The Army in Roman Dobrudja 9780860540991, 9781407352091

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
FOREWORD
I. THE MILITARY HISTORY OF ROMAN DOBRUDJA
II. THE ROMAN ARMY IN THE PRINCIPATE
III. THE ROMAN ARMY DURING THE DOMINATE
NOTES
ABBREVIATIONS
A. SUPPLEMENTUM PROSOPOGRAPHICUM
B. SUPPLEMENTUM EPIGRAPHICUM
C. LIST OF FORTIFIED SITES ON THE STRATEGIC ROADS
MAPS

Citation preview

The Army in Roman Dobrudja

Andrei Aricescu translated from the Romanian by Nubar Hampartumian

BAR International Series 86 1980

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B . Sc . , :\I. A. , D . Phi 1. D . R . Walker, :\I. A.

B. A. R. International Series 86, 1980: "The Army in Roman Dobrudja" © Andrei Aricescu, 1980 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540991 paperback ISBN 9781407352091 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540991 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

P age F oreword I . I . I I .

The M i l i tary H is tory o f Ro man Dobrud ja

1

T he Ro man Ar my i n t he P r inc ipa te

6

The R o man Ar my d ur ing t he Domina te

5 5

F or t if ica t ions a nd R oads

7 2

Aspec ts o f Mi l i tary L ife

1 04

The R o le o f t he Ar my i n t he P rocess o f R o man isa t ion i n Dobrud ja

1 10

No tes

1 18

Abbrev ia t ions

1 86

S upp lemen tu m P rosopograph icu m

1 89

S upp le mentu m E p igraph icu m

2 03

L is t o f F or t if ied s i tes o n s tra teg ic r oads

2 16

Maps

2 21

FORE WORD

Researches o n t he Ro man a r my a nd m il itary i nst itu t ions h ave p rof ited a nd c on t inue t o p ro f it f rom t he r esu l ts p roduced b y s o me s pec ia l ized b ranches o f a nc ien t h istory s uch a s e p igraphy , a rchaeo logy , p apyro logy , p rosoprography— t o c i te o n ly a f ew—whose s pectacu lar d evelop men t h as c hanged b o th t he p ersp ect ive a nd t he methods o f i nvest iga t ion o f t he a nc ien t w orld. Ep igraphy h as p u t a t o ur d isposa l al arge b ody o f i n for mat ion c oncern ing t he o rgan izat ion o f m il itary u n its a nd t he ir v ic iss itudes i n t he c ourse o f am i ll enn ium o f f i gh t ing e ither f or n ew c onquests o r i n t he d efence o f t he i n tegr ity o f t he Ro man s tate.

Archaeo logy a nd e spec ia l ly t he a rchaeo logy o f t he f ron-

t i er p rov inces h as b rough t t o l i gh t s o many r e ma ins o f t he d efences o f t he f ron t iers o f t he Ro man w or ld t hat t he ir i nvest igat ion h as d e manded t he p art ic u lar a t ten t ion o f many s pec ia l ists, a nd t he c reat ion o f ar ather e soter ic d is c ip l ine c a l led " L i mesforschung" b y t he G er mans.

P apyro logy h as i ncreased

o ur k now ledge o f t he o ccupat ion f orces i n t he v a l ley o f t he N i le t o a n e x ten t wh ich wou ld h ard ly h ave b een i mag inable a t t he b eg inn ing o f t h is c en tury w hen L esqu ier p ub l ished h is w el l-known b ook o n t he Ar my o f Ro man E gypt ( 1918 ). F ina l ly , p rosopography , b y b r ing ing t ogether a nd o rgan iz ing t he v ar ious i n forma t ion a bout t he c areers o f n umerous o f f icers o f v ar ious r anks, b eg inn ing w ith t he g overnors o f p rov inces a nd t he c o m manders o f l eg ions , h as p u t a t o ur d isposa l s yste mat ic i n for mat ion a bou t t he s ta f f o f t he Roman a r my o ver t he c en tur ies when i tr eached i t s max i mum d eve lop men t . Th is , t ogether w ith t he p rogress wh ich h as b een made i n t he s tudy o f t he a nc ien t h istory o f Ro man ia i n t he l ast q uarter-cen tury h as b rough t a bout a q uan t itat ive a nd q ua l itat ive i ncrease i n o ur k now ledge o f t he Ro man a r my i n Dac ia a nd S cyth ia M inor t o s uch a n e x ten t t hat t he work o f Vas i le Chr istescu o n " The m i l itary h istory o f Ro man Dac ia" , p ub l ished i n 1 937, h as b een r end ered c o mp lete ly o bso lete.

The l arge n umber o f s ing le s tud ies a nd p ub l ica-

t ions o f e p igraph ica l ma ter ia l i n G reek a nd L at in , t he s yste mat ic i nvest igat ion o f t he Danub ian l imes b etween Durostoru m a nd N ov iodunum , o f t he A lu tanus a nd t he T ransa lu tanus l imes o f t he n orth-western Dac ia a nd t he i nvest igat ions c arr ied o u t a t n u merous c astra a nd c astel la i n T ransy lvan ia , O lten ia a nd Dobrud ja , a l low u s t oday t o a t te mpt a w ork o f s yn thes is, w h ich , e ven i fo n ly f or a t ime , w il l i ncrease o ur u nderstand ing a nd e nable u s t o d raw s o me d ef ini t e c onclus ions a bou t s o me v ery i mportan tp rob le ms s uch a s t he n ature o f t he p rocess o f R o man iza t ion i n t he t err i tory o fp resen t-day R o man ia . I n t h is c ase , t he s itua t ion i s more d if f icu lt b ecause o f t he l ack o f g enera l w orks , e ven a ny a s o utdated a s t hat o f Chr istescu o n t he p rov ince o f Dac ia , a nd c onsequen t ly w e must r efer f or i n for mat ion o n t he l eg ions s tat ioned i n Moes ia t o t he b ook b y Bogdan F i low ( 1906)

o r t hat o f Hubert v an d e Weerd

( 1907 ), t o t he a rt icle b y Em il R itterl ing i n t he R ea l-Encyc lopaedia P au lyWissov va-Kro l l o f 1 925 o r t o t he Ep igraph ica l D ict ionary o f Ro man An t iqu it ies

b y E t tore d e Rugg iero ( t he a rt icle l eg io b y A l fredo P asser in i p ubl ished i n 1 949 ). The s i tuat ion i s s omewhat b et ter f or t he a ux il iary t roops : works u nequa l i n s tandard a nd c on ten t h ave b een w r it ten b y G . L . Chees man ( 1914 ), Wa l ter Wagner ( 1938 ) a nd K onrad K raf t ( 1951).

I n a ny c ase , Ip o in t o u t t he n eed f or

an ew t reatmen t o f t h is p rob le m , s uch a s t hat o f Andre i Ar icescu , a n e xpert o n t he a n t iqu it ies o f Dobrud ja i ng enera l a nd a n e xper ienced e pigraph ist , who f or s ome t ime

s pec ia l ized i n t he s tudy o f t he m il itary h istory a nd h istor ica l

g eography o f Dobrud ja i n t he Ro man p er iod. The p resen t w ork b y Andre i Ar icescu r epresen ts a p ro found i nvest igat ion o f a l l t he p rob le ms c onnected w ith t h is t op ic. I tb eg ins w ith a b r ie f s urvey o f t he d evelop men t i n European t er ms o f t he s tudy o f h istory o f t he Ro man emp ire, f rom Mo mmsen a nd Marquard t t o t he p resen t d ay . S pec ia l a t tent ion i s p a id t o w orks r e ferr ing t o t he m il itary h istory o f Roman Dobrud ja w r it ten n ot o n ly i n Roman ia b u t a lso i n Bu lgar ia , i n a nc ien t t imes d iv ided b etween t he p rov inces o f Moes ia I n fer ior a nd Thrac ia , w here w ork o f t h is k ind h as d eveloped i n p ara ll e l w i th t ha t i n R o man ia , e spec ia l ly i n c onnect ion w ith t he a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ion o f t he f orts a nd e nca mp men ts o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he Danube. The n ex t t wo c hapters t reat o f t he Roman a r my i n Dobrud ja i n t he p er iod o f t he P r inc ipa te a nd i n t he p er iod o f t he Dom inate r espect ively . I n a dd it ion t o t he m i l itary u n its a t tested b y t he e p igraph ica l a nd l i terary s ources i n Dobrud ja ( l eg ions , a ux i l iary t roops , f l eet ), e ach c hap ter d ea ls w ith d i fferen t a spects o f t he d efence o f t he t err itory b etween t he D anube a nd t he B lack S ea s uch a s f ort i f icat ion s a nd m il itary r oads.

The c hap ter e n t it led " Aspects o f m il itary l i fe"

d ea ls w ith t he m il itary c o l leg ia a nd w ith t he r e l ig ious l i fe o f t he s o ld iers o f v ar ious r anks. T he f i na l c hap ter d ea ls b r ief ly b u t c learly w ith s evera l p robl e ms c onnected w ith t he p resence o f m il itary u n its i n Dobrud ja a nd o f t he r o le p layed b y t he m i n t he p rocess o f Ro man iza t ion .

The a u thor d iscusses h ere

t he s et t le ments i n t he v ic in ity o f t he e ncampments , t he c iv il a nd m il itary s tructures e rected b y t he a r my ( f ort if icat ions , r oads a nd a queducts ).

A s pe-

c ia l s ect ion i s d evo ted t o v eterans a nd t he ir p os it ion w ith in t he r ura l p opu lat ion a s w e l l a s t he ir p resence i n t he c oasta l c it ies , w here t hey f u l f il led c iv i l a nd r el ig ious f unct ions.

The w ork a lso c ompr ises s evera l v a luab le a ppend ices :

i u k. q. . 1 1 1G / 1 1 . 4 . 1 . S upp le men tum p rosopograph icum , L at opograph ica l c hapter o n " Set t le men ts a nd f ort if ica t ions o n s t rateg ic r ou tes" a nd a f u l l b ib l io graphy o f t he s pec ia l ist s tud ies u sed b y t he a u thor i n h is w ork . Ill

G

FL E ,I . CLEJLILI ., U.111

The w ork i s b ased o n a nc ien t l i terary a nd e p igraph ica l s ources.

The

w r it ten s ources a re i n terpreted d irect ly b y t he a u thor. O r ig ina l ly a c lass ical Andre i Ar icescu k nows G reek a nd L at in a nd u ses t he m w el l. H e

I L . i lo log ist ,

s omet i mes i n terprets a nd r eads t he t exts d i f feren t ly f rom h is p redecessors , a nd e ven i fi n s ome c ases h is a t te mpts a re n ot u n iversa l ly a ccepted , t hey a re n ot t he l ess mer itor ious i n t hat t hey r ef lect t he w ish t o c on tr ibute t o t he r en ewa l o f i n teres t i n t he t op ic a nd t o d raw s o met imes u nexpec ted c onc lus ions i n c on trovers ia l p rob le ms. Broad ly s peak ing , t he a u thor d raws t he f o l low ing c onclus ions : Roman g arr isons ( aux il iary u n its ) a ppear i n Dobrud ja u nder Vespas ian ; t he e stabl ishmen t o f l eg ions i n Dobrud ja i s c onnected w ith t he c reat ion o f l imes , c once ived a nd r ea l ized b y T ra jan a f ter t he c onquest o f Dac ia ;

u nder t he An ton ine a nd

S everan emperors t he c hanges w h ich t ook p lace i n t he m il itary o rgan izat ion o f t he t err itory b etween t he Danube a nd t he B lack S ea a re n o t v ery i mportan t , e xcept f or t he r e mova l o f L eg io V f rom Troes m is t o Po ta issa d ur ing t he r e ign o f Marcus Aurel ius. The s trength o f t he a r my d ur ing t he t ime o f t he P r inc ip ate w ou ld h ave r eached a t o ta l o f a bou t 1 5 ,000 s o ld iers ( aux il iary t roops r epresen t ing h a l f t he t o ta l ), a nd t h is f igure w ou ld b e r educed t o 1 0 ,000 men a t t he e nd o f t he p er iod. I n for ma t ion i s l ess a bundan t a nd p rec ise f or t he L ate emp ire. Accordi ng t o t he c a lcu lat ions made b y t he a uthor , a t t he t ime o f t he T etrarchy t he s treng th o ft he t wo l eg ions , II ou ia a nd I H ercu lea , t ogether w ith a f ew a ux ili ary f or mat ions

o f i n fan try a nd c ava lry r eached a t o ta l o f b etween 1 0 ,000 a nd

1 2,000 men a t t he most , s ta t ioned o n t he f ron t ier. The p rob le m o f d eter m in ing t he l ocat ions o f t he g arr isons a s w el l a s t hose o f t he v ar ious f ort if icat ions men t ioned i n t he An ton ine I t inerary , t he N ot it ia D ign itatum o r t he t reat ise o f P rocop ius i s d irect ly c onnected w ith t he i den t if ic at ion o f t he m i l itary u n its s tat ioned i n Dobrud ja f rom t he b eg inn ing t o t he e nd o f t he Roman p er iod.

The a u thor h as d evoted many p ages t o t h is p rob le m ,

mak ing a u sefu l c on tr ibu t ion t o o ur k now ledge o f t he h istor ica l g eography o f Ro man Dobrud ja. Iw ou ld l ike t o p o in t o u t t he importance o f t he f i rst t wo a ppend ices o f t h is w ork :

S upp le men tum p rosopograph icum a nd S upp le mentum e p igraph icum.

The f or mer s hows a c lear a nd c omp lete p icture o f t he n a mes o f t he s o ld iers a nd v eterans a t tested i n Dobrud ja b y e p igraph ica l d ocumen ts; t hey a re c lass if ied i n c ategor ies o f t roops a nd w ith in e very c a tegory t hey a re i n a lphabet ica l o rder. The s econd a ppend ix p resen ts , c ategor ised b y m il itary u n its , a l most a l l t he G reek a nd L at in i nscr ip t ions c ited i n t he t ext o r wh ich r efer t o t he p robl em u nder d iscuss ion . These a re c erta in ly v ery v a luab le t oo ls f or r esearch w hose u t il ity i s e v iden t t o a l l h istor ians o f t he Imper ia l Roman a r my . Th is work h as b een p ub l ished a t a pprox i mately t he s ame t ime a s t he V I Ith I nternat iona l Congress o f G reek a nd L at in Ep igraphy w h ich t ook p lace i n Ro man ia i n S ep te mber 1 977 , t he ma jor t he mes o f w h ich i nclude t he c on tr ibut ion o f t he e p igraph ica l d ocumen ts t o o ur k now ledge o f a nc ien t m i l itary h istory . Th is w i l l c on tr ibu te n ot o n ly t o t he d i f fus ion o f t he b ook among n on-Roman ian s pec ia l ists b ut a lso t o a n i ncrease i n t he p rest ige o f t he Roman ian s choo l o f a nc ien t h istory . Bucharest 1 .X I I.1976

D . M. P ipp id i

I . THE MIL ITARY H ISTORY OF ROMAN DOBRUDJA

T he s tudy o f t he Roman a r my h as l ong a t tracted t he a t ten t ion o f s cho lars , a nd c lass ica l p h ilo log ists i n p art icu lar h ave b een much p reoccup ied w ith t h is s ub jec t , a s h ave t he e d itors a nd t he c o m men tators o nanc ien t t exts i n wh ich i n for mat ion a bou t t he m i l itary o rgan izat ion o f ten p layed a b ig p art .1 I n t he 1 9th c en tury , t he e p igraph ica l e v idence b egan t o b e u sed i n a dd it ion t o t he l i terary s ources , t o a dd t o ct r k now ledge o f d if feren t a spects o f R o man l i fe • 2

S tud ies d ea l ing w ith a more l im ited b u t more s pec ia l ised t op ic 3 o r

c hap ters o n t he Ro man a r my i n g enera l works w ere p ubl ished i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he c en tury .4 R esearches i n to m i l itary h istory r eached a t urn ing p o in t i n t he l ast t hree d ecades o f t he 1 9th a nd t he f i rst o f t he 2 0th c entury .

Part icu larly v a luable

c on tr ibu t ions w ere made b y Theodor Mo m msen , J oach i m Marquard t a nd A l fred v on Do maszewsk i , w ho l a id t he f oundat ions o f s c ien t i f ic s tud ies o f t he R oman a r my .

F or t hem , t he i nscr ipt ions , i n a dd i t ion t o t he i nfor ma t ion

p rov ided b y t he l i terary t ex ts , were t he ma in s ources f or t he ir s tudies . Many o f t he r esu lts t hey a ch ieved r ema in v a l id t oday a nd t he d irec t ions p o in ted b y t he m i n t h is f i e ld c ons t itu ted t he b as is o f l a ter r esearch o n R o man mi l i tary h is tory .

B e tween 1 875 a nd 1 901, T heodor Mo m msen p ub lished a

n u mber o f s tudies 5 d ea l ing w i th n u merous a nd v ar ied a spec ts o f t he R o man a r my a t d ifferen t p er iods.

Among t he m t he w ork r eferr ing t o t he i nscr ipt ion

f ound a t Gf rl ic iu a nd d a t ing f ro m t he t ime o f Va lens 6 may b e n oted , s ince i t d irect ly c oncerns t he m il itary h istory o f Dobrud ja.

I n t he a u thor 's o p in ion ,

t he m il ites p r i man i men t ioned i n t he t ex t o f t h is i nscr ipt ion a re s o ld iers o f t he L eg io II t a l ica o r L eg io II ou ia.

The w ork o f J oach i m Marquard t o n t he

Roman mil itary o rgan iza t ion i s a n impor tant c on tr ibu t ion t o r esearch o n t he Roman a r my .7

A l fred v on Do maszewsk i t ack led s ome p roble ms c onnected

w ith m il itary l i fe , d ifferen t f ro m t hose t reated b y Mo m msen , s uch a s t he r e l ig ion o f t he s o ld iers , Roman a r my ,

1 0

8

t he p ay o f t he t roops,

a nd s o o n .

9

t he h ierarchy w ith in t he

These t hree s cho lars f ounded t he s tudy o f Ro man

m i l itary h istory a s as c ien t if ic d isc ip l ine a nd i nd icated t he d irect ions wh ich w ou ld b e f o l lowed b y l a ter r esearch.

There w ere, h owever, s o me a spects

w h ich were l ess t horough ly i nvest iga ted b y t hese s cho lars :

e qu ipmen t a nd

w eapons, f i gh t ing t act ics , f ort if icat ions ( a f i e ld o f r esearch w h ich i s c loser t o a rchaeo logy ), t he f l eet a nd t he r o le p layed b y t he t roops i n t he o rgan izat ion a nd r oman iza t ion o f t he a reas i n wh ich t hey w ere s tat ioned o r i n t he s urroundi ng z ones.

O ther s cho lars o f t he s a me p er iod c ons idered t hese a spects ,1 1

h owever. D eta iled s tud ies o f t he m il itary s ituat ion a nd t he w ars w aged i n Roman ia a lso b egan t o b e p ub l ished a t t he t urn o f t he c en tury .

We ment ion t he r esearches

c arr ied o u t b y Gr igore T oc i lescu , c o l labora tor i n C IL a nd AE M, e d itor o f n umerous e p igraph ica l a nd a rchaeo log ica l p apers o n t he Ro man a r my i n Dobr ud ja. 1 2

The f o l low ing i s as urvey o f t he most i mportan t c on tr ibu t ions 1

c oncern ing Moes ia a nd e spec ia l ly Moes ia I nfer ior, e spec ia l ly t he t err itory o f Dobrud ja , a nd om it t ing s o me w orks w h ich r efer o n ly t o Dac ia. 1 3 S tephen Gse1 11 4 i n h is w ork d evoted t o t he r e ign o f Dom it ian d iscussed t he d iv is ion o f Moes ia , t he d ist r ibu t ion o f l eg ions , t he o ccurrence o f t he s urna me F lau ia a nd t he w ars w aged o n t he Danube .1 5 The s tudy o f An ton v on P re merste in d eal ing w ith t he b eg inn ing o f t he Roman d om inat ion o f t he L ower Danube i s o f as pec ia l impor tance 1 6 ow ing t o t he f act t hat i tp ays p roper a t ten t ion n ot o n ly t o t he p rocess o f e x tens ion a nd c onso l idat ion o f t he Roman d om inat ion b u t a lso t o t he T hrac ian p opula t ion a nd t he G reek c i t ies o n t he B lack S ea . Em i l R i t ter l ing , i n h is b ook d evo ted t o t he wars waged b y D om i t ian o n t he R h ine a nd t he Danube,

1 7

d iscusses t he d istr ibut ion o f t he l eg ions o n t he Danub ian f ron t ier

when Dom it ian a scended t he t hrone a nd t he move men ts o f t roops wh ich t ook p lace i n t he p rov inces o f P annon ia , Moes ia S uper ior a nd Moes ia I n fer ior u p t o A .D. 9 8. Bogdan F ilow s tud ied t he Roman l eg ions i n Moes ia i n a work o f s yn thes is p ubl ished i n 1 906 ;1 8 t he a u thor e stabl ished t he h istory o f e ach l eg ion wh ich p assed t hrough t h is p rov ince i nt he p er iod f rom Augustus t o D ioc let ian , i t s p rovenance, t he p lace a t wh ich i tw as s tat ioned a nd i t s l a ter d ep loymen t . The n umber o f s uch s tud ies i ncreased c ons iderably a f ter t h is f i rst p hase wh ich p aved t he w ay f or f urther r esearch i n t he f i e ld o f a nc ien t m il itary h istory . Extens ive w orks o n t he Roman a r my i n d if feren t p er iods w ere p roduced ,

1 9

a nd

c hapters d evo ted t o m i l itary p rob le ms p layed a b ig p art i n g eneral work s o n a nc ien th istory . 2° A l arge n umber o f a rt icles o r c omprehens ive s tud ies w ere p ub l ished d ea l ing e ither w ith s o me a spects o f m i l itary l i fe 2 1 o r w ith t he h istory o f t he a r my f rom a s pec if ic p rov ince . 2 2 The a rt icles r eferr ing t o t he R oman a r my a nd p ub l ished i n e ncycloped ias 2 3

s hou ld a lso b e ment ioned.

We w i l l c ons ider o n ly b r ief ly t hose works w h ich a re c oncerned more d irect ly w ith t he Danub ian p rov inces a nd e spec ia l ly w ith Moes ia I n fer ior a l though t hese p rov inces o f t he Roman emp ire a re o f ten ment ioned i nt he g enera l works ment ioned a bove. N umerous s tud ies d iscuss t he Danub ian p rov inces a s aw ho le. There a re w orks i n w h ich t he a uthors d raw a p ara l le l b etween t he mil itary p rob le ms o f t he D anub ian p rov inces a nd t he s i tuat ion e x ist ing i n o ther p rov inces o f t he emp ire. For i nstance, Imen t ion f i rst ly t he b ook o f K onrad K raf t o n t he r ecru itmen t o f a ux i l iary t roops o n t he Rh ine a nd t he D anube ; 2 4 T he a u thor i nv est igates v ery i mportan t a spects s uch a s t he o r ig in s o f a ux il iary s o ld iers, t he n a mes t aken b y t roops a ccord ing t o t he p laces i n w h ich t hey w ere r ecru ited , t he e f fect ive s trength o fu n its , p eregr in i a nd t he ir r ise t o c it izensh ip , a nd t he r ecru itmen t o fu rban c ohorts a nd t he ir n a mes.

Th is v a luable w ork a lso c on ta ins

s tat ist ics a nd l i sts o f t he s o ld iers i na lae, c ohorts a nd u rban c ohorts. S ir Rona ld S yme a lso d raws a p ara l lel b etween t he a r my o n t he D anube a nd t hat o n t he Rh ine i n as tudy o f t he l eg ions s tat ioned o n t hese f ront iers d ur ing t he r e ign o f Do m it ian . 25 J ohannes K lose i s t he a u thor o f aw ork o n t he c l ien t s ta tes o f Rome s i tuated o n t he Rh ine a nd t he Danube ,2 6 a nd i n wh ich h e s t udies t he h istory o f t he n e ighbour ing p opu lat ions a nd d iscusses t he q uest ion o f t he f ron t ier d efences. E r ik G ren r efers t o t he e conom ic r o le p layed b y t he a r my , i n aw ork c oncern ing t he Eastern p arts o f t he Ba lkan P en insu la a nd As ia M inor f ro m t he p o in t o f v iew o f t he e conom ic d evelopmen t .2 7 Among t he w orks d ea l ing o n ly w ith t he Roman a r my i n t he Danub ian p rovi nces, t he s tudy b y Wa lter Wagner o nt he move men t o f a ux il iary t roops h as

2

a n i mportan tp lace . 2 8

On t he b as is o f t he e p igraph ica l e v idence f rom t hese

p rov inces, t he a u thor p resen ts a d eta iled a ccoun t o f e ach u n it :

i t s o r ig ins,

t he p lace where i tw as s tat ioned , i t s d ep loymen ts , i t s e ffect ive s trength , a nd s o o n , w ith s che ma t ic t ab les wh ich a re v ery u sefu l i n g iv ing r ap id i n for ma t ion . A . Radnö t i 29

t rea ted t he s a me t op ic b u t l im ited h i msel f t o t he t wo Pannon iae

a nd t he t wo Moes iae ;

h is w ork c on ta ins a map o f t he l imes a nd a t ab le o f t he

a ux i l iary t roops s tat ioned i n e ach p rov ince.

