The Gospel According to John, I-XII 0385015178

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THE ANCHOR BIBLE

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO

JOHN (i-xii)

INTRODUCTION, TRANSLATION, AND NOTES

BY

RAYMOND E. BROWN, S.S.

Doubleday & Company, Inc. Garden Gty, New York

1966

NIHlL OBSTAT

Myles M. Bourke, S.S.L., S.T.D. Censor Librorum

+

IMPRIMATUR

Terence 1. Cooke, D.D. February 24, 1966 New York

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 66-12209 Copyright @ 1966 by Doubleday & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America First Edition

PREFACE

This is the first volume in a two-volume translation of and commentary on John and the Johannine Epistles. This volume contains an introduction to the whole Gospel and a treatment of chs. i-xii, or the Jobannine account of the public ministry of Jesus (the Gospel itself has a break at the end of ch. xii). The second volume will contain a treatment of cbs. xiii-xxi of the Gospel, or the account of the Last Supper, the passion of Jesus, and the resurrection, and will go on to introduce and comment on the Epistles. The volumes-Nos. 29 and 30 of The Anchor Bible-should be of about the same length: for this volume (vol. 29) treats approximately two-thirds of the Gospel, represented by chapters i-xii and the second volume (vol. 30) will cover the remaining third of the Gospel and the three Epistles of John. An index to the whole will appear in vol. 30. The tremendous amount of scholarly work on John in the last few years and a notable change in the direction of Johannine studies (see Introduction, Part I) have made necessary a somewhat longer and more detailed commentary than bas hitherto been the custom in the Anchor Bible series. However, we trust that the reader will not begrudge the greater expenditure of time and effort required by these volumes, for the Fourth Gospel is more than worthy of all the time and effort we can give to it. A. Harnack once remarked that this Gospel is one of the great enigmas of the early history of Christianity, and more recently C. H. Dodd has made the claim that if we can understand John, we shall know what early Christianity really was. It is easy to understand that such a work, which is both enigma and keystone, requires extensive explanation. A translation with brief notes would serve no purpose here, for the many important commentaries on John already in existence would, by comparison, immediately expose with brutal clarity the superficiality of an inadequate treatment. Only with considerable hesitation has the present writer undertaken this project of another commentary on John, precisely because there are already many excellent commentaries in English and in German. However, the brilliant originality of these commentaries and of the abundant periodical literature on John has provided Johannine studies with an embarrassment of riches. It is often only by working through several commentaries, each with a view all its own, that the interested student can get a true appreciation of the problems in John and the possible solutions. Thus, the one factor above all others that has contributed to this writer's decision to produce these volumes has been a conviction that the time has come to gather the

VI

PREFACB

fruit of the brilliant but isolated contributions of his predecessors and to make a synthesis of what is of value in their very divergent approaches to the Gospel. The author has no idea whether or not his fellow scholars will agree that the correct approach to such a synthesis lies in the direction he has chosen, namely, in a moderately critical theory of the composition of the Gospel, combined with the conviction that the Gospel is rooted in historical tradition about Jesus of Nazareth. Nevertheless, the fact that the views both of the more adventurous critics and of those inclined to a traditional evaluation of the Gospel find an honest (one hopes) and appreciative hearing in the same commentary may be of considerable value to the student. Fortunately we live at a time when a considerable degree of objectivity has been reached in biblical scholarship, so that a commentator can profit from the serious work of scholars of all religious communions. What has contributed most in this direction has been the establishment of the clear difference between the thoughts of the various biblical authors (which are the concern of a biblical scholar) and the subsequent use and development of those thoughts in divergent theologies (which are the concern of a theologian). The second point is important, for the majority of those who read Scripture are believers for whom the Bible is more than an interesting witness to past religious phenomena. Nor can it be neglected by the biblical scholar without peril of religious schizophrenia. Nevertheless, as we have come to realize, sincere confessional commitment to a theological position is perfectly consonant with a stubborn refusal to make a biblical text say more than its author meant it to say. There is no reason why scholars of different denominations cannot agree on the literal meaning of Scripture, even though they may disagree on the import of certain passages in the evolution of theology. The Anchor Bible is committed to this thesis, and the writer has composed his volumes in this spirit. The translation strives for a correct but thoroughly contemporary style. There is no attempt to produce prose of formal literary beauty-the writer would not be capable of this-but only an attempt to render the simple, everyday Greek of the Gospel into the ordinary American English of today. The borderline between good modem usage and usage that is too colloquial for a writtcn work is not sharp or easy to define, although there has been a serious effort in the translation to avoid what would border on slang. The interplay of conversations and arguments in the Gospel is the area in which the problem of proper usage is the most delicate. Occasionally the choice of a truly apt English word has yielded to the necessity of preserving theological terms important to the evangelist. Thus, for example, in ii 4 ''time'' would represent contemporary English usage better than "hour" (as the Goodspeed translation has recognized), but the notion of "the hour" is too crucial in the thought of the Gospel to be sacrificed. In xix 30 "he died" would be a smoother reading than "he handed over the spirit" but would obscure the Johannine theme that Jesus, once lifted up (in crucifixion and resurrection), communicates the Spirit. Third person pronouns referring to God the Father have been capitalized

