The Excavation of a Bronze Age Cemetery on Knighton Heath, Dorset 9780860541523, 9781407323749

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Plates
List of Tables
Preface
Chapter I. The Excavation: Barrow Structure and Summary of Contents
Chapter II. The Burial Urns: Context, Contents and Description
Chapter III: The Burial Urns: Typology, Fabric Characteristics and Decoration
Chapter IV: The Burial Urns: Association with Other Artefacts
Chapter V: Unurned Cremations
Chapter VI: Miscellaneous Pits
Chapter VII: Stakeholes
Chapter VIII: Small Finds
Chapter IX: Chronology and Sequence of Events
Chapter X: Curials and Social Organization
Chapter XI: The Cemetery in Its Regional Setting
Appendices
Bilbiography

Citation preview

The Excavation of a Bronze Age Cemetery on Knighton Heath, Dorset Fredric F. Petersen

BAR British Series 98

1981

B.A.R.

B.A.R., 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, E.Se., 1\1.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A. R. 98, 1981: "The Excavation of a Bronze Age Cemetery on Knighton Heath, Dorset." © Fredric F. Petersen, 1981. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541523 paperback ISBN 9781407323749 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541523 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS P age i i

L ist o f F igures L is t o f P lates

i v

L is t o f Tab les

i v

PRE FACE C hap ter I .

The Excava t ion : C on ten ts

1

1 .

The Excava t ion

3

2 .

S u m mary o f S i te H is tory

3

3 .

The B arrow a nd D itch

9

4 .

The P re-Barrow S urface a nd S ub jacen t L eve ls

1 3

5 .

S tructura l H is tory a nd Ex terna l F or m

1 6

6 .

S u m mary o f B ur ia ls a nd O ther F eatures .

2 2

Chap ter I .

B arrow S truc ture a nd S u m mary o f

The B ur ia l Urns :

C on tex t , C on ten ts a nd Descr ip t ion

2 6

1 .

G enera l

2 6

2 .

Urns P r i mary t o C ore

2 8

3 .

Urns P r imary t o F oo t o f Capp ing

4 0

4 .

Urns S econdary t o Capp ing

4 7

A .

Def in i te ly S econdary

B .

P oss ib ly o r P robab ly S econdary

4 7 6 0

5 .

The S et t ing o f Upr igh t S tone S labs

6 9

6 .

Urns i n t he F la t Ground S o f t he B arrow

8 0

C hap ter I I .

The B ur ia l Urns :

T ypo logy , F abr ic Charac ter is t ics a nd

Decora t ion

9 3

1 .

Typo logy

9 3

2 .

F abr ic C haracter is t ics

9 8

3 .

S tructura l . Character is t ics

1 00

4 .

C o mpar isons B e tween P r i mary a nd S econdary Urns

1 00

5 . C hap ter I V . C hap ter V .

A .

V esse l F or m , Decora t ion a nd P o t t ing S tandards

B .

L ug F or ms a nd C o m mon Decora t ive E le men ts

C . S ize D i f ferences D iscussion The B ur ia l Urns :

Assoc ia t ions w i th O ther Ar t i fac ts

1 10 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 17

Unurned Cre ma t ions

1 19

C hap ter V I .

M isce l laneous P i ts

1 24

1 .

P i ts P r imary t o C ore

1 24

2 .

P i ts P r imary t o F oot o f Capp ing

1 26

3 .

P its S econdary t o Capp ing .

1 27

C hap ter V I I .

S takeho les

C hap ter V I I I . 1 . 2 . 3 .

C hap ter I X . C hap ter X .

1 29

Sma l l F inds

1 34

P o t tery F l in t a nd S tone

1 34 1 50

A . F l in t

1 50

B . C .

1 56 1 57

S tone Descr ip t ion a nd Ana lys is ty F rances Hea ly )

Chrono logy a nd S equence o f Even ts

1 76

B ur ia l a nd S oc ia l Organ iza t ion

1 81

1 . 2 .

D if ferent ia l P reserva t ion a nd Age/Sex Charac ter ist ics B ur ia ls C lusters

1 81 1 85 1 88

3 .

Urn Character is t ics a nd P os i t ion a nd Age/Sex o f B ur ia ls

4 .

C o mpar isons w i th O ther L arge Devere l-Ri mbury Ce me ter ies190

5 .

C onclus ions

C hap ter X I . 1 .

1 94

The C e me tery i n i t s Reg iona l S e t t ing

1 96

B arrow S tructure/S takeho les/P i ts w i thou t B ur ia ls

1 96

2 .

B ur ia ls

2 02

3 .

C onc lusions

2 05

APPENDICES I .

The Kn igh ton Hea th C harcoa ls ty C aro le A . Keepax )

2 10

P o l len Ana lys is o f aS a mp le f ro m t he O ld L and S urface G . W. D i mb leby ) The K n igh ton Hea th Cre ma t ions I V . V . I V . V I I .

t y

C . B . Denston )

T he Too th F rag mEn t f ro m Urn 4 5 (

R . D . R awson )

2 15 2 17 2 32

Mu l t ip le Cre ma t ion Deposi ts

2 32

No te o n B er ms , B e l l Barrows a nd t he Wessex Cu l ture

2 36

No te o n B eaker/Ear ly B ronze Age B ur ia l C us to ms.

2 56

B IBL IOGRAPHY

2 72

1

L IST OF F IGURES F igures

Page

1

L oca t ion maps

2

2

C on tour a nd c ut t ing p lan

5

3

G enera l p lan ( barrow a nd b ur ia ls a nd o ther f ea tures )

4

Ma in s ec t ions

5

7 1 1

D istr ibut ion o n p lan o f c harcoa l o n o ld s urface , i n b arrow makeup a nd i n d itch

1 5

6

P lan o f c lus ters o fp r i mary f ea tures f ocussed o n Urns 2 8 a nd

7

3 8 P lan o f p r i mary f ea tures i n t he v ic in i ty o f S labs 1 -6

8

P lan o f c en tra l p r i mary f ea tures

3 9

9

P lan o f Urn 5 2 c o mp lex a nd n earby s econdary f ea tures

4 4

2 9 3 0

1 0

P lan o f S labs 1 -4 a nd n earby s econdary f ea tures

7 1

1 1

P lan o f p r i mary a nd s econdary u rns N o f c auseway

8 2

1 2

S ec t ions o fu rn p i ts p r i mary t o c ore

8 7

1 3

S ect ions o fu rn p i ts p r i mary t o c app ing

8 8

1 4

S ec t ions o f s econdary u rn p i ts

8 9

1 5

S ec t ions o f s econdary u rn p i ts

9 0

1 6

Ou t l ines o f u pr igh t s labs a nd o u t l ine a nd s ect ion o f c apstone o f Urn 2 5

9 1

1 7

S ect ions o fp i ts w ithout u rns

1 8

Urns 2 8 a nd 3 8 ( pr i mary t o c ore )

1 01

9 2 1 02

1 9

Urns 4 7 , 4 8, a nd 5 8 ( pr i mary t o c ore )

2 0

Urns 3 1, 5 4 a nd 6 2 ( pr i mary t o c ore ) a nd 1 9( f la t g round )

1 03

2 1

Urns 2 4 , 2 5, 4 0 , 5 2, 6 0 a nd 6 1 ( pr i mary t o c app ing )

1 04

2 2

Urns 5 0 , 3 5 a nd 5 5 ( secondary )

1 05

2 3

Urns 1 2, 2 0 , 2 1, 1 5 , 3 3 a nd 4 5 ( s econdary )

1 06

2 4

Urns 4 4 , 3 4a , 3 4b , 2 2, 3 0 , 4 , 8a nd 1 6 ( secondary )

1 07

2 5

U rns 5 , 2 9 , 4 3 , 5 3 a nd 1 4 ( secondary )

1 08

2 6 2 7

S ec t ions o f s takeho les D is tr ibu t ion o n p lan o f p o tsherds o n o ld s ur face a nd i n c ore

1 30

2 8

makeup D is tr ibu t ion o n p lan o f p o tsherds i n c app ing a nd d i tch

1 35 1 36

2 9

D istr ibu t ion o n p lan o f f l in ts a nd s tone o b jec ts

1 51

3 0

F eature s herds f ro m o ld s ur face , c ore makeup a nd d i tch

1 67

3 1

F ea ture s herds f ro m c app ing

1 68

3 2 3 3

P r i mary f l in ts P r i mary f l in ts a nd f l in ts f ro m d i tch a nd b arrow makeup

1 69 1 70

3 4

F lin ts f ro m d i tch a nd t opso i l

1 71

3 5

F l in ts a nd s tone o b jec ts f ro m misce l laneous n on-pr i mary c on tex ts

1 72

3 6

S tone p ounders ( Urn 3 0 a nd t opso i l ) a nd n atura l ly-per forated

1 73

3 7

p ebb le S tone p ounder a nd n o tched s lab f ro m b arrow makeup

1 74

Hi

F igures

P age

3 8

S ca t ter d iagra m ( d i mens ions o f 8 3 i n tac t f l in ts f l akes )

3 9

D istr ibu t ion o n p lan o f c re ma t ion b ur ia ls b roken d own b y weigh t1 82

4 0

D istr ibu t ion map o f Dorse t a nd Han ts h ea th land r ound b arrows e xcava ted a nd f u l ly p ub l ished i n modern t imes

1 75

1 97

L IST OF PLATES P la tes Barrow f ro m SW af ter r e mova l o fv ege ta t ion f ro m s ur face . I

c ore o np lan a nd s ect ion .

1 8

I I

C en tra l p ar t o f NE f ace o f S E/N W b au lk s how ing b arrow , o ld

I V

s ur face a nd UC 1 1 a nd UC 1 5 i n s ec t ion . Nq uadran t ( SE f ace o f SW/NE b au lk ) s how ing b arrow , o ld

V V I V I I V I I I I X

1 7

E q uadran t j ust b e low o ld s ur face l eve l s how ing o u t l ine o f

1 9

s ur face a nd AP 8 a nd AP 7 i n s ec t ion

2 0

Upr igh t S labs 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , &6 , W q uadran t

7 2

U pr ight S labs 3 , 2a nd 5 a nd U rn 4 , W q uadran t

7 6

Upr igh t S lab 5 , W q uadran t

7 8

Urn 2 2 i n b ox s ec t ion

8 3

Urn 2 5 a nd c apstone i n b ox s ec t ion

8 4

X

Urn 4 7 i n b ox s ect ion

8 5

X I

Urn 5 8 i n h a l f s ec t ion

8 6

L IST OF TABLES Tab les Urns :

T ypo log ica l C harac ter is t ics

I

Urns :

D istr ibu t ion o f L ugs , L ug f or ms & Decora t ive E le men ts 1 12

I l

Urns :

Me tr ica l Da ta

I V V

F l in t &S tone : Typo logy & C on tex t ( by F rances Hea ly ) C e me tery : Rela t ive Chrono logy o f Urns & O ther F ea tures

1 58 1 77

V I

B ur ia ls :

1 83

V I I V I I I I X

1 13

We igh ts , Age/Sex a nd C eram ic Assoc ia t ions

B ur ia ls : C era m ic A ssoc iat ions & Age/Sex o f B ur ia ls G rouped i n C lus ters 1 88 B ur ia ls : C era m ic A ssoc iat ions & Age/Sex o f B ur ia ls i n I n tersect ing P i ts

1 91

S izes & S tructura l C haracter is t ics o f 4 1 Round B arrows o n t he Dorse t/Han ts Hea th lands

X I

1 89

Re la t ionsh ip o f Age/Sex t o Urn Type & P os it ion a t 4 Devere lR i mbury C e me ter ies i n S . Eng land

X

9 4

1 98

M iscel laneous F ea tures o f4 1 Round B arrows o n t he Dorse t/ Han ts Hea th lands .

2 01

i v

PRE FACE

T he d ec is ion t o e x cava te t he K n igh ton H ea th c e metery was t aken i n t he s um mer o f 1 971 , s hor t ly a f ter i t s s urv iving a bove-ground man i fes ta t ion—a sma l ln ondescr ip t r ound b arrow—had b een i so la ted a t t he t i p o f a sma l l a r t i f ic ia l p en insu la c rea ted b y c o m merc ia l g ravel e x trac t ion .

A s i tt urned o u t , t he

b arrow 's u n i mpress ive e x ter ior was d ecep t ive , c oncea l ing a r ich a nd v ar ied a rray o f b ur ia ls a nd o ther f eatures i nc lud ing o ver 6 0 Devere l-R imbury c inerary u rns . The u rns w ere s tra t i f ied i n to 2 l arg ish g roups wh ich , when a na lyzed , p rov ided h in ts , i fn oth ing more , o f t he ma in d irec t ions o f c era m ic c hange d ur ing t he c e me tery 's p er iod o f u se , t hough n on-chrono log ica l e xp lana t ions o f t he d i f ferences b etween t he g roups a re a lso p oss ib le . S even r ad io c arbon d ates w ere o b ta ined f or t he e ar l ier p ar ts o f t h is p er iod a nd f or med a mu tua l ly-cons isten t s er ies . The e xcava t ion t hus h as made s evera l u sefu l c on tr ibu t ions t o t he s o lu t ion o f t rad i t iona l p rob le ms . I th as a lso , h owever , i den t i f ied a n umber o f n ew p rob le ms l ess t rac tab le t o t rad i t iona l me thods . These p rob le ms a re p osed b y t he c o mp l ica ted s e t o f i n ter-rela t ionsh ips w h ich were f ound t o l i nk i nd ividua l a nd g rouped b ur ia ls w ith t hose r i tua l a nd s tructura l e p isodes wh ich l e f t a n e nduring i mpr in t o n t he a rcheo log ica l r ecord . T he s oc ia l a nd f am i l ia l r e la t ionsh ips o f t he p eop le b ur ied i n t he c e me tery must u nder ly t hese i n ter-rela t ionsh ips wh ich t hus a f ford t anta l izing g l i mpses o f a n i n teres t ing a nd i mpor tan t i n tang ib le o f B ronze Age l i fe .

S hadowy g l i mpses , p erhaps , a nd e x tre me ly d i f f icu lt t o i n terpret , b ut a

we lco me a dd i t ion t o t he mono tonous , a nd a l l t oo t ang ib le , c o l lec t ions o f c inerary u rns wh ich a re a l l t ha t most s uch s i tes h ave p roduced i n t he p ast . I ti s h oped t ha t f u ture r esearch w i l l d evelop t he means o f i n terpret ing s uch n on- ma ter ia l p heno mena i n a more s a t isfac tory a nd r igorous way t han c ou ld b e a t te mp ted i n t he p resen t work . T he u n looked-for c o mp lex i ty o f t h is sma l l a nd mu t i la ted b arrow was a p leasant s urpr ise b u t i th ad t he u np leasan t c onsequence o f imposing a n u nan t ic ipa ted i ncrease i n t he work load .

A s ar esu lt , t ime a nd money r an o u t s ooner

t han e xpected a nd t he e xcavat ion was l ess e x tens ive t han i ts hou ld h ave b een ; t he d i tch was o n ly p ar t ia l ly emp t ied ; p ar ts o f t he b au lks were l ef t s tand ing ; a nd t he e xa m inat ion o f t he f l at g round a d jo in ing t he b arrow w as l im i ted t o a f ew c u t t ings o n t he n eck o f t he p en insu la . T he e xcavat ion w as f i nanced b y ag ran t f ro m t he D epar tmen t o f t he E nv ironmen t i n a n t ic ipat ion o f t he d estruc t ion o f t he b arrow b y f ur ther q uarry ing . T he g ran t was a dm in is tered b y Mr . R . N . R . P eers o f t he Dorse t C oun ty Museu m , D orchester , t o whom t he a u thor i s g ra tefu l . Mr . R odney A lcock , a lso o f t he DC M , v isi ted t he s i te a t a n e ar ly s tage a nd g ave v a luab le a dv ice o n t he f i e ld t reat men t a nd s h ipmen t o f t he b ur ia l u rns . T he u rns a re a l i n t he Dorse t C ounty Museu m where t hey were d epos i ted w i th t he k ind p erm ission o f t he l andowner , L ord Wi mborne ; i ti s h oped t o a lso

d eposi t t he o ther f inds , c urren t ly i n t he a u thor 's p ossession , t here i n t he n ear f u ture .

The t enan t was E . G . Hoare L td , F erndown ;

a nd t he a u thor w ishes

t o a cknow ledge Mr . H oare 's i n terest a nd h e lp fu lness a t a l l s tages o f t he e xc ava t ion . T hat a s much w as a cco mp l ished a s was , g iven t he t ime a nd money c ons tra in ts a l luded t o e ar l ier , was l arge ly t he r esu l t o f t he h ard work a nd c onscien t iousness o f t he e xcava t ion s ta f f ( M iss Ann McGarry a nd Messrs S . Trehane , J . P . P os ter , G . W. B rook a nd R . T . S chad la-Ha l l ) a nd v o lunteer c rew .

Thanks a re a lso

d ue t o Mrs A lexandra S hepherd f or h er d raw ings o f t he f l int a nd s tone a nd t o D r . F rances H ea ly f or h er c o mprehens ive r epor t o n t hese f inds ;

t o Drs .

R ichard H anes a nd A lan K r in ic f or t he s tat ist ica l a na lyses i n C hap ter I I ; a nd t o t he a u thors o f t he t echn ica l a ppend ices : b ones ) ;

Mr . C . B . D enston ( hu man

D r . R . D . R awson ( t oo th f rag men t f ro m u rn 4 5 ) ;

D i mb leby ( po l len ) a nd Mrs . C aro le A . K eepax ( charcoa ls ).

Pro f . G , . W. T he a uthor o wes

as pec ia l d eb t o f g rat i tude t o Mr . S chad la-Ha l l who , i n a dd it ion t o i nd ispens ib le a ss istance d ur ing t he e xcavat ion i t se lf , w en t t o c onsiderab le t roub le a f terwards i n o rgan iz ing work o n s o me o f t he u rns a t t he DC M a nd i n a rrang ing f or t he t ranspor t o f c re mat ions t o C a mbr idge . References a re o ccas iona l ly made i n t he f o l low ing p ages t o t he l arge a nd i mpor tan t S i mon 's G round b arrow g roup e xcava ted i n t he l a te 1 960s b y Dr . Dav id Wh i te . AE 1 967 , 8 ;

The r esu l ts a re a s y e t u npub l ished ( bu t s ee t he s um mar ies i n 1 968 , 8 ;

a nd 1 969 , 7 -8 ) a nd , u n less s tated o therw ise , my c o m-

men ts o n t he m a re b ased o n p ersona l o bservat ions made d ur ing my p ar t ic ipat ion i n p ar ts o f t he e xcavat ion .

v i

CHAPTER I THE EXCAVATION :

BARROW S TRUCTURE AND

S U MMARY OF CONTENTS

When f i rst v isi ted , t he s i te o f t he K n igh ton Hea th c e me tery was marked b y a sma l l r ound b arrow s tand ing o n t he t i p o f a n a r t i f ic ia l p en insu la c rea ted b y c o m merc ia l g rave l e x tract ion . There were n o d ef in i te s igns o f r obb ing , b u t t he sma l l h eaps a nd s preads o f modern q uarry ing d ebr is l i t ter ing much o f t he b arrow s ur face made t h is p o in t d if f icu l t t o j udge p r ior t o s urface c learance . T here were i nd ica t ions a round t he e dges o f t he p en insu la t ha t t he q uarry ing h ad d estroyed p or t ions o f af i l ledin d i tch s urround ing t he b arrow . T he b arrow was l oca ted o n t he western o u tsk ir ts o f P oole , Dorse t , where i th ad b een r ecorded a s No . 3 4 ( SZ0469/9598) o n Mr G r inse l l 's l i st ( 1 959 , 1 26) f or P oo le P ar ish . I t s a pex was a t 5 5.70 m ( 1 82.75 ') O .D. T he modern s o i l i s ap odso l a nd t he g eo log ica l s ubs tra te P la teau G rave l , t he b arrow s tand ing o n g round c arry ing t he a cid h ea th land f l ora t yp ica l o f much o f t he r eg ion a t l arge .

Three o ther b arrows , Wa l l is Down 1 a nd 2 ( Case , 1 952) a nd C an ford

( Ashbee , 1 954) o nce o ccup ied s im i lar g round i n t he n ear v ic in i ty o ft he p resen t s i te , s o me 2 000 m a nd 1 000 m d istan t f rom i tr espec t ively .

They were e xcava ted

a nd f u l ly p ub l ished i n t he l a te 1 940s a nd e ar ly 1 950s a nd , t oge ther w i th t he K n igh ton b arrow , a re s hown o n F ig . 1 , a long w i th o thers wh ich s t i l l s urv ive , o r s urvived u n t i l r ecent ly , i n t he immed ia te n e ighbourhood . The p en insu la j u t ted o utward a t ar igh t a ng le ( t o t he NE) f ro m t he q uarry f ace wh ich h ere r an NW/SE p ara l le l t o , a nd a f ew y ards f ro m , t he NE b oundary o f t he l oca l g o l f c ourse. I t measured 2 1.5 m l ong w ith a max i mu m w idth o f 1 3 m a nd s tood 6 -7 m c lear o ft he q uarry f l oor f ro m wh ich i tr ose w i th n earv er t ical s ides ( F ig . 2 ) . A f ter p rel im inary c learance , i nvo lv ing t he r e mova l o f t he v ege ta t ion g rowi ng o n i ts s ur face a nd o f t he modern d ebr is l ef tt here b y t he q uarrymen , t he b arrow a ppeared a s as y mme tr ica l mound , c .10 m d ia me ter a nd w i th a c en tra l h e ight o f c .1 m ( P late I ) .

There was n o s urface i nd ica t ion o f t he d i tch b u t i t s

f i l l c ou ld b e s een i n s ect ion i n p laces a long t he p en insu la 's S e dge where i th ad b een p ar t ly s haved a way b y q uarry ing .

T he s a me c ause h ad l ed t o t he l oss o f

t he o u ter e dge o ft he d i tch a long p ar ts o f i t s NW c ircumference wh i le f ur ther d amage was s usta ined when t he mach ine e ngaged i n s tr ipp ing t he a rea p rep ara tory t o q uarry ing h ad g ouged i n to t he SW f l ank o f t he b arrow t o a max i mu m d ep th o f 2 0 cm o r s o , p oss ib ly r esu lt ing i n t he p ar t ia l d es truc t ion o f an u mber o f s ha l low ly-bur ied c inerary u rns . The r e ma ins o f a nother u rn ( No . 1 9 ) , s l iced v er t ica l ly i n h a l f b y t he r ecen t q uarry ing , was e xposed i n s ect ion a long t he S E e dge o f t he p en insu la 2 -3 m S o f t he b arrow p roper ( F ig . 2 ) . O therw ise h owever , t he b arrow a ppeared t o b e i n tact a nd =d isturbed , a n impress ion l a ter c onf ir med b y e xcava t ion .

1

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b arrow a nd

o ther e xcava ted a nd u nexcava ted b arrows i n i ts immedia te v ic inity .

2

1 .

T he Excava t ion

T he b arrow was e xcava ted b e tween August i st a nd S ep te mber 1 0th 1 971 , i n a n t icipa t ion o f t he r emova l o ft he p en insu la b y f ur ther q uarry ing . By t he e nd o ft his p er iod a t o ta l a rea o f c .270 s quare meters h ad b een i nvest iga ted . The whole b arrow was r e moved q uadran t b y q uadran t a nd t he a rea b enea th i t e xam ined t o ad ep th o f 4 0-50 cm b e low t he l eve l o f t he o ld s ur face. T he s urv iv ing l eng th o f t he d i tch was e n t ire ly c leared i n t he c ourse o f t h is work e xcep t f or t wo s hor t s tretches a long t he NW p er imeter ;

a nd an u mber o f c u t t ings

were made i nt he f la t g round f or m ing t he n eck o f t he p en insu la SW o f t he b arrow ( F ig . 2 ) . T he f l at g round c ut t ings w ere t aken d own t o s heet p an ( d ep th f rom modern s ur face 2 0-40 cm ) ; a par t f ro m t he u rns a nd sma l l f i nds s hown o n F ig . 2 , n o th ing w as f ound i n t he c u t t ings a nd t hey w i l l n o t b e d iscussed f ur ther . 2 .

S u m mary o f S i te H istory

Apar t f ro m a f ew m isce l laneous f l ints d eep i n t he a nc ien t s o i l p rof i le , t he e ar l iest e v idence f or h u man a c t iv i ty a t t he s i te was o ne o r more p i ts ( p oss ib ly i nc lud ing s o me w ith b ur ia ls a nd Deverel-Ri mbury u rns ) d ug i n to t he p reb arrow s ur face . S ubsequen t ly , t he b racken g round c over was b urn t o f f a nd a dd it iona l p i ts were d ug i n t he a rea t hus c leared . S o me o f t hese p i ts c on ta ined c harcoa l , o thers c rema t ions w i thou t p o t tery a nd y e t o thers c re ma t ions i n o r w i th Devere l-Ri mbury u rns. O ne o f t he p i ts c on ta in ing u rns was marked b y a n u pr ight s tone s lab b e long ing t o as e t t ing o f 6s uch s labs s traddl ing t he c ore/ c app ing b oundary ( s ee b elow ) ; 2o r 3o f t he o ther s labs o f t he s e t t ing a nd a n umber o f f ree-stand ing wooden s takes a re a lso p robab ly a t tr ibutab le t o t h is s tage . The n ex t ma jor e ven t was t he c onstruc t ion o f ac en tra l c ore f or med o f s po i l e xcava ted f ro m t he u pper l eve ls o f a sma l l p enannu lar d i tch wh ich was b egun a t t h is s tage . T opso i l s tr ipped f ro m t he p er ipher ies o f t he a rea e nc losed b y t he d i tch may a lso h ave b een u sed i n t he c ore . One p r i mary b ur ia l u rn was d ef in i te ly s econdary t o t he s tr ipp ing ; a nd a n u mber o f a dd i t iona l u rns , a nd p its , s evera l f ree-stand ing s takes a nd a t l east o ne o f t he s labs o f t he s et t ing w ere p robab ly s o . The f i na l s tructura l s tage w i tnessed t he c ons truct ion o f ac app ing u s ing g ravel o b ta ined b yd eepen ing t he d i tch a nd e i ther f olowed immed ia tely u pon t he c o mp le t ion o ft he c ore o r a f ter av ery s hor t i n terva l . N u merous i nurned c re ma t ions were s econdary t o t he c app ing , i nclud ing s evera l p laced a ga inst t he b ur ied u pper f aces o r e nds o f s labs b e long ing t o t he s et t ing wh ich t hus b r idged t he p re-barrow a nd p ost-barrow p hases o ft he c e metery . Two u rns l oca ted i n t he f l a t g round s ou th o f t he b arrow were a l l t ha t s urvived o f wha t mus t h ave b een a l arger g roup o f D evere l-R i mbury b ur ia ls o therw ise c o mp lete ly d estroyed b y modern q uarry ing .

T he c hrono log ica l a nd

o ther r e la t ionsh ips o f t hese b ur ia ls t o t hose w i th in t he d i tch a re u nk nown . S even r ad io c arbon d a tes , b racket ing ( a t t he o ne S D l eve l ) t he p er iod 1 254bc-1062bc , w ere o b ta ined f ro m t he e ar l ier e ven ts i n t h is h is tory ( charcoa l a ssoc ia ted w i th p r imary u rns o r i n t he c ore makeup ) . S ca t ters o fp otsherds ( a l l o f Devere l-Ri mbury t ype ) a nd f l in ts h ad f ound t he ir way o n to t he p re-barrow s urface a f ter t he c en tra l f i re h ad d ied o u t a nd a sma l l f l int i ndustry was c on te mporary w i th t he d eposi t ion o f s econdary u rns. 3

F ig . 2

C ontour a nd c u t t ing p lan ( c on tours a t 1 0 cm i n terva ls ) s how ing r e la t ionsh ip o fb arrow t o p en insu la a nd o ther modern f ea tures a nd t he p os i t ions o fa rchaeo log ica l f i nds i n t he f la t g round S o f t he b arrow ( sma l l c irc les = f l in t f l akes;

sma l l s quares = p ot-

s herds ) . O ut l ine o f ( excava ted) d i tch a dded . T he b ank a nd b oundary f ence s epara te t he p en insu la f ro m t he a d join ing g olf c ourse . T he b roken l i ne ( dash-do t ) a long t he b arrow 's SW f l ank marks t he NE l im i ts o f t he b u lldoz ing .

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5

F ig . 3

G enera l p lan . B ur ia ls/P i ts/S takeho les . P r imary b ur ia ls/p i ts ( def in i te o r p robab le ) i n s o l id l i ne , n on-pr imary i n b roken l i ne . S l-S6 u pr igh t s labs ( W Q uadrant ); sma l l s o lid c irc les = s takeho les ( no t t o s ca le ) ; h or izonta l h a tch ing =p i ts w i thout p ot tery o r b one ( P o r AP ); v er t ica l h a tch ing =u naccompan ied c rema t ions ( def in i te o r p robab le );

n o h a tch ing =u rns .

C entra l F ire/S truc tura l F ea tures . ma te e dge o f t he c ore;

S o lid l i ne marks t he a pprox i-

t he i nner b roken l i ne , t he a pprox ima te

l im i ts o f t he c en tra l f i re ;

a nd t he o u ter b roken l i ne , t he a pprox i-

ma te l im i ts o f t he u ns tr ipped a rea . B roken l i ne a long b arrow 's SW f l ank marks NE l im i t o fb u l ldozing .

6

F ig . 3 G enera l p lan ( Barrow a nd b ur ia ls a nd o ther f eatures)

3 .

The B arrow a nd D i tch

T he s ur face o f t he b arrow h ad b een h eav i ly p odso l ized , i ron a nd h u mus c o mpounds l eached o u t o f t he t opso i l h av ing b een r edepos i ted a s ac rust o f p ann ing i n t he b ody o ft he mound . T he b arrow makeup i n terna l t o t he c rust c ons isted o f d ir ty y e l low/brown a nd g ray s and a nd g rave l a nd c on trasted w i th t he o ver ly ing mater ia l , t he l a t ter b e ing u n iform ly g ray i n c o lour a nd h av ing a h igher g rave l c on ten t . T he c o lour d i f ference , o f c ourse , was a n e f fect o f t he p ost-Bronze Age s o i l p rocesses r espons ib le f or t he f orma t ion o f t he c rust wh i le t he d if ference i n g ravel c on ten t r ef lects t he s l igh t d if ference i n s ource d iscussed b e low . T he c rust f or med a n impor tan t d atu m d ur ing t he e xcava t ion a nd i tw i l l b e c onven ien t h encefor th t o r efer t o t he ma ter ia l i n terna l t o i ta s t he " core" a nd t o t he o verly ing d epos i ts a s t he " capp ing" , e ven t hough i ti s u ncer ta in whe ther o r n o t t h is d is t inc t ion h as a ny a rcheo log ica l s ign if icance . A s i nd ica ted o n t he p lan a nd s ec t ion ( F igs . 3& 4 ; a lso s ee P lates I , I I , &I V ) , t he c ore was i rregu lar ly o va l i n s hape , w ith max i mu m d i mens ions o f c .5.9 m NE/S W b y 3 .8 m NW/SE a nd c .90c m h igh , t he p rof i le b e ing s teeps ided a nd r idge-l ike o n t he s hor t NW/SE a x is b u t c o mpara t ive ly f l a t a nd g ent ly s lop ing o n t he e longated NE/S W a x is . T h is v ar ia t ion i n p rof i le , o f c ourse , d epended o n t he p os i t ion o f t he p an c rus t d ef in ing t he c ore b oundar ies wh i le t he e x ten t o fp an f or ma t ion s ee ms t o h ave b een p ar t ly g overned b y t he s lope o f t he s ur face o n wh ich i th ad d eve loped . I n t he c en tra l a rea , t he c rust was t h ick a nd u nbroken ( excep t , a t o ne p o in t n ear t he a pex , where i th ad e i ther n ever f or med o r h ad b een d es troyed b y modern e ros ion ) . O n t he NW f l ank , where i t s s lope was s l ight ly l ess s teep , t he c rust was c orrespond ing ly l ess d eve loped ( so f ter a nd l i gh ter i n c o lour ) a nd , i n c on trast t o i t s b ehav iou- o n t he S E , p lunged b e low t he o ld l and s urface t o c onnect w i th h u mmocks o f h eavy p ann ing r ising u p f ro m d eeper l eve ls . Around mos t o f t he r es t o f t he c ircumference , t he s lope was more g radua l y et a nd t he c rust f aded a way a lmos t c o mp le te ly b efore r each ing t he l eve l o f t he o ld l and s ur face .

Where t h is

h appened , t he o u ter f l anks o f t he c ore t ended t o merge i n to t he c app ing , t he ma ter ia ls c o mpos ing t he 2 f eatures b e ing much t he s ame i n t hese p laces , a nd t he c ore/capp ing b oundary was i nd is t inct .

T he i rregu lar ly s ca l loped o ut l ine

o f t he wes t e dge o f t he c ore a s d rawn o n t he p lan ( F ig . 3 ) r ef lec ts t he d i f f icu l t ies o f i den t if ica t ion c aused b y t h is merg ing . T he b arrow was s urrounded b y a n i rregu lar ly o va l d i tch , a verag ing 1 .4 m w ide a nd 5 0 cm d eep , w i th a p ro f i le v ary ing f ro m a b road U -shape t o ab lun t V . The f i l l c onsisted o f l oose g ray s andy g rave l s im i lar t o t ha t f or m ing t he c app ing . T he f i ll was s o mewha t more s tony n ear i t s b ase t han h igher u p b u t t here was n o s harp d iv is ion b etween p r imary a nd s econdary s i l t ing o r b e tween t he l a t ter a nd t he t er t iary f i l l ( F ig . 4 ) . T he d i mensions o f t he a rea e nc losed b y t he d i tch were 1 0.2 m NE/S W b y 9 .2 m NW/SE a nd t hus r eproduced , i n a s l ight ly l ess e xaggera ted f or m , t he e longa ted NE/SW a x is o f t he b arrow c ore ; t he c en tra l p o in t o f t he l a t ter was l oca ted 5 0 cm o r s o W o f t he c en tre o f t he a rea e nc losed b y t he d i tch . A t ap o in t a l most d ue s outh o f c en tre t he d i tch was b roken b y an arrow c auseway , 9 8 cm w ide .1 Sma l l d epos its o f t ree c harcoa l h ad b een i ncorpora ted i n to t he makeup o f t he c ore a t t he p o in ts i nd ica ted o n F ig . 5 .

9

T ree c harcoa l a lso o ccurred i n 2

F ig.

4

Ma in S ect ions t hrough Barrow a nd D i tch

Modern t urf

Roots

O ld s urface. Represented by w e l l-def ined l ayer o f d irty y e l low-brown o r g rey s and w i th numerous c harcoa l f l ecks

O ld s urface. As a bove but l ess w e l l-def ined a nd w ith o n ly s cattered c harcoa l f l ecks

O ld s urface. As a bove but e ven l ess w e l l-def ined a nd w i th o n ly o ccas iona l c harcoa l f l ecks. I n p laces s urv ived o n ly a s t h in c lus ter o f f a int p an l ines

4 +0 4 +4

F i l l ( sea l ing U rn 6 2) o f d epress ion i n o ld s urface

B lack ish p an c rust/Hard b rown ish p an o r d r ip

D ir ty y e l low-brown s and ( occas iona l s tones).

Core makeup

Ye l low-brown s and ( occas iona l s tones)/Sandy g rave l.

1 1 :

Grey s and ( occas iona l s tones).

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Na tura l a nd c ore makeup

G rey s andy g rave l. Natura l , m ound makeup a nd d i tch f i l l. S tone c ontent v ar iab le a s i nd ica ted

H eav i ly p anned o range o r mott led y e l low-brown a nd b lack ish s and/grave l. Natura l

Dark p eaty s o i l ( above d i tch)

B lack c harcoa ly p i t f i l l

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UPC AST

p laces i n t he d i tch ( F ig . 5 ) . T he c harcoa l i n t he c ore was p oss ib ly t aken u p f rom t he o ld s ur face where i t might h ave f ound i t s way a s ar esu l t o f p r i mary f unerary a ct iv i t ies ( s ee p . 1 4 i n fra ) .

I ft h is i s s o , t he r ad io-carbon d e term in-

a t ion f or C 49 d a tes ap hase o f a ct iv i ty e ar l ier t han t he c onstruc t ion o f t he c ore .2 C 49 . C .60 gms o f o ak c harcoa l i n t he c ore makeup c .25 cm a bove t he o ld s urf ace . A l l t he c harcoa l a ppeared t o b e long t o as ing le o b long f ragment , c .40 cm b y 5 cm a nd 2 -3 cm t h ick , p ossib ly f ro m a sma l l ish b ranch ( t he g ra in r an l eng thw ise ) . Rad io c arbon d a te : 1 205/49 b c ( B M-870) C 56 . C .15 gms o f o ak c harcoa l i n t he c ore makeup s o me 3 5 cm a bove t he o ld s ur face. A l l t he c harcoa l a ppeared t o b e long t o as ing le i rregu lar ly-shaped f ragment ( a l l v isib le g ra in r an i n t he s ame d irec t ion ) . C 375 . 8 -10 sma l l l u mps o f o ak c harcoa l s ca t tered i n t he c ore makeup j ust a bove t he o ld s urface l eve l i n t he v ic in i ty o f S lab 6 . C 386 . C .25 gms o f o ak a nd b irch c harcoa l s cat tered i n t he c ore makeup o ver a n a rea c . 6 0 cm b y 3 0 cm a nd c .10 cm a bove t he o ld s ur face . C 405. 6 -7 sma l l l u mps o f o ak a nd h aze l c harcoa l i n t he c ore makeup c .35 cm a bove t he o ld s ur face . C 55. 4 -5 gms o f o ak c harcoa l i n t he u pper f i l l o f t he d i tch ( d ep th f ro m modern s urface 3 8 cm ) i n t he E q uadran t . T he c harcoa l was s ca t tered i n a n amorphous p a tch , c .30 cm i n d iameter w i th a max i mu m t h ickness o f 6 cm , o f b lack s and a nd sma l l u nburn t h ea thf l in ts . C 372. 4 -5 gms o f o ak c harcoa l o n t he d i tch f l oor c . 2m E o f t he c auseway . 4 .

T he P re-Barrow S urface a nd S ub jacen t L eve ls

The p re-barrow s urface was marked b y a l ayer , v ary ing i n t h ickness b u tu p t o 5 cm i n p laces n ear t he c en tre , o f r ela t ive ly s tone-free s and c on ta in ing sma l l f lecks o f c harcoa l . I t was d ir ty y e llow/brown i n c olour u nder t he c ore a nd g ray ish u nder t he f oot o f t he c app ing where i th ad b een s ub jec ted t o s eco ndary l each ing . Apar t f ro m t wo l arg ish g aps a ssoc iated w i th p r i mary a rcheo log ica l f ea tures a nd d escr ibed b e low i n c onnect ion w i th t he f eatures c oncerned , t he l ayer a ppears t oh ave b een p resen t e verywhere u nder t he c ore t hough , a round t he p er ipher ies , i n a n a t tenua ted f or m d if f icu l t o r i mpossib le t o t race o n p lan . A s t he p lan ( F ig . 3 ) s hows , c harcoa l f l ecks were most n u merous i n t he c entra l a rea where , p ar t ly a s ac onsequence , t he o ld s urface was c o mpara t ive ly wel l- marked a nd e asy t o i den t ify . O u tside t h is a rea , u nder t he f l anks o f t he c ore , t he f l ecks t eneded t o b e much l ess a bundan t a nd were a bsen t c o mp le te ly o ver sma l l s tre tches ; where t hey were p resen t t hey c o mpr ised t h in s ca t ters v ir tual ly u ndetec tab le o n p lan a nd h ard t o s ee e ven i n f resh ly-scraped s ec t ions. The o ld s ur face b eyond t he l im i ts o f t he c ore h ad b een i ncorpora ted i n to t he A 2 h or izon o f t he modern p odso l . I n t he W h a lf o f t he s i te , v isua l ly r ec ogn izab le t races a brup t ly t er m ina ted a long t he e dge o f t he c ore a nd i t s f ormer p os it ion p er ipheraly t o t he e dge was c o mp le te ly i nde ter m inab le . I n t he E ,

1 3

t he o ld s ur face was b are ly d e tec tab le t o t he l im i ts s hown o n t he p lan a nd s ec t ions , b e ing r epresen ted b y ad i f fuse b and o f g ray ish s and , a cm o r t wo t h ick , c ont a in ing t he o ccas iona l f l eck o f c harcoa l . I np laces , p ar t icu lar ly t owards t he e dges , t he c o lour d ist inc t ion f aded o u t c omp le te ly a nd a l t ha t s urv ived , a par t f rom a f ew c harcoa l f l ecks , were t h in c lus ters o f f a in t p an l ines ( s ee t he s ec t ion d raw ings F ig . 4a nd P lates I I a nd I V ) . I den t i f iab le p ieces o f c harcoa l i n as amp le o f t he o ld s ur face l e ve l t aken f ro m t he c en tra l a rea ( s ee F ig .4 f or p os i t ion ) a l lp roved t o b e o f b racken a nd t h is f act , p lus t he p resence o f b racken s pores a nd t he a bsence o r r ar i ty o f h ea ther a nd c erea l p o l len , i mp l ies t ha t a t t he t ime t he b arrow was r a ised i t s i mmed ia te e nv irons c ons is ted o fu ncu l t iva ted b racken h ea th land . A s s ugges ted b y P ro fessor D imb leby ( s ee A ppend ix I ) , t he n onex is tence o f aw e l l-def ined o ld t urf l i ne i nd ica tes t ha tt he v ege tab le c over h ad b een d es troyed o n t he s i te o f t he b arrow p r ior t o i t s c ons truc t ion a nd , i ndeed , g iven t he n a ture o f t h is c over , s o me f orm o f g round c learance wou ld p robab ly h ave b een an ecessary p re l im inary t o f unerary u se . T he h eavy c oncen tra t ion o f b racken c harcoa l u nder t he c en tra lp ar t o ft he c ore p robab ly i mp l ies t ha t s tand ing v ege ta t ion w as b urn t i n s i tu t here . T he t h in s ca t ters o f c harcoa l f l ecks l i n ing t he a ncien t s ur face a round t he e dges o f t he h eavi ly b urn t a rea c ou ld a lso r epresen t b urn ing i n s i tu , p oss ib ly a f ter much o f t he b racken h ad b een u proo ted b yh and a nd t hrown o n t o t he c en tra l f i re o r d isposed o f i n s ome o ther f ash ion . T he a bsence o f c harcoa l f l eck ing o r o f o ther v est iges o ft he b ur ied s o i l b eyond t he l im i ts o f t he c ore i n t he W p ar t o ft he s i te s ugges ts t ha t t he o ld s ur face h ere h ad b een d e tur fed p r ior t o t he c ons truc t ion o f t he c app ing .

I t s

a brup t d isappearance a long t he c ore/capp ing b oundary , moreover , i mp l ies t ha t t he s tr ipp ing t ookp lace wh i le t he c ore was i np rocess o f c ons truc t ion , o r a f ter i t s c o mp le t ion , a nd t hus a f ter t he c en tra lp ar t o f t he s ur face h ad b een b urn t o f f . T he l eve l o f t he s tr ipped s ur face i nt he v ic in i ty o f Urn 2 5 i s i nd ica ted b y t he p osi t ion o f t he c aps tone c over ing t he mou th o ft ha tv esse l a nd l y ing s o me 2 5 cm b e low t he e st ima ted l eve l o f t he o r ig ina l s urface ; e lsewhere i ts ee ms t o h ave b een a bou t t he s ame o r s omewha t l ess d eep ( see l a ter d isc uss ion ) . S tr ipp ing c ou ld a lso a ccoun t f or t he a bsence o f t races o ft he o ld s urface i nt he a reas a d jo in ing t he d i tch , t hough i ti s d oub t fu l , g iven t he p rox im i ty o f t he modern s ur face ( and t he c onsequen t d ecreased p ro tec t ion f rom t he efec ts o f s econdary s o i l p rocesses ) , w he ther t he l a t ter w ou ld h ave s urv ived a s a r ecogn izab le f ea ture h ere i n a ny c ase .3 Sma l l q uan t i t ies ( t o ta l we igh t c .200 gms ) o f t ree c harcoa l were a lso r ec overed f rom v ar ious p laces o n t he o ld s ur face , a l l ( excep t f or C 57 , C 82 a nd C 118) o n o r n ear t he s i te o f t he c en tra l f i re a nd most i n t he W q uadran t . T he s pec ies r epresen ted i nt hese f i nds a re a l l a l so r epresen ted among t he c harcoa l f ound i n o r w i th v ar ious p r imary a rcheo log ica l f ea tures ( a nd i n t he mound makeup ) , t he r ela t ive f requenc ies b e ing r ough ly t he s a me i ne ach c on tex t ( o ak p redom ina t ing w i th a lder c om ing n ex t a nd t hen b irch/haze l ) . T hese s im i lar i t ies a rgue a c om mon s ource f or t he t wo g roups a nd a l l t he c harcoa l f ro m t he o ld s ur face c ou ld h ave b een c asua l ly d ropped t here o n o ne

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I n t he

c entra l a rea , t he s o lid l i ne marks t he a pproxima te e dge o f t he c ore; f i re;

t he i nner b roken l i ne , t he a pprox ima te l im i ts o f t he c entra l a nd t he o uter b roken l i ne , t he a pprox i ma te l im i ts o f t he

u ns tr ipped g round .

1 5

o r more o ccas ions when c harcoa l was b rough tt o t he s i te f or b ur ia l i n p i ts . I tw ou ld b e f ool ish t o i nsist o n t h is p o in t , h owever , a s a l l c ou ld e qua l ly h ave c o me f ro m s craps o f wood t hrown o n to t he c en tra l b racken f ire . T he p os i t ions o ft he v ar ious p r i mary c harcoa l f i nds a re s hown o n F ig . 5 . A l l o ccup ied c o mpara t ive ly l im i ted a reas e xcep t f or C 82 a nd C 388 wh ich w ere s ca t tered o ver . c . 0 .75 s quare m a nd c . 1 .5 s quare m r espect ive ly . T he f i nd c ircu mstances o f C 382 a re u nknown e xcep t t ha t i tc a me f ro m t he p re-barrow s ur face a round t he e dges o f t he c ore ( probab ly i n t he W q uadran t ) . C 118 was a t ad ep th o f 3 9 cm b e low t he modern s ur face a nd was p robab ly p r imary t o t he f oot o f t he c app ing ( no t race o f t he o ld s ur face s urvived i n t he v ic in i ty ) . C 57 .

C . 7 5 gms o f o ak c harcoa l

C 82. C . 1 5 gms o f o ak c harcoa l C 118. S ing le sma l l l u mp o f o ak c harcoa l C 157.

C . 1 5 gms o f o ak a nd a lder c harcoa l

C 381. C 382.

C . 8 gms o f o ak , h aze l a nd b irch c harcoa l . C . 2 5 gms o f o ak a nd b irch c harcoa l

C 387. C 388.

C . 2 5 gms o f o ak c harcoa l C . 2 5 gms o f o ak , a lder a nd h aze l c harcoa l .

C 407.

6 -7 sma l l l u mps o f o ak c harcoa l .

The B ronze Age s o i l was a d egraded b rown e ar th r ather t han t he modern p odsol ( s ee P rofessor D i mb leby 's r epor t i n A ppend ix I ) . A s im i lar s o i l o ccurred u nder t he n earby Wal l is Down b arrows wh ich s tood s ome 2 km t o t he S E ( Case , 1 952 ) b ut t he b ur ied s o i l u nder t he e ven c loser Can ford b arrow ( Ashbee , 1 954) , l oca ted a pprox i ma tely l km t o t he SW , a ppears t oh ave b een af u l ly-deve loped p odso l . N e i ther t he Wa l l is D own n or Canford b arrows p rod uced p ot tery o r g rave g oods .

C harcoa l f ro m t he p ost-r ing e nc los ing Wal l is

Down 1 , h owever , was d a ted t o 1 260/50 b e ( Radiocarbon 6 , 3 56 ) a nd t he e v id ence f ro m t h is s i te t hus a grees w i th t ha t f ro m Kn ighton Hea th i n s uppor t ing av ery l a te s econd mi l lenn iu m ( radio-carbon y ears) b eg inn ing f or t he p odso lz a t ion o ft he r eg ion .4 The d epos i ts i m med ia te ly u nder ly ing t he p re-barrow s urface c o mpr ised s tra ta o f s ands a nd l ight g ravels .

Under t he c ore t he u pper s tra ta t ended t o

b e r e la t ively s of t , l i gh t i n c o lour ( s o me s hade o f y e l low ish o r wh i te ish b rown ) a nd a l most s tone-free ; t he l ower were g enera l ly more g ravel ly , s o met i mes w ith a s l ight o range c o lour c ast , a nd d irect ly o ver lay l ayers o f v ery c o mpact o range o r mo t t led y e l low-brown a nd b lack s and o r s andy g rave l e xposed i n p laces a t t he b ase o f t he a rchaeo log ica l s ect ion ( F ig . 4 ) . O u ts ide t he a rea c overed b y t he c ore , t he l i ght b rown u pper d epos i ts merged i n to , o r were a brup t ly r ep laced b y , g ray s ands a nd g rave ls r epresen t ing t he l eached h or izon o f t he modern p odso l . A par t f rom t h is c o lour c hange , t he n ature a nd s tra t if i cat ion o f t he d epos its i n t he t wo a reas w ere v ery s im i lar . 5 .

S tructura l H istory a nd Ex terna l F orm T he e vidence s u m mar ized a bove i nd ica tes t ha t t he s tructura l r ou t ine

f ol lowed i n b u i ld ing t he b arrow was p robab ly a s tra igh t-forwards c entre/ p er ipher ies o ne i nvo lv ing ma ter ia ls d er ived i n w ho le o r i np ar t f rom t he d i tch ,

1 6

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F ig . 2 8

D istr ibu t ion o fp otsherds i n c app ing a nd d i tch .

T he b roken l i ne

( l ong-shor t ) e nc loses a rea o f d is tr ibut ion o f s econdary u rns .

I n

t he c entra l a rea , t he s o l id l i ne marks t he a pprox ima te e dge o f t he c ore ; t he i nner b roken l i ne , t he a pprox i ma te l im i ts o f t h e c en tra l f i re ;

a nd t he o uter b roken l i ne , t he a pprox ima te l im i ts

o f t he u nstr ipped g round . Broken l i ne a long b arrow 's SW f l ank marks t he NE l im i t o fb u l ldoz ing .

1 36

cm b e low t he o ld s ur face a nd w ere ma in ly c oncen tra ted a long t he b oundary w i th t he s tr ipped g round .

The s herds i n t he s tr ipped g round were a t v ary ing d ep ths

b e low t he e xtrapo la ted o ld s ur face l eve l .

S o me p ieces a re b ad ly wea thered

1

b u t n one a re b urn t a nd most a re i n g ood c ond i t ion ,a nd c annot h ave l a in u nprot ec ted o n t he o ld s ur face f or a ny l eng th o f t ime .2 T he d istr ibu t ion o f t he 6 2 f inds o n t he o ld s ur face a nd i n t he c ore makeup i s p lo t ted o n F ig . 2 7.

A s t he f igure s hows , a l l t he s herds were i n t he S t wo-

t h irds o f t he s i te w i th t he h eav ies t c oncen tra t ion o ccurr ing i n ar es tr ic ted a rea N o f t he c auseway .

The f igure a lso s hows t ha t t he s herds o n t he o ld

s ur face f or m a c on t inuous s pread , s uggest ing t ha t t here i s l i t t le o r n o d iference i n d a te b etween t hose u nder t he c app ing a nd t hose u nder t he c ore o r b e tween t hose i nt he s tr ipped a nd u ns tr ipped g round .

At h ird p o in t b rough t o u t b y t he

f igure , i s t he p ar t ia l c oinc idence i n d is tr ibu t ion b etween t he s herds o n t he o ld s ur face a nd t he p ieces i n t he c ore makeup .

Th is c oinc idence , wh i le n ot e xac t ,

i s c ons isten t w ith t he s herds f ro m t he l a t ter c on tex t h av ing b een t aken u p f ro m t he o ld s urface i nc iden ta l ly t o work o n t he c ore a nd c asua l ly i ncorpora ted i n to i t s makeup.

A s im i lar a rgu men t a pp l ies t o t he 1 3 f inds i n t he f i l ls o f p r i mary

p i ts , a l l o f wh ich were u nder t he c ore ( pp . 1 42-3 ) , t r ibu t ions d if fer s o mewha t .

t hough a ga in , t he 2 d is-

I tf o llows f rom t he p rev ious d iscuss ion t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f t h is p ot tery mus t b e b road ly c on te mporary w i th s o me p hase o f t he p r imary f unerary u se o f t he s i te s econdary t o t he b urn ing o f t he o ld s ur face . T he f abr ic c harac ter ist ics ( f l in t g r i t t ing ; g rad ing i n to b lack ish o r w i th b lack ish c ores ;

b u f f o r o rang ish p aste , o f ten a nd b rown l ea thery s urfaces )

a re i den t ica l t o t hose o f t he f unerary u rns a s a re t he f ew d e f in i te t ypo log ica l f ea tures p reserved among t h is ma ter ia l :

4 -7 b ase a ng les ;

l ugs a nd a p resu med c o l lar f ragmen t ( F ig . 3 0 ).

4r i ms ;

2o va l

O ne p iece ( No . 1 86 ) h as

s ha l low c on t iguous g roov ing o f t he k ind f ound o n s evera l c inerary u rns b u t t here were n o t races o f g ir th g rooves , f ingerpr in ts o r o ther d ecora t ion o n a ny o f t he s herds ( t h is may b e d ue t o c hance , h owever , a s most p ieces a re v ery sma l l a nd t he a ssemblage i s n ot a l arge o ne ). The ma jor i ty o f p ieces , i nc lud ing mos t o f t he f ea ture s herds , c ame f ro m v esse ls w i th f abr ics s im i lar t o t hose o f t he f iner c lass o f c inerary u rn ( mos t o f t he p r i mary u rns a nd N os . 4 , 8a nd 1 6 o f t he s econdary g roup ).

Thus ,

most p ieces a re r e la t ively t h in ( 7-10 m m ) a nd h ard-f ired w i th smoo th o r c o mp ara t ive ly smooth s ur faces a nd l i t t le o r n o v is ible g r i t t ing .

S herd 2 03 ( a

sma l l wa l l s herd p r imary t o t he c app ing ) h as smooth s l igh t ly g r i t ty s ur faces r e f lec t ing t he u se o f f i ne s and r a ther t han c rushed f l in t a s f i l ler .

Af ew o ther

s herds ( Nos . 2 56 , 2 78 , 2 80 a nd 3 55 ) a lso a ppear t o c on ta in s and g r i t t ing , t hough t he l a t ter i s v ery s parse i n t he ir c ase a nd i s u sua l ly c o mbined w i th a l i t t le f l in t ;

a nd S herd 2 03 may e xe mp l i fy o ne e x tre me o f t he n or ma l r ange o f

f i ne ware c harac ter is t ics ( c f . Urn 5 8 , ap r i mary c inerary u rn , wh ich l i kew ise h as s and a s we l l a s f l in t g r i t t ing ).

The s ur faces o f t hese f abr ics a re l ea thery

r a ther t han g r i t ty i n f eel . There a re a lso an u mber o f h eav ier p ieces w i th wi l l t h icknesses u p t o 1 7 mm , i nc lud ing s evera l v ery r ough ly f i n ished s herds ( e .g . N os . 3 45 , 3 62 a nd 3 70 ) c omparab le t o s o me o f t he c oarser s econdary u rns .

Many o f t hese

p ieces a re n ot iceably h arder t han much o f t he o ther t h ick-wa l led p o t tery f ro m t he s i te , t hough t h is may , i n whole o r p ar t , r ef lec t d i f ferences i n s ta te o f p res erva t ion r a ther t han b e t ter f i r ing . 1 37

S herd 5 8 ( core makeup ) i s o n ly 3 .5 m m t h ick a nd t herefore s o mewha t t h inner t han t he t h innes t p ar t o f a ny b ur ia l u rn .

I t s c ombina t ion o f e x treme

t h inness a nd c op ious v is ib le g r it t ing h as n o p ara l le l a t Kn ighton a nd t he v esse l f or m c an o n ly b e g uessed a t . I ti s i mposs ible t o k now t o wha t e x ten t t he s herds f ro m p r imary c on tex ts a nd t he c ore makeup c ompr ise o r i nc lude d o mest ic a s o pposed t o f unerary p ot tery i f , i ndeed , a ny h ard a nd f as t d ist inc t ion c an b e d rawn b e tween t hese c a tegor ies . The s herds a re l i ke ly t o b e a t tr ibu table t o t he s a me c om mun i ty a s t he b ur ia l u rns , h owever , s ince , a s a rgued a bove , t he ir c on temporane i ty , o r v ir tua l c on te mporan ie ty , w i th t he p r i mary f unerary p ot tery i s c er ta in a nd , a s f ar a s c an b e d e ter mined o n t he b as is o f r a ther s can ty e v idence , t here a re n o marked t ypo log ica l d iscon tinu i t ies b etween t he 2 a ssemblages. The i nd iv idua l s herds a re d escr ibed b elow .

Fabr ic c o lour i s g i ven when-

e ver g ood c ond i t ion a nd/or f resh b reaks e nab le t he o r ig ina l h ues t ob e d etermined . O n O ld S urface Under Barrow .

5 6 f i nds ( 7 7 p ieces ).

T he d ep th f i gure i s

t he d ep th b e low t he o ld s urface , o bserved o r e x trapo la ted . 7 0 .

B ody o r b ase s herd , 4 5 mm b y 2 5 mm a nd 1 1 mm t h ick .

Hard a nd

u nwea thered w i th b u f f-brown s ur faces , s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l . g r i t t ing . 7 2.

Bu f f ish f abr ic w ith t h ick b lack c ore .

wea thered :

Hard a nd s l igh t ly

b rown l ea thery s ur faces a nd c oarse f l in t g r i t t ing . Dep th :

b rown s ur faces s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l . c . 5 cm .

Ou ter 2 5%

0 cm .

Base a ng le , c . 4 5 mm b y 3 5 mm a nd 1 8 mm t h ick .

b u f f f abr ic .. Dep th :

S ome f l int

0 cm .

B ody s herd , 3 0 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 7 -8 m m t h ick .

b u f f ish , r e ma inder b lack ish . 7 3 .

D epth :

H ard a nd u nwea thered :

S parse f i ne f l in t g r i t t ing .

D ark g rey/

I l lus tra ted F ig . 3 0.

7 5 . 2f ea ture less ? body s herds ( l arges t 2 5 mm b y 3 0 mm ). O ne s ur face g one i n e ach c ase ( max i mu m s urv iv ing t h ickness c . 9mm ). Bad ly wea thered . C oarse f l in t g r i t t ing .

Dep th :

1 4 cm.

1 03 .

3t i ny b ad ly d ecayed c rumbs.

1 09 .

T iny f ea ture less c ru mb .

1 10 .

D ecayed s herd , c . 2 5 mm b y 2 0 mm .

F l in t g r i t ted .

wea thered w i th o ne s ur face g one ). 1 11 .

f l in t g r i t t ing .

D ep th :

1 6 cm.

1 0 cm .

P oss ib le b ase a ng le ( bad ly

F l in t g r i t ted .

Bu f f f abr ic .

D epth :

b rown s ur faces s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l .

O u ter 3 3% o range-bu f f , r e ma inder b lack ish ..

C ol lar f ragmen t , 4 2 mm b y 3 6 mm a nd 1 0 mm t h ick .

wea thered :

b rown s ur faces w i th s l igh t ly l ea thery f ee l .

Mo t t led o range-bu f f/grey f abr ic . 1 37.

D ep th :

1 6 cm.

3b ody/base s herds ( l arges t 3 5 mm b y 3 0 mm ) , 9m m t h ick , p lus c rumbs .

Hard a nd u nwea thered :

1 36.

F l in t g r i t ted .

D ep th :

1 0 cm.

S parse f i ne

D ep th :

0 cm .

Hard a nd u n-

N o v is ib le g r i t t ing .

I l lus tra ted F ig . 3 0 .

Base/body s herd , 3 5 mm b y 3 0 mm , w i th s urv iv ing t h ickness o f c . 1

mm ( one s ur face g one ). f l in t g r i t t ing .

D epth :

Wea thered .

Brown l ea thery s urface .

1 5 cm.

1 38

S o me c oarse

1 38.

B ody s herd , 3 0 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 1 1 mm t h ick .

l ea thery s urface . 1 91 .

S o me c oarse f l in t g r i t t ing .

Wea thered .

D epth :

Brown

1 3 cm .

B ody s herd , C . 2 0 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 8 m m t h ick , p lus c ru mbs .

a nd u nwea thered :

smoo th b rown s ur faces s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l .

f l int ( ?and s and ) g r i t t ing .

B lack ish-bu f f f abr ic .

D ep th :

Hard

S parse

1 5 cm.

1 99. B ody s herd , C . 2 8 mm b y 2 5 mm a nd 8 m m t h ick . Hard a nd u nwea thered : smoo th b rown s ur faces s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l . S parse f l in t ( ?and s and ) g r it t ing .

Grey-buf f f abr ic .

Poss ib ly f ro m s ame v esse l a s N o . 1 91 .

D epth :

0 cm . 2 03 .

S herd , 4 0 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 8 m m t h ick .

O ne l ong s ide f l a t a nd c om-

p ara t ive ly smooth ( ?r im o r ? edge o f d e tached b ase ).

V ery h ard a nd u nwea thered

w i th s mooth d ark b rown s ur faces , s l igh t ly g r i t ty i n f ee l . Dep th : 2 06.

2t iny s herds ( one s ur face g one i n e ach c ase ).

s ur faces . 2 07 .

F ine s and g r i t t ing .

0 cm .

F l in t g r i t t ing .

Wea thered :

R im s herd , C . 3 0 mm b y 3 0 mm a nd 6 -7 m m t h ick .

t hered :

Hard a nd u nwea-

l igh t b u f f-brown s ur faces , s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l .

f l in t g r it t ing .

b rown

D epth : 0 cm .

O range -bu f f f abr ic w i th t h ick b lack c ore .

S o me c oarse

D epth :

0 cm .

