head, like that on 5106. The poor preservation of the extant specimens, however, makes styl­ istic comparison very difficult, but it seems very possible that the two radiate heads are different in appearance. If so, the attribution to Caligula is weakened, and it is anyway odd that he should have made such a coin, when the piece 5106 with its inscription on the reverse is what we would expect, in view of the Tiberian parallel. It therefore seems unlikely that this is a coin of Caligula, though the possibility cannot be excluded. The other coin, Savio, no. 5 = 4 corr. = 5108, has a laureate head/crescent E or £. This is attributed to Caligula because of the crescent. If it really is an Alexandrian coin (and the absence of the date letter, L, casts some doubt on this), then the laureate head rather than the radiate one seems to make it unlikely that the coin should be of Caligula, though the possibility cannot be excluded. The view taken here, therefore, is that there is one variety of small bronze coin attributable to Caligula’s reign, but that all the other proposed issues are probably misattributed. Savio (p. 13) attributes the rarity of the pieces to an effective damnatio memoriae, but they may just be very rare like all the surviving small denominations of this period from Alexandria. A final, and much discussed (for bibliography, see Savio, p. 11 and n. 32) question concerns the identity of the radiate head on the obverse: does it depict a radiate portrait of Caligula, of Helios or of Caligula like Helios? No definite answer can be given, but the following points can be made. Firstly, Caligula was sometimes depicted on coins with a radiate crown. Secondly, there are no parallels in the immediate context of his reign (i.e., under Tiberius and Claudius) for coins without an imperial head; this is even more significant a point if we reject all the other proposed coins from Caligula’s reign. Thirdly, the parallelism with the bronze coins of Tiberius suggests that the obverse depicts an emperor. On coins of Tiberius, one has an anepigraphic obverse with the emperor’s name in the genitive case on the reverse; by analogy, the coins of Caligula should have an imperial effigy on the reverse. The view is taken here, therefore, that the obverse probably depicts Caligula with a radiate crown, though this is by no means certain. In the catalogue here, Savio = A. Savio, La coerenza di Caligola nella gestione della moneta (Pubblicazioni dell’Istituto di Papirologia dell’Universita di Milano, no. 1, 1988), pp. 1—51·

L F —y e a r g = A D j 8 / g

5106 AE. 10m m , 0 .6 6 g (2).

[ 3 ]

Savio, no. 1 R adiate head, r.; LT ΓΑΙΟΥ; crescent I. L ==bm c 3 4 (‘G aiu s C a e sa r’) ([ ] Γ), 0.68; 2. B (== zfx 1885, 379, no. 2 w ith line d raw in g ), 0.64 ([ ] Γ); 3. B 4353 (d ate illegible). I t seem s likely th a t th e piece ca talo g u ed by D a tta ri (no. 108 = Savio, no. 3) as o f y ea r 4 is also, in fact, o f year 3. See in tro d u ctio n , above. F o r a discussion o f the id e n tity o f the obv. head , see in tro d u ctio n .

C o i n s d o u b t f u l l y a t t r i b u t e d to C a l i g u l a

5107 AE. 12 m m , 0.83 g (4 )·

[

7]

Savio, no. 2 R adiate bust, r. LB; crescent O (illu strated by S avio), 0.81; 2 . D 109, illu stra te d by D a tta ri ( = rin 1900, 380, no. 109); 3—4 . N Y ; 5. B L ö b b , 0.72; 6 , B L ö b b ; 7. C o p 52, 0. 66; 8. L 1 9 0 5 —5—n - 1 0 ( = BM C264), 0.77; 9. D em 3598; 10. M ü n z Z e n tru m 52 (1 2 .11.1984), lo t 92 (‘G aiu s C a e sa r’), 1.04. C f. Z f N 1885, p. 378, no. i. i.

5108 AE. 11 m m , 0.79g (2)·

[

2]

Savio, no. 5 L aureate head, r. £; crescent

(ε),

1 . C o p 56 0.97; 2 . L 1 9 2 5 - 1 - 1 7 - 3 (8) ( = b m c 2642), 0.59; 3 . T h e coin illu strated by D a tta ri (rin 1902, pp. 4 4 3 -4 ) looks like a n o th e r specim en, as far as can be ju d g e d from the illu stratio n . H ow ever, Savio (no. 4) reg ard s it as a v ariety o f th e ra d ia te h e a d /c re s c e n t coins, p ro b ab ly w rongly in view o f th e illu stratio n a n d D a tta r i’s co m m en ts, w hich im ply th a t th e h e a d w as n o t rad iate. C f coins o f N ero , y ear 5.

C o i n s p r o b a b l y i n c o r r e c t l y a t t r i b u t e d to C a l i g u l a

5109 AE. 15m m , 0:73g (3)·

[ 4 ]

Savio, no. 6 H ead o f Zeus A m m on, r. LB; bird, r. i . D u o , illu stra te d by D a tta ri ( = rin 1900, 380, no. n o ) ; 2. L 1 8 6 4 —1— 9—2 0 (= BM C3556), 0.77; 3. C o p 53, 0.83; 4. M u 31b (d ate n o t visible), 0 -5 9 -

5110 AE. 15m m , 3.53g (2).

[ i ]

Savio, no. 7 U raeus snake, 1. B; A gathadaem on snake, r.

L

I. L = b m c 2 6 3 8 , 3.25; 2. D m (poorly p reserv ed ), illu stra te d b y D a tta ri ( —r i n 1900, 381, no. i n ) ; 3. M ü n z Z e n tru m 52 (1 2 .1 1.1984), lo t 1356, 3.81.

5111 AE. 15m m , 1.05g (5)·

[ 8 ]

Savio, no. 8 Ibis, r. L K A; crocodile D i 13, illu strated by D a tta ri ( = rin 1900, 381, n o . 112); 2 . BM C 2.22; 3—4 . L = BM C2630-1, 0.78, 0.39; 5 —6 . O 5 2 5 4 -5 , 1.17, 0.70; 7. B ‘A u g u stu s’ (T B ), 0.49; 8. L 1 9 9 1 -1 -3 0 -7 0 , 0.76. Savio (p. 17, n. 58) d iscussed th e read in g o f th e d ate a n d p lu m p ed for y ea r B (o r p e rh a p s A), b u t K A seem s clear on B M C 2629 a n d O 5254. D iam eter, w eig h t a n d style v ary w idely. A n o th er exam ple, re a d as LKA, w as a ttrib u te d to A u g u stu s by D a tta ri (D 50); a sim ilar piece, h o u sed u n d e r A u g u stu s in N Y (1 .4 6 g ), seem s to h av e only K, b u t K[A] c a n n o t b e ex clu d ed . A w o rn specim en ( = 5 i n / 8 ) h a s recen tly tu rn e d u p in a sm all h o a rd o f b ro n zes from Syria, w h ich oth erw ise h a d n o th in g la te r th a n ad 121/2. T h is seem s to m ak e an a ttrib u tio n to A u g u stu s in ev itab le (see p. 694). i.

2629,

5112 AE. 15m m , 1.76g (13).

[24]

113); 2 —7 . N Y ; 8 —1 0 . O 5 2 4 6 -8 , 1.61, 2.47, 1.89; i i —1 3 . M u 244-5 anc* 247; 1 4 . L = bm c 2 6 3 2 , 2.15; 1 5 —2 2 . L = bmc 2 633-7 a n d 3561-2, 2.17, 2.38, 1.40, 1.24, 1.29, 1.02, 2.38, 1.52; 2 3 —2 4 . C o p 5 4 -5 , 2.-44, 1-29; 2 5 . G 28; 2 6 . G eissen 3444; 2 7 . A u fh ä u s e r 5 (1988), lot 241, 2.49; B ird, r., an d palm : 2 8 . G eissen 3443; 2 9 . D em 3601.

Savio, nos. g -g a Bird; p alm in front LB; Apis bull, r. B ird, 1., a n d palm : i . D i 12, illu strated by D a tta ri ( = rin 1900, 381, no.

Claudius Under Claudius tetradrachms were produced in years 1-6; in year 3 an experimental issue was made of silver didrachms and drachms (didrachms were only otherwise produced at the beginning of Nero’s reign). These coins are known from only a very few specimens. The didrachm: V 23820-1, 5.03, 3.13; B (Löbb), 6.40; P 832-3; NY, 3.09; BMC 68, 5.72. The drachm: O, 2.33; P 850; NY, 2.60; BMC 78, 3.13; A = Dem 609; Kovacs 1, 1981, lot 119, 2.97; Münz Zentrum 52, lot 129; Schulten (20.10.1987) lot 400, 2.96. Bronze was produced more or less continuously throughout the reign (except years 1, 5 and 8-9). Four denominations were made (see also the introduction to Alexandria, p. 689): 2 5 m m , 9 .3 4 g ( 3 9 )

20mm, 4.84g (20) 15 mm, 2.36g (15) 10mm, 0.94g (2). At first the same designs were used on the two larger denominations, and a method had to be devised to dis­ tinguish them clearly. Initially the larger pieces were given a longer obverse legend and no legend on the reverse; quickly thereafter, however, their legends became more or less the same and the distinction was made by the addition of a star on the obverse. The system continued from year 2 to year 6; when bronze coinage resumed on a large scale in year 1o, different reverse types were used to distinguish the two denominations and the star was dropped from the obverse. The attribution to Claudius of the small anepigraphic coins with an ibis on the reverse, which was made by Christiansen in the Cop SNG, has been followed here. Coins of this type are definitely known for years 4 and 6, Obverses: 1 TI KAAVAI ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙ AVTOK(P) 2 TIB KAAV KAI CEBAC ΓΕΡΜ 3 ΤΙ ΚΛ KA CE ΓΕ AV 4* TIB KAAV KAI CEBAC ΓΕΡΜΑ

laureate laureate laureate laureate

and have also been recorded for years 11 (Cop 80), and 1314 (Christiansen, The Roman Coins of Alexandria, pp. 84—5). These years best fit the pattern of bronze coinage under Claudius. Coinage for both Claudius and Agrippina is well attested for years 12 and 13 (51/2 and 52/3), but less reliably known from years 14 (53/4) and year 15 (until 13 October 54). A. Barb (NZ 1924, p. n o , no. 2, a reference owned to E. Christiansen) recorded a coin of year 14 in V with ‘Nilbust 1.’; this coin cannot now be identified, and one suspects a misreading. One would expect it to have been one of the year 11 pieces, but it is odd that the reverse type is des­ cribed as facing 1. (a mistake for r.?). The de Demetrio catalogue (645-6) records two pieces for Claudius for year 14; one of these can now be found in A (A 1229 = Dem 645 = here 5198), but not the other. Moreover, there is another coin in V for Agrippina (perhaps the coin men­ tioned by Barb, loc. cit., no. 3?), which seems definitely to read LIA. Two coins of year 15 were reported by Dattari (nos. 157 and 180); they were accepted by Vogt, but some uncertainty must remain. The types used on the tetradrachms mostly concentrate on the family of Claudius —his mother Antonia and his wife Messalina. Messalina, who is shown as Demeter, holds two small figures. These were traditionally identified as the chil­ dren of Claudius and Messalina, Britannicus and Octavia, but Dattari (RIN 1900, pp. 383-4) rejected this view, since Britannicus was born in 42 and the coin type is first used in 41; but Vogt (pp. 24-5) returned to the traditional descrip­ tion, arguing that the date of Britannicus’s birth was not certain, and that these coins, in fact, show that he was born before August 41.

head, head, head, head,

r. r. r. r., with star

(AR, (AR, (AR, (AE,

tetradrachm) didrachm) drachm) 25 mm, years 2—

5)

4

As 4*, but no star

5 6 7 Agi

TIB KAAV KAI C8BAC ΓΕΡΜ TIB KAAV No legend ΑΓΡΙΙΊΠΙΝΑ CEBACTH

Ag2 ΑΓΡΙΠ CEBAC

(AE, 25 mm, years 10!3» r5 )

laureate head, r. laureate head, r. laureate head, r. draped bust with ears of corn, r. draped bust with ears of corn, r.

