The Dislocation of the Roman Army in Raetia 9781407313788, 9781407343396

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
ABBREVIATIONS
I. THE HISTORY OF THE FORTS
A. LEGIONARY FORTRESSES
B. AUXILIARY FORTS
C. NUMERUS-SIZED FORTS AND FORTLETS
D. MISCELLANEA FORTS UNATTESTED BY ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS
II. HISTORY OF ROMAN MILITARY UNITS
A. LEGIONS STATIONED IN RAETIA
B. AUXILIARY UNITS STATIONED IN RAETIA
C. MISCELLANEOUS UNITS IN RAETIA
III. SUMMARY
1. THE OCCUPATION OF RAETIA
2. MILITARY HISTORY OF RAETIA
3. OVERALL TABLES OF MILITARY CONSTITUTIONS, FORTS AND TROOPS
4. RELIGION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA
5. RANKS IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA
6. PROMOTIONS IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA
7. BUILDING OPERATIONS RELATED TO THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA
8. FOREIGN UNITS IN RAETIA
IV. SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS
A. INSCRIPTIONS RELATED TO LEGIONS AND LEGIONARY SOLDIERS
B. INSCRIPTIONS RELATED TO AUXILIARY UNITS AND SOLDIERS
C. GENERAL LITERARY AND EPIGRAPHIC SOURCES
D. INSCRIPTIONS RELATED TO SOLDIERS OF UNIDENTIFIED UNITS
V. BIBLIOGRAPHY
VI. INDEX

Citation preview

BAR S2723 2015 FARKAS THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B A R

2723 Farkas cover.indd 1

The Dislocation of the Roman Army in Raetia István Gergő Farkas

BAR International Series 2723 2015 08/05/2015 12:56:26

The Dislocation of the Roman Army in Raetia István Gergő Farkas

BAR International Series 2723 2015

ISBN 9781407313788 paperback ISBN 9781407343396 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407313788 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

BAR

PUBLISHING

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my professors and mentors Prof. Dr. C. Sebastian Sommer FSA and Prof. Dr. Zsolt Visy FSA for their generous and abundant help as well as their guidance in the writing of this book.

I thank Professor Visy who recommended this research topic, and willingly called the attention of renowned scientists of the field to the then ongoing research conducted by the author, and who supported the elaboration a non-Pannonian academic topic at the University of Pécs, Hungary.

I thank Professor Sommer who conscientiously revised numerous versions of the following text as it expanded into this book and who enabled the author to conduct his research in the libraries of the Bayerische Landesamt für Denkmalpflege and the Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität in Münich, which both proved to be essential to complete this work.

Furthermore I would like to thank every researcher, lecturer, doctoral candidate and student from the University of Pécs, the University of Szeged, the University of Debrecen, the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, the Central European University in Budapest, the University Babeş-Bolyai in Cluj-Napoca, the McMaster University in Hamilton, and the University of Erfurt who offered his or her support in the writing of this book.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Methodology

7 8

I. THE HISTORY OF FORTS A. Legionary fortresses 1. Fortress built during the reign of Emperor Augustus (15 BC – AD 14) A.1.1 Augsburg-Oberhausen – 13

11 12 13

7. Fortresses built during the Marcomannic wars and the reign of Emperor Commodus (166-192) A.7.1 Eining-Unterfeld – 14; A.7.2 Regensburg legionary fortress – 15 B. Auxiliary forts 1. Fort built during the reign of Emperors Augustus (15 BC – AD 14) B.1.1 Friedberg-Rederzhausen – 17

14

16 17

2. Forts built during the reign of subsequent Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (14-68) B.2.1 Aislingen – 18; B.2.2 Augsburg – 19; B.2.3 Burgheim – 20; B.2.4 Burghöfe – 21; B.2.5 Emerkingen – 23; B.2.6 Ingolstadt-Zuchering – 24; B.2.7 Mengen-Ennetach – 26; B.2.8 Oberstimm – 27; B.2.9 Rißtissen-Ehingen – 29; B.2.10 Unterkirchberg – 31

18

3. Forts built in the era of the Flavian dynasty and Emperor Nerva (69-98) B.3.1 Eining-I – 33; B.3.2 Gomadingen – 36; B.3.3 Günzburg – 37; B.3.4 Kösching – 38; B.3.5 Künzing – 40; B.3.6 Moos-Burgstall – 42; B.3.7 Passau-I – 43; B.3.8 RegensburgKumpfmühl – 44; B.3.9 Straubing-I – 46; B.3.10 Straubing-II – 46; B.3.11 Straubing-IV – 48

33

4. Forts built during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117) B.4.1 Burladingen-Hausen – 49; B.4.2 Eislingen-Salach – 50; B.4.3 Faimingen-I – 51; B.4.4 Gnotzheim – 52; B.4.5 Heidenheim an der Brenz – 54; B.4.6 Munningen – 56; B.4.7 Nassenfels – 57; B.4.8 Oberdorf am Ipf – 58; B.4.9 Pförring – 59; B.4.10 Straubing-III – 46; B.4.11 Urspring-Lonsee – 60; B.4.12 Weißenburg in Bayern-I – 61; B.4.13 Weißenburg in Bayern-II – 62

49

5. Forts built during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161) B.5.1 Burgsalach-I – 63; B.5.2 Pfünz – 64; B.5.3 Ruffenhofen – 66; B.5.4 Theilenhofen – 67

63

6. Forts built during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years preceeding the Marcomannic wars (161-166) B.6.1 Aalen – 69; B.6.2 Rainau-Buch – 71; B.6.3 Schirenhof-Schwäbisch Gmünd – 73; B.6.4 Unterböbingen – 74

69

7. Fort built during the Marcomannic wars and the reign of Emperor Commodus (166-192) B.7.1 Dambach – 75

75

8. Fort built during the era of the Severan dynasty and in the years preceeding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193-254) B.8.1 Faimingen-II – 77

77

C. Numerus-sized forts and fortlets 2. Fortlets built during the reign of subsequent Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (14-68) C.2.1 Burlafingen – 79; C.2.2 – Haardorf-Mühlberg near Osterhofen – 80; C.2.3 Nersingen – 81; C.2.4 Neuburg an der Donau – 82

78 79

3. Fortlets built in the era of the Flavian dynasty and Emperor Nerva (69-98) C.3.1 Alkofen – 83; C.3.2 Steinkirchen – 84

83

4. Fortlets built during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117) C.4.1 Deggingen – 85; C.4.2 Donnstetten-I – 86; C.4.3 Oberhochstatt-II – 87; C.4.4 PfatterGmünd – 88; C.4.5 Unterschwaningen – 89

85

5. Fortlets built during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161) C.5.1 Ellingen – 91; C.5.2 Oberhochstatt-I – 87

91

6. Fortlets built during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years preceeding the Marcomannic wars (161-166) C.6.1 Böhming – 93; C.6.2 Dalkingen – 94; C.6.3 Freimühle – 96; C.6.4 Günzenhausen – 97; C.6.5 Gündersbach – 98; C.6.6 Güßgraben – 99; C.6.7 Halheim – 100; C.6.8 Hegelohe – 101; C.6.9 Hegelohe-Biebig – 102; C.6.10 Hienheim – 103; C.6.11 Hintere Orthalde – 104; C.6.12 Hinterer Seeberg – 105; C.6.13 Kleindeinbach – 106; C.6.14 Petersbuch – 107; C.6.15 Raitenbuch – 108; C.6.16 Schloßbuck – 109

93

7. Fortlets built during the Marcomannic wars and the reign of Emperor Commodus (166-192) C.7.1 Dambach-I – 110; C.7.2 Regensburg-Großprüfening – 111

110

8. Fortlet built during the era of the Severan dynasty and in the years preceeding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193-254) C.8.1 Burgsalach in der Harlach – 112

112

D. Miscellaneous forts unattested by archaeological excavations D.1 Bürgle bei Gundremmingen – 114; D.2 Donnstetten-II – 114; D.3 Nördlingen – 114; D.4 Oberpeiching – 115; D.5 Regensburg-Bismarckplatz – 115; D.6 Weltenburg-Galget (Frauenberg) – 116

II. HISTORY OF ROMAN MILITARY UNITS A. Legions stationed in Raetia A.1 legio III Italica – 117; A.2 legio III Augusta – 123

114

117 117

B. Auxiliary units stationed in Raetia B.1 ala I Hispanorum – 125; B.2 ala II Flavia – 128; B.3 ala I Flavia Gemelliana – 130; B.4 ala Gemelliana – 132; B.5 ala Pansiana – 133; B.6 ala I Flavia singularium – 134; B.7 ala I Augusta Thracum – 136; B.8 ala I Thracum veterana – 138; B.9 cohors II Aquitanorum – 140; B.10 cohors III Batavorum – 141; B.11 cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum – 143; B.12 cohors III Bracaraugustanorum – 145; B.13 cohors V Bracaraugustanorum – 147; B.14 cohors I Breucorum – 149; B.15 cohors III Britannorum – 151; B.16 cohors I Flavia Canathenorum – 153; B.17 cohors II Gallorum – 155; B.18 cohors IV Gallorum – 156; B.19 cohors VI Lusitanorum – 157; B.20 cohors I Raetorum – 158; B.21 cohors II Raetorum – 160; B.22 cohors Sequanorum – 162; B.23 cohors III Thracum c. R. – 163; B.24 cohors III Thracum veterana – 165; B.25 cohors Trumplinorum – 167; B.26 cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio – 168; B.27 cohors IV Tungrorum vexillatio – 170

126

C. Miscellaneous units in Raetia

172

III. SUMMARY 1. The occupation of Raetia 1.1. The geographical and ethnic conditions of Raetia before the conquest in 15 BC 1.2. The Summer Campaign of 15 BC 1.3. The organization of Raetia 1.4. Ancient topoi regarding Raetia 1.5 The Raetia-Vindelicia dichotomy 2. Military history of Raetia 2.1. The reign of Emperor Augustus (15 BC – AD 14) 2.2. The reign of subsequent Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (14-68) 2.3. The reign of Emperors of the Flavian dynasty and Emperor Nerva (69-98) 2.4. The reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117) 2.5. The reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161) 2.6. The reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years preceeding the Marcomannic wars (161-166) 2.7. The era of the Marcomannic wars and the reign of Emperor Commodus (166-192) 2.8. The era of the Severan dynasty and in the years preceeding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193-254)

173 173 173 177 181 185 187 194 194 196 201 207 214 223 230 236

3. Overall tables of military constitutions, forts and troops 3.1. Roman military diplomas [88] 3.2. Roman military installations [89] 3.3. Roman military units [90]

243 244 260 264

4. Religion in the Roman army of Raetia

266

5. Ranks in the Roman army of Raetia 5.1. High-ranking officers (legati, praefecti, praepositi, tribuni) 5.2. Senior officers (centuriones and decuriones) 5.3. Junior officers (principales and adjutants) 5.4. Rankers (equites and milites) 5.5. Veterans

269 270 273 276 280 283

6. Promotions in the Roman army of Raetia

286

7. Building operations related to the Roman army of Raetia

287

8. Foreign units in Raetia

290

IV. SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS A. Inscriptions related to legions and legionary soldiers A.1 legio III Italica – 292; A.2 legio III Augusta – 327

291 292

B. Inscriptions related to auxiliary units and soldiers B.1 ala I Hispanorum Auriana – 330; B.2 ala II Flavia – 336; B.3 ala I Flavia Gemelliana – 346; B.4 ala Gemelliana – 349; B.5 ala Pansiana – 350; B.6 ala I Flavia singularium – 351; B.7 ala I Augusta Thracum – 358; B.8 ala I Thracum veterana – 364; B.9 cohors II Aquitanorum – 372; B.10 cohors III Batavorum – 374; B.11 cohors IX Batavorum – 381; B.12 cohors III Bracaraugustanorum – 387; B.13 cohors V Bracaraugustanorum – 390; B.14 cohors I Breucorum – 392; B.15 – cohors III Britannorum – 403; B.16 cohors I Flavia Canathenorum – 408; B.18 cohors IV Gallorum – 412; B.20 cohors I Raetorum – 420; B.21 cohors II Raetorum – 423; B.22 cohors Sequanorum – 424; B.23 cohors III Thracum c. R. – 425; B.24 cohors III Thracum veterana – 428; B.25 cohors Trumplinorum – 429; B.26 cohors II Tungrorum – 430; B.27 cohors IV Tungrorum – 436

330

C. General literary and epigraphic sources C.1 Literary sources regarding military aspects of Raetia during the Principate C.2 Raetian military diplomas

436 436 441

D. Inscriptions related to soldiers of unidentified units

460

V. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. List of general abbreviations 2. List of abbreviations of epigraphic collections 3. List of literary sources 4. Selected bibliography

483 483 484 485 487

V. INDEX 1. Personnel 2. Geographical terms 3. Military units 4. Military-related terms 5. Religion-related terms

519 519 524 529 531 533

INTRODUCTION article of eight pages in 1971.1 The system he established continued to be in use, despite the various changes in the operating of the forts brought about by the above-mentioned new methods. Publishers of Raetian military diplomas discovered during the last two decades, continued to use H.-J. Kellner’s system with minor improvements,2 but the overall re-examination and reestablishment of H.-J Kellner’s system was yet to be done.

In the last century, researchers have uncovered approximately fifty Roman forts via excavations in Raetia. The rapid technological advancement of the last two decades allowed to use a variety of non-destructive methods with increasing precision and range. These methods (including regular aerial surveys, geophysical prospection and LIDAR scanning) enabled the discovery and identification of more than thirty, previously unknown forts and Roman military installations. Furthermore, these new methods allowed to observe more precisely the mostly unknown inner layout, ground-plan and periodization of the already-known forts’ buildings. Dendrochronological analyses supplied data to the dating of some of the fort’s defences and structures, which, in numerous cases, led to a drastic redefinition of previous chronology, which was mainly dependant on the typology of finds.

Due to this significant bias between the system of forts and the system of units – the two of which should not and cannot be separated – it has become inevitable to draw up a new dislocation regarding Raetia that considers the results of both research branches, i.e. that of the forts and that of the units. The summary of forts and units on a provincial level allows to further specify historical details and furthermore, enables a better understanding of the events that occurred and the relations that existed between Raetia and other Roman provinces.

The construction/reconstruction phases of several forts was modified by decades, thus resulting in the establishment of a completely new chronological system regarding the history of Raetia. O. Braasch, W. Czysz, J. E. Faßbinder and C. S. Sommer are the main advocates of these new methods. The spread of non-destructive archaeological methods did not effect a decrease in traditional excavations and fieldwork. Thus the number of known epigraphic sources from Raetia increases even nowadays. The discovery of new inscriptions displaying the names of units as well as Raetian discharge documents continue to further enrich and tinge our knowledge on provincial military history. The dislocation of Roman auxiliary troops in Raetia was first summarized by H.-J. Kellner in a short

1

This book aims to fulfil three goals: 1. Collecting, organizing and examining different sources of Roman military history in regard of Raetia (archaeological evidence, literary, epigraphic and numismatic evidence) together, in order to reach new conclusions with an interdisciplinary approach of these materials. 2. Establishing the dislocation system of the Roman army in Raetia during the Principate. 3. Providing an up-to-date synthesis on the social, economic and religious aspects of the Roman army in provincial life.

2

KELLNER 1971a, 207-215.

7

WOLFF 2000a, 155-172.

METHODOLOGY The following section provides a know-how, to help understand the system used in this monograph and provide a guide as to how to interpret the various abbreviations.

'A' indicates the type of the fort, '7' indicates the chronological subgroup and '2' is the number distinguishing this fort from other forts of the same type, listed in alphabetical sequence. Fort types are given with Latin letters: A – legionary; B – auxiliary; C – numerus-sized forts (abbreviated as n. s. f. in tables) and fortlets; D – miscellanea. Chronological subgroups are given in Arabic numbers: 1 – forts built during the reign of Emperor Augustus (15 BC – AD 14); 2 – forts built during the reign of subsequent Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (14-68); 3 – forts built in the era of the Flavian dynasty or Emperor Nerva (69-98); 4 – Forts built during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117); 5 – forts built during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161); 6 – forts built during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years preceding the Marcomannic Wars (161-166); 7 – forts built during the Marcomannic wars or during the reign of Emperor Commodus (166-192); 8 – Forts built in the era of the Severan dynasty and in the years preceding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193-254).

Possibly the most excruciating question any archaeologist or ancient historian dealing with epigraphy can encounter, is to which of the occasionally dozen units with the same (or similar) designation does the inscription, graffito or stamp they have refer to? To anyone who has had at least a minimal involvement into the matters of the Roman army, this question needs no further explaining, as even a cursory glimpse into monumental works by J. E. H. Spaul, G. Alföldy, Fl. Matei-Popescu, H. Wolff and other connoisseurs of Roman dislocation studies shows, how a single alternate interpretation in even the seemingly simplest dislocation details can induce farreaching chronological or organizational reconsiderations, to oversee which requires the capability to handle huge sets of data in its tremendous complexity. To enable members of the scientific community to utilize the results and conclusions stated in this book in their entirety, a new system of internal references have been devised, which at first may seem gratuitously complex or intimidating, but once accustomed to can offer a quick oversight into numerous aspects, which regular numerical cataloguing lacks.

Literary and epigraphic evidence are referred to in a four-part manner (e.g. B.1 – 2.3 = CIL III, 11994) where 'B.1' is the internal reference of an unit (in this case, the ala I Hispanorum Auriana), '2' refers to the type of the inscription and '3' is the number distinguishing this inscription from other inscriptions of the same type, listed in chronological sequence. Types of inscriptions are given in Arabic numbers: 1 – literary sources, letters; 2 – honorific, imperatorial and building inscriptions; 3 – funerary and commemorative inscriptions; 4 – dedicatory and votive inscriptions; 5 – instrumenta, militaria inscriptions and stamped tiles; 6 – miscellanea. Inscriptions regarding several units are listed in all relevant cases (e.g. B.3 – 2.2 = B.2 – 2.6 = B.6 – 2.5 all refer to CIL V, 8660). Inscriptions relevant to the

Throughout this book the following system of internal references is used: units are referred in a two-part manner (e.g. A.1 = legio III Italica, B.1 = ala I Hispanorum Auriana) where 'B' indicates the type of the unit, and '1' indicates the number of the unit in the alphabetical list (viz. 'Auriana'). Unit types are given with Latin letters: A – legionary; B – auxiliary. Forts are referred to in a three-part manner (e.g. A.7.2 = Regensburg-Legionary fortress), where

8

system of military organization (e.g. military constitutions) are referred to in a two-part manner (e.g. C – 2.1 = CIL XVI, 5). The collection of material was finished in August of 2014.

Written sources are cited using unique signs, which are discussed both here and in the introduction to Chapter IV (Selected Inscriptions) on p. 291. Inscriptions marked with dagger [†] refer to a homonym unit and are included in the book only in the specific cases, when they hold important information regarding the very unit. In relation to epigraphic references, the asterisk [*] indicates a possible fake or modern copy and the integral sign [∫] refers to notes or entries. The plus sign [+] indicates matching fragments (e. g. B.1 – 4.5: CIL III, 5924 + 11911). The equals sign [=] indicates distinct issues of the same inscription (e. g. B.2 – 4.1: CIL VI, 3720 = 31032). Inscriptions displaying the names of several units are listed in the section of each unit [e. g. A.1 – 3.45 = A.2 – 3.1]. The numbering is based on visible lines only. The number two ['2'] following the designation of the findspot indicates that the inscription bearer was discovered in secondary position. The cross sign [×] indicates that the exact findspot is unknown. Regarding chronology, the plus sign [+] indicates a terminus post quem date without interval. OPEL I-IV are used generally in relation to onomastics in cases of hapax nomina or uncertain readings KAKOSCHKE 2009 is referenced.

All dates in this book are to be viewed as AD unless stated otherwise. For reasons of perspicuity, the term 'AD' has been omitted throughout the book whenever it was possible to do so without causing a misunderstanding. BC is always expressed. In the present book a great quantity of Latin terms and citations are presented. For reasons of perspicuity, these terms are presented in the following consistent manner: 1. Latin terms are given in a plain manner, e.g. vicus, tribunus etc. 2. Citations are presented with quotation marks, e.g. 'leg(ionum) II Piae et III Concordiae'. 3. The commonly accepted denomination of units are the only Latin terms given in Italics, e.g. ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. Although this system might seem unnecessarily complex at first, due to the nature of dislocation studies, it was important to devise a method that could unambiguously distinguish a single, identified unit (e.g. ala I Hispanorum Auriana) from a group of units that bore the same name, but cannot be distinguished from one another (alae I Hispanorum).

The system applied in this book is based on the monumental work of late Professor B. Lőrincz on the auxiliary units of Pannonia during the Principate.

9

ABBREVIATIONS

This page displays all of the abbreviations used in this book, both standards (e.g. the Leiden-key) and unique ones

SYSTEMATIC A – legionary inscriptions B – auxiliary inscriptions C – general literary and epigraphic sources referring to Raetia 1 – literary sources, letters 2 – honorific and building inscriptions 3 – funerary inscriptions 4 – votive inscriptions 5 – instrumenta inscriptions, including militaria, tile and pottery stamps as well as carvings and graffitos GENERAL cf. fig. fn. ibid. id. l. Nr. n. s. f. p., pp. pl. t. v. i. v. s.

– compare (not to be confused with 'see'; 'cf.' is used only in case of contradicting references) – figure (if not indicated otherwise, refers to the present book) – footnote (if not indicated otherwise, refers to the present book) – ibidem (citation from the same work as above) – idem (citation from the same author as above) – line – Number (In tables, column N1 indicates the number of individual soldiers bearing a certain rank, N2 the quantity of inscriptions displaying the same rank. Applied only when relevant, otherwise numbers are given in a single column termed Nr.) – numerus-sized fort (abbreviated thus only in tables) – page, pages – plate – table – vide infra (see below) – vide supra (see above)

EPIGRAPHIC (abc) [abc] [[abc]] [[[abc]]] --- , – -----abc abc +++ ┌ abc┐

– abbreviated section – perished section – wilfully carved off, yet legible section (abolitio nominis) – wilfully carved off, illegible section – section missing – line missing – traces of damaged letters – letters corrupted or destroyed in Modern times – letters preserved too poorly to read – ligature, nexus

1 [1] ·1 Ø [...]

– position of a unit within the unit list (applied only in overall table on military constitutions [Table 88]) – position of a unit whose name is entirely missing and appears in the unit list as completion – position of a unit with a doubtful identification within the unit list – units not part of a subvariant interpretation – unit lists missing entirely

10

I. THE HISTORY OF THE FORTS

The following chapter lists all presently known Roman military sites in Raetia during the Principate in alpha-chronological order.3 The Latin letters indicate the class of military sites: A – legionary fortresses; B – auxiliary forts; C – numerus-sized forts and fortlets; D – miscellanea.

listed. Within these classes, sites are aggregated in chronological groups, indicated by the first Arabic number in the designation of each military installation: 1 – forts built during the reign of Emperor Augustus (15 BC – AD 14); 2 – forts built during the reign of subsequent Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (14-68); 3 – forts built in the era of the Flavian dynasty or Emperor Nerva (69-98); 4 – Forts built during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117); 5 – forts built during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161); 6 – forts built during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years preceding the Marcomannic Wars (161-166); 7 – forts built during the Marcomannic wars or during the reign of Emperor Commodus (166-192); 8 – Forts built in the era of the Severan dynasty and in the years preceding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193-254). Each fort was assigned its group based on the date of its primary construction. In cases of ambiguity or when it was not possible to restrict the construction of a site to a single chronological group, the earliest possible date of construction was considered (e.g. C.3.1 Alkofen). Within each group, sites are listed in alphabetical order. The system of this book distinguishes cases when a fort was destroyed or demolished and a new one was constructed in its vicinity. If the construction of the new fort did not bring about a significant change in size, layout nor garrison, both forts were dealt with collectively (e.g. B.5.4. Theilenhofen). If the circumstances of the new fort’s construction effected change in ground-plan and/or garrison, forts were dealt with separately (e.g. B.3.9. Straubing-I, B.3.10. Straubing-II and B.4.10. Straubing-III).

The classification Roman military installations is solely based on their area. Throughout the book, the following terms are used: the denomination 'fortress' is used exclusively to mark legionary castrae. 'Fort' is the general term used for the regular stations of auxiliary units and military installations that are larger than 0.91 hectares. The idiom 'numerus-sized fort' is a mere translation of the German term 'Numeruskastell' and indicates military installations that covered an area between 0.21 and 0.9 hectares. The term is included in this book for its widespread familiarity among researchers of the field, although one must keep in mind that despite the denominations, the numerus-sized forts in Raetia were garrisoned by vexillationes of varying strength, drawn from legionary or auxiliary units as there are no numeri known to have been stationed in Raetia.4 The term 'fortlet' is a translation of the German term 'Kleinkastell' and is used in this book in regard of military installations smaller than 0.2 hectares. Both numerus-sized forts and fortlets in Raetia were garrisoned in the same manner, hence they are listed under a joint class. Roman military sites with an unusual layout, or those whose existence has not been proven so far by archaeological evidence or those which have been considered Roman by mistake are listed in the class 'Miscellanea'. This is the primary classification in which Raetian military sites are

3 The garrison of watchtowers is handled together with numerus-sized forts and fortlets.

4

11

REUTER 1999, 419-422.

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A. LEGIONARY FORTRESSES Currently there are two legionary fortresses known from Raetia, both datable to the period succeeding the Marcomannic wars (166 – ca. 180). One is a short-lived camp in the vicinity of present-day Eining (A.7.1), built to house soldiers of the legio III Italica (A.1) during the events of the first war with the Marcomannic tribes. The other is a permanent fortress, constructed on the territory of present-day Regensburg (A.7.2) after the truce was declared in 179.5

quent destruction of the forts both at Kumpfmühl and Bismarckplatz indicated the need to further reinforce this area, thus a legion was transferred to Raetia for the first time. It is possible that legions were temporarily present in Raetia previously, as attested by various instrumenta inscriptions, one of the most famous among which is the incised helmet found at Nersingen.6 It is also unanimous that during their transfer via Raetia, various legions built series of marching camps, of which only a handful have been discovered.7

The construction of a fortress at Regensburg was the result of a planned military strategy aiming to reinforce a crossing point over the Danube. Prior to the fortress’ construction, two auxiliary forts at Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) and Regensburg-Bismarckplatz (D.5) secured the region, similarly to Straubing I-III (B.3.19, B.3.10, and B.4.10) and Straubing-IV (B.3.11). The outbreak of the Marcomannic wars and the subse-

The presence of legio III Italica (A.1) had an effect on the entire Raetian frontier system. Officers and soldiers of the legion carried out and supervised constructions and structural reinforcements along the Raetian Limes.8 It is possible, that several fortlets were manned by legionary soldiers.

5

8 A.1 – 2.9 = B.14 – 2.9 [Böhming; 181], A.1 – 2.10 [Ellingen – 182]: SOMMER 2012a, 176.

A.1 – 2.5 [Regensburg; 179]. KUHNEN 2001, 56. 7 RAGETH – ZANIER 2010, 241-283. 6

12

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

1. FORTRESS BUILT DURING THE REIGN OF EMPEROR AUGUSTUS (15 BC – AD 14) A.1.1. AUGSBURG-OBERHAUSEN fort.14 The garrison of the legionary fortress at Augsburg-Oberhausen is still a matter of debate: it has been long suggested that the legio XIII gemina and legio XXI Rapax may have been garrisoned in Raetia-Vindelicia, although their garrison has not yet been identified.15

The large number of military-related finds suggests the presence of a Roman military installation in the vicinity of Augsburg-Oberhausen.9 The imperial helmet (Weisenau type), daggers and spearheads (pila) indicate the presence of legionary soldiers.10 Nine styli, which at the beginning of the 1st century were used mostly by soldiers drawn from Roman citizenry, were also recovered from the area.11 Based on this evidence, K. Dietz suggested that Augsburg-Oberhausen was manned by a mixed garrison of legionary and auxiliary troops.12

The legio XIII constructed the fortress at Windisch (Vindonissa) located Germania in 14.16 K. Dietz suggested that the auxiliary fort housed an ala quingenaria in the Flavian period.17

After the legionary fortress at Oberhausen was abandoned, an auxiliary fort with earth-and-timber ramparts was constructed in the vicinity of Augsburg during Emperor Claudius’ reign (B.2.2).13 B. Tremmel summarized the results of the excavations conducted on the territory of this

Further reading HÜBENER 1973, esp. 27-42; BAKKER 1999, 451-466; SCHAUB 1999, 365-374; TREMMEL 2012

9

14

10

15

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 437, Nr. A 65; RBy 1995, 31; 47-49.

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 437. HÜBENER 1973, 27-32. 11 Ibid. t. 22. 12 RBy 1995, 48. 13 Ibid. 75; SCHAUB 1999, 367.

TREMMEL 2012. STEIN 1932, 90-91; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 343. 16 RBy 1995, 67 17 Ibid. 75.

13

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

7. FORTRESSES BUILT DURING THE MARCOMANNIC WARS AND THE REIGN OF EMPEROR COMMODUS (166-192) A.7.1. EINING-UNTERFELD The legionary fortress at Eining-Unterfeld was part of the middle Danubian ripa. It is located approximately 1.2 kilometres north-east from the auxiliary fort at Eining.

165/166 as part of the frontier expansion of Emperor Marcus Aurelius.19 This dating is supported by both numismatic and terra sigillata finds.20 The size of the fortress at Eining-Unterfeld is half of that of regular legionary fortresses (thus the term 'Vexillationslager') therefore it is possible that it was garrisoned by only a part of the legio, while the other part participated in the liberation of North Italy and Dalmatia,21 as attested by a building inscription from Salona.22 H. Wolff suggested that the Raetian military constitution C – 2.37 discovered in the fortress’ territory suggests that the fort may have been garrisoned by auxiliary soldiers as well – if not entire units, but soldiers drawn to a vexillation.23 However, the diploma was issued in 157/161 before the creation of the legio III Italica (A.1) and the construction of the fortress at Eining-Unterfeld, thus it is more likely, that it was issued to a soldier who was garrisoned in the nearby auxiliary fort Eining-I (B.3.1).

Fig. 1: Ground-plan of the Roman legionary fortress at Eining-Unterfeld (FISCHER – SPINDLER 1984, fig. 27)

It covered an area of 10.6 hectares, with sides measuring 328 × 320 meters [Fig. 1]. It was constructed and garrisoned by soldiers of the legio III Italica (A.1) in the years after 165/166 by latest until 179, when the fortress at Eining-Unterfeld was abandoned and the legio built its new, permanent fortress at Regensburg (A.7.2) .18 T. Fischer suggested that the legionary fortress at Eining-Unterfeld was built precisely in 172, although no epigraphic nor any other finds attest this hypothesis, therefore it is more apt to suggest that the fortress was built in the years around

Further reading SCHÖNBERGER 1970; CHRISTLEIN – FISCHER 1979, 423; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 110; SCHÖNBERGER 1983, 235239; BAATZ 2000, 323-324 ff.; SCHÖNBERGER 2006; REUTER 2007, 109; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 161162; SOMMER 2008c, 260.

18

20

Bibliography RBy 1995, 435-436; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 488, Nr. E 90.

SCHÖNBERGER 1983, 235-239; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 488, Nr. E 90; JÜTTING 1995, pp. 187; RBy 1995, 435-436; 190; GONZALEZ 2003, 150; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 161-162. 19 SOMMER 2012a, 164.

Ibid. 164, fn. 237-238. KOVÁCS 2005, 153-172. A.1 – 2.4 [Solin; 165/166 ~ 170]. 23 See: WOLFF 2001, 9-12. 21 22

14

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

A.7.2. REGENSBURG LEGIONARY FORTRESS provinces.30 The Notitia Dignitatum attests that the legio III Italica was still garrisoning the fortress at Regensburg in the end of the 5th century.31 The Roman fortress and settlement can be identified with the ancient toponym Castra Regina.32

The legionary fortress at Regensburg was part of the lower Raetian ripa. It covered an area of 24.55 hectares with sides measuring 542 × 453 meters [Fig. 2]. It was surrounded by a two meter wide and five meter high stone wall, sections of which are visible even today.24 The canabae legionis, the civil settlement constructed at the same time as the fortress has been partially excavated so far. Up to now an oriental sanctuary and an administrative building are known, situated partly under present-day Arnulfsplatz and Bismarckplatz respectively east of the fortress.25 Soldiers of the legio III Italica (A.1) constructed the fortress before 179, as attested by a building inscription.26 The earliest phase barracks were constructed of timber and were rebuilt in stone during the first half of the 3rd century.27 After the end of the Marcomannic wars, in the years around 180, the soldiers of the legio III Italica participated in a series of constructions and renovations on the Raetian Limes, as attested by building inscriptions found at various sites, including Böhming (C.6.1) and Ellingen (C.5.1).28

Fig. 2: Ground-plan of the legionary fortress at Regensburg (RBy 1995, 504, fig. 200)

During Germanic incursions in the middle of the 3rd century, all Roman sites in the area of present-day Regensburg – the fortlet at Großprüfening (C.7.2), the canabae legionis and the legionary fortess (A.7.2) – were burnt down. The fortress was destroyed again in the years around 280s.29 However, apart from occasional attacks, the area was generally considered secured, as the legio III Italica repeatedly participated in campaigns far away in North Africa and the eastern

Bibliography RBy 1995, 503-508; DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 84-136. Further reading DIETZ et al. 1979; DIETZ 1989, 405-446; FISCHER 1990; BAATZ 1993, 327-330; SCHMIDTS 2001, 95-140; REUTER 2005a, 238-281; CODREANU-WINDAUER 2007; REUTER 2007, 113-115; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 200203; SOMMER 2008c, 270.

24

28

RBy 1995, 503-505. Ibid. 507. 26 A.1 – 2.5 [Regensburg; 179]; DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 84-87, 113; REUTER 2007, 113; SOMMER 2012a, 164, 167. 27 RBy 1995, 506.

A.1 – 2.9 = B.14 – 2.9 [Böhming; 181], A.1 – 2.10 [Ellingen; 182]: SOMMER 2012a, 176. 29 REUTER 2007, 114, fn. 371-374. 30 Ibid. 113. 31 RBy 1995, 507. 32 NOT. Dign occ. 35, 1, 4: 'Castra Regina, nunc Vallato'.

25

15

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B. AUXILIARY FORTS Currently, there are 45 distinct auxiliary forts known from Raetia. Nine forts were certainly garrisoned by alae, with the single ala milliaria being stationed at Aalen (B.6.1). 23 forts are attested having been manned by cohortes, amongst these the following 10 forts were at some time likely garrisoned by units with a mounted component (cohortes equitatae): Eining-I (B.3.1), Gnotzheim (B.4.4), Gomadingen

(B.3.2), Munningen (B.4.6), Oberstimm (B.2.8), Pfünz (B.5.2), Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8), Straubing-I (B.3.9), Theilenhofen (B.5.4), Weißenburg-II (B.4.13). The layout of the remaining 13 forts is unknown – mostly due to them being built over by modern settlements – thus they were identified as auxiliary forts based on their size.

16

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

1. FORT BUILT DURING THE REIGN OF EMPEROR AUGUSTUS (15 BC – AD 14)

B.1.1. FRIEDBERG-REDERZHAUSEN S. Schnurbein dated the forts to the second half of Emperor Augustus’ and the first half of Emperor Tiberius’ reign based on terra sigillata finds and numismatic evidence.38 Their size corresponds to those occupied by cohortes in later times,39 although there is no direct evidence to determine the exact garrison of either fort.

O. Braasch discovered signs of two forts (Kastell I-II) in the vicinity of Friedberg via aerial archaeology in 1980.33 The Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege conducted the first series of excavations on the fort’s area in 1982.34 Both forts are located on a flat terrace 2-3 kilometres wide above the river Lech.35 S. Schnurbein measured the dimensions of the first fort (Kastell I) 144 × 115 meters (1.66 ha),36 and the second fort (Kastell II) approximately 110 × 125 meters (1.4 ha) [Fig. 3].37

Bibliography SCHNURBEIN 1983, 529-550; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 437, Nr. A 67. Further reading CZYSZ 1981, 112-114; RBy 1995, 67; ZIEGAUS 2004, 53-66.

Fig. 3: The two auxiliary fort at Friedberg-Rederzhausen (SCHNURBEIN 1983, 531, fig. 2.)

33

37

34

38

CZYSZ 1981b, 113, fig. 89. SCHNURBEIN 1983, 529, fn. 2. 35 Ibid. 529, fig. 1. 36 SCHNURBERIN 1983, 532; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 437.

39

17

SCHNURBERIN 1983, 540; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 437 SCHNURBERIN 1983, 546. Ibid. 547.

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

2. FORTS BUILT DURING THE REIGN OF SUBSEQUENT EMPERORS OF THE JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY (14-68) B.2.1. AISLINGEN The fort at Aislingen was part of the middle Raetian ripa, located a few kilometres south of the Danube, on the small hill termed Sebastiansberg, which rises 60 meters above the neighbouring valley, with steep western, northern and eastern slopes. It is located north-west from the Augustean fort of Augsburg-Oberhausen (A.1.1). The remaining walls and foundations of the Roman fort were reused in the Middle Ages, thus the fort’s exact dimensions are unknown.

which H. Schönberger suggested that the fort covered an area of 2.1 hectares [Fig. 4].40 W. Czysz modified the extent of this rampart to 140 × 170 meters and suggested 2.3 hectares as the territory of the Roman fort at Aislingen.41 Another external rampart of 210 × 390 meters, covering an area of 8.1 hectares was also observed, yet was probably not part of the Roman fort itself. The fort at Aislingen was plausibly constructed during the second half of Emperor Tiberius’ reign.42 It was permanently destroyed during the Year of Four Emperors as attested by burnt layers within the fort dated to 69/70.43 The garrison of the fort at Aislingen is unknown, its size suggests the presence of a cohors. Aislingen was the earliest Tiberian fort along the Danube. Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446, Nr. B. 58; RBy 1995, 31; 415416.

Fig. 4: Ground-plan of the auxiliary fort at Aislingen (ULBERT 1959a, fig. 1)

Further reading ULBERT 1959a; ULBERT 1969, 54-63; SCHÖNBERGER 1978, 162, 255; CZYSZ – KRAHE 1983, 100-101, t. 44; CZYSZ 1989; FMRD I. 7, Nr. 114; KAINRATH 2008.

The medieval ramparts erected on the area of the Roman fort measure 140 × 150 meters, based on

40 41

42

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446, Nr. B 58; RBy 1995, 76. RBy 1995, 415.

43

18

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446, Nr. B 58. Id. 1978, 162, 255; RBy 1995, 99.

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.2.2. AUGSBURG The presence of a military installation in the close vicinity of Augsburg, apart from the legionary fortress at Augsburg-Oberhausen (A.1.1) has been suggested since the 1950s.44 A. Radnóti and L. Weber with G. Rupprecht led two series of excavations, the first in 1960-1961, the latter in 1978-1979 discovering the fort’s trenches.45

sen (A.1.1) was abandoned in the years between 41/68 (41/54) and was replaced by this auxiliary fort, which was abandoned during the reign of Flavian Emperors. Based on chronology, it is possible that the cohors Sequanorum (B.22) reconstructed the fort at Augsburg (B.2.2) in the years around 41/68 and garrisoned it until the fort was abandoned in Flavian times.

H. Schönberger suggested that the procuratorial guard was garrisoned at Augsburg since Emperor Claudius’ reign.46 K. Dietz proposed the presence of an auxiliary unit, namely an ala quingenaria until Flavian times.47 It is possible that the legionary fortress at Augsburg-Oberhau-

44 45

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 447, Nr. B 60. Further reading ULBERT 1959a, 80; RBy 1995, 75.

46

ULBERT 1959a, 80, fig. 16. SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 447.

47

19

Ibid. 447. RBy 1995, 75.

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.2.3. BURGHEIM The fort at Burgheim was located on the middle Danubian ripa. The Römisch-Germanische Kommission excavated its area in 2003, which led to the discovery of a double ditch indicating the presence of a Roman military installation. The inner and outer ditches were 3-4 and 1.5 meters wide respectively. The exact size of the fort is unknown, C.-M. Hüssen suggested it was of the same size as the neighbouring fort Burghöfe (B.2.4), i.e. approximately 2.1 hectares.48 Based on a handful of terra sigillata finds, the fort at Burgheim was most likely constructed during the reign of Emperors Claudius or Nero.

There is little indication regarding the garrison of the fort: an altar dedicated by a soldier of the ala I Thracum veterana (B.8) to an unknown deity was found in the fort’s vicinity (ca. 6 km).50 Although it is not enough evidence on its own, the possibility of the unit’s presence cannot be excluded. The layout of the fort is unknown. In the late Roman period a fortlet was constructed in the vicinity of Burgheim which can be identified with the toponym 'Parrodunum'. This fortlet covered an area of 0.4 hectares, and was garrisoned by the cohors I Herculea Raetorum.51

Most of the finds discovered at Burgheim were recovered from wells, as the area of the fort was levelled later on. These finds can mostly be dated to the 2nd century, thus suggesting that the fort at Burgheim was abandoned sometime during the first half of the 2nd century.49 The vicus was active until the middle of the 3rd century.

Further reading ECKSTEIN 1951, 16 ff; HÜSSEN 2002, 535 ff; RIEDER 2003, 183-184; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 27, 43-44; HÜSSEN 2009, 965-975.

48

50

49

Bibliography HÜSSEN 2004b, 76-78.

HÜSSEN 2004b, 77. Ibid. 78; id. 2009, 968; SOMMER 2012a, 153.

51

20

B.8 – 4.1 [Unterhausen; before 106/117]. HÜSSEN 2004b, 76.

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.2.4. BURGHÖFE The fort at Burghöfe was part of the middle Danubian ripa, situated on a terrace with steep slopes to north and east, located seven kilometres south of the Danube, four kilometres west of the Lech.52

It was rebuilt shortly afterwards, yet destroyed again after 77/78, as attested by a burnt layer.57 The garrison of the fort is unknown. Based on a number of cavalry-related finds, W. Czysz suggested that the fort was manned by a cavalry unit. This unit may have been the ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1), based on an inscription set up by one of its prefects in the fort’s vicinity.58 H.-J. Kellner suggested that the fort at Burghöfe was constructed by the ala I Hispanorum Auriana in 82/84, when it was transferred to Raetia from Pannonia.59 A single inscription, however, does not necessarily imply the presence of the unit.60 The size of the fort and the presence of cavalryrelated finds suggest the presence of a cohors equitata, which may be identified with the cohors I Breucorum eq. (B.14).

The area has been surveyed intensively via aerial archaeological methods, thus the general layout of both the fort and its vicus are well known. M. Mackensen, S. Ortisi and F. Schimmer conducted several excavations on the fort’s territory most recently in 2006.53 Between 2001 and 2003, J. Faßbinder and S. Ortisi conducted a geophysical survey on the territory of the fort and the vicus.54 The fort at Burghöfe covered an area of 2.1 hectares, with sides measuring 150 × 140 meters [Fig. 5].55 W. Czysz suggested that the fort had been built during Emperor Claudius’ reign and was destroyed in 69/70.56

Based on finds, H. Schönberger pointed out that the fort was operational until the late Trajanic or early Hadrianic period around 120,61 although he rather dated its abandonment to Trajan’s reign.62 It is worth noting, however that if the fort at Burghöfe was garrisoned by the ala I Hispanorum Auriana, it was likely abandoned before the fort Weißenburg-I (B.4.12) was constructed, sometime after Emperor Trajan’s Dacian campaigns. The vicinity of Burghöfe maintained its importance during Late Antiquity as well. The late Roman fort had earth-and-timber ramparts. Based on the finds of 2001-2003, it was surely active until the second third of the 4th century.63 W. Czysz argued it was in use until the first half of the 5th century.64 The late Roman fort was termed 'Submuntorium' i.e. ’fortified location’. According to the Notitia Dignitatum the late Ro-

Fig. 5: The topography of Roman Burghöfe (ULBERT 1959a, fig. 2)

52

59

53

60

RBy 1995, 429. FRANKE – SCHIMMER 2007, 89. 54 FAßBINDER – ORTISI 2004, 85. 55 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446, Nr. B 59. 56 RBy 1995, 99, 429. 57 FRANKE – SCHIMMER 2007, 89. 58 B.1 – 4.1 [Mertingen-Burghöfe; ca. 80 ~ 106/117]; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 474, Nr. D 113.

KELLNER 1971a, 212. SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 474: v.i. an altar was set up at Nassenfels by a duplarius of the same ala I Hispanorum Auriana: B.1 – 4.2 [Nassenfels; ca. 80/254]: 'al(a)e Aur(ianae)'. 61 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 447, Nr. B 59; RBy 1995, 429. 62 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 456, Nr. C 69. 63 FAßBINDER – ORTISI 2004, 87; FRANKE – SCHIMMER 2007, 90. 64 RBy 1995, 430.

21

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

Further reading ULBERT 1959a; ULBERT 1969, 54-63; FMRD I, Nr. 7069; KELLNER 1971a, 212; BRAASCH – CHRISTLEIN 1982, 182183; KLEE 1986, 187-192; SCHMID 2000; GAIRHOS – ORTISI 2002, 94-96; ORTISI 2002; PRÖTTEL 2002; GAIRHOS – ORTISI 2005, 105-107; GAIRHOS et al. 2006, 290-291; FRANKE – SCHIMMER 2007, 89-90; FRANKE 2009; LATER 2009; SOMMER 2009, 47.

man fort at Burghöfe was garrisoned by the equites Stablesiani iuniores under command of the legio III Italica’s praefectus (A.1).65 Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446-447, Nr. B. 59, 456, Nr. C 69, 474, Nr. D 113; RBy 1995, 429-430; FAßBINDER – ORTISI 2004, 85-89.

65

NOT. Dign. occ. 35, 1, 3; 35, 1, 3.

22

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.2.5. EMERKINGEN in the years around ca. 40/70.67 Emerkingen was probably abandoned during Emperor Trajan’s reign, when construction of the Alblimes rendered the southern forts along the Danubian ripa superfluous, although due to lack of finds, this is more a hypothesis than a deduction.

The fort at Emerkingen was part of the upper Raetian ripa located along the right bank of the Danube between the forts at Mengen-Ennetach (B.2.7) and Rißtissen (B.2.9). Roman finds were discovered in the vicinity of Emerkingen as early as the 19th century, however most excavations conducted at Emerkingen were of rescue nature.

The garrison of the fort at Emerkingen is unknown. Due to the layout of the fort and its principia, P. Filtzinger suggested that it was garrisoned by a cohors,68 thus its area can hypothetically be reconstructed around 2 hectares. Based on chronology, a possible garrison of the fort at Emerkingen may have been the cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19).

In 1911 fragments of terra sigillata datable to the middle of the 1st century were recovered from Emerkingen. In 1913 G. Burkhardt discovered the principia of the fort. Its size – 26.7 × 32.5 meters – and layout is almost identical to the one excavated in the fort at Rißtissen (B.2.9). A bath building belonging to the fort was discovered in 1934. In 1949 several pottery kilns were unearthed north of the fort, suggesting the presence of a vicus. The vicinity of the Roman remains at Emerkingen were surveyed by aerial archaeological methods between 1958 and 1962, revealing further parts of their layout.66 H. Schönberger suggested that the fort at Emerkingen was built

Further reading FILTZINGER 1957, 181 ff.; FILTZINGER 1962, 83 ff.; FILTZINGER 1967, 106 ff.; FMRD II. 3, 53 ff.; WIELAND 1996.

66

68

67

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 445, Nr. B 54, 456, Nr. C 64; RBW 2005, 74-75.

RBW 2005, 75. SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 445, Nr. B 54.

23

RBW 2005, 74.

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.2.6. INGOLSTADT-ZUCHERING O. Braasch discovered remnants of Roman military installations in the vicinity of Ingolstadt via aerial archaeology in the years between 1978 and 1982. Although some of the forts were destroyed by gravel mining, their territories were partially excavated in the 1980s.69 C.-M. Hüssen conducted the first series of systematic excavations on the forts’ area in 1992 and 1993 [Fig. 6].70

sides measuring (90) × (100) and 60 × (85) meters respectively [Fig. 6]. The fort was surrounded by two ditches.75 Little is known of the interior of the fort, the combined results of aerial photographs and excavations have revealed the remnants of wooden barracks.76 C.-M. Hüssen concluded that the semi-permanent fort at Ingolstadt-Zuchering (Kastell I) had a similar layout and function as the one at Pfaffenhofen.77

The first two phases of the Roman fort (discovered secondarily and thus termed Kastell II-III) were located on a flat terrace near ZucheringSeehof,71 a later fort was constructed closer to the Danube bank (Kastell I). Kastell II-III were constructed during the reign of Emperor Tiberius and were operational only briefly. Kastell I had a rectangular shape sides measuring approximately (108) × 112 meters and covering an overall area of ca. 1.2 ha. Based on its size, C.-M. Hüssen suggested the presence of a cohors,72 however the presence of a smaller irregular unit cannot be excluded.

Bibliography HÜSSEN 1995, 95-110.

The two other forts covered areas of ca. 0.9 (Kastell II)73 and 0.5 hectares (Kastell III),74 with

Further reading RIEDER 1987, 18-31; HÜSSEN 1993c, 547-548; HÜSSEN 2004c, 74-75.

69

75

70

76

Regarding chronology: based on Aucissa-fibulae finds, C.-M. Hüssen dated the first phase of occupation at Ingolstadt-Zuchering earlier than the construction of the fort at Oberstimm (B.2.8), which was built in the 40s and belonged to the same early Danubian military system.78 Thus the auxiliary fort at Ingolstadt-Zuchering (Kastell I) was built in the years around 30/37 and was operational until early Flavian times.79

HÜSSEN 1995, 100. Id. 1993c, 547. 71 Id.1995, 96. 72 Ibid. 96. 73 Ibid. 104. 74 Ibid. 106.

Ibid. 98. Id. 2002, 537. 77 Id. 1995, 107. 78 Ibid. 107-108. 79 Ibid. 109.

24

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

Fig. 6: The three military installations at Ingolstadt-Zuchering (HÜSSEN 1995, 97, fig. 1)

25

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.2.7. MENGEN-ENNETACH The fort at Mengen-Ennetach was situated on an elongated plateau on the upper Danubian ripa. Due to its advantageous setting, a Roman fort was suspected here since the 19th century. The first excavations were conducted in 1850, 1888 and 1949/1950, but returned no significant results. H. Reim directed the first series of professional excavations in the years between 1998 and 1999.80

vian times (Kastell D). Geophysical measurements indicated the presence of further ditches and structural remains (Kastell E?),81 which were located west from the above-mentioned forts. The garrison of these forts is unknown, although their function is rather unambiguous: the soldiers stationed here were charged with monitoring the roads and the Danube crossing. Finds suggest the presence of mounted soldiers.82

The plateau near Mengen-Ennetach was populated since the 13th and 12th centuries BC. Following the Roman conquest, a triangular fort was erected on the eastern side of the terrace. It was rebuilt several times, as attested by an elaborate system of overlapping foundations. The first two construction phases can be dated to Emperor Claudius’ reign (Kastell A-B). One discernible fort of two hectares with 3.4 meter wide earthand-timber ramparts, surrounded by two ditches can be dated to the middle of the 1st century (Kastell C). Another fort, covering an area of almost three hectares, circled by a double ditch system and earth-and-timber ramparts is datable to Fla-

The fort at Mengen-Ennetach was operational in the same period when the ala Gemelliana (B.4) was present in the upper Danubian provinces. Although on its own, this is merely circumstantial evidence, it is possible that the fort was garrisoned by mounted soldiers from this unit.

Further reading FILTZINGER 1957, 195-196; FMRD II. 3, 179 ff.; KEMKES 1999, 77-79; REIM 1999, 133-138; REIM 2000, 87-90; KEMKES 2002, 23-33; MEYR 2003; REIM 2003a, 105-108; REIM 2003b, 88-92.

80

82

81

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 445, Nr. B 53, 456, Nr. C 63; RBW 2005, 208-209.

REIM 1999, 133-138; id. 2000, 87-90. RBW 2005, 208-209.

26

Ibid. 208.

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.2.8. OBERSTIMM The fort at Oberstimm was located on the middle Danubian ripa. H. Schönberger conducted excavations on the fort’s territory in the years between 1968-1971 and 1984-1987.83 The fort covered an area of 1.44 hectares, with sides measuring 132.5 × 109 meters [Fig. 7].

was active and no epigraphic evidence indicates the presence of either individual legionary soldiers or detachments. Thus it is far more likely to suggest that Oberstimm was garrisoned by an auxiliary unit. A Raetian military constitution found in the fort’s vicinity suggests the presence of auxiliaries.91 Two chafed inscriptions displaying the term 'turma' indicate the presence of mounted soldiers.92 The size of the fort (1.44 hectares) is too small for even an ala quingenaria, therefore it is a likely possibility that the fort at Oberstimm was garrisoned by a currently unidentified cohors quingenaria equitata.93 This arrangements is supported by the inner structural layout of the fort with both barracks and stables.94

H. Schönberger dated the earliest construction phases (1a-1c) to the years between 40 and 69/70, a phase of transition (1d) to the reign of Emperors Vespasian and Domitian and a second phase (2) to the rule of Domitian and Hadrian.84 The fort at Oberstimm was not destroyed during the turmoil of the year of the Four Emperors,85 but was reconstructed similarly to Unterkirchberg (B.2.10). The prinicpia at Oberstimm includes a unique cross-hall on the side of the retentura,86 which led D. Baatz to suggest that an equestrian praefectus resided at Oberstimm.87 However that is unlikely, as H. Petrikovits pointed out, the principia building lacked the usual tribunal, and therefore it is more likely that an official inferior rank was present at Oberstimm.88 Most of the 138 coins found on the fort’s territory are datable to the period between the end of the Republican era and Emperor Trajan’s reign, the latest coin dates to 119/121, thus indicating that Oberstimm was abandoned during Emperor Hadrian’s reign.89 The fort’s garrison is unknown. Based on its size, its layout and the presence of fabricae, M. Todd and H. Schönberger suggested the presence of legionary soldiers.90 However, no legion was present in Raetia while the fort at Oberstimm

Fig. 7: Ground-plan of the auxiliary fort at Oberstimm (RBy 1995, 493, fig. 188: after SCHÖNBERGER 1978)

83

88

84

89

SCHÖNBERGER 1978; KÖHLER et al. 1989, 243-319; RBy 1995, 493. D. Baatz argued that the fort at Oberstimm was constructed during Vespasian’s reign (BAATZ 1993, 310), yet his hypothesis is to be set aside in light of H. Schönberger’s results (cf. SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 447). 85 SCHÖNBERGER 1978; HÖCKMANN et al. 1988, 170-175; KÖHLER et al. 1989, 243-307; RBy 1995, 99. 86 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 447-448; JOHNSON 1987, 213. 87 BAATZ 1981, 271.

PETRIKOVITS 1982, 706 ff. SCHUCANY 1984, 198; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457. 90 TODD 1981, 297-298; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 447. 91 C – 2.3 [103/105]. 92 B.23 – 5.2, B.23 – 5.3 [Oberstimm; ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117)]. 93 RBy 1995, 77. 94 Ibid. 77.

27

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

Bibliography RBy 1995, 493-494; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 447-448, Nr. B 62, 457, Nr. C 72, 474, Nr. D 116.

In 1982 a building of unknown purpose, measuring 46 × 24 meters was discovered east of present-day Oberstimm.95 Finds indicate it was in use in the 2nd century. K.-H. Rieder suggested it may have served the purpose of supplying the troops.96 K. Dietz suggested the presence of an undated numerus-sized fort or fortlet in the vicinity of Oberstimm.97

95 96

Further reading ULBERT 1957, 318-332; FMRD I.1, 123 ff.; SCHÖNBERGER 1972; SCHÖNBERGER 1974; SCHÖNBERGER 1978; TODD 1981, 297-298; PETRIKOVITS 1982, 706 ff.; RIEDER 1983, 101-102; SCHUCANY 1984, 198; JOHNSON 1987, 213; HÖCKMANN et al. 1988, 170-175; KÖHLER et al. 1989, 243307; 243-319; BAATZ 1993, 310.

97

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 474. RIEDER 1983, 101-102.

28

RBy 1995, 77.

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.2.9. RISSTISSEN-EHINGEN The fort at Rißtissen was part of the upper Danubian ripa. It is situated on the right bank of the Danube, on a slight slope rising 15-20 meters above the river’s level. The track of the Roman road running alongside the Danube is still visible in the orientation of the modern highway. Furthermore, M. Kemkes suggested that the groundplan of the vicus can also be seen in the road system of present-day Rißtissen.98 The Roman cemetery was located east of the fort. The Roman fort and settlement at Rißtissen can be identified with the ancient toponym 'Riusiava'.99

tions in his dissertation written to the University of Freiburg in 1996.103 He distinguished three construction phases, the last of which requires re-examination 104

The first excavations were conducted in 1845, with other archaeological surveys following in 1850, 1891 and between 1912 and 1914. Small scale rescue excavations were carried out in 1959, 1960 and 1967.100 In the 1960s P. Filtzinger conducted aerial surveys on the fort’s territory and its vicinity.101 These surveys enabled ascertaining the fort’s layout and resulted in the discovery of the nearby vicus and baths.102 M. Kemkes summarized the results of these excava-

Based on ceramic finds, the earliest fort at Rißtissen was constructed in the years around 45/50. It was built with earth-and-timber ramparts and covered an area of 1.67 hectares with sides measuring 110 × 152.5 meters [Fig. 8].105 A single ditch encircled the ramparts.106 M. Kemkes suggested that the construction of this fort, and on a more general level, the creation of the chain of forts on the upper Danubian ripa should be seen as the result of a change of garrison at the legionary fortress at Windisch (Vindonissa).107 However, such a hypothesis is difficult to prove, and although the replacement of the legio XXI rapax with the legio XIII gemina at Vindonissa did occur between 43/45, it does not necessarily imply a construction-wave of forts along the Danube. These forts probably would have been built even if the transfer had not taken place.108 Either way, the fort at Rißtissen was constructed in the 40s of the 1st century. It was burnt down during the turmoil of the Year of the Four Emperors in 69, but was soon rebuilt.109 The new fort was enlarged slightly, covering an area of 1.9 hectares with sides measuring 117.5 × 162.5 meters.110 It was abandoned following the establishment of the Alblimes by Emperor Trajan in the years between 106/117. Fragments of terra sigillata found on the fort’s territory indicate that it was still operational in the years near the turn of the century.111 Numismatic evidence further attest military presence under Emperor Trajan’s reign.112 M. Kemkes interpreted these finds as

98

106

99

107

Fig. 8: Ground-plan of the Roman auxiliary fort at Rißtissen (RBW 2005, 66)

RBW 2005, 65. KNORR 1932, 143-144. 100 RBW 2005, 65. 101 FILTZINGER 1967, t. 9-10. 102 RBW 2005, 65. 103 KEMKES 1996b. 104 Id. 1996a; RBW 2005, 66-68. 105 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 445.

Ibid. 445. TAB. Peut. 261, 56; RBW 2005, 66. 108 BÉRARD 2000, 50; FRANKE 2000, 41; WOLFF 2000b, 203. 109 TAC. hist. 1, 67; 4, 70. 110 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 445. 111 RBW 2005, 68. 112 FMRD II. 3, 60 ff.

29

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

evidence for a supply station on the area of the former fort, although it is more likely to suggest that the fort was still operational.113

the years between 106/117. Based on chronology, a possible garrison of the fort at Rißtissen may have been the cohors III Batavorum (B.10).

The garrison of Rißtissen is unknown for all phases. The size and layout of the phases I-II, together with militaria finds, suggest the presence of auxiliary infantry, possibly a cohors peditata.114 However, one can assume that after the main garrison was moved north to the new frontier, only a garrison of reduced number remained left behind. This supply base was abandoned in

Further reading KNORR 1932, 143-144; MILDENBERGER 1961, 69 ff.; MILDENBERGER 1962, 106-119; FILTZINGER 1967, t. 9-10; ULBERT 1970b; FMRD II. 3, 60 ff.; KEMKES 1996a; KEMKES 1996b.

113

114

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 445, Nr. B 55, 456, Nr. C 65; RBW 2005, 65-68.

KEMKES 1996b.

30

RBW 2005, 66; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 27.

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.2.10. UNTERKIRCHBERG The fort at Unterkirchberg was part of the upper Raetian ripa, located along the right bank of the Danube on a high plateau with steep slopes on its northern and eastern extremities. The Roman fort was discovered and first examined in 1856. It was identified with the ancient toponym 'Viana' (variations for the name are 'Phaeniana' or 'Febianis'), although 'Febianis' is more likely to be associated with the Roman settlement near presentday Faimingen.115 W. Veeck directed the first series of professional excavations in 1927 and 1928, ascertaining the long-standing idea of a Roman fort’s presence.116 In 1974, S. Schiek excavated a large area encompassing parts of the vicus, the cemetery and the southern section of the fort.117 P. Filtzinger and O. Braasch conducted regular flights over the area clarifying the internal layout of the fort [Fig. 9].118 The vicus was located south and south-east of the fort. Numismatic evidence suggest that like many other civil settlements, it was operational until the collapse of the Raetian Limes in 254.119 A cemetery was discovered 250 meters west of the fort. The predominance of cremation and grave goods indicate that it was used during the 1st century and the first half of the 2nd century.120

the Roman fort at Burladingen as part of the Alblimes necessarily excludes it from this group.122

Fig. 9: Aerial photograph revealing the internal structure of the fort at Unterkirchberg (RBW 2005, 134)

Finds of terra sigillata attest that the fort was constructed during Emperor Claudius’ reign, along with the chain of forts on the right bank of the Danube, overseeing the Roman road.123 The early phase of the fort, reinforced with earth-andtimber ramparts was destroyed during the 1st century, as attested by a burnt layer of charcoal and daub, but was rebuilt soon after.124 It is possible that it was destroyed during the events of the Year of the Four Emperors, similarly to nearby Raetian forts125 but more likely it was cleared away and reconstructed because of a change of garrison.126

The fort at Unterkirchberg encloses an area of 4.2 hectares with sides measuring 200 × 210 meters. It is similar in size to the forts at Ruffenhofen (B.5.3), Kösching (B.3.4) and Pfünz (B.5.2). Based on the similarity in the layout of their principiae, M. Meyer suggested that the forts at Emerkingen (B.2.5), Rißtissen (B.2.9) and Burladingen (B.4.1) were possibly constructed at the same time.121 This might be a valid hypothesis in regard of the Danubian forts, but the location of

Two of the earlier fort’s barracks were not reconstructed, but a gyrus, a cavalry training ground was built instead.127 Gyri in Roman forts are noted as a rarity, and only a handful of examples are known Empire-wide. The one discovered at Unterkirchberg is the first known example from Raetia. Numismatic evidence suggests that the fort of Unterkirchberg was abandoned during Emperor Trajan’s reign.128 Similarly to other

115

123

116

124

WEBER 1983, 443-444. VEECK 1929, 1-7. 117 SCHIEK 1975, 26-30. 118 FILTZINGER 1967, 110-111; BRAASCH 1983. 119 RBW 2005, 135. 120 Ibid. 135. 121 Ibid. 134. 122 SOMMER 2012a, 151.

SEEWALD 1972; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446; RBW 2005, 134-135. RBW 2005, 134. 125 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446. 126 RBy 199, 99. 127 On cavalry training grounds see: XEN. eq. 3, 5; VERG. georg. 3, 190195; TAC. Ger. 6; ARRIANUS tact. 36, 1; 43, 3; VEG. mil. 2, 23; DAVIES 1989, 41; JUNKELMANN 1991, 114; HYLAND 1993, 25-28. 128 FMRD II. 4, 331 ff.; RBW 2005, 135.

31

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

forts on the upper Danubian ripa, the one at Unterkirchberg was abandoned as part of Emperor Trajan’s military reorganization between 106/117, when the troops previously garrisoning these forts were relocated northwards and established the so-called Alblimes.

106/117. Considering the size of the fort (4.2 ha) it is a likely possibility that during its second phase the fort at Unterkirchberg was garrisoned by an ala, possibly the ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1), although the unit’s presence is so far unproven by epigraphic evidence.

Between 40/45 and ca. 80, during its first phase, an unknown auxiliary unit garrisoned the fort at Unterkirchberg. Proposing that the fort housed a mounted unit in its first phase as well, dislocation history enables that it was garrisoned by the ala Gemelliana (B.4). Afterwards, the layout of the fort and the presence of a gyrus suggest the presence of a mounted unit between ca. 80 and

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446, Nr. B 56, 456, Nr. C 66, 473, Nr. D 110; KLEE 1996, 182-191; RBW 2005, 134-135. Further reading VEECK 1929, 1-7; FILTZINGER 1967, 110-111; FMRD II. 4, 331 ff.; SEEWALD 1972; SCHIEK 1975, 26-30; BRAASCH 1983; WEBER 1983, 441 ff.; HYLAND 1993, 25-28; KLEE 1996, 31 ff.

32

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

3. FORTS BUILT IN THE ERA OF THE FLAVIAN DYNASTY AND EMPEROR NERVA (69-98) B.3.1. EINING-I The fort at Eining was located on the middle Danubian ripa, approximately 260 metres west of the present riverbank. The presence of Roman remains was known as early as the 16th century.129 W. Schreiner, a pastor with an interest in ancient history, conducted the first series of excavations between 1879 and 1886.130 He also published the first Roman military diploma discovered at Eining.131

(B.4.10) were built during Emperor Trajan’s reign, similarly to the forts on the Alblimes, yet not Eining. Two conjoining fragments of an inscription suggest that the fort was operational during Emperor Domitian’s reign.140 Their interpretation is not trouble free at all. On their own, their reading is troublesome, but taken into consideration together, these two inscriptions refer to the cohors IV Gallorum (B.18)141 and can be dated to Emperor Domitian’s reign.

Between 1886 and 1898 J. E. Sellmaier, a local teacher was head of the excavations.132 In the 19th century renowned researchers such as K. Popp, W. M. Schmid and P. Reinecke continued archaeological prospections and began the systematic publication of both their own findings and those of their amateur predecessors.133 P. Reinecke and K. Spindler excavated different sections of the vicus in the 1920s and 1980s respectively.134 Between 2005 and 2009 J. Obmann and M. Schaich created a 3D model of the fort.135 In 2010 T. Deller and L. Kühne conducted a geophysic survey on the fort’s and the vicus’ territory.136 The fort at Eining covered an area of 1.84 hectares, its sides measured 147 × 125 meters [Fig. 10].137 Based on the dating of a fragmented building inscription,138 H. Schönberger suggested that the fort at Eining was constructed during the reign of Titus between 79 and 81.139 C. S. Sommer pointed out that some forts on the adjoining section of the Danubian ripa, like Pfatter-Gmünd (C.4.4) and Straubing-III

Fig. 10: The topography of Roman Eining (FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 160, fig. 113)

129 GSCHWIND 2004, 14; for a detailed summary on research conducted on the fort’s area until 2008 see: SCHIWALL 2008, 131-197. 130 GSCHWIND 2004, 17, fn. 12. 131 SCHREINER 1891, 329-353. 132 Ibid. 17. 133 Ibid. 18. 134 Ibid. 18; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 474, Nr. D 117; SPINDLER 1983, 111 ff. 135 OBMANN – SCHAICH 2010, 173-175; for a brief summary on laser scanning on the Raetian Limes see: LANGER – SCHAICH 2009, 4-7.

136

DELLER – KÜHNE 2010, 92-94. REUTER 2007, 109: The fort was originally thought to be 2.8-3.2 hectares large cf. REUTER 2007, fn. 318. 138 B.18 – 2.1 [Eining; 81/96]. 139 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457, Nr. C 73; FABER 1993, 117-122, fig. 8-9; id. 1994, 103–105; GSCHWIND 2004, 266-270, fn. 1207. 140 B.17 – 2.1 [Eining; 81/86]. 141 C – 2.2 [13.5.86]. 137

33

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

found on the fort’s territory,151 A. Radnóti suggested that its reconstruction in the 160s was carried out by the cohors I Breucorum (B.14).152 However that unit had its permanent garrison at the fort near Pfünz (B.5.2), and was never stationed at Eining.153

This epigraphic evidence attests that the fort Eining-I was constructed in the years between 81 and 86. During the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius, the fort at Eining was reinforced with stone defences, similarly to the forts on the Raetian Limes.142 The fort at Eining survived the Germanic incursion of 254, and remained in the focus of the Roman military.143 In the first decade of the 4th century,144 a new fort was constructed in the south-east corner of the former fort,145 and buildings of a late Roman vicus were constructed within the walls of the old fort,146 and remained in use until the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century.147

Table 1: garrisons of the Roman auxiliary fort at Eining

The results of previous research can be summarized in the following facts: the cohors IV Gallorum constructed the fort Eining-I in the years around 81/86. In the years around 120, the cohors IV Gallorum was transferred to an unknown Raetian fort and cohors II Tungrorum vex., which was transferred to Raetia from Britannia, was stationed at Eining-I. In the years between 153 and 156/157, the cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio was transferred to Britannia and the cohors III Britannorum was moved to Eining. This unit remained at Eining-I even after the downfall of the Raetian Limes in 254.154

The garrison of the fort was subject of a prolonged debate [Table 1]. H. Schönberger suggested that the fort at Eining was built and garrisoned firstly by soldiers of the cohors IV Gallorum (B.18) before or during Emperor Trajan’s reign.148 Afterwards, the fort was manned by soldiers of the enigmatic cohors II Tungrorum ∞ vexillatio (B.26).149 The cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio garrisoned the fort at Eining during the first half of the 2nd century and disappeared from the fort afterwards. Hereinafter the cohors III Britannorum (B.15) was transferred to the fort, which continued to garrison it until the end of the 5th century.150 Based on a dedicatory inscription

The cohors III Britannorum at Eining is well attested on Raetian military diplomas,155 and appears on a significant number of other types of epigraphic sources.156 The name of the cohors IV Gallorum is displayed on a single fragmented inscription, with a rather questionable reading.157 The presence of either of the cohortes Tungrorum at Eining is not attested explicitly by epigraphic evidence, however it is possible to reconstruct the vexillatio-related term 'praepositus' on two inscriptions, which might be an indication for the unit’s presence.158 During World War I, P. Reinecke discovered a complex located 1.9 kilometres north-east from the fort at present-

142

153

Unit cohors IV Gallorum (B.18) coh. II Tungorum vex (B.26). cohors III Britannorum (B.15)

Presence at Eining-I 81/96 – ca. 120 ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) ─ 153 ~ 156/157 153 ~ 156/157 ─ 5th cent.

SOMMER 2012a, 157, fn. 181; GSCHWIND 2004, 275. REUTER 2007, 110; SOMMER 2012a, 151. 144 REUTER 2007, 111. 145 GSCHWIND 2004, 22-23. 146 FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 161. 147 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457, Nr. C 73; RBy 1995, 343. 148 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457. 149 For an inclusive summary on research history see: GSCHWIND 2004, 274, fn. 1244. 150 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457, Nr. C 73; RBy 1995, 343; GSCHWIND 2004, 275. 151 B.14 – 4.2 [Eining; 86/254]. 152 RADNÓTI 1961a, 114-115.

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457, Nr. C 73. NOT. Dign. occ. 35, 1, 12: 'Tribunus cohortis tertiae Brittorum, Abusina'. 155 C – 2.33 [(28.9.)157]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]. 156 B.15 – 2.1 [ca. 160/300]; B.15 – 4.2 [ca. 160/200]; B.15 – 4.3 [ca. 160/200]; B.15 – 5.2 [ca. 160/300] B.15 – 4.4 [1.12.211]; B.15 – 2.2 [213]; B.15 – 2.3 [213 (?)]; B.15 – 2.4 [211/222]; B.15 – 2.5 [213 (?)] see: D – 3.15 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.14 ~ D – 5.15 [153/157 ~ 300]. 157 B.17 – 2.1 [Eining; 81/86]. 158 B.26 – 2.1; B.26 – 2.2 [Eining; ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) ─ 153 ~ 156/157].

143

154

34

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

day Eining-Wineyards (Weinberg).159 P. Reinecke unearthed the stone foundations of three buildings, a possible watchtower overlooking the limes, a barracks building, which probably housed a small garrison and a shrine dedicated to Mars and Victoria, which was in use until the 3rd century.160

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457, Nr. C 73, 474, Nr. D 117; GSCHWIND 2004; RBy 1995, 434-436; REUTER 2007, 109111; SOMMER 2012a, 151. Further reading REINECKE 1927, 157-169; REINECKE 1957; FMRD I. 2, 47, Nr. 2028-2040; KELLNER 1978; FISCHER 1980, 125 ff.; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 106-110, 117; SPINDLER 1983, 111 ff.; FISCHER – SPINDLER 1984; FISCHER 1985b; LIPPERT 1986, 81-82; FISCHER 1992, 52-54; BAATZ 1993, 322 ff.; FABER 1993, 97-122; JÄGER 1993; MACKENSEN 1994, 479-513; GSCHWIND 2004; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 158-161; SCHIWALL 2008, 131-197; SOMMER 2008c, 260-265; DELLER – KÜHNE 2010, 92-94; OBMANN – SCHAICH 2010, 173-175.

This complex was too small to be manned by an individual unit. Its vicinity to the fort at Eining implies that the all-time garrison of Eining was charged with its supervision.

159

160

REINECKE 1927, 157-169.

35

REUTER 2007, 109.

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.3.2. GOMADINGEN years around 85/90.163 The fort was surrounded by a single ditch. J. Heiligmann suggested that the fort at Gomadingen was abandoned during the 110s,164 possibly during the reorganization of Emperor Trajan in the years between 106 and 117.

The fort at Gomadingen was located on the Alblimes, a considerable distance from other contemporaneous sites [Fig. 69]. P. Goeßler was the first to suggest the presence of a Roman fort in the area of Gomadingen in 1909, although the existence of the fort was confirmed in only 1977 via the aerial archaeological surveys of K. and H. Besch [Fig. 11].161 Later in the same year a single ditch was excavated by the Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg on the fort’s south-eastern corner. The exact size of the fort is unknown, although J. Heiligmann suggests it was large enough to house a cohors quingenaria.162

The garrison of the fort at Gomadingen is unknown. D. Baatz suggested the presence of a cohors quingenaria, although his hypothesis is unsupported by epigraphic evidence.165 Based on an inscribed spearhead recovered from the territory of the fort, which refers to a cavalry turma,166 R. Wiegels suggested that the fort of Gomadingen was occupied by an ala or a cohors equitata.167 It is possible that the fort was manned by the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum equitata (B.12), although this hypothesis is based on circumstantial evidence only, i.e. the fort’s size and chronology and is not supported directly by epigraphic evidence. Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 470, Nr. D 97; HEILIGMANN 1990, 71-79; RBW 2005, 91.

Fig. 11: The location of the Roman fort near Gomadingen (HEILIGMANN 1990, 71, fig. 22)

A fort with earth-and-timber ramparts was constructed near present-day Gomadingen in the

Further reading BAATZ 1993, 347; FMRD II. 3, 99 ff.; HEILIGMANN 1986, 175-181; GOEßLER 1909, 32 ff.; REIM 1974; REIM 1978, 45 ff.; WIEGELS 1982, 351.

161

165

162

166

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 470. HEILIGMANN 1990, 71-79. 163 RBW 2005, 91. 164 Ibid. 91.

BAATZ 1993, 347. D – 5.17 [Gomadingen, Hasenberg; ca. 785/90 ~ 106/117]: 'Iuni tur(ma) Oc[---]'. 167 WIEGELS 1982, 351.

36

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.3.3. GÜNZBURG The fort at Günzburg was part of the middle Danubian ripa, located near the firth of the river Günz. Its function was to secure a river crossing, thus it held military significance throughout Roman times.

Due to lack of excavations it is not possible to determine the exact size of neither the early military installation nor the auxiliary fort.172 The garrison of the fort is subject of discussion. Based on a building inscription it can be identified as an ala.173 Both W. Czysz and D. Baatz pondered on the possibility of the ala II Flavia milliaria (B.2) briefly stationing the fort at Günzburg before relocating to the one Heidenheim a. d. Brenz (B.4.5).174 However, the exact size of the auxiliary fort is unknown, thus it is not possible to determine if it was large enough to house the only ala milliaria of Raetia. On his drawing, W. Czysz suggested that the fort covered approximately 5.2 hectares, with sides measuring ca. 200 × 260 meters [Fig. 12]. However, this is yet to be confirmed by archaeological data.175 Furthermore, the only epigraphic evidence belonging to this unit is a single tile stamp, which does not prove its presence. So far, there is no epigraphic evidence, which attests the presence of any unit, either ala or cohors.

W. Czysz suggested that a military station was constructed west of the present-day settlement as early as Emperor Claudius’ reign, however it likely had its small garrison drawn from another fort as it did not have a civil settlement emerge in its vicinity.168 In 1910 a building inscription was discovered near the remains of the fort’s southern gates.169 It dates the construction of the first auxiliary fort to 77/78. The fort remained operational until the military reorganization of Emperor Trajan between 106/117.170 Following the collapse of the Raetian frontier system in 254, the Danube once again became the frontier, and a new fort was constructed in the area of Günzburg. The vicus is located south-east of the fort. Unfortunately most of its buildings had been exploited for building-material in the Middle Ages, thus hindering identification.171

Although it is a mere suggestion, it is worth pointing out that based on military diplomas, the ala I Augusta Thracum (B.7) was present in Raetia in the almost exact same time as the fort at Günzburg was operational.176

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446, Nr. B 57, 456, Nr. C 68, 473, Nr. D 111; RBy 1995, 453-456; CZYSZ 2002, 45-59. Further reading FILTZINGER 1957, 193-194; WALKE 1959, 86-109; FMRD I. 7, 181-182; CZYSZ 1977; CZYSZ – KRAHE 1979, 51 ff; CZYSZ 1981a, 142-143; CZYSZ – KRAHE 1983, 47-48; CZYSZ – TSCHOCKE 2003, 89-93.

Fig. 12: The topography of Roman Günzburg (CZYSZ 2002, 30, fig. 17)

168

174

RBy 1995, 453. B.2 – 2.1 [Günzburg; 77/78]. 170 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 473, Nr. D 111; SOMMER 2012a, 151. 171 RBy 1995, 454. 172 W. Czysz suggested ca. 200 × 260 meters (CZYSZ 2002, 45, fig. 30). 173 B.2 – 2.1 [77/78]: 'eq(uitum) a[lae II Flaviae]'.

RBy 1995, 453. CZYSZ 2002, 45, fig. 30. 176 C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.3 [103-105]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 116/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128].

169

175

37

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.3.4. KÖSCHING The fort at Kösching was part of the Raetian Limes, situated under present-day Marktplatz, entirely overlapped by the modern settlement.177 This is the only fort that was built north of the Danube in the 1st century.178

Kösching show similarities with those at Ruffenhofen and Heidenheim.182 C.-M. Hüssen directed a new excavation on the fort’s central area in 2004.183 The Roman fort at Kösching can be identified with the ancient toponym 'Germanicum'. The first fort with earth-and-timber ramparts was constructed at an unknown time,184 plausibly during the Flavian era. A new fort was constructed 270 meters west of the first one in 80, as attested by a building inscription found in the fort’s vicinity.185 Dendrochronological data from the fort correspond to the years to 79, 82 and 128.186 In its early phases, the fort had earth-andtimber ramparts, common throughout the forts on the Raetian Limes. During the military reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Kösching was reinforced with stone defences and structures.187 It remained operational until the Germanic incursions of the 3rd century when firstly the eastern section of Raetian Limes and afterwards the complete frontier system collapsed.188 Based on numismatic evidence,189 the fort at Kösching was abandoned shortly after 241, when its garrison was transferred eastwards against the Persians.190

Fig. 13: The layout ot the cavalry fort at Kösching (ORL B VII. (1913), Nr. 74)

J. Aventinus was the first to document the Roman remains at Kösching in the 15th century.179 J. Fink conducted the first excavations between 1899 and 1903. He concluded that the fort covered an area of 4.3 hectares with sides measuring 216 × 197 meters [Fig. 13]. Based on its internal layout, J. Fink identified Kösching as an ala quingenaria fort.180 In 1925 H. Witz conducted new excavations on the fort’s territory, redefining its size to 3.9 hectares.181 The barracks of

H.-J. Kellner suggested that the ala I Augusta Thracum (B.7) was the first garrison of the fort,191 in the period between 80 and 117/121.192 Although no epigraphic evidence supports this hypothesis, Raetian military diplomas indicate that in the years between 117/121,193 the ala I Augusta Thracum was replaced by the ala I Fla-

177

186

RBy 1995, 469. SOMMER 2012a, 151. 179 FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 113. 180 ORL B VII. (1913), Nr. 74. 181 WITZ 1927, 26-31. 182 SOMMER 2007, 128. 183 HÜSSEN – MEHLER 2005, 84-86. 184 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457. 185 IBR 257a-b = EDH 023825 [Kösching; 80] see: SOMMER 2012a, 152, fn. 133.

SOMMER 2012a, 143, fn. 54: CZYSZ – HERZIG 2008a, fig. 3; BECKER 2010, t. 5; HÜSSEN – MEHLER 2004, 85; HÜSSEN 2009b, 970-972. 187 B.3 – 2.1 [Kösching; 141]. 188 SOMMER 2012a, 151, 174. 189 FMRD I, Nr. 1115. 190 REUTER 2007, 104-105, esp. 105. 191 KELLNER 1971a, 212. 192 The only epigraphic record of the unit from this period is B.7 – 3.4 [Augsburg; 80 ~ 117/121]. 193 V.i.: C – 2.6; WOLFF 2000a, 159.

178

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THE HISTORY OF FORTS

via Gemelliana (B.3).194 The ala I Flavia Gemelliana is attested at the fort near Kösching by a building inscription.195 The sequence of the two units, although not incontestable evidence on its own, suggests that both the ala I Augusta Thracum and the ala I Flavia Gemelliana might have served as garrison of the fort at Kösching.

Bibliography ORL B VII. (1913), Nr. 74; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457, Nr. C 71, 474, Nr. D 115, 487, Nr. E 87; RBy 1995, 469. Further reading WITZ 1927, 26-31; FMRD I. Nr. 1113-1115; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 113-114, 117; HÜSSEN 1992a, 41-42; BAATZ 2000, 320; HÜSSEN – MEHLER 2005, 84-86; REUTER 2007, 104-105; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 142.

194 C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.3 [103-105]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 116/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128].

195

39

B.3 – 2.1 [Kösching; 141].

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.3.5. KÜNZING The fort at Künzing was located on the lower Raetian ripa. It was known since the 15th century and it is one of the most thoroughly excavated Roman forts in Bavaria.196 For the purposes of this paper, it is unnecessary to list all the excavations that were conducted on the fort’s area, a summary of the major publications regarding the topic is listed under this section’s 'Further reading'.

the fort at Künzing was cleared away and a new fort with stone fortifications was constructed surrounded by a quintuple ditch system.200 Based on a hoard of coins with the last issues being those of Emperor Gordian III, H. Schönberger suggested, that the fort at Künzing was destroyed in the 240s.201 However, relevant archaeological layers have been cleared away in modern times and recent coin finds belonging to the 50s,202 60s,203 and 90s204 of the 3rd century render it altogether unlikely, that the fort at Künzing was permanently destroyed in the events of the Limesfall.205 In the course of the 4th century, Künzing retained its military significance and continued to be an important fort on the Danube.206

The fort at Künzing was built during the end of the 1st century.197 It had a single ditch, earth-andtimber ramparts and covered an area of 2.25 hectares with sides measuring 132.5 × 165.5 meters [Fig. 14].198 A series of excavations clarified the fort’s internal structure, especially the construction phases of its principia.199 In 120, a second ditch was dug around the fort. In the 130s,

H.-J. Kellner suggested that Künzing was garrisoned by the cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23) until the 130s, when it was sent east to suppress the Bar Kochba ynrevolt. He proposed that a new fort was constructed by the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13).207 The presence of the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum is attested by a Raetian military diploma discovered in Künzing’s vicinity, which was issued to a veteran of this unit.208 On the other hand, the presence of the cohors III Thracum c. R. in the fort at Künzing is ill-attested. Apart from two stamped tiles, no epigraphic evidence suggests the presence of this unit.209 The fort’s reconstruction and expansion in the years around 120 and 130 does not imply a change in garrison. Thus, it is more likely to suggest that throughout its existence, the fort at Künzing was garrisoned by the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum.

196

204

197

205

Fig. 14: Ground-plan of auxiliary fort at Künzing (RBy 1995, 470)

RBy 1995, 469. Ibid. 469. 198 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 474, Nr. D 123. 199 FELLMANN 1983. 200 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 475, Nr. D 123. 201 Id. 1975, 115; REUTER 2007, 119, fn. 442. 202 WANDLING – ZIEGAUS 1993, 123-142; REUTER 2007, 119, fn. 445. 203 FMRD I 2130, Nr. 75.

Ibid. 2130, Nr. 78-79. REUTER 2007, 119-121. 206 NOT. Dign, occ. 35, 1, 10: 'Praefectus alae primae Flaviae Raetorum, Quintanis'. 207 KELLNER 1971a, 214-215. 208 C – 2.39 [18.12.160]. 209 B.23 – 5.4 [Künzing; ca. 90/254].

40

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 474-475, Nr. D 123, 490, Nr. E 95; RBy 1995, 469-471.

Further reading SCHMID 1875, 147-154; REINECKE 1930a, 2-11; FMRD I. 2, 205 ff.; HERRMANN – SCHÖNBERGER 1971, 37 ff.; HERRMANN 1972, SCHÖNBERGER 1975; KUHNEN 1976, 125 ff.; CHRISTLEIN – RIECKHOFF-PAULI 1976, 37-64; RIECKHOFF-PAULI 1979, 79-122; CHRISTLEIN – FISCHER 1981, 122-123; MADER 1982, 182-183; FELLMANN 1983; FISCHER 1985a, 247 ff.; SCHMOTZ 1986, 165; BAATZ 1993, 331-334; WANDLING – ZIEGAUS 1993, 123-142 GANSLMEIER – SCHMOTZ 2003; SCHMOTZ 2007, 132-149; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 179-181; SOMMER 2008a, 107 ff.; SOMMER 2008c, 276; PLANCK – THIEL 2009, 73; SOMMER 2009, 51.

41

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.3.6. MOOS-BURGSTALL built during Flavian times.210 T. Fischer suggested it was a precursor to Künzing (B.3.5).211 However, the chronology of the forts defy this assumption, as the fort at Künzing was constructed in the years around 90, while the one at Moos-Burgstall was abandoned only during Emperor Trajan’s military reorganization in 106/117. It is plausible that one reason behind the abandoning of the fort at Moos-Burgstall was the increasing eroding effect of the Isar.

The Roman fort at Moos-Burgstall was part of the lower Danubian ripa. It is situated on a low hilltop bordered by the rivers Isar and Danube. The area of the Roman fort was partially overlapped by the medieval fortress of Burgstall and only its south-eastern corner survived, the rest had been washed away by the Isar.

The vicus belonging to Moos-Burgstall remained operational until the middle of the 3rd century.212 The fort at Moos-Burgstall was garrisoned by an unknown auxiliary unit. Based on chronology, a possible garrison of the fort may have been the cohors III Batavorum (B.10). Fig. 15: Ground-plan of auxiliary fort at Moos-Burgstall (FISCHER 1988, fig. 3)

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 458, Nr. C 76, 474, Nr. D 122; RBy 1995, 483.

H. Schönberger conducted excavations at MoosBurgstall between 1978 and 1980. The east-west side of the fort is 140 meters long, its north-east extent is unknown [Fig. 15]. The revetments had two construction phases, the internal buildings had a single one. The fort at Moos-Burgstall was

Further reading FMRD I. 2, 203-204; SCHÖNBERGER 1981, 114-115; SCHÖNBERGER 1982, 179 ff.; FISCHER 1988; BAATZ 2000, 331; REUTER 2007, 117-118; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 184-185; SOMMER 2008c, 275-276.

210

212

211

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 458. RBy 1995, 483.

42

REUTER 2007, 118.

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.3.7. PASSAU-I (ALTSTADT) The following section deals with the Roman military fort on the Passau peninsula, named PassauAltstadt.213 This fort is otherwise generally termed Passau-Batavis to distinguish it from the other Roman military installations located on present-day Passau’s territory [Fig. 16]. The socalled Römerwehr is located on the peninsula as well, but the name is misleading, as those remains belonged to the medieval fortress.214 Contrary to Passau-Altstadt (Passau-I), which was part of Raetia, sites located on the right side of the Inn, Passau-Innstadt (Passau-II) and the late Roman fort (Passau-III), belonged to Noricum.215 The Norican sites include: the fort 'Boiodurum' active during the Principate and the late Roman fort 'Boiotro'. It is not unparalleled in Roman military tradition that several forts were built in each other’s close vicinity.216 This practice was generally used at important river crossings at Regensburg-Bismarckplatz (D.5) and Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) and at Straubing I-III (B.3.9, B.3.10, and B.4.10) and StraubingIV (B.3.11).

In 1977 R. Christlein excavated sections of the fort at Passau-Altstadt.217 Both the medieval and present-day settlement overlaps the Roman sites, therefore the buildings of the vicus and the Roman fort cannot be adequately separated. Based on terra sigillata finds, H. Wolff, M. Jehne and T. Fischer suggested that a fort with unknown proportions was constructed during Emperor Domitian’s reign.218 H. Bender suggested it was built later, under Emperor Trajan or Hadrian.219 T. Mommsen suggested that the fort was garrisoned by the cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum (B.11) since its construction to the time of the Notitia Dignitatum.220 A. Aign on the other hand argued that the cohors IX Batavorum of the Principate is not identical to the cohors nova Batavorum of the Notitia Dignitatum, and that the unit of the Principate garrisoned the fort at Ruffenhofen (B.5.3).221 However, recent geophysical surveys ascertained that the fort at Ruffenhofen was garrisoned by an ala, rather than a cohors equitata.222 The cohors IX Batavorum is not attested on any epigraphic sources. However, it is still more likely to suggest its presence at the fort at Passau-Altstadt and thus accept the identification of the two cohortes Batavorum rather than proposing the presence of another, yet unknown unit. Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 490, Nr. E 96; RBy 1995, 494-498. Further reading SCHLEIERMACHER 1958, 312; FMRD I.2, 137 ff.; AIGN 1975, 102 ff.; CHRISTLEIN 1979, 96 ff.; JEHNE – WOLFF 1981, 133 ff.; DIETZ 1983, 532-533; FISCHER 1987, 96 ff.; BENDER et al. 1991; BAATZ 1993, 334; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 193-195; SOMMER 2008c, 276.

Fig. 16: Roman military sites on the territory present-day Passau (ALTJOHANN 2012, 12)

213

218 JEHNE – WOLFF 1981, 133 ff.; RBy 1995, 104; FISCHER – FISCHERRIEDMEIER 2008, 194. 219 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 490, Nr. E 96. 220 KELLNER 1971a, 215; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 490, Nr. E 96. 221 AIGN 1975, 102 ff. 222 SOMMER 2004, 345-360; SOMMER 2007, 123-131.

FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 193-194. RBy 1995, 495. 215 For the ambiguity regarding the fortifications at the mouth of the Inn see: SCHLEIERMACHER 1958, 312; MARCU 2005, 133-154. 216 SCHLEIERMACHER 1958, 312. 217 CHRISTLEIN 1979, 96 ff. 214

43

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.3.8. REGENSBURG-KUMPFMÜHL The fort at Regensburg-Kumpfmühl was part of the lower Raetian ripa. Roman finds from the territory of Kumpfmühl have been collected as early as the 18th century. Local collectors such as G. G. Plato and R. Kornemann have amassed a considerable number of Roman small finds, most of which have been lost since.223 J. Dahlem directed the first excavation in 1873. P. Reinecke and G. Steinmetz clarified the inner layout of the fort in the years between 1924 and 1927.224 A Stroh oversaw excavations of larger scale in 1951 and in 1979. U. Osterhaus led a series of excavations starting in the 1970s until 1993.225 S. Codreanu-Windauer conduced another series of excavations on the western part of the fort between 1995 and 1997.226

possible in the years around 80, similarly to the nearby fort Eining-I (B.3.1).228 However, it is more likely that the fort at Regensburg-Kumpfmühl was constructed immediately after the Year of the Four Emperors, which is not unsupported by the dating of the finds.229 The earliest phase of the fort was reinforced with earth-andtimber ramparts. It covered an area of 1.9 hectares. During Emperor Hadrian’ reign, the fort was expanded to an area of 2.2 hectares with sides measuring 155 × 143 meters, and was reinforced with stone defence structures.230 It was destroyed during the Marcomannic wars, in the years around 170.231 Tile stamps of several units were recovered from Regensburg, including the cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9),232 the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16),233 and the ala I Flavia singularium (B.6).234 S. Sandbichler suggested that these units sent soldiers to take part in construction works.235 He suggested the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum garrisoned the fort at Regensburg-Kumpfmühl,236 but it can be ruled out due the inconsistency of the unit’s presence with epigraphic evidence of the 2nd century.237

The bath complex was situated directly north of the porta praetoria, the vicus was located east of the fort [Fig. 17].227 A. Faber suggested based on find-material, that the fort at Regensburg-Kumpfmühl was constructed during Flavian times,

Based on this epigraphic evidence, it is unanimously accepted that fort was constructed by the cohors III Britannorum equitata (B.15).238 The unit garrisoned Regensburg-Kumpfmühl until ca. 120, when it was transferred to an unknown Raetian fort, possibly to Burgsalach-I (B.5.1). After the cohors III Britannorum left, the cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9) was transferred to Regensburg-Kumpfmühl in the years around 120. This

223

231

Fig. 17: The Topography of Roman Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (SOMMER 2008c, 260, fig. 5)

FABER 1994, 15. Ibid. 16. 225 For a complete summary on excavations preceding 1994 see: ibid. 1520. 226 CODREANU-WINDAUER 1997, 116-119. 227 SOMMER 2008c, 268-269. 228 SANDBICHLER 2009, 42, 83. 229 Ibid. 42, 80-81. 230 FABER 1994, 30-32.

SANDBICHLER 2009, 42, 81-82, 89; SOMMER 2012a, 164, fn. 238. B.9 – 5.2; B.9 – 5.3 [Regensburg; ca. 120/170]. 233 B.16 – 5.5; B.16 – 5.7; B.16 – 5.8 [Regensburg; ca. 90/300]. 234 B.6 – 5.1 [Regensburg; ca. 106/117 ~ 254]. 235 SANDBICHLER 2009, 42, 82-86. 236 Ibid. 83-86. 237 B.16 – 4.1 [Straubing; 11.4.163]. 238 STEIN 1932, 178-179; KELLNER 1971a, 213-214; BIRLEY 1980, 82; CZYSZ 2008, 173; SANDBICHLER 2009, 42.

224

232

44

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

unit remained at Regensburg until the Marcomannic wars, when both the fort and the unit were destroyed.239

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457, Nr. C 74, 474, Nr. D 119, 489, Nr. E 92; FABER 1994; RBy 1995, 503; CODREANUWINDAUER 1997, 116-119; SANDBICHLER 2009, 39-130.

The presence of the cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9) is attested by a Raetian military constitutions issued to one of the unit’s veterans and two tile stamps.240

Further reading DIETZ et al. 1979, 54 ff., 66 ff., 177 ff.; FMRD I. 3-4, 50 ff.; FISCHER 1981, 63 ff.; OSTERHAUS 1983, 107-108; FISCHER 1986, 146-151; BAATZ 2000, 327; DIETZ – FISCHER 2000, 12-48; SOMMER 2008c, 268-269.

239

240

C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166].

45

B.9 – 5.2; B.9 – 5.3 [Regensburg; ca. 120/170].

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.3.9. STRAUBING-I

B.3.10. STRAUBING-II

B.4.10. STRAUBING-III

esis has not yet been conclusively proven.246 Nonetheless, the area of Straubing remained part of the Roman military system until the 5th century.247 A significant quantity of cavalry-related finds indicate that Straubing-I was garrisoned by a cohors equitata, which can be identified with the cohors II Gallorum eq. (B.17), a unit present in Raetia the same time as the fort Straubing-I was operational.248 Based on stamped tiles found on the fort’s area,249 J. Prammer suggested that throughout its existence between 81/96 – ca. 106/117, Straubing-II was garrisoned by the cohors III Batavorum (B.10),250 however the units transfer to Raetia from Vindolanda, Britannia occurred only later, and the cohors III Batavorum is unattested at Straubing by epigraphic evidence.251

The forts Straubing I-III were part of the lower Raetian ripa, located along the right bank of the Danube. Four different forts can be identified in the vicinity of Straubing [Fig. 18]. Their numbering reflects the order in which they were excavated, and has no chronological significance. Straubing-IV (also termed Westkastell) was Flavian fort reinforced with earth-and-timber ramparts. This was the earliest Roman auxiliary fort constructed in the vicinity of Straubing. In the years around 75/85 a second fort (Straubing-I) with earth-and-timber ramparts was constructed east of the by then already operational StraubingIV. So far one tower and a small section of the ditch have been excavated, the fort’s exact dimensions are unknown.241 During the end of the 1st century, Straubing-I was demolished and a new fort (Straubing-II) with earth-and-timber was constructed in an adjacent location.242 Following the Dacian campaigns of Emperor Trajan, Straubing-II was cleared away and new fort with earth-and-timber ramparts (Straubing-III) encircled by a quadruple ditch system was constructed.243 Straubing-IIIa covered an area of 3.2 hectares, with sides measuring approx. 180 × 180 meters. During the Marcomannic wars, the timber fort (Straubing-IIIa) was destroyed and rebuilt with stone structures (Straubing IIIb).244 Straubing-IIIb was destroyed during the course of the 3rd century, possibly but not necessarily in 254 together with many Raetian forts.245 T. Fischer suggested, that in the course of the 3rd century, a new late Roman fort was constructed under present-day St. Peter although this hypoth-

The importance of the Danube crossing at Straubing is well indicated by the fact that two forts were simultaneously operational from Emperor Domitian’s reign, until the Marcomannic wars.252 H.-J. Kellner suggested that Straubing II-III were garrisoned by the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16).253 In 2009 S. Sandbichler proposed that the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum more garrisoned the fort at Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8), rather than the fort StraubingIII.254 However, an imperial dedication recovered from Straubing’s vicinity, which was set up by a group of veterans of the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum strongly suggests the unit’s presence.255 Five Raetian military diplomas were recovered from the vicinity of Straubing, however, none of them list the recipient, nor his unit.256

241

249

242

250

FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 208. Ibid. 208. 243 Ibid. 208. 244 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457-458. 245 WALKE 1965, 33, 86, 74-75; KEIM – KLUMBACH 1978; GARBSCH 1978, 47 ff.; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 458. 246 FISCHER 2008, 209. 247 REUTER 2007, 115-116. 248 B.17 – 5.1 ~ B.17 – 5.13 [Straubing; 75/85 ~ ca. 90].

PRAMMER 1981, 16-17. RBy 1995, 518-519. 251 BOWMAN – THOMAS 1994; SPAUL 2000, 213-214. 252 RBy 1995, 520. 253 KELLNER 1983, 169. 254 SANDBICHLER 2009, 84-86. 255 B.16 – 4.1 [Straubing; 11.4.163]. 256 C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.11 [ca. 120/140]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160].

46

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

mained at Straubing until the 3rd century, but was either destroyed or reorganized after the downfall of the Raetian Limes in spring 254.257

One possible interpretation of the events is that the cohors II Gallorum eq. (B.17) garrisoning Straubing-I left in the last decades of the 1st century. In the years around 90 the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.18) was transferred from Syria to Raetia and constructed a new fort (Straubing-II) over the territory of the previous auxiliary castrum (Straubing-I).

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457-458, Nr. C 75, 474, Nr. D 120, 489 Nr. E 93; RBy 1995, 518-521. Further reading FMRD I. 2, 152 ff., Nr. 294-307, 314, 2108; WALKE 1965; ULBERT 1974, 197-216; PRAMMER 1985, 42-43; PRAMMER 1989; BAATZ 1993, 330-331; PRAMMER 1998, 193207; MOOSBAUER 2005; REUTER 2007, 115-116; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 208-209; SOMMER 2008c, 270-275.

During the reorganizations of Emperor Hadrian in the years around 120, the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum reconstructed the fort at Straubing was once again (Straubing-III). The unit re-

Fig. 18: Overview of the topography of Roman Straubing (RBy 1995, 519, fig. 220)

257

REUTER 2007, 115-116.

47

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.3.11. STRAUBING-IV The forts at Straubing are part of the lower Raetian ripa, located along the right bank of the Danube. Four different forts can be identified in the vicinity of Straubing [Fig. 18]. Their numbering reflects the order in which they were excavated, and has no chronological significance.

Tabula Peutingeriana.265 F. Ebner directed the first series of excavations in Straubing in the years between 1898 and 1909. J. Keim was first to excavate the eastern section of the vicus in 1954, which since then has become the most well-known section of the Roman site.

Straubing-IV (also termed Westkastell) is located on a low terrace of the Allachbach. A fort with earth-and-timber ramparts was constructed during Flavian times. This was the earliest Roman auxiliary fort constructed in the vicinity of Straubing. It had two timber phases before it was reconstructed with stone structures.258 During the timber phases a single ditch encircled the fort which was expanded with a second one during the stone period. Based on terra sigillata found on its area,259 the fort Straubing-IV was constructed during early Flavian times,260 and was destroyed during the Marcomannic wars.261

Further excavations were conducted on the vicus’ territory mainly in 1973 and in 1978 and continued on a smaller scale the following years. The northern gate was excavated between 1976 and 1978. Two piers belonging to a port were discovered in 1986. The vicus was located east and south of forts Straubing I-III. Militaria finds discovered in the vicinity of the Straubing fort were collected and analysed by G. Ulbert.266

Its garrison was possibly the cohors II Raetorum (B.21).262 The vicus263 and baths264 that belonged to Straubing-IV have been studied since the 1990s. The fort Straubing-IV was discovered in the 19th century and was almost immediately associated with the toponym 'Sorviodunum' of the

Further reading FMRD I. 2, 152 ff., Nr. 294-307, 314, 2108; WALKE 1965; ULBERT 1974, 197-216; PRAMMER 1985, 42-43; PRAMMER 1989; BAATZ 1993, 330-331; PRAMMER 1998, 193207; MOOSBAUER 2005; REUTER 2007, 115-116; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 208-209; SOMMER 2008c, 270-275.

258

263

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457-458, Nr. C 75, 474, Nr. D 120, 489 Nr. E 93; RBy 1995, 518-521.

FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 208. WALKE 1965; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457. 260 PRAMMER 1985, 42-43; RBy 1995, 30-31. 261 WOLFF 2000a, 169, 171. 262 RBy 1995, 518.

PRAMMER 1998, 193-207; SOMMER 2008c, 270-275; FISCHER 2010; FISCHER 2012. 264 FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 208. 265 RBy 1995, 518. 266 ULBERT 1974, 197-216.

259

48

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

4. FORTS BUILT DURING THE REIGN OF EMPEROR TRAJAN (98-117) B.4.1. BURLADINGEN-HAUSEN The fort at Burladingen was the westernmost fort of the Raetian Alblimes. It was situated between the forts at Ebingen-Lautlingen (Albstadt) in Germania and Gomadingen (B.3.2) in Raetia.

by aerial archaeological means and was partially excavated in 1983-1984. Another series of excavations were carried out in the years between 1984-1986 and 1990-1997, which identified the fort’s vicus.268 The fort of Burladingen covered 1.88 hectares, with sides 137 × 137 meters long [Fig. 19].269 J. Heiligmann suggested that the fort at Burladingen was constructed around the 80s.270 Relying on dendrochronological data, C. S. Sommer pointed out that the forts on the Alblimes were not built until later, during the military reorganization of Emperor Trajan in the years between 106/117, following his Dacian campaigns.271 The fort at Burladingen was short-lived, as it perished in a fire (possibly mishap, not war-time destruction) during Emperor Trajan’s rule and it was not rebuilt afterwards.272 Despite the early destruction of the fort, the vicus continued to flourish until the middle of the 3rd century. The garrison of Burladingen is unknown, its size and layout imply the presence of a cohors quingenaria, which was relocated following the destruction of the fort.273 Based on chronology, a possible garrison of the fort may have been the cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9) in the years between 107/112 ~ ca. 120.

Fig. 19: Ground-plan of the auxiliary fort at Burladingen-Hausen (RBW 2005, 59)

K.-T. Zingeler directed the first excavations on the territory of present-day Burladingen in 1893 and 1894. He identified the remains of the Roman settlement, but not the fort. G. Bersu conducted further excavations in the years between 1912 and 1914, which resulted in the discovery and identification of the Roman auxiliary fort.267 The Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg conducted further archaeological excavations in 1974. In 1983 a new section of the fort’s stone wall was discovered

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 455, Nr. C 57; HEILIGMANN 1990, 51-70, 175-181; RBW 2005, 58-60; Further reading BERSU 1917, 111 ff.; FMRD II. 3, 83 ff.; HEILIGMANN 1986, 175-181; REIM 1995; REIM 1998, 55-58; MORRISSEY 2007; SOMMER 2009, 47.

267

271

268

272

BERSU 1917, 111 ff. RBW 2005, 60. 269 Ibid. 58. 270 J. Heiligmann suggested that the fort at Burladingen was constructed during the reign of Emperors Vespasian or Titus (HEILIGMANN 1990, 175).

SOMMER 2012a, 151. RBW 2005, 58. 273 Ibid. 58.

49

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.4.2. EISLINGEN-SALACH timber ramparts.275 Due to lack of finds, the dating of the fort is difficult. H. Schönberger suggested it was constructed together with (or maybe slightly later than) the forts at Köngen in Germania and Heidenheim a. d. Brenz (B.4.5) in Raetia, since the fort at Eislingen is located on the road connecting these forts.276

The fort at Eislingen-Salach was located on the northern bank of the Fils, between the forts at Urspring (B.4.11) and Heidenheim a. d. Brenz (B.4.5), north from the fortlet at Deggingen (C.4.1).

C. S. Sommer proposed that the fort at Eislingen was constructed during Emperor Trajan’s military reorganization in the years between 110/117.277 It is likely that the fort at Eislingen was abandoned together with other forts on the Alblimes, as part of Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ military reorganization in the years around 160. The garrison of the fort at Eislingen is unknown. No epigraphic sources are known from Eislingen or its vicinity. One rather faint possibility is that the fort was garrisoned by the cohors I Raetorum (B.20), which contrary to H.-J. Kellner’s hypothesis was not likely stationed at Donnstetten.278 However this is based on the mere fact that the unit’s presence in Raetia and the fort’s time of operation coincide.