The s a me p rob le m h as b een t ack led

r ecen t ly b y J an Beneg n w ho h as a s che mat ic c ata logue wh ich i ncludes n ew d a ta n o t r ecorded b y p rev ious a u thors.

Un for tunately t h is a rt icle c on ta ins

many e rrors r egard ing b oth t he p rov ince Dac ia ( wh ich h ave a lready b een ment ioned )3 1

a nd Moes ia I n fer ior.

With r egard t o t he l at ter p rov ince , t he a u thor

s urpr is ing ly l i sted s ome u n its w h ich n ever e x isted : t ar ioru m ) NEC . N IV .3 2

Nu merus e 9u itu m ( saga-

a nd T ur ma i un iorum N ou iodunens ium ,

3 3

t he f or mer

u n it i s r ecorded o n t he b as is o f a n i ncorrect r ead ing o f af unerary i nscr ip t ion f ound a t S ac idava ,3 4

i n w h ich n o m il itary u n it i s men t ioned , b ut t he n a me o f

t he d eceased 's w ife i s g iven ;3 5 t he s econd e rror i s c aused b y a n o ld i n terpret at ion o f af rag men tary s ta mp o n ab r ick d iscovered a t D inoge t ia . 3 6 A s a r esu l t o f t he d iscovery o f a n i n tact s ta mp i nscr ibed A LT INA ,37 h i msel f r econs idered t h is i n terpretat ion .

t he a u thor

Imen t ion t he s tudy o f Geza A lf t l ld i

d ea l ing o n ly w ith a s hort p er iod o f t he h istory o f t he Danube , n a me ly t he d ist r ibu t ion o f l eg ions o n t he Danube a t t he e nd o f t he I st c en tury A . D. ; 3 8

t he

a u thor p resen ts t he s i tuat ion o f t he Ro man a r my i n t h is a rea d ur ing t he c a mp a igns waged b y Dom it ian a ga inst t he Dac ians a nd t he Ger mans a l l ied w ith t he S ar mat ians.

We must n o t p ass o ver a l o t o f r eferences t o t he s i tuat ion i n

Moes ia I n fer ior a nd i n t he Ba lkan Pen insu la g enera l ly , wh ich a re f ound i n t he w ork o f Car l P atsch o n t he c onquest o f Dac ia. 39

Imen t ion a lso t he p aper b y

J en t 3 F itz o n t he u n ion o f t he Danub ian p rov inces i n t he m idd le o f t he 3 rd c en tury A . D . , 4 0

w hen b etween 2 47 a nd 2 59 a s ing le o f f ic ia l h eld t he p o l it ica l

a nd m il itary l eadersh ip o f Moes ia I n fer ior a nd S uper ior, Dac ia a nd o f t he t wo Pannon iae. T here a re a l ot o f a rt icles d ea l ing w i th v ar ious mat ters c onnected w ith t he a r my , b u t n o e x tens ive s tudy o r s yn thes is c oncern ing t he o rgan izat ion a nd t he m i l itary l i fe o f Moes ia I n fer ior h as y et b een p ub l ished.

On ly t he o ld

s tud ies o f Bogdan F i low c oncern ing t he l eg ions 4 1 a nd t he a ux i l iary 42 t roops i n Moes ia r epresen t ab roader c on tr ibu t ion t o t h is t op ic. T he Bu lgar ians I van Vened ikov43 n umber o f m i l itary d ip lo mas;

a nd Bor is Gerov44

h ave p ubl ished a

o thers h ave p ubl ished v ar ious e xcavat ions

c arr ied o u t i n t he s et t le men ts o n t he l imes , f or i nstance T eo f il I vanov45 t he f ort o f I a trus.

Ve l izar Ve lkov w ro te a more g enera l s tudy o f t he l imes

i n Bu lgar ia d ur ing t he l a te Roman p er iod. 46 A korp i 147

o n

Imen t ion a lso t he work o f K arel

o n s trateg ic m i l i tary c onstruct ion i n t he B lack S ea - Ba lk an P en insu la

a rea ; s o me a spects w h ich a re o f i n terest t o u s r efer e spec ia l ly t o t he s a me l ate p er iod.

The w ork s o f Vas ilka Geras i mova 4 8

o f s pec ia l i mportance :

o n t he a ux il iary t roops a re

o n t he b as is o f i nscr ipt ions , s he i den t if ies t he p laces

i n w h ich t he a ux il ia w ere s tat ioned a nd t he move men ts o f t hese u n its. W ith r egard t o t he t err itory b etween t he Danube a nd t he B lack S ea , n o work o f s yn thes is h as y et b een p ubl ished.

Genera l works d evo ted t o t he h is-

t ory o f Dobrud ja ( such a s t he b ooks b y J akob We iss 49

3

a nd Radu Vu lpe )5 0

r igh t ly p ay a tten t ion t o m il itary h istory b u t s o met i mes i ti s p resen ted s um mar ily .

Radu Vu lpe i n c hapter I X o f h is work d iscusses t he m il itary o rgan izat ion

o f t he p rov ince o n t he b as is o f t he i nscr ipt ions, m i l itary d ip lo mas a nd l i terary t exts, a nd f or t he Do m inate P er iod t he a u thor u ses e spec ia l ly t he i nfor ma t ion g iven b y t he N o t it ia D ign itatu m.

The s a me p rob le ms a re t reated b y Radu

Vu lpe a nd I on Barnea i n t he s econd v o lume o f " Din i stor ia Dobroge i" ,

w here

5 1

t he d ocu men tat ion i s b ased o n t he e v idence a va ilable a t t he t ime t he work w as w r it ten . A l ot o f a spects o f t he a ct iv ity o f t he Ro man a r my i n Dobrud ja h ave b een r evea led b y Vas ile P ärvan i n s ome o f h is works. For i n stance h is s tudy o f t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ro man d om inat ion o f t hese a reas ,5 2 t he c hap ter o n r oads i n t he f i rst p art o f t he monograph o n t he f ort a t U lmetum 5 3

w hen many o f t he

c onc lus ions w h ich h e h as d rawn h ave c hanged l i tt le e ven t oday , t he b r ie f b u t importan t d iscuss ion o f S a lsov ia ,

5 4

t he r estorat ion o f t he i nscr ipt ion r e la t ing

t o t he f ounda t ion o f t he c a mp a t Cars iu m b y t he A la I H ispanorum e t Arauac orum

5 5

h is c on tr ibu t ion t o o ur k now ledge o f t he f ort if icat ions a t To m i ,

5 6

a nd s o o n . There a re a lso s ome r eferences t o t he a r my a nd e spec ia l ly t o t he m il itary l eadersh ip o f t he p rov inces i n t he s tudy b y A r thur S te in o f t he g overnors o f Moes ia ,

5 7

a nd i n t he more r ecen t w ork b y J en t 3 F itz 5 8

w ho c o mp letes a nd

s o met i mes c orrec ts s o me o f t he c onclus ions d rawn b y t he f or mer a uthor. W ith r egard t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he p rov ince o f Moes ia , a part f rom An ton v on P re merste in 5 9 r e ferred t o a bove, Imen t ion t he w ork b y S ir Rona ld S yme o n t he a ct iv ity o f L en tu lus a nd t he o r ig in o f t h is p rov ince ,

6 0

a nd t he c on tr ibu-

t i on b y D ion is ie P ipp id i i n t he f i rst v o lume o f ' Din i s tor ia Dobroge i" 6 1 a lso c r it ic izes e arl ier w orks.

w ho

The s a me a u thor d ea ls w ith p rob le ms c oncern-

i ng t he f ron t iers o f t he L ower Danube ,

6 2

d iscuss ing t he p o l icy o f t he s ecurity

a rea a nd t he t roops wh ich t he g overnor h ad a t h is d isposa l i n c ase o f emergency i n t he i st c en tury A .D .

S o me o f t he o p in ions p u t f orward b y G r igore F lorescu

i n h is works o n t he l imes o f Dobrud ja 6 3

a re o u tda ted ( f or i nstance i n h is o p in-

i on t hat t he Romans b u i l t t he w a l ls b etween Tom is a nd t he Danube , o r t hat S ac idava i s l oca ted t o t he n orth o f Cap idava ).

W ith r egards t o t he l imes i n

t he p er iod o f t he L a te Emp ire, Imen t ion t he s tudy o f G heorghe S tefan o n L eg io II ou ia a nd t he d efence o f t he Danub ian f ron t ier ,6 4 i n w h ich t he a u thor d e monst rates c onclus ively t hat c on trary t o t h e : i n for mat ion g iven i n t he A n ton ine I t inerary , t h is l eg ion w as s tat ioned i n t he a rea a round t he mou th o f t he r iver. The s a me a u thor r es tates a nd s upports t h is h ypo thes is i n a n a rt icle d ea l ing w ith s o me p rob le ms o f t he t opography o f Dobrud ja , 6 5 D inoget ia w as s ituated o n t he l e f t b ank o f t he Danube.

s ta t ing t hat i n it ia l ly More r ecen t ly , Em il

Condurach i h as w r itten a p aper a bout t he l imes o f S cy th ia M inor 6 6

w i th s o me

p lans o f f orts a nd a g enera l map. F ina l ly ,

Iw il l men t ion s o me a rt icles d ea l ing w ith more l im ited p rob le ms.

On t he b as is o f a more a ccura te r ead ing o f t he i nscr ip t ion f ound a t C e tatea , Dum itru Tudor makes a d eta iled s tudy o f t he a ct iv ity o f C ohors IC i l icu m wh ich w as s t at ioned i n Dobrud ja , a nd s tud ies t he l inks b etween t he w est a nd t he n orth s hores o f t he B lack S ea. 6 7

Gheorghe S tefan p ub l ished a m ilestone f ound a t

D inoge t ia 6 8 d at ing f ro m t he t ime o f D ioclet ian a nd p u t f orward s o me v iews o n t he m il itary o rgan iza t ion o f Dobrud ja d ur ing t he Dom inate.

4

Among t he s tud ies o f Radu Vu lpe , Imen t ion t he d iscuss ion o f t he d a t ing a nd t he i n for mat ion g iven b y t he Hun t p apyrus 6 9 a nd h is work o n t he i n terpret at ion o f t he s ign if icance o f t he T ropaeum T ra ian i f rom Ada mcl is i. 7 ° Ia lso men t ion s o me s tud ies b y Em i l ia Dorugu-Bo i lä . wh ich r efer t o t he Ro man a r my a nd t he wars w aged i n Dobrud ja : c l is i ,

7 1

t he m il itary f unerary a l tar f ound a t Ada m-

t he d estruct ion o f H istr ia ,

t o t he T ropaeu m T ra ian i ,

7 3

7 2

af rag men t o f a n i nscr ip t ion b e long ing

s o me g overnors o f Moes ia I nfer ior 74 ( w i th r efer-

e nces t o t he d a ting o f t he d ip lo ma f ound a t Bres tovene ) 75 a nd t he t err i tory g uarded b y L eg io V Macedon ica 7 6 ( con ta in ing i mpor tan t h ypotheses r egarding t he z one i n wh ich t h is u n i t a c ted o n t he L ower Danube ) .

Ia dd t o t h is b ib lio-

g raphy t he p apers ( pub l ished r ecent ly ) p resen ted a t t he ath L i mes C ongress ( Mama ia , 1 972 ) b y Em i l C ondurach i , I on Barnea a nd G heorghe s tefan , Em i lia Dorugu-Boi l, A dr ian V . R a-d u lescu , A lexandru S . 5 tefan , a nd C ons tan t in S corpan .

7 7

N a tura l ly t here may b e s o me om iss ions f rom t h is l i st o f works c oncern ing t he m i l itary h istory o f D obrud ja ;

i n w r it ing t h is b ook Ih ave t aken i n to a ccoun t

a l l t he c on tr ibu t ions made b y t hese a uthors a nd Ih ave a t te mpted t o c o l late a l l t he a va i lable i n for ma t ion i n t he l i gh t o f p resen t k now ledge s o t hat w e c an f or m a more a ccurate a nd d eta iled

i mpress ion o f t he Ro man a r my , o f t he v ar ious

r o les p layed b y i ta nd t he c onsequences o f i t s p resence i n t h is p art o f Ro man ia.

5

I .

THE ROMAN AR MY I N THE PR INCIPATE

The p resence o f t he Ro man a r my i n t he t err itory b etween t he Danube a nd t he B lack S ea i s s porad ica l ly a t tested e ven i n t he l ast c en tury B .C.

Ir efer

t o t he c a mpa ign o f M. T eren t ius Varro L ucu l lus a ga inst t he a l l ies o f M ithrad ates i n 7 1 B .0 C .,7 8

f o l lowed b y t he f i rst p hase o f t he Roman d om inat ion o f

t he Pon t ic c it ies , e xpressed i n t he f or m o f a l l iance. 7 9

A f ter 1 0 y ears o f s ub-

m iss ion , t he Greek c it ies w ith t he a id o f t he n at ives f rom t he n e ighbour ing a reas r ose a ga inst t he e xcesses c omm it ted b y t he p roconsu l C . An ton ius Hybr ida a nd r ega ined t he ir i ndependence. 8 ° I n t he p er iod o f t he k ingdo m o f Bureb ista , who e x tended h is d om in ion o ver Dobrud ja ( i nc lud ing t he P ont ic c it ies wh ich h ad b een s ubdued e ither b y f orce o r b y g oodw i l l ) ,

8 1

t he Ro man a r my d id n o t p enetrate i n to t h is a rea.

I tw as n o t u n t i l t he t ime o f t he s uccessors o f t he G etan k ings, a t l east t wo o f who m , Dapyx a nd Z yraxes, r u led t err itor ies i n Dobrud ja ,

8 2

t hat t he Roman

a r my l ed b y M. L ic in ius C rassus c a me b ack i n t h is t err itory , b roke d own t he r es istance o f t he t wo d isobed ien t Ge tan l eaders a nd r eached t he mou th o f t he Danube i n 2 9-28 B .0 .8 3

On t h is o ccas ion , e ven i ft he Ro man d om ina t ion o ver

t he a rea b etween t he Danube a nd t he B lack S ea w as n o t e xerted d irect ly b u t b y t he i n ter med iacy o f t he Thrac ian c l ien t k ingdo m ,8 4 t he P on t ic c it ies were i n tegra ted i n to t he Emp ire . 85 T h is s i tua t ion l as ted u n t i l t he f o l low ing c en tury w hen Dobrud ja w as a nnexed t o t he Emp ire.

Consequen t ly t he p resence

o f t he Ro man a r my i n Dobrud ja w as n o t p er manen t e i ther a t t he e nd o f t he l ast c en tury B .C. o r a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I st c en tury A .D., when t he Romans l a id t he f oundat ions o f t he ir d om ina t ion a s f ar a s t he Danube 8 6 i n t he t ime o f Augustus 8 7

a nd w hen t he p rov ince o f Moes ia w as c rea ted i n t he f i rst y ears o f

t he r e ign o f T iber ius .8 8

The m i l itary u n its c arr ied o u t o n ly i so lated a ct ions

w hen t roub le w as c aused b y t he T ransdanub ians.

We must i n terpret i n t h is

w ay t he Ro man a r med i n terven t ion t o r e instate t he c on tro l o f t he alrysae o ver t he f ort if ica t ions o f Aegyssus a nd Troes m is wh ich , a ccord ing t o Ov id , h ad b een t e mporar ily o ccup ied b y t he G et ue f rom b eyond t he r iver .89

I ts ee ms

t hat t he G et ue h ad won b ack t he f or mer c itade l i n A .D. 1 2 96 w hen t he p r i mus p i lus c en tur ion Vesta l is 9 1

d ist ingu ished h i msel f d ur ing t he f li g h t.

v ictory , a Ro man l eg ion u nder t he c o m mand o f P . V ite l l ius 9 f erred b y f l eet f rom h igher u p t he Danube. o f T roes m is t ook p lace i n A. D. 1 5 ; c o m mander o f Moes ia ,

9 4

T o e nsure

h ad t o b e t rans-

The b a t t le t o r ega in t he f or tress

L . P o mpon ius F laccus ,9 3 who w as t he

l ed t he Ro man f orces.

T h is i s t he y ear i n w h ich

t he p rov ince o f Moes ia ( i nclud ing t he t err itory f rom t he S outh o f t he D anube t o D i mum )9 5

w as o rgan ized.

R ipa Thrac iae 96

( D i mum ) t o t he mouth o f t he Danube;

s tretched f ro m t h is l oca l ity

t he n e ighbour ing t err itor ies ( i nclud ing

Dobrud ja ) r e ma ined i n t he p ossession o f t he k ings o f t he 0drysae 97 u n t il t he d ef in it ive a nnexat ion o f t hese c oun tr ies, e xcept f or t he G reek c it ies a long t he c oast w h ich w ere c ons idered t o f or m p art o f t he Emp ire f ro m t he t ime o f A ugustus , e ven i ft hey d irec t ly r ecogn ised t he a uthor i ty a nd t he p ro tec t ion o f t he O drysae .

9 8

6

We c an n ow c ons ider t he P raefectura o rae mar it i mae 99 wh ich w as t he s o le Ro man i nst itu t ion i n c harge o f t he m il itary a dm in istrat ion i n t hese c ount r ies b efore t he a nnexat ion , b u t t he a rea i nvo lved w as l im ited t o t he Greek c i t ies a long t he c oast . I t s b eg inn ings must d ate f rom b e fore 8B .C. ( t he y ear o f O v id 's e x i le ) 1° ° w hen i tw as s ubord inated t o t he p roconsu l o f Macedon ia , 1°1 a nd i tw i l l h ave f a l len t o t he g overnor o f Moes ia a fter t he c reat ion o f t h is n ew p rov ince .1 02

Un fortunately w e k now v ery l i tt le a bou t t h is i nst itut ion .1 °3

The

f i rs t k nown p raefectus o rae mar it i mae w as Vesta l is , t he f r iend o f Ov id • 104 S ome c ons ider t hat L . P o mpon ius F laccus, a lso r ecorded b y t he e x iled p oet , w ou ld h ave h eld t h is p ost t oo. 1°5 The h orothes ia o f L aber ius Max i mus 1 06 men t ions t wo o ther p raefect i :

As iat icus i n 5 0 a nd Ar run t ius F la mma i n 5 6. 1°7

We d o n ot k now h ow l ong t h is i nst itut ion l asted , b u t i ti s p robab le t hat i t s t erm inal d ate w as n o t l a ter t han A .D . 8 6, w hen Moes ia w as d iv ided. 1 08 The P raefectura o rae mar i t i mae must b e c ons idered a s at oo l u sed b y t he Ro man g overnmen t t o e xert i t s a uthor ity ( imp l ic it ly o f am il itary k ind ) o ver s ome o f t he c i t ies r ecen t ly i n tegrated i n to t he Emp ire ,

1 09

w h ich b eing i so lated b y t er-

r itor ies s t il l u nannexed c ou ld ma in ta in l inks w ith t he o ther p rov inces o f t he Roman s tate o n ly b y s ea. N everthe less w e h ave n e ither e v idence n or c an w e p resume t hat t he e x istence o f t h is i nst itu t ion a lso i nvo lved t he p er manen t p resence o f s ome l arge a r med f orce i n t he a reas c overed b y i t s a ct iv ity. I ti s p oss ible t o s peak o f t he e f fect ive p resence o f s ome mil itary u n its s tat ioned i n Dobrud ja o n ly a t t he t ime o f t he a nnexat ion o f t h is a rea t o t he p rov ince o f Moes ia. A ccord ing t o t he h istor ica l t rad it ion t he a nnexat ion t ook p lace i nA .D. 4 6 , w hen t he s tate o f t he Odrysae h ad b een s uppressed a nd t he p rov ince o f Thrace h ad b een s et u p. 1 1 ° A ccord ing t o a no ther v iew , wh ich i s l ess s upported , t he a nnexa t ion o f Dobrud ja t ook p lace l a ter , i n t he t ime o f Vespas ian. 11

The l a t ter h ypothes is i s p r inc ipa l ly b ased o n t he f act t hat n o

p ermanen t m il itary u n i t i s a t tested , e ither e p igraph ica l ly o r a rchaeo log ica l ly , i n Dobrud ja u n t il t he r e ign o f Vespas ian a nd i t is i mposs ib le t hat t he o rgan izat ion o f an ew p rov ince o r t he a nnexa t ion o f t he t err itory w h ich u n t il t hen was n o tf or mal ly i n tegra ted i n to t he Emp ire c ou ld t ake p lace w ithou t t he e f fect ive a nd c on t inuous p resence o f t he a r my , o r a t l east o f s ome a ux il iary f orces. Regard less o f t he t rue f acts o f t he a nnexat ion o f Dobrud ja t o t he Emp ire, i ti s o bv ious t hat , i nso far a s w e h ave n o e v idence t hat a ny s pec if ic m il itary u n it was s tat ioned f or a s ubs tan t ia l t ime i n t h is t err itory b efore t he r e ign o f Vespas ian , i ti s n ot p oss ib le t o s peak o f t he r o le p layed b y t he a r my i n t he Roman izat ion o f t he l oca l p opu lat ion . Iw il l o n ly men t ion t hat t he f o l low ing l eg ions i n v ar ious s uccess ive c omb ina t ions w ere a ct ive i n Moes ia , f ro m t he r e ign o f Augustus t o t hat o f Vespas ian :

I V S cyth ica , V Macedon ica , V II I

Augus ta , I I Ga l l ica a nd V I F errata. 1 12 B efore d ea l ing w ith t he m i l itary u n its wh ich w ere s tat ioned i n Dobrud ja a f ter t he r e ign o f Vespas ian ,

i ti s n ecessary t o c ons ider t he f or t if icat ions

e x is t ing i n t he w estern-Pon t ic c it ies wh ich w ere t he o n ly c en tres w h ich c ert a in ly b elonged t o t he Roman emp ire.

There i s l i tt le i n for mat ion c oncern ing

Ca l la t is , t hough i ts ee ms t hat b y c o mpar ison w ith t he n e ighbour ing c i t ies t o t he n orth , Tom is a nd H is tr ia , t h is Megar ian c o lony e n joyed a much b etter s ituat ion .

Th is v iew i s s upported b y S trabo who u ses t he t er m T toX f ,XV 1 ,0V

f or T om is a nd H istr ia a nd 7 6 XLg f or Ca l lat is. 13 More i n for mat ion i s a va i lab le f or H istr ia , t hanks b oth t o t he e x tens ive a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions

7

c arr ied o u t i n t h is c i ty 1 14

a nd t o s o me v ery i mportan t e v idence p rov ided b y

t he e p igraph ica l f inds; 15

b o th s ources c on f ir m t hat t he c i ty w as d estroyed

b y Bureb ista a nd t hat t he r econstruct ion o f t he d efens ive w a l l r equ ired e f fort a nd b ig s acr if ices f rom i t s c i t izens. 16 Tom is h as p roduced o n ly o ccas iona l c hance a rchaeo log ica l f inds f rom t h is p er iod . However , t hey c an b e r ela ted t o i n for mat ion g iven b y O v id , a nd t h is g ives u s s o me i nd ica t ions o f t he n ature o f t he d efens ive s yste m o f t he L ate Hel len ist ic a nd Early Ro man c i ty . The s urv iv ing w ork o f t he Roman p oet c ont a ins b r ief a nd s omet i mes s tereotyped i n for mat ion o n t h is mat ter; a lso , h is s tate men ts must b e c arefu l ly i n terpreted t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he t enden t ious c haracter o f h is l et ters a nd e leg ies, w h ich g rea t ly e xaggerated t he r ea l it ies o f t he e nv ironmen t i n w h ich t he ir a u thor s pen t t he l ast y ears o f h is l i fe. With r egard t o t he f ort if icat ions o f T om is, o p in ions h ave b een e xpressed 1 17 b ased o nt he i n for mat ion g iven b y O v id ;

b u t t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he f act t hat

t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence, s can ty t hough i ti s , h as b een l ess c ons idered o r i n s o me i nstances improperly u sed ,1 18 Ic ons ider t hat t he matter d eserves f urt her d iscuss ion . Ov id f requen t ly a t te mpted t o d emonstra te t he u ncerta in ty o f t he d efens ive s yste m o f To m is a nd f or t h is p urpose h e u sed e p ithets e xpress ing t he w eakness o f t he w al l a nd t he g ates : p orta u ix f i r ma ,

1 21

a nd s o o n .

b reu is murus ,

19

moen ia e x igua ,

O f c ourse , a s h as b een s a id ,

1 22

1 20

t he p oet may

h ave e xaggerated b ecause o f t he c ompar ison w ith o ther c i t ies k nown t o h im , o r p erhaps l ike a l l w orks w r it ten i n e x ile , i tw as i n tended t o a t tract c ompass ion a nd p ity i n Rome.