I l lus tra ted F ig . 3 0. 2 09 .

Body s herd , 3 0 mm b y 2 2 mm a nd 8 m m t h ick .

b rown s ur faces s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l . 2 13 .

C . 6m m ( one s ur face g one i n e ach c ase ).

b rown s ur faces .

S o me f l in t g r i t t ing .

S o me f l in t g r i t t ing .

smoo th

G rey-buf f

D ep th :

5 cm.

S l igh t ly wea thered :

D epth : 0 cm .

Body/base s herd , C . 2 5 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 1 2 mm t h ick .

h ard r ough l ea thery b rown s ur faces . 2 55.

Hard a nd u nwea thered : No v is ib le g r i t t ing .

Body s herd , 2 7 mm b y 2 6 mm a nd 9 m m t h ick .

b rown l ea thery s ur faces . 2 54.

5 cm .

Body/base s herd , C . 3 0 mm b y 3 0 mm a nd 1 0 mm t h ick , p lus c ru mb.

S l igh t ly wea thered : 2 49.

D epth :

2b ody s herds ( l arges t c . 2 0 mm b y 1 5 mm ) w i th max imum t h ickness

b rown s ur faces s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l . f abr ic. Depth : 0 cm . 2 14.

Hard a nd u nwea thered :

S o me f l in t g r i t t ing .

F l in t g r i t t ing .

D ep th :

U nwea thered : 3 4 cm .

Bad ly wea thered s herd , 4 3 mm b y 2 9 mm , mos t ly c ons is t ing o f a n o va l

l ug s l igh t ly t runca ted a t o ne e nd a nd a long o ne e dge . Wa l l t h ickness C . 7mm ; s urv iv ing d i mens ions o f l ug c . 4 0 mm b y 1 6 m m. Brown s ur faces . F l in t g r it t ing . 2 56.

D epth :

3 4 cm.

I l lustra ted F ig . 3 0 .

Base a ng le , 4 5 mm b y 2 5 mm ( wa l l t h ickness 8 -9 m m ).

u nwea thered :

b rown l ea thery s ur faces .

S parse f l in t a nd s and g r i t t ing .

O u ter h a lf f abr ic o range-buf f , i nner b lack ish . 2 57.

D ep th :

2 5 cm .

B ody s herd , c . 4 0 mm b y 4 0 mm a nd 8 m m t h ick .

u nwea thered ( sur faces h eav i ly p anned ). f l in t ( ?a nd s and ) g r i t t ing . v esse l ).

D ep th :

Hard a nd

Hard a nd a pparen t ly

Brown l ea thery s ur faces.

S parse

Fabr ic s i mi lar t o N o. 2 56 ( probably f ro m s ame

5 cm .

1 39

2 62.

2b ody s herds ( l arges t C . 6 0 mm b y 4 0 mm ) , c . 1 0 mm t h ick .

wea thered :

h ard r ough l ea thery b rown s ur faces .

w i th t h in b lack c ore ( l a t ter a bsen t i n p laces ) . 2 78.

D ep th :

B ody s herd , 3 0 mm b y 2 5 mm a nd 8 mm t h ick .

b rown s ur faces , s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l. f abr ic . 2 80 .

F l in t g r it t ing .

D epth :

U n-

Bu f f f abr ic

4 4 cm. Hard a nd u nwea thered :

S parse s and g r i tt ing .

G rey-buf f

1 2 cm .

B ody s herd , 3 5 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 8 mm t h ick .

b rown l ea thery s ur faces .

S parse s and g r i t t ing .

Hard a nd u nwea thered :

G rey-bu f f f abr ic .

Dep th :

3 2 cm. 2 82. 3 sma l l b ody/base s herds ( l arges t 3 0 mm b y 2 0 mm ) , 9 -10 mm t h ick , p lus 8 c rumbs . S l igh t ly wea thered : b rown s ur faces . S o me f l in t g r i t t ing . D ep th : 3 27.

0 cm. B ody/base s herd , 3 2 mm b y 2 2 mm a nd c . 1 0 mm t h ick .

w i th b rown l ea thery s ur faces . 3 28 .

D ep th :

B ody s herd , 2 0 mm b y 1 5 mm a nd 8 m m t h ick .

wea thered :

Hard a nd s l igh t ly

O rang ish f abr ic w i th t h in b u f f c ore .

S parse f l in t

Dep th :

T iny r im s herd , 2 0 mm b y 1 5 mm a nd 9m m t h ick .

b rown s ur faces , s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l .

Wea thered

0 cm .

smooth b rown s urfaces , s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l .

( ?and s and ) g r i t t ing . 3 29 .

F l int g r i t t ing .

0cm.

S l igh t ly w ea thered :

N o v is ib le g r i t t ing .

Dep th :

0 cm .

I l lustra ted F ig . 3 0. 3 30 . a .

D ep th :

5 cm.

2b ody s herds ( l argest 4 0 mm b y 2 5 mm ) , 9 -10 m m t h ick , p lus c rumbs.

Wea thered : b .

b rown s ur faces .

S o me f l in t g r i t ting .

2s herds , 6 .5-7.0 m m t h ick .

3 0 mm b y 1 0 mm ; weathered : 3 33.

The l argest p iece ( body s herd ) measures

t he o ther i s ar im a nd i s i l lustra ted i n F ig . 3 0 .

b rown s urfaces .

T iny r im s herd , 2 3 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 8 -9 m m t h ick .

b u f f f abr ic w i th t h ick b lack c ore .

D ep th :

b rown l ea thery s ur faces .

S o me f l int g r i t t ing .

B ody s herd , 4 5 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 1 1 mm t h ick .

Depth :

Hard a nd u n-

D ep th :

S l igh t ly 0 cm .

H ard a nd u nwea thered :

S o me f l in t g r i t t ing .

Buf f f abr ic :

2 cm . B ody s herd , 6 0 mm b y 5 5 mm a nd 8 .5 m m t h ick , p lus c rumb.

wea thered . g r i t t ing . 3 46.

O range-

I l lustra ted F ig . 3 0 .

0 cm.

b rown s ur faces w i th s l igh t ly l ea thery f ee l .

3 45.

0 cm.

4t iny b ase s herds ( l arges t 1 8 mm b y 1 5 mm ) , C . 9m m t h ick .

wea thered : 3 41 .

D ep th :

r ed-brown s ur faces w i th a bundan t c oarse ( so me v ery c oarse )

f l in t g r i t t ing . 3 39 .

S l igh t ly w ea thered :

L i t t le v is ib le g r i t t ing ( ?sand ).

?Base a ng le ( ?or d aub f ragmen t ) , C . 2 5 mm b y 2 0 mm .

wea thered :

S l ight ly

S parse f l in t ( ?and s and ) g r i t t ing .

r ed-brown s ur faces , l ea thery i n f ee l .

3 34.

F ound w i th b .

S l igh t ly

Hard w ith r ough l ea thery b rown s ur faces a nd s o me h eavy f l in t

Dep th :

0 cm .

B ody s herd , 5 0 mm b y 4 0 mm a nd 9 .5 m m t h ick .

h ard w i th l ea thery b rown s ur faces . t h ick b lack c ore .

D ep th :

S o me f l in t g r i t t ing .

0 cm .

1 40

S l igh t ly wea thered : Bu f f f abr ic w i th

3 47.

B ody s herd , C . 2 5 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 8 m m t h ick .

l ea thery s urfaces . S o me f l in t g r i t t ing . b lack ish . Dep th : 0 cm . 3 53.

B ody s herd , 4 0 mm b y 3 5 mm a nd 8 m m t h ick .

d ark b rown s ur faces , s l igh t ly l ea thery. Du l l b u f f f abr ic . D epth : 2 cm. 3 55.

Wea thered :

b rown

O u ter h a lf f abr ic h u f f ish , i nner

Hard a nd u nwea thered :

S parse f l in t ( ?and s and ) g r i t t ing .

3s herds c o mpr ising 2 sma l l b ody s herds ( l arges t w i th a n o va l l ug ,

C . 2 6 mm b y 1 6 mm ) a nd a r im ( 30 m m b y 2 5 mm a nd 5 .0-7.5 m m t h ick ). The r im ( note t he v ar ia t ion i n p rof i le f rom o ne e nd t o t he o ther ) a nd t he l ugged s herd a re i l lustrated i n F ig . 3 0 .

V ery h ard a nd u nwea thered :

d ark b rown s ur faces , s l ight ly l eathery . b uf f f abr ic . D ep th : 0 cm .

S parse s and g r i t t ing .

3 57.

B lack ish

3b ody s herds ( l arges t 4 0 mm b y 2 0 mm , o thers much sma l ler ) , 8 -10

mm t h ick . H ard a nd u nwea thered : g r i t t ing . Dep th : 0 cm .

b rown l ea thery s ur faces .

3 59 . Body s herd , 2 5 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 1 0 mm t h ick . s ur faces . F l in t g r i t t ing . Dep th : 0 cm .

S o me f l in t

Wea thered :

3 60 . Body s herd , c . 4 0m m b y 3 0 mm a nd 9 m m t h ick . s ur faces . F l in t g r i t t ing . D ep th : 0 cm .

3 62.

b rown

U nwea thered : Bu f f f abr ic .

0 cm . Body s herd , 7 0 mm b y 6 5 mm .

S im i lar i n s ur face t rea tmen t a nd

t h ickness t o N o. 3 45 a nd p robably p ar t o f t he s ame v esse l . 3 63 .

b rown

Wea thered :

3 61 . Large b ase f ragmen t , 9 0 mm b y 7 0 mm a nd 2 1 mm t h ick . h ard r ough l ea thery b rown s ur faces . S o me l arge f l in t g r i t t ing . D ep th :

smoo th

D ep th : 0 cm .

S herd , 2 5 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 9 -10 m m t h ick , p lus c ru mb .

b rown l ea thery s ur faces .

S o me f l in t g r i t t ing .

3 64. Sma l l f ea ture less c ru mb . 0cm.

D epth :

Bad ly wea thered .

Wea thered :

0 cm.

F l in t g r i t t ing .

D epth :

3 65. B ody s herd , 3 0 mm b y 3 0 mm a nd 8 .5 m m t h ick . U nwea thered : h ard w i th l ea thery b rown s urfaces . S o me f l in t g r i t t ing . O u ter 2 0% o range-hu f f i nner 8 0% b lack ish . 3 66.

D ep th :

0 cm .

2 sma l l s herds ( l arges t 2 8 mm b y 2 0 mm ) , 8m m t h ick .

u nwea thered :

b rown l ea thery s ur faces .

S o me f l in t g r i t t ing .

Hard a nd D ep th :

0 cm .

3 67. B ody s herd , C . 3 0 mm b y 2 8 mm a nd 1 0 mm t h ick . U nwea thered : h ard w i th l ea thery b rown s ur faces . S o me f l in t g r i t t ing . D ep th : 0 cm . 3 68.

B ody s herd , C . 3 0 mm b y 3 0 mm a nd 1 1-12 m m t h ick .

b rown l ea thery s ur faces . 3 27). D ep th : 0 cm . 3 70 .

Wea thered w i th

F l in t-gr i t ted ( probably f ro m s a me v esse l a s N o.

B ody s herd , 9 5 mm b y 8 0 mm a nd 1 4-15 m m t h ick .

h ard w i th r ough l ea thery b rown s urfaces. f abr ic w i th t h ick b lack c ore.

Depth :

U nwea thered :

S o me f l in t g r i t t ing .

O range-bu f f

1 0 cm .

3 97. Base a ng le , 7 0 mm b y 5 0 mm a nd 2 0 mm t h ick . o therw ise s im i lar t o N o . 3 61 ( poss ib ly s ame v esse l ). 1 41

Bad ly wea thered b u t D epth : 5 cm.

4 25 .

Sma l l l u mp ( ?base a ng le f ragmen t ) , 2 0 mm b y 1 5 mm w i th max i mum

s urv iv ing t h ickness o f 1 5 mm . g r i t t ing . 4 64.

S l igh t ly w ea thered :

Body s herd , 4 5 mm b y 3 0 mm .

t h ickness c . 1 0 mm ).

F l in t g r i t t ing .

I n P r imary Archaeo log ica l F ea tures . 1 04/124/130. mm ).

b rown s ur faces .

F l in t

D ep th 2 cm.

F i l l o f AP1 .

Bad ly wea thered ( max imum s urv iv ing Depth :

8 cm .

1 3 f i nds ( 14 p ieces ).

9 -10 f ea tureless c ru mbs ( l argest 1 5 mm b y 1 0

P ro b ably f ro m 2 -3 d i f feren t p o ts :

4p ieces ( No . 1 04 ) a re b ad ly

wea thered w i th a bundan t h eavy f l in t g r i t t ing ;

3o thers ( No. 1 30 ) a re c o m-

p ara t ive ly u nwea thered ( orange-bu f f ish p aste ) w i th n o o bv ious g r i t t ing e xcep t p oss ibly a l i t t le s and ;

a nd t he r e ma inder ( No . 1 24 ) a re s omewha t w ea thered

w i th s o me f i ne f l in t g r i t t ing . 1 76.

F i l l o f p i t c on ta in ing U rn 4 7 . .

t h ick .

c oarse f l in t g r i t t ing . 1 86.

Body s herd , 3 5 mm b y 2 5 mm a nd 1 2 mm

H ard ( s l igh t ly wea thered ) w i th b u f f-brown l ea thery s urfaces a nd s o me O u ter h a lf d u l l b lack ish-bu f f , i nner b lackish .

U pper f i l l o f P i t 3 5 ( Upr igh t S lab 4 ).

a nd 8 .5-10 m m t h ick .

B ody s herd , 5 0 mm b y 3 5 mm

Hard a nd u nwea thered w i th b rown l ea thery s ur faces

a nd s parse f l in t g r i t t ing .

O range-bu f f/grey f abr ic .

o va l p i mp le , 8m m b y 9m m a nd 1 -2 m m h igh ) .

T iny ? lug ( i rregu lar ly

The o u ter s urface h as t races

o f s ha l low c on t iguous ( ?ver t ica l ) g rooves , 6 .5-8 .0 m m w ide ( c f . Urns 5 , 1 4 , 2 0 ,

2 1 a nd 6 2 ).

2 26.

L ower f i l l/ f loor o f P i t 3 3 ( Upr igh t S lab 2 ) .

a nd 1 1-12 m m t h ick . S o me f l in t g r i t t ing . 2 33. t h ick .

S herd , 2 7 mm b y 2 3 mm

S o mewha t wea thered w i th b rown l ea thery s urfaces . O range-bu f f f abr ic .

F i l l o f p i t c on ta in ing Urn 5 8 .

B ody s herd , 3 0 mm b y 1 8 mm a nd 9m m

Hard a nd u nwea thered w i th b rown l ea thery s ur faces a nd s parse f l in t

g r i t t ing .

O u ter 3 3% o range-bu f f , r e ma inder b lack ish .

2 35/291 .

F i l l o f AP7 .

d if feren t v esse ls .

S herd ( No . 2 35 ) a nd c ru mb ( No . 2 91 ) , p ossibly f ro m

No . 2 35 :

t i ny s herd , C . 1 3 mm b y 1 0 mm w i th max imu m

s urv iv ing t h ickness 5 .5 m m ( one s ur face g one ). s ur face .

F l in t-gr i t ted .

N o. 2 91 :

B ad ly wea thered w ith b rown

c ru mb o f o range-bu f f ware .

N o o bv ious

g r it t ing . 2 59.

Basa l f i l l o f P i t 3 4.

f eren t p ots . c ru mbs .

P ot 1 :

9s herds a nd c ru mbs b e long ing t o a t l east 2 d i f-

s herd , 2 2 mm b y 1 5 mm a nd 1 0-12 m m t h ick , a nd 2

H ard a nd u nwea thered w i th b rown l ea thery s ur faces .

Ou ter 3 3% o range-bu f f , r e ma inder b lack ish . b y 2 0 mm a nd 1 7 mm t h ick )

a nd 3 c ru mbs .

P ot 2 :

F l int g r i t ted .

3s herds ( l argest 3 5 mm

B o th s ur faces l ea thery i n f ee l

w i th t endency t o c o me o f f i n t h in f lakes 0 .5 m m o r l ess t h ick ( ou ter s urface b r igh t r ed-orange i n c o lour , i nner b rown ish ).

F l in t-gr i t ted .

F abr ic v ery

s of t a nd d ecayed , d egraded i n c o lour t o wh it ish b u f f . 3 50 . t h ick .

Basa l f i l l o f UC17.

3 sma l l s herds ( l arges t 3 5 mm b y 2 0 mm ) , 8mm

Hard a nd u nwea thered w i th b rown l ea thery s ur faces .

F l in t-gr it ted .

Orange-bu f f f abr ic . 3 54 .

B asa l f i l l o f P i t 3 2 .

H ard a nd u nweathered : c oarse f l in t g r it t ing .

B ody s herd , 4 5 mm b y 4 0 mm a nd 1 0 mm t h ick .

r ough l eathery s ur faces , b rown i n c o lour . B lack ish-buf f f abr ic . 1 42

A bundan t

3 56.

S ur face o f f i l l o f p i t c on ta in ing U rn 6 2.

T iny s herd ( one s urface g one ) ,

1 5 mm b y 1 0 mm w i th max imum s urv iv ing t h ickness 9 m m , a nd 3 c rumbs . Hard a nd s l igh t ly wea thered :

b rown l ea thery s ur face a nd a bundan t f l in t

g r it t ing . Makeup o f t he C ore 6s herds h ad b een i ncorpora ted i n to t he c ore d ur ing t he l a t ter 's c ons truct ion .

N os. 5 8 a nd 7 1 were s o me 7 0 cm a par t a t r ough ly s im i lar h e ights

( between 2 0 a nd 3 0 cm ) a bove t he a nc ien t s ur face i n t he N p ar t o f t he c ore . Nos . 1 05 , 2 19 a nd 3 10 were n ear t he NE , NNE a nd W e dges o f t he c ore r esp ec t ive ly a t h e igh ts o f 5 -10 cm a bove t he o ld s ur face ; W q uadran t s o me 8 0 cm a bove t he l a t ter . r epresen ted b y t he s herds . 9 .

a nd N o . 9 was i n t he

A t l eas t 3d i f feren t v esse ls a re

B ody/base s herd , 3 5 mm b y 3 0 mm a nd 1 3-14 m m t h ick .

b rown s ur faces s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l .

S o me f l in t g r i t t ing .

Wea thered : Orang ish

f abr ic . 5 8 .

Sma l l ( 33 m m b y 1 8 mm ) b ody s herd w i th wea thered s ur faces a nd a bun-

d an t v isible f l in t g r i t t ing . 7 1.

Hard a nd v ery t h in ( 3 .5 m m ).

Sma l l b ody s herd , 1 8 mm b y 1 8 mm a nd 7 .5 m m t h ick .

wea thered :

b rown s ur faces , s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l .

Hard a nd u n-

N o v is ib le g r i t t ing .

D u l l b uf f ish f abr ic . 1 05 .

Sma l l b ody s herd , 3 0 mm b y 2 5 mm a nd 1 0 mm t h ick .

u nwea thered :

b rown s ur faces , s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l .

s and ) g r it t ing . 2 19 .

S parse f l in t ( ?and

Orange-bu f f f abr ic .

Base a ng le , 7 0 mm l ong , 3 0 mm w ide a nd w i th a max imum s urv iv ing

h e igh t o f 1 8 mm .

S ur faces b ad ly wea thered .

There i s v ery l i t t le g r i t t ing

( wha t c an b e s een i s sma l l a nd a pparen t ly f l in t ). f ro m a l arge t hick-wa l led B ucket u rn . 3 10 .

Hard a nd

O rang ish f abr ic .

P robab ly

I l lustrated F ig . 3 0 .

T iny s herd , 1 5 mm b y 1 2 mm a nd 8 m m t h ick .

Hard a nd p oss ib ly

s l igh t ly wea thered : b rown s ur faces , s l igh t ly l ea thery i n f ee l . F l in t-gr it ted . O rang ish f abr ic . E x ter ior s ur face b eve l led ( ?base a ng le o r ? car ina t ion ). D i tch a nd T opso i l 8 2 s ing le s herds a nd g roups o f s herds ( co mpr is ing , e xc lus ive o f c rumbs , s o me 1 65-175 p ieces ) c ame f ro m t he d i tch f i l l a nd t opso i l . o f t h is ma ter ia l i s s e t o u t o n F ig . 2 8 .

The d is tr ibu t ion

A s t he l a t ter s hows , a par t f ro m 4 f i nds

i n t he NE s ec tor o f t he d i tch , a l l t hese s herds were a long t he b arrow 's SW p er ipher ies :

t he f l anks o f t he c app ing a nd t he a d jo in ing b u l ldozed g round a nd

t he p ar ts o f t he d i tch f lank ing t he c auseway. The ma jor i ty o f t he 5 2 f i nds ( 110-115 i nd iv idua l p ieces ) i n o r j us t b e low t he t opso i l were w i th in 2 5 cm ( o f ten l ess ) o fu rns ;

t he o thers were a t s o me-

wha t g rea ter d is tances ( up t o 1 20 cm ) d owns lope o f t he l a t ter a nd , e xcep t f or Nos . 1 0 a nd 1 15 , n one was l oca ted more t han a f ew cm u ps lope o f t he n or thernmos t u rns.

A l most a l l o f t he s herds o ccurred a t d ep ths b e tween 1 4 cm a nd

2 5 cm ( ex tre mes 8 cm a nd 3 8 cm ) b e low t he modern s ur face .

T hese d ep ths

b racke t t he h or izon o n wh ich t he ma jor i ty o f t he u rns i n t h is a rea f irst a pp eared o n p lan ( 1 6-22 cm ).

Many o f t hese u rns were d amaged , u sua l ly 1 43

s evere ly , a nd i ts ee ms s a fe t o c onc lude o n t h is b as is a nd o n t ha t o f t he d ist r ibu t iona l a nd s tra t igraph ic e v idence , t ha t s o me , c er ta in ly , a nd , p erhaps , mos t o f t he s herds r epresen t f ragmen ts o f t he u rns d e tached s ubsequen t ly t o t he ir b ur ia l , p robab ly ma in ly a s ar esu l t o f p os t-cons truc t iona l e ros ion o f t he b arrow f lanks ( t he b u l ldozing o f t he a rea j us t i ns ide t he d i tch a ppears t o h ave b een t oo s ha l low t o a ccoun t f or t he p os i t ions o f a ny o f t he s herds f ound t here ). The c harac ter is t ics o f t he s herds t hemse lves a re i n a greemen t w i th t h is c onc lus ion .

The 4 32a s herds a re t h in , h ard a nd we l l-preserved a nd p oss ib ly

c a me f ro m a sma l l G lobu lar u rn o r o ther t h in-wa l led , we l l-f ired v esse l ( c f . U rns 4 , 8a nd 1 6 ).

A l l t he o ther p ieces ( many o f wh ich a re sma l l o r v ery

sma l l ) a re wea thered , s ome b ad ly , b u t a l l a ppear t o h ave t he c oarse f lakey p as te , r ough s ur faces ( when p reserved ) a nd p rofuse f l in t g r i t t ing c harac ter is t ic o f most s econdary Bucke t u rns . There a re n o d ecora ted p ieces a nd t ypo log ica l f ea tures a re r are ( 5b ase a ng les , r i ms b e long ing t o 4d i f feren t v esse ls a nd 1 -2 l ugs ) b u t , s uch a s t hey a re , a re a lso c ons is ten t w i th t he s herds c oncerned h av ing b een d er ived f rom n earby u rns .

A p robab le e xcep t ion i s N o . 4 32d

( s ee t he e n try f or t h is s herd ) wh ich may h ave b een i ncorpora ted i n to t he c app ing d ur ing i t s c ons truc t ion ;

s o me o f t he o ther s herds may a lso h ave

b een s o i ncorpora ted t hough t here i s n o r eason t o t hink t ha t t hey w ere g iven t he t ypo log ica l a nd d is tr ibu t iona l e v idence . N one o f t he s herds i s c er ta in ly a t tr ibu tab le t o a ny p ar t icu lar b ur ia l u rn . H owever , i n af ew c ases ( e .g . N o . 1 08 ) ,

f ragmen ts were f ound n ear u rns t o

wh ich t hey c ou ld n ot h ave b e longed a nd i t wou ld b e u nw ise t o a ssu me t ha t a g iven s herd n ecessar i ly c ame f ro m t he c losest v esse l . The 3 0 f i nds f rom t he d i tch c o mpr ised 5 5-60 s epara te p ieces.

T ypology

a nd d is tr ibu t ion s ugges t t ha t t he min i mu m n u mber o f v esse ls r epresen ted b y t h is ma ter ia l i s 7 -8 a nd t he max i mu m c . ? 20 . Mos t o f t hese s herds were f ro m t he s econdary a nd t er t iary f i l ls .

A par t

f ro m t he 4 f i nds o n t he NE e dge o f t he s i te , t heir d is tr ibu t ion ( Fig . 2 8 ) w as c on t inuous w i th t ha t o f t he s herds i n t he t opso i l a nd , o n t h is b asis a nd o n t ha t o f s tra t igraph ic p osi t ion , i ti s ar easonab le a ssump t ion t ha t t he 2 g roups h ad ac o m mon o r ig in .

A s a rgued a bove , t he s ource o f much o f t he l oose p o t tery

i n t he t opso i l i s l i ke ly t o h ave b een t he s econdary c inerary u rns ;

a nd t hese

u rns c ou ld a lso a ccoun t f or t he p ieces i n t he d i tch a s s ome o f t he f ragmen ts d e tached f ro m t he m wou ld b e e xpec ted t o c o me i n to t he l a t ter w i th t he s i l t ing . The f ac t t ha t a l l t he s herds f ro m t he d i tch a re wea thered , s o me b ad ly , p rov ides s uppor t f or t h is p oss ibi l i ty. I n a ny c ase , t he t ypo logy a nd f abr ic c harac ter ist ics o f t he p o t tery f rom t he d i tch c on f irms t he o ther e v idence f or i t s c on te mporanei ty w i th t he c inerary u rns a nd t he p ieces f ro m t he t opso i l .

Thus , g ir th g rooves ( No . 3 48 ) , f inger-

p r in t ing ( Nos . 2 74 , 2 81 , 3 05 ) a nd r im ( Nos . 1 44 , 2 81 , 3 05 , 3 361 a nd l ug ( Nos . 1 44 , 3 05 ) f orms a re c lose ly p ara l le led among t he f unerary u rns ,

3

a s a re f abr ic

c harac ter is t ics , most p ieces h av ing t he r ough s ur faces a nd a bundan t h eavy g r i t t ing t yp ica l o f t he c oarser t ype o f Bucket u rn .

Af ew p ieces ( Nos . 3 05 ,

3 09 , 3 12 ) a re s o mewha t b e t ter p reserved t han t he o thers , b e ing h arder a nd h eav ier w i th s l igh t ly smoo ther s ur faces , a nd h ad e v iden t ly b een b e t ter-f ired . S uch s herds a re c o mparab le i n t hese r espec ts t o t he c oarser p o t tery f ro m t he p re-barrow s ur face . 1 44

The s herds f ro m t he d i tch a nd t opsoi l i n t he S p ar t o f t he s i te were c lose ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t he c on te mporary f l in t i ndus try d escr ibed i n t he n ex t s ect ion . The 4 s herds f ro m t he N s ec tor o f t he d i tch ( Nos . 1 96 , 2 84 , 2 90 , 3 09 ) were a lso f ound w i th f l in ts. T hese s herds a re s im i lar t o t he o ther p o t tery f ro m t he d i tch ( see t he i nd iv idua l e n tr ies );

t he ir s ource a nd d a te w i l l b e d is-

c ussed i n t he n ex t s ec t ion i n c onnec t ion w i th t he s ource a nd d a te o f t he a ssoc ia ted f l in ts. D escr ipt ions o f t he i nd iv idua l p ieces a nd g roups f ol low .

The d ep th

f igures f or t he f i nds i n t he t opsoi l r efer t o d ep th b e low t he modern s ur face ( bu l ldozed o r i n tac t a s a ppropr ia te ).

F ea ture s herds a re i l lus tra ted i n F igs .

3 0 a nd 3 1. Topsoi l ( excep t o ver d i tch ) . 1 0.

5 2 f inds ( 1 10-115 p ieces )

2 sma l l s herds ( one s ur face g one i n e ach c ase ).

D epth :

1 5 cm i n a

sma l l r ecen t ly d isturbed a rea . 4 4.

T iny b ad ly wea thered s herd ( t h ickness c . 8m m ).

4 6.

Sma l l c ru mb ( both s urfaces g one ).

8 4 .

T iny , b ad ly wea thered b ase a ng le f ound n ear U rn 2 2 a nd p ossibly

D ep th :

D ep th :

2 5 cm.

3 0 cm .

o r ig ina l ly b e long ing t o t ha t u rn ( t he l a t ter was i nver ted a nd h ad a smashed b ase ) .

Dep th :

3 0 cm .

1 06.

3b ad ly wea thered c rumbs .

D ep th :

2 2 cm .

1 08 .

Base a ng le ( ou ter wa l l s ur face g one ;

t h ickness o f b ase c . 1 0 .5 m m )

p lus 4 sma l l b ody/base s herds ( t h ickness 1 0 .0-10 .5 m m ).

F o—u nd n ear

U rn 2 0 b u t p oss ib ly p ar t o f t he smashed b ase o f Urn 2 2 l oca ted s öme 7 0 cm d is tant . 1 12.

D ep th :

1 6 cm .

Sma l l b ad ly w ea thered s herd ( t h ickness c . 9mm ) p lus c ru mbs .

D ep th :

2 0 cm. 1 13.

2t i ny s herds ( t h ickness 6 .5 m m ) , s o mewha t wea thered , p lus c ru mbs .

D epth : 1 14.

2 0 cm. Hand fu l

o f sma l l b ad ly wea thered s herds a nd c ru mbs .

b e tween 7 a nd 1 2 mm ( ?s a me v esse l ).

Th icknesses

S ca t tered n ear U rns 9 a nd 1 2.

D epth :

2 0 cm. 1 15.

H and fu l o f sma l l b ad ly wea thered s herds a nd c ru mbs .

g one i n a l l c ases ( max imu m s urv iv ing t h ickness C . 1 0 mm ). o f Urn 6 .

Dep th :

B o th s ur faces S ca t tered NE

2 7 cm .

1 19.

3t i ny b ad ly w ea thered s herds ( t h ickness 8 -9 m m ).

D ep th :

1 43.

Sma l l s herd , s l igh t ly wea thered , 1 0-11 m m t h ick .

D ep th :

1 95.

2b ad ly wea thered s herds , a? base ( 40 m m b y 3 0 mm a nd c . 1 0 mm

t h ick ) a nd a b ody s herd , 6 0 mm b y 4 5 mm a nd 9 m m t h ick . 1 97.

Sma l l s herd ( bo th s urfaces g one ) .

D ep th :

1 5 cm. 2 2 cm .

D ep th :

1 4 cm .

1 98. 4 sma l l w ea thered b ody s herds , 7 -10 m m t h ick , p lus c ru mbs . 2 5 cm.

1 45

2 5 cm .

D ep th :

2 00.

Bad ly wea thered b ody s herd , 5 5 mm b y 4 0 mm a nd 1 0-12 m m t h ick ,

p lus c ru mbs .

Depth :

2 8 cm.

2 02.

Sma l l s herd ( both s urfaces g one ).

2 04 .

Bad ly wea thered b ody s herd , 6 0 mm b y 4 5 mm a nd 9 m m t h ick , p lus

c rumbs. 2 10 .

Dep th :

D ep th :

3 5 cm.

2 3 cm.

Wea thered b ody s herd , 3 5 mm b y 2 5 mm a nd 9 m m t h ick ,

Depth :

3 5 cm. 2 11 .

2 sma l l wea thered b ody s herds , 1 0 mm a nd 1 1 .5 m m t h ick r espec t ive ly.

Depth :

2 5 cm.

2 12.

Sma l l , b ad ly weathered b ody s herd ( one s urface g one ).

2 16.

B ody s herd , s l igh t ly wea thered , 4 0 mm b y 3 0 mm a nd 9 mm t h ick .

Depth : 2 18.

2 0 cm .

c . 1 0 cm. Body s herd , s o mewha t wea thered , 4 5 mm b y 3 0 mm a nd 1 0 mm t h ick ,

p lus c ru mbs . 2 60 .

D ep th :

D ep th :

c . 2 5 cm .

3 sma l l b ad ly wea thered b ody s herds ( t h ickness b e tween 8 a nd l lmm )

p lus c ru mbs.

Dep th :

2 5 cm.

2 61 .

Sma l l s herd ( one s urface g one ) p lus c ru mbs.

Dep th :

2 1 cm .

2 63.

Sma l l s herd ( one s urface g one ) p lus c rumbs .

Depth :

2 5 cm .

2 64.

T iny s herd ( one s ur face g one ) p lus c ru mbs .

2 67.

Body s herd , s l igh t ly wea thered , 9 0 mm b y 9 0 mm a nd 1 6 mm t h ick .

Depth : 2 68.

Dep th :

2 6 cm .

c . 1 0 cm . Large b ad ly d istor ted b ody s herd , C . 8 0 mm b y 4 0 mm a nd ? 10 m m

t h ick , w ith a p robable o va l l ug , c . 2 0 mm ( one e nd p ossibly t runca ted ) b y 1 2 mm a nd 7 -8 m m h igh .

Dep th :

c . 1 0

cm .

2 71 .

Sma l l b ad ly wea thered b ody s herd , c . 1 1 mm t h ick .

2 72.

Bad ly wea thered r im s herd , 3 2 mm b y 2 5 mm a nd 7 m m t hick .

3 0 cm. 2 76.

3 8 cm. D epth :

I l lustra ted F ig . 3 1 .

Sma l l , b ad ly wea thered b ase a ng le.

t han Nos . 8 4 a nd 1 08. 2 77.

Depth :

Depth :

P oss ibly f ro m a sma l ler v esse l

2 5 cm.

Body s herd , b ad ly wea thered , 8 -9 m m t h ick , p lus c ru mb.

Dep th :

2 4 cm. 2 85.

2t iny s herds ( one s urface g one i n e ach c ase ) p lus c ru mbs.

Dep th :

1 9 cm. 2 86. Dep th : 2 88 .

Body s herd , b ad ly wea thered , 7 5 mm b y 4 0 mm a nd 9 -10 m m t h ick . 2 6 cm. R im s herd , C . 4 0 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 8 .5 m m t h ick , p lus 2 sma l l b ody

s herds ( t h ickness 9 -10 m m ) p ossibly b e long ing t o t he s ame v esse l . wea thered . 2 89 . Depth :

Dep th :

c . 1 4 cm.

S ligh t ly

I l lustra ted F ig . 3 1 .

T iny b ody s herd , b ad ly wea thered , 9 -10 m m t h ick , p lus c ru mbs. 2 5 cm. 1 46

3 13.

2 sma l l s herds , b ad ly w ea thered , c . 8m m t h ick .

3 73.

8 sma l l s l igh t ly wea thered s herds ( 3 sma l l b ase a ng les a nd 5b ody

s herds ) f ro m t he s ame v esse l . cm. I l lus tra ted F ig . 3 1 . 4 16.

D ep th :

Wa l l t h ickness 8 -9 m m .

2 4 cm .

D ep th :

Sma l l b ad ly wea thered b ase/body s herd , c . 1 1 mm t h ick .

2 5-30

D ep th :

2 0 cm. 4 18. 7 b ad ly wea thered s herds ( 9-12 m m t h ick ) s ca t tered o ver a rea c . 5 0 cm b y 2 5 cm NW o f Urn 2 7. D ep th : 2 0-22 cm. 4 21 .

S l igh t ly wea thered b ody s herd , 2 5 mm b y 2 5 mm a nd 8 -9 m m t h ick ,

w i th a c ircu lar l ug , C . 1 6 mm i n d iame ter a nd 6 -7 m m h igh . c ru mbs . 4 32.

Dep th :

1 4 cm.

A lso 8 -10

I l lus tra ted F ig . 3 1 .

2 5-30 sma l l s herds ( l arges t 4 5 mm b y 4 5 mm ) p lus n u merous c ru mbs

s ca t tered o ver c . 1 .5 s q m So f t he s e t t ing o f u pr igh t s labs ( dep ths b e tween 1 4 cm a nd 2 2cm—) .

C ond i t ion v ar ies b u t a l most a l l wea thered , mos t b ad ly.

Body s herd t h ickness r anges f ro m 8 -12 m m .

The o n ly f ea ture s herds a re

ab ase a ng le a nd 3 sma l l r ims a nd a re d escr ibed b e low . ( a ) 2t iny r im s herds ( l argest 2 0 mm b y 1 2 mm ) f ound t oge ther w i th a sma l l b ody s herd ( t h ickness 8 mm ) a nd a f ew c rumbs. wea thered : b u f f f abr ic . f abr ic ).

Hard a nd a pparen t ly u n-

r ough b lack ish s ur faces w i th s o me v is ible f l in t g r i t t ing .

Du l l

P ossib ly f rom a sma l l G lobu lar u rn ( c f . Urn 2 4 f or s imi lar

N o te v ar ia t ion i n r im f orm b e tween t he 2 p ieces .

I l lus tra ted F ig .

3 1 . ( b ) R im s herd , 3 5 mm b y 2 8 mm a nd 9 m m t h ick .

Hard w i th b ad ly wea thered

s ur faces s how ing a bundan t c oarse f l in t g r i t t ing a nd a l mos t c er ta in ly f ro m a d i f feren t v esse l t han ( a ) .

I l lustra ted F ig . 3 1 .

( c ) Sma l l b ase a ng le ( ou ter s ur faces o fb o th b ase a nd wa l l s tumps g one ). ( d ) Sma l l b ody s herd , 2 8 mm b y 2 1 mm a nd 9 m m t h ick , h ard a nd v ery we l l p reserved w i th smoo th b rown l ea thery s ur faces , s parse f l in t g r i t t ing a nd s harp ly b icoloured f abr ic ( ou ter h a lf r edd ish , i nner b lack ish ).

The s herd i s

v ery s im i lar i n a l l t he c harac ter is t ics l i s ted t o s o me o f t hose f ound o n t he o ld s urface a nd i s t he o n ly e xamp le o f as herd o f t h is t ype f ro m t he makeup o f t he c app ing . 4 33.

Sma l l b ad ly w ea thered b ody s herd , 9 .5 m m t h ick .

4 34.

Sma l l b ad ly wea thered b ody s herd ( one s urface g one ).

4 50 .

Sma l l s herd ( b oth s urfaces g one ).

4 51.

Sma l l , b ad ly wea thered s herd , 1 2 mm t h ick .

4 54.

2 sma l l b ad ly wea thered s herds , C . 9m m t h ick .

4 56.

T iny b ad ly w ea thered s herd ( ?bo th s ur faces g one ).

4 57.

T iny , b ad ly w ea thered s herd , C . 7 mm t h ick .

4 58.

2 sma l l s herds , s l igh t ly wea thered , 1 1 mm a nd 7 .5 m m t h ick r espec t ive ly .

Dep th : 4 59 .

Dep th :

D ep th :

1 0 cm .

D ep th :

1 0 cm . D ep th :

1 0 cm .

D ep th :

2 4 cm .

D ep th :

D ep th :

1 0

1 5 cm . cm .

8 cm. Sma l l , b ad ly wea thered s herd , 9 -10 m m t h ick . 1 47

2 3 cm .

D ep th :

1 0 cm.

D ITCH

3 0 f inds ( 55-60 p ieces )

NE S ector . 4s herds were s ca t tered i n t he s econdary a nd t er t iary f i l l o f t he Np ar t o f t he d itch .

Possibly 2 v esse ls , o ne ( No. 2 90 ) t h inner-wa lled t han

t he o ther ( Nos. 1 96 a nd 3 09 ). S econdary F i l l ( 10 cm u p f ro m t he f l oor ) 1 96.

Bad ly wea thered b ody/base s herd , 5 0 mm b y 4 0 mm a nd c . 1 2 mm t h ick .

Ter t iary F i l l ( 20-30 cm b elow t he modern s urface ). 2 84 .

Few f ea tureless c ru mbs

2 90.

Sma l l b ody s herd , 1 5 mm b y 1 0 mm a nd 6 m m t h ick .

3 09 .

B ody/base s herd , 5 0mm b y 4 0 mm a nd c . 1 2 mm t h ick .

S E S ec tor .

1 0 s herds o r g roups o f s herds were s ca t tered a t v ar ious l eve ls

i n t he s tretch o f d i tch im med ia te ly E o f t he c auseway .

Probably a t l east 3

v esse ls ( represen ted b y N os. 2 75 , 3 36 a nd 3 48 r espec t ively ). F loor 3 32.

F ea ture less c ru mb.

Pr i mary F i l l ( 2-12 cm u p f ro m t he f l oor ) 3 36.

2r i ms ( l argest 6 0 mm b y 5 0 mm w i th max imu m t h ickness 9 m m , t he

o ther v ery sma l l ) p lus a h and fu l o f f ea ture less c ru mbs. 3 38.

I l lustra ted F ig . 3 0

3 sma l l f ea tureless c ru mbs .

S econdary F i l l ( 18-34 cm u p f ro m f l oor ) 3 40.

L arge b ody s herd , 9 0 mm b y 9 0 mm a nd 1 1-12 m m t h ick .

3 43.

6 sma l l f ea ture less c ru mbs .

3 48.

D ouble h and fu l o f sma l l s herds a nd c ru mbs ( i nc lud ing 1 -2 p ossib le b ase

f ragmen ts ) p lus 2 l arg ish b ody s herds.

The l argest o f t he l a t ter measures 6 0

mm b y 6 0 mm a nd 1 0-12 m m t h ick a nd i s d ecora ted b y af i nger t ip g ir th g roove , C . 1 0 mm w ide a nd 1 .5-2.0 m m d eep .

I l lustra ted F ig . 3 0.

Ter t iary F i l l ( 30-40 cm b elow t he modern s urface ) 2 58.

2 sma l l f ea ture less c ru mbs ( max i mu m t h ickness c . 9m m ).

2 75.

Sma l l b ody s herd , 3 0 mm b y 2 5 mm a nd C . 7 .5 m m t h ick .

2 87.

2 sma l l ? base a ng les ( l arges t 3 0 mm b y 2 0 mm ) p lus f ea ture less c rumbs .

U pper s ur faces p robab ly g one ( max i mu m s urv iv ing t h ickness c . 1 0 mm ). 3 35.

Bad ly wea thered s herd , C . 3 0 mm b y 2 5 mm a nd 1 0 .5-11 .0 m m t hick .

F l in t-gr it ted . SW S ec tor

The r e ma in ing 1 6 s ing le f i nds a nd g roups were i n t he s econdary

a nd t er t iary f i l ls o f t he s tretch o f d i tch W o f t he c auseway. The N o . 2 81 s herds were i n t he s econdary f i l l , 4 6 cm b e low t he modern ( bu l ldozed ) s urface a nd h ad p robably a l l b e longed t o t he s ame p ot .

N ote t ha t

t he c ordon b e low t he r im o f o ne o f t hese p ieces i s u n ique among t he Kn igh ton p ot tery. 1 48

Nos. 3 04 , 3 06-308 a nd 3 11-312 were g rouped t ogether i n , u nder a nd among ac luster o f sma l l p udd ingstone f ragmen ts l oca ted s o me 3 5-40 cm b e low t he modern ( bu l ldozed ) s urface n ear t he i nner e dge o f t he d i tch .

They h ad p ro-

b ably b e longed t o a t l east 2 d i f feren t v essels :• a t h ick-wa l led u rn ( No. 3 12 ) a nd a sma l ler v esse l o r v esse ls ( Nos. 3 04 , 3 06 a nd 3 08 ). The o ther 9 f i nds h ad a s ca t tered d istr ibu t ion : b elow t he modern ( bu l ldozed ) s urface ;

No. 2 17 was o n ly 4 cm

t he o thers were a t d ep ths b e tween

1 4 cm ( No. 1 45 ) a nd 3 6 cm ( Nos . 2 05 a nd 2 74 ).

These s herds h ad b e longed

t o a t l east 2 d i f feren t v esse ls , e ach r epresen ted b y ar im ( Nos . 1 44 a nd 3 05 ). S econdary F i l l ( 22 cm u p f rom f loor ) 2 81.

4b ody s herds ( t h ickness 8 .5-10 .0 m m ) a nd a s ing le r im s herd .

The

l a t ter measures 4 6 mm b y 3 0 mm a nd h as a h eavy c ordon f lush w i th t he t op o f t he r im ;

t he l argest o f t he b ody s herds ( 55 m m b y 5 5 mm ) h as a r ow o f

f inger t ip i mpress ions.

I l lustra ted F ig . 3 0.

Ter t iary F i l l ( w i th p udd ings tone f ragments 3 5-40 cm b e low t he b u l ldozed s urface ) 3 04.

2 sma l l f ea ture less l u mps a nd a t iny b ody s herd , 7m m t h ick .

3 06.

3b ody s herds ( t h ickness 8 m m ) , t he l arges t 5 0 mm b y 4 5 mm .

3 07.

Sma l l f ea ture less b ody s herd ( one s ur face g one ) w i th max i mu m s urv iv ing

t h ickness o f 7mm . 3 08.

Sma l l b ody s herd , c . 8m m t h ick .

3 1 .1.

Few f ea ture less c ru mbs.

3 12.

3b ody s herds ( t h ickness 1 0-12 m m ) , t he l arges t 4 5 mm b y 3 0 mm .

Ter t iary F i l l

( sca ttered a t d ep ths b etween 4 cm a nd 3 6 cm b e low t he b u l ldozed

s ur face ) 1 44.

A sma l l r im s herd ( 2 7 mm b y 2 0 mm a nd 5 m m t h ick ) w i th p ar t o f a

sma l l o va l o r c ircu lar l ug .

I l lus tra ted F ig . 3 0 .

1 45.

3b ad ly wea thered b ody s herds ( l arges t 3 0 mm b y 2 0 mm ) , 9 -10 m m t h ick .

2 01 .

2b ody s herds p lus c ru mbs ( both s herds a re C . 9m m t h ick a nd measured

4 0 mm b y 2 5 mm a nd 2 5 mm b y 2 0 mm r espec t ive ly ). 2 05.

Bad ly wea thered b ody s herd ( on ly o ne s ur face i n tac t ) , 4 5 mm b y 2 0 mm

w i th s urv iv ing t h ickness o f 7 .5 m m . 2 17.

3 sma l l b ad ly wea thered b ody s herds ( t h ickness 1 0-11 m m ) a nd a h eavy

? base f ragment ( 45 m m b y 4 0 mm w i th max i mum t h ickness o f c . 1 5 mm ). 2 74.

4b ody s herds , 8 -9 m m t h ick .

The l arges t measures 5 0 mm b y 4 0 mm ;

a nother ( 48 m m b y 3 3 mm ) i s d ecora ted w i th f inger t ip marks.

I l lustra ted

F ig . 3 0 . 3 05.

4 sma l l f ea ture less b ody s herds a nd a l arge r im s herd , C . 4 5 mm b y

4 5 mm a nd 7 .5 m m t h ick , w i th a c ircu lar o r o va l l ug a nd a p ossible f i nger t ip mark .

I l lustra ted F ig . 3 0 .

1 49

3 31 .

Bad ly wea thered b ody s herd , 4 0 mm b y 3 0 mm a nd 7 .5 m m t h ick .

3 44.

B ody s herd , 3 0 mm b y 3 0 mm a nd 9 -10 m m t h ick .

FLAT GROUND SOUTH OF BARRO W Af ew b ad ly wea thered l u mps o f f ea ture less f l in t-gr i t ted Devere l-R i mbury p ot tery o ccurred i n t he f l a t g round f orming t he n eck o f t he p en insu la s o me 9 m SW o f t he c auseway ( Fig . 2 ).

A l l were o n , o r af ew cm b e low , t he b u l l-

d ozed modern s ur face s ca t tered o ver a n a rea measur ing a pprox ima te ly 1 00 cm b y 3 5 cm.

N one n eed h ave b een i n s i tu a nd t he s herds migh t o r migh t n ot

d ocu men t t he f ormer e x is tence o f b ur ia l u rns i n t h is a rea . 1 07.

L u mp o f b ad ly wea thered p o t tery , c . 5 0 mm b y 3 0 mm w i th max i mum

s urv iv ing t h ickness o f 1 3 mm . 1 93.

A bundan t v is ib le g r i t t ing .

5 sma l l l u mps o f b ad ly wea thered p o t tery ( l arges t c . 3 0 mm b y 2 0 mm ) :

max imu m s urv iv ing t h ickness 8 -9 m m . 8m m l ong ). 2 15.

A bundan t v isib le g r i t t ing ( one p iece

2b ad ly wea thered c rumbs o f p ot tery ( l arges t c . 1 5 mm b y 1 0 mm ).

A bundan t v isible g r i t t ing . UNPROVEN IENCED Two s herds ( presumab ly f ound t oge ther ) a re u nproven ienced . 4 00 .

2 s herds ( l argest 3 5 mm b y 3 0 mm ) , c . 1 0 mm t h ick .

w i th b rown l ea thery s ur faces a nd a bundan t g r i t t ing . r edd ish/brown , i nner b lack ish . 2 .

S l igh t ly wea thered

O u ter h a lf o f f abr ic

F l in t a nd S tone

A . F l in t 1 12 f inds o f f l in ts were made d ur ing t he e xcava t ion , c o mpr is ing 1 59 s epara te p ieces .

An a dd i t iona l 1 1 f l in ts ( No . 1 ) w ere p icked u p4 o ver t he .

p rev ious 1 3 y ears f ro m t he s ur face o f t he s urround ing h ea th land . The d istr ibu t ion o f t he f i nds i s s e t o u t o n F ig . 2 9 a nd , a s c o mpar ison w i th F igs . 2 7 a nd 2 8 s hows , i s o n ly p ar t ia l ly c ongruen t w i th t ha t o f t he p otsherds . A s i s a lso s hown o n t he f igure , t he g rea t ma jor i ty e i ther c ame f ro m t he d i tch , p ar t icu lar ly t he NE s ec tor , o r f ro m t he t opso i l .

O f t hose f ro m o ther c on tex ts ,

2 2 were p r imary t o t he b arrow ( 5 t o t he c ore a nd 1 7 t o t he c app ing ) ; i n p r imary p i ts a nd 5 i n s econdary ;

6 were

a nd 3 a nd 5 were i n t he makeups o f t he

c ore a nd c app ing r espec t ive ly. P r i mary F l in ts 3 8 f l in ts were p robab ly o r d ef in i te ly i n s i tu p r ior t o t he b arrow 's c omp let ion . They were more w ide ly-sca t tered t han t he p r i mary p otsherds a nd , u n l ike t he l a t ter ( wh ich were d ense ly c oncen tra ted SW o f c en tre ) , were o n ly s l igh t ly more c o m mon i n t he SW t han i n t he NE h a lf o f t he s i te ( Fig . 2 9 ). F our ( Nos . 1 33 , 1 58 , 1 74 , 2 42 ) o f t he 6 f l in ts p r imary t o t he b arrow w i th in t he l imi ts o f t he b urn t-of f g round were l oca ted we l l b e low t he l a t ter 's s ur face ( b y 1 2 cm t o 2 6 cm o r more ) a nd c ou ld h ave b een o n t he s i te b e fore t he e ar l iest

1 50

1 0 f l ints A lso

6u nstratif ied ( hots ( No .294)

2 6 5 2

1 6

A lso 2 7 u ns tratif ied ( Nos

5 1

293 4 295)

1 9

1 7

N .

1 3

-

2 60

1 . 3 1 8

•15

1 2

A

1 74

4 I

C 714

I 3 2

r -

0-9 1

-

8 6

1 61

9 411 1

2 42

4 I

2 44

. .

9 6 •

4 1 . 9 5

A:

9 7 •

6 91

Z

9 71 8‘

• 4 7

2 5

/

• 48 •

. ...

A

( 8 9

_

1 88

4 0

1 L1225

3 03

9

. t

' 89

300

. (

5 47

5

•101

; 3 42 d

3 2 1 ,

2 71

1 02_

/ 1i60

-4 1 , -

1 60 . 59

7 (

7 9

0 139

• 1 0 .

5f l ints

3 7 •

... 85 •

2 43

4 .0 238

2 47 • 2 41

• 2 20

1 75 •

•

f unerary a c t iv i t ies h ad t aken p lace ( t he e xac t d ep ths o f t he o ther 2 p ieces N os . 3 26 a nd 3 49 -were n ot r ecorded b u t t hey t oo a l mos t c er ta in ly c ame f ro m d eep i n t he a nc ien t s oi l p rof i le ).

The 8 f l in ts f ro m d eep i n t he b arrow makeup

c ou ld a lso h ave o r ig ina l ly l a in o n o r b e low t he o ld s ur face a nd h ave b een t aken u p a nd r edepos i ted d ur ing t he b arrow 's c ons truc t ion .

The r ange o f p oss ib i l i t ies

f or t he 1 7 f i nds s hown o n F ig . 2 9 a s p r i mary t o t he f oot o f t he c app ing i s s omewha t w ider . The ir d ep ths b e low t he e x trapo la ted l eve l o f t he u ns tr ipped o ld s ur face were b e tween 0 cm a nd 3 8 cm .

S o me o r a l l o f t he l ess d eep ly-bur ied

e xamp les c ou ld h ave a c tua l ly b een i n t he b asa l mound makeup a nd , l i ke t hose d ef in i te ly f ro m t h is c on tex t , h ave o r ig ina l ly l a in o n o r b e low t he u ns tr ipped o ld s ur face .

O f t he r e ma inder , s o me may h ave b een s t i l l i n s i tu b e low t he

s tr ipped l eve l ( and t hus may h ave a n teda ted t he s tr ipp ing ) wh i le o thers c ou ld h ave l a in o n t he s tr ipped s urface ( and t hus , p oss ib ly , h ave b een c on te mporary w i th t he s tr ipp ing ).

N one , h owever , c ou ld h ave p os t-da ted t he b arrow 's

c omp le t ion . The 8f l in ts i n p r imary p i ts i nc luded t he o n ly micro l i th ( No . 1 31 , F ig . 3 3 ) f ound o n t he s i te . A l l c ou ld h ave b een a cc iden ta l ly u near thed b y t he d igg ing o f t he p i ts a nd c asua l ly r edepos i ted w i th t he i nf i l l . The i nd iv idua l f i nds a re l i s ted b e low w i th i n forma t ion o n d ep th a nd c on tex t . P r imary t o C ore .

5f l in ts

1 33.

9 8 cm ( 32 cm b e low O S )

1 58.

9 6 cm ( 1 2 cm b e low O S )

1 74.

1 26 cm ( 2 6 cm b e low O S )

3 26. 3 49 .

O S o r b e low O S o r b e low ( under c ore b u t e xac t p os i t ion o n p lan u nknown )

P r i mary t o Capp ing .

1 7 f l in ts

1 6.

4 0 cm ( 10 cm b e low O S )

1 88 .

3 1 cm ( ?

2 9 .

3 0 cm (6 cm b e low O S )

1 89.

7 0 cm ( 2 2 cm b e low O S )

3 6.

4 4 cm ( 22 cm b e low O S )

1 90 .

6 0 cm ( 38 cm b e low O S )

3 8. 5 1 .

3 5 cm ( 0 cm b e low O S ) 4 0 cm ( 0 cm b e low O S )

2 25.

4 0 cm (5 cm b e low O S )

2 42 .

6 4 cm ( 12 cm b elow O S )

5 2.

4 0 cm ( 0 cm b e low O S )

2 44.

6 4 cm ( 3 6 cm b e low O S )

9 8 .

4 0 cm ( 0 cm b e low O S )

3 00 .

5 4 cm ( 12 cm b elow O S )

1 60 .

4 7 cm (2 cm b e low O S )

3 02.

4 6 cm ( 8 cm b e low O S )

1 61 .

5 4 cm ( 1 6 cm b e low O S )

I n P r imary P i ts . 1 31 .

I n AP1.

6f inds ( 8 f l in ts )

3f l in ts .

1 34.

I n P it 3 2 .

1 35.

I n p i t c on ta in ing U rn 3 1 .

1 68.

I n P it 2 7 .

1 73.

I n p i t c on ta in ing U rn 4 8 .

2 45.

I n p i t c on ta in ing U rn 5 2 .

C ore Makeup .

3f l in ts

1 1 .

4 0 cm ( 28 cm a bove O S )

1 4.

4 0 cm ( 42 cm a bove O S )

2 4.

4 0 cm ( 4 2 cm a bove O S ) 1 52

b e low O S )

Capp ing Makeup .

5f l in ts

1 2.

4 0 cm ( 14 cm a bove C S )

1 3.

4 2 cm ( 24 cm a bove O S )

1 7.

3 5 cm ( 18 cm a bove O S )

1 8.

5 0 cm ( 18 cm a bove OS )

2 6.

3 3 cm ( 4 6 cm a bove O S )

O ther C on tex ts 1 18 p ieces c ame f rom o ther k nown c on tex ts :

7 2 f ro m t he d i tch ;

t he t opso i l a nd 5 f ro m s econdary u rns o r t he p i ts c on ta in ing t he m.

4 1 f ro m S o me o f

t hese f l in ts c ou ld r epresen t p ieces t aken u p w i th t he s oi l s tr ipped f rom t he o ld s urface a nd i ncorpora ted i n to t he b arrow makeup where t hey h ad e i ther r e ma ined i n s i tu u n t i l t he modern e xcava t ion o r h ad moved d owns lope o n to t he b erm o r i n to t he d i tch w i th s and a nd g rave l e roded f rom t he b arrow 's f lanks .

A l terna-

t ive ly , t he 2 f l in ts i n t he p r i mary s i l t ing c ou ld h ave b een d er ived f rom a p reb arrow i ndus try i n t he g round a d jacen t t o t he d i tch a nd h ave e n tered t he l a t ter u pon t he c ol lapse o f i t s e dges , wh i le t he h and fu l o f s ha l low ly-bur ied f l in ts i n t he c auseway a nd i n t he a rea S o f t he b arrow c ou ld r epresen t c o mponen ts o f s uch a n i ndus try s t i l l i n s i tu .

N ever the less , t he f l in ts f ro m t he d i tch a nd

t opso i l a re much t oo n umerous r e la t ive t o t he p r imary f i nds ( wh ich t hey o u tn u mber i n t he a pprox ima te r a t io o f 3 :1 ) t o j ust i fy t he c onc lusion t ha t a l l h ad h ad h is tor ies o f t h is k ind a nd many , p robab ly most , a re l ike ly t o h ave p os td a ted t he b arrow 's c o mp le t ion . D itch a nd Topso i l The f l ints f ro m t he d i tch a nd t opso i l f e l l i n to 2 ma in g roups ( F ig . 2 9 ) , a NE ( conf ined t o t he d i tch f i l l ) a nd a SW ( d i tch , c auseway a nd f lanks o f b arrow ). T he SW g roup c o mpr ised 1 4 p ieces i n t he d i tch a nd 4 1 i n t he t opso i l . The l a t ter were a t d ep ths o f 5 cm t o 2 0 cm b e low t he modern s ur face ( excep t f or N os . 1 5 a nd 1 39 wh ich were a t 2 2 cm a nd 2 7 cm r espec t ive ly ).

5f l in ts

( Nos . 1 75 , 2 38 , 2 41 , 2 43 a nd 2 47 ) were i n t he c auseway o r i n t he f l a t g round al i t t le t o t he S ;

t he r es t were w i th in t he a rea e nc losed b y t he d i tch , ma in ly

i n t he W a nd S q uadran ts .

1 3 o f t he 1 4 f l in ts i n t he d i tch were i n t he a reas

im med ia te ly a d join ing t he c auseway a nd o ccurred a t a l l l eve ls f ro m n ear t he f loor t o n ear t he s ur face , b u t mos t a bundan t ly i n t he s econdary a nd t er t iary f i lls . A s c o mpar ison b e tween F igs . 2 9 a nd 2 8 s hows , t he d istr ibu t ion o f t he f l in ts o f t h is g roup l arge ly c o inc ides w i th t ha t o f t he d ense c oncen tra t ion o f s econdary p otsherds a long t he s i te 's SW e dge . a nd f l in ts were i den t ica l :

The c on tex ts o f t he s herds

t he t opso i l ( or j us t b e low i t ) a nd a l l l eve ls o f t he

d itch f i l l b u t p ar t icu lar ly t he u pper .

F lin ts 2 83 a nd 3 03 were amongs t t he

s herds s ca t tered i n a nd a round t he c lus ter o f p udd ings tone f ragmen ts i n t he u pper d i tch f i l l W o f t he c auseway ( p . 1 49 ) , w h i le F l in t 3 18 was a ctua l ly i n c on tact w ith S herd 3 36 i n t he p r i mary s i lt ing E o f t he c auseway . The a ssoc ia t iona l , c on tex tua l a nd d is tr ibu t iona l e v idence d escr ibed i n t he p rev ious p aragraph , s trong ly s ugges ts t ha t t he s preads o f s herds a nd f l in ts were c onte mporary p heno mena c lose ly l i nked w i th t he s tage i n t he p os t-barrow f unerary u se o f t he s i te r epresen ted b y t he g roups o f s econdary c inerary u rns 1 53

f ro m wh ich mos t o r a l l o f t he s herds were p robably d er ived . The o ccurrence o f af ew s herds a nd f l in ts o n o r n ear t he d i tch f l oor , i mp l ies a b eg inn ing f or t h is s tage s l igh t ly a f ter t he b arrow 's c o mp let ion ;

i t s e nd i s u nknown b u t n eed

n o t h ave a n teda ted t he s i l t ing i n o f t he u pper l eve ls o f t he d i tch ( so me o r a l l o f t he f i nds f ro m t he u pper l eve ls , o f c ourse , may h ave a c tua l ly c o me i n w i th t he s i l t ing , a f ter , p erhaps , h av ing l a in o n t he a d jacen t s urface f or s o me t ime ). The f l in ts o f t he NE g roup were e n t ire ly c onf ined t o t he d itch where t hey were much more n umerous t han t he f l in ts f rom t he d i tch t er mina ls ( 58 a s o pposed t o 1 4 ).