PREFACE

VII

in the translation as a visible means of distinguishing between references to the Father and references to Jesus. For the sake of consistency this principle of distinction has been carried over into the NOTES and COMMENT. It has not always been easy to decide what should go into the NOTES and what should go into the COMMENT, but the desire to obtain simplicity and consecutive thought in the CoMMENT has been a guiding factor. The student will find much of interest in the NOTES; the more general reader may be content with the COMMENT, which deals with the broad ranges of the Gospel's thought and composition. The General Selected Bibliography on p. CXLV contains only general works frequently cited. In making references to them, we shall use the author's name and the page number, thus, Bultmann, p. 12~-the elevated number refers to a footnote. At the end of each part of the Introduction, the COMMENT on major segments of the text, and units in the Appendixes, an appropriate sectional bibliography-thus, Bultmann, art. cit., refers to an article by Bultmann cited in the following sectional bibliography. The writer is grateful to all those-too many to name-who have helped him in one way or another with this volume. Particularly valuable was the assistance by way of checking and proofreading rendered by the seminarians of St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, especially by Mr. John Kselman. The co-operation of Mr. Eugene Eoyang and the staff at Doubleday was outstanding. By chance this volume has a publication date which falls very close to the seventy-fifth birthday of Professor William F. Albright, born May 24, 1891. The writer remembers that his first article on John was the product of one of the Professor's seminars at the Johns Hopkins University. And so he would like to take this occasion to acknowledge frankly his debt to the scholarship, example, and generosity of this great biblical scholar. Ad multos annas.

CONTENTS

v

Preface Principal Abbreviations

XlII

INTRODUCTION I. The Present State of J ohannine Studies

II. The Unity and Composition of the Fourth Gospel A. The Problem B. Possible Solutions ( 1) Theories of Accidental Displacements (2) Theories of Multiple Sources (3) Theories of Multiple Editions C. The Theory Adopted in This Commentary

m.

XXI XXIV

XXIV

xxv XXVI

XXVlll XXXII XXXIV

The Tradition behind the Fourth Gospel

XLI

A. The Value of the Information Found Only in John B. The Question of Dependency upon the Synoptic Gospels C. The Value of John in Reconstructing Jesus' Ministry

XLII

IV. Proposed Influences on the Religious Thought of the Fourth Gospel A. Gnosticism ( 1) John and Christian Gnosticism (2) John and the Reconstructed Pre-Christian Gnosticism B. Hellenistic Thought (1) John and Greek Philosophy (2) John and Philo (3) John and the Hermetica C. Palestinian Judaism ( 1) John and the Old Testament (2) John and Rabbinic Judaism (3) John and Qumran

XLIV XLVII

LII LII Llll LIV LVI LVII LVII LVIII LIX LIX LXI LXII

x

CONTENTS

V. The Destination and Purpose of the Fourth Gospel A. Apologetic against the Sectarians of John the Baptist B. Argument with the Jews (1) Justification of Christian Claims against Jewish Unbelief (2) Appeal to Jewish Christians in the Diaspora Synagogues C. Argument against Christian Heretics D. Encouragement to Believing Christians, Gentile and Jew VI. The Date of the Final Written Form of the Gospel A. The Latest Plausible Date B. The Earliest Plausible Date

vn.