Bu t t he w a l l r es isted t he a t tacks , i so lated o r more i n tens ive ,

wh ich w ere s o o f ten r ecorded b y Ov id. I fw e a ccep t t he t hes is t hat t he w el lk nown i nscr ip t ions c oncern ing t he g uard o f t he c i ty d ate f rom a bout t h is t ime , 1 23 i tf o l lows t hat t he w a l l w as a b le t o s ecure Tom is , e ven i ft here w ere a n umber o f w eaknesses a nd s trong measures h ad t o b e t aken t o p reven t more s er ious d angers.

The p oet h i msel f , c a l l ing a t ten t ion t o o ther i nconven iences s u f fered

b y h im d ur ing h is e x i le a nd d escr ib ing t he f orce o f t he Aqu i lon wh ich b lew d ur ing t he w in ter, s ays t ha t t he w ind r azed t he h igh t owers ( a ltas t urres ) wh ich w ithou t a ny d oubt b e longed t o t he s a me w a l 11 24 wh ich i s c a l led ' s quat ' i n o ther p assages. A t l east o ne o f t he t owers w as a lso u sed a s al ook-out ( specu la ). 1 25 With r egard t o t he n umber o f g a tes, s ome b e l ieve t hat t here w as o n ly o ne g ate , f ac ing i n land , t hat i s t o t he n orth-west , wh ich w ou ld h ave b een t he o n ly p art o f t he c ity d efended b y aw a l 1. 1 26 I n p ar t icu lar , t wo v erses f ro m e legy 1 0 o f B ook I I o f T rist ia d emand o ur a t ten t ion ; t hey f or m t he u n ique p assage wh ich g ives d e ta i ls o f t he f ea tures o f t he g round u pon wh ich T om is w ith i t s d efensive wa l ls was b ui lt : N il e x tra t utum e st ; t u mu lus d efend itur a egre Moen ibus e x igu is i ngen ioque l oc i Both t he s ense o f t he w ord t umu lus a nd t he i nd icat ion t ha t t h is f or m o f g round c onst itu ted b y i t sel f ap rotect ion a ga inst t he a t tacks d irected f rom i nl and , c aused me t o e xam ine t he p lan o f p resen t-day C onstanta i n o rder t o t ry t o i den t ify a p art o f t he p en insu la e xh ib it ing a h igher r ounded p ort ion b ordered b y ad epress ion o n t he i n land s ide. C erta in ly , w e must f i rst t ake i n to a ccoun t t he p laces w here L ate H el len ist ic mater ia l ( i nc lud ing c hance f inds b u t e xcepti ng g raves ) h ave b een f ound. I ti s p oss ible t hat t he a rea o f To m is i n t he t ime

8

o f O v id was s i tuated a t t he s ou th-eastern e nd o f t he p en insu la a nd i t s n arrowe st s ide ( t oday t he s quare i n w h ich t he s tatue o f Ov id s tands ) w as e nclosed b y t he w a l l wh ich p ro tected t he c i ty a ga inst a t tacks f rom i n land. T here a re s evera l a rgumen ts i n s upport o f t h is h ypothes is.

F irst ly , t he

c on tours o f t he g round i nt h is a rea c orrespond w ith t he mean ing o f t he word t u mu lus, i fw e t ake i n to a ccoun t t he f act t hat t he l evel g round d ecreases f rom t he m idd le o f t h is e nd o f t he p en insu la t owards t he s ea a nd s lopes s teep ly t ow ards t he s ou th a nd t he s ou th-east a nd more g en t ly t o t he n orth-east. F ro m t he e v idence o f t he t renches e xcavated f or t he s ewage s yste m d ug i n O v id S quare i n t he w in ter o f 1 959-1960 , t he n atura l s o i l s loped s harp ly , f or t he l ayer o f f i l l i s much t h icker h ere ;1 27

t h is l eads u s t o s tate t hat a d e-

p ress ion e x isted i n t h is p art o f t he c i ty a t t he t ime o f O v id 's e x ile , s eparat ing t he p lace n amed t u mu lus b y t he Roman p oet f rom t he l and r is ing s l igh t ly b eyond t h is n atura l d efence l i ne. L ast ly , He l len ist ic mater ia l a nd e ven o ccupa t ion l evels f rom t h is t ime h ave b een d iscovered i n Constan ta o n ly i n t h is p art o f t he p en insu la .

1 28

A t f i rst

s igh t i ts ee ms t hat t he a rea wh ich , a ccord ing t o my p resumpt ion , w as c overed b y T om is i n t he t ime o f O v id , w ou ld b e t oo sma l l f or t h is c ity wh ich r eached a d eve loped s tage t owards t he e nd o f t he Hel len ist ic p er iod. I n f act , t h is e nd o f t he p en insula measures o ver 1 7 h ectares 1 2 9w h ich i s n o t a t a l l sma l l i f , f or e xamp le, we c o mpare i tw ith H istr ia w h ich c overed a n a rea o f l ess t han 1 0 h ectares 1 3 °i n t he L a te He l len ist ic p er iod .

Accord ing t o t he i n for mat ion

g iven b y t he l i terary s ources a nd t he a rchaeo log ica l f inds , w h ich a re more n umerous f rom t he l ast p hases o f t he e x istence o f t he a nc ien t c i ty , T om is e x tended i n a rea u p t o t he l ine f rom t he G reek c hurch t o t he T r ibuna l b u i ld ing 1 31 i nt he 2 nd c en tury a nd r eached , b y i ncorpora t ing n ew q uarters, t he k nown L a te Wa l l i n t he 4 th c en tury. 1 32 C erta in ly a ny e x tens ion o f t he c ity l im its p roposed b y u s f or Tom is i n t he t ime o f Ov id wou ld c on trad ict b oth t he i n for mat ion g iven b y t he p oet ( s ince t he p oss ib i l ity o f d efence p rov ided b y i ngen io l oc i w ou ld d isappear ) a nd t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence ( Late h el len ist ic mater ia l n ot h av ing b een f ound b eyond Ov id S quare , e xcep t f or t he g raves s i tuated o n t he h igher g round o u tside t he c i ty a t t he t ime o f O v id 's ex i le )• 133 I ti s a lso n ecessary t o d iscuss t he f act t hat Ov id , i n r eferr ing t o t he d efence s yste m o f Tom is , c a l ls t he c i ty c astel lum ( Tr ist ia , V , 1 0 , 2 7 ) a nd c astra

( EL(Pont e ,

I , 9 , 3 7 ).

C erta in ly , i fw e t ake i n to a ccoun t t hat w e a re

d iscuss ing a p oet ic p hraseo logy , t hen i ti s p oss ib le t o c ons ider t hese t er ms a s ap oet ic l i cence c oncern ing t he p roper s ense o f t he words ; b u t i ti s h ard ly a ccep tab le t ha t t hese w ords s hou ld b e u sed f or a s et t le men t p rotected o n o n ly o ne s ide b y ad efens ive w a l l , a s w as p resumed.

I n t h is s ense , w e

must r eme mber t hat V . F ervan h ad h is d oubts a bou t t he l ayou t o f t he d efens ive w al l o f T om is a t t h is t ime .1 34

Both t he i n for mat ion g iven b y Ov id a nd t he t er m

T u g ptß okog r ecorded i n t he a bove- men t ioned i nscr ipt ion r e lat ing t o t he c it izen g uards s ee m t o i nd ica te t he e x istence o f a n e nclosure w a l l. Were s uch f ort if icat ions r ea l ly n ecessary f or t he d efence o f t he c ity , t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he f ac t t hat t he p romon tory o f Tom is w as p ro tected b y i t s n atura l d efences?

The a rchaeo log ica l f inds c an t hrow s o me l i gh t o n t h is

9

p rob le m.

The He l len ist ic l evels h ave b een i den t if ied w ith c erta in ty a t ad epth

o f o ver 2 m 1 35 a nd t h is s hows t hat t he l evel g round w as n ot v ery h igh a bove s ea l evel , a t l east a long t he s hores a nd e spec ia l ly t o t he s ou th a nd s ou th-east. Th is i s a lso c on f ir med b y t he f act t hat i n it ia l ly a ccess t o t he b u ild ing w i th t he mosa ic w as n o t f rom a bove , t ha t i s f rom t he p resen t g round l evel wh ich c orr esponds t o t he L ate Roman l evel , b u t t he e n trance , l a ter f i l led u p , w as a t t he s ame l evel a s t he mosa ic .1 36 I tt herefore f o l lows

t hat t hat p art o f t he p en insu la w h ich f aced t he s ea was

n o tp ro tected o n a l l s ides b y t he h e igh t o f t he c oast a t t he t ime o f Ov id , b u t was made s o l ater i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he 3 rd c entury b y w orks o f l evel l ing.

I t

f o l lows t hat t he c i ty h ad t o b e p rotected b y d efens ive w orks n ot o n ly o n t he i nl and b u t a lso o n t he o ther s ides. Consequen t ly t he t er ms c astra a nd T c Ept .PoXog w ere p roper ly u sed b y t he Roman p oet . Bu t ad efens ive w al l wh ich s urrounded t he t own r equ ired , i n a dd it ion t o t he g ate f ac ing i n land t o w h ich Ov id r efers i n t he s ingu lar b ecause t h is w as t he g a teway menaced b y t he o u ts ide d angers , a t l east o ne o ther g a te a s a n e x it t o t he h arbour, wh ich w as s i tuated t o a l l a ppeara nces t o t he s ou th-west o f t he p en insu la ,

a nd t h is e xp la ins t he p lura l a lso

1 37

u sed s omet i mes b y Ov id i n t he a bove q uo tat ion .1 38 Ih ave dwelt l onger o n t he d efence s yste m o f Tom is

a t t he b eg inn ing o f

t he Roman d om inat ion b ecause o n t he o ne h and w e k now v ery l i t t le a bou t t he t opography o f t he t own a t t h is t ime ( t he o p in ion t ha t i t s s ize s hou ld h ave b een l arger 1 39 t han t hat w h ich Ia t te mp ted t o e stab l ish o n t he b as is o f t he i n for mat i on g iven b y Ov id s t il l p ersis ts ) a nd o n t he o ther h and , b y a rchaeolog ica l r esearches(s ince modern Constan tj il i es a bove t he a nc ien t c ity , v ery l i t t le e xc avat ion i s p ossib le ) we c an n e i ther i nves t iga te t he f or t if ica t ions i n wh ich we a re i n terested ( i n c on trast t o t he c ase o f Ca l lat is )1 4 °n or c an w e make s trat ig raph ica l o bserva t ions wh ich c an b e c orrelated w ith t he e p igraph ica l i n for mat ion a va ilab le f ro m t h is t ime , a s i s p oss ib le i n t he c ase o f H istr ia. 1 41 W ith r egard t o t he p resence o f t he Roman a r my i n Dobrud ja , w e s hou ld p o in t o u tf rom t he o u tset t hat , r egard less o f t he d a te o f a nnexat ion , n o l eg ion w as s tat ioned i n t he n ew t err itory o f t he Emp ire u n t i l t he t ime o f Tra jan . Among t he Moes ian l eg ions , t he L eg io II t a l ica i n c amp a t N ovae 1 42 ( t ransferr ed t here i nA .D. 6 9 ) w as s i tua ted n earest t o t he mouth o f t he Danube. The s a me s i tuat ion i s e ncoun tered af ter t he d iv is ion o f t he p rov ince b y Dom it ian when t wo l eg ions w ere s tat ioned i n Moes ia I n fer ior : V Macedon ica a t O escus a nd II t a l ica i n i t s p rev ious q uar ters, b o th l eg ions b e ing s tat ioned t o t h e w est .1 43 I tt herefore f o l lows t hat o n ly a ux il iar ies w ere s tat ioned o n t he S cy th ian l imes , i n t he e astern p art o f t he p rov ince i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 1s t c en tury A . D. 1 44 The m i l itary d ip loma f ound a t S ars in lar ( presen t-day B restovene ) n ear Duros torum 1 45 c anno t p rove t hat s o me o f t he f i ve a lae men t ioned i n i tw ou ld h ave b een s tat ioned i n c a mps s itua ted i n t he modern Dobrud ja. I t s b enef ic iary , Romaesta S p iurus , w as o f Thrac ian o r ig in 1 46

a nd a t t he e nd o f h is s erv ice n e

r et ired t o h is n at ive h o me , a lthough h is own m il itary u n it w as s tat ioned e lsewhere i n t he Emp ire , p robab ly i n t he E as t .

1 47

I ti s c er ta in t ha t a ux i l ia were

q uar tered i n D obrud ja o n ly f ro m t he t ime o f V espas ian a nd t ha t b o th l eg ions , X I C laudia a nd V Macedon ica , were t ransferred t o D urostoru m a nd T roes m is b y T ra jan , i n 1 07 a t t he l a tes t . 1 48

1 0

A .

L EGIONS Iw il l d ea l b elow w ith t he l eg ions w h ich w ere e f fect ively p resen t i n S cy th ia

M inor , e ither h av ing g arr isons i n t he t err itory o r s upp ly ing d etach men ts a nd s ta t ions o f b enef ic iar i i.

Iw i l l a lso men t ion t he u n its whose v eterans e stab-

l i shed t he mse lves i n t hese p laces.

Iw i l l p resen t t he l eg ions i n o rder o f im-

p or tance o f t he ir a ct iv ity i n t he a rea. 1 .

L EG IO V MACEDON ICA T h is w as o ne o f t he l eg ions most i nvo lved i n t he h istory o f t he L ower

Danube.

I ti s s upposed t hat i tw as t ransferred t o Moes ia a s e arly a s t he r e ign

o f Augustus; 1 49

b o th t he l i terary s ources 15 0 a nd t he e p igraph ical 1 51

c erta in ly a ttest i t s p resence u nder T iber ius. t he O r ien t l5 2

e v idence

By 6 2 t he l eg ion w as moved t o

where i tw as s tat ioned u n t i l 7 1, w hen i tw as t ransferred a ga in

t o Moes ial 5 3 b y Rubr ius Ga l lus a nd w as q uartered a t O escus , wh ich w ou ld b e i t s p er manen t r es idence u n t il T ra jan 's Dac ian w ars. 1 54 A t t he e nd o f t he D ac ian wars , f rom 1 07 a t t he l atest , L eg io V Macedon ica w as s tat ioned a t T roes m isl 5 5 u n t i l 1 67 , w hen Marcus Aurel ius t ransferred i t , a f ter t he w ar a ga inst t he P arth ians 1 56

i n w h ich i tt ook p art , t o Po ta issa i n Dac ia. 1 57

The

l eg ion c a me b ack t o i t s p rev ious q uarters a t O escus a f ter t he w ithdrawa l o f Aure l ian f ro m Dac ia i n 2 71.

15 8

T hroughou t t he 6 0 y ears w hen i t w as q uartered a t T roes m is i n Dobrud ja , L eg io V Macedon ica w as t he m il itary u n it w h ich made t he l argest c on tr ibu t ion t o t he o rgan iza t ion , s oc ia l d eve lop men t a nd p rosper ity o f t he a rea a nd r epres en ted o ne o f t he ma jor f actors i n t he Ro man iza t ion o f t he l oca l p opu lat ion . T h is l eg ion i s men t ioned i n a bou t 5 0 i nscr ip t ions.

O ther i nscr ipt ions wh ich

r efer t o s o ld iers a nd e spec ia l ly t o v eterans b u t w ithout men t ion ing t he n a me o f t he mil itary u n it f or m a ma jor ity , i n t he 2 nd c en tury , a s e v idence o f t he p resence a nd a ct iv ity o f L eg io V Macedon ica i n t h is a rea. Accord ing t o ar ecen t s tudy ,

1 59

w h ile t h is l eg ion w as s tat ioned i n Dobrud ja

i t s a ct iv ity , t hat i s t o s ay i t s m il itary a nd a dm in istrat ive c ont ro l , e x tended o ver a s tr ip o f l and a long t he Danube a t l east f ro m Cap idava t o N ov iodunum a nd t he f ort if ica t ions s ituat ed o n t he l e f t o f t he Danube , f ro m Barb e t o O r lovka. T h is c onclus ion i s b ased e spec ia l ly o n t he t egu lae c arry ing t he s ta mp o f t he l eg ion f ro m t he f orts a t Cap idava , a nd O rlovk a. 1 6 4

16 9

Arrub ium ,161 Barbo§ i , 16 2 N ov io dunuml

An i nscr ip t ion r ecen t ly f ound a t S ac idava ,

16 5

t he g ravestone

o f C . Vetur ius Verus , as o ld ier o n a ct ive s erv ice i n t h is l eg ion , s hows t hat t he a rea g uarded b y t h is u n it i nc luded t h is l oca l ity ;

i tt herefore f o l lows t hat t he

a rea c on tro l led b y L eg io V Macedon ica s tretched f ar t o t he s outh o f Cap idava. We s hou ld a dd t hat t he i n f luence o f t he l eg ion w as a lso e x tended t o t he c oast , n o t o n ly b y s end ing s ome s o ld iers o n a ct ive s erv ice o n am iss ion t o t he West P on t ic c it ies s uch a s T om is ,

16 6

b u t a lso i n t he c onstruct ion o f b u ild ings o r

t he r econstruct ion o f t he d efence s yste m , a s p robably o ccurred a t H istr ia 1 67 a nd C a l lat is ,

16 8

w here b r icks c arry ing t he s ta mp o f l eg ion h ave b een f ound.

A s i s t o b e e xpected , t he ma jor ity o f t he i nscr ip t ions r eferr ing t o L eg io V Macedon ica ( SE 1 -33 ) c o me f ro m T roes m is.

I nscr ip t ion s o f s o ld iers o n

a ct ive s erv ice w ith t he l eg ion h ave a lso b een f ound o n l imes a t S ac idava a nd i n t he n e ighbourhood o f t he f ort a t T roes m is, f or e xa mp le t he v ot ive p laque

1 1

6 3

d ed icated t o As k lep ios a nd Hyg ie ia b y t he c en tur ion An r iaeus Pu lcher ( SE 1) f ound a t Hor ia ( Tu lcea d istr ict ) p art icu lar i n terest.

1 69

The i nscr ipt ions f ound a t T om is a re o f a

I ti s n o t s urpr is ing t hat b enef ic iar i i c onsu lar is d etached

f ro m L eg io V Macedon ica , s uch a s M. S u fena T it ianus 170

who d ied a t 2 5 y ears

o f a ge a f ter h e h ad b een i n t he s erv ice o f t he a r my f or o n ly 7 y ears ( SE 1 3 ) , a nd P . Va ler ius P acatus 1 71

( SE 3 2 ) a re e ncoun tered i n t h is West Pon t ic c ity ,

b u t t he f act t hat Q . T rebel l ius Max i mus ,

ac en tur io t recenar ius o f t he

1 72

l eg ion , w ho e rected a d ed icat ion t o J up iter O pt i mus Max i mus a nd Heros ( SE 1 2 ) was i n T om is s hows u s t hat , a t s o me t ime i n t he f irst h a lf o f t he 2 nd c en tury , ad etach men t o f t he l eg ion w as s en t o n am iss ion t o t h is c ity. 1 73 With r egard t o t he v eterans, t he ma jor ity a re e ncoun tered a t Troes m is b u t t hey a re f ound a t o ther s et t le ments n earer o r f ar ther f ro m Troes m is.

C .

I u l ius Va le(n )s , v eteran o f t h is l eg ion , b eco mes mag ister V ic i Vergobr it t ian i ( SE 2 6 ) n ear C ius .1 74 Rusa

1 75

( SE 2 8 ).

Another v eteran r et ired t o t he s et t le men t a t S lava

V lp ius L a t inus 1 76

( SE 3 0 ), a f or mer s ign ifer, i s e ncoun-

t ered a t H istr ia a nd t he v eteran Braet ius Fauor 1 77 H istr ia , a t S ino ie. k nown a t To m is.

C . Au f id ius S EN ...

1 78

( SE 2 9 ) i s ment ioned n ear

( SE 3 1) a nd Rufus 1 79

( SE 3 3 ) a re

C . I u l ius Va lens f ro m T ropaeu m T ra ian il " ( SE 2 7 ) w hose

i nscr ip t ion , a s f or mer c en tur ion , d oes n ot men t ion h is r et ire men t f rom t he a r my , w as c erta in ly a v eteran. The i nscr ip t ion f ound a t T roes m is, wh ich a re t oo n u merous t o b e l i sted h ere, t e l l u s b oth t he c areers a nd t he o r ig ins o f t he v ar ious s o ld iers a nd t he f unct ions a cqu ired b y t he m a s v eterans i n t he l eadersh ip o f t he s ett le men t a nd t err itory o f T roes m is, b e fore o r a f ter 1 67, w hen t he c ity r ece ived t he s tatus o f mun ic ip ium .1 81 Imen t ion among t he c o m manders o f t he l eg ion1 82 t ions f ound a t T roes m is, ( SE 5 ) i n 1 40 , i n 1 59-160 1 87

1 85

P lot ius I u l ianus

i n 1 34,

1 83

Q . Caec il ius Redd itus i n 1 56-157 1 86

men t ioned i n t he i nscr ipCo m in ius S ecundus 184 ( SE 2 ) ,Ael ius O p tatus

( SE 1 ) a nd Ca lpurn ius Agr ico la i n t he t ime o f t he wars a ga inst

t he Marco mann i1 88

( SE 2 0 ).

As t o t he o f f icers a nd t he n on-co m m iss ioned

o ff icers o f L eg io V Macedon ica r ecorded i n t he Troes m is i nscr ipt ions , I ment ion ,i n a dd it ion t o t he l i st o f t hose r e leased f rom t he a r my u nder t he g overnor I u l ius Ma ior 1 89

i n 1 34 a nd t o t he o ther l i sts a lso f ro m t he f i rst h a lf

o f t he 2 nd c enturyf 9 ° c on ta in ing a t o ta l o f a bou t 2 20 v eterans o f d if feren t r anks ,

1 91

T ib. Vetur ius Mauretanus 192

h o ld ing t he r ank o f p raefectus c astrorum

( SE 7 ) , t he p r im ip ilus T i. C laud ius Ce lsus 1 93 C laud ius V lp ianus ( veteran )1 94

( SE 9 ) , t he c en turion s T ib.

( SE 1 7 ), Va ler ius Pudens 195

( SE 8 ) , t he f or mer o pt io , C . I u l ius S aturn inus 1 97 c onsu lar is v eteran , T . Va ler ius Marc ianus 1 98

a nd Dec i mus 1 96

( SE 1 8 ) a nd a b enef ic iar ius

( SE 2 0 ).

The i nscr ip t ions f ound a t T roes m is a lso r ecord s ome p ubl ic f unct ions h eld b y t he s o ld iers o f L eg io V Macedon ica a f ter t he ir t er m o f mil i tary s erv ice h ad e xp ired.

L . L ic in ius C le me(n )s b eco mes q u inquennal is c anabens ium

e t d ecur io T roes mens ium 1 99 n a l is c anabens iu m 200

( SE 2 );

( SE 1 ) ;

T . F lau ius A lexander i s a lso q u inquen-

C . Egnat ius Va lens f u lf il led t he f unct ion o f

d ecur ion o f t he T roe m is mun ic ip iu m 201

( SE 4 );

C . Va ler ius Pudens 2 °2 ( SE

1 4 ) a nd P . Va ler ius C le me(n )s 2 °3 ( SE 1 5 ) w ere ma i str i ( canabens ium ); t he v eteran V ita les b ecomes s acerdos p rou inc iae

( SE 1 6 ).

f ina l ly ,

I t s hou ld b e

n oted t hat n one o f t he i nscr ipt ions r eferr ing t o t he v eterans a s p ub l ic s ervan ts

1 2

men t ions t he r ank h e ld b y t he m i n t he a r my.

I ts ee ms imposs ib le t hat t hey

were o rd inary s o ld iers , o r a t l east t ha t a l l o f t he m w ere, b u t p robab ly t he p rest ige o f t he ir c iv i l ian p os it ion w as s o g rea t t hat i tw as n ot n ecessary t o men t ion i n t he i nscr ipt ions t he ir m il itary r anks , e spec ia l ly i ft hey w ere n ot v ery h igh. S ome o f t he i nscr ipt ions o f L eg io V Macedon ica f ound i n Dobrud ja i nd ica te t he o r ig ins o f t he s o ld iers a nd v eterans.

I ti s n ot iceable t hat t he ma jor ity o f

t he m w ere r ecru ited f rom t he o r ien ta l p rov inces , e spec ial ly f ro m As ia M inor ( a t ota l o f 8p ersons ) ,

2 05

a s I u l ius Pon t icus , S en t ius Pon t icus 206

( SE 3 ) a nd

T. F lau ius Va lens 2 °7 ( SE 2 1) , f ro m Amastr is , C . An t ist ius Va lens 2 °8 ( SE 2 2 ) T . F lau ius A lexander C . J u l ius Va lens 2 11

2 09

( SE 2 ) a nd C . Egna t ius Va lens 2 10

( SE 4 ) f ro m Ancyra ,

( SE 2 7 ) f ro m Amas ia , p robably C . P ub l ic ius N iger 2 12

( SE 2 4 ) whose w ife c a me f rom B ithyn ia a nd p oss ib ly L . L ic in ius C le me(n )s 2 13 ( SE 1 ) whose h o me w as i n o ne o f t he c it ies n a med N icopo l is , maybe t ha t i n Cappadoc ia ;

t hen t here a re t wo S yr ians, T . C laud ius P r iscus 2 14

He mesa a nd T ib. C laud ius V lp ianus 2 15

( SE 1 7 ) f ro m L aod icea S yr iae;

a re a lso t wo I t al ians, Q . T rebel l ius Max i mus 2 16 Vetur ius Mauretanus 2 17

t here

( SE 1 2 ) f ro m Ro me a nd T ib.