Fig. 20: Aerial photograph of the auxiliary fort at Eislingen-Salach (RBW 2005, 70)

The fort is situated 1.7 kilometres south of present-day Eislingen. Its close location to Germania suggests that it could have held a conjunctive role between the forts on the Alblimes and the Neckarlimes.274 A. Brugger discovered the Roman fort at Eislingen via aerial archaeological methods in 1966. It covered an area of 2.2 hectares, with a layout indicating it was garrisoned by a cohors [Fig. 20]. The fort is solely made up of timber building, surrounded with earth-and-

Further reading PLANCK 1974, 527 ff.; BAATZ 1993, 252-253, 349.

274

277

275

278

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 469, Nr. D 87; RBW 2005, 70-71.

BAATZ 1993, 252-253. RBW 2005, 70. 276 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 469, Nr. D 87; RBW 2005, 71.

50

SOMMER 2012a, 151. KELLNER 1971a, 213.

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.4.3. FAIMINGEN-I The fort at Faimingen was part of the middle Raetian ripa, situated on a west-east oriented plateau bordered by the Faimingen Valley. Originally the fort overlooked the Danube, but due to canalizations in the 19th century, the river is now flowing 300 meters south of the Roman remains.279

mer suggested that the fort at Faimingen was constructed during Emperor Trajan’s reign, possibly between 106/117.284 Finds from the filling of the ditches suggest that the fort at Faimingen was in use until the reign of Emperor Hadrian and was abandoned in a planned manner between 120/140.285 The vicus continued to flourish after the fort was razed. In the 3rd century, a new auxiliary fort was constructed east of the vicus. The area near Faimingen retained its importance in Late Antiquity under the ancient toponym 'Febianis'.286 The garrison of the fort at Faimingen-I is unknown, a Raetian military constitution recovered from its vicinity suggests the presence of auxiliaries.287 It is possible, that the fort was garrisoned by the cohors IV Tungrorum vexillatio (B.27). This unit was present in Raetia between ca. 120 and 140/144, which coincides with Faimingen-I’s chronology. The cohors IV Tungrorum vexillatio transferred from Raetia to Mauretania in a planned manner, which corresponds to the planned abandonment of Faimingen-I.

Fig. 21: Ground-plan of the Roman fort and vicus at Faimingen (RBy 1995, 210, fig. 35)

Excavations began on the territory of Faimingen in 1898. The cemetery, located north of the fort, was excavated between 1901 and 1907. Further archaeological excavations were conducted on the nearby Apollo-Grannus temple’s area in 1979/1980, 1983 and 1986.280 The vicus, located in the fort’s vicinity was quite extensive, it covered an area of approximately 30 hectares.281 The present-day settlement overlaps the area of the Roman fort completely, thus its inner layout is mostly unknown [Fig. 21].

Bibliography ORL B VI. (1911), Nr. 66; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 473-474, Nr. D 112, 488, Nr. E 89; RBy 1995, 441-444.

The fort has a slightly trapezoid ground-plan, covering an area of 1.7 hectares.282 The earliest terra sigillata finds from the cemetery can be dated to the 90s of the 1st century.283 C. S. Som-

Further reading FMRD I. 7, Nr. 7048-7050; SEITZ 1964; SEITZ 1967, 171172; RÜSCH 1972, 319-322; CSIR I. 1, 151-163; WEBER 1978, 511 ff.; WEBER 1981, 103 ff.; CZYSZ 1982, 142-143; HASCH 1983, 13 ff.; WEBER 1983, 441 ff.; DIETZ 1985, 7586; FASOLD – HÜSSEN 1985, 287-340; RS 1988, 277-278; BAATZ 1993, 67, 76; EINGARTNER et al. 1993; MÜLLER 1999; NUBER – SEITZ 2009, 303-326; SOMMER 2012a, 137-180.

279

284

RBy 1995, 441. Ibid. 441. 281 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 488. 282 RBy 1995, 441-442. 283 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 473; RBy 1995, 444.

SOMMER 2012a, 151, 153. RBy 1995, 442. 286 NOT. Dign. occ. 35, 1, 2: 'Ponteoeni, nunc Febianis'; KOLB 2004, 3132. 287 C – 2.35 [28.9.157].

280

285

51

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.4.4. GNOTZHEIM The fort at Gnotzheim was located on the Alblimes. The Roman fort there was discovered in the 18th century. H. Eidam carried out the first excavations in the years between 1878 and 1905 under supervision of the Reichs-Limes-kommission.288 The cemetery289 and the vicus belonging to Gnotzheim were excavated in the 1990s,290 but no further excavations were conducted on the fort’s territory. The fort covered 2.2 hectares, its sides measuring 153 × 143 meters [Fig. 22]. It can be identified with the ancient toponym 'Mediana'.

the expansion of the fort was induced by a change of garrison. However, no epigraphic evidence attests the presence of the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum at Gnotzheim, yet a Raetian military diploma, issued to a veteran of this unit was discovered in the vicinity of Künzing (B.3.5).296 Furthermore, the Raetian military diploma of 86 already lists the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum.297 This means that the unit was present in Raetia twenty years before the construction of the fort at Gnotzheim and garrisoned an unknown fort. Thus if a change did occur, the first garrison of the fort at Gnotzheim by no means was the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum.

The fort at Gnotzheim was constructed in the second half of Emperor Trajan’s rule, most likely during the military reorganization following his Dacian campaigns, between 106 and 117.291 According to building inscriptions, the fort was reconstructed together with the ones at Pfünz (B.5.2), Kösching (B.3.4) and Pförring (B.4.9) in the 140s.292 Following the triumph of Emperor Caracalla over Germanic tribes in 213, the fort at Gnotzheim was again fortified along with several other Raetian military stations, as attested by fragments of a building inscription.293 It was destroyed together with the rest of the Raetian Limes during the Germanic incursions in 254. The cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13) was long regarded in a widespread manner as the first garrison of Gnotzheim.294 H.-J. Kellner suggested that this unit was replaced by the cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23) in the 2nd century.295 H.J. Kellner’s hypothesis was based on the fact that

The presence of the cohors III Thracum c. R. at Gnotzheim is attested by various epigraphic

288

293

Fig. 22: Geophysical survey of the auxiliary fort at Gnotzheim (FAßBINDER 2010, 93)

SOMMER 2012a, 170, fn. 298: B.14 – 2.11 [Pfünz; 211], B.14 – 2.12 [Pfünz; 211/213], IBR 309 [Gnotzheim; 211/222]; IBR 310 [Gnotzheim – 211/222] see: B.23 – 2.2 [Gnotzheim; 211/222]. 294 KELLNER 1971a, 215; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 472, Nr. D 105; RBy 1995, 449; FAßBINDER 2009, 73. 295 KELLNER 1971a, 214; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 472, Nr. D 105; RBy 1995, 449; FAßBINDER 2009, 73-76. 296 C – 2.39 [16.12.160] 297 C – 2.2 [86.5.13]

ORL B VII. (1907), Nr. 70; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 72; RBy 1995, 448-449. 289 HÜSSEN 1993a, 94-96. 290 FRANK 1999, 47-49. 291 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 292 Ibid. 157, fn. 178: B.14 – 2.8 [Pfünz; 138/161]; B.6 – 2.4 [Biburg; 141]; B.3 – 2.1 [Kösching; 141]; B.23 – 2.1 [Gnotzheim; early 144].

52

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

evidence.298 It is unanimous that this unit garrisoned the fort from its reconstruction in the 140s, until its abandonment in 254.299 The geophysical surveys conducted by J. Faßbinder support this hypothesis, as the layout of barracks in the latest period (ca. 140 – 254), attest the presence of a cohors equitata.300 The dislocation history of the fort at Gnotzheim can be summarized in the following [Table 2]. Unit unknown mounted unit (cohors III Thracum c. R.?) cohors III Thracum c. R.

However, one must consider that geophysical surveys revealed the layout of only the later phases of the fort, thus it might have had a different layout and thus a different type of garrison in the years between 106/117 and ca. 140. Bibliography ORL B VII. (1907), Nr. 70; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 472, Nr. D 105, 486, Nr. E 79; RBy 1995, 448-449; FAßBINDER 2009, 73-76; FAßBINDER 2010, 91-94.

Presence at Gnotzheim

Further reading BAATZ 2000, 277; FISCHER 1992, 41; FISCHER – FISCHERRIEDMEIER 2008, FMRD I. 5, Nr. 4054-5055; FRANK 1999, 47-49; HÜSSEN 1993a, 94-96; GSCHWIND 1999, 157 ff.; RABOLD et al. 2000, 100; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 70-72.

106/117 – ca. 140 ca. 140 – 254

Table 2: Dislocation of the Roman auxiliary fort at Gnotzheim based on epigraphic sources

298

299

B.23 – 2.1 [Gnotzheim; early 144]; B.23 – 2.2 [Gnotzheim; 211/217 (ca. 213); B.23 – 4.1 [Gnotzheim; 106/117 ~ 254 (200?)]; B.23 – 5.5; B.23 – 5.6 [Gnotzheim; 106/117 ~ 254].

B.23 – 2.1 [Gnotzheim; early 144], B.23 – 2.2 [Gnotzheim; 211/217]; B.23 – 4.1 [Gnotzheim; 106/117 ~ 254 (200?)]. 300 B.23 – 5.6 [Gnotzheim; 106/117 ~ 254]: 'T(urma) Co[---]'.

53

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.4.5. HEIDENHEIM AN DER BRENZ of Emperor Trajan’s.310 In 2011 C. S. Sommer proposed a new dating for the Alblimes, thus pinpointing the construction of the fort at Heidenheim to Emperor Trajan’s military reorganization which took place in the years between 106/117.311 Dendrochronological data fall within the period from 97± to 105±10.312 The fort at Heidenheim can be identified with the ancient toponym 'Aquileia' of the Tabula Peutingeriana. It covered an area of 5.2 hectares, with sides measuring 271 × 195 meters.313

The fort at Heidenheim a. d. Brenz was part of the Alblimes, located in Brenz-valley, on the northern side of the Alb Mountain.301 The Roman remains at Heidenheim were known as early as the Middle Ages. J. G. Waltz was first to publish his observations on the matter in 1657. In the 19th century, a few amateur excavations were conducted, which led to the identification of several buildings’ foundations. E. Gaus conducted a series of professional excavations on the fort’s area in the years between 1897 and 1929.302 This enabled F. Hertlein to include the layout and chronology of the fort in his series in 1912.303 In the 1960s, H. Zürn and B. Cichy directed a series of excavations, clarifying the layout of the fort’s buildings.304 In 1990, J. Heiligmann included a detailed summary of previous excavations and research in his monograph dealing with forts on the Alblimes.305 In 2000 G. Balle conducted excavations, clarifying that the fort at Heidenheim was surrounded on all sides by a single ditch.306 In the years between 2000 and 2003 M. Scholz conducted a series of extensive excavations, which resulted in a monograph of the fort.307 The vicus was excavated by D. Planck and B. Rabold in the 1980s and 1990s.308 The baths and the cemetery were both located west of the fort [Fig. 23].309

Fig. 23: The topography of Heidenheim a. d. Brenz in Roman era (SCHOLZ 2009, 15, fig. 2)

During the end of the 1st century, a Roman auxiliary fort with earth-and-timber ramparts was erected in the vicinity of present-day Heidenheim a. d. Brenz. J. Heiligman argued, that it was constructed either during the last decade of Emperor Domitian’s reign or the first

During course of the 2nd century, possibly during the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius, the fort at Heidenheim was reinforced with stone structures.314 It remained in use until the military reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the

301

308

RBW 2005, 119. HEILIGMANN 1990, 104. 303 ORL B VI. (1900), Nr. 66b. 304 CICHY 1971; SCHOLZ 2009, 42-43. 305 HEILIGMANN 1990, 104-106. 306 BALLE 2001. 307 SCHOLZ 2009.

PLANCK 1987a; RABOLD 1987; RABOLD – SÖLCH 1994; RABOLD 1994. 309 RBW 2005, 119-120. 310 HEILIGMANN 1990, 178-179. 311 SCHOLZ 2009, 457; SOMMER 2012a, 151. 312 SOMMER 2012a, 142. 313 HEILIGMANN 1990, 106. 314 SCHOLZ 2009, 37-39.

302

54

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

160s.315 Finds indicate that following the fort’s abandonment, the population of the vicus dropped significantly, as most civilians living in the fort’s vicinity, moved together with the troops to the new fort near Aalen (B.6.1), which shared a similar layout as the one at Heidenheim.316

a. d. Brenz was garrisoned by the ala II Flavia milliaria p. f. (B.2), which was transferred to Raetia from Germania. Bibliography ORL B VI. (1900), Nr. 66b; HEILIGMANN 1990, 102-121; RBW 2005, 116-120; SCHOLZ 2009.

The size of the fort, the layout of its barracks, and the epigraphic evidence found in its vicinity indicate, that it was garrisoned by an ala milliaria.318 It can be stated with fair certainty that between 106/117 – ca. 160 the fort of Heidenheim

Further reading HERTLEIN 1912b; RIW I-III; PARET 1961; CICHY 1971; HELMUT 1988; NUBER 1987; PLANCK 1987a; RABOLD 1987; SÖLCH 1992, 64 ff.; BAATZ 1993, 348; RABOLD 1994, 44 ff.; RABOLD – SÖLCH 1994; BALLE 2001; SCHOLZ 2001; SÖLCH 2001; SCHOLZ 2002; SCHOLZ 2005b, 189190.

315

318

317

B.2 – 3.5: 'al(ae)] II Fl(aviae) ∞ (milliariae)'; B.2 – 5.3: '(ala) II F(lavia)'; B.2 – 5.4: 'T(urma) Gemi Essionis'; B.2 – 5.5: 'T(urma) Marci Hilarionis' [Heidenheim a. d. Brenz; 106/117 ─ ca. 160].

BAATZ 1993, 348; SCHOLZ 2009, 457-464. RBW 2005, 119. 317 Ibid. 118. 316

55

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.4.6. MUNNINGEN The fort at Munningen was part of the Alblimes, located on a distinctive loess plateau, which rises six meters above its surroundings, thus offering a good view over the region. H. Eidam directed the first excavations in 1894. In 1930 E. Frickhinger conducted another archaeological investigation. D. Baatz completed the first stratigraphic plan of the fort in 1971. The Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege carried out further excavations in 1977, 1978 and 1986. The Roman remains at Munningen can be identified with the ancient toponym 'Losodica' of the Tabula Peutingeriana.

III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12), although there are so far no epigraphic evidence to attest its presence.323 A fragment of a Raetian military constitution found in Munningen’s vicinity suggests the presence of an auxiliary unit.324

The fort covered an area of 2.7 hectares, its sides measured 150 × 179 meters [Fig. 24]. It was built with earth-and-timber ramparts, its walls were 5.6 meters thick. The ditch was originally three meters deep, later it was deepened to six meters.319 The bath is located south of the fort. Based on dendrochronological data, the fort at Munningen was operational from 104±10 to around 120.320

Fig. 24: Ground-plan of the Roman auxiliary fort at Munningen (CZYSZ 1979, fig. 72)

W. Czysz suggested that after the bulk of the garrison was drawn away in ca. 120, a crossroad station was constructed on the area of the former fort.321 Buildings belonging to the vicus were excavated only on the territory of the former fort. These buildings are datable to the period after the abandonment of the fort in the years following ca. 120.322 The fort may have housed the cohors

Bibliography ORL B V. (1929), Nr. 68a; RBy 1995, 484-485. Further reading BAATZ 1975; BAATZ 1976, 11-62; CZYSZ 1979, 186-191; BAATZ 1993, 348-349; PAA 1998; DELLER et al. 2008, 7073; LORÉ 2009, 95-98; HERZIG – BERG-HOBOHM 2010, 1113.

319

321

320

322

RBy 1995, 484. LORÉ 2009, 95-98; HERZIG – BERG-HOBOHM 2010, 11-13; SOMMER 2012a, 142, fn. 51; for dendrochronological data regarding the vicus see: DELLER et al. 2008, 70-73.

RBy 1995, 484. Ibid. 485. STEIN 1932, 171-172; ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 81. 324 RMD I, 72 [13.12.140+]; NUBER 1969, 186-188.

323

56

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.4.7. NASSENFELS The fort at Nassenfels was part of the Raetian Limes located on the western foothills of the Ingolstadt Basin and was the meeting point of several Roman roads. Based on a dedicatory tabula, the Roman remains at Nassenfels can be connected to the ancient toponym 'vicus Scuttarensium'.325 F. Winkelmann directed several excavations in order to identify the Roman fort at Nassenfels in the end of the 19th century. He discovered parts of the vicus, the cemetery, but not the fort itself.326 The fort was excavated only in the 1990s by a few trenches, which indicated that it covered and area of 1.5-1.7 hectares [Fig. 25]. One of its sides was 120 meters long, the width of the fort unknown and its inner layout are unknown (estimated 120-140 width meters).327

although the vicus remained a cultural centre for the region, with locally produced stone monuments and statues.328 The dating of the fort has been subject of long debate. H. Schönberger proposed that it was operational around the end of 1st century.329 C. S. Sommer suggested that the fort at Nassenfels was constructed during Emperor Trajan’s military reorganization in the years between 106/117 and was abandoned early during the reign of Emperor Hadrian,330 possibly due to the construction of the auxiliary fort at Pfünz. The fort at Nassenfels represented an early stage of the Raetian Limes, similarly to Faimingen-I (B.4.3), as it is unlikely that a fort were operational far behind the frontier.331 The fort’s garrison is unknown, three inscriptions related to the ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1),332 the ala I Fl. Gemelliana (B.3)333 and the cohors I Breucorum (B.14)334 were recovered from the fort’s territory. The last is an epitaph of the unit’s praefectus recovered from the Roman graveyard. Thus it is possible, that the cohors I Breucorum garrisoned the fort at Nassenfels before being relocated to Pfünz (B.5.2) Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 456, Nr. C 70, 474, Nr. D 114; RBy 1995, 485-486.

Fig. 25: The Topography of Roman Nassenfels (RBy 1995, 486, fig. 182)

P. Eschbaumer suggested that the fort was abandoned in favour of the one built at Pfünz (B.5.2),

Further reading WINKELMANN 1914, 65 ff.; WINKELMANN 1926, 46-47, BÖHME 1961, 143 ff.; KELLNER 1962; FMRD I. 5, 46 ff.; BAATZ 1993, 310-311, DIETZ 2006, 30-40;

325

331

Ibid. 152. B.1 – 4.2 [Nassenfels; ca. 80/254]: 'al(a)e Aur(ianae)'. B.3 – 4.2 [Nassenfels; 117/121 ~ 254]: 'a(lae) I [Flav(iae)] Gemel[l(ianae)].' 334 B.14 – 3.2 [Nassenfels; 106/117 ~ 120/125)]: 'coh(ortis) I Breu(corum)'.

AE 2006, 957 [Nassenfels; 106/117 ~ 254]: 'vi{k}(ani) Scu[t]t(arienses)'. 326 WINKELMANN 1914, 65 ff. 327 RBy 1995, 485. 328 Ibid. 485-486. 329 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 456, Nr. C 70. 330 SOMMER 2012a, 151.

332 333

57

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.4.8. OBERDORF AM IPF The fort at Oberdorf was part of the Raetian Limes, located on a small hill between the rivers Eger and Schneidheimer Sechta. Its location offered a great overview of the frontier zone and also served as an intersection of two Roman roads, the Alblimes road between Munningen (B.4.6) and Heidenheim a. d. Brenz (B.4.5) and the one connecting Faimingen-I (B.4.3) with Buch (B.6.2). A Roman fort at Bopfingen-Oberdorf am Ipf was suspected since the 19th century, although the first excavation to confirm its existence was directed only in 1912 by F. Hertlein.335

The fort had a trapezoid layout with rounded corners. It covered an area of 1.7 hectares with sides measuring 118-137 × 153-160 [Fig. 26]. It was surrounded by a single moat. The excavation in 1974 confirmed that the fort had a single phase with earth-and-timber ramparts and was never fortified with stone defences.336 The vicus was located south-west, south-east and north-east of the fort. After the garrison was withdrawn, the civil settlement began occupying the area of the former fort. The bath complex was located south of the fort.337 Numismatic evidence and terra sigillata finds range from Emperor Domitian’s to Hadrian’s time. The fort at Oberdorf am Ipf was constructed between 106/117 during the military reorganization of Emperor Trajan,338 and was until the middle of the 2nd century. The fort was never reinforced with stone defences, thus it is probable, that it was abandoned before the military reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the 160s.339 Based on its size and layout, a presently unknown cohors quingenaria garrisoned the fort at Oberdorf.340 Bibliography ORL B VI. (1915), Nr. 67b; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 471, Nr. D 102; HEILIGMANN 1990, 122-133; RBW 2005, 48-49.

Fig. 26: Ground-plan of the Roman auxiliary fort at Bopfingen-Oberdorf am Ipf (RBW 2005, 48)

Further reading BAATZ 1979, 113-114; BAATZ 2000, 348; FMRD II.4, 4142; HEILIGMANN 1986; HERTLEIN 1912a, 65 ff.; HERTLEIN 1913, 61 ff.; PLANCK 1976, 445-446.

335

338

336

339

HERTLEIN 1912a, 65 ff. RBW 2005, 48. 337 Ibid. 49.

HEILIGMANN 1990, 132; SOMMER 2012a, 151. SOMMER 2012a, 133. 340 Ibid. 133.

58

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.4.9. PFÖRRING The fort at Pförring was the easternmost fort on the Raetian Limes. It was situated on the Biburg plateau, a terrace surrounded by steep slopes, north-west of the market town of present-day Pförring. Its main task was to supervise the road running north of the Danube. F. X. Mayer described ramparts and ditches visible to the naked eye in 1838.341 J. Fink carried out the first excavations between 1891 and 1893 under the aegis of the Reichs-Limeskommission. He identified four gates, a double ditch and the principia. Aerial surveys and geophysical prospection offered further details of the fort’s inner layout and attested that the vicus surrounded the fort on three sides (west, south and east).342 The cemetery was located north-east of the fort, along the road leading to Eining (B.3.1).343

the fort’s area, defining the garrison as a cavalry unit.344 J. Weinig directed excavations in the fort in 2009. The fort at Pförring was built during Emperor Trajan’s military reorganization, in the years between 106 and 117.345 Similarly to the neighbouring auxiliary fort at Kösching (B.3.4), the towers of fort at Pförring were also reinforced in 141, as attested by a building inscription.346 In the 1870s a coin hoard containing 1.300 pieces was discovered near Pförring.347 The latest coins were issued in 224, thus indicating that the fort and the vicus were still active in the 3rd century.348 The fort at Pförring was reinforced when the eastern section of the Raetian Limes between Weißenburg-I (B.4.12) and Ellingen (C.5.1) was abandoned.349 The fort was operational until the collapse of the Raetian Limes in 254. Based on an altar dedicated to the Campestres and Epona350 and a Raetian military diploma,351 the fort at Pförring was garrisoned by the ala I Flavia singularium (B.6).352 Bibliography ORL B VII. (1902), Nr. 75; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 473, Nr. D 109, 487, Nr. E 88; RBy 1995, 499-500; BERGHAUSEN et al. 2007, 94-97. Further reading MAYER 1838, 254; FMRD I. 1, 126 ff., Nr. 1113-1120; SIMON 1970, 94 ff.; MAIER 1979, 166 ff.; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 110-113; BECKER – BRAASCH 1987, 133-136; GARBSCH 1990, 88-90; HÜSSEN 1992a, 52-53; BECKER – BRAASCH 1996, 216-220; BAATZ 2000, 321 ff.; REUTER 2007, 105-108; FAßBINDER 2008a, 166-169; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 146-147; SOMMER 2012a, 151.

Fig. 27: Ground-plan of the Roman auxiliary fort at Pförring (source: Mediatus)

The fort covered an area of 3.9 hectares, with sides 194 × 201 meters long respectively [Fig. 27]. Between 2006 and 2007 J. Faßbinder and K. Berghausen conducted a geophysical survey on

341

347

342

348

MAYER 1838, 254. RBy 1995, 499; SOMMER 2008c, 259, 262. 343 RBy 1995, 500. 344 BERGHAUSEN et al. 2007, 94-97; FAßBINDER 2008a, 167. 345 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 473, Nr. D 109; RBy 1995, 499; SOMMER 2012a, 151. 346 B.6 – 2.4 [Biburg; 141].

FMRD I.1, 126 ff., Nr. 1120. REUTER 2007, 107. SOMMER 2012a, 151. 350 B.6 – 4.2 [Pförring; ca. 200/254]. 351 C – 2.20 [30.10.139]. 352 KELLNER 1971a, 213.

349

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THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.4.11. URSPRING-LONSEE The fort at Urspring was part of the Raetian Alblimes. It was situated on the southern slope of the low hill An der Herberge, 250 meters from the bank of the river Lone.353 The fort of Urspring covered 1.79 hectares, with sides 135 × 132.5 meters long [Fig. 28].354 Based on its location, the Roman remains at Urspring can be identified with the ancient toponym 'Ad lunam' listed on the Tabula Peutingeriana, although so far no epigraphic evidence supports this hypothesis.355 A. Buchner documented first the remains of the Roman fort near Urspring in 1821.356 D. Bazing and D. v. Arlt of the Ulmer Altertumsverein conducted excavations on the fort’s territory in 1886 and 1887.357 In 1904 T. Drück and later on, E. Leonhart and E. Fabricius of the Reichs-Limeskommission conducted further excavations.358 The vicus is located south of the fort, on both sides of the road connecting Urspring and Faimingen.359 The cemetery containing cremated burials, datable to the 2nd and 3rd centuries, was discovered in 1965.360 During the second half of the 20th century, the territory of the vicus and the cemetery were built over, but fortunately, several rescue excavations were directed and documented. In 1990, J. Heiligmann summarized the results of all excavations conducted up to that time in his monograph on the Alblimes.361 P. Filtzinger and J. Heiligmann suggested that the fort at Urspring was constructed in Flavian times (more specifically: in the years around 74).362 It is more plausible, however, that this fort was constructed together with the rest of the Alblimes, between 106/117, as part of Emperor Trajan’s military reorganization.363

Further reading BUCHNER 1821, 92-93; ARLT 1889, 17 ff.; RIW (19281930), I-III; FMRD II. 4, 332 ff.; SEEWALD 1972, 261 ff.; HEILIGMANN 1990, 88 ff.; BAATZ 1993, 347-448.

353

361

Fig. 28: Ground-plan of the Roman auxiliary fort at Urspring-Lonsee (ORL B VI. (1904), Nr. 66a)

The early fort with earth-and-timber ramparts was rebuilt in stone during Emperor Hadrian’s reign, possibly in the years around 130.364 Based on numismatic evidence,365 the fort at Urspring was abandoned after 153/154,366 possibly during the military reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius around 160. The fort at Urspring was garrisoned by an unknown cohors quingenaria.367 D. Baatz suggested that the fort may have been garrisoned by the cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19), however no epigraphic sources attest the presence of this unit at Urspring.368 Bibliography ORL B VI. (1904), Nr. 66a; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 470, Nr. D 99; RBW 2005, 179-181.

RBW 2005, 179. ORL B VI. (1904), Nr. 66a; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 470; RBW 2005, 179. 355 TAB. Peut. 264. 356 BUCHNER 1821, 92-93. 357 ARLT 1889, 17 ff. 358 ORL B VI. (1904), Nr. 66a. 359 RBW 2005, 181. 360 Ibid. 181.

HEILIGMANN 1990, 88-101. RBW 2005, 179; HEILIGMANN 1990, 194. 363 SOMMER 2012a, 151, fn. 127 see: HEILIGMANN 1990, 177-178. 364 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 470. 365 FMRD II. 4, 332 ff. 366 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 470; SOMMER 2012a, 153. 367 B.19 – 5.1 [Urspring; 106/117 ~ ca. 160]: '7 (centuria) Atti Censorini'. 368 BAATZ 1993, 347-448.

354

362

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THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.4.12. WEISSENBURG IN BAYERN-I fort.371 The bath located 200 meters west of the fort were excavated first in 1926.372 Between 1977 and 1983 H. Koschik and Zs. Visy excavated a second bath complex which resulted in a reconstruction erected between 1983 and 1985.373 The bath complex was expanded with stone structures together with the fort. During the Marcomannic wars, both the fort and the baths were destroyed and rebuilt, although the bath building was reconstructed in unusual dimensions.374 The vicus, which covered an area of approximately 30 hectares, was located on western, southern and eastern sides of the fort. It was excavated in 1987 and 1988.375 Although most of it had been built over by the present-day settlement in the 20th century, the remains of Streifenhäusern, the common housing type of Raetian vici attests the presence of a civil settlement.376 In 1979 a large hoard was discovered in the bath’s vicinity.377 In 2006 J. E. Faßbinder conducted a geophysical over the central section of the Weißenburg-I fort with his colleagues.378 The Roman fort at Weißenburg-I might be identified with the ancient toponym 'Biriciana' of the Tabula Peutingeriana.379

The large fort at Weißenburg was part of the Raetian Limes, located west of the present-day settlement, situated on a low hill overlooking the river Schwäbischen Rezat. The smaller fort, Weißenburg-II (B.4.13) is discussed below in detail. The Roman fort Weißenburg-I was well known throughout the Middle Ages, as many of its stone structures were mined for material. Members of the Weißenburger Altertumsverein conducted excavations in the years between 1890 and 1905.369

Members of the Reichs-Limeskommission directed further archaeological surveys on the fort’s area from 1905 to 1913.370 E. Grönke and E. Weinlich excavated the northern section of the

The fort Weißenburg-I was built between 106/117, as part of Emperor Trajan’s military reorganization.380 Dendrochronological data from the fort’s structures corresponds to the years 117 and 120.381 E. Grönke dated the earliest terra sigillata finds to ca. 90, yet she did comment that these indicate but the terminus post quem for the fort’s construction.382 The fort was reinforced with stone structures and defences during the course of the 2nd century. After the construction

369

376

370

377

Fig. 29: Ground-plan of the Roman auxiliary fort Weißenburg-I (FAßBINDER et al. 2007, 99, fig. 121)

ORL B VII. (1906), Nr. 72. GRÖNKE 1997, 15. 371 GRÖNKE – WEINLICH 1991. 372 GRÖNKE 1997, 15. 373 WAMSER 1979, 69 ff.; VISY 1988, 117 ff.; BURMEISTER 1990, 107189; KOSCHIK – VISY 1992. 374 RBy 1995, 535. 375 GRÖNKE 1997, 15.

RBy 1995, 534. KELLNER 1981, 132-133; KELLNER – ZAHLHAAS 1983; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 486; HÜSSEN 1993, 12-21; REUTER 2007, 98. 378 FAßBINDER et al. 2007, 98-101. 379 TAB. Peut. 266; GRÖNKE 1997, 19-20. 380 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 381 Ibid. 143. 382 GRÖNKE 1997, 20, fn. 52; GRÖNKE – WEINLICH 1991, 50 ff.

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it covered an area of 3.1 hectares,383 with sides measuring 175 × 179 meters [Fig. 29].384 Weißenburg was destroyed in 240/250 along with Ellingen (C.5.1).385

nearby fortlets, numerus-sized forts and watchtowers operational in the years between ca. 120 and 254. Bibliography ORL B VII. (1906), Nr. 72; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 472-473, Nr. D 107, 486, Nr. E 82; RBy 1995, 534-536; GRÖNKE 1997.

Based on a wide variety of epigraphic evidence – two Raetian military diplomas,386 three inscriptions387 and a tile stamp388 – it unanimously accepted that the ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1) garrisoned the fort at Weißenburg-I.389 However, the recent geophysical survey regarding the size of the barracks indicates that not the entire unit was present, but only 12 turmae, which is 384 riders.390 One possible explanation is that the ala I Hispanorum Auriana also garrisoned the

Further reading FMRD I. 5, 113 ff., Nr. 5100; WAMSER 1979, 69 ff.; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 81 ff.; WAMSER 1984; HÜSSEN 1987, 207-224; GRÖNKE – WEINLICH 1991; HÜSSEN 1993, 12-21; BACHMANN et al. 1993; KELLNER 1997; BAATZ 2000, 289-292; JÄGER 2006; FAßBINDER et al. 2007, 98101; REUTER 2007, 95-98; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 116-119; SOMMER 2008, 5-23; MÜHLHÄUßER – SCHRENK 2009, 107-114.

B.4.13. WEISSENBURG IN BAYERN-II The second fort near Weißenburg in Bayern was discovered by O. Braasch via aerial archaeology in the 1970s.391 It is located six kilometres east from the larger fort Weißenburg-I (B.4.12), 1.6 kilometres east from the river Rohrbach.392

reorganization of Emperor Hadrian, which occurred between 117 and 125.395 The fort may have been garrisoned by the cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum (B.11), which is also attested on a dedicatory altar.396

Its area was fully excavated in the years between 1979 and 1990.393 This fort had a single construction phase, and was likely active only for a few decades in the first half of the 2nd century.394 E. Grönke suggested it was emptied between 115/125, which likely coincides with the early

Bibliography WAMSER 1977, 24-27; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 473, Nr. D 107; RBy 1995, 534-536; GRÖNKE 1997.

383

390

384

391

Further reading KOSCHIK 1980, 138 ff.; HÜSSEN 1986, 108-109; HÜSSEN 1991, 191-195; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 117.

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 472. FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 116. 385 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 386 C – 2.4 [31.6.107]; C – 2.16 [129/134]. 387 B.1 – 2.2 [Weißenburg; 106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 4.4 [Weißenburg; 106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 4.5 [Emetzheim; 153]. 388 B.1 – 5.1 [Weißenburg; 106/117 ~ 240/250]. 389 KELLNER 1971a, 212; GRÖNKE 1997, 20, fn. 59-60; REUTER 2007, 95.

FAßBINDER et al. 2007, 99-100: 384 = 12 × 32. WAMSER 1977, 24-27. 392 KOSCHIK 1980, 138 ff. 393 GRÖNKE 1997, 15. 394 RBy 1995, 534. 395 GRÖNKE 1977, 21, fn. 70; HÜSSEN 1986, 108-109. 396 B.11 – 4.1 [Weißenburg; 104/106 ~ ca. 120].

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5. FORTS BUILT DURING THE REIGN OF EMPERORS HADRIAN AND ANTONINUS PIUS (117-161) B.5.1. BURGSALACH I Between 1978 and 1983, O. Braasch discovered two Roman military installations in the vicinity of Burgsalach, less than a hundred meters from the fortlet 'in der Harlach' (C.8.1).397 His discovery included one Roman fort, Burgsalach-I, and a late-Roman burgus, Burgsalach-II.398

0.22 hectares, with sides measuring 46.5 meters.400 Burgsalach I-II has angled corners, while the fortlet in der Harlach has rounded corners, implying it was built at another stage of Limes development. H. Schönberger suggested that both forts could have been garrisoned by a cohors each.401 M. Reuter pointed out that since all three forts were constructed with earth-and-timber ramparts, therefore they were likely not operational by the 3rd century.402 C. S. Sommer suggested that Burgsalach-I, together with the section of Raetian Limes between Ruffenhofen (B.5.3) and Pfünz (B.5.2), was constructed during Emperor Hadrian’s reign.403 Burgsalach-I may have served as a temporary storage facility.404 The ending of its operation is currently unclear, yet it is possible it was destroyed or permanently abandoned during the Marcomannic wars, as unlike the rest of the Raetian Limes, it wasn’t reinforced with stone defences in the 180s.

Fig. 30: Geophysical survey of the auxiliary fort and Late Roman burgus near Burgsalach (FAßBINDER – GORKA 2009, 77, fig. 104)

There are no epigraphic indications regarding the garrison. Based on chronology, a possible garrison of the fort Burgsalach-I may have been the cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19).

In 2008, J. Faßbinder and his colleagues conducted a geomagnetic survey at Burgsalach, determing the extent of both forts. The sides of Burgsalach-I measure approximately 99.5 × 113.5 meters, thus it covered an area of 1.13 hectares [Fig. 30].399 The late-Roman burgus, Burgsalach-II, overlapping the territory of previously operational Burgsalach-I, covered an area of

Further reading RBy 1995, 431-432; REUTER 2007, 99; FAßBINDER – GORKA 2009, 76-79.

397

401

398

402

Bibliography BRAASCH 1983, t. 53; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 487, Nr. E 84.

BRAASCH 1983, t. 53; SOMMER 2012a, 155, fig. 10. BRAASCH 1983, t. 53. 399 FAßBINDER – GORKA 2009, 76-77. 400 Ibid. 76.

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 487. REUTER 2007, 99. SOMMER 2012a, 151. 404 Ibid. 163. 403

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B.5.2. PFÜNZ The fort at Pfünz was part of the Raetian Limes, situated on a spur overlooking the valley of the river Altmühl. K. Popp, H. Arnold, F. Winkelmann and F. Ohlenschlager excavated large parts of the fort and vicus between 1884 and 1900.405 To counter increasing deterioration of walls, restoration works were carried out in the 1950s and 1980s.406 In 2000 H. Becker directed geomagnetic surveys on the fort’s territory.407 In 2010 C. Mischka discovered a mansio in the vicinity of the fort at the bottom of the valley.408

a single ditch on its southern facet. The principia and towers were stone structures, while the barracks were of timber construction.409 The fort was surrounded by villas and baths, a Dolichenus-sanctuary and the vicus with it houses and workshops. H. Schönberger suggested that the fort was constructed during the end of the 1st century by soldiers of the cohors I Breucorum (B.14).410 Having reinterpreted archaeological evidence, C. S. Sommer proposed that it was constructed early during Emperor Hadrian’s reign.411 Based on building inscriptions, several reconstruction works were carried out by the cohors I Breucorum during the rule of Emperor Commodus,412 and again during Emperor Caracalla’s reign in 211.413 H. Schönberger and H.-J. Kellner suggested that the fort was reconstructed following the Marcomannic wars.414 Both the fort and the neighbouring vicus and Dolichenus-sanctuary were burnt down during the turmoils of the Germanic incursions in 3rd century. Based on coin hoards,415 and militaria416 recovered from the fort’s vicinity, its destruction occurred after 232.417

Fig. 31: Geophysical survey of the auxiliary fort at Pfünz (FAßBINDER 2008a, 165, fig. 7)

The fort at Pfünz covered an area of 2.5 hectares, with sides measuring 187/189 × 144/145 meters [Fig. 31]. The fort was aligned to the Altmühl. It was surrounded by two ditches on three sides and

The fort at Pfünz was destroyed along with other forts on the Raetian Limes in 254. Due to vast quantity of epigraphic sources,418 it is unanimously accepted that the fort at Pfünz was garrisoned by the cohors I Breucorum throughout its existence.419

405

414

406

415

ORL B VII. (1913), Nr. 74. ZECHERLE 1992, 82-86. 407 FAßBINDER 2008a, 163. 408 MISCHKA 2011, 8-13. 409 RBy 1995, 501. 410 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 473, Nr. D 108; RBy 1995, 500. 411 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 412 B.14 – 2.10 [Pfünz; 183/184]. 413 B.14 – 2.12 [Pfünz; 211/213].

KELLNER 1965, 165, SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 473, Nr. D 108. FMRD I. 5, 58 ff., Nr. 5040-5042. 416 GARBSCH 1978, 54-55. 417 REUTER 2007, 102-103. 418 B.14 – 2.7 [Pfünz; 138/161]; B.14 – 2.10 [Pfünz; 183/184]; B.14 – 2.11 [Pfünz; 211]; B.14 – 4.3 [Pfünz; 117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 2.8 [Pfünz; 138/161]. 419 KELLNER 1971a, 213.

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Further reading FMRD I. 5, 58 ff., Nr. 5040-5042; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 94-99, 117-118; FISCHER 1984, 299-300; FISCHER 1992, 50; ZECHERLE 1992, 82-86; KELLER – GRABERT 1998, 71; BAATZ 2000, 308 ff.; RABOLD et al. 2000, 136; SCHMIDT 2000a, 109; REUTER 2007, 100-103; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 139-141; MISCHKA 2011, 8-13.

Bibliography ORL B VII. (1901), Nr. 73a; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 473, Nr. D 108, 487, Nr. E 85; RBy 1995, 500-501; FAßBINDER 2008a, 163-167.

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B.5.3. RUFFENHOFEN The fort at Ruffenhofen was part of the Raetian Limes located north of the Alb Mountain, between the forts at Oberdorf (B.4.8) and Gnotzheim (B.4.4). The fort of Ruffenhofen covered an area of 3.74 hectares, with sides measuring 190 × 197 meters [Fig. 32].420 The first excavations on the fort’s territory were conducted in 1868.421 Another series of archaeological surveys were carried out in the 1890s and in 1917. From 1977 onward, the territory of the fort at Ruffenhofen has regularly been observed by aerial archaeological methods. Geomagnetic surveys were also conducted on the fort’s area in the years between 1998 and 2004.422 The history of research of the fort at Ruffenhofen has been summarized by M. Pausch.423 The fort at Ruffenhofen was constructed during Emperor Hadrian’s reign.424 It was operational until the middle of the 3rd century, when it fell victim to flames, as indicated by a thick burnt layer found amongst the ruins of the towers, the principia and the horreum.425 Numismatic evidence dates the fall of the fort at Ruffenhofen to the period during or after 244/247. H. Wolff argued that Ruffenhofen was garrisoned by the cohors III Batavorum (B.10) between 100/107 and 118/119.426 After 118, he claimed the garrison unknown. The hypothesis of H. Wolff can be supported neither by archaeological nor by epigraphic evidence. Both the size of the barracks and the presence of drainage in the barracks buildings (stable barracks) indicate that Ruffenhofen housed an unknown ala.427 Zs. Visy proposed that from 175 to the middle of the 3rd century the fort at Ruffenhofen was garrisoned by the cohors IX Batavorum eq. (B.11).428 Inscribed small finds were found within the forts area, displaying the centuria-sign

(7) although a militaria displaying the inscription 'turma' indicating the presence of a cavalry unit was also recovered.429 C. S. Sommer concluded that the fort at Ruffenhofen was garrisoned by an unknown ala quingenaria between 117/138 and ca. 250.

Further Publications FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 58-61; FISCHER 1992, 37; HÜSSEN 1998, 173 ff.; KELLER – GRABERT 1998; GSCHWIND 1999, 157 ff.; BAATZ 2000, 273-274; BECKER et al. 2000, 56-59; WOLFF 2000a, 167-168; BECKER 2001, 23 ff.; BECKER 2002, 90-92; LAMBERT – SCHEUERBRANDT 2002, 55; SOMMER 2004, 345-360; PAUSCH – WEINLICH 2006, 91-92; SOMMER 2007, 122-131; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 84-85; MÜHLHÄUßER – SCHRENK 2009, 73-77.

420

425

421

426

Fig. 32: Geophysical survey of the auxiliary fort at Ruffenhofen (PAUSCH 2009, 160, summary figure)

Bibliography ORL B VI. (1896), Nr. 68; RBy 1995, 509; SOMMER 2004, 345-360; PAUSCH 2006, 91-93; SOMMER 2007, 123-131; PAUSCH 2009; SOMMER 2012a, 137-180.

PAUSCH 2009, 31. ORL B VI. (1896), Nr. 68. 422 HÜSSEN 1998, 173 ff; GSCHWIND 1999, 157 ff; BECKER 2001, 23 ff; BECKER 2002, 90-92; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 85. 423 PAUSCH 2009, 13-53. 424 SOMMER 2012a, 140-141, fn. 29.

ORL B VI. (1896), Nr. 68; PAUSCH 2005, 91-93. WOLFF 2000a, 167-168. 427 SOMMER 2004, 345-360; id. 2007, 123-131: refers to an ala. 428 VISY 1993, 133-134. 429 D – 5.20 [Ruffenhofen; 117/138 ~ 244/247+].

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B.5.4. THEILENHOFEN I-II The Roman fort at Theilenhofen was part of the Raetian Limes. It was located on an elevated plateau 2.2 kilometres south from the limes palisade, north-west of present-day Theilenhofen. The Roman remains here were well known throughout the Middle Ages. 17th century manuscripts already mentioned Roman burials in the area. A. Buchner carried out the first series of documented excavations on the fort’s territory in the 1820s.430 H. Eidam conducted excavations between 1892 and 1895.431 The bath complex was located south-west of the fort. Between 1968 and 1970, F.-R. Hermann directed excavations on the bath’s territory, determining its layout and two construction phases.432 The buildings of the baths have been reconstructed for purposes of tourism and education.433 From 2007 onwards, J. Faßbinder and his colleagues conducted geomagnetic surveys on the fort’s territory.434 The fort can be associated with the ancient toponym 'Iciniacum' mentioned on the Tabula Peutingeriana.435

peror Marcus Aurelius’ the military reorganization, the fort at Theilenhofen was cleared away and reconstructed in larger size with stone defence structures in a different orientation (2) slightly east from the first phase fort (1) [Fig. 33].440

Fig. 33: The ground-plan of the Roman auxiliary forts at Theilenhofen (FAßBINDER 2010, 97, fig. 9)

The same practice can be seen in case of Dambach-I (C.7.1) and II (B.7.1). The new fort at Theilenhofen was built approximately a hundred meters east of the earlier fort and it was also enlarged. It now covered an area of 2.82 hectares, with sides measuring 196 × 144 meters. The area of the old fort was eventually built over with buildings belonging to the vicus. The new fort was destroyed during the Germanic incursions in 254, together with the rest of the Raetian Limes.441

A timber fort at Theilenhofen was built around 120, as part of the military reorganization and expansion of Emperor Hadrian.436 Geophysical prospection revealed, that there were stable barracks in the retentura and plain infantry barracks in the praetentura.437 Dendrochronological records indicate to the year 126.438 At that time its area was 2.27 hectares, with sides measuring 160 × 142 meters.439 During the military reconstruction wave of the 160s, the fort at Theilenhofen was reinforced with stone defences. During Em-

A Raetian military diploma,442 cavalry-related finds,443 and epigraphic evidence,444 support that the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum equitata

430

BUCHNER 1818, 73; MAYER 1837, 280. ORL B VII. (1905), Nr. 71a. 432 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 472. 433 RBy 1995, 523; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 105. 434 FAßBINDER 2008a, 156-161; id. 2008b, 73-77; id. 2010, 97-98; MISCHKA 2010, 10-13. 435 TAB. Peut. 265 436 SOMMER 2012a, 151, 154. 437 FAßBINDER 2008b, 75-76. 438 SOMMER 2012a, 143. 439 Based on recent geophysical prospection of J. Faßbinder (FAßBINDER 2010, 98). Former publications listed 1.9 hectares, with sides measuring

155 × 130 meters (cf. SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 472, Nr. D 106; RBy 1995, 522-523 et al.). 440 FAßBINDER 2008b, 77. 441 REUTER 2007, 93: in contrast to the 25 coins which close with the terminus post quem of 251/253, two coins were found at Theilenhofen which can be dated to the reign of Emperor Claudius Gothicus (268-270). However their presence should not be seen as a continuation of Roman presence, but more likely as a mislay by Germanic invaders. 442 C – 2.23 [140/141 or 144]. 443 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 486. 444 B.12 – 4.1 [Theilenhofen; ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.2 [Theilenhofen; ca. 120/254].

431

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(B.12) was stationed in Raetia,445 at the fort near Theilenhofen from the second century onward.446 The layout of the barracks suggests the presence of six centuriae and four turmae.447 The cohors III Bracaraugustanorum plausibly garrisoned the fort at Munningen (B.4.6) previously, located on the Alblimes, which was abandoned with the construction of the fort at Theilenhofen.448

Bibliography ORL B VII. (1905), Nr. 71a; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 472, Nr. D 106, 486, Nr. E 81; RBy 1995, 522-523. Further reading BUCHNER 1818, 73; MAYER 1837, 280; FMRD I. 5, Nr. 5065-5066; SIMON 1978, 25 ff.; BAATZ 1979, 264 ff.; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 74 ff.; FISCHER 1992, 37 ff.; GSCHWIND 1999, 157 ff.; BAATZ 2000, 284 ff.; RABOLD et al. 2000, 119-120; GRÖNKE 2005; REUTER 2007, 92-93; FAßBINDER 2008a, 153-171, esp. 156-161; FAßBINDER 2008b, 73-77; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 105106; MÜHLHÄUßER – SCHRENK 2009, 102-104; FAßBINDER 2010, 97-98.

445

448 KLUMBACH – WAMSER BERGER 1985, 472.

B.12 – 2.1 [Rome; ca. 86/254]. KELLNER 1971a, 214. 447 FAßBINDER 2008b, 76. 446

68

1977, 41-61; GARBSCH 1978, 55-56; SCHÖN-

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

6. FORTS BUILT DURING THE REIGN OF EMPEROR MARCUS AURELIUS IN THE YEARS PRECEDING THE MARCOMANNIC WARS (161-166) B.6.1. AALEN research yielded few finds.452 In the years between 1977 and 1986, D. Planck conducted excavations the fort’s principia,453 and excavated sections of the barracks in 1979.454 As a result of the above-mentioned archaeological surveys, the central part of the fort’s ground-plan is known.455 Another series excavations was conducted in 1986, 1988, 1997 and 1999 to better determine the defensive structures of the fort at Aalen.456 The vicus is located east of the fort.457

The fort at Aalen was part of the Raetian Limes, located in a deep valley on the Alb Mountain, between the forts of Unterböbingen (B.6.4) and Buch (B.6.2).449 The fort at Aalen covered an area of 6.07 hectares, with sides measuring 277 × 214 meters, thus making it the largest auxiliary fort of the Raetian Limes [Fig. 34].450

The fort at Aalen was built during the 160s, as part of the military reorganization and expansion of Emperor Marcus Aurelius.458 The dendrochronological records fall in the period between 159 and 172, thus dating its construction to 160±10 years.459 A significant quantity of building inscriptions are known from Aalen, currently numbering sixteen, all datable to the Severan dynasty.460 During the reign of Emperor Caracalla, several forts in this section of the Raetian Limes were refurbished, as indicated by a series of bronze letters which most likely commemorated constructions or architectural works.461 The fort was operational until the middle of the 3rd century.462 Numismatic evidence indicate that the fort was destroyed following the reign of Emperor Aemilian, in the years after 253/254,463 most likely during the events of the Limesfall. Thus the coin circulation of the Principate ended at Aalen during, or later than the second half of the 250s with two disputable coins issued under

Fig. 34: The ground-plan of the Roman auxiliary fort at Aalen (KEMKES – SCHOLZ 2006, 29, fig. 25)

The remains of the stone fort at Aalen were still visible in the 16th century. The Reichs-Limeskommission carried out the first excavations in 1894 and 1895.451 In 1964 the porta principalis sinistra (left gate towers) were excavated, yet the 449 BECK – PLANCK 1987, 108; RABOLD et al. 2000; RBW 2005, 9-18; 201; SCHOLZ 2007, 107, 109. 450 JOHNSON 1990, 54; SCHOLZ 2007, 108-109. 451 MILLER 1892, 35; ORL B VI. (1904), Nr. 66. 452 PLANCK 1978b, 51. 453 Id. 1983c, 158-161. 454 Id. 1979, 91-95, esp. 95. 455 Id. 1983c, 160. 456 KRAUSE 2000, 91-93; RBW 2005, 203-211; KEMKES – SCHOLZ 2006. 457 LUIK 1994, 265 ff.; RBW 2005, 16. 458 SOMMER 2012a, 142.

459 PLANCK 1983c, 160; CZYSZ – HERZIG 2008a, 191; BECKER 2010, t. 5; SOMMER 2012a, 142. 460 ALFÖLDY 1989, 293-388; DIETZ 1993, 243-252; ALFÖLDY 2001, 944, esp. 27-44; REUTER 2007, 88, fn. 85. 461 IBR 269 [Pförring; 106/117 ~ 254]; IBR 289a [Pförring; 106/117 ~ 254]; IBR 310a [Gnotzheim; 106/117 ~ 254]; PLANCK 1983d, 93; SOMMER 2012a, 170. 462 DIETZ 1993, 243-252; SEITZ 1982, 317 ff. 463 PLANCK 1983c, 253-254; SCHOLZ 2005a, 125-129, esp. 127; REUTER 2007, 88, fn. 86.

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Emperors Valerian and Gallienus.464 The size of the fort at Aalen indicates that it was garrisoned by the ala II Flavia milliaria p. f. (B.2), the only ala milliaria of the province.465 This unit was permanent garrison to the fort from ca. 160 to after 253.466 A. Johnson and M. Junkelmann suggested that the all-time praefectus alae milliariae of Raetia served as a deputy to the governor of the province.467 In this quality he was charged with the supervision of not only the fort at Aalen, but a complete section of forts on the Raetian Limes between Schirenhof (B.6.3) and Halheim (C.6.7).468 The idea of originating the presentday name Aalen from the term 'ala' is disputable, as no ancient toponym related to the site is known presently from contemporaneous sources. There are nine coins datable to the first

quarter of the 4th century, thus indicating the connection between the Empire and the Germanic settlement in the area after the Limesfall.469

464

467

465

468

Bibliography ORL B VI. (1904), Nr. 66; RIW I-III, Aalen; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 484-485, Nr. E 74; RBW 2005, 9-18. Further reading MILLER 1892, 35; FMRD II. 4, 23 ff.; SEITZ 1982, 317 ff.; FELLMANN 1983, 5-6; FILTZINGER 1983; ALFÖLDY – WEINGES 1986, 146-151; PLANCK 1986, 247-255; BECK – PLANCK 1987, 108, 117-118; PLANCK 1988b, 66 ff.; ALFÖLDY 1989, 293-338; JOHNSON 1990, 13, 54; JUNKELMANN 1991, 83, 89; BAATZ 1993, 257-259; DIETZ 1993, 243-252; LUIK 1994, 265 ff.; KEMKES – SCHEUERBRANDT 1997, 98 ff.; KRAUSE 2000, 91-93; RABOLD et al. 2000; SCHOLZ 2005a, 125-129; KEMKES – SCHOLZ 2006; REUTER 2007, 87-88; SCHOLZ 2007, 107-121.

FMRD II, Nr. 4001, 48-49; REUTER 2007, 89, fn. 92-94. RBW 2005, 203. 466 BAATZ 2003, 257.

JOHNSON 1990, 36-37; JUNKELMANN 1991, 84-85. JOHNSON 1990, 32-33; JUNKELMANN 1991, 83;. 469 KRAUSE 1997, 135-139.

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B.6.2. RAINAU-BUCH The fort at Buch was part of the Raetian Limes, situated on a hilltop north of the Alb Mountain, between the Jagst valley and the firth of the Ahlbach. It laid between the fort at Aalen (B.6.1) and the fortlet at Halheim (C.6.7).470 The fort at Buch covered an area of 2.1 hectares, with sides measuring 149-151 and 139.5 meters [Fig. 35]. The Roman fort at Buch was discovered in 1884. In the course of the excavation, a large iron depot containing more than 700 arrowheads, buried in a box was also unearthed.471 The Reichs-Limeskomission conducted another excavation at Buch in 1887, which led to the discovery of other finds from the depot, which probably formed an armamentarium. D. Planck conducted archaeological excavations on the southern towers in 1972.472 He also excavated the vicus between 1976 and 1980.473 Dendrochronological and geomagnetic surveys were carried out on the fort’s area in the 1990s.474

The same is attested by the latest dendrochronological data, which point to the years 253/254.484 Original dating was 261±10 years,485 although in light of newer results, this is to be revised and bringing the dating of the fort’s destruction earlier. Based on the finds discovered at the fort and vicus at Rainau-Buch, M. Reuter proposed that both were most likely destroyed before the spring of 254.486 As a result of D. Planck’s excavations, four main phases of construction have been identified, the last datable to the period after 236, thus indicating that after the early waves of Germanic incursions, at least some forts on the limes were reconstructed.

H. Schönberger saw the relation between the construction of the fort at Rainau-Buch,475 and those at Schirenhof (B.6.3),476 Unterböbingen (B.6.4),477 Aalen (B.6.1),478 and the fortlet at Halheim (C.6.7)479 and dated it to the military expansion and reorganization carried out under the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the 160s.480 Dendrochronological data confirm the fort’s construction in the years 160±10.481 The fort was destroyed in the middle of the 3rd century.482 The latest numismatic evidence from Rainau-Buch is datable to 243/244, to the reign of Emperor Gordian III, thus establishing a terminus post quem to the destruction of the fort.483

The fort at Buch was garrisoned by the cohors III

470

478

471

479

Fig. 35: The Topography of Roman Buch (ORL B VI. (1896), Nr. 67 – source: Mediatus)

BECK – PLANCK 1987, 133. ORL B. VI (1986), Nr. 67. 472 PLANCK 1983a, 59. 473 GREINER 2002, GREINER 2010. 474 OSTEN-WOLDENBURG 1992, 47-170; GREINER 2002, 83-89; OSTENWOLDENBURG 2007, 45. 475 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 485, Nr. E 75. 476 Ibid. 484, Nr. E 72. 477 Ibid. 485, Nr. E 73.

Ibid. 484-485, Nr. E 74. Ibid. 486, Nr. E 76. 480 Ibid. 397. 481 GREINER 2009; BECHERT 2010, t. 5; SOMMER 2012a, 142, 151. 482 PLANCK 1978c, 52-60. 483 SEITZ 1999, 158. 484 GREINER 2002, 83-89, esp. 84; REUTER 2007, 89, fn. 104-105. 485 REUTER 2007, 89, fn. 103. 486 Ibid. 133-137, 143-144; SOMMER 2012a, 173.

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THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

Bibliography ORL B VI. (1896), Nr. 67; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 485, Nr. E 75; RBW 2005, 260-265; REUTER 2007, 88-89.

Thracum veterana (B.24) between ca. 160±10 to the second half of the 250s, as suggested by H.J. Kellner.487 The latest coins are datable to the reign of Gordian III.488 Although unattested by epigraphic evidence, it is possible that the fort was reconstructed during Emperor Commodus’ reign in the 180s, together with other forts on the Raetian Limes. It is plausible that the fort at Buch took over the task of the one at Oberdorf (B.4.8), located south-east of Buch.489 M. Junkelmann suggested that the fort was under command of the ala II Flavia millaria p. f. (B.2) stationed at Aalen.490

Further reading FMRD II. 4, 30 ff.; SCHLEIERMACHER 1967, 164 ff.; SCHÖNBERGER 1969, 144 ff.; PLANCK 1976, 404-456; PLANCK 1978c, 52-60; BECKER 1981, 369-386; PLANCK 1981; PLANCK 1983f, 326-327; PLANCK 1983a, 59; PLANCK 1983d; BECK – PLANCK 1987, 133; PLANCK 1988a, 269; HEILIGMANN 1990, 198; JOHNSON 1990, 188 ff.; JUNKELMANN 1991, 84-85; OSTEN-WOLDENBURG 1992, 47-170; BAATZ 1993, 262-266; RBy 1995, 123; SEITZ 1999, 100-108; GREINER 2002, 83-89; OSTEN-WOLDENBURG 2007, 45; GREINER 2010; SOMMER 2012a, 137180.

487

489

488

KELLNER 1971a, 214. FMRD II. 4, 30 ff.

PLANCK 1976, 445; BECKER 1981, 369-386; PLANCK 1988a, 269; HEILIGMANN 1990, 198; RBy 1995, 123. 490 JUNKELMANN 1991, 84-85.

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THE HISTORY OF FORTS

B.6.3. SCHIRENHOF-SCHWÄBISCH GMÜND The fort at Schirenhof was the westernmost fort of the Raetian Limes, located east from the provincial border between Germania and Raetia. It is situated on an elevated terrace near Schwäbisch Gmünd.491 The first excavations were conducted in the years between 1886 and 1888, with further ditches being surveyed in 1893.492 H. U. Nuber directed a new series of excavations on the fort’s baths in 1972 and 1973.493 The forceful destruction of these buildings is datable to the middle of the 3rd century. In 1977 aerial archaeological surveys were conducted on the fort’s area and its vicinity, leading to the discovery of a cemetery with 310 graves. In 1980 the vicus belonging to the fort was partially discovered.494 The bath buildings were partially reconstructed in 1999.495

hectares, with sides measuring 157 × 130.6 meters [Fig. 36]. The fort at Schirenhof was built during Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ military reorganization and expansion in the years around 160.496 Dendrochronological records can be dated to the period 165±8.497 The fort at Schirenhof was operational until the middle of the 3rd century,498 as Roman coins discovered in the fort’s bath can be dated no longer than 244/247.499 It was abandoned due to the civil crises and Germanic incursions of 253/254.500 The permanent garrison of the fort at Schirenhof was the cohors I Raetorum (B.20), which was transferred to Schirenhof from either Eislingen-Salach (B.4.2) or another presently unidentified fort in Raetia.501 The presence of the cohors I Raetorum is attested by epigraphic evidence.502 M. Junkelmann argued that the fort at Schirenhof, as well as the western section of the first Raetian Limes was under command of the ala II Flavia milliaria p. f. (B.2) stationed at the fort at Aalen (B.6.1).503 Bibliography ORL B VI. (1897), Nr. 64; RBW 2005, 546-556; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 484, Nr. E 72.

The fort at Schirenhof covered an area of 2.15

Further reading PWRE II. A.1; 407-408; FMRD II, Nr. 4430; PLANCK 1975a, 22; NUBER 1977a, 225-226; PLANCK 1978a, 67-74; BECKER 1981, 369-386; SÖLTER 1983; NUBER 1984, 2627; BECK – PLANCK 1987, 108; JOHNSON 1990, 310; JUNKELMANN 1991, 84-85; BAATZ 1993, 253; RABOLD et al. 2000, 100; THIEL 2003, 14; HERB 2006, 129-132; REUTER 2007, 86; CZYSZ – HERZIG 2008a, 185, 191; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 34.

491

497

492

498

Fig. 36: The Topography of Roman Schirenhof (ORL B VI. (1897), Nr. 64 – source: Mediatus)

REUTER 2007, 86. ORL B VI. (1897), Nr. 64; PWRE II A.1; 407-408; NUBER 1984, 26. 493 PLANCK 1975a, 22; NUBER 1976; id. 1977a, 225; PLANCK 1978a, 6774; SÖLTER 1983; NUBER 1984, 26; JOHNSON 1990, 310; HERB 2006, 129-132. 494 STORK 1981, 95-97. 495 RABOLD et al. 2000, 100; THIEL 2003, 14; RBW 2005, 546-556. 496 NUBER 1977a, 226; BECKER 1981, 369-386; BECK – PLANCK 1987, 108; CZYSZ – HERZIG 2007, 185, 191.

CZYSZ – HERZIG 2008a, 191; SOMMER 2012a, 143. BAATZ 1993, 253. 499 FMRD II, Nr. 4430; REUTER 2007, 86, fn. 69. 500 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 501 KELLNER 1971a, 213; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 484. 502 B.20 – 2.2 [Schirenhof; ca. 165±5/254 (222/235?)]; B.20 – 5.1 [Schirenhof; ca. 165±5/254]. 503 JUNKELMANN 1991, 84-85.

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THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.6.4. UNTERBÖBINGEN The fort at Unterböbingen was part of the Raetian Limes located north of the Alb Mountain, between the forts at Schirenhof (B.6.3) and Aalen (B.6.1). It was situated on an elevated terrace, covering an area of 1.99 hectares, with sides measuring 148 × 135 meters [Fig. 37].504

cus Aurelius’ military reorganization and expansion of the limes in the years around 160s.510 It was destroyed during the Germanic incursions of the 3rd century,511 as attested by the presence of burnt layers present in the barracks and the horreum, discovered during the excavations of 1892 and 1973.512 Numismatic evidence suggests an abandonment during after the 230s, as the latest coins are of Severus Alexander issued in 232.513 The fort was garrisoned by the cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19), the former garrison of the fort at Urspring (B.4.11). This unit manned the fort at Unterböbingen from its construction in the middle of the 2nd century until its destruction in the 3rd century.514 M. Junkelmann proposed that the fort at Unterböbingen was also under control of the ala II Flavia milliaria p. f. (B.2) stationed at Aalen (B.6.1).515 The task of fort’s garrison was to supervise a 15 kilometres long section of the limes with nearly 20 watchtowers.516

Fig. 37: The ground-plan of the Roman auxiliary fort at Unterböbingen (ORL B VI. (1894), Nr. 65)

The first excavations were conducted in 18851886 and in 1892, confirming the presence of a burnt layer indicating that the fort was destroyed.505 Another section of the fort was cut through with a ditch in 1964.506 D. Planck excavated the southern part of the fort in 1973,507 ascertaining that the fort was built with stone buildings and defences.508 In 1975 he discovered the vicus belonging to the fort.509 The fort at Unterböbingen was built during Emperor Mar-

Further reading FMRD II. 4, 251; NUBER 1963, 250 ff.; NUBER 1967, 283287; PLANCK 1975a, 21-22; PLANCK 1975b, 52-55; BECKER 1981, 369-386; NUBER 1984, 37-38; PLANCK 1988a, 269; JUNKELMANN 1991, 84-85; BAATZ 1993, 255; RBy 1995, 123; RABOLD et al. 2000; FISCHER – FISCHERRIEDMEIER 2008, 34.

504

510

Bibliography ORL A V. (1935), Sect. 12; ORL B VI. (1894), Nr. 65; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 484, Nr. E 73; RBW 2005, 43-45.

NUBER 1984, 37; BECK – PLANCK 1987, RABOLD et al. 2000. ORL B VI. (1894), Nr. 65: also burnt seeds of wheat were found among the ruins of the horreum. 506 NUBER 1967, 283-287. 507 PLANCK 1975a, 21. 508 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 484. 509 PLANCK 1975b, 52-55.

PLANCK 1988a, 269; Kleidenbach: BECKER 1981, 369-386; Schwabsberg: CZYSZ 1995, 123; SOMMER 2012a, 151. 511 REUTER 2007, 87. 512 Ibid. 87. 513 Ibid. 87, fn. 78: FMRD II, Nr. 4436. 514 NUBER 1984, 38. 515 JUNKELMANN 1991, 84-85. 516 PLANCK 1975a, 22.

505

74

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

7. FORT BUILT DURING THE MARCOMANNIC WARS AND THE REIGN OF EMPEROR COMMODUS (166-192) B.7.1. DAMBACH-II The fort at Dambach was part of the Raetian Limes located between the forts at Ruffenhofen (B.5.3) and Gnotzheim (B.4.4).517 In 1852 a hoard of bronze finds was discovered at Dambach, along with burnt layers, walls and charcoal remains. The Reichs-Limeskommission conducted excavations at Dambach in the years between 1892 and 1896.518 Rescue excavations were carried out in 1959, 1975, 1986 and 2002.519

extending over an area of 2.15 hectares, with sides measuring 187 × 115 meters [Fig. 38]. W. Czysz suggested that this expansion was carried out between 190/200,522 while C. S. Sommer proposed it was done in the years around 180, together with the fortification of the Raetian Limes,523 which included the construction of new fortlets, e.g. Raitenbuch (C.6.15) and the reinforcement of forts with stone defence structures, e.g. Ellingen (C.5.1), Böhming (C.6.1).524 The destruction of the fortlet Dambach-I (C.7.1) and the construction of the fort Dambach-II is unanimously attributed to the arrival of the cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9), which arrived to Dambach-II after its fort at Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) was destroyed during the Marcomannic incursions. In light of this, the earlier dating of C. S. Sommer seems more plausible, as the turmoil of the Marcomannic wars ended in the 170s in Raetia. It is more acceptable to propose a construction date soon after the end of the wars, and not decades later. The largescale construction works of the limes can also be attributed to the presence of the soldiers of the legio III Italica (A.1), who took part in several constructions attested by various building inscriptions and stamped tiles.525

Fig. 38: The Topography of Roman Dambach (CHRISTOFORI – CZYSZ 2008, 82, fig. 106)

The fort at Dambach is unique in the sense that first it served as a fortlet covering a mere 0.97 hectares with sides measuring 115 × 85 meters (v. i. C.7.1 Dambach-I). Dendrochronological data from Dambach vary greatly,520 but the absence of finds before the end of the 2nd century suggests, that the fortlet was constructed in the second half of the century.521 Sometime during the last decades of the 2nd century the fortlet at Dambach was expanded into a castrum cohortis

Based on the coins discovered at Dambach, M. Reuter dates the destruction of the fort DambachII and the neighbouring vicus and amphitheatre526 to the Germanic incursions of the 250s.527 The fragments of an inscription displaying an

517

523

LEJA – THOMA 1991, 113-115; BAATZ 1993, 276; RBy 1995, 432-433; SPINDLER 1997, 42; MÜHLHÄUßER – SCHRENK 2009, 77-78; SELKE 2009, 119-126. 518 ORL B VI. (1901), Nr. 69. 519 CHRISTOFORI – CZYSZ 2008, 81. 520 CZYSZ 2010, 73-87. 521 SELKE 2009, 119-126. 522 CHRISTOFORI – CZYSZ 2008, 82.

SOMMER 2012a, 151. Ibid. 151, 167, 170 based on: CZYSZ 2010, esp. 86, Nr. 11. 525 A.1 – 2.9 = B.14 – 2.9 [Böhming; 181]; A.1 – 2.10 [Ellingen; 182]: SOMMER 2012a, 176. 526 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 472, Nr. D 103 b; CHRISTOFORI – CZYSZ 2008, 82-83. 527 REUTER 2007, 90-91, fn. 125-127; FMRD I. 5, Nr. 5005-5007. 524

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THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

imperial title suggest that Dambach was still active during the reign of EmperorSeverus Alexander.528

which arrived to Dambach after its fort near Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) was destroyed during the Marcomannic wars.530 The cohors II Aquitanorum was stationed at Dambach-II until the fort’s destruction in the middle of the 3rd century. The latest coins from Dambach can be dated to the reign of Emperor Philippus Arabs.531

The garrison of the fortlet at Dambach between 110/130 and ca. 180 was possibly a vexillatio drawn from the garrison of the nearby forts, including the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12) that garrisoned the one at Theilenhofen (B.5.4), the cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23) from Gnotzheim (B.4.4) or the unknown ala from Ruffenhofen (B.5.3) [Table 30]. Furthermore, based on the relative location of the forts, it is possible that the fortlet Dambach-I was garrisoned by the same vexillatio that previously garrisoned the numerus-sized fort at Unterschwaningen (C.4.5).529 After its reconstruction in the end of the 2nd century (more specifically in the years around ca. 180) H. Schönberger and later M. Reuter suggested that the garrison of Dambach was the cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9),

Bibliography ORL B VI. (1896), Nr. 69; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 471-472, Nr. D 103b; RBy 1995, 432-433; REUTER 2007, 90-91; CHRISTOFORI – CZYSZ 2008, 81-83; CZYSZ 2010, 73-87. Further reading WAHL 1977, 125-126; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 63-65, 117; GARBSCH 1984, 108-109; ZAHLHAAS 1984, 99-100; FISCHER 1985a, 49-57; GARBSCH 1986, 333-336; DIETZ 1989b, 116-118; LEJA – THOMA 1991, 113-115; BAATZ 1993, 276; SPINDLER 1997, 42; STEIDL 1999, 128-139; BAATZ 2007, 9-25; KERSCHER 2007, 177-178; CZYSZ 2008, 173-181; CZYSZ – HERZIG 2008b, 221-226; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 91; CZYSZ 2009, 4; MÜHLHÄUßER – SCHRENK 2009, 77-78; SELKE 2009, 119-126; SOMMER 2009, 48; CZYSZ 2010, 73-87.

528

530

DIETZ 1989b, 116-118 [Dambach; 222/235]: '[ – Sever(-) Al]exan[dr() – et Iuliae Ma]┌m[ae]ae┐┌ma┐t[ri(-) Aug(usti) – ]'. 529 SOMMER 2012a, 168.

531

76

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 471-472, Nr. D 103 b; REUTER 2007, 90. SELKE 1995, Numismatic list Nr. 467-470.

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

8. FORT BUILT DURING THE ERA OF THE SEVERAN DYNASTY AND IN THE YEARS PRECEDING THE DOWNFALL OF THE RAETIAN LIMES (193-254) B.8.1. FAIMINGEN-II The fort at Faimingen was part of the middle Raetian ripa, situated on a west-east plateau bordered by the Faiminger Valley. Originally the fort overlooked the Danube, but due to canalizations in the 19th century, the river is now flowing 300 meters south of the Roman remains.532 Excavations began on the territory of Faimingen in 1898. The cemetery, located north of the fort, was excavated between 1901 and 1907. The area of the fort Faimingen-II was subject of research between 1970 and 1973. Further excavations were conducted on the nearby Apollo Grannus temple’s area in 1979/1980, 1983 and 1986.533 The vicus, located in the fort’s vicinity, was quite extensive, it covered an area of ca. 30 hectares, including the area of the previous fort (B.4.3. Faimingen-I).534

the reign of Emperor Hadrian, in the years between 120/140.536 In the 3rd century, a new auxiliary fort was constructed east of the still habited vicus of Faimingen-I [Fig. 39]. The southern part of this new fort, Faimingen-II, was washed away by the Danube.537 Based on the remaining walls, this fort originally covered an area of 5.2 hectares.538 Two milestones attest that Faimingen-II was operational in 240/250, although it is possible that due to the repeated Germanic incursions, the fort remained unfinished.539 H. Schönberger suggested that the fort may have been constructed to support the extensive vicus.540 Under the toponym of 'Febianis', the area near Faimingen retained its importance in Late Antiquity.541 C. S. Sommer suggested that the irregular fort Faimingen-II may have housed the disgraced legio III Augusta (A.2) during its presence in Raetia, between the summer of 238 and the autumn of 253.542

Bibliography ORL B VI. (1911), Nr. 66; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 473-474, Nr. D 112, 488, Nr. E 89; RBy 1995, 441-444.

In the first decades of the 2nd century a Roman auxiliary fort covering 1.7 hectares was active on the territory of present-day Faimingen (B.4.3). 535 It was abandoned in a planned matter during

Further reading FMRD I. 7, Nr. 7048-7050; SEITZ 1964; SEITZ 1967, 171172; CSIR Deutschland I. 1, 151-163; RÜSCH 1972, 319322; WEBER 1978, 511 ff.; WEBER 1981, 103 ff.; CZYSZ 1982, 142-143; HASCH 1983, 13 ff.; WEBER 1983, 441 ff.; DIETZ 1985, 75-86; FASOLD – HÜSSEN 1985, 287-340; RS 1988, 277-278; BAATZ 1993, 67, 76; EINGARTNER et al. 1993; MÜLLER 1999; NUBER – SEITZ 2009, 303-326; SOMMER 2012a, 137-180.

532

538

533

539

Fig. 39: Ground-plan of the Roman fort and vicus at Faimingen (RBy 1995, 210, fig. 35)

RBy 1995, 441. Ibid. 441. 534 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 488. 535 SOMMER 2012a, 151, 153. 536 RBy 1995, 442. 537 SEITZ 1967, 171-172.

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 488. DIETZ 1985, 75-86; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 488. 540 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 488. 541 NOT. Dign. occ. 35, 1, 2: 'Ponteoeni, nunc Febianis'; KOLB 2004, 3132. 542 SOMMER 2014.

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THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C. NUMERUS-SIZED FORTS AND FORTLETS This chapter includes Roman military installations of smaller proportions than legionary fortresses and auxiliary forts. Throughout this paper, the following distinction is used: fortifications smaller than 0.2 hectares (approx. 50 × 40 m) are termed fortlets (~ Kleinkastelle), those larger than 0.2 yet smaller than 0.9 hectares are termed numerus-sized forts (~ Numeruskastelle).

Donnstetten-I) – monitor river crossings and secure quarries (e.g. C.6.6 Güßgraben; but not C.6.15 Raitenbuch). Fortlets also served as signal stations between forts and fortresses (e.g. C.4.5 Unterschwaningen) as well as advanced posts overseeing sections of the frontier (e.g. C.6.3 Freimühle; C.6.11 Hintere Orthalde; C.6.13. Kleindeinbach and possibly D.6. WeltenburgGalget). The limes-gate at Dalkingen (C.6.2) was a border station supervising traffic between Barbarians and the Roman Empire.

The function of these fortlets was to supervise roads – traffic, transport of goods (e.g. C.2.3. Nersingen; C.2.4. Neuburg a. d. Donau; C.4.2.

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THE HISTORY OF FORTS

2. FORTLETS BUILT DURING THE REIGN OF SUBSEQUENT EMPERORS OF THE JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY (14-68) C.2.1. BURLAFINGEN legionary soldiers.545 Based on the fact that the helm belongs to the Hagenau-type, M. Mackensen suggested that an oriental auxiliary unit serves as the garrison of Burlafingen.546 The inscription on the helm reads 'LE XVI' which might be interpreted as 'le(gionis?) XVI (Gallicae?)' suggesting that the fortlet at Burlafingen was garrisoned by soldiers from this legion.547 In both cases, M. Junkelmann stated that the Hagenau-type helmet dates the use of the Burlafingen fortlet before the middle of the 1st century.548

The fortlet at Burlafingen was part of the middle Danubian ripa being located along the right bank of the Danube between the forts at Unterkirchberg (B.2.10) and Nersingen (C.2.3).

The history of the legio XVI Gallica is well known,549 and the probability of a small detachment being left behind for decades after the main body left the province is low. It is more plausible, that the fortlet was manned by auxiliary soldiers drawn from nearby forts [Table 3]. A Unterkirchberg (B.2.10) Aislingen (B.2.1) Emerkingen (B.2.5)

Fig. 40: Ground-plan of the Roman fortlet at Burlafingen (FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 170, fig. 121 – source: Mediatus)

B 10.5 31.4 38.4

C ala I Hisp. Auriana (?) unknown garrison coh. VI Lusitanor. (?)

Table 3: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Burlafingen.550

M. Mackensen excavated the fortlet at Burlafingen in the summer of 1984 together with Nersingen (C.2.3). The fortlet at Burlafingen has an inner area of 0.09 hectares, with sides measuring 29 × 31 meters [Fig. 40].543 The system of two ditches is datable either to the late reign of Emperor Tiberius or the early reign of Emperor Claudius.544 A legionary helm found nearby was though to indicate the fortlet was garrisoned by

Further reading JUNKELMANN 1986, 172; VISY 1990; RBy 1995, 75; KUHNEN 2001, 56; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 169-170.

543

549

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446, Nr. B 56a; MACKENSEN 1987, 90, 154.

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446, Nr. B 56a. RBy 1995, 74, 75. 545 RADNÓTI 1962, 157 ff.; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 343, 437, Nr. A 66. 546 MACKENSEN 1987, 90. 547 KUHNEN 2001, 56. 548 JUNKELMANN 1986, 172

GONZALEZ 2003, esp. 378-381. The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Burlafingen (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Burlafingen.

544

550

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THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C.2.2. HAARDORF-MÜHLBERG BEI OSTERHOFEN Emperor Claudius’ reign.553 Burnt layers indicate it was destroyed, possibly during the events of the Year of the Four Emperors.554 No civil settlement is known from the fortlet’s vicinity.555 The fortlet was manned by soldiers drawn from the garrison of nearby auxiliary forts [Table 4].

The fortlet at Haardorf-Mühlberg, in the vicinity of Osterhofen is known since the 1980s.

A Straubing-IV (B.3.11) RegensburgBismarckplatz (D.5) RegensburgKumpfmühl (B.3.8)

Fig. 41: The Topography of Roman Haardorf-Mühlberg (BENDER 1999, fig. 1)

B 37.2

C cohors II Raetorum (B.21)

76.4

unknown auxiliary unit

76.4

cohors III Britannorum (B.15)

Table 4: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near HaardorfMühlberg556

F. Schopper and G. Moosbauer conducted the first excavation on its territory in 1992.551 Between 1995 and 1998, H. Bender directed another series of excavations.552 The fortlet at Haardorf covered an area of 0.25 hectares with sides 55 × 55 meters long respectively [Fig. 41]. Based on small finds, H. Bender suggested that the fortlet at Haardorf was constructed during

Bibliography MOOSBAUER – SCHOPPER 1994, 207-237; BENDER 1999, 133-158. Further reading RBy 1995, 76, 78; SOMMER 2008c, 276.

551

556

MOOSBAUER – SCHOPPER 1994, 207-237. BENDER 1999, 133-158. 553 Ibid. 141. 554 Ibid. 142. 555 SOMMER 2008c, 276.

The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Haardorf-Mühlberg (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Haardorf.

552

80

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

C.2.3. NERSINGEN The fortlet at Nersingen was part of the middle Danubian ripa, situated on a small terrace, ninety meters south of the river Leibi. The fortlet was discovered via aerial archaeology in 1982,557 and was excavated the following year.558 It covered an internal area of a mere 560 m2, with sides measuring 22.2 × 25.2 meters [Fig. 42]. The fortlet was built with earth-and-timber ramparts and was surrounded by two ditches.559

Based on its size, W. Czysz and K. Dietz suggested the fortlet was garrisoned by 12-15 men.562 It is located 2.2 kilometres from the ripa, thus rather than a strictly military function, it is more likely that the fortlet at Nersingen supervised roads and transport of goods. Based on the similarity of size between the fortlets at Nersingen and Burlafingen (C.2.1), M. Mackensen suggested they were occupied by the same type of unit, i.e. oriental auxiliary soldiers.563 However, similarities in size only reflect that the strength of the garrison was similar, furthermore, the fortlet at Burlafingen was operational only for a decade during the middle of the 1st century, while the one at Nersingen was active for almost half a century. The fortlet of Nersingen was operational until the 80s, therefore the presence legionaries is improbable [Table 5]. A Unterkirchberg (B.2.10)

B 12.3

Emerkingen (B.2.5)

21.6

Aislingen (B.2.1)

28.2

C ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1)(?) cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?) unknown garrison

Table 5: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Nersingen564 Fig. 42: Ground-plan of the Roman fortlet at Nersingen (RBy 1995, 488, fig. 184: after MACKENSEN et al. 1984)

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446, Nr. B 56a, 456, Nr. C 67; MACKENSEN 1987; RBy 1995, 486-488.

Based on numismatic evidence, the fortlet at Nersingen was constructed in the years around 30 and was operational until the years around 80/85.560 Its garrison was likely composed from auxiliary soldiers drawn from a nearby fort.561

Further reading BRAASCH – CHRISTLEIN 1982, 65, fig. 53; MACKENSEN et al. 1984, 92 ff.; VISY 1990; FISCHER 1999a, 59; FLEER 2004, 79; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 59.

557

563

BRAASCH – CHRISTLEIN 1982, 65, fig. 53. MACKENSEN et al. 1984, 92 ff. 559 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446. 560 Ibid. 446 561 MACKENSEN 1987, 76. 562 RBy 1995, 75, 487.

MACKENSEN 1987, 90. The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Nersingen (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Nersingen.

558

564

81

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C.2.4. NEUBURG AN DER DONAU The fortlet at Neuburg a. d. Donau was part of the middle Danubian ripa. It was constructed on a small terrace which rose 20-25 meters above the level of the Danube [Fig. 43].565

Donau was manned by about 12-16 soldiers (approximately two contubernia) drawn from the garrison of nearby forts [Table 6].569 A

B

Oberstimm (B.2.8)

20.0

Burghöfe (B.2.4)

33.4

Aislingen (B.2.1)

60.8

C cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23)(?) cohors I Breucorum (B.14)(?) unknown garrison

Table 6: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Neuburg a. d. Donau570

Their task was to oversee the ripa and the road traffic, similarly to the garrison of two nearby Danubian fortlets at Ingolstadt-Zuchering,571 and at Nersingen (C.2.4). The vicus is located 0.6 km south of the fort. It was habited until the fall of the Raetian Limes in 254.

Fig. 43: The Topography of Roman Neuburg a. d. Donau (FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 189, fig. 140)

M. Eckstein conducted the first excavations on the fortlet’s area in 1963-1964.566 The fortlet covered an area of 0.0809 hectares, with sides measuring 24.5 × 33 meters. It was built with earth-and-timber ramparts three meters thick that were surrounded by two ditches. The gate is located on the fortlet’s western side. Its internal layout is unknown. As attested by numismatic evidence, the fortlet at Neuburg a. d. Donau was constructed during the reign of either Emperor Tiberius or Claudius and remained operational until Flavian times.567 The fortlet was operational for a half a century, similarly to the one at Nersingen (C.2.3).568 The fortlet at Neuburg a. d.

In the 3rd century, the area of Neuburg a. d. Donau once again became a frontier zone, as part of the Danube-Iller-Rhine ripa. The late Roman fortlet was constructed atop the territory of the former 1st century fortlet. Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 447, Nr. B 61; RIEDER – TILLMANN 1993; RBy 1995, 488-490. Further reading HÜBENER 1957, 71 ff.; FMRD 1.7, 359 ff.; ECKSTEIN – ULBERT 1965, 135 ff.; HÜSSEN 1993b, 65-70; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 188-189.

565

570

HÜSSEN 1993b, 65. ECKSTEIN – ULBERT 1965, 135 ff. 567 RBy 1995, 488. 568 HÜSSEN 1993b, 69. 569 Ibid. 69-70.

The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Neuburg a. d. Donau (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Neuburg. 571 HÜSSEN 1993b, 70.

566

82

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

3. FORTLETS BUILT IN THE ERA OF THE FLAVIAN DYNASTY AND EMPEROR NERVA (69-98) C.3.1. ALKOFEN The fortlet (?) at Alkofen was part of the lower Danubian ripa. Roman remains at Alkofen were known since the 19th century. Situated on an elevated terrace on the right bank of the Danube, several finds came to light in result of a flash flood in 1809.572 In 1845 local historians conducted amateur excavations on the fortlet’s territory, observing a burnt layer.573 Although most of the stone foundations were washed away by the Danube before they could have been documented, based on the significant number of militaria finds, the presence of a Roman fortlet is altogether very likely.574 Although its extent is unknown, H. Schönberger suggested that the fortlet at Alkofen was constructed during the second half of the 1st century and was rebuilt in the 170s, probably as a result of the Marcomannic incursions.575 No signs of civil settlement were found in its vicinity.576 The presence of tile stamps from the legio III Italica (A.1) indicate that the fortlet was operational after the Marcomannic wars.577 Both numismatic evidence and a burnt layer indicate that the fortlet at Alkofen was destroyed in the 3rd century, either in 254, together with the rest of the Raetian Limes or at another

turmoil.578 Its garrison is unknown, although similarly to other fortlets on the Raetian Limes, Alkofen was manned by soldiers stationed at nearby forts [Table 7].

572

578

A RegensburgBismarckplatz (D.5) RegensburgKumpfmühl (B.3.8)

B 18.9 18.9

Straubing III (B.4.10)

58.4

Straubing-IV (B.3.11)

58.4

C unknown auxiliary unit cohors III Britannorum (B.15) cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16) cohors II Raetorum (B.21)

Table 7: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Alkofen579

Following the collapse of the Raetian Limes until the middle of the 4th century, a late Roman burgus was operational near Alkofen. It was possibly constructed in the 4th century, as part of the military reorganization of Emperor Valentinian I.580 Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 474, Nr. D 118, Nr. E 91. Further reading REINECKE 1953, 159 ff.; FMRD I. 2, 35 ff., Nr. 2024-2025; REUTER 2007, 111-112; SOMMER 2008c, 266.

REUTER 2007, 111. Ibid. 112. 574 REINECKE 1953, 159 ff. 575 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 474, Nr. D 118. 576 SOMMER 2008c, 266. 577 REINECKE 1953, 159 ff.; REUTER 2007, 112.

FMRD I. 2, 35 ff., Nr. 2024-2025; REUTER 2007, 112. The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Alkofen (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Alkofen. 580 REUTER 2007, 112.

573

579

83

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C.3.2. STEINKIRCHEN The numerus-sized fort at Steinkirchen was located on the lower Raetian ripa, halfway between the forts at Künzing (B.3.5) and Straubing I-II (B.3.9; B.3.10). Unfortunately, before any archaeological excavations could have been conducted, a gravel mine was established in 1928 on the territory of the fort, thus the Roman remains were almost entirely demolished. In 1930 P. Reinecke summarized the scarce observations made during the mining.581 F. E. Schmidt processed the finds discovered at Steinkirchen in his thesis.582 The numerus-sized fort at Steinkirchen covered an area of approximately 0.41-0.44 hectares, with sides measuring 58.7 × 70-75 meters. The fortlet had possibly two gates.583 A vicus and a cemetery with cremated graves were located south and west from the fort.584

its destruction, no further Roman military installations were constructed near Steinkirchen,588 while T. Fischer proposed that a small fort might have been operational in Late Antiquity.589 D. Baatz suggested that the discovery of several numerus-sized forts and fortlets similar to Steinkirchen is still to be expected on the lower Raetian ripa, which is indeed plausible.590 The numerussized fort near Steinkirchen was manned by soldiers drawn from the garrison of nearby forts [Table 8].

As indicated by terra sigillata from Southern Gaul, the numerus-sized fort at Steinkirchen was constructed sometime during the 1st or 2nd centuries.585 Remains of bronze letters were found, indicating that the fort was reconstructed together with other forts on the Raetian Limes by Emperor Caracalla in 213.586 It was destroyed during the course of the 3rd century, either by the Germanic incursions in 254 that collapsed the Raetian Limes, or by another turmoil.587 P. Reinecke and G. Moosbauer suggested that after

Table 8: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Steinkirchen591

Further reading FMRD I. 2, 28 ff.; BAATZ 1993, 331; MOOSBAUER 1997; FISCHER 1999b, 42, Nr. 116; SCHMIDT 2000c; SCHMOTZ 2006, 179-182; REUTER 2007, 117; FISCHER – FISCHERRIEDMEIER 2008, 206; SOMMER 2008c, 275.

581

588

A Moos-Burgstall (B.3.6)

B 12.7

Straubing-II (B.3.10) Straubing-III (B.4.10)

20.4 20.4

Straubing-IV (B.3.11)

20.4

Künzing (B.3.5)

25.6

C cohors III Batavorum (B.10)(?) cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16) cohors II Raetorum (B.21) cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13)

Bibliography REINECKE 1930b, 197-205; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 474, Nr. D 121, 490, Nr. E 94.

REINECKE 1930b, 197-205. SCHMIDT 2000c. 583 REINECKE 1930b, 201-203. 584 SCHMOTZ 2006, 179-182; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 206; SOMMER 2008c, 275. 585 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 474. 586 REINECKE 1930b, 201. 587 Ibid. 205.

REINECKE 1930b, 205; MOOSBAUER 1997. RBy 1995, 396; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 206. 590 BAATZ 1993, 331 591 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Steinkirchen (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the numerus-sized fort at Steinkirchen.

582

589

84

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

4. FORTLETS BUILT DURING THE REIGN OF EMPEROR TRAJAN (98-117) C.4.1. DEGGINGEN let Donnstetten-I, i.e. between 106/117.595 The fortlet at Deggingen was garrisoned by soldiers drawn from nearby auxiliary forts [Table 9]. It remained operational for a brief time and was abandoned probably during the first half of the 2nd century, by latest during the reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius’.

The fortlet at Deggingen was part of the Alblimes. O. Braasch discovered the fortlet during his flights over the area in 1976.592 It is situated on an elevated plateau of the Alb Mountain, surrounded by the fortlet at Donnstetten-I (C.4.2) and the forts at Eislingen-Salach (B.4.2), Heidenheim a. d. Brenz (B.4.5) and Urspring (B.4.11). The fortlet has a rectangular layout with rounded edges, with sides measuring 70 and 60 meters respectively, thus the overall inner area of the fortlet can be restored as 0.42 hectares.593 The fortlet was probably built to oversee a section of the road on the Alblimes.594

A

Although its dating is questionable, due to the scarcity of finds, its location indicates that it was constructed during Emperor Trajan’s reign, together with other military installations of the Alblimes. Both D. Planck and C. S. Sommer agree that the fortlet at Deggingen might not necessarily be constructed the same time as the fort-

B

C cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19) cohors I Raetorum (B.20)(?)

Urspring (B.4.11)

13.2

Eislingen-Salach (B.4.2)

15.1

Heidenheim a. d. Brenz (B.4.5)

40.4

ala II Flavia ∞ (B.2)

Gomadingen (B.3.2)

46.7

cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12)(?)

Table 9: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Deggingen596 Bibliography RBW 2005, 61. Further reading BRAASCH 1983; LANG 2001.

592

596 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Deggingen (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Deggingen.

BRAASCH 1983. RBW 2005, 61. 594 Ibid. 61. 595 Ibid. 61; SOMMER 2012a, 153. 593

85

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C.4.2. DONNSTETTEN-I The fortlet at Donnstetten-Römerstein was part of the Raetian Limes. The first excavations at Donnstetten-Römerstein were conducted in the years between 1891 and 1904. R. Knorr published the results in 1907. The area was surveyed via aerial archaeology, as a result of which, P. Filtzinger and W. Sölter interpreted the Roman remains at Donnstetten as a Roman fortlet. It covered an area of 0.3 hectares, with sides measuring 50 × 60 meters.597 The fortlet’s size indicates it was garrisoned by approximately a hundred men, close to the average strength of a centuria.598 So far, no civil settlement has been found in the fortlet’s vicinity, although the presence of a complex bath building suggests that there might had been one. This bath complex measured 34 × 31 meters, and was reconstructed several times, O. Paret distinguished seven different phases. He suggested that a road station was operational on the territory of the fort in the 3rd century.599 J. Heiligmann suggested the presence of a Roman auxiliary fort in the vicinity of the fortlet at Donnstetten-Römerstein, yet this fort is so far unattested by both archaeological and epigraphic sources.600 J. Heiligmann also proposed that the fortlet at Donnstetten was constructed together with the other fortifications on the Alblimes but surely not before the construction of the fort at Heidenheim a. d. Brenz (B.4.5)601 – which he dated to 85/90 – and that the fortlet remained operational until the expansion and reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the 160s, with the vicus being habited until the middle of the 3rd century.602 C. S. Som-

mer proposed a later dating for the western section of the Alblimes incorporating DonnstettenI, suggesting that it was constructed during Emperor Trajan’s military reorganization in the period following his Dacian campaigns in the years between 106/117.603 The garrison of the fortlet is unknown. Based on its size, J. Heiligmann suggested it was garrisoned by an auxiliary vexillatio.604 No permanent vexillations are known to have been stationed in Raetia. H.-J. Kellner suggested that the cohors I Raetorum (B.20) occupied two military installations at Donnstetten, the unattested auxiliary fort (v.i.: D.3) and the fortlet discussed here.605 It is more likely that the fortlet at Donnstetten served as a point of control over the Roman road and was garrisoned by soldiers drawn from the garrison of nearby forts [Table 10]. A

B

Gomadingen (B.3.2)

18.4

Eislingen-Salach (B.4.2)

25.0

Urspring (B.4.11)

25.0

C cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12)(?) cohors I Raetorum (B.20)(?) cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)

Table 10: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Donnstetten606 Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 470, Nr. D 98; HEILIGMANN 1990, 80-86; RBW 2005, 278-279. Further reading BARTHEL 1913, 170-171; PARET 1931, 230 ff.; RIW III, 295; FILTZINGER 1957, 201-202; FMRD II. 3, 95 ff.; KELLNER 1971a, 213; HEILIGMANN 1986, 175-181; SOMMER 2012a, 151, 153.

597

602

SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 470, Nr. D 98: numerus-sized forts of similar size include: Dettingen u. Teck, Deggingen (C.4.1), Freimühle (C.6.3), Haardorf-Mühlberg (C.2.2), Oberhochstatt-I (C.5.2), Steinkirchen (C.3.2). 598 RBW 2005, 278. 599 PARET 1931, 230 ff. 600 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 470, Nr. D 98. 601 HEILIGMANN 1990, 178: at first he dated the construction of the fort at Donnstetten-Römerstein between 79/81 ~ 96/117, although later on he himself modified the dating to 85/90: RBW 2005, 279.

RBW 2005, 279. SOMMER 2012a, 151. 604 HEILIGMANN 1990, 87. 605 KELLNER 1971a, 213. 606 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Donnstetten-Römerstein (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Donnstetten. 603

86

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

C.5.2. OBERHOCHSTATT-I

C.4.3. OBERHOCHSTATT-II

The numerus-sized forts at Oberhochstatt were part of the Raetian Limes. Both were situated on an elevated plateau, approximately 1.3 kilometres south from the limes.607

ochstatt-II’s sides can be reconstructed as approximately 80 meters long.611 Regarding chronology: the location indicates that the earlier fort (Oberhochstatt-II) was constructed during Emperor Trajan’s reign. It was badly damaged during a landslide in the 120s and a new fort (Oberhochstatt-I) was constructed north of the previous fort.612 It was reinforced with stone defence structures around 180, possibly with the aid of legionary soldiers. It remained functional until the collapse of the Raetian Limes in 254. Both numerus-sized forts at Oberhochstatt were manned by soldiers drawn from nearby forts, most plausibly soldiers of the ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1) garrisoning Weißenburg-I [Table 11].

Fig. 44: Ground-plan of the numerus-sized forts at Oberhochstatt (MISCHKA 2012, 7.)

A Weißenburg-I (B.4.12)

B 7.6

C ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1) cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12) cohors I Breucorum (B.14)

The presence of a Roman military installation in the region is known since 1833, although the first excavations were not carried out until the 1920s by F. Winkelmann.608 Fragments of litterae aureae have been recovered from the area, thus indicating the presence of an imperatorial building inscription.609 J. Faßbinder carried out a geophysical survey on the fortlet’s territory in 2009, which resulted in the discovery of a new numerus-sized fort (Oberhochstatt-II), located south of previously known one (Oberhochstatt-I) [Fig. 44].610 Oberhochstatt-I covered an area of 0.4 hectares, its sides measuring nearly 60 × 60 meters. Based on geomagnetic survey, Oberh-

Further reading FMRD I. 5, 112; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 87-88; KELLER – GRABERT 1998, 61; GRÖNKE 1999, 181 ff.; BAATZ 2000, 299; MÜHLHÄUßER – SCHRENK 2009, 115.

607

612

Theilenhofen (B.5.4) Pfünz (B.5.2)

19.7 27.9

Table 11: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the numerus-sized forts near Oberhochstatt613 Bibliography ORL A VII. (1927), Sect. 14; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 487, Nr. E 84; FAßBINDER et al. 2010, 90-92; FAßBINDER 2010, 98-99; MISCHKA 2012, 4-7.

FAßBINDER 2010, 99. Ibid. 98. 609 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 487, Nr. E 84. 610 FAßBINDER et al. 2010, 90-92; MISCHKA 2012, 4-5. 611 MISCHKA 2012, 5.

SOMMER 2012a, 151. The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Oberhochstatt (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the numerus-sized fort at Oberhochstatt.

608

613

87

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C.4.4. PFATTER-GMÜND The presence of further Roman military installations on the lower Danubian ripa has long puzzled the research. It was P. Reincke who, upon the discovery of the fortlet at Steinkirchen (C.3.2), first suggested the presence of a similar fortlet near Pfatter, to fill the gap between Straubing (B.4.10) and Regensburg (B.3.8).614 The area of Pfatter-Gmünd has been regularly examined from the air since 1978. Since the 1990s several small finds, including three fragments of military diplomas were found. In the 2000s, G. A. Wood conducted a series of aerial surveys and fieldwork at Pfatter. The numerussized fort however, was only discovered in 2001 by K. Leidorf via aerial archaeological survey. It is located six kilometres north-east from presentday Pfatter and two kilometres north-west from Gmünd. Unfortunately the northern half of the numerus-sized fort’s area was cleared away in 1929 during the construction of a dam. J. Faßbinder completed a geophysical survey of the numerus-sized fort in May 2005 [Fig. 45]. Afterwards, the southern part of the numerus-sized fort and its vicus were excavated in an area of 120 × 200 meters.615 Based on aerial photographs, G. A. Wood restored the area of the numerus-sized fort to 0.36 hectares, with sides measuring 60 × 60 meters. Relying on geophysical data, J. Faßbinder pointed out that the numerus-sized fort covered an area of 0.49 hectares, with sides measuring 70 × 70 meters.616

106/117.618 A small number of finds datable after the 3rd century were found at Pfatter, indicating that the numerus-sized fort was abandoned during the course of the century, possible during the events of the Limesfall. The garrison was likely drawn from soldiers stationed at nearby forts [Table 12].

Based on numismatic evidence and fibulae finds, B. Steidl suggested that the fort was constructed during Emperor Trajan’s reign, in the years around 100.617 Based on the system of C. S. Sommer, it is possible that the numerus-sized fort at Pfatter-Gmünd was constructed between

Bibliography WOOD 2004, 235 ff.; FAßBINDER – PIETSCH 2006, 73-76.

Fig. 45: Ground-plan of the Roman numerus-sized fort at Pfatter-Gmünd (FAßBINDER – PIETSCH 2006, 75, fig. 99) A

B

Straubing-III (B.4.10)

18.3

Straubing-IV (B.3.11)

18.3

RegensburgKumpfmühl (B.3.8)

27.1

C cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16) cohors II Raetorum (B.21) cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9) legio III Italica (A.1)

Table 12: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the numerus-sized fort near Pfatter Gmünd619

Further reading STEIDL 2005, 133 ff.; FAßBINDER 2008a, 156; SOMMER 2008c, 270.

614

619

REINECKE 1930b, 197 ff. For further details on the vicus see: SOMMER 2008c, 270. 616 FAßBINDER – PIETSCH 2006, 74. 617 STEIDL 2005, 133 ff. 618 SOMMER 2012a, 151.

The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Pfatter-Gmünd (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the numerus-sized fort at Pfatter-Gmünd.

615

88

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

C.4.5. UNTERSCHWANINGEN The numerus-sized fort at Unterschwaningen was part of the Raetian Limes, located north of the Alb Mountain, situated a low hill between two streams, the Arrabach and the Mühlbach, south-east of present-day Unterschwaningen.620 It was located 4.2 kilometres south of the limes palisade.

Based on geophysical data, J. Faßbinder reconstructed its area as 0.696 hectares by 80 × 87 meters without the ditch and 0.78 hectares with sides measuring 85 × 92 meters including the ditch [Fig. 46].623 It was reinforced with two towers on opposing sides and was surrounded by a ditch, similarly to the fort at Halheim (C.6.7).624 A small bath building was also discovered nearby, which probably belonged to a villa rustica established in the numerus-sized fort’s vicinity after it was abandoned.625 The numerus-sized fort was constructed during Emperor Trajan’s military reorganization in the years between 106/117, together with the nearby fort at Gnotzheim (B.4.4).626 Dendrochronological records from Unterschwaningen fell to the dates around 114.627 The earlier dating of previous research should be set aside in light of more recent dendrochronological and geophysical data regarding this section of the Raetian Limes.628 The lack of stone defence structures, which were distinguishable in case of other Roman forts and fortlets, indicates that the numerus-sized fort at Unterschwaningen was abandoned early on,629 possibly during Emperor Hadrian’s reign.630 The garrison of the fort at Unterschwaningen was drawn from soldiers of auxiliary units stationed at nearby forts [Table 13].631

Fig. 46: Ground-plan of the Roman numerus-sized fort at Unterschwaningen (FAßBINDER 2010, 95, fig. 6)

In 1929 H. Eidam discovered and partially excavated the numerus-sized fort’s territory.621 H. Eidam distinguished a single construction phase, indicating that the numerus-sized fort was never reconstructed. The ramparts and the principia were timber constructions. H. Eidam calculated its area as 0.68 hectares with sides measuring 80 × 85 meters.622

Its garrison abandoned the numerus-sized fort at Unterschwaningen sometime during Emperor Hadrian’s reign and constructed a new numerussized fort near Dambach (C.7.1).632 The fortlet near Unterschwaningen operated for the same period as the neighbouring forts at Munningen (B.4.6) and Weißenburg-II (B.4.13).

620

627

621

628

FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 92. ORL A VI. (1930), Sect. 13. 622 Ibid. Sect. 13; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 472; RBy 1995, 527. 623 FAßBINDER 2010, 94. 624 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 472. 625 Ibid. 472; RBy 1995, 527. 626 SOMMER 2012a, 151.

SOMMER 2012a, 143. Ibid. 155, fn. 163. FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 70. 630 SOMMER 2012a, 157. 631 JOHNSON 1990, 36-37. 632 FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 63; SOMMER 2012a, 168. 629

89

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

Thus it cannot be excluded that soldiers from the garrisons of these two forts, namely, the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12) and the cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum equitata (B.11), manned the fortlet near Unterschwaningen. A

B

Gnotzheim (B.4.4)

7.7

Munningen (B.4.6)

19.9

Weißenburg-I (B.4.12)

29.1

Weißenburg-II (B.4.13)

29.1

G. Ulbert and T. Fischer suggested that having been built on an elevated setting, the fortlet of Unterschwaningen could have well served as a signal station, between the forts on the Raetian Limes.634 Bibliography ORL A VI. (1930), Sect. 13; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 472, Nr. D 104; RBy 1995, 527; FAßBINDER 2010, 94-96.

C cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23) cohors III Bracaraugustuanorum (B.13) ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1) cohors IX Batavorum expl. (B.11)

Further reading FMRD I. 5, Nr. 5019; BAATZ 1979, 257; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 65-66; JOHNSON 1990, 36-37; FISCHER 1992, 37-41; BAATZ 1993, 276; KELLER – GRABERT 1998; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 92; MÜHLHÄUßER – SCHRENK 2009, 80-85.

Table 13: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the numerus-sized fort near Unterschwaningen633

633 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Unterschwaningen (in km, data

by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the numerus-sized fort at Unterschwaningen. 634 FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 63.

90

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

5. FORTLETS BUILT DURING THE REIGN OF EMPERORS HADRIAN AND ANTONINUS PIUS (117-161) C.5.1. ELLINGEN The numerus-sized fort at Ellingen was part of the Raetian Limes, located 1.5 kilometres north of the limes road. It was situated on a plateau that rose 453 meters above sea level, approximately four kilometres north-east of the closest auxiliary fort, Weißenburg-I -(B.4.12).635 W. Kohl of the Reichs-Limeskomission discovered and excavated the numerus-sized fort in 1895. W. Zanier directed the next series of excavations in the years between 1980 and 1982.636

sized fort at Ellingen was built during Emperor Hadrian’s military reorganization, along with other forts and numerus-sized forts on the northeastern section of the Raetian Limes, such as Ruffenhofen (B.5.3), Theilenhofen (B.5.4) and hypothetically, Oberhochstatt-I (C.5.4), Burgsalach-I (B.5.1) and Pfünz (B.5.2).639 W. Zanier dates Emperor Hadrian’s visit to Raetia to 120/121,640 which makes it plausible that the numerus-sized fortlet at Ellingen was built soon after the imperial visit, in the years between 120/125. It is unclear, whether the numerus-sized fort was burnt down during the Marcomannic wars or not. Afterwards, it was reinforced in 182 with stone defences and gates, as attested by an imperatorial building inscription found on its territory.641 The pedites singulars carried out the works under command of a centurion from the legio III Italica (A.1). The size of the fortlet at Ellingen suggests that it was garrisoned by soldiers approximately a centuria strong. W. Zanier suggested that the pedites singulares not only took part in the construction works, but were stationed at Ellingen and modified the numerus-sized fort’s internal structures – visible in the layout of barracks – according to their needs [Fig. 47].642 Based on this building inscription, ancient toponym of the Roman numerus-sized fort at Ellingen can be reconstructed as 'Sablonetum'.643

Fig. 47: Second period ground-plan of the numerus-sized fort at Ellingen (ZANIER 1992, 161, fig. 70)

The numerus-sized fort covered an area of 0.72 hectares, with sides measuring 90 × 80 metres. W. Zanier suggested that the fort was built in the years between 115/125.637 However, dendrochronological dates indicate a slightly later construction, pointing to the period between 126 and 145.638 Thus, one can assume that the numerus-

Based on scarce finds, W. Zanier suggested that the numerus-sized fortlet at Ellingen was abandoned during the Germanic incursions between 210/260.644 This date can be further specified to

635

640

636

641

RBy 1995, 436. ZANIER 1992. 637 RBy 1995, 436. 638 SOMMER 2012a, 142. 639 Ibid. 151.