LXVII LXV" LXX LXX LXXID

LXXV LXXVII

LXXX LXXX LXXXIII

The Identity of the Author and the Place of Composition LXXXVII A. The External Evidence about the Author Lxxxvm B. The Internal Evidence about the Author XCII C. Correlation of the Hypothesis of John as Author with a Modem Theory of Composition xcvm D. The Place of Composition cm

VIII. Crucial Questions in Johannine Theology A. Ecclesiology B. Sacramentalism C. Eschatology D. Wisdom Motifs

cv cv CXI

cxv CXXD

IX. The Language, Text, and Format of the Gospel-and Some CXXIX Considerations on Style A. The Original Language of the Gospel CXXIX B. The Greek Text of the Gospel CXXXI C. The Poetic Format of the Gospel Discourses CXXXII D. Notable Characteristics in Johannine Style cxxxv X. The Outline of the Gospel A. The General Outline of the Gospel B. The General Outline of the Book of Sigus XI. General Selected Bibliography

cxxxvm CXXXVIII

CXXXIX CXLV

CONTENTS

XI

I. PROLOGUE 1. The Introductory Hymn (i 1-18)

3

IL THE BOOK OF SIGNS PART ONE: THE OPENING DAYS OF THE REVELATION OP JESUS 2. The Testimony of John the Baptist:-Concerning His Role (i 19-28) 3. The Testimony of John the Baptist:-Concerning Jesus (i 29-34) 4. The Baptist's Disciples Come to Jesus:-The First Two Disciples and Simon Peter (i 35-42) 5. The Baptist's Disciples Come to Jesus:-Philip and Nathanael (i 43-51) 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

PART Two: FROM CANA TO CANA The First Sign at Cana in Galilee-Changing of Water to Wine (ii 1-11) Jesus Goes to Capemaum (ii 12) The Oeansing of the Temple in Jerusalem (ii 13-22) Reaction to Jesus in Jerusalem (ii 23-25) Discourse with Nicodemus in Jerusalem (iii 1-21) The Baptist's Final Witness (iii 22-30) The Discourse Concluded (iii 31-36) Jesus Leaves Judea (iv 1-3) Discourse with the Samaritan Woman at Jacob's Well (iv 4-42) Jesus Enters Galilee (iv 43-45) The Second Sign at Cana in Galilee-Healing the Official's Son (iv 46-54) PART THREE: JESUS AND THE PRINCIPAL FEASTS OF THE JEWS Jesus on the Sabbath:-The Healing at Bethesda (v 1-15) Jesus on the Sabbath:-Discourse on His Sabbath Work (v 16-30) Jesus on the Sabbath:-Discourse on His Sabbath Work (continued) (v 31-47) Jesus at Passover:-The Multiplication of the Loaves (vi 1-15) Jesus at Passover:-Walking on the Sea of Galilee (vi 16-21) Jesus at Passover:-The Crowd Comes to Jesus (vi 22-24) Jesus at Passover:-Preface to the Discourse on the Bread of Life (vi 25-34) Jesus at Passover:-Discourse on the Bread of Life (vi 35-50)

42

5S 73 81

97 112 114 126 128 150 157 164 166

186 190 205 212 222 231 251 257 260 268

m

CONTENTS

25. Jesus at Passover:-Discourse on the Bread of Life (continued) (~ 51-59) 26. Jesus at Passover:-Reactions to the Discourse on the Bread of Life (vi 60-71) 27. Jesus at Tabemacles:-Introduction (vii 1-13) 28. Jesus at Tabernacles:~cene One (vii 14-36) 29. Jesus at Tabemacles:~cene Two (vii 37-52) 30. The Story of the Adulteress (vii 53, Wi 1-11) 31. Jesus at Tabemacles:-Scene Three (viii 12-20) 32. Jesus at Tabemacles:-Scene Three (continued) (Wi 21-30) 33. Jesus at Tabernacles:--Scene Three (concluded) (Wi 31-59) 34. Aftermath of Tabemacles:-The Healing of a Blind Man (ix 1-41) 35. Aftermath of Tabemacles:-Jesus as Sheepgate and Shepherd (x 1-21) 36. Jesus at Dedication:-Jesus as Messiah and Son of God (x 22-39) 37. Apparent Conclusion to the Public Ministry (x 40-42)