(AE, (AE, (AE, (AE,

20 mm) 15 mm) 10 mm) 25 and 20 mm)

(AE, 10 mm)

A L E X A N D R I A : Claudius (5113-5140)

LA on obverse —year 1 = AD 41 T etrad rach m . A R 21.5% (W alker 86). 5113

i

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ; M essalina standing, 1., veiled an d holding tw o sm all figures an d corn stalks, leaning on colum n

D iig , O 60,

5114

i

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ; as 5113, b u t to 1., lituus

D120

bmc

2648

I 4j

[ o]

A coin of Antonia for year 1 was also recorded by Dem 596, but none has been seen. The bronze coin with Nike of year 1 (Dem 599) may have been a misread coin of year 4; it cannot now be located in A. LB on obverse (AR) or reverse (AE) =year 2 = AD 4112 T etrad rach m . AR. 21.8% (W alker 87-92). 5115

i

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ; M essalina

D121

5116

i

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ; M essalina (lituus)

D i 22, O 65,

[ 0 ]

5117

i

ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; b ust of A ntonia, r.

D 114, 0 6

5118

i

ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; b ust o f A ntonia, r.; to r., lituus

BMC

AE. 25 mm ,

9 -3

bmc 6 9

[ U 1

I , BMC 6 5

[ 34 ]

67

[ ■1

g-

5119

i

H ippopo tam u s, r.

D163, G38, P 8 4 8 , 6(282/1928)

[ 3 ]

5120

i

Bull butting, r.

P85O

[ i ]

These coins are not hybrids of bronze reverses with silver obverses, since their obverse legends use C rather than Σ, which is normal on silver. 5121

41t

AVTOKPA; Nike, 1. (cf. 5137)

D131,

D172, O69

0 6 8

,

bmc

5122

4*

AVTOKPA; bull b utting, r. (cf. 5138)

5123

4*

AVTOKPA; six ears of corn

D142, V 23817,

5124

4*

AVTOKPA; h ippopotam us

D162, O71,

79

[ η» 1 [

BM C 2 6 5 8

m]

[ ■■ ]

bmc g 6

[ 20

]

[ 9

]

BM C 8 4

[

10

]

AE. 20 mm , 4.8 g. 5125

5

AVTOKPA; Nike, 1.

D132,

5126

5

AVTOKPA; bull b utting, r.

D174, O 74,

5127

5

AVTOKPA; six ears of com

D143,

5128

5

AVTOKPA; h ippopotam us

D165, O 75,

AE. 15 mm ,

2 -4

BM C 8 0

[ .1 ]

BM C I O I BMC 9 7

[

14

]

2

]

g-

5129

6

Crocodile, r.

B(Löbb), O76C

[

5130

6

W reath enclosing date

BMC 2 6 6 0

[ ■1

LF on obverse (AR) or reverse (AE) =year 3 = AD 42/3 T etrad rach m . A R 21% (W alker 93-6). 5131

i

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ; M essalina

D 123, O 84,

5132

i

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ; M essalina (lituus)

D 124,

5133

i

ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; b u st o f A ntonia, r.

NY

[ I ]

5134

i

ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; b u st of A ntonia, r.; to r., lituus

D i 17

[ 0 ]

BMC

71

O 7 7 , BMC 7 0

[ 25 ] [ 151

D idrachm . 18m m , 5.66g (5). See introduction. 5135

2

AYTOKPA; crossed cornucopias w ith busts o f three children

D 118,

BMC 6 8

[ 6 ]

a , BMC 78

[ 4 1

D rachm . 14m m , 2.69g (3). See introduction. 5136

3

B ust of Sarapis, r.

0 8 7

AE. 25 mm , 9,3 g. 5137

4*

AVTOKPA; Nike, 1.

D i3 5 ,

0 8 8

5138

4*

AVTOKPA; bull buttin g , r.

D175,

O89,

5139

4*

AVTOKPA; six ears o f corn (cf. 5123)

D145, B

5140

4*

AVTOKPA; h ippopotam us r.

D l6 6 ,

(bmc.90 is a misread coin of year 13 = 5193)

, BMC 79

[ 5 1

BMC 85

[ >> 1

Ο9Ο, BMC 98

Γ 12 ]

[ 5 I

AE. 20 m m , 4.8 g.

5141 5

AVTOKPA; Nike, 1. (cf.

5142 5 5143 5

AVTOKPA; bull b u ttin g r. (cf. 5126) AVTOKPA;hippopotam us r. (cf.

AE. 15m m , 2.4g. 5144 6 C rocodile, r. (cf.

LA

5125)

?NY

[ 21 [I] [ ?I ]

D 159, 0 9 1 a

[ ■1

NY, P883 O 91, P860

5128)

5129)

on o b v e rse ( A R ) o r re verse ( A E ) = y e a r 4 = A D 4 3 / 4

T etra d rach m . A R 21.8% (W alker 97-100). 5145

i

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ; M essalina

D 1 2 5 , O 9 4 , BMC 73

5146

i

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ; M essalina (lituus) (cf.

D126, O92, L

[ 9 ]

i

5132) ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; b u st of A ntonia, r.

V23810

[I]

5147

(cf.

5133)

[ 15 ]

AE. 25 m m , 9.3 g. 5148

4*

AVTOKPA; Nike, 1.

(cf.

5137)

(cf.

5149

4*

AVTOKPA; bull b utting, r.

5150

4*

AVTOKPA; six ears of corn

5151

4*

AVTOKPA; hippopotam us r.

[ ■] [4l [I] [ 10 ]

D i 37, O99 B, C op 65

5138)

P864 (cf.

5140)

D167, O100, L

AE. 20 m m , 4.8 g. 5152

5

AVTOKPA; Nike, 1.

NY

[ > ]

5153

5

AVTOKPA; bull butting, r.

D176, B

[ 5 ]

5154

5

AVTOKPA;

5155

5

(cf.

5125)

NY

[ ■ ]

AVTOKPA;

(cf. 5126) six ears of corn (cf. 5127) hippopotam us r. (cf. 5128)

V23829, C op 66

[ 2]

r.

D160

[ 0] [ 0] [ 0]

AE. 15m m , 2.4g. 5156

6

Crocodile,

5157

6

Frog

D170

5158

6

Eagle standing, r.

D152

AE. 10m m , o.86g (2). 5159

7

C apricorn

B(Fox), Geissen 83

5160

7

Eagle head

5161

7

Ibis

NY (cf. 508!?) Mu, D em 578

[i1 [ I]

LE on obverse =year 5 = AD 44/5 T etrad rach m . A R 26.1% (W alker 101-3).

5162 i

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ;M essalina

(cf. 5164)D127, O103,

5163 i

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ;M essalina

(lituus) D128, O101,

L

bmc

74

[ 9 1

[ ■■1

Dem 617 records a bronze coin for this year with a canopus, but this seems unlikely. LÇ on obverse

(A R )

or reverse

(A E )

=j>ear

6

—AD

45 I6

T etra d rach m . A R 24.6% (W alker 104-10). 5164 i ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ; M essalina

D i 29,

5165 i

D130, O104

ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑΣ; M essalina (lituus) (cf.

0

106,

bm c

75

[35]

[6]

5 i6 3 ) 5166 i

ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bust of A ntonia, r.

NY

[·)

AE. 25 m m , 9.3 g.

5138) (cf. 5140)

5167 4*

AVTOKPA; bull butting, r. (cf.

D177, N Y

[.]

5168 4*

AVTOKPA; hippopotam us

B, C op 68

[ 2]

D 168 records a coin with reverse as 5168, but obverse 1: if correct, it must be a hybrid with a tetradrachm die.

A L E X A N D R I A : Claudius (5169-5190)

AE. 20 m m , 4.8 g.

5169 5 5170 5

AVTOKPA; Nike, 1. (cf. 5125)

5128)

AVTOKPA; h ippopotam us (cf.

NY

[-]

D169, O i 12

[

D j 5 3 j bmc 93

[3]

C op 70

[i ]

N Y, bmc 86(?)

[ 2? ]

2

]

AE. 15m m , 2.4g.

5171 6

Eagle standing, r.

AE. 10m m , 1.25g ( 0 ·

5172 7

Ibis (cf.

5161)

LZ on reverse —year y —AD 46/y AE. 15m m , 2.4g.

5173 6

Crocodile, r.

LI on obverse or reverse =year 10 = AD 4g/50 A E. 25 m m , 9.3 g. D ate LI on obv.

5174 4

AVTOKPA; b u st o f N ilus w ith cornucopia an d child, r.

D138, O i 13,

bm c 81

[ '5 ]

5175 4

AVTOKPA; w inged caduceus an d four ears o f corn

D140, O i 14,

bmc gg

[ 14 1

D146, O 1 I5 ,

BMC

AE. 20 mm , 4.8 g. D ate LI on rev.

5183)

5176 5

AVTOKPA; clasped h an d s (cf.

5177 5

AVTOKPA; h a n d holding two ears o f corn a n d two poppies (cf. 5184)

106

[ .4 ]

D 1 4 9 , O i l 6 , BMC IO3

[ 16 ]

AE. 15 mm , 2.4g. D ate LI on rev.

5178 6

Crocodile, r.

D l 6 l , O i I 7 , BMC 87

[ II !

5179 6

Frog

D 1 7 I, B4348,

[ 16 ]

BMC 9 4

Dem 630 records this denomination with a ram; perhaps a confusion with a crocodile? (but cf. Dem 624). A E. 10 m m , 0.94g (2). D ate L I on rev.

5180 7

C apricorn, r.

D158,

NY

[ 2]

LIA —year 11 = AD go 11 AE. 25 m m , 9.3 g. D ate LIA on obv.

5181 4

AVTOK PA;

5182 4

AVTOKPA; winged caduceus and four ears o f corn i f 5 *7 5 )

b u st

of

N ilus,

D139, O 118,

r.

bm c

83

D141, O i 19, bmc ioo

[9] [ -5 ]

D 154 records a coin with eagle and thunderbolt and LIA on reverse; error for LIA?. AE. 20 m m , 4.8 g. D ate LIA on rev.

5183 5

AVTOKPA; clasped han d s

D 1 4 7 , Ο 1 2 Ο , BMC 1 0 7

[ 71

5184 5

AVTOKPA; h a n d holding two ears o f corn an d two poppies

D i 5 I, O 1 2 I,

[71

BMC

105

AE. 15 m m . D ate LIA on rev.

5179)

5185 6

Frog (cf.

5186 6

C rocodile

B (L öbb), NY

A 1222 =

D em 63g

[4] .[ 0 ]

LIB =year 12 = AD gi/2 AE. 25 m m , 9.3 g. D ate LIB on rev.

5187 4

AVTOKPA; eagle on thu n d erb o lt, r. (head, 1.)

D 1 5 5 , O l 2 3 a , BMC 2153

[

5188 A gi

ΕΥΘΗΝΙΑ; b u st of E uthenia, r.

D 1 7 8 , O 1 2 4 , BMC 109

[ 6

]

AE. 20 m m , 4.8 g. D ate LIB on rev.

5189 5

AVTOKPA; h a n d holding w inged caduceus

5190 A gi

M odius betw een torches (cf.

5199)

D148,

BMC 2 6 3 9 , V

D l8 l, O126

[4] [31

705

AE. 15m m , 2.4g. D ate LIB on rev. 5191

6

Eagle

¥33849

[ 1]

T w o ears of corn and two poppies

D i83

[ 0 1

AE. 10m m . 5192

Ag2

L ir —year 13 —AD 32I3 AE. 25 mm, 9.3 g. D ate L i r on rev. 5193

4

AVTOKPA; eagle on thunderbolt, r. (head, 1.)

5194

A gi

ΕΥΘΗΝΙΑ; b ust of E uthenia, r.

(

cf.

D i 56,

0

128, BMC ga

D179, O127

5188)

[ 25 ] [ >5 ]

AE. 20 mm , 4.8 g. D ate L i r on rev. 5195

5

AVTOKPA; h a n d holding w inged caduceus

5196

A gi

M odius betw een torches

(

cf.

(

cf.

5189)

5199)

NY, C op 84

[ 2 ]

D182, O i 3oa, NY

[ 5 ]

D em 646 (not in A?)

[ » ]

LIA —year 14 = AD 33I4 (rarely attested: see introduction) AE. 25 mm. D ate LIA on rev. 5197?4

AVTOKPA; eagle on thunderbolt, r. (head, 1.)

AE. 20 mm. D ate LIA on rev. 5198

5

AVTOKPA; h a n d holding w inged caduceus

A

5199

A gi

M odius betw een torches

¥33869

1339

=

D em 645

[ « ] [ I ]

LIE =year /5 = until 13 October 54 Coins of this year are not certainly attested (see the introduction). The following were recorded by D, but might well be, e.g., misread coins of year 13: AE. 25 mm . D ate LIE on rev. A.

4

AVTOKPA; eagle on thunderbolt, r.