ZANIER 1992, 157, fn. 786. A.1 – 2.10 [Ellingen; 182]. 642 RBy 1995, 138-139. 643 A.1 – 2.10 [Ellingen; 182]: '{k}astel(li) Sablonet(i)' 644 ZANIER 1992, 163; REUTER 2007, 93-95; SOMMER 2012a, 172.

91

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

the years around 240/250,645 although it is still unclear whether the numerus-sized fortlet at Ellingen was destroyed or abandoned. In either case, it fell out of Roman control together with other forts on the eastern part of the Raetian Limes.646

645

Bibliography ZANIER 1992; RBy 1995, 436-439; REUTER 2007, 93-95. Further reading ORL A VI. (1927), Sect. 14; DIETZ 1983, 497-536; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 106-110, 117; FRANK – STIKA 1988; BAATZ 2000, 292 ff.; MÜHLHÄUßER – SCHRENK 2009.

646

SOMMER 2012a, 151.

92

REUTER 2007, 95.

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

6. FORTLETS BUILT DURING THE REIGN OF EMPEROR MARCUS AURELIUS IN THE YEARS PRECEDING THE MARCOMANNIC WARS (138 – 166) C.6.1. BÖHMING The Roman numerus-sized fort at Böhming was part of the Raetian Limes. It was situated in the valley of Altmühl, 400 meters west of presentday Böhming, 800 meters south of the limes.

F. Winkelmann of the Reichs-Limeskommission directed the first excavations on the numerussized fort’s territory between 1898 and 1905, discovering two gates and the central building.647 It covered an area of 0.741 hectares, with sides measuring 95 × 78 meters [Fig. 48].648

suggested that the numerus-sized fort at Böhming was probably constructed sometime in the middle of the 2nd century.652 C. S. Sommer proposed that it was constructed during the military reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the 160s.653 The first construction phase included earth-and-timber ramparts. It was destroyed during the Marcomannic wars, as evidenced by a 1015 cm thick burn layer.654 Soon afterwards, the burnt remains were cleared, levelled and new numerus-sized fort was constructed over the previous one with the same orientation.655 During the excavations of F. Winkelmann, a building inscription was unearthed, which attested that the numerus-sized fort’s reconstruction was carried out in 181.656 The reconstrucion works were done by soldiers of the legio III Italica (A.1), which was stationed at Regensburg and the cohors I Breucorum (B.14) garrisoning the neighbouring fort at Pfünz (B.5.2).657 Based on terra sigillata finds, the numerus-sized fort at Böhming was destroyed during the Germanic incursions between ca. 230 and 254.658 Numismatic evidence indicate the Emperor Severus Alexander’s reign as the terminus post quem for the numerus-sized fort’s destruction.659

In 1959 D. Gäck discovered the cemetery and the foundation of a previously unknown tower.649 In 2007, J. Faßbinder conducted a geomagnetic survey on the fort’s area.650 A vicus and a cemetery were also discovered in the vicinity of Böhming.651 Based on ceramic finds, H. Schönberger

Based on the layout and size of the barracks indicated by geophysical prospection, J. Faßbinder suggested that the numerus-sized fort at Böhming was garrisoned by approximately 200 men,660 possibly soldiers from nearby forts, most likely the cohors I Breucorum from Pfünz.661

647

655

Fig. 48: Ground-plan of the numerus-sized fort at Böhming (GNADE 2010, 210, fig. 7)

ORL B VII. (1907), Nr. 73a; REUTER 2007, 103; GNADE 2010, 199203. 648 RBy 1995, 429. 649 GÄCK 1960a, 6-8; GÄCK 1960b, 258-260 650 FAßBINDER 2008a, 161-163. 651 RBy 1995, 429. 652 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 487. 653 SOMMER 2012a, 151, 158. 654 DIETZ 1983, 522-536; RBy 1995, 429; FAßBINDER 2008a, 163.

GNADE 2010, 208-210. A.1 – 2.9 [Böhming; 181]; KLEIN 1979, 227; GNADE 2010, 208-210. 657 KELLNER 1971a, 213; GNADE 2010, 215. 658 REUTER 2007, 104; GNADE 2010, 229. 659 FMRD I. 5, Nr. 5026. 660 FAßBINDER 2008a, 162-163. 661 STEIN 1932, 174; RBy 1995, 429; REUTER 2007, 103; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 138. 656

93

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

numerus-sized fort to Pfünz.664 B. Gnade pointed out that a significant number of finds is connected to cavalry, thus indicating that the garrison was partially mounted [Table 14].665

The presence of this unit at Böhming is attested by an altar dedicated to Fortuna Redux, recovered from the numerus-sized fort’s vicinity, datable to the year 215.662 A Pfünz (B.5.2) Kösching (B.3.4) Pförring (B.4.9)

B 11.5 25.3 36.4

Weißenburg-I (B.4.12)

46.0

Bibliography ORL B VII. (1907), Nr. 73a; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 487, Nr. E 86; RBy 1995, 429; GNADE 2010, 199-285.

C cohors I Breucorum (B.14) ala I Fl. Gemelliana (B.3) ala I Fl. singularium (B.6) ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1)

Further reading FMRD I. 5, 41 ff., Nr. 5026; GÄCK 1960a, 6-8; GÄCK 1960b, 258-260; KELLNER 1968a, 130-131; KLEIN 1979, 227; FISCHER 1981, 71; DIETZ 1983, 522-536; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 93-94; DALTROP 1984, 104-106; FISCHER 1992, 49-50; BAATZ 2000, 306 ff.; REUTER 2007, 103-104; FAßBINDER 2008a, 161-163; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 138.

Table 14: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the numerus-sized fort near Böhming663

Despite the fact that the name of the cohors is missing from this inscription, it’s presence at Böhming supported by the close vicinity of the

662

664

663

665

B.14 – 4.4 [Böhming; 215]. The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Böhming (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the numerus-sized fort at Böhming.

94

REUTER 2007, 103. GNADE 2010, 215.

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

C.6.2. DALKINGEN The remains of a unique monument, the limesgate (so-called Limestor) are visible at presentday Dalkingen. E. Paret conducted the first excavations on the territory of the limes-gate in 1885. O. Paret interpreted the construction at Dalkingen as a watchtower (Wp 12/81). Another series of excavations was conducted at Dalkingen between 1969 and 1974, clarifying its layout and identifying presence of a palisade wall in its vicinity.666

other sections of the palisade near Dalkingen were built as early as Emperor Hadrian’s reign.669 Both the palisade, the watchtowers and the limes-gate were reinforced with stone defences in the 180s by soldiers of the legio III Italica (A.1).670 In 213, the facade of the limes-gate was rebuilt to house a triumphal arch.671 Coin finds indicate that the limes-gate was partially destroyed (and probably abandoned) during the Germanic incursions in 234.672 The garrison of the limes-gate was probably drawn from the garrison of neighbouring forts: the cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24) from Buch (B.6.2) or the ala II Flavia milliaria p. f. (B.2) from Aalen (B.6.1) [Table 15]. The presence of the cohors III Thracum veterana is more likely as in 1978 the remains of a brick oven was discovered at Dalkingen, with tiles similar to the ones found at Buch.673

Fig. 49: Ground-plan of the limes-gate at Dalkingen in its latest phase (source: Mediatus)

A

B

Buch (B.6.2)

3.7

Aalen (B.6.1)

13.2

C cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24) ala II Flavia ∞ (B.2)

Table 15: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the limes-gate near Dalkingen674

The limes-gate at Dalkingen consists of two buildings, which measure 13.3 × 14.5 and 12.6 × 9.3 meters respectively and cover an area of 0.019 and 0.012 hectares [Fig. 49]. In regard of these towers, four construction phases can be distinguished. Dendrochronological surveys conducted in 1976, dated the section of the palisade closest to Dalkingen to 165.667 It was constructed during Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ military reorganization in the years between 161 and 169.668 However, the system of watchtowers and

The function of the limes-gate at Dalkingen was partially the same as of the other Raetian watchtowers, although after its expansion in 161/169, it also served as a border station on the limes, controlling traffic between Raetia and Germania Libera and (especially since 213). It also served as a monument representing the might of the Roman Empire to those, occasionally hostile people living outside its borders.

666

672

RBW 2005, 199, 259. Ibid. 258. 668 SOMMER 2012a, 139, fn. 19: RBy 1995, 124. 669 SOMMER 2012a, 139. 670 DIETZ 1983, 526-530, 534-536. 671 PLANCK 2012, 99-107.

RBW 2005, 260. Ibid. 260. 674 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Dalkingen (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the limes-gate at Dalkingen.

667

673

95

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

Further reading PLANCK 1975a, 13 ff.; PLANCK 1977, 231-234; DIETZ 1983, 497-536; PLANCK 1983b, 57-58; BECK – PLANCK 1987, 142-146; KLEISS 1988, 176-182; BAATZ 2000, 263 ff.; PLANCK 2005, 130-133; KAMM 2007, 463-479; SOMMER 2012a, 137-180.

Bibliography RBW 2005, 259-260.

C.6.3. FREIMÜHLE The numerus-sized fort at Freimühle was part of the Raetian Limes. It was situated on a slope that rose forty meters above the river Rotenbachtal, located 900 metres north-west of the fort at Schirenhof (B.6.3). H. Steimle discovered the numerus-sized fort in 1901 and excavated it in following year.675 The fortlet is close to the provincial border separating the provinces Raetia and Germania.676 The vicus and a small bath were discovered south and south-east of the numerus-sized fort respectively.677 In 1939 W. Pfeffer discovered a cemetery located 400 meters south-east of the numerus-sized fort.678

tion of the frontier, similarly to the fortlet at Kleindeinbach (C.6.13).680 It was garrisoned by soldiers drawn from the nearby fort at Schirenhof [Table 16].681

The numerus-sized fort at Freimühle was constructed during Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ military reorganization in the years around 160, together with the nearby fort at Schirenhof (B.6.3).679 Based on its advanced location, its function was plausibly to oversee the nearby sec-

Bibliography ORL A V. (1935), Sect. 12; RBW 2005, 314.

675

681

The fortlet at Freimühle was destroyed during the Germanic incursions in the first half of 254, together with the rest of the Raetian Limes.682 A Schirenhof (B.6.3) Lorch (Germania)

B 1.2 6.3

C cohors I Raetorum (B.20) unknown cohors equitata

Table 16: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the n. s. f. near Freimühle683

Further reading STÜTZ 1924, 74-75; PARET 1952, 85; BECKER 1981, 369386; NUBER 1984, 32; BECK – PLANCK 1987, 108; BAATZ 2000, 253; STROBEL 2003, 15; THIEL 2003, 14.

ORL A V. (1935), Sect. 12. BAATZ 2000, 253. 677 RBW 2005, 314. 678 PARET 1952, 85. 679 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 680 BECKER 1981, 369-386.

BECK – PLANCK 1987, 108. SOMMER 2012a, 151. 683 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Freimühle (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the numerus-sized fort at Freimühle.

676

682

96

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

C.6.4. GUNZENHAUSEN The numerus-sized fort at Gunzenhausen was part of the Raetian Limes. H. Eidam carried out the first excavations in 1897. He clarified the layout of the ramparts and identified the principia.684

The numerus-sized fort at Gunzenhausen was constructed during Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ military reorganization in the 160s.685 Based on numismatic evidence, M. Reuter suggested that it was abandoned during 241/242.686 C. S. Sommer pointed out that it is more likely that the numerus-sized fort was abandoned during the Germanic incursions in the first half of 254, together with the rest of the Raetian Limes.687 Its garrison was drawn from soldiers stationed at nearby forts [Table 17]. A

B

Theilenhofen (B.5.4)

8.7

Gnotzheim (B.4.4)

9.9

Weißenburg-I (B.4.12)

21.1

Ruffenhofen (B.5.3)

26.9

C cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.13) cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23) ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1) unknown ala

Table 17: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the numerus-sized fort near Gunzenhausen688

Bibliography ORL B VII. (1907), Nr. 71; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 486, Nr. E 80; RBy 1995, 456; REUTER 2007, 92. Further reading KELLNER 1953, 168-177; FMRD I. 5, Nr. 5056-5057; BAATZ 1979, 263-264; BECKER 1981, 369-386; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 69-70; PLANCK 1988a; FISCHER 1992, 4142; BAATZ 1993, 282; GSCHWIND 1999; RABOLD et al. 2000; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 100-101; MÜHLHÄUßER – SCHRENK 2009, 91-101.

Fig. 50: The topography of Roman Gunzenhausen (ORL B VII. (1907), Nr. 71)

The numerus-sized fort covered an area of 0.7 hectares, with sides measuring 86 × 80 meters. Its area is completely overlapped by the presentday settlement, which hinders further excavations [Fig. 50].

684

688 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Gunzenhausen (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the numerus-sized fort at Gunzenhausen.

ORL B VII. (1907), Nr. 71. SOMMER 2012a, 151. 686 REUTER 2007, 92. 687 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 685

97

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C.6.5 GÜNDERSBACH The fortlet near Gündersbach was part of the Raetian Limes, located 950 meters south-east of present-day Gündersbach. It was first interpreted as a watchtower (Wp 14/26).689 D. Baatz was first to define it as a fortlet.690 It covered an area of a mere 324 m2 with sides measuring 18 × 18 meters. It is larger than most watchtowers, which usually cover an area of 250 m2, with sides measuring 5 × 5 meters. Based on its location, the fortlet at Gündersbach was constructed either during the second half of the 2nd century.

enbuch (C.6.15: 18 × 18) and Schlossbuck (C.6.16: 20 × 20). The fortlet at Gündersbach housed a small garrison, drawn from nearby forts [Table 18].

There are seven further fortlets in Raetian with similar size: Güßgraben (C.6.6: 18.5 × 18.5), Hegelohe (C.6.8: 18 × 18), Hintere Orthalde (C.6.11: 14.8 × 15.2), Hinterer Seeberg (C.6.12: 17 × 17), Petersbuch (C.6.14: 20.2 × 20.3), Rait-

Bibliography BAATZ 1993, 288.

689

691 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Gündersbach (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Gündersbach.

A

B

Theilenhofen (B.5.4)

6.8

Weißenburg-I (B.4.13)

7.7

Gnotzheim (B.4.4)

17.4

C cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12) ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1) cohors III Thracum c. R. eq. (B.23)

Table 18: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet at Gündersbach691

Further reading FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 84-85, 87; RABOLD et al. 2000, 120; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 112.

ORL A VII. (1932), Sect. 15. BAATZ 1993, 288; RABOLD et al. 2000, 120; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 112.

690

98

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

C.6.6. GÜSSGRABEN The fortlet at Güßgraben was part of the Raetian Limes. It covered an area of 0.03 hectares with sides measuring 18.5 × 18.5 meters [Fig. 51].692 The remains of the fortlet are visible today.693

It was likely constructed during Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ military reorganization in the years around 160. It was destroyed during the Germanic incursions in the spring of 254, together with the rest of the Raetian Limes.694 H. Kerscher suggested that the function of the fortlet was to supervise a section of watchtowers and the stone quarries located south-east of presentday Güßgraben.695 The fortlet was manned by soldiers drawn from nearby garrisons [Table 19]. A Kösching (B.3.4) Pförring (B.4.9) Pfünz (B.5.2)

B 13.4 18.9 26.6

C ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3) ala I Flavia singularium (B.6) cohors I Breucorum (B.14)

Table 19: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Güßgraben696

Bibliography ORL A VII. (1932), Sect. 15; FLEER 2004, 77, fig. 1/4. Further reading FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 101-102; BAATZ 2000, 315; KERSCHER 2006, 101-104; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 150.

Fig. 51: Ground-plan of the limes palisade and the fortlet at Güßgraben (ORL A VII. (1932), Sect. 15)

692

696 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Güßgraben (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Güßgraben.

ORL A VII. (1932), Sect.15. FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 150. 694 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 695 KERSCHER 2006, 103. 693

99

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C.6.7. HALHEIM The fortlet at Halheim was part of the Raetian Limes, located 1.3 kilometres north-east from present-day Halheim.697 The covered an area of 0.67 hectares, with sides 80 × 82.5 meters long respectively [Fig. 52].698

fortlet’s area, clarifying the position of its ramparts. Unfortunately its internal structure remained unobserved. The fortlet at Halheim was constructed during Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ military reorganization in the years around 160. Plausibly, it was destroyed during the Germanic incursions in 254, together with the rest of the Raetian Limes. The numismatic evidence gives 241 as the terminus post quem for the fortlet’s destruction.702 Little information is available regarding the garrison of the fortlet [Table 20]. The large quantity of arrowheads in the depot indicates the presence of archers. A Ruffenhofen (B.5.3)

B 20.1

Buch (B.6.2)

20.8

Aalen (B.6.1)

24.5

C unknown ala cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24) ala II Flavia ∞ (B.2)

Table 20: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Halheim703

A. Johnson and M. Junkelmann suggested that the fortlet of Halheim fell under the supervision of the ala II Flavia milliaria p. f. (B.2) stationed at Aalen (B.6.1),704 yet this does not necessarily mean that soldiers from the ala were stationed at the fortlet.

Fig. 52: Ground-plan of the limes palisade and the fortlet at Halheim (ORL B VI. (1901), 67a – source: Mediatus)

The ruins of the fortlet were still visible in the 19th century.699 Several excavations were carried out on the territory of the fortlet at Halheim during the 19th century. In 1884, K. Kurtz and H. Steinhardt discovered an iron depot containing nearly seven hundred metal objects, mostly arrowheads.700 In 1894 H. Steimle of the ReichsLimeskommission excavated the fortlet.701 In 2010 a geophysical survey was conducted on the

Bibliography ORL B VI. (1901), 67a. Further reading MILLER 1892, 39; BÖHNER 1982, 3; BECK – PLANCK 1987, 148-149; JOHNSON 1990, 36-37; JUNKELMANN 1991, 8485; BAATZ 1993, 266-268; RABOLD et al. 2000, 110.

697

702

BECK – PLANCK 1987, 148-149; BAATZ 1993, 266; RABOLD et al. 2000, 110. 698 ORL B VI. (1901), Nr. 67a. 699 BÖHNER 1982, 3. 700 MILLER 1892, 39. 701 ORL B VI. (1901), Nr. 67a.

FMRD II, Nr. 4021,1; REUTER 2007, 89, fn. 112. The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Halheim (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Halheim. 704 JOHNSON 1990, 36-37; JUNKELMANN 1991, 84-85. 703

100

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

C.6.8. HEGELOHE The fortlet at Hegelohe was part of the Raetian Limes. It covered an area of 0.04 hectares with sides measuring 20.2 × 20.1 meters [Fig. 53].705

Hegelohe belongs to the group of fortlets and watchtowers that were not surrounded by ditches.706 The fortlet at Hegelohe was plausibly built during the military reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It was operational until the collapse of the Raetian Limes in the first half of 254. Its garrison was drawn from soldiers stationed at nearby forts [Table 21]. A Pfünz (B.5.2)

B 13.2

Weißenburg-I (B.4.12)

31.7

Pförring (B.4.9)

44.6

C cohors I Breucorum (B.14) ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1) ala I Flavia singularium (B.6)

Table 21: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet at Hegelohe707

Bibliography ORL A VII. (1927), Sect. 14; FLEER 2004, 77, fig. 1/4. Fig. 53: Ground-plan of the Roman fortlet at Hegelohe (ORL A VII. (1927), Sect. 14)

705 706

Further reading BAATZ 2000, 304; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 133.

707 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Hegelohe (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Hegelohe.

FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 133. SOMMER 2012a, 149, fn. 117.

101

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C.6.9. HEGELOHE-BIEBIG The fortlet at Hegelohe-Biebig was part of the Raetian Limes. It covered an area of 0.15 hectares with sides measuring 39 × 42 meters [Fig. 54].708

The fortlet lacks a ditch, thus belonging to the same type of fortlets as the ones at Hegelohe (C.6.8) and Raitenbuch (C.6.15).709 The fortlet at Hegelohe-Biebig was constructed during the military reorganization and expansion of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the 160s similarly to the neighbouring fortlet at Hegelohe (C.6.8). Both were functional until the collapse of the limes in 254. The garrison of the fortlet at Hegelohe-Biebig was drawn from soldiers stationed at nearby forts [Table 22]. A

B

Pfünz (B.5.2)

13.2

Weißenburg-I (B.4.12)

31.7

Pförring (B.4.9)

44.6

C cohors I Breucorum (B.14) ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1) ala I Flavia singularium (B.6)

Table 22: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet Hegelohe-Biebig710 Bibliography ORL A VII. (1927), Sect. 14.

Fig. 54: Ground-plan of the Roman fortlet at Biebig (ORL A VII. (1927), Sect. 14)

Further reading BAATZ 2000, 301; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 132.

708

FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 132. SOMMER 2012a, 149, fn. 117. The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Hegelohe-Biebig (in km, data by

GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Hegelohe-Biebig.

709 710

102

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

C.6.10. HIENHEIM The fortlet at Hienheim was part of the Raetian Limes, located on the frontier system’s easternmost section, which ended with Wp 14/47 and joined the Danubian ripa near present-day Hienheim.

vated, based on geophysical data, C. S. Sommer suggested the presence of a trench,713 and J. Faßbinder, the hypothetical presence of a wall, circling the fortlet on three sides.714

Fig. 56: Ground-plan of the fortlet at Hienheim, based on J. Faßbinder’s geophysical survey (FAßBINDER 2010, 169, fig. 10b)

The fortlet was built during Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ military reorganization in the 160s. It was manned by soldiers drawn from the garrison of nearby forts [Table 23].

Fig. 55: Ground-plan of the fortlet at Hienheim, based on J. Faßbinder’s geophysical survey (FAßBINDER 2010, 169, fig. 10a)

The fortlet at Hienheim is situated fifty meters behind the limes palisade, located within viewing distance from the auxiliary fort Eining-I (B.3.1).711 The fortlet was discovered via aerial archaeological survey in 1979, although at first it was interpreted as a watchtower (Wp 14/45).712 In 2007, J. Faßbinder conducted a geomagnetic survey on the fortlet’s territory, thus revealing its exact dimensions and its inner layout [Fig. 5556]. The fortlet near Hienheim was made of a massive central stone building, with wooden floors, covering an area of 256 m2, with sides 18 × 18 meters long. Although currently unexca-

A

B

Eining (B.3.1)

4.3

Pförring (B.4.9)

9.3

RegensburgKumpfmühl (B.3.8)

27.6 27.6

C cohors III Britannorum (B.15) ala I Flavia singularium (B.6) legio III Italica (A.1) cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9)

Table 23: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Hienheim715

Bibliography ORL A VII. (1932), Sect. 15; FAßBINDER 2008a, 169-170. Further reading FAßBINDER 2010, 102.

711

715 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Hienheim (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Hienheim.

FAßBINDER 2008a, 169. Ibid. 169. 713 SOMMER 2012a, 149, fn. 117. 714 FAßBINDER 2008a, 170. 712

103

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C.6.11. HINTERE ORTHALDE The fortlet at Hintere Orthalde was part of the Raetian Limes. The Reichs-Limeskommission directed the first excavation on the fortlet’s territory in 1931.716 It covered an area of 0.022 hectares with sides measuring 14.75 × 15.15 meters. Due to its small size, it was originally identified it as a Watchtower (Wp 12/33).717 A. Thiel suggested that it belonged to the Rötelsee-type of fortlets.718

tion of the frontier and to assist the communication between nearby forts.720 Its garrison was drawn from soldiers stationed at nearby forts [Table 24]. A Schirenhof (B.6.3)

B 6.3

Unterböbingen (B.6.4)

7.0

Lorch (Germania) Aalen (B.6.1)

10.8 17.2

C cohors I Raetorum (B.20) cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19) unknown cohors equitata ala II Flavia ∞ (B.2)

Table 24: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet Hintere Orthalde721

The fortlet at Hintere Orthalde was constructed during Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ military reorganization in the years around 160. It was destroyed during the Germanic incursions in 254, together with the rest of the Raetian Limes.719 The function of the fortlet was to oversee a sec-

Bibliography ORL VI. (1935), Sect. 12; FLEER 2004, 77-78, fig. 1/2. Further reading BAATZ 2000, 254; STROBEL 2003, 13; RBW 2005, 199.

716

721

STROBEL 2003, 13. RBW 2005, 199. 718 Ibid. 199. 719 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 720 FLEER 2004, 75-92.

The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Hintere Orthalde (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Hintere Orthalde.

717

104

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

C.6.12. HINTERER SEEBERG Its layout resembles the Becheln-type fortlets.723 The fortlet Hinterer Seeberg was constructed during the military reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius and remained operational until the collapse of the Raetian Limes in the first half of 254.724 The function of the fortlet was to oversee the nearby line of watchtowers, similarly to Hintere Orthalde (C.6.11) and Güßgraben (C.6.6), as suggested by H. Kerscher.725 The fortlet was manned by soldiers drawn from nearby garrisons [Table 25].

The fortlet Hinterer Seeberg was part of the Raetian Limes. At present it is located in an unhabited area, approximately 5.5 kilometres west from present-day Sandersdorf, close to Wp 15/22. It covered an area of 0.03 hectares with sides measuring 17 × 17 meters [Fig. 57].722

A Pförring (B.4.9) Kösching (B.3.4) Pfünz (B.5.2)

B 15.8 19.2 30.0

C ala I Flavia singularium (B.6) ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3) cohors I Breucorum (B.14)

Table 25: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet Hinterer Seeberg726 Bibliography ORL A VII. (1932), Sect. 15; FLEER 2004, 77, fig. 1/5. Further reading BAATZ 2000, 316; KERSCHER 2006, 101-104; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 150-151.

Fig. 57: Ground-plan of the Roman fortlet at Hinterer Seeberg (ORL A VII. (1932), Sect. 15)

722

726 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Hinterer Seeberg (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet near Hinterer Seeberg.

FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 150. FLEER 2004, 85. 724 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 725 KERSCHER 2006, 103. 723

105

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C.6.13. KLEINDEINBACH The fortlet at Kleidenbach was part of the Raetian Limes, situated on a low terrace 45 meters south of the limes palisade. The presence of a Roman fortlet in the region is known since medieval times, as attested by the local toponym Burgstall (meaning 'the place of the castle'). Its remains are visible even today.727 E. Herzog and H. Steimle conducted the first excavations on the fortlet’s territory in the years between 1888 and 1892. It was originally identified as a Watchtower (Wp 12/22).728 It covered and area of 0.062 hectares, with sides measuring 24.9 × 24.9 meters.729 Despite the fact that its internal structure could not have been clarified with the excavations of the Reichs-Limeskomission, the fortlet most likely belongs to the Rötelsee-type.730 The fortlet was constructed during Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ military reorganization in the years around 160. It was destroyed or abandoned

at latest during the Germanic incursions in 254, together with the rest of the Raetian Limes. The Rötelsee-type forts housed approximately twenty men.731 Its garrison was drawn from soldiers garrisoning nearby forts [Table 26].

Further reading PLANCK 1983e, 127-128; BECK – PLANCK 1987, 102-103; BAATZ 1993, 251 ff.; RBW 2005, 198, 314; BENDER – THIEL 2010, 123-130.

727

732

A Schirenhof (B.6.3) Lorch (Germania)

B 2.2 4.9

Unterböbingen (B.6.4)

6.6

Aalen (B.6.1)

25.4

C cohors I Raetorum (B.20) unknown cohors equitata cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19) ala II Flavia ∞ (B.2)

Table 26: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet Kleindeinbach732

Bibliography ORL VI. (1935), Sect. 12; FLEER 2004, 7778, fig. 1/20.

BENDER – THIEL 2010, 125. RBW 2005, 198. 729 Ibid. 314. 730 FLEER 2004, 77-78; RBW 2005, 314. 731 RBW 2005, 314.

The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Kleindeinbach (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Kleindeinbach.

728

106

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

C.6.14. PETERSBUCH The fortlet at Petersbuch was part of the Raetian Limes, located approximately six kilometres west of present-day Petersbuch.

constructed in square layout, with a single gate facing north-east. Its inner ground-plan is unknown as well as its dating. Based on its location, the fortlet at Petersbuch was constructed at the same as the ones at the neighbouring Hegelohe (C.6.8) and Hegelohe-Biebig (C.6.9), i.e. during the military reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years around 160. It was operational until the collapse of the Raetian Limes in the first half of 254.734 The fortlet at Petersbuch was manned by soldiers drawn from nearby forts [Table 27]. A

B

Weißenburg-I (B.4.12)

18.4

Pfünz (B.5.2)

18.6

C ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1) cohors I Breucorum (B.14)

Table 27: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Petersbuch735 Bibliography ORL A VII. (1927), Sect. 14; FLEER 2004, 75-92.

Fig. 58: Ground-plan of the Roman fortlet at Petersbuch (ORL A VII. (1927), Sect. 14)

Further reading BAATZ 2000, 301; BAATZ 2007, 12; FISCHER – FISCHERRIEDMEIER 2008, 127.

It covered an area of 0.041 hectares, with sides measuring 20.2 × 20.3 meters [Fig. 58].733 It was

733 734

735 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Petersbuch (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Petersbuch.

ORL A VII. (1927), sect. 14-15; FLEER 2004, 77, fig. 1/12. SOMMER 2012a, 151.

107

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C.6.15. RAITENBUCH The fortlet at Raitenbuch was part of the Raetian Limes, located approximately one kilometre east of present-day Raitenbuch.

In December 2009, Fl. Albert, J. Obmann and C. S. Sommer visited the site and discovered a line of pits in close proximity to the limes wall, interpretable as a stone quarry.739 The fortlet at Raitenbuch was constructed during the last third of the 2nd century, likely together with other military installations on the eastern section of the Raetian Limes.740 It was operational until the beginning of the 3rd century, when it was abandoned together with the construction of the limes wall in 206/207 and the stone structures of the fortlet itself were mined and reused at the nearby Limes wall. 741 The fortlet at Raitenbuch was garrisoned by soldiers stationed in nearby forts [Table 28]. A Weißenburg-I (B.4.12) Pfünz (B.5.2) Kösching (B.3.4) Pförring (B.4.9)

Fig. 59: Ground-plan of the fortlet at Raitenbuch (SOMMER 2010a, 287, fig. 3: based on ORL A VII. (1927), Sect. 14, t. 9/3b)

B 10.6 27.0 38.2 48.8

C ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1) cohors I Breucorum (B.14) ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3) ala I Flavia singularium (B.6)

Table 28: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Raitenbuch742

Roman finds have been recovered from Raitenbuch’s locality since the 19th century.736 F. Winkelmann of the Reichs-Limeskommission identified and excavated the fortlet in 1924.737 Unfortunately no further archaeological research has been conducted on its territory since.738 The fortlet covered an area of 0.032 hectares with sides measuring 18 × 18 meters [Fig. 59].

Bibliography ORL A VII. (1927), Sect. 14, 136-141; ORL A VII. (1932), Sect. 15, 73-75; SOMMER 2010a, 287-291. Further reading BAATZ 2000, 300; FLEER 2004, 77, fig. 1/7; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 125.

736

A Roman brooch (fibula) dated to the early 3rd century had been found and published in Verein Deutscher Philologen und Schulmänner, Verhandlungen (Leipzig, 1896), 24. 737 ORL A VII. (1927), Sect. 14, 136-141; (1932), Sect 15, 73-75. 738 SOMMER 2010a, 287. 739 Ibid. 288-289; for a detailed revision of F. Winkelmann’s statements see: SOMMER 2010a, 287-288.

740

Cf. SOMMER 2010a, 290. C. Sommer suggested the fortlet at Raitenbuch was constructed at the same time as the stone defence works of the forts at Ellingen (C.5.1) and Böhming (C.6.1). 741 Ibid. 290-291; SOMMER 2012a, 162. 742 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Raitenbuch (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Raitenbuch.

108

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

C.6.16. SCHLOSSBUCK The fortlet at Schlossbuck was part of the Raetian Limes.743 It is situated within the municipal territory of present-day Gunzenhausen, between the Roman watchtowers Wp 14/5 and Wp 14/6. J. Faßbinder conducted a geomagnetic survey on the fortlet’s area, which is currently a covered by a forest in 2000 [Fig. 60].744

The fortlet covered an area of approximately 0.04 hectares with sides measuring ca. 20 × 20 meters.745 The construction time of the fortlet is unknown, although it is a likely possibility that it was constructed during Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ military reorganization in the years around 160. Same time as the nearby numerus-sized fort at Gunzenhausen (C.6.4). A burnt layer was detected on the fortlet’s territory, indicating that the fortlet was destroyed, not abandoned. Thus it is likely that the fortlet at Schlossbuck was destroyed during the Germanic incursions in 254, together with the rest of the Raetian Limes. The fortlet at Schlossbuck was garrisoned by soldiers stationed in nearby forts [Table 29]. A

B

Theilenhofen (B.5.4)

6.3

Gnotzheim (B.4.4)

9.3

Weißenburg-I (B.4.12)

17.2

Ruffenhofen (B.5.3)

23.8

C cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12) cohors III Thracum c. R. eq. (B.23) ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1) unknown ala

Table 29: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the fortlet near Schlossbuck746

Fig. 60: Ground-plan of the fortlet at Schlossbuck (FAßBINDER 2010, 96, fig. 7)

Bibliography ORL A VI. (1927), Sect. 14; FAßBINDER 2010, 96-97.

743

746 The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Schlossbuck (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the fortlet at Schlossbuck.

ORL A VI. (1927), Sect. 14. FAßBINDER 2010, 96-97. 745 Ibid. 96. 744

109

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

7. FORTLETS BUILT DURING THE MARCOMANNIC WARS AND THE REIGN OF EMPEROR COMMODUS (166-192) C.7.1. DAMBACH-I The fort at Dambach was part of the Raetian Limes located between the forts at Ruffenhofen (B.5.3) and Gnotzheim (B.4.4).747 In 1852 a hoard of bronze finds was discovered at Dambach, along with burnt layers, walls and charcoal remains in 1859. The Reichs-Limeskommission conducted excavations at Dambach in the years between 1892 and 1896.748 Rescue excavations were carried out in 1959, 1975, 1986 and 2002.749

Dambach was expanded into a castrum cohortis extending over an area of 2.15 hectares, with sides measuring 187 × 115 meters [Fig. 61]. The garrison of the fortlet at Dambach before ca. 180 was drawn from the soldiers stationed at nearby forts [Table 30]. A Ruffenhofen (B.5.3)

B 12.7

Gnotzheim (B.4.4)

14.2

Theilenhofen (B.5.4)

25.7

C unknown ala cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23) cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12)

Table 30: A list of auxiliary units that may have provided soldiers for the garrison of the numerus-sized fort Dambach-I752

It is possible that the fortlet Dambach-I was garrisoned by the same group of soldiers, who were previously stationed at the numerus-sized fort near Unterschwaningen (C.4.5).753

Fig. 61: The topography of Roman Dambach (CHRISTOFORI – CZYSZ 2008, 82, fig. 106)

Bibliography ORL B VI. (1896), Nr. 69; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 471-472, Nr. D 103b; RBy 1995, 432-433; REUTER 2007, 90-91; CHRISTOFORI – CZYSZ 2008, 81-83; CZYSZ 2010, 73-87.

The first Roman military installation in the vicinity of Dambach was a numerus-sized fort covering an area of 0.97 hectares with sides 115 × 85 meters long. Dendrochronological data from Dambach vary greatly,750 but the absence of finds before the end of the 2nd century suggests, that the fortlet was constructed in the second half of the century.751 Sometime during the last decades of the 2nd century (ca. 180) the fortlet at

Further reading WAHL 1977, 125-126; FISCHER – ULBERT 1983, 63-65, 117; GARBSCH 1984, 108-109; ZAHLHAAS 1984, 99-100; FISCHER 1985a, 49-57; GARBSCH 1986, 333-336; DIETZ 1989b, 116-118; LEJA – THOMA 1991, 113-115; BAATZ 1993, 276; SPINDLER 1997, 42; STEIDL 1999, 128-139; BAATZ 2007, 9-25; KERSCHER 2007, 177-178; CZYSZ 2008, 173-181; CZYSZ – HERZIG 2008b, 221-226; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 91; CZYSZ 2009, 4; MÜHLHÄUßER – SCHRENK 2009, 77-78; SELKE 2009, 119-126; SOMMER 2009, 48; CZYSZ 2010, 73-87.

747

751

LEJA – THOMA 1991, 113-115; BAATZ 1993, 276; RBy 1995, 432-433; SPINDLER 1997, 42; MÜHLHÄUßER – SCHRENK 2009, 77-78; SELKE 2009, 119-126. 748 ORL B VI. (1901), Nr. 69. 749 CHRISTOFORI – CZYSZ 2008, 81. 750 CZYSZ 2010, 73-87.

SELKE 2009, 119-126. The column heading are abbreviated as follows: A – The name of the nearby auxiliary fort; B – Its distance to Dambach (in km, data by GeoBasis); C – Its garrison. The forts are listed by their relative distance to the numerus-sized fort Dambach-I. 753 SOMMER 2012a, 168. 752

110

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

C.7.2. REGENSBURG-GROSSPRÜFENING The fortlet at Regensburg-Großprüfening was part of the Danubian Raetian ripa, located on the right bank of the Danube, near the firth of the river Naab. It was discovered during the 20th century. In 1977 O. Braasch confirmed its existence via aerial archaeology.754 The fortlet was excavated during river control works in the 1990s. In 2010 J. Faßbinder conducted a geomagnetic survey on the fortlet’s area with his colleagues.755

man road on both the south-east and the northwest side of the fortlet.758 Due to lack of excavations, its layout is largely unknown, although finds clearly suggest the present of a civil settlement with kilns, a forge and a workshop for producing textiles.759 The first graveyard, located near the western corner of the fortlet, was in existence only for a few decades until it was built over during the end of the 2nd century. The new graveyard was located north-east of the vicus.760 Based on the finds discovered in its vicinity, the fortlet, the vicus and the graveyard came into existence after the transfer of the legio III Italica (A.1) to Regensburg in 179. Numismatic evidence give the terminus post quem date for the fortlet’s destruction as 242/243.761 The fortlet was destroyed during the Germanic incursions of 254, but was rebuilt afterwards, as attested by an inscribed Trier-cup (Group II). The fortlet at Großprüfening was destroyed in the years between 260/270.762 The fortlet was manned by soldiers of the legio III Italica (A.1).763

Fig. 62: Ground-plan of the fortlet at RegensburgGroßprüfening (BECKER et al. 2011, 94, fig. 142)

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 489, Nr. E 92; DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 155-161; BECKER et al. 2011, 92-95.

The fortlet had two gates and was surrounded by a double ditch. It was reinforced with earth-andtimber ramparts and timber walkway as attested by an extraordinarily thick burnt layer.756 Its walls encircled an area of 0.47 hectares with sides measuring 60 × 80 meters [Fig. 62].757 The vicus at Großprüfening spread alongside the Ro-

Further reading FMRD I, Nr. 3066; OSTERHAUS 1981, 6-19; OSTERHAUS 1983, 112-113; FISCHER 1990; REUTER 2007, 112-113; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 204; SOMMER 2008c, 266-268.

754

758

755

759

DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 151. BECKER et al. 2011, 93-95. 756 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 489, Nr. E 92. 757 OSTERHAUS 1983, 112-113; REUTER 2007, 112, cf. DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 157: T. Fischer and K. Dietz suggested 60 × 60 meters as the size of the fortlet.

DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 156-157; SOMMER 2008c, 266-268. DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 158. 760 Ibid. 159. 761 FMRD I, Nr. 3066. 762 KÜNZL 1997, 56, 206; REUTER 2007, 113. 763 DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 155, BECKER et al. 2011, 95.

111

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

8. FORTLET BUILT DURING THE ERA OF THE SEVERUS DYNASTY AND THE YEARS PRECEDING THE DOWNFALL OF THE RAETIAN LIMES (193-254) C.8.1. BURGSALACH IN DER HARLACH 3rd century.767 F. Winkelmann suggested that the fortlet at Burgsalach in der Harlach was built during the Emperor Hadrian’s reign and was in use until 233.768

The fortlet at Burgsalach in der Harlach was part of the Raetian Limes, situated seven kilometres east of Weißenburg in Bayern and two kilometres south-west of present-day Burgsalach. F. Winkelmann excavated the fortlet’s area in 1916 and 1917.764 It covered 0.11 hectares, with sides measuring 32.6 × 32.6 meters, which is exactly one hundred Roman feet.765 It is one of the best preserved fortifications of the Raetian frontier, both its layout and internal plan were reconstructed completely [Fig. 63].

During his excavations, F. Winkelmann discovered the fragment of an inscribed stone slate, which has been lost since, although its reading doesn’t allow many conclusions to be drawn.769 W. Schleiermacher suggested that the fortlet was built between 210/240.770 Ch. Fleer proposed that the fortlet at was in use during the second half of the 3rd century.771 D. Planck suggests the fortlet at Burgsalach in der Harlach housed approximately eighty men (one centuria) and might be related to the rather unknown office of the dux limitis Raetiae.772 Ch. Fleer claimed that the function of fortlet was to oversee the road between Weißenburg-I (B.4.12) and Pfünz (B.5.2).773 It is unanimous that the primary function of fortlets was control and overseeing, rather than warfare.774

Fig. 63: Aerial photograph of the reconstructed foundations of the fortlet near Burgsalach in der Harlach (RBy 1995, 431, fig. 124)

The fortlet at Burgsalach in der Harlach has a different ground-plan compared to other Raetian fortlets constructed during the Principate. It consists of an open yard surrounded by buildings on all four sides. It has its parallels amongst the socalled centenaria fortlets,766 which were common in North Africa during the middle of the

M. Reuter proposed that the fortlet Burgsalach in der Harlach could have been built by soldiers of the legio III Augusta (A.2), who were transferred to Raetia in 238 as a punishment for supporting Emperor Maximinus Thrax against the succeeding Emperor, Gordian III.775 The legio III Augusta remained in Raetia until the autumn of 253, when it abandoned Burgsalach in der Harlach in a planned manner and returned to its former fort

764

769

WINKELMANN 1918, 54-59. RBy 1995, 431 cf. FLEER 2004, 79: Ch. Fleer argues the internal area of the fortlet was 0.09 hectares. 766 M. Reuter could see a possible parallel for these round arches in Raetian military architecture in the layout of one of the towers of the fort at Theilenhofen (REUTER 2007, 99, fn. 209). 767 RBy 1995, 432; FLEER 2004, 85: 'Typ. Burgsalach'. 768 WINKELMANN 1917, 45-54.

WAGNER 1958, Nr. 89 [Burgsalach; ca. 120/180]. SCHLEIERMACHER 1962, 195-204, esp. 204. 771 FLEER 2004, 82. 772 RBy 1995, 432; for late-Roman centenaria see: DUNCAN-JONES 1978, 548, 553-556. 773 FLEER 2004, 88. 774 BAATZ 1973, 58, 75; MACKENSEN 1987, 69; FLEER 2004, 82, fn. 23. 775 REUTER 2007, 99; SOMMER 2012a, 171.

765

770

112

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

at Gemella in Numidia.776 The fact that the fortlet was abandoned less than half a year before the Germanic incursion of 254 is the main reason why its structure survived so remarkably well.

there is no direct link between the two phases of the fortlet, i.e. one was operational during the 2nd century, when the Raetian Limes was created and the other during the turmoils of the middle of the 3rd century.

In 2008 a magnetometric survey was conducted on the fortlet’s territory, revealing two additional construction phases, which differ greatly from the well-known rectangular layout.777 Excluding those observed anomalies that are not of Roman times, one phase can be interpreted as a Roman military installation covering an area of 0.225 hectares, with sides measuring 45 × 50 meters. Its dating is yet unclear. One possibility is that

Further reading WINKELMANN 1917, 45-54; WINKELMANN 1918, 54-59; SCHLEIERMACHER 1962, 195-204; HÜSSEN 1992a, 44-45; BAATZ 2000, 298-299; RABOLD et al. 2000; FISCHER 2008, 124, 89-90; MÜHLHÄUßER – SCHRENK 2009, 116-117.

776

777

Bibliography ORL A VII. (1927), Sect. 14; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 487, Nr. E 84; RBy 1995, 431-432; FLEER 2004, 79; REUTER 2007, 98-99; FAßBINDER – GORKA 2009, 76-79.

REUTER 2007, 99, fn. 215: A.2 – 2.1 [Mlili; 22.10.253]: 'mil(ites) l(egionis) [III Augustae p(iae) v(indicis) r]estitutae e(ssent) Raet(ia) Gemell(as) regressi' see: SOMMER 2014.

113

FAßBINDER – GORKA 2009, 77-78.

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

D. MISCELLANEA FORTS UNATTESTED BY ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS D.1. BÜRGLE BEI GUNDREMMINGEN Bibliography RBy 1995, 76, 353.

The presence of a late-Roman burgus near Bürgle bei Gundremmingen is well attested.778 It is identified with the ancient toponym 'Piniana',779 or 'Febiana'.780 K. Dietz suggested the existence of a 1st century fortlet in this locality,781 although so far no archaeological evidence have been found to support its existence.

Further reading BERSU 1964; KELLER 1977, 63-73; KELLER 1986, 575-592; KELLER 1987, 77-88; RBy 1995, 430-431.

D.2 DONNSTETTEN-II H.-J. Kellner suggested the existence of a cohors quingenaria-sized fort in the vicinity of Donnstetten, which would have been operational during the reign of Emperor Domitian.782

Trajan’s military reorganization in the years between 106/117. Bibliography HEILIGMANN 1990, 80-86; RBW 2005, 278-279; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 470, Nr. D 98.

However, on one hand, the presence of an auxiliary fort in the vicinity of present-day Donnstetten has not been proven by archaeological data. On the other hand, Roman fortifications on the Alblimes were not constructed until Emperor

Further reading BARTHEL 1913, 170-171; PARET 1931, 230 ff.; RIW III, 295; FILTZINGER 1957, 201-202; FMRD II. 3, 95 ff.; KELLNER 1971a, 213; HEILIGMANN 1986, 175-181; SOMMER 2012a, 151, 153.

D.3 NÖRDLINGEN The Tabula Peutingeriana indicates the presence of a Roman fort between 'Opie' (B.4.8. Oberdorf am Ipf) and 'Losodica' (B.4.6. Munningen) named 'Septemiacum', which can hypothetically be located near Nördlingen.783 Although unattested by archaeological means, based on its location and terra sigillata finds,784 it is fairly certain that a Roman fort was constructed here during Emperor Trajan’s military expansion in the years between 106/117.785 It was a likely precursor to the fort at Ruffenhofen (B.5.3), thus it was plausibly abandoned shortly afterwards, during Emperor Hadrian’s reign.786

Although nothing is known of the fort’s layout or ground-plan, based on its location it is possible that it was garrisoned by the same ala that was transferred to the fort at Ruffenhofen in the years between 117/138.

778

782

Bibliography BAATZ – SIMON 1973, 105 ff.; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 471, Nr. D 101. Further reading FMRD I.7, 390 ff.; BAATZ 1979, 51 ff.; SOMMER 2012a, 151, 153.

BERSU 1964; KELLER 1977, 63-73; id. 1986, 575-592; id. 1987, 77-88; RBy 1995, 430-431. 779 RBy 1995, 367. 780 Ibid. 368. 781 Ibid. 76, 353.

KELLNER 1971a, 213. BAATZ – SIMON 1973, 105 ff.; RBy 1995, 112, 115, esp. 484. 784 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 471, Nr. D 101. 785 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 786 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 471, Nr. D 101. 783

114

THE HISTORY OF FORTS

D.4 OBERPEICHING Based on early Roman militaria-finds discovered in the vicinity of present-day Oberpeiching, K. Dietz suggested the presence of a Roman military installation nearby, which may have functioned in the 1st century.787 In the 1990s, W. Czysz discovered and excavated a graveyard,

however the presence of a Roman military installation has not yet been confirmed by archaeological excavations.788 Bibliography RBy 1995, 76-77; CZYSZ 1999, 9-10.

D.5 REGENSBURG-BISMARCKPLATZ The civilian settlement near Regensburg-Bismarckplatz – commonly termed 'Donausiedlung' – has long been known to academics.789 Based on the observation of military vici in Raetia, K. Dietz and T. Fischer pointed out that no civilian settlement on the ripa was established without a military antecedent. Based on this observation, they suggested the presence of an auxiliary fort north from the one at Regensburg-Kumpmühl (B.3.8), which was operational before the construction of the legionary fortress (A.7.2) in 179.790 Despite the fact that the existence of a fort at Bismarckplatz has not been confirmed so far by archaeological excavations,791 its existence is unanimously accepted.792

ful.793 The need for further reinforcements of these crossing was evident to the Romans since they first extended their control over the Danube. Based on the chronology of the lower Danubian ripa, T. Fischer and K. Dietz suggested that the fort at Regensburg-Bismarckplatz could have been constructed as early as Flavian times.794 C. S. Sommer suggested that it was built during the end of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd century.795 The exact time of its construction is unknown, although it is certain that it was destroyed during the Marcomannic wars. Its destruction resulted in a military deficiency in the region, which was met by the transfer of the legio III Italica (A.1) to Regensburg.796

The presence of two forts in such close vicinity is not unparalleled on the ripa, e.g. Straubing IIIII (B.3.10; B.4.10) and Straubing-IV (B.3.11). The terrain at both Regensburg and Straubing provides natural crossing points on the Danube, thus the location of these second forts is purpose

Bibliography DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 68.

787

792

788

793

Further reading DIETZ et al. 1979, 230-232; SCHMIDT 2000d, 50-52; CODREANU – MEIXNER 2001, 78; SOMMER 2008c, 269270.

RBy 1995, 76-77. CZYSZ 1999, 9-10. 789 RBy 1995, 503. 790 DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 68. 791 SOMMER 2008c, 269-270.

DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 68, SOMMER 2008c, 270. DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 69. 794 RBy 1995, 503. 795 SOMMER 2008c, 269. 796 DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 69.

115

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

D.6 WELTENBURG-GALGET (FRAUENBERG) let.800 It covered an area of 0.25 hectares, its sides measure 50 × 50 meters,801 surrounded by a triple ditch system.802 Based on scarce finds, T. Fischer suggested that the fortlet was constructed under the reign of Emperor Claudius or in Flavian times,803 with the task of overseeing traffic on the Roman road in the Am Galget-valley.804 However, it is altogether unlikely that a sole Roman fortlet were established on the lower Danubian ripa preceding the last decades 1st century.

The fortlet at Weltenburg-Galget (also known as Weltenburg-Frauenberg) was part of the lower Danubian ripa, situated on the field south of Frauenberg named 'Am Galget'. Having been constructed on the low hill overlooking the bend of Danube near present-day Weltenburg, the fortlet had an advantageous location, as the Danube takes a sharp bend here, which allowed viewing a wide section of the area north of the riverbank.797 Remains of prehistoric and late Roman settlement are both present on the hill termed 'Wolfgangswall', along with Roman finds of the 1st century.798

Bibliography SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 448, Nr. B 63; RIND 1990, 118-119; RIND 1991a, 77-78; RIND 1991b, 54-62; RBy 1995, 536537.

Based on scattered finds of coins, militaria, glass and ceramics, H. Schönberger and T. Fischer suggested the presence of a Roman fortlet in the vicinity of Weltenburg-Galget.799 In 1989 the Kelheim Archaeological Circle (Kreis-archäologie Kelheim) excavated the territory of the fort-

Further reading FMRD I. 2, 123 ff.; ULBERT 1957, 326-327; RIECKHOFFPAULI 1981, 84 ff.; BAATZ 1993, 325; RIND 1996, 75-112; HENSCH 2007, 287-309; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 212; SOMMER 2008c, 266

797

801

798

802

RBy 1995, 536. Ibid. 537. 799 Ibid. 536-537; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 212. 800 RBy 1995, 537.

RIND 1996 75-112; SOMMER 2008c, 266, fn. 39. RBy 1995, 77. Ibid. 537. 804 Ibid. 537; FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 212. 803

116

II. HISTORY OF ROMAN MILITARY UNITS

The following chapter discusses the history and activity of Roman military units present in Raetia between the annexation of the province in 15 BC and the fall of the Raetian Limes in 254. These units garrisoned Raetian forts and can be considered part of the Roman Army of Raetia. The following list includes legions and auxiliaries whose presence is attested by either literary or epigraphic evidence. For further details re-

garding these inscriptions, please refer to the fifth chapter titled 'Selected Inscriptions'. Throughout the book, units are referred in a twopart manner (e.g. B.1 = ala I Hispanorum Auriana) where the Latin letter indicates the unit type (A – legionary; B – auxiliary) and the Arabic number refers to the sequential number of the unit in the alphabetical list of all Raetian units [Table 90].

A. LEGIONS STATIONED IN RAETIA The first notable presence of Roman legions in Raetia was during the annexation of its territory in 15 BC, during the so-called Summer Campaign. The expedition army commanded by Ti. Claudius Nero (the later Emperor Tiberius) and D. Claudius Drusus (his younger stepbrother) included legions. The bulk of these units left Raetia after its annexation and continued to campaign northwards to the Germanic territories under the command of Drusus.805 However, legionary detachments (early vexillations?) remained in the province until 41/68 (41/54), garrisoning a fortress at Augsburg-Oberhausen (A.1.1) and questionably Burlafingen (C.2.1). Afterwards, Raetia was a non-legionary province until 165/166, when the Emperor Marcus Aurelius recruited two new legions as a means to counter the losses of the Parthian war, the following pestilence, and to reinforce the upper Danubian ripa for the impending Germanic attack. The legio II and III Italica were transferred to Noricum and Raetia in ca. 170 and 165/166, respectively.806 They took part in driving out the invading tribes during the Marcomannic wars and also reconstruction works. After the end of the war in 175, the two legions remained in the area, the legio II Italica

constructed its fortress near present-day Albing and later at Lorch (Lauriacum, Noricum), the legio III Italica near Eining-Unterfeld (A.7.1) and later at Regensburg (A.7.2, Castra Regina, Raetia). In the course of the 3rd century, repeated Germanic incursions resulted in the collapse of the Raetian Limes, the frontier system north of the Danube, forcing the abandonment of these territories. As the frontier zone receeded, the remaining sections of the Danubian ripa came under more pressure, including the legionary fortress at Regensburg (A.7.2). The military reorganization of Emperor Diocletian left both legions at their former fortresses, although reduced them in size. Two new legions were raised and transferred to both Raetia and Noricum to augment their defence, the legio III Herculia to Mons Caelius (Kellmünz) in Raetia, and the legio I Noricorum to Ad Iuvense (Wallsee) and Favianis (Mautern) in Noricum. In the 5th century Raetia was part of the Italian diocesis. By that time, the legions no longer defended a single fortress, yet a series of smaller fortifications, developed for defence, scattered on the hills overlooking the river valleys guarding the natural passageways running north and south.

* I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Rebecca J. Gilmour for the grammatical proof-reading of this chapter.

805 806

117

SVET. Claud. 1,2. A.1 – 1.1: HIST. AVG. Aur. 21,8.

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A.1. LEGIO III ITALICA – legio III concors Italica pia fidelis

In 165/166, before the outbreak of the Marcomannic wars and the conclusion of the Parthian campaign, Emperor Marcus Aurelius raised two new legions.807 P. Kovács listed three possible reasons for their recruitment – 1) to fill in for two legions destroyed at Elegeia, 2) to be immediately transferred to Raetia and Noricum 3) to serve as an occupation force for the annexation of two new provinces named Marcomannia and Sarmatia – but proposed arguments against all three.808 He proposed that in 168 Raetia was still under procuratorial control, however the diploma he cites is fragmented and only 'us' survives of the name of the procurator. Thus P. Kovács’ identification of T. Desticius T. f. Claudia Severus from this text is highly questionable; even if it is accepted, the diploma is dated to 165/166, which would not exclude the presence of the legio III Italica in Raetia in late 166 [Table 60]. Taking this into consideration, it is likely that the legio II and III Italica were created as a provision for a large-scale attack on the frontier.809

twice the size of the one at Eining-Unterfeld (A.7.1) (or a substantial number of additional smaller military installations, signs of which are not known from this period) and such a legionary fortress was only constructed in 179 at Regensburg (A.7.2). There is no archaeological evidence for a fortress at Regensburg prior to 179 and although one can suggest the existence of a currently unattested legionary fort in Raetia in the years between 175/179, based on the inscription from Salona, it is more apt to suggest that approximately half of the legion was not present in Raetia in the second half of the 170s. In the years around 169/170, the legion was referred to as legio III Concors, as attested by one building inscription,813 and several early tile stamps.814 However both literary sources815 and the overwhelming majority of epigraphic sources refer to the legion as legio III Italica.816 In the years around 170 the legion fought the Marcomanni in Northern Italia and Dalmatia.817 Simultaneously, parts of the legion garrisoned the fortress at Eining-Unterfeld (A.7.1).

When the Marcomannic war broke out in 167,810 part of the legio III Italica remained in Raetia and manned the fortress at Eining-Unterfeld (A.7.1), while other soldiers of the legio fought the invaders in North Italia and Dalmatia.811 After the conclusion of the first series of the war in 175,812 the soldiers of the legio III Italica located outside Raetia may have took part in the reconstruction in other provinces since the presence of the entire legion in Raetia requires a fortress

After the conclusion of the war in 179 the legion constructed a fortress near present-day Regensburg (A.7.2), as attested by a building inscription.818 Following the Marcomannic wars, soldiers and officers of the legion took part in the reconstruction of the Raetian Limes in the 180s. Their work is attested by two building inscriptions: one from Böhming (C.6.1), 819 set up in 181, and one from Ellingen (C.5.1), established in 182.820 Although only these two inscriptions

807

815

DIO hist. 55,24,4; HIST. AVG. Aur. 21,8; OROS. hist. 7,15,6; CIL VI, 1377 = 41142 [Roma]; KOVÁCS 2005, 177. 808 KOVÁCS 2005, 177. 809 SOMMER 2012a, 164. 810 KOVÁCS 2005, 174. 811 A.1 – 2.4 [Solin; 175/179]. 812 KOVÁCS 2005, 174. 813 A.1 – 2.1 [El-Fahs; ca. 166/200]: 'vexillationes leg(ionum) II Piae et III Concordiae'. 814 A.1 – 5.22, A.1 – 5.23 [Eining, ca. 170/400]: 'leg(io) III It(alica) Con(cors)'.

A.1 – 1.2: DIO hist. 55,24,4. A total of 68 inscriptions in the group A.1. 817 GONZALEZ 2003, 150. 818 A.1 – 2.5 [Regensburg; 179]: 'vallum cum portis│ et turribus eg(ioni) I[II Italicae Concordi]│ [fecerunt]'. 819 A.1 – 2.9 = B.14 – 2.9 [Böhming; 181]: 'vex(illarii) │leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) vallum fece(runt)'. 820 A.1 – 2.10: 'kastel(li) Sablonet(i) mu│rum cum portis lapidi(bus) substitu│tum'. 816

118

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

(A.7.2).826 Legionary stamped tiles are known from Eining-I (B.3.1),827 Kösching (B.3.4),828 and Westheim,829 located 8 km south-west of Gnotzheim (B.4.4). Both Eining and Kösching are located close to the Danube, although upstream of Regensburg, thus it is possible that these tiles were moved by means of fluvial transport.

are currently known, it is plausible that legionary soldiers carried out construction works in several forts in the eastern section of the Raetian Limes, which were (re)constructed in this decade, including Dambach-II (B.7.1), Dalkingen (C.6.2), Oberhochstatt-I (C.5.2), and Weißenburg-I (B.4.12). Roman military installations on the lower Danubian ripa were also probably under legionary control, e.g. Regensburg-Großprüfening (C.7.2) and Alkofen (C.3.1).821

Several inscribed militaria displaying 'leg(io) III' were discovered in the southern section of Raetia, in close vicinity of the Alpine passes, but the lack of titles and epithets makes their connection to the legio III Italica uncertain. These finds include militaria discovered in the vicinity of Tiefelcastel,830 Riom-Parsonz,831 and Bivio.832

The legion continued to take part in construction works later on as well, as attested by its milestones from the vicinity of Kösching (B.3.4),822 Nassenfels (B.4.7),823 Neuburg a. d. Donau (C.2.4),824 Burgweinting,825and Regensburg Nr. 1

Rank aquiliferi

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

beneficiarii834

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

centuriones

Name Iulius Clemens Claudius Gemell(i)us Claudianus (?) Iulius Candidius M. Cassius Severus M. Montanius Celer Severius Severianus L. Numerius L. f. Felix Ulpius Vitalis C. Managnius Iustus C. Nonius Manlianus ×

Findspot Augsburg (R) Regensburg (R)

Dating833 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 (ca. 166/180 ?) ca. 170/300 ca. 200/250 13.12.194 238/244 ca. 166/200 166/177 ~ ca. 270 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300

Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Augsburg (R) Bregenz (R) Tarragona (HTar.) Alba Iulia (DApul.) Augsburg (R) Lambaesis (N) Regensburg (R) Sarmizegetusa C. Postumius Pansa ca. 170/200 (DApul.) M. Ulpius Secundus Lauingen (R) ca. 170/300 [–]us Regensburg (R) ca. 170/400 Iulius Iulinus Böhming (R) 181 Aelius Fortis Böhming(R) 181 Aurelius Argivus Ellingen (R) 182 Flavius Vetulenus Untersaal (R) 182 L. Aurelius Valerianus Regensburg (R) ca. 193/235 Septimius Chaerea Augsburg (R) ca. 193/300 Valerius Valens Regensburg (R) ca. 200/300 Table 31/1: Known officers and soldiers of the legio III Italica

821

827

A.1 – 5.3 [Alkofen; ca. 170/300]; A.1 – 5.4 [Bad Abbach; ca. 170/400]; A.1 – 5.5 [Bad Abbach; ca. 170/400]; A.1 – 5.6 [Bad Gögging; ca. 170/400]. 822 A.1 – 2.5 [Bad Abbach; ca. 170/400]: 'vias et pont(es) rest(ituerunt)'. 823 A.1 – 2.11 [Nassenfels; 195 (215)2]; A.1 – 2.15 [Nassenfels; 201]: '[vias et pontes rest(ituerunt)]'. 824 A.1 – 2.14 [Bergheim; 201]: 'vias et pontes rest(ituerunt)'. 825 A.1 – 2.12 [Burgweinting; 195 (215)2]. 826 A.1 – 2.5 [Regensburg; 179].

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 2.2 A.1 – 3.10 A.1 – 3.18 A.1 – 3.37 A.1 – 4.16 A.1 – 4.26 A.1 – 3.1 A.1 – 4.1 A.1 – 3.26 A.1 – 3.31 A.1 – 4.10 A.1 – 4.3 A.1 – 4.4 D – 5.13 A.1 – 2.9 A.1 – 2.9 A.1 – 2.10 A.1 4.13 A.1 – 3.34 A.1 – 3.35 A.1 – 3.39

A.1 – 5.20; A.1 – 5.21; A.1 – 5.22; A.1 – 5.23 [Eining; ca. 170/400]. A.1 – 5.1 [Kösching; ca. 170/241+]. 829 A.1 – 5.2 [Westheim; ca. 170/254]. 830 D – 5.3 [Tiefelcastel; 15 BC]: 'l(egio) III'. 831 D – 5.4 [Riom-Parsonz; 15 BC]: 'l(egio) III'. 832 D – 5.5 [Bivio; 15 BC]: 'l(egio) III'. 833 Date of setup not of office-bearing. 834 Including beneficiari consulares, based on A.1 – 4.26 [Bregenz; 238/244]. 828

119

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

Nr. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Rank centuriones835

cornicularii

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

custodes armorum decuriones

duplarii dux

equites

exactus frumentarii immunus

58 59 60 61 62 63 64

835

legati

librarii medici ordinarii

Name C. Servandus Serotinus Q. Eniboudius Montanus Q. Eniboudius Montanus M. Ulpius Caius Sullianus Albucius M. Aurelius Amandus (M. Aurelius) Reg(–) M. Aurelius Senecio (–) Placid(–) (–) Aed(–)(?) [–]ril Cae[–] Sera(nius?) Marcellus Septimius Secundus Cle(–) Victor M. Aurelius Terent(ius or inus) M. Aurelius Emer(itianus or itus) Iulius Florentin(us or -ianus) Iulius Serva(–) M. Aurelius Atianus (M.) Aurelius Statianus (M.?) Aurelius Sabinus Claudius Severus Avitianus × (?) Septimius Victorinus

Findspot Regensburg (R) Chateauneuf (AMar.) Chateauneuf (AMar.) Alba Iulia (DApul.) Regensburg Steinach (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R)

Dating ca. 200/300 211/217 211/217 212/215 27.6.211 212 / ca. 300 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 4.17 A.1 – 4.21 A.1 – 4.22 A.1 – 2.17 A.1 – 4.20 A.1 – 3.44 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23

Regensburg (R)

218/221

A.1 – 4.23

Regensburg (R)

218/221

A.1 – 4.23

Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Künzing (R) Regensburg (R)

A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 3.33 A.1 – 3.43 A.1 – 5.7 D – 5.12 A.1 – 3.32 A.1 – 3.38

(M.) Aurelius Marcus

Augsburg (R)

218/221 218/221 218/221 ca. 170/300 212 / ca. 300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/400 ca. 170/300 ca. 200/300 212 / ca. 280 (235/280) 238/253+ ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/400 212 / ca. 300 25.7.240 ca. 170/200 ca. 170/300 222/235 ca. 170/300

Valerius Claudius Quintus Hörzendorf (Nor.) Claudius Donatus Regensburg (R) [–]ius Festinus Regensburg (R) Felix Regensburg (R) M. Aurelius Militio Regensburg (R) M.?) Aurelius Pervincianus Regensburg (R) T. Flavius Clemens Augsburg (R) T. Claudius Severus St. Bernard’s Pass (R) (M.) Aurelius Silvinus Rome (Lat.) Iulius Cattanus Regensburg (R) C. Vettius C. f. Voltinia trib. El-Fahs (Afr.) ca. 166/200 Sabinianus Iulius Hospes M. Helvius Clemens DextriaRegensburg (R) 179 nus A. Claudius Lateranus Augsburg (R) 185/192 Iulius Aelianus Regensburg (R) ca. 170/300 Iulius Amandus Augsburg (R) ca. 170/300 × Regensburg (R) ca. 170/300 Ulpius Lucilianus Regensburg (R) ca. 170/300 Table 31/2: Known officers and soldiers of the legio III Italica

A.1 – 3.41 A.1 – 3.45 A.1 – 3.11 D – 3.6 A.1 – 5.7 A.1 – 3.42 A.1 – 4.27 A.1 – 3.3 A.1 – 4.8 A.1 – 4.24 A.1 – 3.20 A.1 – 2.1 A.1 – 2.5 A.1 – 4.15 A.1 – 3.18 A.1 – 3.25 A.1 – 3.24 D – 3.5

Throughout the book, ordinarii and other ranks within the centurionate (e.g. primipilares) are listed amongst centuriones for reasons of perspicuity.

120

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

Nr. 65 66

Rank

67 68 69 70 71 72 73

Name Marcius Ursus Marcius Ursus Secundanus Florentinus Pictori f. Iulius Amandus T. Flavius Clemens × Flavius Amabil(i)us, Pollioni f. × Flavius Marcellus

Findspot Pécs (PInf.) Pécs (PInf.)

Dating ca. 170/240 ca. 170/240

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.7 A.1 – 3.8

Augsburg (R)

ca. 170/300

A.1 – 3.22

Augsburg (R) Augsburg (R) Künzing (R)

ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300

A.1 – 3.25 A.1 – 3.3 A.1 – 3.32

Regensburg (R)

ca. 170/300

A.1 – 3.12

Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R)

A.1 – 3.15 A.1 – 3.17

(M.?) Aurelius Victorinus

Regensburg (R)

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Flavius Valens Valentius Domitianus × Titius Tacitus × M. Montanius Celer Equester Paulus Gemelius Dignus (M.?) Aurelius Patruinus Ei(–)(?) Donatus Iulius Saturninus (?)

Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Osterburken (GSup.) Osterburken (GSup.) Augsburg Ereğli (Thr.) Dürrlauingen (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R)

87

Iulius Ovveno

unknown Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R)

ca. 170/300

Regensburg (R)

180/192 (ca. 180)

Trento (Ven.)

ca. 170/200

Regensburg (R)

ca. 170/300

94

P. La[–] Salutari C. Rufonius Placidus M. Aurelius M. f. Ouffetina trib. Como orig. Manto C. Crepereius Fortunatus C. Valerius C. f. Papiria trib. Marianus Claudius Gemell(i)us Claudianus Secundinus

ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 (ca. 212/300 ?) ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 174 185/190 13.12.194 196/222 ca. 200/300 212 / ca. 300 222/235 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 (ca. 212/300 ?) ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300

Regensburg (R)

95

(M.?) Aurelius Vitalis

Sétif (MCaes.)

96 97 98 99 100 101

ca. 200/300 ca. 170/230 (212/300 ?) ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 206 165/166 ~ ca. 200 ca. 170/200

C. Senilius Pervincus Augsburg (R) M. Iuvenius Fortio Regensburg (R) Marcellinius Marcianus Regensburg (R) × Regensburg (R) Ti. Claudius Sergia trib. S[–] Augsburg (R) Gn. Pompeius Pompeianus Rome (Lat.) M. Aemilius orig. Ateste Regensburg (R) ca. 170/200 Priscus M. Annaeus Saturninus Rome (Lat.) ca. 170/230 Clodianus Aelianus Table 31/3: Known officers and soldiers of the legio III Italica

74

88 89

milites

optiones

90 91 92 93

102 103

praefecti

signiferi

tribuni

121

A.1 – 3.19 A.1 – 3.21 A.1 – 3.23 A.1 – 4.7 A.1 – 4.11 A.1 – 4.14 A.1 – 4.16 A.1 – 3.36 A.1 – 3.40 A.1 – 3.43 A.1 – 4.25 A.1 – 3.15 A.1 – 3.20 A.1 – 3.29 A.1 – 4.5 A.1 – 4.6 A.1 – 4.9 A.1 – 4.12 A.1 – 2.3 A.1 – 3.10 A.1 – 4.18 A.1 – 3.6 A.1 – 3.27 A.1 – 3.13 A.1 – 3.28 A.1 – 4.19 D – 2.8 A.1 – 3.2 A.1 – 4.2 A.1 – 3.4

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

Nr. 104 105 106 107

Rank

tribuni

108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123

tubicen

veterani

vexillatio unknown

Name Findspot Dating C. Iulius Ingenuus Trento (Ven.) ca. 170/230 C. Annius Flavianus L’Hamza (Num.) 180/192 C. Annius Flavianus Timgad (Afr.) 180/192 C. Annius Flavianus Timgad (Afr.) 180/192 L. Marius L. f. Quirina trib. Maximus Perpetuus AureRome (Lat.) ca. 190/220 lianus Septimius Impetratus Regensburg (R) ca. 170/300 C. Senilius Pervincus Augsburg (R) ca. 170/300 M. Iuvenius Fortio Regensburg (R) ca. 170/300 Septimius Impetratus Regensburg (R) ca. 170/300 Claudius R(a)eticus Regensburg (R) ca. 170/300 [–]ius Festinus Regensburg (R) ca. 170/300 P. Afi(nius or -dius) Eining (R) ca. 170/300 M. Montanius Celer Augsburg (R) 13.12.194 M. Aurelius Militio Regensburg (R) 212 / ca. 300 Sullianus Albucius Regensburg (R) 27.06.211 Iulianus (?) Regensburg (R) 222/235 × Solin (Dal.) 175/179 Flavius Decoratus Augsburg (R) ca. 170/254 Antonius Potens Regensburg (R) ca. 170/300 Iulius [–] Regensburg (R) ca. 170/300 Table 31/2: Known officers and soldiers of the legio III Italica

Bibliography DIETZ 2000, 133-143; GONZALEZ 2003, 149-151.

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.5 A.1 – 2.6 A.1 – 2.7 A.1 – 2.8

A.1 – 2.13 A.1 – 3.14 A.1 – 3.27 A.1 – 3.13 A.1 – 3.14 A.1 – 3.30 D – 3.6 D – 3.15 A.1 – 4.16 A.1 – 3.42 A.1 – 4.20 A.1 – 4.25 A.1 – 2.4 A.1 – 3.9 A.1 – 3.16 D – 3.4

1972, 484; KELLNER 1976a, 705; OVERBECK 1976, 677; VETTERS 1977, 362; WINKLER 1977, 222; MANN 1983, 35; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 407; FISHER 1986, 146, 148-149; JUNKELMANN 1986, 71; BĂRBULESCU 1987, 23, 99; DRACK – FELLMANN 1988, 67; LIBERATI – SILVERIO 1988, 79; DIETZ 1989a, 407, 409; ŠAŠEL 1992c, 391; le ROUX 1998, 76; WILKES 1998, 282; PEREA YÉBENES 1999, 369; DAGUET-GAGEY 2000, 126.

Further reading LACOUR-GAYET 1888, 107; CAGNAT 1894, 1080; HOMO 1936, 173, 185; HOMO 1947, 231-232; BARBIERI 1952a, 160; CHRIST 1955, 484; FORNI 1959, 1222; GÖRLITZ 1962, 241; KELLNER 1965, 157, 161; FITZ 1966b, 61; FITZ 1968a, 50; KELLNER 1971b, 105; MÓCSY 1971, 65; SMITH

122

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

A.2. LEGIO III AUGUSTA between 238 and 253.846 Soldiers of the legio III Augusta were already present in the region during the Marcomannic wars.847 The layout of the fortlet near Burgsalach in der Harlach (C.8.1) is similar to the centenarii of North Africa.848 It is possible that soldiers asking imperatorial pardon, or those who did not partake in the assassination of the Gordians were granted the possibility to serve on the distant and troubled frontier of the Raetian Limes. These soldiers were prohibited from using the name of the disbanded and disgraced legion, thus the denomination 'legio III Augusta' appears on but a handful of inscriptions north of the Mediterraneum.849

The legio III Augusta was a long-time garrison of the North African theatre.836 Its involvement with Raetia is tied to the events of the Era of the Barracks Emperors.837 In April 238, under the command of Numidia’s governor, legatus Augusti Capelianus,838 soldiers of the legio III Augusta bound their loyalty to Emperor Maximinus Thrax. They countered and suppressed the uprising of M. Antonius Sempronianus, governor of the neighbouring province Africa Proconsularis, who was proclaimed Emperor under the name of Gordian I, together with his son, Gordian II.839 In the course of the same year, however, Maximinus Thrax was assassinated before the gates of Aquileia.840 His competitors Pupienus and Balbinus were slain by the Praetorian guard and the grandson of Gordianus I was proclaimed Emperor under the name of Gordian III.841 Relishing the undivided support of the Senate, Gordian III had both reason and means to punish the legio responsible for the death of his grandfather and uncle, thus he disbanded the legio III Augusta.842 The abolitio nominis of the legio was carried out throughout the Empire.843

Apart from garrisoning the centenarium at Burgsalach, little is known of the task and role of the legionary soldiers. Based on a similarity between the centenarium’s ground-plan to one of the towers at the auxiliary fort near Theilenhofen (B.5.4), M. Reuter suggested that soldiers of the disbanded legion may have partaken in construction works along the Raetian Limes.850 During its stay in Raetia between the summer of 238 and the autumn of 253, C. S. Sommer proposed that the legio III Augusta may had been garrisoned in the irregular fort Faimingen-II (B.8.1).851

Tile stamps displaying the name of the legion with the imperatorial epithet 'Gordiana' indicate that the Emperor did not disband the unit immediately after his ascension.844 Y. le Bohec argues that there is no indication that some parts of the legion remained active.845 However, the imperatorial inscription of 253 suggests that the legion was at least partially active in Raetia in the years

In 253, former governor of Raetia Publius Licinius Valerianus was proclaimed Emperor, under the name of Valerian by the Roman Army in Raetia.852 In gratitude for their support, Emperor Valerian restored the disbanded legion

836

844

837

845

le BOHEC 2000, 373. Ibid. 377. 838 PIR2 C 404 cf. CHAUSA SÁEZ 1997, 20: A. Chausa Sáez suggested that Capelianus was identical to L. Ovinius Pudens Capella. 839 A.2 – 1.1: HÉROD. hist. 7,9,3; HIST. AVG. Gord. 15,1; le BOHEC 1989, esp. 451-453. 840 KIENAST 1996, 183. 841 Ibid. 191-196. 842 le BOHEC 1989, 453, fn. 17. 843 E.g. AE 1956, 124 [Aïn Zana; ca. 238]: '[[[leg(ionis) III Aug(ustae)]]]'; and possibly by mistake A.1 – 3.9 [Augsburg; ca. 170/254]: '[[leg(ionis) III Ital(icae)]]'.

A.2 – 5.1 [Tazoult; 238]: '[le]g(io) III Aug(usta) Gor(diana)'. le BOHEC 1989, 453, fn. 18. 846 A.2 – 2.1 [Mlili; 22.10.253]: 'mil(ites) l(egionis) [III Augustae p(iae) v(indicis) r]estitutae e(ssent) Raet(ia) Gemell(as) regressi'. 847 B.8 – 4.5 [Mactar; ca. 180]: ' praepositus vexil(lationibus) leg(ionis) III Aug(ustae) aput Marcomannos'. 848 RBy 1995, 432; FLEER 2004, 85: ’Typ. Burgsalach’. 849 A.2 – 3.1 [Hörzendorf; 238/253+]. 850 REUTER 2007, 99, fn. 209. 851 SOMMER 2014. 852 AVR. VICT. Caes. 32,1; EVTR. 9,7,7; OROS. hist. 7,22,1; KIENAST 1996, 214-215.

123

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

and returned it to its former fort at M’Lili (Gemella), in Numidia.853 It is not the aim of this paper to collect all officers and soldiers of the legio Nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rank centuriones dux optiones praepositus unknown

III Augusta. Only personnel whose cursus offer insight into the legios relation to Raetia, have been catalogued [Table 32].

Name C. Vibius Marinus (?)

Findspot L’Hamza (Num.)

Dating 180/192

M. Flavius Valens Mlili (Num.) 22.10.253 Valerius Claudius Quintus Hörzendorf (Nor.)854 238/253+ M. Aurelius Licinus Mlili (Num.) 22.10.253 C. Geminius Victor Mlili (Num.) 22.10.253 Valerius Claudius Quintus Hörzendorf (Nor.) 238/253+ × Slivnica 238/253+ Table 32: Known officers and soldiers of the legio III Augusta

Cat. Nr. A.2 – 2.2; A.1 – 2.8 A.2 – 2.1 A.2 – 3.1 A.2 – 2.1 A.2 – 2.1 A.2 – 3.1 A.2 – 3.2

Bibliography le BOHEC 1989, esp. 451-466; le BOHEC 2000, 373-381; GONZALEZ 2003, 114-131, esp. 124-129.

Further reading CHAUSA SÁEZ 1997, REUTER 2007, 99; SOMMER 2012a, 171, SOMMER 2012b, 144.

853

inferior CIL XIII, 8269 [Köln; ca. 100/400], yet these do not imply the units presence in these provinces.

A.2 – 2.1 [Mlili; 22.10.253]: v.s.: fn. 848. The name of the legio appears on one other monument found at Noricum CIL III, 5630 [Lambach; 238/253]; and another from Germania 854

124

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B. AUXILIARY UNITS STATIONED IN RAETIA B.1 ALA I HISPANORUM AURIANA – ala I Hispanorum Auriana

The ala I Hispanorum Auriana was raised either before or during the first half of the 1st century. In 61, it was part of the garrison of Illyricum.855 J. M. Roldan-Hervas suggested that the term 'Auriana' which was used to distinguish this unit from other alae Hispanorum originated from Mons Aureus856 located along the road connecting Mursa with Aquincum.857 However the ala I Hispanorum Auriana throughout its stay in Pannonia garrisoned the auxiliary fort at Budapest (Aquincum),858 located 300 kilometres north from Mons Aureus. Another possibility is that the unit got its name from one of its prefects.859 B. Lőrincz distinguished the ala I Hispanorum Auriana860 from the ala Hispanorum I861 although the dislocation history of the two units does not overlap, thus such a distinction seems artificial.

the C – 2.4 diploma, Mogetissa, son of Comatullo, was an indigenous member of the Pannonian Boius tribe. He was recruited by 82, but most likely in the late 70s. The phrase 'quinis et vicenis pluribusve stipendiis' on his diploma shows that he could have exceeded the obligatory 25 years of service.867 Afterwards the ala I Hispanorum Auriana was transferred to Raetia, by 86 the latest.868 Pannonian military constitutions indicate that the transfer took place before 80: the ala I Hispanorum Auriana does not appear on the complete unit lists of the Pannonian diploma from 80,869 84870 and 85.871 An additional two Pannonian constitutions from this period have poorly preserved unit lists, and are lacking additional data.872 A further diploma was issued to a veteran of the ala I Hispanorum Auriana, although unfortunately its findspot is unknown.873

Between 61 and 69, the unit was transferred to Noricum.862 During the upheaval of the Year of Four Emperors, the governor of Noricum, Sextilius Felix swore his loyalty to T. Flavius Vespasianus and commanded the ala I Hispanorum Auriana to defend Noricum against the garrison of Raetia commanded by Porcius Septiminus, a faithful man of Emperor Vitellius.863 After the conclusion of the war, Emperor Vespasian transferred the ala I Hispanorum Auriana to Pannonia,864 where it manned the fort at Budapest-Bem Square (Aquincum).865 The unit’s presence in Pannonia is attested by epigraphic evidence, but not by military constitutions.866 The recipient of

H.-J. Kellner suggested that during the last decades of the 1st century, the ala I Hispanorum Auriana was stationed in the fort at Burghöfe (B.2.4).874 However, the fort at Burghöfe was too small to house an ala. Based on chronology, it is possible that the ala I Hispanorum Auriana reconstructed the fort at Unterkirchberg (B.2.10) in the years around 80 and garrisoned it until the military reorganization of Emperor Trajan. In the years between 106/117 the ala I Hispanorum Auriana constructed the fort at Weißenburg-

855

865

856

866

LŐRINCZ 2001, 21. B.1 – 3.3 [69 / ca.80]; B.1 – 3.4 [69 / ca. 80]. 867 C – 2.4 [30.6.107]. 868 C – 2.2 [13.5.86]. 869 CIL XVI, 26 [13.6.80]. 870 CIL XVI, 30 [3.9.84]. 871 CIL XVI, 31 [5.9.85]. 872 RMD III, 138 [(13.6.80)]; RMD IV, 210 [6.83]. 873 C – 2.36 [28.9.157]: 'alae I Hispanor(um) Aur{c}ana{t}.' 874 KELLNER 1971a, 212.

RMD IV, 202 [2.7.61]. ITIN. Anton Aug. 243,6: 'medio Aureo monte et ad Novas'. 857 ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 84. 858 LŐRINCZ 2001, 21 cf. KNIGHT 1991, 190. 859 'Aureus': OPEL I, p. 249. 860 LŐRINCZ 2001, 20, Nr. 15. 861 Ibid. 2001, 21, Nr. 12. 862 CIL XVI, 6 [61/68] see: RMD V, p. 681. 863 TAC. hist. 3,5,5-6. 864 ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 84.

125

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

I (B.4.12).875 In this case the C – 2.4 diploma belonged to a discharged veteran,876 who – most likely for personal reasons – followed the unit after his discharge. The ala I Hispanorum appears on a total of 25 Raetian military diplomas, ranging from 86 to 159/160.877 In the period between 161/163 (162) and 167/168,878 it is omitted from military diplomas, possibly participating in Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ campaigns.879 The unit Nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Rank curatores

decuriones

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

duplarius equites miles optio

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

praefecti

eventually returned to Raetia and continued to serve as the garrison of Weißenburg-I until the collapse of the Raetian Limes in the spring of 254.880 Several epigraphic sources attest the unit’s presence in Raetia,881 including two military constitutions.882 The name of the ala I Hispanorum Auriana is attested on stamped tiles from the forts at Weißenburg-I and Regensburg (B.3.8?).883

Name Findspot Dating Flavius Primus Weißenburg (R) 106/117 ~ 254 Victor Weißenburg (R) 106/117 ~ 254 Primius Saturninus Pförring (R) ca. 100/150 Maximinus Weißenburg (R) 106/117 ~ 254 Vin(dex?) Weißenburg (R) 106/117 ~ 254 Sil(vanus?) Weißenburg (R) 106/117 ~ 254 Gem(ellus) Weißenburg (R) 106/117 ~ 254 Martinus Weißenburg (R) 106/117 ~ 254 P. Iulius C. f. Quirina trib. ca. 130/230 Pintamus domo Aug. BraLeutstetten (R) (117/130+) cara Claudius Romanus Nassenfels (R) ca. 80/254 Asper Esztergom (PSup.) 69 / ca. 80 Firmus Weißenburg (R) 106/117 ~ 254 Saltuinus Weißenburg (R) 106/117 ~ 254 Iustinus Weißenburg (R) 106/117 ~ 254 Candidianus Semriach (Nor.) 61/69 Flavius Raeticus Emetzheim (R) 153 L. Domitius M. f. Poblilia trib. Verona (Ven.) 41/54 Severus C. Iulius C. f. Fal. Ianuraius Cremona (Ven.) 69 / ca. 80 M. Scandilius Fabatus Mertingen (R) 80 ~ 106/117 P. Valerius P. f. Galeria trib. Rome (Lat.) ca. 100/150 Priscus M. Insteius M. f. Palatina trib. Weißenburg (R) 30.6.107 Coelenus × Weißenburg (R) 106/117 ~ 254 M. P[–]ius Reginus Weißenburg (R) 106/117 ~ 254 Table 33/1: Known officers and soldiers of the ala I Hispanorum Auriana

875

SOMMER 2012a, 153-154. C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; RADNÓTI 1961a, 111; BAATZ 1993, 289-292; VISY 1995, 135; WOLFF 2000a, 171. 877 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the ala I Hispanorum Auriana appears only as completion: C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.23 [140/141 or 144]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34

Cat. Nr. B.1 – 4.3 D – 3.11 B.1 – 3.7 B.1 – 4.3 B.1 – 5.3 B.1 – 5.4 B.1 – 5.5 D – 3.11 D – 3.14 B.1 – 4.2 B.1 – 3.4 B.1 – 5.3 B.1 – 5.4 B.1 – 5.5 B.1 – 3.2 B.1 – 4.5 B.1 – 3.1 B.1 – 2.1 B.1 – 4.1 B.1 – 3.6 C – 2.4 B.1 – 2.2 B.1 – 4.4

[28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]. 878 C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?); C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 879 RADNÓTI 1961a, 107; KELLNER 1971a, 212; ROSENBERGER 1992, 100-103. 880 REUTER 2007, 95-98. 881 B.1 – 3.9 [Rome; 101/150], B.1 – 3.7 [Pförring; 103 / ca. 125]. 882 C – 2.4 [30.6.107]: 'alae I Hispanorum Aurianae'; C – 2.16 [129/134]: [alae I Hispanor(um) Au]riana(e). 883 B.1 – 5.1 [Weißenburg; 106/117 ~ 254]; B.1 – 5.2 [Regensburg; 106/117 ~ 254].

876

126

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

Nr. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Rank

Name Findspot Dating [–] Bassus orig. Roma Pappenheim (R) 129/134 praefecti Sex. Graesius Severus unknown 28.9.157 orig. Picenum Reginus Troucetissae f. dom. sesquiplicarius Budapest (PInf.) 69 / ca. 80 Aug. Treverorum Primius Saturninus Pförring (R) ca. 100/150 Mogetissa Comatulli f. Weißenburg (R) 30.6.107 nat. Boius veterani [–]uli f. nat. Frisius Pappenheim (R) 129/134 Disa Phodinicenti f. unknown 28.9.157 nat. Thracus unknown × Budapest (PInf.) 69 / ca. 80 Table 33/2: Known officers and soldiers of the ala I Hispanorum Auriana

Bibliography PWRE I. 1, 1248; STEIN 1932, 123-125; KRAFT 1951, 151; KELLNER 1971a, 212; ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 84-86; SPAUL 1994a, 58-60; LŐRINCZ 2001, 21, 49.

Cat. Nr. C – 2.16 C – 2.36 B.1 – 3.5 B.1 – 3.7 C – 2.4 C – 2.16 C – 2.36 B.1 – 3.3

Further reading RADNÓTI 1961a, 111; MÓCSY 1962, 1248; ALFÖLDY 1974, 257; BIRLEY 1978, 368-384; BIRLEY 1980, 87-88; KRIER 1981, 145 ff.; BAATZ 1993, 289-292; VISY 1995, 135; WOLFF 2000a, 171.

127

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.2. ALA II FLAVIA – ala II Flavia milliaria pia fidelis

This unit is not to be confused with the ala II Flavia Hispanorum c. R. stationed in Hispania.

Two inscriptions directly attest that the ala II Flavia ∞ was part of the Roman Army in Raetia.890 In 88/89, under command of Raetian procurator T. Flavius Norbanus, the ala II Flavia ∞ was led towards Mogontiacum to suppress the revolt of L. Antonius Saturninus.891 The ala II Flavia ∞ was the only unit awarded with the titles 'pia fidelis' during Emperor Domitian’s

reign, that was not decorated for its contributions in the suppression of the revolt, but in the participation of Emperor Domitian’s campaign against Germanic tribes.892 The identification of the fort it garrisoned between 82/86 and 106/117 is not without doubt. D. Baatz and W. Czysz suggested that the ala II Flavia garrisoned Günzburg (B.3.3) in the last decades of the 1st century, however in the absence of extensive excavations, the size of this fort is merely hypothetical.893 The ala II Flavia ∞ was transferred to the fort at Heidenheim a. d. Brenz (B.4.5) during Emperor Trajan’s reorganization of the Raetian Limes in the years between 106/117.894 During the military expansion of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years around 160 the ala II Flavia ∞ was transferred to the fort at Aalen (B.6.1).895 The presence of this unit at Aalen is attested by a series of building inscriptions, ranging from the construction of the fort in the early 160s to the first decade of the 3rd century.896 During its stay in Raetia, soldiers of the ala II Flavia ∞ participated in imperial campaigns, such as Emperor Trajan’s Dacian wars in 101-102 and 105-106.897 The praefectus alae milliariae was the most elevated rank of the tres militiae, thus several praefecti erected inscribed monuments of lasting materials, altogether seven inscriptions record their names.898

884

889

After the suppression of the Batavian revolt in 70, cavalrymen from weakened units were drawn together to form an amalgamated unit known as ala II Flavia gemina.884 As attested by military diplomas, it remained in Germania until the first half of the 80s.885 Between 82 and 86 the ala II Flavia was transferred to Raetia.886 It is consistently listed on Raetian military diplomas in the following manner: ‒ On seven diplomas issued between 86 and 125/128 ~ 132/133 it is listed as the fourth ala.887 ‒ On 21 diplomas issued after 129/129 ~ 132/133 as the first ala.888 ‒ On two special constitutions issued between 129 and 139 it is listed as the second ala.889

PWRE I. 1, 1241-1242, 1251-1252. Germania: CIL XVI, 20 [20.5.74]; CIL XVI, 28 [20.9.82]; RMM 2 [76]. 886 C – 2.2 [13.5.86]. 887 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the ala II Flavia milliaria p. f. appears only as completion: C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.4 [50.6.107]; C – 2.6 [variant 1: 116 ~ 117/121; variant 2: 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [subvariant 1: 117 ~ 118/119; subvariants 2-4: 118/119 ~ 121; subvariants 5-6: 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]. 888 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the ala II Flavia milliaria p. f. appears only as completion: C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.23 [140/141 or 144]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.27 [1.153 / 3.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166].

Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the ala II Flavia milliaria p. f. appears only as completion: C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]. 890 B.2 – 2.5 [166]: 'decurion(es) exerc(itus) Raetici'; B.2 – 3.3 [82/86 ~ ca. 120]: 'ex exercitu Raetico'. 891 RBy 1995, 106-107; 892 FARKAS 2011, 22-23, Nr. IV.27. 893 RBy 1995, 453; CZYSZ 2002, 45, fig. 30. 894 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 895 Ibid. 142. 896 Building inscriptions: B.2 – 2.4 [163/164]; B.2 – 2.6 [ca. 170 / ca. 200]; B.2 – 2.7 [ca. 170 / ca. 230]; B.2 – 2.8 [208]; B.2 – 2.9 [208]; B.2 – 2.10 [208]; Honorific inscriptions: B.2 – 2.5 [166]; B.2 – 2.11 [222/235]. 897 B.2 – 2.2 [11.97 / 102]. 898 Honorific and building inscriptions: B.2 – 2.2 [Corinth; 11.96/102]; B.2 – 2.3 [Ostia; 106/264]; B.2 – 2.6 [Concordia Sagittaria; ca. 170/200]; B.2 – 2.7 [Aalen; ca. 170 / ca. 230]; B.2 – 2.9 [Aalen; 208]; Epitaphs: B.2 – 3.1 [Mainz; ca. 69 ~ 82/86]; Dedications: B.2 – 4.1 [Rome; ca. 70/100].

885

128

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

A. Johnson and M. Junkelmann suggested that the all-time praefectus of the ala II Flavia ∞ was Nr. 1 2

Rank actuarius (?) beneficiarius

Name Flavius Valentinus ×

3

×

4

Gemus

5

Marcus

6 7

decuriones

T. Vitalius Adventus Firmanus

8

S. Aelius Victor (?)

9 10 11 12 13

[–] Germanus Martialius Titianus Frontinius [–]anus × Marius Marcellus Annauso Sedavonis f. cives Betausius T. Flavius Quintinus Victorinius Longinus

14 15 16 17

equites

Iulius [–] (?)

18

Essio

19

Hilario

20 21 22 23

Concessus

24 25 26 27

praefecti

28 29 30 31 32

signifer

33 34 35

veteranus

× Ti. Claudius Pollio × A. Pomponius C. f. Quirina trib. Augurinus = T. Prifernius Paetus × × Ti. Claudius Rufus M. Ulpius Dignus orig. Cibalae [–]ius Lollianus [–]r(–) Vetus [–]ius [–]

charged with the supervision of forts along the western Raetian Limes.899 Findspot Aalen (R) Augsburg (R) Heidenheim a.d. Brenz (R) Heidenheim a.d. Brenz (R) Heidenheim a.d. Brenz (R) Aalen (R) Aalen (R) Kirchheim am Ries (R)

106/117 ~ ca. 160

Cat. Nr. B.2 – 4.3 B.2 – 3.6 B.2 – 3.5

106/117 ~ ca. 160

B.2 – 5.4

106/117 ~ ca. 160

B.2 – 5.5

ca. 160/254 ca. 160/254

B.2 – 4.2 B.2 – 5.6

ca. 160/254

D – 3.16

Augsburg (R) Augsburg (R)

166 166 166 ca. 170/254 ca. 170/200

B.2 – 2.6 B.2 – 2.6 B.2 – 2.6 B.2 – 3.6 B.2 – 3.7

Mainz (Ger.)

ca. 69 ~ 82/86

B.2 – 3.1

Castel Gandolfo (Lat.) Augsburg (R) Heidenheim a.d. Brenz (R) Heidenheim a.d. Brenz (R) Heidenheim a.d. Brenz (R) Aalen (R) Rome (Lat.) Rome (Lat.) Günzburg (B.3.3)

82/86 ~ ca. 120 82/86 ~ ca. 170

B.2 – 3.3 B.2 – 3.4 B.2 – 3.5

Concordia Sagittaria (Ven.)

106/117 ~ ca. 160 106/117 ~ ca. 160 106/117 ~ ca. 160

B.2 – 5.4 B.2 – 5.5

ca. 160/254 70/254 ca. 70/100 77/78

B.2 – 5.6 B.2 – 3.2 B.2 – 4.1 B.2 – 2.1

Corinth (Ach.)

11.97 / 102

B.2 – 2.2

Ostia (Lat.) Segermes (Afr.) Regensburg (R)

103 / ca. 125 106/254 1.153 / 3.153

Faimingen (R)

28.9.157

B.2 – 2.3 B.2 – 2.4 C – 2.27 C – 2.35

Aalen (R) 163/164 Aalen (R) ca. 170/200 Aalen (R) 208 Heidenheim a.d. Lucanus 106/117 ~ ca. 160 Brenz (R) Secundus f. [–] Regensburg (R) 1.153 / 3.153 Q. L. f. Afrus Faimingen (R) 28.9.157 Marius Marcellus Augsburg (R) ca. 170/200 Table 34: Known officers and soldiers of the ala II Flavia milliaria pia fidelis

Bibliography PWRE I. 1, 1241-1242, 1251-1252; STEIN 1932, 134-137; KELLNER 1971a, 212; SPAUL 1994a, 111-114, Nr. 37. 899

Dating ca. 160/254 ca. 170/254

B.2 – 2.5 B.2 – 2.7 B.2 – 2.11 B.2 – 5.2 C – 2.27 C – 2.35 B.2 – 3.7

Further reading KRAFT 1951, 149; HOLDER 1980, 12; le ROUX 1982, 145146; KENNEDY 1985, 181-185; BIRLEY 1988, 362.

JOHNSON 1990, 36-37; JUNKELMANN 1991, 84-85.

129

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.3. ALA I FLAVIA GEMELLIANA – ala I Flavia Gemelliana

This unit is not to be confused with ala I Gemelliana c. R. which mainly garrisoned Germania and Mauretania Tingitana. Contrary to previous suggestions, the ala Gemelliana (B.4) of the military diploma found at Einharting should not be identified with the ala I Flavia Gemelliana as the name of the ala Gemelliana was consistently displayed without a numeral – thus suggesting temporal antecedence – and without any imperial epithet.

An altar dedicated to the genius alae by Donius (?) Bellinus – possibly an officer of the unit – was discovered at Nassenfels.903 The fort at Nassenfels (B.4.7.) was too small to house an ala, thus it is possible that the ala I Flavia Gemelliana garrisoned the closest ala-fort at Kösching (B.3.4).904 The unit remained at Kösching until its abandonment, which either occurred: ‒ Following the withdrawal of troops and shortening of the eastern section of the limes after Emperor Caracalla’s reign.905 ‒ In the years following 241, when Raetian cavalry units were transferred east to the Persian campaign of Emperor Gordian III.906

The ala I Flavia Gemelliana was raised under an unknown Emperor of the Flavian dynasty, its whereabouts between 69/96 and 117/121 are unknown.900 The ala I Flavia Gemelliana does not appear on any of the six relevant Raetian diplomas issued before 117/121.901 However it is present on 25 Raetian constitutions issued after 117/121.902 Thus one can assume that its transfer took place in the years between 117 and 121, in the process of which, the ala I Flavia Gemelliana relieved the ala I Augusta Thracum (B.7) in the Raetian garrison (v. i.: C – 2.6).

Either way, most of the ala I Flavia Gemelliana was destroyed in the Germanic incursions of the 3rd century (either along with Kösching or separately). Detachments of the unit were incorporated into other units after the destruction of the main body.

900

[variant 2: 139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.23 [140/141 or 144]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [152/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 903 B.3 – 4.3 [Nassenfels; 117/121 ~ 254]. 904 B.3 – 4.1 [Kösching; 117/121 ~ 241+]. 905 SOMMER 2012a, 174. 906 REUTER 2007, 104-105.

Based on D – 3.2 [Frankfurt am Main] the unit could have been stationed in Germania in the years between 69/96 ─ 117/121. 901 C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [variant 1: 116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [subvariant 1: 117 ~ 118/119; subvariants 2-4: 118/119 ~ 121]. This list does not include a further three diplomas of this period with insufficiently preserved unit lists C – 2.3 [103/105]; C – 2.10 [ca. 117/138 (or 117/129?)]; C – 2.11 [ca. 120/140]. 902 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the ala I Flavia Gemelliana appears only as completion: C – 2.6 [variant 2: 117/121+]; C – 2.9 [variant 3: 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19

130

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

Nr.

Rank

1 2 3 4 5 6

decuriones

(–)anus eques praefectus

7

Name T. Flavius Romanus orig. Ulpia Noviomagus nat. Batavus Iulius Memorinus Iulius D[–]s Flavius Speratus

veteranus

×

Findspot

Dating

Cat. Nr.

Kösching (R)

ca. 117/121 ~ 241+

B.3 – 4.1

Concordia Sagittaria (Ven.)

166

B.3 – 2.2

69/96 ~ 117/121

D – 3.2

Frankfurt a. M. (GSup.) Frankfurt a. M. (GSup.) Nassenfels (R)

69/96 ~ 117/121

Don(ius?) Bellinus 117/121 ~ 254 Iulius Genialis cives MediKösching (R) ca. 117/121 ~ 241+ omatricus Table 35: Known officers and soldiers of the ala I Flavia Gemelliana

Bibliography PWRE I. 1, 1247; STEIN 1932, 138-140; WAGNER 1938, 42-43; KRAFT 1951, 147-149; SPAUL 1994a, 133-134.

D – 3.2 B.3 – 4.2 B.3 – 3.1

Further reading RADNÓTI 1961a, 98; SPEIDEL 1978, 78-80; VISY 1995, 135; DIETZ 2006, 33-34, 49.

131

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.4. ALA GEMELLIANA – ala Gemelliana civium Romanorum

This unit is not to be confused with ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3) that garrisoned Raetia from 117/121 onwards. The ala Gemelliana was raised before or early during the 1st century. During the reign of Emperors Tiberius or Claudius it was transferred from Augst, Germania to Pannonia.907 B. Lőrincz proposed that the unit was transferred from Pannonia to Raetia during the reign of Emperor Nero, between 54/64.908

after 39, given that he was discharged after a standard 25 years of service. Inscriptions datable to the first half of the century were discovered in Germania910 and Pannonia.911 Sometime between 64 and 88,912 the ala Gemelliana was permanently transferred to Mauretania and did not return afterwards to the Danubian provinces.913 Proposing that the ala Gemelliana was transferred from Augst to Raetia in the years around 40, it is possible that it garrisoned the fort at Unterkirchberg (B.2.10) or Mengen-Ennetach (B.2.7), which – to our present knowledge – were the only forts that possibly housed mounted soldiers and were operational in Raetia during the middle of the 1st century. In this case, the transfer of the ala Gemelliana to Mauretania Tingitana can be specified to the years around 80 based on the phasing of the fort at Unterkirchberg (B.2.10) or ca. 75/85 based on the chronology of the fort at Mengen-Ennetach (B.2.7).

Lőrincz’s interpretation is based on the assumption that the military diploma discovered at Einharting was issued to a soldier of the Raetian garrison – an uncertain premise that is based on the fact that this diploma was recovered from Raetian territory and the designations 'Vindelico' of the recipient’s family indicate a possible Raetian origin.909 The terms 'Helvetio' and 'Helvetiae' indicate that the recipient Cattaus, son of Bardo, was recruited while the ala Gemelliana was stationed in Augst, thus its transfer occurred only Nr. 1

Rank decurio

2

praefectus

3

veteranus

Name Findspot Dating Ti. Claudius Andecamulus Muttenz (Ger.) before ca. 40 Q. Pomponius Q. f. Collina Einharting (Nor.) 15.6.64 trib. Rufus C. Petronius C. f. domo MopWalbersdorf (PSup.) ca. 40/60 sisto Table 36: Known officers and soldiers of the ala Gemelliana

Cat. Nr. B.4 – 4.1 C – 2.1 B.4 – 3.1

Bibliography SPAUL 1994a, 131-132; LŐRINCZ 2001, 19-20.

Further reading PWRE I. 2, 1247; STEIN 1932, 138-140; WAGNER 1938, 42-43; KRAFT 1951, 147-149; KELLNER 1971a, 212-213; ROXAN 1973, 845; BIRLEY 1978, 267, Nr. 10; REBUFFAT 1987, 64; SPEIDEL 1992, 171-172.

907

910

E. Stein and K. Kraft suggested Pannonia or Noricum (STEIN 1932, 138-140; KRAFT 1951, 147-149); B. Lőrincz suggested Pannonia (LŐRINCZ 2001, 19-20, 49). 908 C – 2.1 [15.6.64]; LŐRINCZ 2001, 20. 909 SPEIDEL 1992, 173.

B.4 – 4.1 [Muttenz; 41/68]. B.4 – 3.1 [Walbersdorf; 45/60]. 912 CIL XVI, 159 [9.1.88]. 913 SPAUL 1994a, 131-132. 911

132

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.5. ALA PANSIANA – ala Pansiana

Little is known of the unit’s history. Both W. Wagner914 and D. B. Saddington suggested,915 that the unit was raised by C. Vibius Pansa, Raetian governor between 15 BC and AD 12. C. Vibius Pansa was undoubtedly the governor of the region north of the Alps,916 although it is uncertain whether the ala Pansiana, bearing his name, was raised in Raetia (1) or Germania (2).

The ala Pansiana is mentioned on a single inscription from Moesia inferior.917 Due to its lack of display on military constitutions and other epigraphic evidence, it is plausible that it was either destroyed during the first half of the 1st century or merged with – or into – another unit.

1. If the ala Pansiana was raised on Raetian territory, one may assume that the reason behind its creation was the pacification of the region, i.e. potential rebels were recruited and immediately transferred to another province – based on B.5 – 3.1: – Germania, to prevent their uprisal. 2. If the ala Pansiana was raised in Germania, its transfer to Moesia inferior can be seen as a similar pacifying measure. Nr. 1

Rank duplarius

Name Findspot Dating Ti. Iulius Icci f. Acutus Gulyantsi (MInf.) ca. 30/55 domo Treverorum Table 37: Known officers and soldiers of the ala Pansiana

Cat. Nr. B.5 – 3.1

Bibliography WAGNER 1963, 317 ff; SADDINGTON 1982, 147; SPAUL 1994a, 250, Nr. S18.