( SE 7 ) f ro m Fund i; Dec i mus 2 18

f rom S avar ia a nd o n ly t wo s o ld iers c a me f ro m Moes ia : a nus 2 19

( SE 1 9 ) f ro m

( SE 8 ) w as a P annon ian T . Va ler ius Marc i-

( SE 2 0 ) b orn a t T roes m is i t sel f a nd C . I u l ius S aturn inus 2 20

( SE 1 8 )

f rom O escus. Among t he i n scr ip t ions r eferr ing t o L eg io V Macedon ica , t he f unerary i nscr ip t ion o f t he v eteran T ib. C laud ius V lp ianus 221

( SE 1 7 ) w ho h as b een c en-

t ur ion i n s ix o ther l eg ions ( X G em ina , I V F lau ia , X I I Fu lm ina ta , I Cyrena ica , X F retens is , I Ad iu tr ix ) b efore b eing i n s erv ice o f t he l eg ion o f Troes m is i s p robab le .

S uch a c areer i s u n ique among t he s o ldiers k nown f ro m t he

Dobrud ja i nscr ipt ions . T o c onc lude t h is g enera l d iscuss ion o f t he i nscr ipt ions r e lat ing t o L eg io V Macedon ica wh ile i tw as s tat ioned a t T roes m is, 222

o ne s hou ld men t ion t hose

r eferr ing t o v ar ious v ex il lat ions b elong ing t o t h is l eg ion f ro m t he n or th c oast o f t he B lack S ea , a t Tyras.

The e arl iest i nscr ipt ion a t test ing t he p resence o f

t he l eg ion o n t he L ower Danube ( a d ed icat ion h onour ing Tra jan a nd e rected b y t he c en tur ion M. Eun ius I l lad ianus i n t he t ime o f t he g overnor Q . Po mpe ius Fa lco i n 1 15-117 ) 223 r ing t o t he l eg ion2 24

w as f ound h ere. f rom Tyras;

There a re s evera l i nscr ipt ions r efer-

t he l eg ion p erfor med i t s d u ty , e ither b y a n

own v ex il lat io , o r b y f or mat ions c o mb ined w ith v ex il lat ions b elong ing t o o ther Moes ian l eg ions , a s a t O lb ia. o f t he l eg ion h ere.

Ab r ick f ound a t Charax 2 25

a t tests t he p resence

A lso , b efore i tw as s tat ioned a t T roes m is ,

2 26

L eg io V

Macedon ica p art ic ipa ted i n t he v ex il lat io wh ich b u i lt t he f ort a t Dra jna d e S us . 2 27 I t t herefore f o l lows t hat t he l eg ion d id n ot l im it t he r ange o f i t s a ct iv ity t o t he a reas i n t he v ic in ity o f t he S cy th ian l imes ,

2 28

b u t e xtended t he m t o s o me more

d istan t a reas s ituated o n t he w estern a nd n orthern c oasts o f t he Pon tus Eux inus. 2 .

L EGIO X I CLAVD IA T h is was b rough t b y Tra jan t o Durostoru m s i mu l taneously w ith t he e stab-

l ishmen t o f L eg io V Macedon ica a t Troes m is. 229

The f i rst i nscr ipt ion f ro m

Durostoru m d ates f rom t he t ime o f t he g overnor Q . P ompe ius Fa lco ( 1151 17 ). 2 3 ° A ccord ing t o t he e v idence o f t he i nscr ip t ions a nd t egu lae , t h is l eg ion 1 3

c on tro l led t he s ou thern p art o f Dobrud ja.

A l arge n umber o f b r icks a nd t i les

c arry ing t he s ta mp o f t he l eg ion h ave b een d iscovered l ower d own t he D anube i n t he i mmed iate v ic in ity o f Durostorum , a tO s trov . 2 31 I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he a rea o ccup ied b y t he c anabae o f t h is l eg ion e x tended a s f ar a s t he l at ter p lace. I tw as s uggested , o n t he e v idence o f ab r ick f ound a t C ap idava , t hat t he a ct iv it i es o f t h is l eg ion a lso e x tended o ver t h is c en tre ,2 32 b u t t here i s much more e v idence t hat Cap idava b elonged w ith in t he a rea c on tro l led b y L eg io V Maced on ica. 2 33 I ti s p oss ib le t hat b oth l eg ions i n it ia l ly c on tr ibu ted t o t he e rect ion o f t he f ort , b u t a f ter t h is Cap idava c a me i n to t he s phere o f t he l eg ion w hose b ase w as a t T roes m is.

Ib el ieve t hat t he l eg ion a t Durostorum o n ly e x tended

i t s t err itory t o C ap idava a f ter 1 67.

Ab r ick f ound a t C a l lat is 2 34 a l lows u s t o

p resume t ha t a t o ne t ime a d etachmen t o f L eg io X I C laud ia w en t t o t he Megar ian c o lony i nt he c ourse o f i t s m i l itary d u t ies o r t o e rect s ome d efens ive c onstruct i on .

I ti s a lso p oss ib le t hat a d etachmen t o f L eg io X I C laud ia w as g arr isoned

p er manen t ly a t T ropaeum T ra ian i where a ux i l iary u n its w ere s tat ioned , b ut o n ly v ex il lat ions o f l eg ions. S evera l i nscr ipt ions a t test ing t he p resence o f t h is l eg ion c ome f ro m t h is l oca l ity o r i t s n eighbourhood :

M. S tab ius C o lonus,

t r ibunus m i l itum o f L eg io X I C laud ia e rected a v ot ive monumen t ( SE 3 4 ) t o J up iter O pt i mus Max i mus , C eres a nd L iber P ater i n 1 57 ;2 35

a n e x v o to i s

d ed icated t o D eus I nu ictus b yt he c en tur ion Ann ius S aturn inus i n t he r e ign o f Marcus Aure l ius 2 36

( SE 3 5 );

as ign i fer, Ae l. An ton ius Aeterna l is a nd h is

b ro ther A e l . A n ton ius S ab inus , d uu mv ir o f t he mun ic ipa l i ty , e rected a t o mbs tone ( SE 3 6) f or t he ir s is ter a nd f a ther ( af or mer d uumv ir ) . 2 37 A f ragmenta ry f unerary i nscr ip t ion o f av e teran , f ormer e xcep tor o r s tra tor o f t he l ega tus L eg ion is X I C laudia ( SE 4 3 ) a lso c o mes f rom T ropaeu m T ra ian i .2 38 I n c on trast w ith t he c lear e xp lanat ion o f t he p resence o f t he s o ld iers o n a ct ive d u ty f rom L eg io X I C laud ia i n t he s outhern p ar t o f t he S cy th ian l imes a nd a t T ropaeum T ra ian i , t he ir e x istence i n t he P ont ic c i t ies c auses many p roble ms.

Poss ibly V lp ius Fel ix s trator c o (n )s(u lar is ) L eg ( ion is ) X I C l (aud iae )

w en t t o H istr ia o n ly t o e rect a t o mbstone f or h is p aren ts 2 3 9( SE 3 9 ) , b u t I b el ieve t ha t t he c en tur ion M. Do m it ius Capeto l inus w ho d ied a t t he a ge o f 3 2 a t To m is 2 4 °( SE 3 7 ), w as t here w ith a d etach men t o f L eg io X E C laud ia a nd d ied e ither i nb at t le o r f rom u nknown c auses d ur ing t he e rec t ion o f s o me m il itary b u ild ing.

I n a ny c ase , t hese e ven ts t ook p lace a f ter 1 67.

c ou ld h ave f a l len i n t he s a me b at t le;

h e w as

Va ler ius V alens

2 2 y ears o f a ge a nd h is t o mb-

s tone w as f ound i n t he s et t le men t a tS lava Rusä .2 41 ( SE 3 8 ) i n t he n orth o f D obrud ja , where d e tachmen ts o f L eg io X I C laudia c ou ld h ave a rrived o n ly a f ter t he r e mova l o f L eg io V Macedon ica f rom T roes m is.

I ti s l ess d if f icu l t t o

e xp la in t he p resence o f ab enef ic iar ius c onsu lar is o f t he l eg ion , Ae l ius I ngenuus a tI l fmn ic ( V icus V ...) 2 42 ( SE 4 0 ), s ince t hese n on-co mm iss ioned o ff icers c ou ld b e d ispatched t o s urvey a nd t o ma in ta in i ng ood c ond it ion t he r oads o f t he s ta t ions s ituated w el l away f rom t he ma in q uarters o f t he l eg ion . 243 Veterans o f L eg io X I C laud ia , a part f rom t hose a t T i •opaeum T ra ian i a nd men t ioned a bove , a re e ncoun tered e spec ia l ly i n t he P ont ic c it ies , a tH istr ia a nd To m is. Th is i s n or ma l , s ince t he f l our ish ing l i fe o f t hese c it ies a t tracted al arge n umber o f v eterans b elong ing t o d i f feren t m il itary u n its.

V eterans a re

a lso e ncoun tered i n t he n orth o f Dobrud ja a t N ov iodunum , wh ich w as a c en tre o f p art icu lar importance d ue t o i t s f unct ion a s t he ma in b ase f or t he Danub ian f l eet , b u t s i tuated f ar away f rom t he b ase o f t he l eg ion a t Durostorum. Th is

1 4

a ga in l eads t o t he c onclus ion t ha t ad etach men t o f L eg io ) U C laud ia p erfor med i t s d u ty i n t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince a nd n ear t he mouth o f t he Danube. The f or mer c en tur ion Cocce ius Hortens ius , t he f a therinlaw o f t he c en tur ion V lp ius Ba l i mber o f L eg io II ta l ica 2 44 C laud ius 245

( SE 5 4 ) , a nd t he v eterans Aure l ius

( SE 4 6 ), A ure l ius S ab inus 246

( SE 4 5 ) a nd Aurel ius

t i anus 2 48

( SE 4 4 ), C . Nu mer ius Va lens 2 47

a re k nown a t To m is;

men t ion ing t he f or mer c en tur ion J u l ius S aturn inus 2 49

aG reek i nscr ipt ion

h as b een f ound a t H istr ia.

F ina l ly , t he f or mer s ign i fer o f L eg io X I C laud ia , I u l ius Va lens , e rected a f unerary i nscr ip t ion a t N ov iodunu m f or h is p aren ts , h is f a ther P . Ae l ius C e lsus a lso b e ing v eteran , p erhaps o f t he s a me u n it . 25 ° These i nscr ip t ions f ro m Dobrud ja men t ion t he f o l low ing o ff icers a nd n onc o mm iss ioned o ff icers o f L eg io X I C laud ia : mi l itum ;

M. S tab ius Co lonus , t r ibunus

t he c entur ions An n ius S a turn inus, M. Do m it ius Capeto l inus , Cocce ius

Hortens ius a nd I u l ius S aturn inus; I u l ius Valens;

t wo s ign i fer i , Ael . Anton ius Aeterna l is a nd

as trator c onsu lar is , V lp ius Fel ix ( i t i s p oss ible t hat t he a nony-

mous v eteran f ro m T ropaeum Tra ian i a lso h eld t he s a me r ank o r w as e xceptor c onsu lar is ); 251

a nd b enef ic iar i i c onsu lar is , C . Va ler ius Va lens a nd Ael ius

I ngenuus. N one o f t he v eterans o f L eg io X I C laud ia men t ioned i n t he i nscr ip t ions s o f ar d iscovered i n D obrud ja e stab l ished t he mselves.

h eld p ub l ic p os it ions i n t he c it ies i n wh ich t hey h ad

Th is l ack o f e v idence i s p robab ly e i ther a cc iden ta l ,

o r p erhaps s o me d ign i tar ies a t T ropaeum T ra ian i , f or i nstance , d ecl ined t o ment ion t he ir f or mer m il itary r anks i n t he ir i nscr ipt ions. The c en tur ion M. Do m it ius Capeto l inus f rom Capeto l iada [ s ic ] i s t he o n ly s o ld ier o f L eg io X I C laud ia whose o r ig in i s i nd ica ted o n a n i n scr ip t ion ( SE 3 7 ). Two i nscr ipt ion s f ound a t To m is men t ion L eg io X I C laud ia a ssoc iated w ith t he e p ithet p ia f idel is. 2 52 L eo X I C laud ia a lso p art ic ipa ted i n t he c onstruct ion o f t he f ort a t Dra jna d e S us ; 253

i ti s a lso e ncoun tered e ither t ogether w ith o ther l eg ion s i n c o m mon

v ex i l lat ions o r a s i nd iv idua l d etach men ts o n t he n orth c oast o f t he B lack S ea a t T yras,

2 54

O lb ia ,

2 55

Chersonesus 256

as ta t ion o f b enef ic iar i i. 258

a nd Charax ,

2 57

where t he l eg ion h ad

I n c onc lus ion , i t may b e s a id o f L eg io X I C laud ia

a s o f L eg io V Macedon ica , n a mely t hat t he r ange o f i t s a ct iv ity w as n ot r est r icted t o t he t err itory a ss igned t o i ti n t he v ic in ity o f t he Danub ian l imes b u t was e x tended o ver a reas s itua ted f arther away , o n t he c oast a nd , a t s o me t imes, o ver c en tra l a nd n orthern D obrud ja a nd e ven o ver b eyond t he b oundar ies o f t he p rov inces. 3 .

L EGIO II TAL ICA A lthough i t s b ase was e stabl ished a t N ovae f ro m A .D. 6 9 ,

2 59

t he l eg ion

was i n tensely a ct ive t hroughou t Dobrud ja , e spec ia l ly a fter L eg io V Macedon ica w as moved t o Dac ia a nd L eg io II t al ica t ook o ver most o f i t s d ut ies. 2 6 0

The

ma jor ity o f t he i nscr ipt ions a nd t egu lae a t test ing t he p resence o f L eg io I I ta l ica i n Dobrud ja c ome f rom t he f or mer t err itory wh ich h ad b een u nder t he c on tro l o f L eg io V Macedon ica.

Br icks c arry ing t he s ta mp o f L eg io II ta l ica

h ave b een d iscovered a t Troes m is ,

Barboe i ,

2 61

2 62

D inoge t ia , N ov iodunum ,

O r lovka , 263 a nd Ca l la t is , 264 where , a s Imen t ioned b efore, t egu lae o f t wo o ther Moes ian l eg ions h ave a lso b een f ound. 1 5

The ma jor ity o f t he i nscr ipt ions r eferr ing t o s o ld iers o f L eg io II t a l ica a lso c ome f ro m t he f or mer t err itory o f L eg io V Macedon ica.

On t he c oast

t here a re o n ly a b enef ic iar ius c onsu lar is, Ael ius V ic tor a t H istr ia 265 a nd t hree v eterans a t To m is :

( SE 5 2 )

a n a nonymous v eteran , ap r inceps, V lp ius

Ea l i mber ( SE 5 4 ) a nd a b enef ic iar ius c onsu lar is. 266

The f irst a nd p robab ly

t he s econd o f t he t wo c entur ions a t tested a t T ropaeum T ra ian i , Va ler ius C le mens a nd Q . L uc il ius P isc inus b elonged t o av ex i l lat io c o mposed o f d etachmen ts o f t he l eg ions II ta l ica f ro m N ovae a nd V Macedon ica f ro m Dac ia. 267 I n t he t err itory f or merly c on tro l led b y L eg io V Macedon ica t here a re t he c ent ur ion C . Va ler ius F ir mus ( SE 5 0 ) a nd t he v eteran , af or mer c en tur ion , L . An ton ius Fe l ix ( SE 5 5 ) a t T roes m is ,

t he c entur ion Cornel ius F ir mus ( SE 5 1)

2 68

w ho made a d ed icat ion t o Marcus Aure l ius a nd L uc ius Verus 269

a t Barb e;

Car is ius C le mens , c en tur io ;

a nd Romanus,

C . J u l ius Fab ius, o pt io ( SE 4 7 );

m iles ( SE 4 8 ) a t N ov iodunu m. 270 With r egard t o An ton ius F lor ianus , o pt io i n L eg io II ta l ica w e c an o n ly s ay , o n t he b as is o f t he t o mbstone e rected b y h im a t Cap idava t o h is b ro ther Anton ius F lorus , b enef ic iar ius c onsu lar is 2 71 D obrud ja .

( SE 5 3 ), t ha t h e p erfor med h is d u ty i n

We d o n o t e ven k now h is l eg ion .

We h ave n o e v idence t ha t C apidava

was i nc luded i n t he r ange o f a c t iv i ty o f t he v exi l la t ion b e longing t o L eg io I I t a l ica 2 72

wh ich t ook o ver a p ar t o f t he t asks c arr ied o ut b y L eg io V Macedon ica ,

a f ter t he l a t ter was t ransferred f ro m Dac ia .

I ta ppears more p laus ib le t ha t

t h is f or t , o r igina l ly s i tua ted b eyond t he n or thern l im i t o f t he t err i tory o f t he l eg ion wh ich was b ased a t D urostoru m ,2 73 u nder t he c on tro l o f t h is l eg ion a f ter 1 70 , a s i s s ugges ted b y t he f rag , men t o fb r ick c arry ing t he s ta mp o f t he L eg io X I C laudia a nd f ound t here .

2 74

These i nscr ip t ions men t ion t he f o l low ing o ff icers a nd n on-co m m iss ioned o ff icers o f L eg io II t a l ica i n Dobrud ja :

o ne p r inceps , V lp ius Ba l i mber ;

s ix

c en tur ions , C . Va ler ius F ir mus, Corne l ius F ir mus , Car is ius C le mens , L . Anton ius Fe l ix , Va ler ius C le mens a nd Q . L uc il ius P isc inus;

o ne o pt io , C .

J u l ius Fab ius , a nd p oss ibly a s econd o ne, An ton ius F lor ianus;

t hree b enef ic i-

a r i i c onsu lar is , Ael ius V ictor , An ton ius F lorus ( ? ) a nd t he t h ird a nonymous. We d o n ot k now o f a ny v eterans o f L eg io II ta l ica w ho h eld p ubl ic p osts, b u t t h is s ituat ion may b e d ue t o t he f act t ha t o n ly f our i nscr ip t ions r ef err ing t o f or mer s o ld iers h ave s o f ar b een d iscovered. The i nscr ip t ion o n t he t o mbstone o f t he f or mer c en tur ion L . An ton ius F el ix 2 72

( SE 5 5 ) t e l ls u s t ha t h e c a me f rom Carthage a nd h ad h eld t he r ank o f

c en tur ion i n t wo o ther l eg ions, I I Augusta a nd X Ge m ina , b e fore s erv ing w ith L eg io II t a l ica.

We d o n ot k now t he o r ig ins o f t he o ther s o ld iers f rom t he

s a me l eg ion a nd a t tested i n Dobrud ja. I t al ica

Before b e ing i n t he s erv ice o f L eg io I

t he a nonymous b enef ic iar ius c onsu lar is f ro m To m is 275

b elonged t o

L eg io X I I I Ge m ina. Vex i l lat ions o f L eg io II ta l ica , a s i n t he c ase o f t he o ther t wo Moes ian l eg ions , w ere d etached b o th t o D ra jna d e S us 276

a nd t o t he n orth c oast o f t he

B lack S ea where t hey a re a t tested a t T yras ,

C hersonesus 2 78

2 77

a nd C harax .

2 79

With r egard t o t he r ange o f a ct iv ity o f t he v ex il lat ion i n Dobrud ja , i ti s n oteworthy t hat L 3g io II ta l ica t ook o ver t he t asks a ss igned t o L eg io V Macedon ica ,

1 6

by d ispatch ing s o me d etach men ts o uts ide t he t err itory a d jacen t t o t he Danub ian l imes.

But t here i s l i t t le e v idence i n c o mpar ison w ith t ha t f or t he o ther l eg ions

men t ioned a bove :

o n ly t he b enef ic iar ius a t H istr ia a nd t he b r ick f ound a t

Ca l la t is. 4 .

L EG IONES EX A L I IS PROVINCI IS L EG IO I AVGVSTA f ro m Br itann ia i s r epresen ted b y t he v eteran Cocce ius

F ir mus who w as q uaestor a t V icus Qu in t ion is. 2 8 ° L EGIO V I I CLAVD IA f ro m Moes ia S uper ior i s a t tested i n D obrud ja b y t he p resence o f as ing le v e teran , t he f or mer i mag in ifer , T . Va ler ius G er manus ( SE 6 0 ) f ro m P ess inus, w ho r e t ired t o To m is , where h is f unerary monu men t d a t ing f ro m t he s econd h a l f o f t he i st c en tury A .D. h as b een f ound ‚ 281 L EGIO X I I FUL M INATA b e long ing t o t he Eastern a r my i s a lso r epresen ted b y as ing le v e teran , t he c en tur ion C . I u l ius An ton inus who i s men t ioned i n t he f unerary i nscr ip t ion f ound a t T roes m is ,

p ut u p t o h is d augh ter b y h is f ree-

2 82

man ( SE 6 1). L EGIO X I I I GE M INA f ro m Apu lu m 2 83

i s a t tested i n Dobrud ja b y ab enef i-

c iar ius c onsu lar is , F l . An ton ius Ro manus ( SE 5 6 ) whose v o t ive i nscr ip t ion t o D iana h as b een f ound a t Ta ita ( Tu lcea d is tr ic t ) ,

2 84

t he i nscr ipt ion d a tes f ro m

2 18 a nd t he u n it b ears t he a dd it iona l n a me Anton in iana.

The p resence o f t h is

b enef ic iar ius i n t he n or th-west o f Dac ia c an b e e xp la ined b y t he importan t e cono m ic r o le p layed b y t he r oad wh ich c rossed t he a rea b etween t he c oast a nd t he mou th o f t he S iret , r an u p a long t he v al ley o f t h is r iver a nd r eached Transy lvan ia t hrough t he O ituz p ass . 2 85

I n a dd it ion t o F l. An ton ius Ro manus ,

who i s t he o n ly s o ld ier o f L eg io X I I I G em ina o n a ct ive s erv ice a t tested i n t h is a rea , f ive v eterans o f t he s a me l eg ion a re men t ioned a s b e ing s ett led i n Dobrud ja :

t he f or mer c en tur ion L . Ae m i l ius S euerus ( SE 5 7 ) w ho d ied a t

Tropaeu m T ra ian i ,

2 86

Q . Baeb ius P rocu lus ( SE 5 8 ), a n a nonymous f or mer

s ign i fer a nd a f or mer b enef ic iar ius c onsu lar is , C . An ton ius Fron to ( SE 5 9 ) a t Tom is a nd i t s n e ighbourhood287

a nd L . Va ler ius , whose f unerary i nscr ip-

t i on i s o f u nknown p rovenance . 2 88 5 .

L EGIONES I NCERTAE S evera l i nscr ip t ions f ound i n Dobrud ja r efer t o s o ld iers o r v eterans f ro m

l eg ions whose n a mes a re n ot k nown b y u s , e ither b ecause t hey a re n ot ment i oned i n t he i nscr ip t ion o r b ecause t hey h ave b een l ost d ue t o i t s f rag men tary s ta te. S o met i mes w e g uess wh ich l eg ion i s i nvo lved , a s i n t he c ase o f t he i nsc r ip t ions f ound a t T roes m is o r i n t he t err itory c ont ro l led b y L eg io V Maced on ica.

I ti s v ery p robable t hat t he s o ld iers a nd v eterans e ncoun tered i n t hese

a reas b e longed t o t h is l eg ion .

For i nstance :

t eran a nd f or mer p raefectus a t T rose m is ; 289

C . Va ler ius H ercu lanus , v eC . I u l ius P r i mus , b enef ic iar ius

p roconsu l is w ho b ur ied h is f ather a t Arrub ium 29 ° ( SE 7 7 ); m ianus

Q . Va ler ius A t i-

a lso b enef ic iar ius c onsu lar is , w ho e rec ted a v ot ive a ltar t o D iana

n ear t he v i l lage T iganca ( d istr ict Tu lcea ) 291 V index ( abou t 1 70-176 ).