D157

[°]

B.

A gi

ΕΥΘΗΝΙΑ; b u st of E uthenia, r.

D180

[0 ]

Nero The coinage of Nero from Alexandria has recently been described by E. Christiansen, The Roman Coins of Alexandria (1987), chapter 1 (pp. 34-110). The main thesis of the relevant chapter of his book is that the enormous output of silver in the last half of the reign can be explained by a recoinage of earlier (Ptolemaic and Tiberian) tetradrachms. No coinage was produced in years 1-2 or 7; nor was any silver minted in year 8. No bronze coinage was produced until some rare small denominations of years 5 and 6; it was minted thereafter in every year from year 8, though in small quantities except for years 8 and 13-14. Some of the bronze coins of years 5-6 (5250-1, and 5262) seem to bear value marks attesting the survival of the Ptolemaic system of denominations (p. 689); the reign also saw the introduction of the two largest bronze denominations (35 and 30 mm). The silver was entirely of tetradrachms, though a unique didrachm survives from year 4 (5220 = ZfN 3 (1871), p. 593) and a didrachm or drachm from year 3 (5211 = Christiansen, p. 36). This catalogue omits the overstrikes and brockages which occur with some regularity for this reign (Christiansen, pp. 37, 40, 56-7, 61; cf. A. Savio, QT 1988, pp. 221-39). These minting mistakes, which are especially common towards the end of the reign, are indicative of the great speed with which the mint had to work toi produce such its enormous output under Nero (see p. 689). The same explanation applies to a number of coins with minor engraving errors,

e.g., in year 13 for 5235 (but radiate head of Tiberius: L G0261), for 5296 (ΣΕΒΑΤΟΦΟΡΟΣ: L G0276), and for 5300 (but bust of Poseidon, L: D245, B602/1876). These have also been omitted, as have the frequent ancient forgeries which the recoinage seems to have prompted (Christiansen, p. 88, etc., D 199 and 233). Problem atical years No coins were made for Nero before year 3: the pieces which appear to attest coinage in year 1 are either misread or false: see Christiansen, pp. 35—6, 79. For instance, the two pieces with Octavia in Mu for year 1 are forgeries, as is shown by their radiate, left-facing obverses; they have probably been altered from coins of Poppaea of year 11. Dattari (no. 294) recorded a coin for year 15, but this is not really chronologically possible, since Nero’s reign ended on 9 June 68, well before the end of the fourteenth Alexan­ drian year. The coin is also dismissed by Christiansen, p. 86. Statilia M essalina 5300. still in Statilia obverse

In 1966 D. G. Sellwood published a coin (11.84g, his collection) apparently depicting Nero’s wife Messalina (Numismatic Circular 1966, p. 307). The of the coin is F*a (radiate bust, r., with aegis), and

A L E X A N D R I A : Nero

the reverse reads ΜΕΣΣΑΛΙΝ[Α] ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ with an empress’s bust to r. The date is LIE or the impossible year 15. The view taken here is that the inscription on the reverse has been altered from a normal coin of Alexandria (5289); although the coin does not show very obvious signs of tooling, the fatal considerations are the obverse, since F*a was used only in years 11-13, and, of course, the date (cf. Christiansen, p. 88). P o rtra itu re

The portrait used on years 3—6 shows no real change, and follows on from the sort of portrait used for Claudius. The neck is somewhat thicker, when the minting of tetradrachms was resumed in year 9, and the same portrait was continued into the first part of year 1o, the part which still uses the laureate head. This was replaced in the course of the year (63/4) by a radiate head, giving the emperor a much fatter neck, but with the same hairstyle. A very few rare coins at the beginning of year 11 (i.e., autumn 64) retain this hairstyle, but the ‘steps’ hairstyle was then adop­ ted, and is normal on the Poppaea and Sarapis coins of that year. With the addition of the aegis to the radiate portrait later in that year (say, early 65), however, the ‘steps’ hairst­ yle was dropped and the previous hairstyle, with the hair combed forward over the forehead, was resumed. This con­ tinued until the end of the reign. The only remaining change was in the direction of the radiate bust with aegis: this changed from facing right to facing left in the course of the thirteenth year, i.e., 66/7. It is not easy to see why the mint of Alexandria adopted the ‘steps’ hairstyle so late (it was introduced in 63), nor why it was so quickly dropped, making Alexandria probably the only mint issuing coins during this period which do not have the hairstyle. Equally curiously, the portraiture on the bronze coinage was not changed: a right-facing laureate head, looking more or less like Claudius, was retained until the end of the reign. For the radiate crown and the aegis, see the general introduc­ tion, p. 43. Christiansen, p. 104, regards the change to the radiate crown as a means of indicating the re-coined issues (see below, and p. 689). T ypes

A general discussion of the types was given by Vogt (pp. 28-37), though some doubts about his approach have been raised by Christiansen (pp. 98-9, 248f., 295fi). The first issue of tetradrachms present an interesting ‘programme’ for Nero. Both the emperor and Rome are celebrated on the coinage: as well as Nero himself, there are portraits of his mother Agrippina, his wife Octavia, Roma and the Genius of the Roman People. Nero himself is shown as the new Agathodaemon and companion of Demeter, who, through his foresight (ΠΡΟΝ(ΟΙΑ)), brings peace (IPHNH), concord (ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ) and justice (ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣΥΝΗ). For Nero as the ’Αγαθός Δαίμων τής οικουμένης, see Vogt, p. 28 (= Select Papyri II.235). Some doubt attaches to the identification of the enthroned figure depicted with the inscription ΠΡΟΝ ΝΕΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ: is it Augustus or Nero? The importance of the

705

question lies in the fact that the individual is portrayed like a god: he wears a radiate crown and sits on a throne with his feet on a foostool. The natural interpretation of the type suggests that it depicts Nero, since he is the ΝΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ or ‘new emperor’ (rather than ‘new Augustus’) labelled by the inscription. It is true, of course, that on this interpretation the coin is easily the earliest document to give Nero this divine similarity, but this is no more than an extension of the likening to Agathodaemon. These types continued to be repeated for several years; the only change was the disappearance of Agrippina during year 5, when she died. The types of year 8 (61/2) refer to victory. If it is sup­ posed to be a specific victory, then it is either the Armenian or the British (perhaps the latter, as the captive seems to be bare-headed, i.e., western, rather than wearing a Phrygian cap, i.e., eastern). The poor preservation of the coin makes this rather uncertain, however. The most remarkable coin of year 9 (= 62/3) is the large bronze which describes Nero as the Saviour of the World. Although he did not include it in his catalogue, this piece was just known to Vogt (p. 31), who suggested Alexandrian parallels. It is not clear, however, whether the piece is an instance of general Alexandrian flattery or something more specific (e.g., the closure of the temple of Janus after the British and Armenian wars: though this is implicitly dated to 66 by Suetonius, coins from Rome suggest that it took place at least a year earlier: RIC, p. 140). An equally inter­ esting large bronze occurs two years later (11= 64/5) depicting ΖΕΥΣ ΚΑΠΕΤΩΛΙΟΣ, one of the earliest instances of the depiction of a type associated specifically with the city of Rome {cf. F. S. Kleiner, NC 1989, pp. 69—82). One wonders again if there is a specific allusion: the type recalls the Jupiter custos aurei and denarii of Rome, issued in all probability to celebrate Nero’s preservation from the Pisonian conspiracy in 65 (BMC I, p. clxxiv; RIC, p. 145). The coins of year 13 and 14 can be divided into several groups, on a chronological basis, although they were all treated together by Vogt. The earliest obverse occurs with Apollo and Roma; this is followed by another pair of types, ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ and ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, which should probably be isolated from the remaining six types, since they are not continued into the subsequent year. The view taken here is that the curious appearance of Tiberius on the coinage together with Divus Augustus can be best explained by reference to the constant type used on the tetradrachms of Tiberius’s reign. Hoards and papyri indi­ cate that earlier tetradrachms were demonetised in the early sixties (Christiansen, p. 104: see also p. 689). It is possible that these coins were issued to retain the images of the emperors in circulation, rather like restored issues of denarii and aurei were made by Nerva and Trajan, when they demonetised earlier coins, or like the series of divine emperors on antoniniani of Trajan Decius (249-51), to replace the images of the emperors which would have disap­ peared from circulation when he demonetised (and over­ struck) earlier denarii. If this theory is correct, then it might suggest that the demonetisation and recoinage was thought to have been completed at this time (in 66/7). Most of the other types refer to Nero’s visit to Greece in

type should be associated with the Greek types, since it is hard to see a connection with Augustus and Tiberius, especially if the interpretation of them given here is correct. (This argument might perhaps be strengthened by the unique coin illustrated in the Hamburger sale of 19.11.1925, a ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΦΟΡΟΣ coin of year 14, thus mak­ ing the link with the other types clear. But there must be some hesitancy about accepting this unique coin, without actually examining it, as there is always a possibility that the date might have been altered from 13, though there is nothing in the illustration which suggests that this has hap­ pened.) If so, then we should return to the traditional inter­ pretation of the type, and just assume that the freighter is a mistake for a galley.

66/7, and by mentioning the presiding deities of the five great festivals, they allude to Nero’s visits to and victories at those games (Isthmian, Olympic, Nemean, Argive, Delphic and Actian). It is not clear, however, whether or not the final type, a freighter with the legend ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΦΟΡΟΣ, should be associated with them and interpreted as an allu­ sion to Nero’s voyage to Greece. This type has been most recently discussed by B. E. Levy, ‘Kaisar Epibaterios: a seafarer’s cult at Alexandria’, INJ 6-7 (1982-3), pp. 102— 17. Levy has objected to the traditional interpretation because the coin depicts a freighter and Nero travelled to Greece in an oared galley; she prefers to see an allusion to some longer proposed journey, either from Greece to Alex­ andria or from Alexandria, which was never in fact made. The structure of the coinage suggests, however, that the Obverses: A NEP ΚΛΑΥ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ ΑΥΤΟ B ΝΕΡΩ ΚΛΑΥ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑ ΓΕΡ ΑΥΤΟ C ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΛΑΥ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑ ΓΕΡ ΑΥΤΟ D Ν8Ρ KAAV KAIC C8B Γ8Ρ Ε Ν8ΡΩ ΚΛΑΥ KAIC C8B Γ8Ρ ΑΥΤΟ F ΝΕΡΩ KAAV ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ G ΝΕΡΟ KAAV ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ AV F* As F, but radiate head, r. G* As G, but radiate head, r. F*(s) As F*, but ‘steps’ portrait G*(s) As G*, but ‘steps’ portrait F*a As F, but radiate bust with aegis, r. Gl*a As G, but radiate bust with aegis, 1. H No legend

laureate laureate laureate laureate laureate laureate laureate

head, head, head, head, head, head, head,

r. r. r. r. r. r. r.

laureate head, r.

(AR, years 3-4) (AR, years 4-5) (AR, years 5-6) (AE, years 8, 10) (AR and AE, year 9) (AR, year 10; AE, years 12, 13) (AE, years 11, 13-14) (AR, years 10-11) (AR, years 10-11) (AR, year 11 ) (AR, year 11 ) (AR, years 11-13) (AR, years 13-14) (AE, years 6, 8, 10-12)

LF on reverse =year β = AD 56/7 Tetradrachm . AR 23% (Walker 111-20). ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; draped bust of Agrippina, r. ; 5201 A OKTAOYIA ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; draped bust of Octavia, r. 5202 A

D l8 6 ,

O13I, BMC X 1 6

D igo, O133,

[

-9

]

BM C 1 1 9

[ 15 1

ΠΡΟΝ ΝΕΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; Nero, radiate, on throne, L, with sceptre and ?baton ΔΗΜΟΣ ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ; Demos standing, r., with sceptre and cornucopia ΔΗΜΗΤΕΡ; Demeter standing, 1., with poppies and corn, and long torch

Ü 200, O145, BMC 1 5 4

[ -2 ]

D 2 II, O 14I, BMC I5I

[ 10 ]

D217, O134, BMC 1 3 8

1 10 ]

5206 A

ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣΥΝΗ; Dikaiosyne, veiled, standing, 1., with scales

D 222,

O135, BMC 145

[ II ]

5207 A

IPHNH; Eirene standing, r., with caduceus and helmet ( cf. 5337) ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ; Homonoia seated, 1., with patera

D229, O138, BMC 148

0237 , O139,

BM C 8 6 9 3

[8]

ΡΩΜΗ; Roma seated, L, with Nike and sword in scabbard ΝΕΟ ΑΓΑΘ ΔΑΙΜ; snake, r., with ears of corn and poppies

D247, Ο14Ο,

BM C 2 7 0 6

[ 10 1

D265, O142,

BMC 2 0 7 g

[

5203 A 5204 A 5205 A

5208 A 5209 A 5210 A

Didrachm? 16 mm (see introduction). ΑΓΡΙΗ ΣΕΒ; as 5201

5211 A?

[ 14 ]

'4 1

A (rev.)