914 915

916

WAGNER 1963, 317 ff. SADDINGTON 1982, 147.

B.25 – 3.1 [Brescia; 15/12 BC (?)]: 'legato pro[pr(aetore) i]n Vindol(icis)'. 917 B.5 – 3.1 [Gulyantsi; ca. 30/55].

133

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.6. ALA I FLAVIA SINGULARIUM – ala I Flavia singularium p. f. c. R.

The ala I Flavia singularium c. R. is not to be confused with the ala I Ulpia singularium (c. R.?), cf. B.6 – 3.†1, B.6 – 3.†2.

It distinguished itself in battle and was awarded with several grants as attested by honorific titles: ‒ The block-grant Roman citizenship between 90 and 110/115 (FARKAS 2009, 26). ‒ The pia fidelis between 105 and 106 (FARKAS 2011, 24-25).

The ala I singularium was raised by Emperor Vitellius, but sided with the force under command of Sextilius Felix dispatched by T. Flavius Vespasianus in order to extend his control over Germania.918 During this time, the ala I singularium was commanded by Iulius Briganticus, a man of Batavian origin, who changed sides from Otho to Vitellius,919 and later from Vitellius to Vespasian,920 and remained praefectus alae until his death in 69.921 The hypotheses of K. Kraft922 and Roldan-Hervas,923 suggesting that the unit was in existence before 68, should be set aside. After the fighting was concluded and T. Flavius Vespasianus was proclaimed Emperor, he distinguished the ala I singularium and the epithet 'Flavia' became part of the unit’s name. Based on military constitutions, the ala I Flavia singularium continued to serve in Germania until the end of the 1st century.924

Both C. Cichorius and J. Spaul suggested that the ala I Flavia singularium was awarded both titles for its part in the suppression of the Saturninus revolt.927 However, neither appears on military diplomas issued before 107, thus it cannot be excluded that the unit was granted these awards during Emperor Nerva’s Germanic campaigns in 97-98,928 or Emperor Trajan’s Dacian campaigns in 101-102 and 105-106.929 Despite displaying the epithet 'civium Romanorum' indicating the award of block-grant Roman citizenship, the two inscriptions from Idanha-aVelha in Lusitania more likely belonged to the ala I Ulpia singularium stationed in Syria.930 The ala I Flavia singularium was transferred to Raetia between 90 and 107.931 It appears on Raetian military diplomas issued between 107 and 167/168.932 Its presence in Raetia is explicitly at-

925

The inscriptions of C. Minicius Italus, and T. Flavius Paternus926 further attest the unit’s presence in Germania.

918 B.6 – 1.1 = TAC. hist. 4,70,2: 'ala singularium excita olim a Vitellio, deinde in partis Vespasiani transgressa.'; PWRE I. 1, 1261-1262; STEIN 1932, 132-134. 919 TAC. hist. 2,22,1: 'Caecina pudore coeptae temere obpugnationis, ne inrisus ac vanus isdem castris adsideret, traiecto rursus Pado Cremonam petere intendit. tradidere sese abeunti Turullius Cerialis cum compluribus classicis et Iulius Briganticus cum paucis equitum, hic praefectus alae in Batavis genitus, ille primipilaris et Caecinae haud alienus, quod ordines in Germania duxerat.' 920 B.6 – 1.1 = TAC. hist. 4,70,2. 921 TAC. hist. 5,21,1: 'Plus discriminis apud Grinnes Vadamque. Vadam Civilis, Grinnes Classicus obpugnabant: nec sisti poterant interfecto fortissimo quoque, in quis Briganticus praefectus alae ceciderat, quem fidum Romanis et Civili avunculo infensum diximus.' 922 KRAFT 1951, 159. 923 ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 224-225. 924 Germania: CIL XVI, 23 [15.4.78]; CIL XVI, 36 [27.10.90]; RMD V, 333 [27.10.90]; AE 2004, 1910 [27.10.90]. 925 B.6 – 2.1 [Ostia antica; 69/79+ (ca. 100)]; B.6 – 2.2 [Aquileia; 105]; B.6 – 2.3 [Alexandria; 110/115].

926

D – 3.2 [Frankfurt am Main; 68 ~ 90/107]: ' al(ae) I Flavi(ae)' can refer to either the ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3), the ala I Flavia singularium (B.6) or the ala I Flavia Gemina (see: SPAUL 1994, 135-136, Nr. 45). 927 SPAUL 1994a, 205. 928 ROSENBERGER 1992, 92. 929 Ibid. 92-94. 930 B.6 – 3.†1 [Idanha-a-Velha; 100/200]; B.6 – 3.†2 [Idanha-a-Velha; 100/200]. 931 Germania: AE 2004, 1910 [27.10.90], Raetia: C – 2.4 [30.6.107]. 932 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the ala I Flavia singularium appears only as completion: C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 – 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 – 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.22 [variant 1: 11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.23 [140/141 or 144]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [12.10.156 / 12.9.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166].

134

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

by a building inscription discovered at Biburg.935 Its presence at Pförring is further attested by an altar dedicated to the Campestres and Epona.936 Stamped tiles displaying the ala I Flavia singularium’s name can be found in the vicinity of Regensburg.937 An altar discovered at Untersaal attests that the unit was present in Raetia in 231.938 The ala I Flavia singularium was likely destroyed when the Raetian Limes was overran by Germanic invaders in 254.939

tested by an honorific inscription set up in Concordia Sagittaria.933 A funerary epitaph discovered at Augsburg may also refer to a deceased rider of the ala I Flavia singularium, although the interpretation of the unit’s name is doubtful.934 It is plausible that the ala I Flavia singularium garrisoned the fort at Pförring (B.4.9). Its presence and activity in the fort’s vicinity is attested Nr.

Rank

1 2 3 4 5

Name [–]anus

decuriones

Saturninus Aelius Severus Petronius Iulianus M. Virius Marcellus

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

× equites

imaginifer

15 16 17 18 19

Victorinus Longinus

Augsburg (R)

Ianuarius [–]ius

Neustadt a. d. D. (R) Pförring (R) Ostia antica (Lat.) Aquileia (Ven.) Alexandria (Aeg.) Pförring (R) Alteglofsheim (R)

C. Minicius C. f. Velina trib. Italus praefecti

veterani

Findspot Frankfurt a. M. (GSup.) Neustadt a. d. D. (R) Concordia (Ven.) Concordia (Ven.) Untersaal (R) Frankfurt a. M. (GSup.)

Dating

Cat. Nr.

68 ~ 90/107

D – 3.2

107 ~ 254 166 166 23.5.231

D – 5.18 B.6 – 2.5 B.6 – 2.5 B.6 – 4.3

68 ~ 90/107

D – 3.2

90/107 (107) ~ ca. 170 107 ~ 254 106/117 ~ 254 69/79+ (ca. 100) 105 110/115 30.10.139 30.10.139

L. E[–]us L. f. Quirina trib. Gallicus orig. Zeugma P. Cominius P. f. Claud. Concordia (Ven.) ca. 180/190 Clemens Aelius Bassianus Pförring (R) ca. 200/254 T. Flavius Paternus nat. BataEgweil (R) ca. 100/140 vus [–]oni f(ilius) nat. Raurac[us] Pförring (R) 30.10.139 A[ – D]ecorato Sanua[ci f. nat Alteglofsheim (R) 30.10.139 Hel]vetius Table 38: Known officers and soldiers of the ala I Flavia singularium p. f. c. R.

B.6 – 3.1 D – 5.18 B.6 – 4.1 B.6 – 2.1 B.6 – 2.2 B.6 – 2.3 C – 2.20 C – 2.21 B.6 – 2.6 B.6 – 4.2 B.6 – 3.2 C – 2.20 C – 2.21

Bibliography PWRE I. 1, 1261-1262; SPAUL 1994a, 204-206.

Further reading STEIN 1932, 132-134; KRAFT 1951, 159; RADNÓTI 1961a, 100-101; ALFÖLDY 1968, 33-34; 184-185; KELLNER 1971a, 212-213; ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 224-225; SPEIDEL 1978, 60-62; WOLFF 2000a, 170-171.

933 B.2 – 2.5 [Concordia Sagittaria; 166]: 'Fl(avius) Speratus alae I sing(ularium) Aelius Sever[us Pe]tron(ius) Iulianus decurion(es) exerc(itus) Raetici'. 934 B.6 – 3.1 [Augsburg; 90/107 (107) ~ ca. 170]: 'eq(uitis) a(lae) II Fl(aviae) sing(ularium)', which may be interpreted as 'a(lae) II Fl(aviae) {sing(ularium)}' but more likely as 'a(lae) I{I} Fl(aviae) sing(ularium)'.

935

B.6 – 2.4 [Biburg; 141]. B.6 – 4.2 [Pförring; 200/254]. 937 B.6 – 5.1 [Regensburg; 106/117 ~ 254] see: SPITZLBERGER 1968, p. 168, Nr. 343-344. 938 B.6 – 4.3 [Untersaal; 23.5.231]. 939 REUTER 2007, 105-108. 936

135

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.7. ALA I AUGUSTA THRACUM – ala I Augusta Thracum

The early history of the unit is unclear. Based on three funerary inscriptions found at Jerash (Syria),940 E. Stein,941 K. Kraft942 and J. E. H. Spaul suggested,943 that the ala I Augusta Thracum was part of the Syrian garrison in the 1st century. Several alae Thracum appear on military constitutions issued to the Roman garrison of Syria,944 and the cohors I Augusta Thracum appears on several military diplomas issued to troops of the Syrian garrison.945 Based on military constitutions, the ala I Augusta Thracum was transferred to Raetia before 86.946 Altogether 6 Raetian military diplomas issued between 86 and 118/119 ~ 121 list the unit.947 The system of Raetian military diplomas indicate that the ala I Augusta Thracum left the Raetian army between 117 and 121 and was replaced by the ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3). Epigraphic data do

not indicate the fort that garrisoned the ala I Augusta Thracum.948 The only record of the unit from the Raetian epigraphic material is Successus’ epitaph from Augsburg.949 However the ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3), which relieved the ala I Augusta Thracum, is attested at Kösching (B.3.4); thus, it is possible that both units garrisoned that fort: the ala I Augusta Thracum constructed it in 80 and left it in 117/121 when it was transferred to Noricum.

940

947

The ala I Augusta Thracum’s presence in Noricum is well attested by both military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Roman army in Noricum and other types of epigraphic evidence.950 Through the course of the 2nd century the ala I Augusta Thracum was transferred from Noricum to Mauretania Caesarensis.951

B.7 – 3.1 [Jerash; before 80]; B.7 – 3.2 [Jerash; before 80]; B.7 – 3.3 [Jerash; before 80]; B.7 – 3.4 [Augsburg; 80 ~ 117/121]. 941 STEIN 1932, 154. 942 KRAFT 1951, 161-162. 943 SPAUL 1994a, 228, Nr. 81. 944 CIL XVI, 3 [18.6.54]: '(a) veterana Gallorum et Thra{e}cum et (b) Gall[o]rum et Thra{e}cum [A]ntiana et (c) Gallorum et Thra{e}cum'. 945 RMD I, 3 [18.6.54]; RMD V, 329 [7.11.88]; RMD V, 330 [7.11.88]. 946 C – 2.2 [13.5.86].

Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the ala I Augusta Thracum appears only as completion: C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [variant 1: 116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [subvariant 1: 117 ~ 118/119; subvariants 2-4: 118/119 ~ 121]. 948 KELLNER 1971, 212. 949 B.7 – 3.4 [Augsburg; 80 ~ 117/121]. 950 CIL XVI, 174 [131/133]; RMM 32 [24.9.151]; AEA 2009, 31 [138/161]; B.7 – 4.2 [Fedjana; 145/152]: 'exercitus Norici'. 951 BENSEDDIK 1976, 26-27.

136

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

Nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rank curator custos

decuriones

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

equites

optio

praefecti

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

veterani vexillarius unknown

Name Flavius Tacitus C. Iulius Agricola Terentius Vesper Iulius Octavus Ti. Claudius Ingenuus Q. Fabius Modestus dom. Roma Sentius Exoratus Spectatius Viator Ulpius Nativus Doritses Tarsi f. Ziemices Ziopen(i) f. Successus Silvani f.

Findspot Maria Saal (Nor.) Traismauer (Nor.) Jerash (Arab.) Jerash (Arab.) Augsburg (R) Maria Saal (Nor.)

Dating 1.2.238 117/121 ~ ca. 160 before 80 before 80 80 ~ 117/121 ca. 100/200

Cat. Nr. B.7 – 4.3 B.7 – 3.6 B.7 – 3.1 B.7 – 3.2 B.7 – 3.4 B.7 – 3.5

Liebenfels (Nor.)

117/121 ~ ca. 200

B.7 – 4.1

Fedjana (Maur. C.) Fedjana (Maur. C.) Wallsee (Nor.) Jerash (Arab.) Jerash (Arab.) Augsburg, Friedhofsmauer (R) Traismauer (Nor.) Wels (Nor.) Jerash (Arab.) Lomello (Transp.)

145/152 145/152 117/121 ~ 300 before 80 before 80

B.7 – 4.2 B.7 – 4.2 D – 4.5 B.7 – 3.1 B.7 – 3.2

80 ~ 117/121

B.7 – 3.4

Troucleimarus Demari f. 117/121 ~ ca. 250 Chartius Tagaduni f. ca. 150/200 Valerius Tenes Eptacentis f. before 80 C. Geminus Priscus ca. 40/254 Q. Attius T. f. Maecia trib. Serravalle (Lig.) 11.97/1.98 ~ ca. 110 Priscus T. Appalius T. f. Velina trib. Fermo (Pic.) 117/138 ~ 254 Alfinus Secundus C. Iulius Agricola Traismauer (Nor.) 117/121 ~ ca. 160 T. Aelius Quartio (M.?) Aurelius Potitus Klagenfurt (Nor.) 117/121 ~ ca. 250 (M.?) Aurelius Potitus Klagenfurt (Nor.) 117/121 ~ ca. 250 Memmius, (–) f. Seggauberg (Nor.) ca. 130/170 × Traismauer (Nor.) 213/217 Table 39: Known officers and soldiers of the ala I Augusta Thracum

Bibliography PWRE I. 1, 1263; STEIN 1932, 154; JARRETT 1969, 217; SPAUL 1994a, 228-230, Nr. 81.

B.7 – 3.8 B.7 – 3.10 B.7 – 3.3 D – 4.1 B.7 – 2.1 B.7 – 2.2 B.7 – 3.6 B.7 – 3.7 B.7 – 3.7 B.7 – 3.9 B.7 – 2.4

Further reading KRAFT 1951, 161-162; ALFÖLDY 1974, 257-258; BENSEDDIK 1976, 26-27.

137

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.8. ALA I THRACUM VETERANA – ala I Thracum veterana sagittariorum

tary altar discovered in Unterhausen, Raetia.957 Based on the findspot of this inscription, it is possible that the unit garrisoned the nearby fort at Burgheim (B.2.3). However, the layout of the fort is unknown and a votive inscription, by its nature, is not enough evidence on its own. Votive inscriptions were not necessarily set in the vicinity of the garrison.

The ala I Thracum veterana was raised during the course of the 1st century. It was transferred to Raetia at an unknown time. It is certain however that it was part of the Roman Army of Raetia in 86.952 B. Lőrincz suggested that the unit was transferred to Pannonia in the years between 106/117.953 This is supported by the fact that the ala I Thracum veterana does not appear on the Raetian military diploma issued in 107.954 It remained in Pannonia afterwards, garrisoning the forts at Schwechat (Ala nova), Dunaújváros (Intercisa) and Budapest-Nagytétény (Campona).955 The terms 'sagittaria, sagittariorum' appear exclusively on twelve Pannonian military diplomas.956 The only epigraphic evidence related to the ala I Thracum veterana is one very fragmenNr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Rank actarius curatores

decuriones

duplarius duplicarii eques

praefecti

veterani

Another possibility is that the ala I Thracum veterana garrisoned the ala fort at Unterkirchberg (B.2.10) in the years between 80 and 106/117. The layout and chronology of this fort coincides with the unit’s Raetian presence, however, there are no written sources attesting the ala I Thracum veterana at Unterkirchberg.

Name Findspot Dating (M.?) Aurelius Regulianus Nagytétény (PInf.) ca. 200/250 L. Mar[–] Mannersdorf (PSup.) ca. 106 ~ 118/119 (M. Ulpius?) Axeto Dunaújváros (PInf.) ca. 117/138 P. Aelius Veranus Hantos (PInf.) ca. 117/138 (M.?) Cocceius Senecio Baracska (PInf.) ca. 130/170 Valerius Emeritus Budapest (PInf.) ca. 130/170 Valerius Valens Budapest (PInf.) ca. 200/250 M. Aurelius Attianus Szabadbattyán (PInf.) ca. 200/250 (M.) Aurelius Iulius Nagytétény (PInf.) ca. 200/250 (M.) Aurelius Avvo Budapest (PInf.) 211/222 Vibius Saturnus Csákvár (PSup.) ca. 100/200 (P. or T.) Aelius Victorinus unknown (Pan.?) ca. 130/170 [–] Mucatra Budapest (PInf.) ca. 198/222 Pertinax (?) Dunaújváros (PInf.) ca. 117/138 Ti. Claudius Agricola unknown 13.5.86 Ti. Plautius Ti. f. Papiria trib. Mactar (Afr.) ca. 180 Felix Ferruntianus Domitius Magnus Budapest (PInf.) ca. 200/250 Q. Postumus Lepidinus Budapest (PInf.) ca. 200/250 Dituseni Salae f. nat. Thracus unknown 13.5.86 (M.?) Ulpius Cives Mannersdorf (PSup.) ca. 106 ~ 118/119 Table 40/1: Known officers and soldiers of the ala I Thracum veterana

952

956

C – 2.2 [13.5.86]. LŐRINCZ 2001, 24. 954 C – 2.4 [30.7.107]. 955 LŐRINCZ 2001, 24-25, 50. The cryptotopographical analysis of Pannonian military consitutions carried out by Zs. Visy (VISY 1986, 482517).

Cat. Nr. B.8 – 4.7 B.8 – 3.2 B.8 – 3.3 B.8 – 4.2 B.8 – 4.3 B.8 – 4.4 B.8 – 4.8 B.8 – 3.6 B.8 – 3.7 B.8 – 3.8 B.8 – 3.1 B.8 – 3.5 B.8 – 4.6 B.8 – 3.4 C – 2.2 B.8 – 4.5 B.8 – 4.9 D – 3.17 C – 2.2 B.8 – 3.2

CIL XVI, 99 [1.8.150]; CIL XVI, 112 [27.12.157 or 27.12.158]; CIL XVI, 113 [(27.12).157 or (27.12).158; CIL XVI, 175 [3.139 / 10.139]; CIL XVI, 179 [9.10.148]; CIL XVI, 180 [9.10.148]; RMD V, 415 [154/156]; RMD II, 102 [8.2.157]; RMD II, 103 [8.2.157]; RMD IV, 272 [(9.10).148]; RMD IV, 284 [154/161]; AE 2010, 1862 [143/161]. 957 B.8 – 4.1 [Unterhausen; before 106/117].

953

138

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

Nr. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Rank

veterani

unknown

Name Findspot Dating P. Aelius Veranus Hantos (PInf.) ca. 117/138 Valerius Emeritus Budapest (PInf.) ca. 130/170 Valerius Valens Budapest (PInf.) ca. 200/250 (M.) Aurelius Iulius Nagytétény (PInf.) ca. 200/250 M. Aurelius Catus Dunújváros (PInf.) ca. 213 (M.) Aurelius Lipor Budapest (PInf.) 222/235 Ger[manus?] Unterhausen (R) before 106/117 Table 40/2: Known officers and soldiers of the ala I Thracum veterana

Bibliography LŐRINCZ 1992, 92-93; SPAUL 1994a, 223-225; LŐRINCZ 2001, 24-25; 50.

Cat. Nr. B.8 – 4.2 B.8 – 4.4 B.8 – 4.8 B.8 – 3.7 B.8 – 3.9 B.8 – 4.10 B.8 – 4.1

Further reading PWRE I. 1; 1265; KRAFT 1951, 160; JARRETT 1969, 218; FITZ 1972; BENSEDDIK 1976, 43; DIETZ 1984a, 230; VISY 1986, 482-517; LŐRINCZ – VISY 1987, 340; GENSER 1989, 50-51.

139

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.9. COHORS II AQUITANORUM – cohors II Aquitanorum Biturigum c. R.

107 and 112.965 The name of the cohors II Aquitanorum appears on 30 Raetian military diplomas.966 It is unclear where the unit was garrisoned in the years between ca. 107/112 and 120. Based on chronology, it is possible that the cohors II Aquitanorum was garrisoned at Burladingen-Hausen (B.4.1). In the years around 120, the cohors II Aquitanorum was transferred to Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8), where it was garrisoned until the fort’s destruction during the Marcomannic wars.967 Afterwards, the cohors II Aquitanorum constructed the fort Dambach-II (B.7.1).968 The unit garrisoned Dambach-II until the collapse of the Raetian Limes in 254.969 Its presence near Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) is attested by a military diploma970 and two tile stamps.971 Another diploma issued to a veteran of the cohors II Aquitanorum was discovered at Mertingen-Burghöfe.972 By the time the diploma was issued the fort at Burghöfe (B.2.4) was no longer operational.

The cohors II Aquitanorum was recruited in the 1st century in Gallia, in the region of civitas Biturigum. Sometime during the course of the century it was transferred to Germania. Its presence there is attested on four military constitutions,958 the epitaph of C. Antestius Seve[–] discovered at Mainz,959 and a tile stamp found at Arnsburg.960 Based on military diplomas, the cohors II Aquitanorum was transferred to Raetia sometime between 90 and 116.961 The name of the cohors II Aquitanorum does not appear on the Raetian military constitution issued in 107,962 thus, both A. Radnóti and Zs. Visy suggested the unit was transferred to Raetia during or after 107,963 possibly as part of the large scale military reorganization of Emperor Trajan following the conclusion of his Dacian campaigns.964 This is further supported by a change in the number of cohortes on military constitutions between Nr. 1 2 3

Rank centuriones medicus ord.

4 5 6 7 8

praefecti veteranus unknown

Name Findspot Dating [–]us Regensburg (R) ca. 120/170 Iulius Novello Dambach (R) ca. 180 ~ 253/254 Ulpius Lucilianus Regensburg (R) ca. 120/170 C. Anestius C. f. Veturia trib. Mainz (Ger.) before 107/112 Severus [–] f. Velina trib. Spi[–] Fermo (Pic.) ca. 135/254 Iulius (–) Regensburg (R) 3.166 / 4.166 Secco Iuli [f. –]. Regensburg (R) 3.166 / 4.166 Iulius [–] Regensburg (R) ca. 120/170 Table 41: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors II Aquitanorum

Cat. Nr. D – 5.13 B.9 – 5.4 D – 3.5 B.9 – 3.1 D – 2.9 C – 2.45 C – 2.45 D – 3.4

Bibliography PWRE V. 9, 243; SPAUL 2000, 146.

Further reading RADNÓTI 1961a, 101, 113; KELLNER 1971a, 213; BAATZ 1993, 276; VISY 1995, 137; WOLFF 2000a, 170-171.

958

3: 139/140]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 – 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 967 SANDBICHLER 2009, 42, 81-82, 89; SOMMER 2011, 164, fn. 238. 968 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 969 FMRD I. 5, Nr. 5005-5007; REUTER 2007, 90-91, fn. 125-127. 970 C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]. 971 B.9 – 5.2 [Regensburg; ca. 120/170]; B.9 – 5.3 [Regensburg; ca. 120/170]. 972 C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140].

Germania: CIL XVI, 28 [20.9.82]; Germania superior: CIL XVI, 36 [27.10.90]; RMD V, 333 [27.10.90]; AE 2004, 1910 [27.10.90]. 959 B.9 – 3.1 [Mainz; before 107/112]. 960 B.9 – 5.1 [Arnsburg; 1 ~ 106/116]. 961 C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 21.12.116]. 962 C – 2.4 [30.6.107]. 963 RADNÓTI 1961a, 101; VISY 1995, 137. 964 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 965 C – 2.4 [30.6.107]: 'cohortibus decem et una{m}'; C – 2.5 [27.9.112]: '[coh(ortibus) decem et] duab(us)'. 966 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors II Aquitanorum appears only as completion: C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.11 [ca. 120/140]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variant

140

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.10. COHORS III BATAVORUM − cohors III Batavorum milliaria

extensive military reorganization.982 In this case, after a brief time in Britannia, the cohors III Batavorum was transferred to Raetia in the years around the turn of the century. The unit appears on five military constitutions issued to veterans of the Roman Army in Raetia between 107 and 117 ~ 118/119.983

There are two possibilities regarding the recruitment of the cohors III Batavorum: In the first case, the unit was raised in Germania during the first half of the 1st century, together with other Batavian infantry units. A passage from Tacitus indicates that cohortes recruited from Batavians took part in the conquest of Britain in the years following 43973 and onwards.974 However, at latest, by the time of the Year of the Four Emperors, eight975 of the ten Batavian cohorts were retransferred to the continent.976 It is uncertain whether the Batavians returned soon after the conquest of Britain ended or only during the events of 68/69. Under command of Fabius Valens, Batavians serving in the Roman army proclaimed Aulus Vitellius emperor on the 2nd of January 69.977 After the conclusion of the civil war – and the Batavian revolt – the privileges of the Batavian tribes were revoked.978 J. E. H. Spaul suggested that the cohors III Batavorum returned to Britannia,979 where it may have participated in Iulius Agricola’s campaign.980 However, the presence of the cohors III Batavorum is not present on military diplomas issued to troops stationed in Britannia (nor on those of any other provinces) and neither does the name of the unit appear on epigraphic evidence. It is attested only on two of the Vindolanda tablets, together with the cohors IX Batavorum.981

It is not known which fort the cohors III Batavorum garrisoned in Raetia, although several attempts were made for its identification: in 1961, A. Radnóti stated that no fort was large enough – amongst those known at that time – to house a cohors milliaria equitata, thus suggesting that the unit was stationed in an unknown camp.984 H.-J. Kellner agreed with A. Radnóti adding that the transfer of the unit from Raetia to Pannonia inferior took place during the reign of Hadrian.985 D. Baatz held no apparent opinion regarding the fort that the cohors III Batavorum garrisoned.986 Apart from military diplomas, no epigraphic sources attest the presence of the unit in Raetia, which can partially be attributed to the unit’s short-term stay. Based on the chronology of Raetian forts, and suggesting that the unit was raised during the course of the first century, the cohors III Batavorum was possibly garrisoned at Moos-Burgstall (B.3.6), which is the only Raetian cohors-fort unaccounted for in the years between 69/90 (86+) and 106/117.

In the second case, the cohors III Batavorum was raised only later, by Emperor Trajan during the first decade of the 2nd century, as part of his

Afterwards in 118/119, the cohors III Batavorum was transferred to the fort at Adony (Vetus Salina) in Pannonia inferior.987 The cohors III Ba-

973

982

B.26 – 1.1 = TAC. Agr. 36,1-2 [98]. B.10 – 1.1 = TAC. hist. 4,12,4 [1st century]. 975 B.10 – 1.2 = TAC. hist. 1,59,1-2 [69]. 976 TAC. hist. 2,27-28 [15.1.69 / 3.69]. 977 KIENAST 1990, 106. 978 TAC. Ger. 29,1-3. 979 SPAUL 2000, 214. 980 TAC, Agr. 36 [84]. 981 B.10 – 1.3; B.10 – 1.4 [Vindolanda; before 104/106].

SOMMER 2012a, 151. Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors III Batavorum appears only as completion: C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [variant 1: 117 ~ 118/119]. 984 RADNÓTI 1961a, 111-112. 985 KELLNER 1971a, 214. 986 BAATZ 1993, 355. 987 LŐRINCZ 2001, 30.

974

983

141

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

tavorum is attested on 20 military diplomas issued to Pannonia988 as well as numerous inscriptions.989 J. E. H. Spaul argues that the unit took part in Trajan’s Parthian campaign, although this hypothesis is presently unsupported.990 Several epigraphic sources attest that during the course of the 2nd and 3rd centuries – including its stay in Nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Rank centurio curator eques

milites

praefecti

tribuni veterani unknown

Raetia – the cohors III Batavorum continued to recruit Batavians from their territory of origin.991 A well-known feat of Batavian soldiers was their ability to swim across rivers, both mounted and unmounted, is well-attested by both ancient literary sources992 and by a Pannonian funerary stele.993

Name Equester T. Flavius Atus Lentinus Prudentis f. Cogitatus Corinthus Diligens Paris (M.?) Aurelius Romanus Domitius Niger

Findspot Dating Vindolanda (Bri.) before 104/106 Dunaújváros (PInf.) ca. 150/200 Dunaújváros (PInf) ca. 140/160 Vindolanda (Bri.) before 104/106 Vindolanda (Bri.) before 104/106 Vindolanda (Bri.) before 104/106 Vindolanda (Bri.) before 104/106 Dunaújváros (PInf.) ca. 200/250 Székesfehérvár (PInf.) 1.5.211 Bölcske (PInf.) 157/158 M. Flavius Miles Bölcske (PInf.) 157/158 Bölcske (PInf.) 157/158 [–]us Severus Pusztaszabolcs (PInf.) ca. 200/230 Claudius Tyrannus Adony (PInf.) 118/119 ~ ca. 200 Valerius Timotheus Adony (PInf.) 118/119 ~ ca. 280 M. Simplicius Quietus Adony (PInf.) 198/222 (211/222) T. Aelius Karus Adony (PInf.) ca. 138/161 T. Flavius Atus Dunaújváros (PInf.) ca. 150/200 [–] Vi[–](?) Dunaújváros (PInf.) 118/119 ~ ca. 200 Table 42: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors III Batavorum

Cat. Nr. B.10 – 1.3 B.10 – 3.6 B.10 – 3.5 B.10 – 1.4 B.10 – 1.4 B.10 – 1.4 B.10 – 1.4 B.10 – 3.8 B.10 – 4.5 B.10 – 4.1 B.10 – 4.2 B.10 – 4.3 B.10 – 3.7 B.10 – 3.1 B.10 – 3.3 B.10 – 4.4 B.10 – 3.4 B.10 – 3.6 B.10 – 3.2

Bibliography PWRE IV. 9, 252-253; SPAUL 2000, 213-214.

Further reading RADNÓTI 1961a, 111-112; KELLNER 1971a, 214; BAATZ 1993, 355; BOWMAN – THOMAS 1994, 534, Nr. 297; WOLFF 2000a, 170-171; LŐRINCZ 2001, 30-31, 51; LAMBERT – SCHEUERBRANDT 2002, 55.

988

989 B.10 – 3.1 ~ B.10 – 3.8; B.10 – 4.1 ~ B.10 – 4.5; B.10 – 5.1 ~ B.10 – 5.3. 990 SPAUL 2000, 213-214. 991 B.10 – 3.4 [Adony; ca. 138/161]: 'd(omo) [m(unicipio)] Bata(vorum)'; B.10 – 3.7 [Pusztaszabolcs; ca. 200/230]: '[Ulpia Nov]iomagi'; B.10 – 4.4 [Adony; 198/222 (212/222)]: 'Deae Vagdaevercusti' see: TAC. Ger. 29,13. 992 TAC. ann. 2,11,1; DIO hist. 60,29,2; 69,9,6. 993 CIL III, 3676 [Pannonia, ca. 124+]. The epitaph commemorated a soldier of the cohors III Batavorum milliaria (LŐRINCZ 2001, 30, Nr. 8).

Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors III Batavorum appears only as completion: RMD IV, 251 [19.5.135]; RMD I,V 266 [7.8.143]; ECK – PANGERL 2010b, 31 [143/161]; CIL XVI, 179 [9.10.148]; CIL XVI, 180 [9.10.148]; RMD IV, 272 [9.10.148]; CIL XVI, 112 [27.12.151 – 27.12.160]; CIL XVI, 113 [27.12.151 – 27.12.160]; RMD V, 415 [154/156]; RMD II, 102 [8.2.157]; RMD II, 103 [8.2.157]; AE 2009, 1079 [6.12.157]; RMD III, 178 [7.3.161 / 163 (162?)]; RMD II, 113 [7.3.161 / 9.163]; ECK – PANGERL 2010a, 223 ff. [161/162]; ECK – PANGERL 2010a, 223 ff. [23.7.162]; CIL XVI, 131 [178/190]; AE 2002, 1237 [11.8.192]; RMD V, 446 [11.8.192]; RMD V, 447 [11.8.192].

142

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.11. COHORS IX BATAVORUM EXPLORATORUM − cohors IX Batavorum milliaria equitata exploratorum

The cohors IX Batavorum was raised in Germania during the course of the 1st century. The passages of Tacitus cited in relation of the cohors III Batavorum (B.10) also apply to the cohors IX Batavorum, as this unit also possibly participated in the conquest of Britain,994 took part in the events of the Year of the Four Emperors,995 and suffered the consequences of the Batavian revolt in 69-70.996 During the last quarter of the 1st century, the cohors IX Batavorum was transferred to Britannia. Its presence there is documented by the letters known as the Vindolanda-tablets.997 During the first decade of the 2nd century, the cohors IX Batavorum was transferred to Raetia. The inscription of an altar discovered at Weißenburg attests that the cohors IX Batavorum arrived to Raetia directly from Britannia.998

participated in Emperor Trajan’s Dacian campaigns, which would account for the unit missing from the Raetian military constitution of 107,1005 as disallowing soldiers to discharge during campaigns was common practice among auxiliary commanders. Regarding the wider significance of the unit’s transfer from Britannia to Raetia, it seems possible that – along with other units – the cohors IX Batavorum was meant to reinforce the Danubian frontier system after several units previously stationed there were drawn to defend the newly organized province of Dacia. The name of the cohors IX Batavorum appears on 28 Raetian military diplomas issued between 116 ~ 117/121 and 167/168.1006 It is possible that the unit constructed and garrisoned the fort Weißenburg-II (B.4.13) in the years between 100/1101007 and 117/125.1008 After the fort at Weißenburg-II was abandoned, in the years between 117/125 and 254, the cohors IX Batavorum garrisoned an unknown Raetian fort. It is possible that this fort was off the Raetian Limes, as the cohors IX Batavorum survived the collapse of the Raetian frontier system in 254 and was reported having been garrisoned at the late Roman fort at Passau.1009 Previous hypotheses regarding the cohors IX Batavorum’s dislo-

Nonetheless, based on the fragmentary text of two military constitutions999 and two difficult-tointerpret tile stamps from the territory of Dacia (Râmnicu Vâlcea1000 and Bârseşti1001) several scholars proposed that the cohors IX Batavorum were part of the Roman army in Moesia superior in the first decade of the 2nd century.1002 However, as F. Matei-Popescu summarized it, all of this evidence is highly questionable,1003 and it is more plausible that the cohors IX Batavorum was transferred from Britannia directly to Raetia.1004 The cohors IX Batavorum may have

994

B.10 – 1.1 = TAC. hist. 4,12,4. TAC. hist. 2,27-28 [15.1.69 / 3.69]. 996 TAC. Ger. 29,1-3. 997 B.11 – 1.1-16 [Vindolanda; before 104/106]. 998 B.11 – 4.1 [Weißenburg; 104/106 ~ 120]. 999 C – 2.3 [103/105]; C – 2.5 [27.9.112]. 1000 B.11 – 5.†1 [Rîmnicu Vîlcea; 100/110]. 1001 B.11 – 5.†2 [Bîrseşti; 100/110]. 1002 C – 2.3 [Oberstimm; 103/105]: RMD I, p. 41; DIETZ 1982, 183-191; C – 2.5 [Dambach; 27.9.112]: ECK 1983, 339; KELLNER 1985, 239-244. 1003 MATEI-POPESCU 2007, 55-60. 1004 B.11 – 4.1 [Weißenburg; 104/106 ~ ca. 120]: 'ex p(rovincia) B(ritannia)'. 1005 C – 2.4 [30.6.107]. 1006 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors IX Batavorum appears only as completion: C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116];

C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [12.10.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 1007 RBy 1995, 534. 1008 GRÖNKE 1977, 21, fn. 70; HÜSSEN 1986, 108-109. 1009 NOT. dign. occ. 35, 1, 11: 'Tribunus cohortis novae Batavorum, Batavis'; GENSER 1986, 23-26; BENDER et al. 1997, 21-25.

995

143

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

cation can be summarized as follows: A. Radnóti suggested that the unit was transferred directly to the fort at Passau, in Raetia, in 147.1010 Having dated the B.11 – 4.1 altar to the 3rd century, he claimed that the cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum was stationed at Weißenburg-II (B.4.13) after the Germanic incursion of 233.1011 H.-J. Kellner dated the arrival of the cohors IX Batavorum to Raetia to the years between 139 and 161, and identified its first garrison with the fort at Passau (B.3.7). He agreed with the opinion of Radnóti A. on the unit’s presence at Weißenburg-II.1012 D. Baatz defined the unit’s station as uncertain, but considered both Passau-I and Nr. 1 2 3 4 5

Rank centuriones curator decurio equites

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

milites optiones

praefecti

Name

Ruffenhofen (B.5.3) possible garrison locations.1013 H. Wolff stated that the unit was stationed in Weißenburg-II from the reign of Hadrian to the Marcomannic wars in the 170s.1014 Zs. Visy suggested that the cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum was stationed in the fort at Ruffenhofen between 118/119 and 175.1015 However, recent geophysical surveys revealed the fort at Ruffenhofen to be an ala-fort.1016 Based on chronology of construction phases of the fort Passau-I, it is possible that the cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum garrisoned Passau-I in the years between 117/125 and 254.

V[–] Crescens Victor Martinus

Findspot Vindolanda (Bri.) Vindolanda (Bri.) Weißenburg (R) Weißenburg (R)

Dating before 104/106 before 104/106 106/117 ~ 254 106/117 ~ 254

[–]a[–]um

Vindolanda (Bri.)

before 104/106

Frontinus Lucius Verecundus

Vindolanda (Bri.) before 104/106 Vindolanda (Bri.) before 104/106 Vindolanda (Bri.) before 104/106 × Vindolanda (Bri.) before 104/106 Arcuittius Vindolanda (Bri.) before 104/106 Flavius Cerialis Vindolanda (Bri.) before 104/106 × Vindolanda (Bri.) before 104/106 A. Caecilius Faustinus Oberstimm (R) 103/105 M. Victorius Provincialis Weißenburg (R) 104/106 ~ ca. 120 × Dambach (R) 27.9.112 T. Porcius Aelianus Marseilles (Nar.) ca. 200/250 Table 43: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors IX Batavorum

Cat. Nr. B.11 – 1.6 B.11 – 1.16 D – 3.11 D – 3.11 B.11 – 1.13 B.11 – 1.13 B.11 – 1.13 B.11 – 1.2 B.11 – 1.6 B.11 – 1.16 B.11 – 1.9 B.11 – 1.12 C – 2.3 B.11 – 4.1 C – 2.5 B.11 – 2.1

Bibliography PWRE IV. 9, 253; SPAUL 2000, 215-216.

Further reading RADNÓTI 1961a, 107, 116; KELLNER 1971a, 215; GENSER 1986, 23-26; BIRLEY 1989, 16-20; BAATZ 1993, 274, 334; BIRLEY 1995, 273-280; BENDER et al. 1997, 21-25; VISY 1993, 133-134; WOLFF 2000a, 171.

1010

1014

1011

1015

RADNÓTI 1961a, 116. Ibid. 107. 1012 KELLNER 1966, 92; id. 1971a, 215. 1013 BAATZ 1993, 274, 334.

1016

144

WOLFF 2000a, 171. VISY 1993, 133-134. SOMMER 2004, 345-360; id. 2007, 123-131.

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.12. COHORS III BRACARAUGUSTANORUM − cohors III Bracaraugustanorum sagittaria (equitata)

This unit is not to be confused with the cohors III (Callaecorum) Bracaraugustanorum, a unit stationed in Britannia, and transferred briefly to Syria.1017

Munningen (B.4.6), although so far, none of the two stations have been supported by epigraphic evidence. The idea of the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum being stationed at Munningen was suggested by both E. Stein1024 and J.-M. RoldanHervas,1025 although they proposed an earlier chronology, which has since become superseded.1026

The cohortes Bracaraugustanorum were recruited in the region of civitas Bracara Augusta (Braga), founded in 20 BC.1018 The cohors III Bracaraugustanorum was raised during the course of the 1st century.1019 Little is known of the unit’s early history. The cohors III Bracaraugustanorum was transferred to Raetia by 86 the latest.1020 Its presence is clearly attested on 20, and suggested on a further 10 military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Roman Army in Raetia between 86 and 167/168,1021 as well as numerous epigraphic inscriptions as well.1022

C. S. Sommer suggested the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum’s presence at Munningen with a newly established chronology.1027 In the years around 120 the unit constructed the fort at Theilenhofen (B.5.4)1028 and garrisoned it until the collapse of the Raetian Limes system in 254.1029 The presence of the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum is well attested at Theilenhofen.1030 A military diploma issued to a veteran of the unit was discovered near the area of the Roman fort.1031 The presence of the unit is further attested by stamped tiles,1032 and an instrumentum inscription, which belonged to a soldier named Costio of this unit.1033

It is unclear which fort the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (eq.) garrisoned during the 1st century.1023 Based on the fort’s size and chronology, it is possible that the unit garrisoned the fort at Gomadingen (B.3.2) in the years between ca. 86 and 106/117. Afterwards, based on similar circumstantial evidence, the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum may have garrisoned the fort at

Several scholars agreed that Syrian military constitutions1034 listing the cohors III Bracaraugus-

1017

1022 B.12 – 2.1 [Rome; ca. 86/254]; D – 3.10 [Rome; ca. 100/300 (?)]; B.12 – 4.1 [Theilenhofen; ca. 120/254] and possibly B.12 – 5.1 [Theilenhofen; ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.2 [Theilenhofen; ca. 120/254]. 1023 Presence of a cavalry detachment based on B.12 – 5.6 [Theilenhofen; ca. 120/254], pseudoattic helmet with the punched inscription 'turma' attested within the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum. 1024 STEIN 1932, 171-172. 1025 ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 81. 1026 LORÉ 2009, 95-98; HERZIG – BERG-HOBOHM 2010, 11-13; SOMMER 142, fn. 51; for dendrochronological data regarding the vicus see: FAßBINDER et al. 2008a, 70-73. 1027 SOMMER 2011, 151. 1028 Ibid. 143, 151, 154. 1029 REUTER 2007, 93. 1030 ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 81. 1031 C – 2.23 [140 / 141 or 144]. 1032 B.12 – 5.2 [Theilenhofen; ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.3 [Theilenhofen; ca. 120/254]. 1033 ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, Nr. 188 = IBR 311a. 1034 RMD III, 160 [136/137]; CIL XVI, 87 [22.11.139] see: AE 1983, 380 [130/170].

It is likely that a single unit was transferred from Britannia to Syria during Emperor Hadrian’s reign (RMD III, p. 297, ∫10; SPAUL 2000, 9293) see: AE 1983, 380 [Fano; ca. 130/170]: 'coh(ortis) I̅ I̅ I̅ Bracarum [in Syr(ia) Pal]aes(tina)'. 1018 COUTINHAS 2006. 1019 J. M. Roldan-Hervas makes no mention of the early history of the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 80). 1020 C – 2.2 [13.5.86]. 1021 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum appears only as completion: C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [variant 2: 5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variants 2-3: 139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.23 [140/141 or 144]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166].

145

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

tanorum are evidence that the unit participated in the suppression of the Bar Kochba revolt.1035 Nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

The unit returned to Raetia as attested by military constitutions issued to the Raetian garrison.1036

Rank

Name Findspot Dating M. Tuccius Proculus Lambaesis (Num.) ca. 69/300 Gemellus Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 centuriones Tertius Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 Victor Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 Ataulanus Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 decuriones Non(n)us Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 Paterclianus Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 Aliquandus Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 equites Atto Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 Flavius Flavianus Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 Victor Rome (Lat.) ca. 86/254 Nigrinus Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 milites Quintus Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 Valentinus Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 Costio Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 M. Acilius M. f. Priscus Ostia (Lat.) ca. 69/96 Q. Papirius Q. f. Pupinia trib. Rome (Lat.) ca. 86/254 Maximus A. Seius Zosimianus Rome (Lat.) ca. 100/300 (?) Vetellius Theilenhofen (R) ca. 120/254 praefecti M. Fabius M. f. Papiria trib. Hr. Harat (Afr.) ca. 138/161 (?) Mettianus L. Pomponius Theilenhofen (R) 140/141 or 144 [–] Cominius [–] f. Laelius Arles (Nar.) 161/169 Bonus Agricola Aper veteranus [–] Puto [– f.] Theilenhofen (R) 140/141 or 144 Table 44: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum

Cat. Nr. D – 3.3 B.12 – 5.3 B.12 – 5.4 B.12 – 5.5 B.12 – 5.6 B.12 – 5.6 B.12 – 5.6 B.12 – 5.6 B.12 – 5.6 B.12 – 5.6 B.12 – 3.1 B.12 – 5.3 B.12 – 5.4 B.12 – 5.4 B.12 – 5.5 D – 2.2 B.12 – 2.1 D – 3.10 B.12 – 4.1 D – 4.4 C – 2.23 D – 2.13 C – 2.23

Bibliography PWRE IV. 9, 256-257; ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 80-81.

Further reading STEIN 1932, 171-172; RADNÓTI 1961a, 112, 114; KELLNER 1971a, 214; BAATZ 1993, 284 ff.; SPAUL 2000, 94; WOLFF 2000a, 171.

1035

1036 C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140].

RADNÓTI 1961a, 114; KELLNER 1971a, 214; ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974,

80.

146

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.13. COHORS V BRACARAUGUSTANORUM − cohors V Bracaraugustanorum

The cohors V Bracaraugustanorm was recruited in the first half of the 1st century, possibly during the reign of Emperor Augustus.1037 The epitaph of Madigenus Laturus suggests that the unit was not immediately transferred away from the Iberian peninsula.1038 D. B. Saddington suggested that the unit took part in the conquest of Britain, however this hypothesis is based solely on the epitaph of M. Stlaccius Coranus.1039 The inscription of this funerary monument attests1040 the unit’s presence in Germania1041 –subsequently: Germania inferior1042 – during the course of the second half of the 1st century. The fact that the inscription displays the denominations 'Britannia' and 'Germania' dates cohors V Bracaraugustanorum’s presence in Germania to an interval between the years 43 and 81/84 ~ 90.1043

A. Radnóti suggested that soldiers of the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum constructed the fort near Gnotzheim (B.4.4).1047 However, this hypothesis is unsupported by epigraphic finds. Furthermore, the unit was already present in Raetia in 86, but the fort at Gnotzheim was constructed more than 20 years later, after the conclusion of Emperor Trajan’s Dacian campaigns, i.e. in the years between 106 and 117. Thus suggesting that the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum garrisoned the fort at Gnotzheim would leave the first two decades of the unit’s Raetian presence unaccounted for.1048 The presence of the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum in the vicinity of Künzing is suggested by a military diploma issued to a discharged veteran of the unit.1049 Although insufficient evidence on its own, it grants the possibility that the unit garrisoned the fort at Künzing (B.3.5) and this soldier chose to settle down in the vicinity of his former fort. The fort at Künzing was constructed in the last decades of the 1st century, which corresponds to the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum’s transfer to Raetia.1050 The reconstruction and expansion of the fort in the 120s and 130s1051 need not necessarily imply a change in garrison, thus it cannot be ruled out that the cohors V Braca-

The name of the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum appears on the earliest military constitution issued to soldiers of the Roman Army in Raetia, thus dating its transfer before 86.1044 The unit’s name is displayed on a total of 21 Raetian military constitutions and is suggested on a further 11 issued between 86 and 167/168.1045 One of these diplomas, discovered near Künzing, was issued to a veteran of the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum in 160.1046

1037

J. M. Roldan-Hervas does not list the unit’s history before 107, although it is likely that all units of the originating from the region of present-day Braga were raised by Augustus, following the Cantabrian wars (27-19 BC). For further reading see: ROSENBERGER 1992, 64; PERALTA 2003; PERALTA 2006. Among literary sources: FLOR. epit. 33: De bellum Cantabricum et Asturicum. 1038 B.13 – 3.1 [Lara de los Infantes; ca. 30/86] see: ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 81-82. 1039 SADDINGTON 1982, 215. 1040 B.13 – 3.2 [Rome; ca. 43 ~ 81/86]. 1041 ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 80. 1042 ALFÖLDY 1968, 7. 1043 Based on provincial names displayed on diplomas RMD V, 327 [81/84]; CIL XVI, 36 [27.10.90]; RMD V, 333-333 [27.10.90]; v.i.: B.13 – 3.2 [Rome; 43 ~ 81/86]. 1044 C – 2.2 [13.5.86]. 1045 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum appears only as completion: C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8

[17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variants 2-3: 139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]; C – 2.29 [ 154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9.)157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 1046 C – 2.39 [18.12.160]. 1047 RADNÓTI 1961a, 112. His hypothesis has been accepted and refined by D. Baatz (BAATZ 1993, 331-334; id. 2000, 277) and H. Wolff (WOLFF 2000a, 171). 1048 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 1049 C – 2.39 [18.12.160]. 1050 RBy 1995, 469. 1051 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 475, Nr. D 123.

147

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

raugustanorum garrisoned the fort throughout its existence. C. Cichorius was the first to imply that the ancient toponym of Künzing (Quintana) may refer to the numeral of the unit.1052 Although inNr. 1 2 3 4 5

Rank miles praefecti

veterani

6

Name Madigenus Laturus

sufficient evidence on its own, together with the previously listed arguments it is altogether likely, that the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum garrisoned the fort at Künzing (B.3.5). Findspot Lara de los Infantes (HCit.)

ca. 30/86

M. Stlaccius C. f. Collina trib. Rome (Lat.) ca. 43 ~ 81/86 Coranus Iulius Celerinus Künzing (R) 18.12.160 V(alerius?) Magio Künzing (R) ca. 90/300 Ingenu(u)s Celadi f. Künzing (R) ca. 90/300 Victor Sendusis f. Künzing (R) 18.12.160 nat. Runicatus Table 45: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum

Bibliography PWRE IV. 9, 257; RADNÓTI 1961a, 112, 116; ALFÖLDY 1968, 7; KELLNER 1971a, 215; ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 81-82.

1052

Dating

Cat. Nr. B.13 – 3.1 B.13 – 3.2 C – 2.39 B.13 – 4.1 B.13 – 4.2 C – 2.39

Further reading STEIN 1932, 173; WAGNER 1938, 37-38; BAATZ 1993, 331-334; BAATZ 2000, 277; SPAUL 2000, 96; WOLFF 2000a, 171.

PWRE IV. 9, 257.

148

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.14. COHORS I BREUCORUM − cohors I Breucorum equitata civium Romanorum Valeria victrix bis torquata ob virtutem

The cohors I Breucorum was raised during the reign of Emperor Augustus, as a means to punish the Pannonian tribes for their participation in the Illyrico-Dalmatian revolt.1053 Based on the cursus honorum of C. Minicius Italus, it is possible that the cohors I Breucorum was stationed in Germania in early Flavian times.1054 As attested by the earliest Roman military diploma issued to the Roman Army in Raetia, the cohors I Breucorum was transferred to Raetia before 86.1055

During Emperor Hadrian’s reign, the unit abandoned the fort at Nassenfels and constructed the nearby fort at Pfünz (B.5.2), which it continued to garrison until the collapse of the Raetian Limes in 254. The cohors I Breucorum is attested on several epigraphic finds discovered in the vicinity of Pfünz,1058 thus its presence in the nearby fort (B.5.2) is likely. Based on dendrochronological analysis of the timber structures, the fort at Pfünz was constructed early during Emperor Hadrian’s rule.1059 In the previous period the cohors I Breucorum garrisoned an unknown Raetian fort.

The cohors I Breucorum is displayed on 26 Raetian military constitutions and suggested on a further seven issued between 86 and 167/168.1056 It is uncertain which fort(s) the cohors I Breucorum garrisoned right after its transfer from Germania to Raetia. Based on chronology, it is possible that the cohors I Breucorum garrisoned the fort at Burghöfe (B.2.4) in the years between 41/54 and 106/117. During the military reorganization of Emperor Trajan, the cohors I Breucorum garrisoned the fort at Nassenfels (B.4.7) for a brief time. The unit’s presence at Nassenfels is attested by the epitaph of one of its praefecti discovered in the Roman graveyard.1057

1053

H.-J. Kellner suggested that the numerous honorific titles were awarded to the cohors I Breucorum for its contribution to the suppression of the Bar Kochba revolt in 132/135.1060 However the c. R. indicating the donation of block-grant citizenship appears in the titulature of the cohors I Breucorum between 1071061 and 116.1062 As attested by a building inscription, soldiers of the cohors I Breucorum took part in the construction of the fort at Böhming (C.6.1).1063

DIO hist. 55,29,3 [6/9]; ALFÖLDY 1968, 48; ROSENBERGER 1992, 67-

2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 1057 B.14 – 3.2 [Nassenfels; ca. 106/117 ~ 120/125]. 1058 B.14 – 2.7 [Pfünz; 138/161]; B.14 – 2.9 [Böhming; 138/161]; B.14 – 2.10 [Pfünz; 183/184]; B.14 – 2.11 [Pfünz; 211]; B.14 – 2.12 [Pfünz; 211/213]; B.14 – 4.3 [Pfünz; ca. 117/130 ~ 254]. 1059 SOMMER 2012a, 151. 1060 KELLNER 1971a, 213. 1061 CIL XVI, 55 [30.6.107]. 1062 RMD IV, 229 [16.8.116]; RMD III, 155 [21.2.116 – 8.9.116]. 1063 A.1 – 2.9 [Böhming; 181] and hypothetically B.14 – 4.4 [Böhming; 215].

68. 1054

B.14 – 2.4 [Aquileia; 105]. The dating of J. E. Bogaers (BOGAERS 1969, 36) is supported by the Raetian military diploma C – 2.2 [13.5.86]. 1056 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors I Breucorum appears only as completion: C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.22 [variant 2: 11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 9.12.156]; C – 1055

149

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

Nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Rank

centuriones

curator decuriones eques milites optio

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

praefecti

praepositus

Name Crispus Calvus Mansuetus Memor Patru(inus?) Victor Iulius Maximus

Findspot Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R) Pfünz (R)

Dating 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 Flavus 117/130 ~ 254 Alpinus 117/130 ~ 254 Paternus 117/130 ~ 254 Norbanus 117/130 ~ 254 Cerinus 117/130 ~ 254 Tertius 117/130 ~ 254 [–]io 117/130 ~ 254 ca. 106/117 ~ P. Crepereius Verecundus Nassenfels (R) 120/125 M. Aulius M. f. Albinus Alvignano (Lat.) 9/254 M. Tullius Liberalis Tarsus (Cil.) 9/254 C. Geminus Priscus Lomello (Transp.) ca. 40/254 C. Minucius C. f. Vel. Italus Ostia (Lat.) 69/79+ (ca. 100) [–]us Camilia trib. Celsus Torino (Transp.) 102/116 Aquileia (Ven.) 105 C. Minicius C. f. Velina trib. Italus Alexandria (Aeg.) 110/115 [–] f. Velina trib. Spi[–] Fermo (Pic.) ca. 135/254 × Tarragona (Tar.) 161+ (161/254) × High Rochester (Bri.) ca. 200/254 Aelius Fortis Böhming (R) 181 Table 46: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors I Breucorum

Bibliography PWRE IV. 9, 257-258; ALFÖLDY 1968, 7-8; KELLNER 1971a, 213; SPAUL 2000, 317-319.

Cat. Nr. B.14 – 5.2 B.14 – 5.4 B.14 – 5.5 B.14 – 5.5 B.14 – 5.5 B.14 – 5.4 B.14 – 4.3 B.14 – 5.3 B.14 – 5.4 B.14 – 5.3 B.14 – 5.2 B.14 – 5.4 B.14 – 5.5 B.14 – 5.5 B.14 – 5.6 B.14 – 3.2 B.14 – 2.1 B.14 – 3.1 B.14 – 4.1 B.14 – 2.2 B.14 – 2.3 B.14 – 2.4 B.14 – 2.5 D – 2.9 B.14 – 3.3 B.14 – 3.4 B.14 – 2.9

Further reading STEIN 1932, 173-176; RADNÓTI 1961a, 100, 112, 113; BOGAERS 1969, 36-37; SADDINGTON 1982, 71; VISY 1993, 136; WOLFF 2000a, 171; BAATZ 2000, 308 ff.

150

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.15. COHORS III BRITANNORUM − cohors III Britannorum (Antoniniana) equitata

military diploma of the same year.1069 He proposed that in the middle of the 2nd century the cohors III Britannorum was transferred to the fort of Eining (B.3.1).1070 H.-J. Kellner lef the unit’s earlier garrison undetermined, yet considered Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) a likely possibility due to epigraphic evidence.1071 H. Wolff suggested that the cohors III Britannorum was transferred to the fort of Eining under the reign of Emperor Hadrian.1072 The results of previous research can be summarized with the following facts: in the years 69/70, soldiers of the cohors III Britannorum constructed the fort at Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.7.2).1073 The onomastics of a local epitaph suggests the presence of Briton population in the area of Regensburg.1074 In the years around 120 the cohors III Britannorum was transferred to an unknown Raetian fort. Based on chronology, it is possible that in the years between ca. 120/160 the cohors III Britannorum garrisoned the fort at Burgsalach-I (B.5.1).

It is likely that the cohors III Britannorum was raised shortly after Roman rule was established on the British Isles, in order to pacify the region by drawing the local youth into the Roman army. During the events of the Year of the Four Emperors, several troops recruited amongst Britons sided with Emperor Galba and subsequently with Emperor Vitellius under the command of A. Caecina Alienus.1064 After the fighting was concluded and T. Flavius Vespasianus was proclaimed Emperor, the cohors III Britannorum was transferred to Raetia. Although the exact time of the transfer is unknown, it certainly took place before 86 as the unit is already listed on the earliest known Raetian military constitution.1065 An epitaph discovered at Bene Vagienna (Augusta Bagiennorum), possibly datable to the end of the 1st century, further attests that soldiers of the cohors III Britannorum were part of the 'exercitus Raeticus'.1066 The cohors III Britannorum’s presence in Raetia is attested on 22 military constitutions and suggested on a further 12 issued between 86 and 166/167.1067 Two military diplomas were issued to soldiers of the cohors III Britannorum, both recovered from the vicinity of Eining.1068 A. Radnóti suggested that the cohors III Britannorum arrived to Raetia around 107, based on the

During the military reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years around 160, the fort at Eining (B.3.1) was reconstructed, plausibly by soldiers of the cohors III Britannorum. The presence of the unit is at Eining is undebated by scholars,1075 as it is well documented on military

1064

B.15 – 1.1 = TAC. hist. 1,70,4; KELLNER 1971a, 214. C – 2.2 [13.5.86]. 1066 B.15 – 3.1 [Bene Vagienna; ca. 70]. 1067 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors III Britannorum appears only as completion: C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128 – appears on subvariant 1, missing from subvariants 2-6]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [variant 1: 5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variant 3: 139/140]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.156 / 7.3.161]; C

– 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [subvariant 2: 162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 1068 C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]. The name of the unit can hypothetically be reconstructed on a further constitution: C – 2.17 [135]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]. 1069 C – 2.4 [30.6.107]: RADNÓTI 1961a, 113. 1070 C – 2.25 [147]: RADNÓTI 1961a, 115. 1071 KELLNER 1971a, 214. 1072 WOLFF 2000a, 171. 1073 SANDBICHLER 2009, 42. 1074 B.15 – 3.2 [Regensburg; 69/70~106/117 (ca. 120)]. 1075 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457, Nr. C 73; GSCHWIND 2004, 275.

1065

151

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

constitutions,1076 imperial1077 and votive inscriptions,1078 as well as tile stamps.1079 Eining continued to be part of Raetia after the collapse of the Raetian Limes in 254.1080 Nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Rank

centuriones

decuriones

equites medicus milites

17 18 19 20

praefecti

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

tribunus veteranus unknown

Name [–]us Gesatus Ninicus Sextilius Statutus Pr(imus?) Avitianus Claudius Marcus Pr(imus?) Saturninus [–]ius Festinus L. Veter(–) P. Afi(nius or -dius) Ianuarius Ulpius Lucilianus Catavignus Ivomagi f. Firmus [–].idiu[s – f.] Quirina trib. Novatus Cleme[ns or -ntianus] Cascius or Cascinus

The Notitia Dignitatum lists a 'cohors III Brittorum' in Eining (Abusina), which might be identical to the cohors III Britannorum of the Principate.1081 Findspot Regensburg (R) Bene Vagienna (Lig.) Eining (R) Eining (R) Eining (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Eining (R) Neustadt a. d. D. (R) Regensburg (R) Regensburg (R) Eining (R) Neustadt a. d. D. (R) Regensburg (R) Bene Vagienna (Lig.) Eining (R)

Dating ca. 70/120 ca. 70/254 153/157 ~ 300 153/157 ~ 300 153/157 ~ 300 ca. 70/120 ca. 70/120 153/157 ~ 300 153/157 ~ 300 ca. 70/120 ca. 70/120 ca. 170/300 153/157 ~ 300 ca. 70/120 ca. 70/254 153/157 ~ 300

Cat. Nr. D – 5.13 B.15 – 3.1 D – 5.14 D – 5.15 D – 5.16 D – 5.12 B.15 – 3.2 D – 5.16 D – 5.18 D – 3.6 B.15 – 5.1 D – 3.15 D – 5.18 D – 3.5 B.15 – 3.1 D – 5.14

Esztergom (PSup.)

89/96

B.15 – 4.1

Eining (R) Eining (R) Eining (R) Eining (R)

153/157 ~ 300 (28.9).157 ca. 160/200 Fabius Faustinianus ca. 160/200 16/19.12.164 ~ [–]nius Iunior Eining (R) 16/19.12.166 T. Flavius Felix Eining (R) 1.12.211 × Eining (R) 153/157 ~ 300 16/19.12.164 ~ [–]simni f. nat Cond[ru]sus Eining (R) 16/19.12.166 [–]ius Festinus Regensburg (R) ca. 70/120 × Regensburg (R) ca. 70/120 × Eining (R) ca. 160/300 Table 47: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors III Britannorum

D – 4.3 C – 2.33 B.15 – 4.2 B.15 – 4.3 C – 2.44 B.15 – 4.4 D – 4.3 C – 2.44 D – 3.6 D – 3.4 B.15 – 2.1

Bibliography PWRE IV. 9, 261-262; KELLNER 1971a, 214; SPAUL 2000, 202.

Further reading STEIN 1932, 178-179; RADNÓTI 1961a, 113, 115; WOLFF 2000a, 171.

1076

1079

C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]. B.15 – 2.1 [Eining; ca. 160/300]; B.15 – 2.2 [Eining; 213]; B.15 – 2.3 [Eining; 213]; B.15 – 2.4 [Eining; 213 (?)]; B.15 – 2.5 [Eining; 213 (?)]. 1078 B.15 – 4.2 [Eining; ca. 160/200]; B.15 – 4.3 [Eining; ca. 160/200]; B.15 – 4.4 [Eining; 1.12.211].

B.15 – 5.2 [Eining; ca. 160/300]. REUTER 2007, 109-111. 1081 NOT. Dign. occ. 35, 1, 12: 'Tribunus cohortis tertiae Brittorum, Abusina'.

1077

1080

152

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B. 16. COHORS I FLAVIA CANATHENORUM − cohors I Flavia Canathenorum milliaria sagittaria

The cohors I Flavia Canathenorum was raised during the reign of the Flavian dynasty in the region of Canatha/Κάναθα (present-day Qanawat / ‫ )ﻗﻨﻮات‬in Syria.1082 Based on military diplomas, it was transferred to Raetia between 107 and 116, it was transferred to Raetia.1083 The cohors I Flavia Canathenorum’s name appears on 18 Raetian military constitutions, is suggested on a further seven issued between 107/116 and 167/168.1084 A. Radnóti suggested that the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum garrisoned the fort at Straubing (B.3.9; B.3.10; B.4.10). 1085 Based on the findspots of the stamped tiles H.-J. Kellner proposed that the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum was stationed at Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) from 107/116 until the 140s when it was moved to the auxiliary forts Straubing II-III (B.3.10; B.4.10).1086. The hypothesis that the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum occupied the fort of Regensburg-Kumpfmühl can be ruled out due to the well documented presence of the cohors III Britannorum (B.15) there. D. Baatz proposed that until the middle of the 3rd century the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum garrisoned Straubing-I (B.3.9), while the cohors II Raetorum manned Straubing-IV (B.3.11, also known as StraubingWestkastell).1087 H. Wolff also suggested that the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum manned the fort near Straubing.1088 S. Sandbichler on the other hand, proposed that the unit manned the fort at Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.7.2).1089 However, an inscription discovered at Straubing attests that a group of veterans, all former soldiers of the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum, made an imperial

dedication in April of 163.1090 Despite the fact, that the altar itself has been lost since then, it is a clear testament, that several of the unit’s veterans were active in the area of Straubing after their discharge.

1082

9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 1085 B.16 – 4.1 [Straubing; 11.4.163]: RADNÓTI 1961a, 116. 1086 KELLNER 1971a, 213; id. 1983, 169. 1087 BAATZ 1993, 322 ff. 1088 WOLFF 2000a, 170-171. 1089 SANDBICHLER 2009, 84-86. 1090 B.16 – 4.1 [Straubing; 11.4.163]. 1091 C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121+]. 1092 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 458. 1093 WALKE 1965, 33, 86, 74-75; GARBSCH 1978, 47 ff.; KEIM – KLUMBACH 1978; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 458.

The results of previous research can be summarized by the following facts: the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum was transferred to Raetia in the years around 90, when the cohors II Gallorum (B.17) left Raetia and the fort Straubing-I (B.3.9) was abandoned. Although the unit is not listed on the military diploma of 107, contrary to the case of the cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9), which is unaccounted for at Straubing, the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum is known from local epigraphic material. Thus, it is possible, that the unit manned the fort Straubing-II in the years between ca. 90 and 106/117, even though it is not mentioned on the unit list of a Raetian diploma from the period. The same can be seen in case of the cohors I Breucorum (B.14), which is absent from the diploma of 116/121 although its presence in Raetia in this time period is undoubted.1091 The cohors I Flavia Canathenorum constructed Straubing-II (B.3.10) and rebuilt it during Emperor Trajan’s military reorganization (B.4.10). The unit was garrisoned at Straubing until the collapse of the Raetian Limes in 254, when both fort (Straubing-IIIb) and unit were destroyed.1092 After the turmoil in the second half of the 3rd century, the fort at Straubing was rebuilt.1093

SPEIDEL 1977, 709. C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]. 1084 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum appears only as completion: C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 1083

153

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

Straubing was operational until the 5th century, when it was garrisoned by an unknown Germanic auxiliary unit.1094 Tiles marked by stamps of the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum were reNr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Rank

covered from several forts along the Raetian frontier, including Eining-I (B.3.1), Kösching (B.3.4), Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) and Straubing (B.3.9; B.3.10; B.4.10).1095

Name

Findspot Dating Straubing (R) 81/96 ~ 300 centuriones Straubing (R) 81/96 ~ 300 Straubing (R) 81/96 ~ 300 optio Straubing (R) 81/96 ~ 300 Rome (Lat.) 162 praefecti × Straubing (R) 11.4.163 Timgad (Num.) 211/217 Timgad (Num.) 211/217 tribunus M. Plotius Faustus Timgad (Num.) 211/217 Timgad (Num.) 211/217 Ceraunus Straubing (R) 81/96 ~ 300 veterani Asuodane R[– f(ilio) –] Rome (Lat.) 162 unknown × Straubing (R) 81/96 ~ 300 Table 48: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum Ma(–) Perennis Secundus Festus Aelius [–]

Cat. Nr. D – 5.9 D – 5.10 D – 5.11 D – 5.11 C – 2.43 B.16 – 4.1 B.16 – 2.1 B.16 – 2.2 B.16 – 2.3 B.16 – 2.4 D – 5.8 C – 2.43 D – 5.7

Bibliography PWRE IV. 9, 267; SPAUL 2000, 427.

Further reading RADNÓTI 1961a, 116; KELLNER 1971a, 213; BAATZ 1993, 322 ff; WOLFF 2000a, 170-171.

1094

B.16 – 5.9; B.16 – 5.10; B.16 – 5.11; B.16 – 5.12 [Eining; ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.13 [Kösching; ca. 90/241+].

REUTER 2007, 115-116. B.16 – 5.1; B.16 – 5.2; B.16 – 5.3; B.16 – 5.4 [Straubing; ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.5; B.16 – 5.6; B.16 – 5.7; B.16 – 5.8 [Regensburg; ca. 90/300]; 1095

154

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.17 COHORS II GALLORUM − cohors II Gallorum veterana equitata

The following four units with this name existed throughout the Roman Empire: cohors II Gallorum Pannonica and cohors II Gallorum Pannonica Dacica in Dacia,1096 cohors II Gallorum Macedonica in Moesia superior and Dacia,1097 and the cohors II Gallorum veterana equitata1098 stationed in Moesia inferior,1099 Mauretania,1100 and Britannia.1101

which was present in Moesia since the end of the 1st century onwards. The fragmentary epitaph of T. Atilius attests the presence of a cohors quingenaria equitata in the vicinity of Straubing.1102 Of the Raetian military constitution of 86, only the cohors II Gallorum is unaccounted for.1103 Therefore, it is possible that the cohors II Gallorum eq. manned the fort Straubing-I (B.3.9), which operated in the years between 75/85 ~ ca. 90,1104 and was then transferred to Moesia1105 where it reappears on military constitutions after 92.1106

Based on the unit lists of Roman military constitutions, the cohors II Gallorum of Raetia may be identical to the cohors II Gallorum veterana eq., Nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Rank centuriones

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

decuriones

duplarius

equites

optio veterani

Name Perennis Secundus T. Atilius [–] Rullius Ianuarius Maximus ×

Findspot Straubing (R) Straubing (R) Straubing (R) Straubing (R) Straubing (R) Straubing (R)

Dating 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90

Modestus

Straubing (R)

75/85 ~ ca. 90

Moronius

Straubing (R)

75/85 ~ ca. 90

Serenus Pr(–) Cupitus Sil(–) Ianuarius Avitus Spectatus Primitivus Ingenuus Quintus

Straubing (R) Straubing (R) Straubing (R) Straubing (R) Straubing (R) Straubing (R) Straubing (R) Straubing (R) Straubing (R)

75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90

Lucanus

Straubing (R)

75/85 ~ ca. 90

Salvius Straubing (R) 75/85 ~ ca. 90 Tertius Straubing (R) 75/85 ~ ca. 90 Clemens Straubing (R) 75/85 ~ ca. 90 Festus Straubing (R) 75/85 ~ ca. 90 T. Atilius [–] Straubing (R) 75/85 ~ ca. 90 Ceraunus Straubing (R) 75/85 ~ ca. 90 Table 49/2: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors II Gallorum

Cat. Nr. D – 5.10 D – 5.11 B.17 – 3.1 B.17 – 5.1 B.17 – 5.2 B.17 – 5.2 B.17 – 5.3; B.17 – 5.5 B.17 – 5.4; B.17 – 5.6 B.17 – 5.7 B.17 – 5.7 B.17 – 5.8 B.17 – 5.10 B.17 – 5.12 B.17 – 5.13 B.17 – 5.11 B.17 – 5.2 B.17 – 5.2 B.17 – 5.3; B.17 – 5.5 B.17 – 5.8 B.17 – 5.10 B.17 – 5.13 D – 5.11 B.17 – 3.1 D – 5.8

Bibliography PWRE IV. 9; 289; SPAUL 2000, 157-160; MATEI-POPESCU 2010, 208-209.

Further reading HOLDER 1982, 116-117; BENSEDDIK 1983, 56; JARRETT 1994, 60.

1096

1101

SPAUL 2000, 159. Ibid. 160. 1098 J. E. H. Spaul suggested that all of the inscriptions belong to a single cohors II Gallorum veterana equitata (SPAUL 2000, 157-160). 1099 MATEI-POPESCU 2010, 208-209. 1100 CIL XVI, 56 [24.11.107; Mauretania Caesarensis]: BENSEDDIK 1983, 56.

CIL XVI, 93 [145/146; Britannia]: HOLDER 1982, 116-117; JARRETT 1994, 60. 1102 B.17 – 3.1 [Straubing; 76/85 ~ ca. 90]. 1103 C – 2.2 [13.5.86]. 1104 FISCHER – FISCHER-RIEDMEIER 2008, 208. 1105 SPAUL 2000, 157-158. 1106 PETOLESCU – POPESCU 2004, 269-276; MATEI-POPESCU 2010, 208, fn. 1807.

1097

155

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.18 COHORS IV GALLORUM − cohors IV Gallorum

This unit is not to be confused with the cohors IV Gallorum equitata that was stationed in Moesia (subsequently in Moesia inferior) until the end of the 1st century and was moved to Thracia under Emperor Hadrian and later to Cilicia and Syria during the middle of the 2nd century.1107 Another cohors IV Gallorum was stationed in Mauretania Tingitana.1108 A third cohors IV Gallorum equitata was present in Britannia contemporarily with the previously listed homonym units.1109 Finally, a fourth cohors IV Gallorum was stationed permanently in Raetia, the history of which is discussed here. The name of the cohors IV Gallorum appears on 19 Raetian military constitutions and is suggested on a further 12 issued between 86 and 167/168.1110 The cohors IV Gallorum arrived to Raetia during the end of the 1st century. Its presence in Raetia is explicitly atNr. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Rank centuriones miles

praefecti

7 8 9

tribuni

tested by the epitaph of one of its officers discovered in Mauretania Caesarensis.1111 It constructed the fort Eining-I (B.3.1),1112 either during Emperor Domitian’s1113 or Trajan’s reign.1114 The cohors IV Gallorum was stationed at the fort Eining-I until the military reorganization of Emperor Hadrian, afterwards it was moved to an unknown Raetian fort. H. Wolff suggested that the cohors IV Gallorum was first transferred to the fort Passau-II (Innstadt), which was active until the middle of the 2nd century,1115 and was later relocated to Passau-Altstadt (i.e. B.3.7. PassauI).1116 However, Passau-Innstadt was part of Noricum, while the cohors IV Gallorum is attested by military diplomas issued between 86 and ca. 150 as part of the Raetian garrison,1117 thus the unit could not have been stationed there.

Name Findspot Dating Ninicus Eining (R) 81/96 ~ ca. 120 Sextilius Statutus Eining (R) 81/96 ~ ca. 120 Pr(imus?) Eining (R) 81/96 ~ ca. 120 Firmus Eining (R) 81/96 ~ ca. 120 Cleme[ns or -ntianus] Eining (R) 81/96 ~ ca. 120 L. Annius C. f. Quirina trib. Cherchell (MCaes.) 86 / ca. 150 Fabianus T. Appalius T. f. Velina trib. Fermo (Pic.) 117/138 ~ 254 Alfinus Secundus Cleme[ns or -ntianus] Eining (R) 81/96 ~ ca. 120 [–] A[–] orig. Tarquinensis Ostia (Lat.) ca. 98/138 Table 50: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors IV Gallorum

Cat. Nr. D – 5.14 D – 5.15 D – 5.16 D – 5.14 D – 4.3 B.18 – 2.2 B.18 – 2.3 D – 4.3 D – 2.3

Bibliography PWRE IV 9, 290-291; KELLNER 1971a, 215; SPAUL 2000, 166-167.

Further reading RADNÓTI 1961a, 102, 112-113, 116; HOLDER 1982, 117; BAATZ 1993, 355; WOLFF 2000a, 171; MATEI-POPESCU 2010, 210-211.

1107

(162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 1111 B.18 – 2.2 [Cherchell; ca. 86/150]. 1112 RADNÓTI 1961a, 102, 112-113. 1113 B.18 – 2.1 [Eining; 81/96]: '[--- Do]mitian[------]' suggests that the fort at Eining-I (B.3.1) may have been constructed during Emperor Domitian’s reign, although the inscription might have been set up before the fort’s construction. 1114 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 457; SOMMER 2012a, 151. 1115 ALTJOHANN 2012, 13-14, for the history of the late Roman fort see: GENSER 1986, 32. 1116 WOLFF 2000a, 171. 1117 C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.25 [147].

MATEI-POPESCU 2010, 210-211. SPAUL 2000, 167. 1109 Cf. SPAUL 2000, 12: J. E. H. Spaul suggested that the units in Moesia and oriental provinces were identical, however the constant relocation of a single unit is altogether unlikely (see: HOLDER 1982, 117). 1110 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors IV Gallorum appears only as completion: C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variant 2-3: 139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 1108

156

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.19 COHORS VI LUSITANORUM − cohors VI Lusitanorum

The cohors VI Lusitanorum was raised at an unknown time before the first half of the 1st century. J.-M. Roldan-Hervas suggested that during the Year of the Four Emperors the unit was transferred to Germania.1118 His hypothesis is based on a section in Tacitus’ historiae, which attests the presence of soldiers from Lusitania, but these soldiers need not have belonged to the cohors VI Lusitanorum.1119

Fort Chronology Emerkingen (B.2.5) 37/41 ~ 69/79 ─ 96/117 Rißtissen (B.2.9) 45/50 ~ 106/117 Table 51: List of forts possibly garrisoned by soldiers of the cohors VI Lusitanorum

A Pannonian military constitution issued in 110 attests the cohors VI Lusitanorum among Roman auxiliary units stationed in Pannonia inferior.1123 Based on this evidence, H. U. Nuber suggested that the cohors VI Lusitanorum was briefly transferred to Pannonia during Emperor Hadrian’s reign.1124 However, taking into consideration that the cohors VI Lusitanorum is displayed on several Raetian military constitutions issued in 116,1125 it is more plausible to suggest that the scriptor of the Pannonian diploma mistyped the name of the cohors VII Lusitanorum, which was indeed part of the Pannonian garrison.1126 H. U. Nuber suggested that after Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ military reorganization, the cohors VI Lusitanorum was transferred to the fort at Unterböbingen (B.6.4), although this is unsupported by epigraphic evidence.1127

The name of the cohors VI Lusitanorum is listed on 21 Raetian military constitutions and suggested on a further 10, issued between 86 and 167/168.1120 However, the unit’s name does not appear on any epigraphic source.1121 It is uncertain which fort(s) the cohors VI Lusitanorum garrisoned after its transfer from Germania to Raetia during Emperor Domitian’s reign. Based on chronology, the cohors VI Lusitanorum could have garrisoned the forts at either Emerkingen (B.2.5) or Rißtissen (B.2.9) [Table 51]. Afterwards, as D. Baatz suggested, the cohors VI Lusitanorum probably garrisoned the fort at Urspring (B.4.11).1122 Nr. 1 2

Rank centurio miles (?)

Name Findspot Dating Attius Censorinus or Atto Urspring (R) 106/117 ~ ca. 160 Censorinus Urspring (R) 106/117 ~ ca. 160 Table 52: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors VI Lusitanorum

Cat. Nr. B.19 – 5.1 B.19 – 5.1

Bibliography PWRE V. 9, 313; KELLNER 1971a, 215; ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 82-83.

Further reading NUBER 1984, 37-38; DIETZ 1986; BAATZ 1993, 347-448; LŐRINCZ 2001, 38, 47, 52; RADNÓTI 1961a, 112, 115; SPAUL 2000, 66, 68; WOLFF 2000a, 17.

1118

9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 1121 Based on dislocation history, a bronze disc found in the principia of Urspring can be attributed to the unit: B.19 – 5.1 [Urspring; 106/117 ~ ca. 160]. 1122 BAATZ 1993, 347-448. 1123 CIL XVI, 164 [2.7.110]: 'VI Lusitanor(um) p(ia) f(idelis)'. 1124 NUBER 1984, 37-38. 1125 C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]. 1126 LŐRINCZ 2001, 38, Nr. 32, 51. 1127 NUBER 1984, 38.

ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 82. B.15 – 1.1 = TAC. hist. 1,70,4 [69]. 1120 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors VI Lusitanorum appears only as completion: C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [117.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [17/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variants 2-3: 139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 3.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.156 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 1119

157

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.20 COHORS I RAETORUM – cohors I Flavia Raetorum pia fidelis

J. Spaul suggested the co-existence of no less than four cohortes I Raetorum, yet epigraphic evidence, primarily military constitutions, suggest the existence of three units with this denomination.1128

Raetorum stationed in Raetia is the military diploma of 107 recovered from Weißenburg.1136 The unit is attested on 15 Raetian military constitutions and suggested on a further 16 issued between 107 and 167/168.1137

1. One cohors I Raetorum was stationed in Cappadocia, Phrygia1129 and Moesia.1130 2. A second cohors I Raetorum was stationed in Germania.1131 Only this unit is attested to have been awarded block-grant Roman citizenship (SPAUL 2000, 276). 3. A third cohors I Raetorum, levied in early 70, was stationed in Raetia.1132

During the first half of the 2nd century the cohors I Raetorum garrisoned an unknown Raetian fort. H.-J. Kellner suggested that the cohors I Raetorum was at Donnstetten during the reign of Domitian.1138 However, the existence of a Roman auxiliary fort at Donnstetten (D.2) is purely hypothetical at the moment,1139 and the fortlet at Donnstetten-Römerstein (C.4.2) was not large enough to house an entire cohors.1140 H. Wolff suggested that the cohors I Raetorum was stationed on the western side of the province in the first quarter of the 2nd century.1141 After the military reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the 160s, the cohors I Raetorum was transferred to the auxiliary fort at SchirenhofSchwäbisch Gmünd (B.6.3).1142 Its presence at the fort is attested by a fragmentary inscription1143 and a tile stamp.1144 The cohors I Raetorum remained at the fort at Schirenhof until the collapse of the Raetian Limes in 254.1145

Although the distinction between the cohortes I Raetorum in Germania and Raetia cannot be drawn from the units’ titulature, their constant overlapping in the military constitutions issued to the garrisons of these two provinces makes it univocal, that one should be dealing with two diverse units.1133 The cohortes Raetorum were recruited in two waves, at first, following the conquest of Raetia in 15 BC,1134 and secondly in early 70, to counter the Helvetian uprising.1135 The first written evidence regarding the cohors I

1128

2.19 [variant 3: 139/140]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 1138 KELLNER 1971a, 213. 1139 RBW 2005, 278-279. 1140 HEILIGMANN 1990, 87. 1141 WOLFF 2000a, 171. 1142 Ibid. 171. 1143 B.20 – 2.2 [Schirenhof; 165±5 / 254 (222/235?)]. 1144 B.21 – 5.1 [Schirenhof; 165±5 / 254]. 1145 SOMMER 2012a, 151.

SPAUL 2000, 277. RAMSAY 1928, id. 1929, 155-160. RMD I, 2 [28.4.75; Moesia] see: VUČKOVIĆ-TODORIĆ 1967, 21-28; AE 2003, 1548 [14.6.92; Moesia inferior] see: PETOLESCU – POPESCU 2004, 269-276; MATEI-POPESCU 2010, 226-227; FARKAS 2014. 1131 ALFÖLDY 1968, 68-69. 1132 Ibid. 68. 1133 Germania inferior: RMD IV, 216 [20.2.98]; RMD IV, 239 [20.8.127]; AE 2004, 1911 [5.9.152] see: STEIN 1932, 205-207. 1134 TAC. hist. 5,25,4. 1135 TAC. hist. 1,67,5. 1136 C – 2.4 [30.6.107]. 1137 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors I Raetorum appears only as completion: C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [variant 2: 5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 1129 1130

158

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

Nr. 1

Rank miles

2 3 4 5 praefecti

M. Petronius M. f. Quirina trib. Honoratus

6

7 8 9 10

Name × C. Cassius C. f. Pupinia trib. Primus × C. Caelius C. f. Oufentina trib. Martialis P. Besius P. f. Quirina trib. Betuinianus = C. Martius Memnius Sabinus

veteranus unknown (librarius?)

[–]us Severus orig. Narbonensis (?) L. Lucilius Stellatina trib. Pansa Priscillianus (?) [–]ci f. nat. Licatus (?)

Findspot Köln (GInf.)

70

Cat. Nr. D – 3.1

Béziers (Nar.)

ca. 100/ 200 (?)

D – 2.4

Nyon (GSup.)

ca. 100/200 106+ (106/114 or 106/117)

D – 2.5

Corinth (Ach.) Tanger (MTing.)

Dating

112/114

B.20 – 2.1 D – 2.6

Rome (Lat.) Ostia (Lat.)

ca. 147/148 (106 ~ 147/148) 147/148+ (147/148 ~ ca. 160)

Eining (R)

28.9.157

C – 2.34

Ephesus (Ach.)

215/217+

D – 2.15

Rome (Lat.)

Eining (R)

28.9.157 ca. 165±5/254 × Schirenhof (R) (222/235?) Table 53: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors I Raetorum

Bibliography PWRE V. 9; 326; KELLNER 1971a, 213; SPAUL 2000, 276278.

D – 2.10 D – 2.11 D – 2.12

C – 2.34 B.20 – 2.2

Further reading RAMSAY 1928, 18; RAMSAY 1929, 19; 155-160; STEIN 1932; RADNÓTI 1961a, 112; VUČKOVIĆ-TODORIĆ 1967, 21-28; ALFÖLDY 1968; MÓCSY 1974, 81; OVERBECK 1981, 265-276; CHRISTON – DREW-BEAR 1994, 57-92; WOLFF 2000a, 171; PETOLESCU – POPESCU 2004, 269-276; MATEI-POPESCU 2010, 226-228.

159

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.21 COHORS II RAETORUM – cohors II Raetorum

This unit is not to be confused with the cohors II Raetorum et Vindelicorum c. R. stationed in Germania.1146 Series of military constitutions issued to Germania and Raetia both display a cohors II Raetorum in the unit lists.1147 Their chronological overlapping suggests that one should be dealing with two distinct units, one stationed in Germania (subsequently Germania superior) and one in Raetia, rather than a single unit shuffling continuously between the neighbouring provinces. Both units were commonly referred to as cohors II Raetorum, as such, it is difficult to discern the units using epigraphic sources.1148

corum and the cohors III Raetorum. In this case, the numeral 'II' could indicate that the cohors II Raetorum c. R. was created by the union of two formerly distinct cohortes. The cohors II Raetorum appeared first on a Raetian military diploma issued in 107.1149 It is possible that the unit was raised by Emperor Trajan as part of the preparations for his Dacian campaigns.1150 The cohors II Raetorum is attested on 19 Raetian military constitutions and suggested on a further 11 issued between 107 and 167/168.1151 The cohors II Raetorum constructed the fort Straubing-IV (B.3.11.) in the years between 86 and 107,1152 and garrisoned it until its destruction during the Marcomannic wars.1153 The presence of the cohors II Raetorum in the vicinity of Straubing is attested by instrumenta inscripta1154 and tile stamps displaying the unit’s name.1155 A Raetian military constitution issued to a veteran of the unit was recovered from Künzing.1156

Currently, eight cohortes Raetorum are known throughout the Roman Empire, only one of which, the cohors III Raetorum, is completely unaccounted for by literary and epigraphic sources. One possibility is that the cohors II Raetorum c. R. stationed in Germania was created by amalgamating the cohors Raetorum et Vindeli-

1146

STEIN 1932, 207-208; SPAUL 2000, 279-281. Germania: CIL XVI, 28 [20.9.82]; Germania superior: CIL XVI, 36 [27.10.90]; CIL XVI, 62 [8.9.116]; RMD II, 90 [129/130; CIL XVI, 80 [16.10.134]. 1148 D – 2.5 [Nyon; ca. 100/200]; D – 2.7 [Verona; ca. 130/170]; B.21 – 4.1 [Straubing; 86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 4.†1 [Frankfurt am Main; ca. 200/225]. 1149 C – 2.4 [30.6.107]. 1150 ROSENBERGER 1992, 92-94. 1151 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors II Raetorum appears only as completion: C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.10 [ca. 117/138 (or 117/129?)]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [139/140]; C – 2.22

[variant 1: 11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.156 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 1152 PRAMMER 1985, 42-43; RBy 1995, 30-31. 1153 WOLFF 2000a, 169, 171. 1154 B.21 – 4.1 [Straubing; 86/107 ~ 170]. 1155 B.21 – 5.1 ~ B.21 – 5.3 [Straubing; 69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]. 1156 C – 2.10 [ca. 117 / 138 (or 117/129?)]. Another constitution recovered from Eining was issued to a soldier of a cohors Raetorum, but the lack of numeral renders identification impossible: C – 2.34 [28.9.157]: '[coh(ortis) ... Ra]etorum'.

1147

160

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

Nr.

Rank

1

Name

Findspot

Perennis

Straubing (R)

Secundus

Straubing (R)

centuriones 2 3

figlinarius

Tullius S[–]

Straubing (R)

4

optio

festus

Straubing (R)

[–]anus

Straubing (R)

5 6 7

× praefecti

C. Attius C. f. Poblilia trib. Alfianus = C. Lucilius Ruga [–]us Severus orig. Narbonensis (?)

8 9 10

veterani

11 12

[–] Claudius [–]

unknown

Nyon (Ger. s.) Künzing (R)

Dating 69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170 69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170 69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170 69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170 69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170 ca. 100/200 ca. 117/138 (or 117/129?)

D – 5.10 D – 5.11 B.21 – 5.1 D – 5.11 B.21 – 4.1 D – 2.5 C – 2.10

Verona (Ven.)

ca. 130/170

D – 2.7

Eining (R)

28.9.157

C – 2.34

69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170 [–]ci f. nat. Licatus (?) Eining (R) 28.9.157 69/96 (86+) × Straubing (R) ~ ca. 170 Table 54: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors II Raetorum Ceraunus

Cat. Nr.

Straubing (R)

Bibliography PWRE V. 9, 326-327; KELLNER 1971a, 213; SPAUL 2000, 279-281.

D – 5.8 C – 2.34 D – 5.7

Further reading STEIN 1932, 207-208; RADNÓTI 1961a, 100; BAATZ 1993, 331, 113, 116; WOLFF 2000a, 171.

161

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.22 COHORS SEQUANORUM – cohors II Raetorum

This unit is not to be confused with the cohors I Sequanorum et Rauracorum eq. stationed in Germania.1157

epigraphic material. It is possible that the presence of a military body recruited from West-Alpine region in Raetia (namely, the cohors Sequanorum in the vicinity of Augsburg) is to be seen as a parallel for the recruitment and transfer of the cohors II Raetorum to Germania.1161 However the Raetian presence of Sequani individuals can be ascribed to the geographical vicinity of the two regions, as attested by the funerary monument of M. Titius Patruelis.1162

The name of the cohors Sequanorum is attested on a wall plaster graffitto discovered near the gate of the principia of the auxiliary fort at Augsburg-Altstadt (B.2.2).1158 Although the presence of the unit is ill-attested due to lack of further epigraphic evidence, the presence of individuals with Sequanian origins in the province during the course of the 1st century, both in civilian1159 and military1160 contexts, is attested by the Raetian

Bibliography PFAHL 2012, 66.

1157

1160

1158

1161

STEIN 1932, 210-212; SPAUL 2000, 187 see: PFAHL 2012, fn. 2041. B.22 – 5.1 [Augsburg; 69/96]. 1159 AE 1996, 1186a [Ergolding; 1st century]: 'Sequana'; CIL III, 5782 [Epfach; 1st century (?)]: 'Sequan(us)'.

C – 2.4 [30.6.107]: 'Sequanae'. TAC. ann. 2,17,7; SPAUL 2000, 280-281. WAGNER 1958, Nr. 56+57+58 [Gundremmingen; ca. 100/300]: 'civis Sequanus'.

1162

162

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.23 COHORS III THRACUM CIVIUM ROMANORUM – cohors III Thracum civium Romanorum equitata bis torquata

near Oberstimm.1169 The fort at Oberstimm (B.2.8) was operational in the years between ca. 40 – 119/121+ (plausibly until: 106/117).1170 This suggests, that of the two homonym units, the cohors III Thracum c. R. was first to arrive to Raetia. Two pottery fragments from Oberstimm were inscribed with the term 'turma', indicating the presence of mounted soldiers.1171 This is further evidence for the cohors III Thracum c. R. equitata’s presence at Oberstimm as the cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24) did not have a mounted component.

This unit is not to be confused with the cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24) stationed in Pannonia and Raetia, and the cohors III Augusta Thracum and the cohors III Thracum Syriaca, both stationed in Syria.1163 The cohors III Thracum c. R. was raised during the first half of the 1st century. Two Pannonian military diplomas issued in 80 and 84 display a cohors 'III Thracum'.1164 B. Lőrincz did not specify whether these two diplomas were issued to the cohors III Thracum c. R. or the cohors III Thracum veterana.1165 The Raetian diploma of 86 also lists a cohors 'III Thracum'.1166 Both the Raetian and the Pannonian diplomas display the name of the unit plainly, without any further titles ('III Thracum'), thus one can conclude that in 86 there was no need to distinguish to homonym units, i.e. one cohors III Thracum was in present Pannonia, the other in Raetia.1167

P. Reinecke suggested, that the cohors III Thracum c. R. constructed the fort at Oberstimm during Emperor Claudius’ reign,1172 and garrisoned it until 106/117. Based on stamped tiles,1173 Radnóti A. suggested that during the 2nd century the cohors III Thracum c. R. garrisoned the auxiliary fort at Gnotzheim (B.4.4.) and Künzing (B.3.5).1174 His hypothesis was widely accepted by scholars until recently.1175 However the presence of cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13) at Künzing is well documented on epigraphic sources from throughout the 2nd century and supported by archaeological evidence as well (v. s. B.13). The presence of the cohors III Thracum c. R. at Gnotzheim is supported by two building inscriptions1176 and an altar.1177

It became necessary to distinguish these two units following the first decade of the 2nd century, when the Pannonian cohors III Thracum was transferred to Raetia and both units gained distinctive titles in order to tell them apart.1168 Of the two units the cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24) is generally first on Raetian military constitutions, which at first glance would suggest that the cohors III Thracum veterana was transferred to Raetia before the cohors III Thracum c. R. However, epigraphic evidence tells a different line of events. Tile stamps displaying the name of the cohors III Thracum c. R. were discovered

The history of the cohors III Thracum c. R. can be summarized with the following facts: during Emperor Claudius’s reign in the 40s, the unit constructed the fort at Oberstimm (B.2.8) and

1163

1171

SPAUL 2000, 374, 377. CIL XVI, 26 [13.6.80]; CIL XVI, 30 [9.9.84]. 1165 LŐRINCZ 1993, 95, Nr. 7; id. 2001, 43, 53, Nr. 47. 1166 C – 2.2 [13.5.86]. 1167 B.23 – 1.1 = TAC. hist. 1, 68, 4 [69]. 1168 C – 2.4 [30.6.107]. 1169 B.23 – 5.1 [Oberstimm; ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117)]. 1170 ULBERT 1957, 318-332; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 447 cf. BAATZ 1993, 310: D. Baatz argued that the fort at Oberstimm was constructed during Emperor Vespasian’s reign, however, in light of H. Schönberger’s archaeological evidence, Baatz’s hypothesis is to be set aside.

B.23 – 5.2; B.23 – 5.3 [Oberstimm; ca. 40 ~ 119/121+ (106/117)]. REINECKE 1930, 9-11. 1173 B.23 – 5.4 [Künzing; ca. 90/254]. 1174 RADNÓTI 1961a, 100. 1175 Ibid. 100; BAATZ 1993, 331-334; VISY 1993, 135; BAATZ 2000, 277; WOLFF 2000a, 171. 1176 B.23 – 2.1 [Gnotzheim; early 144]; B.23 – 2.2 [Gnotzheim; 211/217 (ca. 213)]. 1177 B.23 – 4.1 [Gnotzheim; 106/117 ~ 254 (200?)].

1164

1172

163

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

garrisoned it until the military reorganization of Emperor Trajan in the years between 106/117.1178 After abandoning the fort at Oberstimm, the cohors III Thracum c. R. constructed a new auxiliary fort at Gnotzheim (B.4.4) and garrisoned it until the downfall of the Raetian Limes in the spring of 254.1179 The name of the coNr. 1 2 3 4

Rank centurio decuriones

5 6 7 8

praefecti unknown

hors III Thracum c. R. is attested on 25 Raetian military constitutions and suggested on a further nine issued between 86 and 167/168.1180 The cohors III Thracum c. R. was awarded block-grant Roman citizenship during Emperor Trajan’s Dacian campaigns.1181

Name Findspot Dating Quintus Gnotzheim (R) 106/117 ~ 254 Crescens Oberstimm (R) ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117) Sextinus Oberstimm (R) Co[–] Gnotzheim (R) 106/117 ~ 254 Q. Gavius Fulvius Falerna 106/117 ~ 254 Gnotzheim (R) trib. Proculus (200?) [–] Claudia trib. Liburnus Skradin (Dal.) before ca. 40 (?) [–] f. Velina trib. Spi[–] Fermo (Pic.) ca. 135/254 × Gnotzheim (R) 211/217 (ca. 213) Table 55: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors III Thracum c. R.

Cat. Nr. B.23 – 5.5 B.23 – 5.2 B.23 – 5.3 B.23 – 5.6 B.23 – 4.1 D – 2.1 D – 2.9 B.23 – 2.2

Bibliography PWRE V. 9, 340; STEIN 1932, 215; WAGNER 1938, 193; KELLNER 1971a, 214; SPAUL 2000, 375; WOLFF 2000a, 171.

Further reading REINECKE 1930, 2-11; RADNÓTI 1961a, 100, 112; BAATZ 1993, 331-334; LŐRINCZ 1993, 95, Nr. 7; VISY 1993, 135; BAATZ 2000, 277; LŐRINCZ 2001, 43, 53, Nr. 47.

1178

[153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 1181 FARKAS 2009, 27, 54.

SOMMER 2012a, 151; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]. REUTER 2007, 91-92. 1180 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors III Thracum c. R. appears only as completion: C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [variant 2: 17.8.166 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122 / 124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [variant 1: 5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 1179

164

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.24 COHORS III THRACUM VETERANA – cohors III Thracum veterana

This unit is not to be confused with the cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23.) stationed in Raetia, and the cohors III Augusta Thracum and cohors III Thracum Syriaca, both stationed in Syria.1182

constitutions and suggested on a further 10 issued between 107 and 167/168.1186 The garrison of the fort is unknown. An epitaph discovered at Haunsheim1187 faintly implies that the cohors III Thracum veterana may have garrisoned a fort on the western side of the Raetian Limes. However, this fort cannot be identified at present.

H.-J. Kellner suggested that, during the era of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, the cohors III Thracum veterana was stationed on the Rhine frontier,1183 although this hypothesis is currently unsupported by epigraphic evidence. A cohors III Thracum was part of the Roman garrison of Pannonia in the 80s, as attested by Pannonian military constitutions.1184 The distinction between the cohors III Thracum veterana and the cohors III Thracum c. R. was discussed above (v. i. B.23). The presence of the cohors III Thracum veterana in Illyricum-Pannonia is suggested by the inscription on a statue basis.1185

A. Radnóti and H.-J. Kellner suggested that the cohors III Thracum veterana garrisoned the auxiliary fort at Oberdorf (B.4.8) until the middle of the 2nd century based on the epitaph from Haunsheim,1188 yet the distance between the two locations is 34 kilometres. Both H.-J. Kellner and H. Wolff proposed that the unit was transferred to the fort near Buch (B.6.2) afterwards.1189 The reason behind thnote westwards transfer of the cohors III Thracum veterana from Pannonia to Raetia may have been to reinforce the region of the agri decumates after the Chatti incursion in 83,1190 or the revolt of L. Antonius Saturninus in 88/89.1191

The cohors III Thracum veterana was transferred to Raetia in the years between 86 and 107.Its name is attested on 23 Raetian military

1182

SPAUL 2000, 374, 377. KELLNER 1971a, 214. 1184 CIL XVI, 26 [80.6.13]; CIL XVI, 30 [84.9.9]. 1185 D – 2.1 [Skradin; b: ca. 80 ~ 106/117]. 1186 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors III Thracum veterana appears only as completion: C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.166 / 31.12.116]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variant 3: 139/140]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)];

C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [10.12.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160]; C – 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]. 1187 The editors of the EDCS mistakenly defined its findspot as Höchstadt in Bayern (EDCS-27500279). 1188 B.24 – 3.1 [Haunsheim; ca. 86/107 ~ 254 (200/254)]; RADNÓTI 1961a, 112; KELLNER 1971a, 214; BAATZ 2000, 348. 1189 KELLNER 1971a, 214; WOLFF 2000a, 171. 1190 ROSENBERGER 1992, 87-88. 1191 Ibid. 89.

1183

165

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

Nr. 1

Rank centurio

2 3 4

praefecti veteranus

Name

[–] Claudia trib. Liburnus

Findspot Kirchheim am Ries (R) Skradin (Dal.)

L. Noreius Fortunatus

Haunsheim (R)

[C]erialis

Dating ca. 160/254

D – 3.16

ca. 80 ~ 106/117 ca. 86/107 ~ 254 (200/254)

D – 2.1

Kirchheim ca. 160/254 am Ries (R) Table 56: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors III Thracum veterana [C]erialis

Bibliography PWRE V. 9, 339-340; STEIN 1932, 215-216; WAGNER 1938, 193; KELLNER 1971a, 214; SPAUL 2000, 376.

Cat. Nr.

B.24 – 3.1 D – 3.16

Further reading RADNÓTI 1961a, 112; LŐRINCZ 1993, 95, Nr. 7; LŐRINCZ 2001, 43, 53, Nr. 47; WOLFF 2000a, 171.

166

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

B.25. COHORS TRUMPLINORUM – cohors Trumplinorum

The cohors Trumplinorum is known from a single inscription from Bovegno.1192 The Trumplini were an indigenous Raetian tribe, who were one of the first tribes conquered by the Romans in 15 BC,1193 as attested by the inscription of the Tropaeum Alpium.1194 Nr. 1

Rank praefectus, princeps

The epitaph of Statius offers valuable insight into the system of recruitment: the Raetian and Vindelician tribes were enlisted in the Roman army as auxiliary infantry units, under command ('praefectus cohortis') of their former chieftains ('princeps Trumplinorum').1195

Name Findspot Dating Staius Esdragassi f. Brescia (Ven.) 15 BC / ca. AD 25 orig./nat.Voben(sis or -atus) Table 57: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors Trumplinorum

Bibliography PWRE V. 9, 343; KELLNER 1978, 29; SPAUL 2000, 272.

Further reading SADDINGTON 1982, 146; BIRLEY 1986, 250.

1192

1194

1193

B.25 – 3.1 [Brescia; 15 BC / ca. AD 25]. BIRLEY 1986, 250.

1195

167

PLIN. nat. 3,133-134 [ca. 6 BC]. SADDINGTON 1982, 146.

Cat. Nr. B.25 – 3.1

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.26. COHORS II TUNGRORUM VEXILLATIO – cohors II Tungrorum milliaria equitata c. L.

teen1207 which was caused by transfer of the cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio from Raetia to Britannia.1208

The cohors II Tungrorum was raised after the Roman annexation of Tungri territories, which occurred either in the decade before the turn of the millennia or as part of the Emperor Claudius’ preparations for his campaign led to occupy the British Isles.

The Raetian fort that the unit garrisoned has been long debated. The unit’s name is unknown from all types of inscriptions apart from the above mentioned five Raetian military diplomas. A. Radnóti suggested that the cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio constructed the fort at Eining (B.3.1).1209 H.-J. Kellner proposed that the unit shared the fort with the cohors III Britannorum.1210 H. Wolff suggested that the cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio may have garrisoned the fort Regensburg-Bismarckplatz (D.5).1211 In light of the revised chronology, it is possible that the cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio garrisoned the fort Eining-I (B.3.1) between ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) and 153 ~ 156/157. Both the cohors II Tungrorum and the cohors IV Tungrorum (B.27) are specified as 'vexillatio' exclusively on military constitutions, on other types of epigraphic monuments both units appear without it.1212

A large number of dedicatory inscriptions were set up by soldiers of the cohors II Tungrorum near Castlesteads (Camboglanna),1196 Stanvix (Petriana1197 or Uxelodunum1198) and Birrens (Blatobulgium)1199 indicating that the unit was part of the Roman army garrisoning Britannia.1200 Two cohortes of the Tungri are attested in Iulius Agricola’s campaigns in the years between 77 and 85.1201 The cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio was transferred to Raetia in 118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124.1202 It was present in Raetia for nearly four decades. The unit disappears from Raetian military constitutions between 1471203 and 156/157.1204 The transfer can be specified to the period between 1531205 and 156/157 if one accounts for the decrease of the number of cohortes on Raetian military constitutions in the 150s. Between 153 and 156 the number of cohortes on Raetian military diplomas decreased from fourteen1206 to thir-

The cohors II Tungrorum was raised to milliaria strength upon its return to Britannia in the years around 155.1213

1196

1205

RAVENN. p. 131. NOT. DIGN. occ. 40,2,13. 1198 Ibid. p. 152. 1199 ITIN. Anton. Aug. 467; RIVET – SMITH 1979, 268-269. 1200 B.26 – 4.1 ~ B.26 – 4.3, B.26 – 4.8 [Birrens; ca. 155/300]; B.26 – 4.4 [Castelesteads; ca. 155/300]; B.26 – 4.5 ~ B.26 – 4.7 [Birrens; ca. 155/180]; B.26 – 4.9 [Castlesteads; ca. 161/180 ~ 300]; B.26 – 4.10 [Castlesteads; 193+]; B.26 – 4.11 [Castlesteads; 1.1.241]. 1201 B.26 – 1.1 = TAC. Agr. 36,1-2: 'ac Tungrorum duas cohortatus'. 1202 C – 2.9 [variant 2-3: 118/119 ~ 121 or 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]. 1203 C – 2.24 [variant 2: 140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]. 1204 C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157].

C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]. C – 2.24 [variant 2: 140/147]; C – 2.27 [1.153 / 3.153]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]. 1207 C – 2.36 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [12.10.156 / 12.9.157]. 1208 B.26 – 2.3 [Birrens; 158]. 1209 RADNÓTI 1961a, 115. 1210 KELLNER 1971a, 214. 1211 WOLFF 2000a, 172. 1212 B.26 – 4.1 ~ B.26 – 4.3, [Birrens; ca. 155/300]; B.26 – 4.4 [Castelesteads; ca. 155/300]; B.27 – 3.1 [Arndorf; ca. 95]. 1213 B.26 – 4.8 [Birrens; ca. 155/300].