,h onour ing t he g overnor Caton ius

A lso t he v eteran S ecu (n )dus f rom Cap idava who

b e longed t o t he t en th c ohort o f al eg ion . 292

1 7

Bu t w e d o n o t b low t he l eg ion o f t he c en tur ion J u l ius V ita les who s et u p i n 2 29 t he b oundary-s tones f ound a t U l metu m a nd C ap idava 2 93

( SE 6 7-68) ; w e d o

n ot k now wh ich u n i ts t he f o l low ing s o ld iers b e longed t o : Aem i l ius , who h e ld t he r ank o f l i brar ius l eg ion is ( SE 6 6) , t wo a nonymous c entur ions men t ioned i n a monumen ta l i nscr ip t ion a nd t he p r i mus p ilus I u lius F ron t s : ) , a l l a t tested b y t he i nscr ipt ions f ound a t Tom is; 2 94 a nd I u l ius Bassus f rom H istr ia ,

t wo b enef ic iar i i c onsu lar is , I u l ius S euerus

H erenn ius Apo l l inar ius f rom Cal lat is ;2 95

a nd t he f or mer c en tur ion P . S ocu fun ius w ho b ecame q uaestor a tV icus N ovus .

2 96

These i nscr ip t ions a t test t he f o l low ing o f f icers a nd n on-comm iss ioned o ff icers i n Dobrud ja :

o ne p raefectus , C . Va ler ius H ercu lanus;

p i lus , I u l ius F ron to ;

f our c en tur ions, I u l ius V ita les , P . S ocu fun ius a nd t wo

o ne p r im i-

a nonymous; o ne l i brar ius l eg ion is, Ae m il ius; t hree b enef ic iar ii c onsu lar is, C . J u l ius P r i mus, H erenn ius Apo l l inar ius a nd I u l ius B assus; a nd p erhaps o ne c ommen tar iens is , S ecu (n )dus a t Cap idava , i ft he i nscr ipt ion i s c orrect ly r estored . 297 6 .

VEX ILLAT IONES LEG IONV M O n ly o ne v ex i l lat ion i s c erta in ly a t tested i n t he a rea b etween t he D anube

a nd t he B lack S ea ; t h is v ex i l la t ion e ncamped a t A damc l is i a nd was t he o n ly o ne c o mpr ised s evera l d e tachmen ts b e long ing t o t he l eg ions II t a l ica Moes ica a nd V Macedon ica Dac ica . T h is u n i t , wh ich was c rea ted o n ly a f ter 1 67 when L eg io V Macedon ica h ad b een t ransferred t o Dac ia , r a ised a d edica t ion t o t he d ei ty N ep tunus A ugustus t hrough t he a gency o f t he c entur ions E p t idius Modes tus f rom L eg io V Macedon ica a nd V a ler ius C le mens f ro m L eg io II t a lica 2 98

( SE 6 9) .

I t

i s p oss ib le t ha t Q . L uc i l ius P isc inus , a nother c en tur ion o f L eg io II t a l ica , who s e tu p a n e x v o to d ed ica ted t o S o l I nu ic tus 2 99 ( SE 4 9 ) , a lso b e longed , t ogether w ith h is u n it , t o t he s a me v ex il lat ion . We may s uppose t hat a v ex il lat ion c ompr is ing u n i ts f ro m a l l t hree Moes ian l eg ions w as s ta t ioned a t Ca l lat is a t s ome d a te, b u t u n t i l f resh l i gh t c an b e b rough t o n t he q uest ion b y r el iab le n ew e v idence i tr e ma ins p ossible t hat d et achmen ts o f t he t hree l eg ions w ere s ta t ioned s uccess ively i n t he Dor ian c o lony . The s a me s i tuat ion c ou ld a pp ly a t To m is , w here s erv ing s o ld iers f rom o n ly t wo l eg ions a re e p igraph ica l ly a t tested : V Macedon ica a nd X I C laud ia. P resumab ly t he c i ty w as i n it ia l ly t he r espons ib il ity o f t he l eg ion f ro m T roes m is i n t he e ven t o f d anger , a nd t hen , a f ter t he d eparture o f t h is u n it t o Dac ia , t he l eg ion f ro m Durost ,orum t ook o ver t h is t ask . The f o l low ing v ex il lat ions c omposed o f d etachmen ts b elong ing t o as ingle l eg ion a re a t tested i n Dobrud ja : H° t he v ex il lat ion o f L eg io II t al ica ( wh ich t ook o ver t o ag reat e x ten t t he f unct ions f u l f il led b y L eg io V Macedon ica ) i n t he n orth-west o f Dobrud ja , a nd t he v ex il lat ion d etached f rom L eg io X I C laud ia w h ich w as i n c harge o f c en tra l a nd n orthern Dobrud ja a t t he e nd o f t he 2 nd c entury a nd i n t he 3 rd c en tury . I n c onclus ion , w e s hou ld n o te t he v ex il lat ion w h ich , t ogether w i th t he s ubo rd ina ted a ux il ia , w as i n a ct ion t o t he n orth o f t he B lack S ea a s i s c learly s hown b y t he i nscr ip t ion a nd t egu lae f ound a t Tyras. A t egu la men t ions a l l t hree Moes ian l eg ions t ogether w ith a ux il ia ( unna med ) u nder t he c om mand o f t he c ent ur ion An ton ius P l... f rom L eg io II t a l ica. t ex t o f w h ich h as w ords m iss ing r eads : 1 8

A f ragmen t o f a n i nscr ip t ion t he

F alcon i....uex il ( lat ion is ) I ...sub

c ura ... L eg ( ion is ) V M(acedon icae ) . 301 A lso a t egu la b ear ing t he s tamp o f a c en tur ion o f L eg io II t a l ica , w ho a t t he s a me t ime h e ld t he r ank o f p raefectus u ex i l lat ion is Moes iae I n fer ior is, " 2 h as b een f ound a t Charax.

We s hou ld a lso

r e me mber t he v ex il lat ion o f t hree l eg ions , w h ich t ogether w ith a n a ux il iary u n it ( Cohors IF lau ia Co m magenoru m ) b u ilt t he f ort if ica t ion a t D ra jna d e S us b etween 10 2-1 0 5. B .

AUX IL IARY TROOPS Is ha l l d iscuss o n ly t hose a ux il iary u n its wh ich a re s ecurely a t tested a s

h av ing b een s tat ioned i n Dobrud ja b y t he m il itary d ip lo mas o r o ther i nscr ip t ions , f or e xa mp le A la I H ispanorum e t Ar(a )uacorum 7 A la IVespas iana Dardanoru m , C ohors IC i l icu m a nd C ohors IGer manoru m , a nd Iw i l l d iscuss a lso t he f or mat ions w hose l ocat ions h ave n o t y et b een i dent if ied , b u t w h ich m igh t h ave b een s itua ted e ither i n Dobrud ja o r i n Bu lgar ia , a s f or i nstance A la IC laud ia Ga ll orum , A la Ga l loru m F lau iana , Cohors ICha lc idenorum , a nd Cohors IF lau ia Num idaru m. The a ux il iary u n its men t ioned i n t he d ip lo mas o f Moes ia I n fer ior a nd whose b ases w ere c erta in ly i n Bu lgar ia a re s u m mar ily p resen ted b elow . Cohors IBracaru m ( Bracaroru m ) a ppears o n t he d ip lo ma c on ferred b y Hadr ian " 3 i n 1 34 304

a nd o n t ha t i ssued b y An ton inus P ius. 305

Th is u n it i s a lso a t tested

b y aG reek i nscr ipt ion f ro m Bu lgar ia ( Gorna Be§ov ica ). 3 06

There i s n o e v i-

d ence o f t he p resence o f t h is t roop i n Dobrud ja. Cohors I F lau ia Br it tonu m i s k nown b y t he d ip lo ma o f 9 9 , f ound n ear P lovd iv , "7 a nd b y s evera l i nscr ip t ions d iscovered i n Bu lgar ia. 308

Among t hese must b e

r e me mbered t he i nscr ipt ion f ound a t S exag in ta Pr ista , " 9 where t he u n it w as b ased , a nd s et u p o n t he o ccas ion o f t he r econstruct ion o f t he b aths o f t he f ort i n 2 30. Cohors IC ispadens ium b elonged , b efore t he d iv is ion o f t he p rov ince , t o t he Moes ian a r my ,

3 10

a nd af terwards r e ma ined i n Moes ia S uper ior. 3 11

By t he

3 rd c entury , t h is u n it i s e ncoun tered i n Moes ia I nfer ior a s s hown b y t he i nsc r ipt ion h onour ing t he emperor Max im inus i n 2 35 f ro m T ro ianh issar . 3 12 Cohors IH ispanoru m u eterana q u ingenar ia e qu ita ta wh ich ow ing t o t he Hun t p apyrus 3 13

h as b een much d iscussed w as a l most c erta in ly s tat ioned i n Bu l-

g ar ia 3 14 i n t he r e ign o f T ra jan ,3 15 when i tb elonged t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior. Sma l ler o r l arger d etach men ts w ere s en t f ro m h ere o n v ar ious miss ions e ven o u ts ide t he b oundar ies o f t he p rov ince. Cohors I Lucens ium b e longed t o t he Moes ian a r my e ven b efore t he d iv is ion o f t he p rov ince , a s i s s hown b y t he d ip lo ma i ssued b y Vespas ian3 16

i n 7 8, a nd

i s l ater d ocu mented i n Moes ia I nfer ior b y t wo d ip lo mas c on ferred b y T ra jan ,3 17 a nd p oss ibly b y t ha t f ound a t Brestovene a nd d a t ing i n t he r e ign o f An ton inus P ius 3 18

i f w e t ake i n to a ccoun t t he p oss ible r estorat ion o f t he l acunae i nt h is

d ip loma. 3 19

T he a ctua l b ase o f t he c ohors w as a t Abr it tus ( Razgrad ) a s i s

s hown b y t he n u mber o f i nscr ip t ions f ound t here a nd i n t he l ocal r ecords o f t h is u n it. 32° Bu lgar ia 321

Th is u n it i s n ot a t tested e p igraph ica l ly i n Dobrud ja , b u t o n ly i n a nd t o t he n orth o f t he B lack S ea , where a d etachmen t o f Cohors

I L ucens iu m w as p robab ly d ispatched o n am iss ion .3 22

1 9

Cohors I Mat t iacorum i s r ecorded o n ly b y as ing le d ip lo ma f ro m Moes ia i ssued b y Vespas ian i n 7 8. 3 23

I ts ee ms t hat t h is c ohort r ema ined i n Moes ia I n ferior

a f ter t he d iv is ion o f t he p rov ince , a s i s s hown b y t he i nscr ip t ion f ound a t Ten & . ( between N ovae a nd N icopo l is ). 3 24 C ohors IT hracu m S yr iaca b e longed t o t he a r my o f Moes ia i n t he r eign o f Vespas ian3 25

a nd a f terwards r e ma ined i n Moes ia S uper ior w here i ti s a t tested

b y ad ip lo ma c on ferred b y T ra jan i n 1 00. 326

By t he t ime o f An ton inus P ius i t

b elonged t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior . 3 27

I n Moes ia I n fer ior i t s ee ms t o h ave

b een b ased a t T ran s mar isca , w here a v o t ive i nscr ip t ion s et u p b y t h is c ohort h as b een f ound. 3 28

Tak ing i n to a ccoun t t he i n scr ip t ion f ound a t Pan t icapaeu m ,

3 29

t h is u n it a lso s ee ms t o h ave d ispatched a d etachmen t t o t he n orth o f t he B lack S ea a t s ome t ime.

A f unerary monumen t f ound n ear To m is 3 3°

( SE 4 5 ) was p u t

u p f or N umer ius Va lens , as o ld ier o f L eg io X I C laud ia , b y h is h e ir L . S ex t il ius Fuscus , c en tur ion o f Cohors IThracum.

The i nscr ip t ion d oes n ot p rove t he

p resence o f t h is u n it i n Dobrud ja , b u t r ather w e a re g iven t o u nderstand t hat t he e stab l ish men t o f r elat ionsh ip b etween t he d eceased a nd h is h eir , b o th o f w ho m may h ave b een v eterans, t ook p lace w hen t he f or mer s erved i n L eg io X I C laud ia a t Durostorum , w h i le t he l at ter w as o n a ct ive s erv ice w ith C ohors I Thracum a t T rans mar isca 3 31

n ear Durostoru m.

Iw i l l n ow d ea l w ith t he a ux il iary u n its wh ich w ere s tat ioned o r may h ave b een s tat ioned i n Dobrud ja. u n it a s f o l lows :

Iw il l p resen t t he m a ccord ing t o t he t ype o f

c ava lry ( a lae ) , i n fan try ( cohortes ) , i rregu lar t roops ( nu mer i ) ,

a nd f l eet ( c lass is ). 1 . ALA IA STVRVM w as s tat ioned i n Moes ia I n fer ior b efore Tra jan 's Dac ian w ars , a s i s s hown b y t he d ip lo ma f ound n ear P lovd iv a nd d ated t o 9 9. 3 22 Accord ing t o t he d at ing a nd t he i n for mat ion g iven b y t he f unerary i nscr ipt ion o f T i. C laud ius S aturn inus who w as a v eteran o f t h is u n it e stabl ished a t To m is ,

3 33

t h is a la w as i n t h is a rea a s e arly a s t he r e ign o f V espas ian . A f ter t he Ro man o ccupa t ion o f Dac ia , A la IAsturum a ppears i n t he p er man en t a r my o f t he n ew p rov ince a nd o ccup ied t he f or t a t Hogh iz ( Bra§ov d istr ict ). 3 34 I tt herefore f o l lows t hat t he u n it w as p resen t i n Moes ia , p robably i n Dobrud ja , i n t he l as t p ar t o f t he i s t c en tury A .D .

T he v e teran , c a l led Me t icus‚who r e-

c e ived t he a bove d ip lo ma was a f or mer o rdinary s o ld ier o f T hrac ian o r ig in b e long ing t o t he t r ibe o f t he B essae a nd h e r e turned t o h is n a t ive c oun try a t t he e nd o f h is s erv ice .

N e i ther i nscr ip t ion ment ions t he l oca t ion o f t he garrison

o r f or h ow l ong t he u n i t h ad b een p ar t o f t he a r my o f t h is p rov ince . t i on t ha t A la IA sturu m migh t h ave b een b ased a t T om is 3 35

T he a ssu mp-

c annot b e s uppor ted

s o le ly o n t he b as is o f t he a bove i nscr ip t ions . 2 . ALA IVESPAS IANA DARDANORVVM i s s hown t o h ave f or med p art o f t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior b y t hree d ip lo mas i ssued i n t he r e ign o f T ra jan , 336 t he e arl iest d at ing f ro m 9 9 , b y o ne d ip lo ma d at ing f ro m t he r e ign o f H adr ian3 37 a nd a no ther f rom t ha t o f An ton inus P ius . 3 38

T ak ing a ccoun t t he t i t le Vespas iana

a nd t he f act t ha t i t s p rev ious l ocat ion i n o ther p rov inces i s n ot men t ioned , w e c an d educe t hat t h is a la w as p resen t i n t he a rea a s e arly a s t he r e ign o f Vesp as ian .

The l oca t ion o f i t s g arr ison w as a t Arrub iu m ( Mäc in ), a s i s s hown

b y t wo i nscr ip t ions ( SE 8 4 a nd 8 5 ):

t he i naugura l i nscr ip t ion s et u p i n t he

b u i ld ing f or t he o f f icers b y t he c o m mandan t o f t he u n it ( praefectus a lae ), 2 0

T .

F lau ius Apo l l inar is w ho c arr ied o ut t h is w ork a t h is own e xpense i n t he s et t lemen t a t Arrub ium , Mac in , a la.

3 4

3 39

a nd t he d ed icat ion t o L iber Pater f ound a t C erna n ear

°b y M. An t ist ius Caec ina w ho w as s erv ing a s ac avalry man i n t h is

S ince A la IDardanorum b ears , i n t he l ast i nscr ip t ion , t he t i t le o f An ton-

i n iana wh ich i nd ica tes t he p er iod o f S everus ,

w e c an a ssume t hat t he u n it

3 41

c on t inues t o b e long t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior i n t he f i rst h a l f o f t he 3 rd c en tury ;

t here i s n o e v idence f or a l ater move men t o f t h is u n it .

M. V lp ius

Marc ianus , v eteran o fA la IVespas iana ( SE 8 6 ) a f ter h e h ad s erved i nt he P raetor ian Guard , r et ired t o T roes m is 342

a nd b eca me p on t i fex , d uu mv ir a nd

q u inquenna l is o f t h is mun ic ip ium. I n c onälus ion , A la IVespas iana Dardanoru m f or med a p art o f t he p er man en t a r my s ta t ioned i n Dobrud ja f ro m t he r e ign o f Vespas ian u n t i l i t s d isso lut i on ; 3 .

i ts b ase w as s i tuated a t Arrub iu m.

ALA IFLAV IA GAETVLORVM , b efore t he c onquest o f Dac ia , b elonged t o

t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior a s i s s hown b y t wo d ip lo mas i ssued i n t he t ime o f T ra jan . 343

I ti s p oss ib le t hat t he a la , f ounded b y a n emperor o f t he F lav ian

d ynasty , was t here e arl ier a s i s s uggested b y t he l ack o f e v idence f or i t s p res ence i n a ny o ther p rov ince b efore 9 9. 344

A f ter t he c onquest o f Dac ia i n 1 14 ,

t he u n it i s d ocumen ted i n Pannon ia I n fer ior, 3 45 u n t i l t he t ime o f Anton inus P ius

3 46

where i t may h ave r e ma ined

A v o t ive a l tar f ro m To m is b ear ing a

G reek i nscr ip t ion d a ted i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he 3 rd c en tury w as d ed ica ted t o H eros Man ibazos b y S edat ius Apo l lon ius , p raefectus A lae Gaetu loru m 3 47 7 3 ).

( SE

I t r efers t o t he s a me u n it w h ich r eturned t o Moes ia I n fer ior e ither i n

t he r e ign o f An ton inu s P ius , when o ther u n its w ere a lso t ran sferred f ro m o ther p rov inces 348

t o t h is a rea , o r l ater.

I ti s p oss ib le t hat t he f rag men tary i ns-

c r ip t ion f ro m T om is o f wh ich t he s urv iv ing t ext r eads A lae IF l(auiae ) 349 t o as o ldier o r v e teran f ro m t he s ame f orma t ion .

r efers

We d o n ot k now t he a ctua l

s i te o f i ts b ase when t he u n i t b e longed t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I nfer ior , b ut i ti s v ery l i ke ly t ha t i t was s i tua ted i n D obrud ja , p erhaps a t T om is a t t he e nd o f t he 2 nd c en tury a nd i n t he 3 rd c en tury . 4 .

ALA IGA LLORV M ATECTOR IG IA NA i s men t ioned i n t he d ip lo ma f ro m

B restovene wh ich w as i ssued i n t he r e ign o f Anton inus P ius. 35 ° I ti s n ot k nown w hen t h is u n it w as f ounded ;

t here i s n o s ign i f ican t e v idence f or i t s p resence i n

a ny o ther a rea o r f or i t s d epar ture f rom Moes ia I n fer ior t o a no ther p rov ince. T he t o mbstone e rected b y T . Ael ius Marc ianus , p raefectus e qu itu m A lae A tect or ig ianae t o h is w i fe a t App iar ia ( Bu lgar ia ) 351 o f t h is u n it m igh t h ave b een s itua ted t here.

s ee ms t o s uggest t ha t t he b ase

A f ragmen tary d ed icat ion o f a

f or mer d ecur io o f t he s a me u n i t h as a lso b een f ound i n Bu lgar ia , a t S va len ik , n ear Russe.

3 52

On t he o ther h and , ad ed icat ion i n h onour o f L . Ann ius Honora tus

w ho was t he g overnor o f t he p rov ince i n 2 24 b y F lau ius S euer ianus , d ecur io o f A la IAtectoru m S euer iana who s et u p t h is i nscr ip t ion , a s c and ida tus o f t he g overnor, c o mes f rom To m is 353

( SE 7 2 ).

Th is i nscr ip t ion s uggests t hat t he

u n i t was s en t e ither t o g arr ison Tom is o r i t s n e ighbourhood , p erhaps i n t he t ime o f S everus A lexander o r e arl ier, o r o n as pec ia l m iss ion .

I n a ny c ase,

i tf o l lows t hat A la IG a l loru m A tector ig iana ( t he i nscr ip t ion g ives t he a bbrev iat ed n a me o f t he u n it a ssoc iated w i th t he imper ia l e p ithet ) w as s ta t ioned i n Dobrud ja f or a n u nspec if ied l eng th o f t ime.

2 1

5 .

ALA ICLAVDIA GA LLORV M .

i n t he f i rst c en tury A .D. a t a n e arly p er iod . 354

We d o n ot k now w here t h is u n it was s tat ioned

The t i t le o f C laud ia i nd ica tes t hat t he u n it w as f ounded

The f i rst r ecord o f t h is u n it o n am il itary d ip loma a p-

p ears i n 1 05 , w hen i tb e longed t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior. 355

By 1 40 t he

u n it b ear ing t he t i t le o f Cap iton iana a ppears i n Dac ia I n fer ior . 3 56

We d o n ot

k now t he l oca t ion o f i t s b ase i n Moes ia I n fer ior. f ro m Gh ighen s et u p f or I u l ius S atur io 357 n o u sefu l i n for ma t ion o n t h is q ues t ion .

The f unerary i nscr ip t ion

who w as a m iss ic ius o f t he u n i t , g ives Th is s o ld ier , a t o r n ear t he e nd o f h is

s erv ice, m igh t e ither h ave b een i n t he f ort a t O escus , i fA la IC laud ia G a l loru m w as s tat ioned i n Moes ia I n fer ior , o r more p robab ly i n Dac ia I n fer ior, s ince t he i nscr ip t ion g ives t he t i t le o f Cap iton iana.

Consequen t ly , w e d o n o t k now

e ither w hen A la IC laud ia Ga l loru m w as s tat ioned i n Moes ia o r whether i t was t ransferred t o Dac ia b y Tra jan o r Hadr ian .

I t s b ase when i tw as a t tached t o

t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior w as e ither i n Dobrud ja o r i n Bu lgar ia.

We c annot

e xc lude t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t t he r ec ip ien t o f t he d ip loma f rom S a lsov ia 3 58 f ro m t he r e ign o f N erva 359

d at ing

s erved i n t h is u n it s o t h is i nscr ip t ion g ives a n i n-

d irect a nd u ncerta in i nd ica t ion o f t he p lace i n w h ich t he u n it w as s tat ioned . 6 .

ALA GA LLORV M F L AVIANA

i ssued b y T ra jan360

i s a ttested i n Moes ia I n fer ior b y t wo d ip lo mas

i n 9 9 a nd 1 05.

The t i t le o f F lau iana m igh t i nd ica te i t s

p resence h ere a s e arly a s t he r e ign o f Vespas ian .

I tw as a t tached t o t he a r my

o f Moes ia S uper ior 3 61 af ter t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury . w here i tw as s tat ioned i n Moes ia I n fer ior ; ' ) u t n ot a t F lav iana a s h as b een s uggested ,

I ti s n ot k nown

p oss ib ly i tw as s i tuated i n D obrud ja 362 s ince t hat i s r ecorded i n t he

3 63

N ot it ia D ign ita tum b u t n o t i n a ny s ources a s e ar ly a s t he 2 nd c entury. t ha t t he t i t le was g iven b y Constan t ine t he G reat 364

I tf o l lows

a nd n o t b y t he emperors o f

t he F lav ian d ynasty . 7 .

ALA IGA LLORV M ET PANNON IORV M

i s men t ioned b y t wo mil itary d ip-

l o mas o f wh ich o ne d a tes f rom t he r e ign o f Hadr ian3 65 o f An ton inus P ius . 3 66

a nd t he o ther f ro m t hat

Accord ing t o s ome t h is u n it w as made u p o f A la I

P annon iorum ( wh ich i s n ot d ocu men ted i n t he 2 nd c en tury ) merged w ith a s im il ar Ga l l ic u n it .367

Th is h ypo thes is i s u ncerta in s ince t he Ga l l ic c ava lry u n its,

A la Ga l lorum F lau iana 368

a nd A la C laud ia Ga l lorum , 369

wh ich were i n Moes ia

I nfer ior i n t he r e ign o f T ra jan , a nd s o w ere c on te mporary w ith A la IP annon io rum , a re men t ioned l a ter a s w e l 1 , w as f or med.

3 7

°a f ter A la IG a l lorum e t Pannon ioru m

I t s b ase i s n o t k nown i n t he p er iod w hen i tb elonged t o t he a r my

o f Moes ia I n fer ior b u t w as v ery p robab ly i n Dobrud ja. 8 .

ALA IPA NNON IORV M

i s men t ioned i n t he O lt ina d ip lo ma o f 9 9. 3 71

b r ick b ear ing t he s ta mp ALAE IPAN a t T roes m is 3 72

was g arr isoned t here b efore t he a rr iva l o f L eg io V Macedon ica, s ay b efore 1 07. 3 74

A

i nd icates t hat t he u n it 3 73

t ha t i s t o

I tw as s tat ioned t here i n t he r e ign o f Vespas ian , a s i s

s hown b y t he f unerary monumen t o f T . F lau ius C ap ito , f or mer d ecur io o f A la P annon iorum ( SE 8 3 ) , w ho r et ired a nd d ied a t To m is a nd w ho was r ewarded b y t he emperor Vespas ian f or h is b ravery . 375 a f ter 9 9.