[0]

O147, L

[a1

ΙΛ on reverse = year 4 = AD 57/8 Tetradrachm . AR 21% (Walker 121-30).

5212 A

ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; as 5301

A L E X A N D R IA : Nero (5213-5251

5213 5214 5215 5216 5217 5218 5219

A A

OKTAOYIA ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; as 5202 ΔΗΜΟΣ ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ; as 5204

A A

ΔΗΜΗΤΕΡ; as 5205 ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣΥΝΗ; as 5206

O148,

A

IPHNH; as 5207

O151, G

A

ΡΩΜΗ; as 5209 ΝΕΟ ΑΓΑΘ ΔΑΙΜ; as 5210

D248, OI52

A

[ 10 ]

BM C I 2 I

O153, B D218, O149 D222bis, O150

13 1 [ ■] [4 ] Γ2 ] [ 2] 14 ]

0154

T h e reverses Π ΡΟ Ν Ν Ε Ο Υ ΣΕ Β Α Σ Τ Ο Υ (as 5203) a n d Ο Μ Ο Ν Ο ΙΑ (as 5208) h av e n o t y et b een rec o rd e d for y e a r 4 w ith o b verse A. Didrachm. See introduction. ΕΛΠΙΣ; Elpis, 1. 5220 A

B 243/1872 (6.70)

[ ■]

Tetradrachm . (AR: see 5211-19.) ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; as 5201 5221 B

5222 5223 5224 5225 5226 5227 5228 5229 5230

D187, O155,

BMC 1 17

[7 ]

OKTAOYIA ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; as 5202

D ig i, O156,

BMC 2 6 6 5

[5 ]

B B

ΠΡΟΝ ΝΕΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; as 5203

D201, O166

ΔΗΜΟΣ ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ; as 5204

D212, O163, L

[3 ] [8]

B

ΔΗΜΗΤΕΡ; as 5205 ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣΥΝΗ; as 5206

O157, NY, BMC 2 6 7 4 D223, O159, BMC 2 6 8 9

[7 ] [8]

IPHNH; as 5207

D230, NY,

ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ; as 5208

D238, NY

B

ΡΩΜΗ; as 5209

B

ΝΕΟ ΑΓΑΘ ΔΑΙΜ; as 5210

O162, NY D266, O165,

BM C

D189, O167,

BMC 2 6 6 4

B

B B B

BMC 2 6 9 0

[5 ] [2]

172

[3 ] [8]

E n g ra v in g e rro r (5221): Α Γ Ρ ΙΠ ΙΑ Σ Ε Β Α Σ Τ Η (D 188).

LE

on reverse = y e a r 5 = A D

58/g

Tetradrachm . AR 18.5% (Walker 131-8). ΑΓΡΙΠΠΙΝΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; as 5201 5231 B

5232 5233 5234 5235 5236 5237 5238 5239 5240 5241 5242 5243 5244 5245 5246 5247 5248 5249

D192, O168, L

B

OKTAOYIA ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; as 5202

B B

ΠΡΟΝ ΝΕΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; as 5203 ΔΗΜΟΣ ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ; as 5204

D 2 I 2,

B

ΔΗΜΗΤΕΡ; as 5205 ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣΥΝΗ; as 5206

O170, L, NY

B

O181, L, NY O179, BMC

D225, O 1 7 I ,

[6

1

[ 10 ] [8] 152

BMC 1 4 6

1 8

)

B

IPHNH; as 5207

O173,

B

ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ; as 5208 PWMH; as 5209

D 239,

O175, D249, O177,

BMC 150

[7 ) [8]

BMC 159

[ ·ο ]

B C

ΝΕΟ ΑΓΑΘ ΔΑΙΜ; as 5210

D268, O180,

BMC 174

OKTAOYIA ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; as 5202

O183,

C

ΠΡΟΝ ΝΕΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; as 5203

D20I, O ig4,

G C

ΔΗΜΟΣ ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ; as 5204

O192, L, B D2 20, O184,

B

BM C

149

[7 ] [ 10 ]

BMC 2 6 6 6 BMC 155

[

7

]

[2] [9 ] [» 1 [6 ]

C

ΔΗΜΗΤΕΡ; as 5205 ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣΥΝΗ; as 5206

G

IPHNH; as 5207

D23I, O186,

C

O188, L, B

C

ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ; as 5208 PWMH; as 5209

[ 13 ) [ ■■ ]

C

ΝΕΟ ΑΓΑΘ ΔΑΙΜ; as 5210

O190, M u 95 D267, O193, BM C 173

[4 ] [ 10 ]

O185, V84,

AE. 15 mm, 2.30g (i). Date in field on rev. NEP ΚΛΑΥ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡ AYT; around K 5250 Obv.: Eagle standing, r. (head, 1.); before, standard Rev.:

NY

AE. 8m m , 0.46g (1). 5251 Obv.: NEP K[AAY] KAI[ ; around E (?) Rev.: Unclear object (Uraeus?)

B 441/1871

BMC 2 6 7 5

BMC 2 6 6 6 BMC 148

[6 ]

[ >]

1

The description of these curious small coins (5250-1) is not certain (Christiansen, p. 80, describes the reverse of 5251 as a Uraeus); their attribution to Alexandria seems sure, as does the date (at least in the case of 5251). One wonders if the E on 5251 is supposed to be a value mark, like the K on 5250 (see p. 690). Cf. the pieces which have (probably wrongly) been attributed to Caligula (above, Caligula 5109). LÇ =year 6 -= AD yg!60 Tetradrachm . AR 18% (Walker 139-43). Date on rev. OKTAOYIA ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; as 5203 5252 C ΠΡΟΝ ΝΕΟΥ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; as 5203 5253 C

D193, O196 D 202, Ο2Ο5, BMC 26702

5254 C

ΔΗΜΟΣ ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ; as 5204

D216, Ο2Ο2, BMC 153

[ 5]

5255 C

ΔΗΜΗΤΕΡ; as 5205

D 22 I, O197, BMC 2677

[ 5] [ 5] [6 ]

5256 C

ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣΥΝΗ; as 5206

D 227, O198, BMC 147

5257 C

IPHNH; as 5207

[4] [7 ]

5258 C

ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ; as 5208

D 232, O199, BMC 2692 D240, O200, L

5259 C

PWMH; as 5209

D25O, O2OI, BMC 2705

[ 5] [2]

5260 C

ΝΕΟ ΑΓΑΘ ΔΑΙΜ; as 5210

D269, O2O3, BMC 171

[7 ]

D292, NY

Γ3 1

AE. 15 mm, 2..12 g (3). Date on obv., to r. of portrait. 5261 H

Eagle, r. (wings open)

AE. 10mm, 0.91 g (11). Date on obv., to r. and 1. of portrait. 5262 H

I; in wreath

D283, BMC 1 89,

NY

[ .0 ]

LH on reverse =year 8 = AD 6112 AE. 20mm, 4.73g (17). AYTOKPAT; Roma standing, 1., with patera, shield 5263 D and spear

D278, O2O7, BMC 179

[ *5 1

5264 D

D275, O 207a, BMC 181

[ 51

AE. 15 mm, 2.■i3 g (8)· Trophy and captive kneeling in front 5265 H

D285, 0207 b, BMC 187

[ .0 ]

AE. 10 mm, 0 •99 g (4)· Trophy (no captive) 5266 H

NY, C 682/1950

AYTOKPAT; bust of Alexandria wearing elephant headdress, r.

r

5]

I 8NA(T)(OY) = year 9 = AD 6213 Tetradrachm . AR 15.7% (Walker 144-8). Date L ENA(T) and star symbol on rev. ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑ CEBACTOY; bust of Poppaea, r. D194, O208, BMC 2668

5267 E

5268 E

ΔΙΚΑΙΟ CYNH; Dikaiosyne with balance and acrostolium, leaning on column

D228, O2IO, BMC 2688

5269 E

Hippopotamus, r.

D273, O2I2, BMC 169-70

5270 E

Four corn-ears

D262, O2I4

[ 141 [51 [ I· ] [ 8]

AE. 35mm, 23.90g (1). Date L ENAT on rev. TWI CWTHPI THC OIKOYMENHC; in wreath 5271 E

P928, A, Vogt, p. 31

[-]

AE. 25 mm, 8.65 g (2). Date L ΕΝΑΤΟΥ on rev. Hawk standing, r. 5272 E

NY, 0 2 1 5 a

[ 2]

D24I, O216, BMC 2703

[ 8]

D25I, O222, BMC 156

[ 36 ] [ 54 ]

LI on reverse = year 10 —AD 69/4 Tetradrachm . AR 16.5% (Walker 149-53). Laureate head. AYTOKPA; bust of Nilus with reed and cornucopia, 5273 F r. Tetradrachm . Radiate head. 5274 F* 5275 G*

AYTOKPA; bust of Sarapis, r. ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bust of Poppaea, r.

D196, O2I7, BMC 123

AE. 30mm, 12.60g (4). AYTOKPA; bust of Nilus with cornucopia 5276 F

D277, NY

[4 ]

AE. 20 mm, 9.05 g (3). AYTOKPA; hawk, r. 5277 D

D296, 0222a

[4 ]

D291

[0 ]

[ »]

AE. 13 mm.

5278 H

Eagle

LIA on reverse = year

ii

— AD

64/5

Tetradrachm . AR 16% (Walker 154-8). Radiate head.

5279 F* 5280 G*

AYTOKPA; bust of Sarapis, r. ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bust of Poppaea, r.

?B, PGeissen 170 B 96/1892, Löbb, Münz Zentrum 52, 269, 271

5281 F*(s) 5282 G*(s)

AYTOKPA; bust of Sarapis, r. ΠΟΠΠΑΙΑ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ; bust of Poppaea, r.

D253, O226, D197, O223,

BM C 1 5 8

[ a. ]

BM C 1 2 4

[

Tetradrachm . AR (see above). Radiate bust with aegis. AYTOKPA; eagle standing with palm, 1. 5283 F*a

D27O, O228,

BMC 1 6 5

[ 44 ]

5284 F*a

BM C 1 6 7

AYTOKPA; as 5283, but simpulum to r.

AE. 39mm, 29.60g (1). ΖΕΥΣ [ΚΑ]ΠΕ[ΤΩΛ]ΙΟΣ; Zeus seated, 1.; Nike 5285 G

[a]

42 1

D281, NY

[I]

D280, A(Dem 725)

[0

AE. 35 mm.

5286 G

Sarapis seated, 1., with sceptre; Cerberus

1

The same type cited by Christiansen, p. 85, for year 14 is perhaps also of year 11?. AE. 15 mm, i •25g (0 · Hawk 5287 H

LIB on reverse =year 12 =

Cop

AD

18

[I]

65/6

Tetradrachm . AR 15% (Walker 159-67). Radiate bust with aegis, r. AYTOKPA; eagle standing with palm, 1; to r., 5288 F*a simpulum

5289 F*a

I

AYTOKPA; bust of Alexandria with elephant headdress, r.

D 272, O246,

BM C 1 6 8

[

D2O4, O238,

BM C 1 6 4

[ 99 ]

16

]

AE. 25mm, 9.05g (1). AYTOKPA; winged caduceus 5290 F?

D282, P940

[i]

AE. 15 mm, i .06 g (2). Eagle, r.

D290, NY

[a ]

5291 H

L ir= y e a r / 3 =

AD

66/7

Tetradrachm . AR 16.3% (Walker 168-77). Radiate bust with aegis. Date on rev., r. D205, O248, AYTOKPA; bust of Apollo, r. 5292 F*a

5293 F*a

AYTOKPA; helmeted bust of Roma, r.

D246, O249,

BM C 1 4 0 BM C 1 6 2

[ -5 ] [20 ]

Tetradrachm . Radiate bust with aegis, 1. Date on obv.

5294 5295 5296 5297

Gl*a

ΘΕΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ; radiate head of Augustus, r.