1197

1206

168

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

Reference AE 2009, 993

Dating

Unit’s name '[ – ] IIII Tungror[um] │ [ – ]' a) '[ – ]{T}I Tungr(orum) ∞ vex(illatio) [ – ]' CIL XVI, 174 9/12.132 or 9/12.133 b) '[II]{T}I> Tungr(orum) ∞ vex(illatio) [ – ]' c) '[ – e]t I Tungr(orum) ∞ vex(illatio) [ – ]' RMD II, 93 10.12.135 / 10.7.138 '[–] Tung(rorum) ∞ [vex(illatio)]' a) 'III Tun(grorum) ∞ vex(illatio)' RMD V, 386 30.10.139 b) 'II{I} Tun(grorum) ∞ vex(illatio)' Table 58: Military constitutions issued to Norican garrison listing cohortes Tungrorum1214 5.95 / 8.95

Regarding the fairly large overlap in the Norican and Raetian diplomas one must examine two possibilities: ‒ Both cohortes Tungrorum vexillationes stationed in Raetia were occasionally drawn to the neighbouring Noricum. This practice of constantly moving units between bordering provinces was not used amongst regular auxiliary units as indicated by the examples of the ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3) and cohors II Raetorum (B.21). Nr.

Rank

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

centuriones

milites

8 praefecti 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

praepositi

principi tribunus

‒ A pair of cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio and cohors IV Tungrorum vexillatio (B.27) were simultaneously present in Raetia and Noricum. This division of units amongst the two was not unusual, a similar solution was the transfer of the legio II Italica to Noricum and the legio III Italica (A.1.) to Raetia by Emperor Marcus Aurelius.

Name

Findspot

Dating ca. 120 Ninicus Eining (R) ~ 153/1571215 Sextilius Statutus Eining (R) ca. 120 ~ 153/157 Pr(imus?) Eining (R) ca. 120 ~ 153/157 Afutianus Bassi f. Birrens (Bri.) ca. 155/300 Firmus Eining (R) ca. 120 ~ 153/157 Frumentius Birrens (Bri.) ca. 155/300 P. Campanius Italicus Birrens (Bri.) ca. 155/300 Birrens (Bri.) ca. 155/180 C. Silvius Auspex Birrens (Bri.) ca. 155/180 Birrens (Bri.) ca. 155/180 (M.?) Aurelius Optatus Castlesteads (Bri.) ca. 161/180 ~ 300 Albius Severus Castlesteads (Bri.) 193+ Ti. Claudius Claudianus Castlesteads (Bri.) 1.1.241 × Eining (R) ca. 120 ~ 153/157 × Eining (R) ca. 120 ~ 153/157 × Castlesteads (Bri.) ca. 155/300 Messius Opsequens Castlesteads (Bri.) ca. 161/180 ~ 300 Vic(–) Severus Castlesteads (Bri.) 193+ Ti. Claudius Claudianus Castlesteads (Bri.) 1.1.241 Afutianus Bassi f. Birrens (Bri.) ca. 155/300 Table 59: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors II Tungrorum

Bibliography PWRE V. 9, 344; STEIN 1932, 220-221; KELLNER 1971a, 214; SPAUL 2000, 228-230; WOLFF 2000a, 170-171.

Cat. Nr. D – 5.14 D – 5.15 D – 5.16 B.26 – 3.1 D – 5.14 B.26 – 4.2 B.26 – 4.3 B.26 – 4.5 B.26 – 4.6 B.26 – 4.7 B.26 – 4.9 B.26 – 4.10 B.26 – 4.11 B.26 – 2.1 B.26 – 2.2 B.26 – 4.4 B.26 – 4.9 B.26 – 4.10 B.26 – 4.11 B.26 – 3.1

Further reading RADNÓTI 1961a, 115; HOLDER 1982, 122; NOUWEN 1997, 461-465.

1214

1215

A funerary stele discovered in Wels also attests the presence of soldiers with Tunger origin in Noricum in the course of the 2nd century: B.7 – 3.10 [Wels; ca. 150/200]: 'natione Tunger'.

The cohors II Tungrorum ∞ vexillatio was present in Eining-I (B.3.1) in the years between ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) ─ 153 ~ 156/157.

169

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

B.27. COHORS IV TUNGRORUM VEXILLATIO – cohors IV Tungrorum milliaria vexillatio

The cohors IV Tungrorum was raised during the second half of the 1st century from the Tungri. It was transferred to Noricum during the end of the 1st century,1216 by 95 the latest.1217 The inscription of a funerary monument found at Mariasaal (Noricum) refers to the unit as cohors IV Tungrorum.1218 A. Radnóti suggested that the cohors IV Tungrorum vexillatio was transferred to Raetia in the first decade of Emperor Hadrian’s reign.1219 The name of the unit is displayed on five Raetian military constitutions and suggested on an additional four issued between 122/124 and 140/147.1220 It is possible to restore the name of the unit on three further military constitutions issued previously in the 110s.1221

the unit from Raetia to Mauretania Tingitana to the years between 140 and 144. The transfer of the unit preceded the breakout of Emperor Antoninus Pius’ war against the Mauri in 145.1228 The unit remained in Mauretania after the conclusion of the war in 152. In the transfer of the cohors IV Tungorum vexillatio to the North African theatre, one should see a planned manoeuvre that coincided with the outbreak of a conflict, rather than a measure taken to repel the invaders.1229 It has been long debated which Raetian fort the cohors IV Tungorum vexillatio garrisoned. The name of the unit is unknown from all types of inscriptions apart from the above mentioned five Raetian military diplomas. H. Wolff suggested the unit garrisoned either Ruffenhofen (B.5.3) or Weißenburg-II (B.4.13).1230 However, recent geophysical surveys revealed that the fort at Ruffenhofen was garrisoned by an ala,1231 and the fort at Weißenburg-II was operational only for a short time during Emperor Hadrian’s reign.1232 In light of the revised chronology, it is possible that the cohors IV Tungrorum vexillatio garrisoned the fort Faimingen-I (B.4.3) in the years between ca. 106/117 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) and 140/144. The fort Faimingen-I was abandoned in a planned manner, which corresponds to the planned transfer of the cohors IV Tungrorum vexillatio to Mauretania 1233 Tingitana.

Despite the unique 'vexillatio' status of the unit, it was listed on the unit lists of military constitutions amongst regular auxiliary infantry.1222 The cohors IV Tungrorum vexillatio disappears from Raetian military constitutions in the years between 140 and 147.1223 The unit appears on military diplomas issued to the auxilia of Mauretania Tingitana between 1351224 and 153.1225 The name of the unit is listed on a further four military diplomas issued between 154 and 161.1226 A Mauretanian military constitution from 144 attests that eleven cohortes were present in Mauretania, similar to the constitutions of 153.1227 These eleven cohortes included the cohors IV Tungrorum vexillatio, pinpointing the transfer of

1216

ALFÖLDY 1974, 260. AE 2009, 993 [St. Pantaleon-Stein; 5.95 / 8.95]. 1218 B.27 – 3.1 [Arndorf; ca. 50/100]. 1219 RADNÓTI 1961a, 113; KELLNER 1971a, 215. 1220 Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the cohors IV Tungrorum vexillatio appears only as completion: C – 2.9 [variant 2-3: 118/119 ~ 121 or 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.24 [140/147]. 1221 C – 2.5 [27.9.112]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.9 [subvariant 1: 117 ~ 118/119]. 1222 C – 2.12 [122/124]: 'IIII Tung[ror(um) ∞ (?) vex(illatio)]'. 1223 C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]. 1224 Mauretania Tingitana: RMD V, 382 [31.12.135]. 1225 Mauretania Tingitana: RMM 34 [26.10.153]; ECK – PANGERL 2005, 199 [26.10.153]; RMD V, 409 [(26.10).153]; AE 2007, 1779 [26.10.153];

AE 2007, 1777 [(26.10.)153]; AE 2007, 1776 [(26.10.)153]; ECK – PANGERL 2005, 202 [(26.10.)153]; AE 2009, 1834 [(26.10.)153]; RMD V, 411 [(26.10).153]; RMD V, 410 [(26.10).153]. 1226 Mauretania Tingitana: RMD I, 47 = RMD II, 101 [154.9.27]: 'coh(ortis) IV Tung]r(orum) cui prae(e)st – ]'; CIL XVI, 181 [10.12.156 ~ 1/6.157] CIL XVI, 182 [1/6.157 ~ 9.12.157] – see: RMD V, p. 703, *37; RMD II, 107 [1.13.161 / 7.3.161]; RMD III, 186 [162/170 or 180/203]. 1227 RMD V, 398 [22.12.144]. 1228 FARKAS 2012, 189-195. 1229 NOUWEN 1997, 461-465. 1230 WOLFF 2000a, 170-171. 1231 SOMMER 2004, 345-360; id. 2007, 123-131. 1232 GRÖNKE 1977, 21, fn. 70; HÜSSEN 1986, 108-109; RBy 1995, 534. 1233 RBy 1995, 442.

1217

170

THE HISTORY OF UNITS

Nr. 1

Rank miles

Name Findspot Dating Iomatius Velsonis f. Maria Saal (Nor.) ca. 95 Table 60: Known officers and soldiers of the cohors IV Tungrorum

Bibliography KELLNER 1971a, 215; SPAUL 2000, 231-232; WOLFF 2000a, 170-171.

Cat. Nr. B.27 – 3.1

Further reading RADNÓTI 1961a, 113; ALFÖLDY 1974, 260; NOUWEN 1997, 461-465.

171

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

C. MISCELLANEOUS UNITS IN RAETIA This chapter listed two legions and twenty-seven auxiliary units whose Raetian presence is attested by epigraphic or literary evidence. How-

ever, there are additional units whose Raetian presence has been suggested, but not yet conclusively proven.

The following two legions are entirely unattested on Raetian epigraphic material: 1. The legio XIII (Gemina) was thought to have been garrisoned in Raetia in the decades following its annexation,1234 but the legion’s presence is unattested by epigraphic data. In 14, the legio was transferred to Germania, where it constructed the fortress at Windisch (Vindonissa).1235 2. The legio XXI (Rapax) was thought to have garrisoned an unknown Raetian fortress, similarly to the legio XIII, but recent studies have underlined that this hypothesis is highly uncertain.1236 The unit is unattested on Raetian epigraphic material. The legio was sent to Xanten (Castra Vetera) in 9.1237 3. The Raetian presence of cohors I c. R. ingenuorum was suggested on the basis that one of its centurions set an honorific inscription for Q. Caecilis Caecilianus, a Raetian pro legatus.1238 However, the dedication was made in Veneto, thus it is not necessary that the unit itself was garrisoned in Raetia.

The Raetian presence of the following units is based on ambiguous epigraphic data (fragmented or uncertain interpretation): 1. The legio XVI Gallica was thought to have garrisoned the fortlet near Burlafingen (C.2.1), which was operational during Emperor Claudius’ reign. However, the inscribed helm on which this theory is based could have been brought to the fortlet secondarily.1239 Furthermore, as legio XVI Gallica is known to have been stationed in Germania, it is unlikely that a small detachment would be left behind for decades after the main body was transferred away from the province.1240 2. The legio XIX took part in the Summer Campaign of 15 BC as attested by inscribed catapult bolts.1241 After the conquest, it garrisoned the fort at Dangstetten in Germania until its destruction in AD 9.1242 The name of the legio is restored on one bronze tabula ansata discovered from Augsburg, yet its reading is highly uncertain. As such, it should not stand as evidence for the legio’s Raetian presence.1243 3. The presence of the ala I Flavia Commagenorum in Raetia was suggested by J. Spaul, who restored the unit’s name on a poorly preserved bronze plate from Faimingen.1244 The name is displayed in an abbreviated form and although the unit’s Raetian presence cannot be excluded with absolute certainty, it should be met with skepticism.1245

1234

1241

STEIN 1932, 90-91; SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 343; le BOHEC 1993, 192. RBy 1995, 67; GONZALEZ 2003, 334. 1236 RBy 1995, 58-59. 1237 GONZALEZ 2003. 405. 1238 CIL V, 3936 [Verona, S. Floriano; ca. 41/54]; RBy 1995, 134. 1239 PFAHL 2012, 62-63. 1240 GONZALEZ 2003, esp. 378-381.

PFAHL 2012, Nr. 489-491 [Oberammergau, Döttenbichl; 15 BC]: 'leg(ionis) XIX'. 1242 WIEGELS 2000, 75-81. 1243 PFAHL 2012, Nr. 470 [Augsburg; 15 BC / 14 AD (?)]: '[leg. XI]X'. 1244 SPAUL 1994, 94-95. 1245 PFAHL 2012, 64; Nr. 194 [Faimingen; ca. 134/138 ~ 260]: 'In h. d. d. [comm]un(is) l(ibertus) Evv[odi pra]ef(ecti a(lae) F(laviae) Co[mma(genorum)]'.

1235

172

III. SUMMARY

1. THE OCCUPATION OF RAETIA* an area of approx. 80.000 km2, stretching from the high summits of the Alps northwards through a hill-country rich in rivers all the way to the Schwäbisch Alb (Swabian Jura) Mountains.1247 The following chapter offers an interdisciplinary synthesis of the results of archaeological data (excavations, field-walks, aerial archaeology, and geophysical prospection) and historic data (literary sources, epigraphy, numismatics).1248

The Roman province Raetia was located in Central-Europe, its territory is presently divided amongst four countries: the northern part of Raetia is occupied by the two southernmost German states – Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. Raetia’s south-western part belongs to Switzerland and Liechtenstein, its south-eastern part to Austria’s two westernmost states – Vorarlberg and Tyrol.1246 At its greatest extent, Raetia covered

1.1. THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND ETHNIC CONDITIONS OF RAETIA BEFORE THE CONQUEST Preceding Roman occupation the area later organized as the province Raetia was controlled by numerous Celtic tribes [Fig. 64].1249 It is clear that there was little consent among ancient literary accounts regarding the ethnic status of the tribes located in what would later become Raetia province.1250 However, it is beyond doubt, that all these tribes were collectively referred to as Raeti1251 and Vindelici,1252 both being Celtic terms.1253 The slopes of the Alps stood under the supervision of Alpine tribes collectively termed 'gentes Alpinorum'.1254 Two of these tribes, the Breuni and Genauni are listed by Strabón as Illyrians.1255 Areas outside the range of the Alps, bordering its north-eastern slopes were under the

supervision of several tribes which were collectively called Vindelici.1256 Strabón listed five tribes that belonged to the Vindelici: Licat(t)ii, Clautenatii, Vennones, Estiones and the Brigantii.1257 The Tropaeum Alpium listed four nations belonging to the Vindelici without further distinguishing them.1258 Strabón considered Rucantii and Cotiantii as Raetian tribes.1259 Pliny the Elder reckoned the Vennones (considered Vindelican by Strabón) to the Raeti as well as the Sarunetes who both occupied the area neighbouring the source of the Rhine.1260 He stated that the region south of the Danube belonged to the Raeti all the way to the Norican Kingdom which bordered Raetian territories from the

*

1251

I would like to express my gratitude to Viktor Montag for the grammatical proof-reading of this chapter. 1246 RBy 1995, 18, SOMMER 2008, 207-208. 1247 AGRIPPA 21; PLIN. nat. 4,98; PTOL. Geographia 1,16; OROS. hist. 1,2,60-61. 1248 Although 476 was designated as the end date for the inclusion of ancient authors, a significant number of works edited in subsequent centuries reflect events of Raetian history and aspects of provincial life, e.g. EVGIPP. Sev. 15,1; PROVINC. laterc. 10,9; CASSIOD. var. 1,11; CHRON. ecc. ann. 2002; 2012. 1249 PLIN. nat. 3,54; IVST. 20,5,9. 1250 GRIMMEISEN 1997; DIETZ 2004a, 14-15, t. 2; STROBEL 2008, 967971.

LANG 2003, 80. DIETZ et al. 2007, 446. 1253 STROBEL 2008, 967-975. 1254 CIL V, 7817 [La Turbie; 7/6 BC] = PLIN. nat. 3,136-137. 1255 STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,8,4. 1256 Ibid. 4.6.8.4; CIL V, 7817 [La Turbie; 7/6 BC] = PLIN. nat. 3,136137. 1257 STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,8,6-7. 1258 CIL V, 7817 [La Turbie; 7/6 BC] = PLIN. nat. 3,136-137. 1259 STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,8,6. 1260 PLIN. nat. 3,135. 1252

173

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

east.1261 The lower section of the river Inn (Aenus) below Wilten (Veldidena) and its longest affluent, the Salzach, acted as a natural borderline between these two regions.1262 This river line was also the occasional barrier that separated the Gallic and Illyrian districts of taxes and customs (portorium),1263 as from time to time Raetia had been assigned from one to the other.1264

four oppida located in North Italy as Raetian: Feltria (alternatively spelt Fertria, present-day Feltre), Tridentum (present-day Trento), Breuna (unidentified) and Verona.1266 In the 160s, Claudius Ptolemy edited a fundamental list of settlements (and their geographical data) in Raetia and Vindelicia.1267 Several subsequent geographers have based their work on Ptolemy’s data.1268

It is uncertain as to how much the Romans knew about autochthonous settlements, as all of the geographical summaries and lists were completed after Raetia’s organization. Strabón wrote that the settlements of the Brigantii and Estiones were named Brigantium, Cambodunum and that of the Licatii, Damasia.1265 Pliny the Elder listed

H. Bender and K. Dietz wrote the two most recent summaries on Raetian settlements, cross checking ancient itineraries and literary evidence with archaeological data.1269 He identified most of the ancient toponyms with present-day settlements and plotted known Raetian settlements on a map.

Raetia1270 settlements along the Danube settlements along the Rhine Bragodurum Tasgaetium Alkimoennis Brigantium Viana Vico Faviana Ebodurum Drusomagus Octodurus

Vindelicia1271 settlements along the Danube south of the Danube Artobriga Augusta Vindelicum Boiodurum Carrodunum Abodiacum Cambodunum Medullum Inutrium

Table 61: Claudius Ptolemy’s list of settlements in Raetia and Vindelicia edited in the years around 1601272

No literary records made by these tribes themselves – given that they had any – survived from the times preceding Roman occupation and little of the presently known archaeological remains can be related to the autochthonous population. For this reason, one can reconstruct their history and living conditions only via the necessarily subjective testament of contemporary and subsequent ancient literary sources.

Geógraphika hypomnémata. He reflects on a province which had two keenly dissimilar aspects: on one side, a fertile hill-country stretching between the Alps and the Danube which was well suited for agriculture and where many had settled in the sheltered dales.1273

The Greek geographer, Strabón, was the first to document the autochthonous conditions of Raetia in his geographical and historical work, the

On the other hand, a significant area of the province was occupied by the barren and sparsely populated Alpine chain. Besides the wintry climate and meagre soil, highwaymen gathered in the ravines often plundering the inhabitants of nearby lands.1274

1261

1269

PLIN. nat. 3,146. TAC. hist. 3,5,6; ULBERT 1971, 101-123. 1263 SOMMER 2008, 208; STEIDL 2008a, 77-84; id. 2011, 168, fig. 6. 1264 APPIANUS Illyrica 6, 1; KÜNZL 1996, 2458. 1265 STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,8,7. 1266 PLIN. nat. 3,130; 14,3. 1267 PTOL. Geographia 2, 1. 1268 DIVISIO orb. 10; DIMENS. provinc. 19; DIETZ 2004a, 4-8.

BENDER 2000, 272-285; DIETZ 2004a, 1-23 see: ZANIER 2006; STROBEL 2008, 967-973. 1270 PTOL. Geographia 2,12. 1271 Ibid. 2,13. 1272 Latin transcript based on DIETZ 2004a, 12-13, t. 1. 1273 STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,9,3. 1274 Ibid. 4,6,9,4.

1262

174

SUMMARY

Numerous rivers and streams intersected Raetia which all were rapid-flowing near their Alpine river-heads and thus unnavigable,1275 but flared later on and became suitable for naval traffic.1276 According to Strabón the land of the Raeti reached from the southern chain of Alpine mountains facing Italy to present-day’s Bavarian Alps.1277 Tacitus described in detail various conditions of Raetia, although one should bear in mind that his work was written more than a century after the province’s occupation. While discussing the borders of Germania, Tacitus stated that the river-head of the Rhine as well as the northern slopes of the Alps belonged to the Raeti.1278 His description, although brief, reverberates Strabón’s topos of the desolate, barren and thus uninhabited Alps.1279 The contrast between the barren Alps and the fertile hill-country bordering it from the north is a recurring motif in Germania.1280

tween the Rhine and the Danube (the so-called agri decumates) and the Schwäbisch Alb mountain, the southern slopes of which gave home to numerous villas,1282 yet the main function of Raetia remained of military character (providing a buffer-zone to prevent Germanic tribes from harassing Gallia and Italy). For this reason the number and ratio settlements in Raetia with municipal rank was significantly lower than in other provinces. During the Principate, only eight classical civilian towns are known (larger settlements which have grown independent from the military) and one amongst these, Municipium Augusta Vindelicum, is confirmed to have had a municipal rank.1283 There are several inscriptions from Raetia that refer to municipal decurionate.1284

One can conclude that in the 1st – 3rd centuries, the area of Raetia in comparison to other provinces, both relatively (percentage) and absolutely (area) had little fertile lands. Service here was considered profitless and difficult due to both climate and strict discipline.1281 Most of these lands were situated in the aforementioned river-valleys. In the 2nd century Emperor Trajan and Marcus Aurelius have gradually expanded Raetia northwards, to incorporate the rich lowlands be-

Tacitus’ Germania reveals how little the Romans knew of the origins and history of the nations comprehensively referred to as Raeti and Vindelici and how they attempted closing these gaps in their knowledge by applying mythological analogies which they themselves doubted – e.g. the idea of Raetians originating from Amazons1285 or Ulixes’ travel to Germania.1286 Based on lingual similarities between the Venetian and the Raetian language, Livy suggested that the latter originated from the former, although he stated that the Raetian language underwent significant changes.1287

1275

1284

FLOR. epit. 1,37,2; AMM. 28,2,1; CLAVD. 26,332. MELA 2,8; AMM. 14,4,1-6; 22,8,44. 1277 STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,8,11. 1278 TAC. Ger. 1,1. 1279 Ibid. 1,2. 1280 Ibid. 41,1-2. 1281 TAC. hist. 1,51,2. 1282 SOMMER 2012, 141. 1283 PTOL. Geographia 2,12,3: 'Ανγονστα Ονινδελιχων'; IORD. Rom. 217: 'Augusta Vindicas'; NOT. dign. occ. 11,5: 'Augustae Vindelicensis'; TAB. Peut. 3,1: 'Augusta Vindelicu(m or -rum)'. The rank of the settlement is attested on a sole military constitution AE 2009, 1799 [9.1.234]: 'Aug(ustae) Vindelic{h}o(rum)'. For a brief summary on the settlement’s history see: ZAHARIADE 2008, 1172-1175.

CIL III, 5800 [Augsburg; ca. 117/138 ~ 300]; WAGNER 1958, Nr. 56 + 57 + 58 [Augsburg; ca. 117/138 ~ 300]; AE 1998, 1001b [Augsburg; ca. 130/170]; D – 3.14 [Leutstetten; ca. 130/230]; AE 1980, 661 [Augsburg; ca. 151/200]; A.1 – 2.2 [Augsburg; ca. 170/300]; CIL III, 5826 [Augsburg; ca. 2st-3rd cent.]; CIL III, 5828 [Augsburg; ca. 2st-3rd cent.]; CIL III, 5780 = 11887 [Epfach; ca. 2st-3rd cent.]; WAGNER 1958, Nr. 25 [Augsburg; ca. 2st-3rd cent.]; WAGNER 1958, Nr. 33 [Augsburg; ca. 2st-3rd cent.]; CIL III, 5825 [Augsburg; ca. 200/300]; CIL III, 5802 [Augsburg; 26.8.203]. 1285 PORPH. Hor. carm. 4,4,18-21; SERV. Aen. 1,243. 1286 TAC. Ger. 3,13. 1287 LIV. 5,33,11.

1276

175

Fig. 64: Autochtonous tribes of the central Alpine region in the period of the occupation (15 BC)

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

176

SUMMARY

1.2. THE SUMMER CAMPAIGN OF 15 BC In the course of the 2nd and 1st century BC, several smaller campaigns were led against the Raeti.1288 However, Raetian tribes came into the spotlight of Roman interest only in the last decades of the 1st century BC.1289 In 17/16 BC the united forces of the Sicambri, Usipetes and Tencteri crushed the forces of M. Lollius Paulinus, the governor of Gallia. Lollius’ humiliating defeat brought about a turning point in Emperor Augustus’ policy regarding the Alpine region.1290 This loss – commonly referred to as clades Lolliana – stimulated Augustus’ decision on bringing the lands of these invading Germanic tribes under Roman control,1291 which was achieved gradually, in a series of campaigns.1292 In 16 BC P. Silius Nerva1293 subdued the Camunni, Trumplini and Vennoneti living on the southern slopes of the Alps, located north of Brixia (present-day Brescia).1294 The names of these tribes lead the list of subdued peoples on the Tropaeum Alpium and thus their conquest hallmarked the initiative of Augustus’ Alpine campaign which culminated in the occupation of Raetian and Vindelican lands.1295

from Gallia and Italy, putting the pincers on Celtic tribes.1298 The advance of the legio III, X and XII through the Julian Pass, from the Lake Como up to Brigantium is evidenced by both stray1299 and excavated1300 inscribed small finds. A temporary fort of 1.3 hectares has been unearthed near the Septimer Pass.1301 In a series of open-field battles and stronghold sieges, the forces of Tiberius and Drusus gradually lessened and vanquished local nations one after another.1302 It has been long thought that not all tribes north of the Alps were subdued by force: the Norican Kingdom was considered having been an ally and client-kingdom of the Roman Empire for several decades in the 1st century BC and its annexation in 15 BC was merely a political manoeuvre.1303 However, recent re-evaluation of known information on the process of Roman provincial organization has led to a change in the scientific opinio communis: the term 'regnum Noricum',1304 referred to not a client-state, but was the proper name of the province, which was occupied similarly to neighbouring Raetia – some tribes were defeated by force, some surrendered by their will.1305 One example for the latter was the Kingdom of Cottius, which was incorporated into the Empire by peaceful means. King Cottius realized in time that with his limited resources he could not compete with Roman conquest on the long run and therefore established a perpetual alliance with Rome and ceded his kingdom to the Roman Empire.1306 Cottius received Roman citizenship and as a Roman magistrate

In the summer of 15 BC, Ti. Claudius Nero (who later became Emperor Tiberius) and his younger brother, D. Claudius Drusus subdued the territories that were organized later as Raetia province in a short, yet mortal campaign.1296 In the year before, Tiberius was charged with the management of Gallia comata.1297 Led by the two commanders, Roman armies enclosed the area

1288 nd 2 century BC: FLOR. epit. 1,37,2; 1st century BC: C1IL X, 6087 [Formia]. 1289 APPIANUS Illyrica 3,15; RAEGETH – ZANIER 2010, 241-283. 1290 RBy 1995, 21; for a recent extensive study on the Alpine wars of Augustus see: STROBEL 2008, 967-1004. 1291 TAC. ann. 1,10,3; AMM. 17,13,28. 1292 APPIANUS Illyrica 10,5,219. 1293 PIR2 S 726. 1294 DIO hist. 54,20,1; GUERRA 2013,1 58. 1295 CIL V, 7817 [La Turbie; 7/6 BC] = PLIN. nat. 3,136-137; EVTR. 7,9,12. 1296 STROBEL 2009, 437-510 see: PORPH. Hor. carm. 4,4 (title); CHRON. ecc. ann. 2002; 2012; FPA I, 229.

1297

SVET. Tib. 9,1. RBy 1995, 28. 1299 RAEGETH – ZANIER 2010, 242-251, fig. 2-6. 1300 Ibid. 251-269, fig. 7-10, t. 1-2. 1301 Ibid. 270. 1302 RBy 1995, 30. 1303 Ibid. 18-19. 1304 VELL. 2,109,5. 1305 ALFÖLDY 1974, 79, fn. 10; STROBEL 2014, 299. 1306 AMM. 15,10,2; 15,10,7. The Kingdom of Cottius was organized a province during Emperor Nero’s time under the name of Alpes Cottiae, after M. Iulius Cottius’ son, who bore the same name, had died: SVET. Nero 18,1. 1298

177

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

M. Iulius Cottius continued to hold a supervising role over his people.1307 Cottius’ case was a triumph of romanization and the flexibility of Roman administration.

The inscription of the Tropaeum Alpium is the next known account of the campaign which was made nearly a decade after the event itself.

Several forts of the Roman occupation forces have been identified, the largest of which was the legionary fortress near Dangstetten which covered an area of approx. 12 hectares.1308 Under the command of D. Claudius Drusus, Roman soldiers began constructing a road connecting conquered territories to Italy. This road was expanded during the reign of Emperor Claudius, hence its name, via Claudia Augusta.1309 With the Raeti and Vindelici pacified, the main obstacle in conquering the tribes of Germania libera was removed.1310 With the death of Agrippa in 12 BC, Augustus entrusted Drusus with continuing the expansion by occupying the area between the Rhine and the Elbe.1311 In the same year Tiberius was awarded a permit to hold a triumphus for his victory over the Alpian tribes.1312 Drusus completed the task of occupying the aforementioned regions in three years. During his campaigns, Drusus supervised the construction of a canal connecting the Rhine delta with Lake Flevo (present-day IJsselmeer). The canal served military purposes by securing his army’s supplies and was named 'fossa Drusiana' after him.1313 The first account on Tiberius’ and Drusus’ Raetian campaign was written by Horace in 13 BC who at the request of Emperor Augustus composed a fourth volume to his already published Odes.1314 He commemorated a decisive battle,1315 which ultimately led to a Roman victory over the Raeti and Vindelici.1316 M. Vipsanius Agrippa was the first to mention Raetia after the conquest in his monumental survey of the Roman Empire completed in 13 BC.1317

In 7/6 BC by right of a senatorial decree, Emperor Augustus was granted the privilege of constructing a monument to commemorate his triumph over the Alpine tribes which was named Tropaeum Alpium by modern historians. The Tropaeum is located in Monaco, within the limits of present-day town of La Turbie. The monument consisted of a base measuring 38 × 38 meters, which was topped with twenty-four columns supporting a dome of 35 meters in diameter, housing a monumental statue of Emperor Augustus. The total height of the Tropaeum was approximately fifty meters. During the Middle Ages, the monument, which stood on a natural hill, was expanded and rebuilt several times. It was encircled by walls and used as a fortification until the early 18th century. During the War of Spanish Succession a conflict broke out between Savoy and France, which ended with the victory of the French. After his victory, Louis XIV of France ordered all fortifications to be destroyed in the region, including the Tropaeum. In the following 18-19th centuries, locals used the remains of the Tropaeum as a stone quarry and amongst others used its remainders to construct the nearby church of St. Michel. The evolution of heritage protection brought about the need to reconstruct the Tropaeum. Under the supervision of archaeologists in the early 20th century, the monument was partly restored to its former state as in the era of the Principate. The tabula displaying the original inscription of the Tropaeum was lost for the most part, but due to Pliny the Elder documenting its text in his Natural History, a substitute with fragments from the original inscription

1307

1311

1308

1312

CIL V, 7231 [Susa; ca. 15 BC]. RBy 1995, 35; 46; SOMMER 2008, 210, fn. 22-23. 1309 CIL III, 8003 [Partschins-Rabland; 46]: 'Ti(berius) Claudius Caesar Augustus German(icus) ... [vi]am Claudiam Augustam quam Drusus pater Alpibus bello patefactis derexserat(!) munit a flumine Pado at(!) flumen Danuvium per m(ilia) p(assuum) CC[---].' 1310 RBy 1995, 21.

GUERRA 2013, 58. KIENAST 1990, 76. SVET. Claud. 1,2. 1314 HOR. carm. 4,4,17-20; SVET. vita Hor. 20. 1315 HOR. carm. 4,14,14-16. 1316 Ibid. 4,14,9-13. 1317 AGRIPPA 21. 1313

178

SUMMARY

is visible even today, listing a total of forty-nine nations.1318 The nations are listed in chronological order in which they were overcome.1319 R. Guerra offered an alternate reading by grouping the names of these tribes and tried to synchronize the names of these tribes with modern toponyms,1320 although the interpretation proposed by K. Dietz and K. Strobel seems more plausible.1321 Livy wrote a lengthy chapter on the war against the Raeti in his History of Rome in 9 BC, yet the book itself was lost with Livy’s own excerpt being the only surviving source, published as the Periochae.1322 Emperor Augustus took note of his victory over the Alpine tribes in his Res Gestae in 14.1323 Contrary to other accounts of the Summer Campaign, Augustus wrote in an approach regarding the entire Roman Empire. In his Res Gestae, Augustus considered the occupation of Raetia as a single campaign in a series of imperial campaigns and thus did not go into particulars, nor did he distinguish the subjugated tribes.

Velleius’ Compendium of Roman History published in 30, dedicated to M. Vinicius on his consular appointment, is the next work which recounts the war against the Raeti. Velleius’ description attests the significant differences in both preparedness and numbers between the opposing Raeti-Vindelici and the Roman forces. Tiberius’ soldiers were met with little or no resistance on their advance and subdued wellplaced fortifications (Raeti) and civil settlements (Vindelici see: TAC. Ger. 41,1-2: 'splendidissima Raetiae provinciae colonia') with rather ease.1327 The term 'diversis partibus' indicates that the two commanders started their forces simultaneously from Gallia and Italy.1328 His text distinguishes between Raeti and Vindelici on numerous occasions.1329 Florus’ compilation of Rome’s wars gives a naturalistic account on the Raetian campaigns, although mistakenly terms the mountainous Raetian tribes as Norici.1330 Suetonius summed up Emperor Augustus’ conquests from over a century’s distance in his biography written on the Emperor’s life.1331 Suetonius commemorated Tiberius’ role in the campaign as well.1332

Among the ancient literary sources covering the Raetian campaign, the next in chronological succession is Strabón’s Geographica, finished in the years between 19 and 23. While describing the geographical aspects of the land of the Raeti, Strabón mentioned that during the campaign, Tiberius established a temporary base on one of the islands on Lake Constance.1324 This island may have been the Werd Island, on which F. Hertlein and P. Goessler have discovered the remains of a Roman timber bridge in the 1930s.1325 The construction of this (or a similar) bridge during the campaign is documented by Pliny the Elder as well.1326

The monumental Roman History of Cassius Dio, a third century senator from Nicaea, offered an extensive account on the events of the Raetian campaign. His work outlined that the main reason behind initiating the campaign was to restrain Germanic incursions which had been becoming increasingly aggressive.1333 Dio confirmed that the conquest of the Alpine region was carried out in a series of campaigns.1334 Later sources, such as Orosius1335 and Pseudo

1318

1327

1319

1328

CIL V, 7817 [La Turbie; 7/6 BC] = PLIN. nat. 3,136-137. RBy 1995, 24-25. 1320 GUERRA 2013, 84-85. 1321 DIETZ 2003, 1-2; STROBEL 2009, 437-510. 1322 LIV. Perioch. 138. 1323 R. GEST. div. Aug. 5,26. 1324 STRABÓN Geographica 7,1,5. 1325 GOESSLER – HERTLEIN 1930, 172-177. 1326 PLIN. nat. 16,74.

VELL. 2,95,2. GONZALEZ 2003, 379. 1329 VELL. 2,39,3; 2,104,2; 2,122,1. 1330 FLOR. epit. 4,12,4-5. 1331 SVET. Aug. 21,1. 1332 SVET. Tib. 9,2. 1333 DIO hist. 54,22,1-3. 1334 DIO hist. 54,22,4. 1335 OROS. hist. 6,21,22; RBy 1995, 31.

179

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Dionysios,1336 briefly noted the campaign as well. As geographical works suggest, the Romans had a rudimentary geographical knowledge of the area north of the Alps before the Summer Campaign and they knew little

about the areas north of the Danube, thus the campaign in 15 BC not only meant the occupation of new lands, but also their discovery, as new regions entered into the view of the Empire.1337

1336

1337

CHRON. ecc. ann. 2002; 2012.

DIONYS. ant. 14,1,1; SEN. nat. 4,1,2; PLIN. nat. 4,79; EPICED. Drusi 20; 314; 391; 457; PANEG. 11,5,4.

180

SUMMARY

1.3. THE ORGANIZATION OF RAETIA Having subdued the Raetian tribes in 15 BC, Augustus achieved his goal and put an end to the growing concern of raids that had vexed Gallia and Italy in previous years. Strabón attested that by his time (in the first decades of the 1st century) no hostile tribes were present in the area.1338 M. Vipsanius Agrippa is the first who uses the term 'Raetia' three years after the time of the Roman conquest1339 followed by Velleius Paterculus and P. Cornelius Tacitus.1340 K. Dietz suggested that the act of provincial organization ('redactio in formam provinciae')1341 occurred only later, in the first half of the 1st century,1342 during the reign of either Emperor Tiberius or Claudius.1343 If Raetia was organized as province under Emperor Tiberius, it could have occurred together with Germanicus' reorganization of the Gallic provinces.1344 Either way, by Emperor Claudius’ reign the latest, Raetia was already organized a province.1345 K. Dietz suggested that after the conclusion of the Summer Campaign the territory of Raetia was briefly under joint command with the rest of Gallia Comata,1346 however, this hypothesis has not been directly attested so far by literary, epigraphic or other types of sources.

legal and administrative scope, there is no need to imply a transient legal status in regard of Raetia for the period between 15 BC and AD 17/20:1348 the province was established soon after the Summer Campaign was concluded, similarly as Germania was organized by 7 BC the latest.1349 On the other hand, the official recognition of the autochthonous tribes’ civitates, the establishment of Roman settlements with municipal rank and the division of territories occurred in Raetia flowingly.1350 This level in the organization of the Alpine region was a lengthy process, as the tribes of Alpes Maritimae received Latin citizenship more than half a century after the Summer Campaign, by Emperor Nero in 67.1351

In the past decade, the process of occupation and the establishment of Roman rule, i.e. the act of provincialization came into the focal area of scientific interest.1347 As a result of viewing contemporary literary evidence and practices from a

After Raetia was formed a province, its territory was overseen by praefecti – e.g. S. Pedius Lusianus Hirrutus1352 – and procuratores [Table 62]. Inscriptions of honorific nature list a wide variety of offices appointed as the governor of Raetia over time: praefectus, pro legato provinciae, procurator Augusti, procurator Caesaris Augusti.1353 The last two terms including 'procurator' are fairly common and refer to the general governorship of imperial provinces where no legions were stationed, as in Raetia before the transfer of the legio III Italica (A.1) in the 170s.1354 Both praefectus and pro legatus are military-related terms and during the Principate, 'legati' were in charge of imperial provinces. This

1338

1348

1339

343

STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,6,6. AGRIPPA 21. 1340 VELL. 2,39,3; TAC. ann. 1,44,6 see: BECHERT 1999, 151; KAISER 2003, 81. 1341 ThLL 1076, 50 under the entry 'forma'. 1342 RBy 1995, 70. 1343 Ibid. 70-71 see: GRASSL 2008, 343-348; STROBEL 2009, 437-510. 1344 LEX de Ger. tab. Siar. frag. I, c. 15. 1345 CIL V, 3936 [Verona, S. Floriano; 41/54]; GRASSL 2008, 347-348. 1346 RBy 1995, 71. 1347 GRASSL 2008, 343-348; STROBEL 2008, 967-1004; id. 2012, 295-306.

1349

ROLLINGER 2001, 267-315; SCHAUB 2001, 391-400; GRASSL 2008,

STROBEL 2012, 298. Ibid. 296, fn. 4-7. 1351 TAC. ann. 15,32,1. Regarding Raetia see: CIL III, 13542 [BregenzÖlrain; 1st – 2nd century]: 'cives L[a]t(ini) negot(iatores) Brig[a]ntiens(es)'. 1352 CIL IX, 3044 [San Valentino, ca. 30/70]; HAUG 1914, 49; not identical with Sex. Pedius Hirrutus Lucilius Pollio cf. PIR2 P 215; LP 23:023. 1353 see: STROBEL 2012, 297-298. 1354 TAC. hist. 1,11,4. 1350

181

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr. 1 2

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Name Q. Octavius L. f. C. n. T. pn. Sergia Sagitta1355 L. Titulenus L. f. Pollia Q. Caecilius Cisiacus Septicius Pica Caecilianus1357 × Porcius Septiminus1358 C. Saturius (–)1359 T. Flavius Norbanus1360 C. Velius Salvi f. Rufus1361 Ti. Iulius Aquilinus × L. Cornelius Latinianus1362 [Iulius?] Fronto1363 (–)rius R(–)1364 Scri[bonius]1365 Catonius [Avitus? or Vindex?]1366 Cosconius Celsus1367 Q. Baienus P. f. Pupinia Blassianus1368

18

Sempronius Liberalis1369

139/140

19

Ulpius Victor1370

153

20

T. Varius T. f. Clemens Claudia orig. Celeia1371

157/162

21 22

[Varius Priscus]1372 (–)us1373

159/160 160

23

(– i?)us Tullus1374

161/163

24

S. Baius (–) f. Pudens1375

163/164

25

T. Desticius T. f. Claudia Severus1376

166 (166/168?)

3

Dating 15/14 BC – AD 12/11 (?) 15 BC / AD 541356

Reference AE 1902, 189 CIL XI, 6221

41/54

CIL III, 3936

41/54 (?) ca. 69 77/78 ~ 80 86 ~ 88/89 96 107 110/130 116 116 128/129 or 132/133 129 or 132 or 136 129 10.7.138 / 12.138 ~ 139/140 138/161

AE 1992, 689 TAC. hist. 3, 5, 5-6 AE 1907, 187; AE 1911, 228 C – 2.2 AE 1903, 368 C – 2.3 (?); C – 2.4 CIL XII, 1857d+e C – 2.6; C – 2.7 C – 2.8; C – 2.9 C – 2.13 C – 2.14 C – 2.15 C – 2.18; C – 2.19 AE 1974, 123 C – 2.19; C – 2.20; C – 2.21; C – 2.22 C – 2.27; C – 2.28 CIL III, 5211-5215; CIL 15205,1 (?); C – 2.30; C – 2.32; C – 2.33; C – 2.34; C – 2.35; C – 2.36 C – 2.38 C – 2.39 C – 2.41; C – 2.42; C – 2.43 CIL IX, 4964; B.2 – 2.5 B.2 – 2.6=B.3 – 2.2=B.6 – 2.5; IDRE I, 151; C – 2.45; C – 2.46 (?)

Table 62: List of known procurators of Raetia1377

1355

PIR2 O 58; LP 15:002. PFLAUM 1950, 1059 suggested a dating to 138/161, however his hypothesis is unattested, and the use of the term 'Raetia et Vindelicia' suggests an early 1st century dating. 1357 PIR2 C 31; LP 15:004. 1358 PIR P 645. 1359 PIR2 S 24; LP 15:006. 1360 PIR2 N 162; LP 15:007. 1361 PFLAUM 1961, 114-117, Nr. 50; LP 15:008. 1362 LP 15:009a (1). 1363 LP 15:009a (2). 1364 LP 15:009a (3.2). 1365 LP 15:009a (3.3). 1366 LP 15:009a (3.1). 1367 LP 15:009a (4). 1368 PFLAUM 1961, 304-313, Nr. 126; PIR2 B 131; LP 15:014. 1369 PIR2 S 358; LP 15:010. 1370 PFLAUM 1961, 385-386, Nr. 159; PIR V 578; LP 15:012. 1371 PIR V 185; PFLAUM 1961, 368-373, Nr. 156; LP 15:013. 1372 LP 15:013a (2). 1373 LP 15:013a (1). 1374 LP 15:16a. 1375 PIR2 B 36; PFLAUM 1961, 422-434, Nr. 173; LP 15:017. 1376 PIR D 50; PFLAUM 1961, 409-411, Nr. 167. 1377 Praefecti and legati are listed below in Tables 92-93. 1356

182

SUMMARY

were also recalled to service.1384 Most units created in this manner bore designation 'Raetorum et Vindelicorum', 'Montanorum'1385 or 'Alpinorum' [Table 63]. Other units were named after the nation from which they were recruited from, such as the cohors Trumplinorum (B.25).1386 The epitaph of Staius offers an interesting insight into this system.1387 Prior to Roman occupation, Staius was chieftain of the Trumplini, a nation that was conquered1388 under Emperor Augustus in 15 BC as attested by the inscription of the Tropaeum Alpium.1389 After the conquest, an infantry cohort was raised from the Trumplini and Statio was appointed as head of this unit. Similar practices were used regarding other units raised after the Summer Campaign. Tacitus attests, that similarly to the inhabitants of other provinces, the tribes of Raetia were obliged to provide soldiers.1390 Some of these units can be identified via the works of classical writers, for example the cohort of Raeti and Vindelici that took part in Germanicus’ campaign against the Cherusci in 16 can be identified with the cohors Raetorum et Vindelicorum, later renamed to cohors II Raetorum, known from a number of epigraphic sources from Germania.1391

may indicate that after the Roman occupation Raetia was briefly overseen by a high ranking officer of a nearby legion, plausibly the legio XIII gemina in Vindonissa,1378 whose soldiers are known to have been sent to Raetia.1379 K. Strobel proposed that initially Raetia and Vindelicia were two separate provinces overseen by distinct officials which is not impossible, however it is yet unproven: terminology does not support this hypothesis, as in all cases relevant titles refer to 'Raetia et Vindelicia' which was more likely abbreviated, than merged later on [Table 65]. Based on K. Dietz, the chronology of Raetian governing offices can be summarized thus: 1380 ‒ ‒

‒

Ca. 15 BC: 'praefectus Raetis Vindelicis et vallis Poeninae'; Ca. 15 BC – ca. AD 165/170: 'procurator Caesaris Augusti in (Vindelicis et) Raetis (et in valle Poenina)', 'procurator Augusti et pro legato provinciae Raetiae (et Vindeliciae)(et vallis Poeninae)'; After ca. 165/170: 'legatus Augusti pro praetore provinciae Raetiae'.

After the fighting was concluded, steps were taken to incorporate the territory of Raetia into the military, administrative, economic and religious system of the Roman Empire. Militaristic incorporation meant both ensuring the internal peace of the province and protecting it from foreign belligerents.1381 To prevent revolts, the youth of the Raeti and Vindelici as well as those most apt to rise to arms were forcefully recruited into auxiliaries under command of the praefectus,1382 and transferred to distant provinces.1383 Alongside levies from Raetian youth, veterans

In the last decades of the 1st century or during Emperor Trajan’s reign by latest, Augusta Vindelicum (present-day Augsburg) became the seat of the province.1392 The presence of singulares1393 and an advocatus fisci in the vicinity of Augsburg suggests the presence of the Raetian governor.1394 After 53, Roman procurators practiced full jurisdiction in their province.1395 Although the entire Alpine region was pacified by the dawn of the 1st century,1396 the neighbouring

1378

1387

WOLFF 2000b, 251-252. TAC. ann. 1,44,6. 1380 RBy 1995, 81-86. 1381 TAC. ann. 1,36,3. 1382 RBy 1995, 57. 1383 DIO hist. 54,22,5. 1384 RBy 1995, 59. 1385 CIL XIII, 6240 [Worms]: 'natus Monte'; CIL XIII, 7047 [Mainz- Kaiserstraße 39]: 'Montanus'; CIL XIII, 7684 [Andernach-City tower]: 'natione Montanus'. 1386 STROBEL 2008, 973.

B.25 – 3.1 [Brescia; 15 BC / ca. AD 25]. K. Strobel suggested that the land of the Trumplini became ager stipendiarius (STROBEL 2008, 973). 1389 CIL V, 7817 [La Turbie; 7/6 BC] = PLIN. nat. 3,136-137. 1390 TAC. hist. 5,25,4. 1391 TAC. ann. 2,17,7. 1392 RBy 1995, 79-81. 1393 B.6 – 3.1 [Pfersee; 90/107 (107) ~ ca. 170]. 1394 IBR p. 56, Nr. 176 [Augsburg, Derching; ca. 40/170]. 1395 TAC. ann. 12,60,2. 1396 STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,6,6.

1379

1388

183

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Alpine provinces were established only later, Alpes Maritimae and Alpes Graiae et Poeninae Nr. 1

cohors I Raetorum eq. c. R.

Asia, Moesia

2 3

cohors I Raetorum (B.20) cohors II Raetorum (B.21) cohors Raetorum et Vindelicorum = cohors II Raetorum c. R. cohors IIII Raetorum cohors V Raetorum cohors VI Raetorum cohors VII Raetorum eq.

Raetia Raetia Germania superior

TAC. ann. 2,17,7; SPAUL 2000, 280-281.

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1398

Province1398

Bibliography MATEI-POPESCU 2010, 226-228; SPAUL 2000, 276. FARKAS 2012 (99-101); SPAUL 2000, 276. SPAUL 2000, 279.

4

1397

during the reign of Emperor Claudius and Alpes Cottiae under Emperor Nero.1397

Unit name

Moesia superior SPAUL 2000, 282. Britannia JARRET 1994, 35-74; SPAUL 2000, 283. Germania superior SPAUL 2000, 284. Germania superior HORN 1982, 52-55; SPAUL 2000, 285. Dacia, Moesia, cohors VIII Raetorum eq. c. R. SPAUL 2000, 278. Pannonia Dacia superior, cohors I Vindelicorum ∞ BENEA 1985, 47-58; SPAUL 2000, 288-289; Pannonia, eq. c. R. LŐRINCZ 2001, 48, Nr. 17. Moesia superior cohors IIII Vindelicorum Germania superior ROXAN 1973, 838-852; SPAUL 2000, 290-291. cohors I Montanorum Pannonia inferior ŠAŠEL 1983, 782-786; SPAUL 2000, 292. Dacia, Moesia superior, cohors I Montanorum c. R. ŠAŠEL 1983, 782-786; SPAUL 2000, 295. Pannonia, Syria Palaestina cohors II Montanorum ∞ Africa (?) SPAUL 2000, 296. Table 63: Auxiliary units recruited after the conclusion of the Summer Campaign1399

1399

SVET. Nero 18,1; BECHERT 1999, 188-189. The destination where the unit was transferred after its levy.

184

DIETZ 2004a, 16-17, t. 3-4; GUERRA 2013, 280.

SUMMARY

1.4. ANCIENT TOPOI REGARDING RAETIA There are three particular topics that reverberate in several ancient literary sources dealing with Raetia, including the impassable nature of the Alps, Raetian origins and a dichotomy between warlike and peaceful tribes.

3) The contrast between hostile and peaceful local tribes: The ambiguity regarding the stance of Raetian-Vindelican tribes was first penned by Strabón: he made a clear distinction between the peaceful and prosperous peoples north of the Alps,1407 and the raiders who dwelled in the rifts of the mountains.1408 On the other hand, Tacitus listed Raetia as a province of prosperous settlements.1409

1) The insurmountable Alpine passes and rivers: The general idea of the Alps as an impassable barrier – although by the time of its conquest, it had already been breached by several generals, the most noteworthy being Hannibal himself – often appears in ancient literary sources.1400 Apart from being insurmountable, the Alps were widely considered a barren, unforgiving land.1401 Crossing over the Alps was the subject of vows even in the 2-3rd centuries.1402 Alpine rivers in their section closest to the river-heads were too rapid and perturbed to be used for naval means.1403 Crossing these rivers was also a subject of vows.1404 Having control over the Alpine passes was crucial, as it led directly to the heartland of the Roman Empire, Italy. Throughout history, Raetia has been a stepping stone to invading the peninsula.1405

Although Raetia was not considered a province of wealth, during the Principate, Raetian territories provided the Roman Empire with a series of local goods and specialities. Probably the most widely known of these commodities was the socalled Raetian wine, the personal favourite of Emperor Augustus, which was cultivated on the slopes south of the Alpine ring.1410 This wine was well known and popular in Roman times, thus many ancient authors have formed an opinion of its qualities: Cato Senex, Strabón, Pliny the Elder, Suetonius and Martial have all praised Raetian wines arguing their flavour being a rival to those considered the best of Italy.1411 Catullus was the only one who did not agree with this general opinion and based on his viewpoint, Vergil suggested that the term 'Raetian' be used for two different types alike.1412 In relation to Raetian wines, Pliny the Elder stated that vine-stocks were closely dependent on the local moderate climate,1413 and whenever one tried to domesti-

2) Raetians originating from Amazons: furthering the Greek mythological cycle of the Argonauts’ quest for the Golden Fleece, several authors, the earliest being Horace, derived the Raetians’ origins from the Amazons or the general area of Thracia.1406

1400

1406

TAC. Ger. 1,2. STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,9,4. 1402 A.1 – 4.8 [St. Bernard’s Pass; ca. 170/300]: 'Iovi Op(timo) M(aximo) Poenino (…)' see: GIETL 2004. 1403 MELA 2,8; TAC. Ger. 1,1-2; 41,1; FLOR. epit. 1,37,2; PORPH. Hor. carm. 4,4,38; AMM. 14,4,1-6; 22,8,44; 28,2,1; CLAVD. 26,332. 1404 CIL XIII, 5255 [Rhine near Eschenz; 181/183+]: ' [F]lum(ini) Rheno pro salute Q(uinti) Spici Ceria[lis ---].' 1405 Year of the Four Emperors: TAC. hist. 1,70,4; 3,8,1; 4-5th centuries: CLAVD. 8,343-345; 28,231-234; OROS. hist. 1,2,60-61; 7,22,1; 7,22,7.

HOR. carm. 4,4,17-20; PORPH. Hor. carm. 4,4,18-21; SERV. Aen. 1,243. 1407 STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,9,3. 1408 Ibid. 4,6,9,4. 1409 TAC. Ger. 41,1-2. 1410 SVET. Aug. 77,1. 1411 STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,8,2-3; SVET. Aug. 77,1; MART. 14,100; PLIN. nat. 14,3. 1412 VERG. georg. 2,95-96; SEN. nat. 1,11,2; PLIN. nat. 14,67; SERV. Aen. 2,95. 1413 PLIN. nat. 14,26.

1401

185

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

cate it elsewhere, its quality suffered.1414 In his book on medicine, Celsus recommended the consumption of the dry Raetian wine to counter stomach aches.1415 Another local speciality of medical interest was an herb, native to Raetia and Gallia, called plaumoratus in vernacular which was discovered in the third quarter of the 1st century, shortly before Pliny the Elder completed his

work on natural history.1416 Raetia is also the land of origin of a maple subgenus.1417

1414

1417

1415

1418

Another Raetian peculiarity – a famous dish – was the liver of local eels, bred in Lake Constance. In his rarely cited work on fish curio Pliny the Elder stated that the flavour of Raetian eels rivalled those of their maritime brethren.1418

PLIN. nat. 14,25-26; 14, 41. CELS. 4,12. 1416 PLIN. nat. 18,69.

186

Ibid. 16,26. Ibid. 9,32.

SUMMARY

1.5. THE RAETIA-VINDELICIA DICHOTOMY The previous chapter on the occupation of Raetia concluded that most of the writers who have dealt with the pre-Roman geographical conditions, occupation history and organization of Raetia-Vindelicia applied distinction between the collective designations 'Raeti' and 'Vindelici' [Table 63-64]. Although there was some dissent regarding which nations belonged to these designations,1419 it was generally accepted that the inhabitants of the southern slopes of the Alps and the Alps themselves were termed Raeti, as well as the peoples occupying the north-western slopes of the Alps. On the other hand, nations located on the north-eastern foothills of the Alps all the way north to the Danube were referred to as Vindelici, the border between the two groups being the river Lech.1420

stylistic, thus it offers an insight into Roman terminology. When describing the events of AD 1415,1423 and those during and in the aftermath of the Year of the Four Emperors,1424 Tacitus always refers to Raeti and Raetia, never Vindelici or Vindelicia. The only instance when Tacitus referred to the Vindelici was in the passage on Germanicus’ campaign against the Cherusci. In that chapter, Tacitus referred to a cohors Raetorum et Vindelicorum which may indicate that in 16 the unit still used its original name, not the subsequent cohors II Raetorum (c. R.).1425 Tacitus’ contemporary, Suetonius, referred to Vindelici on numerous occasions but all in regard of the occupation of the region.1426 Claudius Ptolemy also distinguishes clearly between Raetia ('Ῥαιτία') and Vindelicia ('Ὀυινδελικία', sometimes spelled 'Βινδελικία'), but this could be due to the fact that for the geographical nature of his work, it was more important for him to respect active cultural and ethnic boundaries rather than following only administrative borders.

The name of the province is given 'Raetia et Vindelicia' on several inscriptions set up by governors of the new province in the 1st and 2nd centuries.1421 Similarly in literary sources terms 'Vindelici' and 'Vindelicia' are rare and appear only in a few accounts written around 15 BC.1422 This reflects in the work of Tacitus and Suetonius, both of whom have completed their work in the years around 120. The wording of such common terms as 'Raeti/Raetia' and 'Vindelici/Vindelicia' is rather automatic than

Most authors of the Principate, however, referred solely to Raetia and omitted Vindelicia as well as related terms entirely.1427 Similarly, works written after the Limesfall in 254 also refer to Raetia only.1428

1419

1425

1420

1426

DIETZ 2004a, 14-15, t. 2. PTOL. Geographia 2,12,2; DIETZ 2004a, 5. 1421 CIL IX, 3044 [San Valentino; ca. 30/70]; AE 1902, 189 [Castelvecchio Subequo; BC 15/14 – AD 12/11 (?)]; CIL V, 3936 [Verona; 41/54]; CIL XI, 6221 [Fano; 15 BC / AD 54]; CIL IX, 4964 [Tallocci; 163/164]. 1422 Vindelici: HOR. carm. 4,4,17-20; STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,8; 7,1,5; VELL. 2,39,3; 2,95,2; 2,104,4; 2,122,1; PLIN. nat. 3,54; 3,133; MART. 9,84; SVET. Aug. 21,1; SVET. Tib. 9,2; SVET. vita Hor. 20; FLOR. epit. 1,37,2; 4,12,4-5; PORPH. Hor. carm. 4,4,18-21; SERV. Aen. 1,243; OROS. hist. 6,21,22. 1423 TAC. ann. 1,44,6. 1424 TAC. hist. 1,11,3; 1,59,5; 1,67,5; 1,68,2 (2); 1,68,4; 1,70,4; 2,98,2; 3,5,5-6; 4,70,2; 5,25,4.

TAC. ann. 2,17,7. SVET. Aug. 21,1; SVET. Tib. 9,2; SVET. vita Hor. 20. 1427 AGRIPPA 21; VELL. 2,39,3; 2,104,4; PLIN. nat. 3,146; 4,98; 9,32; 16,26; 16,74; 16,37; 18,69; TAC. hist. 1,11,3; 2,98,2; 3,5,5; 4,70,2; TAC. Ger. 1,1-2; 3,3; 41,1-2; TAC. ann. 1, 44, 6; SVET. Aug. 21,1; ACT. Arv. a. 213; DIO hist. 55,24,4; IVST. 20,5,9. 1428 EVTR. 7,9,2; AVSON. grat. 17,11; AMM. 15,4,1; 16,10,20; 16,12,16; 17,6,1 (also in title); 17,13,28; 21,8,3 (also in title); 22,8,44; 28,2,1; 28,5,15; 31,10,2; DIVISIO orb. 10; PANEG. 8,3,3; 8,10,2; 10,9,1; 11,5,4; HIST. AVG. Aur. 8,7; HIST. AVG. Pert. 2,6; HIST. AVG. Prob. 16,1; CLAVD. 8,441-445; 26,281; 26,332; 26,343; 26,418; NOT. dign. occ. 1,21; 1,32; 2,3; 5,3; 5,5; 7,2 (6); 35 (6); DIMENS. provinc. 19; OROS. hist. 1,2,60-61; 7,22,1; 7,22,7; PANEG. EVGIPP. Sev. 15,1; PROVINC. laterc. 10,9.

187

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

30 24

25

19

20

Raetia

16

14 14

15

Vindelici

11 10

10 5

Raeti

23

3

4

1 2 0

6 7

0

Vindelicia

6 1 0

2 1

4th cent.

5th cent.

1

0 0

0 BC

1st cent.

2nd cent.

3rd cent.

Fig. 65: The frequency of the use of ethnic terms 'Raeti', 'Vindelici' and geographical terms 'Raetia' and 'Vindelicia' in

literary sources prior to 476 based on the date when the source was created [see: I in Table 65]

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

40 Raeti 27

27 Raetia

18 13 1 BC

Vindelici 10

7 2

0

1st cent.

0

0

3

2nd cent.

4

6 0 0

3rd cent.

1

0 0

4th cent.

1

4

Vindelicia 0 1

5th cent.

Fig. 66: The frequency of the use of ethnic terms 'Raeti', 'Vindelici' and geographical terms 'Raetia' and 'Vindelicia' in literary sources prior to 476 based on the date to which sources refer to [see: II in Table 65]

Literary sources use the ethnic term 'Vindelici' considerably more often than the geographic term 'Vindelicia'.1429 However, when referring to the inhabitants of Raetia-Vindelicia, the ethnic term 'Raeti' is unanimously more common, than 'Vindelici'.1430 Early literary evidence distinguished between Raetian and Vindelician nations, yet first century authors did not use the term 'Vindelicia' [Table 65].1431 In his Compendium of Roman History finished in 30, Velleius

referred to Raetia provincia and Vindelican territories, thus expressing that Vindelicia was not a province [Fig. 65].1432 The same can be seen in the exclamation of one of Tiberius’ soldiers.1433 Suetonius also distinguished between Raetia provincia and the lands of the Vindelici in his biography of Emperor Augustus.1434 Suetonius is first to use the term 'Vindelicia' during Hadrian’s reign,1435 and the term also appears in the geographical opus of Claudius Ptolemy completed

1429

Tib. 9,2; Claud. 1,2; APPIANUS Illyrica 6,1; 5,29; PORPH. Hor. carm. 4,4 (title); IVST. 20,5,9; DIO hist. 54,22,1-5; LIV. Perioch. 138; PANEG. 11,7,1; 11,16,1; AMM. 15,4,3; CLAVD. 28,231-234; HIST. AVG. Aurelian. 13,1; HIST. AVG. quatt. tyr. 14,2; SERV. Aen. 1,243; 2,95 (2). 1431 HOR. carm. 4,4,17-20; STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,8; 7,1,5; VELL. 2,39,3; 2,95,2; 2,122,1; MART. 9,84. 1432 VELL. 2,39,3: 'Raetiam – Vindelicos'. 1433 VELL. 2,104,4: 'Raetia – Vindelicis'. 1434 SVET. Aug. 21,1: 'Raetiam – Vindelicos'. 1435 SVET. Tib. 9,2.

Vindelici: HOR. carm. 4,4,17-20; 4,14,14-16; STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,8,1; 4,6,8,4; 4,6,8,6-7; 7,1,5 (3); VELL. 2,39,3; 2,95,2; 2,104,4; 2,122,1; PLIN. nat. 3,133; MART. 9,84; TAC. ann. 2,17,7; FLOR. epit. 1,37,2; 4,12,4-5; SVET. Aug. 21,1; SVET. Tib. 9, 2; SVET. vita Hor. 20; PORPH. Hor. carm. 4,4 (title); 4,4,18-21; EVTR. 7,9,2; SERV. Aen. 1,243; OROS. hist. 6,21,22 see: A.1 – 4.2 [Regensburg; ca. 170/200]: 'Vindelicis'. 1430 Raeti: VERG. georg. 2,95-96; HOR. carm. 4,4,17-20; 4,14,14-16; LIV. 5,33,11; STRABÓN Geographica 4,6 (5); 7,1,5; VELL. 2,95,2; 2,122,1; PLIN. nat. 3,54; 3,130; 3,135; 14,3; 14,25-26 (2); 14,41; 14,67 (3); TAC. Ger. 1,1; MART. 9,84; 11,74; 14,100; TAC. hist. 1,59,5; 1,67,5; 1,68,2 (2); 1,68,4; 1,70,4; 3,5,6; 5,25,4; TAC. ann. 2,17,7; SVET. Aug. 77, 1; SVET.

188

SUMMARY

in the 160s.1436 In the writings of subsequent centuries, the use of the terms Vindelici and Vindelicia almost completely disappears [Fig. 65-66]. With the exception of passages referring to the times of the occupation which refer to both Raeti and Vindelici, all other contemporaneous references use the term Raeti exclusively [Table 65]. In his work on Gothic wars, Claudian refers to the land of the Vindelici, albeit the reading of this passage is doubtful – it may refer to either Vindelicis or Vandalicis.1437

Another explanation is that as the North Italian lands of the Raeti came into Roman perspective earlier than the territories of the Vindelici or were assimilated after the Roman conquest.1438 Also, it is possible that the original topographical term 'Raetia et Vindelicia', which reflected the two territories’ distance from Rome, was abbreviated eventually. A similar tendency can be seen regarding units recruited from the region that were originally termed cohortes Raetorum et Vindelicorum, but were shortened to either cohortes Raetorum or cohortes Vindelicorum,1439 with both terms having been in use during the 3rd century.1440 At present, it is unclear as whether the Vindelici retained some sort of their ethnic identity after their annexation. On one hand, K. Dietz claimed that the unpublished military constitution issued on the 4th of January 97 to Angustus, son of Artissus, of the ala Atectorigiana, which at that time was garrisoned in Moesia superior, displayed 'Vindelicus' as the origin of its recipient.1441 On the other hand, hand, no further epigraphic sources attest Vindelican origin, compared to the numerous instances of individuals having been specified as Raeti,1442 'ex natione Raetus' or 'civis Raetus' [Table 64].1443

Based on the examined sources, the following conclusions may be drawn. In the years before and soon after the Roman occupation, the geographical term 'Raetia' was applied to the high mountain ranges of the Alps and its southern and north-western slopes, expanding over the northern border of the Italian peninsula, approximately enclosing the pentagon of present-day Como – Verona – Udine – Innsbruck – Kempten. This area was more a mountain range than a hill country. On the other hand, Vindelicia consisted of the northern foothills of the Alps and the fertile hill country stretching north to the Danube. It is worth mentioning that having reached its peak extent in the 2nd century, the territory of Raetia province included more lands traditionally belonging to the Vindelici than the Raeti. Keeping this and the negative ancient topoi related to Raetia in mind, it is curious why the province was named Raetia rather than Vindelicia. A plausible explanation is that Vindelici were fewer in numbers compared to the Raeti.

In either case, Vindelici-related terms continued to be in use during the Principate,1444 the most evident being the toponym of the province’s capital, Augusta Vindelicum.1445 Names originating from the collective designation 'Vindelici' (e.g. Vindelicus, -a, Vindelio, Vindelicius etc.) were still in use in the 3rd century.1446 Similarly to origins, personal names originating from the collec-

1436

PTOL. Geographia 2,1; 2,12-13. CLAVD. 26,418. SOMMER 2008d, 208. 1439 Due to the limits of this book, it is not possible to list all epigraphic sources referring to cohortes Raetorum (ca. 160 inscriptions) and cohortes Vindelicorum (ca. 60 inscriptions). Estimates based on EDCS. 1440 Cohortes Vindelicorum: AE 1987, 848; AE 1977, 697; CIL III, 1343. 1441 DIETZ 2004b, 587. 1442 MART. 11,74. 1443 K. Dietz listed 43 inscriptions (DIETZ 2004a, 18-19, t. 5). 1444 A.1 – 4.2 [Regensburg; ca. 170/200]: 'Vindelicis'. 1445 Fn. 1281: PTOL. Geographia 2, 12, 3: 'Ανγονστα Ονινδελιχων'; IORD. Rom. 217: 'Augusta Vindicas'; NOT. dign. occ. 11. 5: 'Augustae Vindelicensis'; TAB. Peut. 3. 1: 'Augusta Vindelicu(m or -rum)'. The rank of the

settlement is attested on a sole military constitution AE 2009, 1799 [09.01.234]: 'Aug(ustae) Vindelic{h}o(rum)'. For a brief summary on the settlement’s history see: ZAHARIADE 2008, 1172-1175. 1446 OPEL IV, p. 171 supplemented with the following inscriptions: C – 2.1 [15.6.64]: 'Vindelico filius'; RMD I, 14 [Pisarevo-Veliko Tŭrnovo; 19.7.114]: 'C. Vind{i}licius Fontanus'; CIL III, 5780 = 11887 [Epfach]: 'Vindelica fil(i)a'; CIL III, 5969 [Regensburg]: 'Vindelici(i)s (H)ermogeniano (...) Vindel(icius) Surinus'; CIL XIII, 5282 [Augst]: 'Vind{a}l{u}co'; GERSTL 1961, Nr. 236 [Magdalensberg]: 'Vindelicus'; RIB II. 7, 2501/617 [Corbridge]: 'Vind{a}lici'; RIU III, 921 [Szentendre]: 'Vindelionis filius'; RIU VI, 1461 [Adony]: 'Vindeliae matri'; AE 1923, 36 [Mainz-Acker]: 'T. Vindelicius Tertinus' [1st-3rd cent.].

1437 1438

189

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

tive designation Raeti (e.g. Raetus or Raecus, Raeticus, Raeticianus etc.) were far more comSources (in chronological order) CIL V, 4910 CIL V, 7817 = PLIN. nat 3,136-137 AE 1902, 189 CIL V, 3936 CIL XVI, 5 RMD I, 14 AE 2006, 960 CIL III, 5780 = 11887

Dating1448

mon than those related to the Vindelici [Table 64].1447 Ethnic terms

15 BC / AD 25 7/6 BC

Vindelicorum gentes

10 – 14/15 14 15.6.64 19.7.114 106/117 ~ 254 1-3 cent.

-

Geographical terms Vindol(icis) Vind{a}licis et Raetis Ra{i}tia{i} et Vindelic(iae) -

Vindelico Vind{i}licius Vind(elicus) Vindelica fil(i)a Vindelici(i)s, CIL III, 5969 1-3 cent. Vindel(icius) CIL XIII, 5282 1-3 cent. Vind{a}l{u}co GERSTL 1961, Nr. 236 1-3 cent. Vindelicus RIB II. 7, 2501/617 1-3 cent. Vind{a}lici CIL XI, 6221 1st h. of 2nd cent. Raetiae et [Vindeliciae] RIU III, 921 1st h. of 2nd cent. Vindelionis RIU VI, 1461 2nd cent. Vindeliae CIL IX, 4964 167/169+ Raetiae Vindelic[iae] AE 1996, 1185 179/230 Vindelicis AE 1923, 36 205 Vindelicius AE 2009, 1799 9.1.234 Aug(ustae) Vindelic{h}o(rum) NOT. dign. occ. 11,5 430 Augustae Vindelicensis, Raetia th TAB. Peut. 3,1 4 cent. (1508) Augusta Vindelicu(m or -rum) IORD. Rom. 217 551 Augusta Vindicas Table 64: Epigraphic sources using the ethnic or geographical terms 'Vindelici' or 'Vindelicia'

1447

1448

OPEL IV, p. 22. Brick maker’s officinum: CIL III, 12011/13 [Bregenz; 1st-3rd century].

The date in brackets refers to the time when the source was written, if it differs from the period it accounts of.

190

SUMMARY

Sources (in chronological order) VERG. georg. 2,95-96 AGRIPPA 21 HOR. carm. 4,4,17-20 ibid. 4,14,14-16 CELS. 4,12 LIV. 5,33,11 STRABÓN Geographica 4,6,6,6 ibid. 4,6,8,1 ibid. 4,6,8,2 ibid. 4,6,8,3 ibid. 4,6,8,4

I.1449

II.

Ethnic terms

37/36 ~ 30/29 BC ca. 13 BC 13 BC 13 BC 14/37 17

1st cent. BC

Rhaetica

1st cent. BC 15 BC 15 BC 1st cent. BC 1st cent. BC

Raeti, Vindelici Raetos, Vindelici Raetis

20/30

1st cent. BC

Ῥαιτοὶ

Geographical terms Raetia Raeticum -

st

Ῥαιτοὶ, Ὀυινδολικοὶ Ῥαιτοὶ, Ῥαιτικὸς Ὀυινδολικοὶ Ῥαιτῶν, ibid. 4,6,8,6-7 20/30 1st cent. BC Ὀυινδολικῶν (2) Ὀυινδολικούς, ibid. 7,1,5 20/30 1st cent. BC Ῥαιτοί (2), Ὀυινδολικοί (2) VELL. 2,39,3 30 15 BC Vindelicos Raetiam ibid. 2,95,2 30 15 BC Raetos Vindelicosque ibid. 2,104,4 30 15 BC Vindelicis Raetia Vindelicorum Raetoibid. 2,122,1 30 12 BC rumque Raeti et Vindelici, PLIN. nat. 3,54 79 1st cent. BC Raetos, Raeto ibid. 3,130 79 1st cent. BC Raetica, Raetorum ibid. 3,133 79 1st cent. BC Vindelicorum gentes ibid. 3,135 79 1st cent. BC Raetorum ibid. 3,146 79 1st cent. BC Raetis ibid. 4,98 79 1st cent. BC Raetia, Raetiae ibid. 9,32 79 1st cent. Raetiae ibid. 14,3 79 1st cent. BC Raeticis ibid. 14,25-26 79 1st cent. BC Raetica (2) ibid. 14,41 79 1st cent. BC Raeticis ibid. 14,67 79 1st cent. BC Raetica (3) ibid. 16,26 79 1st cent. Raetiaque ibid. 16,74 79 15 BC Raetia ibid. 16,37 79 1st cent. Raetia ibid. 18,69 79 1st cent. Raetia TAC. Ger. 1,1 98 1st cent. BC Raetisque ibid. 1,2 98 1st cent. BC Raeticarum ibid. 3,3 98 1st cent. BC Raetiaeque ibid. 41,1-2 98 1st cent. BC Raetiae PORPH. Hor. carm. 4,4 (title) 3rd cent. 15 BC Rethos, Vindelicos (2) ibid. 4,4,18-21 3rd cent. 1st cent. BC Vindelici MART. 9,84 103 1st cent. Vindelicis Raetus ibid. 11,74 103 1st cent. Raetus ibid. 14,100 103 1st cent. Raetica TAC. hist. 1,11,4 100/110 69 Raetia ibid. 1,59,5 100/110 69 Raeticis ibid. 1,67,5 100/110 69 Raetica ibid. 1,68,2 100/110 69 Raeticae, Raetorum ibid. 1,68,4 100/110 69 Raetisque Table 65/1: List of ethnic (Raeti/Vindelici) and geographical (Raetia/Vindelicia) terms in literary sources 20/30 20/30 20/30 20/30

1 cent. BC 1st cent. BC 1st cent. BC 1st cent. BC

1449 Regarding chronology, the date when the sources were created (I) and the date which the sources refers to (II) is distinguished. Dating as given in ThLL and ThLG.

191

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Sources (in chronological order) TAC. hist. 1,70,4 ibid. 2,98,2 ibid. 3,5,5 ibid. 3,5,6 ibid. 3,8,1 ibid. 4,70,2 ibid. 5,25,2 TAC. ann. 1,44,6

I. 100/110 100/110 100/110 100/110 100/110 100/110 100/110 116/120

II. 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 15

Ethnic terms

Geographical terms

Raeticis

-

Raetiam Raetia

-

Raetiam Raetiam

Raetos

Raetos

-

Raetiam Raetorum Vindelicoribid. 2,17,7 116/120 16 umque FLOR. epit. 1,37,2 117/138 123 BC Vindelicus ibid. 4,12,4-5 117/138 15 BC Vindelicos SVET. vita Hor. 20 ca. 120 15 BC Vindelicam ibid. Aug. 21,1 121 15 BC Vindelicos Raetiam ibid. Aug. 77,1 121 30BC / AD 14 Raetico Raetico atque Vindelibid. Tib. 9,2 121 15 BC Raeticum Vindelicumque ico gentis ibid. Claud. 1,2 121 12 BC Raetici APPIANUS Illyrica 6,1 ca. 160 1st cent. Ῥαιτοὺς ibid. 5,29 ca. 160 15 BC Ῥαιτοὶ, Ῥαιτοὺς PTOL. Geographia 1,16 ca. 160 2nd cent. Ῥαιτία ibid. 2,1 ca. 160 2nd cent. Ῥαιτία, Βινδελικία ibid. 2,12 ca. 160 2nd cent. Ῥαιτίας, Ὀυινδελικίας ibid. 2,13 ca. 160 2nd cent. Ὀυινδελικίας IVST. 20,5,9 3rd cent. (?) 1st cent. BC Raeto, Raetorum ACT. Arv. a. 213 213 213 Raetiae DIO hist. 54,22,1-5 ca. 230 15 BC Ῥαιτοὶ ibid. 55,24,4 ca. 230 166/167 Ῥαιτίᾳ DIMENS. provinc. 19 4th cent. 4th cent. Raetia th DIVISIO orb. 10 4 cent. 1-2 cent. Raetia LIV. Perioch.138 4th cent. (?) 15 BC Raeti PANEG. 8,3,3 311 ca. 311 Raetiaeque ibid. 8,10,1 311 ca. 311 Raetia ibid. 10,9,1 321 289 Raetiae ibid. 11,5,4 362 291/292 Raetiae ibid. 11,7,1 362 291/292 Raetica ibid. 11,16,1 362 291/292 Raeticas EVTR. 7,9,2 364/378 15 BC Vindelicos Raetiam AVSON. grat. 17,11 379 4th cent. Rhaetiae AMM. 15,4,1 ca. 390 355 Raetias ibid. 15,4,3 ca. 390 355 Raetus ibid. 16,10,20 ca. 390 355 Raetias ibid. 16,12,16 ca. 390 355 Raetias ibid. 17,6 (title) ca. 390 355/357 Raetiis ibid. 17,6,1 ca. 390 355/357 Raetias ibid. 17,13,28 ca. 390 15 BC Raeticis ibid. 21,8 (title) ca. 390 361 Raetias ibid. 21,8,3 ca. 390 361 Raetiarum ibid. 22,8,44 ca. 390 1st cent. BC Raeticis ibid. 28,2,1 ca. 390 361 Raetiarum ibid. 28,5,15 ca. 390 370 Raetias ibid. 31,10,2 ca. 390 378 Raetiarum CLAVD. 8,441-445 397 397 Raetia ibid. 26,281 402 401/402 Raetia ibid. 26,332 402 402 Raetia Table 65/2: List of ethnic (Raeti/Vindelici) and geographical (Raetia/Vindelicia) terms in literary sources

192

SUMMARY

Sources (in chronological order) CLAVD. 26,418 ibid. 26,343 ibid. 28,231-234

I.

II.

403 402

401/402 402

402

401/402

Ethnic terms Raetos -

Geographical terms Raetia Raetia, V{a}nd{a}licis Raetiam Raetias {Raetiam}1450 Raetias Raetia, Raetiamque Raetia Raetia

HIST. AVG. Aur. 8,7 5th cent. 161/162 ibid. Pert. 2,6 5th cent. 175 th 5 cent. ibid. Carac. 5,4 211 ibid. Prob. 16,1 5th cent. 278 ibid. Aurelian. 13,1 5th cent. 254/255 Raetici ibid. quatt. tyr. 14,2 5th cent. 254/280 Raetici SERV. Aen. 1,243 5th cent. 15 BC Raeti Vindelici ibid. 2,95 5th cent. 1st cent. BC Raetica (2) OROS. hist. 1,2,60-61 417/418 1st cent. BC ibid. 6,21,22 417/418 15 BC Vindelicos ibid. 7,22,1 417/418 364 ibid. 7,22,7 417/418 364 NOT. dign. occ. 1,21; 1,32; 430 430 Raetia (6) 2,3; 5,3; 5,5; 7,2 ibid. 35 430 430 Raetia (6) Table 65/3: List of ethnic (Raeti/Vindelici) and geographical (Raetia/Vindelicia) terms in literary sources

1450

SZABÓ 2000, 287-292.

193

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

2. MILITARY HISTORY OF RAETIA 2.1. THE REIGN OF EMPEROR AUGUSTUS (15 BC – AD 14) After the territory of Raetia-Vindelicia was annexed, several forts were established in key points: of which the legionary fortress at Augsburg-Oberhausen (A.1.1) and the auxiliary fort at Friedberg-Rederzhausen (B.1.1) has been dated to this period. Augsburg-Oberhausen had a central location, the nearby river Lech enabled troops stationed there to reach Italia, the Lake Constance, and the Rhine provided a similar connection to Gallia and the river Inn to Noricum.1451 Friedberg-Rederzhausen (B.1.1) is located a mere 11 kilometres south-east of Augsburg, thus it relished the same advantage.1452

forts served a subordinate role in the conquest of further Germanic territories under command of Drusus as supply centres and communication and transport across the Alps until his death in 9 BC.1454 The conquest of Germania reached its peak in 6 AD,1455 before the revolt of Varus.1456 As the province gradually stabilised, civil settlements emerged from and in the vicinity of the province’s first military installations,1457 and also from autochthonous settlements (e.g. Bregenz near the Brigantes/Brixenetes heartland and Kempten in territory that formerly belonged to the Estiones)1458 as well as alongside roads and rivers (E.g. Auerberg and Epfach-Lorenzberg).1459 Most of these settlements survived scantly due to the fact that they were built over by both Roman, medieval and modern settlements.

K. Dietz suggested, that the function of these forts was to provide internal security to the newly conquered province rather than defending it from foreign invaders.1453 Furthermore, these Nr.

Present-day settlement

legio A.1.1

B.1.1

Size1460

Type n/a

Area n/a

Augsburg-Oberhausen

Periodization1461 I) 15 BC / AD 5/15 (ca. 9) II) 5/15 ~ 14/37 III) 14/37 ~ 41/68 (41/54)

1) legio XIX (?): 15 BC / AD 9 2) unknown legio (?): 9 ~ 41/54 144 × 115; 1.66; I) 15 BC ~ AD 1/14 cohors ca. 110 × 125 1.4 II) 1/14 ~ 14/37 Friedberg-Rederzhausen unknown cohors Table 66: Military installations operational during the reign of Emperor Augustus (15 BC – AD 14)

1451

1460 Size refers to the width and length of the fort in this order, given in meters. Area is given in hectares. 1461 Chronology given in regard of forts and units may differ slightly due to the dating bias between archaeological and epigraphic data. These differences were left intact in this manner to assist the incorporation of new data to this existing system by the eventual discovery of further finds and inscriptions. Throughout the tables in this chapters, the forts’ phases and the units garrisoned are listed in Roman and Arabic numerals respectively, to emphasize that they do not necessarily correspond.

RBy 1995, 49. SCHNURBEIN 1983, 529-550; RBy 1995, 67; ZIEGAUS 2004, 53-66. 1453 RBy 1995, 48. 1454 Ibid. 61. 1455 VELL. 2,97,4; 2,108,1. 1456 VELL. 2,105; DIO hist. 55,28,5. 1457 HÜBENER 1973, esp. 27-42. 1458 DIETZ 2004a, 3-4. 1459 RBy 1995, 66-68. For ancient toponyms see: DIETZ 2008, 10-22. 1452

194

Fig. 67: changes in the Raetian military system during the reign of Emperor Augustus (15 BC – AD 14)

SUMMARY

195

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

2.2. THE REIGN OF SUBSEQUENT EMPERORS OF THE JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY (14-68) controversies in the research of this period.1466 Military finds from Augsburg-Oberhausen and Lorenzberg-Epfach1467 suggest the mixed presence of legionary soldiers and auxiliaries.1468

Already in the decades following the turn of the millennia, signs of prosperity began to show, traders and manufacturers started their business in the province. The spreading use of high quality stone inscriptions was one sign of Italic influence.1462 During the reign of subsequent JulioClaudian Emperors a chain of new forts was created along the Danube, amongst which ten forts (B.2.1 – B.2.10) and four fortlets (C.2.1 – C.2.4) [Table 67-68]. The first auxiliary fort established in the vicinity of the Danube was Aislingen (B.2.1), supported by neighbouring fortlets at Burlafingen (C.2.1) and Nersingen (C.2.3).1463 Based on fibulae and a helmet, K. Dietz suggested the presence of two further numerus-sized forts or fortlets at Regensburg and Straubing,1464 however, their presence has not yet been proven by archaeological evidence.

These early forts were all made of earth-and-timber ramparts and were surrounded by two ditches.1469 The area of the forts varied from 1.44 to 4.2 hectares [Table 67]. The system of Danubian forts superseded provincial borders, and military installations of similar features were constructed in Germania as well, at Hüfingen and Tuttlingen.1470 The distribution of these installations shows that the upper and middle section of the Danubian ripa was overseen by a system of auxiliary forts garrisoned by regular troops and smaller installations manned by soldiers drawn from nearby forts [Table 67-68]. However, due to a larger density of present-day settlements on the middle section of the Raetian river frontier, research is facing uneven possibilities for archaeological prospection.1471 The density of military installations on the lower section of the Danubian ripa is significantly lower than the one seen on the former two sections. The reason for this has been discussed widely, but as K. Dietz pointed out, the most probable reason behind it may have been that the Bavarian Forest (Bayerischer Wald) facing this section of the frontier was uninhabited and provided a natural barrier for larger armies.1472

The fortress at Augsburg-Oberhausen (A.1.1) was abandoned during Emperor Claudius’ reign and a new fort (B.2.2) was constructed in its close vicinity. The sequential presence of terra sigillata indicate that the two sites relayed each other, the latter became the provincial capital later on.1465 The auxiliary fort at FriedbergRederzhausen (B.1.1) was abandoned either during Emperor Augustus’ or Tiberius’ reign. The generally low number of finds from the turn of the millennia enables only a vague chronology regarding the earliest phases of suggested forts. Due to the absence of epigraphic material and the low number of instrumenta inscripta the garrisons of these forts cannot be determined with certainty. K. Dietz described the Julio-Claudian era as one less regulated than seen in later times, with more experimentation on the part of the Roman administration which results in numerous

In the years between 14 and 68, three auxiliary units can be identified in Raetia by the comparative study of Roman military constitutions: the ala Gemelliana (B.4), the ala I Thracum veterana (B.8), and the cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23). Furthermore, the presence of the cohors

1462

1467

CIL III, 5769 = 11879 [Bregenz; 14/23]; AE 1966, 270 [Chur; 3 BC/AD 2] 1463 RBy 1995, 68. 1464 Ibid. 77. 1465 Fn. 1281, 1443. 1466 RBy 1995, 51.

ULBERT 1965, esp. 29-33, 41-44. RBy 1995, 47-50, 58. 1469 Ibid. 74. 1470 Ibid. 75. 1471 See: HÜSSEN 1995, 109, fig. 12. 1472 RBy 1995, 78. 1468

196

SUMMARY

I Sequanorum (B.22) and the cohors I Breucorum (B.14) is suggested by epigraphic evidence1473 and chronology respectively. However, this should by no means imply that only these troops were stationed in Raetia. In this period eight forts were operational indicating the simultaneous presence of eight units, similarly to the neighbouring Noricum.1474 Besides regular auxiliary units, K. Dietz suggested the presence of 'iuventus Raetorum'1475 and 'Raeti gesati'1476 even though, only the presence of the former is supported by literary sources. The often cited inscription of the Coolus type D (Hagenau-type) helmet referring to the legio XVI Gallica allows the assumption that legionaries were present in Raetia during the first half of the 1st century.1477

also expanded: the via Claudia Augusta now connected the Po and the Danube, augmenting trade between the Alpine region and Italia.1478 K. Dietz pointed out that although the expansion of the Raetian frontier to incorporate the Danube was achieved by Emperor Claudius, the role of Emperor Gaius should not be underestimated, as it was by his orders that a large contingent was assembled on the borders of Germania Libera in 37-39 with the purpose of conquest.1479 The construction of the fortlets near Burlafingen and Nersingen may have been an archaeological remnant of Emperor Gaius’ preparations,1480 as these fortlets – with a garrison 10-20 strong – clearly did not serve a defensive purpose.1481 Both forts and fortlets are located on the road south of the Danube and at crossings, thus their primary function should be seen as customs stations and border control.1482

During the reign of subsequent Julio-Claudian Emperors, along with fortlets manned by legionaries, like the one at Burlafingen (C.2.1), the legionary fortress at Augsburg-Oberhausen (A.1.1) ceased to operate and a new ala fort was constructed its close vicinity that remained operational until Flavian times (B.2.2).

During the reign of Emperor Tiberius several short-lived civil settlements were established (e.g. Epfach1483 and Eching1484) some of which were revived in later times (e.g. Gauting). The chronology of these sites is on numismatic evidence, Aucissa-type fibulae and dateable pieces cavalry harnesses.

Together with the construction of new forts and fortlets along the Danube, the road system was Nr.

Present-day settlement

Type legio

A.1.1

Size n/a

Area n/a

Augsburg-Oberhausen

Periodization I) 15 BC / AD 5/15 (ca. 9) II) 5/15 ~ 14/37 III) 14/37 ~ 41/68 (41/54)

1) legio XIX (?): 15 BC / AD 9 2) unknown legio (?): 9 ~ 41/54 ca. 140 × 1501485 ca. 2.1 or auxiliary 25/37 ─ 69/70 ca. 140× 1701486 ca. 2.28 B.2.1 Aislingen (Sebastiansberg) unknown garrison Table 67/1: Auxiliary forts operational during the reign of subsequent Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (14-68)

1473

1480

1474

B.22 – 5.1 [Augsburg; 69/96 (1st century)]. B.1 – 1.1 = TAC. hist. 3,5,5-6 [69]. 1475 TAC. hist. 1,68,2. 1476 ROLDAN-HERVAS 1974, 138. 1477 AE 1963, 41 [Burlafingen; ca. 15+ BC]: 'leg(io) XVI (Gallica?)' see: RBy 1995, 72. 1478 RBy 1995, 73. 1479 Ibid. 73-74.

1481

Ibid. 1995, 74. Ibid. 75-76. 1482 Ibid. 76. 1483 Ibid. 67. 1484 Ibid. 67 see: STEIDL 2002, 45-59; HÜSSEN 2004c, 73-91. 1485 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 446, Nr. B 58. 1486 RBy 1995, 415.

197

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

Type Size Area Periodization auxiliary n/a n/a 41/68 (41/54) ─ 69/96 B.2.2 Augsburg cohors Sequanorum (B.22)(?): ca. 41/68 ~ 69/96 auxiliary n/a ca. 2.1 37/68 ─ ca. 100/150 B.2.3 Burgheim ala I Thracum veterana (B.8)(?): 37/68 ─ 106/117 I) 41/54 ─ 69/70 auxiliary 150 × 140 2.1 II) 69/70 ─ 77/78 B.2.4 Burghöfe III) 77/78 ─ 106/117 (ca. 117) cohors I Breucorum eq. (B.14)(?): 41/54 ─ 106/117 cohors n/a ca. 2 37/41 ~ 69/79 ─ 96/117 B.2.5 Emerkingen cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 37/41 ~ 69/79 ─ 96/117 ca. 0.9 (II) (90) × (100) (II) ca. 0.5 I) 14/37 (Kastell II-III) auxiliary 60 × (85) (III) (III) II) 30/37 ~ 69/80 (Kastell I) B.2.6 Ingolstadt-Zuchering (108) × 112 (I) ca. 1.2 (I) unknown cohors or irregular garrison auxiliary n/a ca. 2/3 40/45 ─ 75/85 B.2.7 Mengen-Ennetach ala Gemelliana (B.4)(?): 40/45 ~ 75/85 I) ca. 40 ─ 69/70 II) 69/70 ─ 81/96 coh. Ð eq. 132.5 × 109 1.44 III) 81/96 ─ 119/121+ B.2.8 Oberstimm (106/117) cohors III Thracum c. R (B.23): ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117) I) 110 × 152.5 I) 45/50 ─ 69 I) 1.67 cohors II-III) 117.5 × II) 70 ─ ca. 100 II-III) 1.9 B.2.9 Rißtissen (Ehingen) 162.5 III) ca. 100 ─ 106/117 cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 45/50 ~ 106/117 auxiliary 200 × 210 4.2 40/45 ─ 80 B.2.10 Unterkirchberg ala Gemelliana (B.4)(?): ca. 40 ─ ca. 80 n/a n/a n/a 1st century D.4 Oberpeiching unknown garrison Table 67/2: Auxiliary forts operational during the reign of subsequent Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (14-68) Nr.

Present-day settlement

Type Size Area Periodization fortlet 29 × 31 0.09 ca. 40/50 C.2.1 Burlafingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 3] 55 × 55 0.25 41/54 ─ 69 n. s. f.1487 Haardorf-Mühlberg bei C.2.2 Osterhofen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 4] fortlet 22.2 × 25.2 0.056 30 ─ 80/85 C.2.3 Nersingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 5] fortlet 24.5 × 33 0.081 30/40 ─ 69/80 C.2.4 Neuburg a. d. Donau garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 6] n/a n/a n/a 1st century (?) Bürgle bei D.1 Gundremmingen unknown garrison n. s. f. 50 × 50 0.25 1st century (?) Weltenburg-Galget D.6 (Frauenberg) unknown garrison Table 68: Fortlets and numerus-sized forts constructed by subsequent Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (14-68) Nr. B.4 B.8

1487

Present-day settlement

Unit Name

Station Chronology I) Mengen-Ennetach (B.2.7)(?) I) 40/45 ─ 75/85 II) Unterkirchberg (B.2.10)(?) II) ca. 40 ─ ca. 80 ala Gemelliana B.4 – 3.1 [ca. 40/60]; B.4 – 4.1 [before ca. 40] Burgheim (B.2.3)(?) 37/68 ─ 106/117 ala I Thracum veterana B.8 – 4.1 [before 106/117] Table 69/1: Roman military units present in Raetia during the era of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (14-68)

Throughout the tables in this chapter, numerus-size forts are abbreviated as 'n. s. f.'.

198

SUMMARY

Nr. B.14 B.19 B.22 B.23

Unit Name

Station Chronology Burghöfe (B.2.4)(?) 41/54 ─ 106/117 cohors I Breucorum eq. B.14 – 2.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 3.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 4.1 [ca. 40/254] I) Emerkingen (B.2.5)(?) I) 37/41 ~ 69/79 ─ 96/117 II) Rißtissen (B.2.9)(?) II) 45/50 ~ 106/117 cohors VI Lusitanorum no epigraphic records attest the unit’s Raetian presence in this period Augsburg (B.2.2)(?) 41/68 (41/54) ─ 69/96 cohors Sequanorum no epigraphic records attest the unit’s Raetian presence in this period ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ Oberstimm (B.2.8) (106/117) cohors III Thracum c. R B.23 – 5.1 ~ B.23 – 5.3 [ca. 40 ~ 119/121+ (106/117)] Table 69: Roman military units present in Raetia during the era of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (14-68)

199

Fig. 68: changes in the Raetian military system during the reign of subsequent Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (14-68)

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

200

SUMMARY

2.3. THE REIGN OF EMPERORS OF THE FLAVIAN DYNASTY AND EMPEROR NERVA (69-98) decisive victory in the autumn near Xanten.1495 In the course of the same year, Sextilius Felix broke through Raetia and reached Bingen and defeated Iulius Tutor,1496 a Treviran auxiliary commander, who had taken up arms against Rome alongside Iulius Classicus and Iulius Sabinus led by Civilis.1497

Although Raetia was not in the military focus during the events of the Year of the Four Emperors between June 68 and July 69, its central location made the army stationed in the province a factor.1488 After Vitellius was proclaimed Emperor by the army in Germania, he sent his troops towards Rome under the command of his loyal legatus, A. Caecina Alienus.1489 His march was halted by the uprising of the Helveti, who took up arms because soldiers of the legio XXI Rapax stationed at Vindonissa forcefully drew local militants into Vitellius’ army.1490 With the help of the Raetian auxilia, Caecina brought an end to the revolt with haste.1491 Afterwards he resumed towards Italia and sent his vanguard ahead via Raetian passes.1492 As T. Flavius Vespasianus progressed to enter Italia, he had the army in Noricum, under command of P. Sextilius Felix, patrol crossings over the Inn. The aim of this strategy was to keep the army in Raetia, commanded by the loyal man of Emperor Vitellius, Porcius Septiminus, in check.1493 Afterwards, Emperor Vespasian established his stronghold in the vicinity of Verona, to keep the Raetian passes under his control and keep Vitellius from using the Alpine passes to enter Italia.1494

During the era of the Flavian dynasty, the Danubian frontier of Raetia was reinforced. Eleven new forts were constructed on nine sites between Regensburg-Kumpfmühl and Passau (B.3.1 – B.3.11) mostly during Emperor Domitian’s reign, as well as one new fortlet (?) at Alkofen (C.3.1) and one new numerus-sized fort at Steinkirchen (C.3.2) [Table 70].

In 69, taking advantage of the civil war amongst Romans, the Batavi took up arms under the command of Iulius Civilis. In December 69 Vespasian had defeated all his opponents and remained the sole Emperor standing and turned his attention towards the Batavian revolt. The next year Emperor Vespasian charged Q. Petilius Cerialis to repress the rebels, which he did in a series of battles starting in the spring of 70 and gaining the

Eight of the forts constructed in previous periods remained active, all of them within 15 kilometres of the Danube bank [Fig 69]. Three previously built forts were abandoned at Augsburg (B.2.2), Ingolstadt-Zuchering (B.2.6) and Mengen-Ennetach (B.2.7). The fort at Aislingen-Sebastiansberg (B.2.1) was burnt down during the events of the Year of the Four Emperors along with the ones at Burghöfe (B.2.4) and Rißtissen (B.2.9), but the latter two were rebuilt.1498 Two further forts at Oberstimm (B.2.8) and Unterkirchberg (B.2.10) were also reconstructed in the years around 70, however archaeological excavations yielded no signs of forceful destruction, thus it is possible that Oberstimm was renovated,1499 and Unterkirchberg’s internal layout was altered because of a change in garrison.1500 The civil settlements in Raetia also suffered from extensive fires as attested by a series of similar burnt layers

1488

1495

1489

1496

RBy 1995, 94. WAASDORP 1984, 33-90; FELLMANN 1988, 48-52. 1490 MORGAN 1994, 103-125. 1491 TAC. hist. 1,67,5. 1492 TAC. hist. 1,70,4. 1493 TAC. hist. 3,5,5-6 see: RBy 1995, 98. 1494 TAC. hist. 3,8,1.

RBy 1995, 97-98. TAC. hist. 4,70,2. For the Batavian revolt see: TAC. hist. 2,14; 4,37; 4,54-79; 5,19-22. 1498 SCHÖNBERGER 1985, 355-357, 455-458; RBy 1995, 75, 99. 1499 SCHÖNBERGER 1978; HÖCKMANN et al. 1988, 170-175; SCHÖNBERGER 1990, 243-307; RBy 1995, 99. 1500 RBy 1995, 99. 1497

201

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

in Augsburg,1501 Bregenz1502 and Kempten.1503 The two fortlets at Nersingen (C.2.3) and Neuburg a. d. Donau (C.2.4), which were active in the previous era, were operational at the beginning of the Flavian period, but both were abandoned during Emperor Domitian’s reign at the latest [Table 71].1504

followed after the turmoils of the civil war in both military installations and civilian settlements1505 required a significant financial background.1506 The road system was improved to connect the regions along the Rhine with those along the Danube by establishing a road system in the area between them which was later termed agri decumates.1507 The inscriptions of milestones also attest the creation of a road between Argentorate and Raetia.1508 This road system enabled quick travel between Raetia and Germania, as during the suppression of L. Antonius Saturninus’ revolt, when a detachment of Raetian troops under the command of procurator T. Flavius Norbanus met up with the Praetorian Guard and marched together to Mogontiacum to counter the rebel forces.1509

For the first time, the increasing number of epigraphic evidence and a military diploma issued on 13.5.86 enables completing a list of auxiliary units that formed part of the Roman army of Raetia. In the years between 69 and 98, four alae and nine cohortes were transferred to Raetia, namely the ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1), the ala II Flavia ∞ (B.2), the ala I Thracum veterana (B.8) and possibly the ala I Augusta Thracum (B.7), the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12), the cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13), the cohors III Britannorum (B.15), the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16), the cohors II Gallorum (B.17), the cohors IV Gallorum (B.18), the cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19), the cohors II Raetorum (B.21), and argueably the cohors III Batavorum (B.10). Three units, the ala Gemelliana (B.4), the cohors II Gallorum eq. (B.17), and the cohors Sequanorum (B.22) left Raetia during Flavian times. The ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2) was the only ala milliaria in the province. It garrisoned the fort at Günzburg (B.3.3), which was located in the middle of the Danubian ripa [Table 72]. The extensive reconstruction phase, which Nr.

Present-day settlement

It is possible that already during Flavian times, a fort was established north of the Danube near Kösching (B.3.4).1510 Contrary to previous hypotheses that suggested the presence of an extensive civilian and military population north of the Danube during Flavian times,1511 C. S. Sommer proposed that the extension of the Roman frontier system north of the Danube (the so-called 'Alblimes' and the related road system) was established only in the second half of Emperor Trajan’s reign.1512 Another feature specific to the Flavian era is that the two ditches with which forts were surrounded in the previous period were replaced by a single moat.1513

Type

Size Area Periodization ca. 140 × 150 or ca. 2.1 or auxiliary 25/37 ─ 69/70 Aislingen ca. 140× 170 ca. 2.28 B.2.1 (Sebastiansberg) unknown garrison Table 70/1: Auxiliary forts operational during the reign of Emperors of the Flavian dynasty and Emperor Nerva (69-98)

1501

1508

KONRAD 1989, 217-229. BAKKER 1986, 129-131. 1503 KRÄMER 1957. 1504 see: RIEDER – TILLMANN 1993; FLEER 2004, 79. 1505 RBy 1995, 100, 103. 1506 SVET. Vesp. 16,3. 1507 TAC. Ger. 29,3.

CIL XVII. 2, 654 [Offenburg; 74]: ' iter de[rectum ab Arge]ntorate in R[aetiam] A[rgentorate] [m(ilia) p(assuum) ---]'. RBy 1995, 106-107. 1510 Ibid. 103. 1511 Ibid. 103-104. 1512 SOMMER 2012a, 151, 153-154. 1513 RBy 1995, 74-75.

1502

1509

202

SUMMARY

Nr.

Present-day settlement

Type Size Area Periodization auxiliary n/a n/a 41/68 (41/54) ─ 69/96 B.2.2 Augsburg cohors Sequanorum (B.22): ca. 41/68 ~ 69/96 auxiliary n/a ca. 2.1 37/68 ─ ca. 100/150 B.2.3 Burgheim ala I Thracum veterana (B.8)(?): 37/68 ─ 106/117 I) 41/54 ─ 69/70 auxiliary 150 × 140 2.1 II) 69/70 ─ 77/78 B.2.4 Burghöfe III) 77/78 ─ 106/117 cohors I Breucorum eq. (B.14)(?): 41/54 ─ 106/117 cohors n/a ca. 2 37/41 ~ 69/79 ─ 96/117 B.2.5 Emerkingen cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 37/41 ~ 69/79 ─ 96/117 auxiliary (108) × 112 ca. 1.2 30/37 ~ 69/80 (Kastell I) B.2.6 Ingolstadt-Zuchering unknown cohors or irregular garrison auxiliary n/a ca. 2/3 40/45 ─ 75/85 B.2.7 Mengen-Ennetach ala Gemelliana (B.4)(?): 40/45 ~ 75/85 I) ca. 40 ─ 69/70 II) 69/70 ─ 81/96 coh. Ð eq. 132.5 × 109 1.44 III) 81/96 ─ 119/121+ B.2.8 Oberstimm (106/117) cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23): ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117) I) 110 × 152.5 I) 45/50 ─ 69 I) 1.67 cohors II-III) 117.5 × II) 70 ─ ca. 100 II-III) 1.9 B.2.9 Rißtissen (Ehingen) 162.5 III) ca. 100 ─ 106/117 cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 45/50 ~ 106/117 I) auxiliary I) 40/45 ─ 80 200 × 210 4.2 II) ala II) 80 ─ 106/117 B.2.10 Unterkirchberg 1) ala Gemelliana (B.4)(?): ca. 40 ─ ca. 80 2) ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1)(?): ca. 80 ─ 106/117 I) 81/96 ─ ca. 160 cohors 147 × 125 1.83 II) ca. 160 ─ 5th century 1) cohors IV Gallorum (B.18): 81/96 ─ ca. 120 B.3.1 Eining-I 2) coh. II Tungrorum vexillatio (B.26): ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) ─ 153 ~ 156/157 3) cohors III Britannorum (B.15): 153 ~ 156/157 ─ 5th century auxiliary ca. 150 × 150 2.25 ca. 85/90 ─ 106/117 B.3.2 Gomadingen cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12)(?): before 86 ─ 106/117 I) 77/78 ─ 106/117 ala ca. 200 × 260 ca. 5.2 II) after 254 B.3.3 Günzburg ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2): 77/78 ─ 106/117 I) 80 ─ ca. 160 ala 197 × 197 3.9 II) ca. 160 ─ 241+ B.3.4 Kösching 1) ala I Augusta Thracum (B.7): 80 ─ 117/121 2) ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3): 117/121 ─ 241+ I) ca. 90 ─ ca. 120 cohors 132.5 × 165.5 2.25 II) ca. 120 ─ ca. 130 B.3.5 Künzing III) ca. 130 ─ 4th century cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13): ca. 90 ─ 300 auxiliary 140 × (140?) ca. 2 69/90 ─ 106/117 B.3.6 Moos-Burgstall cohors III Batavorum (B.10)(?): 69/90 ─ 106/117 auxiliary n/a n/a 81/96 ─ 5th century B.3.7 Passau-I (Altstadt) 1) cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 81/96 ─ ca. 120 2) cohors IX Batavorum (B.11)(?): 117/125 ─ 5th century I) n/a I) 1.9 I) 69/70 ─ 120/130 cohors II) 155 × 143 II) 2.2 II) 120/130 ─ ca. 180 B.3.8 Regensburg-Kumpfmühl 1) cohors III Britannorum (B.15): ca. 69/70 ─ ca. 120 2) cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9): ca. 120 ─ ca. 180 cohors n/a ca. 3.2 75/85 (until ca. 90) B.3.9 Straubing-I cohors II Gallorum eq. (B.17)(?): 75/85 (until ca. 90) Table 70/2: Auxiliary forts operational during the reign of Emperors of the Flavian dynasty and Emperor Nerva (69-98)

203

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

Present-day settlement

Type Size Area Periodization cohors n/a ca. 3.2 81/96 ─ 106/117 B.3.10 Straubing-II cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16): (B.16): 81/96 ─ 106/117 cohors 180 × (180?) 3.2 (?) 69/96 (86+) ─ ca. 170 Straubing-IV B.3.11 (Westkastell) cohors II Raetorum (B.21): 69/96 (86+) ─ ca. 170 n/a n/a n/a 1st century D.4 Oberpeiching unknown garrison ca. 69/98 ─ ca. 170/1791514 auxiliary (?) n/a n/a Regensburgca. 100 ─ ca. 170/1791515 D.5 Bismarckplatz unknown auxiliary unit Table 70/3: Auxiliary forts operational during the reign of Emperors of the Flavian dynasty and Emperor Nerva (69-98) Nr.