2 2

Th is u n it i s n o t men t ioned

9 . ALA I H ISPANORV M ET AR(A)VAC ORV M. The e arl iest e v idence f or t he p resence o f t h is u n it i n t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior i s p rov ided b y t he O lt ina d ip lo ma o f 9 9. 376

I th ad p rev iously f or med p ar t o f t he a r my o f Pannon ia ,

w here i ti s men t ioned i n t hree m il itary d ip lo mas , f ro m 8 0 , 8 4 a nd 8 5. 377

I t

i s a lso s hown t o b e p art o f t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior b y ad ip lo ma i ssued i n t he r e ign o f Hadr ian , i n 1 38. 378 t ime o f An ton inus P ius 3 79

The d ip lo ma o f Brestovene d a t ing f ro m t he

c erta in ly men t ions t he s a me u n it.

The f igure I

w h ich a ppears i n t he p ubl ished t ex t i s a n e rror o f t ranscr ip t ion380

f or I , b u t

ow ing t o t h is e rror, A la IH ispanoru m e t Ar(a )uacorum w as c ons idered t o b el ong t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior 381

wh ile i n f act i t was a t tached t o t he a r my

o f P annon ia S uper ior where i ti s a t tested i n 1 54 3 82 ,w h ich s ee ms t o b e t he l a test d ate t hat c an b e a tt r ibu ted t o t he Brestovene d ip lo ma. 383 The l ast s ecurely d a ted e p igraph ica l ma ter ia l f or t he p resence o f A la I H ispanorum e t Ar (a )uacorum i n Moes ia I n fer ior i s t he m ilestone o f 2 00 ( SE 7 6 ) f ound n ear Cars ium ( Hir§ova ),

3 84

s how ing t hat t h is u n it r epa ired t he r oad.

The ir b ase w as a t C ars ium , a s i s p roved n o t o n ly b y t he p resence o f t he m i les tone , b u t p r i mar i ly b y t he i naugural s tone 3 85

o f t he f ort wh ich w as b u il t b y

t he s o ld iers o fA la I H ispanoru m e tAr (a )uacoru m i n 1 03 ( SE 7 5 ) The e p igraph ica l ma ter ia l f rom Moes ia I n fer ior r efer t o ac ons iderable n umber o f s o ld iers o r v e terans o f A la I H ispanorum e t Ar(a )uacoru m , f o l lows :

3 86

a s

a n i nscr ipt ion f ound a t Arrub iu m ( Mäc in ) 3 87 r ecords d ecur io C .

I u l ius Pr( i mus ) , w ho t ogether w ith h is b ro ther , b enef ic iar ius c onsu lar is , e rect ed a f unerary s te le t o t he ir d ead f a ther ( SE 7 7 ). h a l f o f t he 3 rd c en tury f ro m H istr ia 3 88 s esqu ip l icar ius ( SE 7 8 ). 389

An i nscr ipt ion f ro m t he f i rst

men t ions T it in ius S euer inus who w as

Veterans o f A la I H ispanorum e t Ar (a )uacorum

e stab l ished t he mse lves e i ther i n c en tres s i tua ted n ot v ery f ar f ro m t he p lace w here t he u n it w as s tat ioned , a s i n t he c ase o f t he f or mer s tator p raefect i , C . Va ler ius Hercu lanus ( SE 7 9 ) a t C ius39 ° o r a s Ael ius L ong inus ( SE 8 0 ) a t Cap idava , 391

o r i n t he Pon t ic c it ies , a s d id t he f or mer d ecur ion Aurel ius

F irmus ( SE 8 1) a tH istr ia , 392

a nd t he v eteran L upus ( SE 8 2 ) a t Tom is . 3 93

S ome o f t he m p referred s e t t le ments f arther a f ield i n Bu lgar ia , a s d id Aurel ius Co i ns, who d ied a t S exag in ta Pr ista ( Russe ) 394 f unerary i nscr ipt ion w as f ound n ear O escus . 3 95

o r T ib. C laud ius V ictor w hose Th is c anno t b e c ons idered a n

a rgumen t i n s upport o f t he o p in ion t hat a t s o me t ime t he u n it moved t o w estern Moes ia I n fer ior . 3 96 S ince t here i s n o e v idence f or t he d epar ture o f t he u n it t o a no ther p rov ince , w e may c ons ider t ha tA la I H ispanoru m e t Ar(a )uacorum c on t inued t o b elong t o t he p er manen t a rmy o f Moes ia I n fer ior a nd w as e stab l ished i n Dobrud ja , a t Cars iu m , f ro m t he t ime o f Tra jan t o t he l atest d ate o f t he e v idence f or i t s e x istence. 1 0.

COHORS IBRACARAVGVSTANORV M

i s a t tested i n t he a r my o f Moes ia

I n fer ior b y t wo d ip lomas o f T ra jan.397 A f ter t he c onquest o f Dac ia , i tr e turned t o Moes ia f or s o me t ime , a nd a f ter t h is i ti s e ncoun tered a ga in o n ly i n 1 40 , i n Dac ia I n fer ior3 9 8

w here i tg arr isoned a t Bre tcu .3 99

o ccur i n l ine 8 i n t he d ip lo ma f ro m Brestovene ,4 "

The words IBRAC wh ich o f t he t ime o f An ton inus

P ius a re n ot a n a bbrev ia t ion o f t he n a me o f t h is u n it ,

4° 1

b u t Cohors IBra-

c arum , 4 °2 a s o n t he d ip lo ma i ssued b y Hadr ian 4 °3 i n 1 34.

2 3

L ine 1 o f t he

d ip lo ma f ro m B res tovene s ugges ts r a ther t ha t t he c ohor t r eturned t o Moes ia I nfer ior .

T h is i s a lso s ugges ted b y t he f ac t t ha t au n i t , C ohors I Bracaraugu-

s tanoru m , i s s hown t o b e long t o t he a r my o f T hrace , An ton inus P ius .

4 °4

e ven i n t he t ime o f

I n t h is c ase , i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he n u mber o f t he c ohor t was

wrong ly n oted . C ohors IB racaraugus tanoru m i s a lso ment ioned i n av ot ive i nscr ipt ion d edica ted b y t he p refec t o f t he u n i t t o D iana 4°5

i n D a l ma t ia , where i t was

s ta t ioned b efore i t s a rr iva l i n Moes ia I nferior .

T here i s n o o ther r eference t o

C ohors IBracaraugustanoru m i n Dobrud ja o r B u lgaria a nd c onsequen t ly we d o n ot k now where i t was s ta t ioned .

I t s p resence t o t he n or th o f t he B lack S ea 4 °6

i s a t tes ted a t t he s ame t ime a s i t was a c t ive i n Moes ia I nfer ior . 1 1.

COHORS ICHA LC IDE NORV M

i s a t tested i n Moes ia I n fer ior o n ly i n t he

r e ign o f Hadr ian , b y ad ip lo ma o f 1 38. 4 °7 By t he t ime o f An ton inus P ius t h is u n it w as s tat ioned i n S yr ia. 4 °8 We d o n ot k now where i tw as s tat ioned i n Moes ia I n fer ior o r f or h ow l ong. 1 2.

COHORS IC IL ICV M M ILL IARIA EQV ITATA S AGITTARIORVM b e longed t o

t he Moes ian a r my f ro m t he r e ign o f Vespas ian4 09 a nd a f ter t he d iv is ion o f t he p rov ince i tr e ma ined i n t he w estern p art o f Moes ia , w here i ti s men t ioned i n t wo d ip lomas o f t he a r my o f Moes ia I nfer ior f ro m 9 34 1°

a nd 1 00.

Poss ib ly

4 11

b y t he t ime o f T ra jan , a nd c erta in ly u nder Hadr ian , t he u n it was t ransferred t o Moes ia I n fer ior , where i ti s r ecorded i n t he d ip loma o f 1 34. 412

I tr e ma ined

t here l ater a s i s s hown b y t he d ip lo ma o f t he t ime o f An ton inus P ius f ro m Brestovene. 413 Cohors IC i l icu m i s o ne o f t he u n its o f Moes ia I n fer ior w hose a c t iv it ies a re f a irly w el l k nown t hrough t he e p igraph ica l mater ia l wh ich w e h ave a t o ur d isposa l.

A f rag men t o f b r ick b ear ing t he s ta mp o f t he c ohort h as b een f ound

a t S ac idava .

4 14

A t Muza i t4 15

r ecen t e xcava t ions h ave b rough t t o l i gh t s o me

s tone i nscr ipt ions wh ich a t tes t t he p resence o f t h is u n i t i n t he f or t i n t he 2 nd c en tury a nd t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he t h ird c entury .

4 16

P resu mab ly b r icks w ith t he

s tamp C IC wh ich h ave b een f ound a t D inoge t ia ( B iser icuta-Garvan )4 17

d er ive

f ro m t he s ame u n i t . A p art icu larly i n terest ing i nscr ip t ion among t hose r eferr ing t o Cohors I C il icum i s t hat f ound a t Cetatea418 ( SE 9 0 ); i td a tes f ro m b etween 17 a nd 1 79 , when ad e tach men t o f t he u n i t was i n p er manen t r es idence , a s i s s hown b y t he s urv iva l o f t he n a me o f t he f or tress u n t i l t he 6 th c entury A .D . when i t was men t ioned b y P rocop ius o f C aesarea :4 19 T ö K iA t ixi ,wv

) .4 20

C aste l lu m C i l icu m ( o o p ov 5 'E

T he i nscr ipt ion r efers t o t he d ecree wh ich p u t a n e nd

t o t he l i t iga t ion b e tween t he t r ibe o f t he A usdecenses ( c iv i tas Ausdecensiu m ) , Thrac ians who h ad b een s e t t led i n D obrud ja a t t he e nd o f t he i st c en tury a s h ad t he L a i a nd Bess i ,4 21 a nd t he l oca l Dac ians . 4 22 T h is d ecree f i xed t he l im i ts o f t he t err i tory o f t he A udescenses . T he w ork was c arr ied o u t t hrough t he a gency o f A n tern ius A n toninus , t r ibunus C ohor t is IC i licu m , u nder t he g overnor H e lv ius P er t inax , t he f uture emperor . Ano ther i nscr ip t ion r eferr ing t o t he s a me c ohort , d ated b etween 2 44-249 o n t he b as is o f t he e p ithet Ph i l ipp iana a dded t o t he n a me o f t he u n it , i s a n e x v oto ( SE 9 1) s et u p b y t he s o ld ier Cornel ius Va len t inus ( SE 9 1) a t T om is . 4 27 The f unerary s tele ( SE 9 3 ) s et u p t o h is w ife b y Va lens , e ques u ex i l lar ius o f Cohcrs IC i l icum424

c o mes f ro m t he s a me Pon t ic c ity .

Fro m t he r ank o f t he

s o ld ier w e c an c omp lete t he n a me ' o f t he c ohor t w i th t he t i t le o f e qui ta ta .

2 4

Detach men ts o f C ohors IC il icum w ere a lso p resen t t o t he n orth o f t he B lack S ea , d ur ing t he p er iod i n w h ich t he u n it w as s tat ioned i n Moes ia I n fer ior, a s i s s hown b y t he f unerary i nscr ip t ion f ound a t Chersonesos . 4 25 I tf o l lows f rom t h is e v idence t hat Cohors IC il icum f u lf il led s ome importan t a nd c o mp lex miss ion s w ith in t he p rov ince; i tw as n ot i nvo lved o n ly i n t he d ef ence o f t he Danub ian l imes, b u t w as a s ort o f t ransferable u n it . We c an t hus e xp la in i t s w ide-rang ing a ct iv ity :

i ti s e ncountered a t S ac idava , w here i t may

p oss ibly h ave p art ic ipated i n t he i n it ia l c onstruct ion o f t he f ort , o r i n i t s r ec on struct ion ;

a f ter i t s a rr iva l f ro m Moes ia S uper ior i td ispatched v ex il lat ions

t o t he western c oast o f t he B lack S ea , t o To m is a nd maybe a lso t o D inoget ia i n t he n orthern p art o f D obrud ja , a nd af terwards t o t he n orthern c oast o f t he B lack S ea.

I ts l ong s tay i n Dobrud ja a nd i t s a ct iv ity e xp la ins t he p ers istence o f t he

C il ic ian n a mes i n t he t opono my o f t he 6 th c en tury.

Th is i s t he o n ly e xa mp le

k nown t o me f ro m t hese a reas, w h ich r evea ls t he c on t inu ity o f a n a ux il iary u n i t f ro m t he t ime o f t he P r inc ipate t o t he l ate Do m ina te. 1 3.

COHORS IFLAV IA COM MAGENORV M b elonged t o t he a r my o f Moes ia

I n fer ior i n t he r e ign o f T ra jan , a s i s s hown b y t he d ip lo ma f ro m 1 05. 426 T ak ing a ccoun t o f t he f act t hat t he t i t le o f F lau ia c on ferred o n t he u n it s hows t ha t t here w as a n e ar l ier p er iod o f i t s e x istance , wh ich h owever i s n o t a t tested i n a nother p rov ince b efore t he r e ign o f Tra jan , i ti s p oss ib le t hat t h is c ohort may h ave b elonged t o t he Moes ian a r my f ro m t he t ime o f Vespas ian. f unerary i nscr ip t ion f rom To m is s et u p t o M. I u l ius T er tu l lus, 427

The

v eteran o f

C ohors ICo m magenorum , b y h is c o mrade i n a r ms M i tr idates w ho i s o n a ct ive s erv ice ( SE 1 07 ) l eads u s t o t he s a me c onc lus ion . T ra jan ic f ort a t D ra jna d e S us

2 8

T he s a me u n it w as i n t he

b u i lt i n 1 02-105 , a nd a bandoned b y Hadr ian. 429

By 1 40 Cohors IF lau ia Co m magenorum w as s ta t ioned i n Dac ia I n fer ior . 4 30 I tw as b ased i n Dobrud ja , a t To m is i t sel f o r i n t he n e ighbourhood , b efore i t w as t ransferred t o D ra jna d e S us a nd a fterwards t o O l ten ia. 431

Another i n-

d ica t ion , wh ich i s a dm i t ted ly v ery u ncerta in , migh t b e t he f ragmentary i nsc r ipt ion f ro m t hese a reas o n wh ich t he n a me o f t he c ohort c an b e r es tored , b ut w i thout c er ta in ty .4 32 1 4. COHORS IGERMANORV M C .R . i s c erta in ly t he s a me c ohort wh ich a ppears o n t he d ip lo mas i n G erman ia S uper ior f ro m t he e nd o f t he i s t c entury A .D .4 33 t o t he r e ign o f Hadr ian . 434 o n ly t hat f ro m Brestovene 435 t h is u n it.

Among t he mi l itary d ip lomas o f Moes ia I n fer ior, d at ing f ro m t he t ime o f An ton inus P ius men t ions

I ta ppears t hat t h is u n it may h ave b een w ithdrawn f rom Ger man ia

S uper ior t o Moes ia I n fer ior b y An ton inus P ius a nd g arr isoned a t Cap idava , w here t wo i n scr ip t ions h ave b een f ound wh ich g ive t he n a me o f Cohors I G er manoru m a nd w h ich a re d a table t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury . Th is i n for mat ion c orresponds w ith t he d ip lo ma f ro m Brestovene.

O ne i s ad ed ica-

t i on ( SE 9 6 ) e rected b y L . A t il ius t o J up i ter O pt i mus Max i mus , Fortuna Redux a nd t he u n it 's s tandards ; 4 36

t he o ther o ne i s af unerary s tele ( SE 9 5 ) s et u p

b y t he c o m mandan t o f t he c ohort h is w ife.

( praefectus ) , C . Munat ius Venustus 437

t o

I n my o p in ion t he h ypo thes is t hat t he u n it f ro m Cap idava was a

d i f feren t o ne f ro m t hat b ear ing t he s a me n a me i n G er man ia S uper ior , a nd t ha t i t was s tat ioned i n Moes ia I n fer ior a s e arly a s t he r e ign o f T ra jan i ncorrect.

4 38

i s

The f our d ip lomas i ssued b y Tra jan w h ich l i st t he a ux il iary t roops

o f Moes ia I n fer ior d o n o t men t ion Cohors IGer manorum among t he m. 2 5

The

h ypo thes is i s s upported o n ly b y t he f act t ha t Cohors IGer manoru m o ccurs a ga in i n Ger man ia S uper ior i n 2 48 , 439

b u t t h is c an b e e xp la ined by s uppos ing

t ha t i n t he 3 rd c en tury t he u n it r eturned t o t he p rov ince f ro m w h ich i th ad o r ig ina ted . 1 5. COHORS I LEP IDIANA C . R . w as d rawn f rom Panonn ia44° a nd t wo d ipl o mas i ssued b y T ra jan men t ion i ta s b e long ing t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n ferior .

4 41

I t w as a lso r e moved t o t he O r ien t i n t he t ime o f T ra jan . 442 There i s n o e v id ence a s t o t he b ase o f t he u n it when i tw as s ta t ioned i n Moes ia I n fer ior. 1 6.

COHORS I LVS ITANORV M CYRENAICA

i s s hown t o h ave b een i n t he a r my

o f Moes ia I n fer ior b y t wo d ip lo mas o f T ra jan , 443 i n 1 38 a nd o ne c on ferred b y An ton inus P ius . 4 45 t he r e ign o f Vespas ian . 446

o ne i ssued b y Hadr ian444 I tw as s tat ioned i nA fr ica u n t i l

We d o n ot k now o f a ny o ther move men ts o f t h is u n it

a f ter t he p er iod i n w h ich i tw as i n Ro man ia. I ts eems t ha t t he u n it w as g arr is oned i n Dobrud ja , w here s o f ar t hree f unerary i n scr ipt ions o f v eteran s f ro m Cohors I L us itanoru m h ave b een d iscovered .

These d o n ot g ive t he t i t le o f

Cyrena ica , b u t b ear ing i n m ind t hat t he o ther c ohorts o f L us itan ian s b ear ing t he s a me n umera l a re k nown i n o ther p rov inces ( Pannon ia , Moes ia S uper ior ) , i ts ee ms v ery p robab le t ha t a l l t hree v eterans men t ioned a bove s erved i n t he u n it w h ich w as s tat ioned i n t h is a rea. 447

I ti s p oss ib le t hat o n ly t he f or mer

d ecur io An ton ius S aturn inus b ur ied a t Tropaeum T ra ian i 448

c a me f rom t he

Pannon ian a r my , s ince h e w as b orn a t S isc ia i n P annon ia I n fer ior ( SE 9 8 ). The o ther t wo f unerary i nscr ip t ions c o me f ro m C ius ( Gi rl ic iu ) Do m it ius An th ius"1 49

t he v eteran Q . A l l id ius C e ler , 450 a tC ius , 451

t hat o f M. V lp ius

( SE 9 7 ) a nd T om is , e rec ted b y af reed man t o h is p atron , ( SE 9 9 ) .

P resumably t h is u n it w as b ased

s ince t he v eterans m igh t h ave b een e xpec ted t o h ave l ef t t h is l ess

importan t l oca l ity f or a f l our ish ing c i ty l ike T om is o r t he mun icip ium o f Tropaeu m Tra ian i , r a ther t han mov ing i n t he o ppos ite d irect ion .

I n t he f irst

h al f o f t he 3 rd c en tury , Cohors I L us itanorum Cyrena ica i s k nown a t C and id ia na , 452

b ut t h is d oes n ot mean t hat t he u n it w as p er manen t ly s tat ioned t here

a f ter i t s a rr iva l i n Moes ia. 1 7.

COHORS I FLAVIA NV M IDARV M

i s d ocu men ted i n Moes ia I n fer ior o n ly

b y t he d ip lo ma f rom Brestovene d at ing f ro m t he r e ign o f An ton inus P ius . 4 53 There i s n o l ater e v idence i fw e e xclude a d ip loma f ro m S yr ia d at ing f ro m t he t ime o f Do m it ian454 a nd g iv ing Cohors IN um idarum w ithou t t he t i t le o f F lau ia. Th is i mper ia l t i t le s hows t he e x istence o f t he u n it a s e arly a s t he l ast q uarter o f t he i st c en tury A .D. The f act t ha t t h is c ohort i s n ot k nown i n Moes ia I n fer ior b y a ny o ther i nscr ip t ion s ee ms t o s how t hat i tw as n o t s ta t ioned i n t he a rea f or al ong t ime.

Cohors IF lau ia N um id a .ru m w as i n L yc ia a nd P a mphy l ia d ur ing

t he r e ign o f Marcus Aurel ius . 4 55

We d o n ot k now f or h ow l ong i t w as s ta t ioned

i n Moes ia I n fer ior a nd where i tw as b ased. 1 8.

COHORS ICLAVDIA S VGA MBRORV M VETERANA EQVITATA

t he e arl iest a ux il iary u n its k nown i n Moes ia ;

i ti s k nown t o h ave b een a p art

o f t he p rov ince e ven a s e ar ly a s t he r e ign o f T iber ius. 456

A f ter t h is, i t i s

d ocu men ted i n t he a r my o f Moes ia b y t he d ip lo ma f ro m Ta l ia tae 457 i s e ncoun tered i n t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior u nder T ra jan , 458 a nd An ton inus P ius . 4 60

i s o ne o f

i n 7 5.

Hadr ian459

The d ip loma i ssued i n t he t ime o f Hadr ian , t he

2 6

I t

r ec ip ien t o f wh ich w as a n i n fan tryman s erv ing i n t h is u n it , L . S ext il ius Pudens , d ates f rom 1 34, w h ich i s t he s a me y ear i n wh ich Cohors IS uga mbrorum was moved f rom i t s b ase i n t he f ort o f Mon tana ( M iha i lobgrad ) t o As ia , a s i s s hown b y a n i nscr ip t ion d ed icated t o t he emperor b y t he c o m mandan t o f t he u n it. 461 Th is u n it i s a lso k nown a t Mon tana b y as ta mp o n ab r ick . 462

I tr eturned f ro m

As ia , b u t p robably w as n o t r e-garr isoned a t Mon tana , b u t s o mewhere t o t he e ast o f Moes ia I n fer ior, a s s ee ms t o b e s uggested b y a Greek i nscr ip t ion f ound a t Todor igen . 463

I t may h ave b een b ased i n Dobrud ja , i fi ti s t rue t hat t he

s ta mp o n ab r ick f ound a t S uc idava g ives t he n a me o f t he c ohort. 464

By 1 57 ,

Cohors IC laud ia S uga mbroru m i s f ound o nce a ga in i n t he O r ien t , t h is t ime i n S yr ia , 465 f ro m w hence i tw as n ever t o r eturn t o t he Danub ian p rov ince. We k now where i tw as b ased b efore 1 34, b u t i t s l ocat ion a f ter i tr eturned f ro m As ia h as n ot b een p rec isely i den t if ied.

T he u n it m igh t h ave b een g arr isoned

e ither i n Bu lgar ia , a s b efore , o r i n Dobrud ja. 1 9. COHORS ITYRIORV M S AG ITTARIORV M w as r econstructed i n Moes ia I n fer ior b y T ra jan s hort ly b efore t he Dac ian w ars , a s i s s hown b y ad ip lo ma f rom

9 9.466 I td id n ot r eturn t o Moes ia I n fer ior af ter t he c onquest o f Dac ia

a nd i ti s ment ioned a s p ar t o f t he a r my o f Dac ia I n fer ior 467

i n 1 40.

Where

a nd f or h ow l ong i tw as s tat ioned i n Moes ia I n fer ior a re n ot k nown. 2 0.

COHORS IVBIORV M b elonged t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior o n t he e ve

o f t he f i rst Dac ian w ar, a s i s s hown e p igraph ica l ly468 O lt ina469

d at ing f rom 9 9.

a nd b y t he d ip lo ma f ro m

A f ter Dac ia w as c onquered , t h is c ohort d id n o t

r e ma in i n t he n ew p rov ince.

I t was t o r eturn t o Dac ia Poro l issens is much

l a ter , when i ti s men t ioned i n t wo d ip lo mas i n t he t ime o f An ton inus P ius. 47 ° A f or mer s ign ifer o ft h is c ohort , M. Cocce ius V it lus, was b ur ied a t Cap idava 471 ( SE 1 00 ).

Th is i s t he o n ly d ocu men t wh ich c on f ir ms t ha t t he u n it w as s tat ioned

i n Dobrud ja a s ap ar t o f t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior, a nd i ti s v ery p robable t ha t i tw as s tat ioned a t Cap idava472 Ger manoru m , a rr ived h ere.

b efore t he o ther a ux il iary u n it , Cohors I

There a re n o o ther i nscr ipt ions w h ich r efer t o

t he p resence o f s o ld iers o r v eterans o f t h is u n it i n o ur r eg ion . 473 2 1.