281 295 305 310 319 332 339 346 352 369 383 401 413

PART FoUR: JESUS MOVES TOWARD nm HOUR OP DEATH AND GLORY

Jesus Gives Men Life:-The Story of Lazarus (xi 1-44) Men Condemn Jesus to Death:-The Sanhedrin (xi 45-54) Will Jesus Come to Jerusalem for Passover? (xi 55-57) Scenes Preparatory to Passover and Death:-The Anointing at Bethany (xii 1-8) 42. Scenes Preparatory to Passover and Death:-The Entry into Jerusalem (xii 9-19) 43. Scenes Preparatory to Passover and Death:-The Coming of the Hour (xii 20-36)

38. 39. 40. 41.

420 438 445 447 455

465

CoNCLUSION TO nm BOOK OP SIGNS

44. An Evaluation of Jesus' Ministry to His Own People (xii 37-43) 45. An Unattached Discourse of Jesus Used as a Summary Proclamation (xii 44-50)

483 489

APPBNDlXPS

I: Johannine Vocabulary ll: The "Word" m: Signs and Works IV: EgiJ Eimi-''1 am"

497 519 525 533

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS

1. BIBLICAL AND APOCRYPHAL WORKS

Besides the standard abbreviations of books of the Bible used in the series: Deuterocanonical Books of the OT: Tob Judith I & II Mace Sir Wis Bar

Tobit Judith I & II Maccabees Sirach or Ecclesiasticus Wisdom of Solomon Baruch

Apocryphal Books related to the OT: Jub En II Bar I & II Esd Ps Sol

Jubilees Enoch or Henoch II Baruch I & II Esdras Psalms of Solomon

2. AASOR AER APCh ATR BA BAG

BASOR BCCT

PUBLICATIONS

Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research American Ecclesiastical Review Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English by R. H. Charles (2 vols.; Oxford: Clarendon. 1913) Anglican Theological Review The Biblical Archaeologist W. Bauer (as translated by W. F. Arndt and F. W. Gingrich). A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (University of Chicago. 1957) Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research The Bible in Current Catholic Thought, ed. J. L. McKenzie, in honor of M. Gruenthaner (New York: Herder & Herder, 1962)

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS

F. Blass and A. Debrunner (as translated by R. W. Funk), A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (University of Chicago, 1961). References to sections Biblica Bib Bibbia e Oriente BibOr Bulletin of the John Rylands Library (Manchester) BJRL The Background of the New Testament and Its Eschatology, .BNTB eds. W. D. Davies and D. Daube. in honor of C. H. Dodd (Cambridge, 1956) Bible et Vie Chr6tienne BVC Biblische Zeitschrift BZ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBQ Cairo Oenizah Document of the Damascus Covenanters (the CDC Zadokite Documents) Current Issues in New Testament Interpretation, eds. W. Klassen CINTI and O. F. Snyder, in honor of O. A. Piper (New York: Harper. 1962) Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (Louvain) CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (Vienna) CSBL H. Denzinger and C. Bannwart, Enchiridion Symbolorum, rev. DB by A. Sch()nmetzer, 32 ed. (Freiburg: Herder. 1963). References to sections Dictionnaire de la Bible-Suppl6ment DBS Early Christian Worship by Oscar Cullmann (see General SeECW lected Bibliography) Estudios Bfblicos (Madrid) EstBib ET Expository Times Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses ETL L'Evangile de lean by M.-E. Boismard et aI. (Recherches EvJean Bibliques, III; Louvain: Desclee de Brouwer, 1958) Evangelische Theologie (Munich) EvTh Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller (Berlin) GCS Harvard Theological Review HTR Israel Exploration Journal IEJ IMEL In Memoriam Ernst Lohmeyer, ed. W. Schmauch (Stuttgart: Evangelisches Verlag, 1951) Interpretation (Richmond. Virginia) Interp Journal of Biblical Literature JBL JeanTheol lean Ie Thiolog;en by F.-M. Braun (see General Selected Bibliography) lohannine Grammar by E. A. Abbott (London: Black, 1906). JO References to sections Journal of Jewish Studies JIS Journal of Near Eastern Studies JNES JohSt lohannine Studies by A. Feuillet (New York: Alba, 1964) BDF