Most o f t hose i n t he N q uadran t were r ecovered u nder c ir-

c u ms tances wh ich d id n ot a l low t heir s tra t igraph ic p os i t ions t o b e r ecorded . A l l o f t hose f ro m t he E q uadran t , h owever , were i n t he t er t iary a nd s econdary f i l ls a nd t he u ns tra t i f ied e xamp les f rom t he N q uadran t may h ave b een s o a lso . 1 0 o f t he f l in ts ( No . 5 3 ) i n t he E q uadran t w ere g rouped t oge ther o ver a n a rea o f a bou t 1 0 cm b y 1 0 cm i n t he u pper p ar t o f t he s econdary s i l t ing ;

t he

o thers were s ca t tered a t v ar ious l eve ls i n t he t er t iary f i l l ( dep ths f ro m modern s ur face b e tween 5 cm a nd 3 0 cm ).

The f ew p ieces o f k nown s tra t igraph ic

p os i t ion i n t he N q uadran t were a l l i n t he t er t iary f i l l . A s men t ioned , t here were n o f l in ts i n t he t opso i l man t l ing t he NE t h ird o f t he b arrow .

The f ew n on-pr i mary s herds f ound i n t he NE h a lf o f t hes i te

were a lso r es tr ic ted t o t he d i tch where , l i ke t he f l in ts , t hey were c onf ined t o t he s econdary a nd t er t iary f i l ls .

I t may b e t ha t t he s herds a nd f l ints i n

t h is s ec tor were a l l t ha t s urv ived o f as pread s im i lar t o t ha t i n t he 2 SW q uadran ts a nd wh ich h ad o r ig ina l ly e x tended i n to t he q uarr ied-away g round b eyond t he p en insu la 's t i p .

I f s o , t he s herds c ou ld h ave b een d er ived f ro m

c inerary u rns l oca ted j us t o u ts ide t he d i tch .

I n a ny c ase , t he a bsence i n

t h is s ec tor o f t he d i tch o f f inds i n t he p r imary s i l t ing p robably i nd ica tes a s l igh t ly l a ter d a te f or t he b eg inn ing o f t he a ccumu la t ion -wha tever i t s s ource o r s ources -than f or t ha t o f t he c o mparable s pread i n t he SW h a l f o f t he s i te . The i nd iv idua l f inds a re l i sted b e low .

The f igures i n c en t i me tres r efer

t o d ep th b e low t he modern s ur face . T opsoi l ( excep t o ver d i tch ).

3 7 f i nds ( 41 f l in ts )

2 .

5 -10 cm

5 9 .

1 2 cm

1 01 .

1 6 cm

4 .

5 -10 cm '

6 0 .

1 8 cm

1 02.

2 0 cm

5 .

5 -10 cm

6 1 .

1 6 cm

1 39 .

2 7 cm

8 .

1 2 cm

6 8 .

2 0 cm

1 75 .

5 -10 cm

1 5.

2 2 cm

6 9.

1 9 cm

2 20 .

1 9 cm

2 5 .

1 0 cm

7 7.

8 cm

2 38 . 1 5-20 cm

3 7.

1 4 cm

7 8 .

6 cm

2 41 . 1 5-20 cm

3 9 .

2 0 cm

7 9 .

1 6 cm

2 43 . 1 5-20 cm

4 0 .

2 0 cm

8 5 .

8 cm

2 47. 1 5-20 cm

4 2.

1 5 cm

9 3.

2 0 cm

2 70 .

1 0 cm

4 7.

5 -10 cm

9 6.

2 0 cm

3 01 .

1 5 cm

4 8 .

5 -10 cm

9 7.

2 0 cm

5 0 .

1 8 cm

1 00 .

6 cm ( 5 f l in t )

1 54

D itch .

3 1 f inds ( 72 f l in ts )

N . S ec tor Ter t iary F i ll . 1 9.

1 4-30 cm b elow t he modern s urface .

1 4 cm

2 3.

3 0 cm

1 16.

2 2 cm

1 17.

2 2 cm

Unstra t i f ied 2 93.

2 5 f l ints

2 94.

6f l ints

2 95.

2f l ints

E . S ec tor Ter t iary F i l l . 3 .

5 cm

6 .

9 cm

7 .

1 0 cm

2 7.

2 0 cm

3 3.

1 0 cm

3 4.

2 0 cm

3 5.

2 0 cm

S econdary F i l l . 2 8 .

3 0 cm

3 0 .

2 9 cm

3 1 .

3 0 cm

3 2.

2 9 cm

5 3.

4 0 cm.

5 -20 cm b elow t he modern s ur face .

1 5-20 cm u p f ro m f l oor .

G roup 1 0 f l in ts

S . a nd W. S ec tors Ter t iary F i ll . 6 7.

3 0 cm

8 6.

3 0 cm

9 4 .

1 5 cm

2 39 .

4 0 cm.

2 40 .

4 0 cm

2 46.

2 7 cm

2 69 .

2 4 cm

2 83.

4 2 cm

2 99 .

3 0 cm

3 03 .

2 8 cm

P r i mary F i ll . 2 98. 3 18.

1 5-42 cm b e low t he modern s urface

G roup 3 f l in ts.

1 2-15 cm u p f ro m f l oor

S econdary P i ts a nd Urns 5f l ints were i n s econdary p its o r i n o r w i th s econdary u rns . None o f t he p ieces a ssoc iated w ith u rns were worked a nd t hey were c lear ly c asua l i nc lusions r a ther t han d e l ibera te g rave g oods. 2 0 .

P i t c on ta in ing Urn 3

2 1 .

P i t 6

7 6.

Pi t c on ta in ing Urn 1 8

2 31 .

P i t c on ta in ing Urn 5 6

4 65.

Fro m i ns ide Urn 2 7

U nstra t if ied/ Misce l laneous. 1 .

4f inds ( 14 f l in ts )

1 1 f l in ts p icked u p f ro m t he s urround ing h ea th

8 8.

SW e dge o f b arrow .

9 5.

Uns tra t if ied .

N ear Urn 1 0 ( W q uadran t ).

1 32.

Unstra t if ied .

S po i l h eap

B . S tone 8 worked a nd u nworked s tone o b jec ts o ccurred i n v ar ious c on tex ts ( Fig . 2 9 ) a nd a re l i s ted a nd d escr ibed b e low . Pre-Barrow S urface/ Mound Makeup N os. 8 9 a nd 9 1 were 3 6 cm a nd 4 2 cm b e low t he modern s urface r espect i vely i n t he W q uadran t j ust o u tside t he e dge o f t he c ore .

They b oth l ay o n

o r a bou t t he e x trapo la ted l eve l o f t he a nc ient s urface e i ther o n t he s tr ipped s ur face i t self o r i n t he b asa l mound makeup .

N o. 9 0 was i n t he c ore makeup ,

6 2 cm b e low t he modern s ur face a nd 4 0 cm a bove t he a nc ien t . 8 9 .

Ham merstone/rubber .

Q uar tzi te p ebb le w i th o ne f ace r ubbed f l a t a nd

o ne e nd h eav i ly p ocked a nd a braded . 9 0 .

No tched s tone .

7 7 mm b y 4 8 mm b y 5 0 m m.

F la t r ec tangu lar s lab o f b rown s ha le o r s i lts tone w ith

a n i rregu lar n otch ( rubbed smooth ) a t o ne e nd .

C . 6 0 mm b y 4 0 mm a nd 1 0

mm t h ick . 9 1 .

U nworked p ebb le ( quar tzite ) f ragmen t .

Max imum d i mensions :

3 5 mm

b y 1 6 mm b y 1 7 mm . D i tch N o . 2 97 was i n t he s econdary d i tch s i lt j ust E o f t he c auseway. 2 97.

U nworked s lab o f f ossi l wood .

C . 9 0 mm b y 5 0 mm a nd 8 -13 mm t hick .

S econdary C inerary Urn No . 2 48 was i n t he E q uadran t i n t he p i t c on ta ining Urn 3 0 . 2 48.

Faceted p ebble.

o ne e nd .

Large i quar tzi te p ebble w ith g round d ouble f ace t a t

6 5 mm b y 9 3 mm a nd 4 3 mm .

Topsoi l N os. 6 5 a nd 3 21 were n ear t he i nner e dge o f t he d i tch i n t he E a nd S q uadran ts r espec t ively.

No. 6 5 was 2 5 cm b e low t he modern s ur face ;

3 21 was j us t b e low t he b u l ldozed s ur face.

1 56

N o.

6 5. P ounder/po l isher . F la t q uar tz i te p ebb le w i th a s h iny r ed s ur face . Broad e nd ( s l igh t ly c onvex ) g round smooth ; n arrow e nd p ocked a nd a braded . There i s as l igh t f ace t r unn ing f ro m t he t op o f o ne s ide o f t he n arrow e nd ( r igh t s ide o f d raw ing ) d own a long t he e dge t o j ust s hor t o f t he b road e nd . Max imum d i mens ions :

6 3 mm b y 6 7 mm b y 3 1 mm .

3 21 . F aceted p ounder . Q uar tzi te p ebble w i th a g round d oub le f ace t a t o ne e nd a nd b a t ter marks a round t he e dges . 7 5 mm b y 8 0 mm w i th max imu m t h ickness o f 5 0 m m. Unstra t i f ied N o . 2 96 was f ound i n t he E q uadran t n ear t he i nner e dge o f t he d i tch a t a n u nknown d ep th . 2 96.

Sma l l f l a t wea thered g r i t p ebb le n a tura l ly p er fora ted w i th a c ircu lar

h ole , c . 4mm i n d ia me ter , a t o ne e nd . a nd 1 0-15 m m t h ick . C .

O va l i n o u t l ine , 3 1 mm b y 4 3 mm

D escr ip t ion a nd A na lysis b y Frances H ea ly 1 70 p ieces o f f l in t a nd 8 p ieces o f s tone a re d escr ibed i n t h is r epor t .

The ir i nc idence i s s hown i n T ab le I V a nd r epresen ta t ive worked p ieces i l lus tra ted i n F igs. 3 2-37.

The ir c o mpos i t ion i s a s f o l lows :

F l in t c ores

S tone f lakes

c hunks

t oo ls

u nworked

worked

u nworked

5

3

( burn t ) 6

1 08

6

4 9

1

These f igures i nc lude a l i sted a nd i l lus tra ted b u t n ow l ost e nd s craper ( 3 26 ) a nd a l i s ted b u t n ow l os t e xpended c ore ( 18 ). They e xc lude o ne u n ident i f ied miss ing p iece ( f ro m g roup 2 93 ). " Chunk" i s u sed t o d enote i rregu lar f l in t was te wh ich i s mod if ied b u t o therw ise u nc lass i f iable . 1 .

Raw Ma teria l The f l in t i s v ar iega ted a nd o f ten f l awed , w i th many t herma l f rac tures .

S o me o range/brown s ta ined p ieces s ee m t o h ave b een made o n t he g rave l o f t he h ea th ;

b u t t he ma jor i ty a re made o n l i gh t t o d ark g rey f l in t a pparen t ly

f ro m a nother s ource .

Th is may h ave b een t he c ha lk o f t he D orse t D owns t o

t he n or th o r t he n arrower b e l t o f c ha lk t o t he s ou th ( Cha tw in , 1 936 , p l . I ) . D e l ibera te i mpor ta t ion f ro m a ny d is tance s ee ms u n l ike ly g iven t he l ow q ua l i ty o f t he ma ter ia l a nd o f t he work mansh ip p rac t iced o n i t . The r aw ma ter ia ls o f t he s tone o b jec ts h ave b een k ind ly i den t if ied b y P e te L awrance o f t he N a tura l H is tory Depar tmen t , N orw ich C as t le Museu m .

They

c onsist o f : 1 .

Quar tzi te p ebb les ( 65 , 8 9 , 9 1 , 2 48 , 3 21 ) , s uch a s a re t o b e f ound i n t he

C hesi l Bank ( Cha tw in , 1 936 , 7 1 ) a nd l ess d is tan t l oca l b each d epos i ts . 2 .

S ha le o r s i l ts tone ( 90 ) , b oth o f wh ich o ccur i n b eds i n t he K i m mer idge

C lay o f t he I s le o f P urbeck a nd p ar ts o f t he I s le o f P or t land a nd t he a rea t o t he n or th o f i t ( Cha tw in , 1 936 , 2 1-23 ). 3 .

S i l ic if ied f oss i l wood ( 297 ) d er ived f ro m t he P or t land B eds o f t he I s le o f

P ort land a nd t he a reas t o t he e ast o f i t . 1 57

TABLE I V

Topso i l ( causeway )

•

Capp ing make-up

f l in t a nd s tone f i nds

C q

P i t o f Urn 5 2

KH 7 1

P i t o f Urn 4 8

P it o f Urn 3 1

Pr i mary p i ts 8 . 1u rns

F l in t c ore f lake

1 1

1 0

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

c hunk

2 9

4

1

m icro l i th e nd s craper

2

1 2

1

s ide-end s craper

2

d oub le s ide s craper

1

1 1

s craper o n t herma l b lank

1

b roken s craper s tra igh t-edged f lake k n i fe

1

b orer

1

1

t anged b lade

1

f lake w i th f la t e dge r etouch m isc , r etouched p iece

1

1

1

b urn t u nworked

4

1

f l in t S tone r ubber/pounder

1

2

g round a nd n otched p iece

1

1 58

1

1

4 21

9 3

1

3 7 8

1 1 1 1

1

1 59

4

1 1

1

1

2

2

1

I l lus tra ted p ieces

U ns tra t . /M isc .

P i t o f Urn 5 6

P i t o f Urn 1 8

P i t o f Urn 3

D i tch S& W p r i mary f i l l

D i tch S& W t er t iary f i l l

D i tch E s econdary f i l l

D i tch E t er t iary f i l l

D i tch N u ns tra t i f ied

D i tch N t er t iary f i l l

S econdary p i ts a nd u rns

5 3 5 3a

6 1 4 5 2 2 44

1 1 31

1 5 3 3 3 8 1 33 3 26

1 2 6 5 1 1 32 1 89 2 94 2 25

1 l a 1 88

6 7 2 40

3 49

1 l b 4 0 9 4 2 42 3 03

4

1

1 1 58

1

3 19 5 1 00 1 01 1 90 2 41 2 95

6 5 8 9 2 48 3 21

9 0

TABLE I V ( cont 'd)

a . Z I

a ) . g C D 4

o 0

a . z i c v

_ 2 c e

E

b p . 5

. _ T S

R .

r a , 0 E f

c d ( . 3

T opsoi l ( causeway )

P i t o f Urn 5 2

t -

P i t o f Urn

v4

P i t o f Urn 4 8

P r i mary t o c app ing

KH 7 1 f l int a nd s tone f i nds

Pr i mary t o c ore

P r i mary p i ts . & u rns

n a tura l ly p erfora ted p ebb le b urn t u nworked s tone

1

u nworked f oss i l wood

i l lus tra ted p ieces

3 8

1 31

1 4

2 6

4 2 41

1 33

5 1

1 58 3 26

5 2 8 9

1 00

3 49

1 88

1 01

9 0

1 5 4 0

1 89

6 5

1 90

3 21

2 25 2 42 2 44

1 60

2 94

2 95 3 3 5 3 6 7

5 3a 9 4

2 40

3 03

1 61 2 48 1

l us tra ted p ieces

U nstra t . /M isc .

P i t o f U rn 5 6

P it o f U rn 1 8

P i t o f U rn 3

D i tch S & W p r imary f i l l

D i tch S & W t er t iary f i l l

D i tch E s econdary f i l l

D i tch E t er t iary f i l l

D i tch N u ns tra t if ied

D i tch N t er t iary f i l l

S econdary p i ts a nd u rns

2 96

1

1 l a

9 5

l b

1 32

2 96

4 .

G r i t ( 296 ) wh ich may p erhaps h ave f ormed p ar t o f t he g rave ls o f t he h ea th

i t se lf . 2 .

C ores The f orm o f t he miss ing c ore f ro m t he c app ing makeup ( 18 ) i s n ot k nown .

The r e ma in ing f i ve c ores may b e c lass if ied a ccord ing t o t he s ys tem u sed f or t he Hurs t F en i ndustry ( C lark e t a l ., 1 960 , 2 16-17). A 2

1p la t form , f laked p ar t o f t he way a round

1( 53 )

B1

2p ara l le l p la t forms

2( 53a , i l l .;

B 3

2p la t forms a t r igh t a ng les

1( 53 , i l l .)

C

3o r more p la t forms .

1( 53 )

A l l f ive a re sma l l , w i th a mean w e igh t o f 3 7.5 g .

2 93 )

F our ( 293 a nd 3 f ro m

g roup 5 3 ) a re o n p ieces w i th s o me r e ma in ing t her ma l f rac tures ; ( 53 , i l l .) i s o n ap ebble w i th s o me r e ma in ing c or tex .

t he o ther

A l l h ave f lake- r a ther

t han b lade-scars , wh ich a re sma l ler t han many o f t he f lakes f ro m t he s i te. Th is a nd t heir sma l l o vera l l s ize s ugges t t ha t t hey were worked d own t o t he l im i t o f u sefu lness a nd a bandoned .

The p resence o f f our c ores a t as ing le

f i ndspo t i n t he s econdary f i l l o f t he d i tch , t oge ther w i th t hree f lakes , ac hunk a nd t wo t oo ls ( 53 ) , s ugges ts t ha t d ebr is f ro m a n earby k napp ing e p isode may h ave b eco me i ncorpora ted i n to t he d i tch f i l l . 3 .

F lakes T he d i mens ions o f t he 8 3 i n tact u nretouched f l akes a re s hown i n t he

s cat ter d iagra m ( F ig . 3 8 ) .

L eng th i s t aken a s t he max i mu m measure men t

a long t he a x is o f p ercuss ion a nd b readth a s t he max i mu m measure men t a t r ight a ng les t o i t ( c f . Sm ith 1 965 , 8 9 ) .

T hey f a l l i n to t wo c lusters :

o ne

o f l onger , r e lat ive ly n arrow f l akes , o n ly t wo o f w h ich a re b roader t han t hey a re l ong ; a nd a nother o f s hor ter , more s qua t f l akes , many o f wh ich a re b roader t han t hey a re l ong .

These d o n ot , h owever , c orrespond t o t he t wo

k inds o f r aw ma ter ia l d escr ibed a bove , o r t o a ny c on tex tua l d iv ision . T here a re v ir tua l ly n o b lades , e i ther i n t he v isua l s ense o f n arrow , p ara l le l-s ided f lakes o r i n t he me tr ica l s ense u sua l f or Br i t ish p os t- meso l i th ic ma ter ia l o f f lakes whose b read th :

l eng th r a t io i s 2 : 5o r l ess.

As ubstan t ia l p ropor t ion ,

h owever , o f t he f lakes i n t he s hor ter g roup a re b road f l akes , i .e . f lakes w hose b read th : l eng th r a t io i s g rea ter t han 5 : 5 . E xc luded f ro m t he s ca t ter d iagram b ecause t hey a re i nco mp le te a re f our b roken b lades , a l l r a ther more h eav i ly p a t ina ted a nd r o l led t han most o f t he s truck f l in t f ro m t he s i te wh ich t hey may a n teda te .

Two a re i l lus tra ted ( 1 4

f ro m t he c ore makeup a nd 2 44 f ro m t he p re-barrow s ur face p r imary t o t he c app ing );

t he o ther t wo a re f ro m t he t er t iary f i l l o f t he d i tch ( 2 7 ) a nd t he

t opso i l ( 69 ). O ne o f t he f lakes f rom t he p re-barrow s ur face p r imary t o t he c apping ( 5 2 ) i s b ipo lar , i .e . h as a b u lb o f p ercuss ion a t e i ther e nd . 4 .

T oo ls P ieces w i th s econdary work ing c ons is t ma in ly o f f our teen s crapers a nd

t wen ty-three misce l laneous p ieces .

P ar t icu lar t ypes a re c o m men ted o n b e low .

1 62

Micro l i th 1 31 i s ab roken o bl ique ly-blun ted p oin t , at ype c urren t t hroughou t t he Meso l i th ic (Me l lars , 1 974 , 8 3 , 9 0 , F ig . 1 0 ) b u t n o t l a ter . S tra igh t-edged f l ake k n i fe 3 49 , f ro m t he p re-barrow s ur face p r imary t o t he c ore , i s at ype c urren t f ro m t he l a ter N eo l i th ic o nwards .

C o mparable f lakes w i th r egu lar , o f ten

s ca le-f laked f l a t r e touch a long a s tra igh t e dge a re most f requen t ly a ssoc ia ted w i th B eaker p o t tery , o ccurr ing b o th i n b ur ia ls ( e .g . C larke , 1 970 , F igs . 7 21 , 8 67 , 8 92 ) a nd o n s e t t le men t s i tes , a s a t Eas ton D own , Wi l ts ( S tone , 1 931 , F igs . 3 0 , 3 3 ;

1 933 , p l t . I I : 4 , 5 ) a nd B e l le T ou t , S ussex ( Brad ley , 1 970 ,

3 54 , F ig . 1 4 : 2 4 ).

They a re a lso f ound i n n on-Beaker E ar ly Bronze Age

f unerary c on tex ts , a s w i th a C o l lared u rn a t S u t ton , S u f fo lk ( Smed ley a nd Ow les , 1 964 , 1 85-6 , F ig . 2 6 ).

3 49 may p erhaps a n teda te t he b arrow , b u t

i ti s i n s im i lar c ond i t ion t o t he ma jor i ty o f t he s truck f l in t f ro m t he s i te a nd may e qua l ly b e c on te mporary w i th i t . B orers A l l f ive b orers a re p iercers r a ther t han a w ls i n t he s ense t ha t t he ir p o in ts a re r e touched f rom o ne d irec t ion o n ly ( C lark e t a l ., 1 960 , 2 23 ).

W i th

t he e xcep t ion o f 3 03 f rom t he t er t iary f i l l o f t he d i tch a l l a re made b y min i ma l r e touch s erv ing t o emphasize a n a lready p resen t p oin t . T anged b lade 4 , f ro m t he t opso i l , i s l i gh t ly r e touched o n b oth s ides o f t he b u t t a nd o n o ne i nverse e dge o f t he t ip .

I ti s p a t ina ted a nd r a ther worn , l i ke t he b lade

f ragmen ts ment ioned i n S ec t ion 3 a bove , a nd may w e l l a n teda te most o f t he s truck f l in t f ro m t he s i te . F lakes w i th f la t e dge r etouch O ne o f t hese ( 5 3 , f ro m t he s econdary f i l l o f t he d i tch ) i s b ifac ia l ly r et ouched . Ten o f t he f or ty-n ine t oo ls a re made o n who l ly o r p ar t ly t herma l ly f ract ured b lanks .

I l lus tra ted e xamp les a re l a a nd 9 5 , b oth u ns tra t if ied , a nd 1 88

f ro m t he p re-barrow s ur face p r i mary t o t he c app ing . 5 .

S tone O b jec ts

Rubbers/P o unders A l l f our a re n a tura l q uar tzi te p ebbles a braded i n u se . 8 9.

f ro m t he p re-barrow s ur face p r imary t o t he c app ing , h as o ne smooth ,

r ounded , worn e nd a nd may b e d isco loured b y b urn ing . 2 48 .

F ro m s econdary U rn 3 0 , h as b o th e nds s l igh t ly b eve l led .

3 21 .

F ro m t he t opsoi l , h as o ne b eve l led e dge a nd a more smooth ly a braded

a d jacen t e dge . 6 5.

A lso f rom t he t opso i l , i s n a tura l ly f rac tured a nd h as i t s r ounded e nd

a braded a nd o ne s ide w orn t o af la t f ace t .

1 63

Beve l l ing , a s o n 2 48 a nd 3 21 , a nd more g enera l a brasion o ver a r ounded s ur face , a s o n 8 9 a nd 6 5 , p resu mab ly r esu l t f ro m d i f ferent u ses . Un i l lus tra ted p ara l le ls f or t hese p ieces , i n b oth c ases f ound w i th Devere lR i mbury p o t tery , a re r ecorded f ro m t he e nc losure o n T horny D own , Wi lts ., where " two s ands tone r ubbers , e ach w i th a s ing le p ecked s ur face" were f ound w i th a s add le q uern i n a n a pparen t ly d o mes t ic c on tex t ( S tone , 1 937a , 6 48-54 ) ; a nd f rom a c re ma t ion c e metery a t S u lha m , B erks., where " a q uar tzi te p ebb le , wh ich , f rom i t s a ppearance , h ad e v iden t ly b een u sed a s amu l ler f or t he g r ind ing o f g ra in" was f ound u nder a n i nver ted Bucke t u rn ( Shrubs° le , 1 907 , 3 09 ).

C o mparab le p ieces a lso o ccur i n e ar i ler c on tex ts , s uch a s t he f our th

t o t h ird mi l lenn ium b e h ouse a t F enga te , 8 : 7 ) .

P e terborough ( Pryor , 1 974 , F ig .

O n ly s ys te ma t ic e xper imen t migh t e luc ida te t he ir f unc t ions .

Burn t u nworked s tone 9 1 , f rom t he p re-barrow s ur face p r imary t o t he c ore , i s ap oss ib ly b urn t f ragmen t o f an a tura l q uar tzi te p ebb le . G round a nd n otched p iece 9 0 , f ro m t he c ore makeup , i s ap iece o f h ard s ha le o r s i l tstone g round i n to a s ub-rec tangu lar s hape a nd s ubsequen t ly b roken a nd n o tched a t o ne e nd . The n otch i s worn , p erhaps b y t he p assage o f at hong o r c ord . t o f i nd p ara l le ls f or t h is o b jec t .

I t i s d i f f icu lt

The s of tness o f t he r aw ma ter ia l l ends i t se lf

t o s hap ing , b u t a t t he s ame t ime makes i tu nsu i tab le f or a n e dge t oo l o r f or a ny k ind o f s harpen ing s tone . F ossi l Wood 2 97 , f ro m t he s econdary d i tch f i l l , i s a n u nworked p iece o f f ossi l w ood . N a tura l ly p er fora ted p ebb le 2 96 , u ns tra t i f ied , i s an a tura l ly p er fora ted p ebb le . p erhaps h ave b een c o l lec ted a s o b jec ts o f i n terest . 6 .

Bo th i ta L

2 97 may

D iscuss ion

Ma ter ia l f ro m p i ts a nd u rns L i th ic ma ter ia l f rom p r imary a nd s econdary p i ts a nd u rns c ons ists o f t en f lakes , o ne m icro l i th ( 131 ) , a nd o ne r ubber/pounder ( 2 48 ). b een d e l ibera te i nc lus ions i n b ur ia ls .

N one n eed h ave

The microl ith i s c er ta in ly r esidua l a nd

t he f lakes a re a l l t horough ly i nconsp icuous p ieces o f was te wh ich s ee m mos t l i ke ly t o h ave b een i n troduced i n to p i ts , a nd , i ndeed , i n to u rns i ft hese were u n l idded , d ur ing b ack-f i l l ing .

The q uar tzi te r ubber/pounder ( 248 ) f ro m s e-

c ondary U rn 3 0 may b e a n e xcep t ion t o t h is , b u t e ven i t may b e a n a cc iden ta l i nc lus ion s ince t he p resence o f t wo c o mparab le p ieces ( 6 5 , 3 21 ) i n t he t opso i l s hows t ha t 2 48 may h ave b een i n t he i m med ia te v ic in i ty when t he p i t o f Urn 3 0 was b ack-f i l led . Burn ing E igh t p ieces o f f l in t a nd s tone s how s igns o f b urn ing .

W i th t he e xcep t ion

o f 3 03 f ro m t he t er t iary f i l l o f t he d i tch , a l l a re f ro m b ur ia ls o r p r imary c ont ex ts ( 2 4 , 7 6 , 8 9 , 9 1 , 9 8 , 1 31 , 1 73 ) .

N one a re f ro m t he t opso i l .

T hey s ee m

most l ike ly t o h ave b een d isco loured d ur ing t he b urn ing-of f o f t he c en tra l a rea o f t he p re-barrow s ur face . 1 64

Residua l ma ter ia l T he m icrol i th ( 131 ) f ro m AP1 i s c er ta in ly Meso l i th ic .

P erhaps c on te m-

p orary w i th i t a re t he t anged b lade ( 4 ) f ro m t he t opsoi l a nd t he b roken p a t ina ted b lades ( 1 4 , 2 7, 6 9 , 2 44 ) f rom t he p re-barrow s ur face , t he c ore makeup , t he t er t iary f i l l o f t he d i tch a nd t opso i l r espec t ive ly. The ma in i ndus try I n a ccordance w i th t he s hort C 14 c hrono logy f or t he s i te , t he a spec t o f t he b u lk o f t he s truck f l in t i s h o mogeneous , i rrespec t ive o f c on tex t , e xcep t f or t he p resence o f t wo me tr ica l ly d ist inc t g roups among t he f lakes ( Sec t ion 3 , a bove ).

There i s n o s ign o f t he u se o f a ny b u t ah ard h a m mer , i t se l f

e v idenced b y p ro minen t a nd s o me t imes u nreso lved b u lbs o f p ercuss ion .

Wh i le

s o me p ieces , s uch a s 1 58 , 3 49 , 1 89 a nd 1 32 , a re q u i te f ine ly worked , t he g enera l ly c oarse q ua l i ty o f t he workmansh ip i s r epresen ted b y s uch p ieces a s 1 88 , 3 03 , 3 3 a nd l a .

Th is i s ac harac ter ist ic o f l a ter Bronze Age i ndus tr ies

r emarked b y many a u thors ( f ro m C lark ( 1936 , 4 7 ) t o Pryor ( 1976 , 3 4 ). T he f lake p ropor t ions s how a c on t inua t ion o f t he l a ter N eo l i th ic t rend away f ro m b lade- mak ing t owards t he p roduc t ion o fb road , s qua t f lakes , r ecen t ly c omprehens ive ly d emons tra ted b y P i t ts ( 197 8 ) . W i th t he e xcep t ion o f o ne s tra igh t-edged f lake k n ife ( 349 ) wh ich may , o n f orm a nd c on tex t , b e o f p re-barrow d a te , t ools a re v ir tua l ly r estr ic ted t o s crapers , b orers a nd m isce l laneous , a pparen t ly u nstandard ized , r etouched p ieces ( e .g ., 9 5 , 1 00 , 1 90 , 2 95 ) . Th is r estr ic ted r ange , l i ke t he g enera l c oarseness o f workmansh ip , s ee ms t yp ica l o f b road ly c on te mporary i ndustr ies , whe ther a ssoc ia ted w i th D evere l-R i mbury o r o ther p ot tery s ty les .

T oo ls a t

T horny Down , Wi l ts ., c onsis ted a l most e n t ire ly o f s crapers w i th o ne l arge b orer ( S tone , 1 937a , 6 56 , P i t . V I , V I I ) ;

a t B osco mbe D own Eas t , Wi l ts ., o f

s crapers , o ne t h ick d isco id , a nd a f ew f lakes s how ing " ev idence o f u se a s k n ives" ( S tone , 1 936 , 4 82 , P l t V ) ;

a nd , a t t he I t ford H i l l b arrow , S ussex , o f

t h ir ty-three s crapers , o ne b orer , o ne n otched ' , a nd t wo o ther r e touched p ieces ( Brad ley i n H o lden e t a l ., 1 972 , 9 6 , F ig . 5 ) .

A t Ra m 's H i l l , Berks ., t he o n ly

f l in t t oo ls f ro m c on tex ts s pann ing a s equence f ro m e ar ly t o l a te Bronze Age w ere s crapers a nd r e touched f lakes ( Brad ley a nd E l l ison , 1 975 , 8 4-6 ) ;

a nd

a t M i ldenha l l F en , S u f fo lk , n ow t en ta t ive ly d a ted b y Burgess t o c . 1 300 b c ( 1 974 , F ig . 2 6 ) , t he mos t n u merous t oo ls were s crapers a nd b orers ( C lark , 1 936 , 4 5-6 ) . Kn igh ton H ea th l acks t he p ar t icu lar ly t h ick , s teep s crapers f ound i n t he T horny Down , B oscombe D own Eas t a nd I t ford H i l l b arrow i ndus tr ies , a l l a ssoc ia ted w i th D evere l-R i mbury p ot tery ( S tone , 1 937a , P i t . V I : 1 , 2 ; S tone , 1 936, P i t . V :

1 , 3 , 5 , 8 :

Brad ley i n H o lden e t a l ., 1 972 , F ig . 5 : 1 , 2 ) , a nd

i n t he i ndus try f ro m P hase 4 o f S i te R4 , Miche ldever , Han ts , d ated t o b etween 1 42 0 /9 0 b c ( HAR 1044 ) a nd 1 050/90 b c ( HAR 1041 ) ( Fasham a nd R oss , 1 97 8 , 4 9-51 , 5 9-6 1 , F ig . 6 : 5 -8 ).

S uch s crapers e qua l ly s ee m t o b e a bsen t f ro m

M i ldenha l l F en a nd Ram 's H i l l . The r estr ic ted t oo l r ange c on tras ts marked ly w i th t he v ar iety o f t ypes p resen t i n l a ter N eo l i th ic i ndus tr ies s uch a s t hose o f t he Wes t K enne t Avenue o ccupa t ion s i te ( Sm i th , 1 965 , 2 37 ) o r Durr ing ton Wa l ls ( Wa inwr igh t a nd L ongwor th , 1 97 1 , 1 64 ).

I ti s n o tewor thy t ha t t he t ypes wh ich t o ta l ly o r

1 65

v ir tua l ly d isappear a s t he Bronze Age p rogresses a re e dge t oo ls , whe ther h eavy o r l i gh t , i nc lud ing miss i le h eads , " kn ives" a nd a xes.

T h is , a nd t he

c o mco m i tan t d ec l ine i n l i th ic workmansh ip , d oubt less r ef lec t t he i ncreas ing c urrency o f me ta l t oo ls . The s i tua t ion i s e xe mp l if ied i n t he M idd le Bronze Age d i tch s yste m a t F enga te , Cambs ., where a f l in t i ndus try i nc lud ing s crapers a nd a s ing le a rrowhead o ccurred i n t he s ame l eve ls a s af ragmen tary b ronze s pearhead a nd a p iece o f wood b ear ing t he marks o f a me ta l a xe ( Pryor 1 976 , 3 4 , 4 1 , F igs . 3 .4 & 3 .5 ).

I ti s p erhaps s urpr is ing t ha t f l in tb orers

c on t inue i n p roduc t ion b eyond t he Ear ly Bronze Age , s ince aw ls a re among t he e ar l ies t a nd c o m monest me ta l t oo ls .

There i s more t han a s uggest ion

t ha t t he t wo may h ave h ad d i f feren t f unc t ions .

F rom a w ider v iewpo in t , t he

d isappearance o f s pec ia l ized l i th ic t ypes i s a n a spec t o f t he g enera l a bandonmen t o f u l t ima te ly Neo l i th ic t rad i t ions wh ich o ccurs i n t he c en tur ies a round 1 200 b c ( Burgess , 1 974 , 1 94 ). A cknow ledge men ts Thanks a re g lad ly g iven t o P e te Lawrance ( Na tura l H is tory D epar tmen t , N orw ich C ast le Museu m ) f or i den t i fy ing s tone o b jec ts a nd t o Den ise D erbysh ire ( Nor fo lk A rchaeolog ica l U n i t ) f or d o ing e x tra d raw ings .

NOTES 1 .

The d ep th b e low t he o ld s urface l eve l , o bserved o r e x trapo la ted a s a pprop r ia te , i s g iven i n t he e n try f or e ach f ind .

N ote t ha t t he d ep ths o f s herds

o n o r n ear t he b oundary b etween s tr ipped a nd u ns tr ipped g round v ary i rregu lar ly f ro m 0 t o 1 6 cm i n s uch away a s t o s uggest t ha t t he b oundary h ad a r agged e dge a nd/or t ha t s o me s herds w ere s i tua ted a l i t t le a bove t he s tr ipped s ur face i n t he b asa l p ar t o f t he c app ing . 2 .

S herd N o . 2 80 ( j us t i ns ide t he c ore ) was 3 2 cm b e low t he o ld s ur face l eve l a nd mus t h ave o ccup ied al oca l d isturbance o f s o me k ind t oo v ague ly d ef i ned t o h ave b een a rchaeo log ica l ly i den t if iab le ( c f . p r i mary p i ts 3 2 a nd 3 4 ).

Th is c ou ld a lso a pp ly t o N os . 2 54 a nd 2 56 l oca ted o n t he e dge o f t he

s tr ipped g round s o me 3 4 cm a nd 2 5 cm b e low t he e x trapo la ted o ld s ur face r espec t ive ly

a nd t o t he f ew p ieces ( Nos . 7 3 , 3 70 a nd 3 97 ) s i tua ted w e l l

w i th in t he b oundary a t l esser d ep ths b e low t he b urn t-of f o ld s urface . N o . 3 97 was b ad ly wea thered b u t t he o ther s herds men t ioned were i n g ood c ond i t ion ;

t hey c ou ld n ot , t herefore , h ave g radua l ly worked t he ir

way d own f ro m t he o ld s ur face b u t mus t h ave b een b ur ied . 3 . 4 .

The e xcep t ion i s o ne o f t he N o . 2 31 s herds ( see t he e n try f or t h is g roup ). By Mrs . Mar t in o f B ourne mou th who k ind ly l e f t t hese f l in ts w ith me f or p ub l ica t ion .

1 66

‘

7 3

1 36

207

L

1-C 2 3 29

333

330

255

OL D SURFACE a nd CORE D ITCH

2 19

4 1 44

MAKEUP

1 274

2 8 1

305 28 1

i F ig.30

1

336

50

mr 11 t

, 1

P otsherds f ro m o ld s ur face , c ore makeup a nd d i tch .

1 67

I U 7 10 288

272

432a

421

0

1

F ig . 3 1

50

P otsherds f ro m c app ing .

1 68

432b

I 3 49

2 44 I2 25 4 2

W

F ig . 3 2

. 2 2 52 2.

2Z 2

Pr imary f l ints .

N os . 1 33, 1 58, 3 26 g r3 49 p r i mary t o c ore ;

N os . 3 8, 5 1, 1 90 , 2 25 , 2 42 & 2 44 p r i mary t o c app ing . 2 /3rds l i fes ize .

1 69

1 3 1 4 z : e.

1 4 2 6

53

F ig . 3 3

F lints f ro m p r i mary c ontex ts , b arrow makeup a nd d i tch . 5 2 , 1 88 & 1 89 p r i mary t o c app ing ; N o . 2 6 f ro m c app ing makeup; a nd 5 3a f ro m d i tch .

N o . 1 31 f ro m API;

2 /3rds l i fes ize . 1 70

N os .

N o . 1 4 f ro m c ore makeup ; N os . 5 3

16 7 e z ?

4

›

9 4

1 00

11 0 1

F ig . 3 4

F lints f ro m d i tch a nd t opso i l . &3 03 f ro m d i tch ;

N os . 3 3 , 6 7, 9 4 , 2 40 , 2 94 , 2 95

N os . 4 , 1 5 ,100 & 1 01 f ro m t opsoi l .

l i fes ize .

1 71

2/ 3r ds

4 0 I 2 4 1

6 5

I1 32 I9 5

F ig . 3 5

e

72 ' 2>

F lints a nd o ther s tone o b jec ts f ro m n on-pr i mary c ontexts . 1 , l a & 1b f ro m modern s urface o f Kn igh ton Heath a t l arge; 4 0 , 6 5 & 2 41 f ro m t opso i l; i n e xcavated a rea .

N os . N os .

N os . 9 5 a nd 1 32 f ro m u nknown c on tex ts

2 /3rds l i fesize .

1 72

F ig .3 6

Q uar tz i te p ounders/rubbers . w i th U rn 3 0 . 2/3 r ds

N o .3 21 f ro m t opsoi l;

N o . 2 48

N o . 2 96 n a tura l ly-per forated p ebb le ( uns tra t if ied) .

l i fes ize . 1 73

8 9

9 0

F ig . 3 7

S tone o b jec ts .

N o . 8 9 q uar tz i te p ounder f ro m b asa l mound

makeup o r o ld s urface;

N o . 9 0 s ha le/s i l tstone s lab w ith a r t if ic ia l

n otch a t o ne e nd f ro m c ore makeup .

1 74

2 / 3rds l i fes ize

b /1:

l ength

5 :5

( cm)

b readth

( cm)

5

P rimary t o C ore

l r

P rimary t o C apping

o

S econdary D itch F ill

P rimary P its & U rns

e

U nstratified D itch F ill

C apping Makeup

•

S econdary P its & U rns

1>

T opsoil

0

T opsoil

F ig . 3 8

T ertiary D itch F ill

U nstratified M iscellaneous ( Causeway)

S ca t ter d iagra m s how ing d i mens ions o f 8 3 i n tac t f l int f l akes .

1 75

CHAPTER I X CHRONOLOGY AND S EQUENCE OF EVENTS

The p rob le ms a ssoc ia ted w i th t he r e la t ionsh ip o f many f ea tures a nd sma l l f i nds t o t he b urning-of f a nd s tr ipp ing o f t he o ld s ur face ( pr i mary u rns , p i ts a nd s takeho les ) a nd t he c ons truc t ion o f t he c app ing ( t he o u ter mos t t i er o f p er ip hera l u rns ) h ave b een t horough ly r ehearsed i n e ar l ier c hap ters .

T hese p ro-

b le ms s evere ly h and icap e f for ts t o e stabl ish t he s equen t ia l p osi t ions o f b ur ia ls a nd o ther f ea tures e xcep t i n t he b road a nd t en ta t ive f orm s e t f or th b e low i n T able V . O f t he 8 Bronze Age p hases l i s ted i n t he T ab le , t he l eas t s a t is fac tor i ly d ocumen ted a re Ia nd V I I I . AP8 , t he s o le a rchaeo log ica l f ea ture d ef in i te ly a t tr ibu table t o P hase I , c on ta ined c harcoa l b u t n o b ones o r p ot tery , a nd was c once ivably p re-Bronze Age.

I t s c lose r ese mb lance i n s ize , s hape a nd f i l l t o o ther p i ts l oca ted n earby ,

o ne o f wh ich ( AP 7) p ost-da ted t he b urn ing o f t he o ld s ur face , h owever , makes ap re-ce me tery d a te v ery u n l ike ly a nd t here c an b e l i t t le d oubt t ha t i t was d ug i n c onnec t ion w i th s o me a spec t o f t he f unerary r i tua l .

There i s n o way o f

d ec id ing wh ich , i fa ny , o f t he o ther p r imary f ea tures o f u nknown r e la t ionsh ip t o t he b urn ing a re a lso a ssignable t o t h is p hase .

Ar ad iocarbon d a te f or AP8

migh t b e v ery h e lp fu l ( t here i s e nough c harcoa l f or o ne ). The e v idence f or P hase V I I I i s e ven more e x iguous t han t ha t f or P hase I a nd i s v ery l arge ly b ased o n t he t ypo log ica l c harac ter ist ics o f Urns 1 9 a nd 3 9 , t he o n ly 2 s urv iv ing f ea tures a ss ignab le t o t he Phase .

Both t hese u rns w ere

r epresen ted b y t heir b asa l p ar ts o n ly a nd , a s i nd ica ted i n e ar l ier d iscuss ion , l i t t le c an b e s a id a bou t t hem s ave t ha t t he c o mp lete p o ts must h ave b een l arge h eavy v esse ls o f t ypes p robably l ess o u t o f p lace i n t he s econdary t han i n t he p r i mary a sse mb lage .

As a lso s tressed i n p rev ious d iscuss ion , h owever , t he

c hronolog ica l i mp l ica t ions o f t he d i fferences i n u rn t ypo logy b e tween t he 2 a sse mb lages a re n ot t he mse lves b eyond c av i l a nd n eed c onf irma t ion b e fore a ny i ndependen t d a t ing v a lue c an b e c onceded t he m. The p os i t ions o f Urns 1 9 a nd 3 9 o ppos i te t he h eavy c oncen tra t ion o f s ec ondary u rns ( Phase V I I ) i n t he S q uadran t o f t he b arrow , c ou ld a lso b e u sed t o a rgue a p ost-barrow " da te" f or t he t wo .

Th is i s b ecause o f t he p oss ib i l i ty

t ha t t he 2 u rns h ad o ccup ied t he f r inges o f al arger g roup —perhaps much l arger—wh ich h ad o r ig ina l ly e x tended i n to t he q uarr ied-away g round b eyond t he e dge o f t he p en insu la ;

a nd b ecause , i fs uch a g roup h ad e x is ted , t here

wou ld h ave b een a r ough ly s y m me tr ica l a rrange men t i nvo lv ing c lus ters o f b ur ia ls o n e ach s ide o f t he c auseway wh ich , a s t he f ocus o f t he a rrange men t , c an b e p resu med t o h ave a lready b een i n b e ing when t he b ur ia ls o u ts ide t he d i tch were made . Th is a rgumen t , h owever , i s s er ious ly weakened b y a no ther p oss ibi l i ty , n ame ly t ha t t he t rue f ocus o f t he " urnf ie ld" was n ot t he c auseway 1 76

TABLE V :

Rela t ive C hrono logy

Pre-Bronze Ag _ e

A bso lu te Da te

Micro l i th ( and p oss ibly o ther f l in ts ) f ro m d eep i n t he a nc ient s o i l p ro f i le Bronze Ag e I AP8 a nd p robab ly o ther p i ts a nd p oss ib ly s o me b ur ia ls ? Stakeho les I

Burn ing-of f o f o ld s ur face

? 1205/49 b c ( B M-870 ). O ak c harcoa l ? fro m a shes o f c en tra l f i re

I I

A t l eas t 4b ur ia ls ( Urns 5 4 &5 8 & UC11

1 184/34 b c ( B M-875 ).

& UC15 ) &o ne p i tw i thou t b ones ( AP7 ) ; u pr igh t s lab 6 ( Urn 5 4 ).

Urn 5 4/S lab 6 .

S ca t ter o f p o tsherds o n o ld s ur face

Urn 4 6

? 1123/49 b c ( B M-871 ).

A l l o therpr i mary f ea tures ( i nc lud ing

? 1178/52 b e ( B M-872 ).

s takeho les ) n ot a ss ignab le t o I& V

Urn 4 8 ? 1189/50 b e ( B M-873 ). Urn 4 7

I V

Cons truc t ion o f c ore/str ipp ing o f o ld s ur face p er iphera l ly t o l a t ter/beg inn ing o f d i tch

V

Urn 2 5 &p robably ( poss ibly a l l ) o ther

? 1102/40 b e ( B M-874 ).

f ea tures s ea led b yf oot o f c apping ( urns ,

U rn 5 2

u nacco mpan ied c re ma t ions , p i ts , s takeh oles , u pr igh t s labs ) S ca t ter o f p o tsherds o n s tr ipped s ur face V I

C onstruc t ion o f c apping a nd c o mp le t ion o f d i tch

V I I

S econdary ( and p robably o ther p er iphera l u rns ) S preads o f s herds a nd f l in ts i n t opsoi l a nd d i tch .

?V I II

Urns 1 9 a nd 3 9 ( f la t g round S o f b arrow )

1 77

? 1168/52 b e ( B M-876 ). Urn 2 4

b u t a sma l l =recorded b arrow s tand ing i n t he q uarr ied a rea a t n o g rea t d ist ance f ro m i t .

I ft h is h ypo thet ica l b arrow w ere e ar l ier i n d a te t han t he e xca-

v a ted b arrow , s o me o r a l l o f t he a ssoc ia ted u rn f ie ld c ou ld b e s o a lso .

T h is

p oin t i s l ess n igg ling t han i t may a ppear , s ince j ust s uch a n a rrange men t w as o bserved a t t he n earby S i mon 's G round c e metery where a l inear u rnf ie ld f ocussed o n a sma l l i nconsp icuous b arrow ( F ) —prev ious ly u nrecorded —approached t o w i th in a f ew y ards o f al arger n e ighbour ( Barrow E ). Unfor tuna te ly , t he r e la t ive c hrono log ica l p os i t ions o f t hese 2 b arrows c ou ld n ot b e e s tabl ished ( AE 1 969 , 7 -8 , a nd p ersona l r eco l lec t ion ) . The ma jor i ty o f p r imary f ea tures a re p robab ly a ss ignable t o P hases I I a nd V a s , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he s takeho les , a t l eas t o ne r epresen ta t ive o f e ach ma jor c a tegory ( upr igh t s labs , u rns , u nacco mpan ied c re ma t ions a nd p i ts w i th c harcoa l ) d e monstrab ly b e longs t o o ne o r o ther o f t hese p hases . i n T ab le V ,

As s hown

o n ly o ne ( B M-875 , d a t ing Urn 5 4/S lab 6 ) o f t he 7 r ad iocarbon

d e termina t ions f or t hese f ea tures i s d e f in ite ly a ss ignab le t o ap ar t icu lar p hase ( II ).

O f t he o ther 6 , BM-870 ( t he e ar l iest o f t he s er ies ) p robably d a tes t he

b urn ing-of f o f t he o ld s ur face ( see p . 1 3

f or t he r a t iona le f or t h is s t a te men t )

a nd BM-871-873 a nd BM-874 a nd 8 76 , Phases I I a nd V r espect ive ly , t hough , o bv ious ly , t he p oss ibi l i ty t ha t t he t rue a t tr ibu t ion o f s o me o r a l l o f t hese d a tes i s P hase Ic annot b e c o mp le te ly d iscoun ted i n t he a bsence o f p os i t ive e v idence t o t he c on trary. Taken a s ag roup , t he 7 Kn igh ton d a tes d ef ine ( a t t he o ne SD l eve l a nd i n r ad iocarbon y ears ) a2 00 y ear p er iod b eg inning a t c . 1 250 b c a nd e nd ing a round 1 050 b e .

Th is p er iod , o f c ourse , i s l arge ly a n a r t ifac t c rea ted b y t he s ta t is-

t i ca l s preads o f means a nd e rror t erms a nd t here i s n o way o f k now ing whether t he t rue d a tes o f t he f ea tures c oncerned— much l ess t hose o f t he u nda ted f ea tures —were d istr ibu ted t hroughou t i t s whole e x tent o r w ere c on f ined t o as hor ter t imespan o r t imespans w i th in i t .

N or , g iven t he u nknown s equent ia l p os i t ions

o f t he d a ted f ea tures , i s i ta t a l l c er ta in wha t r ela t ionsh ip t h is p er iod w ou ld b ear t o o ne b ased o n al onger s er ies o f d a tes , a s t he l ow r a t io o f d a ted t o u nd a ted f ea tures mi l i ta tes a ga ins t t he l i ke l ihood o f a ny p ar t icu lar d a te a pp ly ing t o af ea ture a t o r n ear t he b eg inn ing o r e nd o f t he s equence a s awho le . Ca libra t ion o f t he d a tes b y means o f t he b r is t lecone p ine c urve , u sing C lark 's ( 1 975 ) Table 8 , a nd f o l low ing h is r eco m menda t ions f or t he c a lcu la t ion o f t he e rror t erms ( 22 . c i t ., 2 57) , p ushes t he who le s er ies c ons iderably b ack i n t ime ( t o c . 1 610-1275 B .C. d i f f icu l t ies .

a t t he o ne SD l eve l ) b u t d oes n oth ing t o r esolve t hese

O n t he c on trary, b y w iden ing t he s ta t ist ica l s pread f ro m a round 2

c en tur ies t o more t han 3 i td ecreases , r a ther t han i ncreases , t he p rec is ion w i th wh ich t he b eg inn ing a nd e nd d a tes o f t he e ar l ier p hases o f t he c e me tery c an b e s pec i f ied .

Th is b e ing s o , a l l t ha t c an b e c on f iden t ly s urmised o n t he

b as is o f t he a bso lu te d a t ing e v idence i s t ha t s o me p r imary f unerary a c t iv i t ies p robab ly t ook p lace a f ter c . 1 610 B .C . a nd b efore c . 1 275 B .C., t here b e ing n o g rounds f or a ssum ing e i ther t ha t s uch a c t iv i t ies w ere r es tr ic ted t o t h is p er iod o r , i ft hey were , t ha t t hey o ccup ied i t s who le e x ten t . •

1

There a re n o r ad iocarbon d a tes f or t he c ons truc t ion o f t he c apping o r f or

a ny s ucceed ing e ven t .

There a re , h owever , c onv inc ing g rounds f or t he b e l ie f

t ha t s o me s econdary u rns , a t a ny r a te , were b ur ied w i th in a v ery s hor t t ime o f s o me p r imary v esse ls a nd t here i s n o e v idence t o s uggest t ha t t he b ur ia l s equence was i n terrup ted a t a ny p o in t b y ap ro longed h ia tus. 1 78

T he s tronges t e v idence f or c on t inu i ty i n t he b ur ia l s equence i s p rov ided b y t he s et t ing o f u pr igh t s labs i n t he W q uadran t ( Fig . 7 ).

The i nnermos t

s lab ( No . 6 ) s tood a l i t t le a par t f ro m t he r es t , b u t was n ot v ery f ar a way , a nd t here i s n o r eason t o d isassoc ia te i tf ro m t he g roup a s a who le . N o s lab was v ery f irm ly s ea ted i n t he g round ( see t he i nd iv idua l d escr ip t ions o n p p . 7 0-80 ) a nd i ti s d oub t fu l i fa ny wou ld h ave r e ma ined u pr ight f or a ny a pprec iab le l eng th o f t ime w i thou t t he s uppor t o f t he b arrow makeup . S evera l o f t he s labs marked p r i mary u rns wh i le t he s econdary u rns i nser ted a ga ins t t he t ops o f Nos . 1 , 2a nd 4 mus t h ave b een b ur ied e i ther d ur ing t he c app ing 's c onstruc t ion ( when t he s labs were s t i l l v is ible ) o r s hor t ly t herea f ter ( when t he ir p os i t ions were s t i l l a ccura te ly r eme mbered ).

I n a ny e ven t , t he a ssoc ia t ions w i th t he

s econdary u rns were c lear ly i n tended t o e xpress r e la t ionsh ips b e tween p ar t ic u lar p r i mary a nd s econdary b ur ia ls , a s s econdary b ur ia ls i n g enera l were t oo t h in ly d is tr ibu ted i n t he i m med ia te v ic in i ty f or i tt o b e p laus ibly a rgued t ha t t he a ssoc ia t ions w ere t he c hance r esu l t o f t he a cc iden ta l r ed iscovery o f t he s labs d ur ing t he d igg ing o f s econdary u rn p i ts .

S lab 6 was d ef in i te ly

s econdary t o t he b urn ing o f t he o ld s ur face ( see p . 7 0 )

a nd o f t he o thers ,

l oca ted o n o r n ear t he c ore/capp ing b oundary , a t l eas t o ne ( No . 1i n t he s tr ipped g round ) ,

i s

l i ke ly t o h ave b een s o a lso.

T he h is tory o f t he s e t t ing

t hus r evea ls a n u nbroken c on t inu i ty i n t he b ur ia l s equence f rom p re-barrow t o p os t-barrow " t i mes" , s pann ing t he p er iod f ro m Phase I I t o a t l east P hase V I a nd p robab ly t he b eg inn ing o f P hase V I I .

I ta lso , o f c ourse , p rov ides

s trong s uppor t f or t he c on ten t ion , i ndependen t ly b ased o n t he s truc tua l e v id ence d iscussed o n p . 2 1 ,

t ha t t he c ore a nd c app ing were b u i l t w i th in a very

s hor t t ime o f o ne a no ther . C on t inu i ty b e tween p hases i s p robab ly a lso d isp layed , t hough l ess c omp rehens ive ly , b y 3o ther c lusters o f f ea tures . The most c onv inc ing o f t he 3 i s t he t igh t g roup o f b ur ia ls a nd p i ts f ocused o n Urns 2 8 a nd 3 8 i n t he N q uadr an t ( Fig . 6 ) .

A l l o f t he c o mponen ts o f t h is g roup were l oca ted j us t w i th in

t he c ore/capp ing b oundary e xcep t f or UC9 wh ich l ay j ust o u ts ide .

Aga in , o n

t he a ssu mp t ion t ha t t he a ssoc ia t ion t oge ther o f t hese f ea tures was a d e l ibera te o ne , t he ir d is tr ibu t ion o n e i ther s ide o f t he b oundary i mp l ies t ha t t he c ore h ad h ad a tb est a v ery e vanescen t e x is tence a s af ree-s tand ing e n t i ty a nd t ha t t here c ou ld h ave b een o n ly a s hor t i n terva l b e tween i t s c ons truc t ion a nd t ha t o f t he c app ing .

The r e la t ionsh ip b e tween Urns

1/ 2

a nd Urn 2 4 , i n t he E q uadran t

( Fig . 3 ) p robably a lso b e tokens a d e l ibera te a t te mp t t o p hys ica l ly c onnec t l a ter b uria ls w i th a s l igh t ly e ar l ier o ne , t he c onnec t ion , i n t h is i ns tance , b e ing b e tween t he p er iods i mmed ia te ly b efore a nd i m med ia te ly a f ter t he c ons truc t ion o f t he c apping .

The s ame a pp l ies t o t he t h ird c luster—Urn 5 2 a nd t he 3 s e-

c ondary u rns c u t i n to t he u pper e dges o f i t s p i t i n t he S q uadran t— though i n t h is c ase , b ecause o f t he p resence o f o ther s econdary u rns n earby , t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t t he a ssoc ia t ion was d ue t o c hance c anno t b e a l toge ther r u led o u t ( see t he p lan , F ig . 9 ) .

1 79

NOTE 1 .

The d a t ing o f s ome o f t he n umerous f ea tures p roduc ing c harcoa l b u t n o a r t ifac ts migh t h ave g one s o me way t owards s pec i fying t he t rue c hronol og ica l l im i ts more p rec ise ly , b u t o f t he many s u i tab le s amp les f or r ad iocarbon a na lys is o n ly t he 7 l i s ted i n T ab le V were a ccep ted f or d a t ing . The u nda ted s amp les ( a long w i th t he r est o f t he c harcoa l f rom t he s i te ) a re a t t he A nc ien t Monu men ts L abora tory i n L ondon a nd c ou ld b e d a ted o n s o me f u ture o ccas ion .

1 80

CHAPTER X BUR IALS AND SOC IAL ORGAN IZATION

Da ta o n t he a c tuar ia l c harac ter is t ics , q uan t i ty/preserva t ion a nd a ssoc i . a t ions o f t he K n igh ton c rema t ions a re s u m mar ized i n Tab les Ia nd V I . 1 .

D i f feren t ia l P reserva t ion a nd Age/Sex C harac ter is t ics A s i nd ica ted i n Tab le V IA , t he s urv iv ing o sseus r e ma ins f ro m K n igh ton

p robably r epresent a min imu m o f4 6 i nd iv idua ls i n 4 4 s eparate u rns a nd/or p i ts , t he f igures b e ing i nc lus ive o f t he 2 k nown mu l t ip le c re ma t ion d epos i ts ( Urns 4 8 a nd 6 2 ) a nd t he s evera l d oubtfu l b ur ia ls ( UC14 , P i t 3 6 , Urn 4 3 ). Tab le V IB a ppears t o s how t ha t a l mos t a l l t he b ur ia ls were o f a du l ts ( 28 a du l ts v s 4s ub a du l ts ) a nd t ha t f ema les o u tnu mbered ma les i n t he r a t io o f 1 1 :7. F ina l ly , Tab les V IA a nd V IC b r ing h o me t he g rea t v ar iabi l i ty i n t he amoun t o f b one i n t he d i f feren t b ur ia ls , wh ich r anged i n q uan t i ty f ro m a s ing le t ooth f ragmen t ( Urns 4 5 a nd 5 ) t o l arge d epos i ts o ver a k i logram i n we igh t ( Urns 2 4 a nd 6 2 ) ; t he h igh p ropor t ion ( 55% ) o f v ery sma l l b ur ia ls we igh ing 2 5 gms o r l ess ; a nd ( V IC ) t he a l mos t t o ta l r estr ic t ion ( 15 o f 1 6 ) o f u rns wh ich n e i ther c on ta ined n or a cco mpanied b ones t o s econdary c on tex ts . Phys ica l c ond i t ions —a s trong ly a c id ic s oi l r eac t ionl a nd t he t endency f or b ur ia ls t o a t trac t i n tense r oo t g row th —were i n imica l t o t he p reserva t ion o f b one a t Kn igh ton a nd t here c an b e l i t t le q ues t ion b u t t ha t sma l l d epos i ts o f c o m minu ted b one b ur ied n ear t he s ur face wou ld h ave h ad v ery l i t t le c hance o f s urv iv ing i n a rchaeo log ica l ly d e tec table f orm .

Unburn t , o r l i gh t ly b urn t ,

b one , o f c ourse , wou ld b e p ar t icu lar ly v u lnerable t o d es truc t ion b y t hese c ond i t ions .

I n v iew o f t hese f ac ts , i ti s p robable t ha t t he f igures r e la t ing

t o q uan t i ty o r p resence/absence o fb one ( Table V IC a nd F ig . 3 9 ) r e f lec t t he d if feren t ia l p reserva t ion o f t he b ur ia ls f rom d i f feren t c on tex ts , a t l eas t t o s o me e x ten t . F or e xamp le , h a lf o f t he v ery sma l l d epos i ts were u nprotec ted b y p ot tery wh i le o f t he 1 0 l arges t d epos i ts ( weigh t i n e xcess o f c . 2 00 gms ) a l l were i n u rns a nd a l l b u t 3 were a dd i t iona l ly p rotec ted b y u p t o a me tre o f mound makeup . T he v ir tua l r estr ic t ion o f u rns w i thou t b ones t o n on-pr i mary c on tex ts c an b e a ccoun ted f or i n much t he s ame t erms , i .e ., t he c o mpara t ive v u lnerab i l i ty o fb ones i n s ha l low ly-bur ied u rns t o p ar t ia l o r c o mp le te d est ruc t ion b y r oo ts a nd s oi l a c ids , a s c an t he a pparen t a bsence o f s ubadu l t b ur ia ls i n s econdary c on tex ts , a s t he r e ma ins o f s ubadu l ts wou ld u ndoubted ly h ave b een l ess r es is tan t t o s uch c ond i t ions t han a du lt b ones . D i f feren t ia l p reserva t ion , h owever , c annot a ccoun t f or a l l t he v ar iab i l i ty i n t he amoun t o fb one p resen t i n t he d i f feren t b ur ia ls a s t h is v ar iab i l ity e x tends t o b ur ia ls f ro m s im i lar c on tex ts .

C o mpare , f or e xamp le , U rns 4 7 a nd 5 8 :

b o th t hese v esse ls were u pr igh t a nd b oth were s ea led u nder t he c ore n ear t he c en ter o f t he b arrow b u t o ne ( No . 4 7 ) c on ta ined a l mos t 8 00 gms o f b one a nd t he o ther ( No . 5 8 ) o n ly a f ew d ecayed c ru mbs .