COHORS U FLAVIA T I FSSORVM

w as s tat ioned i n Moes ia I n fer ior b efore

t he s econd Dac ian w ar , a s i s s hown b y t he d ip lo ma o f 1 05. 474

I tr e ma ined i n

t he n ew p rov ince , w here i ti s d ocu men ted b y t he d ip lo mas o f 1 29 475

a nd 1 40476

( Dac ia I n fer ior ). S ince i ti s n o t r eferred t o b efore t he r e ign o f Tra jan a nd b ears t he t i t le o f F lau ia w e may s uppose t hat i tw as f ounded i n t he t ime o f t he F lav ian d ynasty , a nd was i n t h is a rea f ro m t he e nd o f t he I st c en tury A . D . I t s l ocat ion i n Moes ia I n fer ior i s n o t k nown .

The s ta mped b r icks b ear ing t he

n a me o f t h is u n it f ound i n t he c a mp a t Rucär 477

s ee m t o d ate f ro m t he p er iod

w hen i tw as s tat ioned a t C inc vr , i n s ou th-eastern T ransy lvan ia. 478 2 2.

COHORS I BRACARAVGVSTANORV M

i s s hown t o h ave b een i n t he a r my

o f Moes ia I nfer ior o n ly b y t he d ip lo ma f ro m Brestovene d at ing f ro m t he t ime o f An ton inus P ius. 479

I t w as s tat ioned i n Thrace i n t he r e ign o f Tra jan. 48 °

The e p igraph ica l e v idence s hows t hat i t was a lso i n Thrace u nder Anton inus P ius . 4 81

I t t herefore f o l lows t hat Cohors I Bracaraugustanorum c ou ld h ave

b een a t tached t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior o n ly a t t he e nd o f An ton inus P ius' r e ign o r p oss ib ly l a ter.

Ib el ieve t hat w e c annot e xclude t he p oss ib il ity t ha t

2 7

t he n umera l o f t he u n it h as b een w rong ly n o ted o n t he d ip lo ma f ro m Brestovene , a nd t ha t t he r eference w as i n f act t o Cohors IBracaraugustanorum. Th is c oh ort m igh t h ave r eturned t o Moes ia I n fer ior f rom Dac ia I n fer ior w here i ti s l ast men t ioned i n 1 40. 482

Even i f Cohors I Bracaraugustanorum w as a t tached

t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior a t s o me t ime , w e h ave n o e v idence a s t o t he p lace w here i tw as s tat ioned. 2 3.

COHORS I CHALCIDENORV M S AG ITTARIORV M

w as t aken b y T ra jan

f rom S yr ia t o Moes ia I n fer ior 483 w here i ti s men t ioned f or t he f i rst t ime i n 9 9.484 I tw as t o r e ma in i n Moes ia I n fer ior b oth i n t he t ime o f Hadr ian ( t he d ip lo ma o f 1 34 ) 485

a nd u nder An ton inus P ius ( t he d ip lo ma f rom Brestovene ). 486

There i s n o l a ter e v idence c oncern ing t h is u n it . s ta t ioned ;

We d o n ot k now where i tw as

t here i s n o o ther i n for mat ion a par t f rom t hat g iven b y t he d ip lo mas

a nd i n c onsequence Cohors I Cha lc idenorum s ag it tar iorum i s v ery l i t t le k nown , a l though i ti s o ne o f t he a ux il iary u n its w h ich p er manen t ly b elonged t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior.

The s i te o f i t s b ase c ou ld h ave b een i n e ither Dobrud ja o r

Bu lgar ia. 2 4.

COHORS I GA LLORV M

i s s hown t o h ave b een p art o f t he a r my o f Moes ia

I nfer ior b y t hree d ip lomas o f T ra jan. 487

The r ec ip ien t o f t he d ip lo ma f ro m

O lt ina i n 9 9 i s a n i n fant ryman , M. Anton ius Ru fus f ro m Abr ittus, s erv ing i n Cohors I Ga l loru m w hose p raefectus was V isu lan ius C rescens. k now where t he u n it was s ta t ioned b efore t he r e ign o f T ra jan ;

We d o n ot

i t may h ave b een

i n t he s a me a rea b u t i ti s n ot men t ioned among t he o ther c ohorts o f Gau ls s erv ing i n t he a r my o f Moes ia i n t he t ime o f t he F lav ian d ynasty . 488 p art i n t he Dac ian w ars;

I tt ook

b y 1 40 i ti s e ncoun tered i n Dac ia I n fer ior 489

a nd

was l a ter a t tached t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior i n 1 59-160. 49 ° We may p resu me t hat t he v eteran M. Va ler ius ( SE 9 4 ) w hose f unerary i nscr ip t ion h as b een f ound n ear S ac idava491 -c a me f rom Cohors I Ga l lorum. A l though t he n umera l o f t he c ohort i s m iss ing , t he s tone b e ing b roken o f f a t t ha t p o in t , w e may p resu me t h is s ince S ac idava ( Muza it ) 492

i s c lose t o

O lt ina where a f or mer s o ld ier o f t he u n it h as a lready b een men t ioned.

I ti s

r easonab le t o s uppose t hat Cohors I Ga l lorum w as b ased a t S ac idava w here n one o f t he a ux i l iary u n its i s s ecurely a t tested i n t he t ime o f T ra jan o r e arl ier a l though t he f ort if icat ions e x isted a t t he e nd o f t he i st c en tury , a s l ong i t b elonged t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior.

I n my o p in ion , i t s s upposed p resence

a t Durso torum 4 93 c anno tb e d educed s o lely f ro m t he f act t ha t af ew i nscr ipt ions r eferr ing t o a ux il iary t roops c o me f ro m t h is c ity , t o w h ich a l arge n umber o f v eterans h ad r et ired , a nd w here L eg io X I C laud ia w as b ased. 2 5.

COHORS I MATT IAC ORV M

I n fer ior i n t he t ime o f T ra jan494

i s r eferred t o b y t he d ip lo mas o f Moes ia a nd Hadr ian . 495

I t s b ase i n t he 2 nd c en tury

w as a t Barbos . i o n t he l e f tb ank o f t he Danube , where i ti s a t tested b y s ta mped b r icks. 496 S ince t egu lae o f t h is u n it h ave a lso b een f ound a t D inoget ia , 497 o n t he Dobrud jan b ank o f t he Danube , w e c anno t e xc lude t he p oss ib il ity t ha t t he c ohort a s al and f orce c on tro l led b oth t hese p laces wh ich w ere s i tua ted a t a n importan t f ord o n t he r oad r unn ing u p t o Po iana a nd t he O ituz p ass . 4 98 By 1 98, Cohors I Mat t iacoru m w as a t Tro ianh issar i n w estern Bu lgar ia , where t he p refect o f t he u n it , T . Aurel ius Aqu i la , s et u p ad ed icat ion t o

2 8

S ep t im ius S everus u nder t he g overnor C . O u in ius T ertu l lus . 4 99

I tt herefore

f o l lows t hat Cohors I Mat t iacoru m w as s tat ioned a t Barbos i d ur ing t he 2 nd c en tury , 50 0 a nd p robab ly a lso a t D inoget ia , w hose n a me may a lso h ave b een b orne b y t he s et t le men t s ituated o n t he l e ft b ank o f t he Danube ,

5° 1

a s s ee ms

t o b e s uggested b y P to le my . "2 2 6.

COHORS I I GA LLORV M

a rr ived f rom G er man ia S uper ior. 5°3

I t was

a t tached t o t he a r my o f Moes ia b efore t he d iv is ion o f t he p rov ince, s ince i ti s men t ioned i n t hree d ip lo mas o f 7 5 ,

5° 4

7 85 05

a nd 8 2. 5 06

I tr e ma ined i n

Moes ia I n fer ior u n t il t he Dac ian w ars , a s i s s hown b y t hree d ip lo mas i ssued i n t he t ime o f T ra jan . "7 A fter 1 29 i tw as s tat ioned i n Dac ia I n fer ior " 8 where i ti s a lso r ecorded i n 1 40. 5 °9 We d o n o t k now w here i t w as s ta t ioned i n Moes ia ( probably i n t he e astern p art o f t he p rov ince ) a nd l ater i n Moes ia I n fer ior ( where i tc ou ld h ave b een b ased i n Dobrud ja o r Bu lgar ia ). 1 05 ,

5 10

The d ip lo ma o f

whose r ec ip ien t Amb irenus w as a n i n fan tryman o f Cel t ic o r ig in s erv ing

i n Cohors I l Ga l lorum , g ives n o i n for ma t ion a bou t t he b ase o f t he u n i t. 2 7.

COHORS 11 CYPR IA C . R.

s ee ms t o h ave b elonged t o t he a r my o f t h is

p rov ince b efore 10 , when i ta ppears i n Dac ia 5 11

a t Bumbest i w here i tw as

s tat ioned a nd w here i th as l e ft a n u mber o f s ta mped b r icks

Th is i s n o t-

w ithstand ing t he f act t ha t i t i s n ot men t ioned i n a ny m il itary d ip lo ma f ro m Moes ia I n fer ior. The a ssump t ion t ha t t he u n it b elonged t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I nfer ior 5 13 b efore T ra jan a nd i n t he f i rst y ears o f h is r e ign i s b ased o n t he p resence o f i t s s o ldiers t o t he n or th o f t he B lack S ea , a t tes ted b y t wo i nscr ipt i ons , o ne a t P an t icapaeu m ment ion ing C a ius Me m m ius ,

5 14

t he o ther i n

C i m merian B osporus r eferring t o t he s o ld ier L . V o lusius a nd t he c entur ia o f A e l ius S ecundus . 5 15 Ow ing t o t he f ac t t ha t t he g arr isons t o t he n or th o f t he B lack S ea were c o mposed o n ly o f v ex i l la t ions o r a ux i l iary t roops b e long ing t o t he a r my o f Moesia I n fer ior 5 16

i ti s n a tura l t o c ons ider t ha t C ohors 1 1 1 C ypr ia

C . R . was a lso a t tached t o t he s ame p rov ince a t s o me t ime , b ut we d o n ot k now p rec ise ly when , o r w he ther t he c ohor t was s ta t ioned i n D obrud ja o r B u lgar ia , o r whe ther a l l i t s o pera t ions were i n t he n or thern P on t ic a rea , wh ich i s v ery l i ke ly ,t aking t he e v idence i n to a ccoun t . 2 8.

COHORS I I I GA LLORV M

f rom Ta l ia tae 5 17

i s a t tested i n t he a r my o f Moes ia b y t he d ip lo ma

d a t ing f ro m 7 5.

A f ter t he d iv is ion o f t he p rov ince , i tr e-

ma ined i n Moes ia I nfer ior a s i s s hown b y o ne o f t he d ip lo mas o f T ra jan 5 18 i ssued i n 1 05.

I ti s n o l onger men t ioned i n t he Danub ian p rov inces af ter t he

Dac ian wars a nd i s e ncoun tered i n S yr ia i n t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury .

5 19

We d o n ot k now w here i t w as s tat ioned w hen i tb elonged t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior.

The t o mbstone o f av eteran o f t h is u n it f ound a t Gh ighen 5 2 ° i s o n ly

av ague a nd u ncerta in i nd icat ion o f t he a rea i n w h ich t he c ohort o pera ted , s ince many s o ld iers b elong ing t o d i f feren t u n its e ven p osted a t t he o ther e nd o f t he p rov ince , r et ired t o t he f l our ish ing c en tre a t O escus.

However , i ti s

more p laus ib le t hat t he f or mat ion o f Ga l l ic i n fan trymen o perated i n Bu lgar ia a nd n o t i n Dobrud ja , t hough t h is v iew i s b ased o n ly o n t he s uppos it ion t ha t t he v eteran h ad r e t ired t o ap lace s itua ted n ear t he b ase o f h is f or mer u n it. 2 9. COHORS V I I GA LLORV M b elonged t o t he a r my o f Moes ia i n t he t i me o f Vespas ian 5 21 a nd w as a t tached t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior i n t he t ime o f T ra jan. 5 22

I ta ppears i n S yr ia i n t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury .5 23

a ry i nscr ipt ion f ound a t T om is ( SE 9 3 ) was s e t u p t o Mar ius C e lsus 5 24 i n t h is c ohor t who was a t t he e nd o f h is mi li tary c areer .

2 9

A f uners erv ing

T he f unerary s te le was

p ut u p b y t hree o f h is f reedmen a nd t h is p roves t ha t Mar ius Celsus w as s tat ioned a t To m is.

Consequen t ly w e must a ssume t hat t he u n it was g arr isoned

i n t h is w estern Pon t ic c ity u p t o t he e nd o f t he I st c en tury A . D.

5 25

s ince t he

i nscr ip t ion s ee ms t o b e d a ted t o t hat t ime. 3 0.

NV MERVS S VRORV M S AG ITTAR IORV M

i s a t tested o n t he Lower Danube

b y t he i nscr ipt ion d ed icated b y F lau ius Au it ianus,

5 26

s ign ifer o f Numerus

S uroru m s ag it tar ioru m , t o t he p rotect ing d e ity o f t he c en tur ia o f F lau ius I anuar ius.

The i nscr ip t ion w as f ound o n t he l ef t b ank o f t he Danube, a t t he

mou th o ft he I a lo m ita.

I ti s d i ff icu lt t o d eter m ine t he r eason f or i t s p resence,

o r t hat o f o n ly o ne o f i t s d e tachmen ts , i n t h is a rea a t t he e nd o f t he 2 nd c ent ury o r i n t he 3 rd c en tury.

I ts ee ms u n l ikely t hat i th ad b een s en t h ere f ro m

Dac ia I n fer ior, w here i tw as s tat ioned a t Ro mu la , t o s upp ly r e in force men ts w hen n eeded f or t he d efence o f t he f ord n ear Cars iu m a ga in st t he f requen t a t tacks w h ich t ook p lace f rom S cy th ia M inor a t t h is t ime.

I t s ee ms more

l ike ly t ha t t he i nscr ip t ion w as b rough t t o P iva P ietr i i f ro m e lsewhere ( O lten ia ) d ue t o s ome u nknown c ircu mstances ,

5 27

a nd c onsequen t ly i tc an b e c ons idered

a s a n a no ma ly , p rov ided t hat i t s f ind-spo t i s c orrect ly r ecorded. INGVLAR IV. M . T he a ssu mpt ion t ha t s uch a u ni t e x is ted i s b ased • NVMERVS S o n a n a t te mpt t o c omp lete t he t ex t o f a n i nscr ip t ion f ound a t To m is, w h ich ment ions a d up l icar ius n a med H ercu lanus , b ut t he r ead ing i s u ncerta in5 28 1 . 07 ).

( SE

I t may r efer t o t hose e qu ites s ingu lares August i5 2 9 who c ou ld a lso h ave

b een i n t he s erv ice o f g overnors o f p rov inces.

The a nonymous u eteranus

August i , p robab ly o f Greek o r ig in , men t ioned i n af rag men tary i nscr ip t ion a t Tropaeum T ra ian i ,

5 30

m igh t h ave b e longed t o t he s a me c ategory o f s o ld ier

( SE 1 23 ). 3 2.

CLASS IS FLAVIA MOES ICA.

The o r ig ins o f t he Danub ian f leet must b e

s ough t i n t he p er iod a t w h ich t he f i rst s igns o f t he Ro man imper ia l p ower a pp eared o n t he L ower Danube.

I ts ee ms t hat , a s l ong a s t he n e ighbour ing

c oun tr ies w ere s t il l n ot a nnexed t o t he emp ire , t he f l eet a long t he r iver r epres en ted t he o n ly p er manen t p resence o f t he Ro man a r my i nR ipa Thrac iae .5 31 I ti s c erta in t ha t a t t he t ime o f Ov id 's e x ile, t he s h ips o f t he Danub ian f leet t ook p art i n t he Roman m il itary a ct ions c arr ied o u t i n s uppor t o f t he O drysae. Th is h appened i n A. D. 1 2, w hen t he t roops o f t he Ro man u n its wh ich t ook p art i n t he r econquest o ft he c i tadel o f Aeg issus w ere c arr ied t o t he w est b y t he s h ips o f t he Danub ian f l eet .5 32 The c rea t ion o f t he C lass is F lau ia Moes ica w as t he r esu lt o f t he r eorgani sat ion o f t he f luv ia l f leet i n t he r e ign o f Vespas ian , o n t he o ccas ion o f t he measures t aken b y R ubr ic ius Ga l lus f or t he r e inforce men t o f t he d efences i n t he a rea b etween t he Danube a nd t he B lack S ea. p ortan t p art i n t he Dac ian w ars;

5 33

Th is u n it a lso p layed a n im-

i t s s h ips w ere u sed b oth f or t he c ross ing o f

t he r iver a nd t he t ransporta t ion o f t he t roops o ver l onger d istances .5 34

The

Danub ian f l eet c on t inued i t s o perat ions i n t hese a reas u n t il t he c o l lapse o f Ro man p ower;

i ti s a t tested b y t he e p igraph ica l a nd l i terary s ources u n t i l

t he e nd o f t he P r inc ipa te a s w e l l a s d ur ing t he L a te Roman Emp ire, w hen i t c hanged i t s n a me.

3 0

C lass is F lau ia Moes ica i s d ocu men ted o n t he L ower Danube n o t o n ly b y m i l itary d ip lo mas b u t a lso b y r ich e p igraph ica l ma ter ia l a nd n umerous s ta mped t egu lae.

Two d ip lomas, o ne f ound a t Brelcu a nd d at ing f ro m 9 2 ( SE 3 4 ) a nd

a no ther o f 1 21, Moes ica

5 35

w ere s pec ia l ly i ssued t o t he s a ilors o f t he C lass is F lau ia

w h ich w as u nder t he c o m mand o f S ex. O ctau ius Fron to i n 9 2.

o ther d ip lo mas i ssued b y T ra jan5 36 H adr ian 5 37

Two

i n 9 9 a nd 1 05 a nd o ne c on ferred b y

i n 1 38 men t ion t he s a ilors o f t he f l eet ( c lass ic i ) a t t he e nd o f t he

l i st o f a ux il iary t roops o f c ava lry a nd i n fan try ; t hey r ece ived t he s a me r igh ts a s t hose g iven t o t he o ther c a tegor ies o f s o ld ier. The b r icks w ith t he s ta mp o f t he u n it o f s a ilors a l low u s t o i den t i fy t he b ase

o f t he f l eet w h ich w as s i tuated n ear t he mouth o f t he Danube .5 38

a re t he f o l low ing s tamps :

There

CLASS 'S F .M ., CL . FL . M ., CL . FL . MY.

( Mys ica ) , CL. F . M a nd CL. F .

These h ave b een f ound a t N ov iodunum 5 39

a nd a t D inoget ia 5 4 °o n t he Dobrud jan b ank o f t he Danube , a nd e ven o n t he o pp os ite b ank f ac ing t hese s et t le men ts , a t O rlovka 5 41

a nd Barboe i.

5 42

On t he

b as is o f t hese f inds , t he ma in b ases o f t he Danub ian f l eet c an b e l ocated i n t he s ect ion o f t he Danube f rom t he b end o f t he r iver t o t he East t o n ear t he b eg inn ing o f t he Del ta ;

i t s c h ief b ase w as s i tuated a t N ov iodunu m 5 43

e arl iest s ta mped b r ick h as b een f ound. 5 44

where t he

I ti s p ossible t ha t a no ther s ta t io

o f t he f leet w as a t Ax iopo l is , a s s ee ms t o b e a t tested b y a n i nscr ipt ion d ed icat ed t o I u l ia Do mna 5 45

( SE 1 06 ) i n a bou t 2 08-209 5 46

a n a ssoc ia t ion o f s a i lors 5 47

b y n au tae u n iuers i Danuu i ,

wh ich , Ib el ieve , i ncluded n ot o n ly t hose e ngaged

i n t he f luv ia l t rade b u t a lso t he s a ilors o f t he Moes ian f l eet . The r ange o f o perat ions o f t he Danub ian f l eet was n ot o n ly c on f ined t o t he r iver a nd t he im med iately n e ighbour ing a reas.

A l arge c iv i l s et t le men t

o rgan ized s im ilar ly t o t he l eg ionary c anabae 5 48

d eve loped n ear t he c itade l a t

N ov iodunum a nd w as p robab ly a lso t he a dm in is trat ive c en tre o f t he t err itor ium N ou iodunens iu m 5 49

w h ich s upp l ied t he n eeds o f t he f l eet .

The l im its o f t h is

t err itory a re n o t k nown , b u t t he c o m mander o f t he f l eet e xerted a u thor ity , a t l east i n t he t ime o f S everus, a s i s s hown b y t he i nscr ipt ion e stab l ish ing t he b oundary b etween t he l and o f Mess ia ( or Cess ia? ) Punden t i l la a nd u icani Bu ter idauenses.

Th is measure w as t aken b y t he g overnor Ou in ius Tertu l lus

( i n 1 98-199 ) t hrough t he a gency o f t he p refect o f t he f l eet , V ind ius Ver ianus 5 50 ( SE 1 07 ), s o f ar i n t he H istr ian t err itory .

Th is v icus b ear ing a G eto-

Dac ian n a me ( Buter ivada ) w as s i tuated n ear t he p resen t v il lage o f Miha i V iteazu ( Constan ta d istr ict )5 51 t he s hores o f L ake S ino ie.

a nd c onsequen t ly w as n o t f ar f ro m t he c ity o n

With r egard t o V ind ius Ver ianus , h e w as c erta in ly

t he c o m mander o f t he Danub ian f leet a s i s s hown b y t he i nscr ipt ion o n as i lver p laque i n t he h oard f ound a t Marengo. 5 52 Perhaps t he i n terven t ion b y t he p refect V ind ius Ver ianus i n H istr ian t err itory may b e e xp la ined b y t he f act t ha t ap ort ion o f t he western c oast o f P ontus Eux inus , a t l east f ro m t he mouth o f t he Danube t o H istr ia ,

5 53

s ee ms

t o h ave b een u nder t he c ont ro l o f t he Moes ian f l eet , a s was t he c ase w ith t he p or t ion o f t he n orthern Pon t ic c oast a s f ar a s Chersonesos.

Th is d educ t ion

i s b ased o n t he f ind ing o f ad ed icat ion t o Co m modus i n t he c ity w h ich w as s et u p i n 1 95 b y T . Aure l ius S ecundus , F lau ia Moes ica.

5 54

t r ierarchus s erv ing i n t he C lass is

The Moes ian f l eet c ons isted a lso o f s ea-go ing s h ips a s i s

s hown b y t he i nscr ip t ion f ro m N ov iodunum wh ich men t ions a t ype o f b oat ,

3 1

L iburna Ar mata ,

5 55

b elong ing t o t he f l eet o f M isenum ( SE 1 05 ).

Th is monu-

men t i s av o t ive a l tar e rected b y t he c en tur ia o f Q . J u l ius Hel iodorus t o t he d e it ies Do m inus e t Do m ina.

Another f actor i n s upport o f t he v iew t ha t H istria

b elonged t o t he z one c on tro l led b y t he C lass is F lau ia Moes ica i s t he f unerary i nscr ipt ion o f at r ierarchus o f t he f l eet , L . Ael ius S euer inus 5 56 w as f ound t here.

( SE 1 03 ) wh ich

The f act t hat t he r ank o f L . Ael ius S euer inus was s im i lar t o

t hat h e ld b y T . Aure l ius S ecundus f ro m Chersonesos s ee ms t o i nd ica te t hat t he s a ilor who d ied a t H istr ia h ad s erved o n as ea-go ing s h ip. W ith r egard t o C lass is F lau ia Moes ica , t wo i nscr ipt ions f ound a t T om is d e mand o ur a t ten t ion . Va ler ius Va lens 5 57

The f i rst i s t he g ravestone o f av eteran o f t he f l eet ,

( SE 1 04 ) w ho , l ike o ther v eterans , r et ired t o To m is a t t he

e nd o f h is m il itary s erv ice.

The s econd monumen t c o mes f ro m Poar ta A lba

a nd i s ac ippus w ith a G reek i n scr ipt ion d ated t o 2 40-244. t he m il itary c areer o f P . Ae l ius Am mon ius ,

5 58

The l atter g ives

p rocura tor o f Moes ia I n fer ior

who c o m manded , among o ther a ux il iary u n its, t he C lass is F lau ia Moes ica wh ich r ece ived t he t i t le o f Gord iana.