Present-day settlement

Type Size Area Periodization fortlet 22.2 × 25.2 0.056 30 ─ 80/85 C.2.3 Nersingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 5] fortlet 24.5 × 33 0.081 30/40 ─ 69/80 C.2.4 Neuburg a. d. Donau garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 6] I) 50/100 ~ ca. 170 unknown n/a n/a II) ca. 170/300 C.3.1 Alkofen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 7] n. s. f. 58.7 × 70-75 0.41-0.44 69 ~ ca. 160 ─ 300 C.3.2 Steinkirchen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 8] n/a n/a n/a 1st century (?) Bürgle bei D.1 Gundremmingen unknown garrison n. s. f. (?) 50 × 50 0.25 1st century (?) Weltenburg-Galget D.6 (Frauenberg) unknown garrison Table 71: Fortlets and n. s. f. operational during the era of the Flavian dynasty and Emperor Nerva (69-98) Nr.

Unit Name

Station Chronology I) Aquincum, Bem sq. (Pannonia) I) 69 / ca. 80 II) Unterkirchberg (B.2.10)(?) II) ca. 80 ~ 106/117 B.1 ala I Hispanorum Auriana TAC. hist. 3,5,1 [69]; B.1 – 2.1 [69 / ca. 80]; B.1 – 3.3 [69 / ca. 80]; B.1 – 3.4 [69 / ca. 80]; B.1 – 3.5 [69 / ca. 80]; B.1 – 4.1 [ca. 80 ~ 106/117]; B.1 – 4.2 [ca. 80 / 254]; C – 2.1 [15.5.86] I) Germania I) 70 ─ 82/86 II) Günzburg (B.3.3)(?) II) 82/86 ─ 106/117 B.2 – 3.1 [ca. 69 ~ 82/86]; B.2 – 3.2 [70/254]; B.2 – 4.1 [ca. 70/100]; B.2 B.2 ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. – 2.1 [77/78];1516 B.2 – 3.3 [82/86 ~ ca. 120]; B.2 – 3.4 [82/86 ~ ca. 170]; B.2 – 5.1 [82/86 ~ 254]; C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; B.6 – 3.2 [ca. 100/140]; B.2 – 2.2 [11.97 / 102] I) Mengen-Ennetach (B.2.7)(?); UnterI) ca. 40/64 ~ 88 (70?) kirchberg (B.2.10)(?) II) 64/88 ─ B.4 ala Gemelliana (?) II) Mauretania Tingitana LŐRINCZ 2001, 20 based on C – 2.1 [15.6.64] I) Syria I) 1st century until 80 II) 80 ─ 116/121 II) Kösching (B.3.4) B.7 ala I Augusta Thracum D – 4.1 [ca. 40/254]; B.7 – 3.1 [before 80]; B.7 – 3.2 [before 80]; B.7 – 3.3 [before 80]; B.7 – 3.4 [80 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; B.7 – 2.1 [11.97 / 1.98 ~ ca. 110] Burgheim (B.2.3)(?) 70 ─ 106/117 B.8 ala I Thracum veterana B.8 – 4.1 [before 106/117]; C – 2.2 [13.5.86] Moos-Burgstall (B.3.6)(?) 69/90 ─ 106/117 B.10 cohors III Batavorum based on fort’s chronology and unit’s history v. s. B.10 Table 72/1: Roman military units present in Raetia during the era of the Flavian dynasty and Emperor Nerva (69-98)

1514

RBy 1995, 503. SOMMER 2008c, 269. 1516 Epigraphic references written in bold were recovered from the vicinity of the garrison and/or offer information on dislocation. 1515

204

SUMMARY

Nr.

Unit Name

Station Chronology I) unknown province I) until ca.80 II) Gomadingen (B.3.2)(?) II) before 86 ─ 106/117 B.12 cohors III Bracaraugustanorum D – 2.2 [ca. 69/96]; D – 3.3 [ca. 69/300]; C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; B.12 – 2.1 [ca. 86/254]; B.12 – 3.1 [ca. 86/254] I) Germania I) ca. 30/80 II) Künzing (B.3.5) II) ca. 80 ─ 300 B.13 cohors V Bracaraugustanorum B.13 – 3.1 [ca. 30/86]; B.13 – 3.2 [ca. 43 ~ 81/86]; C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; B.13 – 4.1 [ca. 90/300]; B.13 – 4.2 [ca. 90/300] I) Germania I) 9+ / ca. 80 (86) II) Burghöfe (B.2.4)(?) II) 41/54 ─ ca. 106/117 B.14 cohors I Breucorum B.14 – 2.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 3.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 4.1 [ca. 40/254]; B.14 – 2.2 [69/79+ (ca. 100]; C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; B.14 – 4.2 [86/254] Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) 70 ─ 106/117 (ca. 120) TAC. hist. 1,70,4 [69]; D – 3.4 [69/70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120)]; D – 3.5 [69/70 B.15 cohors III Britannorum ~ 106/117 (ca. 120)]; D – 3.6 [69/70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120)]; B.15 – 3.1 [ca. 70]; B.15 – 5.1 [70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120)]; B.15 – 3.2 [ca. 70/120]; C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; B.15 – 4.1 [89/96] Straubing-II (B.3.10) 81/96 ─ 106/117 B.16 – 5.1 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.2 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.3 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 cohors I Flavia Canathenorum B.16 – 5.4 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.5 ~ B.16 – 5.12 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.13 [ca. 90/241+]; D – 5.7 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.8 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.9 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.10 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.11 [81/96 ~ 300] I) Straubing-I (B.3.9)(?) I) 75/85 ~ ca. 90 II) Moesia II) after ca. 90 B.17 cohors II Gallorum B.17 – 3.1 [75/85 ~ ca. 90]; B.17 – 5.1 ~ B.17 – 5.13 [75/85 ~ ca. 90]; D – 5.7 [75/85 ~ ca. 90]; D – 5.8 [75/85 ~ ca. 90]; D – 5.10 [75/85 ~ ca. 90]; D – 5.11 [75/85 ~ ca. 90]; C – 2.2 [13.5.86] Eining-I (B.3.1) ca. 80 ─ ca. 120 D – 4.3 [81/96 ~ ca. 120]; D – 5.14 [81/96 ~ ca. 120]; D – 5.15 [81/96 ~ B.18 cohors IV Gallorum ca. 120]; D – 5.16 [81/96 ~ ca. 120]; C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; B.18 – 2.1 [81/96]; B.18 – 2.2 [ca. 86/150]; D – 2.3 [ca. 98/138] I) Germania I) ca. 69 II) Emerkingen (B.2.5)(?); II) ca. 40/90 ─ 106/117 Passau-I (B.3.7)(?); Rißtissen (B.2.9)(?) III) 106/117 ─ ca. 160 B.19 cohors VI Lusitanorum III) unknown Raetian fort C – 2.2 [13.5.86] Straubing-IV (B.3.11) 69/96 (86/107) ─ ca. 170 D – 5.7 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; D – 5.8 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; D – 5.10 B.21 cohors II Raetorum [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; D – 5.11 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; B.12 – 5.1 [86/107 ~ 254]; B.12 – 5.2 [86/107 ~ 254]; B.12 – 5.3 [86/107 ~ 254]; B.12 – 5.4 [86/107 ~ 254] Augsburg 41/68 (41/54) ─ 69/96 B.22 cohors Sequanorum B.22 – 5.1 [69/96 (1st century)] ca. 40 ~ 119/121+ Oberstimm (B.2.8) (106/117) B.23 cohors III Thracum c. R. eq. B.23 – 5.1 [ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117)]; B.23 – 5.2 [ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117)]; B.23 – 5.3 [ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117)]; TAC. hist. 1, 68, 4 [69]; C – 2.2 [13.5.86]; B.23 – 5.4 [ca. 90/254] Table 72/2: Roman military units present in Raetia during the era of the Flavian dynasty and Emperor Nerva (69-98)

205

Fig. 69: changes in the Raetian military system during the reign of Flavian Emperors and Nerva (69-98)

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

206

SUMMARY

2.4. THE REIGN OF EMPEROR TRAJAN (98-117) During the reign of Emperor Trajan a frontier system was established north of the Danube in Raetia and north-east of the Rhine in Germania. The Raetian section of this frontier zone stretched along the Schwäbisch Alb Mountains, hence the name 'Alblimes'. It was made up of 10 forts [Table 73] and 5 fortlets: B.4.1 – B.4.13 with the exception of B.4.3; B.4.7; B.4.10 (conditionally D.3) and C.4.1 – C.4.5 [Table 74].

d. Brenz (B.4.5) as well as the fortlet Donnstetten-I (C.4.2) in Raetia.1519 Forts belonging to the territories of Germania and Raetia were long regarded as a unified frontier system – not least because of presently belonging to one country, albeit different states – which is justifiable in general terms: expansions, e.g. the construction of military installations on the agri decumates and the incorporation of further territories via the construction of the 'Neckar-Odenwald Limes'1520 were carried out according to a unified plan. However, phases of reorganization do not necessarily correspond, as can be seen in the development of the limes palisade later as well as the subsequent reconstruction of watchtowers in stone – during Trajan’s reign physical barriers were only present in Germania, while Raetia had an open chain of forts.1521

The reason behind Emperor Trajan’s expansion was not merely military-related, but economic: the basin between the Danube and the Albmountain was rich in fertile lands and numerous villae rusticae were constructed in these areas.1517 It is likely that the colonization hallmarked by the construction of villas started as early as 120,1518 and reached its peak in the latter half of the 2nd century [Fig. 70].

The Alblimes was connected to the Roman frontier of Germania via the so-called 'Lautertal Limes', which included the forts at Köngen, Dettingen unter Teck in Germania and the ones at Urspring (B.4.11) and perhaps Heidenheim a.

Apart from the ten forts of the Alblimes in Raetia, three further forts were created along the Danube at Faimingen (B.4.3. Faimingen-I), Nassenfels (B.4.7), Straubing (B.4.10. Straubing-III) and conditionally at Nördlingen (D.3) and Regensburg-Bismarckplatz (D.5) during Emperor Trajan’s reign. Five (or all six) forts constructed during the reign of subsequent Julio-Claudian Emperors that were operational at Emperor Trajan’s ascension were abandoned by the end of his reign (B.2.4; B.2.5; B.2.8 – B.2.10; the abandonment of Burgheim (B.2.3) is debated). Ten of the eleven forts constructed by Emperors of the Flavian dynasty were active at Emperor Trajan’s ascension (B.3.1 – B.3.8; B.3.10 – B.3.11) but only six were left operational by the end of his reign: four forts were abandoned at Gomadingen (B.3.2), Günzburg (B.3.3), Moos-Burgstall (B.3.6), Straubing-II (B.3.10). Of the thirteen forts constructed under the reign of Emperor Trajan, the one at Burladingen-Hausen (B.4.1) was

1517

1520

1518

1521

Fig. 70: Villae rusticae in Raetia in the second half of the 2nd century (SOMMER 2012a, 161, fig. 13: after A. Faber in SOMMER 2006, 216)

SOMMER 2012a, 162, fn. 222. HÜSSEN 2009b, 974. 1519 RBy 1995, 115 see: RBW 2005, 61-63.

207

SCHALLMAYER 2010. SOMMER 2012b, 144-145, 159.

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

'Obergermanisch-Rätische Limes des Römerreiches' the exact chronology of the Raetian Limes remains unclear.1526 C. S. Sommer proposed an alternative dating, suggesting that the forts on the Alblimes were constructed later, during the second half of Emperor Trajan’s reign possibly after the conclusion of his Dacian Wars.1527

abandoned shortly after its construction. The fortlet (?) at Alkofen (C.3.1) and the numerussized fort at Steinkirchen (C.3.2), both constructed during the reign of Flavian Emperors, remained operational. By establishing the Alblimes, Emperor Trajan annexed further territories of the agri decumates.1522 As Tacitus attested, up to Emperor Trajan’s reign, Roman military installations on the frontier had functions related to border control, surveillance of traffic, custom stations and take-off points for campaigns rather than defensive purposes.1523

During the reign of Emperor Trajan six auxiliary units were transferred to Raetia: the ala I Flavia singularium (B.6), the cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9), the cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum (B.11), the cohors I Raetorum (B.20) the cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24), and argueably, the cohors III Batavorum (B.10). One unit left Raetia: the ala I Thracum veterana (B.8) was transferred from Unterkirchberg (B.2.10) to Schwechat (Ala nova) in Pannonia.1528 The sole ala milliaria in the province, the ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2) garrisoned a central fort in the Alblimes at Heidenheim a. d. Brenz [Table 75]. Soldiers from several units of the Raetian garrison were drawn together under joint command for Emperor Trajan’s Dacian campaigns.1529

In his monograph on the Alblimes, J. Heiligmann dated the establishment of its forts to the end of the 1st and the beginning of the 2nd century,1524 which hypothesis was reflected in other publications written on the subject of the Raetian frontier system.1525 K. Dietz stated, that despite a research history spanning more than a century and the ample publication of results on the finds and archaeological evidence in the tomes of the Nr. B.2.3

B.2.4

B.2.5

Present-day settlement

Type Size Area Periodization auxiliary n/a ca. 2.1 37/68 ─ ca. 100/150 Burgheim ala I Thracum veterana (B.8)(?): 37/68 ─ 106/117 I) 41/54 ─ 69/70 auxiliary 150 × 140 2.1 II) 69/70 ─ 77/78 Burghöfe III) 77/78 ─ 106/117 (ca. 117) cohors I Breucorum eq. (B.14)(?): 41/54 ─ 106/117 cohors n/a ca. 2 37/41 ~ 69/79 ─ 96/117 Emerkingen cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 37/41 ~ 69/79 ─ 96/117 Table 73/1: Auxiliary forts operational during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117)

1522

1526

1523

1527

RBy 1995, 108 see: FRONTIN. strat. 1,3,10. TAC. Ger. 29,3; RBy 1995, 110-111, 116. 1524 HEILIGMANN 1990. 1525 RBy 1995, 111-112; see individual bibliographies compiled regarding distinct forts in chapter 2.

RBy 1995, 112. SOMMER 2012a, 151, 153-154. 1528 LŐRINCZ 2001, 24-25, 50. 1529 B.15 – 4.1 = RHP 280 [Esztergom; 106 / ca. 150]: 'praef(ectus) elec(torum) exped(itorum) ex Raet(ia) bello Dacic(o)'.

208

SUMMARY

Nr.

B.2.8

B.2.9

B.2.10

B.3.1

B.3.2 B.3.3

B.3.4

B.3.5

B.3.6 B.3.7

B.3.8

B.3.10 B.3.11 B.4.1 B.4.2 B.4.3

B.4.4

B.4.5

Present-day settlement

Type

Size

Periodization I) ca. 40 ─ 69/70 II) 69/70 ─ 81/96 coh. Ð eq. 132.5 × 109 1.44 III) 81/96 ─ 119/121+ Oberstimm (106/117) cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23): ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117) I) 110 × 152.5 I) 45/50 ─ 69 I) 1.67 cohors II-III) 117.5 × II) 70 ─ ca. 100 II-III) 1.9 Rißtissen (Ehingen) 162.5 III) ca. 100 ─ 106/117 cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 45/50 ~ 106/117 I) auxiliary I) 40/45 ─ 80 200 × 210 4.2 II) ala II) 80 ─ 106/117 Unterkirchberg ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1)(?): ca. 80 ─ 106/117 I) 81/96 ─ ca. 160 cohors 147 × 125 1.83 II) ca. 160 ─ 5th century 1) cohors IV Gallorum (B.18) 81/96 ─ ca. 120 Eining-I 2) cohors II Tungrorum vex. (B.26): ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) ─ 153 ~ 156/157 3) cohors III Britannorum (B.15): 153 ~ 156/157 ─ 5th century auxiliary ca. 150 × 150 2.25 ca. 85/90 ─ 106/117 Gomadingen cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12)(?): before 86 ─ 106/117 I) 77/78 ─ 106/117 ala ca. 200 × 260 ca. 5.2 II) after 254 Günzburg ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2): 77/78 ─ 106/117 I) 80 ─ ca. 160 ala 197 × 197 3.9 II) ca. 160 ─ 241+ Kösching 1) ala I Augusta Thracum (B.7): 80 ─ 117/121 2) ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3): 117/121 ─ 241+ I) ca. 90 ─ ca. 120 cohors 132.5 × 165.5 2.25 II) ca. 120 ─ ca. 130 Künzing III) ca. 130 ─ 4th century cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13): ca. 90 ─ 300 auxiliary 140 × (140?) ≈2 69/90 ─ 106/117 Moos-Burgstall cohors III Batavorum (B.10)(?): 69/90 ─ 106/117 auxiliary n/a n/a 81/96 ─ 5th century Passau-I (Altstadt) 1) cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 81/96 ─ ca. 120 2) cohors IX Batavorum (B.11)(?): 117/125 ─ 5th century I) n/a I) 1.9 I) 69/70 ─ 120/130 cohors II) 155 × 143 II) 2.2 II) 120/130 ─ ca. 180 Regensburg-Kumpfmühl 1) cohors III Britannorum (B.15): ca. 69/70 ─ ca. 120 2) cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9): ca. 120 ─ ca. 180 cohors n/a ca. 3.2 81/96 ─ 106/117 Straubing-II cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16): 81/96 ─ 106/117 cohors 180 × (180?) 3.2 (?) 69/96 (86+) ─ ca. 170 Straubing-IV (Westkastell) cohors II Raetorum (B.21): 69/96 (86+) ─ ca. 170 cohors Ð 137 × 137 1.88 106/117 Burladingen-Hausen cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9)(?): 106/117 cohors n/a 2.2 110/117 ─ ca. 160 Eislingen-Salach cohors I Raetorum (B.20)(?): 110/117 ─ ca. 160 auxiliary n/a 1.7 106/117 ─ 120/140 Faimingen-I cohors IV Tungrorum vex. (B.27): ca. 106/117 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) ─ 140/144 I) 106/117 ─ ca. 140 cohors 153 × 143 2.2 II) ca. 140 ─ 213 Gnotzheim III) 213 ─ 255 cohors III Thracum c. R. eq. (B.23) 106/117 ─ 254 ala 195 × 271 5.285 106/117 ─ ca. 160 Heidenheim a. d. Brenz ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2): 106/117 ─ 160 Table 73/2: Auxiliary forts operational during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117)

209

Area

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr. B.4.6 B.4.7 B.4.8 B.4.9 B.4.10 B.4.11

B.4.12

B.4.13 D.3 D.5

Nr. C.3.1 C.3.2 C.4.1 C.4.2 C.4.3 C.4.4 C.4.5

1530 1531

Present-day settlement

Type Size Area Periodization cohors 179 × 150 2.7 104±10 (106+) ─ ca. 120 Munningen cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12): ca. 106/117 ─ ca. 120 auxiliary 120 × ca. 140 1.5 – 1.7 106/117 ─ 120/125 Nassenfels cohors I Breucorum (B.14)(?): 106/117 ~ 120/125 cohors Ð 118/137 × 153/160 1.7 106/117 ─ ca. 160 Oberdorf am Ipf cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24): 106/117 ─ ca. 160 I) 106/117 ─ 141 ala 194 × 201 3.9 II) 141 ─ 254 Pförring ala I Flavia singularium (B.6): 106/117 ─ 254 cohors 180 × 180 3.24 106/117 ─ 300 Straubing-III cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16): 106/117 ─ 300 cohors 135 × 132.5 1.79 106/117 ─ ca. 160 Urspring (Lonsee) cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 106/117 ─ ca. 160 I) 2.8 I) 106/117 ─ ca. 160 ala 175 × 179 II)-III) II) ca. 160 ─ ca. 180 Weißenburg-I 3.13 III) ca. 180 ─ 240/250 ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1): 106/117 ─ 240/250 cohors n/a 3.05 106/117 ─ 117/125 Weißenburg-II cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum (B.11): 106/117 ─ 117/125 auxiliary (?) n/a n/a ca. 106/117 ~ 117/138 Nördlingen an ala moved to Ruffenhofen afterwards (?) ca. 69/98 ─ ca. 170/1791530 auxiliary (?) n/a n/a Regensburgca. 100 ─ ca. 170/1791531 Bismarckplatz unknown auxiliary unit Table 73/3: Auxiliary forts operational during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117) Present-day settlement

Type

Size

Periodization I) 50/100 ~ ca. 170 unknown n/a n/a II) ca. 170/300 Alkofen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 7] n. s. f. 58.7 × 70-75 0.41-0.44 69 ~ ca. 160 ─ 300 Steinkirchen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 8] fortlet 60 × 70 0.42 106/117 ~ 117 / ca. 160 Deggingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 9] fortlet 50 × 60 0.3 106/117 ─ ca. 160 Donnstetten-I (Römerstein) garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 10] n. s. f. (?) ca. 80 × 80 ca. 0.64 ca. 106/117 ─ ca. 120 Oberhochstatt-II garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 11] n. s. f. 70 × 70 0.49 106/117 ─ 300 Pfatter-Gmünd garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 12] n. s. f. 80 × 87 0.696 106/117 ─ 117/138 Unterschwaningen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 13] Table 74: Fortlets and numerus-sized forts constructed during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117)

RBy 1995, 503. SOMMER 2008c, 269.

210

Area

SUMMARY

Nr.

B.1

B.2

B.6

B.7

B.8

B.9

B.10

B.11

B.12

1532

Unit Name

Station Chronology Weißenburg-I (B.4.12) 107/116 ─ 240/250 B.1 – 4.1 [ca. 80 ~ 106/117]; B.1 – 4.2 [ca. 80 / 254]; B.1 – 3.6 [ca. 100/150]; B.1 – 3.7 [ca. 100/150]; B.1 – 2.2 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 4.3 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 4.4 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.1 ala I Hispanorum Auriana [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.2 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.3 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.4 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.5 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; D – 3.12 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] Heidenheim a.d. Brenz (B.4.5) 106/117 ─ 160±10 B.2 – 3.2 [70/254]; B.2 – 4.1 [ca. 70/100]; B.2 – 3.3 [82/86 ~ ca. 120]; B.2 – 3.4 [82/86 ~ ca. 170]; B.2 – 5.1 [82/86 ~ 254]; B.2 – 2.2 [11.97 / 102]; B.2 – 2.3 [103 / ca. 125]; B.2 – 2.4 [106/254]; B.2 – 3.5 [106/117 ~ ca. ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. 160]; B.2 – 5.2 [106/117 ~ ca. 160]; B.2 – 5.3 [106/117 ~ ca. 160]; B.2 – 5.4 [106/117 ~ ca. 160]; B.2 – 5.5 [106/117 ~ ca. 160]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+];1532 C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] I) Germania I) 68 ─ 90/107 (107) II) Pförring (B.4.9) II) 107 ─ 254 D – 3.2 [68 ~ 90/107]; B.6 – 2.1 [69/79+ (ca. 100)]; B.6 – 3.1 [90/107 ala I Flavia singularium (107) ~ ca. 170]; B.6 – 3.2 [ca. 100/140]; B.6 – 2.2 [105]; B.6 – 4.1 c. R. p. f. [106/117 ~ 254]; B.6 – 5.1 [106/117 ~ 254]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; D – 5.18 [107/254]; B.6 – 2.3 [110/115]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] Kösching (B.3.4) 80 ─ 116/121 D – 4.1 [ca. 40 / 254]; B.7 – 3.4 [80 ~ 117/121]; B.7 – 2.1 [11.97 ~ ca. ala I Augusta Thracum 110]; B.7 – 3.5 [ca. 100/200]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [variant 1: 116 ~ 117/121] I) Unterkirchberg (B.2.10)(?) I) 70 ─ 106/117 II) Pannonia II) 106 ─ ala I Thracum veterana B.8 – 3.1 [ca. 100/200]; B.8 – 4.1 [before 106/117]; B.8 – 3.2 [ca. 106 ~ 118/119]; B.8 – 5.1 [106 / ca. 280]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [variant 1: 116 ~ 117/121]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] I) Germania I) until ca. 107/112 II) Burladingen-Hausen (B.4.1)(?) II) ca. 106/117 cohors II Aquitanorum B.9 – 5.1 [ca. 1 ~ 106/117]; B.9 – 5.2 [ca. 120/170]; B.9 – 5.3 [ca. 120/170]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] I) Moos-Burgstall (B.3.6)(?) I) 69/90 ─ 106/117 II) Adony (Pannonia) II) after 118/119 cohors III Batavorum B.10 – 1.3 [until 100/110]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] I) Britannia I) 100/110 II) Weißenburg-II (B.4.13) II) 100/110 ─ 117/125 B.11 – 1.1 ~ B.11 – 1.16 [100/110]; C – 2.3 [103/105]; B.11 – 4.1 cohors IX Batavorum [104/106 ~ ca. 120]; B.11 – 5.1 [before 104/106]; B.11 – 5.2 [before exploratorum 104/106]; D – 3.12 [106/117 ~ 117/125]; C – 2.5 [27.9.112]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] I) Gomadingen (B.3.2)(?) I) ca. 86 ─ 106/117 II) Munningen (B.4.6)(?) II) 104±10 (106+) ─ ca. 120 cohors III Bracaraugustanorum D – 3.3 [ca. 69/300]; B.12 – 3.1 [ca. 86/254]; D – 3.10 [ca. 100/300 (?)];C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] Table 75/1: Roman military units present in Raetia during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117)

Constitutions written in Italics indicate that the name of the unit appears only as provisional completion.

211

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr. B.13

B.14

B.15

B.16

B.18

B.19

B.20

B.21

B.23

B.24

Unit Name

Station Chronology Künzing (B.3.5) ca. 80 ─ 300 cohors V Bracaraugustanorum C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] Burghöfe (B.2.4)(?) 41/54 ─ ca. 106/117 B.14 – 2.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 3.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 3.2 [ca. 106/117 ~ 120/125]; cohors I Breucorum B.14 – 4.1 [ca. 40/254]; B.14 – 4.2 [86/254]; B.14 – 2.3 [102/116]; B.14 – 2.4 [105]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; B.14 – 2.5 [110/115]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) 70 ─ 106/117 (ca. 120) D – 3.4 [69/70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120)]; D – 3.5 [69/70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120)]; D – 3.6 [69/70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120)]; D – 5.12 [69/70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120)]; cohors III Britannorum D – 5.13 [69/70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120)]; B.15 – 5.1 [70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120)]; B.15 – 3.2 [ca. 70/120]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] I) Syria I) 69+ II) Straubing-II (B.3.10) II) 81/96 ─ 106/117 III) Straubing-III (B.4.10) III) 106/117 ─ 300 C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 cohors I Flavia Canathenorum / 31.12.116]; B.16 – 5.1 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.2 [ca. 90/2300]; B.16 – 5.3 ∞ sagittaria [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.4 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.5 ~ B.16 – 5.12 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.13 [ca. 90/241+]; D – 5.7 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.8 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.9 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.10 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.11 [81/96 ~ 300] Eining-I (B.3.1) ca. 80 ─ ca. 120 D – 5.14 [81/96 ~ ca. 120]; D – 5.15 [81/96 ~ ca. 120]; D – 5.16 [81/96 ~ cohors IV Gallorum ca. 120]; B.18 – 2.2 [ca. 86/150]; D – 2.3 [ca. 98/138]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] I) Emerkingen (B.2.5)(?); I) ca. 40/90 ─ 106/117 Passau-I (B.3.7)(?); Rißtissen (B.2.9)(?) II) 106/117 ─ ca. 160 II) Urspring (B.4.11)(?) cohors VI Lusitanorum B.19 – 5.1 [106/117 ~ ca. 160]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] Eislingen-Salach (B.4.2)(?) 110/117 ─ ca. 160 D – 2.4 [ca. 100/200 (?)]; B.20 – 2.1 [106+ (106/114 or 106/117)]; C – 2.4 cohors I Raetorum [30.6.107]; D – 2.6 [112/114]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] Straubing-IV (B.3.11) 69/96 (86/107) ─ ca. 170 D – 5.7 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; D – 5.8 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; D – 5.10 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; D – 5.11 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 4.1 cohors II Raetorum [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 5.1 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 5.2 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 5.3 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] ca. 40 ~ 119/121+ Oberstimm (B.2.8) (106/117) B.23 – 5.1 [ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117)]; B.23 – 5.2 [ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ cohors III Thracum c. R. eq. (106/117)]; B.23 – 5.3 [ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117)]; B.23 – 5.4 [ca. 90/254]; B.23 – 4.1 [106/117 ~ 254 (200?)]; B.23 – 5.5 [106/117 ~ 254]; B.23 – 5.6 [106/117 ~ 254]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [variant 2: 17.8.116 / 31.12.116] I) Pannonia I) 84+ ~ 106/117 II) Oberdorf (B.4.8)(?) II) 106/117 ─ 160±10 cohors III Thracum veterana D – 2.1 [ca. 80 ~ 106/117]; B.24 – 3.1 [ca. 86/107 ~ 254 (200/254)]; C – 2.4 [30.6.107]; C – 2.6 [116 ~ 117/121 or 117/121+]; C – 2.7 [16.8.116]; C – 2.8 [17.8.116 / 31.12.116] Table 75/2: Roman military units present in Raetia during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117)

212

Fig. 71: changes in the Raetian military system during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117)

SUMMARY

213

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

2.5. THE REIGN OF EMPERORS HADRIAN AND ANTONINUS PIUS (117-161) During the reign of Emperor Hadrian, the Raetian frontier shifted to a more linear line of defence on the Alb. Three new forts were established on the eastern section of the Alblimes at Pfünz (B.5.2), Ruffenhofen (B.5.3) and Theilenhofen (B.5.4) as well as one numerussized fort at Ellingen (C.5.1). The fort at Burgsalach (B.5.1) was only briefly operational sometime in the years between 120/180 and for reasons of perspicuity it is listed in all relevant chapters and chronological subgroups.

Thracum (B.7) to Noricum. The latter was replaced by the ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3). Furthermore, two special units, the cohors II Tungrorum ∞ vexillatio (B.26) and the cohors IV Tungrorum ∞ vexillatio (B.27) were brought in from Britannia, to the forts Eining-I (B.3.1) and Faimingen-I (B.4.3) respectively. Both units left the province during Emperor Antoninus Pius’s reign. The cohors II Tungrorum ∞ vexillatio returned to Britannia. The cohors IV Tungrorum ∞ vexillatio was moved to Mauretania Tingitana in the years between 140/144 and its fort at Faimingen was abandoned in a planned manner. It is worth noting that having left Raetia, both units ceased being vexillations and functioned as regular auxiliary troops as attested by their names displayed on epigraphic data (v. s. B.26; B.27). Seven units of the Raetian garrison were relocated within the province during this period (B.3; B.9; B.11; B.12; B.14; B.15; B.18).

The numerus-sized fort Oberhochstatt-II (C.4.3) was destroyed perhaps during a landslide and a new fortlet was reconstructed nearby (C.5.2). During the early 140s, several forts with earthand-timber ramparts were reinforced with stone defences which is attested by epigraphic (at Gnotzheim, Kösching, Pförring and Pfünz)1533 and archaeological evidence (at Weißenburg and Regensburg-Kumpfmühl).1534 The forts of Germania superior were reinforced in a similar manner during the second half of the 140s.1535 In 122 Emperor Hadrian visited Raetia, which was commemorated by coins minted with the reverse 'exercitus Raeticus',1536 but unlike Germania superior, no milestones set up in these years – documenting the renewal of local road system – were recovered.1537 K. Dietz suggested that the construction of military installations – e.g. at Ellingen (C.5.1) – may not be completely unrelated to the imperial visit.1538

Three forts on the middle section of the Danube below the Raetian Limes were deliberately abandoned during this era at Faimingen (B.4.3), Nassenfels (B.4.7) and possibly at Burgheim (B.2.3). With the abandonment of the fort at Burgheim (B.2.3), the last military installation constructed by Julio-Claudian Emperors on the southern side of the Danube ceased to operate. Furthermore, two forts and one numerus-sized fort were abandoned on the Alblimes at Munningen (B.4.6), Unterschwaningen (C.4.5) and possibly at Nördlingen (D.3). The abandonment of the fort at Munningen may have been connected to the construction of the forts at Theilenhofen (B.5.4), where its garrison was transferred and Ruffenhofen (B.5.3) which took its place at an advanced

In the early years of Emperor Hadrian’s reign two units of the previous period’s garrison left Raetia: the cohors III Batavorum (B.10) was transferred to Pannonia and the ala I Augusta

1533 RBy 1995, 121; SOMMER 2012a, 151, 157: B.3 – 2.1 = B.6 – 2.3 [Kösching; 141]; B.6 – 2.4 [Biburg (~ Pförring); 141]; B.14 – 2.8 [Pfünz; 138/161]; B.23 – 2.1 [Gnotheim; early 144]. 1534 Weißenburg: GRÖNKE 1997, 37; SOMMER 2008b, 12-13; id. 2012a, 157, fn. 179; Regensburg: SANDBICHLER 2009, 86; SOMMER 2012a, 157, fn. 181.

1535

SOMMER 2012a, 157, fn. 182. RIC Nr. 928-930. 1537 RBy 1995, 112. 1538 Ibid. 121. 1536

214

SUMMARY

position on the same frontier section. Afterwards, a smaller crossroad station remained opNr.

erational on the territory of the former auxiliary fort.

Present-day settlement

Type Size Area Periodization auxiliary n/a ca. 2.1 37/68 ─ ca. 100/150 B.2.3 Burgheim ala I Thracum veterana (B.8)(?): 37/68 ─ 106/117 I) 81/96 ─ ca. 160 cohors 147 × 125 1.83 II) ca. 160 ─ 5th century 1) cohors IV Gallorum (B.18): 81/96 ─ ca. 120 B.3.1 Eining-I 2) cohors II Tungrorum vex. (B.26): ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) ─ 153 ~ 156/157 3) cohors III Britannorum (B.15): 153 ~ 156/157 ─ 5th century I) 80 ─ ca. 160 ala 197 × 197 3.9 II) ca. 160 ─ 241+ B.3.4 Kösching 1) ala I Augusta Thracum (B.7): 80 ─ 117/121 2) ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3): 117/121 ─ 241+ I) ca. 90 ─ ca. 120 cohors 132.5 × 165.5 2.25 II) ca. 120 ─ ca. 130 B.3.5 Künzing III) ca. 130 ─ 4th century cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13): ca. 90 ─ 300 auxiliary n/a n/a 81/96 ─ 5th century B.3.7 Passau-I (Altstadt) 1) cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 81/96 ─ ca. 120 2) cohors IX Batavorum (B.11)(?): 117/125 ─ 5th century I) n/a I) 1.9 I) 69/70 ─ 120/130 cohors II) 155 × 143 II) 2.2 II) 120/130 ─ ca. 180 B.3.8 Regensburg-Kumpfmühl 1) cohors III Britannorum (B.15): ca. 69/70 ─ ca. 120 2) cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9) ca. 120 ─ ca. 180 cohors 180 × (180?) 3.2 (?) 69/96 (86+) ─ ca. 170 Straubing-IV B.3.11 (Westkastell) cohors II Raetorum (B.21): 69/96 (86+) ─ ca. 170 cohors n/a 2.2 110/117 ─ ca. 160 B.4.2 Eislingen-Salach cohors I Raetorum (B.20)(?): 110/117 ─ ca. 160 106/117 ─ ca. 120/140 auxiliary n/a 1.7 (140/144) B.4.3 Faimingen-I cohors IV Tungr. vex. (B.27): ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) ─ 140/144 I) 106/117 ─ ca. 140 cohors 153 × 143 2.2 II) ca. 140 ─ 213 B.4.4 Gnotzheim III) 213 ─ 254 cohors III Thracum c. R. eq. (B.23): 106/117 ─ 254 ala 195 × 271 5.285 106/117 ─ ca. 160 B.4.5 Heidenheim a. d. Brenz ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2): 106/117 ─ 160 cohors 179 × 150 2.7 104±10 (106+) ─ ca. 120 B.4.6 Munningen cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12): ca. 106/117 ─ ca. 120 auxiliary 120 × ca. 140 1.5 – 1.7 106/117 ─ 120/125 B.4.7 Nassenfels cohors I Breucorum (B.14)(?): 106/117 ~ 120/125 Table 76/1: Auxiliary forts operational during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161)

215

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

Present-day settlement

Type Size Area Periodization cohors Ð 118/137 × 153/160 1.7 106/117 ─ ca. 160 B.4.8 Oberdorf am Ipf cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24) 106/117 ─ ca. 160 I) 106/117 ─ 141 ala 194 × 201 3.9 II) 141 ─ 254 B.4.9 Pförring ala I Flavia singularium (B.6): 106/117 ─ 254 cohors 180 × 180 3.24 106/117 ─ 300 B.4.10 Straubing-III cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16): 106/117 ─ 300 cohors 135 × 132.5 1.79 106/117 ─ ca. 160 B.4.11 Urspring (Lonsee) cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 106/117 ─ ca. 160 I) 2.8 I) 106/117 ─ ca. 160 ala 175 × 179 II)-III) II) ca. 160 ─ ca. 180 B.4.12 Weißenburg-I 3.13 III) ca. 180 ─ 240/250 ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1): 106/117 ─ 240/250 cohors n/a 3.05 106/117 ─ 117/125 B.4.13 Weißenburg-II cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum (B.11): 106/117 ─ 117/125 auxiliary 99.5 × 113.5 1.13 ca. 120 ─ ca. 160/180 B.5.1 Burgsalach-I cohors III Britannorum (B.15)(?): ca. 120 ─ ca. 160/180 I) 117/130 cohors 187/189 × 144/145 2.5 II) 138/161 ─ 254 B.5.2 Pfünz cohors I Breucorum (B.14): 117/130 ─ 254 ala 190 × 197 3.74 117/138 ─ 244/247+ B.5.3 Ruffenhofen unknown ala I) 160 × 142 I) 2.27 cohors eq. ca. 120 ─ 254 II) 196 × 144 II) 2.82 B.5.4 Theilenhofen cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12): ca. 120 ─ 254 auxiliary (?) n/a n/a ca. 106/117 ~ 117/138 D.3 Nördlingen an ala moved to Ruffenhofen afterwards (?) ca. 69/98 ─ ca. 170/1791539 auxiliary (?) n/a n/a Regensburgca. 100 ─ ca. 170/1791540 D.5 Bismarckplatz unknown auxiliary unit Table 76/2: Auxiliary forts operational during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161) Nr.

Present-day settlement

Periodization I) 50/100 ~ ca. 170 unknown n/a n/a II) ca. 170/300 C.3.1 Alkofen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 7] n. s. f. 58.7 × 70-75 0.41-0.44 69 ~ ca. 160 ─ 300 C.3.2 Steinkirchen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 8] fortlet 60 × 70 0.42 106/117 ~ 117 / ca. 160 C.4.1 Deggingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 9] fortlet 50 × 60 0.3 106/117 ─ ca. 160 Donnstetten-I C.4.2 (Römerstein) garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 10] n. s. f. (?) ca. 80 × 80 ca. 0.64 ca. 106/117 ─ ca. 120 C.4.3 Oberhochstatt-II garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 11] n. s. f. 70 × 70 0.49 106/117 ─ 300 C.4.4 Pfatter-Gmünd garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 12] Table 77/1: Fortlets and n. s. f. operational during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161)

1539 1540

Type

Size

RBy 1995, 503. SOMMER 2008c, 269.

216

Area

SUMMARY

Nr.

Type Size Area Periodization n. s. f. 80 × 87 0.696 106/117 ─ 117/138 C.4.5 Unterschwaningen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 13] I) 120/125 ─ 182 n. s. f. 90 × 80 0.72 II) 182 ─ ca. 240/250 C.5.1 Ellingen Pedites singulares reconstructed the numerus-sized fort in 182 under supervision of officers from the legio III Italica (A.1). I) ca. 120 ─ ca. 180 n. s. f. 60 × 60 0.4 II) ca. 180 ─ 254 C.5.2 Oberhochstatt-I garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 11] Table 77/2: Fortlets and n. s. f. operational during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161) Nr.

Present-day settlement

Unit Name

Station Chronology Weißenburg-I (B.4.12) 107/116 ─ 240/250 B.1 – 4.2 [ca. 80 / 254]; B.1 – 3.6 [ca. 100/150]; B.1 – 3.7 [ca. 100/150]; B.1 – 2.2 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 4.3 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 4.4 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.1 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.2 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.3 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.4 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.5 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; D – 3.12 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; B.1 ala I Hispanorum Auriana C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.16 [129/134]; D – 3.14 [ca. 130/230 (117/130)]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.23 [140/141 or 144]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; B.1 – 4.5 [153]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 ~ C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] Heidenheim a.d. Brenz (B.4.5) 106/117 ─ 160±10 B.2 – 3.2 [70/254]; B.2 – 5.1 [82/86 ~ 254]; B.2 – 3.4 [82/86 ~ ca. 170]; B.2 – 2.3 [103 / ca. 125]; B.2 – 3.5 [106/117 ~ ca. 160]; B.2 – 5.2 [106/117 ─ ca. 160]; B.2 – 5.3 [106/117 ─ ca. 160]; B.2 – 5.4 [106/117 ─ ca. 160]; B.2 – 5.5 [106/117 ─ ca. 160]; B.2 – 2.4 [106/254]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C B.2 ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.23 [140/141 or 144]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.27 [1.153 / 3.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160] I) unknown province I) 69/96 ─ 117/121 (Noricum? or Germania?) II) 117/121 ─ 241+ II) Kösching (B.3.4) C – 2.6 [variant 2: 117/121+]; B.3 – 4.1 [ca. 117/121 ~ 241+]; B.3 – 3.1 [ca. 117/121 ~ 241+]; B.3 – 4.2 [117/121 ~ 254]; B.3 – 5.1 [117/121 ─ 241+]; C – 2.9 [variant 3: 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 B.3 ala I Flavia Gemelliana or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variant 2: 139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.23 [140/141 or 144]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; B.3 – 2.1 [141]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [152/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160] Table 78/1: Roman military units present in Raetia during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161)

217

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

Unit Name

Station Chronology Pförring (B.4.) 107 ─ 254 B.6 – 3.1 [90/107 (107) ~ ca. 170]; B.6 – 3.2 [ca. 100/140]; B.6 – 4.1 [106/117 ~ 254]; B.6 – 5.1 [106/117 ~ 254]; D – 5.18 [107/254]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 ala I Flavia singularium / 12.138]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.22 [variant B.6 c. R. p. f. 1: 11.140 – 12.140]; C – 2.23 [140/141 or 144]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; B.6 – 2.4 [141]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [12.10.156 – 12.9.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 – 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160] I) Kösching (B.3.4) I) 80 ─ 116/121 II) Traismauer (Noricum) II) 116/121 ─ 3rd century D – 4.1 [ca. 40 / 254]; B.7 – 3.5 [ca. 100/200]; C – 2.9 [variants 1-2: 117/121]; B.7 – 3.6 [117/121 ~ ca. 160]; B.7 – 3.7 [117/121 ~ ca. 250]; B.7 ala I Augusta Thracum B.7 – 3.8 [117/121 ~ ca. 250 (212 / ca. 280)]; B.7 – 4.1 [117/121 ~ ca. 200]; B.7 – 2.2 [116/138 ~ 254]; B.7 – 3.9 [ca. 130/170]; B.7 – 2.3 [139/144]; B.7 – 4.2 [145/152]; B.7 – 3.10 [ca. 150/200]; D – 4.5 [117/121 ~ 300] I) Burladingen-Hausen (B.4.1)(?) I) ca. 106/117 II) Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) II) ca. 120 ─ ca. 170 (before 179) B.9 – 5.2 [ca. 120/170]; B.9 – 5.3 [ca. 120/170]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.11 [ca. 120/140]; D – 3.4 [ca. 120/170]; D – 3.5 [ca. 120/170]; D – 5.13 [ca. 120/170]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; D – 2.9 [ca. 135/254]; C – 2.18 B.9 cohors II Aquitanorum [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variant 3: 139/140]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.22 [11.140 – 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 – 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] I) unknown Raetian fort I) ca. 100 ─ 118/119 II) Adony (Pannonia) II) after 118/119 C – 2.9 [variant 1: 117 ~ 118/119]; B.10 – 3.1 [118/119 ~ ca. 200]; B.10 B.10 cohors III Batavorum – 3.2 [118/119 ~ ca. 200]; B.10 – 3.3 [118/119 ~ ca. 280]; B.10 – 5.1 [118/119 ~ ca. 280]; B.10 – 3.4 [ca. 138/161]; B.10 – 3.5 [ca. 140/160]; B.10 – 3.6 [ca. 150/200]; B.10 – 4.1 [157/158]; B.10 – 4.2 [157/158]; B.10 – 4.3 [157/158] I) Weißenburg-II (B.4.13) I) 100/110 ─ 117/125 II) Passau-I (B.3.7)(?) II) 117/125 ─ 5th century B.11 – 4.1 [104/106 ~ ca. 120]; D – 3.12 [106/117 ~ 117/125]; C – 2.9 [subvariant 1: 117 ~ 118/119; subvariant 3-4: 118/119 ~ 121; subvariant 6: 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 – B.11 cohors IX Batavorum 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [12.10.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 – 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159 / 9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] Table 78/2: Roman military units present in Raetia during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161)

218

SUMMARY

Nr.

Unit Name

Station Chronology I) Munningen (B.4.6)(?) I) 104±10 (106+) ─ ca. 120 II) Theilenhofen (B.5.4) II) ca. 120 ─ 254 D – 3.3 [ca. 69/300]; B.12 – 3.1 [ca. 86/254]; D – 3.10 [ca. 100/300 (?)];C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; B.12 – 4.1 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.1 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.2 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.3 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.4 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.5 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.6 [ca. 120/254]; D – 4.4 [ca. 138/161 (?)]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or B.12 cohors III Bracaraugustanorum 136]; C – 2.15 [variant 2: 5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variants 2-3: 139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.23 [140/141 or 144]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] Künzing (B.3.5) ca. 80 ─ 300 B.13 – 4.1 [ca. 90/300]; B.13 – 4.2 [ca. 90/300]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variants 2-3: 139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C B.13 cohors V Bracaraugustanorum – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]; C – 2.29 [ 154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9.)157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] I) Nassenfels (B.4.7)(?) II) ca. 106/117 ─ 120/125 II) Pfünz (B.5.2) III) 117/130 ─ 254 B.14 – 2.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 3.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 4.1 [ca. 40/254]; B.14 – 4.2 [86/254]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; B.14 – 2.6 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 4.3 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.1 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.2 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.3 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.4 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.5 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.6 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.7 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 cohors I Breucorum C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; D – 2.9 [ca. 135/254]; B.14 – 2.7 [138/161]; B.14 – 2.8 [138/161]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.22 [variant 2: 11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 9.12.156]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] I) Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) I) 70 ─ 106/117 (ca. 120) II) Burgsalach-I (B.5.1)(?) II) ca. 120 ─ ca. 160/180 B.15 – 5.1 [70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120)]; B.15 – 3.2 [ca. 70/120]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [variant 1: 5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variant 3: 139/140]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 B.15 cohors III Britannorum [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; D – 4.3 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.14 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.15 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.16 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.18 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 3.15 [153/157 ~ 300]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.156 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] Table 78/3: Roman military units present in Raetia during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161)

219

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

Unit Name

Station Chronology Straubing-III (B.4.10) 106/117 ─ 300 B.16 – 5.1 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.2 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.3 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.4 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.5 ~ B.16 – 5.12 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.13 [ca. 90/241+]; D – 5.7 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.8 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.9 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.10 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.11 [81/96 ~ 300]; C – 2.9 [117/121 cohors I Flavia Canathenorum or 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 B.16 ∞ sagittaria [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] I) Eining-I (B.3.1) I) ca. 80 ─ ca. 120 II) unknown Raetian fort II) ca. 120 ─ 254 B.18 – 2.2 [ca. 86/150]; D – 2.3 [ca. 98/138]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; B.18 – 2.3 [117/138 ~ 254]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 B.18 cohors IV Gallorum / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variant 2-3: 139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] Urspring (B.4.11)(?) 106/117 ─ ca. 160 B.19 – 5.1 [106/117 ~ ca. 160]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variants 2-3: 139/140]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 B.19 cohors VI Lusitanorum [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 3.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.156 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] Eislingen-Salach (B.4.2)(?) 110/117 ─ ca. 160 D – 2.4 [ca. 100/200 (?)]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [variant 2: 5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variant 3: 139/140]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; D – 2.10 [ca. 147/148 (106 ~ 147/148]; D B.20 cohors I Raetorum – 2.11 [147/148+ (147/148 ~ ca. 160)]; D – 2.12 [147/148+ (147/148 ~ ca. 160)]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] Table 78/4: Roman military units present in Raetia during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161)

220

SUMMARY

Nr.

Station Chronology Straubing-IV (B.3.11) 69/96 (86/107) ─ ca. 170 D – 5.7 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; D – 5.8 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; D – 5.10 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; D – 5.11 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 4.1 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 5.1 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 5.2 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 5.3 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; D – 2.5 [ca. 100/200]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.10 [ca. 117/138 (or 117/129?)]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; B.21 cohors II Raetorum C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; D – 2.7 [ca. 130/170]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [139/140]; C – 2.22 [variant 1: 11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.156 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] Gnotzheim (B.4.4) 106/117 ─ 254 B.23 – 5.4 [ca. 90/254]; B.23 – 4.1 [106/117 ~ 254 (200?)]; B.23 – 5.5 [106/117 ~ 254]; B.23 – 5.6 [106/117 ~ 254]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [variant 1: 5.129 / 12.129]; D – 2.9 [ca. 135/254]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [139/140]; C – 2.22 B.23 cohors III Thracum c. R. eq. [11.140 / 12.140]; C – 2.24 [140/147]; B. 22 – 2.1 [early 144]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] Oberdorf (B.4.8)(?) 106/117 ─ 160±10 B.24 – 3.1 [ca. 86/107 ~ 254 (200/254)]; C – 2.9 [117/121 or 125/128]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.19 [variant 3: 139/140]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140]; C – B.24 cohors III Thracum veterana 2.24 [140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; C – 2.26 [153/157 ~ 161]; C – 2.28 [10.153 / 12.153]; C – 2.29 [154/161]; C – 2.30 [10.12.156 / 9.12.157]; C – 2.32 [153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157)]; C – 2.33 [(28.9).157]; C – 2.34 [28.9.157]; C – 2.35 [28.9.157]; C – 2.36 [28.9.157]; C – 2.37 [10.12.157 / 7.3.161]; C – 2.38 [12.10.159/9.12.160]; C – 2.39 [18.12.160] I) Britannia I) until ca. 117 II) Eining-I (B.3.1) II) ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 III) Britannia or 122/124) ─ 153 ~ 156/157 III) after 153 ~ 156/157 B.26 cohors II Tungrorum ∞ vexil. C – 2.9 [subvariant 2: 118/119 ~ 121; subvariant 5: 125/128]; B.26 – 2.1 [ca. 120 ~ 153/157];1541 B.26 – 2.2 [ca. 120 ~ 153/157]; D – 5.14 [ca. 120 ~ 153/157]; D – 5.15 [ca. 120 ~ 153/157]; D – 5.16 [ca. 120 ~ 153/157]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.24 [variant 2: 140/147]; C – 2.25 [147]; B.26 – 4.5 ~ B.26 – 4.7 [ca. 155/180]; B.26 – 3.1 [ca. 155/300]; B.26 – 4.1 ~ B.26 – 4.4 [ca. 155/300]; B.26 – 4.8 [ca. 155/300]; B.26 – 2.3 [158] I) Faimingen-I (B.4.3) I) ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or II) Mauretania Tingitana 122/124) ─ 140/144 II) after 140/144 B.27 cohors IV Tungrorum ∞ vexil. C – 2.9 [subvariants 2-3: 118/119 ~ 121; subvariants 5-6: 125/128]; C – 2.12 [122/124]; C – 2.13 [128/129 or 132/133]; C – 2.14 [129 or 132 or 136]; C – 2.15 [5.129 / 12.129]; C – 2.18 [10.7.138 / 12.138]; C – 2.20 [30.10.139]; C – 2.21 [30.10.139]; C – 2.24 [140/147] Table 78/5: Roman military units present in Raetia during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161)

1541

Unit Name

Abbreviation of ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) ─ 153 ~ 156/157.

221

Fig. 72: changes in the Raetian military system during the reign of Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117-161)

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

222

SUMMARY

2.6. THE REIGN OF EMPEROR MARCUS AURELIUS IN THE YEARS PRECEEDING THE MARCOMANNIC WARS (161-166) The early 160s – although a brief period – was hallmarked by an extensive expansion of the Raetian frontier system, with the primary goal of incorporating the fertile, arable lands east of the Neckar and north of the Danube into the Roman Empire.1542 Although the idea of a unified frontier in Middle-Europe possibly originated from Emperor Antoninus Pius – similarly to the Antonine wall –, it was his adoptive son who dealt with the burden of its execution.1543 This should be kept in mind, but for reasons of perspicuity, throughout this book the reorganization of the Raetian frontier in the 160s is referred to as the work of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, while not forgetting the contribution of his adoptive father. Thus all changes in the Raetian military system that occurred in the 160s, are dealt with in this chapter and chronological subgroup.

four other forts at Eislingen-Salach (B.4.2), Urspring (B.4.11), Heidenheim a. d. Brenz (B.4.5) and Oberdorf am Ipf (B.4.8) as well as two Trajanic fortlets at Deggingen (C.4.1) and Donnstetten-I (C.4.2). A significant number of new fortlets and numerus-sized forts were constructed along the entire Raetian section of the limes of which currently fifteen are known at Böhming (C.6.1), Dalkingen (C.6.2), Freimühle (C.6.3), Gunzenhausen (C.6.4), Gündersbach (C.6.5), Güßgraben (C.6.6), Halheim (C.6.7), Hegelohe (C.6.8), Hegelohe-Biebig (C.6.9), Hienheim (C.6.10), Hintere Orthalde (C.6.11), Hinterer Seeberg (C.6.12), Kleindeinbach (C.6.13), Petersbuch (C.6.14) Raitenbuch (C.6.15) and Schlossbuck (C.6.16) [Table 80]. Because of the extensive construction works carried out north of the Danube, several bridges were reconstructed – the dendrochronological dates fall to the years 160±15,1551 corresponding to the construction of new military installations. After the construction of forts and fortlets, the Raetian Limes was reinforced with a continuous palisade.1552

To understand the expansion, one must look at its historical background: the so-called Marcomannic wars broke out in 167,1544 but even before the European Barbaricum was in the centre of imperial attention. In the early 160s (in 161/1621545 or 162/1631546 the Chatti attacked the frontier in Germania and Raetia.1547 Their attack may have been the trigger to the construction of a constantly monitored frontier zone.1548 Such a frontier is visible in the second scene on the column of Marcus Aurelius.1549 The western section of the Raetian Limes was forwarded northwards to incorporate further areas of the agri decumates. Four new forts were constructed on the western section at Aalen (B.6.1), Buch (B.6.2), Schirenhof (B.6.3) and Unterböbingen (B.6.4).1550 These forts relieved

These numerous construction works may be interpreted as a sign of synchronized development on the limes in Germania superior (between Miltenberg and Lorch) and Raetia (between Schirenhof and Hienheim).1553 The frontier system of the two provinces was developed in unison, not only in the joining area but their entire section, from Miltenberg to Hienheim.1554 C. S. Sommer suggested that the lack of manpower may have been the reason for the chronological difference in the construction of the palisade and stone

1542

1549

1543

1550

SOMMER 2012a, 176. Ibid. 160. 1544 KOVÁCS 2005, 173-214, esp. 174-178. 1545 KORTÜM 2006, 45. 1546 KOVÁCS 2005, 176. 1547 HIST. AVG. Aur. 8,7-9. 1548 SOMMER 2012a, 164.

CALDERINI et al. 1896, 52; SOMMER 2012a, 163-164. SOMMER 2012a, 151, 157-162. Ibid. 158-159, fig. 12: CZYSZ – HERZIG 2008a, fig. 3. 1552 SOMMER 2012a, 151, 162-164. 1553 Ibid. 158, fn. 195. 1554 SOMMER 2012a, 160. 1551

223

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

watchtowers as both the construction of new forts and fortlets required considerable effort, thus the establishing of approximately 265 watchtowers in Raetia was no easy task.1555

of both provinces were deployed to the other when necessary (v. s. previous chapters), yet they stood under separate supervision. The Raetian Limes is to be seen as a unified frontier system and no artificial distinction should be made between its western and eastern sections.1557 Changes in the size of watchtowers may indicate that several command areas existed in Raetia,1558 or it may have been the result of different towers being constructed by different auxiliary units. Due to the briefness of this reorganization, no changes occurred in the system of dislocation compared to the previous period.

One difference between the two territories is that while in Germania a wooden palisade system was already established during Emperor Hadrian’s reign and expanded under the rule of Emperor Antoninus Pius, such a palisade was established in Raetia only during the military reorganization of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the 160s.1556 A similar conclusion can be drawn regarding the army: on a general level, the troops Nr. B.3.1

B.3.4

B.3.5

B.3.7 B.3.8 B.3.11 B.4.2

B.4.4

B.4.5 B.4.8

Present-day settlement

Type

Size

Periodization I) 81/96 ─ ca. 160 cohors 147 × 125 1.83 II) ca. 160 ─ 5th century Eining-I cohors III Britannorum (B.15): 153 ~ 156/157 ─ 5th century I) 80 ─ ca. 160 ala 197 × 197 3.9 II) ca. 160 ─ 241+ Kösching ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3): 117/121 ─ 241+ I) ca. 90 ─ ca. 120 cohors 132.5 × 165.5 2.25 II) ca. 120 ─ ca. 130 Künzing III) ca. 130 ─ 4th century cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13): ca. 90 ─ 300 auxiliary n/a n/a 81/96 ─ 5th century Passau-I (Altstadt) th cohors IX Batavorum (B.11): 117/125 ─ 5 century I) n/a I) 1.9 I) 69/70 ─ 120/130 cohors II) 155 × 143 II) 2.2 II) 120/130 ─ ca. 170 (b. 179) Regensburg-Kumpfmühl cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9): ca. 120 ─ ca. 170 (before 179) cohors 180 × (180?) 3.2 (?) 69/96 (86+) ─ ca. 170 Straubing-IV (Westkastell) cohors II Raetorum (B.21): 69/96 (86+) ─ ca. 170 cohors n/a 2.2 110/117 ─ ca. 160 Eislingen-Salach cohors I Raetorum (B.20)(?): 110/117 ─ ca. 160 I) 106/117 ─ ca. 140 cohors 153 × 143 2.2 II) ca. 140 ─ 213 Gnotzheim III) 213 ─ 255 cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23): ca. 140 ─ 254 ala 195 × 271 5.285 106/117 ─ ca. 160 Heidenheim a. d. Brenz ala II Flavia ∞: 106/117 ─ 160 118/137 × cohors Ð 1.7 106/117 ─ ca. 160 153/160 Oberdorf am Ipf cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24): 106/117 ─ ca. 160 Table 79/1: Auxiliary forts operational during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years preceding the Marcomannic Wars (161-166)

1555

1557

1556

1558

Ibid. 160, 163. HIST. AVG. Hadr. 12,6; RBy 1995, 120-121; SOMMER 2012b, 144145.

224

Area

SOMMER 2012a, 158, fn. 94. Ibid. 166, fn. 260: BECKER 2004, 53 ff.

SUMMARY

Nr. B.4.9 B.4.10 B.4.11

B.4.12

B.5.1 B.5.2 B.5.3 B.5.4 B.6.1 B.6.2 B.6.3 B.6.4 D.5

Nr.

Present-day settlement Pförring

Type ala

Size 194 × 201

Area 3.9

Periodization I) 106/117 ─ 141 II) 141 ─ 254

ala I Flavia singularium (B.6): 106/117 ─ 254 cohors 180 × 180 3.24 106/117 (ca. 120) ─ 300 Straubing-III cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16): 106/117 (ca. 120) ─ 300 cohors 135 × 132.5 1.79 106/117 ─ ca. 160 Urspring (Lonsee) cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 106/117 ─ ca. 160 I) 106/117 ─ ca. 160 I) 2.8 ala 175 × 179 II) ca. 160 ─ ca. 180 II)-III) 3.13 Weißenburg-I III) ca. 180 ─ 240/250 ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1): 106/117 ─ 240/250 auxiliary 99.5 × 113.5 1.13 ca. 120 ─ ca. 160/180 Burgsalach-I cohors III Britannorum (B.15)(?): ca. 120 ─ ca. 160/180 187/189 × I) 117/130 cohors 2.5 144/145 II) 138/161 ─ 254 Pfünz cohors I Breucorum (B.14): 117/130 ─ 254 ala 190 × 197 3.74 117/138 ─ 244/247+ Ruffenhofen unknown ala cohors equiI) 160 × 142 I) 2.27 ca. 120 ─ 254 tata II) 196 × 144 II) 2.82 Theilenhofen cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12) ca. 120 ─ 254 ala 277 × 214 6.7 160±10 ─ 254 Aalen ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2): 160±10 ─ 254 149/151 × cohors 2.1 160±10 ─ 254 139.5 Buch (Rainau) cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24): 160±10 ─ 254 cohors 157 × 130.6 2.05 165±8 ─ 254 Schirenhof (Schwäbisch Gmünd) cohors I Raetorum (B.20): 165±8 ─ 254 cohors 148 × 135 1.99 ca. 160 ─ 232+ Unterböbingen cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): ca. 160 ─ 232+ auxiliary (?) n/a n/a ca. 69/98 or 100 ─ ca. 170/179 RegensburgBismarckplatz unknown auxiliary unit Table 79/2: Auxiliary forts operational during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years preceding the Marcomannic Wars (161-166) Present-day settlement

Type

Size

Periodization I) 50/100 ~ ca. 170 unknown n/a n/a II) ca. 170/300 C.3.1 Alkofen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 7] n. s. f. 58.7 × 70-75 0.41-0.44 69 ~ ca. 160 ─ 300 C.3.2 Steinkirchen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 8] fortlet 60 × 70 0.42 106/117 ~ 117 / ca. 160 C.4.1 Deggingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 9] fortlet 50 × 60 0.3 106/117 ─ ca. 160 Donnstetten-I C.4.2 (Römerstein) garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 10] n. s. f. 70 × 70 0.49 106/117 ─ 300 C.4.4 Pfatter-Gmünd garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 12] I) 120/125 ─ 182 n. s. f. 90 × 80 0.72 II) 182 ─ ca. 240/250 C.5.1 Ellingen Pedites singulares reconstructed the numerus-sized fort in 182 under supervision of officers from the legio III Italica (A.1). I) ca. 120 ─ ca. 180 n. s. f. 60 × 60 0.4 II) ca. 180 ─ 254 C.5.2 Oberhochstatt-I garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 11] Table 80/1: Fortlets and numerus-sized forts operational during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years preceding the Marcomannic Wars (161-166)

225

Area

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

Periodization I) ca. 160 ─ 181 n. s. f. 95 × 85 0.741 II) 181 ─ 254 C.6.1 Böhming garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 14] 13.3 × 14.5; 0.019; I) 161/169 ─ 213 limes-gate 12.6 × 9.3 0.012 II) 213 ─ 234 C.6.2 Dalkingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 15] n. s. f. 53 × 55 0.29 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.3 Freimühle garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 16] n. s. f. 86 × 80 0.688 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.4 Gunzenhausen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 17] fortlet 18 × 18 0.0324 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.5 Gündersbach garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 18] fortlet 18.5 × 18.5 0.03 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.6 Güßgraben garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 19] n. s. f. 80 × 82.5 0.67 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.7 Halheim garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 20] fortlet 20.25 × 20.15 0.04 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.8 Hegelohe garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 21] fortlet 39 × 42 0.15 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.9 Hegelohe-Biebig garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 22] fortlet 18 × 18 0.0324 ca. 160+ ─ 254 Hienheim C.6.10 (formerly Wp 15/45) garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 23] fortlet 14.8 × 15.2 0.022 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.11 Hintere Orthalde garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 24] fortlet 17 × 17 0.03 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.12 Hinterer Seeberg garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 25] n. s. f. 24.9 × 24.9 0.06 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.13 Kleindeinbach garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 26] fortlet 20.2 × 20.3 0.041 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.14 Petersbuch garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 27] fortlet 18 × 18 0.032 ca. 160 ─ 206/207 C.6.15 Raitenbuch garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 28] fortlet 20 × 20 0.04 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.16 Schlossbuck garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 29] Table 80/2: Fortlets and numerus-sized forts operational during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years preceding the Marcomannic Wars (161-166) Nr.

Present-day settlement

Type

Size

Unit Name

Area

Station Chronology Weißenburg-I (B.4.11) 107/116 ─ 240/250 B.1 – 4.2 [ca. 80 / 254]; B.1 – 2.2 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 4.3 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 4.4 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.1 [106/117 ~ 254]; B.1 B.1 ala I Hispanorum Auriana – 5.2 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.3 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.4 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.5 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; D – 3.12 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; D – 3.14 [ca. 130/230]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4.166] I) Heidenheim a.d. Brenz (B.4.5) I) 106/117 ─ 160±10 II) Aalen (B.6.1) II) 160±10 ─ 254 B.2 – 3.2 [70/254]; B.2 – 3.4 [82/86 ~ ca. 170]; B.2 – 5.1 [82/86 ~ 254]; B.2 ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. B.2 – 2.4 [106/254]; B.2 – 4.2 [ca. 160/254]; B.2 – 4.3 [ca. 160/254]; B.2 – 5.6 [ca. 160/254]; B.2 – 5.7 [ca. 160/254]; D – 3.16 [ca. 160/254]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; B.2 – 2.5 [163/164]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166]; B.2 – 2.6 [166] Table 81/1: Roman military units present in Raetia during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years preceding the Marcomannic Wars (161-166)

226

SUMMARY

Nr.

Unit Name

Station Chronology Kösching (B.3.4) 117/121 ─ 241+ B.3 – 3.1 [ca. 117/121 ~ 241+]; B.3 – 4.1 [ca. 117/121 ~ 241+]; B.3 – 4.2 B.3 ala I Flavia Gemelliana [117/121 ~ 254]; B.3 – 5.1 [ca. 117/121 ~ 241+]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166]; B.3 – 2.2 [166] Pförring (B.4.9) 107 ─ 254 ala I Flavia singularium B.6 – 3.1 [90/107 (107) ~ ca. 170]; B.6 – 4.1 [106/117 ~ 254]; B.6 – 5.1 B.6 c. R. p. f. [106/117 ~ 254]; D – 5.18 [107/254]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166]; B.6 – 2.5 [166] ca. 120 ─ ca. 170 Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) (before 179) B.9 cohors II Aquitanorum B.9 – 5.2 [ca. 120/170]; B.9 – 5.3 [ca. 120/170]; D – 3.4 [ca. 120/170]; D – 3.5 [ca. 120/170]; D – 5.13 [ca. 120/170]; D – 2.9 [ca. 135/254]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] Passau-I (B.3.7)(?) 117/125 ─ 5th century B.11 cohors IX Batavorum C – 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] Theilenhofen (B.5.4) ca. 120 ─ 254 D – 3.3 [ca. 69/300]; B.12 – 3.1 [ca. 86/254]; D – 3.10 [ca. 100/300 (?)];B.12 – 4.1 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.1 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.2 [ca. B.12 cohors III Bracaraugustanorum 120/254]; B.12 – 5.3 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.4 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.5 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.6 [ca. 120/254]; D – 4.4 [ca. 138/161 (?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; D – 2.13 [161/169]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166] (?); C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] Künzing (B.3.5) ca. 80 ─ 300 B.13 – 4.1 [ca. 90/300]; B.13 – 4.2 [ca. 90/300]; C – 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 B.13 cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] Pfünz (B.5.2) 117/130 ─ 254 B.14 – 2.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 3.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 4.1 [ca. 40/254]; B.14 – 4.2 [86/254]; B.14 – 2.6 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 4.3 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.1 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.2 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.3 [117/130 ~ B.14 cohors I Breucorum 254]; B.14 – 5.4 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.5 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.6 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.7 [117/130 ~ 254]; D – 2.9 [ca. 135/254]; B.14 – 3.3 [161+ (161/254)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] I) unknown Raetian fort I) 106/117 (ca. 120) ─ II) Eining-I (B.3.1) ca. 160 II) ca. 160 ─ 5th century D – 3.15 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 4.3 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.14 [153/157 ~ B.15 cohors III Britannorum 300]; D – 5.15 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.16 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.18 [153/157 ~ 300]; B.15 – 2.1 [ca. 160/300]; B.15 – 4.2 [ca. 160/200]; B.15 – 4.3 [ca. 160/200]; B.15 – 5.2 [ca. 160/300]; C – 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] Straubing-III (B.4.10) 106/117 ─ 300 B.16 – 5.1 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.2 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.3 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.4 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.5 ~ B.16 – 5.12 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.13 cohors I Flavia Canathenorum B.16 [ca. 90/241+]; D – 5.7 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.8 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.9 [81/96 ∞ sagittaria ~ 300]; D – 5.10 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.11 [81/96 ~ 300]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; B.16 – 4.1 [11.4.163]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] unknown Raetian fort ca. 120 ─ 254 B.18 – 2.3 [117/138 ~ 254]; C – 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.42 B.18 cohors IV Gallorum [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] Table 81/2: Roman military units present in Raetia during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years preceding the Marcomannic Wars (161-166)

227

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

Unit Name

Station Chronology Unterböbingen (B.6.4)(?) ca. 160 ─ 232+ B.19 cohors VI Lusitanorum C – 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] I) Eislingen-Salach (B.4.2)(?) I) 110/117 ─ ca. 160 II) Schirenhof (B.6.3) II) 165±8 ─ 254 B.20 cohors I Raetorum D – 2.4 [ca. 100/200 (?)]; B.20 – 2.2 [ca. 165±5/254]; B.20 – 5.1 [ca. 165±5/254]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166] (?); C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] Straubing-IV (B.3.11) 69/96 (86/107) ─ ca. 170 D – 5.7 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; D – 5.8 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; D – 5.10 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; D – 5.11 [69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 4.1 B.21 cohors II Raetorum [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 5.1 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 5.2 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 5.3 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; D – 2.5 [ca. 100/200]; D – 2.7 [ca. 130/170]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166] (?); C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] Gnotzheim (B.4.4) 106/117 ─ 254 B.23 – 5.4 [ca. 90/254]; B.23 – 4.1 [106/117 ~ 254 (200?)]; B.23 – 5.5 [106/117 ~ 254]; B.23 – 5.6 [106/117 ~ 254]; D – 2.9 [ca. 135/254]; C – B.23 cohors III Thracum c. R. eq. 2.41 [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166]; C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] I) Oberdorf (B.4.8)(?) I) 106/117 ─ 160±10 II) Buch (B.6.2)(?) II) 160±10 ─ 254 B.24 – 3.1 [ca. 86/107 ~ 254 (200/254)]; D – 3.16 [ca. 160/254]; C – 2.41 B.24 cohors III Thracum veterana [7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?)]; C – 2.42 [7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?)]; C – 2.43 [variant 2: 162]; C – 2.44 [16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166] (?); C – 2.45 [3.166 / 4. 166] Table 81/3: Roman military units present in Raetia during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the years preceding the Marcomannic Wars (161-166)

228

Fig. 73: changes in the Raetian military system in the years preceding the outbreak of the Marcomannic Wars (161-166)

SUMMARY

229

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

2.7. THE ERA OF THE MARCOMANNIC WARS AND THE REIGN OF EMPEROR COMMODUS (166-192) This period was hallmarked by the expansion and development of the Raetian Limes as well as the recruitment and transfer of the legio III Italica (A.1) to Raetia. During the course of the Marcomannic wars, several forts were destroyed on the eastern Raetian Limes. In order to effectively counter the incursions and the following phases of reconstruction, the adjacent provinces of Germania superior and Raetia were placed under joint command.1559

(B.3.11), Burgsalach-I (B.5.1) and RegensburgBismarckplatz (D.5) and one fortlet (?) at Alkofen (C.3.1) were abandoned or destroyed. Their garrison was either relocated or perished, as the cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9) and the cohors II Raetorum (B.21). Two new fortlets were constructed on the Raetian Limes at Dambach (C.7.1) and Regensburg-Großprüfening (C.7.2). The fortlet at Dambach was soon expanded into a cohors fort (B.7.1).

After the conclusion of the fighting, during the reign of Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, several forts were reconstructed e.g. Aalen (B.6.1), Böhming (C.6.1), Ellingen (C.5.1) and Pfünz (B.5.2). Some forts had their defences reinforced as attested by a series of building inscriptions,1560 and architectural similarities, e.g. the identical ground-plan of semi-circular towers in the forts Weißenburg-I (B.4.12) and Regensburg legionary fortress (A.7.2).1561 As can be seen through the inscriptions, all of these constructions were – at least on an official level – supervised by officers of the legio III Italica. Building inscriptions attest that auxiliary units – e.g. the cohors I Breucorum (B.14) – reconstructed their own fort and fortlets under their supervision.1562 Simultaneously, wooden watchtowers on the Raetian Limes, constructed in the previous period, were replaced with stone buildings, possibly under legionary supervision as well.1563 This phase was not restricted to the mere reinforcement of previously operational watchtowers, as some were demolished and new towers were erected as well.1564 Four forts at Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8), Straubing-IV

Regarding the Roman army of Raetia, the most significant change was the transfer of the legio III Italica to the province. In 165/166, before the outbreak of the Marcomannic wars and the conclusion of the Parthian campaign, Emperor Marcus Aurelius had raised two new legions.1565 These legions were possibly recruited to reinforce the defences on the Middle-European section of the Roman frontiers. (v. s. A.1) After the outbreak of the Marcomannic wars, part of the legio III Italica built and garrisoned the fortress at Eining-Unterfeld (A.7.1) and simultaneously sent soldiers to drive back the invading Germanic tribes from North Italia and Dalmatia.1566 Following the conclusion of the first episodes of the war,1567 both legions remained on the Danubian frontier, the legio III Italica at Regensburg (Castra Regina) in Raetia, the legio II Italica at Lorch (Lauriacum) in Noricum.1568 The legio III Italica manned the fortress at Eining-Unterfeld before 179, when it constructed its fortress at Regensburg (A.7.2).1569 The fortress there served as a station for the legio until the abandonment of Raetia in the 5th century.

1559

1564

DIETZ 1989a, 404-447. A.1 – 2.4 = B.2 – 2.7 [Aalen; ca. 170/200]; A.1 – 2.5 = B.2 – 2.8 [Aalen; ca. 170/200]; A.1 – 2.9 = B.14 – 2.9 [Böhming; 181]; A.1 – 2.14 = B.14 – 2.10 [Pfünz; 183/184]; A.1 – 2.10 [Ellingen; 182]. 1561 GRÖNKE – WEINLICH 1991, 53; SOMMER 2012a, 167, fn. 267. 1562 B.14 – 2.9 [Böhming; 181]; B.14 – 2.10 [Pfünz; 183/184]. 1563 SOMMER 2012a, 176.

SOMMER 2012a, 166. DIO hist. 55,24,4; HIST. AVG. Aur. 21,8; OROS. hist. 7,15,6; CIL VI, 1377 = 41142 [Roma; ca. 170]; KOVÁCS 2005, 177. 1566 A.1 – 2.4 [Solin; 165/166 ~ 170]. 1567 KOVÁCS 2005, 174. 1568 GONZALEZ 2003, 96-98, 149-150. 1569 A.1 – 2.5 [Regensburg; 179].

1560

1565

230

SUMMARY

Nr.

Present-day settlement

Type Size Area Periodization vexillatio 328 × 320 10.6 ca. 165/166 ─ 179 A.7.1 Eining-Unterfeld Soldiers from the legio III Italica (A.1) and auxiliaries drawn as a vexillatio. legio 542 × 453 24.55 179 ─ 5th century Regensburg A.7.2 th legionary fortress legio III Italica (A.1): 179 ─ 5 century I) 81/96 ─ ca. 160 cohors 147 × 125 1.83 II) ca. 160 ─ 5th century B.3.1 Eining-I cohors III Britannorum (B.15): 153 ~ 156/157 ─ 5th century I) 80 ─ ca. 160 ala 197 × 197 3.9 II) ca. 160 ─ 241+ B.3.4 Kösching ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3): 117/121 ─ 241+ I) ca. 90 ─ ca. 120 cohors 132.5 × 165.5 2.25 II) ca. 120 ─ ca. 130 B.3.5 Künzing III) ca. 130 ─ 4th century cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13): ca. 90 ─ 300 auxiliary n/a n/a 81/96 ─ 5th century B.3.7 Passau-I (Altstadt) th cohors IX Batavorum (B.11): 117/125 ─ 5 century I) n/a I) 1.9 I) 69/70 ─ 120/130 cohors II) 155 × 143 II) 2.2 II) 120/130 ─ ca. 170 (b. 179) B.3.8 Regensburg-Kumpfmühl cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9) ca. 120 ─ ca. 170 (before 179) cohors 180 × (180?) 3.2 (?) 69/96 (86+) ─ ca. 170 Straubing-IV B.3.11 (Westkastell) cohors II Raetorum (B.21): 69/96 (86+) ─ ca. 170 I) 106/117 ─ ca. 140 cohors 153 × 143 2.2 II) ca. 140 ─ 213 B.4.4 Gnotzheim III) 213 ─ 255 cohors III Thracum c. R.: (B.23) ca. 140 ─ 254 I) 106/117 ─ 141 ala 194 × 201 3.9 II) 141 ─ 254 B.4.9 Pförring ala I Flavia singularium (B.6): 106/117 ─ 254 cohors 180 × 180 3.24 106/117 (ca. 120) ─ 300 B.4.10 Straubing-III cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16): 106/117 (ca. 120) ─ 300 I) 2.8 I) 106/117 ─ ca. 160 ala 175 × 179 II)-III) II) ca. 160 ─ ca. 180 B.4.12 Weißenburg-I 3.13 III) ca. 180 ─ 240/250 ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1): 106/117 ─ 240/250 auxiliary 99.5 × 113.5 1.13 ca. 120 ─ ca. 160/180 B.5.1 Burgsalach-I cohors III Britannorum (B.15)(?): ca. 120 ─ ca. 160/180 187/189 × I) 117/130 cohors 2.5 144/145 II) 138/161 ─ 254 B.5.2 Pfünz cohors I Breucorum (B.14): 117/130 ─ 254 ala 190 × 197 3.74 117/138 ─ 244/247+ B.5.3 Ruffenhofen unknown ala I) 160 × 142 I) 2.27 cohors equitata ca. 120 ─ 254 II) 196 × 144 II) 2.82 B.5.4 Theilenhofen cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12): ca. 120 ─ 254 ala 277 × 214 6.7 160±10 ─ 254 B.6.1 Aalen ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2): 160±10 ─ 254 149/151 × cohors 2.1 160±10 ─ 254 139.5 B.6.2 Buch (Rainau) cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24): 160±10 ─ 254 cohors 157 × 130.6 2.05 165±8 ─ 254 Schirenhof B.6.3 (Schwäbisch Gmünd) cohors I Raetorum (B.20): 165±8 ─ 254 cohors 148 × 135 1.99 ca. 160 ─ 232+ B.6.4 Unterböbingen cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): ca. 160 ─ 232+ cohors 187 × 115 2.15 ca. 180 ─ 254 B.7.1 Dambach-II cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9): ca. 180 ─ 254 auxiliary (?) n/a n/a ca. 69/98 or 100 ─ ca. 170/179 RegensburgD.5 Bismarckplatz unknown auxiliary unit Table 82: Auxiliary forts operational during the Marcomannic wars and the reign of Emperor Commodus (166-192)

231

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr. C.3.1 C.3.2 C.4.4

C.5.1

C.5.2

C.6.1

C.6.2 C.6.3 C.6.4 C.6.5 C.6.6 C.6.7 C.6.8 C.6.9 C.6.10 C.6.11 C.6.12 C.6.13 C.6.14 C.6.15 C.6.16

Present-day settlement

Type

Size

Periodization I) 50/100 ~ ca. 170 unknown n/a n/a II) ca. 170/300 Alkofen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 7] n. s.f. 58.7 × 70-75 0.41-0.44 69 ~ ca. 160 ─ 300 Steinkirchen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 8] n. s. f. 70 × 70 0.49 106/117 ─ 300 Pfatter-Gmünd garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 12] I) 120/125 ─ 182 n. s. f. 90 × 80 0.72 II) 182 ─ ca. 240/250 Ellingen Pedites singulares reconstructed this numerus-sized fort in 182 under supervision of officers from the legio III Italica. I) ca. 120 ─ ca. 180 n. s. f. 60 × 60 0.4 II) ca. 180 ─ 254 Oberhochstatt-I garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 11] I) ca. 160 ─ 181 n. s. f. 95 × 85 0.741 II) 181 ─ 254 Böhming garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 14] 13.3 × 14.5 0.019 I) 161/169 ─ 213 limes-gate and 12.6 × 9.3 0.012 II) 213 ─ 234 Dalkingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 15] n. s. f. 53 × 55 0.29 ca. 160 ─ 254 Freimühle garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 16] n. s. f. 86 × 80 0.688 ca. 160 ─ 254 Gunzenhausen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 17] fortlet 18 × 18 0.0324 ca. 160+ ─ 254 Gündersbach garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 18] fortlet 18.5 × 18.5 0.03 ca. 160 ─ 254 Güßgraben garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 19] n. s. f. 80 × 82.5 0.67 ca. 160 ─ 254 Halheim garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 20] fortlet 20.25 × 20.15 0.04 ca. 160+ ─ 254 Hegelohe garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 21] fortlet 39 × 42 0.15 ca. 160+ ─ 254 Hegelohe-Biebig garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 22] fortlet 18 × 18 0.0324 ca. 160+ ─ 254 Hienheim (formerly Wp 15/45) garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 23] fortlet 14.8 × 15.2 0.022 ca. 160 ─ 254 Hintere Orthalde garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 24] fortlet 17 × 17 0.03 ca. 160+ ─ 254 Hinterer Seeberg garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 25] n. s. f. 24.9 × 24.9 0.06 ca. 160 ─ 254 Kleindeinbach garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 26] fortlet 20.2 × 20.3 0.041 ca. 160+ ─ 254 Petersbuch garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 27] fortlet 18 × 18 0.032 ca. 160 ─ 206/207 Raitenbuch garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 28] fortlet 20 × 20 0.04 ca. 160 ─ 254 Schlossbuck garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 29] Table 83/1: Fortlets and numerus-sized forts operational during the Marcomannic wars and the reign of Emperor Commodus (166-192)

232

Area

SUMMARY

Nr. C.7.1 C.7.2

Nr. A.1

B.1

B.2

B.3

B.6

B.9

B.11

B.12

B.13

1570 1571

Present-day settlement

Type Size Area Periodization n. s. f. 115 × 85 0.978 ca. 170/180 Dambach-I garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 30] I) 179 ─ 254 n. s. f. 60 × 80 0.47 RegensburgII) 254 ─ 260/270 Großprüfening soldiers from the legio III Italica (A.1) Table 83/2: Fortlets and numerus-sized forts operational during the Marcomannic wars and the reign of Emperor Commodus (166-192) Unit Name

Station Chronology I) Eining-Unterfeld (A.7.1)1570 I) 165/166─ 179 II) Regensburg legionary fortress (A.7.2) II) 179 ─ 5th century legio III Italica 1571 A.1 – 2.1 ~ A.1 – 2.17; A.1 – 3.1 ~ A.1 – 3.45; A.1 – 4.1 ~ A.1 – 4.27; A.1 – 5.1 ~ A.1 – 5.24 Weißenburg-I (B.4.12) 107/116 ─ 240/250 B.1 – 4.2 [ca. 80 / 254]; B.1 – 2.2 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 4.3 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 4.4 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.1 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; ala I Hispanorum Auriana B.1 – 5.2 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.3 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.4 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.5 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; D – 3.12 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; D – 3.14 [ca. 130/230]; C – 2.46 [165/166] I) Heidenheim a.d. Brenz (B.4.5) I) 106/117 ─ 160±10 II) Aalen (B.6.1) II) 160±10 ─ 254 B.2 – 3.2 [70/254]; B.2 – 5.1 [82/86 ~ 254]; B.2 – 2.4 [106/254]; B.2 – 4.2 ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. [ca. 160/254]; B.2 – 5.6 [ca. 160/254]; B.2 – 4.3 [ca. 160/254]; B.2 – 5.7 [ca. 160/254]; D – 3.16 [ca. 160/254]; B.2 – 2.6 [166]; C – 2.46 [165/166]; B.2 – 2.7 [ca. 170/200]; B.2 – 2.8 [ca. 170/230]; B.2 – 3.6 [ca. 170/254]; B.2 – 3.7 [ca. 170/200] Kösching (B.3.4) 117/121 ─ 241+ B.3 – 3.1 [ca. 117/121 ~ 241+]; B.3 – 4.1 [ca. 117/121 ~ 241+]; B.3 – 4.2 ala I Flavia Gemelliana [117/121 ~ 254]; B.3 – 5.1 [117/121 ~ 241+]; B.3 – 2.2 [166]; C – 2.46 [165/166] Pförring (B.4.9) 107 ─ 254 ala I Flavia singularium B.6 – 3.1 [90/107 (107) ~ ca. 170]; B.6 – 4.1 [106/117 ~ 254]; B.6 – 5.1 c. R. p. f. [106/117 ~ 254]; D – 5.18 [107/254]; C – 2.46 [165/166]; B.6 – 2.6 [ca. 180/190] I) Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) I) 107/116 ─ ca. 180 II) Dambach-II (B.7.1) II) ca. 180 ─ 254 cohors II Aquitanorum D – 3.4 [ca. 120/170]; D – 3.5 [ca. 120/170]; D – 5.13 [ca. 120/170]; B.9 – 5.2 [ca. 120/170]; B.9 – 5.3 [ca. 120/170]; D – 2.9 [ca. 135/254]; C – 2.46 [165/166]; B.9 – 5.4 [ca. 180 ~ 254] Passau-I (B.3.7)(?) 117/125 ─ 5th century cohors IX Batavorum C – 2.46 [165/166] Theilenhofen (B.5.4) ca. 120 ─ 254 D – 3.3 [ca. 69/300]; B.12 – 3.1 [ca. 86/254]; D – 3.10 [ca. 100/300 (?)];B.12 – 4.1 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.1 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.2 [ca. cohors III Bracaraugustanorum 120/254]; B.12 – 5.3 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.4 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.5 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.6 [ca. 120/254]; D – 4.4 [ca. 138/161 (?)]; D – 2.13 [161/169]; C – 2.46 [165/166] Künzing (B.3.5) ca. 80 ─ 300 cohors V Bracaraugustanorum B.13 – 4.1 [ca. 90/300]; B.13 – 4.2 [ca. 90/300]; C – 2.46 [165/166] Table 84/1: Roman military units present in Raetia during the Marcomannic wars and the reign of Emperor Commodus (166-192)

As vexillatio, other soldiers of the legion were present in the North Italian and Dalmatian theatre of war [v. s. A.7.1]. Because of their significant quantity, the inscriptions related to the legio are presented here in abbreviated form.

233

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

B.14

B.15

B.16

B.18 B.19

B.20

B.21

B.23

B.24

Unit Name

Station Chronology Pfünz (B.5.2) 117/130 ─ 254 B.14 – 2.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 3.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 4.1 [ca. 40/254]; B.14 – 4.2 [86/254]; B.14 – 2.6 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 4.3 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.1 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.2 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.3 [117/130 ~ cohors I Breucorum 254]; B.14 – 5.4 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.5 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.6 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.7 [117/130 ~ 254]; D – 2.9 [ca. 135/254]; B.14 – 3.3 [161+ (161/254)]; B.14 – 2.9 [181]; B.14 – 2.10 [183/184]; C – 2.46 [165/166] I) unknown Raetian fort I) 106/117 (ca. 120) ─ II) Eining-I (B.3.1) ca. 160 II) ca. 160 ─ 5th century cohors III Britannorum D – 3.15 [ca. 153/157 ~ 300]; D – 4.3 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.14 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.15 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.16 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.18 [153/157 ~ 300]; B.15 – 2.1 [ca. 160/300]; B.15 – 4.2 [ca. 160/200]; B.15 – 4.3 [ca. 160/200]; B.15 – 5.2 [ca. 160/300]; C – 2.46 [165/166] Straubing-III (B.4.10) 106/117 ─ 300 B.16 – 5.1 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.2 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.3 [ca. 90/300]; cohors I Flavia Canathenorum B.16 – 5.4 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.5 ~ B.16 – 5.12 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.13 ∞ sagittaria [ca. 90/241+]; D – 5.7 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.8 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.10 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.11 [81/96 ~ 300]; C – 2.46 [165/166] unknown Raetian fort ca. 120 ─ 254 cohors IV Gallorum B.18 – 2.3 [117/138 ~ 254]; C – 2.46 [165/166] Unterböbingen (B.6.4)(?) ca. 160 ─ 232+ cohors VI Lusitanorum C – 2.46 [165/166] I) Eislingen-Salach (B.4.2)(?) I) 110/117 ─ ca. 160 II) Schirenhof (B.6.3) II) 165±8 ─ 254 cohors I Raetorum D – 2.4 [ca. 100/200 (?)]; B.20 – 2.2 [ca. 165±5/254]; B.20 – 5.1 [ca. 165±5/254]; C – 2.46 [165/166] Straubing-IV (B.3.11) 69/96 (86/107) ─ ca. 170 B.21 – 4.1 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 5.1 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 5.2 cohors II Raetorum [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; B.21 – 5.3 [86/107 ~ ca. 170]; D – 2.5 [ca. 100/200]; D – 2.7 [ca. 130/170]; C – 2.46 [165/166] Gnotzheim (B.4.4) 106/117 ─ 254 B.23 – 5.4 [ca. 90/254]; B.23 – 4.1 [106/117 ~ 254 (200?)]; B.23 – 5.5 cohors III Thracum c. R. eq. [106/117 ~ 254]; B.23 – 5.6 [106/117 ~ 254]; D – 2.9 [ca. 135/254]; C – 2.46 [165/166] I) Oberdorf (B.4.8)(?) I) 106/117 ─ 160±10 II) Buch (B.6.2)(?) II) 160±10 ─ 254 cohors III Thracum veterana B.24 – 3.1 [ca. 86/107 ~ 254 (200/254)]; D – 3.16 [ca. 160/254]; C – 2.46 [165/166] Table 84/2: Roman military units present in Raetia during the Marcomannic wars and the reign of Emperor Commodus (166-192)

234

Fig. 74: changes in the Raetian military system during the reign of Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Commodus’ reign (166-192)

SUMMARY

235

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

8. THE ERA OF THE SEVERAN DYNASTY AND IN THE YEARS PRECEDING THE DOWNFALL OF THE RAETIAN LIMES (193-254) III Augusta (A.2).1582 Starting from the 230s both the strength and frequency of Germanic attacks increased on the Raetian Limes. The baths of several forts were reduced in size and their gates were walled up to augment defences.1583

Severan Emperors did not construct any new forts in Raetia in areas that were not already protected by a previously built military installation. Reconstructions, however, occurred often due to the increasing number of raids and incursions, e.g. in 213 at Gnotzheim (B.4.4), Dalkingen (C.6.2). In the last decade of the 2nd century and the following years the road system of Raetia was extensively renovated, as attested by a significant number of milestones.1572 In 206/207 a wall was raised along the Raetian Limes.1573 The construction of the limes wall replacing the palisade led to a reorganization of the system of watchtowers and brought on the abandonment of the fortlet near Raitenbuch (C.6.15).1574 At the same time, forts on the Raetian Limes, in Germania superior1575 and other North European provinces were renovated, as attested by a series of building inscriptions from Aalen (B.6.1).1576

The existence of two parallel lines of fortifications between Ellingen (C.5.1) and Böhming (C.6.1) as well as between Burgsalach in der Harlach (C.8.1) and Kösching indicate that some of the forts were abandoned before 254.1584 Amongst these, Kösching (B.3.4) was given up after its garrison, the ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3) was transferred to the eastern frontier.1585 Similarly, Faimingen-II (B.8.1) was abandoned after the soldiers of the restored legio III Augusta (A.2) were returned to Africa.1586 Due to internal conflicts, the Roman Empire was not able to meet the growing pressure on the frontiers. In the summer of 253, following the death of Emperor Trebonianus Gallus, the Roman Army of Raetia proclaimed Gallus’ general, P. Licinius Valerianus emperor.1587 Valerian marched to Rome in August 253,1588 leaving the Raetian frontier weakened. In the spring of 254, a Germanic attack brought about the destruction of the entire Raetian Limes. On the limes 11 forts were destroyed at Gnotzheim (B.4.4), Pförring (B.4.9), Weißenburg-I (B.4.12), Pfünz (B.5.2), Ruffenhofen (B.5.3), Theilenhofen (B.5.4), Aalen (B.6.1), Buch-Rainau (B.6.2), SchirenhofSchwäbisch Gmünd (B.6.3), Unterböbingen (B.6.4) and Dambach-II (B.7.1).

In 212 Emperor Caracalla visited Raetia,1577 and due to the imperial visit, the roads and bridges near Faimingen were reconstructed.1578 The Emperor led a successful campaign against Germanic tribes,1579 and in the next year a triumphal arch was erected near Dalkingen to commemorate his triumph.1580 Litterae aureae and inscriptions recovered from several forts may also be related to this imperial victory.1581 During this period, a new Roman fort was constructed near Faimingen (B.8.1) and a new fortlet at Burgsalach in der Harlach (C.8.1), both possibly in connection with the Raetian presence of the legio 1572 A.1 – 2.11 [Nassenfels; 195 (215)2]; A.1 – 2.12 [Burgweinting; 195 (215)2]; A.1 – 2.14 [Bergheim; 201]; A.1 – 2.15 [Nassenfels; 201]; A.1 – 2.16 [Kösching; 201]. 1573 SOMMER 2012a, 168-170, 176. 1574 Id. 2010a, 290-291. 1575 STEIDL 2008b, 137-139, 199; SOMMER 2012a, 170, fn. 290. 1576 A.1 – 2.5 = B.2 – 2.8; B.2 – 2.9; B.2 – 2.10; B.2 – 2.11. 1577 See: HERODIAN. hist. 4,7,1-2. 1578 AE 1985, 697 = Lupa 10333 [Gundelfingen; 213]. 1579 CIL VI, 2086 = ACT. Arv. a. 212: 'fratres Arvales co{m}venerunt quod dominus n(oster) Imp(erator) sanctissim(us) Pius M(arcus) Aurel{l}ius Antoninus Aug(ustus) pont(ifex) max(imus) per limitem Raetiae ad hostes extirpandos barbarorum (terram) introiturus est ut ea res ei

prospere feliciterque cedat' see: KIENAST 1996, 162; WIEGELS 2014, 106, fn. 46. 1580 HENSEN 1994, 219-254; SOMMER 2012a, 170, fn. 296-297. 1581 B.14 – 2.12 [Pfünz; 211/213]; IBR 280 [Pfünz; ca. 213]; IBR 308310 [Gnotzheim; ca. 213]. 1582 SOMMER 2014. 1583 REUTER 2007, 123-133; SOMMER 2012a, 172, fn. 314, 316. 1584 REUTER 2007, 93, 95, 103-105; SOMMER 2012a, 171. 1585 REUTER 2007, 104-105, esp. 105. 1586 SOMMER 2014. 1587 OROS. hist. 7,22,1 see: KIENAST 1996, 209, 212. 1588 KIENAST 1996, 214.

236

SUMMARY

Further 19 fortlets were destroyed at Ellingen (C.5.1), Oberhochstatt-I (C.5.2), Böhming (C.6.1), Dalkingen (C.6.2), Freimühle (C.6.3), Gunzenhausen (C.6.4), Gündersbach (C.6.5), Güßgraben (C.6.6), Halheim (C.6.7), Hegelohe (C.6.8), Hegelohe-Biebig (C.6.9), Hienheim (C.6.10), Hintere Orthalde (C.6.1), Hinterer Seeberg (C.6.12), Kleindeinbach (C.6.13), Petersbuch (C.6.14), Raitenbuch (C.6.15), Schlossbuck (C.6.16) and Dambach-I (C.7.1).1589

the agri decumates, were lost permanently [Fig. 75]. The Raetian Limes collapsed and the provincial border was re-established along the Rhine, Iller and Danube. While Emperor Valerian marched east to deal with the Sasanid Shapur I, he left his son and co-regent, Emperor Gallienus to deal with the western half of the empire.1591 He fended off several Germanic attacks, the most significant being the incursion in 259, when Germanic tribes exploited that Emperor Gallienus drew soldiers away from Raetia for his campaign against the usurper Ingenuus,1592 and broke into the Italian peninsula. The invaders were halted in the outskirts of Rome and were crushed near Mediolanum on their retreat.1593

The Limesfall was not a planned abandonment, as attested by the high number of units destroyed in Raetia or partially withdrawn and perished during Emperor Valerian’s eastern campaign,1590 including 4 alae: ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1), ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2), ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3), ala I Flavia singularium c. R. p. f. (B.6) and 9 cohortes: cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12), cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13), cohors I Breucorum (B.14), cohors I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sagittaria (B.16), cohors IV Gallorum (B.18), cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19), cohors I Raetorum (B.20), cohors III Thracum c. R. eq. (B.23), cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24). Due to the Limesfall a significant portion of the province, mostly territories of Nr. A.7.2 B.3.1

B.3.4

Present-day settlement Regensburg, legionary fortress

Most of the military installations in Raetia along the Danube remained operational, with only a handful of forts and fortlets having been abandoned during the second half of the 3rd century, e.g. Straubing-III (B.4.10), Steinkirchen (C.3.2), Pfatter-Gmünd (C.4.4) and RegensburgGroßprüfening (C.7.2). Two auxiliary units, the cohors IX Batavorum (B.11) and the cohors III Britannorum (B.15) survived the Germanic incursions and were active in Raetia in the end of the 4th century.1594

Type Size Area legio 542 × 453 24.55 legio III Italica (A.1): 179 ─ 5th century

Periodization 179 ─ 5th century

I) 81/96 ─ ca. 160 II) ca. 160 ─ 5th century cohors III Britannorum (B.15): 153 ~ 156/157 ─ 5th century I) 80 ─ ca. 160 ala 197 × 197 3.9 II) ca. 160 ─ 241+ Kösching ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3): 117/121 ─ 241+ Table 85/1: Auxiliary forts operational in the era of the Severan dynasty and in the years preceding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193-254) Eining-I

cohors

147 × 125

1589

1593

1590

1594

See: REUTER 2007, 77-149. KIENAST 1996, 214. 1591 Ibid. 218-219. 1592 Ibid. 223.

1.83

See: GOLTZ – HARTMANN 2008, 223-295. NOT. dign. occ. 35,1,11: 'Tribunus cohortis novae Batavorum, Batavis'; NOT. dign. occ. 35,1,12: 'Tribunus cohortis tertiae Brittorum, Abusina'.

237

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

Present-day settlement

Nr.

Present-day settlement

Type

Size

Area

Periodization I) ca. 90 ─ ca. 120 cohors 132.5 × 165.5 2.25 II) ca. 120 ─ ca. 130 B.3.5 Künzing III) ca. 130 ─ 4th century cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13): ca. 90 ─ 300 auxiliary n/a n/a 81/96 ─ 5th century B.3.7 Passau-I (Altstadt) cohors IX Batavorum (B.11) 117/125 ─ 5th century I) 106/117 ─ ca. 140 cohors 153 × 143 2.2 II) ca. 140 ─ 213 B.4.4 Gnotzheim III) 213 ─ 255 cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23): ca. 140 ─ 254 I) 106/117 ─ 141 ala 194 × 201 3.9 II) 141 ─ 254 B.4.9 Pförring ala I Flavia singularium (B.6): 106/117 ─ 254 cohors 180 × 180 3.24 106/117 (ca. 120) ─ 300 B.4.10 Straubing-III cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16): 106/117 (ca. 120) ─ 300 I) 2.8 I) 106/117 ─ ca. 160 ala 175 × 179 II)-III) II) ca. 160 ─ ca. 180 B.4.12 Weißenburg-I 3.13 III) ca. 180 ─ 240/250 ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1): 106/117 ─ 240/250 187/189 × I) 117/130 cohors 2.5 144/145 II) 138/161 ─ 254 B.5.2 Pfünz cohors I Breucorum (B.14): 117/130 ─ 254 ala 190 × 197 3.74 117/138 ─ 244/247+ B.5.3 Ruffenhofen unknown ala I) 160 × 142 I) 2.27 cohors equitata ca. 120 ─ 254 II) 196 × 144 II) 2.82 B.5.4 Theilenhofen cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12): ca. 120 ─ 254 ala 277 × 214 6.7 160±10 ─ 254 B.6.1 Aalen ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2): 160±10 ─ 254 149/151 × cohors 2.1 160±10 ─ 254 139.5 B.6.2 Buch (Rainau) cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24): 160±10 ─ 254 cohors 157 × 130.6 2.05 165±8 ─ 254 Schirenhof B.6.3 (Schwäbisch Gmünd) cohors I Raetorum (B.20): 165±8 ─ 254 cohors 148 × 135 1.99 ca. 160 ─ 232+ B.6.4 Unterböbingen cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): ca. 160 ─ 232+ cohors 187 × 115 2.15 ca. 180 ─ 254 B.7.1 Dambach-II cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9): ca. 180 ─ 254 auxiliary 200/250 × 270 5.7 240/254 B.8.1 Faimingen-II unknown garrison Table 85/2: Auxiliary forts operational in the era of the Severan dynasty and in the years preceding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193-254) Type Size Area Periodization n. s. f. 58.7 × 70-75 0.41-0.44 69 ~ ca. 160 ─ 300 C.3.2 Steinkirchen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 8] n. s. f. 70 × 70 0.49 106/117 ─ 300 C.4.4 Pfatter-Gmünd garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 12] I) 120/125 ─ 182 n. s. f. 90 × 80 0.72 II) 182 ─ ca. 240/250 C.5.1 Ellingen Pedites singulares reconstructed this numerus-sized fort in 182 under supervision of officers from the legio III Italica (A.1). I) ca. 120 ─ ca. 180 n. s. f. 60 × 60 0.4 II) ca. 180 ─ 254 C.5.2 Oberhochstatt-I garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 11] Table 86/1: Fortlets and numerus-sized forts operational in the era of the Severan dynasty and in the years preceding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193-254)

238

SUMMARY

Nr.

Periodization I) ca. 160 ─ 181 n. s. f. 95 × 85 0.741 II) 181 ─ 254 C.6.1 Böhming garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 14] 13.3 × 14.5 0.019 I) 161/169 ─ 213 limes-gate and 12.6 × 9.3 0.012 II) 213 ─ 234 C.6.2 Dalkingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 15] n. s. f. 53 × 55 0.29 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.3 Freimühle garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 16] n. s. f. 86 × 80 0.688 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.4 Gunzenhausen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 17] fortlet 18 × 18 0.0324 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.5 Gündersbach garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 18] fortlet 18.5 × 18.5 0.03 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.6 Güßgraben garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 19] n. s. f. 80 × 82.5 0.67 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.7 Halheim garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 20] fortlet 20.25 × 20.15 0.04 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.8 Hegelohe garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 21] fortlet 39 × 42 0.15 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.9 Hegelohe-Biebig garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 22] fortlet 18 × 18 0.0324 ca. 160+ ─ 254 Hienheim C.6.10 (formerly Wp 15/45) garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 23] fortlet 14.8 × 15.2 0.022 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.11 Hintere Orthalde garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 24] fortlet 17 × 17 0.03 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.12 Hinterer Seeberg garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 25] n. s. f. 24.9 × 24.9 0.06 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.13 Kleindeinbach garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 26] fortlet 20.2 × 20.3 0.041 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.14 Petersbuch garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 27] fortlet 18 × 18 0.032 ca. 160 ─ 206/207 C.6.15 Raitenbuch garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 28] fortlet 20 × 20 0.04 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.16 Schlossbuck garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 29] n. s. f. 115 × 85 0.978 ca. 170/180 C.7.1 Dambach-I garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 30] I) 179 ─ 254 n. s. f. 60 × 80 0.47 RegensburgII) 254 ─ 260/270 C.7.2 Großprüfening soldiers from the legio III Italica fortlet 32.6 × 32.6 0.11 238 ─ 253 C.8.1 Burgsalach in der Harlach soldiers (centuria) from the legio III Augusta: 238 ─ 253 Table 86/2: Fortlets and numerus-sized forts operational in the era of the Severan dynasty and in the years preceding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193-254) Nr.

Present-day settlement

Type

Size

Area

Station Chronology Regensburg legionary fortress (A.7.2) 179 ─ 5th century A.1 legio III Italica A.1 – 2.1 ~ A.1 – 2.17; A.1 – 3.1 ~ A.1 – 3.45; A.1 – 4.1 ~ A.1 – 4.27; A.1 – 5.1 ~ A.1 – 5.24 summer 238 ─ Burgsalach in der Harlach (C.8.1)1595 autumn 253 A.2 legio III Augusta A.2 – 3.1 [253/260]; A.2 – 3.2 [238/253+]; A.2 – 2.1 [22.10.253]; A.2 – 5.1 [238] Table 87/1: Roman military units present in Raetia in the era of the Severan dynasty and in the years preceding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193-254)

1595

Unit Name

Soldiers of the disbanded legio may have been scattered in several fortlets on the eastern section of the Raetian Limes (v. s. A.2).