1 81

Many o ther s uch p a irs c an b e

05

•

2 4

0 48 u c+ 9

0 28 0 38

• 25

• 49

• 31

• 47

u c11

• 62

u c15 +UC 17

+u c18

+uc14

•58

+u c12

6

0

4 6 A

eg

p r i-3 6+

+uc 1 3

5 4

4 1 48, 1 00/ . 4 0

0 36 5 20

1 2 ( r ) 22

027

50 0

01 5 0

5 1

0 41

F ig . 3 9

0 44

2 0 0 +43

0 34b

D is tr ibut ion o f C re ma t ions Broken D own b y We igh to f B ones A .

B ur ia ls i n o r P ro tec ted b y P r imary u rns : c irc le = 4 00-1000 g ;

l arge f i lled

mediu m f i l led c irc le = 5 0-400 g ;

sma l l f i l led c irc le = 0 -50 g . +B .

+ +

C .

B ur ia ls i n o r P ro tec ted b y S econdary u rns :

mediu m

d ot ted c irc le = 5 0-400 g ; sma l l d o t ted c irc le = 0 -50 g . U nurned c re ma t ions : l arge c ross = 5 0-400 g ; sma l l c ross = 0 -50 g .

+We igh t + +

o f b ones i n U rn 5 1 u nknown b u t a l mos t c er tain ly l ess t han 5 0 g .

A l l p r i mary e xcep t f or Urn 4 3 b ur ia l ( crema t ion d epos i t i n f i l l b e tween

u rn a nd s ides o fp i t ) .

N o a ctua l b one s urv ived i n t he U rn 4 3 d epos i t o r i n

UC14 a nd P i t 3 6 .

1 82

TABLE V I : A .

Bur ia ls

L IST

Quan t i ty 1 .

Age/Sex

C on tex t

I n o r w ith Pr i mary Urns

1 125 .0 gm

M , p ossibly o ver 3 0 y rs

I n Urn 2 4 ( +f ew p ieces i n p i t )

1 72.2 gm

Ad ?F

I n Urn 2 5

2 88 .7 gm

? Im m

I n Urn 2 8

?Ad?F

I n Urn 3 1 ( + f ew p ieces i n p it )

Ad ?F

I n U rn 3 8

?Ad

Urn 4 0 ( p i t )

9 8 .9 gm 4 29 .2 g in Few p ieces Few p ieces

?

Urn 4 6 ( p it )

7 89 .0 gm

2 0-30 y r M

I n Urn 4 7 ( + f ew p ieces i n p i t )

4 19 .6 gm

MCD ( F , p ossibly o ver 3 0

5 56.9 gm

y rs + 1 1-12 y r c h i ld )

I n Urn 4 8

Ad F

I n Urn 4 9

F ew p ieces

Ad

Urn 5 2 ( p i t )

F ew p ieces

?

I n Urn 5 4

F ew p ieces

?

I n Urn 5 8

F ew p ieces

?

1 I n Urn 6

1 102.3 gm

MCD ( ad M & 3 0-40 y r F )

I n Urn 6 2 ( +f ew p ieces i n p i t ).

2 .

I n Pr imary P its w i thout P ot tery

F ew p ieces 1 86.0 gm

Ad

UC9

Im m/yng a d ?F

UC11

F ew p ieces

Ad ?M

UC12

F wp ieces

?Ad

UC13

F ew p ieces

?Ad

UC15

F ew p ieces

over 6 y rs o ld Ch i ld , ?

UC17

F ew p ieces

under 6 y rs o ld Ch i ld , ?

UC18

UC14

? _Aen

P i t 3 6

?Token 3 .

I n o r w ith S econdary/Per iphera l Urns

S g l t ooth

I n Urn 5

?Ad ?M

I n Urn 6

5 .8 gm 6 2.7 gm 2 76 .8 gm 1 2.8 gm 3 .7 gm Few p ieces

?Ad

I n Urn 1 0

?Ad ?F

I n Urn 1 2

?Ad

I n Urn 1 5

?Ad

I n Urn 1 6

Ad ?M

Urn 2 0 ( i n p i t )

Few p ieces

I n Urn 2 2

Few p ieces

I n Urn 2 7

1 21 .5 gm

Im m/Ad F

I n Urn 3 4b ( + f ew p ieces i n p i t )

1 41 .7 gm

Ad ?F

I n Urn 3 6

?Ad

I n Urn 4 1 ( or i n p it )

A d M

I n Urn 4 4

5 8.5 gm

Urn 4 3 ( p i t )

?Token 3 68 .2 gm

1 83

TABLE V I :

Bur ia ls ( Con t .)

Quan t i ty S g l t ooth 1 97.5 gm

Age/Sex

C ontex t

?Ad

I n Urn 4 5

?Ad ?F

I n Urn 5 0 ( +f ew p ieces i n p i t )

? ( l ost ) Few p ieces 2 6.0 gm Few p ieces

I n Urn 5 1 ?

I n Urn 5 3

?

I n Urn 5 7

?

Urn 5 9 ( p i t )

B .

BREAKDO WN BY AGE AND SEX

1 .

Pr i mary Bur ia ls M

F

Ad

S ubad

I n o r w i th P ot tery

3

6

1 1

2

N o P ot tery

1

1

A l l

4

7

1 6

4

M

F

Ad

S uhad

3

4

1 2

0

M

F

Ad

S ubad

I n o r w i th Po t tery

6

1 0

2 3

2

A l l

7

1 1

2 8

4

2 .

2

S econdary Bur ia ls

I n o r w i th P ot ter y 3 .

5

A l l Bur ia ls

C .

PERCENTAGE OF URNS CONTA IN ING OR WITH BUR IALS

1 .

Pr i mary

a .

Tota l N o. o f Urns :

b .

Urns* w i th Bones a nd/or w i th Known C on ten ts :

1 7

c .

%o f b .

2 .

S econdary

C on ta in ing o r w i th Bones :

1 6

9 4% ( 15 u rns )

a .

Tota l N o. o f Urns :

b .

Urns* w i th Bones a nd/or w i th Known C on ten ts :

4 5

c .

%o f b .

3 .

I n F la t G round S o f Barrow

C on ta in ing o r w i th Bones :

3 4

5 9% ( 20 u rns )

a .

Tota l No. o f Urns :

b .

Urns* w i th Bones a nd/or w i th Known C on ten ts :

2

c .

%o f b .

C on ta in ing o r w i th Bones :

1

0% 0 u rns )

Very f ragmentary u rns ( min i mu m s urv iv ing h eigh t o f l ess t han 9 -10 cm ) e xc luded .

The 1 6 r easonab ly i n tac t u rns n ot c on ta in ing o r w i th b ones

a re a s f o l lows :

N o. 6 0 ( probably p r i mary );

2 3 , 2 9 , 3 0 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 4a , 3 5 &5 5 ( secondary ) ; 1 84

Nos , 4 , 8 , 9 , 1 4 , 1 8 , 2 1 , a nd N o . 1 9 ( f lat g round ) .

e x trac ted f ro m Tab le V IA ;

s ome o f t he v ery sma l l d epos i ts may h ave b e longed

t o i nfan ts o r y oung c h i ldren ( a nd t hus b e o n ly n om ina l ly " token " i n c harac ter ) b ut o thers h ad p robably b e longed t o a du lts ( Urns 4 0 a nd 5 2 ) a nd i ti s c lear t ha t i n t hese i ns tances , a t l eas t , o n ly t oken q uan t i t ies o fb one h ad b een d epos ited .

I ti s much l ess o bv ious , h owever , whe ther u rns i n wh ich n o b ones

were f ound o nce c on ta ined i n fan t o r t oken c re ma t ions s ubsequen t ly d es troyed b y i n im ica l p hys ica l c ond i t ions o r whe ther t hese u rns were b ur ied " e mp ty" . As s uggested e ar l ier , t he r ar i ty o f " e mpty" u rns i n p r i mary c on tex ts , where t hey a re r epresen ted b y o n ly o ne d e f in i te e xa mp le , p rov ides s o me s uppor t f or t he f ormer p oss ibi l i ty , p ar t icu lar ly s ince U rn 6 0 ( t he " e mp ty" p r imary u rn ) was c o mpara t ively s ha l low ly-bur ied . T he a pparen t imba lance i n t he s ex r a t io i s at o ta l i mponderab le a s t he ma jor i ty o f b ur ia ls l i s ted u nder o ne o r o ther s ex a re o n ly t en ta t ive ly s o p laced a nd , i ft he d ub ious i den ti f ica t ions a re l e f t o u t o f c ons idera t ion , a l l t ha t r ema ins a re 4 ma les ( Urns 2 4 , 4 4 , 4 7 a nd 6 2 ) a nd 3 f e ma les ( Urns 3 4b , 4 9 a nd 6 2 ). O bv ious ly , n o w or thwh i le c o m men ts c an b e made o n as a mp le o f t h is s ize b eyond n ot ing t he l ack o f h ard e v idence t ha t s ex a s s uch was a c r i ter ion d e term in ing e l ig ib i l i ty f or b ur ia l i n t he c eme tery. The r e la t ive ly l ow i nc idence o f d ef in i te o r p robab le s ubadu l t b ur ia ls i s l i kew ise o f v ery d ub ious s ign if icance a nd c annot b e t aken a s a dequa te g rounds f or c onced ing s o me f orm o f o f f-s i te d isposa l i n t he ir c ase .

A s a rgued a bove ,

s ubadu l t b ur ia ls wou ld h ave b een l ess r es is tan t t o d es truc t ion b y r oo ts a nd s o i l a c id i ty t han a du l t a nd , f or t h is r eason , may h ave b een o r ig ina l ly p resen t i n g rea ter n umbers t han t he f ew d e f in i te ly i den t i f ied e xamp les s ugges t .

The ir

a pparen t r ar i ty e ven i n we l l-pro tec ted p r i mary c on tex ts , h owever , i s wor th n ot ing b u t i s i nconc lus ive , a s wh i le 2 o f t he many p r i mary t oken b ur ia ls were p robably a du l t ( Urns 4 0 a nd 5 2 ) , t he o thers c ou ld a l l h ave b een c h i ldren a nd , i fs o , wou ld g o s o me way t owards r edress ing t he b a lance .

A s we s ha l l s ee ,

moreover , s ubadu l ts a re q u i te h eav i ly r epresen ted a t a l l o ther l arge D evere lR i mbury c e me ter ies o f k nown a ge/sex c o mpos i t ion . Mu l t ip le c rema t ion d epos i ts , r epresen ted b y 2e xamp les a t Kn igh ton ( Urns 4 8 a nd 6 2 ) , b o th f ro m p r i mary c on tex ts , a re a c ons is ten t f ea ture o f Br i t ish B ronze Age b ur ia l p rac t ice f ro m mid-Beaker t imes ( and p robab ly e ar lier ) o nwards a nd h ave b een l i s ted a nd d iscussed e lsewhere ( Pe tersen , S hepherd a nd Tuckwe l l , 1 972-74 ).

S ee A ppend ix V f or o ther a dd i t ions t o t he

p ublished l i st . 2 .

Bur ia l C lus ters The i n teres t o f t he c lus ters o f b ur ia ls a nd r e la ted p heno mena d iscussed

i n Chap ter I X i s n ot e xhausted b y t he ir i mp l ica t ions f or c on t inu i ty b e tween p hases , a s s uch c lusters c an b e p resu med t o r ef lec t r e la t ionsh ips i n l i fe b etween t he p eop le b ur ied i n t he m .

The d a ta , s uch a s t hey a re , o n t he a ge

a nd s ex o f t he b ur ia ls c o mpr ising e ach c lus ter , a nd o n t he t ypo log ica l c haract er is t ics o f t he a ssoc ia ted p ot tery , a re s e t f or th b e low ( Tab le V I I ). The d a ta o n a ge a nd s ex a re b o th s parse a nd u nre l iable , b u t a s f ar a s t hey g o a nd i nsofar a s t hey c an b e t rus ted , r evea l n o c learcu t t endenc ies f or a p ar t icu lar c lus ter t o c o mpr ise t he r e ma ins o f p ar t icu lar a ge o r s ex c a tegor ies. There i s o n ly o ne s ubadu l t b u t , a s h as b een s een , s ubadu l ts a re r are ( or s e ldo m

1 85

TABLE V I I :

C era m ic a ssoc iat ions a nd a ge/sex o f b ur ia ls g rouped i n c lusters

F ea ture 1 .

Bur ia l

C harac ter is t ics o f Urn

N . Q uadran t

U rn 2 8

? I mm

B icon ica l ( shou ldered ) w i th c ordon a nd h or iz on ta l l ugs

U rn 3 8

Ad ?F

B icon ica l ( S p ro f i le ) w i th p erfora ted v er t ica l l ugs

UC9

Ad

2 .

E Q uadran t

P r i mary U rn 2 4

Ad M

T ype IG lobu lar

S econdary U rns 3 .

1/ 2

?No b ones

W Q uadran t ( Upr igh t S labs )

P r i mary U rn 4 0

?Ad

Urn 4 6

I nde t

B ow l w i th c ircu lar l ugs

Urn 5 4 UC12

I nde t A d ?M

Bucke t w i th c ircu lar l ugs

UC13

Bucke t w i th h or izon ta l l ugs a nd f inger t ip l i ne

? Ad

?P i t 3 6 S econdary U rn 4

?No b ones

Urn 1 0

?Ad

Urn 2 6

?No b ones

4 .

? Bucke t w i th v er t ica l l ugs ?

SQ uadran t

Pr i mary Urn 5 2

Ad

Bucke t w i th v er t ica l l ugs a nd g ir th g roove

Urn 3 2

?No b ones

Bucket w i th c ircu lar l ugs a nd f inger t ip l ine

Urn 3 6

Ad ?F

Bucke t w i th c ircu lar l ugs a nd f i nger t ip l ine

U rn 4 4

A d M

P la in G lobu lar w i th c ircu lar l ugs

S econdary

1 86

s urv ive i n r ecogn izable f orm ) among t he Kn igh ton b ur ia ls g enera l ly ;

a nd t he

a ge/sex d a ta f or e ach c lus ter a re p robab ly c o mpa t ib le w i th t he c orrespond ing s oc ia l u n i t h av ing c ons isted o fa du lts o f b o th s exes a nd p oss ib ly ( def in ite ly i n o ne c ase ) , c h i ldren a s we l l .

T h is b e ing s o , u n less we a re d ea l ing w i th s o me

v ery u nusua l f or m o f f unerary p ract ice , t he r e lat ionsh ips b etween t he p eop le b ur ied i n t he c lusters a re a l most c er ta in t o h ave b een b etween k insfo lk , a nd t he s oc ia l u n it a sma l l f am i ly o f s o me k ind . I n t he a bsence o f p rec ise i n format ion o n t he c hrono log ica l r ange o f e ach c luster , h owever , t he n ature o f t he f am i ly t ies u n i t ing t he p eop le i n i ta re i mpossib le t o i n fer :

t he f ac t t hat

s o me c lusters c on tain 4 o r more a du lts ( W q uadran t ) i s e xp l icab le e i ther i n g enera t iona l t erms ( grandparen ts/paren ts/ch i ldren ) o r i n n on-generat iona l ( paren ts/un marr ied s ib l ings/chi ldren ) a nd t here i s n o o b ject ive b as is f or c hoos ing b etween t hese a lternat ives . T he c eram ic a ssoc ia t ions a re i n terest ing i n t ha t t hey d isp lay s o me t endency f or u rns w i th p ar t icu lar t ypo log ica l c harac ter is t ics t o b e c onf ined t o t he s ame c lus ter . Thus , B icon ica l u rns a re r es tr ic ted t o t he N c luster ( 2v esse ls o f d iss imi lar t ypes ) wh i le 3 o f t he 4 u rns o f t he W c lus ter h ad l ugs b u t n o o ther d ecora t ion a nd 3 o f t he 4 Bucket u rns i n t he S c lus ter h ad b o th l ugs a nd g ir th g rooves o r l i nes o f f i nger t ip marks .

G lobu lar u rns ( o f v ery d i f feren t t ypes )

o ccurred i n 2o f t he 4 c lus ters a nd t he v ar ious l ug f orms h ave a more o r l ess r ando m d is tr ibu t ion . ( Tab le I ) .

The s izes o f t he u rns a lso v ary g rea t ly w i th in e ach c lus ter

T hese c orre la t ions may b e t aken f or wha t t hey a re w or th , g iven

t he v ery sma l l n u mbers o f u rns i nvo lved , a nd a re d i f f icu l t t o i n terpre t e xcep t i n t he mos t g enera l t erms .

F or e xamp le , i fi ti s a ssu med t ha t t he c lus ters

c ompr ised more t han o ne g enera t ion a nd t ha t b ur ia l u rns were made w i th in t he f am i ly c irc le b y f e ma les , t ransm iss ion o f c eramic t ra i ts c ou ld e i ther h ave b een f ro m mother t o d augh ter o r f ro m motherinlaw t o d augh terinlaw ; a na logous r eason ing a pp l ies i ff unerary u rns were o f ma le manu fac ture .

a nd I f ,

o n t he c on trary , t he b ur ia ls w i th in e ach c luster were n on-genera t iona l ( paren ts/ u n marr ied s ib l ings/ch i ldren ) t he t rans m iss ion q ues t ion d oes n ot a r ise o n t he c luster l eve l . A nd , o f c ourse , t he s a me h o lds t rue i ff unerary u rns w ere manu fac tured b y s pec ia lis t p o t ters o u ts ide t he f a mi ly u n i t a nd whe ther o r n ot s uch p ot ters l i ved l oca l ly o r i n s o me n e ighbour ing o r d is tan t c om mun i ty. There a re s evera l o ther d if f icu l t ies c onnec ted w i th t he i n terpre ta t ion o f t he c lus ters , n o tab ly t he r e la t ionsh ip o f ag iven c lus ter t o " ungrouped" b ur ia ls i n i ts v ic in ity .

A s ag lance a t F ig . 3w i l l s how , t he N a nd W c lus ters , i n p ar-

t i cu lar , h ave p oor ly-def ined b oundar ies a nd t ra i l o ut i n to t he l oose ly-grouped f ea tures o ccupying t he a d join ing g round ( on ly t he " core" b ur ia ls o f e ach c lus ter a re l i s ted i n Tab le V I I ).

Whether s o me o r a l l o f t hese f ea tures s tood i n s o me

s pec ia l r e la t ionsh ip t o t he c lus ters c oncerned i s a nybody 's g uess ;

a nd i ft hey

d id , where e xac t ly t he l i nes s hou ld b e d rawn i s e qua l ly u ncer ta in .

The i n ter-

r e la t ionsh ips o f t he c lus ters t he mse lves a re l i kew ise u nknowab le a nd i ti s a n o pen q uest ion whe ther t hey r epresen t c o mponen ts o f s o me l arge k insh ip g roup t o wh ich t he c e me tery a s awhole i s a t tr ibu tab le , whe ther t hey r epresen t s uccess ive g enera t ions i n o ne o r more sma l ler g roups , o r whe ther t hey r epr esen t s o me c o mb ina t ion o f t hese a l terna t ives. Af ina l c o mp l ica t ion i s i n troduced b y t he mu l t ip le c re ma t ion d epos i ts a nd t oken b ur ia ls i n t ha t t hey p robab ly i nd ica te t ha t c re ma ted r e ma ins were s o met imes s tored f or a t ime p r ior t o f i na l b ur ia l i n t he c eme tery ( see P etersen e t a l .

1 972 , 7 4 , f or a d iscuss ion o f t h is p oin t i n c onnec t ion w i th mu l t ip le 1 87

c re ma t ion d epos i ts ).

Th is i n t urn o pens u p t he p oss ib i l i ty a lready d iscussed

i n a nother c on tex t ( p . 1 15 i nfra ) t hat t he s tored b ones were i n terred c o l lect i ve ly i n sma l l g roups , p erhaps i n c on junc t ion w i th t he b ur ia l o f t he r e ma ins o f p eop le d ying more r ecen t ly.

The h igh p ropor t ion ( 6o f 1 5 ) o f t oken b ur ia ls

among t he p r i mary u rns a nd , p ar t icu lar ly , among u n .urned d epos i ts ( assum ing t ha t d i f feren t ia l p reserva t ion c an b e d iscoun ted a s t he o n ly f ac tor i n t he l a t ter c ase ) l ends s o me c redence t o t h is a dmi t ted ly s pecu la t ive t heory . Each o f t he 4 p a irs o f s econdary u rns i n i n tersec t ing p i ts ( Tab le V I I I ) , l i ke t he b ur ia ls f orming t he c lus ters , were p robably d epos i ted i n c onnec t ion w i th t he s uccess ive d ea ths o f k insfo lk .

The p rob le ms o f i n terpre ta t ion a nd

r ange o f p ossibi l i t ies a re t he s ame a s f or t he c lus ters b u t t here i s e ven l ess b as is f or a nswer ing t he q ues t ions r a ised .

I tw i l l b e n o ted t ha t a l l 4o f t he

p a irs o ccurred w i th in t he c oncen tra t ion o f u rns i n t he S q uadran t a nd t ha t U rn 5 2 a nd t he 3 v esse ls s econdary t o i t s p i t a lso f ormed p ar t o f t h is c oncentra t ion . 3 .

Urn C harac ter ist ics a nd P os i t ion a nd Age/Sex o f Bur ia ls

The r e levan t d a ta b ear ing o n t he q ues t ions d iscussed u nder t h is h ead ing a re s u m mar ized i n T ab les Ia nd V I . The f i rs t p o int t o b e n o t iced i s t he a bsence o f e xc lus ive c orre la t ions b e tween t he t ype a nd s ize o f t he u rn a nd t he a ge o r s ex o f t he a ssoc ia ted b ur ia l ( Table I ) . Thus , o f t he 5 G lobu lar u rns w i th b ones , 3c on ta ined a du lt ma les , o ne a n u nsexed a du l t , a nd t he f i f th , a mu lt ip le c re ma t ion d epos i t , ( adu l t f e ma le a nd s ubadu l t ) ; a nd o ne a s ubadu l t ;

o f t he 3 B icon ica l u rns , 2c on ta ined a du l t f e ma les

a nd o f 8f i ngerpr in ted Bucke t u rns w i th b ones , 2c on ta ined

i ndeter m inate b ur ia ls , o ne , a n u nsexed a du l t , 3 , a du lt f e ma les , o ne , a n a du lt ma le a nd o ne , a mu l t ip le c re ma t ion d epos i t ( adu l t ma le a nd a du lt f e ma le ). S im i lar r esu l ts a re o bta ined f or o ther t ypo log ica l f ea tures ( g ir th g rooves , l ugs e tc .) a nd h e igh t a nd r im d iame ter . The a ge/sex d a ta a re o bv ious ly t oo f ew —woefu l ly s o —to s e t t le t he q uest ion o ne way o r t he o ther .

The h in ts o f aG lobu lar u rn/adu l t ma le l i nk ( 3 p robab le ,

o ne p oss ib le ) a re c on trad ic ted b y t he s ing le a du l t f e ma le/ch i ld a ssoc ia t ion . S im i lar ly , a l l 3B icon ica l u rns c ou ld h ave h ad f e ma le a ssoc ia t ions b u t o n ly 2 o f t hese i nvo lved a du l ts a nd , o f c ourse , t he c h i ld c ou ld h ave b een o f e i ther s ex .

B igger s amp les a re c lear ly r equ ired b u t , f or t he mo men t , t he l i t t le

e v idence a va i lab le s ugges ts t ha t , i fr u les r egu la ting t he k inds o f c inerary u rns a ppropr ia te t o d i f feren t a ge/sex c a tegor ies h ad e x is ted a t K n igh ton , t hey h ad b een e i ther l ax ly a dhered t o o r h ad b een o verr idden o r c ond it ioned i n s o me w ay b y o ther f ac tors , e .g . b y ( archaeo log ica l ly u n iden t if iab le ) d if ferences i n s oc ia l p os i t ion o r , s i mp ly , b y d if ferences i n t he s upp l iers o r manufac turers o f t he u rns u sed b y d i f feren t f am i l ies ( see p rev ious a nd f o l low ing d iscuss ion ). F ina l ly , t here a re t he p oss ib le r e la t ionsh ips b e tween t he a ge a nd s ex o f t he d eceased a nd v ar ia t ions i n t he o vera l l q ua l i ty o f t he a ssoc ia ted u rn . A s n oted i n C hap ter I I , n o t o n ly a re d i f ferences o f u rn q ua l i ty c onsp icuous i n t he K n igh ton c eramic a sse mb lage b u t t he r e levan t t ra i ts a re s trong ly i n terc orre la ted s o t ha t " h igh" a nd " low" q ua l i ty v esse ls a re e as i ly d ef inab le a s s uch . The t ra i ts c oncerned a re f abr ic c harac ter ist ics ( hardness , c arefu lness o f f in ish a nd/or t h inness ) , d ecora t ion ( presence o r a bsence o f e labora te i nc ised p a t terns a nd/or p er fora ted o r o ther s pec ia l l ug f or ms ) a nd p rof i le ( shape l iness

1 88

TABLE V I I I :

Ceramic a ssoc ia t ions a nd a ge/sex o f b ur ia ls i n i n tersec t ing p i ts

Fea ture 1 .

Bur ia l

C harac ter is t ics o f Urn

Urns 9 /12

Urn 9

?No b ones

Bucket ( f ragmen t )

Urn 1 2

?Ad ?F

Bucket w i th c ircu lar l ug (s ) a nd f i nger t ip l i ne

2 .

Urns 1 4/16

Urn 1 4

?No b ones

Bucket w i thou t l ugs o r d ecora t ion

Urn 1 6

Ad

G lobu lar ( f ragmen t )

Urn 3 4b

Im m/ad F

Bucke t ( f ragmen t )

Urn 5 0

?Ad ?F

Bucke t w i th c ircu lar l ugs a nd f inger t ip

3 .

U rns 3 4/50

l i ne 4 .

U rns 5 3/56

Urn 5 3

I nde t

Bucket ( f ragment )

Urn 5 6

?No b ones

Bucket ( f rag ment )

1 89

a nd/or s y m me try o r t he ir o ppos i tes ).

T he 7 " h igh q ua li ty" u rns d ef inab le i n

t erms o f t hese c r i ter ia a re l i s ted b e low t oge ther w i th t he a ge a nd s ex ( when k nown ) o f t he a ssoc ia ted b ur ia l . N o te t ha t t hese v esse ls i nc lude we l l-charact er ized e xamp les o f a l l 3o f t he t rad i t iona l t ypo log ica l f or ms ( G lobu lars , B icon ica ls a nd Bucke ts ) f ound a t Kn igh ton . d rawn f ro m t he p r imary a sse mb lage .

N ote a lso t ha t t hey a re e n t ire ly

The l a t ter , o f c ourse , a lso i nc ludes

an umber o f p la in , p oor ly- made v esse ls ( Chap ter H I ) s o t ha t s tra t igraph ic p os i t ion , b y i t se lf , c anno t e xp la in t he d i f ferences , p ar t icu lar ly i n v iew o f t he e x is tence o f s evera lp robab le " h igh q ua l i ty" s econdary v essels e xc luded f ro m t he l i s t b ecause o f t he ir f ragmen tary c ond i t ion ( notab ly , Urns 4 , 8a nd 1 6 , u nassoc ia ted w i th s urv iv ing b ur ia ls a nd t oo f ragmen tary f or t ypo log ica l c lass if i ca t ion , b u t w i th " h igh q ua l i ty" f abr ic c harac ter ist ics ). 2 4 .

D ec . G lob

Ma le

4 8 .

D ec . G lob

2 5.

C ordon w i th i mper f . l ugs

F e ma le+ i mm . ?Fe ma le

2 8 .

C ordon w i th i mper f . l ugs

? Imm .

3 8 .

B icon ica l :

?Fe ma le

5 8 .

Bucke t

I nde termina te c ru mbs

6 2.

Bucke t

MCD ( male + f e male )

n o c ordon b u t w i th p er f . l ugs

As t he l i s t s hows , q ua l i ta t ive d i f ferences a nd t he a ge/sex d a ta f a i l t o i n ter-corre la te a nd i t mus t b e c onc luded t ha t t he c are a nd a t ten t ion l av ished u pon t he manu fac ture o f a n u rn b ears n o d iscernab le r e la t ionsh ip t o t he a ge o r s ex o f t he p erson b ur ied i n o r w i th i t , d ue a l lowance b e ing made , o f c ourse , f or t he b ias t owards a du l ts ( par t icu lar ly a du l t f e ma les ) d isp layed b y t he c e met ery a s a who le .

A s may b e s een b y r eference t o F ig . 3 , d i f ferences i n u rn

q ua l i ty a lso a ppear t o b e i ndependen t o f p os i t ion o n p lan . 1 1 ( 19% ) o f t he 5 9 u rns o f k nown p os i t ion i n t he g round were i nver ted , t he o thers u pr igh t .

A l l u rns p r i mary t o t he c ore a nd t he 2 i n t he f l at g round S o f

t he b arrow were u pr igh t b u t ( Tab les Ia nd V I ) t here a re n o d e tec table c orre lat i ons b e tween p os i t ion i n t he g round a nd c on ten ts ( age/sex o r we igh t o f b ones ) , t he t ypo logy o f t he u rn , o r a ny o ther v ar iable . 4 .

C o mpar isons w i th O ther L arge D evere l-R i mbury C e me ter ies. Apar t f ro m Kn igh ton , o n ly 4 a dequa te ly p ub l ished D evere l-R i mbury c e me-

t er ies y ie ld ing more t han 2 -3 a ged a nd s exed b ur ia ls a re k nown t o me.

T hree

o f t he 4—Ear l 's Farm , I t ford H i l l a nd V inces Far m 3—were l oca ted o u ts ide t he Wessex h ea th lands , e ach i n ad i f feren t c oun ty , a nd f or t h is r eason t hey migh t b e e xpec ted t o d i f fer b oth f ro m Kn igh ton a nd f ro m o ne a no ther , a s i ndeed t hey d o .

A l l 4c e meter ies were c ompara t ive ly sma l l a nd a l l , e xcep t t he p oor ly-

r ecorded K inson 3 b arrow , l acked i n terna l s tra t if ica t ion o r o ther means o f e s tab l ish ing t he s equen t ia l p os i t ions o f i nd iv idua l b ur ia ls o r g roups o f b ur ia ls . The d a ta f rom t hese s i tes , t herefore , h ave l imi ted u t i l i ty f or c ompara t ive p urposes a nd o n ly a v ery s uper f ic ia l a na lys is w i l l b e a t temp ted h ere u sing t he i n forma t ion s ummar ized b e low i n T ab les I XAIXD . Two ma in p o in ts emerge f ro m t he c o mpar ison o f t hese d a ta w i th t hose f ro m K n igh ton .

1 90

TABLE I X :

A .

Re la t ionsh ip o f Age a nd S ex t o U rn T ype a nd P os i t ion a t 4 Devere l-R imbury C e me ter ies i n S ou th Eng land

V inces Far m 3 , E ssex ( Anon , 1 961 ; A non a nd Hawkes , 1 965 ; Bur ia l

E r i th a nd S pencer , 1 961 ;

E r i th , 1 969 )

U rn T ype

P osi t ion

c h i ld )

Bucket

I nver ted

MCD ( ad & c h i ld )

Bucket

U pr igh t

MCD ( a d M , a d F , j uv & c h i ld )

Bucket

U pr igh t

MCD ( ad 8 zj uv )

Bucke t

U pr igh t

O ther A ssoc ia t ions

MCD ( ado lescen t8 z yng

MCD ( yng a d &b aby ) MCD ( ad & c h i ld )

U pr igh t Bucke t

I nver ted

?MCD ( baby . &? ch i ld )

Bucket

I nver ted

C h i ld

Bucket

U pr igh t

MCD ( ad F

Min ia ture u rn s herds

6y r

c h i ld& b aby )

Ad ? F

U pr igh t

C h i ld

Bucket

U pr igh t

B aby

Bucket

U pr igh t

B aby

Bucket

I nver ted

C h i ld

Bucket

I nver ted

A d

S herds 3 min ia ture v esse ls

U pr igh t

J uv

Bucke t

I nver ted

7y r c h i ld

Bucke t

I nver ted

B aby

Brz r od & p er fora ted p ig t ooth

U pr igh t

A d ?M

C o m men ts :

An i n tac t i nver ted Bucket u rn l acked b ones a s d id 4 b ad ly t runca ted Bucke ts ( 2u pr igh t a nd 2 i nver ted ).

1 91

B .

Ear l 's Farm , Wi l ts ( Chr ist ie , 1 967) Bur ia l

U rn Type

P os i t ion

O ther A ssoc ia t ions

I nhu ma t ion ( 6-71-y r c h i ld ) I nhu ma t ion ( 20-30 y r M ) I nhu ma t ion ( 12-14 y r c h i ld ) Ad M

Bucke t

MCD ( yng ?F & b aby )

G lobu lar

?Upr igh t

Ad I nde termina te Yng a d C h i ld C o m men ts :

The s ku l l o f t he ma le i nhu ma t ion was t reph ined ( con f irms Bronze Age d a te )

C .

K inson 3 , Han ts ( Knocker , 1 958 ) Bur ia l

Urn T ype

P os i t ion

A d

Barre l

U pr igh t

?Ch i ld/baby

Barre l

U pr igh t

Ad

Barre l

U pr igh t

?Ch i ld/baby

Barre l

?U pr igh t

?Ado lescen t

Barre l

?Upr igh t

O ther Assoc ia t ions

Ad C o m men ts :

There were 8 o ther p i ts , 6c on ta in ing u rns ( upr igh t a nd i nver ted Barre ls a nd Buckets ). N e i ther t he 2 p i ts w i thou t u rns n or ( ev id en t ly ) t he 6 u rns c on ta ined b ones .

1 92

D .

I t ford H i l l , S ussex ( Ho lden , 1 972 ) B ur ia l

1 .

P os i t ion

Bucke t

I nver ted

O ther Assoc ia t ions

Pr imary t o Barrow

O ld ?M 2 .

U rn T ype

F lin t s craper a nd f lakes

I n P r i mary D i tch S i l t

I nde termina te 3 .

F la t Ground S o f B arrow

Ch i ld

?( sherds )

?Ch i ld

?( sherds )

Yng ? F

Bucke t

Ch i ld

?( sherds

I nver ted 3 Beaker s herds

b e long ing t o 2b ucke ts ) MCD ( yng F.& y ng c h i ld )

Bucket

I nver ted

Yng ?M

G lobu lar

I nver ted

C h i ld

G lobu lar

I nver ted

A d F

Bucke t

I nver ted

5 Beaker s herds

B eaker s herd

Beaker s herd a nd 2 l u mps

I nde ter mina te

o f f ired c lay C o m men ts :

S ca t tered s herds a nd b ones i nd ica t ing f ur ther b ur ia ls p robab ly p lowed o u t .

A bsence

o f c er ta in b ones s ugges t t ha t t he b od ies

r epresen ted b y t he s urv iv ing c re ma t ions were b urn t i n ad ef ieshed s ta te .

1 93

F irst ly , t here i s t he c o mpara t ive ly h igh r epresen ta t ion o f s ub-adu l ts ( most s pec tacu lar ly a t V inces Farm b u t a lso a t t he o ther s ites ) a nd t he r ar i ty o f " e mpty" u rns wh ich , e xcep t ( poss ib ly ) a t K inson , t he s o le h ea th land s i te , d ef in i te ly o ccurred o n ly a t V inces Farm a nd t here i n sma l l n u mbers .

I n

b oth t hese r espec ts , o f c ourse , t he c e me ter ies c on tras t w i th K n igh ton a nd d o n ot c on trad ic t , a t l eas t , t he s uppos i t ion t ha t s o me b ur ia ls were l os t a t t ha t s i te ( and p oss ibly a lso a t K inson ) a s ar esu l t o f a c id s o i l c ond i t ions . S econd ly , a s a t Kn ighton , a t n one o f t he 4 c e meter ies a re t here e xc lus ive c orre la t ions b etween a ge a nd s ex a nd o ther v ar iables . Thus , f or e xa mp l e , o f t he 3 G lobu lar u rns f rom t hese s i tes , t he 2 a t I t ford c on ta ined ay oung ?ma le a nd c h i ld r espec t ive ly a nd t he s ing le e xamp le a t E ar l 's F arm , a mu l t ip le c re ma t ion d epos i t ( young ? fe ma le a nd b aby ).

S im i lar r ando mness c harac-

t er izes t he d is tr ibu t ion o f t he v ar ious a ge/sex c a tegor ies among t he much l arger n umber o f Barre l/Bucke t u rns , a s ag lance a t t he Tables w i l l s how . The s ame wou ld a lso a ppear t o a pp ly t o u rn p os i t ion ing ( upr igh t o r i nver ted ) a nd t o a ssoc ia t ions ( presence/absence o f u rns a nd/or o ther g rave g oods ). I ti s o f i n teres t t ha t t he 1 0 Ear l 's Far m b ur ia ls ( Tab le I XB ) i nc luded i nhu ma t ions —an a du l t ma le a nd 2 c h i ldren —as w e l l a s c re ma t ions .

E v idence

f ro m t he g roup o f s i tes ( set t le men t a nd 2 b arrows ) o n C ock H i l l , S ussex , h owever , i nd ica tes t ha t s t i l l b ir ths a nd , p erhaps , c er ta in o ther c a tegor ies o f d ead , i nc lud ing a du l ts , were s o me t imes b ur ied " in tra- mura l ly" a t D evere lR i mbury s e t t le men ts ( Ra tc l if fe-Densha m , 1 961 ).

There were 1 0 b ur ia ls i n

t he C ock H i l l s e t t le men t c o mpr is ing 2 f oe ta l i nhuma t ions a nd 8 c rema t ions , t he l a t ter a l l i n mu l t ip le c re ma t ion d eposi ts c ons is t ing , i n e ach c ase , o f a du l t a nd c h i ld/ infan t r e ma ins . b e longed t o a n i n fan t .

The o n ly i den t i f iable b ones f ro m t he 2 b arrows

I ti s j us t c once ivab le t ha t t he mu l t ip le c rema t ions

were s econdary t o t he o ccupa t ion a nd h ad o nce b een c overed b y sma l l b arrows , b u t t he f oe ta l i nhuma t ions mus t h ave b een c on temporary w i th s o me p hase o f t he s et t le men t .

Never the less , t he I t ford H i l l c e me tery ( Tab le I XD ) , l oca ted

s o me 3 5 km t o t he E o f C ock H i l l , makes i tc lear t ha t , o n t he S ou th D owns a s e lsewhere , v ery y oung c h i ldren— in terred s ing ly o r i n mu l t ip le c re ma t ion d epos i ts —were , l i ke t he ir e lders , a lso c o m mon ly b ur ied i n f or ma l c e meter ies o u ts ide t he p ur l ieus o f t he s e t t le men ts . 5 .

C onc lus ions I ti s c lear f ro m t he f oregoing d iscuss ion , t ha t f i rm c onc lusions a bou t

t he s ize a nd s oc ia l c harac ter is t ics o f t he c om mun i ty s erved b y t he K n igh ton c e me tery c annot b e a rr ived a t .

Th is i s p ar t ly b ecause o f t he u ncer ta in

c hrono log ica l l im i ts ( Chap ter I X ) a nd p ar t ly b ecause o f t he sma l l q uan t i ty a nd u nre l iab i l i ty o f t he a c tuar ia l d a ta , b u t a bove a l l b ecause o f i gnorance a bou t c on te mporary s e t t le men t p at terns a nd a bout t he r e la t ionsh ip o f c emet er ies s uch a s Kn igh ton t o t he m .

These d i f f icu l ties , wh ich a re s u f f ic ien t ly

f orm idable i n t he mse lves , t o d efy s a t is fac tory r eso lu t ion , a re e xacerba ted b y t he p rob le ms a ssoc ia ted w i th t he t oken b ur ia ls a nd " e mp ty" u rns a nd b y t he p robab le d es truc t ion o f p ar ts o f t he c e me tery b y q uarrying .

F ina l ly ,

t here a re t he q ues t ions p osed b y t he c lus ters o f b ur ia ls o ccupy ing s o me a reas. As a rgued , t hese p robably c orrespond t o i mpor tan t k insh ip d iv is ions w i th in t he l arger p opu la t ion b ur ied i n t he c e metery a s a who le , b u t t he u ncer ta in t ies a bou t t he b oundar ies a nd r e la t ive c hrono log ica l p os i t ions o f t he c lusters , t ogether w ith t he o ther p rob le ms r eferred t o , f rustrate a ny a t te mp ts t o i n fer t he s ize o r n ature o f t hese d iv is ions . 1 94

The failure at Knighton of differences in urn typology and quality to correlate with the age/ sex status of the deceased in any readily discernable way is an interesting phenomenon, particularly since sex-determined patterning of grave furniture is known or suspected elsewhere, e. g., to choose a well­ studied Bronze Age European example, at Branc in Slovakia (Shennan, 197 5, 282). Such patterning is an instance of the general theoretical proposition that grave furniture and other aspects of funerary practice mirror social structure (Binford 1972). This proposition is a widely accepted and attractive one and can, and undoubtedly will as more analyses are undertaken, lead to important insights into the social organization of extinct communities not easily obtainable by other means. Knighton, moreover, is not a fair test, given the low quality of the data from the cemetery. Nevertheless, it would be naive to assume that the image reflected in the mirror will invariably, at all times and places, be a perfect one, without distortion or haziness, reproducing with photographic exactness every banal detail of the underlying social reality. Some, or even most details might be left out entirely and, to return to the community served by the Knighton cemetery, sexual role dif ferences, which are as likely to have been as strictly observed in it as in most other communities (and as taken for granted)may have been one of them. Unfortunately, the cemetery data at Knighton also fail to reveal evidence for marked status differentiation in nonage/sex terms, unless, indeed, the few hours extra time devoted to the manufacture of the better cinerary urns can be so interpreted. If not-and assuming that the differences between the 2 ceramic assemblages are chronological rather than non-chronological in origin-the data are almost completely uninformative, beyond the hints provided by the clusters for some f orm of small-scale kinship divisions and one must conclude either that the community burying its dead at Knighton was a remarkably egalitarian one or that status dif ferences based on criteria other than age and sex, had, like the latter, little or no expression in funerary symbolism. Much of the discussion in the previous paragraph probably also applies to the other 4 Deverel-Rimbury cemeteries briefly discussed in the last section, though these have been less completely analyzed than Knighton. Final answers to the questions raised, however, will doubtless have to await the publication of fresh evidence, e. g. the very large body of relevant data from Simon's Ground.

NOTE 1

Ph not measured but probably of the order of 4. 6 as this is the value obtained by Mr. Case (1952, 158) for one of the barrows (Wallis 1) he excavated on Knighton Heath in 1949.

195

CHAPTER X I THE CE METERY I N I TS REG IONAL S ETT ING

Most o f t he c haracter ist ics o f t he Kn ighton c e metery a re p ara l le led a t o ther D evere l-R i mbury s i tes o n t he D orse t/Ha mpsh ire h eath lands a nd e lsewhere i n S Br i ta in a nd c an a lso b e matched a t s i tes b e long ing t o t he e ar l ier B ronze Age .

T he s k i l l , c onsc ien t iousness a nd t horoughness w ith w h ich B ronze

Age f unerary s i tes h ave b een e xcava ted , e ven i n r ecen t y ears , h owever , v ar ies im mense ly a nd o n many p o in ts p osit ive e v idence f or t he p resence o r a bsence o f p ar t icu lar f eatures d oes n o t e x ist , mak ing a ny th ing l ike a r igorous q uant it at ive t reat men t o f s im i lar it ies a nd d if ferences i mposs ib le .

Re l iab le d ata o n

t he s ize o f c e meter ies a nd o n t he a ctuar ia l c haracter ist ics o f b ur ia ls a re p art i cu lar ly s parse a s a re t hose b ear ing o n s uch p o in ts a s t ypo logy ( b er ms ) , p reb arrow t rea t men t o r c ond it ion o f t he o ld s urface , a nd b arrow s truc ture . B ecause o f t hese g aps , a l l t hat c an b e a t te mp ted h ere i s as uperf ic ia l a nd s e lect ive s urvey o f t he g enera l c on tex t i n wh ich t he Kn igh ton c e me tery h ad i t s o r ig in a nd a ga inst wh ich i t s r e la t ionsh ip t o c on te mporary a nd e ar l ier s i tes c an b e a ssessed . 1 .

B arrow S tructure/S takeho les/P its w i thout B ur ia ls 4 1 l oca l b arrows , i nc lud ing t he p resen t e xa mp le , h ave b een e xcavated a nd

f u l ly p ub l ished f ro m t he l ate 1 920s o nwards a nd a re mapped o n F ig . 4 0 t oge ther w ith t he u npub l ished S i mon ' sG round g roup .

A s t he map s hows , t he ma jor i ty

o f t hese s i tes a re i n t he N ew F orest a nd B ourne mou th/Poo le a reas w here modern d eve lop men t h as b een most i n tens ive a nd , t hus , where mos t r ecen t r escue e xcavat ion h as t aken p lace .

Many o f t hese s i tes were p art ia l ly , a nd

s o me b ad ly , e xcavated b u t a l l , i n c on trad ist inct ion t o t hose d ug i n to i n e ar l ier t imes o r a s y et p ub l ished o n ly i n s u m mary f or m , p rov ide s ome r e l ia b le d a ta u sab le f or c o mparat ive p urposes .

T he s izes a nd s tructura l c harac-

t er ist ics o f t hese b arrows a re t abu lated b e low , T ab les XA a nd XB l i s t ing t hose p roduc ing D evere l-Ri mbury u rns , T ab le XC t hose p roduc ing p ot tery o f o ther t ypes ( Food V esse ls a nd C o l lared U rns ) a nd T ab le XD , t hose where n o p o ttery was f ound . A s t he T ab les s how , b arrows b egun i n D evere l-R i mbury "t i mes" a verage much sma l ler t han b arrows w ith p r i mary "E ar ly B ronze Age"

b ur ia ls , o r

w ith s econdary D evere l-R i mbury b ur ia ls o n ly , wh i le , n o t u nexpected ly , t hose n o t a t tr ibu tab le t o a ny c era m ic t rad it ion a re i n termed iate i n s ize .

F or what

i ti s wor th , t he mean s ize d if ferences b e tween " Ear ly B ronze Age" b arrows ( XC ) a nd b arrows w i th p r i mary D evere l-R i mbury b ur ia ls ( XA ) a re s ign i f ican t a t t he 0 .02 l eve l ( S tuden t 's tt est ) ;

n one o f t he d if ferences b etween t he o ther

p oss ib le p a ir ings e ven a pproaches s ta t ist ica l s ign i f icance . A s t he T ab les a lso s how , s i mp le s craped-up o r s tacked-turf b arrows o ccur i n a l l g roups , b ut d itched b arrows p redo m ina te i n e ach c ase , t he d itches a t 1 96

F ig . 4 0

Hea th land ( Dorset a nd H a mpsh ire ) R ound Barrows Excavated a nd F u lly P ub lished i n Modern T imes . Key Dorse t 1 .

B lack Down

H a mpsh ire 1 .

K inson 2 & 3

2 .

C h ick 's H i l l

2 .

Hadden 's H i l l

3 .

Worgre t H i l l

3 .

L a tch F ar m

4 .

Wa l lis D own 1 & 2

4 .

H urn 1 , 2& 3

5 .

C anford

5 .

E lkha m 's Grave

6 .

K nigh ton H eath

6 .

Berry Wood

7 .

S i mon 's G round

7 .

I bs ley 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5& 6

8 .

D ud s bu r y

8 .

S toney Cross 1 & 2

9 .

S toney C ross 5

1 0 .

S toney C ross 3

1 1 .

L andford

1 2 .

P la itford

1 3 .

Beau lieu Heath 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ,

1 4 .

C o lbury

1 5 .

B ishop 's Wa ltha m

7 , 8 , 9& 1 0

1 97

T ab le X A .

B arrows c on ta in ing p r i mary o r p r i mary a nd s econdary DR p o t tery

S ite

S ize ( m )

F or m

S truc ture

Kn igh ton H eath

8 .7

?Be l l ( causeway o n S )

Core/capp ing

B erry Wood l

4 .9

B e l l ( 2 c auseways , o ne

Core/2 c app ings

Worgret4

9 .3

D itched b ow l

o n NE & o ne o n WS W ) Co r e/capp ing

E lkha m ' s6

1 0 .1

?Bow l ( ?no d i tch )

? S i mp le

C h ick ' sH i 1 17

1 0 .4

D itched b ow l

Core/2 c app ings

P la i t ford 2

1 0 .7

D itched b ow l

Core/2 c app ings

H um n38

1 2 .8

D itched b ow l

Core/capp ing

L atch F ar m l °

2 5 .6

D itched b ow l

Core/capp ing

Mean

1 1 .6

B .

B arrows c on ta in ing s econdary DR p o t tery b u t n ot p r i mary

L andford 2 '3 K inson 35

8 .2 9 .8

C o lbury 2 B lack D own 9 B eau l ieu 81 1 H adden ' sH i 1 11 2

3 5 .7

Mean C .

B ow l ( no d itch ) B ow l ( ?no d itch )

S i mp le

1 1 .6

D itched b ow l

Core/capp ing

2 0 .4

B e l l

Core/capp ing

2 5 .6

D itched b ow l

Core/2 c app ings

?Ova l b arrow ( ?no d i tch )

S i mp le

S i mp le

1 8 .6

B arrows c on ta in ing C o l lared U rns , F ood V esse ls e tc .

I bs ley 1 *1 3

4 .9

D itched b ow l

S i mp le w ith e x-

I bs ley 6 *1 3

8 .2

D itched b ow l

Core/capp ing

I bs ley 5 *1 3 D udsbury*** 1 4

9 .4

B ow l ( no d itch )

S i mp le

2 2 .6

D i tched b ow l

Core/3 c app ings

B eau l ieu 5 **11

2 3 .3

D i tched b ow l

Core/2 c app ings

B eau l ieu 4 ** 1 1

2 5 .6

itches ) Core/4 c app ings B ow l ( 2 c oncen tr ic d

L atch F ar m* 1 ° S toney X 2 *11

2 5 .6 2 7 .4

D itched b ow l

Core/capp ing

D i tched b ow l

Core/3 c app ings

t erna l b ank

B eau l ieu 6 **** 1 1

2 8 .3

D itched b ow l

Core/2 c app ings

B . Wa l tha m** 1 5

2 9 .6

B e l l

Core/2 c app ings

Mean

2 0 .5

* C o l lared u rn * * * ** * ***

F ood V esse l F ood V esse l/Co l lared U rn h ybr id Amber n eck lace

1 98

T ab le X c on t inued D .

B arrows n ot a t tr ibu tab le t o a ny c era m ic t rad it ion S ize ( m )

S i te

S tructure

F or m

Wa l l is 11 6 S toney X 3 11

6.7 7 .6

C ore/capp ing B e l l ( causeway o n S E ) ore/2 c app ings D itched b ow l ( causeway o n C

Wa l l is 21 6

7 .9

B e l l ( causeway o n S SE )

C ore/2 c app ings

I bs ley 21 3

9 .4

D i tched b ow l

S i mp le

C an ford 1 7

9 .6

I bs ley 413

9 .8

I bs ley 31 3

Nb y E )

S i mp le

?D itched b ow l D itched b ow l

C ore/capp ing

1 0 .1 1. 0

B ow l ( ?no d i tch ) B ow l ( 2 c oncen tr ic d i tches )

C ore/2 c app ings

B ow l ( no d i tch ) B ow l ( no d i tch )

? S i mp le

B eau l ieu 1 01 1

1 3.4 1 7.4

B eau l ieu 71 1

1 8 .3

B ow l ( no d itch )

S i mp le S i mp le

H u m 28

1 9 . 8

B ow l ( no d itch )

Core/capp ing

2 1 .6

D i tched b ow l

C ore/capp ing

B eau l ieu 31 1

2 3 .8 2 4 .2

D i tched? b ow l D itched b ow l

? S i mp le C ore/2 c app ings

B eau l ieu 21 1

2 4 .4

D itched b ow l

C ore/2 c app ings

K inson 25 S toney X 11 1

S toney

2 (

51 1

B eau l ieu 91 1

C ore/2 c app ings

H um n18

2 4 .4

B ow l ( no d i tch )

C ore/capp ing

B eau l ieu 11 1

3 1 .1

B ow l ( no d itch )

S i mp le

Mean

1 6 .1

R eferences 1 .

McGregor , 1 962 .

Wa inwr igh t , 1 965 . 1 958 .

8 .

1 938 .

1 1.

5 .

2 .

P res ton/Hawkes , 1 933 .

K nocker , 1 958 .

P iggot t , 1 941-43 . C . P iggot t , 1 943 .

F orde-Johns ton , 1 965 .

1 5 .

9 .

6 .

3 .

P reston , 1 929 .

S eaby , 1 952 .

T ho mpson/Ashbee , 1 957 .

1 2 .

C lay , 1 928 .

Ashbee , 1 957 .

1 6 .

1 3 .

7 .

4 .

Ashbee/Dimb leby , 1 0 .

C . P iggot t ,

S u mner , 1 931 .

C ase , 1 952 .

1 7 .

1 4 . A shbee ,

1 954 . t hese s i tes , a s a t Kn igh ton , s erv ing a s t he q uarry f or s o me o r a l l o f t he mound makeup .

B er ms l i kew ise a re f ound t hroughou t t he s er ies , t hough

v ary ing g reat ly i n w id th a nd r epresen ted b y o n ly 5 -6 e xa mp les .

N arrow b er ms ,

h owever , a re e as i ly o ver looked a nd t h is f i gure p robab ly u nderes t imates t he ir t rue p reva lence ( see A ppend ix V I ) .

C auseways o ccurred a t a t l eas t 5b arrows ,

a l l v ery sma l l a nd a l l p ossib ly b ui l t b y u sers o f D evere l-R i mbury p ot tery , t hough s uch p ot tery was f ound a t o n ly 2 o f t he s i tes . T he d itches o f t he l arge b arrows , h owever , t ended t o b e v ery i nco mp le te ly e xa m ined c o mpared t o t hose o f t he sma l l b arrows a nd c auseways , i ft hey h ad e x is ted a t t he f or mer s i tes , wou ld h ave s tood l i t t le c hance o fd iscovery .

Mos t o r a l l o f t he u npub lished

S i mon 's Ground b arrows a lso h ad c auseways . T here i s l i t t le d ef in i te e v idence f or mu lt i-per iod c onstruc t ion .

As f ar a s

i s k nown , p a irs o f c oncen tr ic d i tches were c onf ined t o B eau l ieu 4 a nd K inson 2 , b o th l arge b arrows where , i n e ach i ns tance , t he o uter d i tch was t he s ource o fa dd i t iona l mound makeup emp loyed i n t he e xpansion o f a n o r ig ina l n uc leus c ons is t ing o f a sma l lish b arrow t hrown u p f ro m t he i nner d itch i n t he c onvent iona l manner .

T he c ore a t Wa l lis D own 1may h ave b een b u i lt o n r ecen t ly 1 99

a bandoned a gr icu ltura l l and w h ich h ad t urfed o ver b y t he t ime t he c app ing was r a ised b ut t he e v idence i s i nconc lus ive o n t h is p o int . A t C h ick 's H i l l e v idence f or a l engthy p ause i n t he c onstruc t iona l r ou t ine w as o b ta ined b y p o l len a na lys is . T here was n o s tra t igraph ic i ndica t ion o f t he h ia tus a nd s im i lar p auses , h ad t hey e x isted a t t he o ther 4 0 b arrows , migh tn o t h ave b een d e tec ted . T he mos t p laus ib le mot ive f or t he C h ick 's H i l l a nd Wa l l is D own 1 e n large men ts i s t he b ur ia l o f a ddi t iona l i n terments , b u t n o t races o f s uch b ur ia ls were f ound . Ava i lab le i n forma t ion o n o ther f eatures o f t he b arrows i s s u m mar ized i n Tab le X I .

A s may b e s een , p ara l le ls f or s pec if ic f ea tures a t K nigh ton a re

v ery l arge ly c onf ined t o t he D evere l-R imbury a nd u na t tr ibu tab le c o lumns .

I t

wou ld b e d angerous , h owever , t o make t oo much o ft h is a s t he e xam inat ions o fn one o f t he E ar ly Bronze Age s i tes ( excep t B eau l ieu 5 a nd D udsbury ) w ere a nywhere n ear c o mp le te . T he t rea t men t o f t he p re-barrow s urface v ar ied f ro m s i te t o s i te , t hough , a s T ab le X I s hows , f or mos t o ft he b arrows d e ta i led i nforma t ion o n t h is p oin t i s want ing .

A t B erry Wood , a sma l l c ausewayed b arrow c on tain ing p r i mary

D evere l-R imbury p ot tery , t he c en tra l p ar t o f t he o ld s urface h ad b een b urn to f f , a s a t K nigh ton , a nd t he p er ipher ies s tr ipped b y h and . T he s tanding v ege ta t ion o n t he e n t ire p re-barrow s urface a t Wa l l is 2 h ad b een b urn t o f f a nd p ar t ia l c learance b y f i re o f t he a nc ien t g round s ur face h ad p robab ly t aken p lace a t C o lbury a nd Wa l l is 1 .

A t C anford , t he w ho le o f t he p re-barrow

s urface h ad b een h and-s tr ipped d own t o t he B -hor izon o f t he a nc ien t p odso l a nd p ar t o r a l l o f t he g round u nder t he 3 H urn b arrows , ?K inson 3 a nd ? S toney C ross 1may a lso h ave b een t rea ted i n t h is w ay . We l l- marked o ld t ur f l i nes s urv ived e verywhere i n t he e xam ined a rea a t C hick 's H i l l , B lack D own , L a tch F arm , D udsbury , B eau l ieu 4 , K inson 2 a nd S imon 's Ground , a nd p repara tion o ft he g round f or b ur ia ls a t t hese s i tes a ppears , a t mos t , t o h ave i nvo lved t he c u t t ing o r u proo t ing o f wha tever l arge o r t roub leso me p lan ts may h ave b een g row ing t here .

I n tac t o ld t ur f l i nes may h ave a lso e x is ted a t many o ft he o ther

s i tes u nder d iscuss ion h ere b ut t here i s n o e xp lic i t d ocumen tat ion f or t he m i n t he p ub lished r epor ts . T here w ere s take r ings a t C anford a nd Wa l l is 1 a nd s ing le c en tra l s takes a t Worgre t , P la i tford , S toney C ross 1 a nd H um 2b u t r ando m s ca t ters o f s takeho les s im i lar t o t he K n igh ton e xamp le a re o n ly r ecor ded f rom Wa llis 1 a nd 2a nd f ro m s evera l o f t he u npub l ished S i mon 's G round b arrows . 1 The l a t ter a re o f D evere l-R i mbury d ate a nd Wa l l is 1 a nd 2 a re p ossib ly s o , 2 a nd a t n one o f t hese s i tes a re t he s takeho les p laus ib ly i n terpreted i n s truc tura l o r mark ing t erms . C harcoa l-f i l led p i ts w i thout b ones o r p ot tery a re c onf ined t o D evere l-R imbury a nd u na t tr ibu tab le b arrows :

Worgre t , K inson 3 , C h ick 's H i l l, H adden 's H i l l ,

Wa l l is 2 , I bs ley 3 a nd S i mons 's G round .

I bs ley 3 w as e xcavated a t t he

c en ter o n ly a nd t he c harcoa l-f i l led p i t f ound t here w as t he o n ly a rchaeo log ica l f eature r ecorded . I tw as d ug i n to t he c enter o f t he b arrow 's c ore , measured 2 ' i n d iame ter a nd d eep , a nd i n s ize a nd s hape was q u i te c omparab le t o t he K nighton e xamp les . T here w ere 2 p r i mary c harcoa l-f i l led p i ts a t Wa l l is 2 , wh ich w as n ear t o ta l ly e xcava ted . B o th w ere v ery s ha l low a nd o ne was i rregu lar i n s hape :

n o p ot tery o r b ur ia ls w ere f ound a t t h is s i te .

A t t he

r ema ining 5b arrows , t he p i ts were i n t ima te ly a ssoc ia ted w i th b ur ia ls o r ums

2 00

T ab le X I

M isce l laneous F eatures

F ea ture OGS B urned

D evere l-R imbury

E ar ly Bronze A ge

U na t tr ibutab le

Barrows

B arrows

B arrows

K n igh ton

?Wa l lis 1

B erry Wood

Wa l lis 2

? Co lbury OGS H and S tr ipped

K n igh ton

C anford

H urn 3 ?K inson 3

H urn 1 H u m 2 ? S toney X 1 C anford

S take R ings

Wa l lis 1 C entra l S takes

R ando m S takes

C harcoa l P its

Worgre t

S toney X 1

P la i tford

H umn 2

K n igh ton

Wa l lis 1

S i mon 's Ground

Wa l lis 2

K n igh ton

Wa l lis 2

S i mon 'sGround

l bs ley 3

Worgre t K in s on 3 C h ick 's H i l l H adden T igh t C lus ters o f B ur ia ls

K n igh ton Wo r gre t

Upr igh t S labs

K nigh ton H adden

Emp ty U rns/ T oken Bur ia ls

K n igh ton

S toney X 2

S imon 's Ground L a tch F arm Worgre t H adden K in s on 3 L andford C h ick 's H i l l P la i tford B ishop 's

I nhu ma t ions

Wa l tha m B eaul ieu 6 D ud s bury

C anford S toney X 1 I bs ley 4 B eau l ieu 2 B eau l ieu 9

2 01

a nd t he ir mode o fo ccurrence t hus a pprox ima tes more c lose ly t o t ha t a t K n igh ton t han a t t he 2 s i tes j us t men t ioned . T he s ize , s hape , c on tents a nd d istr ibut ion o f t he K nighton p its p robab ly h ave t he ir c loses t p ara l le ls a t S imon 's G round b ut d e ta i led c o mpar isons w i l l h ave t o awa i t t he p ub l ica t ion o ft h is s i te . A t K inson 3 a nd H adden 's H i l l , t he p i ts were s ca ttered among p i ts c onta in ing u rns a nd/or b ur ia ls . T here were 2p i ts a t K inson 3 , b oth v ery s ha l low ( on ly o ne d ef ini te ly c onta ined c harcoa l ) a nd b oth f orm ing p ar t o fa n i rregu lar a rc o fu rns a nd p i ts o fu nknown s tra t igraph ic p os i t ion a round t he f l anks o f t he b arrow . T he l a t ter was e v iden t ly t o ta l ly e xcava ted a nd t here were n o d ef in i te p r imary f ea tures e xcep t a sma l l s ha llow c entra l p i t . There were s evera l c harcoa l-f i l led p i ts a t H adden 's , s o me o f wh ich were l i kew ise n ear p i ts c on ta in ing D evere l-R imbury u rns .