D184, O 25I,

BM C 1 12

Gl*a

D185, O257,

BM C I 1 4

Gl*a

ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ; laureate head of Tiberius, r. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΦΟΡΟΣ; sailing ship, r.

D263, O273,

BM C 1 7 6

Gl*a

ΔΙΟΣ ΟΛΥΜΠΙΟΥ; laureate bust of Olympian Zeus,

O255, O262,

BMC 1 2 6

[ 39 ] [ 21 ]

D258, O265,

BM C 1 2 9

[8 ]

[ 5° 1 [ 67 ]

Y

5298 Gl*a 5299 Gl*a 5300 Gl*a

ΝΕΜΕΙΟΣ ΖΕΥΣ; bust of Nemean Zeus with aegis, r. ΗΡΑ ΑΡΓΕΙΑ; veiled bust of H era Argeia, r.

D234, O266,

B M C I3 2

ΠΟΣΕΙΔΩΝ ΙΣΘΜΙΟΣ; bust of Poseidon with trident,

D242, O268,

BM C 2 6 7 1

[ [

13 1 .0

]

5301 Gl*a

ΑΚΤΙΟΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝ; laureate bust of Actian Apollo with quiver, r. (cf. 5317) Π Υ Θ ΙΟ Σ Α Π Ο Λ Λ Ω Ν ; laureate bust of Pythian Apollo with quiver, r.

5302 Gl*a

O270, NY D208, O272,

[ 7] bm c

AE. 25mm, 10.30g ( i i ). Date on rev. Agathadaemon snake with poppies and ears of corn, i 5303 G

D288, NY, L185

5304 F

0 2 7 6 a, BMC 183

AYTOKPA; eagle, r.

AE. 20mm, 5.27 g (3). Date on rev. AYTOKPA; five ears of corn 5305 F

LIA =year

14

-

=

2680

[ ■■ ]

[ [

I

]

II

]

D284, NY

[

ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΦΟΡΟΣ; ship as 5296

Hamburger 19.10.1925, lot 618

[0]

ΔΙΟΣ ΟΛΥΜΠΙΟΥ; bust of Zeus as 5297 ΝΕΜΕΙΟΣ ΖΕΥΣ; bust of Nemean Zeus as 5298

D256, O277, BMC 128

[ 15 ]

D259, O279, BMG 131 D235, O281, BMC 135

[ 28 ]

D243, L285, L

[ 13 ]

3 1

AD 6y!8

Tetradrachm . Radiate bust with aegis, 1 . Date on obv.

5306 5307 5308 5309 5310 5311 5312

Gl*a Gl*a Gl*a Gl*a Gl*a

ΗΡΑ ΑΡΓΕΙΑ; bust of H era as 5299 ΠΟΣΕΙΔΩΝ ΙΣΘΜΙΟΣ; bust of Poseidon as 5300

[

9 1

Gl*a

ΑΚΤΙΟΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝ; bust of Actian Apollo as 5301

D206, O287

Gl*a

ΠΥΘ(Ε)ΙΟΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝ; bust of Pythian Apollo as

D2O9, O288, BMC 141

[ 12 ]

D257, O292, BMC 127

[ 18 ]

D260, O295, BMC I30

[ 6]

[

3

]

53°2 Radiate bust with aegis, 1 . D ate on obv.; star symbol on rev.

5313 5314 5315 5316 5317 5318

Gl*a Gl*a

ΔΙΟΣ ΟΛΥΜΠΙΟΥ; bust of Zeus as 5297 ΝΕΜΕΙΟΣ ΖΕΥΣ; bust of Nemean Zeus as 5298

Gl*a

ΗΡΑ ΑΡΓΕΙΑ; bust of Hera as 5299 ΠΟΣΕΙΔΩΝ ΙΣΘΜΙΟΣ; bust of Poseidon as 5300

D236, O297, BMC 133, BMC 2670

[ 18 ]

Gl*a

D244, O298, BMC 136

[ 16 ]

Gl*a

ΑΚΤΙΟΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝ; bust of Actian Apollo as 5301

t 23 1

Gl*a

ΠΥΘ(Ε)ΙΟΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝ; bust of Pythian Apollo as 53 °a

D207, O300, BMC 144, BMC 2683 D210, O304, L

[ i6 ]

AE. 30 mm, 17.7 1 g (3). Date on rev.

5319 G

NY, Geissen 212, 216

Tyche standing, 1., with rudder and cornucopias

t - ]

(D 276 also records: G Nike with wreath and palm, r. (see Christiansen p. 85): existence uncertain.) AE. 25mm, io.oog (15). Date on rev. 5320 G Agathadaemon snake, r. U raeus snake, r. 5321 G

5322 G 5323 G

Vase Apis bull, r.

AE. 20 mm, 5.37 g (9)· Date on rev. Griffin with wheel, r. 5324 G Hawk, r. 5325 G

V23941, D289, O306

[8]

Geissen 213, Dem 727

[

5

]

D286, BMC 188, NY

[

3

]

D293, BMC 183, 0306a

[ 6]

D295, BMC 27 I2>Geissen 210

[

D297, P975

[ 2]

4

]

G a lb a For discussion, se e j. G. Milne, ‘The Alexandrian Coinage of Galba’, NC 1909, pp. 274-84. Milne’s nos. 1, 12 and 1819 have been 1omitted here, as either minor variants or insignificant mint errors. The plentiful minting of tetradrachms continued from the end of Nero’s reign into that of Galba. As with Nero, the fast production of the mint resulted in a number of engrav­ ing mistakes (cf. Milne, p. 280): e.g., ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΗΑ (Geissen 217, year 1) , O 338 ΑΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΑ (year 2), and (all

Roma, year 2, no symbol) O 347, Geissen 237, L = BMC 2718 and P 999. One coin with Eleutheria, leaning on column in NY (Newell, 12.81) has been struck from a reverse die where the star symbol has been recut to the simpulum symbol; the same is perhaps true of O 351 (bust of Alexandria). Apart from Alexandria and Roma herself, the types are very Roman, in the sense that they are the Roman personifications of Libertas, Pax and Virtus; even so, the actual

A L E X A N D R IA : Galba (5326-5351)

F. Kleiner, American Journal of Numismatics 1989, pp. 58-64 (plausibly identifying it at the Temple of Jupiter on the capitol at Rome). The bronze coins with Alexandria mentioned by A. Barb, NZ 1924, p. i n , nos. 5-6, cannot be found in V; one supposes that ‘bronze’ is a slip for billon.

representations of the figures are not derived from Roman models. For instance, the bust of Eirene is, effectively, iden­ tical to the bust of Hera Argeia on coins of the end of Nero’s reign. The only difference is the addition of the caduceus. For the significance of 5347 (this rare - unique? - coin seems also to have been known to Milne, op. cit., p. 284), see Obverses: A ΛΟΥΚ ΛΙΒ ΣΟΥΛΠ ΓΑΛΒΑ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒ AY(T) B ΛΟΥΚ ΛΙΒ ΣΟΥΛΠ ΓΑΛΒΑ ΣΕΒ AY(T) C ΣΕΡΟΥΙ ΓΑΛΒΑ AYTOK ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑ

laureate head, r. laureate head, r. laureate head, r.

(AR, year 1) (AR, year 2) (AR/AE, year 2)

LA on obverse =year 1 = g June-28 August 68 Tetradrachm .

5326 A

ΑΑΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΑ; draped bust of Alexandria with elephant headdress, r.

D298, O32O, BMC 200

1 23 ]

5327 A

ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ; Eleutheria, leaning on column, with wreath and sceptre, 1.

D306, O3O7,

BMC 1 9 2

[ 21 ]

5328 A

ΕΙΡΗΝΗ; veiled bust of Eirene wearing olive wreath, with caduceus, r.

D302, O308, BMC 1 9 0

[ l6 ]

5329 A

ΚΡΑΤΉΣΙΣ; Kratesis with Nike and trophy, standing

D3II, O3I4, BMC 1 9 4

[

>9

]

0314, O317. BMC ' 9 7

[

14

]

1.

5330 A

ΡΩΜΗ; helmeted bust of Roma with spear and shield, r.

LB —year 2 = 2g August 68-15 January 6g Tetradrachm . Date on obv.

5331 5332 5333 5334 5335

B

ΑΑΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΑ; bust of Alexandria as 5336

O326, B

[

3 1

B B B

ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ; Eleutheria as 5337

D308, 0323

[

4

ΕΙΡΗΝΗ; bust of Eirene as 5338

D303, Geissen 228

[ 2]

ΚΡΑΤΗΣΙΣ; Kratesis as 5339

NY, Cop 147

[

B

ΡΩΜΗ; bust of Roma as 5330

D315, O325

[ ♦]

4

]

]

Tetradrachm . Date on obv. and star on rev.

5336 5337 5338 5339 5340

C

ΑΑΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΑ; bust of Alexandria as 5336

D3OO, O335, BMC 2 7 2 1

[ 15 1

C

ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ; Eleutheria as 5337

D309, O329, L

[ 14 1

C

ΕΙΡΗΝΗ; bust of Eirene as 5338

D304, O327, BMC I9I

[ 12 ]

ΚΡΑΤΗΣΙΣ; Kratesis as 5339 ΡΩΜΗ; bust of Roma as 5330

D312, O331, BMC 196

[

D316, O333, BMC 198

[ 8]

C C

Tetradrachm . Date on obv. and simpulum on rev. ΑΑΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΑ; bust of Alexandria as 5336 5341 C

5342 5343 5344 5345

C C

ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ; Eleutheria as 5337

D301, O348, L D3IO, O34I, BMC 1 9 3

ΕΙΡΗΝΗ; bust of Eirene as 5338

D3O5, O339,

C

ΚΡΑΤΗΣΙΣ; Kratesis as 5339

D3I3, O344, BMC 1 9 5

C

ΡΩΜΗ; bust of Roma as 5330

CSG, O346,

BMC 2 7 1 5

BMC 2 7 1 9

9 1

[ 16 ) [ 13 1 [ II ] [7 1 [7 1

AE. 35 mm, 24.49 g (5)· Date on rev. Winged bust of Nike, r. 5346 C

D322, 0353

5347 C

NY

[7 ] [-1

O 353, BMC 205 D319, Geissen 240, NY

[5 ] [2 ]

Temple

AE. 30 mm, i 5.04g (5). Date on rev.

5348 C 5349 C

Bust of Nilus, r. Bust of Isis (with ears of corn), r.

AE. 25 mm, 9.30 g (12). Date on rev.

5350 C 5351 C

Bust of Sarapis, r. Bust of Isis (with Isis crown), r.

7 //

D323, O354, BMC 2 0 1 D32O, O356, BMC 2 0 2

1 17 1

[ 13 1

AE. 20 mm, 5.87 g (2). D ate on rev. 5352 C Canopus standing, r.

D318, O357,

bm c 2 0 4

[ 10 ]

Otho The silver coinage of Otho is surprisingly abundant for such a short reign, continuing the large output of the later years of Nero and of Galba. A study of the coinage is being prepared by A. Savio. Obverses: A AYTOK MAPK ΟΘΩΝΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒ B MAPK ΟΘΩΝ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒ AYT

The types, both on silver and bronze, merely continue those of Galba. The portraits illustrate that the engravers had no knowledge of Otho’s appearance or imago.

laureate head, r. laureate head, r.

(AR/AE, year 1) (AE, year 1)

Year 1 = 15 January-25 April 6g Tetradrachm . Date on obv.; simpulum on rev.

5353 A

ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕ A; draped bust of Alexandria with elephant headdress, r. (c f. 5358)

NY, B

5354 A

ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ; Eleutheria, leaning on column, with wreath and sceptre, 1.

D 327, O359,

5355 A

ΕΙΡΗΝΗ; veiled bust of Eirene wearing olive wreath, with caduceus, r. (c f. 5360)

O358, B

[

5356 A

ΚΡΑΤΗΣΙΣ; Kratesis with Nike and trophy, standing

D329, O361

[ 21

O362, NY

[ 3 ]

f

5357 A

(rf.

[41 [ 5 1

BM C 2 0 8

2]

5361)

ΡΩΜΗ; helmeted bust of Roma with spear and shield, r. (c f. 5363)

T etradrachm . Date on obv.; no symbol on rev.