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS

JPOS ITS LumVie MD NovT NRT NTA NTAuf

NTH NTPat

xv

Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society Journal of Theological Studies Lumiere et Vie La Maison-Dieu Novum Testamentum Nouvelle Revue Theologique New Testament Abstracts Neutestamentliche Aujsiitze, eds. J. Blinzler, O. Kuss, and F. Mussner, in honor of J. Schmid (Regensburg: Pustet, 1963) New Testament Essays by Raymond E. Brown (Milwaukee: Bruce, 1965) Neotestamentica et Patristica, in honor of O. Cullmann (SNT, VI)

NTS PO PL IQH IQpHab lQM IQS RB RecLC RHPR RivBib RSPT RSR RThom SacPag SBT SC ScBecl SPO

SNT StB

StEv

TalBab TalJer TD ThR TLZ

New Testament Studies (Cambridge) Patrologia Oraeca-Latina (Migne) Patrologia Latina (Migne) Qumran Hymns of Thanksgiving Qumran Pesher on Habakkuk Qumran War Scroll Qumran Manual of Discipline Revue biblique Recueil Lucien Cerlaux (3 vols.; Oembloux, 1954-62) Revue d'histoire et de philosopbie religieuses Rivista Biblica (Brescia) Revue des sciences pbilosopbiques et th60logiques Recherches de science religieuse Revue Thomiste Sacra Pagina, eds. J. Coppens, A. Descamps, E. Massaux (Louvain, 1959) Studies in Biblical Theology (London: SCM) Sources Chr6tiennes (Paris: Cerf) Sciences Beclesiastiques (Montreal) Studies in the Fourth Gospel, ed. F. L. Cross (London: Mowbray, 1957) Supplements to Novum Testamentum (Leiden: Brill) H. L. Strack and P. Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aw Talmud und Midrasch (5 vols.; Munich: Beck, 192255) Studia Evangelica (Papers from the International Congress of NT Studies) The Babylonian Talmud, English ed. by I. Epstein (London: Soncino, 1961) The Jerusalem Talmud Theology Digest Theologische Rundschau (TUbiogen) Theologische Literaturzeitung

XVI

TNTS TS TWNT TWNTE TZ VD VigChr VT ZDPV

ZGB

ZKT ZNW

ZTK

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS

Twelve New Testament Studies by John A. T. Robinson (SBT, No. 34; London: SCM, 1962) Theological Studies Theologisches Worterbuch zum Neuen Testament, ed. G. Kittel (Stuttgart: Koblhammer, 1933- ) Same work translated into English by G. W. Bromiley (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964- ) Theologiscbe Zeitscbrift (Basel) Verbum Domini Vigiliae Christianae Vetus Testamentum Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins M. Zerwick, Graecitas Biblica (4 ed.; Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1960). References are to sections; these are the same in the English translation of the 4 ed. by J. Smith (Rome: 1963) Zeitschrift fUr katholiscbe Theologie Zeitscbrift fUr die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der lilteren Kirche Zeitschrift fUr Theologie und Kirche

3. KJ LXX MT NEB RSV SB

Vulg.

The Authorized Version of 1611, or the King James Bible The Septuagint Masoretic Text The New English Bible (New Testament, 1961) The Revised Standard Version, 1946, 1952 La Sainte Bible-"Bible de Jerusalem"-traduite en fran~ais (Paris: Cerf). D. Mollat, L'Evangile de saint lean (2 ed., 1960) The Vulgate

4.

NT OT Aram. Boh. Etb.