A t Worgre t , ad eep c harcoa l-

f i l led p i t , v ery s imi lar t o s o me o f t he K n igh ton e xamp les , was p r imary t o a nother s uch p i t w i th a Devere l-R imbury u rn . F ina l ly , a t C h ick 's H i l l , a d eep c en tra l p i t h ad a s ter i le f i l l e xcep tf or c harcoa l i n as ha l low l obelike e x tension a t o ne p oint i n t he o ut l ine . T he o n ly b ur ia l f ound a t t h is t o ta l ly e xcava ted s i te was a c re ma t ion i n aG lobu lar u rn s tanding i n ad epress ion i n t he s urface o f t he b arrow 's c ore d irec t ly a bove t he p it . A s econd p i t c on ta in ing l arge amounts o f c harcoa l t hroughout , was l oca ted s o me d istance a way f ro m t he c en ter b ut p robab ly l ong a nteda ted t he c ons truc t ion o f t he b arrow a nd , i f s o , n eed n ot h ave h ad a ny c onnec t ion w i th t he c en tra l b ur ia l . ` )

B ur ials L oca l p ara l le ls f or t he c lus ters o fb ur ia ls f ound a t K nigh ton a re b oth r are

a nd n ot v ery e xac t among t he s i tes r epresen ted i n T ab le X I ( but c f . t he more c o mprehensive t rea tmen t o f t he s ub jec t i n E l l ison 1 980 , s een a f ter t h is w as wr it ten ) .

T he b est e xamp le was a t Worgre t w here a B ucke t u rn ( n o b ones )

s tood o n at ur f s ea l ing t he mouth o f ap i t s econdary t o ad eep c harcoa l-f i l led p i t w i thout p o t tery , a nother p it c on ta ining a B ucke t u rn b e ing n earby .

The

mutua l r e la t ionsh ips o f t hese f ea tures r eca l l, i n ag enera l way , t he Urn 2 8/38/AP2/4 c luster a t K n igh ton . C harcoa l f ro m Worgre t , h owever , was r adio-carbon d a ted t o 1 740/90 b c ( NPL-199 ) , av ery e ar ly d a te f or a B ucke t u rn , p erhaps a no ma lous ly s o .

A t H adden 's H i l l , 3D evere l-R imbury u rns

were p laced a ga ins t t he f aces a nd e nds o f a n u pr ight s lab s i mi lar i n s ize t o t he s labs o f t he K nighton s e t t ing .

U nfor tuna te ly , t he s tra t igraph ic r e la t ion-

s h ip o ft he s lab t o t he b arrow a nd o f t he u rns t o t he s lab i s u nc lear a nd i ti s u ncer ta in w he ther t he 3 u rns were d epos i ted s imu ltaneous ly o r s uccess ive ly . Mos t o ft he b arrows p roduced o ne o r more c rema t ion d epos i ts , s ing le o r mu lt ip le , u nacco mpanied o r i nu rns .

F or many s i tes , p ar ticu lar ly t he more

p rol if ic e xa mp les , t here i s l i t t le i n forma t ion o n t he c on ten ts o f c inerary u rns a par t f ro m g enera l s ta te men ts . T hus , a l l 2 6 o f t he C o lbury u rns a re s a id t o h ave c onta ined b ones a nd " severa l" o f t hose f ro m L a tch F arm t o h ave l acked t he m .

T he 2 Worgre t u rns c on ta ined " charcoa l a nd b lack s oo ty e ar th b u t n o

b one" .

A l l 6u rns f ro m H adden 's H i l l l i kew ise a ppear t o h ave l acked b one ,

t hough t he ir c onten ts a re n ot a dequa te ly d escr ibed , a s d o 6o f t he 1 K inson 3u rns , 2o f t he 1 8 L andford v esse ls , a nd 1o f t he 2 C o l lared u rns f ro m S t oney C ross 2 , t he l a t ter b r ing t he o n ly n on-Devere l-R imbury s i te o n t he l i s t ( Tab le X I ) . I n a ddi t ion t o t he " emp ty u rns" , t he 4b arrows l as t men t ioned a lso c onta ined c re ma t ions w i th a nd/or w i thou t p o t tery , t he b ones i n t he c ase o f

2 02

H adden 's a nd K inson 3b e ing e v iden t ly t oken i n q uan t i ty .

T he s ing le i nurned

c re mat ion d epos i t f ound a t C h ick 's H i l l ( G lobu lar u rn ) a nd t he 2 f ro m P la i tford ( G lobular u rn a nd B ucket u rn ) w ere a lso v ery sma l l .3 S o me o f t he h undreds o fD evere l-R i mbury u rns f ro m S imon 's G round a lso l acked b ones ( persona l c o m mun ica t ion f ro m D r . Wh i te ) . D a ta o n t he n u mber , a ge a nd s ex o f t he b ur ia ls f rom t hese b arrows a re e x tre me ly s parse . T here i s d ef in i te e v idence f or o n ly o ne i nhuma t ion ( a t B ishop 's Wa l tham ) b u t i nhu ma t ions h ad p robab ly a lso e x is ted a t B eau lieu 6 a nd , p oss ib ly , a t a n umber o fo ther s i tes d is t inguished b y g ravel ike p i ts i n wh ich n o b ones s urv ived a nd n o n on-per ishab le g rave g oods h ad b een p laced .

T he mos t c on-

v i nc ing e xamp les o ft hese , u s ing s hape a nd s ize a s c r i ter ia , a re a t C anford , D udsbury , B eau lieu 6 , I bs ley 4 a nd S toney C ross 1 . Two o ther p i ts , a t

4

B eau l ieu 2 a nd 9 r espec t ive ly , a ppear t o h ave h oused sma l l w ood h u ts o r e nc losures ( t hough o f r a ther d if feren t t ypes ) wh ich , i ti s r easonab le t o s uppose , h ad l i kew ise c onta ined i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls ( Beaul ieu 2 a lso h ad ap oss ib le i nhu ma t ion g rave o f c onven t iona l t ype ) . Af ur ther g roup o f s i tes ( Worgre t , B eau l ieu 1 0 , H umn 1 , K inson 3 , C h ick 's H i l l , L a tch F arm , B ishop 's Wa ltham , Wa l l is 2 a nd I bs ley 1a nd ? 2 ) a lso h ad p r i mary p i ts wh ich , f or v ar ious r easons s eem l ess l i ke ly t o h ave p er formed t h is f unc t ion , t hough t he d is t inc t ion b e tween t hem a nd t he o thers i sn ecessar i ly s o mewha t a rb i trary .

F or wha t i ti s w or th ,

h owever , t he p i ts u nder b arrows p roduc ing p r imary o rn ear p r imary Devere lR imbury b ur ia ls a l l f a l l i n to t he d ub ious c a tegory . Ap oss ib le i nhu ma t ion a t B eau l ieu 6 l ay o n t he o ld s urface ( where i t was a ssoc ia ted w i th a n amber n eck lace ) a nd , o f c ourse , u nacco mpan ied i nhu ma t ions b ur ied i n t h is way a t a ny s i te wou ld h ave p er ished w i thout t race . T hree o f t he D evere l-R imbury b arrows l i s ted i n Tab le X ( exc lus ive o f K n igh ton ) p roduced 1 9 o r more c rema tion d epos i ts a p iece b ut n one o f t hese l arge c e me ter ies was t o ta l ly e xcava ted ( w i th t he p oss ib le e xcep t ion o f L andford ) a nd i nn o c ase was t he n u mber o fb ur ia l d epos i ts a ccura te ly r ecorded .

A s

i nd ica ted a bove , i n c er ta in i nstances , n otab ly a t K inson 3 , c rema t ions were c lose ly a ssoc ia ted w i th sma l l p i ts wh ich s o me t imes c on ta ined u rns b ut l acked r ecognizab le t races o fb one .

I ti s p oss ib le—if n ot l i ke ly—tha t s ome o f t hese

p i ts h ad o r ig ina l ly c onta ined sma l l d epos i ts o fb one s ubsequen t ly d estroyed b y s o i l a c ids b ut t h is c annot b e p roved a nd a ny a t temp t t o e st ima te t he n umbers o fbur ia ls p oss ib ly l os t i nt h is way w ou ld b e a was te o f t ime . D a ta o n t he n u mber a nd a ge/sex c ompos i t ion o f t hese b ur ia ls a re g iven b e low , t he f i gure f or minimu m n u mbers b e ing v ery a pprox i ma te a nd p robab ly ag ross u nderes t i ma te o ft he t rue f i gure .

T he i n forma t ion o n t he a ge a nd

s ex o fb ur ia ls i s e nt ire ly d er ived f ro m K inson 3 ( Tab le I X , p rev ious c hap ter ) a nd t he l arge C o lbury c emetery , n o d a ta wha tever o n a ge a nd s ex b e ing a va i la b le f or a ny o f t he o ther s i tes . M inimu m N u mber o f B ur ia ls :

1 53

S ubad 0

1

5

7

2 03

O ft he 1 2 a ged b ur ia ls , s ubadu lts p redo m ina te i nt he r a t io o f 7 :5 . T he 6 K in s on 3 d eposi ts c o mpr ised t he r ema ins o f 3a du lts a nd 3 s ubadu l ts ; a nd t he 2d epos i ts f ro m C o lbury , a mu lt ip le c rema t ion ( adu l t a nd 2 c h i ldren) a nd as ing le c re ma t ion o f ay oung f e ma le . Obv ious ly , n o c onc lus ions c an b e d rawn f ro m f i gures o f t h is magn i tude b eyond n ot ing t he o ccurrence o fb ur ia ls b e long ing t o d if ferent a ge c a tegor ies a t t he s ame s i te a nd , i n c on tras t t o K n igh ton , t he ( apparent ) h igh r epresenta t ion o f c h i ldren ,

S ee C hap ter X f or a more e x tended

d iscuss ion o ft he a c tuar ia l c harac ter is t ics o f t he K inson C eme tery a nd t he r e la t ionsh ips t o u rn t ypology e tc . As tr ik ing f ea ture o f t he d is tr ibu t ion o f b ur ia ls among t he 1 3 s i tes i s i t s b imoda l i ty w i th 3 b arrows ( La tch F arm , L andf ord a nd C o lbury ) a ccoun t ing f or a pprox ima te ly 8 6% o f t he t o ta l ( mean c .4 4 )5 a s c ompared w i th t he o ther 1 0 wh ich b e tween t he m p roduced 2 2 b ur ia ls ( mean 2 .2; e x tremes 0 a nd 6 ) . T he p oss ib i li ty e x is ts t ha t s o me o ft he l ess p ro l if ic b arrows were a ssoc ia ted w i th u rnf ie lds n ot f ound d ur ing t he ir e xcava t ion b ut t h is i s u n l ike ly t o a pp ly i n a l l c ases , p ar t icu lar ly s ince a s im i lar b i moda l ity i n t he n umber o fb ur ia ls p er s i te i s f ound i n o ther r eg ions where D evere l-R i mbury f unerary monu men ts a re c o m mon .6 A t p resen t t here a re n o g rounds f or d e term in ing w he ther t h is p heno menon i s r ooted i n s oc ia l o r c hrono log ica l f ac tors a nd a s o lu t ion t o t he p rob le m mus t p robab ly awa i t more r adio-carbon d a tes .

7

D a ta o n t he c re ma t ion d epos i ts f ro m t he 2 8 E ar ly Bronze Age a nd u na t tr ibut ab le s i tes a re a s s canty a s t hose r e la t ing t o D evere l-R i mbury b ur ia ls . E ar ly Bronze Age ( 10 s i tes ) N u mber : M 0

U na t tr ibutab le ( 18 s i tes )

1 2 ( mean 1 .2 )

N umber :

6( mean 0 .33 )

F

A d

S ubad

M

F

A d

1

2

2

0

0

0

S ubad 0

Obv ious ly n o g enera l c onc lus ions c an b e d rawn f ro m t hese d a ta .

The 2

s ubadu lts were i n a mu lt ip le c rema t ion d epos i t , t he o n ly s uch d epos it d ef in i te ly i den t if ied a t al oca l n on-Devere l-R i mbury b arrow ( t hough t here i s ap oss ib le e xamp le a t B eau l ieu 4 ) . A t B ishop 's Wa l tham , a n a du l t c re ma t ion o ccurred i n t he s ame c of f in a s ac entra l i nhuma t ion , t he la t ter h av ing b een p robab ly i n terred p r ior t o t he r a is ing o ft he b arrow c ore a nd t he f ormer s econdar i ly t o t he c ore b ut p r i mar i ly t o t he b arrow 's c omp le t ion . 8 T he o n ly o ther b arrow c onta ining mu l t ip le c rema t ions where t he o r der o f i n terment c an b e i nferred i sB eau l ieu 4 where a n e ccen tr ic c re ma t ion h ad b een p laced i n ap i t d ug i n to t he b arrow b efore i t s e n largemen t b y c u t t urves a nd ma ter ia l e xcava ted f rom as econd d i tch . Ap oss ib le mu l t ip le c rema t ion d epos i t was i n ac entra l p i t a nd was p r imary t o t he e ar l ies t s truc tura l p hase .

A t t he 7 s i tes ( o ther t han

B ishop 's Wa l tha m ) where t he e v idence f or t he f or mer e x is tence o f i nhu ma t ions i s s tronges t , 5( Beau l ieu 6 a nd 9 , C anford, S t oney C ross 1 a nd l bs ley 4 ) f a i led t o p roduce a ny o ther b ur ia ls wh i le t he s tra t igraph ic p os it ion o ft he c rema t ion f ro m B eau l ieu 2 i s u nknown .

T he D udsbury c re ma t ion was s econdary e i ther

t o t he b arrow a s a who le o r t o al a te s tage i ni t s c ons truc t ion . A s i ndica ted , t he p oss ib le i nhu ma t ion g raves a t a l l 7s i tes were p r i mary t ot he ir r espec t ive b arrows a nd a l l were a t o r n ear t he c en ter e xcep t a t B eau l ieu 2a nd 6 where i n e ach c ase t here may h ave b een 2 pr i mary i nhu ma t ions .

2 04

9

I ti s n otewor thy t ha t , a s men t ioned , a t n o D evere l-R i mbury s i te a re t here g rounds f or s uspec t ing t he f ormer p resence o f i nhu ma t ions a nd t ha t , e xcep t a t L a tch F arm , Devere l-R imbury u rns d o n ot o ccur a ta ny b arrow wh ich a lso c on ta ined " Ear ly Bronze Age" p ot tery o r o ther a r t ifac ts . The i mp l ica t ions o ft h is f ac t w i th r egar d t o sma l l b arrows ( such a s t he D evere l-R imbury E lkha m 's , C h ick 's H i l l , P la i tford , H um n3 , Worgre t a nd B erry Wood s i tes , t oge ther , d oub t less , w i th a p ropor t ion o f t hose b e long ing t o t he u na t tr ibutab le s er ies) a re u nequ ivoca l a nd i nd ica te t ha t t hese b arrow a re l i ke ly t o b e e n t ire ly t he c rea t ions o ft he u sers o f Devere l-R imbury p ot tery .

T he s ame may a pp ly

t o o ther sma l l s i tes ( Landford , K inson 3 a nd C o lbury ) where Devere l-R imbury p o t tery o ccurred i n s econdary c on tex ts a nd where n o e v idence was r ecovered f or p r i mary b ur ia ls o fa ny k ind .

I ta lso c once ivab ly a pp l ies t o t he l arge B lack

D own , Beau l ieu 8 a nd H adden 's H i l l b arrows w h ich l i kew ise may h ave l acked " pr imar ies" , t hough i nt hese c ases , i n p ar t icu lar , f i rm c onc lus ions a re u na t ta inab le s ince ( excep t f or H adden 's H i l l ) n one were t o ta l ly e xcava ted a nd g iven t he omn ipresen t p ossib i l i ty t ha t b ur ia ls h ad b een d estroyed b y s o i l a c ids . D ef in ite e v idence f or c on t inu i ty b e tween p re- a nd p os t-barrow p hases o f t he c e metery i su nava i lab le f or a ny o f t he b arrows i n T ab le X , e xcep t f or K n igh ton . S imon 's G round , when p ub l ished , may p rove t o b e a n e xcep t ion a nd t he r ar i ty o f s uch e v idence f or o ther s i tes o n t he l i s t , a nd f or B ronze Age b arrows g enera l ly , i s a l most c er ta in ly a n a r t ifac t o f i nco mp le te a nd/or i nadequa te ly r ecorded e xcava t ion .

T he l arge L a tch F arm b arrow , wh ich , a s

men t ioned , c onta ined b oth " Ear ly B ronze A ge" a nd D evere l-R i mbury b ur ia ls i s ac ase i n p o in t a nd may b e a nother e xcep t ion .

T he 3 " Ear ly B ronze Age"

b ur ia ls ( cre ma t ion w i th b ronze aw l i n t runk c of f in a nd mu lt ip le c rema t ion d epos i t i n ap la in C o l lared u rn ) a t t h is s i te were a l l p r imary t o t he b arrow u nder a l arge c en tra l c ore .

An i nner s er ies o f D evere l-R imbury b ur ia ls ,

c ompr is ing 9u nurned c re ma t ions a nd 3 8 u rns ( i nc luding a B icon ica l ur n a nd 2G lobu lars ) , o ccup ied p i ts c ut t hrough t he o ld t ur f l i ne t o ad ep th o f 3 0 cm o r more i nto t he n a tura l .

T he e xcava tor 's c la im t ha t a l l t hese u rns a nd

c rema t ions w ere " cut i n to t he mound" i s c on tradic ted b y t he p ub lished s ec t ion ( C . P iggot t , 1 938 , F ig . 2 ) wh ich a ppears t o s how t he o n ly s uch b ur ia l d ep ic ted o n i t( n o . 3 5 ) t o b e s ea led u nder t he f oo t o f c app ing ma ter ia l c over ing t he f l anks o ft he c ore . A n a ddi t iona l 3 2 u rns a nd 9u nurned c rema t ions h ad b een b ur ied i n t he s econdary d i tch s i l t ing a nd were c lear ly s econdary t o t he b arrow 's c o mp le t ion . A l l 8 8 u rns a nd c re ma t ions o ccup ied a b road a rc i n t he s outhern t woth irds o ft he s i te a nd t he f i rst " secondar ies" must h ave b een b ur ied w i th in af ew y ears o f t he b arrow 's c o mp le t ion when t he p os i t ion o f t he " pr imar ies" was s t i l l r e membered . J udg ing f ro m t he ir p os it ion o n p lan , t he " pr i mary" Devere l-R imbury b ur ia ls were s econdary t o t he c ore a nd t hus t o t he 3 " Ear ly Bronze Age" b ur ia ls . B oth c ore a nd c app ing h ad b een t hrown u p f ro m a d i tch i n t he c onvent iona l manner a nd , a t L a tch F arm a sa t K n igh ton , t he n a tura l p resump tion i s t ha t p r imary a nd s econdary b ur ia ls a l ike r esu lted f ro m mor ta l i ty w ith in a s ing le c u ltura l ly h omogeneous c o mmun i ty o ver a p er iod o f s evera l ( ?) g enera t ions . 3 .

C onc lus ions

P ar t ia l e xcava t ion , t he p robab le d estruc t ion o f b ur ia ls b y i n im ica l s oi l c ond i t ions a nd t he sma l l p ropor t ion o f s i tes wh ich y ie lded c u ltura l ly d iagnos t ic

2 05

a r t ifac ts s evere ly h andicap e f for ts t o g enera lize a bou t t e mpora l c hanges i n Bronze A ge b ur ia l c us to ms o n t he Wessex h ea th lands . I nformat ion o n t he n umbers a nd o n t he a ge a nd s ex o fb ur ia ls , i n p ar t icu lar , i s much t oo meager t o s uppor t e ven n ega t ive c onc lus ions . Wi th t he e xcep tions n oted i n C hapter X , t he a bsence o f e v idence f or i nhu ma t ions a t b arrows c on ta ining p r imary Devere lR imbury b ur ia ls i s , o f c ourse , a n a l mos t u n iversa l c harac ter is t ic o f s i tes p roduc ing t his c lass o fp ot tery e lsewhere i n SB r i ta in a nd c a l ls f or n o c o mmen t . As we h ave s een , o n t he Wessex h ea th land , a s i no ther p ar ts o f SBr i ta in , D evere l-R imbury b ur ia ls n orma l ly o ccur e i ther b y t he mse lves i n p r imary o r p r i mary a nd s econdary p os i t ions i n a nd u nder sma l l b arrows o f s truc tura l ly s i mp le t ypes o r a s " secondar ies" o n ly i n p re-exis t ing b arrows .

T hey a re

n ever f ound o n t he s a me s tra t igraph ic h or izons a s B eakers o r F ood V esse ls a nd a l mos t n ever w i th C o l lared u rns . A s a rgued a bove , C o l lared u rn b ur ia ls may h ave o pened t he b ur ia l s equence i n t he l arge D evere l-R i mbury c e me tery a t L a tch F arm , b ut e xcep t f or o ne o r 2d ub ious p ara l le ls f ro m t he D orse t D owns , 1 0 n o s im i lar i ns tances a re k nown . T hese f ac ts , t oge ther w i th t he r adio c arbon e v idence ,1 s ugges t t ha t t he D evere l-R i mbury p henomenon d eve loped l a te i n t he E ar ly Bronze A ge a nd , p robab ly , c ompara t ive ly a brup t ly , i n c on junc t ion w i th i mpor tan t d emograph ic o r s oc ia l c hanges r ef lec ted i n t he l arge s ize o f s o me o f t he c e me ter ies .

1 2

T he a pparent ly s udden emergence o f t he l arge c e meter ies a nd c haracter ist ic p ot tery t ypes , h owever , s hou ld n ot b e a l lowed t o c ause t he c ons iderab le e v idence f or c on t inu i ty w i th t he e ar lier B ronze Age t o b e o ver looked . Adm i t ted ly , c er ta in f ea tures o f t he K n igh ton c eme tery w i th p ara l le ls a t o ther l oca l Devere lR imbury s i tes a re r are o r a bsent a t E ar ly Br onze Age b arrows ( Table X I ) b u t , o f t hese f ea tures , o n ly c harcoa l-f i l led p i ts a re r epresented i n s uf f ic ient n u mbers ( 6 D evere l-R imbury , 2u na t tr ibutab le a nd 0 E ar ly Bronze Age ) f or t h is f ac t t o h ave much meaning , p ar t icu lar ly s i nce f ew E ar ly Bronze Age b arrows were more t han v ery p ar t ia l ly e xcava ted .

T hese a nd t he o ther d i f -

f erences , moreover , a re more t han c oun terbalanced b y t he s urv iva l a t D evere lR imbury c e me ter ies o f i mpor tant e lemen ts o f e ar lier p rac t ice . One s uch e le men t i s t he mu lt ip le c re ma t ion d epos i t wh ich , i fa ny thing , i s more p reva len t i n D evere l-R i mbury c on tex ts t han i n E ar ly Bronze Age o nes ( Pe tersen e t a l ., 1 972-74 a nd A ppendix I V ) . T here a re n o d e tec tab le d if ferences i n t he a ge/sex c o mpos i t ion o f D evere l-R imbury mu lt ip le c re ma t ion d epos i ts a s c o mpared w i th e ar l ier e xamp les , s ugges t ing t ha t t he s ocia l u n i t o r u n i ts r ef lec ted i n t he d eposi ts c on t inued t o e n joy a n i mpor tan t r o le i np os t-Ear ly Bronze A ge s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion . " Token" b ur ia ls ( Tab le X I ) , w h i le ( apparent ly ) l ess f requen t a t E ar ly B ronze A ge t han a t D evere l-R i mbury c e meter ies , a re a no ther c o m mon f eature a nd p robab ly d ocumen t t he p ers istence i n to D evere l R imbury t imes o f f unerary c usto ms i nvo lv ing s o me f orm o f d e layed b ur ia l o r r e-bur ia l . A nother k ey s urv iva l i s t he p rac t ice o f b arrow b ui ld ing i t se lf , t hough , a s t he s ize d a ta i ndica te , b arrows a s s uch a ppear t o h ave l os t mos t o f t he ir f ormer i mpor tance , p ar t icu lar ly a t t he l arges t c e meter ies where , i fp resent a t a l l , t hey o bv ious ly p lay a c o mpara t ive ly s ubs idiary r o le , g iven t he sma l l e xpend it ure o f e f for t d evoted t o t he ir c ons truc t ion r e la t ive t o t he n u mbers o f p eop le b ur ied i n a nd a round t hem . A s a rgued a bove , a c tua l p hysica l c on t inui ty w i th

2 06

E ar ly Bronze Age t rad it ions i s p robab ly a t tes ted a t t he l arge ( and ? ear ly ) L a tch F arm b arrow . A t o ther s i tes , among t he sma l l b arrows t yp ica l o f " pure" Devere l-R imbury c e me ter ies , c ont inued p ar t ic ipa t ion i n t hese t radi t ions i s d ocu men ted b y t he s urv iva l o f s pec if ic e lemen ts c harac ter ist ic o f " ear l ier" c ons truc tion , n o tab ly c ausewayed d itches ( e .g . a t B erry Wood , H an ts ) a nd s take o r p ost c irc les ( a t C anford a nd Wa l lis 1 , D orse t ) . T he 2 D orse tsh ire c irc les h ad p robab ly f ormed p re-barrow e nc losures o ft he t ype c o mmon u nder E ar ly Bronze A ge b arrows t hroughout s ou thern B r i ta in . T he f unerary e v idence a s s uch s heds n o l i gh t o n t he mass ive s oc ia l a nd/or d emograph ic c hanges w h ich a re l i ke ly t o u nder ly t he d eve lopmen t o f t he v ery l arge Devere l-R imbury c e me ter ies a nd wh ich were t hemse lves p erhaps a ssoc ia ted w i th t he r is ing i mpor tance o f a me ta l-based t echno logy n ear t he e nd o f t he E ar ly Bronze A ge . T he d ecreased i mpor tance o f t he b arrow a t s uch c e me ter ies i s p robab ly e choed b y t he c o mpara t ive ly sma l l s ize o f Devere l-R imbury b arr ows g enera l ly , i fi ndeed , sma l l Devere l-R imbury b arrows n o t c on ta ining many b ur ia ls d o n ot r epresen t at rans i t iona l s tage i n t he e vo lut ion o ft he v ery l arge c eme ter ies . T he r e la t ive e c lipse o ft he b arrow i n t he f unerary p rac t ice o ft he t ime may a lso b e r ef lec ted i n t he ( apparen t ly ) s imp le s truc tures a nd s hor tu nco mp l icated h is tor ies o f mos t e xamp les , t hough , a s w e h ave s een , o n t he Wessex h ea th land a t l east , mos t n on-Devere l-R imbury b arrows d o n o t a ppear t o d if fer i n t h is r espec t .

Ag radua ld e-e mphas is o n

t he i mpor tance o f t he b arrow w ou ld b e an a tura l r esponse t o marked i ncreases i n c emetery s ize , a s t he o bv ious a l terna t ive , a n e f for t t o k eep p ace w i th c eme tery g row th b y b ui lding b igger a nd b igger b arrows , w ou ld p robab ly s oon b ecome p roh ib it ive ly c ost ly o f t ime a nd manpower .

T he c lus ters o fb ur ia ls

f ound a t Kn igh ton ( and d oubt less a t o ther Devere l-R imbury c eme ter ies ) may a lso b e s een a s ar esponse t o i ncreased c eme tery s ize , e xpress ing , i n a n ew ly-en larged s oc ia l c on tex t , p a t terns o f h u man r e la t ionsh ips f ormer ly s ymbo l ized b y t he i so la ted f a mi ly p lo ts f ound i n o r u nder mos t E ar ly B ronze Age r ound b arrows . O bv ious ly , u n t i l t he c hrono log ica l l im i ts o f t he i ndiv idua l c eme ter ies a re b e t ter u nders tood , s pecu la t ion a long t hese l i nes h as f ree r e in ; f or e xamp le , g row th i n c e metery s ize c ou ld a s e as i ly r ef lec t i ncreased s eden tar is m a s c o mmun ity g row th , t hough t he t wo a re p erhaps l i ke ly t o h ave g one h and i n h and .

C on t inui ty i n f unerary t rad it ion w i th t he e stab l ished E ar ly

Bronze Age p opu la t ion , h owever , s eems c er ta in , wha tever t he r easons f or t he emergence o f t he b ig Devere l-R imbury c eme ter ies .

NOTES 1 . C f . a lso t he I t ford b arrow , S ussex , where s takes s ca t tered amongst D evere l-R i mbury b ur ia ls h ad c once ivab ly s erved a s markers ( Ho lden , 1 972) . 2 .

C f . t he r adio c arbon d a te o f 1 260/50 b c ( GrN-1684 ) f or Wa l l is 1 ( charcoa l f ro m t he s take r ing ) .

3 .

T he " e mp ty" u rns a nd " t oken" b ur ia ls f ro m t hese s i tes p ose t he s ame p rob le ms o f i n terpre ta t ion a s t hose f ro m K n igh ton i n t ha t c re ma t ions may h ave b een d es troyed o r d egraded b y s oi l a c ids .

T here a re , h owever ,

many e xtral im i ta l p ara l le ls f or b ur ia ls o f t hese k inds , s o me f ro m c ha lk 2 07

o r o ther d is tr ic ts where b one , i fo r igina l ly p resen t , s hou ld h ave s urv ived . Empty C o l lared u rns n o t o therw ise a ssoc ia ted w i th b ur ia ls , f or e xa mp le , a re r ecorded f ro m S tan ton Moor 2 0 , Derbys(Hea thcote , 1 940a ) ; P yne , Devon ( Po l lard a nd R usse l l , 1 969) ; e t a l ., 1 951) ;

R anco mbe , H ants ( Morey , 1 920 ;

C i ty F arm 3 , Oxon ( Case e t a l . ,1 964-65 ); a nd F ox , 1 923-24 ) ;

C rawford , 1 922b );

B eacon H i l l , S uf fo lk ( Cawdor

L ake 3 8b , Wi l ts ( Gr imes , 1 964 ) ;

Y orks ( Brewster , 1 973 ) .

U pton

S heep D own , Dorse t ( Atkinson

a nd Wykeha m 1 ,

Emp ty Devere l-R imbury u rns were f ound a t

L ake 3 9 , Wi l ts ( Gr imes , 1 964 ) , V inces F arm 3 , E ssex ( Anon ., 1 961; F r i th a nd S pencer , 1 961; A non a nd H awkes , 1 965 ; E r i th , 1 969 ); a nd ( ev iden t ly ) a t t he V inces F ar m ? f la t c e me tery ( Er i th a nd L ongwor th , 1 960 ) b ut a re b y n o means u n iversa l e ven a t l arge c e meter ies :

c f . ,

f or e xa mp le , t he Word , S ussex ( Ho lden , 1 972 ) a nd Wood m in ton 1 , Wi lts . ( C lay , 1 926 ) c e me ter ies where , i n e ach c ase , a l l t he n u merous u rns may h ave c onta ined c re ma t ions .

T here a re many r eferences t o " t oken" c rem-

a t ions s ca t tered t hroughou t t he l i terature , e .g . b y L ynch , 1 971 ( Co l lared a nd F ood V esse l u rns a t Bedd Branwen , Mg ) a nd b y S avory , 1 948 ( Co ll ared u rns a t P endre I ,P e mb ) . 4 .

T he r esu l ts o fp hospha te t est ing o n t he s upposed C anford g rave were n egat ive , h owever .

N o s uch t es ts were made o n a ny o f t he o ther c andi-

d a tes . 5 .

K n igh ton a nd S i mon 's Ground , o f c ourse , a re a ddi t iona l e xamp les .

A p-

p rox i ma te ly ? 80 b ur ia l d epos i ts were f ound a t L a tch F ar m ( p lus 3 n onDevere l-R i mbury c re ma t ions ) , more t han 1 8 a t L andford a nd b etween 3 2 a nd 4 1 a t C o lbury . 6 .

E .g ., i n E ssex a t V inces F arm ( Anon , 1 960a , 1 960b , 1 960c , 1 961, 1 962; Er i th , 1 963 a nd 1 969; H awkes 1 965 );

E r i th a nd S pencer , 1 961 a nd 1 966;

i n S ussex :

A non a nd

c f . C ock H i l l Ia nd I ( Ra tc lif fe-Densha m ,

1 961) w i th I t ford H i l l ( Ho lden , 1 972 );

a nd o n t he Wessex c ha lk :

c f .

Cr iche l 1 , 3a nd 8 ( P iggot t a nd P iggot t , 1 944 ) w i th Wood m in ton 1 ( C lay , 1 926 ) . 7 . B ut n ote t he v ery e ar ly d a te ( 1 740/90 b e ( NPL-199 ) f or Worgre t H i l l , wh ich was t o ta l ly e xcava ted , a nd i s u n l ike ly t o h ave e ver c on ta ined more t han 2 o r 3b ur ia ls . 8 .

T he e xcava tor b e l ieved t ha t b o th t he c rema t ion a nd i nhu ma t ion were i n t he c of f in b efore i t s b ur ia l a nd s ea ling u nder t he c ore .

T he i n terpre ta t ion

p ut f orward h ere , h owever , i s i nb e t ter a ccord w i th t he p ub l ished e v idence ( see Ashbee , 1 957 , F ig . 7f or t he e v idence f or r e-en try o f t he g rave ) . 9 . One o f t he p oss ib le i nhu ma t ions a t B eau l ieu 6 was a ssoc ia ted w i th a n amber n eck lace a nd l ay o n t he o ld s urface n ear c en ter ;

t he o ther was

u nacco mpan ied i n a n e ccen tr ic g rave wh ich h ad e v ident ly b eco me t ur fed o ver p r ior t o t he b arrow 's c onstruct ion . A t Beau l ieu 2 , t he most c en tra l ly l oca ted o f t he 2 p resu med i nhu ma t ions w as i n a "mor tuary h ouse" wh ich h ad c o l lapsed l ong b efore t he b arrow e x is ted .

T he o ther p ossib le i nhu-

ma t ion a t t h is s i te was i n a marked ly e ccentr ic g rave a nd h ad p robab ly b een b ur ied j us t b efore b arrow c ons truc t ion c o mmenced . A t t he o ther s i tes where p resu med i nhu ma t ion g raves were f ound t he i n terva l o f t ime s epara t ing t he ir i n f i l l ing f ro m t he e rec t ion o f t he b arrow i su nknown 2 08

1 0 .

T he b est o f t hese , i n teres t ing ly e nough , i s t he e ponymous " Devere l B arrow" i n M i lborne P ar ish ( M i les , 1 826 ) . At o ta l o f 3 0 c rema t ions o ccurred a t t h is s i te , s o me u nacco mpan ied , o thers i n Devere l-R imbury u rns a nd o ne i n aC o l lared u rn . A l l 3 0 b ur ia ls a ppear t oh ave b een i n p r i mary p os i t ions , t he p ub l ished e v idence b e ing q u i te u nequ ivoca l o n t h is p oint , t hough , o bv ious ly , d oub ts a bou t t he r e l iab i li ty o f a nc ien t e xcava t ion r ecords i n ma t ters o f t h is k ind c an n ever b e c o mp lete ly a ssuaged .

T he

C o l lared u rn d if fered f ro m t he D evere l-R imbury u rns , w h ich were a l l u pr igh t , i n b e ing i nver ted a nd r es ted o n t he o ld s ur face n ear t he l arges t o f ap ar t ia l r ing o f mass ive s tones . S ome D evere l-R imbury u rns a lso ( a pparen t ly ) s tood o n t he o ld s ur face b u t most w ere i n p i ts c overed b y o ther s tones o f t he r ing a nd s ee m u n like ly t o h ave p os t-da ted t he C o l lared u rn . A s ing le C o l lared u rn was a lso r ecovered f rom t he l arge B ronze A ge c eme tery a ssocia ted w i th H and ley 2 4 , a nother f a mous c ha lk land r ound b arrow ( P i t t R ivers , 1 898) . T he C o l lared u rn was u pr ight a nd was i n o ne o f 3i so la ted p i ts , t he o ther 2 c onta ining Devere l-R imbury b ur ia ls l oca ted o n t he o pposi te s ide o ft he b arrow ( wh ich i t se lf p roduced n oth ing ) f ro m t he b ig D evere l-R imbury " urnf ie ld" . I ti s , o f c ourse , p oss ib le t ha t t he C o llared u rn l ong a nteda ted a ny o ther b ur ia ls , t hough t here i s n o p ar t icu lar r eason t o t h ink t ha t i td id . 1 1 .

B urgess , 1 974 , 2 28-29 .

N ote , h owever , t he e ar ly d a tes f or Worgre t ,

D orse t , a nd Wi lsford , W i lts . 1 2 .

T he s ize o f t he l argest c e meter ies ( e .g . L a tch F arm ) i s u nma tched i n p rehistor ic Br i ta in a t a ny t ime a f ter t he c lose o f t he l ong b arrow/chamber t o mb p er iod ( c f . t he F usse l l 's L odge l ong b arrow w i th 5 3-57 b ur ia ls : A shbee , 1 966b , 5 3;

a nd t he Q uanterness c hamber t o mb w i th C .4 00 b ur ia ls :

R enfrew e t a l ., 1 976, 1 96) .

T he e x istence a longs ide t he l arge Devere l-

R imbury c e me ter ies o f v ery sma l l o nes , u sua l ly c overed b y ab arrow a nd c onta in ing l ess t han a h a lf d ozen b ur ia ls , h as a lready b een c o m mented o n a nd p resents a n i n terest ing p rob lem .

2 09

APPEND IX I THE KN IGHTON HEATH CHARCOALS By C aro le A . K eepax , A nc ien t Monumen ts L abora tory

O ak ( Quercus s p .) , A lder ( Alnus g lut inosa ( L .) G aer tn .) , P ine ( P inus s p .) ? root , H aze l ( Cory lus a ve l lana L .) , B irch ( Be tu la s p .) , a nd P op lar/Aspen ( Popu lus s p .) . T he ir r e la t ive p ropor t ions c anno t b e i n terpreted e nv ironment a l ly , a s t he wood d oes n o t n ecessar i ly r epresen t ar ando m s a mp le f ro m t he v ic in ity o f t he s i te . T he a pprox i ma te p ercen tage o f e ach s a mp le i dent if ied , t he a pprox i ma te n u mber o f f ragmen ts i dent if ied a nd a n e s t i ma te o f t he s ize o f t he s a mp le a re i ndica ted i n t he s econd c o lu mn .

T he i dent if ica t ions s hou ld n ot b e i n terpre ted

q uan t ita t ive ly , h owever , b ecause a s ing le o r ig ina l f ragmen t may h ave b een b roken i n to a ny n u mber o f p ieces p r ior t o i den t if ica t ion .

T he f i gures a re

p rov ided s o le ly a s ar ough g u ide t o t he q uan t i ty o f c harcoa l e xam ined . T he s pec ies a re l i sted i n a pprox i ma te o rder o f a bundance f or e ach s a mp le , a s e s t i ma ted r ough ly b y e ye . s ide b y s ide .

S pec ies p resen t i n s im i lar q uan t i t ies a re l i s ted

The p resence o f o ne f rag men t o n ly i s i ndica ted b y ( 1f r . ) .

A n a s ter isk i ndica tes t ha t t he i den t if ica t ion was c hecked a t t he J odre l l l abora tor ies , Kew G ardens .

% T ota l P ieces F ie ld N o . C 396

I den t if ied a nd S amp le S ize

S pec ies

C ontext

L ab . N o .

1 00%/c . 2 0

O ak

Urns 9 /12

7 10 160

sma l l

A lder

Urn 2 2

7 10 167

H aze l ( ? ) C 81

C 383

1 00%/2

P robab ly c harred

sma ll

b ark

1 00%

Oak ( 1 f r . )

Urn 2 3

7 10 155

O ak

Urn 2 4

7 10 109

O ak

Urn 2 8

7 10 128

O ak

Urn 3 8

7 10129

sma l l C 369

7 5%/c . 8 5 mediu m

C 150

1 00%/c . 8 0 sma l l

C 151

5 0%/c . 7 0 mediu m

2 10

% T ota l P ieces I dent if ied a nd F ie ld N o . C 170

C 183

S a mp le S ize

S pec ies

5 0%/c .8 0

Oak

mediu m

A lder ( 1 f r . )

5 0%/c . 1 65

C ontex t

Lab . N o .

Urn 4 6

7 10097

Oak

Urn 4 7

7 10 099

Oak

Urn 4 8

7 10096

Sma l l t w ig

Urn 4 8

7 10168

O ak

Urn 4 9

7 10135

Oak

Urn 5 2

7 10098

O ak

Urn 5 2

7 10115

5 0%/c . 1 85

Oak

Urn 5 4

7 10 100

mediu m

A lder

A lder

Urn 5 5

7 10 141

5 0%/c . 1 70

Oak

Um 5 8

7 10142

mediu m

P ine r oot ( ?)

Oak

U rn 5 9

7 10145

Oak

U rn 6 2

7 10146

Oak

U pr igh t S lab 3

7 10150

A lder

AP 1

7 10103

2 0%

Oak

AP 2

7 10127

sma ll

A lder

AP 2

7 10162

AP 4

7 10 111

mediu m C 171

1 0%/c . 1 00 l arge

C 172 C 177

1 00%/c . 1 5 sma l l

P opu lus s p . P ine r oot ( ? )

C 223

5 0%/c . 8 0 sma ll

C 399

5 0%/c . 60 mediu m

C 226

P opu lus s p . C 230

1 00%/c . 2 sma l l

C 232

( 1 f r . )Bark ( 1 f r . ) C 323

1 00%/c . 5 sma ll

C 325

1 00%/c . 1 7 sma ll

C 376

1 00%/c . 2 0 sma l l

C 127

2 5% mediu m

C 146

C onifer C406

C 149

5 0%/c . 3 5

A lder

mediu m

Oak , B irch

5 0%/c . 1 82

Oak

mediu m

Bark ( ?) P ine r oo t ( ?)

2 11

% T ota l P ieces I dent if ied a nd F ie ld N o . C 234

C 251

C 253

S a mp le S ize

S pec ies

2 5%

Oak

mediu m

A lder

2 5%

Oak

mediu m

A lder

2 5%

C ontex t

L ab . N o .

AP 7

7 10104

AP 8

7 10105

A lder

AP 9

7 10106

Oak

UC 1 1

7 10107

Oak

UC 1 1

7 1016 5

Oak

UC 1 2

7 10166

A lder

UC 1 5

7 10 113

O ak

UC 1 7

7 10 147

Oak

UC 1 8

7 10 10 8

A lder

P i t 1 2

7 10 119

Oak

P i t 1 3

7 10 120

1 00%/c . 3

P ine r oot (? )

P i t 1 5

7 10 143

sma l l

B irch ( 1f r .)

1 00%/c . 1 0

Oak

P i t 2 0

7 10 164

Oak

P i t 3 1

7 10 152

Oak , Haze l

P i t 3 4

7 10 156

Oak

P i t 3 5

7 10 10 1

Oak

P i t 3 6

7 10 10 3

Oak

SH 1

7 10 121

mediu m C 342

2 5% mediu m

C 410

5 0%/c . 5 0 mediu m

C 411

1 00%/c . 2 5 sma l l

C 320

1 0%

Oak C onifer ( lfr .) C 351

1 00%/c .60 sma l l

C 352

2 5% mediu m

C 62

1 00%/c , 1 5 sma l l

C 63

1 00%/c . 3 0 sma l l

C 317

C 409

sma l l C 380

1 00%/c . 4 5 sma l l

C 384

1 00%/ c . 4 sma l l

C 187

2 5% mediu m

C 390

2 5% mediu m

C 64

1 00%/c . 60 sma l l

2 12

% T ota l P ieces I den t if ied a nd F ie ld N o . C 120

S a mp le S ize 1 00%/c . 1 0 sma l l

S pec ies

C on tex t

Oak

Lab . N o .

SH 2

7 10124

Oak

S H 3

7 10110

Oak

SH 4

7 10125

Oak

S H 5

7 10126

Oak

SH 6

7 10130

P ine r oot ( ?) Bark ( ?) ( 1 f r . )

C 121

2 5%/c . 1 70 l arge

C 123

1 00%/c . 5 sma l l

C 140

1 00%/c . 3 sma l l

C 154

2 0%

A lder C 155

3 0%

Oak , A lder

SH 8

7 10131

C 163

1 00%/c . 1 0

Oak

SH 9

7 10133

sma l l

A lder P ine r oot ( ?) ( 1 f r . ) P opu lus s p .

C 165

1 0%

( 1 f r . )

B irch

SH 1 0

7 10112

SH 1 1

7 10134

SH 1 2

7 10137

SH 1 3

7 10136

A lder Oak C 166

1 00%/c . 3 0

Oak

sma ll

A lder B irch

C 181

C 179

C 222

C 221

1 00%/c . 10

O ak

sma l l

P ine r oot ( ?)

1 00%/c . 1 4

Oak

sma l l

P ine r oot ( ?) ( 1 f r . )

1 00%/c . 5

A lder

sma ll

H aze l ( 1 f r . )

1 00%/c . 5 0

Oak

sma ll

A lder

SH 1 4

7 10139

SH 1 5

7 10138

SH 1 6

7 10140

Oak

SH 1 8

7 10114

1 00%/c . 7 0

Oak

SH 1 9

7 10151

smal l

H aze l o r A lder (? )

P ine r oot ( ?) Haze l C 227

3 0%

Oak

mediu m

A lder Haze l

C 378

5 0%/c . 1 00 mediu m

C 379

( 1f r . ) 2 13

% T ota l P ieces I dent if ied a nd F ie ld N o . C 322 C 55

S a mp le S ize

S pec ies

C on tex t

L ab .

N o .

2 0%

A lder

SH 2 1

7 10144

1 00%/c . 5 5

Oak

D i tch f i l l

7 10116

Oak

D i tch f l oor

7 10 148

Oak

C ore makeup

7 10 095

Oak

C ore makeup

7 10 117

Oak

C ore makeup

7 10 149

5 0%/c . 1 00

Oak

C ore makeup

7 10 157

mediu m

B irch C ore makeup

7 10161

sma ll C 372

1 00% sma l l

C 49

5 0%/c . 1 20 mediu m

C 56

5 0%/c .6 5 mediu m

C 375

1 00%/c . 2 0 sma l l

C 386

C 405

C 57

1 00%/c . 1 0

Oak

sma ll

H aze l ( 1 f r . )

1 00%/c . 2 5

Oak

O ld s urface

7 10 118

Oak

O ld s urface

7 10 122

O ld s urface

7 12123

O ld s urface

7 10132

O ld s urface

7 10 153

sma ll C 82

1 00%/c . 7 5 sma l l

C 118

C 157

C 381

C 382

C 387

1 00%/c . 1 0

Oak (? fro m o ne

sma l l

o r igina l f rag ment )

7 5%/c . 2 35

Oak

mediu m

A lder ( 1 f r . )

1 00%/c . 5 0

Oak

sma ll

H aze l ( 1 f r . ) , B irch ( 1 f r . )

1 00%/c . 10

Oak

mediu m

B irch

1 00%/c . 4 0

O ld s urface

7 10 154

Oak

O ld s urface

7 10 158

5 0%/c . 1 00

Oak

O ld s urface

7 1 0 159

mediu m

A lder*

O ld s urface

7 10 163

sma ll C 388

H aze l C 407

1 00%/c . 1 0

Oak

sma ll

2 14

APPEND IX I POLLEN ANALYS IS OF A S A MPLE FRO M THE OLD S URFACE ( see F ig . 4f or p os i t ion ) b y Emer i tus P rof . G . W . D i mb leby , U n ivers ity o f L ondon I ns t i tu te o f Archaeo logy

P o l len a nd S pore C ontent T he s a mp le c on ta ins C .1 40 ,000 g ra ins/g wh ich i s modera te ly r ich f or a minera l s o i l s a mp le .

T h is v a lue i s c o mpa t ib le w i th t he i n terpre ta t ion o f t he

l eve l f ro m wh ich i tc ame a s h av ing b een a n e xposed s ur face . E co log ica l I n terpre ta t ion T he p o l len s pec tru m i s s trong ly d om ina ted b y t he h igh p ercen tage ( 7 8% ) o f b racken ( P ter idiu m ) s pores .

A s o ther p o l len was p resent i ng ood c ond it ion

a nd o ther s pores were n ot o ver-represen ted , t h is d oes n ot a ppear t o b e t he r esu l t o f d if feren t ia l d eco mpos i t ion , s o i t maybe c onc luded t ha t i td oes r epr esen t ar ea l d om inance o f b racken i n t he v ic in ity o ft he s i te .

T he a ssoc ia ted

g roups o f g rasses ( Gram ineae ) , r ibwor t p lanta in ( P lan tago l anceola ta ) a nd L igu l if lorae a re t o b e e xpected i n s uch a n i n terpre tat ion . T rees a nd s hrubs a re p oor ly r epresen ted , s o t he l and was o pen i n t he n e ighbourhood o ft he s i te , a nd t he f ac t t hat h ea ther ( Ca l luna ) p o l len was o n ly p resent a s at race s hows t ha t C a l luna h ea th land h ad n o t t hen d eve loped i n t he a rea . N o c erea l p o l len was s een , a nd t he a ssemb lage i s wha t o ne migh t e xpec t f ro m a n u ncu l t iva ted b racken h ea th . D a t ing T he p o l len s pec tru m p rov ides n o means o fd at ing t h is a sse mb lage .

T he

l ow p ercentage o f h aze l ( Cory lus ) migh t s ugges t al a te d ate i n t he p reh is tor ic p er iod , b ut t h is a lone c annot b e t aken a s s ignif icant . S o i l T he s oi l p rof i le a s s hown i n t he c o lour p hotographs i s ad egraded b rown e ar th , l each ing t ak ing p lace i n t he t op 1 0 cm o f t he b ur ied p rof i le . h or izon a s y e t i s o n ly i nc ip ien t .

T he B

S uch a s oi l migh t b e e xpec ted i n a ssoc ia t ion

w i th b racken o n s uch a c id p aren t ma ter ia l , b ut i t wou ld h ave h ad a s uperf ic ia l r aw h u mus l ayer . T he p o l len s a mp le c on ta ined a bundan t f i ne ly d iv ided c harcoa l .

N o t races

o fw ood e le ments were f ound i n t h is ma ter ia l , wh ich s ee med t o c ons is t ( as f ar a s i tc ould b e i den t if ied)of s ca lar iform a nd p i t ted t racheids c harac ter is t ic o f f ern v ascu lar s ys te ms .

I ti s t herefore s ugges ted t ha t t he b racken c over

a nd p robab ly t he b racken r aw h u mus h ad b een b urned of , s o l eav ing t he s l igh t ly d arker s urface ( Al) f ro m wh ich t he s a mp le was t aken . 2 15

P o l len C ount APF

C ount A lnus

4

1 .2

Betu la

1

0 .3

1 752 4 38

Quercus

2

0 .6

8 76

C ory lus

7

2 .2

3 066

C a l luna

1

0 .3

4 38

Gra m ineae

1 0

3 .1

C aryophy llaceae

+

+

4 380 +

C o mposi tae L igu l if lorae P lantago c oronopus

1 1 2

3 .4 0 .6

4 818 8 76

P lan tago l anceola ta

2 1

6 .5

9 198

R u mex a ce tosa t ype

2

0 .6

8 76

Umbe l liferae

2

0 .6

8 76

V ar ia

1

0 .3

4 38

Dryop ter is t ype

2

0 .6

8 76

P o lypodiu m

6

P ter idiu m

2 50

TOTAL

3 22

1 .9 7 7 .6

2 628 1 09 , 5 00 1 41, 0 36

APPEND IX I l THE KN IGHTON HEATH CRE MAT IO NS+ b y C . B . D enston , Depar t men t o f P hys ica l A n thropo logy , F acu lty o f Archaeo logy a nd An thropo logy , U nivers i ty o f C a mbr idge

1 . U nurned a nd Misce l laneous C re ma t ions E xcep t f or UC11 wh ich we ighed 1 86 . 0g , t hese c re ma t ions c ons is ted o f v ery sma l l n u mbers o f f rag men ts , h ard ly a ny o f wh ich c ou ld b e a t tr ibuted t o s pec if ic b ones , o r r evea led a ny f ea tures u sefu l f or d e ter m in ing s ex a nd a ge . Where o n ly a f ew f ragmen ts o fb one o ccurred , t he a ge o r s ex , i fs ta ted, i s at en ta t ive a ssess ment b ased o n t he s ize a nd r obustness o f t he f rag men ts . UC1

( Urn 2 0 ) .

Af ew f rag men ts o fl ong b one , a nd f ewer s t i l l o f c raniu m .

T he t h ickness o f t he c o mpac t b one o f s o me o f t he l ong b one f rag men ts , a nd t he s ize ( c ircu mference ) o f a t l east o ne p or t ion o f p oss ib le f e mur s haf t , s uggested a n a du lt ma le . UC2

( Urn 2 4 ) .

T he t h ickness o f t he c o mpac t b one o f al ong b one f rag men t

s uggested a n a du l t , p oss ib ly ma le . UC3

( Urn 2 4 ) .

P oss ib ly a n a du lt .

UC4

( Urn 3 1) .

A f ew f rag men ts o f c ran ia l a nd p ostcran ia l b ones .

T he c ran ia l

f ragmen ts w ere r a ther t h in , w i th 2 p ieces d isp lay ing u nfused s u tures . p oss ib le f rag men t o f t he s haf t o f af e mur .

S ex :

? fema le .

A

A ge a t d ea th :

a du l t . UC5

( Urn 4 0 ) .

H a lf a d ozen f rag men ts o f p oss ib le l ong b one .

UC6

( Urn 4 6) .

N o r ecogn izab le b one f rag men ts c ou ld b e f ound .

UC7

( Urn 3 4b ) .

UC7a

( Urn 3 4b ) .

A du l t ; UC7b

One f ragment o f l ong b one .

? Adu lt .

? Adu l t .

Two c ran ia l f ragments a nd o ne p iece o f al ong b one .

p oss ib ly f e ma le , j udg ing f ro m t he t h ickness o f t he c ran ia l f rag men ts . ( Urn 5 0 ) .

T he t h ickness o f a sma l l f ragment o f l ong b one s uggested

a n a du lt .

+ T he u nurned c re ma t ions a nd misce l laneous p ieces f ro m u rn p i ts were s ub m it ted t o Mr . Dens ton i n 1 973 a nd r epor ted o n b y h im i n J une o ft ha t y ear . T he b ones f ro m i ns ide t he u rns were n ot s ub m i t ted f or e xamina t ion u nt i l 1 978 a s p r ior t o t h is d a te s ome were n ot a va i lab le .

N o te t ha t o ne i nurned c re ma t ion

( Urn 5 1) i s s t i l l n ot a va i lab le a nd t ha t , f or v ar ious r easons , t he f ew t i ny f rag men ts f ro m Urns 2 2 , 2 7 , 5 3 , 5 4 , 5 8 a nd 6 1 h ave a lso n ot b een s een b y Mr .

Dens ton .

2 17

UC8

( Urn 4 7) .

UC9 .

Af ew l ong b one f ragmen ts .

? Adu lt .

H a lf a d ozen f rag men ts o fp oss ib le l ong b one .

A du l t .

UC10 ( Urn 5 2 ) . T he t h ickness o f t he c o mpac t b one o f af ew l ong b one f ragmen ts s uggested a n a du l t . UC11 .

C o lour :

wh i t ishligh t g rey ;

we igh t 1 86 .0 g ;

measuremen ts :

0 -67 m m

l ong . T he r e ma ins were a m ixture o f f rag ments o f p os tcrania l a nd s ku l l b ones . T he f ragments f a l l i n to 3g roups o f more o r l ess e qua l s ize : l ong b ones ( 6 3 . 0g ) ; s ku l l ( 5 8 . 0g ) ; a nd misce l laneous ( 6 5 . 0g ) . T he l arges t f ragmen t o f t he s ku l l was f ro m t he v au lt o f t he c raniu m a nd measured 5 1 x3 1 mm , a nd t he l onges t f rag men t i n a ny g roup b e longed t o al ong b one a nd measured 6 7 . 0 mm i n l eng th . N o l ong b one f rag men ts w ere r ecogn ized a s c om ing f rom s pec if ic b ones , b ut p or t ions o f t he s ku l l were r ecogn ized a s c om ing f ro m c er ta in a reas . T hree f rag men ts o f a mand ib le w ere p resen t : ( 1 ) ac ondy le ; ( 2 ) af rag men t f ro m t he g enia l t uberc le a rea ; a nd ( 3 ) af ragmen t o f t he o uter s urface o ft he c orpus d isp lay ing 2 t oo th s ockets . O ft he c ran ia lb ones , a p or t ion o f t he r igh t z ygo ma t ic p rocess a rea o ft he f ron ta l b one d isp layed s o me o ft he o rb i t ;

af ragmen t o f t he maxi l la d isp layed 2 t oo th s ocke ts ;

a nd o ther

f ragmen ts d isp layed s u tures . T he c harac ter is t ics o f t he r ecogn izab le f ragmen ts , p lus t he l ack o f r obustness o f a l l t he f ragmen ts , s ugges ted t ha t t hey e i ther r epresented a f e ma le o r a n i m ma ture i nd iv idua l .

T he f ac t t ha t n one o f t he

c ran ia l s u tures d isp layed f us ion s uppor ted t he s uppos i t ion o f ay oung f ema le o r a n i mma ture i ndiv idua l . UC12 .

Af ragment o f l ong b one measured 5 0 . 0m m l ong .

T he t h ickness o f

t he c o mpac t b one o f t h is f ragment s ugges ted t ha t i th ad p oss ib ly b e longed t o a n a du l t ma le . UC13 .

One c ran ia l a nd o ne l ong b one f rag men t .

P oss ib ly a du lt .

UC14 .

N o r ecognizab le b one f rag men ts c ou ld b e f ound .

UC15 .

? Adu l t .

UC16

( Urn 6 2 ) .

? Adu l t .

UC17 . P oss ib ly a c h i ld . Af ragmen t o f ap e trous p or t ion o f at empora l b one was p reserved , a long w i th a f ew sma l l c ran ia l f ragmen ts . I fa l l b e longed t o t he s a me i ndiv idua l , t he t h ickness o f t he c ran ia l f ragmen ts wou ld s uggest a n a ge o f p oss ib ly o ver 6 y ears a t t ime o f d ea th . UC18 . P oss ib ly a c h i ld . Two sma l l c ran ia l f rag men ts w ere r a ther t h in . A n e x tremi ty , p oss ib ly o f af e mur o r h u merus , a nd o f r ather sma l l c ircu mference , s uggested a c h i ld o fu nder 6 y ears a t t ime o f d ea th . UC19

( Urn 5 4 ) .

B one .

I ndeterm inab le .

UC20

( Urn 5 9 ) .

B one .

I ndeter m inab le ,

2 . burned C re ma t ions A s ag u ide t o t he s ex o f t he i ndiv idua ls r epresented b y t he b one f ragmen ts , t he r e ma ins f ro m Urn 2 4 were u sed f or c o mpar ison .

2 18

L arge f rag men ts a nd

s pec if ic f ea tures u sefu l f or t he d e termina t ion o f s ex were p reserved i n t h is u rn , w i th n o o bv ious d up l ica t ion t o s ugges t t he r epresenta t ion o f more t han o ne i ndiv idua l .

De term in ing s ex c an b e d if f icu lt a nd t he s exing o f t he sma l ler

c rema t ions , a t l eas t , s hou ld b e r egarded a s t enta t ive . U rn 5 Tw in r oots o f a mand ibu lar mo lar , p oss ib ly ma le . U rn 6 C o lour :

wh i teligh t b rown

O vera l l l eng th : 0 -14 m m T o ta l we igh t : 5 .8 g ( f ragments o fp ostcran ia l b ones ) N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

o ne

i nde terminab le

A ge a t d ea th :

i nde term inab le .

U rn 1 0 C o lour :

wh i teligh t b rown

O vera l l l eng th :

0 -44 m m

T o ta l we igh t : 6 2 .7 g ( f rag men ts o f p os tcrania l s ke le ton a nd s ku l l ) N umber o f i nd iv idua ls : o ne S ex : i nde term inab le A ge a t d ea th : p oss ib ly a du l t . U rn 1 2 C o lour :

w h i tel igh t b rown

O vera l l l ength : T ota l we igh t :

0 -67 m m 2 76 .8 g

N u mber o f i ndiv idua ls : S ex : ? fe ma le A ge a t d ea th :

o ne

? adu l t

B one

We igh t

S kul l L ong b one Misce l laneous b one

1 4 .5 g 1 51 .8 g 10 .5 g

T ota l

2 76 .8 g

U rn 1 5 C o lour :

w h i teligh t b rown

O vera l l l eng th : 0 -27 m m T o ta l we igh t : 1 2 .8 g ( f rag men ts o f p os tcran ia l s ke le ton a nd s ku l l ) N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex : i nde ter m inab le A ge a t d ea th :

o ne

? adu l t

2 19

Urn 1 6 C o lour :

whi tel igh t b rown

Overa l l l ength : T o ta l we igh t :

0 -25 m m 3 .7 g ( f ragmen ts o fp os tcran ia l s ke le ton o n ly )

N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

o ne

I nde terminab le

A ge a t d ea th :

? adu lt

U rn 2 4 C o lour :

wh i teligh t b rownligh t g rey-dark g rey .

Overa l l l eng th : T o ta l We igh t :

0 -135 m m 125 .0 g

N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

o ne

ma le

Age a t d ea th :

a du lt , p oss ib ly o lder t han 3 0 y ears .