5358 5359 5360 5361 5362

A

ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΑ; bust of Alexandria as 5353

A

ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ; Eleutheria as 5354

D324, O368, D326, O365,

A

ΕΙΡΗΝΗ; bust of Eirene as 5355

D 3 2 5 ,

A

ΚΡΑΤΗΣΙΣ; Kratesis as 5356

D328, O366,

BM C 2 1 0

A

ΡΩΜΗ; bust of Roma as 5357

D 33O ,

BM C

BMC 2 1 2

[ -3 1

BMC 2 0 9

[>7 1

O 3 6 3 , BM C 2 0 6

[ ·6 ]

O 3 6 7 ,

2I I

[ ,2 ]

[

.1 1

Mu n o and 115 (tetradrachms with Sarapis) are both false. AE. 35mm, 27.75g (: )· Date on rev. 5363 A Bust of Nike, r.

D335, NY,

BM C

2723

[ 3 1

AE. 30mm, 14.32 g (6). Date on rev.

5364 A 5365 A

Bust of Nilus, r.

D 3 3 6 ,

0368a,

Bust of Isis (with ears of corn), r.

D 3 3 2 ,

BMC 2 1 4

BM C 2 1 7

[ 3 1

[ 2]

AE. 25mm, 9.41 g (12). Date on rev.

5366 5367 5368 5369

A

Bust of Sarapis, r.

0 3 6 9 , BMC 2 1 3

B

Bust of Sarapis, r.

D337, B(I-B)

A B

Bust of Isis (with Isis crown), r.

D 333> Mu h i 0370, B g6/i8g2,

Bust of Isis, r.

AE. 20mm, 5.72 g (3). Date on rev. 5370 A Canopus standing, r.

0 3 7 1 , BMC 2 1 6

5371 B

D33I, B28662

Canopus standing, r.

[ H1 [I] [ 12 ] bm c 215

[ 5 1

[i1 [ 8]

Vitellius As with Otho, the portrait of Vitellius does not suggest any knowledge of his appearance. The bronze coinage continues Obverse: A ΩΛΟΥ OYIT ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒ ΓΕΡΜ AYT

the types of the previous reigns, but the silver types are replaced with two anodyne versions of Nike.

laureate head, r.

(AR/AE)

A L E X A N D R IA : Vitellius (5372-5378)

LA on reverse =year 1 = ig A pril-i July 6g Tetradrachm .

5372 A 5373 A AE. 35 mm. 5374 A

Nike flying, 1.

D340, O372,

Nike flying, r.

d 339, O375.' BMC «7*5

Bust of Nike, r.

N Y ,

AE. 30 mm, i 7-O3 g ( 0 · 5375 A Bust of Nilus, r. (cf. 5364)

BMC 2 1 8

G 147

[

18

]

[8 ] [2 ]

O376

[4 ]

AE. 25 mm, 8.68 g (3).

5376 A 5377 A

Bust of Sarapis, r.

D342, O378,

Bust of Isis (with Isis crown), r. (cf. 5369)

d 34 L O379

[6 ]

20,

[5]

BMC 2 1 9

[6 ]

Engraving mistake: Ο 377 (Sarapis: ... ΣΕ ... for ... ΣΕΒ ...). AE. 20mm, 4.18g (2). 5378 A Canopus standing, r.

bmc

bm c 2 2 0

7/3

UNCERTAIN

COINS Cat. no.

Cat. no. N o p o rtra it (L atin legends): C Cose C a r (cf. 5402) P Coscon (cf. 5401) T ad i M a ri M I a [ ] L L ic[ ] Aed ] L A n t A ed

5401 5402 5403

5404 5405

5406

C aesar: C a e sa r/M . F eridius

5407

Q

V om anius Acilius G alab rio Prow M . V ehilius A ufidius R ufus A V G V S T T R P O T /d ia d e m e d head, 1. CEBACTOY Θ Ε /A g rip p a son o f A grippa and Ju lia 0EO C/CEBA C TO Y ΘΕ ΕΠ Ι ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ TO ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΝ ΘΕΟΝ AYTOKPATOPA C a p rico rn (cf. 5448) A ugustus/w olf? ΑΥΓΟΥ CTO C/ ΑΥΓΟΥ CT [ galley A u g u stu s?/trip o d A ugustus/rose? A u g u stu s/L iv ia (ICIN?) A u g u stu s/A th en a head A u g u stu s/facin g h ead

5438

T iberius: D IV V S A V G V S T V S P A T E R P A T R m r, P O N T IF M A X in w reath (cf. 5454) H e a d in w re a th /T R IB P O T X X X V I I I (cf.

5439 544° 5441

5455)

N o p o rtra it (G reek legends): ΧΑΛΚΟΥΣ ET 4K

A ugustus: C a e sa r/A u g u stu s (cf. 5434?)

A grippa Postum us?: A G R IP P A /V icto ry

5408 5 4 0 9 -1 1 5412-14 5415

T ib e riu s/seated figure D ionysus ΝΟΜ Η Cybele Sakantes (cf. 5446) A koddas (cf. 5445) TIB/CEB ΘΕΟΝ AYTOKPATOPA C a p ric o rn (cf. 5423) A rtem is h u n tin g H elm eted h ead PA C E A V G P E R P

5442 5443 5444 5445 5446 5447 5448 5449 5450 5451

D rusus: D R V /G E R C aduceus (am p h o ra counterm ark)

5452 5453

C aligula: P O N T M A X T R P O T E S T C O S (cf. 5440) H e a d in w re a th /P O N T M A X IM , etc. (cf. 5441) H ead w ith sta r/h e a d o f Z eus

5454 5455 5456

C laudius ΕΠΙ ΜΑΡΚΟΥ K A I[ CEBACTOC Nike, r. M yrlea

5457 5458 5459 5460

Nero: ‘E b o d a ’ D entikles N ero /C lau d iu s E P N ero an d P o p p a e a /A ugustus (silver)

5461 5462 5463 5464 5465

U n certain em peror: ΓΟΡΤΥΝ V IC T O R IA

5466 5467

54ï6 5417

5418 5419 5420 5421

5422 5423 5424 5425 5426 5427 5428 5429 5430

D ivus A ugustus: TA DEDVCTOR

5431 5432-3

Livia: F em ale h ead /fem ale h ead (cf. 5408?) Pedonochos (u n d er T iberius) V eiled h ead /N ik e

5434 5435 5436

‘J u lia ’: Γ Α ΐ/ιο γ Λ ίΑ

5437

N o p o rtra it (L atin legends) 5401 AE. 14mm, 3.23g (3). Axis: 3 or 9.

[ 3 ]

closely linked, b y style a n d n am e, w ith 5 4 0 2 , w h ich G ra n t a ttrib u te d to C y ren aica.

FiTA 243

Female head, r. C C O S C C A R ; unclear type (rose?) i . P , 3.95; 2. P , 3.48; 3. G (V ol. I l l , 736, no. 45, pi. cii, no. 24), 2.27. T h e legend w as re a d C. C a r., C . C os. by G ra n t, b u t th e p u n c tu a tio n is clear. G ra n t a ttrib u te d the coin to R hodes (an d as evidence for a tra n sie n t a n d otherw ise un k n o w n colony there) because o f th e rev. type w hich does look like a rose, b u t th e a ttrib u tio n does n o t seem very likely. T h e coin is

5402 AE. 15 mm, 4.33 g (2). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 1 ]

FITA 260

Female head, r. P C O SC O N ; uncertain type i . P 5.24; 2. P V (stru ck o v er ?), 3.41. T h e rev. type w as identified by

U N C E R T A I N (5403-5411)

Head of Hercules, r. M IA[ ] L L IC [ ] AED

G ra n t as a silp h iu m p la n t. T h e coin w as therefore a ttrib u te d to C y ren a ica a n d th e existence o f a fleeting colony ad d u c ed . T h is a ttrib u tio n w as rejected by B u ttrey (see p. 227). T h e coin is closely re la te d to 5 4 01.

5403 AE. 14mm, 2.57g (3)· Axis: 5 o r 6. ήτα 234

i . P 914 (ex C o u sin éry 18 2 1 ), 1.33. M io n n et re a d th e n am e o f th e second aedilis as B L IC V S , b u t th e re a d in g L .L IC (in iu s) seem s m o re likely. N o

[ 3 ]

eth n ic is visible on th e coin, b u t th e style, th e size o f th e coin, th e fact th a t it is sig n ed b y aediles a n d th e p ro b ab le p ro v en an c e fro m A sia M in o r (as it w as ac q u ired b y C ousinéry) m ig h t p o in t to w ard s P a riu m in the T riu m v ira l period.

TADI; veiled fem ale h e a d b o u n d w ith S tephane MARI; th ro n e w ith ax e (?) u n d e rn e a th i . L 1843—7—12—32 ( = fita, p i. V I I .25), 2.61; 2. P 1980/267, 2.60; 3. M u (U n certa in ), 2.51. G r a n t’s a ttrib u tio n to M a lta is ju s t a guess; he u sed th e coin to p o sit th e existence o f a colony there. T h e d a te o f th e coins (w hich are p ro b a b ly genuine) is also u n ce rtain . T h e nam es a re no use in in d icatin g an attrib u tio n ; even in this ca talo g u e alone, T a d ii a re know n a t U tic a a n d C nossus, a n d M a rii a t B a b b a a n d in S p ain (C alag u rris a n d T u riaso ).

5404 AE. 12mm, 1.33g (1). Axis: 12.

7/5

5405 AE. 12mm, 2.00g (1).

[ o ]

C T P [ ; female head, r. JL-ANT-AED; star of eight rays Ï . J S W , 2.00. T h e p ro v en an c e o f this u n iq u e coin is un k n o w n . T h e size a n d th e sig n atu re o f aediles m ay p o in t to w ard s P a riu m (2253— 9); b u t the reg u lar eth n ic o f P a riu m is C G IP , n o t C I P [ , w h ich m ig h t in d icate an A frican m in t like C o lo n ia Iu lia P ia P a te rn a (p. 194), w h ere q u a ttu o rv iri signed an em ission u n d e r A u g u stu s (7 6 0 ).

[ 1 ]

Mi. Supp. 5, 393, no. 692

N o p o rtra it (G reek legends) 5406 AE. 13mm, 1.62g (2). Axis: 12.

th e a ttrib u tio n to A g rip p a I I a n d even J u d a e a w as n o t ce rtain . ΧΑΛΚΟΥΣ occurs on th e N ero n ian coinage o f A n tio ch (4 3 0 2 ), a n d H ow gego p ro p o sed a re -a ttrib u tio n th ere ( G IC 58, n. 32; th e su g g estio n th a t th e d ate m ig h t h av e been tjK[P] is, how ever, w ro n g ). T h is seem s p la u sib le, a n d th e o b vious occasion is in th e reig n o f A u g u stu s, w h ere th e sam e d a te fo rm u la occurs (y ear 26 = 6 /5 bc).

[ 2 ]

BMC Agrippa II, 62 ΧΑΛΚΟΥΣ ET ζΚ; anchor i . L = BMC 6 2 , 1.4.6; 2. G 224., no. 9, 1.78. H ill in B M C p o in ted o u t th a t

C a e sa r i . T ü b in g en , 13.82. T h e read in g o f the rev. leg en d is n o t ce rtain . B u t i f it is accep ted , this coin m ig h t p ro v id e the m issin g link w ith th e coins signed b y th e p ro co n su l M . R u tilu s (3 5 1 7 ) as a d u o v ir w ith th e n a m e F erid iu s figures o n b o th series. T h is w o u ld pro v e th a t the fo u n d a tio n o f th e Colonia Iu lia Gemina in d eed o ccu rred in th e T riu m v ira l p erio d , as s ta te d b y G ran t, F I T A 238.

5407 AE. 25mm, 13.82g (1). Axis: 12. [ o ] CAESAR IM P D IC T COS; diademed head of Caesar, r. IVL G E M M FER ID IV S IIV IR EX D D; Athena (?) holding Nike, 1.