Gr. Heb. OL

VERSIONS

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS

New Testament Old Testament Aramaic Bohairic (Coptic) Ethiopic Greek Hebrew Old Latin

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS

os Sab. App. P par. ... [ ]

xvu

Old Syriac (oscar; ossta denote the Curetonian and Sinaiticus DlSS. respectively) Sahidic (Coptic) Appendixes in the back of the volume Papyrus parallel verse(s) Asterisk after a manuscript indicates the original hand of the copyist, as distinct from later correctors Brackets in the translation indicate a textually dubious word or passage

INTRODUCTION

I. THE PRESENT STATE OF JOHANNINE STUDIES

In this century an enormous literature has been devoted to the Fourth Gospel. Indeed, the most instructive introduction to the study of the Gospel is to read one of the surveys of the literature on John-for instance, that of Howard, or the shorter article of Collins. The ephemeral character of some of the positions taken merits sober reflection. The most valuable analysis of Johannine literature is found in French in the writings of Menoud, whose own very competent and balanced opinions emerge from his criticism of the works of other scholars. His bibliographies are most helpful. Haenchen's German survey is also remarkably complete. In particular, in the decade after the Second World War there emerged a number of major contributions to the study of John. The commentaries of both Hoskyns (1940) and Bultmann (1941) may be included in this group since they had no wide circulation until after the War. In addition, Dodd's Interpretation (1953) and the commentaries of Barrett (1955) and Lightfoot ( 1956) come immediately to mind. The difference of approach in these various works caused much discussion, as evidenced by the articles of Grossouw, Kiisemann, and Schnackenburg. Even a cursory acquaintance with this literature reveals that the trend in J ohannine studies has passed through an interesting cycle. At the end of the last century and in the early years of this century, scholarship went through a period of extreme skepticism about this Gospel. John was dated very late, even to the second half of the 2nd century: As a product of the Hellenistic world, it was thought to be totally devoid of historical value and to have little relation to the Palestine of Jesus of Nazareth. The small kernel of fact in its pages was supposedly taken from the Synoptic Gospels which served as a basis for the author's elaborations. Needless to say, few critics thought that the Gospel according to John had the slightest connection with John son of Zebedee. Some of these skeptical positions, especially those regarding authorship and the source of influence on the Gospel, are still maintained by many reputable scholars. Nevertheless, there is not one such position that has not been affected by a series of unexpected archaeological, documentary, and textual discoveries. These discoveries have led us to challenge intelligently the critical views that had almost become orthodox and to recognize how fragile was the base which supported the highly skeptical analysis of John. Consequently, since the Second World War there has emerged what Bishop John A. T. Robinson calls a "new look" in 10hannine studies-a new look

XXII

INTRODUCTION

that shares much with the look once traditional in Christianity. The dating of the Gospel has been moved back to the end of the 1st century or even earlier. A historical tradition underlying the Fourth Gospel similar to the traditions underlying the Synoptic Gospels is being posited by some. In fact, the author of the Gospel is gradually having his status as an orthodox Christian restored, after long languishing in the dungeons of Gnosticism to which he had been relegated by many critics. And perhaps strangest of all, some scholars are even daring to suggest once more that John son of Zebedee may have had something to do with the Gospel. This reversal of trend, however, does not mean that all the intervening critical scholarship has been in vain. Scholarship cannot return to pre-critical days, nor should it ever be embarrassed by the fact that it learns through mistakes. Indeed, it is the admirable honesty of biblical criticism and its ability to criticize itself that has led to a more conservative estimation of the historical value of the Fourth Gospel. In the vast body of literature on John, the Germans and the British have been the most fruitful contributors. The Germans have been more adventurous in their theories of the origins, composition, and sequence of the Gospel. The British. tending less to reconstructions. have done more to draw a theology from the Gospel as it now stands. Surprisingly enough, neither of these great approaches to Johannine exegesis has been markedly inftuenced by the other. The individualism of the leading scholars has been conspicuous, and in a few instances it would seem that opposing views were deliberately ignored. As the bibliographies indicate, this commentary has profited from writers of all schools.

BmuOGRAPIlY Surveys of Literature on 101m Braun, F.-M., "Ob en est l'etude du quatrieme evangile," BTL 32 (1956), 535-46. Collins, T. A., "Changing Style in Johannine Studies," BecT, pp. 202-25. Grossouw, W., "Three Buoks on the Fourth Gospel," NovT 1 (1956), 35-46. Haenchen, E., "Aus der Literatur zum Johannesevangelium 1929-1956," ThR 23 (1955), 295-335. Howard, W. F., and Barrett, C. K., The FOllrth Gospel in Recent Criticism and Interpretation, 4 ed. (London: Epworth, 1955). Klisemann, E., "Zur Johannesinterpretation in England," ExegetiBche Yersuche und Beslnnungen, II (G