B one

We igh t

s cu l l

1 55 .1 g

F e mur

1 23 .6 g

T ibia

8 5 .0 g

H u merus

6 8 .5 g

R adius

1 2 .6 g

U lna

1 1 .0 g

F ibu la

6 .0 g

S capu la

2 6 .3 g

S acru m

3 1 .3 g

I nno m ina te

8 6 .2 g

V er tebra

7 7 . O g

R ib

2 0 .0 g

Me ta tarsa ls , Me tacarpa ls , P ha langes

1 7 .3 g

M isce l laneous l ong b one

1 34 .6 g

M isce l laneous c ance l lous b one

4 3 .0 g

M isce l laneous b one

2 27 .5 g

T ota l

125 .0 g

D escr ip t ion o f R ecogn izab le F rag men ts s cu l l Al ef t mandibu lar c ondy le 2f rag men ts o f t he l ef t c orpus o f a mandib le d isp lay ing t ooth s ocke ts Af rag men t o f t he r igh t c orpus o f a mand ib le d isp lay ing t ooth s ocke ts Ar ight g on ion a ng le o f a mandib le Af rag men t f ro m t he l e f t g on ion a ng le R igh t a nd l ef t s uper ior marg ins o ft he o rb i ts N as ion a nd i n terna l c res t o f f ronta l b one F ron ta l p rocess o f al e f t z ygo ma t ic b one 2f rag men ts o f max i lla d isp lay ing t ooth s ocke ts T he l ef t g rea ter w ing o f as phenoid b one

2 20

T he masto id p rocess , s upramas to id c res t , mandibu lar f ossa a rea o f t he l ef t t e mpora l b one T he s upramas to id c res t , mandibu lar f ossa a rea o f t he r igh t t e mpora l b one 7f rag ments o f c ran iu m d isp lay ing s u tures N u merous o ther f ragmen ts o f t he c ran iu m . P ostcrania l T he p rox ima l t h ird o ft he s haf t , i nc luding t he n eck a nd h ead o f ar igh t f emur T he h ead a nd n eck o f al ef t f e mur 2p or t ions o f t he d is ta l a r t icu lar e x trem i ty o f af e mur Sma l l f ragmen ts o ft he s haf ts o f f e mora 2f rag men ts f ro m t he p rox i ma l a r t icu lar e x trem i t ies o f t i b iae O ther t i b ia s haf t f ragmen ts T he t uberc le a nd p ar t o f t he s haf t o f t he p roxima l t h ird o f at i b ia T he d ista l t h ird o f t he s haf t i nc luding t he e x trem i ty o f ar igh t h umerus T he h ead o f ar igh t h u merus O ther sma l l h u merus s haf t f ragments T he d is ta l t h ird o f t he s haf t i nc luding t he a r t icu lar e x tre m i ty o f ar igh t r ad ius T he p rox ima l a r t icu lar e x trem i ty o f al e f t u lna Am id-por t ion o f t he s haf t o f af i bu la T he s uper ior h a lf o f as acru m R igh t a nd l e f t a ce tabu lae o f i nno m ina te b ones Af rag men t o f t he i l iac c res t C erv ica l , t horac ic a nd l u mbar v er tebrae F ragments o f s capu lae F ragments o f r ibs F rag ments o f me ta tarsa ls , me tacarpa ls a nd p ha langes . C o m men ts T here a ppeared t o b e n o d up l ica ted p or t ions , s uggest ing t hat t he r e ma ins were o f as ing le p erson . S o me o ft he f rag men ts were q ui te l arge , e spec ia l ly t hose o fp os tcrania l b ones , ap rox ima l t h ird o f af e mur b e ing t he l argest . v er tebra l c o lu mn were a lso we l l r epresen ted .

T he p e lv is a nd t he

T he morpho log ica l f ea tures o f s pec if ic b ones o verwhe lm ing ly s ugges ted t ha t t he i ndiv idua l was a ma le . E p iphysea l u n ion i ndica ted t ha t a du lthood w as r eached , a nd e x tensive o s teoar thr i tis p oss ib ly s ugges ted t ha t t he i ndiv idua l was a t l eas t 3 0 y ears o f a ge a t t he t ime o fd ea th . Pa tho logy O s teoar thr i t is , p oss ib ly s evere , w as a pparent t hroughout t he v er tebra l c o lu mn . I ta f fec ted c erv ica l , t horac ic a nd l u mbar v er tebrae , t he a ce tabu lae a nd i l iac c res t o f t he i nno m ina te b ones , a nd t he h eads o f t he f e mora .

2 21

D enta l P a tho logy T he f irs t l ef t mandibu lar mo lar was l os t a n te mor te m , t he r oo t s ocket h av ing c o mp le te ly h ea led o ver .

I n a ssoc ia t ion w i th p er iodonta l i n fect ion ,

sma l l r ounded a bscesses were p resen t a t t he a p ices o f t he a lveo l i o f t he s econd p re mo lar a nd s econd mo lar o f t he l ef t s i de o f t he mandib le . Urn 2 5 C o lour :

wh i teligh t b rown

Overa l l l ength : T ota l w e igh t :

0 -44 m m 1 72 .2 g

N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

o ne

? fe ma le

A ge a t d ea th :

a du lt

B one

We igh t

S ku l l

1 8 .1 g

L ong b one

9 5 .6 g

M isce l laneous b one

5 8 .5 g

T ota l

1 72 .2 g

U rn 2 8 C o lour :

wh i tel igh t b rown

Overa l l l ength : T ota l w e igh t :

0 -43 m m 2 88 .7 g

N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

? one

i nde term inab le

A ge a t d ea th :

? i m ma ture

B one

We igh t

S ku l l

5 4 .4

L ong b one

6 4 .0

O ther p os tcran ia l b one

1 0 .3

M isce l laneous b one

1 60 .0

T ota l

2 88 .7

U rn 3 1 C o lour :

wh i tel igh t b rown

Overa l l l ength : T o ta l we igh t :

0 -87 m m 9 8 .9 g

N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

o ne

? fe ma le

A ge a t d ea th :

? adu lt

B one

We igh t

S ku l l

6 .0 g

L ong b one

6 0 .2 g

M isce l laneous

3 2 .7 g

T o ta l

9 8 .9 g 2 22

C o mmen ts 9l ong b one f ragmen ts were r econs truc tab le i n to 3 s epara te s haf t s ec t ions , e ach c onsis t ing o f 3f ragmen ts .

One s ec t ion was f ro m t he mid-area o f ar igh t

f e mur , a nd i ts ee med h igh ly p robab le t ha t t he o ther 2 s ec t ions b e longed t o t he s ame b one . U rn 3 4b C o lour :

wh i tel igh t b rown

O vera l l l eng th : T o ta l we igh t :

0 -53 m m 1 21 .5 g

N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

o ne

f e ma le

A ge a t d ea th :

i mma ture ( puber ty ) o radu l t f e ma le

B one

We igh t

S kul l

1 3 .9 g

L ong b one

6 4 .5 g

Misce l laneous b one

4 3 .1 g

T ota l

1 21 .5 g

C o mmen ts 4f rag men ts were r econs truc tab le i n to 2 s ec t ions o f h u merus s haf t , b o th p oss ib ly b e long ing t o t he s a me b one . U rn 3 6 C o lour :

wh i tel igh t b rown

Overa l l l eng th : T o ta l we igh t :

0 -39 m m 1 41 .7 g

N umber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

o ne

? fe ma le

A ge a t d ea th :

a du l t . We igh t

Bone

1 2 .9 g

S kul l ( + 4t oo th r oots ) L ong b one

6 5 .8 g

Misce l laneous b one

6 3 .0 g 1 41 .7 g

T ota l U rn 3 8 C o lour :

w h i teligh t b rown , l i gh t a nd d ark g rey

Overa l l l eng th : T o ta l we igh t :

0 -59 m m 4 29 .2 g

N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex : ? fe ma le A ge a t d ea th :

o ne

a du l t

2 23

B one

We igh t

S ku l l

6 9 . 4g

F e mur

2 2 . 5g

T ib ia

8 . 5g

H u merus

1 5 . 0g

R adius , U lna , F ibu la

1 2 .3 g

I nno mina te

3 .7 g

S capu la

7 . O g

V er tebra

2 . 0g

R ib

3 . 0g

Me ta tarsa ls , Me tacarpa ls , P ha langes

1 5 . 2g

M isce l laneous l ong b one

9 6 . 0g

M isce l laneous c ance l lous b one

1 9 . 6g

M isce l laneous b one

1 55 . 0g

T ota l

4 29 . 2g

D escr ip t ion o f R ecogn izab le F rag men ts S ku l l 2f ragmen ts o f max i l la d isp lay ing t ooth s ocke ts Af ronta l p rocess o f amax i l la Af ronta l p rocess o f az ygo mat ic b one Af rag men t o fp e trous o f at e mpora l b one Mandibu lar f ossa a rea o f at e mpora l b one 7f rag men ts o f t he c orpus o f a mandib le , 4o f w hich d isp layed t oo th s ocke ts 1 0 f rag men ts o f c ran iu m d isp lay ing s utures N u merous o ther f rag men ts o f t he v au lt o f t he c ran iu m . P ostcran ia l Af rag men t o f t he p rox i ma l t h ird o f af e mur s haf t Af rag men t o f t he h ead o f ah u merus 3f rag ments o f t he d is ta l e x tre m ity o f ah umerus Af rag men t o f a n a ce tabu lu m o f a n i nno m ina te b one P a tho logy As l igh t d egree o f o s teoar thr i t is was e v iden t a t t he r im o f o ne p or t ion o f t he a ce tabu lu m o f t he i nno mina te b one . Den ta l P a tho logy A t l eas t t he f i rs t mo lar was l os t f ro m t he l e f t s ide o f t he max i l la a nte mor te m . U rn 4 1 C o lour :

w h ite

Overa l l l ength : T o ta l w e igh t :

0 -29 m m 5 8 . 5g

N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

? one

i nde term inab le

A ge a t d ea th :

? adu lt

, 2 24

U rn 4 4 C o lour :

whi teligh tb rown

O vera l l l ength : T o ta l we igh t :

0 -50 m m 3 68 .2 g

N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

o ne

ma le

A ge a t d ea th :

a du lt

B one

We igh t

S ku l l

7 4 . 5g

L ong b one

1 51 . 2g

M isce l laneous b one

1 42 . 5g

T o ta l

3 68 . 2g

D escr ip t ion o f R ecognizab le F rag men ts S ku l l Ap etrous o f al ef t t e mpora l b one F rag men ts o f t he mastoid , s upra mas toid c res t a nd mandibu lar f ossa a rea o f r ight a nd l ef t t e mpora l b ones 9f rag men ts d isp lay ing s utures N u merous o ther f ragmen ts o f t he v au l t o f t he c ran iu m P os tcran ia l 1 5 p oss ib le f e mur s haf t f rag men ts , 6d isp lay ing t he l i nea a spera 2f rag ments o f t he d ista l a r t icu lar e x tre m i ty o f af e mur 2f rag ments o f t he s haf t o f ah u merus 1 2 f ibu la , u lna a nd r adius s haf t f rag men ts U rn 4 7 C o lour :

wh i teligh tb rown , l i gh t-dark g rey

Overa l l l ength : T o ta l we igh t :

0 -72 m m 7 89 . 0g

N u mber o f i ndiv idua ls : S ex :

o ne

ma le

A ge a t d ea th :

y oung a du lt , 2 0-30 y ears o ld

B one

We igh t

S ku l l

1 00 . 1g

F e mur

9 4 . 2g

T ib ia

5 0 . O g

H u merus

7 3 . 0g

R ad i us

9 . 2g

U lna

1 2 .7 g

F ibu la

2 1 .6 g

S capu la

1 0 .3 g

S acru m

8 .6 g

I nno m ina te

3 6 . 5g

V er tebra

5 2 . 0g

2 25

R ib

1 0 .2 g

Me ta tarsa ls , Me tacarpa ls , P ha langes

8 .8 g

M isce l laneous l ong b one

7 2 .0 g

M isce l laneous c ance l lous b one

3 0 .0 g

M isce l laneous b one

2 00 .0 g

T ota l

7 89 .0 g

D escr ip t ion o f R ecogn izab le F rag men ts S ku l l Al ef t r a mus o f a mand ib le Ar igh t mand ibu lar c ondy le 2 sma l l f rag men ts o f t he c orpus o f a mandib le Af rag men t o f t he p a la te o f a max i l la Ar ight s uper ior r im o f t he o rb i t Af rag men t f ro m t he w ing o f as pheno id b one C o mb ined b as i- s phenoid Af rag men t o f t he l ef t z ygo ma t ic b one Af rag men t f ro m t he mandibu lar f ossa a rea o f t he r igh t t e mpora l b one Af rag men t o fp e trous o f at e mpora l b one 1 5 f ragmen ts o f c ran iu m d isp lay ing s utures N u merous o ther f rag men ts o f t he v au l t o f t he c ran iu m P ostcran ia l Af rag men t o f r igh t a nd l ef t h eads o f f e mora Af rag men t o f r igh t a nd l ef t n eck a reas o f f e mora 4f ragments f ro m t he d is ta l a r t icu lar e x tremi ty o f t he f e mur F ragments o f t he s haf ts o f f e mora F rag ments o f t he s haf ts o f t i b iae F ragmen ts o f t he s haf ts o f h u mer i Af rag men t o f t he h ead o f ah u merus Ap rox i ma l a nd a d is ta l e x tre m i ty o f ar adius Ap rox i ma l a nd a d ista l e x tre m i ty o f a n u lna F rag ments o f t he s haf ts o f f i bu lae F ragments o f t he a ce tabu lu m , i sch iu m , a nd i l iac c rest o f i nno m ina te T he g lenoid f ossa o f as capu la F rag ments o f l u mbar , t horac ic , a nd c erv ica l v er tebrae U rn 4 8 C o lour :

wh i teligh t b rownligh t g rey

Overa l l l eng th : T o ta l w e igh t :

0 -64 m m 4 19 .6 g

N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

a du lt , f e ma le ;

Age a t d ea th :

t wo ( 1 a du lt , 1i mma ture )

i m ma ture ,

?

a du l t , p oss ib ly o lder t han 3 0 y ears; 1-12 y ears

2 26

i m ma ture , p ossib ly

B one

We igh t

S ku l l

7 0 .0 g

L ong b one

1 88 .2 g

Misce l laneous c ance l lous b one

1 9 .9 g

P os tcrania l o ther t han l ong b one

3 3 .0 g

Misce l laneous b one

1 08 .5 g

T ota l

4 19 .6 g

D escr ip t ion o f R ecogn izab le F rag men ts S ku l l 2f rag men ts o f mand ibu lar c ondy les , f e ma le a nd i m mature 6f rag men ts o f max i l la a nd mandib le , f e ma le a nd i m mature T he mas to id p rocess , s upra mas to id, a nd mand ibu lar f ossa a rea o f r igh t a nd l ef t t e mpora l b ones , f e ma le T he f ron ta l p rocess o f ar igh t z ygo ma t ic b one 1 5 c ran ia l f rag ments d isp lay ing s utures N umerous o ther c ran ia l f ragmen ts . P ostcran ia l F rag ments f ro m t he d ista l e x tre mi t ies o f f e mora , f e ma le F rag men ts f ro m t he s haf ts o f f e mora , f e ma le a nd i m ma ture F rag ments f ro m t he p rox i ma l e x tre m i t ies o f t i b iae , f e ma le T he t uberc le o f t he s haf t o f at i b ia , f e ma le Af rag men t o f t he s haf t o f a n u lna , f e ma le T he d is ta l a r t icu lar e x tre m i ty o f af i bu la , f e ma le T he o donto id p rocess o f a n a x is , f e ma le F rag men ts o f v er tebrae , most ly c erv ica l , f e ma le 3i n tac t d is ta l p ha langes o f t he h and , f e ma le Ap a te l la , n ear ly i n tac t ,

?i mmature

C om men ts 2mandibu lar c ondy les , t hough p oss ib ly f ro m o ppos i te s ides , were c o mp le te ly d if ferent i n t he ir s tage o f d eve lop ment , s uggest ing t ha t t hey were f ro m s epara te mandib les . A lveo li o f max i l la a nd mand ib le a lso s ugges ted 2 i nd iv idua ls a s d id l ong b one s haf t f ragmen ts . Pa tho logy E v idence o f o s teoar thr i t is a t t he r im o f t he b ody o f al u mbar v er tebra a nd a t t he r im o f ap oss ib le g lenoid f ossa o f as capu la . Denta l P atho logy M inute f ora m inae i n t he t ooth s ocke ts a nd a long t he a lveolar b order , s ugges ted t he p resence o fp er iodon ta l d isease o f t he maxi l la , w i th a n a bscess i n ac o mbined s ocke t f or t he r igh t c an ine a nd f i rs t p re mo lar . Af rag men t p oss ib ly f ro m t he l ef t h a lf o ft he max i l la a lso d isp layed a n a bscess c av ity i n t he s ocket o f a molar t oo th .

2 27

U rn 4 9 C o lour :

wh i tel igh t b rown

Overa l l l ength : T ota l we igh t :

0 -66 m m 5 56 .9 g

N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

o ne

f e ma le

A ge a t d ea th :

a du lt .

B one

We igh t

S ku l l

6 2 .7 g

F e mur

2 2 .3 g

T ibia

3 5 .3 g

H u merus

1 7 .1 g

F ibu la

1 0 .0 g

U lna

2 . O g

I nno m ina te

1 4 .2 g

V er tebra

3 .2 g

R ib

6 .5 g 1 .6 g

P a te l la Meta tarsa ls , Metacarpa ls , P ha langes

1 7 .7 g

M isce l laneous l ong b one M isce l laneous c ance l lous b one

1 85 .5 g

M isce l laneous b one

1 47 .8

T ota l

5 56 .9 g

3 1 .0 g

D escr ip t ion o f R ecogn izab le F rag men ts S kul l T he c orono id p rocess o f t he r igh t r a mus o f a mandib le 4f rag men ts o f t he c orpus o f a mandib le One f rag ment o f s pheno id b one Af rag men t o f t he f ron ta l b one d isp lay ing t he i n terna l c res t T he r igh t f ron ta l p rocess o f a max i l la 1 2 c ran ia l f ragments d isp lay ing s u tures N u merous o ther f ragmen ts o f t he v au l t o f t he c ran iu m P os tcrania l F rag men ts o f f e mur s haf t d isp lay ing t he l i nea a spera F rag men ts o f t he p rox ima l e x tre m i t ies o f t i biae R igh t a nd l ef t t uberc les o f t i b iae F rag men ts o f t he s haf ts o f f i bu lae As c ia t ic n otch p or t ion o f a n i nno m ina te b one 2i n tac t p ha langes f ro m t he d is ta l r ow , a nd o ne f ro m t he midd le r ow , o f t he h and .

2 28

U rn 5 0 C o lour :

w h i teligh t b rown

O vera l l l eng th : T o ta l we igh t :

0 -37 m m 1 97 .5 g

N umber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

o ne

f ema le

A ge a t d ea th :

? adu l t

B one

We igh t

S ku l l

3 8 .3 g

Misce l laneous l ong b one

18 .5 g

Misce l laneous b one

4 0 .7 g

T ota l

1 97 .5 g

U rn 5 7 C o lour :

w h i tel igh t b rown

O vera l l l ength : T o ta l we igh t :

0 -18 m m 2 6 .0 g

N umber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

? one

i nde term inab le

A ge a t d ea th :

i nde term inab le

U rn 6 2 C o lour :

w h i teligh t b rown-grey

O vera l l l eng th : T o ta l we igh t :

0 -77 m m 102 .3 g

N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls : S ex :

t wo

ma le a nd f e ma le

A ge a t d ea th :

f e ma le 3 0-40 y ears ;

ma le a du l t

B one S ku l l F e mur

We igh t 1 34 .5 g 9 0 .0 g

T ib ia

6 6 .9 g

H u merus

6 1.0 g

Radius , U lna , F ibu la P a te l la

3 5 .5 g 1 0 .7 g

S capu la

5 .9 g

I nno m inate

2 8 .6 g

Ver tebra

1 4 .3 g

R ib

1 4 .3 g

C a lcaneu m T a lus

7 .1 g 3 .0 g

C ur ifor m i s t N av icu la ( f oo t )

2 .0 g 1 .9 g

C arpa l

2 .6 g

S esa mo id Me tatarsa ls , Me tacarpa ls , P ha langes

1 .0 g 3 8 .5 g

M isce l laneous l ong b one

1 52 .8 g

M isce l laneous c ance l lous b one

8 3 .2 g

M isce l laneous b one

3 48 .5 g

T o ta l

102 .3 g

D escr ip t ion o f R ecogn izab le F rag ments S ku l l 3f rag men ts o f a max i l la , 2d isp lay ing t ooth s ocke ts , t he o ther , p ar t o f t he p a la te ;

f e ma le

5f rag men ts o f a mandib le , i nc luding t he c orpus d isp lay ing t oo th s ocke ts , g en ia l t uberc le , a nd a c orono id p rocess;

f e ma le

An asa l b one R igh t a nd l ef t s uper ior marg ins o fo rb its R igh t a nd l ef t f ronta l p rocesses o f z ygo mat ic b ones 9f rag men ts o f t eeth ;

ma le

T he mas to id p rocess , s upramastoid c res t o f ar igh t t e mpora l b one ; T he s upra mas to id c res t o f al ef t t e mpora l b one ;

2 0 f ragmen ts o f v ary ing s izes o f t he c ran ium d isp lay ing s utures ; N u merous o ther f rag men ts o f t he c ran iu m ;

f e ma le

f e ma le f e ma le

f ema le

P ostcran ia l H ead a nd n eck p or t ion o f ar igh t f e mur ;

ma le

P ar t o f t he d is ta l e x tremi ty o f af e mur P ar t o f al e f t f e mur F ragments o f t he s haf ts o f f e mora T he t uberc le a nd p ar t o f t he s haf t o f r ight a nd l ef t t i b ia ;

f e ma le

O ther t i b ia s haf t f rag men ts T he o donto id p rocess a nd b ody o f a n a x is ; Ah ead o f al ef t h u merus;

f e ma le .

ma le

O ther f rag men ts o f t he s haf ts o f h u mer i 3i n tac t p ha langes o f t he h and;

f e ma le

4d is ta l e x tre m i t ies o f me tacarpa l b ones 2f rag men ts o f 1 s t c un iform b ones ;

ma le

3s esa moid b ones Ag leno id f ossa o f as capu la ;

ma le

T he s uper ior a r t icu lar p or t ion o f at a lus ;

f e ma le

Ap os ter ior s urface o f ac a lcaneu m ;

ma le

Ap os ter ior s urface o f ac a lcaneu m ;

f e ma le

An ear ly i n tac t l e f t p a te l la ;

f e ma le

Af rag men t o f r ight p a te l la ;

f e ma le

C o m men ts Morpho log ica l f ea tures o fp ar ts o f t he s ku l l a nd o f p ostcran ia l b ones s uggested t ha t t he r e ma ins were a mix ture o f ma le a nd f e ma le . Ad i l igent s earch t hrough t he r e ma ins f or s pec if ic p or t ions o f i dent ica l b ones r evea led 2p os ter ior s urfaces o f c a lcanea , o ne f ro m a much l arger f oot t han t he o ther ;

t h is wen t al ong way t oc onf irm t ha t t he r ema ins were a

mix ture o f ma le a nd f e ma le .

2 30

L ack o f r obustness o f t he s ku l l f ragmen ts s ugges ted t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t t hey w ere r epresen ta t ive o f t he f e ma le . Q u ite a n u mber o f t hese f ragmen ts d isp layed s u tures , t he s ag i t ta l s epara t ing t he p ar ie ta l b ones d isp lay ing f usion . Den ta l P a tho logy T he s econd p re mo lar a nd f i rst mo lar were l os t a n temor tem f rom t he l e f t o f t he c orpus o f t he mandib le , t he a lveo li h av ing c o mp le te ly h ea led . T he s ame a n te mor te m l oss a lso o ccurred o n t he r igh t h a lf o f t he c orpus .

2 31

APPENDIX I V THE TOOTH FRAG MENT FRO M URN45

T he f o l low ing s u m mar izes t he r esu lts o ft he e xa m ina t ion o f t he f rag men t b y Dr R aymond D . R awson , D .D . S . ,F orensic O donto logis t a nd C h ief Den ta l E xa m iner , C lark C oun ty C oroner 's O f f ice , LasVegas , N evada . T he f ragmen t was o r ig ina l ly i n o ne p iece b u t b roke i n t wo b efore b e ing s en t t o Dr R awson .

M icroscop ic e xa m ina t ion was f i rs t a t 4p ower a nd t hen , a f ter

s ec t ion ing , a t 1 00X .

Af ragmen t o f a modern c rema ted t ooth was u sed f or

c o mpar ison . T he Bronze A ge f ragmen t a ppeared t o b e f r om al arge t ooth , p robab ly a mo lar , a nd p reserved wha t a ppeared t o b e t he d en t ino-ena me l j unc t ion o fo ne o f t he a x ia l s urfaces .

A ge c ou ld n ot b e d ef in ite ly d e term ined , b u t , i n Dr

R awson 's o p in ion , was p robab ly a du lt .

S ur face s inter ing a nd l oss o f n orma l

a rch i tec ture i ndica ted n ear c o mp le te c re ma t ion .

2 32

APPEND IX V MULT IPLE CRE MAT ION DEPOS ITS

T he f ol low ing s upp lements t he l i st o f mu lt ip le c re ma t ion d epos i ts i n P e tersen e t a l . ,1 972-74 , 5 8-60 ( abbrev iat ions a nd o ther c onvent ions a s p er t ha t l i st ) .

S o me o f t he n ew d eposi ts h ave a lready b een p ub lished b y S hepherd

a nd C ow ie , 1 976-77, 1 22 , i n t he ir s hor ter s upp le ment t o t he o r igina l l i st .

S i te

B ur ia ls

H owford ,

3o r more ( yng A

Aberdeens

+ 2y r C+1 -2

Assoc ia t ions

Reference

C o llared u rn

L ockhard , 1 971-72

N i l

K i lbr ide-Jones ,

o lder C ) L oanhead,

3o r more ( A +

Aberdeens

A +A ) 3o r more ( A +

1 935-36 N i l

A+ 6 y r C ) 2( A +2 2 1/2 y r A )

C ordoned u rn

2( 3 y r C + 5y r C )

N i l

3( A +C+ C )

C o l lared u rn , b one t ogg le

Da lineu m ,

2( ?F+ C )

P ig p ha langes

R i tch ie , 1 971-72

3( F + 71/2 y r C

E n larged FV ,

S hepherd & C ow ie ,

+I )

PCK , s tone

1 976-77

Argy l l K i ltry , Banf fs

p endant , p ot tery b a ll , f l ints E L ock inge ,

3 -4 ( 40yr ?M +

Berks

sm l ? F +1 y r

N i l

P eake et a l , 1 935

N i l

Green , 1 974

C o l lared u rn ,

Lynch e ta l . ,1 974

C+ ? ) Warren Farm

? 2 ( 1 7 1/2 y r ?F

MK 1 3 , Bucks

? + f oe tus/ I )

Bren ig 4 4,

2o r more ( A +A )

Denb ighs

Kn igh ton ,

c lay s tuds , PCK , P yg my C up 2( F +1 1 1/2 y r C )

Dorse t

G lobu lar u rn , ? copper/bronze f rag men t

2( M +3 5 y r F )

B ucke t u rn 2 33

Presen t p aper

S i te

B ur ia ls

Aberdour ,

2( ? M + ?F )

Assoc ia t ions

R eference

B one p in

C lose-Brooks e t a l ., 1 971-72

F ife B a lb irnie ,

R i tch ie , 1 974

2( ?M +C /yng F )

MI

2( F +6y r C )

B one b ead

2( ?F + 6 y r C )

FV

2( ? M +y ng C )

N i l

2( ? M + 41/2 y r C )

N i l

? 2 ( 7y r C+ ? Ad )

N i l

• ? 2 ( ?M + C )

N i l

? 2 ( ?F + C )

N i l

2( 21 1/2 y r ? F +I )

C o llared u rn

Bevan-Evans &

F ife

C efn G o leu ,

P yg my C up ,

Hayes , 1 952-53 &

b one p in

1 954-55

2 -3 ( M +F+ ? F )

N i l

R i tch ie , 1 974

4( A +A + A + C )

C o l lared u rn

G ibson , 1 978

F l in ts

Orwe l l , K inross K irkh i l l N or thu mber .

C o mpar ison o f t he a ge/sex r a t ios o f t he 2 5 d epos i ts l i s ted a bove w i th t hose o f t he 9 8 p ub l ished p rev ious ly y ie lds i n teres ting r esu lts O ld L is t ( 98 d eposi ts )

1 6 ( 30% )

3 7 ( 70% )

A d

S ubad

c .1 08 ( 60% )

c .7 1 ( 40% )

N ew L is t ( 25 d epos i ts ) S ubad

A d 8( 38% )

1 3 ( 62% )

• c .

3 5 ( 6 1% )

C .2 2 ( 39% )

T he r educed p reponderance o f f e ma les i n t he n ew l i s t i s l arge ly a ccoun ted f or b y t he 3 p robab le ma le/ch i ld a ssoc ia t ions a t B a lb irn ie , F ife .

3f e ma le/

c h i ld c o mb ina t ions a lso o ccurred a t Ba lb irn ie a nd 6 a dd i t iona l e xamp les a t a s many o ther s i tes .

The o n ly o ther p robab le ma le/ch i ld c o mb ina t ion i s t he E

L ock inge , B erks , d epos i t wh ich a lso c on ta ined a p robab le f e ma le .

The

c o mparab le s ta t ist ics f or t he o ld l i st a re 1 8 f e ma le/ch i ld a s a ga ins t o n ly 2 ma le/ch i ld c o mb ina t ions , t he f i gures i n e ach c ase b e ing i nc lus ive o f ad epos i t f ro m V inces F arm ( Essex ) c on ta in ing t he r e ma ins o f 4i ndiv idua ls , a n a du l t ma le , a n a du lt f e ma le a nd 2 c h i ldren .

T he B a lb irnie s er ies t hus l ends c redence

t o t he s usp ic ion ( Pe tersen e t a l . ,1 972-74 , 4 9 ) t ha t ma le/ch i ld a ssoc ia t ions 2 34

may b eu nder-represen ted o n t he o ld l i s t b ecause o fu nconsc ious b ias a ga ins t t hem— in f avour o f mo ther/ch i ld c o mb ina t ions—on t he p ar t o f s o me e ar lier a u thor i t ies . T he a du lt/subadu lt r a t ios a re a l most i dent ica l o n t he 2 l i sts a nd r equ ire n o c om ment . T he v ar ious c o mb ina t ions i nvo lv ing a du lts o n ly a re a l l p ara l le led o n t he o ld l i s t a s a re t he i mpor tan t a r t ifac t a ssoc ia t ions ( notab ly , t he C o l lared u rns f ound w i th 5 d epos i ts , t he Devere l-R imbu r y u rns , P ygmy C ups a nd p ianoc onvex f l int k n ives w i th 2 e ach a nd t he C ordoned u rn a nd E n larged F ood Vesse l ) .

2 35

APPEND IX V I NOTE ON BER MS , BELL BARRO WS AND THE WESSEX CULTURE

A s s ugges ted i n t he e xcava t ion r epor t , t he K n igh tonbarrow may h ave h ad an arrow b erm a nd t hus h ave t echn ica l ly q ua li f ied a s a" be l l b arrow", i .e , i nsofar a s t h is t er m c an b e r egarded a s h av ing a n a dequa te ly-def ined t echn ica l mean ing . An u mber o f o ther " be l l b arrows" h ave b een p ub lished i n r ecen t d ecades b ut h ave n ever b een d iscussed a s ag roup a nd t he o ppor tun i ty w i l l b e t aken h ere t o s um mar ize a nd d iscuss t he c harac ter is t ics o f t hese monu men ts o n t he b as is o f a much l arger b ody o f r e l iab le e xcavat iona l e v idence t han h as b een a va i lab le h ere tofore . T he " be l l b arrow" , o f c ourse , h as h ad a l ong h istory i n Bronze A ge s t ud ies a nd i s o ne o ft he 4 ma jor t axono m ic c a tegor ies i n t he s che me e labora ted i n t he 1 930s b y L . V . G r inse l l o n t he f ounda t ion o f t he e ar lier c lass if ica t ions o r ig ina ted b y W . S tuke ley a nd R . C . H oare a nd p opu lar ized i n t he midd le o f t he l as t c en tury b y J . T hurnam ( Gr inse l l , 1 933 , 2 03-04 a nd 1 953 , 1 7-25 ) . F our ma jor c a tegor ies o f r ound b arrow ( bow l , b e l l , d isc a nd p ond ) a re d isc r im ina ted b y t he c lass if ica t ion , e ach o f wh ich ( w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he p ond b arrow ) i s d iv ided i n to a n u mber o f s ub types . I ti s wor th r eca l l ing t ha t b y f ar t he mos t n u merous a nd w idespread t ype i n B r i ta in , t he b ow l b arrow , u n like t he o ther c a tegor ies wh ich h ave v ery l oca l ized s pac ia l a nd t e mpora l d is tr ibut ions , i s ab as ic f orm , a ppear ing i n ag rea t v ar ie ty o f c u l tura l a nd c hrono log ica l c on tex ts a l l o ver t he w or ld . I n B r i ta in t h is i s r ef lec ted b y t he f ac t t ha t b ow l b arrows were c onstruc ted i n Ang lo-Saxon a nd R omano-Br i t ish t imes a s we l l a s d ur ing t he Bronze A ge a nd means t ha t a ny l i s t o f Br i t ish b arrows c o mp i led f ro m f i e ld s urvey i s l i ke ly t o i nc lude s o me b ow l b arrows o fp os t-Bronze A ge d a te . Moreover , i n Br i ta in , b ow l b arrows a re d is t ingu ished f ro m t he b e l l a nd d isc v ar ie t ies , t he n ex t mos t c o mmon t ypes , e n t ire ly o n t he b asis o f as ing le n ega t ive c harac ter is t ic , n ame ly , t he a bsence o f a" berm" . As r ecen t e xcava t ion h as s hown t ha t " berms" o f ten d o n ot s urv ive a s v is ib le f i e ld c harac ter is t ics , b ow l b arrows , f or t h is r eason a lso , w i l l b e i nev i tab ly o ver-represen ted o n mos t l i s ts . An u mber o fg enera l p oin ts c an b e made a bou t t he c lass if ica t ion . 1 . I t was l arge ly d es igned t o c ope w i th t he b arrows o f t he Wessex a rea r a ther t han w i th B r i t ish b arrows a s a who le a nd e ven t oday c lass if ied l i sts o f r ound b arrows h ave b een p ub lished o n ly f or t he c oun t ies o f Wessex a nd t he i mmedia te ly a d jo ining r eg ions . T h is was s o p ar t ly f or h istor ica l r easons a nd p ar t ly b ecause , u nt i l r ecen t ly , g rea ter n u mbers o f r e la t ive ly u ndamaged r ound b arrows ( i nc lud ing we l l-charac ter ized r epresenta tives o ft he c omp ara t ive ly r are b e l l , d isc a nd p ond t ypes ) s urv ived i n Wessex t han i n mos t o ther a reas . 2 . Ma jor a nd minor c ategor ies a l ike w ere e nt ire ly d ef ined o n t he b as is o f f i e ld i nspec t ion o f t he e x terna l f orms o fb arrows a s t hey a ppeared 3 0 o r

2 36

more c en tur ies a f ter c ons truc t ion . T here was i n f ac t n o v iab le a l terna t ive t o t h is a pproach a s , e ven i n t he 1 930s when t he mos t r ecen t v ers ion o f t he c lass if ica t ion was b e ing f ormu la ted , d a ta f ro m t he t hen v ery sma l l n u mbers o f s c ient if ica l ly-excava ted b arrows were t oo s can ty t o p lay e ven a s upp lemen tary r o le i n b arrow t axono my . 3 . L arge b arrows t end t ob e o ver-represen ted i n t he more s pec ia l ized c a tegor ies a s t hey a re much more l i ke ly t o p reserve d iagnos t ic f ea tures i n af orm d e tec tab le b y f i e ld i n spec t ion ( or i ncompe tent e xcava t ion ) t han a re sma l l b arrows . Sma l l b arrows w i th n arrow b erms a re p ar t icu lar ly l i ab le t o m isc lass if ica t ion a s b ow l b arrows b ecause o f t he t endency f or e ven l i gh t d isturbance ( or n orma l wea ther ing ) t o r esu l t i n t he masking o f t he b erm b y t a lus e roded f ro m t he b arrow mound . O f t he ma jor c a tegor ies , o n ly 2 ( bow l a nd b e l l b arrows ) h ave b een e xcava ted i n s uf f ic ient n u mbers i n modern t imes f or meaningfu l c o mpar isons o f t he ir c onten ts a nd o ther f ea tures t o b e p oss ib le . I T here a re s er ious amb igu i t ies i n t he c r i ter ia b y wh ich b e l l b arrows a re d ist ingu ished f ro m d isc b arrows , o n t he o ne h and , a nd f ro m b ow l b arrows , o n t he o ther . B e l l a nd d isc b arrows , o f c ourse , d if fer f ro m d i tched b ow l b arrows i n p ossess ing a f l a t i n terspace o r " berm" b e tween d i tch a nd mound , b arrows w i th sma l l mounds a nd v ery w ide b erms b e ing d iscs a nd t hose w i th t he c o mp le mentary c harac ter is t ics b e ing b e l ls .

N o r a t ios o r o ther f i gures

e nab l ing t he t wo t ypes t ob e o b jec t ive ly d is t ingu ished h ave e ver b een p ub l ished , h owever , a nd a n u mber o f s i tes h as a lways b een r e lega ted t o a n i n termed ia te " be l l/disc" c a tegory .

I n t he p resent c on tex t , t he b e l l/disc d is t inc t ion i s o f

l i t t le i mpor tance a s n o d isc b arrow h as b een e xcava ted a nd p ub lished i n modern t imes a nd t here i s c onsequent ly n o r e l iab le e v idence o n wh ich t o b ase c ompar isons w i th o ther f or ms . The amb igui t ies a t t he o ther e nd o f t he t ypo log ica l s pec tru m , h owever , a re o f i mmedia te p rac t ica l c oncern s ince t he c lassif ica t ion o f ac o mpara t ive ly l arge n u mber o f r ecent ly e xcava ted b arrows i s a f fec ted b y t hem . T he f irst o f t hese amb igu it ies c oncerns b arrows w i th n arrow b erms . Gr inse l l ( 1953 , 1 9-20 ) d is t inguishes b e tween " narrow" b ermed , "mediu m" b ermed ( or " norma l" ) a nd " w ide" b ermed b e l l b arrows . H e d oes n ot , h owever , p rov ide t he l im i t ing measurements o r r a t ios b y wh ich t hese t ypes c an b e d if feren t ia ted a nd , i n f ac t , f ur ther i ncreases t he v agueness e nve lop ing h is t rea tment o ft he s ub jec t b y i mp ly ing t ha t o n ly s i tes w ith " c lear ly-def ined" b erms a re t rue b e l l b arrows , t he d ist inc t ion ( i f a ny ) b etween a " narrow" a nd a" poor ly d ef ined" b erm b e ing l ef tu nspec if ied . 2 Ashbee ( 1 960 , 2 4-5 ) d oes n o t s ys te ma t ica l ly d eve lop h is p roposa l t ha t " bermed b arrows" ( b e l l p lus d isc ) a s s uch b e r egarded a s at ypo log ica l u n i t embrac ing a s er ies o f i n terg rad ing s ub types , a nd , f or t h is r eason , i tc ons t itutes a p ure ly v erba l c on tr ib u t ion t o t he s o lu t ion o ft he p rob le m . Moreover , h e a ppears t o e ndorse Gr inse l l 's d ist inc t ion b e tween " bermed " b ow l b arrows a nd " true" b e l ls b u t , l i ke G r inse l l , n eg lec ts t o s pe l l o u t h ow " w ide" t he b erm mus t b e f or as i te t o q ua l ify a s " bermed" i n t he t axono m ic s ense . As econd amb igu i ty a r ises f ro m t he more o r l ess e xp lic i t t endency o f s o me a u thors t oe xc lude f ro m t he b e l l b arrow c ategory s i tes o f sma l l o r v ery sma l l o vera l l d ia me ter , t hough a ga in w i thou t p rov id ing o b jec t ive c r i ter ia i n 2 37

t he f orm o f l im i t ing s izes o r r a t ios .

S o me o f t hese s i tes a re " narrow b ermed"

b u t o thers h ave c o mpara t ive ly " w ide" b erms ( i .e ., " w ide" r e la t ive t o t he b arrow mound d ia me ter ) a nd t herefore p ose a s epara te p rob le m t o t hat p osed b y l arge b arrows w i th r e la t ive ly a s we l l a s a bsolute ly " narrow" b erms . T hese u ncer ta int ies r egarding t he t axono mic p os i t ion o f sma l l a nd/or n arrow b ermed " be l l b arrows" i n t he G r inse l l c lassif icat ion i n p ar t r ef lec t t he p rac t ica l d if f icu l ty , a l luded t o e ar lier , o f d is t inguish ing s uch monu men ts f ro m " bow l b arrows" o n t he b as is o f f i e ld i nspec t ion a lone s ince , b ecause o f t h is d if f icu l ty , i th as b een n a tura l t o c ons ider t he l arge , e as i lyident if ied a nd we l l-charac ter ized , w ide-bermed Wessex b e lls a s t yp ica l r a ther t han a s e x treme f orms .

The a pparent t ypo log ica l i so lat ion o f t he c lass ic Wessex

b e l ls ( and d iscs ) t hus c rea ted , moreover , h as h ad i mpor tant r epercuss ions g o ing b eyond t he p ure ly t axono m ic q ues t ion .

T h is i s b ecause i th as e ncouraged

t he a t te mp t t o e s tab lish c orre la t ions b etween b e l l/disc b arrows a nd t he "Wessex C u lture" a sse mb lages o f SE ng land a nd b y t h is means t o e leva te t he l a t ter f ro m ah e terogeneous c o l lec t ion o fp oor ly-recorded g rave g roups t o ap heno menon o f f u l l-b lown " cu ltura l" 3 r anking , c o mp le te w i th a d ist inc t ive f unerary a rch it ec ture . B e tween 5 0% a nd 6 0% o ft he 9 9 "Wessex C u l ture" 4 g rave g roups l i s ted b y S . P iggo t t ( 1938 , 1 02-06 ) c a me f ro m b ow l b arrows , 2 5% t o 3 0% f ro m b e l l o r d isc b arrows a nd t he r es t f ro m b arrows o fu nknown t ype o r f ro m v ar ious u ncer ta in c on tex ts .

B e l l a nd d isc b arrows , h owever , o n ly r epresent b e tween

1 0% a nd 1 1% o f a l l " Ear ly B ronze Age" r ound b arrows i n t he Wessex a rea ( Gr inse l l , 1 958 , 9 4 ) a nd t here a te t hus p r i ma f ac ie g rounds f or a ssu m ing t hat Wessex C u l ture g rave g roups a re more c lose ly a ssoc iated w i th b arrows o f t hese t ypes t han w i th b ow ls , p ar t icu lar ly i fa l lowance i s made f or t he f act t hat u nder c erta in c ond it ions b e l l b arrows a re s ub ject t o m isc lass i f icat ion a s b ow ls b ut t hat t he r everse i s s eldo m t rue . c iat ion , h owever , i s v ery u nc lear .

T he p rec ise n ature o f t h is a sso-

A l most a l l o f t hese g rave g roups were

r ecovered b y 1 8th a nd 1 9th c entury e xcavat ion s o f ap ar t icu lar ly l ow s tandard a nd t here a re v ir tua l ly n o r e l iab le d ata o n t he ir s trat igraph ic c on tex t w i th in t he b arrow o r o n t he ir r e lat ionsh ip t o whatever o ther b ur ia ls were p resen t .

5

T here i s c er ta in ly n o e v idence f or t he t heory t ha t s uch b ur ials s tood i n s o me c ons isten t r e la t ionsh ip t o t he b arrow i t se lf ( f irst p r i mary , l ast p r i mary , c en tra l o r s econdary ) o r were u n ique ly r esponsib le f or t he b arrow 's f ina l f or m .

I ndeed , a l l t hat c an b e d ef in ite ly c onc luded f ro m t he d a ta p rov ided b y

t he o ld e xcavat ions i s t hat b e l l a nd d isc b arrows w ere b e ing c onstructed , o r w ere a lready i n e x istence , d ur ing t he Wessex C u lture " per iod" a nd t hat b o th Wessex C u l ture a nd o ther b ur ia ls were s o met i mes p laced i n t he m . T he Wessex C u lture/be l l a nd d isc b arrow c onnec t ion , o f c ourse , was e s tab lished i n ac l i ma te o f o p in ion where in t he f a lse a ssu mpt ion t ha t r ound b arrows were n orma l ly me mor ia ls t o s ing le h igh-sta tus p ersonages b ur ied a t t he ir c en ters was t aken f or g ran ted , a n a ssu mp t ion t ha t r a ised t he h ope t ha t c orre la t ions b e tween b arrow t ypo logy a nd t he a ge/sex a nd/or s oc ia lo r c u ltura l s ta tus o f t he " pr imary b ur ia l" c ou ld b e e as i ly i dent if ied .

T he f ac t

t ha t mos t o f t he r e levant e xcava t ion r ecords c ons ist o f l i t t le more t han a n i nven tory o fg rave g oods was n ot f a ta l t o t h is h ope a s , g iven t he a ssu mp t ion r eferred t o , a ny r ich ly-furn ished i n termen t n ot d e mons trab ly s econdary t o t he b arrow c ou ld b e s afe ly a ssu med t o b e " the p r imary" .

2 38

T he o n ly s yste ma t ic a t te mp t t o e s tab l ish s uch c orre la t ions was b y L . V . Gr inse l l ( 1958 , 9 4-104 ) who e s t ima ted t ha t t he Wessex a rea ( W i l tsh ire , H ampsh ire , most o fD orset a nd sma l l p ar ts o ft he a d jo in ing c oun t ies ) o r ig ina l ly c on ta ined u pwards o f 6 500 B eaker/Bronze Age r ound b arrows , mos t ly b ow ls , b u t i nc luding s o me 3 00 b e l l b arrows , 2 00 d isc b arrows , 1 00 s aucer b arrows a nd 7 0 p ond b arrows .

A ccording t o d a ta c o mp i led a nd s u mmar ized b y h im

b efore 1 958 , 5 7 o f t he 3 00 b e l l b arrows were e xcava ted w i th k nown r esu lt : o ft hese h e c la i med t ha t 1 6 c on ta ined p r imary "Wessex C u lture" g rave g oods , 4w i th i nhu ma t ions , t he r est w i th c re ma t ions . G r inse l l n o tes t ha t w i th o ne o r 2e xcep t ions , t he g rave f urn i ture a ssoc ia ted w i th t he Wessex C u lture b ur ia ls c ompr ised a xeham mers , l arge g rooved d aggers a nd o ther i t ems o f s upposed ma le e quipment . H e c onc luded f ro m t h is t ha t b e l l b arrows were n orma l ly t he b ur ia l p laces o f ma le a r is tocra ts a nd , i n t h is , c on tras ted w i th d isc b arrows , wh ich o n t he b as is o f as im i lar a na lys is ( beads , n eck lace e lemen ts , sma l l b ronze f la t k n ives , C o l lared u rns , P yg my C ups ) , h e a rgued u sua l ly c overed t he g raves o f Wessex C ulture f e ma les b e longing t ot he s ame e xa lted s oc ia l s tra tu m . T he v a lidi ty o f t hese e qua t ions i s s ub jec t t o c r i t ic ism o n more t han o ne s core . F irst ly , t here a re t he c orre la t ions b e tween g rave f urni ture a nd s ex . V ery l i t t le r e liab le a na to m ica l e v idence e x ists f or t he e ar ly d iscover ies , mos t 1 9th c entury s ex i den t if ica t ions o f Wessex C u l ture b ur ia ls b e ing mere g uesses b ased o n a ssu mp t ions a s t o t he s ui tab i li ty o fp ar t icu lar i t ems o f e qu ipmen t f or u se b y o ne o r o ther s ex . T hese a ssump t ions , o f c ourse , l ay a t t he b ase o fG r inse l l 's w ork o n t he s ub jec t a nd , more r ecen t ly , h ave b een s wa l lowed who le b y G er lof f ( 1975 ) whose c onf iden t d iv ision o f t he ma ter ia l i n to "ma le" a nd " f e ma le" a sse mb lages i s a n a c t o fp ure f a i th . Obv ious ly , t he o n ly way t o a ssess t he t ruth o ft hese a ssu mp t ions i s t o make u se o f t he s can ty modern d a ta o n t he s ex a ssoc ia t ions o ft he k ey a r t ifac t t ypes . T o t h is e nd , t hese d a ta a re t abu la ted b e low , t oge ther w i th those f or b ronze aw ls .6 M _ C o l lared Urns P ygmy C ups Axeha m mers Bronze Aw ls

F

A d

S ubad

2 1 3

2 5 6

6 3 2 0

3 5 5

1 5

1 6

Wessex Daggers

3

Beads/Neck laces

6

3 1 5

1

5

1 0

1 9

1 4 0 9

Wh i le t hese f i gures a re p erhaps n o t i nconsisten t w i th b ronze d aggers a nd a xeham mers n orma l ly d enot ing ma legraves ( t hough , o bv ious ly , n ot a lways ) , t he s a me c annot b e s a id o ft he s upposed " fema le" e qu ipmen t ( beads , n eck lace e lemen ts , C o l lared u rns e tc . )wh ich a cco mpany ma les o n ly s l igh t ly l ess f requent ly t han f e ma les . S o me o f t he p oss ib le r easons f or t he f a i lure o fg rave g oods t o b e d is tr ibu ted a long s tr ic t ma le/fema le l i nes a re w or th b r ief ly e xp lor ing .

One s uch i s t ha t

c er ta in ( a t a ny r a te ) o f t he i t e ms t abu la ted h ad a n a bs trac t s ignif icance ( "wea l th" , " s ta tus" o r w ha t h ave y ou ) i ndependen t o f t he ir u se , i .e . ,a ssu m ing t ha t t he

2 39

u se o f t he i t e ms i n q ues t ion was p ar t ly d e term ined b yc u ltura l ly-def ined s ex r o les , a s s eems l i ke ly . T he b est e xamp les a re t he d aggers wh ich , i fr ea l ly " daggers" ( i .e . ,weapons ) , s hou ld b e ma le e qu ipment , a nd t he b ronze aw ls , t he u se o f wh ich , o n t he s uppos i t ion t ha t t hey p er f ormed s ome u t i l i tar ian f unc t ion w i th in a f am i lia l o r c raf t c on tex t , might l i kew ise b e e xpec ted t o h ave b een s exl inked ( ma le o r f e ma le ) . N o te a lso t he f i gures f or a xehammers : 1ma le , 1f e ma le , 1u nsexed a du lt a nd 1 c h i ld . One f i na l c o mmen t migh t b e made a bout t he d a ta s u mmar ized i nt he Tab le , n ame ly t he l ack o f e xc lus ive a ssoc ia t ions w i th a du lts . T he s ing le e xcept ion i s t he b ronze d aggers , s ugges t ing , p erhaps , t ha t t he c harac ter ist ics o f t he d eceased s ymbo l ized b y t hese a r t ifac ts w ere " earned" r a ther t han " ascr ibed" . T h is p oss ib i l i ty , h owever , s hou ld b e t aken f or w ha t i ti s w or th , g iven t he minu te s a mp le s ize ( c f . h owever , t he d iscuss ion o f " r ich" b ur ia ls i n A ppend ix V I I ) . U nfor tuna te ly , t he d ear th o f r e l iab ly s exed b ur ia ls i s o n ly o ne s i de o f t he p rob le m p osed b y t hese g raves . T he o ther s ide , o f c ourse , i s t he p auc i ty o f i n forma t ion a bou t t he s oc ia l c on tex t o f t he b ur ia ls , i .e ., a bout t he ir r e la t ions h ips t o o ther i n termen ts i n t he s ame c eme ter ies .

A si ndica ted e ar l ier , i n-

f orma t ion o n t h is p o int i s a l mos t t o ta l ly l ack ing f or t he g raves e xcava ted i n t he 1 9 th c en tury wh i le , a s w e s ha l l s ee , t he s can ty d a ta f ro m modern e xcava t ion d o l i t t le t o f i l l t he g ap . S uch i n forma t ion i s , o f c ourse , c ruc ia l t o a n u nders tand ing o f t he s oc ia l s ign if icance o f t he g raves , a s , w i thout i ta nd r e liab le d a ta o n a ge a nd s ex , t he o n ly r ema in ing f ood f or a na lys is i s f ut i le d ist inc t ions o f t he " poor g rave/r ich g rave" t ype , p oor f are i ndeed wh ich h as a lready e xerc ised t oo many t ee th t o b e w or th f ur ther c hew ing a nd w ith n o message e xcep t t he mast ica t ion . T he f oregoing d iscuss ion b r ings u s t o as econd a nd more s ubs tan t ia l c r i t ic ism o f G r inse l l 's t heor ies , n ame ly t he b e l lb arrow/" Wessex C u lture" c onnec t ion , wh ich , wha tever t he p os i t ion r egarding t he a ge/sex e qua t ions , n eeds s er ious q ua lif ica t ion i fi ti s t o b e a ccep ted . T h is c onnec t ion h as b een t rad i t iona l ly i n terpre ted a s a n e xpress ion o ft he " persona l a ggrandize ment" mo t i f s upposed ly e xe mp lif ied b y t he c lass ic "Wessex C u l ture! a ssemb lages ; a nd , i f v a lid , i t w ou ld p owerfu l ly s uppor t t he c on ten t ion t ha t t heonse t o f t he Wessex C u lture " per iod" w i tnessed a n e xponen t ia l g row th i n s oc ia l s tra t if ica t ion c u lm ina t ing , w i th in a genera t ion o r t wo , i n o rder-of- magnit ude c hanges i n p re-ex is t ing s oc ia l a rrangements .

A s i ndica ted e ar l ier , t he e v idence f or t he c onnect ion

d er ives , t o av ery l arge d egree , f ro m e ar ly e xcavat ion r ecords o f ap ar t icul ar ly r udimen tary k ind , t he r esu l t b e ing t ha t t he i den t if ica t ion o ft he s upposed " pr i mar ies" i n t he b arrows c oncerned — l ike t he s ex ing o f t he g rave f urniture— b eco mes l i t t le more t han a n e xerc ise i n c ircu lar r eason ing . As t he f o llow ing a na lys is w i l l s how , t he r esu lts o f modern b e l l b arrow e xcava t ion d o n ot s uppor t t he c onnec t ion , e xcept i n av ery l im i ted way . 1 . A na lys is o f t he R esu lts o f Modern B e l l B arrow E xcava t ions 4 5 b arrows , c o mpr is ing 1 0-11% o ft he 4 00 o r s o Bronze Age r ound b arrows e xcava ted a nd f u l ly p ub lished s ince 1 920 a re k nown t o h ave h ad a b erm a nd a s ubs tan t ia l mound , t he l a t ter b e ing r e la t ive ly t oo l arge a nd t he f ormer t oo n arrow , t o a dm i t o ft he ir c lass if ica t ion a s " disc b arrows" . The ma jor i ty ( 3 0 )

2 40

o f t hese s i tes h ad b erm w idths e qua l t o 2 0% o r l ess o f t he d ia me ter o ft he b arrow mound ( Tab les A a nd B ) a nd , o ft hese , a bou t h a lf ( 13 ) h ad b erm w idths e qua l t o 1 0% o r l ess o f t he l at ter ( Tab le A ) .

O f t he r e ma inder o f t he 4 5 , 2

b arrows ( Tab le D ) a re u nc lassif iab le i n t er ms o f t h is c r i ter ion , l eav ing a t ota l o f 1 47 w ith b er m w id ths i n e xcess o f 2 0% o f t he b arrow mound d ia meter ( Tab le C ).

A l l t he b arrows i n t he l as t c ategory were t er med b y t he ir e xca-

v ators " be l l b arrows" a nd most a re c lass if ied i n G r inse l l 's l i sts u nder t h is h ead ing .

T he ma jor ity o f t he o thers a ppeared t o f i e ld i nspect ion t o b e " bow l

b arrows" p r ior t o e xcava t ion a nd were u sua l ly e i ther p ub l ished a s s uch b y t he ir e xcavators o r , more c o m mon ly , s i mp ly a s "r ound b arrows", t he t erm ino log ica l q uest ion b e ing i gnored . a .

B arrows w i th N arrow a nd Mediu m B erms

I ti s c lear t hat t hese 3 0' s ites d o n o t c onst itute a h o mogeneous g roup . T h is i s p ar t icu lar ly o bv ious i n t he c ase o f t he 1 0 C ambr idgesh ire/Suf fo lk s ites w h ich f ormed p ar t o f ar eg iona l g roup , a lso i nc luding b ow l b arrows

8

a nd

c harac ter ized , f or t he most p ar t , b y c ompara t ive ly l arge d iame ters ( mean 2 1 .6 m ) ;

mu l t ip le b ur ia ls ( of ten c o mpr is ing b oth i nhu ma t ions a nd c re ma t ions )

p laced s ing ly d irec t ly o n t he o ld s urface o r i n sma l l p i ts o r s ha l low g raves; a nd , p ossib ly , b y p ecu l iar i t ies i n t he d is tr ibu t ion o f a ge c a tegor ies b e tween c rema t ions a nd i nhu ma t ions . Tab le A

9

Berm w idth 1 0% o r l ess o f mound d ia me ter

S ite/D i mensions

B ur ia ls

Lamb D own A , Wi ltsi

C en tra l g rave c onta in ing ma le I ? pr i mary

D ia . 8 .0 m B erm . 7 6 cm ( 10% ) S na i lwe l l A , C a mbs 2

4C s i n C o l lared u rns ( a t l eas t 2p r i mary ,

D ia . 1 4 . 0m

1w i th b one p ins , t ubes a nd a n aw l a nd 3

B erm .

PCK ) +1 -2 I s ( s tra t igraph ic p os i t ions

1 . 1m ( 8% )

u nknown b u t 1c onte mporary w i th 1o f t he C o llared u rn b ur ia ls ) . S na i lwe l l B , C a mbs 2

A du l t Ip r imary ( on OGS a t c enter ) .

1 8

D ia . 2 0 .1 m

p er iphera l C s s econdary t o b arrow o r i n

B erm .

b erm .

1 . 2m ( 6% )

S na i lwe l l C , C a mbs 2

3b ur ia ls ( C , c h i ld Iw i th j et n eck lace a nd

D ia . 1 8 .6 m

a dul t I )p r i mary .

B erm .

o r i nu nknown s tra t igraph ic p os i t ions .

1 . 1m ( 6% )

S na i lwe l l E , C a mbs 2

C h i ld Ia nd 2 C ss econdary

D ia . 1 8 . 3m

N ear-cen tra l g rave c on ta in ing a du lt I ? pr imary . C h i ld Ii n u nknown s tra t igraph ic

B erm .

p osi t ion .

1 . 5m ( 8% )

S na i lwe l l G , C a mbs 2

3I s ( i nc lud ing s ubadu l t w i th PCK a nd a du lt

D ia . 1 8 . 9m

ma le ) p r i mary .

B erm .

C s ) i nu nknown s tra t igraph ic p os i t ions .

1 .8 m ( 10% )

2 41

8o ther b ur ia ls ( 5I s +3

S i te/D i mens ions S na i lwe l l J , C a mbs 2 D ia . 2 2 .6 m

B ur ia ls 3I s ( a l l c h i ldren ) i n u nknown s tra t igraph ic p os i t ions .

B er m . 1 .2 m ( 5% ) P in F arm , S uf fo lk 3 D ia .

? 29 .0 m

B erm .

? 1 .8 m ( 6% )

1 8 b ur ia ls ( a l l a ges a nd b oth s exes ) c o mpr is ing 1MCD , 7s ing le C s ( 2 i n C o l lared u rns ) a nd 9 I s ( 1 p oss ib ly a ssoc it ed w i th a n amber b ead ) .

1u nacco mpan ied

Cd ef in i te ly p r i mary ( o ther I s a nd C s p robab ly s o ) a nd t he MCD , a n Ia nd 2 s ing le C s ( 1 i n C o l lared u rn ) s econdary . C ass ing ton 5 , Oxon 4 D ia . 3 0 .2 m B erm . 2 .4 m ( 8% )

6b ur ia ls p r imary : C ( adu l t ) o n OGS a t c en tre 2I s ( adu l t ma le w i th f l int s craper a nd y oung c h i ld ) i n s ame g rave ( l at ter a ss oc iated w i th r e ma ins p oss ib le mor tuary h u t ) 3C s ( a l l c h i ldren a nd 1 i n C o l lared u rn ) i n p i ts .

L i t t lewood F arm 1 , E . Y orks 5

2I s ( f e ma le i n c entra l g rave , e ccentr ic

D ia . 1 8 .4 m

ma le o n OGS ) p r i mary .

B er m . 1 .4 m ( 8% )

p oss ib ly s econdary .

T regu l land , C ornwa l l6 D ia . 1 1 .6 m

Ci n C o l lared u rn

E ccen tr ic C ( f e ma le ) w i th f l in t a rrowheads p r i mary .

B erm . 4 6 cm ( 4% ) Wrangwor thy 1 , Devon 7 D ia .

? 21 .3 m

B erm .

? 2 .1 m ( 10% )

S outh H i l l , P e mb 8

E x tended Iw i th b ronze f rag men t a nd f l in t b lade i n g ab led mor tuary h ut p r imary a t c enter . ? I w i th B eaker i n e ccentr ic g rave p r imary .

D ia . 2 3 .8 m

A du l t Cw i th P yg my C up a nd b ronze b lade

B erm .

f ragmen t s econdary t o e ar ly s truc tura l

1 .0 m ( 4% )

p hase a nd p r imary t o l a ter .

T ab le B

B erm w id th b e tween 1 % a nd 2 0% o f mound d iame ter

S i te/D imensions

B ur ia ls

L ong Ash 1 , D orse t9

C entra l g rave c onta ining Beaker a nd 5 I s

D ia . 2 5 .9 m

( 3 f e ma les a nd 2 c h i ldren) p r imary .

B erm . 3 .8 m ( 15% )

C o l lared u rn s econdary t o e ar l ies t s truc tura l

Ci n

p hase ( I ) a nd p r i mary t o s ucceeding o ne ( I I ) .