A u g u stu s 5408 AE. 23mm, 10.01 g (1). Axis: 6. [ [

[ o ]

JIVLIVS; diademed head of Caesar, r. ]D IV I F(?); bare head of Augustus, 1.

i . J S W , ίο .o i. T h is u n iq u e coin is difficult to in te rp re t. I t m ig h t have been stru ck u n d e r A u g u stu s, b u t m ig h t be la te r as w ell (second ce n tu ry ). N o eth n ic is legible, b u t this is p ro b a b ly d u e to th e poor sta te o f co n serv atio n o f th e coin. A m in t in A sia M in o r seem s th e m o st likely guess. T h is coin has a g en eral resem b lan ce to 5 4 3 4 .

i . L 1 9 0 8 -8 -3 -2 (= PGG V I I .B .5), 9.36; 2. P 12 1, 8.37; 3 . B L ö b b (= AM NG, pi. 111 , 7 ), 8.78; 4 . B K n o b elsd o rf, 6.70; 5. C; 6. G o, 7.25; 7. P V ( e x j . S ch u lm an 265/1976, 498), 8.1; 8. R W , 6.92; 9 —10. R W , 7.79, 6.72; i i . C ollection T h io llier, 5.71; 12. A u ctio n es A G 13/1983, lot 177 (ex E gger 40/1912, lot 474; H ess-L eu 28/1965, lo t 163), 6.82; 13. S tern b e rg X II/1 9 8 2 , lo t 526, 7.70; 14. C ollectio n L affaille, 6.79. N e u tro n ab so rp tio n analyses on: 2 a n d 7.

5411 AE. 19 -2 0 mm, 4.63g (1). Axis: 9.

[ 1 ]

FITA 1 3 - 1 9

5409 Bronze. 24-8 mm, 19.02 g (26). Axis: 12 or 6.

[ 11 ]

AMNG 226-7, FITA ! 3_I9

i . M u , 4.63; 2. I ( = FiTA, pi. 11 , 2 : rev.).

Bare head, r. Fiscus, sella quaestoria and hasta; below, Q i . L 1 9 8 0 -4 -3 -1 , 16.38; 2—3. P Y 28658/2—3, 18.31, 20.98; 4 . P, 16.16; 5. B I-B , 22.20; 6. B 322/1878 (=fita, pi. 11 , 3 ), 21.76; 7. B 527/1912 (ex Egger, C ollection Prow e, 2 /V /1 9 1 2 , lot 473), 18.64; 8. O , 17.59; 9 · Be 3768, 18.80; 10. C , 15.91; i i —12. N Y , 19.86, 19.30; 13. P a rm a , 20.65; 14—15. M cG ill, 20.58, 19.32; 16—17. C ollection T hiollier, 20.38, 17.19; 18—20. R W , 21.62, 19.15, 18.25; 21. PV, 17.94; aa. C ollection H ey n en 101, 20.65; 23 · A uctiones A G 5/1975, lo t 82, 16.00; 24. S tern b e rg X I/1 9 8 1 , lot 565 (ex A. C a h n 60/1928, lo t 13x6), 18.36; 25. C ré d it Suisse B ern 1, 2 2 -2 3 /IV /1 9 8 3 , lo t 273, 19.37; 26. G . H irsch 156/1987,1014 1 3 , 19.05. N eu tro n ab so rp tio n analyses on: 2, 3, 4 a n d 21.

5410 Brass. 19-21 mm, 7.46g (13). Axis: 12. AMNG 228, FITA 13-I9

As As

5409 5409

As 5 4 0 9 - 1 0 Prow; below, Q

[ 5 ]

5 4 0 9 —11. T h e coinage w ith Q com prises th re e d e n o m in atio n s. T h e two la rg est (5409 a n d 5410) h av e o n th e rev erse a fiscus, a sella quaestoria a n d a hasta; th e th ird (5411) a prow . T h e p o rtra it o n th e obverse h as b een d iversely in te rp re te d : it w as assig n ed to B ru tu s b y F ried län d er, Berliner B lä tte r f ü r M ü n z-, Siegel und W appenkunde I I (1865), p. 143, Im h o o f-B lu m er, M G , p. 60, a n d M .-L . V o llen w eid er, D ie Porträtgemmen der römischen R epublik (1972), pl. 97,3; (1974), p p . 141-2, n. 27, b u t to A u g u stu s b y G aeb ler, Z f N 23 (1902), p. 186, A. A lfoldi, A J A 63 (1959), p p . 10-11, a n d H . Seyrig, R N 1969, p. 52. G ra n t, F I T A , p p . 13-15, id entified th e p o rtra it as C ae sa r, follow ed b y M . Price, Coins o f the M acedonians (1974), pp. 33—4, p h X V I, 85. . T h is issue is re la te d to th e coinage o f th e u n c e rta in C ilician colony signed P R IN C E P S F E L I X (4 0 8 2 -3 ), as th e p o rtr a it o n b o th issues seem s p e rh a p s to h ave been en g rav ed b y th e sam e h a n d . T h erefo re, as the P rin cep s Felix p o rtra it is co nsidered h ere as O c ta v ia n /A u g u stu s, th e sam e id en tificatio n h as been a d o p te d for th e Q coinage. T h is issue h as alw ays been co n sid ered as M aced o n ian , d u e to th e reverse typology on 5 409-10 w hich is sim ilar to th a t found o n the A esillas

coinage. B u t th e hasta, w h ich is a n em blem o f im p eriu m , th e m oney ch est a n d th e q u a e sto r’s ch a ir o f office are objects w hich sym bolise th e au th o rity o f R o m a n officials a n d they are found elsew here, e.g., on th e coinage o f P u p iu s R ufus (9 19-23). T h e y certain ly denote a ra n k o f qu ae sto r p ro p ra e to re (F I T A , p. 16), as th e sp ear could n o t be used n o rm ally by a q u a e sto r w ho d id n o t possess imperium. G ra n t assigned th e Q issue to M . A cilius in 45 /4 4 bc a n d suppo sed th a t h e w as th e g o v ern o r o f M aced o n ia d u rin g th e la st y ear o f C a e sa r’s life. B ut th a t is ju s t a guess. I t sh o u ld be noted th a t no specim en has tu rn e d u p in M aced o n ia, b u t th a t tw o w ere b o u g h t in B eiru t by H . Seyrig (5 4 0 9 /2 -3 ). T he refo re a S y rian origin is suggested here, w hich w ould su it th e C ilician colony p arallel b e tte r, an d a d a te o f c. 30 bc. T h e th re e d en o m in atio n s have th e following w eights: 5409 5410 5411

2 4 -8 m m , 19.02 g (26) 19-21 m m , 7 .46g (13) 19-20 m m , 4.63 g (1)

I t is difficult to decide w hich values they rep resen t: a d u p o n d iu s, an as a n d a sem is? I t is confusing to no te th a t new analyses show s th a t th a t 5409 is bronze, b u t 5410 brass.

5412 AE. 20mm, 8.03g (3)· Axis: i.

[ 1 ]

IM P CAESAR D IV I F AVGVSTVS COS V III; bare head of Augustus, r. T VO M AN M M EM M FLAM QVINQ· ITER; colonist (priest) ploughing with two humped oxen, r.; behind, aquila between two signa i . P D ele p ierre (P a tra s), 6.58; 2. P V (ex A u fh ä u se r 7 -8 /X /1 9 8 7 , lo t 228), 8.05; 3. J S W , 9.47. 1-3 from th e sam e p a ir o f dies.

5413 AE. 17-igm m , 4.99g (6). Axis: 12/1. F iT A

[ 4 ]

143-4

As 5412 As 5412, twin goddesses with kalathos seated facing, holding patera (?)

5415 AE. 27-31 mm, 14.88g (8). Axis: 6 or 12. f it a

81—2,

r im

[ 7 ]

27-9

IM P CAESAR D IV I F AVGVST COS IX; bare head of Augustus, r., crowned by Victory, standing 1. M A CILIV S GLABRIO PRO COS; heads face to face of Marcellus (on 1.) and Ju lia (on r.) I. L 1853-6 -1 7 —98, 21.09; 2 . P 1064 (= F I T A , p i. 1,23). 12.41; 3 . P 1065,

i . L 197 8 -1 0 -2 -1 (ex A ulock), 5.90; 2. L 188 5 -6 -6 -3 5 5 ( = fita, pi. I V ,24: ob v .), 4.65; 3. P 1 0 8 1 /4 0 2 (ex S tern b e rg X I / i q 8 i , lot 372), 5.45; 4 . B I-B ( = fita, pi. I V ,24: rev .), 4.42; 5 . P V , 5.64; 6. J S W , 3 .8 5 .

5414 AE. 16 mm, 4.08 g (3). Axis: 7.

N ow th a t series 5412 a n d 5413 h av e b een correctly read , they can be p u t to g eth er w ith series 5414, w h ich h as th e sam e m a g istra te s’ n am es. G ra n t h a d seen specim en 5414/1, w hich is in very good con d itio n , an d gave an ac c u ra te d escrip tio n in F I T A , p p . 2 54-5, b u t obviously he was u n ab le to con n ect it w ith series 5413. G ra n t gave series 5414 to H eraclea P o n tica, w h ere a colony w as esta b lish ed eith er d u rin g C a e sa r’s lifetim e or else b y A n to n y . I t su rv iv ed on ly briefly a n d cam e to a v io len t en d in the th irtie s bc. Series 5414, w h ich m a rk ed the decennium o f th e colony, ac co rd in g to G ra n t, w as stru ck in 35 /3 4 o r 32/31 bc. T h e a ttrib u tio n to H eraclea w as b ased o n th e choice o f types - H eracles a n d H erm es - w hich are found o n th e coinage o f th e city a t o th e r periods. T h is a ttrib u tio n is no lo n g er possible, n o w th a t w e know th a t th e issue w as stru ck in 26 bc. B u t th e p ro b lem rem ain s insoluble: th e issue was stru ck by a colony th a t h a d existed a t le ast ten y ears in 26 bc a n d h a d been fo u n d ed d u rin g th e T riu m v ira te . All th e new specim ens th a t h ave tu rn e d u p recen tly a re from T u rk e y , th o u g h u n fo rtu n a tely w ith o u t an ex act p ro v en an ce; C ilicia seem s to b e the only area th a t can be ru le d o u t (acco rd in g to E. L ev an te). T h e h u m p e d bull on 5412 m ig h t suggest th a t it w as stru ck in so u th ea stern A n ato lia, a n d th e sam e goes for th e tw in goddesses o n series 5413, w h ere th e closest p arallel is in d e ed C o m a m a or, slightly less likely, A spendos (see L. R o b ert, Hellenica X I —X I I (i9 6 0 ), pp. 176-88). T h e colonies o f A n tio ch , O lb a sa , C o m a m a, C rem n a, P arla is o r L y stra are am o n g th e possibilities, ex cep t th a t th ey are all th o u g h t to h av e been fo u n d ed by A u g u stu s. T h is issue w o u ld therefo re in d icate th a t o ne o f them w as in fact fo u n d ed ea rlier o r th a t th e re w as a n o th e r colony, h ith e rto unknow n.

[ 2 ]

254-5 T V O M A N IV S IIV IR Q V IN Q ; head of Hercules, r.; club behind neck M-[ ]M IV FLAM Q V IN Q ITER; bust of Mercury, r., with caduceus f it a

I. P ( = FITA, pi. I X ,3), 4 -9 9 ; 2. M u , 3.98; 3 . R W , 3.27.

5 4 1 2 —4 . T h e ab o v e issue, stru ck in th re e den o m in atio n s, has raised p roblem s o f in te rp re ta tio n a n d m int. O n ly 5413 a n d 5414 have been p u b lish e d before; series 5412 is un p u b lish ed . In F I T A , p p . 143-4, G ra n t discussed series 5413 a t som e len g th , a lth o u g h he only knew tw o exam ples (5 4 1 3 /4 -5 ), w hich are in very p o o r co ndition, a n d this led him astra y . Because he th o u g h t th a t th e reverse read [ ]L V C A V [ ] Q A M Q V IN T I, he identified th e tw o figures as the tw o y o u n g princes C aius a n d L ucius, an d restored th e legend [C] L V [cius] C (ae sare s] A V [g F P rin c lu v ] Q A M Q V IN T I, w ith Q .A M .Q V IN T I being th e n am e o f th e p roconsul w ho w as supposed to have a u th o rise d th e issue. As to th e m int, G ra n t gave the issue to C y p ru s b ecause he th o u g h t th a t th e style w as sim ilar to p o rtra its o f A ugustu s on som e issues th a t w ere securely a ttrib u te d to the isla n d (3908-13). H ow ever, G ra n t ch a n g ed his m in d in N C 1949, p. 242, n. 23. H e no longer re a d th e n a m e o f a pro co n su l a t th e en d o f th e reverse legend, an d p ro p o sed in ste ad Q V IN Q , a n d consequently gave th e issue to a R o m a n colony, as Q V I N Q referred to m a g istrates h olding office in a colony in a q u in q u e n n ia l year. Since C y p ru s w as n o t know n to h av e colonies, G ra n t suggested C o m a m a in P isidia as th e m int, a n d now identified th e reverse type as seated cu lt s tatu es sim ilar to those found on th e coins o f C o m a m a in the reign o f C a ra c a lla J N G 1970, p p . 156-7, no. 16, pi. 15). T h is new a ttrib u tio n w as n o t, how ever, re p e a te d in th e second edition o f F I T A in 1969· T h a n k s to specim ens 5413/1 a n d 2, th e read in g is now ce rtain . 5413/1 provides th e full obverse legend a n d refers to A ugustus as consul for th e eighth tim e (C O S V I I I ) , i.e., 26 bc. O n th e reverse, the nam e o f th e m a g istrates T . V O M A N (iu s) a n d M (arcu s) M E M M (iu s) F L A M (-en ; -ininus; -m a?) a re perfectly legible: T . V o m an iu s a n d M . M em m iu s F lam , w ere q u in q u e n n ia l duovirs for th e second tim e. T h e sam e legends are fo und on series 5412.