239

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

Unit Name

Station Chronology Weißenburg-I (B.4.12) 107/116 ─ 240/250 B.1 – 4.2 [ca. 80/254]; B.1 – 2.2 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 4.3 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 4.4 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.1 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 ala I Hispanorum Auriana B.1 – 5.2 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.3 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.4 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; B.1 – 5.5 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; D – 3.12 [106/117 ~ 240/250]; D – 3.14 [ca. 130/230] Aalen (B.6.1) 160±10 ─ 254 B.2 – 3.2 [70/254]; B.2 – 5.1 [82/86 ~ 254]; B.2 – 2.4 [106/254]; B.2 – 4.2 [ca. 160/254]; B.2 – 5.6 [ca. 160/254]; B.2 – 4.3 [ca. 160/254]; B.2 – 5.7 B.2 ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. [ca. 160/254]; D – 3.16 [ca. 160/254]; B.2 – 2.7 [ca. 170/200]; B.2 – 2.8 [ca. 170/230]; B.2 – 3.6 [ca. 170/254]; B.2 – 3.7 [ca. 170/200]; B.2 – 2.9 [208]; B.2 – 2.10 [208]; B.2 – 2.11 [208]; B.2 – 2.12 [222/235] Kösching (B.3.4) 117/121 ─ 241+ B.3 ala I Flavia Gemelliana B.3 – 3.1 [ca. 117/121 ~ 241+]; B.3 – 4.1 [ca. 117/121 ~ 241+]; B.3 – 4.2 [117/121 ~ 254]; B.3 – 5.1 [117/121 ~ 241+] Pförring (B.4.9) 107 ─ 254 ala I Flavia singularium B.6 B.6 – 4.1 [106/117 ~ 254]; B.6 – 5.1 [106/117 ~ 254]; D – 5.18 [107/254]; c. R. p. f. B.6 – 2.6 [ca. 180/190]; B.6 – 4.2 [ca. 200/254]; B.6 – 4.3 [23.5.231] Dambach-II (B.7.1) ca. 180 ─ 254 B.9 cohors II Aquitanorum D – 2.9 [ca. 135/254]; B.9 – 5.4 [ca. 180 ~ 254] Passau-I (B.3.7)(?) 117/125 ─ 5th century B.11 cohors IX Batavorum B.11 – 2.1 [ca. 200/250]; indirectly NOT. dign. occ. 35 Theilenhofen (B.5.4) ca. 120 ─ 254 D – 3.3 [ca. 69/300]; B.12 – 3.1 [ca. 86/254]; D – 3.10 [ca. 100/300 (?)]; B.12 cohors III Bracaraugustanorum B.12 – 5.1 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.2 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.3 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.4 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.5 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 5.6 [ca. 120/254]; B.12 – 4.1 [ca. 120/254] Künzing (B.3.5) ca. 80 ─ 300 B.13 cohors V Bracaraugustanorum B.13 – 4.1 [ca. 90/300]; B.13 – 4.2 [ca. 90/300] Pfünz (B.5.2) 117/130 ─ 254 B.14 – 2.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 3.1 [9/254]; B.14 – 4.1 [ca. 40/254]; B.14 – 4.2 [86/254]; B.14 – 2.6 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 4.3 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.1 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.2 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.3 [117/130 ~ B.14 cohors I Breucorum 254]; B.14 – 5.4 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.5 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.6 [117/130 ~ 254]; B.14 – 5.7 [117/130 ~ 254]; D – 2.9 [ca. 135/254]; B.14 – 3.3 [161+ (161/254)]; B.14 – 3.4 [ca. 200/254]; B.14 – 2.11 [211]; B.14 – 2.12 [211/213]; B.14 – 4.4 [215 (?)] Eining-I (B.3.1) ca. 160 ─ 5th century D – 3.15 [ca. 153/157 ~ 300]; D – 4.3 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.14 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.15 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.16 [153/157 ~ 300]; D – 5.18 B.15 cohors III Britannorum [153/157 ~ 300]; B.15 – 2.1 [ca. 160/300]; B.15 – 4.2 [ca. 160/200]; B.15 – 4.3 [ca. 160/200]; B.15 – 5.2 [ca. 160/300]; B.15 – 4.4 [1.12.211]; B.15 – 2.2 [213]; B.15 – 2.3 [213]; B.15 – 2.4 [213 (?)]; B.15 – 2.5 [213 (?)] Straubing-III (B.4.10) 106/117 ─ 300 B.16 – 5.1 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.2 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.3 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.4 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.5 ~ B.16 – 5.12 [ca. 90/300]; B.16 – 5.13 cohors I Flavia Canathenorum B.16 [ca. 90/241+]; D – 5.7 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.8 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.9 [81/96 ∞ sagittaria ~ 300]; D – 5.10 [81/96 ~ 300]; D – 5.11 [81/96 ~ 300]; B.16 – 2.1 [211/217]; B.16 – 2.2 [211/217]; B.16 – 2.3 [211/217]; B.16 – 2.4 [211/217] unknown Raetian fort ca. 120 ─ 254 B.18 cohors IV Gallorum B.18 – 2.3 [117/138 ~ 254] Unterböbingen (B.6.4)(?) ca. 160 ─ 232+ B.19 cohors VI Lusitanorum NUBER 1984, 38; no epigraphic records attest the unit’s Raetian presence in this period. Table 87/2: Roman military units present in Raetia in the era of the Severan dynasty and in the years preceding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193-254)

240

SUMMARY

Nr.

Unit Name

Station Chronology Schirenhof (B.6.3) 165±8 ─ 254 B.20 cohors I Raetorum D – 2.4 [ca. 100/200 (?)]; B.20 – 2.2 [ca. 165±5/254 (222/235?)]; B.20 – 5.1 [ca. 165±5/254]; D – 2.15 [215/217+] Gnotzheim (B.4.4) 106/117 ─ 254 B.23 – 5.4 [ca. 90/254]; B.23 – 4.1 [106/117 ~ 254 (200?)]; B.23 – 5.5 B.23 cohors III Thracum c. R. eq. [106/117 ~ 254]; B.23 – 5.6 [106/117 ~ 254]; D – 2.9 [ca. 135/254]; B.23 – 2.2 [211/217] Buch (B.6.2)(?) 160±10 ─ 254 B.24 cohors III Thracum veterana B.24 – 3.1 [ca. 86/107 ~ 254 (200/254)]; D – 3.16 [ca. 160/254] Table 87/3: Roman military units present in Raetia in the era of the Severan dynasty and in the years preceding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193-254)

241

Fig. 75: changes in the Raetian military system during the reign of Severan Emperors and in the years preceding the downfall of the Raetian Limes (193 – 254)

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

242

SUMMARY

3. OVERALL TABLES OF MILITARY CONSTITUTIONS, FORTS AND TROOPS The first set of tables summarize all of the sixtyseven presently known military constitutions that were issued to soldiers discharged (possibly) from the Roman army garrisoned in Raetia.1596 Those forty-six military diplomas, that display the name of any unit, either in the unit list or as the unit of the recipient have been catalogued from C – 2.1 to C – 2.46 and discussed in chapter 5 titled 'Selected inscriptions'. Understanding the dislocation mechanics of the Roman army is not an easy task. For reasons of perspicuity, scholars agree on the existence of general organizational trends, such as locally recruiting soldiers into units without ethno-specific tactics (Batavorum, Hemesenorum etc.).

should be kept in mind when dealing with Roman military constitutions issued to the Roman army of Raetia. Units in Raetian diplomas were listed in plain numerical order, without topographical or crypto-topographical order within units of the same numeral.1600 The second set of tables lists all military installations mentioned in this book in alphabetical order [Table 89]. This includes a total of 85 installations operational before the Limesfall, which can be broken down to 2 legionary fortresses (A), 44 auxiliary forts (B), 32 fortlets and numerussized forts (C) and 7 installations with unclear type or unconfirmed existence (D).

A Pannonian military constitution, discovered near Szamosújvár/Gherla in present-day Romania, which was issued to a soldier of the ala I Thracum veterana (B.8) in 129,1597 offers an excellent insight into the ethnic complexity of the Roman army: the unit’s transfer from Raetia to Pannonia took place in the years around 106, so the institution of local recruitment would suggest that he was of Raetian origins. However he was not. The origo 'Isaur(a)' explicitly attests his origin from Asia Minor.1598 The praefectus of the ala at that time was L. Ennius Marsus, whose cognomen 'Marsus' indicates a possible Gallic origin.1599 This constitution refutes another common notion, which operates on the belief that the findspot of a diploma indicates that the recipient’s unit was garrisoned nearby, which is not necessary, as soldiers are attested to have travelled a long way after their discharge. These

The third set of tables lists 2 legions (A) and 27 auxiliary units (8 alae and 19 cohortes) that formed part of the Raetian garrison [Table 90].

1596

1598

In the following set of tables, Arabic numbers refer to the position of auxiliary troops in which they were listed on military constitutions. Latin letters indicate the relative positions within the unit list. Arabic numbers in brackets indicate the position of units whose names are entirely missing and restored as completion. The middle dot [·] indicates the partially survived name of an unit that even though cannot be identified with absolute certainty or can be interpreted as two or more auxiliary units of the Raetian garrison with equal probability. Units marked with an o with stroke [Ø] are not present in one subvariant interpretation yet part of another. Entirely missing unit lists are indicated by brackets.

RMD I, p. 59, fn. 6; RMD II, p. 130, ∫44. OPEL III, p. 60. 1600 See: VISY 1984, 223-238.

For the distribution of Raetian military diplomas see: STEIDL 2014, 61-86. 1597 RMD I, 35 [30.4.129].

1599

243

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Reference

C – 2.1 IBR 509 – CIL XVI, 5 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 143-144 – KELLNER 1968b, t. 1 – HAMETER 1992, 56 – EDCS12300210 – see: CIL III, p. 846, p. 1957 – WOLFF 2000a, 156

Bibliography

EinhartingGeiselprechting 15.6.64

Findspot Date of emission

― DIETZ 1988, 137139 – AE 1988, 901 – RMD III, 149 – EDCS-12100014 – EDH 009218

C – 2.2 AE 2007, 1782 – ECK – PANGERL 2007, 233-252 – ECK 2012, Nr. 18

― KELLNER 1966, 9293, fig. 3 – SCHILLINGER-HÄFELE 1977, 585, Nr. 255 – RMD I, 70 – EDCS-12100845

Pförring, vicus

unknown

Künzing, fort

ca. 82/112

13.5.86 T. Flavius Norbanus 4 ala, 8 cohors

ca. 90/203

Procurator

―

―

Number of units listed

―

―

Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

a

[

― ―

[ 1 2 3

]

[

4

[

]

[ 1 2

3 ·4 5 6 7 8 ]

] ―

alae Gemellianae

] alae Thracum veteranae

Table 88/1: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

244

―

SUMMARY

Reference

― KELLNER 1983b, 105-107 – RMD II, 126 – EDCS12100899

C – 2.3 AE 1973, 383 – KELLNER 1973, 124 ff. – NUBER 1974, 181-184 – SCHILLINGERHÄFELE 1977, Nr. 244 – RMD I, 10 – EDH 011252 – EDCS-12100788 – see: RMD II, p. 127, ∫13 – STROBEL 1987, 277-278 – RMD III, p. 242, ∫11 – WOLFF 2000a, 155

C – 2.4 ILS 2002 – IBR 319 + 510 – CIL XVI, 55 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 143 – EDCS-12300259 – see: CIL III, p. 866, p. 1972 – CIL XVI, p. 215 – RMD III, p. 242-243, ∫12 – DIETZ 1986, WOLFF 2000a, 159

C – 2.5 KELLNER 1985, 239-243, t. 23,1-2 – AE 1985, 700 – RMD II, 85 – EDCS-12100864 – EDH 002405 – see: RMD III, p. 243

Eining ca. 90/203

Oberstimm 103/105 Ti. Iulius Aquilinus (?) ―

Weißenburg 30.6.107 Ti. Iulius Aquilinus 4 ala, 11 cohors

Dambach 27.9.112 P. Calpurnio Macer [?] ala, 12 cohors

Bibliography

Findspot Date of emission Procurator

―

Number of units listed

―

Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

[

[

[ 1 2 3

]

[

]

4

]

[

[ 1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ] ―

] [cohorte IX Batavorum ∞ (milliaria)]

] alae I Hispanorum Aurianae

co[hortis VIIII] Batavo[rum milliariae]

Table 88/2: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

245

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Reference

C – 2.6 C – 2.7 ECK 2011, 247-249 – EDCS- WOLFF 1995, 51200186 21-33 – AE 1995, 1185 – WOLFF 1999, 9-16, Nr. 1 – AE 1999, +93b + 1188 – RMD IV, 229 – EDCS24400400 – EDH 055967 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 159

Bibliography

Findspot Date of emission Procurator Number of units listed

Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

unknown 116 ~ 117/121 117/121+ L. Corn. Latin― ianus? 4 ala; 4 ala; [12] cohors [12] cohors author’s opinion variant 1 variant 2

Straubing 16.8.116 L. Cornelius Latinianus 4 ala, 14 cohors

C – 2.8 WOLFF 1993a, 2-7 – WOLFF 1993b, 11-13 – AE 1993, 1240 – RMD III, 155 – AE 1995, 1177+1186 – EDCS-12100020 – EDH 055968 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 159 – RMD IV, p. 382, ∫11

Künzing 17.8.116 / 31.12.116 Iulius (?) Fronto 4 ala, 13 cohors WOLFF 1993a-b variant 1

4 ala, 14 cohors RMD III, 155 variant 2

1 [2?]

1

1 2

1 [2]

1 [2]

3

3

3

3

[4]

3 [2?] [4]

4

4

4

1

1

1 2

1 2

1 2

[2] [3] ·4

[2] [3] ·4

3 4 5

[3] 4 5

[3] 4 5

[5] [6] ·7 ·8 [9]

[5] [6] ·7 ·8 [9]

6 7 8 9 10 11

6 [7] 8 [9] 10

6 [7] 9 8 [10] 11

· 10 · 11 [12]

· 10 · 11 [12]

12 13 14

11 12 13

12 13 14

―

―

Table 88/3: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

246

―

SUMMARY

Reference

C – 2.9 KRAFT 1956, 75-83 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 145 – AE 1957, 156 – AE 1969/1970, 447 – RMD I, 32 – EDCS12100810 – EDH 017270 – see: RMD II, p. 130 – WOLFF 1993, 19 – RMD III, p. 244, ∫26 – WOLFF 2000a, 159

― CIL XVI, 85 - IBR, p. 165, Nr. 512- EDCS12300289

C – 2.10 WOLFF 1994, 257-259 – AE 1994, 1330 – RMD IV, 256 – EDH 055909 – EDCS-0038078 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 160 – RMD V, p. 702, ∫20

Manching

Eining

Künzing ca. 117/138 (or 117/129?) [L. At]teius [Atteianus]

Bibliography

Findspot Date of emission

117 ~ 118/119

118/119 ~ 121

125/128

117/138

Procurator

Iul. Fronto (?)

―

―

―

4 ala, 13 or 14 cohors variant 2 subv. 2-3-4

―

―

Number of units listed Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

4 ala, 14 cohors variant 1 subvariant 1

―

variant 3 subv. 5-6 [

1 [2]

1 [2]

1

[3]

[3]

4

4

[3] [2] 4

1

1

[2]

[2]

1 [2]

[3] [4] 5

[3] [4] 5 [6] or Ø [7] or [6] [8] or [7] 9 or 8 [10] or [9]

[3] [4] 5 [6] or Ø [7] or [6] [8] or [7] 9 or 8 [10] or [9]

[6] [7] 8 9 [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

[11] or [10] [12] or [11] or Ø [13] or [12] or [11] [14] or [13] or [12] Ø or [14] or [13] ―

[

]

[

[11] or [10] [12] or [11] [13] or [12] [14] or [13] Ø or [14]

[

] coh(ortis) [-]

Table 88/4: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

247

]

] [coh(ortis] II Raet[or(um)]

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Reference

― KELLNER 1983b, 107-108 – RMD II, 88 – EDCS12100867

C – 2.11 WOLFF 1999, 19-21, Nr. 3 – AE 1999, 1189 – RMD V, 390 – EDCS14800141 – EDH 055835

C – 2.12 RADNÓTI 1961, 93-103 – AE 1961, 173 – SCHILLINGERHÄFELE 1977, 538-584, Nr. 254 – RMD I, 25 – AE 1978, 591 – EDH 004852 – EDCS12100803 – see: RMD II, p. 129, ∫36 – RMD III, p. 244, ∫24 – WOLFF 2000a, 159

― SEITZ 1988, 445-449, fig. 12 – AE 1990, 771 – RMD III, 162 – EDCS06100468 – EDH 024720

C – 2.13 STEIDL 2005, 134-140, Nr. 1 – AE 2005, 1149 – EDH 056007 – EDCS36400128

Weißenburg

Straubing

Straubing

Aalen, principia

Pfatter

before 120

ca. 120/140

122 / 124

123/138

Procurator

―

―

―

―

― [3] ala, 7 cohors

― [?] ala, [13] cohors

Number of units listed

Bibliography

Findspot Date of emission

Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

[

[

128/129 or 132/133 [–]rio R[–] 4 ala, [13] or [14] cohors

[

]

1

1

[3] 2

3 [2] 4

]

[

]

1

[

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

2 [3] 4

a

[6] [7] [8] [9]

5

6 7 ] ―

] ―

―

―

Table 88/5: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

248

[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] ―

SUMMARY

Reference

C – 2.14 STEIDL 2005, 134-140, Nr. 2 – AE 2005, 1150 – EDH 056008 – EDCS36400129

C – 2.15 WOLFF 1998b, 139-141, Nr. 2 – WOLFF 1999, 17-18, Nr. 2 – WOLFF 2000d, 9-13 – AE 2000, 1138 – RMD IV, 243 – EDCS35500599 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 160

C – 2.16 IBR 511 – CIL XVI, 105 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 143 – EDCS12300309 – see: CIL XVI, p. 216 – RMD III, p. 245, ∫34 – WOLFF 2000a, 160

― KELLNER 1973, 127-129, fig. 3 SCHILLINGERHÄFELE 582583, Nr. 252 – RMD I, 42 – EDCS12100820 – EDH 011255

Pfatter 129 or 132 or 136 Scribonius [4] ala, [14] cohors

Künzing

Pappenheim

Eining

5.129 / 12.129

129/134

133/143

Catonius [Avitus ? or Vindex?]

―

―

[2] ala, 8 cohors

―

―

Bibliography

Findspot Date of emission Procurator Number of units listed

Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

WOLFF 2000d, 13 variant 1

RMD IV, 243 variant 2 [

[

·2

4 [3] 1

[1]

[1]

2

2

[1] 2

]

[

3 [4] ·5

·4 ·3

·2 [3] [4]

[10] [11] 12 · 13 [14

[

[1] [2]

[1]

6 ·7 ·8 9

]

·5 ·6 7 [8]

·5 ·6 7 [8] ]

―

―

[alae I Hispanor(um) Au]riana(e)

Table 88/6: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

249

] ―

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Reference

C – 2.17 RADNÓTI 1968, 118-123 – AE 1968, 407 – SCHILLINGERHÄFELE 1977, 583, Nr. 253 – RMD I, 36 – EDH 014582 – EDCS12100814 – see: RMD II, p. 130, ∫48 – WOLFF 2000a, 155

Bibliography

― AE 2004, 1066 – EDCS34100125 – EDH 056077

― KELLNER 1973, 130-131, fig. 6 SCHILLINGERHÄFELE 1977, 579, Nr. 248

― KELLNER 1973, 129-130, fig. 5 AE 1973, 385 SCHILLINGERHÄFELE 1977, 579, Nr. 247 RMD I, 71 EDCS12100846 – EDH 011258

C – 2.18 KELLNER 1982, 132-133 – KELLNER 1983a, 165-171 – AE 1984, 706 – RMD II, 94 – EDH 001848 – EDCS12100873 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 160 – RMD IV, p. 382, ∫18

Oberschneiding

Eining

KünzingKäserfeld

Theilenhofen

Theilenhofen

Date of emission

135

138/161

138/161

138/203

Procurator

―

―

―

―

Number of units listed

―

[4] ala, [?] cohors

―

―

Findspot

Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

[

[

[

10.7.138 / 12.138 C[osconius Celsus? or Crispus?] [4] ala, 13 cohors

[ 2

]

[

]

[

]

[

]

4 3 1

[ [1] 2 3 4 ·5 [6] 7 8

] [coh(ortis) III Britann(orum?)]

] ―

] ―

] ―

Table 88/7: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

250

[9] · 10 11 12 [13] ―

SUMMARY

Reference

― AE 2005, 1151 – EDCS38000290 – EDH 054671

C – 2.19 DIETZ 1988, 139-146 – AE 1988, 902 – RMD III, 164 – EDH 009221 – EDCS-12100029 – see: DIETZ 1999, 248-254 – WOLFF 2000a, 160-161 – RMD IV, p. 382-383, ∫19

C – 2.20 AE 1995, 1183 – DIETZ 1996, 114-155 – DIETZ 1999, 225-256 – AE 1999, 1181 – AE 2000, 31 – RMD IV, 261 – EDH 055966 – EDCS03300718 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 160

Pförring

Pförring

139 / 140 Cosconius Celsus overwritten with Sempronius Liberalis [1] ala, [2] ala, [2] ala, [8] cohors [7] cohors [11] cohors RMD IV, p. author's RMD III, 164 382-383, ∫19 opinion1601 variant 1 variant 2 variant 3

30.10.139 [Sempronius Liberalis] [2] ala, 6 cohors

Bibliography

Pfatter-Gmünd, n. s. f. 139/145

Findspot Date of emission Procurator

―

Number of units listed

―

Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl.

[ 1

1

·2

·2

[1] ]

[2]

[

[1]

(a)

[1] ·2 [3]

[1]

[2] (b)

[4] [5] 6 [7]

[3]

[4]

[8]

[5] [6] [7]

[9] [10] 11

]

(c)

―

Table 88/8: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

1601

[2] [3]

·4 [5]

[6]

―

Issued to

1

Based on C – 2.22 [11.140 / 12.140].

251

[alae I singul]a(rium) c.R.

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Reference

Bibliography

Findspot Date of emission Procurator Number of units listed Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

C – 2.21 DIETZ 1999, 225-256 – AE 1999, 1183 – RMD V, 386 – EDH 055834 – EDCS14800136 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 160, AE 2004, ∫1053

C – 2.22 WOLFF 1998a, 293-299 – AE 1998, 1004 – RMD V, 387 – EDH 061454 – EDCS-36600033 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 160

― NUBER 1969, 186-187 – SCHILLINGERHÄFELE 1977, 578, Nr. 245 – RMD I, 72 – AE 1969/70, 449a – EDCS12100847

― SEITZ 1982, 338-341 – RMD II, 130 – EDCS12100903

Alteglofsheim 30.10.139 Sempronius Liberalis1602 [2] ala, 6 cohors

Mertingen-Burghöfe 11.140 / 12.140

Munningen 140/167 (?)

Aalen, fort 140/203

Semp[ronio Liberale]

―

―

―

―

[3] ala, [11] cohors RMD V, 387 variant 1

[4] ala, [11] cohors WOLFF 1998a variant 2 [

1 2

2

2

[3] ·4 1

·3 1

1

[

]

[

[

·1 2 3

4 5

·1 [2] 3

[2]

4 ·5 [6] 7

4 ·5 [6] 7

·8

·8

[9] 10 11

[9] 10 11

[3]

6

ala[e I singular(ium) c.R.]

[coh(ortis)] I[I] A[quitanor(um) c.R.]

] ―

Table 88/9: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

1602

]

Cosconius Celsus overwritten with Sempronius Liberalis.

252

] ―

SUMMARY

― C – 2.23 C – 2.24 KELLNER AE 1988, 903 – DIETZ 1988, 146- STEIDL 2005, 1983b, 107 – 152, Nr. 3 – EDH 009224 – 145-148, Nr. 3 RMD I, 58 – EDCS-12100031 RMD II, 95 – EDCS12100835 – see: RMD III, p. 246, ∫45 – WOLFF 2000a, 161 – RMD IV, p. 383, ∫20 – AE 2006, ∫90

Reference

Bibliography

Findspot Date of emission Procurator Number of units listed Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

Theilenhofen 140 / 141 or 144 ― [4] ala, [13] or [14] cohors

Künzing

unknown

Künzing

140 / 147

ca. 140/150

7.9.144

―

―

―

[4] ala, [14] cohors

―

―

DIETZ 1988 variant 1

RMD III, 166 variant 2 [

[2]

[2]

[2]

[4] or · 4 · 3 or [3] [1]

[4] ·3 [1]

[4] ·3 [1]

[

[1] ·2

[1] ·2

[3] [4] ·5 [6] [7] ·8 [9]

[3] [4] ·6 [5] [7] [8] ·9 [10]

[10] · 11 [12] [13] [14]

[11] · 12 [13] or Ø Ø or [13] [14]

]

― AE 2004, 1065 – EDCS34100124 – EDH 056076

―

[coh(ortis)] III Bra[caraugust(anorum)]

[

]

[

[

] ―

Table 88/10: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

253

]

] ―

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Reference

― AE 2004, 1060 – EDCS34100120 – EDH 056078

Bibliography

Heidenheim a. d. Brenz 4.10.145 / 160 ―

Findspot Date of emission Procurator

―

Number of units listed Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

C – 2.25 CIL XVI, 94 – IBR 513 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 143 – EDCS12300298 – see: CIL XVI, p. 215 – RMD II, p. 131, ∫58 – WOLFF 2000a, 161

C – 2.26 KELLNER 1966, 90 ff. – NUBER 1969, 181-183 – AE 1969/70, 448 – SCHILLINGER-HÄFELE 1977, 578579 – AE 1978, 588 – RMD I, 59 – EDCS12100836 – EDH 004933 – see: RMD II, p. 133, ∫80 – WOLFF 2000a, 162

― WOLFF 1998b, 141, Nr. 3 – WOLFF 1999, 22-23, Nr. 4

C – 2.27 IBR 515 – CIL XVI, 101 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 143 – KELLNER 1985, 243-244 – AE 1985, 701 – EDCS12300305 – EDH 002360 – see: RMD II, p. 132, ∫61 – RMD III, p. 246, ∫47 – WOLFF 2000a, 161

Eining

Gnotzheim

Künzing

Regensburg

147 Iulius Rufus 4 ala, [14] cohors

153/157 ~ 161 ― [4] ala, 13 cohors1604

ca. 149/1601603 ―

1.153 / 3.153 Ulpius Victor

―

4 ala, 14 cohors

[

[

]

[

] ―

[2]

[2]

·4 [3] [1]

[4] [3] [1]

[1] [2]

[1] [2]

3 4 [5] 6 [7] 8 9 [10]

[3] ·4 ·5 [6]? [7] 8 [9]

· 11

[10]

12 [13] 14

[11] 12 [13]

―

[

]

[

―

]

[

] ―

] alae II Fl(aviae) ∞ p(iae) f(idelis)

Table 88/11: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison 1603

Dating based on the witnesses’ names. The interpretation of the trib. pot. is questionable; based on consular dating the diploma falls between the period 144/145 ~ 161. The manner in which troops are listed specifies the dating to 149/161 (RMD I, 59, fn. 1-2). In my opinion the unit list dates the diploma later, as the provincial garrison of 13 cohortes was the result of the cohors IV Tungrorum ∞ vexillatio (B.27) being transferred from Raetia to Mauretania between 153 and 156 (B.27).

1604

254

SUMMARY

Reference

C – 2.28

C – 2.29 GARBSCH 1991, 121-124 – RMD III, 175 – EDCS12100040 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 162

C – 2.30 CIL XVI, 183 – KRAFT 1952, 338-345 – AE 1953, 115 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 147 – EDCS12300386 – EDH 018548 – see: – AE 1959, ∫105 – RMD II, p. 132, ∫70 – RMD III, p. 247, ∫57 – VISY 1984, 234 – WOLFF 2000a, 161-162

C – 2.31 SEITZ 1982, 317-338 – RMD II, 119 – EDCS12100893 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 163 – AE 2004, ∫1053

C – 2.32 AE 1922, 80-81 – CIL XVI, 117 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 146 – EDCS12300321 – see: CIL XVI, p. 216 – AE 1924, ∫84, ∫132 – RMD I, p. 25 ∫117 – RMD III, p. 246-247, ∫56 – WOLFF 2000a, 161-162

Owen

Weißenburg

Straubing

Rainau-Buch

Date of emission

10.153 / 12.153

154/161

10.12.156 / 9.12.157

156/157 or 166

Procurator

[Ulpius Vi]ctor

―

4 ala, [14] cohors

[4] ala, [13] cohors

Varius Clemens 4 ala, [13] cohors

Ma`rāb 153/157 (10.12.156 / 9.12.157) Varius Clemens

[2]

2

4 3 1

·4 [3] 1

1 2

·1 2

[3] 4 ·5

·3 ·4 [5]

3 4 5

·a [b] [c]

6 ·7 ·8 9

6 ·7 ·8 9

6 ·7 8 9

·d

[10]

10

· 10

[e] [f] ·g

[11] [12] [13]

[11] 12 13

· 11 12 13

NESSELHAUF 1959, 73-77 – AE 1963, 105 – NUBER 1969, 184 – ALFÖLDY 1977, 163 – SCHILLINGERHÄFELE 1977, 560-561, Nr. 219 – RMD I, 46 –AE 1978, 520 – EDH 004846 – EDCS12100824 – see: RMD II, p. 132, ∫62 – WOLFF 2000a, 161 – RMD V, p. 703, ∫31

Bibliography

Findspot

Number of units listed Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

[

― ―

4 ala, 13 cohors

[

]

―

―

[2]

]

[

―

·1 2

] ―

Table 88/12: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

255

4 3 1

―

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Reference

Bibliography

C – 2.33 KELLNER 1968b, 95-98 – SCHIL-LINGERHÄFELE 1977, 580-581, Nr. 250 – RMD I, 51 – AE 1978, 589 – KELLNER 1983a, 171-172 – RMD II, 104 – EDCS28900001 – EDH 004858 – see: RMD III, p. 246, ∫54 – WOLFF 2000a, 162

C – 2.34 GARBSCH 1988, 157-166 – AE 1988, 905 – RMD III, 170 – EDCS12100035 – EDH 009230 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 162 – AE 2004, ∫1053

Eining

Eining

(28.9).157 Varius Clemens [4] ala, [13] cohors

Findspot Date of emission Procurator Number of units listed Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

C – 2.35 C – 2.36 AE 1995, 1182 RMM 38 – see: – DIETZ 1996, RMD V, p. 703, 113-114 – ∫34 RMD IV, 275 – EDCS03300717 – EDH 055907 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 162

C – 2.37 WOLFF 2001, 912 – AE 2001, 1568 – RMD V, 434 – EDCS24200328 – EDH 055812

Faimingen

unknown findspot

28.9.157

28.9.157

28.9.157

Eining - Unterfeld 10.12.157 / 7.3.161

Varius Clemens

Varius Clemens [4] ala, [13] cohors

Varius Clemens

―

4 ala, 13 cohors

[4] ala, [13] cohors

4 ala, 13 cohors

2

2

2

2

[2]

4 3 1

4 3 1

[4] 3 [1]

4 3 1

[4] ·3 ·1

1 2

1 2

1 [2]

1 2

1 [2]

·3 4 5

3 4 5

[3] 4 5

3 4 5

[3] 4 [5]

6 ·7 8 9

6 7 8 9

[6] 7 [8] [9]

6 7 8 9

[6] ·7 [8] [9]

[10]

10

10

10

10

11 · 12 13

11 12 13

11 [12] · 13

11 12 13

[11] [12] · 13

coh(ortis) III B[ritann(orum)]

[coh(ortis) ... Ra]etorum

alae I Hispanor(um) Aur{c}ana {t} Table 88/13: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

256

alae II Flaviae ∞ p(iae) f(idelis)

―

SUMMARY

Reference

― CIL XVI, 126 – AE 1893, 77 – HAUG-SIXT 1900, 61 – IBR 516 – EDCS12300330 – see: CIL III, p. 1994

Bibliography

Findspot

Straubing

KünzingKäserfeld

158/173

159/160

18.12.160

―

Varius? Priscus?

―

[4] ala, [13] cohors

[-]o ? ala, [13] cohors

Procurator Number of units listed

Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

C – 2.39 WOLFF 1998b, 135-139, 141, Nr. 1, Nr. 3 – WOLFF 1999, 23-31, Nr. 4-5 – AE 1999, 1190-1191 – WOLFF 2000d, 14-16 – AE 2000, 1139 – AE 2002, 1084 – RMD IV, 278 – EDCS24400403 – EDH 056104 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 158, 162, 163 – AE 2004, ∫1053, ∫1064

Unterböbingen (an der Rems)

Date of emission

Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f.

C – 2.38 AE 2005, 1153 – EDCS36400130 – EDH 056042

[

C – 2.40 WOLFF 1998b, 141-142, Nr. 4 – WOLFF 1999, 31-32, Nr. 6

RegensburgKumpfmühler Str.

Künzing ca. 165 (or less likely 175/180 ― ―

[

C – 2.41 CIL XVI, 187 – KRAFT 1952, 338-345 – AE 1953, 116 – DE BOONE 1956, 278, Nr. 4500 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 148. – EDCS-12300390 – EDH 018551 – see: – AE 1959, +105 – RMD III, p. 248, ∫70 – WOLFF 2000a, 162

[

7.3.161 / 9.163 (162?) [-us Tu]llo (?) [3] ala, [13] cohors

[

2

]

[

] ―

4 3 1

]

]

]

1 2

·1 2

[3] [4] 5

·3 [4] 5

·6 ·7 8 ·9

6 ·7 8 ·9

·a [b] [c]

[10]

[10]

·d

11 12 [13]

11 131605 · 12

[e] f ·g

―

[

]

coh(ortis) V ― B[r]acarau(gus tanorum) Table 88/14: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

―

1605 Contrary to the customary order, the cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19) preceeded the cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum (B.11) in the unit list of this diploma. Possible scribal error (RMD IV, p. 530, fn. 3).

257

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Reference

C – 2.42 KELLNER 1983b, 105 – RMD II, 112; DIETZ 1988, 152-155 – AE 1988, 904 – GARBSCH 1993, 29-32 – RMD III, 178 – EDCS12100043 – EDH 009227 – see: WOLFF 2000a, 162

Bibliography

Findspot

Eining

Date of emission Procurator Number of units listed

C – 2.43 CIL VI, 37182 – AE 1899, 210211 – IBR 518 – CIL XVI, 118 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 143 – EDCS12300322 – EDH 003287 – see: AE 1900, ∫132 – CIL XVI, p. 216 – RMD I, p. 26, ∫118 – RMD II, p. 133, ∫82 – RMD III, p. 248, ∫69 – WOLFF 2000a, 162

― WOLFF 1998, 134-142 – WOLFF 1999, 31-32 – AE 1999, 1192 – RMD IV, 292 – EDCS14800144 – EDH 055826

Pförring ala fort

Rome-Riverbed of the Tevere

Künzing

161/163

162

―

-us Tullus (?)

8.3.162 / 15.3.167 ―

―

[3] ala, 13 cohors

―

― KELLNER 1968b, 92-94, fig. 1, t. 4-6 – SCHILLINGERHÄFELE 1977, Nr. 249

7.3.161 / 7.3.163 (162?) -us Tullus [3] ala, [13] cohors

H. Nesselhauf Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

variant 1

author's opinion variant 2

[

[

3 [2] [1]

]

[1] ·2

[

[3] ·4 5

[3] [2] 1

[3] ·2 1

1 [2]

1 [2]

[3] 4 5

[3] 4 5

6 ·7 8 9

[6] [7] [8] [9]

· 10

[10]

11 12 · 13

[11] [12] [13]

] ―

―

cohort(is) I Fl(aviae) Canat[henorum ∞]

Table 88/15: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

258

]

[

] [coh(ortis) --]um

SUMMARY

Reference

― C – 2.44 AE 2004, 1063 – SCHREINER 1890, EDCS-34100123 – 2, 239-353 – AE EDH 056075 1891, 172 – IBR 514 – CIL XVI, 125 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 143 – EDCS-12300329 – EDH 065011 – see: RMD I, p. 26, ∫125 – WOLFF 2000a, 163 – RMD IV, p. 384, ∫35

Bibliography

Straubing-Oppelner Str.

Findspot Date of emission

16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166 [Desticius Severus] (?) [?] ala, [?] cohors

163/164

Procurator

[S. Baio Pude]nte ―

Number of units listed Alae: Gemelliana I Hispanorum Auriana I Augusta Thracum I Thracum veterana I singularium c. R. p.f. I Flavia Gemelliana II Flavia ∞ p.f. Cohortes: I Flavia Canathenorum ∞ sag. I Breucorum II Gallorum I Raetorum II Raetorum II Aquitanorum (eq.) II Tungrorum ∞ vexill. III Bracaraugustanorum III Thracum veterana III Thracum c. R. eq. III Britannorum eq. III Batavorum ∞ IV Gallorum IV Tungrorum ∞ vexill. V Bracaraugustanorum VI Lusitanorum IX Batavorum eq. ∞ expl. Issued to

Eining-Abensberg

[

C – 2.45 CIL XVI, 121 – IBR 517 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 143 – EDCS-12300325 – see: CIL XVI, p. 216 – WOLFF 2000a, 163 – RMD IV, p. 384, ∫38

C – 2.46 RADNÓTI 1961, 103-109 – AE 1961, 174 – SCHILLINGER-HÄFELE 1977, 581-582, Nr. 251 – RMD I, 68 – AE 1978, 590 – EDCS-12100843 – EDH 017869 – EDH 004849 – see: RMD II, p. 134, ∫89 – WOLFF 2000a, 163

RegensburgKumpfmühl

Eining 165/166

3.166 / 4.166 Desticius Severus 3 ala, 13 cohors

[Desticius Sever]us (?) [3] ala, [13] cohors

[

3 2 [1]

3 2 [1]

1 2

·1 2

·3 ·4 5

3 4 ·5

b d

6 7 8 9

·6 7 [8] [9]

·e

10

10

11 12 13

11 [12] · 13

]

]

[

}· a

}· c

] ―

[coh(ortis) III] Brit{tonum}

cohort(is) II Aquitan(orum)

Table 88/16: Roman military constitutions issued to soldiers of the Raetian garrison

259

―

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

Present-day settlement

B.6.1

Aalen

B.2.1

Aislingen (Sebastiansberg)

C.3.1

A.1.1

B.2.2 C.6.1 B.6.2 B.2.3

B.2.4

D.1 B.5.1 C.8.1 B.4.1 C.2.1 C.6.2 C.7.1 B.7.1 C.4.1 C.4.2

Type Size Area ala 277 × 214 6.7 ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2): 160±10 ─ 254 ca. 140 × 150 or ca. 2.1 or auxiliary ca. 140 × 170 ca. 2.28 unknown garrison

Periodization 160±10 ─ 254 25/37 ─ 69/70

I) 50/100 ~ ca. 170 II) ca. 170/300 garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 7] I) legio (?) I) 15 BC / AD 5/15 (ca. 9) II-III) ala n/a n/a II) 5/15 ~ 14/37 Ð(?) III) 14/37 ~ ca. 41/68 (41/54) Augsburg-Oberhausen 1) legio XIX (?): 15 BC / AD 9 2) unknown legio (?): 9 ~ 41/54 auxiliary n/a n/a 41/68 (41/54) ─ 69/96 Augsburg cohors Sequanorum (B.22): ca. 41/68 ~ 69/96 I) ca. 160 ─ 181 n. s. f. 95 × 85 0.741 II) 181 ─ 254 Böhming garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 14] cohors 149/151 × 139.5 2.1 160±10 ─ 254 Buch (Rainau) cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24): 160±10 ─ 254 auxiliary n/a ca. 2.1 37/68 ─ ca. 100/150 Burgheim ala I Thracum veterana (B.8)(?): 37/68 ─ 106/117 I) 41/54 ─ 69/70 auxiliary 150 × 140 2.1 II) 69/70 ─ 77/78 Burghöfe III) 77/78 ─ 106/117 (ca. 117) cohors I Breucorum eq. (B.14)(?): 41/54 ─ 106/117 fortlet n/a n/a 1st century (?) Bürgle bei Gundremmingen unknown garrison auxiliary 99.5 × 113.5 1.13 ca. 120 ─ ca. 160/180 Burgsalach-I cohors III Britannorum (B.15)(?): ca. 120 ─ ca. 160/180 fortlet 32.6 × 32.6 0.11 238 ─ 253 Burgsalach in der Harlach soldiers (centuria) from the legio III Augusta (A.2): 238 ─ 253 cohors Ð 137 × 137 1.88 106/117 Burladingen-Hausen cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9)(?): 106/117 fortlet 29 × 31 0.09 ca. 40/50 Burlafingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 3] I) 13.3 × 14.5 I) 0.019 I) 161/169 ─ 213 limes-gate II) 12.6 × 9.3 II) 0.012 II) 213 ─ 234 Dalkingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 15] n. s. f. 115 × 85 0.978 ca. 170/180 Dambach-I garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 30] cohors 187 × 115 2.15 ca. 180 ─ 254 Dambach-II cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9): ca. 180 ─ 254 fortlet 60 × 70 0.42 106/117 ~ 117 / ca. 160 Deggingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 9] fortlet 50 × 60 0.3 106/117 ─ ca. 160 Donnstetten-I (Römerstein) garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 10] Table 89/1: Roman military installations operational in Raetia prior to the Limesfall (15 BC – AD 254) Alkofen

unknown

n/a

260

n/a

SUMMARY

Nr.

Present-day settlement

Type Size Area Periodization cohors n/a 2.2 110/117 ─ ca. 160 B.4.2 Eislingen-Salach cohors I Raetorum (B.20)(?): 110/117 ─ ca. 160 I) 120/125 ─ 182 n. s. f. 90 × 80 0.72 II) 182 ─ ca. 240/250 C.5.1 Ellingen Pedites singulares reconstructed this numerus-sized fort in 182 under supervision of officers from the legio III Italica (A.1). cohors n/a ca. 2 37/41 ~ 69/79 ─ 96/117 B.2.5 Emerkingen cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 37/41 ~ 69/79 ─ 96/117 I) 81/96 ─ ca. 160 cohors 147 × 125 1.83 II) ca. 160 ─ 5th century 1) cohors IV Gallorum (B.18): 81/96 ─ ca. 120 B.3.1 Eining-I 2) cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio (B.26): ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) ─ 153 ~ 156/157 3) cohors III Britannorum (B.15): 153 ~ 156/157 ─ 5th century legio 328 × 320 10.6 ca. 165/166 ─ 179 A.7.1 Eining – Unterfeld Legionaries of the legio III Italica (A.1) and possibly auxiliary soldiers drawn as vexillatio: ca. 165/166 ─ 179 auxiliary n/a 1.7 106/117 ─ 120/140 B.4.3 Faimingen-I cohors IV Tungrorum vexillatio (B.27): ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or 122/124) ─ 140/144 200/250 × auxiliary 5.7 240/254 270 B.8.1 Faimingen-II legio III Augusta (A.2): 238 ─ 253 n. s. f. 53 × 55 0.29 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.3 Freimühle garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 16] 144 × 115 1.66 I) 15 BC ~ AD 1/14 cohors ca. 110 × 125 1.4 II) 1/14 ~ 14/37 B.1.1 Friedberg-Rederzhausen unknown cohors I) 106/117 ─ ca. 140 cohors 153 × 143 2.2 II) ca. 140 ─ 213 B.4.4 Gnotzheim III) 213 ─ 254 cohors III Thracum c. R. eq. (B.23): 106/117 ─ 254 auxiliary ca. 150 × 150 2.25? ca. 85/90 ─ 106/117 B.3.2 Gomadingen cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12)(?): before 86 ─ 106/117 n. s. f. 86 × 80 0.688 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.4 Gunzenhausen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 17] fortlet 18 × 18 0.0324 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.5 Gündersbach garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 18] I) 77/78 ─ 106/117 ala ca. 200 × 260 ca. 5.2 II) after 254 B.3.3 Günzburg ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2): 77/78 ─ 106/117 fortlet 18.5 × 18.5 0.03 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.6 Güßgraben garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 19] n. s. f. 55 × 55 0.25 41/54 ─ 69 Haardorf-Mühlberg C.2.2 bei Osterhofen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 4] n. s. f. 80 × 82.5 0.67 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.7 Halheim garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 20] fortlet 20.25 × 20.15 0.04 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.8 Hegelohe garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 21] fortlet 39 × 42 0.15 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.9 Hegelohe – Biebig garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 22] ala 195 × 271 5.285 106/117 ─ ca. 160 B.4.5 Heidenheim a. d. Brenz ala II Flavia ∞ (B.2): 106/117 ─ 160 fortlet 18 × 18 0.0324 ca. 160+ ─ 254 C.6.10 Hienheim (formerly Wp 15/45) garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 23] Table 89/2: Roman military installations operational in Raetia prior to the Limesfall (15 BC – AD 254)

261

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

Present-day settlement

C.6.11

Hintere Orthalde

C.6.12

Hinterer Seeberg

B.2.6

Ingolstadt-Zuchering

C.6.13

Kleindeinbach

Type Size Area Periodization fortlet 14.8 × 15.2 0.022 ca. 160 ─ 254 garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 24] fortlet 17 × 17 0.03 ca. 160+ ─ 254 garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 25] auxiliary (I); (108) × 112 (I) ca. 1.2 (I) I) 14/37 (Kastell II-III) n. s. f. (90) × (100) (II) ca. 0.9 (II) II) 30/37 ~ 69/80 (Kastell I) (II-III) 60× (85) (III) ca. 0.5 (III) unknown garrison n. s. f. 24.9 × 24.9 0.06 ca. 160 ─ 254 garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 26] ala

B.3.4

B.3.5

B.2.7 B.3.6 B.4.6 B.4.7 C.2.3 C.2.4 D.3 B.4.8

C.5.2 D.4

B.2.8

197 × 197

Kösching

3.9

I) 80 ─ ca. 160 II) ca. 160 ─ 241+

1) ala I Augusta Thracum (B.7): 80 ─ 117/121 2) ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3): 117/121 ─ 241+ I) ca. 90 ─ ca. 120 cohors 132.5 × 165.5 2.25 II) ca. 120 ─ ca. 130 Künzing III) ca. 130 ─ 4th century cohors V Bracaraugustanorum (B.13): ca. 90 ─ 300 auxiliary n/a ca. 2/3 40/45 ─ 75/85 Mengen-Ennetach ala Gemelliana (?)(B.4): 40/45 ~ 75/85 auxiliary 140 × (140?) ca. 2 69/90 ─ 106/117 Moos-Burgstall cohors III Batavorum (B.10)(?): 69/90 ─ 106/117 cohors 179 × 150 2.7 104±10 (106+) ─ ca. 120 Munningen cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12): ca. 106/117 ─ ca. 120 auxiliary 120 × ca. 140 1.5 – 1.7 106/117 ─ 120/125 Nassenfels cohors I Breucorum (B.14)(?): 106/117 ~ 120/125 fortlet 22.2 × 25.2 0.056 30 ─ 80/85 Nersingen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 5] fortlet 24.5 × 33 0.081 30/40 ─ 69/80 Neuburg a.d. Donau garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 6] auxiliary (?) n/a n/a ca. 106/117 ─ 117/138 Nördlingen an ala moved to Ruffenhofen afterwards (?) 118/137 × cohors Ð 1.7 106/117 ─ ca. 160 153/160 Oberdorf am Ipf cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24): 106/117 ─ ca. 160 I) ca. 120 ─ ca. 180 n. s. f. 60 × 60 0.4 II) ca. 180 ─ 254 Oberhochstatt-I garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 11] n/a n/a n/a 1st century Oberpeiching unknown garrison I) ca. 40 ─ 69/70 II) 69/70 ─ 81/96 cohors Ð eq. 132.5 × 109 1.44 III) 81/96 ─ 119/121+ Oberstimm (106/117) cohors III Thracum c. R. (B.23): ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117) Table 89/3: Roman military installations operational in Raetia prior to the Limesfall (15 BC – AD 254)

262

SUMMARY

Nr.

Present-day settlement

B.3.7

Passau-I (Altstadt)

C.6.14

Petersbuch

C.4.4

Pfatter – Gmünd

B.4.9

Pförring

B.5.2

Pfünz

C.6.15

Raitenbuch

A.7.2

Regensburg legionary fortress

D.5

Regensburg – Bismarckplatz

C.7.2

Regensburg – Großprüfening

B.3.8

Regensburg – Kumpfmühl

Type Size Area Periodization auxiliary n/a n/a 81/96 ─ 5th century 1) cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 81/96 ─ ca. 120 2) cohors IX Batavorum (B.11)(?): 117/125 ─ 5th century fortlet 20.2 × 20.3 0.041 ca. 160+ ─ 254 garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 27] n. s. f. 70 × 70 0.49 106/117 ─ 300 garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 12] I) 106/117 ─ 141 ala 194 × 201 3.9 II) 141 ─ 254 ala I Flavia singularium (B.6): 106/117 ─ 254 187/189 × I) 117/130 cohors 2.5 144/145 II) 138/161 ─ 254 cohors I Breucorum (B.14): 117/130 ─ 254 fortlet 18 × 18 0.032 ca. 160 ─ 206/207 garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 28] legio 542 × 453 24.55 179 ─ 5th century th legio III Italica (A.1): 179 ─ 5 century ca. 69/98 ─ ca. 170/179 or auxiliary n/a n/a ca. 100 ─ ca. 170/179 unknown auxiliary unit I) 179 ─ 254 n. s. f. 60 × 80 0.47 II) 260/270 soldiers from the legio III Italica (A.1) I) n/a I) 1.9 I) 69/70 ─ 120/130 cohors II) 155 × 143 II) 2.2 II) 120/130 ─ ca. 170 (b. 179) 1) cohors III Britannorum (B.15): ca. 69/70 ─ ca. 120 2) cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9): ca. 120 ─ ca. 170 (before 179)

Tile stamps and possible temporary presence of soldiers from the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16), the ala I Flavia singularium (B.6) and the ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2). I) 110 × 152.5 I) 45/50 ─ 69 I) 1.67 cohors II)-III) 117.5 × II) 70 ─ ca. 100 II)-III) 1.9 B.2.9 Rißtissen (Ehingen) 162.5 III) ca. 100 ─ 106/117 cohors VI Lusitanorum (B.19)(?): 45/50 ~ 106/117 ala 190 × 197 3.74 117/138 ─ 244/247+ B.5.3 Ruffenhofen unknown ala cohors 157 × 130.6 2.05 165±8 ─ 254 B.6.3 Schirenhof (Schwäbisch Gmünd) cohors I Raetorum (B.20): 165±8 ─ 254 fortlet 20 × 20 0.04 ca. 160 ─ 254 C.6.16 Schlossbuck garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 29] n. s. f. 58.7 × 70-75 0.41 – 0.44 69 ~ ca. 160 ─ 300 C.3.2 Steinkirchen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 8] cohors n/a ca. 3.2 75/85 (until ca. 90) B.3.9 Straubing-I cohors II Gallorum eq. (?)(B.17):75/85 (until ca. 90) cohors n/a ca. 3.2 81/96 ─ 106/117 B.3.10 Straubing-II cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16): 81/96 ─ 106/117 cohors 180 × 180 3.24 106/117 ─ 300 B.4.10 Straubing-III cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16): 106/117 ─ 300 cohors 180 × (180?) 3.2 (?) 69/96 (86+) ─ ca. 170 B.3.11 Straubing-IV (Westkastell) cohors II Raetorum (B.21): 69/96 (86+) ─ ca. 170 I) 160 × 142 I) 2.27 cohors eq. ca. 120 ─ 254 II) 196 × 144 II) 2.82 B.5.4 Theilenhofen cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12): ca. 120 ─ 254 Table 89/4: Roman military installations operational in Raetia prior to the Limesfall (15 BC – AD 254)

263

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr.

Type Size Area Periodization cohors 148 × 135 1.99 ca. 160 ─ 232+ B.6.4 Unterböbingen cohors VI Lusitanorum (?)(B.19): ca. 160 ─ 232+ I) auxiliary I) 40/45 ─ 80 200 × 210 4.2 II) ala II) 80 ─ 106/117 B.2.10 Unterkirchberg 1) ala Gemelliana (B.4)(?): ca. 40 ─ ca. 80 2) ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1)(?): ca. 80 ─ 106/117 n. s. f. 80 × 87 0.696 106/117 ─ 117/138 C.4.5 Unterschwaningen garrison drawn from the soldiers of neighbouring forts [Table 13] cohors 135 × 132.5 1.79 106/117 ─ ca. 160 B.4.11 Urspring (Lonsee) cohors VI Lusitanorum (?)(B.19): 106/117 ─ ca. 160 I) 2.8 I) 106/117 ─ ca. 160 ala 175 × 179 II)-III) II) ca. 160 ─ ca. 180 B.4.12 Weißenburg-I 3.13 III) ca. 180 ─ 240/250 ala I Hispanorum Auriana (B.1): 106/117 ─ 240/250 cohors n/a 3.05 106/117 ─ 117/125 B.4.13 Weißenburg-II cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum (B.11): 106/117 ─ 117/125 n. s. f. 50 × 50 0.25 1st century (?) D.6 Weltenburg-Galget (Frauenberg) unknown garrison Table 89/5: Roman military installations operational in Raetia prior to the Limesfall (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. A.1 A.2

B.1

B.2

B.3

B.4

B.5

B.6

B.7 B.8

Present-day settlement

Unit’s name

Chronology I) 165/166 ─ 179 II) 179 ─ 5th century

Stations I) Eining-Unterfeld (A.7.1) legio III Italica II) Regensburg legionary fortress (A.7.2) Burgsalach in der Harlach, fortlets on the eastlegio III Augusta 238 ─ 253 ern section of the Raetian Limes and Faimingen-II (B.8.1) I) 61 I) Illyricum II) 61/69 II) Noricum ala I Hispanorum Auriana III) 69 / ca. 80 III) Aquincum, Bem Square (Pannonia) IV) ca. 80 ~ 106/117 IV) Unterkirchberg (B.2.10)(?) V) 107/116 ─ 240/250 V) Weißenburg-I (B.4.12) I) 70 ─ 82/86 I) Germania II) 82/86 ─ 106/117 II) Günzburg (B.3.3)(?) ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. III) 106/117 ─ 160±10 III) Heidenheim a.d. Brenz (B.4.5) IV) 160±10 ─ 254 IV) Aalen (B.6.1) I) unknown province (Noricum? or Germania?) I) 69/96 ─ 117/121 II) Kösching (B.3.4)(?) ala I Flavia Gemelliana II) 117/121 ─ 241+ III) detachments in oriental campaign, assimiIII) 241+ lation into another unit I) Augst (Germania) I) ca. 40 II) Mengen-Ennetach (B.2.7)(?); Unterkirchala Gemelliana II) ca. 40/64 ~ 88 (70?) berg (B.2.10)(?) III) after 64/88 III) Mauretania Tingitana I) ca. 15 BC I) Raetia ala Pansiana II) ca. 15 BC / AD 37 II) Germania III) 14/73 (ca. 35/40) III) Moesia inferior I) 68 I) recruitment in Germania ala I Flavia singularium II) 68 ─ 90/107 (107) II) Germania p. f. c. R. III) 107 ─ 254 III) Pförring (B.4.9) I) 1st century until 80 I) Syria ala I Augusta Thracum II) 80 ─ 116/121 II) Kösching (B.3.4) III) 116/121 ─ 3rd century III) Traismauer (Noricum) I) 70 ─ 106 I) Burgheim (B.2.3)(?) ala I Thracum veterana II) after 106 II) Pannonia Table 90/1: Roman troops stationed in Raetia prior to the Limesfall (15 BC – AD 254)

264

SUMMARY

Nr.

B.9

Unit’s name

cohors II Aquitanorum

B.10 cohors III Batavorum

B.11

B.12

B.13

B.14

B.15

B.16 B.17 B.18

Chronology I) until ca. 107/112 II) ca. 106/117 III) 107/116 ─ ca. 170 (before 179) IV) ca. 180 ─ 254 I) 1st century II) 69/90 ─ 106/117 III) after 118/119

I) until 100/110 II) 100/110 ─ 117/125 III) 117/125 ─ 5th century I) until ca. 80 cohors III BracaraugII) before 86 ─ 106/117 ustanorum III) 104±10 (106+) ─ ca. 120 IV) ca. 120 ─ 254 I) first third of the 1st century cohors V BracaraugII) ca. 30/80 ustanorum III) ca. 80 ─ 300 I) ca. 9 ~ 41/54 cohors I Breucorum II) 41/54 ─ ca. 106/117 eq. c. R. III) ca. 106/117 ─ 120/125 IV) 117/130 ─ 254 I) 43+ ~ 68/69 II) 68/69 cohors III Britannorum III) 70 ─ 106/117 (ca. 120) IV) ca. 120 ─ ca. 160/180 V) ca. 160 ─ 5th century I) 69+ cohors I Flavia II) 81/96 ─ 106/117 Canathenorum ∞ sagitt. III) 106/117 ─ 300 I) 75/85 ─ ca. 90 cohors II Gallorum II) after ca. 90 I) ca. 80 ─ ca. 120 cohors IV Gallorum II) ca. 120 ─ 254 cohors IX Batavorum ∞ eq. exploratorum

B.19 cohors VI Lusitanorum

I) ca. 69 II) ca. 40/90 ─ 106/117 III) 106/117 ─ ca. 160 IV) ca. 160 ─ 232+

B.22 B.23 B.24 B.25 B.26

B.27

I) Germania II) Burladingen-Hausen (B.4.1)(?) III) Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) IV) Dambach-II (B.7.1) I) recruitment in Germania and possible presence in Britannia II) Moos-Burgstall (B.3.6)(?) III) Adony (Pannonia) I) Britannia II) Weißenburg-II (B.4.13) III) Passau-I (B.3.7)(?) I) unknown province II) Gomadingen (B.3.2)(?) III) Munningen (B.4.6)(?) IV) Theilenhofen (B.5.4) I) recruitment in Hispania II) Germania III) Künzing (B.3.5) I) Germania II) Burghöfe (B.2.4)(?) III) Nassenfels (B.4.7)(?) IV) Pfünz (B.5.2) I) Germania (?) II) Germania III) Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) IV) Burgsalach-I (B.5.1)(?) V) Eining-I (B.3.1) I) Syria II) Straubing-II (B.3.10) II) Straubing-III (B.4.10) I) Straubing-I (B.3.9) II) Moesia I) Eining-I (B.3.1) II) unknown Raetian fort I) Germania (?) II) Emerkingen (B.2.5)(?); Passau-I (B.3.7)(?); Rißtissen (B.2.9)(?) III) Urspring (B.4.11)(?) IV) Unterböbingen (B.6.4)(?) I) Eislingen-Salach (B.4.2)(?) II) Schirenhof (B.6.3) I) recruitment in Raetia II) Straubing-IV (B.3.11) Augsburg (B.2.2) I) Oberstimm (B.2.8) II) Gnotzheim (B.4.4) I) Pannonia II) Oberdorf (B.4.8)(?) III) Buch (B.6.2)(?) unknown Raetian fort I) Britannia II) Eining-I (B.3.1)

I) 110/117 ─ ca. 160 II) 165±8 ─ 254 I) ca. 100 (86+) / 107 cohors II Raetorum II) 69/96 (86/107) ─ ca. 170 cohors Sequanorum 41/68 (41/54) ─ 69/96 cohors III Thracum I) ca. 40 ~ 119/121+ (106/117) c. R. eq. II) 106/117 ─ 254 I) 84+ ~ 106/117 cohors III Thracum II) 106/117 ─ 160±10 veterana III) 160±10 ─ 254 cohors Trumplinorum ca. 15 BC I) until ca. 117 cohors II Tungrorum ∞ II) ca. 120 (118/119 ~ 121 or vexillatio 122/124) ─ 153 ~ 156/157 III) Britannia III) after 153 ~ 156/157 I) ca. 95 (until ca. 106/116) I) Noricum cohors IV Tungrorum ∞ II) 106/117 (118/119 ~ 121 or II) Faimingen-I (B.4.3) vexillatio 122/124) ─ 140/144 III) Mauretania Tingitana III) after 140/144 Table 90/2: Roman troops stationed in Raetia prior to the Limesfall (15 BC – AD 254)

B.20 cohors I Raetorum B.21

Stations

265

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

4. RELIGION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA The cults of several deities were practiced in Raetia, the most common ones being Iuppiter, Iuno and Mars. Other deities whom appeared on inscriptions were Mercurius, Hercules and Epona. Martial deities did not necessarily appear on the epigraphic material of the frontiers.1606 These instances can be attributed to veterans who discharged and moved away from the frontier. Soldiers serving in Raetian army made dedications both to deities of the classical Roman Pantheon and to native ones.1607 Soldiers of cohortes Batavorum, who were Batavians in origin even in the course of the 3rd century, are documented to have worshipped their native deities.1608

rial of Raetia attests that terms attributed to military cannot be exclusively associated with military-related personnel or groups. Despite its name, the contubernium Marticultorum was likely made of civilians than soldiers1615 and the 'contubernali' mentioned on an instrumentum domesticum from Innsbruck more likely refer to the domestic unit of libertii than of soldiers.1616 Military personnel financed the (re)construction of religious buildings, e.g. the Mercurius sanctuary,1617 the Mars and Victoria sanctuary both in Regensburg,1618 and the shrine of the imperial cult in Pförring.1619 There is no reason to believe that military personnel and civilians practiced their religion separately. The most widespread religious practices included the setup of altars, whose position were occasionally noted as well.1620 Along with the setup of altars,1621 several other religious practices are documented on the Raetian epigraphic material, including the dedication of silver statuettes.1622

The distribution of dedications made by soldiers in the Roman army of Raetia correspond to the empire-wide tendencies of invoking the Capitoline triad and equating autochthonous deities to Roman counterparts via interpretatio romana [Table 91]. After their discharge veterans formed groups with their former comrades. These collegii veteranorum are attested at Künzing,1609 Straubing1610 and possibly in the vicinity of several forts, where veterans settled in significant numbers after their discharge. Veterans made dedications both individually1611 and together.1612 Both entire units,1613 and their subassemblies1614 had their own genii, to whom they made dedications collectively or via the unit’s superiors. The overview of the epigraphic mate-

Soldiers in the Roman army of Raetia made dedications both individually and collectively,1623 together with civilians,1624 and as a corps with officers standing for their unit.1625 Similarly governors represented their provinces in dedications.1626 Officers occasionally held religious positions after their discharge from the Army,1627

1606 E.g. Mars: AE 1996, 1179 [Gauting; ca. 100/300]; Herclues: AE 2002, 1077 [Kohlhunden; ca. 200/300]. 1607 For the latter see: A.1 – 4.21 [Chateauneuf; 211/217]: 'deus [–]orevaius'; A.1 – 4.22 [Chateauneuf; 211/217]: 'deus Abinius'. 1608 B.10 – 4.4 [Adony; 196/222 (212/222)]: 'Deae Vagdaevercusti'. 1609 B.13 – 4.2 [Künzing; ca. 90/300]: 'collegi(i) veteranor(um)'. 1610 B.16 – 4.1 [Straubing; 11.4.163]: 'veter(ani) [coh(ortis)] I Cana(thenorum).' 1611 B.13 – 4.1 [Künzing; ca. 90/300]. 1612 B.16 – 4.1 [Straubing; 11.4.163]. 1613 B.3 – 4.2 [Nassenfels; 117/121 ~ 254]: 'genio alae I Flaviae Gemellianae'; B.15 – 4.4 [Eining; 1.12.211]: 'genio cohortis III Britannorum'. 1614 A.1 – 4.12 [Regensburg; 180/192 (ca. 180)]: 'genio centuriae ... commanipularibus d. d.'. 1615 CIL III, 5791 [Augsburg; ca. 100/300]. 1616 AE 2001, 1558 [Innsbruck; ca. 100/300].

1617 A.1 – 4.6 [Regensburg; ca. 170/300]: 'templum igne consumptum restituit ex voto'. 1618 A.1 – 4.20 [Regensburg; 27.6.211]: 'templum restituit'. 1619 D – 2.14 [Pförring; ca. 200/254]: 'templum vetustate conlapsum ... praefectus ... restituit'. 1620 A.1 – 4.5 [Regensburg; ca. 170/300]: 'qui et porticum'; A.1 – 4.27 [Regensburg; 25.7.240]: 'aram alteram'. 1621 E.g. A.1 – 4.26 [Bregenz; 238/244]: 'ex voto aram posuit'. 1622 A.1 – 4.4 [Lauingen; ca. 170/300]: 'cum signo argenteo'. 1623 A.1 – 4.23 [Regensburg; 218/221]. 1624 A.1 – 4.25 [Regensburg; 222/235]. 1625 B.6 – 4.2 [Pförring; ca. 200/254]: 'cui praeest ... praefectus'; B.12 – 4.1 [Theilenhofen; ca. 120/254]. 1626 SCHILLINGER-HÄFELE 1977, Nr. 227 [Augsburg; 218/222]. 1627 B.2 – 4.1 [Rome; ca. 70/100]: 'flamen Carmentalis'; B.18 – 2.2 [Cherchell; ca. 86/150].

266

SUMMARY

campaign,1628 safe journey through the Alps,1629 imperial promotion,1630 and successful discharge from the Army.1631 Occasionally entire units made vows, which were fulfilled on an altar set jointly.1632

however at present this practice is unattested in Raetia. The nature of the vow is rarely stated, the few known instances include secure return from a Name of the deity Apollo

Reference A.1 – 4.4

Findspot Lauingen, St. Martin '2' Mertingen-Burghöfe Pförring, auxiliary fort Weißenburg, auxiliary fort’s bath

Campestres

B.1 – 4.1 B.6 – 4.2

dei et deae

B.1 – 4.4

Diana

B.23 – 4.1

Gnotzheim, vicus

AE 1993, 1237b AE 1993, 1238b B.6 – 4.2 CIL III, 5928

B.15 – 4.2 B.15 – 4.3

Weißenburg Weißenburg Pförring, auxiliary fort Weißenburg-I Untersaal, late Roman fort '2' Theilenhofen, auxiliary fort’s bath Böhming, auxiliary fort Eining, main bath Eining, main bath

D – 4.3

Eining, auxiliary fort

genius

B.6 – 4.1

genius alae

B.3 – 4.2

genius centuriae

A.1 – 4.12

Pförring, auxiliary fort Nassenfels, St. Nikolaus Regensburg, Niedermünster

genius collegii veteranorum

B.13 – 4.2

Epona1633

B.6 – 4.3 B.12 – 4.1 Fortuna

Iuno Regina

IOM

B.14 – 4.4

Künzing

Dating ca. 170/300

statue base

ca. 80 ~ 106/117 106/117 ~ 254

altar altar

106/117 ~ 240/250

altar

106/117 ~ 254 (200?) ca. 150/200 ca. 150/200 106/117 ~ 254 106/117 ~ 240/250

1628

altar bronze vessel bronze vessel altar altar

23.5.231

altar

ca. 120/254

altar

215

altar

ca. 160/200 ca. 160/200 81/96 ~ ca. 120 or 153/157 ~ 300 106/117 ~ 254

altar tabula altar silver tabula

117/121 ~ 254

altar

180/192 (ca. 180)

altar

ca. 90/300

bronze altar and statuette

Regensburg, 218/221 Niedermünster CIL III, 5927 Weißenburg-I 106/117 ~ 240/250 B.16 – 4.1 Straubing 11.4.163 Untersaal, late Roman A.1 – 4.13 182 (3rd-4th century)2 fort '2' Regensburg, A.1 – 4.23 218/221 Niedermünster Regensburg, A.1 – 4.27 25.7.240 Schwäblens Hauß Table 91/1: Roman deities worshipped at the Raetian military sites A.1 – 4.23

Carrier

altar statue base statue base (?) altar altar altar

1632 B.14 – 4.3 [Pfünz; ca. 117/130 ~ 254]: ' cohors I Breucorum ex voto suscepto l. v. s. curam agente ... decurione'. 1633 See: KELLNER 1981, 132-133; KELLNER – ZAHLHAAS 1983; HÜSSEN 1992b, 12-21; BACHMANN et al. 1993; KELLNER 1997.

A.1 – 4.13 [Untersaal; 182]: 'reversus ab expeditione Burica'. A.1 – 4.8 [St. Bernard’s Pass; ca. 170/300]. 1630 A.1 – 4.21; A.1 – 4.22 [Chateauneuf; 211/217]: 'ordinatus ex equite Romano ab domino'. 1631 A.1 – 4.16 [Augsburg; 13.12.194]: 'quod mil(es) susceperam v. s. l. m.'. 1629

267

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Name of the deity IOM Hercules Lares et Larundae Liber Pater Maia Mater

Mars

Mercurius

Minerva Mithras Sedatus Silvanus

Victoria

Reference B.2 – 4.2

Findspot Dating Aalen, St. Johannis '2' ca. 160/254 Weißenburg, B.11 – 4.1 104/106 ~ ca. 120 St. Andreas '2' B.14 – 4.2 Eining, auxiliary fort 86/254 AE 1993, 1233 Weißenburg-I, baths ca. 150/200 Regensburg, A.1 – 4.2 ca. 170/200 Neupfarrplatz A.1 – 4.5 Regensburg, Weinweg ca. 170/300 Regensburg, A.1 – 4.17 ca. 200/300 Ziegetsdorf SCHILLINGER-HÄFELE Nassenfels, 106/117 ~ 254 1977, 571, Nr. 236 Römerstraße 7. Regensburg, A.1 – 4.20 27.6.211 Arnulfsplatz Regensburg, A.1 – 4.25 222/235 Hemauerstr. AE 1993, 1232 Weißenburg-I, baths ca. 100/200 CIL III, 5926 Weißenburg 106/117 ~ 240/250 AE 1990, 765 Kirchheim am Ries ca. 150/250 Regensburg, A.1 – 4.6 ca. 170/300 Ziegetsdorf Regensburg, A.1 – 4.7 ca. 170/300 Ziegetsdorf Regensburg, A.1 – 4.17 ca. 200/300 Ziegetsdorf B.1 – 4.2 Nassenfels, Eistedt '2' ca. 80/254 Emetzheim, B.1 – 4.5 153 St. John '2' Untersaal, late Roman B.6 – 4.3 23.5.231 fort '2' B.2 – 4.3 Aalen, principia ca. 160/254 B.13 – 4.1 Künzing, Mithraeum ca. 90/300 B.14 – 4.3 Pfünz, St. Nikolaus '2' ca. 117/130 ~ 254 Regensburg, A.1 – 4.9 ca. 170/300 Grasgasse Regensburg, A.1 – 4.20 27.6.211 Arnulfsplatz Regensburg, A.1 – 4.25 222/235 Hemauerstr. B.1 – 4.3 Weißenburg-I 106/117 ~ 240/250 Table 91/2: Roman deities worshipped at the Raetian military sites

268

Carrier statue base altar tabula silver tabula altar altar altar statue base tabula tabula bronze statuette altar altar tabula altar altar altar (?) statue base altar altar altar altar altar tabula tabula silver tabula

SUMMARY

5. RANKS IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA Similarly to Roman armed forces stationed in other provinces of the Empire, the Roman army of Raetia had an elaborate system of ranks and assignments. While the system of ranks was theoretical and rigid, the system of assignments provided the flexibility necessary for the Romans both to counter and to adapt to a varied and changing environment. This system operated both on large and small scales: expansion forces of significant size were drawn under the joint command of high-ranking officials,1634 while on an everyday basis, miscellaneous tasks that had no specialists of their own were carried out by the beneficiarii.

ing in military officinae also punched their name and that of their officina into pieces of military equipment.1637 In some cases it is difficult to make out the meaning of these carvings.1638 Officers of regular units were occasionally positioned to lead temporary formations on both larger and smaller scales: e.g. a praefectus was elected as commander of an expeditionary force1639 and decurio was appointed praepositus.1640 The present chapter discloses results drawn from epigraphic material via numerous graphs for highlighting its statements. For reasons of perspicuity, the following guidelines are applied:

The following chapter draws conclusions based mainly on epigraphic material originating from, or relevant to Raetia and as a result, aims to summarize the specialities of the military hierarchy in the Roman army of Raetia. Both active and discharged soldiers usually displayed their rank and unit. Although it is not necessary for an officer to complete his tres militiae in one region, occasionally it can be observed.1635 It was uncommon amongst soldiers in the Roman army of Raetia to express the cost of epitaphs.1636 Soldiers usually displayed their name and rank on militaria in relation to indicating property. This is attested by the use of sing. gen. case (these inscriptions are catalogued in the next division). Apart from owner-inscriptions, personnel work

‒ It is to be stressed, that the low quantity of sources hinders any statistical approach, thus the following graphs serve to provide visual aids for general tendencies only and should not be viewed as statistical data. ‒ All graphs display ratios in percentages with the actual quantity of sources in brackets for convenience. All sources referenced in the graphs are summarized in Tables 92-117 and interpreted in detail in chapter IV. Selected inscriptions. ‒ In order to avoid interpretational bias, the basis for all graphs is the number of relevant epigraphic sources (N2) and not on the number of known soldiers (N1).

1634 B.15 – 4.1 [Esztergom; 89/96]: 'praefectus electorum expeditorum ex Raetia bello Dacico'. 1635 B.6 – 3.†2 [Idanha-a-Velha; ca. 100/200]; B.18 – 2.3 [Fermo; 117/138 ~ 254]. 1636 A.1 – 3.26 [Augsburg; ca. 170/300]; D.1 – 3.18 [Augsburg; ca. 200/300]; A.1 – 3.44 [Steinach; 212 / ca. 300]. 1637 B.17 – 5.9 [Straubing; 75/85 ~ ca. 90]. 1638 E.g. WAGNER 1958, 248, Nr. 125/8a-c [Straubing; 75/85 ~ 300] and WAGNER 1958, 249, Nr. 125/10a [Straubing; 75/85 ~ 300]: 'KARI

KABSA'. Both of these inscriptions were punched into cavalry-related finds, and thus probably belonged to the cohors II Gallorum eq. (B.17), which was the only unit with a mounted component that garrisoned a fort in the vicinity of Straubing (B.3.9). 1639 B.15 – 4.1 [Esztergom; 89/96]: ' praef(ectus) elec(torum) exped(itorum)'. 1640 B.3 – 4.2 [Nassenfels; 117/121 ~ 254].

269

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

5.1. HIGH-RANKING OFFICERS IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA (legati, praefecti, praepositi, tribuni) Prior to the 170s, Raetia did not have a permanent legion and its garrison was entirely made up of auxiliary units. In general, regular troop formations were commanded by praefecti and later on by tribuni alae or cohortis, while irregulars were headed by praepositi e.g. the cohors II and IV Tungrorum ∞ vexillatio (B.26; B.27).

the vicinity of the Roman legionary fort at Regensburg.1642 High-ranking officials are known mostly from the official and personal dedications they made, as well as the honorific inscriptions set up in their honour and scarcely appear in funerary context [Tables 92-95]. At present, the funerary tabula set for Claudius Gemellius Claudianus praefectus legionis1643 is the only known Raetian funerary monument set for a high-ranking official. P. Crepereius Verecundus, praefectus of the cohors I Breucorum (B.14)1644 and L. Noreius Fortunatus, praefectus of the cohors III Thracum veterana (B.24)1645 are known from the two epitaphs they set for their late wives.

Soldiers drawn together for a joint task were also commanded by praepositi, who after the conclusion of their assignment, returned to their original unit, e.g. the mixed bands of soldiers who carried out construction-reconstruction works on the Raetian forts in the 180s were drawn from auxiliary units, such as the cohors I Breucorum (B.14) and were headed by praefecti from the legio III Italica (A.1).1641

The predominance of auxiliary officers compared to legionaries is reflected in the distribution Raetian epigraphic material [Tables 92-95]. The names of praefecti survived on 17 Raetian military constitutions [Table 93].

In the late 160s, the legio III Italica was raised and transferred to the Raetian frontier zone, changing the gubernatorial stance of the province and introducing legati and tribuni legiones. However, these high-ranking officials were appointed for a short term, and thus left only a handful of inscriptions [Tables 92, 95]. Nonetheless, they brought with them their cultural influence and higher state of romanization, the best example of which being the poem-like dedication set by legionary tribunus M. Priscus Aemilius during the last decades of the 2nd century in Nr. 1 2

Unit legio III Italica

During the course of the 3rd century the Roman army was gradually reformed as attested by a change of terms (e.g. on his funerary stele dateable to the second half of the century, Valerius Claudius Quintus bore the rank 'dux').1646 Highranking officers appear indirectly through the cursus of their subordinates:1647 'beneficiarius praefecti castrorum'1648 and 'beneficiarius tribuni legionis III Italica'.1649

Name M. Helvius Clemens Dextrianus A. Claudius Lateranus

Findspot Regensburg Augsburg

Dating 179 185/192

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 2.5 A.1 – 4.15

Table 92: military legati in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)

1641

1646 A.1 – 3.45 = A.2 – 3.1 [Hörzendorf; 238/253+]: 'p(rimo) p(ilo) leg(ionis) II Ital(icae) duci leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) duci et praep(osito) leg(ionis) III Aug(ustae)'. 1647 In these cases, high-ranking officers were not specified by name, thus they are not included in the present chapter’s tables nor graphs. 1648 A.1 – 3.18 [Regensburg; ca. 170/300]. 1649 A.1 – 3.37 [Regensburg; ca. 200/250].

A.1 – 2.9 = B.14 – 2.9 [Böhming; 181]. A.1 – 4.2 [Regensburg; ca. 170/200]. 1643 A.1 – 3.10 [Regensburg; ca. 170/300 (ca. 166/180?)]. Due to the fragmentary state of the inscription the interpretation of Claudianus being beneficiarius praefecti cannot be excluded. 1644 B.14 – 3.2 [Nassenfels; ca. 106/117 ~ 120/125]. 1645 B.24 – 3.1 [Haunsheim; ca. 86/107 ~ 254 (200/254)]. 1642

270

SUMMARY

N1

N2

1

1

2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9 10 11 12 13 14

9 10 11 12 13 14

ala II Flavia ∞

15

15

ala I Flavia Gemelliana

17

16 17 18

ala I Flavia singularium

18

19

19 20 21 22

20 21 22 23

23

24

24

25

16

26 27

26 27 28 29

28

30

29 30

31 32

31

33

32

34

33

35

34

36

35

37

36

38

37 38

39 40

25

Unit legio III Italica

ala I Hispanorum Auriana

ala I Thracum veterana cohors II Aquitanorum cohors IX Batavorum cohors III Bracaraugustanorum cohors V Bracaraugustanorum cohors I Breucorum

Name Claudius Gemell(i)us Claudianus (?) Secundinus × M. Scandilius Fabatus M. P[–]ius Reginus M. Insteius M. f. Palatina trib. Coelenus [–] Bassus orig. Roma Sex. Graesius Severus orig. Picenum × [–]ius Lollianus [–]r(–) Vetus [–]ius [–] Ti. Claudius Rufus M. Ulpius Dignus orig. Cibalae

Regensburg Weißenburg Mertingen Weißenburg

Dating ca. 170/300 (ca. 166/180?) ca. 200/300 106/117 ~ 240/250 80 ~ 106/117 106/117 ~ 240/250

Weißenburg

30.6.107

C – 2.4

Pappenheim

129/134

C – 2.16

unknown

28.9.157

C – 2.36

Günzburg Aalen Aalen Aalen Regensburg Faimingen

77/78 163/164 ca. 170/200 208 1.153 / 3.153 28.9.157

B.2 – 2.1 B.2 – 2.5 B.2 – 2.7 B.2 – 2.11 C – 2.27 C – 2.35

Don(ius?) Bellinus

Nassenfels

117/121 ~ 254

B.3 – 4.2

Aelius Bassianus L. E[–]us L. f. Quirina trib. Gallicus orig. Zeugma

Pförring Pförring Alteglofsheim

ca. 200/254 30.10.139 30.10.139

B.6 – 4.2 C – 2.20 C – 2.21

Ti. Claudius Agricola

unknown

13.5.86

C – 2.2

Iulius (–) M. Victorius Provincialis Vetellius L. Pomponius

Regensburg Weißenburg Theilenhofen Theilenhofen

3.166 / 4.166 104/106 ~ ca. 120 ca. 120/254 140/141 or 144

C – 2.45 B.11 – 4.1 B.12 – 4.1 C – 2.23

Iulius Celerinus

Künzing

18.12.160

C – 2.39

P. Crepereius Verecundus

Nassenfels

cohors I Flavia Canathenorum

cohors II Raetorum

cohors III Thracum c. R. cohors III Thracum veterana a: cohors IV Gallorum b: cohors III Britannorum unknown cohors unknown unit

Regensburg

T. Flavius Felix Cascius or Cascinus

Eining Eining Eining Eining

[–]nius Iunior

Eining

Fabius Faustinianus cohors III Britannorum

Findspot

Aelius [–]

×

Straubing Rome (Lat.)

[–]anus

Straubing

[–] Claudius [–]

Künzing

[–]us Severus orig. Narbonensis (?) Q. Gavius Fulvius Falerna trib. Proculus

Eining Gnotzheim

ca. 106/117 ~ 120/125 ca. 160/200 ca. 160/200 1.12.211 (28.9).157 16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166 11.4.163 162 69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170 ca. 117/138 (or 117/129?) 28.9.157 106/117 ~ 254 (200?) ca. 86/107 ~ 254 (200/254)

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.10 A.1 – 4.18 B.1 – 2.2 B.1 – 4.1 B.1 – 4.4

B.14 – 3.2 B.15 – 4.2 B.15 – 4.3 B.15 – 4.4 C – 2.33 C – 2.44 B.16 – 4.1 C – 2.43 B.21 – 4.1 C – 2.10 C – 2.34 B.23 – 4.1

L. Noreius Fortunatus

Haunsheim

B.24 – 3.1

T. Cleme[ns or -tianus]

Eining

a: 81/96 ~ ca. 120 b: 153/157 ~ 300

D – 4.3

[ – ] Valiria[nus – ]. Cornelius Rogatus

Künzing Pförring

ca. 165 ca. 200/254

C – 2.40 D – 2.14

Table 93/2: Praefecti in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)1650

1650

Throughout this chapter, the column N1 indicates the number of individual soldiers bearing a certain rank, N2 the quantity of inscriptions displaying the same rank. Applied only when relevant, otherwise numbers are given in a single column termed Nr.

271

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr. 1

Unit cohors I Breucorum

2

ala I Flavia Gemelliana

3 4 5

ala I Flavia singularium cohors II Tungrorum ∞ vexillatio

Name Aelius Fortis T. Flavius Romanus Ulpia Noviomagus orig. Batavus nat. M. Virius Marcellus × ×

Findspot Böhming

181

Dating

Cat. Nr. B.14 – 2.9

Kösching

ca. 117/121 ~ 241+

B.3 – 4.1

Untersaal Eining Eining

23.5.231 ca. 120 ~ 153/157 ca. 120 ~ 153/157

B.6 – 4.3 B.26 – 2.1 B.26 – 2.2

Table 94: Praepositi in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. 1 2 3

Unit legio III Italica legio III Italica (?) a: cohors IV Gallorum b: cohors III Britannorum

Name M. Aemilius Ateste orig. Priscus Ti. Claudius Sergia trib. S[–]

Findspot Regensburg Augsburg

Dating ca. 170/200 165/166 ~ ca. 200

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 4.2 D – 2.8

T. Cleme[ns or -tianus]

Eining

a: 81/96 ~ ca. 120 b: 153/157 ~ 300

D – 4.3

Table 95: tribuni in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)

272

SUMMARY

5.2. SENIOR OFFICERS IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA (centuriones and decuriones) Compared to high-ranking officers, who were mentioned on honorific inscriptions and dedications, centuriones appeared more frequently on funerary and militaria inscriptions [Fig. 76]. Legionary centurions were occasionally entrusted to supervise auxiliary detachments, e.g. Aelius Fortis commanded soldiers from the cohors I Breucorum (B.14) and Aurelius Argivus from the pedites singulares during the reconstruction of the Raetian Limes in the 180s.1651

[Table 96]. The trend can be furthered to decuriones, who made several dedications on stone [Table 97]. Centurions serving in the Roman army of Raetia were not distinguished within the rank on the provincial epigraphic material, although the term 'ordinatus' occasionally appears on inscriptions related to the Roman army of Raetia: on the two altars he set for the well-being of the Imperial family, Q. Eniboudius Montanus gave his rank as ordinatus of the legio III Italica (A.1),1652 the rank appears on the funerary stele of Afutianus (Bassi f.) who served in the cohors II Tungrorum (B.26), although it is uncertain whether Afutianus’ service occurred during the unit’s presence in Raetia or not.1653

The higher wage of legionary centurions is reflected in the fact, that only they are known to have made dedications in stone, a practice unattested in regard of their auxiliary counterparts centuriones

decuriones

0,0% 0,0% 6,7% [2] 16,7% [5]

high-ranking officers 35,4% [17]

20,8% [10]

23,9% [11] honorific 10,9% [5]

13,3% [4]

funerary

6,3% [3]

votive

65,2% [30]

instrumenta

0,0%

37,5% [18]

diplomas

63,3% [19]

Fig 76: The distribution of inscription types in high-ranking and senior officer groups in the Roman army of Raetia1654

Senior officers who served in the Roman army of Raetia did not necessarily stay at a single unit throughout their military career: a most remarkable example of mobility within the same rank is the career of L. Numerius Felix who was centurio in no less than four distinct legions before his service in the legio III Italica (A.1).1655 Such a cursus was not unparalleled during the Principate, as another centurio, whose name did not survive, served in at least four legions as well

after his centurionate within the cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (B.12).1656 The various units (mostly legions) listed in these two careers were not stationed nearby, in fact, were long-term garrisons of rather distant forts (from Deva, Britannia to León, Hispania and Bosra, Arabia; for the complete dislocation history v. i. A.1 – 3.1). Similarly, Valerius Claudius Quintus was primus pilus, dux and praepositus successively in the legio II Italica, the legio III Italica (A.1) and the

1651

1654

A.1 – 2.9 [Böhming; 181]; A.1 – 2.10 [Ellingen; 182]. A.1 – 4.21; A.1 – 4.22 [Chateauneuf; 211/217] see: REA 1980, 217219. 1653 B.26 – 3.1 [Birrens; ca. 155/300].

Keep in mind: throughout the chapter, numbers in brackets display the quantity of relevant epigraphic sources (N2), not the number of known soldiers (N1). 1655 A.1 – 3.1 [Tarragona; ca. 166/200]. 1656 D – 3.3 [Lambaesis; ca. 69/300].

1652

273

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

legio III Augusta (A.2) all of which were present on the upper section of the Danubian frontier in the middle of the 3rd century.1657 Eight decurios from the ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2), the ala I Flavia Gemelliana (B.3) and the ala I Flavia singuN1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

N2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Unit

legio III Italica

cohors II Aquitanorum cohors III Bracaraugustanorum

cohors I Breucorum 18 19

21

20

22

21

23

22

24 25

23 24

26

25

27

26

28

27

29 30 31 32

28 29 30 31

cohors VI Lusitanorum cohors III Thracum c. R. cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (?) a: cohors II Raetorum b: cohors II Gallorum c: cohors I Flavia Canathenorum a: cohors IV Gallorum b: cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio c: cohors III Britannorum unknown unit unknown legio unknown ala

larium (B.6) dedicated an honorific tabula for T. Desticius Severus, attesting that horizontal relationships (i.e. between the same ranks) were indeed present in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate.1658

Name Iulius Iulinus Aelius Fortis Aurelius Argivus C. Managnius Iustus L. Aurelius Valerianus Septimius Chaerea Valerius Valens M. Ulpius Secundus × Flavius Vetulenus C. Servandus Serotinus Iulius Novello Gemellus Tertius Victor Paternus Calvus Mansuetus Memor Patru(inus?) Attius Censorinus

Findspot Böhming Böhming Ellingen Augsburg Regensburg Augsburg Regensburg Lauingen Regensburg Untersaal Regensburg Dambach Theilenhofen Theilenhofen Theilenhofen Pfünz Pfünz Pfünz Pfünz Pfünz Urspring

Dating 181 181 182 ca. 170/300 ca. 193/235 ca. 193/300 ca. 200/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 182 ca. 200/300 ca. 180 ~ 254 ca. 120/254 ca. 120/254 ca. 120/254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 106/117 ~ ca. 160

A.1 – 2.10 A.1 – 3.26 A.1 – 3.34 A.1 – 3.35 A.1 – 3.39 A.1 – 4.4 A.1 – 4.10 A.1 – 4.13 A.1 – 4.17 B.9 – 5.4 B.12 – 5.3 B.12 – 5.4 B.12 – 5.5 B.14 – 5.2 B.14 – 5.4 B.14 – 5.5 B.14 – 5.5 B.14 – 5.5 B.19 – 5.1

Quintus

Gnotzheim

106/117 ~ 254

B.23 – 5.5

Ma[–]

Straubing

81/96 ~ 300

D – 5.9

Perennis

Straubing Straubing Straubing

a: 69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170 b: 75/85 ~ ca. 90 c: 81/96 ~ 300

D – 5.10

Secundus [–]us Ninicus

Eining

Sextilius Statutus

Eining

Pr(imus?)

Eining

Taurinus Montanus C. Petronius L. Turetedius Sil[–]

Augsburg Schaan Schaan Ruffenhofen

a: 81/96 ~ ca. 120 b: ca. 120 ~ 153/157 c: 153/157 ~ 300 ca. 200/300 ca. 15 BC ca. 15 BC 117/138 ~ 244/247+

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 2.9

D – 5.11 D – 5.13 D – 5.14 D – 5.15 D – 5.16 D – 3.18 D – 5.1 D – 5.2 D – 5.19

Table 96: centuriones in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) N1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

N2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

8

9

9

Unit legio III Italica

ala I Hispanorum Auriana

Name × (?) Claudius Severus Primius Saturninus Maximinus Vin(dex?) Sil(vanus?) Gem(ellus)

ala II Flavia ∞

Findspot Künzing Regensburg Pförring Weißenburg Weißenburg Weißenburg Weißenburg Heidenheim a.d. Brenz Augsburg

× ×

Dating ca. 170/300 ca. 170/400 ca. 100/150 106/117 ~ 240/250 106/117 ~ 240/250 106/117 ~ 240/250 106/117 ~ 240/250

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.32 A.1 – 5.7 B.1 – 3.7 B.1 – 4.3 B.1 – 5.3 B.1 – 5.4 B.1 – 5.5

106/117 ~ ca. 160

B.2 – 3.5

ca. 170/254

B.2 – 3.6

Table 97/1: decuriones in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)

1657

1658 B.2 – 2.6 = B.3 – 2.2 = B.6 – 2.5 [Concordia sagittaria; 166]: 'decuriones exercitus Raetici'.

A.1 – 3.45 = A.2 – 3.1 [Hörzendorf; 238/253+].

274

SUMMARY

N1 10 11

N2 10 11

12

12

13

13

Marcus

14

14

Firmanus

15

15

ala II Flavia ∞ (?)

S. Aelius Victor (?)

16

16

ala I Flavia Gemelliana

T. Flavius Romanus Ulpia Noviomagus orig. Batavus nat.

17

17

18 19 20 21

18

Unit

ala II Flavia ∞

ala I Flavia singularium c. R. ala I Augusta Thracum

19

cohors III Bracaraugustanorum

22

20

cohors III Bracaraugustanorum (?)

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

21 22 23 24 25 26

cohors I Breucorum cohors III Britannorum

27 28 29 30 31

cohors II Gallorum

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

45

41

46

42

47

43

48

44

49

45

cohors III Thracum c. R. ala I Fl. Britannica (?) a: ala I Hispanorum Auriana b: cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum a: cohors III Britannorum b: legio III Italica a: cohors IV Gallorum b: cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio c: cohors III Britannorum a: ala I Flavia singularium b: cohors III Britannorum

unknown ala 50

46

Name Marius Marcellus T. Vitalius Adventus

Findspot Augsburg Aalen Heidenheim a.d. Brenz Heidenheim a.d. Brenz Aalen Kirchheim am Ries

Dating ca. 170/200 ca. 160/254

Cat. Nr. B.2 – 3.7 B.2 – 4.2

106/117 ~ ca. 160

B.2 – 5.4

106/117 ~ ca. 160

B.2 – 5.5

ca. 160/254

B.2 – 5.6

ca. 160/254

D – 3.16

Kösching

ca. 117/121 ~ 241+

B.3 – 4.1

M. Virius Marcellus

Untersaal

23.5.231

B.6 – 4.3

Iulius Octavus Ataulanus Non(n)us Paterclianus

Augsburg Theilenhofen Theilenhofen Theilenhofen

B.7 – 3.4 B.12 – 5.6 B.12 – 5.6 B.12 – 5.6

Oc[–]

Gomadingen

Iulius Maximus

Claudius Marcus T. Atilius [–] Rullius Ianuarius Maximus × Modestus Moronius Modestus Moronius Serenus Pr(–) Cupitus Sil(–) Ianuarius Avitus Spectatus Crescens Sextinus Co[–] Ma[–]

Pfünz Pfünz Pfünz Regensburg Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Oberstimm Oberstimm Gnotzheim Straubing (?)

Martinus

Weißenburg

Avitianus

Regensburg

Pr(–)

Eining

Saturninus

Neustadt a. d. Donau

80 ~ 117/121 ca. 120/254 ca. 120/254 ca. 120/254 ca. 85/90 ~ 106/117 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 ca. 70/120 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 ca. 40 ─ 119/121+ (106/117) 106/117 ~ 254 ca. 100/300 a: 106/117 ~ 240/250 b: 106/117 ~ 117/125 a: 69/70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120) b: ca. 170/400 a: 81/96 ~ ca. 120 b: ca. 120 ~ 153/157 c: 153/157 ~ 300 a: 107/254 b: 153/157 ~ 300

P. Iulius C. f. Quirina trib. Pintamus domo Aug. Bracara

Leutstetten

ca. 130/230 (117/130+)

D – 3.14

Ruffenhofen

117/138 ~ 244/247+

D – 5.20

Gemus

Flavus

×

Table 97/2: decuriones in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)

275

D – 5.17 B.14 – 4.3 B.14 – 5.3 B.14 – 5.4 B.15 – 3.2 B.17 – 3.1 B.17 – 5.1 B.17 – 5.2 B.17 – 5.2 B.17 – 5.3 B.17 – 5.4 B.17 – 5.5 B.17 – 5.6 B.17 – 5.7 B.17 – 5.7 B.17 – 5.8 B.17 – 5.10 B.17 – 5.12 B.17 – 5.13 B.23 – 5.2 B.23 – 5.3 B.23 – 5.6 D – 5.9 D – 3.12

D – 5.12

D – 5.16

D – 5.18

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

5.3. JUNIOR OFFICERS IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA (principales and adjutants) Both in legions and auxiliary units, junior officers held various offices. The following set of tables lists junior officers known from Raetian epigraphic sources according to their rank or assignment [Tables 98-113]. 13,6% [6]

4,5% [2]

junior officers

The type-based distribution of the junior officers’ inscriptions is more varied than those of the high-ranking and officers, indicating that this group had a more diversified effect on Raetian provincial life [Fig. 77]. 15,6% [7] legionary

honorific auxiliary funerary unknown or uncertain unit type votive 52,3% [23] 29,5% [13]

60,0% [27] instrumenta 24,4% [11]

Fig 77: The distribution of inscription and unit types related to junior officers in the Roman army of Raetia

if the inscription type is uncertain.1660 Most of the inscriptions related to junior officers are epitaphs, which indicates that unsurprisingly, they had a higher mortality rate compared to highranking officers. Epigraphic material attests that unlike high-ranking and senior officers, junior officers completed their entire military service in one unit (v. i. III. 6. Promotions in in the Roman army of Raetia). Beneficiarii consulares were selected from legionary officers, although technically they retained their legionary status after their appointment [Table 100].1661

Most of the junior officers in the Roman army of Raetia were recorded having served in the legio III Italica (A.1), thus had an elevated pay-scale compared to their auxiliary counterparts, which enabled them to afford using lasting materials as inscription carriers, thus their expressed predominance in Raetian epigraphic material. Another reason for this ratio is that the legio III Italica had a more extended administrative bureau, as some offices were present exclusively in the military hierarchy of the legio (e.g. the rank of the aquilifer, frumentari), even though the number of soldiers serving in auxiliary forces was almost double of those who served in the legio after its transfer to the province in the late 160s. Junior officers appeared on honorific inscriptions only in relation to their family,1659 or

Both legionary and auxiliary junior officers made dedications for the well-being of the imperial family as attested by the altars that P. La[–] Salutaris optio,1662 and Severius Severianus beneficiarius of the legio III Italica (A.1)1663 and

1659

1662

1660

1663

A.1 – 2.2 [Augsburg; ca. 170/300]. B.20 – 2.2 [Schirenhof; 165±5 / 254 (222/235?)]. 1661 See: OTT 1995, 30.

276

A.1 – 4.5 [Regensburg, Weinweg; ca. 170/300]. A.1 – 4.26 [Bregenz; 238/244].

SUMMARY

Flavius Valentinus actuarius of the ala II Flavia ∞ p. f. (B.2) set.1664 Naturally, junior officers made dedications for personal reasons too. Although the subject of vows were usually left unsaid, occasionally the findspot and the deity invoked can indicate its nature: the bronze tabula dedicated to IOM Poeninus by T. Claudius Severus, a frumentarius of the legio III Italica (A.1), discovered in the Alpine region may have been set for Severus’ safe journey over the Alps.1665 In some rare cases, the inscription explicitly stated the reason behind the vow: M. Montanius Celer, beneficiarius in the legio III Italica (A.1) dedicated an altar to several deities of the classical Roman pantheon for his honourable discharge.1666

gious practice, junior officers made collective dedications as well.1667 Votive inscriptions attest that junior officers practiced a wide variety of religious duties, from the general practice setting altars to dedicating statues of divinities ('Apollini Granno M. Ulpius Secundus cum signo argenteo v. s. l. m.')1668 to depositing silver tabulae ('Victoriae Flavius Primus curator turmae Maximini.').1669 Junior officers appear on instrumenta generally as proprietaries, with only their names and office given in genitive e.g. 'Victoris c(urator) v(eteranorum)',1670 '[–]io opt(ionis)',1671 'Festi optio(nis)'1672 etc. Most of these owner inscriptions were punched into the surface of plain militaria, but some can be found on pieces of jewellery e.g. the since-lost eight sided ring of Cassius recovered from Augsburg with the inscription 'Genio Cassi(i) signif(eri)'1673

An altar dedicated to IOM and Iuno Regina by several cornicularii of the legio III Italica (A.1) stands as proof that alongside individual reliNr. 1

Unit ala II Flavia ∞

Name Flavius Valentinus

Findspot Aalen

Dating ca. 160/254

Cat. Nr. B.2 – 4.3

Table 98: actuarius in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. 1

Unit legio III Italica

Name

Findspot Augsburg

Iulius Clemens

Dating ca. 170/300

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 2.2

Table 99: aquilifer in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr.

Unit

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

legio III Italica

Name

Findspot

Claudius Gemell(i)us Claudianus (?)

Regensburg

Iulius Candidius M. Cassius Severus M. Montanius Celer Severius Severianus Iulius Macrianus

Regensburg Regensburg Augsburg Bregenz Augsburg Augsburg

ala II Flavia ∞

×

Dating ca. 170/300 (ca. 166/180?) ca. 170/300 ca. 200/250 13.12.194 238/244 ca. 100/300 ca. 170/254

Table 100: beneficiarii in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)

1664

1669

1665

1670

B.2 – 4.3 [Aalen; ca. 160/254]. A.1 – 4.8 [St. Bernard’s Pass; ca. 170/300]. 1666 A.1 – 4.16 [Augsburg; 13.12.194]. 1667 A.1 – 4.23 [Regensburg; 218/221]. 1668 A.1 – 4.4 [Lauingen; ca. 170/300].

B.1 – 4.3 [Weißenburg; 106/117 ~ 240/250]. B.14 – 5.4 [Pfünz; 117/130 ~ 254]. 1671 B.14 – 5.6 [Pfünz; 117/130 ~ 254]. 1672 D – 5.11 [Straubing; 69/96 ~ ca. 300]. 1673 D – 5.6 [Augsburg; 1st – 3rd century].

277

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.10 A.1 – 3.18 A.1 – 3.37 A.1 – 4.16 A.1 – 4.26 D – 3.9 B.2 – 3.6

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

N1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

N2 1 2

Unit

legio III Italica 3

Name M. Aurelius Amandus Sullianus Albucius (M. Aurelius) Reg(–) M. Aurelius Senecio (–) Placid(–) (–) Aed(–)(?) [–]ril Cae[–] Sera(nius?) Marcellus Septimius Secundus Cle(–) Victor M. Aurelius Terent(ius or -inus) M. Aurelius Emer(itianus or -itus) Iulius Florentin(us or -ianus) Iulius Serva(–) M. Aurelius Atianus

Findspot Steinach Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg

Dating 212 / ca. 300 27.6.211 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221 218/221

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.44 A.1 – 4.20 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23 A.1 – 4.23

Table 101: cornicularii in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. 1 2

Unit legio III Italica

Name (M.) Aurelius Statianus (M.?) Aurelius Sabinus

Findspot Regensburg Regensburg

Dating ca. 170/300 212 / ca. 300

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.33 A.1 – 3.43

Table 102: custodes armorum in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr.

Unit

Name

Findspot

1

ala I Hispanorum Auriana

Flavius Primus

Weißenburg

2

cohors I Breucorum

Victor

Pfünz

3

a: ala I Hispanorum Auriana b: cohors IX Batavorum exploratorum

Victor

Weißenburg

Dating 106/117 ~

240/250 117/130 ~

240/250 a: 106/117 ~ 240/250 b: 106/117 ~ 117/125

Cat. Nr. B.1 – 4.3 B.14 – 5.4

D – 3.12

Table 103: curatores in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. 1 2

Unit cohors II Gallorum unknown unit

Name Primitivus Herennius Secundus

Findspot Straubing Ingolstadt

Dating 75/85 ~ ca. 90 ca. 100/300

Cat. Nr. B.17 – 5.11 D – 3.7

Table 104: duplarii and duplicarii in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. 1

Unit legio III Italica

Name T. Flavius Clemens

Findspot Augsburg

Dating ca. 170/200

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.3

Table 105: exactus in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. 1

Unit legio III Italica

Name T. Claudius Severus

Findspot St. Bernard’s Pass

Dating ca. 170/300

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 4.8

Table 106: frumentarius in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. 1

Unit ala I Fl. singularium

Name

Findspot Pförring

[–]ius

Dating 106/117 ~ 254

Cat. Nr. B.6 – 4.1

Table 107: imaginifer in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. 1

Unit legio III Italica

Name

Findspot Regensburg

Iulius Cattanus

Dating ca. 170/300

Table 108: immunus in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)

278

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.20

SUMMARY

Nr. 1 2 3

Unit legio III Italica

Name

Findspot Regensburg Augsburg

Iulius Aelianus Iulius Amandus

cohors I Raetorum

×

Dating ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 165±5/254 (222/235?)

Schirenhof

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.18 A.1 – 3.25 B.20 – 2.2

Table 109: librarii in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. 1

2

Unit legio III Italica a: cohors III Britannorum b: cohors II Aquitanorum c: legio III Italica

Name ×

Ulpius Lucilianus

Findspot Regensburg

Dating ca. 170/300

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.24

Regensburg

a: 69/70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120) b: ca. 120/170 c: ca. 170/300

D – 3.5

Table 110: medici in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. 1 2 3 4

Unit

legio III Italica

5 6 7 8 9 10

ala I Hispanorum Auriana cohors I Breucorum a: cohors II Raetorum b: cohors II Gallorum c: cohors I Flavia Canathenorum unknown unit

Name Donatus Iulius Saturninus (?) P. La[–] Salutari C. Rufonius Placidus M. Aurelius M. f. Ouffetina trib. Como orig. Manto C. Crepereius Fortunatus

Findspot Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg

Dating ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.15 A.1 – 3.20 A.1 – 4.5 A.1 – 4.6

Regensburg

ca. 170/300

A.1 – 4.9

Regensburg

180/192 (ca. 180)

A.1 – 4.12

Flavius Raeticus

Emetzheim

153

B.1 – 4.5

[–]io

Pfünz

B.14 – 5.6

Festus

Straubing

[–]us

Augsburg

117/130 ~ 254 a: 69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170 b: 75/85 ~ ca. 90 c: 81/96 ~ 300 ca. 50/300

D – 5.11 D – 4.2

Table 111: optiones in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Unit legio III Italica ala II Flavia ∞ unknown unit

Name M. Iuvenius Fortio C. Senilius Pervincus Marcellinius Marcianus × Lucanus Cassius

Findspot Regensburg Augsburg Regensburg Regensburg Heidenheim a. d. Brenz Augsburg

Dating ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 206 106/117 ~ ca. 160 ca. 1st-3rd c.

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.13 A.1 – 3.27 A.1 – 3.28 A.1 – 4.19 B.2 – 5.2 D – 5.6

Table 112: signiferi in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) Nr. 1

Unit legio III Italica

Name Septimius Impetratus

Findspot Regensburg

Dating ca. 170/300

Table 113: tubicen in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)

279

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.14

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

5.4. RANKERS IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA (equites and milites) From its annexation in 15 BC until the middle of the 2nd century, the Roman army that garrisoned Raetia was made up of solely auxiliary units. Based on military constitutions, the Raetian garrison was made up of up to 4 alae and 13 or 14 cohortes for the major part of this period [Table

88]. Considering the theoretical strength of these units,1674 and the fact that one ala and three cohortes were milliariae, the average number of soldiers in Raetia during this period varied between ca. 9.500 and 10.000 soldiers, with 2.300 riders and 7.200 ~ 7.680 foot soldiers.

total

milites

equites

35,3% [18]

23,1% [7]

0,0 %

40,0% [10] honorific

0,0%

0,0%

funerary 3,8% [1]

56,9% [29]

votive 7,8% [4] instrumenta

73,1% [19]

48,0% [12] 12,0% [3]

Fig 78: The distribution of inscription types related to rankers in the Roman army of Raetia

Albeit the low quantity of Raetian inscriptions referring to rankers inhibits further statistical analysis, with a total of 51 known instances, some general conclusions may be drawn. It is little surprising that per se, soldiers are not mentioned on honorific inscriptions. The names of both known equites and milites occur mostly on two distinct group of inscription-types, i.e. fuauxiliary

legionary

nerary inscriptions and instrumenta. The first one is reasonable, considering that rankers were inclined to remain in the province, or more precisely, likely in the vicinity of their former fort after their discharge. The difference between milites and equites is significantly less distinct than the one between legionary and auxiliary soldiers [Fig. 79]. legionary

rankers

0,0%

auxiliary

0,0% 0,0%

15,0% [3]

honorific

11,5% [3]

9,8% [5]

funerary 39,2% [20]

65,0% [13]

unknown or uncertain unit type

votive 20,0% [4]

88,5% [23]

51% [26]

instrumenta

Fig 79: The distribution of inscription and unit types related to rankers in the Roman army of Raetia

1674

GOLDSWORTHY 2003, 57-58.