AC i n B iconica l u rn s econdary t o ,

o r c on temporary w i th , f ina l s tructura l p hase ( IV ) . 2 42

T ab le B ( con t .) S i te/D imens ions

B ur ia ls

R oundwood 1 , H ants 1 0

C (? fe ma le ) a tc enter ( possib ly b urnt i n s i tu) p r imary .

D ia . 2 9 . 0m B erm . 3 .5 m ( 12% ) E ar l 's F arm 2 , Wi lts 1

E ar l ies t b ur ia ls 3 I s ( f e ma le w i th f oss i l

D ia . 2 1 .9 m

b ead;

B erm . 3 .2 m ( 15% )

a nd MCD ( 2 c h i ldren i n E n larged F ood

c h i ld w i th F ood V esse l ;

V esse l ) . p hase .

a nd c h i ld )

R . c . d a te 1 640/90 b c f or t h is 2C s ( 1 i n C o l lared u rn a nd 1w i th

b ronze r azor i n WBU ) s tra t igraph ica l ly s econdary t o b ur ia ls l i s ted a bove ( a du lt Imay a lso b e long t o t h is h or izon ) . 3I s ( ma le a nd 2 c h i ldren ) a nd 7 C s ( i nc luding ma le i n B ucke t u rn ;

MCD ( ?fema le a nd

c h i ld ) i n G lobu lar u rn;

2a du l ts a nd c h i ld)

i n u pper d i tch s i l t . Kn igh ton H i l l , Wi lts 1 2 D ia . 9 .7 m B erm . 1 .5 m ( 16% ) Wa l l is 1 , D orse t1 3

C( f e ma le ) i n B ucke t u rn n ear c en ter p r i mary .

Sma l l c en tra l p i tc on ta in ing C p r i mary

D ia . 6 .7 m B erm . 1 .2 m ( 1 8% ) Wa l l is 2 , D orse t1 3

N one

D ia . 7 .9 m B erm . 8 4 cm ( 11% ) B lack D own , D orse t1 4

3C s i n DR u rns s econdary t o b arrow .

D ia . 2 0 .4 m B erm . 2 .7 m ( 13% ) Berry Wood, H an ts 1 5

4C s i n DR u rns p r i mary

D ia . 4 .9 m B erm . 6 9 cm ( 14% ) Bevan 's Quarry , G ios16

Ci n c en tra l p i t p r i mary .

4 -5 C s ( i nc luding

D ia . 1 5 .7 m

1a du lt a nd a l l w i th DR p o t tery ) s econdary

B erm . 3 .2 m ( 20% )

t o e ar liest s truc tura l p hases a nd p robab ly p r i mary t o l a tes t .

8C s ( i nc lud ing a du lt

f e ma le a nd 3 o ther a du lts ) s econdary t o l a tes t s truc tura l p hase ( a l l a ssoc ia ted w i th DR p o t tery ) S na i lwe l l I , C a mbs 2

E ccen tr ic C ( s trat igraph ic p os i t ion u nknown )

D ia . 1 9 .5 m B erm . 2 .6 m ( 13% )

2 43

T ab le B ( con t .) S i te/D i mens ions

B ur ia ls

T hr ip low , C a mbs 1 7

I( s tra t igraph ic p os i t ion u nknown ) a t c en ter .

D ia . 2 4 .4 m

1 4 C s i n b erm ( so me a ssoc ia ted w i th DR-

B erm . 4 . 1m ( 1 7% )

r e la ted p o t tery ) .

S wa le 's S uf fo lk 18 D ia . 2 4 .7 m B erm . 5 . 0m ( 20% ) B arrow H i l ls 6 , B erks 1 9

Ca t c en ter p r i mary .

S econd C ( ch i ld )

s econdary t o e ar l ies t s tructura l p hases a nd p r i mary t ol a tes t .

I( ?fe ma le ' s econdary .

N one

D ia . 2 2 . 9m B erm . 3 . 0m ( 13% ) S warkes ton I V , D erbys 2 °

E ccen tr ic g rave c onta in ing Iw i th f l int k n ife

D ia . 2 1 .2 m

i n c of f in p r i mary .

B er m . 4 . 3m ( 20% )

( r . c . d a te 1 395/60 b e ) s econdary t o e ar l ies t

Cw ith C o l lared u rn

s truc tura l p hases a nd p r i mary t o l a ter . T he s tra tigraph ic p os i t ion o f at h ird b ur ia l ( C ) u nknown . E t ton D , E . Y orks 2 1

N one ( centra l g rave p oss ib ly r obbed o u t ) .

D ia . 1 5 .8 m B er m . 2 .4 m ( 15% ) C r ig-a- Menn is , C ornwa l 12 2

2C s , 1a t c en ter , o ther ( i n R ibbon-hand led

D ia . 1 2 .8 m

u rn w i th c laybeads ) e ccentr ic :

B erm 1 .5 m ( 12% )

p r i mary .

C r ick , Monmouths 2 3 D ia . 3 1 .7 m

b oth

C( f e ma le ) i n e ccen tr ic p i t p r imary .

S econd

C( adu l t ) w i th PCK s econdary .

B erm . 3 . 5m ( 1 1% )

T ab le C B erm w idth 2 1% o r more o f mound d ia me ter S i te/D i mensions F arnco mbe , B erks 2 4 D ia . 2 0 .7 m

B ur ia ls F ragment o fu nburn t h u man b one ( adu l t ) i n d is turbed c on tex t .

B erm . 6 .1 m ( 29% ) P ew i t F arm , B erks 2 5

C en tra l g rave c onta in ing C ( ma le) w i th

D ia . 1 3 .7 m

b ronze aw l a nd b ronze f lat k n ife i n wood

B erm . 5 . 2m ( 3 8% )

c of f in .

E d mond s ha m , D orset 2 6 D ia . 1 8 . 9m B erm . 4 .3 m ( 2 3% )

E ccen tr ic g rave c on ta in ing C ( ma le ) w i th o g iva l b ronze d agger , whe ts tone , b one t weezers a nd b one p in p r i mary ( C b urn t i n s i tu)

2 44

Tab le C ( cont .) S ite/D i mens ions Winterborne K ingston ,

Bur ia ls 2 7

Dorse t

C ( adu lt ) a t c enter ( possib ly b urnt i n s i tu ) p r i mary ( r . c . d a te 1 020/95 b e ) .

D ia . 1 1.6 m

2 —C s

( i nc luding y oung a du lt ) i n DR u rns i n b er m .

B er m . 2 .6 m ( 22% ) E ar l 's F arm 1 , Wi lts 2 8

C (?ma le ) i n e ccentr ic p i t p r i mary .

D ia . 2 1.3 m B er m . 5 .0 m ( 23% ) Ear l 's F ar m 2 , Wi ltsil

C entra l g rave c on ta ining 2 I s ( b oth ma le

D ia . 1 4 .6 m

a nd d eposi ted s uccess ive ly ) p r i mary .

B erm . 3 .7 m ( 25% )

d ate 2 010/110 b e . I( ch i ld) a nd C ( a du lt ) s econdary t o e ar l ies t s tructura l p hases a nd p r i mary t o l a ter .

R . c .

A l l b ur ia ls p r imary

t o l a ter Be l l B arrow ( Tab le B ) . Wes t K ennet , Wi l ts29

C entra l g rave c onta ining C ( w i th P yg my

D ia . 1 4 . 0m

C up , meta l aw l a nd b eads ) ( s tra t igraph ic

B erm . 5 .6 m ( 40% )

p osi t ion u nknown ) . 4o ther b ur ia ls ( 2 C s , a n a du lt Ia nd i nfant 1 i n b erm .

Bosco mbe , Wi lts 3 °, 31 D ia . 2 1 .3 m B erm . 4 .4 m ( 2 1% )

E ccentr ic g rave c onta in ing I ( ma le ) w i th b ronze f l a t k nife a nd f l int s tr ike-alight i n p oss ib le wood c of f in ( s trat igraph ic p osi t ion u nknown ) .

A r obbed g rave ( a lso

e ccen tr ic ) c on ta ined a f ew p ieces o f b urn t b one , Wessex Bronze d agger , b ronze f l a t k n ife , 3 whe tstones , a nt ler s patu lae , PCK , b one p in e tc . B ishop 's Wa ltha m , H an ts 32 D ia .

2 9 .6 m

B erm . 7 .7 m ( 26% )

C entra l g rave c on ta ining 2 b ur ia ls ( an I w i th F ood V esse l a nd a du lt C w i th 2 b ronze f l a t k nives ) d epos i ted s uccess ive ly i n wood c of f in p r i mary .

Co mbe Beacon , S o merse t 33 D ia .

1o r more C s i n d isturbed c ontexts

2 3 .5 m

B er m . 8 .1 m ( 34% ) Deer leap , S urrey34

N one

D ia . 1 9 .7 m B erm . 8 .4 m ( 43% ) Barrow H i l ls 5 , Berks 1 9 D ia . 2 0 .7 m

2C s i n e ccentr ic s coops i n OGS p r i mary . 2I s i n b erm .

B erm . 9 .1 m ( 44% ) Cod ico te , Her ts 35 D ia . 8 .7 m

?C o n OGS a t c en ter p r i mary . 1 405/160 b e .

B erm . 8 .5 m ( 98% ) 2 45

R . c . d a te

T ab le C ( con t .) S i te/D i mensions

B ur ia ls

S warkes ton I , Derbys36,37

Co n wood p la t ter o n OGS a t c en ter p r i mary

D ia . 1 8 .7 m B er m . 5 .8 m ( 3 1% )

T ab le D

B er m w idth a nd mound d ia meter u nknown

S i te/D i mensions

B ur ia ls

B arrow H i l ls 2 , B erks 38

C entra l g rave c on ta ining C ( ? ma le ) w i th

D ia .

b ronze aw l a nd g old b u t ton c aps p ossib ly

?

B er m .

p r i mary

?

B arrow H i l ls 3 , B erks 38 D ia .

C entral g rave c onta ining I ( ma le ) w ith b ronze f lat k n ife ( s tra t igraph ic p os it ion

?

B erm .

u nknown ) .

?

TABLES A -D :

ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERE NCES

Abbrev iat ions C=C re ma t ion DR = Devere l-R i mbury

1 6 .

I= I nhu ma t ion MCD = Mu lt ip le c re mat ion d epos it OGS = O ld g round s urface PCK = P lano-convex f l int k nife WBU = Wessex B iconica l u rn R eferences

C ' Nei l , 1 967

1 7 .

Tru mp , 1 955

1 8 .

Br iscoe , 1 956

1 9 .

Wi l lia ms , 1 948

2 0 . 2 1 .

Green f ie ld , 1 960 C oo mbs , 1 974

2 2 .

C hr ist ie , 1 960

2 3 .

S avory , 1 940

1 . Va tcher , 1 963

2 4 .

R ah tz , 1 962a

2 .

L e thbr idge , 1 949

2 5 .

P iggot t , 1 939

3 .

P e tersen , 1 973

2 6 .

P roudfoot , 1 963

4 . A tk inson , 1 946-47

2 7 .

Wh i te , 1 972

2 8 .

C hr ist ie , 1 964 Sm i th , 1 965

5 . Bar t let t/Mackey , 1 972 6 .

Ashbee , 1 958

2 9 .

7 .

R adford/Rogers , 1 947

3 0 .

N ewa l l , 1 931

8 .

F ox , 1 942

3 1 .

Moore/Row lands , 1 972

9 .

F orde-Johns tone , 1 958

3 2 .

Ashbee , 1 957

1 0 .

C rawford , 1 922a

3 3 .

Gray , 1 935

1.

C hr ist ie , 1 967

3 4 .

C orcoran , 1 963

1 2 .

R ah tz , 1 970

3 5 .

Greenf ie ld, 1 961 P osnansky , 1 955a

1 3 .

C ase , 1 952

3 6 .

1 4 .

T ho mpson/Ashbee , 1 957

3 7 .

P osnansky , 1 956

1 5 .

McGregor , 1 962

3 8 .

A tk inson , 1 952-53

2 46

N one o f t he C a mbr idgesh ire/Suf fo lk b e l l b arrows h ad a w ide e nough b erm t o mer i t i nc lus ion i n T ab le C , 3a re l i sted i n T ab le B a nd t he r est ( 7 )in T ab le A . T he r e main ing 6 s i tes i n Tab le A c o mpr ise a v ery misce l laneous c o llec tion , e ach l ocated i n ad if ferent c oun ty .

L i t t lewood F arm ( Yorksh ire Wo lds ) was

b ad ly p lowed o ut b efore e xcava t ion ( wh ich w as t o ta l ) .

I t s c onstruc t ion h ad b een

immedia te ly p receded b y t he d epos i t ion o f a ma le i nhu ma t ion o n t he o ld g round s urface , t he d i tch h av ing b een l a id o ut f ro m a c enter marked b y ap re-ex ist ing g rave c onta in ing a f e ma le i nhu ma t ion .

L a mb D own A , W i l ts , was v ery sma l l

( d ia me ter 8 m ) , o n ly p ar t ia l ly e xcava ted , b ad ly p lowed d own a nd r obbed o ut a t t he c enter a nd n o u sefu l c o m men ts c an b e made a bou t i t . T he c enter o f t he Tregu l land b arrow ( Cornwa l l ) , a nother v ery sma l l s i te ( d iame ter 1. 6m ) , w i th a c o mp lex s truc tura l h is tory , h ad a lso b een r obbed o u t p r ior t o e xcava t ion a nd t he o n ly b ur ia l s urv iv ing i n s i tu was a n e ccen tr ic p r i mary c re ma t ion . Tregu l land was t ota l ly e xcava ted7— C ass ing ton 5 , Oxon , av ery l arge b arrow , was o n ly p ar t ly e xcava ted a nd c overed a mixed i nhu ma t ion/crema t ion c e me tery c o mpr is ing 2 i nhu ma t ions i n t he s a me g rave a nd 4 c re ma t ions ( o ne i n a C o l lared u rn ) i n s epara te p i ts .

I t was a s truc tura l ly c o mp lex b arrow :

a n

u nacco mpanied a du lt c re ma t ion a t t he c enter w as p robab ly t he l as t b ur ia l made . S ou th H i l l , P e mbs ( t o ta l ly e xcavated ) p roduced a p robab le i nhu mat ion a ssoc ia ted w i th a B eaker i n ap r i mary e ccentr ic p it a nd a n a du lt c re ma t ion w i th a C ol lared u rn , P yg my C up a nd b ronze f rag men t .

S outh H i l l was l arge

( 23 .8 m a cross ) a nd s truc tura l ly c o mp lex , t he c re ma t ion h av ing b een d epos i ted a t a n i n ter med ia te p oin t i n t he c ons truc t iona l h is tory . was 3 21 .3 m a cross .

Wrangwor thy I , D evon ,

E xcavat ion w as c on f ined t o t he c en tra l a rea , t he o n ly

b ur ia l f ound b e ing a n e x tended i nhu ma t ion w i th a b ronze f rag men t .

T he b ur ia l

was a t t he c en ter o f t he b arrow a nd p r i mary t o i t , h av ing b een l a id o u t o n t he o ld s ur face i n a sma l l l og mor tuary h ut . I ti sprobab le t ha t t he L i t t lewood F arm , Y orks , b arrow b e longed t o a r eg iona l g roup ing o f b arrows wh ich , l ike t he C a mbr idgesh ire/Suf fo lk g roup , i nc luded b oth b e l l a nd b ow l b arrows . I t s g enera l c harac ter is t ics a l ign i tW i th many O ft he l arge n u mbers o f Wo lds b arrows e xcava ted b y Greenwe l l ( 1 877 ) a nd Mor t i mer ( 1905 ) i n t he 1 9th c en tury , s o me o f wh ich l i kew ise may h ave h ad n arrow b er ms t hough t here i s n o d ef in i te e v idence f or t h is .

I ti s o f i n teres t

i n t h is c onnec t ion t ha t E t ton D , o ne o f t he f ew o ther Wo lds b ur ia l s i tes p ub lished i n r ecen t y ears , i s a lso ab e l l b arrow ( Tab le B ) .

E t ton D was r obbed a nd o n ly

p ar t ly e xcava ted a nd n o b ur ia ls were f ound i n i t .

The o ther 5 s i tes l i s ted i n

T ab le A a lso a ppeared t o l ack f ea tures s e t t ing t he m a par t f ro m t he g enera l i ty o f r ound b arrows i n t he ir r espec t ive a reas . F our ( Et ton D , Y orks , a nd 3 o f t he C ambr idgesh ire/Suf fo lk s i tes ) o f t he 1 7 b e l l b arrows l i s ted i n T ab le B h ave b een d iscussed i n t he p rev ious p aragraphs . Mos t o ft he r e ma in ing 1 3 were i n Wessex , t he o thers i n G loucestersh ire , Berksh ire , Derbysh ire , C ornwa ll a nd Mon mou thsh ire r espec t ive ly . T he 5g eograph ica l ly s ca t tered s i tes o uts ide Wessex , l i ke t he ir e quiva len ts l is ted i n Tab le A , were v ery d ispara te i n t he ir c ontents a nd o ther c harac teri s t ics . B arrow H i l ls 6 , B erks , measured 2 2 .9 m a cross , was o n ly e xcava ted i n t he c en tra l a rea a nd p roduced n o b ur ia ls o r f i nds .

I t was o f s tra igh t-forward

c ons truc t ion w i th a n e ar thy c ore a nd g rave l c app ing .

2 47

Two o ther s i tes ( Tab le D ) ,

a lso b e long ing t o t he B arrow H i l ls g roup , w ere s o mewha t sma l ler t han B arrow 6 . B oth h ad b een v ir tua l ly p lowed o u t b efore e xcava t ion a nd t he w id ths o f t he ir b erms a re u nknown . T hey w ere s truc tura l ly v ery s im i lar t o B arrow 6 ; a t b o th o n ly a sma l l a rea a t t he c en ter w as e xcava ted a nd e ach p roduced a s ing le b ur ia l o fu ncer ta in s tra t igraph ic p os i t ion a t o rn ear t he c enter ( a n a du lt ?ma le c re ma t ion w i th ab ronze a w l a nd g o ld b ead c aps a t B arrow 2 a nd a n a du lt i nhu ma t ion w i th a b ronze f l a t k n ife a t B arrow 3 ) .

Af our th s i te , B arrow H i l ls

5 , h ad a v ery w ide b erm ( 2 .9 m ) a nd i s c onseq uen t ly l i s ted i n T ab le C . A s h ad p robab ly a lso h appened a t B arrow H i l ls 2 , 3a nd 6 , t he b erm a t B arrow H i l ls 5 h ad b een s tr ipped t o p rov ide ma ter ia l f or t he c en tra l c ore w hich was c apped b y g rave l f ro m t he d i tch . T here were t wo p r imary b ur ia ls a nd t wo o f u nknown s tra t igraph ic p os it ion , t he f ormer c onsis t ing o f u naccompanied c re ma t ions i n s ha l low s coops i n t he o ld g round s urface s i tua ted w e l l away f ro m t he c enter ( t he o ther t wo b ur ia ls were b o th i nhuma t ions a nd h ad b een d epos i ted i nt he b erm ) . S warkes ton 4 , D erbys , was o n ly p ar t ly e xcava ted a nd p roduced t wo b ur ia ls , ap resu med i nhuma t ion i n aw ood c of f in i n a n e ccentr ic p r imary g rave a nd a p robab le c re ma t ion a ssoc ia ted w i th C o l lared u rn s herds .

T he c rema t ion w as

s econdary t o t he b arrow c ore b u t p r imary t o t he c app ing . Swarkes ton 4 h ad a n a verage d iame ter o f 2 1 .2 m a nd w as p robab ly s im i lar t o t he 4 B arrow H i l ls b e l ls i n h av ing b een t hrown u p f ro m t he c en ter o u twards o f s uccess ive l eve ls o f s poi l f rom t he d i tch s upp lemented b y s crap ings f ro m t he o ld g round s ur face . T he s a me a pp l ies t o S warkes ton 2wh ich was s l igh t ly sma l ler t han B arrow 4 b u t h ad a w ider b erm a nd i s t herefore l i s ted i n T ab le C . A bout 5 0% o ft h is b arrow was e xcava ted a nd o n ly a s ing le b ur ia l w as f ound , ac rema t ion ( suba du lt o r y oung a du lt f e ma le ) r es t ing o n aw ood " p la t ter" o n t he o ld g round s urface a t c en ter . C r ig-a- Menn is , C ornwa l l ; C r ick , Monmou ths ; a nd B evan 's Q uarry , G los , w ere a l l s truc tura l ly c o mp lex s i tes a nd, e xcep t f or C r ig-a- Mennis ( wh ich was t o ta l ly e xcava ted ) , were o n ly e xa m ined i n t he c en tra l a rea .

C r ig-

a - Menn is was 1 2 .8 m a cross a nd c on ta ined 2 b ur ia ls , b oth p r imary i n sma l l p i ts d ug i n to t he a nc ien t s urface , o ne ( u naccompanied) n ear t he c en ter , t he o ther ( w ith c lay b eads i n aR ibbon-hand led u rn ) 4 .9 m NNE o f c en ter . C r ick h ad a n a verage d ia me ter o f 3 1 .7 m; t here were 2b ur ia ls , b oth c re ma t ions , o ne ( unacco mpan ied f e ma le ) p r imary n ear t he c en ter , t he o ther ( a du lt w i th p ia no-convex f l in t k n ife f ragmen ts ) s econdary . B evan 's Q uarry ( average d ia me ter 1 5 .7 m ) p roduced a pprox ima te ly 1 4 b ur ia ls , a l l c re ma t ions a nd most a ssoc ia ted w i th D evere l-R imbury r e la ted p o ttery . O n ly o ne b ur ia l ( unacc ompan ied ) w as p r imary a nd was l oca ted a t t he c en ter . T he p rec ise s tra t igraph ic p osi t ions o f 7o ther b ur ia ls a re u ncer ta in b u t a l l w ere s econdary t o t he i n i t ia l s truc tura l p hases a nd h ad p robab ly b een d epos i ted a t i n terva ls i n c onnec t ion w i th s uccess ive e n large men ts o r e labora t ions o f t he b arrow i n i t s e ar l ies t f orm .

T he r ema in ing b ur ia ls were s econdary t o t he c o mp le ted b arrow .

T he 8 Wessex b e l l b arrows l i sted i n T ab le B f a l l n ea t ly i nto 2g roups w h ich c an b e c ons idered s epara te ly . T he f i rs t g roup c ons is ts o f 4b arrows , c o mpr is ing t he 3 h ea th land s i tes ( Wa l l is 1a nd 2 a nd B erry Wood ) a lready d escr ibed i n c onnec t ion w i th t he K n igh ton H ea th e xcava t ion , a nd t he K n igh ton H i ll b arrow o n t he W i ltsh ire

2 48

Downs .

A l l w ere sma l l ( d ia me ters b e tween 4 .9 m a nd 9 .7 m ) , t o ta l ly o r n ear-

t ota l ly e xcava ted , a nd o f s i mp le c ons truc t ion w i th t urf o r s oi l c ores c apped b y s poi l f ro m t he d i tch . N o b ur ia l was f ound i n Wa l l is 2 ( wh ich was t o ta l ly e xcav a ted ) b ut a c id s o i l c ond i t ions w ou ld p robab ly h ave d es troyed u nburnt b one w i thout t race a nd i ti s j ust p oss ib le t ha t ac en tra lc rema t ion h ad b een r e moved b y r obbers . Wa l lis 1 ( a lso t o ta l ly e xcava ted) c onta ined a s ing le u nacco mpan ied p r imary c re ma t ion i n ap i t d ug i n to t he o ld s ur face a t i t s c en ter . A l l t he b ur ia ls a t K n igh ton H i l l a nd B erry Wood were p r imary c re ma t ions , a t b oth s i tes l oca ted s ome f eet f ro m t he c en ter a nd a ssoc ia ted w i th Devere l-R imbury p ot tery . O n ly o ne b ur ia l was f ound a t K nigh ton H i l l ( f ema le i n aB arre l u rn ) ; t here were 4 c rema t ions a t B erry Wood , 3i n B ucket u rns a nd o ne i n aG lobu lar u rn , c lus tered t oge ther o n t he a nc ien t s urface . Af i f th b arrow , B lack Down ( on t he D orset h ea th land a nd a lso r eferred t o i n c onnec t ion w i th t he K n igh ton H eath e xcavat ion ) may a lso b e long t o t h is g roup , t hough i t was r a ther l arger t han t he o thers ( d iame ter 2 0 .4 m) . I t was i nco mp le te ly e xcava ted a nd n o p r imary b ur ia l was f ound b u t t here w ere s econdary c rema t ions , 3i n Devere l-R i mbury u rns . b .

B arrows w ith W ide Berms

T ab le C c onta ins 1 4 b arrows , o ne o f wh ich ( Ear l 's F arm 2 , a" doub le" b e l l b arrow a lso l i sted i n T ab le B ) p ossessed a n u mber o f f eatures c aus ing i tt o s tand o u t f ro m t he o thers . I t s c losest a na logue i s L ong Ash 1 ( Tab le B ) : e ach o f t hese 2 b arrows h ad a c o mp l ica ted s truc tura l h is tory l °a nd a l eng thy b ur ia l s equence s tar t ing i n e ar ly ( Ear l 's F arm ) o r midd le/ la te ( Long A sh ) B eaker t imes a nd e nding w i th D evere l-R imbury ( Ear l 's F arm ) o r B icon ica l ( Long Ash )u rns . Wessex C u lture b ur ia ls were n o t r epresented a t e i ther s i te , t h is b e ing p ar t icu lar ly n otewor thy a t E ar l 's F arm , wh ichwas l oca ted i n Amesbury p ar ish i n t he h ear t o f t he Wessex C u lture c ountry a nd which p roduced a l most t he f u l l r eper tory o f B ronze Age p ot tery t ypes f ro m F ood V esse ls " onwards" ( enlarged F ood V esse ls a nd C o l lared , B icon ica l a nd Devere l-R imbury u rns ) .

1 1

Because o f t hese s pec ia l c harac ter is t ics , n e i therbarrow w i l l f i gure i n t he f o l low ing d iscuss ion .

T he s a me a pp l ies t o 4o f t he r e ma in ing 1 3 " w ide-bermed"

s i tes , a s 2o f t hese b arrows ( Deer leap , S urrey , a nd C o mbe B eacon , S o merset ) p roduced n o d ef in ite b ur ia ls o r d a t ing e v idence wh i le t he o ther 2 ( Swarkes ton 2 , D erbys , a nd Barrow H i l ls 5 , B erks ) were g eograph ica l ly i so la ted f ro m t he r es t . T hese e xc lus ions l eave 9 s i tes w i th 2 i mpor tan t c harac ter ist ics—"we l ld ef ined" b erms 1 2 a nd a d istr ibu t ion f ocussed o n t he Wessex c ha lk lands 1 3 — c ons is tent w i th t he ir a cceptance a s b e l l b arrows o f t he c lass ic Wessex t ype , a lbe i t s o me ( 4 o f t he 9 ) w i th mounds u nder 1 5 m i n d iameter a nd t herefore , p erhaps , " atyp ica l ly" sma l l .

N ever the less , t hese 9 s i tes , w i th t he a ddi t ion

o f a1 0 th , Roundwood , H an ts ( Tab le B ) , c an b e u sefu l ly g rouped t ogether i n t he p resent c ontex t a s t hey p rov ide a s ui tab le b as is f or e xam ining t he r o le o f t he b e l l b arrow i n E ar ly B ronze A ge Wessex a nd o f a ssess ing t he v a lidi ty o f Mr . G r inse l l 's t heor ies o n t h is s ub jec t , t heor ies wh ich , a s s ugges ted e ar lier , were d eve loped a t at ime w hen v ery l i t t le e v idence f ro m modern e xcava t ion was a va i lab le .

F our o ft hese 1 0 b arrows h ad mound d iame ters f a l ling b e tween

1 8 .9 m a nd 2 1 .3 m b u t t he o thexs were v ery d ispara te i n s ize , r ang ing f ro m 8 .7 m ( Codicote , H er ts ) t o 2 9 .6 m ( B ishop 's Wa ltham , H an ts ) , t he f i gures 2 49

f or t he i n ter med iate s i tes b e ing 1 1 .6 m , 1 3 .7 i n , 1 4 .0 m a nd 2 9 .0 m r espec ti ve ly .

A l l 1 0 h ad t urf o r e ar th c ores c o mposed o f s poi l f ro m t he u pper d i tch

l eve ls a nd/or o f s ur face s crap ings ( o f ten/p ar t ly d er ived f ro m t he b er m ) c apped b y ma ter ia l e xcava ted f ro m d eep d own i n t he d i tch . There was n o d ef ini te e v idence f or mu lt iper iod c ons truc t ion a t a ny s i te .

T he o ne e xcep t ion i s

F arnco mbe , B erks , where t he t ur f c ore was r eve t ted b y as take r i ng a nd h ad p oss ib ly e x is ted f or a t ime a s af ree-s tanding f ea ture . O n ly 3 b arrows ( Ear l 's F arm 1 , W . K enne t a nd B osco mbe , W i l ts ) were t o ta l ly e xcava ted a nd , o ft hese , o n ly o ne ( Ear l 's F arm) was s t i l l r easonab ly i n tac t when t he e xcava t ion t ookp lace . T he 1 6 b ur ia ls f ound a t t he 1 0 s i tes a re l i ke ly , t herefore , t o r epresen t o n ly a f rac t ion o f t hose a c tua l lyor o r ig ina l ly p resent .

T hese b ur ia ls o ccurred i n v ar ious s tra t igraph ic c ontex ts a nd a re

l i s ted b e low t oge ther w i th r adio c arbon d a tes i nt he 2 c ases where t hese a re a va i lab le . S i te

B ur ia ls o f K nown S tra t igraph ic P os i t ion

B ur ia ls o f U nknown S tra t ig raph ic P os i t ion

F arn c o mb D own , B erks

N i l

A du lt I( f ragmen t o n ly ) i n d ist urbed c ontex t

P ew i t F arm ,

Y oung ma le C w i th b ronzes

N i l

B erks

( aw l a nd r ive t ted k nife ) i n p lank c of f in o nf l oor o f c entra l g rave .

E d mond s ham , D orset

Y oung ma le C w i th o g iva l N i l b ronze d agger , whetstone e tc i n g rave c .4 . 6m f ro m c en ter ( b ones h ad b een c re ma ted o n a nc ien t s urface n earby ) .

Winterborne K ings ton , D orset .

P r imary .

A du lt C e nc losed b y sma l l s take s et t ing i nl arge h o l low a t o r n ear c enter . P oss ib ly b urnt i n s i tu .

2C s ( b oth w i th D evere lR i mbury p ot tery ) i n p i ts i n b erm .

C on te mporary

w i th c ons truc t ion o fb arrow . R ad iocarbon d a te : 1 020/95 b c . B ishop 's

I(? w i th F ood V esse l ) a nd C

Wa ltha m ,

w i th 2 r ive t ted b ronze k n ives

H an ts

i n t runk c of f in a t c en ter ( bur ia ls

N i l

p robab ly d epos i ted s uccess ive ly ) . P r i mary . R oundwood ,

C( ?fema le ) i n p i t e nc losed b y

N i l

sma l l s take s e t t ing a t o r n ear c en ter ( b ones p oss ib ly c rema ted o n o ld s ur face n earby ) .

P r i mary

C odicote ,

B urnt ( ?hu man ) b ones s ca t tered

H er ts

o n o ld s ur face a t c en ter . P r imary .

R adiocarbon d a te

1 405/160 b e .

N i l

S i te

B ur ia ls o f K nown S trat igraph ic B ur ia ls o f U nknown S tra t igraph ic P os i t ion

W K enne t ,

P os i t ion

N i l

Cw i th P ygmy C up , b ronze aw l ,

Wi lts

b eads a nd p endan ts a t c enter i n p it .

4b ur ia ls i n b er m :

i n fan t I

s ca t tered i n f i l ls o f 2i n tersec t ing p i ts , 2C s a nd a du l t I . B osco mbe ,

N i l

5 0 y ear ma le Iw i th r ivet ted

Wi l ts

b ronze k n ife a nd f l in t s tr ike-al i ght i n l arge g rave 4 m S SW o f c enter . Cw i th Wessex C u lture b ronzes a nd o ther i t e ms i n r obbed g rave 1 .5 m E o f c en ter .

E ar l 's F arm

Y oung ?ma le C i n p i t 1 .8 m S

1 , W i l ts

o f c en ter .

N i l

P r i mary .

T he s a mp le s ize i s much t oo sma l l t o a dm i t o fd ef in i te c onc lus ions , b ut a s f ar a s t hey g o t hese d a ta p ar t ly c onf irm t he a ssoc ia t ion o fb e l l b arrows w i th ma le g raves o f t he Wessex C u lture .

T he e xac t n a ture o f t h is a ssoc ia t ion ,

h owever , n eeds e luc ida t ion wh ich w i l l o n ly b e f eas ib le when more b arrows c onta in ing s uch g raves h ave b een c o mpe ten t ly a nd c o mp le te ly e xcavated .

I t

i s r egre t tab le t ha t o f t he 2 b arrows wh ich p roduced Wessex C u lture g raves , E d mondsha m was o n ly p ar t ly e xcava ted a nd B osco mbe was e xa m ined u nder c ondi t ions wh ich d id n ot p erm i t t he s tra t igraph ic r e la t ionsh ip o ft he g rave t o t he b arrow t o b e a scer ta ined . I ts ee ms , l i ke ly , h owever , t ha t t he d epos i t ion o f t he Wessex C u lture b ur ia l ( or b ur ia ls ) a t B osco mbe t ook p lace a f ter t ha t o f t he i nhu med b ur ia l ( wh ich was a ssoc ia ted w i th e qu ip men t p robab ly o f p reWessex C u l ture d a te ) a nd may h ave i m media te ly p receded t he e rec t ion o f t he b arrow .

T he Wessex C u lture c re ma t ion a t E d mondsha m a lso c ou ld n o t h ave

l ong a n teda ted t he b arrow , t hough n o e ar lier b ur ia ls were f ound i nt he c o mp ara t ive ly sma l l p ar t o ft he l a t ter t ha t was e xamined .

I ti s n otewor thy , t ha t

a t n e i ther s i te was t he Wessex C u lture b ur ia l a t t he c en ter a nd, t ha t a t E d mondsha m d ef in i te ly a nd a t B osco mbeposs ib ly , c re ma t ion h ad o ccurred w i th in t he a rea l a ter c overed b y t he b arrow , t he b ones af ter b urning h av ing b een c o l lec ted t oge ther a nd b ur ied i n ap i t o r g rave d ug i n to t he o ld s urface . T he d ata , h owever , a re a lso c ons isten t w i th t he a ssu mp t ion t ha t b e l l b arrows , e ven o ft he c lass ic t ype , were o f ten b u i lt i n c onnec t ion w i th n on- Wessex C u lture b ur ia ls .

T he most d ef in i te e v idence f or t h is c o mes f ro m t he 2 t o ta l ly e xcava ted

Wi l tsh ire c ha lk land s i tes , E ar l 's F ar m 1 a nd W K enne t .

The l a t ter p roduced

at o ta l o f 5b ur ia ls , 4u nacco mpan ied , t he f i f th ( a c re ma t ion ) w i th a P yg my C up a nd b ronze a w l i n ac entra l p i t .

The s tra t igraph ic p os it ions o ft hese

b ur ia l -sa re u nknown b ut t hey a l l c ou ld h ave b een p r i mary .

I fs o , t he c en tra l

c re ma t ion was p resu mab ly a lready i n p lace when t he d i tch was l a id o ut o r was d epos i ted i m mediate ly t hereaf ter , b u t i n e i ther c ase i t s b ur ia l i s l i ke ly t o h ave marked a n i mpor tan t o ccas ion i n t he s er ies o f e vents wh ich c u lm ina ted i n t he b u i ld ing o f t he b arrow .

T he o n ly b ur ia l a t E ar l 's F arm 1 ( an u nacco mpan ied 2 51

?ma le c re ma t ion ) was d ef in i te ly p r imary a nd o ccup ied a p i t , 6 1 cm d eep , c ut i n to t he o ld l and s ur face 1 .8 m S SE o f c enter . A sma l l s take , d r iven i n to t he o ld s ur face n ear t he c re mat ion p i t , h ad b een w i thdrawn b efore t he r a is ing o f t he b arrow a nd h ad p robab ly s erved amark ing f unc t ion d ur ing t he i n terva l b et ween t he b ur ia l 's d epos i t ion a nd t he b ui lding o f t he b arrow . T h is i n terva l mus t h ave b een s hor t a nd t here c an b e n o r easonab le d oub t t hat a t E ar l 's F arm 1t he c ons truc t ion o f al arg ish , we l l-charac ter ized b e l l b arrow w as e n t ire ly i nsp ired b y t he i n termen t o fa n u nacco mpan ied c rema t ion . A t at h ird s i te , C od icote , t he e n t ire a rea c overed b y t he b arrow mound w as e xa m ined ( b ut o n ly sma l l p arts o f t he b erm a nd d i tch ) ;

t he o n ly b ur ia l r ecovered

was a p oss ib le c re ma t ion wh ich h ad b een s cat tered o n t he o ld s ur face i n t he c en tra l a rea . I ts ee ms l i ke ly t ha t t hese b ones , l i ke t he c entra l b ur ia ls a t E ar l 's F arm 1a nd W K enne t , h ad b een d eposi ted i mmedia te ly p r ior t o t he r a is ing o ft he b arrow o ver t he m . T he r e ma in ing 5 b arrows were e xamined i nt he c entra l a rea o n ly a nd i n e ach c ase may h ave c onta ined b ur ia ls i n a ddit ion t o t hose f ound b y t he e xcava tor . A t F arnco mbe , t he mos t e x tens ive ly i nves t iga ted o f t hese s i tes , n o i n tac t b ur ia l o f a ny d escr ipt ion s urv ived . A s i ndica ted i n t he t ab le , 2o ft he o ther b arrows p roduced a s ing le p r i mary b ur ia l a p iece i n ap i t o r g rave l ocated a t o r n ear t he c en ter ( a ma le w i th a b ronze aw l a nd b ronze f l a t k nife a t P ew i t F arm a nd a n u nacco mpan ied ? fema le a t R oundwood) . T he c en tra l g rave a t B ishop 's Wa ltha m c onta ined a t runk c of f in i n wh ich 2b ur ia ls ( an i nhu mat ion w i th a F ood V esse l a nd a c rema t ion w i th 2 b ronze f l a t k n ives ) h ad p robab ly b een i n terred s uccess ive ly . A t W interborne , a n u nacco mpan ied a du lt c re mat ion h ad p oss ib ly b een b urnt o n t he s pot d ur ing a n e ar ly p hase i nt he b arrow 's c ons truc t ion b u t t here i sn o r eason t o a ssume t ha t e ar lier b ur ia ls were n o t p resent i n u nexcava ted p ar ts o f t he s i te . O ther " pr imary" b ur ia ls may a lso h ave e x is ted a t P ew i t F arm , R oundwood a nd B ishop 's Wa ltham a nd n oth ing i sk nown o ft he r e la t ionsh ip o f t he c en tra l i n termen ts a t t hese s i tes t o t he s truc tura l h is tory o ft he b arrow . 2 .

G enera l C onc lus ions Two g enera l c onc lus ions emerge f ro m t he p receding d iscuss ion . F irs t ly , i ti su ncer ta in t o wha t e x ten t i ti s w or thwh i le t ry ing t o c lass ify

Br i t ish E ar ly Bronze A ge r ound b arrows o n t he b asis o f t he ir t ypo logy , u s ing s ize a nd b erm w idth a s ma jor c r i ter ia . A sa lready s uf f ic ient ly s tressed , t he p roponents o ft he t radi t iona l c lass if ica t ion h ave n ever p ut f orward o b jec t ive d ef in i t ions o f s o me o f t he ma jor t ypes a nd a s t he a t temp t h ere t o c lass ify t he m i n t erms o f r e la t ive b erm w idth h as s hown , n o v ery u sefu l r esu lts a re o b ta ined b y r ec t ify ing t h is om ission . S econd ly , i ti s c lear t ha t b e l l b arrows , a t a ny r a te , h owever t hey a re d ef ined , c anno t b e s hown o n e x is t ing e v idence t o d isp lay a c ons is ten t r e la t ions h ip t o a ny o ne c a tegory o r c a tegor ies o fb ur ia ls . T here a re c er ta in ly n o g rounds f or t h ink ing t ha t t hey n orma l ly w ere c ons truc ted t o c over t he r ema ins o f a Wessex C u lture a r istocra t ( ma le o r f e ma le ) a t t he ir c enters , t hough Wessex C u l ture b ur ia ls d o s o me t imes o ccur i nt hem a nd , p erhaps , i n t he c en tra l Wessex a rea a t l eas t , i n p ropor t ionate ly g rea ter n u mbers t han i nb ow l b arrows . A s d e monstra ted a bove , t h is g enera liza t ion h o lds g ood e ven i ft he a na lysis i s l im i ted t o ad ras t ica l ly p runed l i s t f rom wh ich a l l b arrows w i th 2 52

v ery n arrow b erms , most b arrows l oca ted o utside c en tra l Wessex a nd c o mp lex mu lt iper iod b arrows o ft he L ong A sh/Ear l 's F arm t ypes a re e xc luded . B o th t hese c onc lus ions a re p ar t ly c onf irmed b y t he f ac t t ha t t he 4 5 b arrows d iscussed h ere c an b e s een , i n a l l c ases where a l arge e nough b ody o f c o mparat i ve d a ta e x is t f ro m b ow l b arrows , t o f i t n a tura l ly i n to t he a ppropr ia te r eg iona l a nd/or c hrono log ica l c ontex t . As a rgued a bove , t h is i s most e as i ly d emons tra ted f or t he C a mbr idgesh ire/Suf fo lk a nd E Y orksh ire b arrows . T he s ame d oub t less a pp l ies i n o ther a reas , i nc luding Wessex , t hough i n mos t o f t hese a reas a g enera l p a t tern i s l ess e asy t o d iscern a nd , a s ac onsequence , t he c onf orm ity o r o therw ise o fp ar t icu lar s i tes t o i ti s h arder t o a scer ta in . I ti s c lear , h owever , t ha t t he s er ies o f 5D evere l-R imbury s i tes f ro m D orset , H ampshire a nd Wi l tsh ire ( Wa l lis 1a nd 2 , Win terborne , B erry Wood a nd K n igh ton H i l l ) f i t c om fortab ly i n to t he l oca l r eg iona l p at tern o f b arrows o f t h is d a te , a s d o t he e ar lier p hases o f t he mu l t iper iod b arrows a t E ar l 's F arm a nd L ong A sh . T he s ame c an b e s a id o f t he S H i l l ( Pemb ) b e l l b arrow a nd o f t he 2C orn ish s i tes a nd , i n a ny c ase , i n n o a rea where " be l l b arrows" h ave b een i den t if ied, c an t he o ppos i te c onc lus ion b e s usta ined o n t he b as is o fd ef ini te e v idence . A s s ugges ted e lsewhere ( Pe tersen , 1 973 , 3 8) , t he n arrow b erms o f s truct ura l ly s i mp le s i tes s uch a s t he ma jor i ty o f t he C ambr idgesh ire/Suf fo lk b e l l b arrows a re l i ke ly t o h ave b een a dven t i t ious f ea tures ( r es idua l g round l ef t o ver a f ter t he l as t b ur ia l h ad b een made ) i n tended n e ither t o c onfer s pec ia l t ypo log ica l s ta tus o n t he b arrow n or t o s ymbo l ize t he p ar t icu lar c harac ter is t ics o fo ne o r more o f t he d eceased . Whe ther o r n ot t h is c onc lus ion c an b e l eg i ti ma te ly e x tended t o a l l b ermed b arrows i s aq ues t ion wh ich c an o n ly b e a nswered when more d a ta o n t he c on ten ts a nd o ther c harac ter is t ic o f Bronze A ge b ur ia l s i tes i n g enera l h ave a ccu mu la ted . A s f or t he r ich Wessex C u lture a sse mb lages t he mse lves , t hey a re l ef t f l oat ing i n t he s ame v ac uu m where we f ound t hem a nd where t hey w i l l s ure ly r ema in u nt i l t he a na to m ica l a nd s tra t igraph ic d ata e ssen t ia l t o a nchor t hem t o s ome thing s o l id b ecome a va i lab le . T hey may , o f c ourse , c on t inue t o b e s tud ied i n t erms o ft heir i n tr ins ic c harac ter is t ics , s pun r ound a nd r ound o n t he ir own a xes , b ut p robab ly , a s h i ther to , w i th n o p ercep t ib le e f fec t o n t he o bserver a par t f ro m d izziness .

NOTES 1 . T he o n ly f u l ly p ub lished p ond b arrow e xcava ted i n modern t imes i s S heep D own , D orse t ( Atk inson e ta l . ,1 951 : b u t c f . t he s i te a t Wi lsford , W i l ts , s o f ar o n ly p ub l ished i n i n ter im f orm , wh ich s eems t o h ave b een a Bronze A ge r i tua l s haf t ( or ?we l l ) r a ther t han a b ur ia l monu men t ( Ashbee , 1 963 a nd 1 966a ) .

N o d ef in i te d isc b arrows h ave b een e xcava ted a nd p ub lished

i n r ecent d ecades . 2 . Mr Gr inse l l i s , o fc ourse , aware o ft h is om issiön wh ich h e a t temp ts t o j us t ify ( Gr inse l l , 1 953 , 1 9 ) b y a rguing t ha t b ow l a nd b e l l b arrows f orm ac ont inuous e vo lut ionary s er ies . H e s ugges ts b e l l b arrows e vo lved f ro m b ow ls i n r eac t ion t o t he " tendency f or t he mound" o f t he l a t ter t o " over-

2 53

s pread a nd f i l l t he s urrounding d i tch" , t heberm , i n i t ia l ly s i mp ly i ntended t o " rece ive t he o verspread" , a t f irs t b e ingnarrow b ut i n t ime p rogress ive ly w iden ing t o d eve lop a s af ea ture i n i t s own r igh tt hrough t he s tages r epres ented b y t he v ar ious s ub types .

U nfor tuna te ly , t here i s n o p os i t ive e v idence

e i ther f or o r a g ins t t h is s che me ( nor i s t here l i ke ly t o b e i nt he f oreseeab le f u ture ) wh ich , i n a ny c ase , l eaves t he p ure ly t er m ino log ica l q uest ion u nreso lved . 3 . o r " sub-cu ltura l" .

T he " cu ltura l/sub-cu l tura l" d is t inc t ion i s mere w ord-

p lay i n t he a bsence o f s a t isfac tory d ef in it ions o f t hese t er ms . 4 .

T he t erm "Wessex C u lture" i s r e ta ined h ere a s a ma t ter o f c onvenience o n ly a s t he a sse mb lages c oncerned c lear ly f a l l s hor t o f " cu l tura l" s ta tus i n a ny c urrent ly a ccep tab le s ense o ft ha t w ord .

S . P iggot t , 1 938, i s s t i l l

t he b as ic d ocu men t a nd t he c r i ter ia u sed t here in f or d ef ining " Wessex C u lture" a sse mb lages h ave b een f o l lowed h ere .

I ti s p ossib le , t ha t o nce

t he c hrono logy o f t he k ey a r t ifac t t ypes i s b e t ter u nderstood , t he t erm migh t b e g iven a n ew l ease o f l i fe a s au se fu l l abe l f or a l l g raves a t tr ibut ab le t o t he t er m ina l s tages o ft he E ar ly B ronze A ge i n Wessex a nd a d join ing a reas ( c f . t he s teps i n t h is d irec tion r epresented b y t he " poor g raves" o f Annab le a nd S i mpson , 1 964 , 2 7-8 , a nd b y B urgess 's ( 1974 , 1 84-90 ) d is t inc t ion b e tween " f irs t c a tegory" a nd " second c a tegory" b ur ia ls ) . 5 . On ly 1 0 ( P iggot t 's N os . 1 2 , 2 3a , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 8 , 3 0 , 3 6, 5 8 , 6 0 a nd 6 8) o f t hese g rave g roups were d iscovered i n t he 2 0th c en tury a nd o n ly 3 ( Nos . 2 8, 3 6 a nd 5 8) a f ter Wor ld War I .

T here h ave b een v ery f ew p ost-1938

d iscover ies . 6 .

T he T ab le i s b ased o n as amp le o f 3 41 Beaker/Bronze Age i nhumed o r c rema ted b ur ia ls w i th a r t ifac t a ssoc ia t ions r ecovered f ro m E ng lish a nd We lsh b arrow e xcava t ions p ub l ished b e tween 1 920 a nd c .1 977 ( Petersen , 1 977, I , 3 93-4 ) a nd i s i nc lus ive o f s o me t en ta t ive ly-sexed r ema ins .

A lso

r e levan t h ere i s t he r ich "Wessex C u lture" a sse mb lage a t P or ts D own , H an ts ( Corney e t a l , 1 967) , where a g o ld-covered s ha le b ut ton a nd a s ha le a nd amber n eck lace a cco mpan ied a mu lt ip le c re mat ion d eposi t c o mpr ising 2 a du lts (?ma le p lus ? fe ma le ) .

T h is b ur ia l may o r may n o t

h ave b een i n ab arrow a nd i s n ot i nc luded i n t he Tab le . 7 . T ie " dou ' ) Ie" b e l l b arrow , E ar l 's F arm 2 , o ccurs i n b oth T ab le B a nd T ab le C . 8 .

N a me ly , B arnham ( Edwardson , 1 957 ) , B eacon H i l l ( Cawdor/Fox , 1 9232 4 ) , F r iswe ll ( Dymond , 1 973) , G r i mstone ( Brown e t a l , 1 954 ) , F akenham ( Gr i mes , 1 960 ) , P r ince o f Wa les ( Edwardson , 1 961) a nd Mar t lesha m ( M a yn a rd/spencer , 1 946 ) , S uf fo lk ; a nd S na i lwe ll F a nd I ( Le thbr idge , 1 949 ) a nd t he 5 C h ippenha m b arrows ( Lea f , 1 934-35 a nd 1 938-39) , C ambs .

9 .

S ubadu lts a re s trong ly o ver-represented among i nhu ma t ions ( i nt he r a t io 2 6 :21) a nd u nder-represented among c rema t ions ( 3 :19 ) . Da ta o n t he who le s er ies o f b ur ia ls f ro m t hese b arrows , many o f wh ich w ere b ad ly d a maged a nd/or p ar t ia l ly e xcava ted , a re v ery i nco mp lete , h owever , a nd t hese s ta t ist ics s hou ld b e t rea ted w i th r eserve .

2 54

1 0 .

E ar l 's F arm 2 h ad a b erm ( and t hus q ua lif ied a s ab e l l b arrow ) d ur ing 2s uccess ive s truc tura l p hases , t he e ar lier o f wh ich ( Tab le C ) was e ventua l ly i ncorpora ted i nto t he l ater a nd t er m ina l p hase ( Tab le B ) .

I t

i s j ust p oss ib le t ha t L ong A sh 1 e x is ted f or s o me y ears a s a" d isc b arrow" b efore c onvers ion i n to i t s f i na l f or m ( narrow-bermed b e l l b arrow ) . 1.

I n t he ir c o mp le ted f orm b oth L ong Ash 1 a nd E ar l 's F arm 2 h ad r e la t ive ly n arrow b erms ( Tab le B ) a nd were p ub l ished b y t he ir e xcava tors a s b ow l b arrows .

1 2 .

A l l t hese s i tes a re l i s ted i n T ab le C a s t he ir b erm w idths w ere g rea ter t han 2 0% o f t he mound d ia me ter .

T he o n ly e xcep t ion i s R oundwood 1 ,

H an ts ( Tab le B ) , av ery l arge b arrow w ith a b er m w id th o f 3 . 5m ( 12% ) . 1 3 .

S even s i tes a re a c tua l ly o nt he Wessex c ha lk , t he r e ma in ing 3 b e ing o n o ther s ubso i ls e i ther i nt he Wessex r eg ion i t se lf o r i n i m media te ly a d joining c oun t ies .

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APPENDIX V I I NOTE ON BEAKER/EARLY BRONZE AGE BUR IAL CUSTO MS

A s a rgued i n C hap ter X I , " Devere l-R imbury" f unerary p rac t ice f orms p ar t a nd p arce l o f al arger " Ear ly Bronze Age/ M idd le Bronze Age" t radi t ion s tradd ling t he c onven t iona l p er iod b oundar ies .

I n t he p ast , s tudies o f t he c harac ter-

i s t ic embodi men ts o f t he t rad i t ion —Bronze Age r ound b arrows —have b een d o mina ted b y a n a l most e xc lus ive c oncern w i th c hrono logy a nd h ave o n ly r ecen t ly b egun t o s hake t he mse lves f ree o ft he a r t if ic ia l d ist inc t ions a nd s i mp l is t ic i n terpre ta t ions e ngendered b y t h is n arrow a pproach .

T he f o l low ing

g enera liza t ions s u m mar ize t he r esu lts o f a n a t te mp t t o e xa m ine t hese monuments f ro m a b roader p erspec t ive , r e ly ing , f or i t s b as is , o n ad eta i led a na lys is o f a l most a l l t he E ng l ish a nd We lsh r ound b arrows e xcava ted a nd f u l ly p ub l ished b etween 1 920 a nd 1 977 ( see P etersen , 1 977 , f or a more e x tended t reatmen t ) . 1 . I ti s c lear t ha t t he " typ ica l" " Ear ly Bronze A ge" b arrow , n o l ess t han t he " typ ica l" " Devere l-R i mbury" b arrow , was a c o m muna l monu men t b ui lt i n c onnec t ion w i th a c e me tery c on ta in ing , o r i n tended t o c on ta in , t he r e ma ins o f p ersons f orm ing a k insh ip o r r es idence g roup r a ther t han a monu ment t hrown u p t o h onor as ing le d is t ingu ished i ndiv idua l . s evera l l i nes o f e v idence .

T h is c onc lus ion i s s uppor ted b y

Thus , n ot o n ly d o many b arrows c on ta in mu lt ip le

p r i mary b ur ia ls , whether i n t he f orm o fg roups o f " s ing le g raves" , mult ip le c re mat ion d epos i ts , t he r e ma ins o f s uccess ive o r c o llec t ive b ur ia ls i n t he s ame g rave , o r o f c o mbina t ions o ft hese , b ut d ata o n s uch v ar iab les a s s equent i a l p os i t ion , p os i t ion o n p lan , g rave g oods a nd a ge a nd s ex , a re u nan i mous i n i ndica t ing t he a bsence o f c ons is ten t i n ter-corre la t ions j us t ify ing a d is t inc t ion o f t he p r i mary b ur ia l/sa te l li te b ur ia l t ype . T he l as t i s a n impor tan t p oin t a s , i ft he r ea li ty o f s uch a d is t inc t ion c ou ld b e v a lida ted , i tw ou ld l end p owerfu l s uppor t t o a modif ied " sing le g rave" h ypothesis e nab ling t he " cen tra l p r imary" t o r e ta in much o f t he s pec ia l s ta tus t rad it iona l ly a scr ibed t o i t , i fo n ly a s a k ind o f " founder 's b ur ia l" . 2 . T he c o m muna l c harac terof t hese monu men ts i s r ef lec ted i n t he myr iad ways i n wh ich t he s truc tura l h is tory o f b arrows r e la tes t o t he b eg innings a nd e nds o f t he b ur ia l s equence .

T he b es t e xa mp les a re t he l arge n u mbers o fb ig

mu lt istage a nd mu lt i-co mponent b arrows wh ich a t ta ined t he ir f i na l f orms g radua l ly o ver a p er iod o f t ime , a ddi t ions a nd modif ica t ions o ccurr ing a s r equ ired when f ur ther b ur ia ls were made ( Petersen , 1 977 , I , 1 21-29 , 2 45-6 , Appendices V I E a nd V I I I ) .

I ti s a lso i l lus tra ted , h owever , a t t hose s i tes where

t he b arrow was b ui lt i n as ing le o pera t ion o ver a n e x ist ing c e me tery—whe ther ( apparent ly ) o ccupy ing u nenc losed g round o rl y ing w i th in t he p rec inc ts o f a b anked , d i tched o r s take c irc le a nd t hus marked a s ymbo l ic a c to f c losure t erm ina t ing t he u se o f t he s i te f or b ur ia ls , o r , i f" secondar ies" w ere l a ter a dded , a n i mpor tan t s tage i n t h is u se . ,

S o-ca l led " cenotaph" b arrows , r ep-

r esen ted among s i tes p ub l ished i n modern t imes b y o n ly o ne d ef ini te e xa mp le 2 56

( Beacon H i l l , S uf fo lk : o p . c i t ., 2 13-14 , C awdor & F ox , 1 923-24 ) embody a r are v ar ian t o ft he r e la t ionsh ip i n wh ich t he c ons truc t ion o f t he b arrow , f or s o me r eason , p receded t he f irs t b ur ia ls . 3 . T he e v idence i s o verwhe lm ing t ha t c rema t ion a nd i nhu ma t ion were i n c ont e mporary u se b y t he s ame c o mmun it ies t hroughout E ar ly Bronze A ge E ng land a nd Wa les t hough , e xcep t i ni so la ted c ases , t he r u les wh ich mus t h ave g overned t he c ho ice o f r i te i n ap ar t icu lar i nstance h ave p roved v ery e lus ive , s o much s o t ha t r efuge must b e s ough t i n t he a ssu mp t ion t ha t s uch r u les r e la ted t o c harac ter is t ics o f t he d eceased c as t ing n o p ercep t ib le s hadow o n t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord .

I n a ny c ase , i ti s a bundan t ly c lear t ha t , o n t he o ne h and ,

c rema t ion f ormed a n i n tegra l p ar to f " norma l" B eaker b ur ia l r i tua l f ro m a t l eas t S tep 4 o ft he L an t ing/v .d . Waa ls s cheme ( S tockbr idge , H an ts :

L an t ing

a nd v . d . Waa ls , 1 972 , F ig . 1 ) a nd t ha t i nhuma t ion p ers is ted a sa n o ccas iona l e xped ien t we l l i n to t he M idd le B ronze Age ( Ear l 's F arm 2 , W i lts : C hr is t ie , 1 967 ) . Th is , o f c ourse , i s p er fec t ly c onsis ten t w ith t he e v idence f or t he c ons iderab le d egree o f c hronolog ica l o ver lap man ifes ted b y c er ta in ma jor c eram ic t ypes ( Burgess , 1 969 )and w i th t he f ac t , a lso w e l l d ocu men ted , t ha t t he t ypes c oncerned w ere i n c on temporary u se b y t he s ame c ommun i t ies . T he r ar i ty o fd irec t a ssoc ia t ions b e tween B eakers a nd c rema t ions , a nd o f t hose b e tween C o l lared u rns a nd i nhu ma t ions , t hus , f ar f ro m b e tokening s epara te " crema t ing" a nd " inhu m ing" t radi t ions s tar ing h os t i le ly a t e ach o ther a cross a d eep c u ltura l d iv ide , s imp ly d ocu men ts t he e x istence o f ab ody o f c us to ms r egu la t ing t he k inds o f c era m ic e qu ip men t a ppropr ia te t o e ach r i te . 4 . Af i na l p o in t c oncerns t he v a lidi ty o f t he t imeworn d ist inc t ion b e tween t he " i nd iv idua list" b ur ia l p rac t ices o f t he B eaker/Ear ly Bronze A ge a nd t he " co l lec t ive" t radi t ions o f t he p receding N eo l i th ic . I ti sc lear , g iven t he p rev a lence i n t he E ar ly B ronze A ge o ft he c usto m o fd e l ibera te ly a ssoc ia t ing t he r ema ins o f 2o r more p ersons t oge ther i n t he s a me d epos i t o r g rave ( Pe tersen , 1 977 , A ppend ices Ia nd I ) , t ha t t h is d is t inc t ion h as b een o vers ta ted i n t he p as t a nd t ha t , i fi ti s t o b e r e ta ined , i tr equ ires s er ious q ua li f ica t ion . T he a bundant e v idence c i ted b e low f or s uch c us to ms a t B eaker a nd F ood V esse l s i tes i s e spec ia l ly s tr ik ing a s t he u sers o f t hese p ot tery t ypes h ave a lways b een s ing led o ut a st he e xe mp lars p ar e xce l lence o f t he"s ing le g rave" r i te . T he e v idence f or s ome o ft he g enera l iza t ions made a bove i s b r ief ly s um mar ized b e low f or d if ferent c a tegor ies o fb ur ia l .

F or a more e xhaus t ive

t rea tment s ee P e tersen , 1 977 . I n s o me c ases t he e xcava tors o f t hese b ur ia ls mis in terpreted o r i gnored e v idence wh ich c onf l ic ted w i th t he ir p reconcep t ions . F or t h is r eason , t he i n terpre ta t ions o f s o me s i tes d iscussed a nd t abu la ted b e low d iffer f ro m t hose o f t he p ub lished e xcava t ion r epor ts ( s ee a ppropr ia te e n tr ies i n P e tersen , 1 977 ,1 1 , f or d e ta i ls a nd r a t iona les ) . B eakers D e ta i ls o ft he c on ten ts o f 2 7 E ng l ish a nd We lsh " Beaker B arrows" e xcava ted a nd f u l ly p ub lished b e tween 1 920 a nd 1 977 a re g iven i n T ab le I . A l l t he b ur ia ls t abu la ted f or e ach s i te w ere e i ther s ea led u nder a s ing le b arrow—or s ing le c omponent o f a mul t is tage b arrow—or were i n o r f ocused o n o ne o r more l arge g raves .

These f ac ts a re t he j ust if ica t ion f or t rea t ing e ach s i te a s a n o rgan ized

2 57

c eme tery a t tr ibutab le t o as ing le c o m muni ty a nd p robab ly w ith a n a c t ive h is toryof c o mparat ive ly s hor t d ura t ion .

T he o ppos i te v iew —tha t t he b ur ia ls

i n ag iven c e metery were d epos i ted a t w ide ly d if ferent t imes b yd if ferent p eop les—cannot b e d isproved i n c er ta in i ns tances b ut , i n t he a bsence o f s uppor t ing e v idence , c an s ure ly b e r e jec ted o n c o m mon s ense g rounds . A s t he T ab le s hows , B eaker b ur ia ls a re n ever s trat igraph ica l ly l a ter t han b ur ia ls a ssoc ia ted w i th o ther c era m ic s ty les a t t he s a me s i tes , t hough , a s a rgued b e low , t hey d o n ot a lways n ecessar i ly r epresen t t he e ar l ies t d ea ths . I n a ny c ase , t he s ignif icance o f t h is h ackneyed f ac t i s o vershadowed b y t ha t o f an u mber o f c ons iderab ly more i n terest ing f ea tures o f t he b arrows . F irs t ly ,t here i s t he r ar i ty o f " s ing le g rave" b arrows o f t he s upposed c lass ic t ype , s uch b arrows b e ing r epresen ted b y 6p oss ib le e xamp les c ompr ising a mere 2 2% o f t he t ota l s a mp le o f 2 7 .