15.47; 4. P W a 7 4 4 9 , 11.91; 5. P D ’A illy 17428, 12.19; 6—7. V 27335, 15.27, 13.66; 8. P V , 17.05; 9 . G len d in in g , P la tt H all coll. I, ig /V II/1 9 5 0 , lot 856 ( = rim 27, fig. 6); 10. A u ctio n M M 13/1954, lo t 965; 11. R ( = G n e c c h i, rin 2 (1889), 153-6, n. 2, pi. I l l , 16: rev. ‘T ib e riu s a n d L iv ia’). T h e series stru ck in the n a m e o f th e p ro co n su l M . A cilius G lab rio is d ated to 25 b c , a s A u g u stu s is consul for the n in th tim e. B u t th e coins lack any in d icatio n o f m int. B abelon, w h en p u b lish in g th e sp ecim en o f th e W a d d in g to n collection ( R N 1898, p. 629), w as th e first to p ro p o se th e a ttrib u tio n o f this series to A frica. I t is clear th a t h e h a d in m in d th e in scrip tio n from E p h esu s p u b lish e d by B oeckh ( C IG I I , 2679), w h ere an A cilius G lab rio is en titled άνθυπατος Ά φ ρ ίκ [η]ς, th o u g h th e F asti o f A frica do n o t m en tio n a G lab rio as pro co n su l. T h is a ttrib u tio n w as accep ted b y G ra n t, F I T A , pp. 81-2, w ho w as in clin ed to assign th e series to a B y zacenian m in t. B ut G ro ag an d S tein (P I R I 2, A 71) h a d alread y s tated th a t the E p h e sian in scrip tio n w as to be d a te d to th e first c e n tu ry ad a n d could n o t refer to the consul suffectus o f 33 bc. T h erefo re th e a ttrib u tio n o f this series to A frica m u st really be q u estio n ed , a n d M . A cilus G la b rio ’s in clu sio n am o n g proconsuls o f A frica is n o t ce rtain . (T h o m asso n in clu d es h im b u t n o t P flaum .) T h is series is k n ow n from a reaso n ab le n u m b e r o f sp ecim ens, b u t u n fo rtu n a tely they all lack a p ro v en an ce. T h e coins are stru ck on flans w ith ro u n d edges, w h ich excludes B yzacene; if A frican, a m in t like U tic a m ig h t be pro p o sed . T h is series h as a d ia m eter o f 27—31 m m a n d a w eig h t o f 14.88g, a n d p resu m a b ly rep resen ts a d u p o n d iu s. T h e iden tificatio n o f th e p o rtra its o n the reverse is p ro b lem atic. B abelon p ro p o sed C ae sa r a n d O c ta v ia . B u t th e m ale h e a d seem s too y o u th fu l for C ae sa r. A n a ttrib u tio n to A g rip p a is possible in 25 bc, b u t it w o u ld be difficult to find a su ita b le p a r tn e r for him . T h e sam e is tru e if th e fem ale p o rtra it is iden tified as O cta v ia. T h e refo re th e so lution p ro p o sed by G ra n t is te n tativ ely accep ted here: in 25 bc M arcellu s m a rried J u lia a n d G lab rio p o rtra y e d h im a n d his wife.

5416 Bronze. 2 8 -9 mm, 17.99g (8)· Axis: 12. f i t a 82-4

[ 5 ]

Bare head of Augustus, r. Prow with superstructure, r. i . P 4643 ( = fita, pi. 111,14: rev .), 14.75; 2. P D ’A illy 11284, 21.19; 3 · P 1 9 7 9 /2 2 3 , 16.68; 4 . B 537/1911 ( = fita, pi. 111,13: o b v .), 18.99; 5 · G 117/1948 (ex G ra n t), 18.34; 6· P V , 17.94; 7. C ollection T h io llier (T o u lo n ), 17.08; 8. W a d d ell I I , 1 2 /IX /1 9 8 7 , lot 315 (ex S tern b erg X I/1 9 8 1 , lot 568), 18.94.

U N C E R T A I N (5417-5428)

T h is series of ra re bronze coins raises problem s o f in te rp re ta tio n . I t was assigned to G au l by S y d en h am (N C 1917, p· 58) a n d to a d a te o f c. 40 -3 8 BC. B ut G ra n t, F I T A , pp. 8 2 -3 , easily d isproved this early date: A u g u stu s’s p o rtra it in d icates th a t these bronzes a re post-A ctian. I t rem ain s to determ in e th e m in t. T h e discovery o f one specim en (5416/5) in th e neig h b o u rh o o d o f Is ta n b u l, a n d supposed stylistic sim ilarities w ith M aced o n ian issues, led G ra n t to propose a M aced o n ian series o rd ered by M . A n to n iu s P rim u s, p roconsul of th e province in 23 bc ( F I T A , pp. 8 3 -4 ). T h is solution, how ever, seem s highly im p lau sib le, a n d it is b e tte r to re tu rn to a G allic m in t for th e follow ing reasons: (1) th e form of th e p row w ith su p e rstru c tu re is p aralleled a t C o p ia (5 14-15), V ien n a (517) a n d A rausio? (533); (2) a second p ro v en an c e is now recorded: specim en 5416/7 w as b o u g h t in L yon before 1910. E ven if G ra n t d id n o t see an y o f these coins am o n g th e 847 A u g u stan G allic aes he exam ined in th e south o f F ran ce, the m ere fact th a t th re e coins are in th e P collection favours a G allic origin; (3) th e doub le-bevelled edge o f the p resen t series a n d th e careful d ie-settin g at tw elve o ’clock recall th e C .I.V . issue (517). T herefore a G allic m in t is suggested here, a n d a d a te o fc. 30-25 bc. T h re e u n p u b lish e d analyses reveal th a t these coins a re m a d e o f bronze (91% o f copper + 6% o f tin a n d 3% o fle a d ). T h e d e n o m in atio n struck w as p ro b ab ly a n as, b u t the series o f A rau sio (?) (533), w hich has exactly th e sam e w eight, is considered by A m a n d ry as a d u p o n d iu s ( C E N B , A p ril-J u n e 1986, pp. 21-34).

5417 AE. 22mm, 8.94g ( 0 · Axis: i.

[ i ]

152-3 IM P C AESARIS-A-TR-P M V PIV S; bare head, 1. M V EH ILIV S T V R P IL -PR IS T IV Q ; plough; in the field, D D

F iT A

i . B R a u c h ( = fita, pi. V I ,5), 8.94. T h is u n iq u e coin lies am ong th e coins o f B u th ro tu m in th e B collection, b u t its style has n o th in g in com m on w ith th e B u th ro tu m series, as stated by G ra n t, F I T A , p. 152, n. 5. T h e presence o f th e nam es o f du oviri q u in q u e n n ales on th e reverse suggests a colonial or a m u n icip a l coinage. G ra n t offered th e read in g M .V E H IL .T V S [ J T V R P IL .P R IS , suggesting th e nam es M . V ehilius T u s(cu s) (?) a n d T u rp ilia n u s P riscus. B u t no d o t is visible betw een L a n d w h a t G ra n t takes for a T , a n d it is possible th a t th e nam e V E H IL IV S is w ritten in full, in ste ad o f the m ore co m p lic ated re a d in g V E H IL .T V S . A nyw ay there is no room for an y letters betw een . . .]V S a n d T V R P IL . G ra n t pro p o sed a S a rd in ia n o rigin for this coin for th e following reasons: (1) th e curious form o f th e p lough, also found a t T u rris Libisonis (622); (2) th e o ccurrence o f th e ra re n a m e V ehilius on an inscription also from T u rris L ibisonis ( C I L X , 7967). H e m ig h t be rig h t, b u t th e legend w hich he d ec ip h ered as M V P IV S is far from certain a n d his in te rp re ta tio n as M V (n icip iu m ) P (iu m ) I(u liu m ) V S(elis) highly conjectural. T herefore this A u g u stan coin is h ere considered as u n ce rtain , th o u g h a w estern origin (S ard in ia o r Sicily) looks th e m ost plausible.

5418 AE. 16-19 mm. F IT A

[ i ]

EX D D; bare head, r. A V FIDIVS RVFVS IIII; rider (Eros?) on a hippocamp, r. i . B ( = fita, pi. I X ,27); 2. M ; 3. C ollection R u b io (C adiz); 4. F orm erly C ollection D . J u lio M ellad o ( = V ives, pi. C X X I X ,i4 ) . V ives a n d G ra n t a ttrib u te d this coin to C a rte ia , b u t it is excluded h ere from th e coinage o f th a t city. N evertheless, a S p an ish origin m a y seem likely, as specim ens o f this coin occur in S p an ish collections.

[ 2]

0 EOC; bare head of Caesar, r. CEBACTOY ΘΕ; bare head of Augustus, r. i . L = BMC T h e s s a lo n ic a 61, 6.92; 2. P 1276, 8.97; 3. G 37; 4 . B 51/1970; 5. V 27335/4; 6. M u 72, 7.46; 7. P V , 7.99; 8. E velpidis 1327, 8.25. T h e a ttrib u tio n to T h e ssalo n ica w as b ased on th e g en e ra l sim ilarity w ith 1 5 5 4 —5, b u t h as been rejected by I. T o u ra tso g lo u , D ie M ü n zstä tte von Thessaloniki in der römischen Kaiserzeit, p. 43, η. 69; th e style is different, as is th e die axis. As T o u ra tso g lo u h as suggested, th e piece sh o u ld p e rh a p s be asso ciated w ith 5 4 2 0 , in view o f the sim ilar legend; th e style o f th e two pieces, how ever, does n o t seem id e n tic al, a n d som e d o u b t a b o u t th e association rem ain s. F o r a sim ilar fam ily g ro u p , see A p a m e a 2 0 1 0 — 2 0 1 0 A . I t is n o t clear if ΘΕ refers to Θεός (if so, w h y o m it th e la st tw o letters?), o r is p a r t o f an o th e r w o rd such as an eth n ic (h en ce th e orig in al a ttrib u tio n to T h essalo n ica).

5422 AE. 30mm, 12.28g (1). Axis: 12. [ 1 ] f i t a 377 ΕΠΙ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ TO ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΝ; bare head of Augustus, r. ΧΑΡΙΔΑΜΟΥ ΙΕΡΕΟΣ AYTO[ ]ΑΛ(??)ΑΕΟΣ; bearded head, r. (Zeus?) i . V 2 7 3 1 8 , 12.28. G ra n t, F I T A , a ttrib u te d this e x tra o rd in a ry coin to the p rovince o f A sia, an a ttrib u tio n s u p p o rte d by reference to a priest, w hile H ow gego suggested B ith y n ia ( G I C 649), an a ttrib u tio n s u p p o rte d by the u n u s u a l larg e size o f th e coin, th o u g h it is r a th e r th in . T h e co u n term ark oth erw ise occurs p ro b ab ly in E u ro p e (.B N C , pi. 31, no. 742). T h e a ttrib u tio n , how ever, rem ain s u n ce rtain , th o u g h th e coin w ould b e u n u su a l w h erev er it com es from . G r a n t’s read in g o f the en d o f th e rev. legend, AYTOM ΓΡΑΜ(Μ)ΑΤΕΟΣ (the la st w o rd in lig a tu re ), is b y n o m eans sure. C o u n te rm ark : I M P ( G I C 649).

5423 AE. 24mm.

[ 2 ]

]ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ; bare head, r. ΘΕΟΝ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΑ; capricorn, r.; above, grapes (or cornucopia?) i . B I-B ( = G ra n t, Essays M a ttin g ly, 104-5 an