280

SUMMARY

Most of the votive and funerary inscriptions were set by legionary soldiers, which can be attributed to their elevated pay-scale compared to their auxiliary counterparts. Instrumentum inscriptions belong mostly to auxiliary rankers, although it is often difficult to decide: due to the nature of this inscription type one can rely on findspot, which however can be misleading, as in case of Regensburg, both the cohors III Britannorum (B.15), the cohors II Aquitanorum (B.9) and the legio III Italica (A.1) were present for several, although non-overlapping decades. Keeping in mind that auxiliary soldiers occasionally remained active after their discharge, based exclusively on the civil status of an individual it is not possible for one to decide whether he served in a legion or an auxiliary unit.1675

Along official religion, legionary rankers dedicated altars to fulfil personal vows as attested by the previously mentioned altar of M. Montanius Celer, set to fulfil a vow he made while still a miles ('quod miles susceperam v. s. l. m.),1677 and an altar set for Mercurius 'ex voto suscepto' by a legionary foot soldier, whose name did not survive.1678 One legionary ranker is known have been included in a collective dedication, although the altar’s reading is not without doubt.1679 The presently known epigraphic material suggests rankers not having made dedications as corps. There are 11 cohortes and no alae known to have been recruited from Raetian tribes, yet these units were not ethnic in the sense the cohortes Batavorum were, meaning the ones left Raetia did not continue to recruit of Raeti to fill their ranks [Table 63].1680 On the other hand, similarly to other provinces, units present in Raetia were using a local recruitment pool, as attested by an altar set by soldiers of the cohors II Tungrorum (B.26) who had Raetian origins ('cives Raeti militantes in cohorte II Tungrorum').1681

Votive inscriptions are sparse and currently are known exclusively from legionary rankers [Fig. 79]. The two altars set by (M.) Aurelius Pervincianus eques of the legio III Italica (A.1) attest that legionary rankers were also involved in making official dedications for the well-being of the imperial family.1676 N1 1 2

N2 1 2

3

3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13

13

14 15 16 17 18

Unit

Name Claudius Donatus M. Aurelius Militio M.?) Aurelius Pervincianus Felix Firmus Saltuinus Iustinus Victorinius Longinus Iulius [–] (?) Essio Hilario Concessus

Findspot Regensburg Regensburg

Dating ca. 170/300 212 / ca. 300

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.11 A.1 – 3.42

Regensburg

25.7.240

A.1 – 4.27

Regensburg Weißenburg Weißenburg Weißenburg Augsburg Heidenheim a.d. Brenz Heidenheim a.d. Brenz Heidenheim a.d. Brenz Aalen

A.1 – 5.7 B.1 – 5.3 B.1 – 5.4 B.1 – 5.5 B.2 – 3.4 B.2 – 3.5 B.2 – 5.4 B.2 – 5.5 B.2 – 5.6

ala I Flavia singularium

Victorinus Longinus

Augsburg

14

ala I Augusta Thracum

15

cohors III Bracaraugustanorum

16

cohors I Breucorum

Successus Silvani f. Aliquandus Atto Flavius Flavianus Alpinus

Augsburg Theilenhofen Theilenhofen Theilenhofen Pfünz

ca. 170/400 106/117 ~ 240/250 106/117 ~ 240/250 106/117 ~ 240/250 82/86 ~ ca. 170 106/117 ~ ca. 160 106/117 ~ ca. 160 106/117 ~ ca. 160 ca. 160/254 90/107 (107) ~ ca. 170 80 ~ 117/121 ca. 120/254 ca. 120/254 ca. 120/254 117/130 ~ 254

legio III Italica

ala I Hispanorum Auriana

ala II Flavia ∞

B.6 – 3.1 B.7 – 3.4 B.12 – 5.6 B.12 – 5.6 B.12 – 5.6 B.14 – 5.3

Table 114/1: equites in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)

1675

1679

1676

1680

A.1 – 5.7 [Regensburg; ca. 170/400]. A.1 – 4.27 [Regensburg; 25.7.240]. 1677 A.1 – 4.16 [Augsburg; 13.12.194]. 1678 A.1 – 4.7 [Regensburg; ca. 170/300].

1681

281

A.1 – 4.25 [Regensburg; 222/235]. See: SPAUL 2000, 15 with the supplements made at B.20 and B.21. B.26 – 4.5 [Birrens; ca. 155/180]:.

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

N1 19 20 21

23 24 25

N2 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

26

25

27

26

28

27

22

Unit cohors III Britannorum

cohors II Gallorum

a: cohors III Britannorum b: legio III Italica a: ala I Flavia singularium b: cohors III Britannorum eq. unknown

L. Veter(–) Ingenuus Quintus Lucanus Lucanus Salvius Tertius Clemens

Name

Findspot Regensburg Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing Straubing

Dating ca. 70/120 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 75/85 ~ ca. 90 a: 69/70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120) b: ca. 170/300

Cat. Nr. B.15 – 5.1

[–]ius Festinus

Regensburg

Ianuarius

Neustadt a. d. Donau

a: 107/254 b: 153/157 ~ 300

D – 5.18

Iunius

Gomadingen

ca. 85/90 ~ 106/117

D – 5.17

B.17 – 5.2 B.17 – 5.3 B.17 – 5.5 B.17 – 5.8 B.17 – 5.10 B.17 – 5.13 D – 3.6

Table 114/2: equites in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254) N1 1 2 3 4

N2 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Name T. Flavius Clemens Flavius Amabil(i)us, Pollioni f. × Flavius Marcellus

Findspot Augsburg Regensburg Regensburg Regensburg

5

(M.?) Aurelius Victorinus

Regensburg

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Flavius Valens Secundanus Florentinus Pictori f. Valentius Domitianus Iulius Amandus × Gemelius Dignus (M.?) Aurelius Patruinus × M. Montanius Celer Ei(–)(?) Nigrinus Quintus Valentinus Costio Paternus Norbanus Cerinus Tertius

Regensburg Augsburg Regensburg Augsburg Künzing Dürrlauingen Regensburg Regensburg Augsburg Regensburg Theilenhofen Theilenhofen Theilenhofen Theilenhofen Pfünz Pfünz Pfünz Pfünz

17 18 19 20

Unit

legio III Italica

cohors III Bracaraugustanorum

cohors I Breucorum

21

24

22

a: cohors IV Gallorum b: cohors II Tungrorum vexillatio c: cohors III Britannorum

25 26

23 24

unknown legion

Firmus

P. Gavidius Felix Numerius Pomponius

Dating ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 (ca. 212/300?) ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 200/300 212 / ca. 300 ca. 170/300 13.12.194 222/235 ca. 120/254 ca. 120/254 ca. 120/254 ca. 120/254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254 117/130 ~ 254

A.1 – 3.19 A.1 – 3.21 A.1 – 3.22 A.1 – 3.23 A.1 – 3.25 A.1 – 3.32 A.1 – 3.40 A.1 – 3.43 A.1 – 4.7 A.1 – 4.16 A.1 – 4.25 B.12 – 5.3 B.12 – 5.4 B.12 – 5.4 B.12 – 5.5 B.14 – 5.2 B.14 – 5.4 B.14 – 5.5 B.14 – 5.5

Eining

a: 81/96 ~ ca. 120 b: ca. 120 ~ 153/157 c: 153/157 ~ 300

D – 5.14

Schaan Schaan

15 BC 15 BC

D – 5.1 D – 5.2

Table 115: milites in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)

282

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.3 A.1 – 3.12 A.1 – 3.15 A.1 – 3.17

SUMMARY

5.5. VETERANS IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA A total of 23 Raetian inscriptions refer to veterans discharged from the Roman army of Raetia. Their distribution between auxiliary and legionary groups is even, although when dealing with legionary

such few instances, one must refrain from making statistical assumptions, especially in case of instrumenta inscriptions, of which only a single one is known [Fig. 80].1682

auxiliary

veterani 39,0% [16]

0,0%

0,0% 0,0%

0,0%

20,0% [5] 0,0% 46,3% [19]

8,0% [2]

37,5% [3]

honorific funerary

4,0% [1]

votive 62,5% [5]

12,2% [5]

64,0% [16]

2,4% [1]

instrumenta diplomas

Fig. 80: The distribution of inscription and unit types related to veterans in the Roman army of Raetia

Most of the veterans discharged from the Roman army of Raetia are known from funerary inscriptions, at present a total of 17 epitaphs are known. The Raetian epigraphic material attests that on both funerary and votive monuments veterans often stated not only from which unit, but from which rank they were discharged [Table 116]. However not all inscriptions were as verbose, the altar dedicated by Valerius (?) Magio laconically displayed only the fact of his disarmament ('veteranus honesta missione dimissus'.)1683 This altar as well as the previously mentioned one set by M. Montanius Celer1684 stand as proof for the very understandable practice of soldiers making vows for their safe discharge.

the means, and the need to have sanctuaries operating, thus they were documented having taken over the financial burdens of (re)constructing shrines, as attested by the tabula fixed on the Mars and Victoria temple documenting the restoration of the edifice by Sullanius Albucius ('I. h. d. d. Marti et Victoriae templum restituit').1685 A marble statue base set for honour of the imperial family by 59 individuals included a veteran named Iulianus, indicating that after their discharged, former soldiers collaborated with nonmilitary personnel in performing religious acts.1686

Furthermore, Magio’s altar attests also, that alongside official religious duties, soldiers were acquainted with and practiced other religions, such as the cult of Mithras both in the army and after their discharge. Veterans had a key impact on the religious life of the province, as they had

The bronze altar of Ingenus dedicated to the genius of the veterans’ collegium,1687 and a statue base dedicated collectively by the veterans discharged from the cohors I Flavia Canathenorum (B.16) attest,1688 that after their disarmament, former comrades remained in contact via associations of their own.

1682

1686

1683

1687

D – 5.8 [Straubing; ca. 69/96 ~ 300]. B.13 – 4.1 [Künzing; ca. 90/300] 1684 A.1 – 4.16 [Augsburg; 13.12.194]. 1685 A.1 – 4.20 [Regensburg; 27.6.211].

1688

283

A.1 – 4.25 [Regensburg; 222/235]. B.13 – 4.2 [Künzing; ca. 90/300]. B.16 – 4.1 [Straubing; 11.4.163].

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

Nr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Terms of discharge 'ex signifero legionis III Italicae missus honesta missione' 'm. h. m. ex tubicine' 'ex signifero legionis III Italicae' 'm. h. m. ex equite legionis III Italicae' 'm. h. m. ex beneficiario consularis' 'ex decurione alae Aurianae m. h. m.' 'ex decurione alae II Flaviae ∞' 'ex decurione [cohortis II Gallorum]'

Findspot Regensburg Regensburg Augsburg Regensburg Augsburg Pförring Augsburg Straubing

9

'ex equite m. h. m. ex [ala or cohorte or legione – ]'

Regensburg

10 11

'm. h. m. ex beneficiario consularis' 'ex decurione a[lae – ]'

Augsburg Leutstetten

12

'ex singularibus consularis'

Eining

13 14

'ex centurione' (?) 'ex centurione'

Kirchheim am Ries Augsburg

Dating ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 212 / ca. 300 13.12.194 ca. 100/150 ca. 170/200 75/85 ~ ca. 90 a: 69/70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120) b: ca. 170/300 ca. 100/300 ca. 130/230 [117/130+] a: 153/157 ~ 300 b: ca. 170/300 ca. 160/254 ca. 200/300

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.13 A.1 – 3.14 A.1 – 3.27 A.1 – 3.42 A.1 – 4.16 B.1 – 3.7 B.2 – 3.7 B.17 – 3.1 D – 3.6 D – 3.9 D – 3.14 D – 3.15 D – 3.16 D – 3.18

Table 116/1: discharge in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate Nr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Unit

legio III Italica

ala I Hispanorum Auriana

12 13 14 15

ala II Flavia ∞

16

ala I Flavia Gemelliana

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

ala I Flavia singularium ala I Thracum veterana ala II Aquitanorum cohors III Bracaraugustanorum cohors V Bracaraugustanorum

Name M. Iuvenius Fortio Septimius Impetratus C. Senilius Pervincus Claudius R(a)eticus M. Aurelius Militio M. Montanius Celer Sullianus Albucius Iulianus (?) Primius Saturninus Mogetissa Comatulli f. nat. Boius [–]uli f. nat. Frisius Disa Phodinicenti f. nat. Thracus Marius Marcellus Secundus f. [–] Q. L. f. Afrus Iulius Genialis cives Mediomatricus T. Flavius Paternus nat. Batavus [–]oni f(ilius) nat. Raurac[us] A[ – D]ecorato Sanua[ci f. nat. Hel]vetius

Findspot Regensburg Regensburg Augsburg Regensburg Regensburg Augsburg Regensburg Regensburg Pförring

Dating ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 212 / ca. 300 13.12.194 27.06.211 222/235 ca. 100/150

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.13 A.1 – 3.14 A.1 – 3.27 A.1 – 3.30 A.1 – 3.42 A.1 – 4.16 A.1 – 4.20 A.1 – 4.25 B.1 – 3.7

Weißenburg

30.6.107

C – 2.4

Pappenheim

129/134

C – 2.16

unknown

28.9.157

C – 2.36

Augsburg Regensburg Faimingen

ca. 170/200 1.153 / 3.153 28.9.157

B.2 – 3.7 C – 2.27 C – 2.35

Kösching

ca. 117/121 ~ 241+

B.3 – 3.1

Egweil Pförring

ca. 100/140 30.10.139

B.6 – 3.2 C – 2.20

Alteglofsheim

30.10.139

C – 2.21

Dituseni Salae f. nat. Thracus

unknown

13.5.86

C – 2.2

Secco Iuli [f. –]

Regensburg

3.166 / 4.166

C – 2.45

[–] Puto [– f.]

Theilenhofen

140/141 or 144

C – 2.23

V(alerius?) Magio Ingenu(u)s Celadi f. Victor Sendusis f. nat. Runicatus

Künzing Künzing

ca. 90/300 ca. 90/300

B.13 – 4.1 B.13 – 4.2

Künzing

18.12.160

C – 2.39

[–]simni f. nat Cond[ru]sus

Eining

16/19.12.164 ~ 16/19.12.166

C – 2.44

Asuodane R[– f(ilio) –]

Rome (Lat.)

162

C – 2.43

28 29

cohors III Britannorum cohors I Flavia Canathenorum cohors II Gallorum cohors II Raetorum

T. Atilius [–] [–]ci f. nat. Licatus (?)

75/85 ~ ca. 90 28.9.157

B.17 – 3.1 C – 2.34

30

singulares Augusti

P. Aelius Saturninus

Straubing Eining Neuburg a. d. Donau

117/138 ~ 254

D – 3.11

26 27

Table 117/1: veterani in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)

284

SUMMARY

Nr 31

32

33

34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Unit a: cohors III Britannorum b: legio III Italica a: cohors III Britannorum b: legio III Italica a: cohors II Raetorum b: cohors II Gallorum c: cohors I Flavia Canathenorum unknown ala

unknown unit

Name

Findspot

Dating a: 69/70 ~ 106/117 (ca. 120) b: ca. 170/300

Cat. Nr.

[–]io Festinus

Regensburg

P. Afi(nius or -dius)

Eining

a: 153/157 ~ 300 b: ca. 170/300

D – 3.15

Ceraunus

Straubing

a: 69/96 (86+) ~ ca. 170 b: 75/85 ~ ca. 90 c: 81/96 ~ 300

D – 5.8

Leutstetten

ca. 130/230 (117/130+)

D – 3.14

Manching Rainau-Buch Augsburg Augsburg Kirchheim am Ries Augsburg

117/121 or 125/128 155/156 or 162/166 ca. 100/300 ca. 100/300 ca. 160/254 ca. 200/300

C – 2.9 C – 2.31 D – 3.8 D – 3.9 D – 3.16 D – 3.18

P. Iulius C. f. Quirina trib. Pintamus domo Aug. Bracara Flavio Al[– f.] Provincialis nat. Licati Gavius Silvanus Iulius Macrianus [ – C]erialis Taurinus Montanus

Table 117/2: veterani in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)

285

D – 3.6

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

6. PROMOTIONS IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA High-ranking officers, who held several important offices and ranks over the years, tended towards displaying this more, than senior and junior officers. While the former often exhibited a lenghty cursus honorum, officers of lower ranks usually displayed their highest office only. High-ranking officers usually had a career stretching over several provinces of the Empire, which is not unparalleled amongst senior officers,1689 yet almost non-existent amongst junior officers.

Not only combatants were selected to serve key officials: the epitaphs of T. Flavius Clemens and Iulius Amandus attest the practice of legionary soldiers being selected to serve in the governor’s staff.1694 During the latter half of the 3rd century, the system of ranks and thus the system of promotions became increasingly complex. Protocols were not always observed and the formation of several new offices added to the confusion. A proper example of these changes can be observed via the sepulchral inscription of Valerius Claudius Quintus, who held the ranks of primus pilus, dux and praefectus in three legions stationed on the upper Danubian frontier.1695

Epigraphic material indicate that promotions in the Roman army of Raetia were documented in the same frequency between legionaries and auxiliary soldiers. The funerary monument of Iulius Ovvenus is an example of soldiers occasionally documenting how many years they served in distinct ranks.1690 The altars set by Q. Eniboudius Montanus document his promotion to centurionate by Emperor Caracalla.1691

Promotions were practiced not solely in regard of ranks but of assignments as well. Promotion through assignment effected the entire spectrum of Raetian military hierarchy: during Emperor Domitian’s Dacian and Germanic wars in 89,1696 the praefectus of the cohors III Britannorum (B.15), Novatus, was elected as commander of joint detachments drawn together for the purpose of the campaign from Raetian militants ('praefectus electorum expeditorum ex Raetia bello Dacico').1697 On a lower level, soldiers working at constructions were supervised by assigned legionary centurions ('curam agente') as attested by the well-known building inscriptions at Böhming (C.6.1) and Ellingen (C.5.1).1698 When a few soldiers of one or more units were temporarily dispatched for a distinct purpose, they were generally commanded by a praepositus. However, their task and numbers were not always

A narrower line of promotion was election into the ranks of the singulares, who were soldiers of peculiar strength and prowess, selected to be the personal guard of the Emperor himself and of key officials [Table 118]. Singulares were selected from alae, cohortes equitatae and legiones. This practice of selection is explicitly documented on the funerary stele of T. Flavius Quintinus ('lectus ex exercitu Raetico ex ala Flavia pia fidelis mil(l)iaria').1692 However, not only rankers were selected, as attested by the cursus of M. Virius Marcellus on the honorific table he set on 23.5.231, auxiliary senior officers were also eligible to serve as singulares.1693

1689

1694 A.1 – 3.3 [Augsburg; ca. 170/200]; A.1 – 3.25 [Augsburg; ca. 170/300]. 1695 A.1 – 3.45 = A.2 – 3.1 [Hörzendorf; 238/253+]. 1696 ROSENBERGER 1992, 88-90; KELEMEN – LŐRINCZ 1994, 133 ff. 1697 B.15 – 4.1 [Esztergom; 89/96]. 1698 A.1 – 2.9 = B.14 – 2.9 [Böhming; 181]; A.1 – 2.10 [Ellingen; 182].

A.1 – 3.1 [Tarragona; ca. 166/200]. A.1 – 3.29 [unknown proveniance (possibly Raetian); ca. 170/300 (ca. 212/300)]. 1691 A.1 – 4.21; A.1 – 4.22 [Chateauneuf; 211/217]. 1692 B.2 – 3.3 [Castel Gandolfo; 82/86 ~ ca. 120].' 1693 B.6 – 4.3 [Untersaal; 23.5.231]. 1690

286

SUMMARY

documented, as can be seen on the altar set by T. Flavius Romanus, decurio of the ala I Flavia

Gemelliana (B.3), who was an appointed praepositus as well.1699

N1 1 2

N2 2 3

Name T. Flavius Clemens Iulius Amandus

Terms of promotion 'militi legionis III Italicae exacto consulari' 'militi legionis III Italicae librario consularis'

3

3

Iulius Ovveno

'miles annorum VIII optio annorum II'

4

4

Valerius Claudius Quintus

5

5 6

Q. Eniboudius Montanus

6

7

T. Flavius Quintinus

7

Victorinius Longinus 8

8

Claudius Latinus

'primo pilo legionis II Italicae, duci legionis III Italicae, duci et praeposito legionis III Augustae' 'ordinatus ex equite Romano a domino Imperatore M. Aurelio Antonino Augusto' 'lectus ex exercitu Raetico ex ala Flavia pia fidelis milliaria' 'equitis alae II Flaviae, singularis ... aedituus singularium heres'

9

9

M. Virius Marcellus

10

10

T. Aurelius Tertius

11 12

11 12

× P. Aelius Saturninus

'decurio alae I Flaviae, singularium Alexandrianae, singularis, consularis, praepositus castris III' 'equiti singulari Augusti ... heres miles cohor-tis III Bracaraugustanorum' 'singularis Augusti' 'veteranus (ex singularibus) Augusti nostri'

13

13

P. Afi(nius or –dius)

'veteranus ex singularibus consularis'

Dating ca. 170/200 ca. 170/300 ca. 170/300 (ca. 212/300)

B.3 – 4.1 [Kösching; 117/121 ~ 241+].

287

A.1 – 3.29

238/253+

A.1 – 3.45 = A.2 – 3.1

211/217 211/217

A.1 – 4.21 A.1 – 4.22

82/86 ~ ca. 120

B.2 – 3.3

a: 82/86 ~ ca. 170 b: 90/107 (107) ~ ca. 170

B.2 – 3.4 = B.6 – 3.1

23.5.231

B.6 – 4.3

ca. 86/254

B.12 – 3.1

ca. 100/300 ca. 117/138 ~ 254 a: 153/157 ~ 300 b: ca. 170/300

D – 3.11 D – 3.13

Table 118: promotions in the Roman army of Raetia during the Principate (15 BC – AD 254)

1699

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 3.3 A.1 – 3.25

D – 3.15

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

7. BUILDING OPERATIONS RELATED TO THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA Most of the construction and reconstruction works carried out by soldiers in the Roman army of Raetia were military-related. Troops were responsible for the construction and maintenance of their own forts. These operations were always documented on building inscriptions, of which, presently twenty-two are known from Raetia Nr 1 2 3 4

Unit legio III Italica

ala II Flavia ∞

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

ala I Fl. Gemelliana ala I Fl. singularium

cohors I Breucorum

cohors III Britannorum cohors III Thracum c. R.

21

legio III Italica and cohors I Breucorum

22

legio III Italica and pedites singulares

[Table 119]. One can see, that the texts of these building inscriptions did not always attest which features were (re)constructed. This was not necessary, as originally tabulae themselves were placed upon the facade of the reconstructed building, thus their location on its own provided sufficient information.

(Re)constructed building(s) 'vallum cum portis et turribus' principia × principia, sanctuary 'Capitolium cum principiis vetustate conlapsis restituit' × '[pr]in[cipia restituit]' × × porta decumana porta pricipalis sinistra × praetorium × porta principalis sinistra porta principalis dextra × × × × 'vexillarii legionis III Italicae vallum fecerunt curam agente Iulio Iulino centurione legionis III Italicae item portas cum turribus IIII perfectas ab Aelio Forte centurione legionis III Italicae praeposito cohortis I Breucorum' 'kastelli Sabloneti murum cum portis lapidibus substitutum iussu ... per singulares pedites curam agente Aurelio Argivo centurione legionis III Italicae'

Findspot Regensburg Aalen Aalen Aalen

Dating 179 163/164 ca. 170/200 ca. 170/230

Cat. Nr. A.1 – 2.5 B.2 – 2.5 B.2 – 2.7 B.2 – 2.8

Aalen

208

B.2 – 2.9

Aalen Aalen Kösching Biburg Pfünz Pfünz Pfünz Pfünz Pfünz Eining Eining Eining Eining Gnotzheim Gnotzheim

208 208 141 141 117/130 ~ 254 138/161 183/184 211 211/213 213 213 213 (?) 213 (?) early 144 211/217 (ca. 213)

B.2 – 2.10 B.2 – 2.11 B.3 – 2.1 B.6 – 2.4 B.14 – 2.6 B.14 – 2.7 B.14 – 2.10 B.14 – 2.11 B.14 – 2.12 B.15 – 2.2 B.15 – 2.3 B.15 – 2.4 B.15 – 2.5 B.23 – 2.1 B.23 – 2.2

Böhming

181

A.1 – 2.9 = B.14 – 2.9

Ellingen

182

A.1 – 2.10

Table 119: building operations carried out by the Roman army of Raetia

Extensive construction works were completed via joint operations: the tabulae from Ellingen (C.5.1) and Böhming (C.6.1) stand as proof that soldiers from different units were drawn together occasionally (to one flag, i.e. vexillatio) to complete various construction works in forts under

command of legionary centurions.1700 Inscriptions of numerous Raetian milestones attest that along with military installations, soldiers were also in charge of constructing and maintaining roads of military significance along with related bridges ('vias et pontes restituerunt').1701

1700

1701 A.1 – 2.14 [Bergheim; 201]; A.1 – 2.15 [Nassenfels; 201]; A.1 – 2.16 [Kösching; 201]. Milestones without the 'vias et pontes restituerunt' formula include: A.1 – 2.11 [Nassenfels; 195 (215)2]; A.1 – 2.12 [Burgweinting; 195 (215)2].

A.1 – 2.9 = B.14 – 2.9 [Böhming; 181]; A.1 – 2.10 [Ellingen; 182.

288

SUMMARY

Provincial administration was made up of smaller districts supervised from several forts, which appear as capita viarum on Raetian milestones: Augsburg, Kempten, Regensburg and Faimingen, the last being the only one that was not a military installation at the time of the milestone’s setup.1702

Alongside official constructions, active officers financed the reconstruction of sanctuaries e.g. the Mercurius sanctuary,1703 the Mars and Victoria sanctuary, both in Regensburg,1704 and the shrine of the imperial cult in Pförring.1705 These however, should be seen as tokens of private religious practice.

1702

1704

RBy 1995, 79. A.1 – 4.6 [Regensburg; ca. 170/300]: 'templum igne consumptum restituit ex voto'; A.1 – 4.15 [Augsburg; 185/192]: 'cuius sedes a tergo sunt'.

A.1 – 4.20 [Regensburg; 27.6.211]: 'templum restituit'. D – 2.14 [Pförring; ca. 200/254]: 'templum vetustate conlapsum ... praefectus ... restituit'.

1703

1705

289

THE DISLOCATION IN THE ROMAN ARMY OF RAETIA

8. FOREIGN UNITS IN RAETIA 120].1706 The following units were not part of the Roman army of Raetia in the sense that units garrisoned here for decades were: the following epigraphic and instrumenta sources were left behind by troops on the move1707 or by individual officers passing through Raetia.1708

Raetia was an integrated part of the Roman Empire, meaning that units in the Raetian garrison were occasionally transferred to other provinces or theatres of war both partially and temporarily, similarly, soldiers garrisoned in other provinces were deployed to Raetia from time to time [Table Nr. 1 2 3 4

Unit name legio I Italica legio I Minervia legio IIII Macedonica legio VIII Augusta

5

legio X

Findspot Günzburg Regensburg Neuburg a. d. Donau Aalen Tiefencastel Riom-Parsonz Riom-Parsonz AugsburgOberhausen Chur Chur Tiefencastel Riom-Parsonz Septimer’s Pass Riom-Parsonz Tiefencastel Nassenfels Epfach

Dating 54/68 ~ ca. 300 1st-3rd century 43/70 ca. 70/254 15 BC 15 BC 15 BC 8/5 BC ~ AD 6/9 (15/16) ca. 70/100 ca. 70/100 15 BC 15 BC 15 BC 15 BC 15 BC 200/250 222/2351709

Reference AE 1930, 74 IBR 497-498,1 CIL III, 11990a-d CIL III, 11991a-b AE 2003, 1286b AE 2007, 1067b AE 2007, 1069b

Inscription carrier altar tile stamp tile stamps (4) tile stamps (2) instrumentum militare instrumentum militare instrumentum militare

PFAHL 2012, Nr. 2

fingerring

AE 2001, 1557a AE 2001, 1557b AE 2003, 1286c AE 2007, 1067c AE 2007, 1068b AE 2007, 1069a AE 2009, 971 WAGNER 1958, 69 CIL III, 5778 AE 1963, 41 – PFAHL 2012, Nr. 330a-b AE 1994, 1323a-c – PFAHL 2012, Nr. 489-491 PFAHL 2012, Nr. 470 AE 2001, 1557c CIL III, 11901 – PFAHL 2012, Nr. 194

tile stamp tile stamp instrumentum militare instrumentum militare instrumentum militare instrumentum militare instrumentum militare altar honorific inscription

6

legio XI Claudia p. f.

7

legio XII Fulminata

8

legio XIV gemina

9

legio XVI (Gallica)

Burlafingen

ca. 15 BC / ca. AD 9

10

legio XIX

Oberammergau; Döttenbichl

15 BC

11

legio XXI (Rapax)

Augsburg, × Chur

15 BC / AD 14 ca. 45/69

12

ala I Flavia Commagenorum

Faimingen

106/117 ~ 300

Straubing

ca. 100/300 (81/96)

D – 5.9

Regensburg

ca. 100/300

CIL III, 14370,13

inscribed terra nigra Kragenschüssel stele

Gaimersheim

ca. 100/254

CIL III, 5905

funerary stele

13 14 15

ala I Flavia Britannica (?) cohors I Noricorum cohors (I?) Vindelicorum

helm

catapult bolts (3) tabula ansata tile stamp votive bronze tabula

Table 120: epigraphic evidence of Roman military units outside the Raetian garrison the Principate (15 BC – 254 AD)

1706 Based on numerous observations made in regard of other provinces, the practice was likely in use in Raetia of the Principate as well, despite the current lack of contemporary epigraphic material see: CIL III, 10611 [Albertirsa; 4th century]. 1707 E.g. AE 1994, 1323a-c [Oberammergau; 15 BC]. 1708 E.g. AE 1930, 74 [Günzburg; 54/68 ~ ca. 300].

1709 The numeral of the legio had been broken off and the inscription bearer was lost since (EDH 058439). The spacing between the letters 'SA' in the 5th line (IBR p. 31) enables interpreting them otherwise than 'S(everiana) A(lexandriana)'. In this case, Ti. Claudius could have been tribunus militum of the legio XIII (Gemina).

290

IV. SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS This page displays abbreviations used throughout this chapter regarding literary and epigraphic sources.

SYSTEMATIC A – legionary inscriptions B – auxiliary inscriptions C – general literary and epigraphic sources referring to Raetia 1 – literary sources, letters 2 – honorific and building inscriptions 3 – funerary inscriptions 4 – votive inscriptions 5 – instrumenta inscriptions, including militaria, tile and pottery stamps as well as carvings and graffitos

EPIGRAPHIC (abc) [abc] [[abc]] [[[abc]]] --- , – -----abc abc +++ ┌ abc┐

– abbreviated section – perished section – wilfully carved off, yet legible section (abolitio nominis) – wilfully carved off, illegible section – section missing – line missing – traces of damaged letters – letters corrupted or destroyed in Modern times – letters preserved too poorly to read – ligature, nexus

1 [1] ·1 Ø [...]

– position of a unit within the unit list (applied only in overall table on military constitutions [Table 88]) – position of a unit whose name is entirely missing and appears in the unit list as completion – position of a unit with a doubtful identification within the unit list – units not part of a subvariant interpretation – unit lists missing entirely

Inscriptions marked with dagger [†] refer to a homonym unit and are included in the book only in the specific cases, when they hold important information regarding the very unit. In relation to epigraphic references, the asterisk [*] indicates a possible fake or modern copy and the integral sign [∫] refers to notes or entries. The plus sign [+] indicates matching fragments (e.g. B.1 – 4.5: CIL III, 5924 + 11911). The equals sign [=] indicates distinct issues of the same inscription (e.g. B.2 – 4.1: CIL VI, 3720 = 31032). Inscriptions displaying the names of several units are listed in the section of each unit [e.g. A.1 – 3.45 = A.2 – 3.1]. The numbering is based on visible lines only. The number two ['2'] following the designation of the findspot indicates that the inscription bearer was discovered in secondary position. The cross sign [×] indicates that the exact findspot is unknown. Where not indicated otherwise, dates are to be viewed as AD. BC is always expressed. Regarding chronology, the plus sign [+] indicates a terminus post quem date without interval. OPEL I-IV are used generally in relation to onomastics in cases of hapax nomina or uncertain readings KAKOSCHKE 2009 is referenced.

291

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A. INSCRIPTIONS RELATED TO LEGIONS AND LEGIONARY SOLDIERS A.1. LEGIO III ITALICA A.1 – 1. LITERARY SOURCES REGARDING THE LEGIO III ITALICA A.1 – 1.1 HIST. AVG. Aur. 21,6-8

165/166

'Instante sane adhuc pestilentia et deorum cultum diligentissime restituit et servos, quem ad modum bello Punico factum fuerat, ad militiam paravit, quos voluntarios exemplo volonum appellavit. Armavit etiam gladiatores, quos obsequentes appellavit. Latrones etiam Dalmatiae atque Dardaniae milites fecit. Armavit et diogmitas. Emit et Germanorum auxilia contra Germanos. Omni praaeterea diligentia paravit legiones ad Germanicum et Marcomannicum bellum.'

This chapter lists the various measures taken by Emperor Marcus Aurelius in 165/166 to replace soldiers lost to pestilence and the Parthian campaigns as well as a preparation for an impending war with Germanic tribes. The last of these acts was the recruitment of two new legions, the legio III Italica Concors (A.1) and the legio II Italica Pia.

A.1 – 1.2 DIO hist. 55,24,4

165/166

'Ἀντωνῖνος ὁ Μᾶρκος τό τε δεύτερον τὸ ἐν Νωρίκῳ καὶ τὸ τρίτον τὸ ἐν Ῥαιτίᾳ, ἃ καὶ Ἰταλικὰ κέκληται.'

Emperor Marcus Aurelius recruited two new legions designated 'Italica' which were stationed in Noricum and Raetia respectively.

A.1 – 1.3 OROS. hist. 7,15,6

165/166

'Exercitum vero Romanum cunctasque legiones per longinqua late hiberna dispositas ita consumptas ferunt, ut Marcomannicum bellum, quod continuo exortum est, non nisi nouo dilectu militum, quem triennio iugiter apud Carnuntium Marcus Antoninus habuit, gestum fuisse referatur.'

The pestilence and the loss to the Parthian war led to a shortage of soldiers on the limes and the impending Marcomannic war could not have been carried on without a new levy, for which reason Emperor Marcus Aurelius raised two new legions, the legio II and III Italica.

292

SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS

A.1 – 2. HONORIFIC INSCRIPTIONS OF THE LEGIO III ITALICA A.1 – 2.1 MERLIN 1919, 355-372 – AE 1920, 45 – ILAfr 281 – JAGENTEUFEL 1958, 45-47, Nr. 23 – IDRE II, 428 – EDCS-10300608 – EDH 027397 – see: AE 1939, 81

5

10

15

20

C(aio) Vettio C(ai) fil(io) Volt(inia) Sabiniano Iulio Hospiti co(n)s(uli) sodali Titio leg(ato) Aug(usti) pr(o) pr(aetore) provinciar(um) III Daciarum et D{e}lmatiae curatori aedium sacrar(um) item r(ei) p(ublicae) Puteolanorum praeposito vexillationibus ex Illyrico missis ab Imp(eratore) divo M(arco) An[to]nino ad tutelam urbis donis donato a[b] eodem Imp(eratore) ob expeditionem Germ(anicam) et Sarm(aticam) corona murali vallari itemq(ue) aurea hastis puris duab(us) vexillis totidem leg(ato) Aug(usti) pr(o) pr(aetore) Pannoniae inferioris praef(ecto) aerari Saturni leg(ato) leg(ionis) XIIII gem(inae) cum iurisdicatu Pannoniae superioris leg(ato) Aug(usti) rationibus putandis trium Galliarum leg(ato) leg(ionis) III Itali(c)ae Concordis iuridico per tractus Etruriae Aemiliae Liguriae leg(ato) Aug(usti) ad ordinandos status insularum Cycladum legato provinciae Asiae praetori trib(uno) pleb(is) quaestori translato in amplissimum ordinem ab Imp(eratore) divo {T}M(arco) Antonino trib(uno) mil(itum) leg(ionis) I Itali(c)ae praef(ecto) cohortis II Commagenorum col(onia) Aurelia [[[Commoda]]] Thuburbo [m]aius patrono d(ecreto) d(ecurionum) p(ecunia) p(ublica).

El-Fahs, Hr. Khasbat (Afr. proconsularis) ca. 166/200 The inhabitants of colonia Aurelia Commoda Thuburbo Maius (near present-day El-Fahs / ‫ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬in Tunisia) set up this statue base in the honour of their patron, C. Vettius Sabinianus Iulius Hospes (PIR V 339). Sabinianus was legatus of the legio III Italica Concors sometime in the years between 166 and 200 (DIETZ 2000, 141; LP 18:041). The use of the epithet 'Concors' in the legion’s nomenclature indicates an early dating (ca. 170).

A.1 – 2.2 CIL III, 5816 – IBR 127, t. 18 – EDCS-27100333 – EDH 058555

5

Augsburg, Holy Cross Church '2' (Raetia) ca. 170/300 Iulius Clemens (I:56, His:35 – OPEL II, p. 63), aquilifer of the legio III Italica, set this statue base in honour of his brother, Iulius Victor (Beg:80, Pan: 42 – OPEL IV, pp. 167-168), who was merchant dealing with clothing articles. Dating by author based on unit history.

[I]ul(io) Victor[i] [n]egotiatori [qu]ondam vestiari[o] [ex] testamento eiu[s] Iul(ius) Clemen[s] [a]quilifer leg(ionis) III Ita[l(icae)] frater eius f(aciendum) c(uravit) l(ocus) d(atus) d(ecreto) d(ecurionum).

293

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A.1 – 2.3 CIL V, 5036 – ILS 5016 – ALFÖLDY 1984, 143, Nr. 259 – EDCS05100187 – EDH 024978 – TM 125202

5

10

15

Trento, St. Apollinare (Veneto et Histria – Regio X) ca. 170/200 The citizens of Tridentum (present-day Trento) set up this tabula to commemorate the various achievements of their patron, C. Valerius Marianus (≠ PIR V 76). Amongst numerous other offices, Marianus was appointed praefectus annonae of the legio III Italica by augurium. Dating by EDH.

C(aio) Valerio C(ai) f(ilio) Pap(iria) Mariano honores omnes adepto Trident(i) flamini Rom(ae) et Aug(usti) praef(ecto) quinq(uennali) augur(i) adlecto annon(ae) leg(ionis) III Italic(ae) sodali sacror(um) Tusculanor(um) iudici selecto decur(iis) trib(us) decurioni Brixiae curatori rei p(ublicae) Mant(uanorum) equo publ(ico) praef(ecto) fabr(um) patrono colon(iae) publice.

A.1 – 2.4 CIL III, 1980 = 8570 – ILS 2287 – PETROVITSCH 2006, Nr. 16 – JELIČIĆRADONIĆ 2007, 54 – EDCS-27500062 – EDH 054167

5

Solin, city wall (Dalmatia) 175/179 Tabula commemorating a construction work carried out by soldiers drawn from the legio II (Italica) Pia and legio III (Italica) Concors under the supervision of P. Aelius Amyntianus (hapax – OPEL I, p. 105; Dal:1, I:12; EDCS)1710 a centurio frumentarii in the legio II Traiana. Dating by EDH.

Imp(eratore) Caes(are) M(arco) Aurel(io) Antonino Aug(usto) pont(ifice) max(imo) tr(ibunicia) pot(estate) XXIIII co(n)s(ule) III p(atre) p(atriae) vexillationes leg(ionum) II Piae et III Concord(iae) ped(es) CC sub cura P(ubli) Aeli Amyntiani 7 (centurionis) frumentari(i) leg(ionis) II Traianae.

A.1 – 2.5 CIL III, 11965 – IBR 362 – BECHERT 1971, 242-246, fig. 15 – AE 1971, 292 – DIETZ et al. 1979, 387, Nr. I 1 – BOGAERS 1986, 127-129, fig. 1-3 – AE 1986, 533 – AE 1987, 791 – RBy 1995, 155, fig. 19 – DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 84-87, fig. 28/1 – EDCS-30501019 – EDH 007887 – Lupa 6610

5

[Imp(erator) Caesar divi Antonini Pii filius divi Veri Parthici Maximi] frater divi Hadriani nepos divi Traiani Pa[rthici pronepos divi] [Nervae abnepos M(arcus) Aurelius Antoninus Aug(ustus) Germanicus Sarma]ticus pontifex maximus trib(uniciae) potestatis XXXVI i[mp(erator) VIIII co(n)s(ul) III p(ater) p(atriae) et] [Imp(erator) Caesar M(arcus) Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Aug(ustus) Sarmat]icus Germanicus Maximus Antonini Imp(eratoris) [filius divi Pii nepos divi]1 [Hadriani pronep(os) divi Traiani Parthici abn(epos) divi Nervae adn(epos) trib(unicia) pot(estate) IIII i]mp(erator) II co(n)s(ul) II vallum cum portis et turribus eg(ioni) I[II Italicae Concordi] [fecerunt curante] M(arco) Helvio C[le]mente Dextriano leg(ato) Au[gg(ustorum) leg(ionis) eiusdem].

Regensburg, Dachauplatz (B.3.8) 179

1: In l. 3-4 the letters were cancelled, although the original script can be read as follows: 'Imp(erator) Caesar L(ucius) Aelius Aurelius Commodus Aug(ustus) Antonini Imp(eratoris) filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Traiani Parthici abnepos │ divi Nervae adnepos Germanicus Sarmaticus trib(unicia) pot(estate) IIII imp(erator) II co(n)s(ul) II p(ater) p(atriae)'. 2: Similar signs of correction can be seen in l. 5, where the original text read: 'fecerunt curantibus P. Salvio Iuliano leg(ato) Augustorum p(ro) pr(aetore)'.

Tabula commemorating the construction of the walls and towers of the legionary fortress at Regensburg, under the command of M. Helvius Clemens Dextrianus (PIR2 H 70), who was legatus provinciae in 179, and legatus legionis in the following years. 1710

I:12 CIL VI, 1057, 1059, 1980, 4035, 4714, 8738, 8894, 37071, 41129; CIL XIV, 251, 3609, 4388; Dal:1 A.1 – 2.4.

294

SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS

A.1 – 2.6 = A.2 – 2.2 BCTH 1968, p. 241, Nr. 1 – AE 1969/70, 704 – EDCS-09701281 – EDH 012616

5

10

15

L’Hamza, × (Numidia) 180/192 C. Annius Flavianus (PME C 120) was legatus of the legio III Italica during Emperor Commodus’ reign (180/192: PIR2 A 647; DIETZ 2000, 141; LP 13:006; ca. 178/180: PME p. 100). This statue base was set up in his honour by his friend, C. Vibius Marinus, who was centurio of the legio III Augusta (A.2). The name of the unit was abolished in the summer of 238, by order of Emperor Gordian III (v. s. A.2). A series of inscribed pedestals were set up in the honour of C. Annius Flavianus (v. i. A.1 – 2.7; A.1 – 2.8).

C(aio) Annio Flaviano eq(uo) p(ublico) exor(nato) proc(uratori) c(entenario) splend(idae) provinciae Karthag(iniensis) proc(uratori) c(entenario) Alp(ium) Atrectin(arum) su{p}praef(ecto) clas(sis) praet(oriae) Misen(ensis) praef(ecto) alae pr(imae) Sabast(enorum) trib(uno) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) praef(ecto) coh(ortis) IIII Raet(orum) C(aius) Vibius Marinus 7 (centurio) [[leg(ionis) III]] Aug(ustae) amico et municipi opt(imo.

A.1 – 2.7 CIL VIII, 17900 – ILS 1436 – JARRETT 1963, 213 – DOMASZEWSKI 1967, 247 – DOBÓ 1975, Nr. 533 – ECK 1987, 204 – WESCH-KLEIN 1989, 151, fn. 6 – EDCS-24500331

5

10

15

Timgad, × (Africa proconsularis) 180/192 1

: V. Rosenberger identified the 'bellum Germanicum II' with the Roman campaign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, launched against the Germanic tribes north of the Danube after the first Marcomannic war (ROSENBERGER 1992, 108-109, fn. 106).

C(aio) Annio Flaviano equo public(o) procur(atori) tractus Karthaginiensis procur(atori) Alpium Atrectinarum sub praefec(to) classis praet(oriae) Misenens(is) praef(ecto) alae I Fl(aviae) S{a}bastenorum trib(uno) leg(ionis) III Italic(ae) praefecto cohortis IIII Raetorum donis militarib(us) donatus bello Ger [ma]nico II1 [---].

C. Annius Flavianus (180/192: PME C 120; PFLAUM 1961, 545, Nr. 202/1; PIR2 A 647; DIETZ 2000, 141; LP 13:006) was tribunus of the legio III Italica during Emperor Commodus’ reign (ca. 178/180: PME p. 100). A series of inscribed pedestals were set up in his honour (v. s: A.1 – 2.6; v. i. A.1 – 2.8).

A.1 – 2.8 AE 1980, 959 – WESCH-KLEIN 1989, 151-155 – AE 1989, 888 – EDCS24500332 – EDH 006701

5

C(aio) An[nio Flaviano equo public(o) praef(ecto) coh(ortis) IIII Raet(orum)] tri[b(uno) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) praef(ecto) alae I Sabast(enorum) subpraefec]to c[lassis praet(oriae) Misenensis procur(atori) centenario] Alp[ium Atrectinarum procur(atori) splendidae provinc(iae)] Ka[rthagin(iensis) donis militarib(us) donato bello Germ(anico) II?]1 C(aius) Vi[bius Marinus 7 (centurio) leg(ionis) III Aug(ustae) amico et municipi opt(imo)].

295

Timgad, × (Africa proconsularis) 180/192 1

: V. s. A.1 – 2.7.

Tabula set for the honour of C. Annius Flavianus (PME C 120; PIR2 A 647; DIETZ 2000, 141; LP 13:006) by C. Vibius Marinus. Flavianus appears on two further Numidian statue bases (v. s. A.1 – 2.6; A.1 – 2.7). H. Devijver dated his tribuneship to 178/180 (PME p. 100), K. Dietz to Emperor Commodus’ reign (DIETZ 2000, 141).

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A.1 – 2.9 = B.14 – 2.9 CIL III, 14370, 2 – ZANGEMEISTER 1899, 883-888 – AE 1899, 195 – IBR 291 – ILS 5338 – EDCS-30100771 – EDH 016201 – Lupa 6868 – see: CIL XIII. 4, p. 69

5

Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) Luc(io) Aur(elio) Antonino Aug(usto) [[Commodo]] Armen(iaco) Parth(ico)1 Germ(a)n(ico) Sarm(atico) tri(bunicia) pot(estate) VI co(nsuli) III p(atri) p(atriae) Spicio Cereale leg(ato) Aug(usti) pr(o) pr(aetore) vex(illarii) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) vallum fece(runt) c(uram) a(gente) Iul(io) Iulino2 c(enturione) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) item portas cum turrib(us) IIII perfec(tas) ab Ael(io) Forte c(enturione) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) praep(osito) c[o]h(ortis) I Br(eucorum) Imp(eratore) III Bur[ro co(n)s(ulibus)].

Böhming, porta principalis sinistra (C.6.1) 181 1

: D. Kienast suggested Emperor Commodus was never decorated with the cognomina devictarum gentium 'Armeni-acus' and 'Parthicus' (KIENAST 1996, 149.) 2 : The editors of EDH suggested 'Iul(l)ino'. However Iullinus (20: OPEL II, p. 207) is not so much more common than Iulinus (18: OPEL II, p. 200) as to call the text of this inscription mistaken. This inscription attests the construction of stone walls, towers and gatehouses in 181 (1.1.181 / 9.12.181 based on trib. pot. VI: KIENAST 1996, 148). In 181, Emperor Commodus had his third and L. Antistius Burrus his first consulship (PIR2 A 757). The work was carried out by soldiers of the legio III Italica under the supervision of their centurions, Iulius Iulinus (passim – OPEL II, p. 200) and Aelius Fortis (passim – OPEL II, p. 150). Fortis was praepositus of the cohors I Breuorum (B.14), garrisoned at the nearby fort at Pfünz (B.5.2). The inscription states that the two centurions oversaw two distinct tasks, thus supporting the hypothesis, that in the 180s, several legionary detachments worked simultaneously on the Raetian Limes, reconstructing forts (SOMMER 2012a, 168170). Q. Spicius Cerialis (PIR2 S 800, LP 15:023) was legatus Augusti in 181/183 (LP p. 31).

A.1 – 2.10 DIETZ 1983, 497-510, t. 15, fig. 1 – AE 1983, 730 – EDCS-08500495 – EDH 000231 – Lupa 6882 – Pleiades 118945

5

1711

[I]mp(eratori) Caes(ari) [[M(arco) A[u]r(elio) [Co]mmod[o]]] Antonino Aug(usto) Ger(manico) Sar(matico) maxim(o) trib(unicia) po[t(estate) VII1] co(n)s(uli) III p(atri) p(atriae) kastel(li) Sablonet(i) murum cum portis lapidi(bus) substitutum iussu Q(uinti) Spici Cerialis leg(ati) Aug(usti) pro pr(aetore) M[a]mertino et Rufo co(n)s(ulibus) per singulares pedites cura(m) agente Aur(elio) Argivo c(enturione) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae).

His:2 CIL II, 3423; 3424; I:1 CIL X, 4789.

296

Ellingen, auxiliary fort’s S tower (C.5.1) 182 1

: Completion based on: KIENAST 1996, 148. This tabula commemorates the construction of stone walls and gatehouses at the Roman numerus-sized fort at Ellingen. The work was carried out by soldiers of the pedites singulares under the supervision of Aurelius Argivus (hapax – OPEL I, p. 167; KAKOSCHKE 2009, CN 53; EDCS),1711 centurio in the legio III Italica during the consulship of M. Petronius Sura Mamertinus (PIR2 P 311) and Q. Tineius Rufus (PIR T 169) in 182. This inscription indicates that the ancient toponym of the Roman numerus-sized fort at Ellingen was 'Sablonetum'. Q. Spicius Cerialis (PIR2 S 800, LP 15:023) was legatus Augusti in 181/183 (LP p. 31).

SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS

A.1 – 2.11 CIL XVII, 4, 67 – CIL III, 5997 – IBR 488, t. 67 – ILS 438 – EDCS24100199 – EDH 039507 – see: CIL XVII, 4, p. 124

5

10

Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) L(ucio) Sept(imio) Sever(o) Pio Pert(inaci) Arabic(o) Adiab(enico) Part(hico) Brit(annico) p(ontifici) m(aximo) trib(unicia) pot(estate) III imp(eratori) VII co(n)s(uli) II et Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) M(arco) Aur(elio) Antonino Pio Invict(o) Aug(usto) Part(hico) ma(ximo) Britan(nico) m(aximo) p(ontifici) m(aximo) trib(unicia) potes(tate) XVIII imp(eratori) IIII co(n)s(uli) IIII pro co(n)s(ule) fort(issimo) Aug(usto) fel(icissimo) princ(ipi) dom(ino) ind[ul]g(entissimo) ab Aug(usta) m(ilia) p(assuum) XLV a l(e)g(ione) m(ilia) p(assuum) LI.

Nassenfels, Wolkertshofen (B.4.7) 195 (reinstalled in 215) This milestone, discovered at its original position, was set up 45 miles (66.56 km) from Augsburg and 51 miles (75.43 km) from Regensburg in the vicinity of presentday Nassenfels. It was set up firstly in 195 (dating by imperial titulature: trib. pot. III: KIENAST 1996, 157) and was reinstalled in 215 (trib. pot. XVIII: 10.12.194 / 9.12.195 – KIENAST 1996, 163). The term 'a legione' refers to the legio III Italica that garrisoned the legionary fortress at Regensburg (A.7.2).

A.1 – 2.12 CIL XVII. 4. 1, 55 – IBR 485, t. 66 – DIETZ et al. 1979, 428, Nr. I 33 – EDCS-27900205 – EDH 039485 – Lupa 6611 – see: CIL XVII, 4, p. 124

5

10

[Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) L(ucio) Sept(imio) Sever(o)] [Pio Pert(inaci) Arab(ico) Adiab(enico) Part(hico)] [Brit(annico) p(ontifici) m(aximo) trib(unicia) pot(estate) III1 imp(eratori) VII co(n)s(uli) II] [et Imp(eratori) Cae(sari) M(arco) Aur(elio) Anton][ino Pio Invict(o) Aug(usto) Part(hico) m(aximo)] [Brit(annico) m(aximo) p(ontifici) m(aximo) trib(unicia) potes(tate) XVIII imp(eratori) IIII] co(n)s(uli) [IIII proco(n)s(uli) fortissim(o)] Aug(usto) fel(icissimo) pr[in]c(ipi) dom(ino) indulg(entissimo) [a]b Aug(usta) m(ilia) p(assuum) [---] a leg(ione) m(ilia) p(assuum) [---].

Burgweinting, Harting (Raetia) 195 (reinstalled in 215) 1

: Imperial titulature based on A.1 – 2.15.

This milestone was set up in 195 and reinstalled in 215, in the same manner as the milestone from Nassenfels (v. s. A.1 – 2.11). The distances did not survive, thus it is not possible to determine whether this milestone was recovered from its original position. Dating based on imperial titulature (v. s. A.1 – 2.11).

A.1 – 2.13 CIL VI, 1450 – ILS 2935 – FITZ 1961, 78, fig. 2 – EDCS-17900117 – see: CIL VI, pp. 3805, 4700

5

10

15

L(ucio) Mario L(uci) f(ilio) Quir(ina) Maximo Perpetuo Aureliano co(n)s(uli) sacerdoti fetiali leg(ato) Augg(ustorum) pr(o) pr(aetore) provinc(iae) Syriae Coelae leg(ato) Augg(ustorum) pr(o) pr(aetore) provinc(iae) Germaniae inferioris item provinc(iae) Belgicae duci exerciti Mysiaci aput Byzantium et aput Lugudunum leg(ato) leg(ionis) I Italic(ae) cur(atori) viae Latinae item rei p(ublicae) Faventinorum allecto inter praetorios trib(uno) pleb(is) candidato quaestori urbano trib(uno) laticl(avio) leg(ionis) XXII Primig(eniae) item III Italicae IIII[vir(o)] viarum curandarum M(arcus) Iulius Artemidorus 7 (centurio) leg(ionis) III Cyrenaicae.

297

Roma, Caelius Mons (Latium et Campania – Regio I) ca. 190/220 L. Marius Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus was tribunus laticlavius of the legio III Italica in the years around 178/180 (BIRLEY 1997, 2678-2757). He held his second consulship in 223 (PIR2 M 308; LP 09:014, 10:094, 26:178, 33:072, and 39:127). V. i. A.1 – 2.17. Dating based on Maximus’ cursus.

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A.1 – 2.14 CIL XVII. 4, 65 – CIL III, 5996 = 11985 – IBR 490, t. 67 – EDCS27700272 – EDH 039491

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10

Imp(erator) Caesar L(ucius) Septim(ius) Severus Pius Pertinax Aug(ustus) Arab(icus) Adiab(enicus) Parthicus maximus pontif(ex) max(imus) trib(unicia) pot(estate) VIIII imp(erator) XII co(n)s(ul) II p(ater) p(atriae) proco(n)s(ul) et Imp(erator) Caesar Marcus Aurel(ius) Antoninus Pius Aug(ustus) trib(unicia) pot(estate) IIII proco(n)s(ul) et [[[Publ(ius)]]] [[[Septim(ius) Geta nob(ilissimus) Caes]ar]] vias et pontes rest(ituerunt) ab Aug(usta) [m(ilia) p(assuum)] XXXX [a l(e)g(ione)] m(ilia) p(assuum) LVI.

Bergheim, Attenfeld, Igstetterhof (Raetia) 201 This milestone was set up 40 miles (59.16 km) from Augsburg and 56 miles (82.82 km) from Regensburg, in the vicinity of its findspot at Neuburg a. d. Donau in 201 (dating based on trib. pot. IX: 10.12.200 / 9.12.201 – KIENAST 1996, 157). The term 'a legione' refers to the only legionary fortress that was operational in Raetia during the Principate; namely the one at Regensburg (A.7.2) garrisoned by the legio III Italica.

A.1 – 2.15 CIL XVII. 4. 1, 66 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 141, p. 252 – EDCS-27900207 – EDH 039505 – see: CIL XVII. 4. 1, p. 124

5

[------] [pontif(ex)] m[ax(imus) trib(unicia) pot(estate) VIIII] [i]mp(erator) XII co(n)s(ul) II p(ater) p(atriae) pr[oco(n)s(ul) et] [Imp(erator)] Caesar Marcus [Aurel(ius)] [A]ntoninus Pius Aug(ustus) [trib(unicia)] [po]t(estate) IIII proco(n)s(ul) [[et P(ublius)]] [[[Septim(ius) Geta nob(ilissimus) Caes(ar)]]] [vias et pontes rest(ituerunt)] [ab A]ug(usta) m(ilia) p(assuum) [XLI]III [a l(e)]g(ione) m(ilia) p(assuum) LIII.

Nassenfels, St. Nikolaus '2' [B.4.7] 201 This milestone was set up 44 miles (65.08 km) from Augsburg and 53 miles (78.39 km) from Regensburg, in the vicinity of its findspot at Nassenfels in 201 (dating based on trib. pot. IV: 10.12.200 / 9.12.201 – KIENAST 1996, 163). The term 'a legione' indicates the fortress of the legio III Italica at Regensburg (A.7.2).

A.1 – 2.16 CIL XVII. 4. 1, 70 – EDCS-27900209 – EDH 039513 – Lupa 6944 – see: CIL XVII. 4. 2, p. 124

5

10

Imp(erator) Caesar L(ucius) Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Aug(ustus) Arab(icus) Adiab(enicus) Parthicus maximus pontif(ex) max(imus) trib(unicia) pot(estate) VIIII imp(erator) XII co(n)s(ul) II p(ater) p(atriae) proco(n)s(ul) et Imp(erator) Caesar Marcus Aurel(ius) Antoninus Pius Aug(ustus) trib(unicia) pot(estate) IIII proco(n)s(ul) [[[et P(ublius) Septim(ius)]]] [[[Geta nobilissimus Caesar]]] vias et pont(es) rest(ituerunt) ab Aug(usta) m(ilia) p(assuum) LXII a leg(ione) m(ilia) p(assuum) XXXIIII.

298

Kösching, school building (B.3.4) 201 This milestone was set up at Kösching in 201 (dating based on trib. pot. IX: 10.12.200 / 9.12.201 – KIENAST 1996, 157). The term 'vias' refers to the Roman road running along the southern bank of the Danube and 'pontes' to the bridges that connected the Raetian Limes with the Danubian ripa. It accurately attests the distance between Kösching and Regensburg as 34 Roman miles (50.23 km) and between Kösching and Augsburg as 62 Roman miles (91.70 km), with one Roman mile being equal to 1.479 km (SMITH 1875, 171). The term 'a legione' refers to Regensburg (A.7.2), the only legionary fortress active in Raetia during the Principate, garrisoned by the legio III Italica.

SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS

A.1 – 2.17 CIL III, 1178 – ILS 1165 – IDR III. 5. 2, 436 – EDCS-15800205 – EDH 038723 – Lupa 10951 – Pleiades 206927

5

10

Alba Iulia, Orthodox churchyard (Dacia Apulensis) 212/215 M. Ulpius Caius (I:6, MSup:6, Beg:5 – OPEL II, p. 21), centurio of the legio III Italica, set this statue base up by for L. Marius Perpetuus, who may have been identical with L. Marius Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus (v. s. A.1 – 2.13). Maximus was tribunus laticlavius of the legio III Italica in the years around 178/180 (BIRLEY 1997, 2678-2757). He was consul II in 223 (PIR2 M 308; LP 09:014, 10:094, 26:178, 33:072 and 39:127). Dating by EDH.

L(ucio) Mario Perpetuo co(n)s(ulari) Dac(iarum) III leg(ato) Aug(usti) pro pr(aetore) provinciae Moesiae Super(ioris) curat(ori) rerum publicar(um) Urbis item Tusculanor(um) praesidi prov(inciae) Arabiae latic(lavio) leg(ionis) IIII Scyth(icae) praes(idi) [i]ustiss(imo) M(arcus) Ulp(ius) Caius 7 (centurio) [leg(ionis)] III Ital(icae) Antoninianae.

A.1 – 2.†1 CIL II, *18 – HE IV, 1057 – HE XIV, 439 – EDCS-39700026

5

10

Evora, × (Lusitania) ca. 170/300 (possible modern make) Honorific inscription set for L. Voconius Paullus (PME V –, p. 880), former centurio of the legio III Italica. The editors of CIL considered this inscription to be of modern make, G. Alföldy suggested it may be authentic (PME p. 880).

L(ucio) Voconio L(uci) f(ilio) Quir(ina) Paullo aed(ili) q(uaestori) IIvir(o) VI flam(ini) Romae divorum et Augg(ustorum) praef(ecto) coh(ortis) I Lusitan(orum) [et coh(ortis)] I Vettonum [c(enturioni)] leg(ionis) III I[talicae] ob causas [utilitates]q(ue) publi]cas aput ordin(em) [ampliss(imum)] fideliter et const[anter] defensas legat[ione qua gr][atuita Romae pro r(e) p(ublica) sua funct(us) est] Lib(eralitas) Iul(ia) Ebora publice in foro.

Dating by author based on unit’s history.

A.1 – 3. FUNERARY INSCRIPTIONS OF THE LEGIO III ITALICA A.1 – 3.1 CIL II, 4162 – CIL II. 14. 2, 1035 – ALFÖLDY 1975, Nr. 181 – EDCS05503194 – see: CIL II, p. 972

5

10

Tarragona, × (Tarraconensis) ca. 166/200 Epitaph dedicated to L. Numerius (His:11, Nar:8 – OPEL III, p. 106) Felix (I:73, His:53, Dal:46, Nar:46 – OPEL II, p. 138) by his wife, Mamilia (His:13, I:11, passim – OPEL III, p. 49) Prisca (I:147, His:63, Nar:38 – OPEL III, p. 163). Felix was a centurio in five legions during the last third of the 2nd century: ‒ legio VII Gemina in León, Hispania, ‒ legio XX Valeria in Deva, Britannia, ‒ legio III Cyrenaica in Bosra, Arabia, ‒ legio XXII Primigenia in Mogontiacum, Germania superior, ‒ legio III Italica in Castra Regina, Raetia (GONZALEZ 2003, 703-704).

L(ucio) Numerio L(uci) f(ilio) Felici 7 (centurioni) leg(ionis) VII G(eminae) F(elicis) 7 (centurioni) leg(ionis) XX Vict(ricis) 7 (centurioni) leg(ionis) III Cyr(enaicae) 7 (centurioni) leg(ionis) XXII Pr(imigeniae) 7 (centurioni) leg(ionis) III Italic(ae) Mamilia Prisca marito optimo.

299

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A.1 – 3.2 CIL VI, 3529 – IDRE I, 22 – EDCS-19700225

5

10

Rome, × (Latium et Campania – Regio I) ca. 170/200 Funerary monument set up for Gn. Pompeius Pompeianus (PME P 64) by his two sisters, Pompeia Cleobula (hapax – OPEL II, p. 64; EDCS)1712 and (Pompeia) Cleopatra (His:2, I:1 – OPEL II, p. 64).

D(is) M(anibus) Gn(aeo) Pompeio Pompeiano equo publico tribuno leg(ionis) III Italic(a)e pr(a)efecto cohortis Afrorum in Dacia{m} Pompeia Cleobula et Cleopatra fratri karissimo.

K. Dietz proposed that Pompeianus was tribunus of the legio III Italica in the course of the 2nd and 3rd centuries (DIETZ 2000, 142). However, soldiers of the cohors Afrorum were present in Dacia during 180s (based on AE 1956, 124), thus it is likely that Pompeianus held his tribuneship in the last decades of the 2nd century.

A.1 – 3.3 CIL III, 5812 – IBR 123, t. 17 – ILS 2386 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 29, t. 13-15 – RBy 1995, 422, fig. 118 – Lupa 6324 – EDCS-27100329 – EDH 058543 – Pleiades 118580

5

10

Augsburg, Oberhausen (Raetia) ca. 170/200 1

: Not necessarily a typo (alt. reading: 'viv{o}s'), the term 'vivus' could indicate that when T. Flavius Martialis set up this family monument, both his parents and his brother were alive.

D(is) M(anibus) T(ito) Fl(avio) Primano patri et Traian(iae) Clementinae matri et T(ito) Fl(avio) Clementi fratri mil(iti) leg(ionis) III Italic(ae) exacto co(n)s(ulari) qui vixit annis XXIIII T(itus) Fl(avius) Martialis sibi et parentibus suis vivos1 fecit.

T. Flavius Clemens was an exactus consularis in the legio III Italica, who deceased during service. The onomastics of the names 'Clemens, Clementina' (I:56, His:35 – OPEL II, p. 63), 'Martialis' (His:37, I:31 – OPEL III, p. 60) and 'Primanus' (Beg:10, Lug:4 – OPEL III, p. 158) suggest Italic origin, thus it is plausible that Clemens was recruited during the legion’s establishment in the years 165/166.

A.1 – 3.4 CIL VI, 1337 = 41204 – AVETTA 1985, Nr. 69 – EDCS-01000323 – EDH 032363 – EDR 093466 – see:CIL VI, p. 3141 – AE 2004, 191

5

1712

M(arcus) Annaeus Saturninus Clodianus Aelianus, v(ir) c(larissimus), leg(atus) leg(ionis) XI Claudiae, cur(ator) viae Latinae, pr(aetor) {k}andidatus trib(unus) pleb(is) {k}and(idatus) ab actis senatus, quaestor urbanus, trib(unus) leg(ionis) II̅ I Ital(icae) Augusṭạe triumvirum {k}apitaliuṃ. D(is) M(anibus).

Roma,Via Cristoforo Colombo (Latium et Campania – Regio I) ca. 170/230 Sarcophagus of M. Annaeus Saturninus Clodianus Aelianus (PIR2 A 612). He was tribunus of the legio III Italica in the turn of the 2nd and 3rd centuries (DIETZ 2000, 137, fn. 61).

I:7 CIL V, 4553; CIL VI, 3529, 11055a, 15672, 15826; CIL IX, 2334; CIL X, 4790; Pal:1 AE 1993, 1620.

300

SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS

A.1 – 3.5 CIL V, 5032 – CHISTE 1971, Nr. 76 – ALFÖLDY 1984, 142, Nr. 258 – EDCS-05100183 – EDH 033611 – EDR 120888 – Pleiades 383804 – TM 125201

5

Trento, cardinal Madruzzo’s gardens (Venetia et Histria – Regio X) ca. 170/230 Funerary monument of C. Iulius Ingenuus (Nor:15, I:14 – OPEL II, p. 194) set by his patron Ti. Claudius Victor (Beg:80, Pan:42 – OPEL IV, pp. 167-168). Ingenuus was tribunus laticlavius of the legio III Italica in the years between 170 and 230 (dating by EDR).

C(aio) Iulio Ingenuo c(larissimo) i(uveni) trib(uno) leg(ionis) I̅ I̅ I̅ Ìtal(icae) Tib(erius) Cl(audius) Victor v(ir) e(gregius) infanti benig(no) plura de se merenti.

A.1 – 3.6 AE 1967, 639b – AE 1972, 710 – EDH 015493 – EDCS-09700405 – (EDCS-09800458) – Pleiades 305153

5

Sétif, × (Mauretania Caesariensis) ca. 170/230 (212/300) 1

: The editors of EDCS suggested 'Proc(ulus) Val│alius' for l. 4-5 (based on EDCS-09800458). The cognomen is a hapax, but similar to 'Valarius' (I:1 – OPEL II, p. 139).

D(is) M(anibus) s(acrum) Aurelius Vitalis sig(nifer) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) coh(ortium) I et II fecit PROCVAL Iulius1 bene merenti fecit v(ixit) a(nnos) XXX m(ilitavit) a(nnos) X.

Funerary tabula set up for (M.?) Aurelius Vitalis (His: 21, I:12 – OPEL IV, p. 176) by Proc(ulus) Valalius/Iulius (?). Vitalis was signifer of the legio III Italica, who deceased during service. His nomen and the omission of his praenomen suggests that the inscription may have been set up following the Constitutio Antoniniana.

A.1 – 3.7 POZSÁRKÓ 1999, 67-75 – AE 2000, 1216 – RIU-S, 198 – EDCS-20900011 – EDH 038183

5

Pécs, Virágház (Pannonia inferior) ca. 170/240 1

[Marciu]s1 Ursus [--- leg(ionis) I]II Italicae [vix(it) an(nos) ---] Vetul[---]anus [---]us Lucia[nus ---] [------].

: Restored based on A.1 – 3.8.

Fragment of a funerary stele displaying the name Marcius (His:74, Pan:40 – OPEL II, pp. 56-57; KAKOSCHKE 2009, p. 302) Ursus (Nor: 41, Pan: 29 – OPEL III, pp. 188189), who was a foot soldier of the legio III Italica (v. i. A.1 – 3.8). Both nomina support a Norico-Pannonian origin. Dating by EDH (v. i. A.1 – 3.8).

A.1 – 3.8 CIL III, 3309 – CSIR Ungarn, Nr. 32 – RIU IV, Nr. 992 – MANDER 2013, Nr. 749 – EDCS-26600607 – EDH 037507 – Lupa 649 D(is) M(anibus)

5

M(arcio) Restutiano p(atri) d(e)f(uncto) an(norum) LXXV Sep(timiae) Ursin(a)e viv(a)e p(arentibus) p(ientissimis) et M(arcio) Urso mil(iti) leg(ionis) III Italic(a)e d(e)f(uncto) an(norum) XXXV et Mar(cio) Coto [---] d(e)f(uncto) an(norum) X fratribus item Su[--- coniu]g(i) sua(e) optim(a)e et Ael(i-) [------].

301

Pécs, Aranyhegy (Pannonia inferior) ca. 170/240 Funerary stele set up by a family member whose name did not survive to his parents Marcius Restutianus (Pan:3, Nor:1 – OPEL IV, p. 28) and Septimia Ursina (Dal:41, Nor:22 – OPEL IV, pp. 186-187), as well as his brothers Marcius Ursus (Nor: 41, Pan: 29 – OPEL III, pp. 188-189) and Marcius Cotus (passim – OPEL II, p. 81), and his wife Su[–](see: OPEL IV, pp. 96102). Ursus was a soldier of the legio III Italica, who deceased during his service (v. s. A.1 – 3.7). O. Harl dated the epitaph to the first half of the 3rd century. (v. s. A.1 – 3.7).

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A.1 – 3.9 = B.2 – 3.6 CIL III, 5823 – IBR 134, t. 20 – EDCS-27200187 – EDH 058563

Augsburg, St. Ulrich '2' (Raetia) ca. 170/254 Flavius Decoratus (Pan:10, I:3 – OPEL II, p. 95) and another (two?) officer(s), possible family member(s), whose name(s) did not survive set up this funerary tabula for themselves. Decoratus held an unknown rank within the legio III Italica. His companion(s) were a decurio of the ala II Flavia ∞ and a beneficiarius consularis. There is no apparent reason for the abolitio nominis of the legion’s name in l. 3. It is possible that it was mistaken for the legio III Augusta. Dating by EDH.

[--- de]curioni al(ae) II Fl(aviae) et [--- b(ene)f(iciario)?] co(n)s(ularis) et Fl(avio) Decorato [---] [[leg(ionis) III Ital(icae)]] [---] [--- viv]us viv[is p(osuit)].

A.1 – 3.10 CIL III, 5946 – IBR 374, t. 51 – DIETZ et al. 1979, Nr. I 20 – EDCS27700222 – EDH 060160

Regensburg, city wall '2' (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 (ca. 166/180 ?) : DIETZ 2000, 142: 'Gemelli[(us) │ Claudianu[s │ ┌b(ene)f(iciarius)┐] praef(ecti)'. Alternative readings include 'Gemellus' (I:18, His:16 – OPEL, II. p. 163) and 'Gemellinus' (Dal:9, I:6 – OPEL II, p. 163). 1

D(is) M(anibus) Cl(audius) Gemell[i?(us)]1 Claudian[us] praef(ectus) le[g(ionis) ---].

Funerary tabula dedicated to Claudius Gemell(i)us (I:7, R:2 – OPEL II, p. 163) Claudianus (Pan:9, I:4, Dac:4 – OPEL II, p. 60), beneficiarius or praefectus of the legio III Italica at an unknown date. The onomastics of Claudianus’ name suggest that he originated from the vicinity of North Italy, thus may have been amongst the first recruits levied into the legio III Italica after its creation. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

A.1 – 3.11 CIL III, 5947 – IBR 379, t. 53, 379 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 359, t. 93, fig. 93 –– KELLNER 1976a, fig. 59; RBy 1995, 298, fig. 77 – WAMSER 2000, Nr. 97 – EDCS-27700223 – EDH 060167 – Pleiades 118929 – Lupa 6226

Funerary stele set up by Claudius Donatus (I:27, Beg: 13 – OPEL II, p. 107), rider of the legio III Italica, and his wife Pedania (His:22, I:4 – OPEL III, p. 130) Profutura (I:7 – OPEL III, p. 167) for themselves and their children Claudia Ursa (Nor: 41, Pan: 29 – OPEL III, pp. 188-189) and Gesatia (I:3 – OPEL II, p. 166) Lucia (common – OPEL III, p. 36). Dating by author based on unit’s history.

D(is) M(anibus)

5

10

Regensburg, Kumpfmühler str. 9-11. (B.3.8) ca. 170/300

Cl(audia) Ursa vixit annos II dies X Gesatia Lucia vixit annos IIII {e}ecit Cl(audius) Donatus eq(ues) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) et Pedania Profutura parentes vivi filiabus suis memoria fecerunt.

302

SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS

A.1 – 3.12 CIL III, 5949 – IBR 381, t. 52, 381 – ILS 2430 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 361, t. 94 – EDCS-27700225 – EDH 060169 – Lupa 6227

5

Regensburg, Bahnhofstr. (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 1

: The interpretation as a filiation seems most plausible, as the term 'pollio' cannot be interpreted as a military rank. The omission of rank suggests that Flavius Amabili(u)s was a miles.

D(is) M(anibus) Fl(avio) Amabil(ii or -idis) Pollioni1 (filio) (militi) leg(ionis) III v(ixit) an(nos) XL Fl(avio) Amando fi(lio) v(ixit) an(nos) IIII et Fl(avio) Constanti vivo Fl(avia) Maternina coniux f(aciendum) c(uravit) o(pto) s(it) t(ibi) t(erra) l(evis).

Flavia Maternina (R:3, Beg:2 – OPEL III, p. 64) set this epitaph for his husband Flavius Amabil(i)us (Nar:15, I:11 – OPEL I, p. 86), who was a foot soldier of the legio III (Italica), his sons Flavius Amandus (I:23, Beg:21 – OPEL I, pp. 87-88) and Flavius Constans (I:11, Pan:9 – OPEL II, p. 73). The names of both parents indicate a possible Gallic origin. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

A.1 – 3.13 CIL III, 5956 = 11959 – IBR 396, t. 55 – EDCS-27700232 – EDH 060238 – Lupa 6531 – DIETZ et al. 1979, 418, Nr. I. 24

5

10

M(arco) Iuveni[o For]tio vet(erano) ex signif(ero) leg(ionis) III It(alicae) m(issus) h(onesta) m(issione) Iul(iae) Ianuariae uxori et iuven(i)is Ianu[ari]o Victori Victorinae fili(i)s vivos Divecae matri vivis et obitis Placido filio Iuventio [---] [f(aciendum)] c(uravit).

Regensburg, St. Clara Cloister (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 Epitaph set for M. Iuvenius Fortio (Beg:4, R:3 – OPEL II, p. 150), discharged signifer of the legio III Italica, his wife Iulia Ianuaria (Ita: 64, Dal:52 – OPEL II, pp. 189-190), his three sons Iuvenius Ianuarius, Iuvenius Victor (Beg:80, Pan:42 – OPEL IV, pp. 167-168) and Iuvenius Placidus (His: 48, I:18 – OPEL III, p. 144), his daughter Iuvenius Victorina, his mother Diveca (hapax – OPEL II, p. 103; KAKOSCHKE 2009, CN 206), and perhaps another family member (l. 9). The cognomina in Fortio’s family show an even distribution amongst Western European provinces, yet the nomen 'Iuvenius' is known solely from Raetia (OPEL II, p. 211). Dating by author based on unit’s history.

A.1 – 3.14 CIL III, 5957 = 11960 – IBR 397, t. 55 – EDCS-27700233 – EDH 060242

5

D(is) M(anibus) Sep(timio) Impetrato [v]et(erano) ex leg(ione) III Ital(ica) m(isso) h(onesta) m(issione) ex tub(i)c(ine) vi[x(it) a]n(nos) LII et vivis Teren(tio) V[i]tali fr[a(tri) et] Mai{i}or(inio) Maiiorino nep(oti) ei{i}us Teren(tia) Pervin{k}a coniugi et Sep(timia) I[m]petrata filia f(aciendum) c(uraverunt) o(pto) l(evis) s(it) t(erra).

303

Regensburg, St. Clara Cloister (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 Terentia Pervinca (Beg:7, Lug: 4, R:3 – OPEL III, p. 134) and her daughter Septimia Impetrata (R:4, Beg:2, Pan:2 – OPEL II, pp. 194-195) set this epitaph for Pervinca’s husband Septimius Impetratus, a discharged tubicen of the legio III Italica, Impetratus’ brother Terentius Vitalis (His: 21, I:12 – OPEL IV, p. 176) and his grandson Maiorinius Maiorinus (Beg: 3, I:1, R:1 – OPEL III, p. 47). Cognomina indicate Gallic or Alpine origin. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A.1 – 3.15 CIL III, 5958 – IBR 398, t. 55 – EDCS-27700234 – EDH 060243

5

[------] [---] militis vixi[t ---] [--- coniu]gi eius vivae et Septimis [--- et P]riscano fili(i)s vivis ex [cautione testa]menti eius faciendum [curaverunt Cla]ud(ius) Florinus frater et tutor li[beror(um) et --- D]onatus optio leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) gener.

Regensburg, St. Peterstor (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 Epitaph set for a possibly legionary soldier whose name did not survive, and his son, Priscanus. His tombstone was set by his brother Claudius Florinus (His:7, R:4 – OPEL II, p. 148) and another relative Donatus (I:27, Beg:13), who was an optio of the legio III Italica. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

A.1 – 3.16 CIL III, 6531 = 11962 – IBR 409, t. 57 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 417, t. 112 – SPIEß 1988, Nr. 24, fig. 54 – EDCS-30700683 – EDH 060258 – Lupa 15784

5

Regensburg, Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) ca. 170/300 Quintina (Nar:25, Dal:9 – OPEL IV, p. 19) had this sarcophagus made for his son-inlaw, Antonius Potens (Pan:9, Nor:8 – OPEL III, p. 156) who held an unknown rank in the legio III Italica and her daughter(?) [–]da. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

[---]da vix(it) [---] Ant(onius) Potens [--- leg(ionis)] III Ital(icae) vix(it) ann(os) [---] Quintina [filiae et] genero.

A.1 – 3.17 CIL III, 5950 – IBR 394 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 418 – SPIEß 1988, Nr. 22, fig. 50 – EDCS-27700226 – EDH 060233

5

Regensburg, Dom (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 Iulia Ursa (Nor:41, Pan: 29 – OPEL III, pp. 188-189) had this sarcophagus made for his husband, Flavius Marcellinus (I:4 – OPEL III, p. 176), a ranker of the legio III Italica, who deceased after 23 years of service. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

Perpetu(a)e securitati Fl(avius) Marcellinus mil(es) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) st(ipendiorum) XXIII vixit ann(os) XLV Iul(ia) Ursa coni(ugi) incomparabil(i) f(aciendum) c(uravit).

A.1 – 3.18 CIL III, 5953 – IBR 386, t. 53 – EDCS-27700229 – EDH 060224 – Lupa 65303

5

Regensburg, St. Emmeram '2' (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 Funerary tabula set for Iulius Aelianus (I:9, MInf:9 – OPEL I, pp. 31-32), librarius of the legio III Italica and Iulius Candidius (hapax – OPEL II, p. 30; KAKOSCHKE 2009, CN 118), beneficiarius of the praefectus castrorum, by Aelianus’ mother-inlaw, whose name did not survive. It is not possible to tell, if Aelianus remained in service after the obligatory 25 years.

D(is) M(anibus) et perpetuae securit[a-] ti Iulio Aeliano libr[ar(io)] leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) qui vix(it) a[nn(os)] XLV genero et Iul[io] Candidio b(ene)f(iciario) pra[ef][ecti ca]str(orum) q(ui) vix(it) a[nn(os) ---] [---]I(?)I vixit an[n(os) ---] [------].

Dating by author based on unit’s history.

304

SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS

A.1 – 3.19 CIL III, 11966 – IBR 372, t. 51 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 417, t. 112 – SPIEß 1988, Nr. 354, fig. 92 – EDCS-30501020 – EDH 060158 – Lupa 6533

5

Regensburg, Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) ca. 170/300 (ca. 212/300?) Funerary stele set for (M.?) Aurelius Victorinus (Beg:55, Pan:51 – OPEL IV, pp. 168-169) by his heir (and possibly comrade) (M.?) Aurelius Vindicanus (Bri:3, Pan:3 – OPEL IV, p. 171).

D(is) M(anibus) Aurel(ius) Victorinus mil(es) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) Aurel(ius) Vindicianus heres fecit.

Victorinus was soldier of the legio III Italica. The nomina and lack of praenomina suggest that the stele was installed after the issue of the Constitutio Antoniniana. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

A.1 – 3.20 CIL III, 11969 – IBR 387, t. 54 – EDCS-30501023 – EDH 060225 – Lupa 6532

5

10

Regensburg, Altes Gymnasium (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 1

[------] Iul(io) Cattano im(muni) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) quond(am) marito Cl(audia) Paterna uxor et sibi v[i]va fecit Iul(ius) Saturninus opt(imo)1 maritus Paternae θ (obitae) perscr(i)bendum c(uravit).

: O. Harl suggested 'opt(io)'.

Epitaph set up for Iulius Cattanus (hapax – OPEL II, p. 44; KAKOSCHKE 2009, CN 137), the first husband of Claudia Paterna (His:94, Nar:89 – OPEL III, pp. 127-128), herself and her second husband, Iulius Saturninus (His:91, Beg:64 – OPEL IV, pp. 51-53). Cattanus was an immunus of the legio III Italica, Saturninus may have been an optio of the legio (as suggested by O. Harl). Dating by author based on unit’s history.

A.1 – 3.21 CIL III, 11970 – IBR 390, t. 54 – EDCS-30501024 – EDH 060228

Regensburg, Albertstr. 9. (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 Maximina (Dal:33, Pan:20 – OPEL III, pp. 69-70) set up this funerary tabula for his husband, Flavius Valens (I:44, Dal:40, Pan:39 – OPEL IV, pp. 139-140) who was foot soldier of the legio III Italica. The onomastics of both cognomina suggest Illyrian origin. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

[------] Fl(avius) Val[ens mile]s leg(ionis) III [Italic(ae) v]ixit anno[s --- M]aximina [uxor f(aciendum) c(uravit)].

305

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A.1 – 3.22 AE 1962, 242 – AE 1978, 578 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 12, t. 3 – SCHILLINGER-HÄFELE 1977, 567-568, Nr. 230 – EDCS-10700601 – EDH 004441 – Lupa 6413

5

Augsburg, Karmelitergasse 10. (Raetia) ca. 170/300 1

: K. Dietz and B. Lőrincz interpreted 'pictor' as a rank (DIETZ 2000, 142; OPEL III, p. 141), O. Harl and the editors of EDH as a second cognomen ('Pictor' as cognomen is known from few instances: Lug:1 – OPEL III, p. 141; passim – EDCS1713).

D(is) M(anibus) et perpetuae s{a}ecuritati S{a}ecundano Florentino Pictori1 (filio) mil(iti) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) coniugi carissimo qui vixit annis XLV [------].

Funerary stele set for Secundanus (Beg:1, R:1 – OPEL IV, p. 57) Florentinus (Pan:22, I:10 – OPEL II, p. 148), a foot soldier of the legio III Italica by his wife, whose name did not survive. The inscription is a palimpsest. In l. 5 the letters 'H F C' of a previous funerary inscription are visible. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

A.1 – 3.23 WAGNER 1958, Nr. 120 – EDCS-31100194

5

Regensburg, × (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 Epitaph set up for a man whose name did not survive ('ei' (?) in l. 1), his wife Concessa, his daughter ('-ia' in l. 4), another person ('[n]ep(oti)(?)' in l. 5) and Valentius Domitianus, who held an unknown rank in the legio III Italica.

[--- ]EI[---] [vixit a]nnos XX[---] [--- Con]cess(a)e coniu[gi et] [---]iae fil(iae) viv(a)e pater [--n]ep(oti?) et Valentio Domitia(no) vivo [militi(?) le]g(ionis) III It(alicae) pat[---].

The cognomina 'Concessa' (Nar:6, other:1 – OPEL II, p. 71) and 'Domitianus' (Beg:7, Pan:5 – OPEL II, p. 105) suggest a possible Gallic or Italic origin. The nomen 'Valentius' was common in Italia (OPEL IV, p. 141). Dating by author based on unit’s history.

A.1 – 3.24 CIL III, 6532 – IBR 410, t. 58 – GUMMERUS 1932, Nr. 389 – EDCS30700684 – EDH 060259 – Lupa 6317 – Pleiades 118929

Regensburg, Obermünstergasse (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 Funerary tabula set up for a medicus ordinarius of the legio III Italica whose name did not survive.

[------] [medico or]dinar(io) [leg(ionis) III It]alicae [------].

Dating by author based on dislocation history.

1713 I:2 CIL XI, 6712/334; AE 1899, 70; AE 1927, 101 ; Nor: 1 HAINZMANN – SCHUBERT 1986, Nr. 610 + 620 + 621 + 622 + 623; Num:1 CIL VIII, 5; R:1 AE 1962, 242.

306

SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS

A.1 – 3.25 CIL III, 5814 – IBR 125, t. 17 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 24, t. 9 – EDCS-27100331 – EDH 058553 – Lupa 6344 – Pleiades 118580

5

Augsburg, Dominican Cloister (Raetia) ca. 170/300 Iulia Paterna (His:94, Nar:89 – OPEL III, pp. 127-128) set this funerary altar for his deceased son, Iulius Amandus (I:23, Beg:21 – OPEL I, p. 87) who was a librarius consularis elevated from the ranks of the legio III Italica. Amandus deceased during service. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

D(is) M(anibus) Iul(io) Amando mil(iti) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) librario co(n)s(ularis) vixit annis XXX Iulia Paterna mater fecit sibi et filio pientissimo viva ex pecunia sua fecit.

A.1 – 3.26 CIL III, 5817 – IBR 128, t. 19 – EDCS-27100334 – EDH 058556 – Lupa 20013

5

10

Augsburg, St. Stephan Abbey (Raetia) ca. 170/300 Managnia Fabiana (His 34 – OPEL II, p. 132) entrusted her libertus Managnius Nicias (passim – OPEL III, p. 100) to have this epitaph made for Fabiana’s father, C. Managnius Iustus (I:60, Beg:39 – OPEL II, p. 210), who was a centurio of the legio III Italica. The nomen 'Managnius' is known mostly from Raetia (R:3 – OPEL III, p. 49; I:1 – EDCS1714). Dating by author based on unit’s history.

C(aio) Man[agnio] Iusto 7 (centurioni) l[eg(ionis) III] Italic(ae) Ma[na-] gnia Fabian[a] filia et heres faciendum curavit instante Managnio Niciate liberto ex H(S) n(ummis) XVI(milibus).

A.1 – 3.27 CIL III, 5818 – IBR 129, t. 18 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 20, t. 7 – EDCS-27100335 – EDH 058557 – Lupa 6464

5

Augsburg, from the Wertach (Raetia) ca. 170/300 Aurelius Sabinianus (Pan:19, I:13 – OPEL IV, pp. 39-40), miles of the legio III Italica in the centuria of Ingenuus (Nor:56, Pan:44 – OPEL II, p. 194) set this epitaph for C. Senilius (Beg:4, R:2 – OPEL IV, p. 66) Pervincus (Beg:7, Lug: 4, R:3 – OPEL III, p. 134), veteranus and former signifer of the legion and his son (C.?) Senilius Inpetratus (R:4 – OPEL II, p. 194) as Pervincus’ heir. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

D(is) M(anibus) C(aio) Senilio Pervinc[o] veter(ano) ex signifero leg(ionis) III Italicae e[t] Senilio Inpetrat[o f(ilio)] Aurel(ius) Sabinianu[s 7 (centuria)] Ingenui heres fec[it].

A.1 – 3.28 CIL III, 5952 – IBR 383, t. 53 – SPIEß 1988, Nr. 25, fig. 55 – EDCS27700228 – EDH 060171 – Lupa 6530 – Pleiades 118929

5

1714

Regensburg, St. Emmeram '2' (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 (ca. 200/300) Marcellinius Marcianus (common – OPEL III, p. 55), signifer of the legio III Italica, set this sarcophagus for his late wife Flavia Florina (His:7, R:4 – OPEL II, p. 148). The nomen 'Marcellinius' is known mostly from the Gallic provinces (Beg:4 – OPEL III, p. 53). The omission of praenomina and the brief phrasing with the terms 'D M et memoriae dulcissimae' suggests a 3rd century dating.

[D(is) M(anibus) et memoria]e dulci[ssi-] [mae F]laviae Florin[ae] [M]arcellinius Marci[a]nus sig(ni)f(er) leg(ionis) coniug[i] inco{n}parabili f(aciendum) c(uravit).

I:1 CIL XI, 7244.

307

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A.1 – 3.29 CIL III, 5976 – IBR 444 – EDCS-27700252

5

10

unknown provenience, possibly Raetian ca. 170/300 (ca. 212/300) 1

: editors of EDCS suggested 'mil(itavit) ann(os)'.

D(is) M(anibus) Iuli Ovvenis optionis leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) vixit an(nos) XXVI [-] mil(es) ann(orum)1 VIII optio an(norum) II Aur(elius) coll(ega) et heres f(aciendum) c(uravit).

(M.?) Aurelius set this funerary monument for his brother-in-arms Iulius Ovveno (hapax; KAKOSCHKE 2009, CN 459: 'Ovvenis' as nominative), who was first miles, then optio of the legio III Italica for 10 years. The lack of praenomina suggests the epitaph was set up after the Constitutio Antoniniana was issued. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

A.1 – 3.30 CIL III, 11968 – IBR 377 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 420, t. 114 – DIETZ et al. 1979, fig. 136, Nr. I 21 – SPIEß 1988, 308, Nr. 33, fig. 67 – DIETZ – FISCHER 1996, 153 – EDCS-30501022 – EDH 060165 – Lupa 6311 – Pleiades 118929

5

Regensburg, Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) ca. 170/300

Claudius R(a)eticus (R:2, Bri:1 – OPEL IV, p. 22; KAKOSCHKE 2013, CN 548, pp. 261-262), a discharged veteran of the legio III Italica, set this sarcophagus for his late wife Aurelia Lucina (Nar:13 – OPEL III, pp. 35-36), their son Ursio (I:13, Dal:8 – OPEL IV, p. 187) and their two daughters Regula (Beg:5 – OPEL IV, p. 25) and Lucia (common – OPEL III, p. 36). The cognomina of the wife suggests Gallic origin, while Reticus is clearly derived from Raetia. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

Cl(audius) Reticus vet(eranus) ex leg(ione) III Ital(ica) Aur(eliae) Lucinae quondam coniugi carissimae vix(it) an(nos) XXXV et Ursioni f(i)lio vix(it) an(nos) XII et Regulae filiae vix(it) an(nos) V et Luciae filiae vix(it) an(nos) III f(aciendum) c(uravit).

A.1 – 3.31 CIL VIII, 2953 – EDCS-20900348 – see: CIL VIII, p. 1740

5

10

15

Lambaesis, × (Numidia) ca. 170/300 C. Nonius Manlianus (His:6, I:3 – OPEL III, p. 50), centurio of the legio III Italica, and his wife Iulia Clementina (His:5, I:4 – OPEL II, pp. 63-64) set this funerary stele for their late twelve year old daughter, Nonia Manliana. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

D(is) M(anibus) s(acrum) et memoriae aeternae Noniae Manlianae virgini ablatae quae vix(it) ann(is) XII m(ensibus) VIIII dieb(us) XVIIII C(aius) Nonius Manlianus 7 (centurio) leg(ionis) III Italic(a)e pat(er) et Iul(ia) Clementina mater filiae dulcissimae faciendum curaverunt ex HS II(milibus).

308

SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS

A.1 – 3.32 CIL III, 11978 – IBR 432 – EDCS-30800050 – EDH 062635 – Pleiades 118919

Künzing, × (B.3.5) ca. 170/300 Fragmented epitaph of a legionary soldier whose name did not survive. Although the name of the unit did not survive, it can be plausibly identified with legio III Italica (A.1), the only legion stationed in Raetia in the Principate. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

[------] [---] miles leg(ionis) dec( – ) II [---] [------].

A.1 – 3.33 CIL III, 5951 – IBR 382, t. 53 – CSIR Deutschland 1. 1, 90, Nr. 372, fig. 97/372 – RAB, p. 273 – EDCS-27700227 – EDH 060170 – Lupa 6229

Regensburg, St. Peter’s '2' (A.7.2) ca. 170/300 1

: F. Vollmer stated the first letter in l. 6 could be 'L' or 'G' as well (IBR, p. 118).

D(is) • M(anibus) Fl(aviae) • Concess(a)e vix(it) an(nos) • XXX • sepul┌cr┐(um) fecit • Aur(elius) • Statianus c(ustos?)1 • a(rmorum?) • coniugi karissimae.

(M.) Aurelius Statianus (passim – OPEL IV, p. 93) set this funerary altar for his deceased wife Flavia Concessa (Nar:6, passim – OPEL II, p. 71). Statianus’ name indicates he was a Roman citizen. After the conclusion of the Marcomannic Wars, no auxiliary units were stationed in the close vicinity of Regensburg (B.3.8; D.5) thus Statianus plausibly served in the legio III Italica (A.1). Dating by author based on dislocation history.

A.1 – 3.34 CIL III, 15210 – IBR 371 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 360 – Dietz et al. 1979, fig. 126, Nr. I 19a – MANDER 2013, Nr. 485 – EDCS-32700157 – EDH 060157 – Lupa 6309 – Pleiades 118929.

Regensburg, N shipping port (A.7.2) ca. 193/235

First inscription [[D(is) M(anibus)]]

Palimpsest funerary stele with a few discernible characters from the original inscription. The second inscription was made by L. Aurelius Valerianus (I:68, Nar:41 – OPEL IV, pp. 141-142), centurio of possibly the legio III Italica, and his wife Maria for their son, (L.?) Aurelius Victorianus (R:5 – OPEL IV, p. 168). Valerianus held Roman citizenship while serving as a centurio thus he was likely a legionary, although the possibility, that he was an auxiliary who continued service after his discharge cannot be excluded. Dating by O. Harl (Lupa 6309).

[---]N[---]OR[---].

Second inscription D(is) M(anibus) et per(p)etu(a)e securitat(i) L(ucius) Aurel(ius) Valerianus 7 (centurio) et Maria parent{i}s Aur(elio) 5 Victoriano filio dul[c]issim(o) qui vixit a{m}[n]os VII dies VIII pare[nt(es) m]emoria(m) posuerun(t).

A.1 – 3.35 AE 1955, 99 – WAGNER 1958, Nr. 35 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 10 – EDCS-31001585

Augsburg, Kornhausgasse 6. (Raetia) ca. 193/300 Funerary altar set by Septimius Archelaus (Pan:2 – OPEL I, p. 163) for his father Septimius Chaerea (passim – OPEL II, p. 52) who was centurio of the legio III Italica. The nomina indicates Chaerea or one of his ancestors received Roman citizenship from Emperor Septimius Severus. The cognomina indicate an origin from the eastern half of the Empire (i.e. the Greek sphere of influence). Dating by author based on unit’s history.

Septimio Chaere[ae] 7 (centurioni) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) patri dulcissimo Septim(ius) Archelaus filius eius fecit.

309

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A.1 – 3.36 KALINKA 1898, 115-116, Nr. 16, fig. 27 – AE 1898, 122 – CIL III, 14207, 6 – SAYAR 1998, 266, Nr. 79, t. 21 – EDCS-30000413 – EDH 022478 – Pleiades 511357

5

Ereğli, × (Thracia) 198/222 Funerary stele set for Equester Paulus (I:38, Dal:26 – OPEL III, pp. 129-130), foot soldier of the legio III Italica Antoniniana by his heir (M.?) Aurelius [–]rius. The nomen 'Equester' appears sparsely in European provinces (OPEL II, p. 121). Dating based on the imperial epithet 'Antoniniana' (DIETZ 1996, 162, 170, 172).

D(is) M(anibus) Equestr(i) Paulo militi leg(ionis) III Italicae Antoninianae vixit annos XXXVI mil(itavit) an(nos) XVI Au[r(elius)? ---]rius heres f(aciendum) c(uravit).

A.1 – 3.37 CBI 212 – DIETZ et al. 1979, 411, Nr. I. 19 – Lupa 6540

5

Regensburg, Neupfarrplatz (A.7.2) ca. 200/250 Gravestone set up for M. Cassius Severus (common – OPEL IV, pp. 76-78) in accordance with his will by his heir Claudius Peregrinus (Nar:3, Aqu:1, Dal:1 – OPEL III, p. 180). Severus was beneficiarius of the legio III Italica’s tribunus. K. Dietz dated the inscription to the beginning of the 3rd century (DIETZ et al. 1979, p. 411).

D(is) M(anibus) M(arco) Cassio Sever(o) b(ene)f(iciario) tr(ibuni) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) Cl(audius) Peregrinus her(es) ad HS II mil(ia) ex volunt(ate) test(amenti) f(aciendum) c(uravit).

A.1 – 3.38 EDCS-41600720

5

Regensburg, × (A.7.2.) ca. 200/300 Epitaph set for a family of three: Septimius Victorinus (Beg:55, Pan:51 – OPEL IV, pp. 168-169), his wife Acilia (His:40, I:27 – OPEL I, p. 14) Faustina (His:18, I:14 – OPEL II, p. 136) and their daughter Claudia Maternina (R:3, Beg:2, I:1 – OPEL III, p. 64).

D(is) M(anibus) Sep(timio) Victorino dupl(ario) procu(rantibus) Ac┌il(ia)┐ Faustina coniug(e) et Cl(audia) Maternina filia vix(it) an(nos) XXXXVI.

The onomastics of Acilia Faustina’s name suggest a Hispanic or Italic origin. Victorinus’ nomen faintly suggests, that he or one of his ancestors may have received Roman citizenship from Emperor Septimius Severus. In this case, Victorinus may have been a duplarius of the legio III Italica, as the auxiliary fort at Regensburg-Kumpfmühl (B.3.8) was destroyed during the Marcomannic wars. Duplarii generally served in legions, although one is known from the fleet (classis).1715 Dating by author based on unit’s history.

1715

CIL III, 3223 [Donji Petrovci].

310

SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS

A.1 – 3.39 CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 423 – NUBER 1977b, 229, fn. 15 – DIETZ et al. 1979, 422, Nr. I 27 – KOCH – SICHTERMANN 1982, 304, fn. 13 – SPIEß 1988, 308, Nr. 36 – EDCS-32300383 – Lupa 6312

Regensburg, railway station (A.7.2) ca. 200/300

left side [---]a Serva[ta(?)] 1 vix(it) ann(os) [---]I me(n)s(es) VIIII [di]es XI

1

5

: The reading should be met with caution as the lines in the left field of the sarcophagus are reconstructed as 7-10 letters long, however the facade of the sarcophagus was symmetrical and the lines of in the right field are 12-15 letters long.

right side Val(erius) Vale(n)tinianus vix(it) ann(um) I me(n)s(es) XI dies VII Val(erius) Vale(n)s 7 (centurio) socr(a)e et filio fecit.

Valerius Valens (I:44, Dal:40, Pan:39 – OPEL IV, pp. 139-140) had this sarcophagus made for his mother-in-law whose name did not survive, his son Valerius Valentinianus (passim – OPEL IV, p. 140) and perhaps her daughter who also died at an early age whose name only partially survived [–]a Serva[ta?] (for possible completions see: OPEL IV, pp. 72-73). Based on findspot, Valens was centurio of the legio III Italica. This is supported by chronological data: K. Dietz suggested a 3rd century dating (DIETZ et al. 1979, 422), by that time the auxiliary fort at RegensburgKumpfmühl was destroyed (B.3.8).

A.1 – 3.40 et al. 1961, 290 – SCHILLINGER-HÄFELE 1977, 569-570, Nr. 233, t. 5 – AE 1978, 582 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 174, t. 53 – MANDER 2013, Nr. 490 – EDCS-10700604 – EDH 004624

MAYER

Gemelius Dignus (Pan:9 – OPEL II, p. 100), foot soldier of the legio III Italica set this funerary altar for his late son Gemelius Dignianus (Beg:2, R:1 – OPEL II, p. 100). The fragments of letters in the last legible line (l. 5) may have belonged to the name of Dignianus’ mother. Dating based on EDH.

D(is) M(anibus) s(acrum)

5

Dürrlauingen, St. Johann Baptist’s '2' (Raetia) ca. 200/300

Gemelio Digniano vixit annos no(vem) menses VII [G]emelius Dignus mil(es) [leg(ionis) I]II Ita[l(icae) e]t [-]A[-]IORA[---] [------].

A.1 – 3.41 AE 1992, 1307 – EDCS-04900766 – EDH 053612 – Lupa 6447

5

D(is) M(anibus) Aurelio Marco duplario leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) coniugi carissimo qui vixit ann(os) XXXX et Aurelis Marciano qui vixit ann(os) XIII et [---]mo qui vixit ann(os) XI et Maturo qui vixit annum I mens(es) VII fili(i)s dulcissimis et Aureliae Severae matri bene valenti Aurelia Decorata et sibi viva f(aciendum) c(uravit).

311

Augsburg, × (Raetia) 212 / ca. 280 (235/280) Funerary tabula set by (M.) Aurelia Severa (common – OPEL IV, pp. 76-78) for herself and her husband (M.) Aurelius Marcus (His:24, MInf:19 – OPEL III, p. 57) duplarius of the legio III Italica and their three sons (M.) Aurelius Marcianus (His:4, I:3 – OPEL III, p. 176), (M.) Aurelius [– ]mo and (M.) Aurelius Maturus (I:12, Beg:11 – OPEL III, p. 67), and Severa’s mother (M.) Aurelia Decorata (Pan:10, I:3 – OPEL III, p. 95). The frequency of the nomen 'Aurelius' and the consequent omission of praenomina indicates, the epitaph was set after the Constitutio Antoniniana was issued. O. Harl dated the inscription to the era of the Barracks Emperors (Lupa 6447.), dating by author based on unit’s history.

THE DISLOCATION OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN RAETIA

A.1 – 3.42 CIL III, 5955 – IBR 391, t. 54 – EDCS-27700231 – EDH 060229 – Lupa 6405 – Pleiades 118929

5

10

D(is) et perpetuae securitati Iul(iae) M(anibus) Ursae coni(ugi) pient(issimae) vix(it) an(nos) XLI pro meritis feminae reverentissimae et fili(i)s filiab(us) obitis et Iul(iae) Nonnae matri pient(issimae) vix(it) an(nos) LXXX et Iul(iae) Victorinae socr(ui) vix(it) an(nos) LXXX item vivis Aur(eliae) filiae Aur(elio) Militari fil(io) et amicis quorum imagines laterib(us) scalptae sunt et post {h}obitum eor(um) ossa rec(ipi) in eo sepulchr(o) permisit M(arcus) Aur(elius) Militio m(issus) h(onesta) m(issione) ex eq(uite) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) v(ivus) f(aciendum) c(uravit).

Regensburg, stone bridge '2' (A.7.2) 212 / ca. 300 Tabula of a funerary edifice set for Iulia Ursa (Dal:54, Nor:41 – OPEL IV, pp. 187188), her unnamed late children, her mother Iulia Nonna (Beg:5 – OPEL III, p. 104, her mother-in-law Iulia Victorina (I:8, Beg:3 – OPEL IV, p. 199) and her children who outlived her: Aurelia and M. Aurelius Militaris (passim – OPEL III, p. 81) by Ursa’s husband M. Aurelius Militio (hapax – OPEL III, p. 81; KAKOSCHKE 2009, CN 417; EDCS).1716 The text allows the imagines and bones of friends to be deposited in the edifice (l. 8-10). M. Aurelius Militio was a discharged former cavalryman of the legio III Italica. The frequent appearance of the nomen 'Aurelius' combined with the praenomen Marcus dates the epitaph after the Constitutio Antoniniana. The cognomina 'Militaris' and 'Militio' suggests a multigenerational involvement with the Roman army. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

A.1 – 3.43 CIL III, 6571 = 11964 – IBR 369, t. 50 – CSIR Deutschland I. 1, Nr. 370, t. 96 – EDCS-30700692 – EDH 060154 – Lupa 6317 – Pleiades 118929

5

1716

Regensburg, Kumpfmühler Str. (A.7.2) 212 / ca. 300 Funerary stele set for (M.?) Aurelius Patruinus (His:4, I:3 – OPEL III, p. 128) by his parents (M.?) Aurelius Sabinus (common – OPEL IV, pp. 40-41) and Aurelia Cara (Nar:21, Pan:13 – OPEL II, p. 39).

D(is) M(anibus) et perpetuae securitati Aur(elius) Patruinus mil(es) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) vi(xit) ann(os) XXVIIII Aur(elius) Sabinus c(ustos) a(rmorum) et Aur(elia) Cara mater filio carissimo f(aciendum) c(uraverunt).

Patruinus died as a foot soldier of the legio III Italica. Sabinus was armory guard of possibly the same legion. The nomen 'Aurelius' and the lack of praenomina suggests the epitaph was set up after the Constitutio Antoniniana was issued. Dating by author based on unit’s history.

Cre:1 AE 2009, 1657i; Nar:1 CIL XII, 2272.

312

SELECTED INSCRIPTIONS

A.1 – 3.44 IBR 426, t. 60 – CIL III, 5974 = 11977 – EDCS-27700250 – EDH 062628 – Lupa 6863

5

10

M(arco) Aur(elio) Amando corn(iculario) trib(uni) leg(ionis) III Ital(icae) stip(endiorum) XXIIII vix(it) an(nos) VL et Val(eriae) Gemellinae socr(ui) eius iussu i{b}