N one o f t he 6 , moreover , w as c o mp le te ly

e xcava ted a nd s o me may h ave h ad o ther p r i mary b ur ia ls .

The r ema ining 2 1

s i tes ( many o f w h ich l i kew ise were i nco mp lete ly i nvest iga ted) e xh ib ited a b ew i lder ing v ar ie ty o fb ur ia l p ract ices .

A t C ha t ton S andy ford , N or thu mber-

l and , a l l t ha t may h ave b een i nvo lved was t he g roup ing o f s evera l s i ng le i nh u ma t ion g raves i n a sma l l c e me tery l a ter c overed b y t he b arrow .

S im i lar

c eme ter ies e x is ted a t s o me o f t he o ther 2 0 s i tes , b ut i n a l l c ases ( excep t p oss ib ly C ass ing ton 4 , Oxon ) i nc luded g raves c onta in ing mult ip le b ur ia ls , c o l lec t ive ly o r s uccess ive ly i n terred . S econd ly , t here i s t he e v idence t ha t t hese s i tes p rov ide f or t he w idespread u se i n B eaker " t imes" o f c re ma t ion ( 29 b ur ia ls ) a s a n a l terna t ive t o i nhu ma t ion ( 2 .61 b ur ia ls ) .

A t C arv inack , C ornwa l l , ac rema t ion was a ctua l ly a cco mpan ied

b y aB eaker b ut , e lsewhere , t he c re mat ions w ere e i ther u naccompan ied o r were a ssoc ia ted w i th i t e ms ( Co l lared u rns o r F ood V esse ls ) b e long ing t o a " non-Beaker" t radi t ion .

A t F argo P lanta t ion , W i lts , o ne o r more c re ma t ions

may h ave a c tua l ly p receded t he i nhu ma t ions i n t he s a me g rave a nd a t an u mber o fo ther s i tes ( S tockbr idge , Over ton ,

?Longs tone ,

?Ysgwennan t a nd ? Su t ton

2 68) were e i ther v ir tua lly c on te mporary w ith t he i nhu ma t ions o r h ad f o l lowed t he m i n v ery c lose s uccess ion .

Moreover , u n less t he 2 p ersons r epresen ted

i n t he mu lt ip le c re ma t ion d epos i t i n t he f i l l o ft he Over tonBeaker g rave h ad d ied n ear s imu ltaneous ly ( wh ich , o f c ourse , t hey c ou ld h ave d one ) a t l eas t o ne h ad a l mos t c er ta in ly p re-deceased t he i nhu ma t ion o n t he f l oor b y s o me t ime .

T he d is tr ibu t ion o f a ge/sex c lasses b e tween t he 2r i tes a ppears t o b e

r ando m , t hough t oo f ew d a ta o n t h is p oin t e x is t , p ar t icu lar ly f or c re ma t ions ( 3 ma les , 0f e ma les , 7a du lts a nd 4 s ubadu lts ) f or mean ingfu l c ompar isons t o b e made ( t he c orresponding f i gures f or i nhu ma t ions a re 1 9 ma le , 1 0 f ema le 3 0 a du lt a nd 1 6 s ubadu l t ) .

T here c an b e n o d oub t , h owever , t ha t t he 2 r i tes

were i n c ontemporary u se b y t he s a me c o m mun i t ies a nd t hat t he i nc idence o f c re ma t ion i n t hese c on tex ts i s o n ly p ar t ly , i fa t a l l, e xp l icab le c hrono log ica l ly , e ., i n t erms o f g radua l e vo lut ionary c hanges i nb ur ia l c usto m t ak ing p lace d ur ing t he " l ifet i me" o f t he c e metery c oncer ned . Af i na l p oint r e la tes t o t he g rave g oods f ound i n t he c e meter ies , n otab ly t he p resence o f B eakers a nd C o l lared u rns a t Over ton a nd S ut ton 2 68 a nd o f aB eaker a nd Wessex C u lture a sse mb lage a t S t ockbr idge .

I n n one o f t hese

c ases d o t he n a ture o f t he a ssoc ia t ions j ust ify t he a ssu mpt ion t ha t t he a sse mb lages i n q ues t ion were s tr ic t ly c onte mporary , t hough i ti s h ard t o b e l ieve

2 58

t ha t t he i n terva lo f t ime s epara t ing t he e ar l ies t a nd l a tes t b ur ia ls e i ther i n t he S ut ton g rave o r a t Over ton , was a v ery l ong o ne .

T he t rue i mpor tance o f t hese

a ssoc ia t ions , h owever , i sn ot t heir c hrono log ica l i mp l ica t ions wh ich , a s i ndic a ted , a re n ot c apab le o fp roof . I tr es ides r a ther i n t he e v idence t hey a f ford t ha t t he a r t ifac t t ypes c oncerned a re n ot t o b e a ppor t ioned among 2o r more d ist inc t a nd mutua l ly a loo f c o m mun i t ies e ach a dher ing r ig id ly t o i t s own b ur ia l a nd o ther t rad i t ions b u t c o mpr ised p ar t o f t he c u ltura l i nventory o f as ing le c u ltura l ly-ho mogeneous p opu lat ion . T he s a me p oin t , o f c ourse , c an b e made r e lat ive to t he i nc idence i n t he c e me ter ies o f t he d if feren t B eaker s ub types .

A s T ab le Is hows , t here i s s o me

t endency f or t he r epresen ta t ion o f t he v ar ious s ub types t o b e c onf ined t o p ar t icul ar s i tes ( Ysgwennan t , S p ita l C orner ) .

T h is , o f c ourse , i s ap red ictab le

s i tua t ion g iven t he a ssu mp t ion t ha t e ach c e me tery i s t he p roduc t o f as ing le c o m mun i ty .

T he e xcep t ions —notab ly Bee L ow , D erbys —however , a re a lso

e xp l icab le o n t he s a me a ssu mp t ion .

T he Beakers f ro m B ee L ow i nc lude

r epresentat ives o f C larke 's AOC , N 2 , S 2 a nd S 4 , c a tegor ies , i .e . c over t he e n tire c hrono log ica l r ange o f t he c lass if ica t ion a nd n o l ess t han 3 o f t he ma jor " trad i t ions" .

2

N o c o mment o n t he c hrono logy o f t he B ee L ow b ur ia ls i s

p oss ib le o n t he b as is o f e xcava t iona l e v idence a lone b eyond n ot ing t ha tt he AO C B eaker ( C larke 's e ar liest t ype ) may h ave f ound i t s way t o t he s i te a t a c o mpara t ive ly l a te s tage i n t he b ur ia l s equence .

3

T he p oss ib i li ty t ha t 3

s uccess ive waves o f i nvaders b ur ied t he ir d ead a t t he s i te a t i n terva ls o f s evera l g enera t ions , h owever , s eems v ery i mprobab le a nd t here c an b e l i t t le d oub t t ha t t he who le s er ies r epresents mor ta li ty w i th in a s ing le c o m mun ity o ver a c o mpara t ive ly s hor t p er iod o f t ime . F ood V esse ls T he o ccurrences o f F ood V esse l b ur ia ls a re s im i lar t o t hose o f B eaker a nd many o f t he s ame p oin ts c an b e made a bout t hem ( see T ab le I wh ich s u m mari zes t he c onten ts o ft he 1 5 " Food V esse l b arrows" e xcava ted a nd p ub l ished i n r ecen t d ecades ) . They a re n ot s trong ly r epresented among r ecen t ly e xcava ted s i tes , a c tua l F ood V esse l p ot tery b e ing s o mewha t l ess c o m mon t han B eakers , l arge ly b ecause f ew b arrows o n t he Y orksh ire Wo lds , t he g rea t s trongho ld o f t he t ype i n S Br i tain , h ave b een e xcava ted a nd f u l ly p ub l ished i n modern t imes . C o llared Urns a nd Wessex C u l ture B ur ia ls C o l lared u rns a re b y f ar t he mos t c o m mon c era m ic t ype f ro m r ecent ly e xcava ted b arrows , b eing b etween 3 a nd 4 t imes a s n u merous a s B eakers a nd F ood Vesse ls c o mb ined a nd a l mos t t w ice a s n u merous a s a l l o ther E ar ly Bronze A ge c era mic t ypes c o mb ined .

They o ccur i n ag rea t v ar ie ty o f c on tex ts ,

i nc lud ing , a s i ndica ted , c e meter ies c on ta in ing B eakers , F ood V esse ls , P yg my C ups a nd/or o ther t ypes o f c inerary u rns , a nd o bv ious ly r epresent t he d om inant f unerary ware d ur ing much o f t he p er iod . T he mode o f o ccurrence o f 3 1 " r ich" n on-Beaker b ur ia ls f ro m 2 5 E ng lish a nd We lsh b arrows e xcava ted i n r ecen t t imes ( 1920 o nwards ) i sg iven i n T ab le I I , a" r ich" b ur ia l f or t he p resent p urposes b e ing d ef ined a s a ny e xa mp le w i th "Wessex C ulture" g rave g oods —og iva l b ronze d agger , g o ld , amber , f a ience— o r w i th t wo o r more b ronze o b jec ts o f a ny t ype .

2 59

T he s i tes l i s ted c o mpr ise a l l

s uch k nown t o me a t d a te o f wr i t ing ( 1977 ) a nd i nc lude t he o n ly 6b arrows f ro m t he c entra l Wessex r eg ion p roduc ing "Wessex C u lture" b ur ia ls e xcava ted a nd f u l ly p ub l ished d ur ing t he p er iod s pec if ied . more t han o ne " r ich" b ur ia l .

O n ly 2 o f t hese s i tes p roduced

A t 7o r 8o f t he b arrows , t he " r ich" b ur ia l w as

t he o n ly o ne f ound b ut , w i th 1 o r t wo e xcep t ions , a l l o f t hese s i tes h ad b een r obbed o ut o r b ad ly mut i la ted p r ior t o t he e xcava t ion o r w ere v ery i nco mp le te ly e xam ined .

T he r e ma in ing b arrows p roduced f rom 2 t o 1 5-16 b ur ia ls e ach

( see P e tersen , 1 977 , I , f or f u l l d escr ip t ions o f a l l 2 5 b arrows ) . As t he T ab le s hows , i n 3c ases r ich a sse mb lages a cco mpan ied mu lt ip le c re mat ion d epos i ts .

T he most s pec tacu lar ins tance o f t h is was a t B reach

F arm , G la morgansh ire , where t he c re ma t ion d epos i t ( 3 a dults ) w as a cco mpan ied b y 3 bronzes o f d if feren t t ypes , aP yg my C up a nd a r ange o f f l in t a nd s tone a r t ifac ts , t hese i t e ms a rguab ly f orming t he " r ichest" s ing le a ssemb lage f ound w i th a ny b ur ia l e xcava ted i n t he p resen t c en tury .

T he r e main ing 2 4 b ur ia ls

h ad a l l b een i n terred s ing ly , ma les b e ing s l igh t ly ( 9 a s o pposed t o 6f e ma les ) a nd a du l ts s trong ly ( 16 a s a ga ins t o ne s ubadu l t ) o ver-represented ( t he s ubadu l t was a n a do lescen t a nd t hus p oss ib ly " adu lt" a s c onvent iona lly d ef ined b y t he c o m mun ity t o wh ich h e h ad b e longed) .

Ad ef in ite c orre la t ion b e tween r ich

g rave g oods a nd a du lt s ta tus i s t hus u na mb iguous ly i ndica ted ( t he ma le/fema le i mba lance i s t oo s l igh t t o h ave a ny s ignif icance ) . A s T ab le i f i a lso s hows , t he d a ta o n c en tra l p osi t ion ing a nd s tra t igraph ic c ontext f a i l t o p rov ide e v idence f or a c ons is ten t r e la t ionsh ip b etween t hese v ar iab les a nd " r ich" g rave g oods .

T hus , n o l ess t han 1 o f t he b ur ia l d epos i ts

were e ccen tr ica l ly p os i t ioned , av ery h igh p ropor t ion i ndeed i n v iew o f t he f ac t t ha t many b arrows were e xcava ted i n t he c en tra l a rea o n ly s o t ha t e ccen tr ic b ur ia ls —r ich o r p oor—had l ess c hance o f b e ing f ound .

O f t he 2 7 b ur ia l d eposi ts ,

moreover , o n ly 9 ( i nc lus ive o f 2d ub ious e xamp les ) were " cen tra l p r i mar ies" , a l l t he o thers e i ther b e ing e ccen tr ic o r s econdary ( or b o th ) . F ina l ly , t here a re t he c era m ic a ssoc iat ions :

o ft he 1 0 b ur ia l d epos i ts

a ssoc ia ted w i th p ot tery o fa ny k ind , n o l ess t han 5 were w i th C o l lared u rns — a s s ta ted , b y f ar t he c o m monest t ype o f E ar ly B ronze Age f unerary p o t tery— a nd t he r e ma inder w ith a w ide v ar iety o fp ot tery t ypes , c o mpr is ing a l arge f rac t ion o f t he t o ta l E ar ly Bronze Age s pec tru m ( 3 P ygmy C ups a nd s ing le F ood V esse ls , e n larged F ood V esse ls a nd B icon ica l u rns ) . T he f ac ts s u m mar ized a bove s uggest t ha t b arrows c onta in ing " r ich" b ur ia ls , l i ke o ther t ypes o f b arrow , a re n orma lly a ssoc ia ted w i th sma l l c e meter ies b e long ing t o ac u l tura l ly h o mogeneous p opu la t ion wh ich p ract iced b oth i nhu mat i on a nd c re ma t ion a nd made u se o f an u mber o fd ifferen t k inds o fp ot tery a s g rave g oods . T he p os i t ions o f b ur ia ls w i th in t he c e me tery , b oth a s r egards s tra t igraph ic p os it ion a nd p os i t ion o n p lan , a ppears , a ga in a s a t o ther b arrows , t o h ave b een d ic ta ted more b y t he o rder i n w h ich d ea ths o ccurred t han b y t he p ersona l c harac ter is t ics o f t he d eceased .

I n o ther w ords , b arrows , h owever

l arge a nd i mpress ive , c annot b e r egarded a s e xpress ions o f t he p ersona l g randeur o f a ny o ne i ndiv idua l b ur ied i n t he m w i thout mak ing u nwarran tab le a ssu mp t ions a bou t t he p ar t icu lar a spec ts o f t he s oc ia l s ys te m s ymbo lized b y t hese monu ments .

S uch a ssu mp t ions h ave , o f c ourse , b een made i n t he p as t

a nd h ave c ontr ibu ted t o wha t may we l l p rove t o b e a n e xaggera ted n ot ion o f t he d egree o f s oc ia l s tra t if ica t ion o f E ar ly B ronze Age s oc ie ty . 2 60

T he s ame

p o in t i s made i n Append ix V I ( wh ich s ee ) i n c onnec t ion w i th b e l l b arrows a nd , a s i nt he p resent d iscuss ion , h igh l igh ts t he p er i ls o f a t te mp t ing t o a ssess t he s oc ia l s ign if icance o fb ur ia ls a nd g rave g oods w i thout d e ta i led c ons idera t ion o f t he ir c on tex ts .

T ab le I B eaker B ur ia ls A .

S i tes P roduc ing S ing le B eaker B ur ia ls On ly

S i te

B ur ia l

C r iche l 1 6 , D orseti

I+ S 3(W ) B eaker

C r iche l 1 7 , D orseti

I+ FP B eaker

C rowmarsh 2 , Oxon 2

S ubad I+ S 3(E ) B eaker

S tan ton 1 2 , Oxon 3

Ma le I+ AOC B eaker

L inney A , P e mb 4

I+ S 4/FV B eaker

Durr ington 1 , Wi lts 5

Ma le I + S 2(E ) B eaker

B .

S i tes Where B eaker B ur ia ls were Assoc ia tedw i th O ther B ur ia ls i n t he S a me Grave +

C arv inack , C ornwa l l6 L ongstone , C ornwa l l7

2C s ( one w i th FN B eaker ) o n f l oor ? I w i th S H4 ( C ) Beaker o n f l oor ;

Cs ca t tered

i n f i l l . Ysgwennant , Denb 8

2g raves 1 .

? I w i th S 2( W ) B eaker o n f l oor a nd 2 ? Cs i n f i l l .

2 .

? I w i th S 2( W ) Beaker o n f l oor a nd ? C i n f i l l .

Bee L ow , Derbys 9 NB .

7I s ( 4 ma les , 1a d a nd 2 s ubad ) s uccessive ly b ur ied . AOC B eaker .

2C s ( ?ad w i th b ronze f l a t k n ife a nd a n u nacco mpan ied ?ma le ) i n t he

mound makeup n earby w ere p robab ly c on te mporary o r n ear c onte mporary w i th s ome o f t he I s i n t he g rave . L ong A sh 1 , D orse t1 0

5I s ( i n tac t f e ma le o n f l oor , d e tached b ones o f 2f e ma les a nd 2 s ubad s cat tered i n f i l l ) .

U ndec

Beaker . L ong A sh 2 , D orse tl°

2I s ( i nc luding 1 a d ) s uccess ive ly b ur ied .

S 2 (W )

B eaker R idgeway , D orse tll

2a d I s ( one w i th B eaker b ow l ) b ur ied s ide b y s ide ? on f l oor .

+G raves

w i th mu lt ip le b ur ia ls a t E ar l 's F arm 2 , Wi l ts , a nd F errybr idge 2 ,

W . R . Y orks , a re e xc luded f ro m t h is l i s t ( no p ot tery was f ound i n e i ther g rave b ut h ad i tb een p resen t i t wou ld a l mos t c er ta in ly h ave b een o f B eaker t ype ) .

2 61

T ab le I

( con t )

S i te

B ur ia l

S u t ton 2 68 , G la m 1 2

6b ur ia ls d epos i ted s uccess ive ly ( s ubad Iw i th N / MR B eaker f o l lowed i n u nknown o rder b y ma le I , MCD ( a d +s ubad ) i n C ol lared u rn a nd i nde term ina te C ) .

C (?ma le) w i th b ronze f l a t

k nife a nd P yg my C up i nser ted s econdar i ly i n to f i l l S tockbr idge , H an ts 1 3

F e ma le Iw i th N 2 B eaker o n f l oor w i th 2 C s b ur ied d ur ing i n f i l ling .

F argo , Wi l ts "

S ubad I , 2C s a nd S 2(W ) B eaker a nd F ood V esse l o n f l oor .

Cs econdary t o , o r c on temporary

w i th , i nf i l ling . J ug 's G rave , Wi l ts 1 5

2 (? dis turbed) I s .

?W/ MR ? and N /MR Beakers

Over ton , Wi lts 1 6

Ma le Iw i th S 2( W ) B eaker o n f l oor w i th MCD ( M +s ubad) b ur ied d ur ing i nf i l ling

Bredon H i l l , Worcs "

Ma le Id isturbed b y b ur ia l o f s econd I( ?fe ma le ) . 2EB eakers

S p i ta l C orner ,

2g raves

E . R . Y orks 1 8

I .

Ma le Iw i th S 1 B eaker o n f l oor w ith s ubad Ib ur ied d ur ing i nf i l ling .

2 .

F e ma le Io n f l oor w i th 2 s ubad I s b ur ied d ur ing i nf i l ling .

N o p o t tery .

NB T he i nf i l ling o f Grave 1was p r i mary t o t he d igg ing o f Grave 2 ( t he g raves were i n s tra t igraph ic c ontac t , Grave 2 h av ing b een p ar t ly d ug i nto o ne s ide o f G rave 1 a f ter t he l a t ter h ad b een f i l led i n ) . C .

O ther F orms o f Group ing o n t he S a me S tra t igraphic H or izon ( pr i mary t o b arrow u n less s ta ted o therw ise )+

B arrow H i l ls 4 /4A B erks 1 9

a .

Ma le Iw i th E B eaker

b .

S ubad I

c .

Cw i th b ronze f l a t k n ife

NB . b . a nd c . were a l mos t c er ta in ly b ur ied c on te mporaneous ly w i th e ach o ther b u t p oss ib ly p os t-da te a . b y ac ons iderab le i n terva l o f t ime . C arv inack , C ornwa l l6

a .

FN B eaker g rave ( L ist B ) u nder sma l l e ccentr ic c a irn

b .

Cu nder sma l l e ccen tr ic c a irn ( d if feren t f ro m t ha t c over ing a . a nd c .)

c .

Cu nder sma l l e ccentr ic c a irn ( d if feren t f ro m t ha t c over ing a . a nd b . )

+G roups

o f B eaker g raves e x isted a t B ee L ow , D erbys , a nd R idgeway , D orse t ,

b u t t he ir c onten ts a nd s tra t igraph ic p os i t ions a re t oo p oor ly r ecorded t o warran t l i s t ing h ere . 2 62

Tab le I

( con t .)

S i te

B ur ia l

Cr iche l 1 4 , D orse ti

a . b .

S tockbr idge , H ants 1 3

Iw i th W/MR B eaker i n g rave Ci n p it c ut i n to g rave c on ta in ing a .

a .

N 2 B eaker g rave ( L is t B )

b .

Wessex C u l ture C i n p i t c u t i n to d i tch s urround ing a .

C ha t ton S andy ford, N or thu mber land 2 0 NB .

a .

? I w i th N /NR B eaker

b .

? I w i th S 4/FV B eaker

c .

? I w i th N /NR B eaker

N o h u man b one s urv ived i n a ny o f t hese g raves ( probab ly b ecause o f

a c id s o i ls ) a nd s o me o r a l l c ou ld t herefore h ave c on ta ined more t han o ne b ur ia l . C ass ington 4 , Oxon 2 1

a . b .

A d Iw i th AOC B eaker i n g rave A d Iw i th S 4 B eaker i n g rave s econdar i ly c u t i n to t ha t c onta in ing a .

NB .

T he s tra t igraph ic r e la t ionsh ip o fn e i ther g rave t o t he b arrow i s k nown

a nd t he i n tersec t ion c ou ld b e a cc identa l . C harmy 1 , S o merse t2 2

a . b .

S ubad Iw i th S 2 B eaker Cw i th F ood V esse l b ur ied c onte mporaneous ly w i th a .

Over ton , Wi l ts 1 6

a .

S 2 B eaker g rave ( L is t B )

b .

S ubad Ii n g rave

c .

S ubad Ii n g rave

d .

S ubad C i n C o l lared u rn i n p i t c u t i n to g rave c on ta ining c .

S p i ta l C orner , E . R . Y orks 1 8

e .

MCD ( 2ad ) i np i t c ut i n to g rave c onta in ing

f .

c . S ubad Iw i th s ha le b ead i n g rave

g .

S ubad C i n C o l lared u rn i n p i t

h .

S ubad Ii n s ha l low g rave

i .

S ubad Ii n s ha l low g rave

a .

Grave 1 ( L is t B )

b .

Grave 2 ( L is t B )

c .

?Ma le Ii n ? sha l low g rave

d .

F e ma le Ii n g rave

e .

F e ma le I ? in s ha l low g rave

f .

? Fe ma le I(? disturbed ) w i th S i B eaker i n ? sha l low g rave

g . h . i . NB .

F e ma le Ii ng rave Ma le Ii n ? sha l low g rave ? Ad I (? d isturbed ) i n ? sha l low g rave .

I ti s u nknown i ft h is s i te h ad e ver b een mounded .

2 63

T ab le I

F ood V esse l B ur ia ls R e la t ionsh ips t o O ther

S i te

F ood V esse l B ur ia l(s )

B edd Branwen ,

C( pe trous b one o f i nfan t )

A ng 2 3

i n FV o n OGS

B ur ia ls P ar t o f l arge C c e me tery ( Co l lared u rns ) . R e la t ionsh ip t o o ther b ur ia ls u nknown .

S h ie ld K nowe ,

2s epara te g raves w i th

U nacco mpan ied MCD i n

C u mb 2 4

FVs .

p i t a lso p oss ib ly p r imary .

a .

? I (s ) o n f l oor o fg rave

? P

w i th ? C s ca t tered i n f i l l b .

? i (s ) i n g rave

? P

B ee ley A/B .

Ci n FV i n sma l l s tone

Ci nC o l lared/Cordoned

D erbys 2 5

c is t b ui l t i n a ng le b e tween

u rn p oss ib ly p r i mary t o

2b arrows o f mu l t i-co mpo-

B arrow A .

n ent s i te

C o l lared o r C ordoned

O ther C s i n

u rns i n s econdary o r d isturbed c on tex ts i n b o th b arrows . H ar land

2s epara te C d epos i ts

D erby s2 6

i n o r w i th FVs . a . MCD ( ad + s ubad )

Another p r imary g rave c on ta ined p robab le Io n P

f l oor a nd a d Cs cat tered

w i th 2 FVs a nd p iano

i n f i l l .

c onvex f l in t k n ives i n

c onvex f l in t k n ife i n

g rave

C o l lared u rn i n d isturbed

b .

P

? C i n FV i n p i t

A d Cw i th p lano-

c ontext ;

o ther C s c on-

t e mporary w i th e ar ly s truc tura l s tage o fb arrow . L ong A sh 2 ,

2s epara te ly-bur ied

2 FV b ur ia ls o n s uccess ive

D orset 1 6

I s w i th FVs

s tra t igraph ic h or izons

a . I b . Iw i th s eg men ted

P S

i n mu lt is tage r ound

P S

b arrow ( b . p r i mary t o Ci n C o l lared u rn;

f a ience b eads

a .

p r i mary t o Ci n e n larged FV ) ;

e ar l ier b ur ia ls

c o mpr ised 5 I s ( 2 i n s uccess ive Ig rave w i th S 2( W ) Beaker s herds ) .

+=S tra t igraph ic P os i t ion ( P =P r imary t o c omp le ted b arrow ; t o c o mp le ted b arrow ;

S= s econdary

P S =p r imary t o s o me s truc tura l s tages , s econdary

t o o thers )

2 64

T ab le I

( c ont .) R e la t ionsh ips t o O ther

S i te

F ood V esse l B ur ia l (s )

S heep Down ,

Cw i th FV i n p i t

B ur ia ls P ar t o fl arge C / I c e me tery ( Co l lared u rns ) .

D orset 2 7

R e la t ion-

s h ip t o o ther b ur ia ls u nknown . I 3 eau lieu 4 , H an ts 2 8

B ishop 's W . , H an ts 2 9

?MCD ( ?2 o r more

P

U nacco mpanied C s econd-

p ersons ) i n p i t w i th FV

a ry t o e ar ly s tructura l

n earby

p hase o fb arrow .

Iw i th FV d is turbed b y s econdary i nser t ion i n to s a me g rave o f a d C w i th 2b ronze k n ives .

R ockbourne ,

Grave c on ta in ing FV a nd

H an ts 3 0

4I s s uccess ive ly b ur ied .

C harmy 1 , S om 2 2

S ee T ab le I

P

U nacco mpanied C i n d is turbed c on tex t i n s econd b arrow p robab ly r a ised c onte mporaneous ly w i th b arrow c onta in ing FV/Beaker b ur ia ls .

E ar l 's F arm

P S

S ubad Iw i th FV

P ar t o f l arge I /C c e me tery i n mu lt istage

2 , W i lts 3 1

r ound b arrow .

On s a me

s tra t igraph ic h or izon a s 2o ther I s .

P receded b y

s uccess ive Ig rave a nd 2o ther I s ;

s ucceeded

b y a ddi t iona l I s a nd C s ( en larged FV , C o l lared a nd D evere l-R i mbury u rns ) F argo , Wi lts "

U nacco mpanied C ( re-

S ee T ab le I

l a t ionsh ip t o FV/Beaker b ur ia ls u nknown ) L i t t lewood 2 ,

A d Iw i th FV i n s ha l low

E . R . Y orks 3 2

g rave

Q uernhow ,

3s epara te ly-bur ied C

P ar t o f l arge C c e me tery

N . R . Y orks 3 3

d epos i ts w i th FVs

i n mu lt is tage r ound b arrow

a . A d Co n OGS

( n o o ther c eramic a ssoc i-

b . MCD ( 2 ? ad ) i n p it

PS

c . MCD ( ad + s ubad i n p i t

P S

2 65

a t ions )

T ab le I

( c on t .) R e la t ionsh ip t o O ther

S i te

F ood V esse l B ur ia l(s )

Green H owe ,

S ubad Iw i th FV i n g rave

Bur ia ls ? PS

P ar t o f l arge I /C c eme tery i n mul t is tage

W . R . Y orks 34

r ound b arrow ( mult ip le Ig rave p robab ly e ar lier , Ci n C o l lared u rn a nd o ther C s a nd I s l ater )

2 66

Tab le I I

R ich B ur ia ls ( n on-Beaker b ur ia ls w i th o g iva l d aggers , g o ld , amber , f a ience a nd/or 2 o r more b ronze o b jec ts ) .

C o lu mn H eadings 1 .

S tra t igraph ic P os i t ion ( P =p r i mary ;

2 .

P osi tion o n P lan ( C =c en tra l;

3 .

T ota l N o . o f B ur ia ls F ound ( + =5 0% o r l ess o f s i te e xcava ted) .

S i te

Age/Sex/R i te

Bedd B ranwen ,

M

C

Ang 2 3

S= s econdary )

E=e ccentr ic )

Grave G oods C o l lared u rn

1

2

3

?

E

1 5-16

?P

C

1+

?

C

1+

E

1 0-11 +

Amber a nd j e t b eads .

B one

p o m me l Barrow H i l ls 2,

?M

C

Berks 35

Bronze aw l G o ld b ut ton c aps

Barrow H i l ls 1 4 , Berks 3 6

F

C

B icon ica l p o t , 2 b ronze r azors

Barrow H i l ls 1 6,

Bronze f l a t k n ife

Berks 3 7

Bronze aw l Amber , j e t a nd s eg men ted f a ience b eads

Pew i t F ar m ,

M

C

Berks 3 8

Bronze f l at k n ife

P

C

1 +

?

C

3

?P

C

1

?

C

9

?

E

P

E

Bronze aw l

Ch ippenha m A ,

A d

I

Cambs 39

C a mer ton-Snowsh i l l d agger S tone b at t leaxe

Bee ley D ,

?

C

Derbys 25 Do l l T or ,

S eg mented f a ience b ead

1 . ? F

C

2 .

C

Derbys "

S eg men ted' faience b ead

?M

F aience s tar b ead Bronze p inhead

Ed mondsha m , Dorse t4 1

M

C

C a merton-Snows-

1+

h i l l d agger B one t weezers B one p in Whetstone

Long A sh 2 , Dorse tI

4s eg mented f a ience b eads

1 0

F ood V esse l

x

Pr imary t o ac re mat ion i n aC o l lared u rn a nd s econdary t o ac re mat ion i n

a n E n larged F ood Vesse l 2 67

T ab le I I

( con t .)

S i te C efn G o leu,

Age/Sex/R i te ?M

C

Grave G oods C o llared u rn

?P

2

3

E

1 2

Bronze ? p inhead

F l in ts 42

Bronze ? knife f rag men ts C x

F fr idd y G arreg

1 0

E n larged F ood V esse l

We n, F l ints 4 3

Bronze f l a t k nife Bronze a w l Breach F arm , G la m l

Bronze f l a t a xe

A d A d

MCD

3+

Bronze c h ise l Bronze f l a tknife

A d

P yg my C up P lano-Convex f l int k nife F lint a rrowheads S tone a rrow s tra igh tener Marshf ie ld 3 ,

Bronze aw l

?F

? 5

S ha le s t uds

G los 45

Amber a nd s ha le b eads MCD

S o ldier 's T u mp , G los 4 6

3

Bronze f l a t k n ife Bronze aw l

S ubad

F oss i l b eads P erfora ted p ebb le Beau l ieu 6 ,

Amber n eck lace

P

2b ronze f l at

? Sxx

C

? 1+

H ants 2 8 B ishop 's Wa ltha m , H ants 29

k n ives

Ga l low 's H i l ls ,

S eg men ted f aience

Hants 47

?P

C

E

2+

5 -6

a nd o ther b eads Armor ico-Br i tish

S

d agger B one b e lthook S tockbr idge ,

S ubad

H ants 1 3

C

C o l lared u rn

P

E

4

Bronze aw l 4s eg mented f a ience b eads J e t , l i gn i te e tc b eads

xProbab ly i n t he s a me p i t a s a n u nacco mpanied f e ma le c re ma t ion . x x P robab ly s econdar i ly i nser ted t hrough e ar ly s truc tura l s tage o fb arrow i n to p re-ex is t ing g rave .

2 68

Tab le I I

( cont .)

S i te L ock ing ton ,

A ge/Sex/R i te Ad

C

L e ics 4 8

Grave G oods Bronze f l a t

1

2

3

S

C

1+

P

C

P

F

3

P

C

3+

?

F

2o r more

k nife Bronze aw l P lano-convex f l in t k nife F l int a rrowhead

S tanton Harcour t 4 ,

M

C

exon 4 9

C a mer ton-Snows-

1 -2

h i l l d agger Pyg my C up J e t a nd amber b eads F l int s tr ike-al i gh t h e tstone B one p in

Tynings E ,

?F

S om5 °

S ubad

MCD

C o llared u rn Bronze aw l S eg mented f a ience a nd j e t b eads

C hanc tonbury ,

F

I

S ussex 5 1 Bosco mbe , Wi lts 5 2

C a mer ton-Snowsh i l l d agger

?

?C

Armor ico-Br i t ish d agger Bronze f l a t k n ife Whe tstones P lano-convex f l in t k nife B one a nd a nt ler o b jec ts

L oose H owe ,

C a mer ton-Snows-

N . R . Y orks 5 3

h i l l d agger C o l lared u rn S tone a xeha m mer Pyg my C up Bronze p in

2 69

S

TABLES

REFERENCES

1 .

P iggot t a nd P iggot t , 1 944 C a t ling , 1 959 C ase , 1 963;

4 .

G ordon- W i l lia ms , 1 926

5 .

C unnington , 1 929

H am lin , 1 963

D ud ley , 1 964 R usse l l a nd P oo l , 1 964

8 .

Day , 1 972

9 .

Marsden , 1 970

1 0 .

F orde-Johns ton , 1 958

1.

P ayne , 1 943

1 2 .

F ox , 1 943

1 3 .

S tone a nd H i l l, 1 940

1 4 .

S tone , 1 938

1 5 .

U nderwood, 1 946 & 1 948;

1 6 .

Smi th a nd S i mpson , 1 966

1 7 .

Tho mas , 1 965

1 8 .

S tead, 1 959

1 9 .

Wi l lia ms , 1 948;

2 0 .

J obey , 1 968

2 1 .

Bradford , 1 951

2 2 .

Gr i mes , 1 960

2 3 .

L ynch , 1 971

2 4 .

H odgson , 1 940

2 5 .

Rad ley , 1 969

2 6 .

R i ley , 1 966

2 7 .

A tk inson

2. 1 .

P iggot t , 1 943 Ashbee , 1 957

3 0 .

P iggot t a nd P iggot t , 1 946

3 1 .

C hr is t ie , 1 967

3 2 .

Bar t let t a nd MacKey , 1 972

3 3 .

Wa terman , 1 951

3 4 .

Wood, 1 971

3 5 .

A tkinson , 1 952-53 L eeds , 1 936

Ratc lif fe-Densha m , 1 968

5 2 .

N ewe l l , 1 931;

5 3 .

E lgee a nd E lgee , 1 949

Gr inse l l , 1 957

,1 951

2 9 .

L eeds , 1 938

5 1 .

R ober ts , 1 950

2 8 .

3 7 .

T ay lor , 1 931-32 &

3 8 .

P iggot t , 1 939

4 0 .

H ea theote , 1 940b;

Moore a nd Row lands ,

1 972

7 .

3 6 .

R ead, 1 924; 1 949-50

2 . 3 .

6 .

5 0 .

B ur l , 1 976

4 1 .

Proudfoot , 1 963

4 2 .

954-55 Bevan-Evans a nd H ayes , 1 952-53 & 1

4 3 .

Wi l lia ms , 1 921 & 1 922

4 4 .

Gr i mes , 1 938

4 5 .

Ge t t ins e t a l . ,1 953

4 6 .

S cot t-Garret t , 1 956

4 7 .

A lexander a nd Ozanne , 1 960

4 8 .

P osnansky , 1 955b

4 9 .

H arden a nd Treweeks , 1 945

NOTES 1 . A l l Br i t ish e xa mp les o f s take c irc les k nown t o me a re l i s ted i n P e tersen , 1 977 , I , A ppend ix I X .

A s ag lance a t t h is l i st w i l l s how , t he g rea t ma jor i ty

o f we l l-recorded e xa mp les h ad a d ef in i te o r p robab le p re-barrow e nc losure f unc t ion ( as o pposed t o r eve t t ing t he b arrow , t he p urpose s erved b y t he h andfu l o f e xcep t ions ) .

I ti s h ard t o b e lieve t ha t s o me f orm o f p re-barrow

e nc losure d id n ot e x is t a t most s i tes c on ta in ing more t han o ne " pr i mary" ( i f t he l i nes o f s uch e nc losures r an o uts ide t he p er i me ter o f t he l a ter b arrow , e v idence f or t he m w ou ld s e ldo m b e f ound e ven i n c ases where i th ad s urv ived p os t-Bronze Age d enuda t ion o f t he o ld l and s urface ) . 2 . Ap ara l le l c ase ( e xcava ted i n t he 1 9th c entury a nd n o t i n T ab le D i s R uds ton 6 2 ,

E as t Y orks ( Greenwe l l , 1 877 , 2 34 ;

5 1-53;

Manby , 1 969;

P e tersen , 1 972 ,

P ac i t to , 1 974 ) where a s ing le l arge g rave c on ta ined B eakers o f

C larke 's N 2 , N 3 , S 2 , EA ng a nd N /NR t ypes .

C f . a lso C hat ton S andy ford ,

N or thu mber land ( N/NR a nd S 4/FV Beakers ) .

An u mber o f S cot t ish g raves

wh ich p roduced B eakers b e long ing t o 2s epara te t rad i t ions a re c i ted b y L ant ing a nd v .d , Waa ls , 1 972 , 2 9 ) . 3 . S ee t he a ppropr ia te e n try i n P e tersen , 1 977 , I , f or t he r at iona le f or t h is s tate men t .

T he ACC B eaker i s r egarded b y L ant ing a nd v .d . Waa ls ( 1 972 ,

4 2 ) a s a n e ar ly f orm i n Br i ta in , p ers is t ing i n s o me a reas t o t he e nd o f " S tep 3 " o f t he ir c lass if ica t ion .

T here i s i nconc lus ive e v idence f ro m a t

l eas t o ne o ther s i te ( A ldro 16, E . Y orks ) t ha t t he manufac ture a nd u se o f AOC B eakers c on t inued i n B r i ta in u n t i l al a te s tage o f t he B eaker " per iod" ( Petersen , 1 972 , 3 1-32 ) .

2 71

B IBL IOGRAPHY

AE ., 1 961-75 .

Archaeo logica l E xcavat ions ( Annua l Repor ts o f t he Min is try

o f ( Pub lic B ui ldings a nd) Works/Depar tmen t o f t he E nv ironment ) .

HMSO ,

L ondon ( 1961-72) . A kerman , J . a nd S tone , S ., 1 857 .

An Accoun t o f t he I nvest iga t ion o f s o me

R e markab le C ircu lar Trenches , a nd t he D iscovery o f a n Anc ient Br it ish C e me tery , a t S tan lake , Oxon .

Archaeolog ia , 3 7 ( 1 857) , 3 63-370 .

A lexander , J . a nd Ozanne , P . ,1 960 .

R eport o n t he I nvestiga t ion o f aR ound

B arrow o n Arreton D own , I s le o f Wigh t .

P roc . P reh ist .

S oc ., 2 6 ( 1960 ) ,

2 63-302 . Annab le , F . a nd S i mpson , D ., 1 964 .

G uide C ata logue o f t he N eo li thic a nd

Bronze Age C o l lect ions i n Dev izes Museu m .

Wi ltsh ire Archaeo l .

N a tur .

H ist . S oc . ,Dev izes ( 1964 ) . Anon ., 1 960a .

A L ate Bronze Age B arrow a t V inces F ar m, Ard le igh .

C o lchester Archaeo l . Group Quar t . B ul l ., 3 ( 1960 ) , 2 2-25 . Anon , 1 960b .

Ardle igh -R ing Two ( Con t 'd) .

C olches ter Archaeo l . Group

Quar t . B u l l ., 3 ( 1960 ) , 3 7-41. Anon , 1 960c .

Ardle igh R ing One .

The Excava t ion o f t he S econd L ate Bronze

Age Barrow a t V inces F arm . C o lches ter Archaeo l . Group Q uar t . B u l l ., 3( 1960 ) , 5 1-55 . Anon ., 1 961.

Ardle igh R ing Three .

F ar m , Ard le igh .

T he T hird Bronze Age B arrow a t V inces

E xcava ted Apr i l-June 1 961.

C o lchester Archaeo l . Group

Quar t . B u l l ., 4 ( 1961) , 3 3-53 . Anon , 1 962 .

Ard le igh R ing S ix .

C o lchester Archaeo l . Group Q uar t . B u l l .,

5( 1962 ) , 1 07-09 . Anon , a nd H awkes , C ., 1 965 . T hree .

T he Bronze F rag men t f ro m Ard leigh R ing

C o lches ter Archaeo l . Group Quar t . B ul l ., 8 ( 1965 ) , 5 0-51 .

Ashbee , P ., 1 954 . D orse t , 1 951 .

T he E xcava t ion o f aR ound B arrow o n C anford Hea th , P roc . Dorse t N a tur . H ist . Archaeo l . S oc ., 7 6, ( 1954 ) ,

3 9-50 . Ashbee , P ., 1 957 .

The Great Barrow a t B ishop 's Wa l tha m , H a mpsh ire .

P roc . P reh is t . S oc ., 2 3 ( 1957) , 1 37-66 . Ashbee , P ., 1 958 . C ornwa l l,

T he E xcava t ion o f Tregu l land Barrow , T reneg los P ar ish ,

An t iq . J ., 3 8 ( 1958) , 1 74-96 .

Ashbee , P ., 1 956-58 . 1 953 .

E xcava t ions o n K i lda le Moor N or th R iding o f Y orkshire ,

Y orksh ire Archaeo l . J ., 3 9 ( 1956-58) , 1 79-92 .

2 72

Ashbee , P ., 1 960 .

T he Bronze Age R ound Barrow i n Br i tain .

Phoenix

H ouse L td , L ondon ( 1960 ) . Ashbee , P ., 1 963 .

T he Wi lsford S haf t .

A shbee , P ., 1 966a .

An tiqui ty , 3 7 ( 1963) , 16-20 .

T he Dat ing o f t he Wi lsford S haf t .

Ant iqui ty , 4 0 ( 1966) ,

2 27-28. Ashbee , P ., 1 966b .

T he F usse l l 's L odge L ong Barrow E xcavat ions 1 957 .

A rchaeo log ia , 1 00 ( 1 966) , 1 -80 . A shbee , P . a nd ApS i mon , A ., 1 956-58 . Y orksh ire .

B arnby H owes , B arnby , E ast C leve land,

Yorksh ire Archaeo l . J . ,3 9 ( 1956-58) , 9 -31.

Ashbee , P . a nd D i mbleby , G . ,1 958 . H i ll, East S toke P ar ish , Dorse t .

E xcava t ion o f aR ound Barrow o n C h ick 's Proc . Dorse t N atur . H is t . Archaeo l .

S oc . ,8 0 ( 1958 ) , 1 46-59 . A tkinson , R ., 1 946-47 .

A Midd le Bronze Age Barrow a t C assington, Oxon .

Oxoniens ia , 1 1/12 ( 1 946-47) , 5 -26 . A tkinson , R ., 1 952-53 . 1 944-45 .

Excavat ions i n Barrow H i l ls F ie ld, Rad ley , Berks .

Barrows 2 , 3a nd 7 a nd a R o mano-Br i t ish C e me tery .

Cxon iens ia ,

1 7/18 ( 1952-53) , 1 4 -3 5 . A tk inson , R ., Brai lsford , J . a nd Wakef ie ld , H . ,1 951. W interbourne S teep ledon , Dorse t .

A P ond Barrow a t

Archaeo l . J ., 1 08 ( 1951) , 1 -24 .

B arret t , J . a nd Bradley , R ., 1 980 ( ed .) .

The Br it ish L a ter Bronze Age .

Br it ish Archaeo l . R ep ., 8 3, Oxon ( 1980 ) . B evan-Evans , M . a nd Hayes , P ., 1 952-53 . G o leu n ear Moe l F am mau .

E xcava t ion o f aC a irn o n C efn-

F lin tsh ire H ist . S oc . P ub l ., 1 3 ( 1952-3) ,

9 1-7 B evan-Evans , M . a nd H ayes , P ., 1 954-55 .

E xcavat ion o f aC a irn o n C efn-

G o leu n ear Moe l F a m mau -Second Repor t .

F l intsh ire H ist . S oc . P ub l .,

1 5 ( 1954-55 ) , 1 12-40 . B inford, L ., 1 972 .

A n Archaeo log ica l P erspec t ive .

S em inar Press , N ew

Y ork a nd L ondon ( 1 972 ) . B lake , J . ,1 913 .

S o me Re ma ins o f t he Bronze Age a t Mathon .

Trans .

B ir m ingha m Archaeol . S oc ., 3 9 ( 1913 ) , 9 0-93 . Bradford, J ., 1 951.

E xcava t ions a t C ass ing ton , Oxon , 1 947 .

Oxon iens ia ,

1 6 ( 1951) , 1 -4 . Brad ley , R . ,1 970 .

T he Excava t ion o f a Beaker S et t le men t a t Be l le T out .

E ast S ussex , Eng land .

Proc . Preh is t . S oc . ,3 6 ( 1970 ) , 3 12-79 .

Brad ley , R . a nd E l l ison, A ., 1 975 . E nc losure a nd i t s L andscape . Brewster , T ., 1 973 . Y orkshire .

Ra ms H i l l :

a Bronze Age Defended

Br it ish Archaeo l . Rep ., 1 9 ( 1975 ) .

Two Bronze Age Barrows i n t he N or th R iding o f

Y orksh ire Archaeo l . J . ,4 5 ( 1973 ) , 5 5-95 .

Br iscoe , G ., 1 956 .

S wa le 's T u mu lus :

A ge Barrow a t Wor l ing ton , S uf fo lk . ( 1956) , 1 01-12 . 2 73

aC o mbined N eoli th ic A a nd Bronze Proc .

C a mbr idge An t iq . S oc ., 5 0

Brown , B ., K nocker , G ., Smed ley , N . a nd West , S . ( 1954) . a t Gr i mstone E nd , P akenham .

E xcava t ions

Proc . S uffo lk I ns t . Archaeol ., 2 6 .3 ( 1954 ) ,

1 89-207 . B urgess , C ., 1 969 .

C hrono logy a nd Ter m ino logy i n t he Br i t ish Bronze A ge .

A n tiq . J . ,4 9 ( 1969 ) , 2 2-29 . B urgess , C ., 1 974 .

T he Bronze A ge .

B urgess , C . a nd Miket , R ., 1 976 . S econd Mi l lenn ia B . C . B ur l , A . ,1 976 .

I n R enfrew ( ed .) , 1 974 , 1 65-232 .

S e t t le men t a nd E cono my i n t he Th ird a nd

Br it ish Archaeo l . R ep . ,3 3 ( 1976) .

T he S tone C irc les o f t he B r i t ish I s les .

Ya le U nivers i ty

P ress , N ew H aven a nd L ondon ( 1976) . C a lk in, J ., 1 962 .

The B ourne mouth Area i n t he Midd le a nd L a te Bronze A ge ,

w i th t he ' Devere l-R i mbury ' Prob le m Reconsidered .

Archaeo l . J . , 19

( 1962 ), 1 -65 . C ase , H ., 1 952 .

The E xcavat ion o f Two R ound Barrows a t P oo le , Dorse t .

P roc . P reh ist . S oc ., 1 8 ( 1952) , 1 48-59 . C ase , H ., 1 963 .

N otes o n F inds a nd R ing-D i tches i n Oxford R eg ion .

Oxon iens ia , 2 8 ( 1963) , 1 9-52 . C ase , H ., B ayne , N ., S tee le , S . ,Avery , G . a nd S uter me ister , H ., 1 964-65 . E xcavat ions a t C i ty F ar m , H anborough , Oxon .

Oxon iens ia , 2 9/30 ( 1964-65 ) ,

1 -98 . C a t ling , H ., 1 959 .

A Beaker-Cu lture B arrow a t N or th S toke , O xon .

Oxon iens ia , 2 4 ( 1959) , 1 -12 . C awdor , E ar l a nd F ox , C ., 1 923-24 . Bar ton M i l ls , S uf fo lk . C hatw in , C ., 1 936 .

E xcavat ion o ft he Beacon H i l l B arrow ,

P roc . C a mbr idge A nt iq . S oc ., 2 6 ( 1923-24 ) , 1 9-65 .

T he H a mpshire Bas in a nd A d joining Areas .

H . M . S .0

( Geo log ica l S urvey a nd Museu m ) . C hr is t ie , P ., 1 960 .

C r ig-A- Menn is :

P erranzabu loe , C ornwa l l . C hr is t ie , P ., 1 964 . Amesbury .

A Bronze Age R ound B arrow o n E ar l 's F arm Down ,

Wi ltsh ire Archaeo l .

C hr is t ie , P . ,1 967 .

S uffo lk .

N atur . H is t . Mag ., 5 9 ( 1 964 ) , 3 0-45 .

A Barrow-Ce metery o f t he S econd Mi l lenn iu m B . C . i n

Wi ltsh ire , E ng land . C lark , J ., 1 936 .

aB ronze Age Barrow a t L iskey ,

P roc . Preh ist . S oc . ,2 6 ( 1960 ) , 7 6-97 .

Proc . P reh ist . S oc . ,3 3 ( 1967) , 3 36-66 .

R epor t o n A L a te Bronze Age S i te i n Mi ldenha ll F en , Wes t

Ant iq . J . ,1 6 ( 1936) , 2 9-50 .

C lark , J ., H iggs , E . a nd L ongwor th , I . , 1 960 .

E xcavations a t t he N eo li th ic

S i te a t H urst F en , Mi ldenha l l , S uf folk ( 1 954 , 1 957 a nd 1 958) .

P roc .

P reh ist . S oc . ,2 6 ( 1960 ) , 2 02-45 . C lark , R ., 1 975 .

A C a librat ion C urve f or R adiocarbon Da tes .

Ant iqui ty ,

4 9 ( 1975 ) , 2 51-66 . C larke , D ., 1 970 .

T he Beaker P ot tery o f G reat Br i tain a nd I re land .

C ambr idge U n ivers i ty Press , L ondon ( 1 970 ) .

2 74

2V o ls .

C lay , R . ,1 926 .

T he Wood m inton Group o f Barrows , B owercha lke .

Wi ltsh ire

Archaeo l . N a tur . H ist . Mag ., 4 3 .144 ( 1926) , 3 13-26 . C lay , R . ,1 928 .

T he Excava t ion o f a n Ova l Barrow i n H adden 's H i l l P lantat ion ,

B ourne mouth .

A nt iq . J ., 8 ( 1928) , 8 7-89 -

C lose-Brooks , J ., N orga te , M . a nd R itchie , J . ,1 971-72 . C e metery a t Aberdour Road, Dunfer m line , F ife .

A Bronze Age

Proc . S oc . Ant iq .

S cot land , 1 04 ( 1971-72 ) , 1 21-36 . C oo mbs , D . ,1 974 .

E xcava t ions o f Three Round Barrows o n E t ton Mo ld,

E ast R iding o f Y orksh ire . C orcoran, J ., 1 963 . Wotton .

Y orksh ire Archaeo l . J . ,4 6 ( 1974) , 1 -9 .

Excava t ion o f t he Be l l-Barrow i n Deer leap Wood ,

S urrey Archaeo l .

C o l lec t . ,6 0 ( 1963 ) . 1 -18 .

C orney , A . ,Ashbee , P . , Ev ison, V . a nd Brothwe l l , D . ,1 967 . a nd Ang lo-Saxon B ur ia l Ground , P or ts Do wn, P or ts mouth .

A Preh istor ic Proc .

H a mpsh ire F ld . C lub Archaeo l . S oc . ,2 4 ( 1967) , 2 0-41 . C rawford, 0 .

,1 922a .

E xcava t ions a t R oundwood d ur ing 1 920 .

Proc .

H a mpsh ire F ld . C lub Archaeol . S oc ., 9 .2 ( 1922) , 1 89-209 . C rawford, O ., 1 922b . A ugust , 1 920 .

E xcava t ions a t Ranco mbe n ear S horwe l l, I s le o f Wight ,

P roc . Ha mpshire F ld . C lub Archaeo l . S oc ., 9 .2 ( 1922 ) ,

2 10-13 . C unnington , M ., 1 929 .

Woodhenge .

George S i mpson a nd C o .

L td ., Dev izes

( 1929) . D ay , W., 1 972 .

T he E xcava t ion o f a Bronze Age Bur ia l Mound a t Y sgwennant ,

L lansi lin , Denbighsh ire . D ud ley , D ., 1 964 . n ear Truro ,

Archaeo l .

C a mbrens is , 1 21 ( 1972) , 1 7-50 .

T he E xcava t ion o f t he C arv inack Barrow , Tregave tha m ,

C ornwa l l .

J . R oy . I nst .

C ornwa l l, S er . 2 .4 .4 ( 1964) , 4 14-

5 1 Dymond, D ., 1 973 . F ar m , Er iswe l l .

T he Excava t ion o f a Preh istor ic s i te a t Upper C ha mber lain 's P roc . S uf fo lk I nst . Arch ., 3 3 .1 ( 1973) , 1 -18 .

E dwardson , A . ,1 957 .

A Bronze Age B ur ia l a t Barnha m .

Proc . S uf fo lk

I nst . Arch . ,2 7 .3 ( 1957), 1 86-90 . E dwardson , A . ,1 961.

A Beaker B ur ia l a t West S tow .

Proc .

S uf fo lk I nst .

A rch . ,2 9 .1 ( 1961) , 7 3-7 . E lgee .

F . a nd E lgee , H ., 1 949 .

An E ar ly Bronze Age Bur ia l i n aB oa t-Shaped

Wooden C of f in f rom N or th-East Y orkshire .

Proc . Preh is t . S oc ., 1 5 ( 1949) ,

8 7-106 . E l lison, A . ,1 980 . o rganiza t ion . E r ith ,

F . ,1 963 .

( Ardleigh 1 0 ) . F r ith ,

F . ,1 969 .

D evere l-R i mbury C e me ter ies :

t he Ev idence f or S oc ial

I n B arret t a nd Bradley ( ed .) , 1 980 , 15-26 . E xcavat ion o f aR ing-D i tch a t Mar te l ls Ha l l , Ard le igh C o lchester Archaeo l . Group Quar t . B u l l ., 6 ( 1963) , 4 0-41. Ard le igh R ing Three a nd Mi l l H i l l , Ac ton .

Archaeo l . Group Q uar t . B u l l ., 1 2 ( 1969 ) , 2 -5 .

2 75

C o lches ter

E r i th , F . a nd L ongwor th , I . , 1 960 . Ardle igh , E ssex .

A Bronze Age Urnf ie ld o n V inces F arm ,

P roc . Preh is t . S oc ., 2 6 ( 1960 ) , 1 78-92 .

E r i th , F . a nd S pencer , H ., 1 961 .

Ardle igh Three .

C o lches ter Archaeo l .

G roup Q uar t . B u l l ., 4 ( 1961) , 5 9-63 . F asha m , P . a nd R oss , J ., 1 978 .

A Bronze A ge F l int I ndustry f ro m a B arrow

S i te i n M iche ldever Wood , H a mpsh ire .

P roc . Preh ist . S oc . ,4 4 ( 1 978 ) ,

4 7-68 . F orde-Johnston , J ., 1 958 . D orse t .

T he E xcava t ion o f Two B arrows a t F ra mp ton i n

P roc . D orse t N atur . H is t . Archaeo l . S oc ., 8 0 ( 1 958 ) , 1 11-32 .

F orde-Johnston , J ., 1 965 .

T he D udsbury B arrow a nd Vesse ls w i th S hou lder

G rooves i n D orse t a nd Wi ltsh ire .

Proc . D orse t N a tur . H is t . Archaeo l .

S oc ., 8 7 ( 1 965 ) , 1 26-41. F ox , C ., 1 937 .

Two B ronze Age C a irns i n S outh Wa les , S i mondston a nd

P ond C a irns , C oi ty H igher P ar ish , Br idgend .

Archaeo log ia , 8 7 ( 1937 ) ,

1 29-80 . F ox , C ., 1 942 .

AB eaker Barrow , E n larged i n t he M iddle B ronze Age , a t

S outh H i l l , Ta lbenny , P e mbrokesh ire . F ox , C ., 1 943 .

A rchaeo l . J ., 9 9 ( 1942) , 1 -32 .

A Bronze Age B arrow ( Su t ton 2 68 ' ) i n L landow P ar ish ,

G la morgansh ire .

Archaeo log ia , 8 9 ( 1943) , 8 9-126 .

G er lof f , S ., 1 975 .

T he E ar ly B ronze Age D aggers i n Grea t B r i ta in a nd a

R econs idera t ion o f t he Wessex C u lture .

C . H . B eck 'sche V er lagsbuchhand-

l ung , Mun ich ( 1975 ) . G e t t ins , G ., T ay lor , H . a nd Gr inse l l , L . ,1 953 . T he Marshf ie ld Barrows . T rans . Br is to l G louces tersh ire Archaeo l . S oc ., 7 2 ( 1953 ) , 2 3-44 . G ibson , A ., 1 978 .

Bronze Age P o t tery i n t he N or th-East o f E ng land .

B r i t ish

Archaeo l . R ep . ,5 6 ( 1 978) . G ordon- W i l l iams , E ., 1 926 .

L inney B urrows .

Archaeo l . C a mbrens is , 8 1

( 1926 ) , 1 86-90 . Gray , H ., 1 935 .

E xcava t ions a t C o mbeBeacon , C o mbe S t N icho las .

S o merse t Archaeo l . N a tur . H is t . S oc . ,8 1 ( 1935 ) , 8 3-107 . G reen , H ., 1 974 .

E ar ly Bronze A ge B ur ia l , T err i tory a nd P opu lat ion i n

M i lton K eynes , B uck ingha msh ire , a nd t he Grea t Ouse V a l ley .

Archaeo l .

J ., 1 31 ( 1974 ) , 7 5-139 . G reenf ie ld , E ., 1 960 .

T he E xcavat ion o f B arrow 4 a t Swarkes ton , Derbysh ire .

D erbysh ire Archaeo l . J ., 8 0 ( 1960 ) , 1 -48 . Greenf ie ld , E ., 1 961 . H er tfordsh ire .

T he Bronze Age R ound Barrow a t C od ico te H ea th ,

T rans . S t . A lbans a nd H er ts Arch i tectura l Archaeo l .

S oc . ( 1961) , 5 -20 . G reenwe l l , W . a nd R o l les ton , G ., 1 877 .

B r i t ish Barrows .

Oxford U n ivers ity

P ress , Oxford ( 1 877 ) . G r i mes , W ., 1 938 . P roc . P reh is t .

A Barrow o n Breach F ar m ,

S oc ., 4 ( 1938 ) , 1 07-21 . 2 76

L lanb ledd ian , G lamorgan .

G r imes , W . ,1 960 .

E xcava t ions o n Defence S i tes 1 939-1945 .

N eoli th ic-Bronze Age . G r i mes , W . ,1 964 .

E xcava t ions i n t he L ake Group o f Barrows , Wi lsford ,

W i ltshire , 1 959 . G r inse l l ,

I . Main ly

MO W Archaeo l . Rep ., 3 , HMSO ( 1960 ) .

U n iv .

L ., 1 933 .

L ondon I nst . Archaeo l . B u l l ., 4 ( 1964) , 8 9-121

B e ll-Barrows .

Proc . Preh ist . S oc . E . Ang l ia, 7 .2

( 1933 ) , 2 03-30 . G r inse l l, L ., 1 953

The Anc ient Bur ia l Mounds o f Eng land .

Methuen 8 / C o .,

L td . ,L ondon ( 2nd E d ., 1 953 ) . G r inse l l ,

L ., 1 957 .

A H istory o f t he C ounty o f Wi ltsh ire .

V ol .

1 , P ar t 1 .

( Ed .). R . P ugh , OUP ( 1957) . G r inse l l . L ., 1 958 .

T he Archaeo logy o f Wessex .

Methuen 8 / C o ., L td .,

L ondon ( 1958) . G r inse l l, L . ,1 959 .

Dorset Barrows .

Dorse t N atur . H ist . a nd Archaeo l .

S oc ., D orches ter ( 1959) . H am l in, A ., 1 963 . H arcour t .

E xcavat ion o f R ing-D i tches a nd O ther S i tes a t S tan ton

Oxon iensia , 2 8 ( 1963) , 1 -18 .

H arden , D ., a nd Treweeks , R ., 1 945 . 1 940 , I .

E xcavat ions a tS tanton H arcour t , Oxon ,

Oxoniensia , 1 0 ( 1945 ) , 1 6-41.

H awkes , C ., 1 942 .

T he Devere l Urn a nd t he P icardy P in :

Age S e t t le men t i n Kent . H ea thcote , J ., 1 940a .

Proc .

aP hase o f Bronze

Prehis t . S oc . ,7 ( 1942) , 2 6-47 .

E xcava t ions o n S tanton Moor .

Derbyshire Archaeo l .

J . ,6 0 ( 1940 ) , 1 05-15 . H ea thcote , J ., 1 940b .

Excavat ions a t Do l l Tor S tone C irc le , S tanton Moor .

Derbysh ire Archaeo l . J . ,6 0 ( 1940 ) , 16-25 . H odgson , K ., 1 940 .

S o me E xcavat ions i n t he Bewcast le D istr ic t .

BronzeAge Tu mu lus o n t he S hie ld Knowe .

Trans .

I . A

C u mber land a nd West-

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