These i nscr ipt ions a s w el l a s o thers

g ive n o i nd icat ion t ha t t he Moes ian f l eet a lso c on tro l led To m is , but t h is was v ery p robab ly t he c ase, e spec ia l ly i fw e t ake i n to c ons iderat ion t he a bsence o f a ny e v idence t ha t t he C lass is Pon t ica , t he mar it i me u n it o perat ing e spec ia l ly i n t he s ou thern a nd e astern p arts o f t he Pon tus Eux inus 559

a nd s o met i mes

e x tend ing t o t he n orthern c oast a nd t o t he w est a s f ar a s a t Charax ,

5 6

°e x tended

i t s o perat ions h ere. S o f ar t he f o l low ing 8 c o m mandan ts ( praefect i ) o f t he Moes ian f l eet a re e p igraph ica l ly a ttested : t us 5 62

a bou t 8 0-98;

S ex. O ctau ius Fron to

L . Va ler ius ,

5 63

t he b eg inn ing o f t he r e ign o f Hadr ian ; 1 40 ;

M. V ind ius Ver ianus 5 65

c o m mandan t 566 2 11;

i n 9 2;

Q . At at inus Modes-

a t t he e nd o f t he r e ign o f Tra jan o r a t P . Ael ius Marc ianus 564

u p t o t he y ear

i n t he r e ign o f S ept im ius S everus;

a n a nony mous

o f t he Br it ish , Ger man , Moes ian a nd P annon ian f leets i n 2 09-

P . Ael ius Am mon ius 567

w ho b ecomes p rocurator p rou inc iae Moes iae

I n fer ior is i n t he r e ign o f Gord ian I I ; t i on f ro m N ov iodunu m ,

5 68

a nd P ostu mus men t ioned b y a n i nscr ip-

who h eld t he r ank o f p refect o f t he f leet i nt he s econd

h a l f o f t he 3 rd c en tury , b efore t he r efor ms o f D ioc let ian . The i nscr ip t ions f ro m Dobrud ja 5 69 t he f l eet :

ment ion t wo o ther o f f icers s erv ing i n

ac en tur ion , Q . I u l ius Hel iodorus 5 7°

a nd a t r ierarchus, L . Ael ius

S euer inus.57 1 I n c onclus ion , Imust p o in t o u t t he i mportan t r o le p layed b y t h is f l eet i n t he a reas w here i tw as p resen t b efore t he s tat ion ing o f t he f i rst l and f orces. A lso i ts hou ld b e r e me mbered t ha t t he r ange o f i t s o perat ion was n o t c on f ined t o t he Danube b u t e xtended o ver t he n orthern a nd w estern c oasts o f t he B lack S ea t o Chersonesos a nd H istr ia r espect ively .

I tl inked t he c it ies o n t he

n orthern s hores o f t he B lack S ea , w h ich o ther w ise w ou ld h ave r e ma ined i sol ated i n c oun tr ies n o t a nnexed t o t he emp ire, a nd t he p rov ince Moes ia I n fer ior p roper.

The f l eet c ou ld a lso b e u sed f or t he d efence o f t he c oasta l c i t ies

a ga inst p oss ib le a t tacks b y s ea , a t l east i fw e t ake i n to c ons iderat ion t he i n for ma t ion g iven b y t he a nc ien t a u thors f or t he n orthern Pon t ic c i t ies , a nd t h is may a lso b e t rue f or t he w estern c oast .5 72 In ow d iscuss t he s o ld iers a nd v eterans who d id n o t s erve i n u n its o f t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior a nd c ases where t he i nscr ipt ions d o n ot men t ion t he ir u n its. 3 2

F irst ly t here a re t hree v eterans f ro m t he P raetor ian c ohorts o f Ro me , w ho r et ired t o Dobrud ja a t t he e nd o f t he ir s erv ice. t he m , Aurel ius Da len is, n ear To m is 5 73

T he p resence o f o ne o f

( SE 1 22 ) i s e xp l icab le c ons ider ing

t hat h e r eturned t o h is n a t ive c oun try a nd e stab l ished h i msel f n o t a ctua l ly i n h is n at ive v i l lage , V icus Am la id ina ( t he modern N eptun-23 August ) , n ot f ar f ro m i t , r ece iv ing l and n ear t he g rea t Pon t ic c ity .

W ith r egard t o L .

Enn ius Ferox b orn a t Aquae S tat iel lae i n n or th-western I ta ly 5 74

a nd b e

l ong ing t o Cohors V I p raetor ia , w e d o n ot k now t he p rec ise r eason f or h is a rr iva l a t To m is a s e arly a s t he r e ign o f Vespas ian ;

w e a lso c anno t e xp la in

w ith c erta in ty t he p resence o f Ae l. Aurel ius A t t icus o f P hryg ian o r ig in a t F inenele where h is d ischarge d ip loma i ssued i n 2 33 5 75

h as b een f ound.

May-

b e t he f or mer h e ld s ome impor tan t p os it ion i n t he most n o tab le c ity o f t he p rov ince a nd t he s econd s o ld ier p robab ly r ece ived a n i mportan t l and a l lotmen t i nt he t err itory o f H istr ia. There a re s ome i nscr ip t ions w h ich men t ion s o ld iers w ithou t t he n a mes o f t he ir un its a nd o thers i n w h ich t he n a me c annot b e i den t if ied.

A s im ilar s i-

t ua t ion w as e ncoun tered i n t he c ase o f s o me s o ld iers o r v eterans f ro m l eg ions. A l l c en tur ions w hose u n its w ere n o t k nown w ere r ecorded , a l though t hey m igh t h ave c o me f ro m a ux i l iary t roops , i nstead o n ly t wo s uch o f f icers w ho w ere n o t s erv ing i n l eg ions a re e ncoun tered i n t he i nscr ip t ions f ound i n Dobrud ja : S ext l ius Fuscus o f C ohors IThracum 5 76 i n t he f l eet a t N ov iodunum. 5 78

a nd Q . I u l ius Hel iodorus 5 77

L .

s erv ing

We c an p erhaps a dd t o t hese F lau ius I anuar ius

o f Nu merus S uroru m men t ioned i n t he i nscr ip t ion f ound a t t he mou th o f t he I a lo m4a 5 79

a l though i ts ee ms u n like ly t ha t h e s erved i n D obrud ja .

We n ow l i st t he s o ld iers w hose u n its a re n ot k nown , b ecause t hey i nclude s o me i n for mat ion w or thy o f men t ion . A d ed icat ion t o t he g overnor T . F lau ius L ong inus Q . Marc ius Turbo ( i n 1 55 ) by T it ius C r ispus , c orn icu lar ius e ius 5 80 ( SE 19 ) w as f ound a t To m is. The i nscr ipt ions f ound a t To m is a t test a nother s o ld ier i n t he s erv ice o f t he g overnor :

F lau ius S euer ianus , d ecur ion i n t he A la A tectorum S euer iana 5 81

w ho was c and ida tus o f L . Ann ius Honora tus ( i n 2 24 ).

The u n it o f T it ius

C r ispus i s n ot k nown . An i nscr ipt ion g iv ing a l i st o f o f f icers h as a lso b een f ound a t T om is .5 82 On ly a f ew i ncomp lete n a mes ( Ael ius ? , I u l ius , F lau ius , T ine ius ) a nd t he r ank o f p raefectus e qu i tum , r epeated f our t imes a nd h eld b y s o me a nony mous o ff i cers, h ave s urv ived f rom t he w ho le l i st .

The i nscr ip t ion i s importan t b e-

c ause i t men t ions a c oncen trat ion o f t roops a t To m is, a nd a ccord ing t o t he w r it ing a nd t he g en t i l ic ia i td a tes f ro m t he b eginning o f t he 2 nd c entury . The i nscr ip t ions men t ion ing v eterans whose u n i ts a re n o t k nown a re more n u merous.

A f unerary i nscr ip t ion f ound a t C ius men t ions I u l ius Va lens ( SE

8 7 ) , af or mer s ingu lar is who c o mes f ro m a c ava lry u n it ( a la ) ;

5 83

t h is may

b e as im i lar s i tuat ion t o t hat o f t he s ingu lar is c onsu lar is , M. V lp ius Marc ianus, o fA la IDardanoru m w ho b eca me a mag istrate a t T roes m is . 58 4 H e may h ave s erved i n t he g overnor 's g uard a nd t he u n it , i fw e c ons ider t hose l oca ted i n t he n e ighbourhood , m igh t h ave b een A la IV e spas iana Dardanorum f ro m Arr ub iu m o r A la I H ispanorum e t Ar(a )uacoru m f ro m C ars iu m .

3 3

An i nscr ip t ion f ound a t Cars ium men t ions C . Eruc ius V ictor ( SE 1 01) , med icus o f ac ohort. 5 85 H e w as c erta in ly a v eteran s ince n o c ohort was s tat ioned a t Cars iu m e xcep t A la I H ispanorum e t Ar(a )uacoru m. He h ad r e t ired t o Cars iu m , p robably h av ing c o me f ro m a n i n fan try u n it l oca ted n o t f ar away , p oss ib ly Cohors IG er manorum f ro m Cap idava o r Cohors I Lus itanorum Cyren a ica p oss ib ly b ased a t C ius. A f unerary i nscr ip t ion f ound a t Bä l tägest i ( Constan ia d ist r ict ) r efers t o C . I u l ius Cap ito , af or mer s esqu ip l icar ius 5 86 ( SE 1 24 ).

The o n ly i nd icat ion

o f t he u n it i n w h ich h e s erved i s t he f ind-spo t , w h ich i s i n t he t err itory o f L eg io V Macedon ica a nd s o t he f or mat ion may h ave b een a t tached t o t h is l eg ion o r t o a n a ux il iary u n it s ubord inated t o i t . A n umber o f i nscr ipt ions c o me f rom To m is.

Two a re o f p art icu lar i n ter-

e st s ince t hey r efer t o v eterans a s s ena tors i n To m is ( bu leu tae To m itanoru m ) : M. V lp ius L ong inus , af or mer d ecur ion 5 87

( SE 8 8 ) p robab ly i n a n a ux i l iary

u n it o f c ava lry , a nd a n a nonymous c avalry man , e rected h is own s tatue 5 89

( SE 1 26 ).

5 88

h onoratus m il it i is , w ho

There a re a lso t he v eterans Va ler ius

S euerus 5 9° ( SE 1 27 ) a nd t he T hrac ian A t t is , 5 91 w hose G reek f unerary monumen t , e rected b y h is f am ily , d ates f rom t he 3 rd c entury. Funerary i nscr ip t ions o f t wo v eterans h ave b een d iscovered a t H istr ia : M. Vet t ius F el ix 5 92

( SE 3 9 ) a nd Ca mpanus 5 93

o f a lae t he n ames o f w h ich a re n o t r ecorded.

( SE 8 9 ) , b oth f or mer d ecur ions The f act t hat a v eteran i s a t tested

a t H istr ia w ho w as a lso a d ecur ton i nA la I H ispanorum e t Ar (a )uacorum 5 94 imp l ies t hat t he t wo d ecur ions men t ioned e arl ier may h ave b elonged t o t he s a me u n it .

Veterans f rom o ther a lae i n Dobrud ja may a lso h ave b een a t tracted

t o t he s a me c i ty . F ina l ly , Imen t ion P . Ael ius Appo l inar ius a t T ropaeu m T ra ian i;5 95 ow ing t o t he f rag men tary s tate o f t he i nscr ip t ion w e d o n o t k now i fh e was a s erv ing s o ld ier o r av eteran. There a re a lso o ther f rag men ts o f i nscr ip t ions w h ich c erta in ly r efer t o s o ld iers o r v eterans, b u t w h ich , ow ing t o t he ir p oor s tate o f p reserva t ion , a re o f n o v a lue s ince a l most n oth ing c an b e r ead o n t he s urv iv ing p arts.

How-

e ver , t hey i ncrease t he n u mber o f i nscr ip t ions i nd icat ing t he p resence o f t he Ro man a r my i n Dobrud ja .5 96 I n c onclud ing t h is d iscuss ion o f t he a ux il iary t roops i n D obrud ja i ti s n ecessary t o ment ion b r ief ly t he l ocat ion o f t he u n its men t ioned i n t he d ip lo mas d at ing f rom b efore t he d iv is ion o f t he p rov ince o f Moes ia.

We w il l n o t c on-

s ider t he q uest ion o f t he u n its w h ich a re a t tested i n Moes ia I n fer ior a f ter t he d iv is ion o f t he p rov ince ( d iscussed a bove ) a nd w h ich w ere c erta in ly b ased i n t he e ast o f Moes ia.

We k now t hat s o me u n its r e ma ined i n Moes ia S uper ior

a nd i ti s r easonab le t o a ssume t hat t hey w ere p osted t o w estern Moes ia e ven b efore t he d iv is ion o f t he p rov ince: e ns ium ,

5 98

Cohors C ispadens ium ,

L us itanorum.601

A la C laud ia n oua ,

5 97

Cohors IAn t ioch-

Cohors V H ispanorum ,

5 99

Cohors IC il icum 6 02

6 00

Cohors I

a nd Cohors IThracu m S yr iaca 6 03

r e-

ma ined i n Moes ia S uper ior i m media te ly a f ter t he d iv is ion , b ut t hey w ere l a ter moved t o Moes ia I n fer ior. Bu t t here i s n o r el iab le e v idence f or t he l ocat ion o f t he Moes ian b ases o f t he u n its w h ich w ere l ater s en t t o o ther p rov inces , s uch a s Cohors V Ga l lorum ,

6 04

a nd Cohors IRaetorum ,

3 4

6° 5

a nd t he s a me i s

t rue f or t he f or ma t ions w h ich a re n o l onger a ttested a f ter t he d iv is ion o f t he p rov ince ( Cohors IC an tabroru m , " S uga mbrorum t i ronum ).608

6

Cohors V I I I Ga l lorum 6 °7 a nd Cohors I

We may p resu me t hat t he f i rst a nd s econd o f t hese

u n its were t ransferred f rom t he w est o f t he p rov ince, c ons ider ing t ha t t hey w ere l ater s en t t o t he w est , b u t w e k now n o th ing a bou t t he l ast t hree f or mat ions. T hey may h ave b een s tat ioned a nywhere i n Moes ia a nd e ven i n Dobrud ja. C .

THE M IL ITARY ORGAN ISAT ION OF DOBRUDJA I N THE PR INCIPATE I t i s n o t e asy t o d educe t he o rgan isa t ion o f t he Ro man a r my i n Dobrud ja

s ince, a s h as b een s een a bove , much o f t he i n for mat ion c oncern ing t he u n its w h ich were s tat ioned t here i s u ncer ta in .

S uch a n i nvest igat ion s hou ld t ake i n to

a ccoun t t he r el iab le i n for ma t ion a va ilable r egard ing t he f ort if icat ions o f t he i s t3rd c en tur ies a nd t he move ments o f t roops a nd t he c hanges i n t he ir d ep loymen t wh ich t ook p lace a t v ar ious t imes. As h as b een d e monstra ted a bove, t here i s n o e v idence t hat b efore t he r e ign o f Vespas ian t roops w ere s tat ioned i n Dobrud ja f or a l ong p er iod. " 9 Among t he u n its men t ioned i n t he d ip lo mas i ssued b y t h is emperor ,6 10 the f or mat ions w h ich a re a lso k nown t o h ave b een i n t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior i n t he t i me o f Tra jan w ere c erta in ly s tat ioned i n t he e astern p art o f Moes ia. T he d ip lo ma i ssued b y Do m it ian 6 11

d oes n ot g ive u s a ny u sefu l i n for mat ion ,

s ince t wo o f t he u n its men t ioned i n i t ( Ala C laud ia n oua a nd Cohors V H ispano rum ) r e ma ined i n Moes ia S uper ior 6 12

a nd t he t h ird ( Cohors I l Ga l loru m )

a ppears b o th o n t he d ip lomas i ssued b y Vespas ian a nd t hose o f Moes ia I n fer ior d at ing f ro m t he t ime o f T ra jan.

The f o l low ing u n its a re a t tested i n t he e ast

o f t he p rov ince d ur ing t he F lav ian p er iod :

Cohortes I l , I I I

V I I Ga l loru m ,

C ohors I L ucens ium a nd Cohors IC laud ia S uga mbroru m u eterana.

We must

a dd t o t hese t he m il itary u n its a t tested b y t he d ip lo mas o f t he a r my o f Moes ia i n fer ior i n 9 9 a nd 1 05 ,

6 13

w hose t i t le r ef lects a l ink w ith t he F lav ian d ynasty

a nd whose p rev ious b ases a re n o t k nown . o rum

They a re : A la IV espas iana Dardan-

A la IF lau ia G aetu lorum , A la Ga l loru m F lau iana , Cohors I F lau ia

B r it tonu m a nd Cohors IF lau ia Co m magenorum.

I ti s p oss ib le t hat A la I

C laud ia Ga l loru m , w h ich f rom i t s t i t le i s a n o ld u n it a nd i s n o t p rev iously d ocu mented i n a ny o ther p rov ince , m igh t h ave b een i n t he e astern p art o f Moes ia a s e arly a s t he t ime o f Vespas ian , a lthough i ti s f i rst ment ioned i n a d ip lo ma i n 1 05.

F ina l ly t wo o ther f or ma t ions, o ne o f c ava lry a nd o ne o f i n-

f an try , a l though t hey a re men t ioned i n d ip lo mas o n ly i n 9 9 , b e longed t o t he a r my o f Moesia i n t he r e ign o f Vespas ian a s i s s hown b y t wo i nscr ipt ions f ound a t T om is a nd a no ther d iscovered a t Cap idava : n ioru m 6 15

a nd Cohors IVb iorum .6 16

A la IAsturum e6 14

A la IP anno-

I n t he l i gh t o f p resen t e v idence , b y t he

l as t q uarter o f t he i st c entury A . D., t he m il itary f orces i n e astern Moes ia , a nd a f ter t he d iv is ion o f t he p rov ince t hose s tat ioned i n Moes ia I n fer ior, w ou ld h ave c o mpr ised s ix u n its o f c ava lry a nd n ine f or ma t ions o f i n fan try 6 17 w ith a t o ta l s treng th o f a pprox i mately 7 ,500 men . We w il l n ow t ry t o d eter m ine wh ich u n its among t hese w ere s tat ioned i n Dobrud ja a nd w here w ere t he ir a ctua l b ases.

By c ons ider ing t he ir l ater l oca-

t i ons we c an s ecure ly p lace t he f o l low ing u n its i n Bu lgar ia : Cohors I F lau ia B r it tonu m s ee ms t o h ave g arr isoned Durostoru m b efore t he a rr iva l o f L eg io X I C laud ia 6 18

a nd a f ter 1 07 i tw as moved t o S exag in ta P r ista. 6 19

3 5

Cohors

I L ucens iu m w as a t Abr ittus 6 2 °a nd Cohors IC laud ia S uga mbroru m u eterana a t Mon tana. 6 21 The a pprox i mate n umber o f u n its s tat ioned i n Dobrud ja a nd t he ir i den t if icat ion r e ma in t o b e s et t led. Among t he f ort if ied s et t le men ts o f t he 2 nd-3rd c en tur ies , Aeg issus a nd T roes m is, i n a dd it ion t o t he w estern Pon t ic c o lon ies, c erta in ly e x isted f ro m t he I st c entury a nd maybe e arl ier , a ccord ing t o O v id .6 22 The Celt ic o r ig in o f t he n a mes Arrub iu m a nd N ov iodunu m 6 23

d e monstra te t hat t hey w ere f ort i-

f i ed i n a n e arl ier p er iod a nd p resu mab ly t hey w ere r estored i n t he p er iod w ith w h ich w e a re d ea l ing.

Ax iopo l is w as a lso a n o ld s et t le men t ;

h ave b een c onnected w ith t he c a mpa igns o f L ys i machos ,

6 24

i t s b eg inn ings

b u t e xcava t ions ,

a dm it ted ly o f al im ited k ind , h ave p roduced a lmost n o th ing d a tab le t o t he e arly Ro man p er iod. 6 25

The f ind ing o f a n O lb ian c o in a t S a lsov ia s hows t he e x istence

o f as et t le men t t here f rom t he 5 th c entury B .0 .6 26 T he f ort i f icat ions o f t he s et t le men ts b ear ing Thrac ian n a mes c ou ld a lso b e o lder :

S uc idava , S ac idava , Cao idava , Cars iu m , C ius , Beroe, a nd D inoget ia.

6 27

Among t hese , w e k now w ith c erta in ty t ha t t he f ort a t Cars iu m was b u i l t b y A la IH ispanorum e t Ar(a )uacoru m i n 1 03 i n t he r e ign o f T ra jan ,

6 28

a nd w e may

t herefore a ssu me t hat n o f ort if icat ion w as b u i lt h ere i n t he F lav ian p er iod.

The

s a me s i tua t ion i s e ncoun tered a t Beroe , w here t here a re n o Ro man r e ma ins d at ing f ro m b efore t he 2 nd c en tury. S ac idava : t ury6 31

6 29

The f o l low ing c ohorts a re a t tested a t

Cohors IC il icu m 6 3 °w h ich a rr ived i n Dobrud ja o n ly i n t he 2 nd c en-

a nd b efore , I b el ieve, Cohors I Ga l lorum 6 32 ,t he o n ly c ohort o f Gau ls among

t hose e x ist ing i n t hese a reas w h ich i s n ot men t ioned i n t he d ip lo mas i ssued b y Vespas ian a nd Do m it ian . F ina l ly , r e ma ins d at ing a s e ar ly a s t h is h ave n ot b een f ound a t D inoge t ia i n t he s e t t le men t o f B iser icut ,a-Garvin , a nd e ven t hose f ro m t he 2 nd c en tury a re s poradic ;633

t he f or t if ica t ions a t Barbosi o n t he l e f t b ank

o f t he Danube w as a lso b u ilt i n t he t ime o f T ra jan .6 34

I tf o l lows t ha t m il itary

u n its w ou ld h ave b een b ased i n F lav ian t imes a t S uc idava , Ax iopo l is , Cap idava , C ius , Troes m is, Arrub iu m , N ov iodunum , Aeg issus , S a lsov ia a nd p oss ibly i n t he w estern Pont ic c it ies.

On t he b as is o f t egu lae a nd e p igraph ica l mater ia l

f ound t o d a te , w e c an d raw t he c onc lus ions t hat A la IP annon ioru m 6 35 s tat ioned a t T roes m is u n t i l t he a rr iva l o f L eg io V Macedon ica , w as a b ase o f t he Danub ian f l eet a t N ov iodunu m 6 37 Co m magenoru m 6 38

a nd Cohors V I I G a l loru m 6 39

i n t he n e ighbourhood.

6 36

was

t ha t t here

a nd t hat Cohors IF lau ia

w ere s ta t ioned a t T om is o r

The f rag men t o f ad ip loma f ound a t S a lsov ia d at ing i n

t he t ime o f N erva 6 4 °c ou ld i nd ica te t hat a c ava lry u n it ( Ala IF lau ia G aetu lorum o r A la IC laud ia Ga l lorum ) o r ac ohort o f Gau ls ( Cohors I I o r I I I G a l loru m ) w as s tat ioned t here.

I ti s r isky t o t ry t o f or mu late p rec ise d eta ils i n a dd it ion

t o t hese , a lthough s o me s uch a t te mp ts h ave b een made .6 41 w as a pparen t ly s tat ioned a t C ap idava ; b ur ied t here .

6 42

Cohors IVb iorum

i t s s ign i fer , M. Cocce ius V it lus, w as

We a re a lso c er ta in t ha t A la IV espas iana Dardanoru m 643

was b ased a t A rrub iu m e ven f ro m F lav ian t imes a s t he e pigraph ica l e v idence f ro m t he 2 nd c entury e loquen t ly s hows . W ith r egard t o A la IAsturu m , i t s b ase i s n o t k nown , b u t i tc an b e l ocated a l most c erta in ly i n Dobrud ja , a s i s s uggested b y t he i nscr ipt ion o f av eteran f ound a t T om is.

6 44

The p resence o f t h is v eteran i n To m is d oes n o t mean t hat

t he u n it w as s tat ioned h ere , b u t i ti s p robable t hat h e c a me f ro m s o mewhere n ot f ar f rom t he c ity , a nd c erta in ly f ro m o ne o f t he f ort if ied s et t le men ts o n t he Danube :

S uc idava , Ax iopo lis ,

C ius o r Aeg issus.

3 6

These e x is ted a t t h is

t ime b u t s o f ar t here i s n o e v idence f or t he p resence o f a ny u n it t here i n F lav ian t imes.

Ib e l ieve w e must e xclude C ius f ro m o ur l i st a s t he b ase o f

A la IAsturum , s ince i ts ee ms t hat Cohors I L us itanoru m Cyrena ica w h ich a ppears w ith A la IAsturu m 6 46 t here a l i t t le l ater. e lsewhere.

o n t he s a me d ip lo ma i n 9 9 , w as s tat ioned

We may t herefore a ssu me t hat A la IAsturum w as f or merly

As t o Ax iopo l is a nd Aeg issus , t here i s n o e v idence t hat a ux il iary

t roops o f e ither c ava lry o r i n fan try , w ere s tat ioned t here d ur ing t he P r inc ipate, b u t o n ly s a i lors.

T h is may b e c hance , b u t i ts ee ms r easonab le t hat t hese w ere

s econdary b ases f or t he C lass is F lau ia Moes ica. 6 47 I t s ee ms t o me more p laus ible , i fw e l oca te t he b ase o f A la IAsturu m o n t he Danube, t o a ssu me t ha t i t w as a t S uc idava , a n importan t p lace w h ich w as n o t om it ted b y a ny l a ter s ource ,

6 48

b u t o f w h ich w e k now v ery l i t t le ow ing t o t he c o mp lete l ack o f

e xcava t ions a nd t he f act t hat c hance f inds a re v ery f ew . S o me o f t he u n its men t ioned i n t he d ip lo mas i ssued b y Vespas ian a nd whose f u ture move men ts a re u nknown ( Cohors ICan tabroru m , Cohors V I I I Ga l loru m , C ohors IS uga mbrorum t i ronum ) may h ave b een s ta t ioned a t C ius , i f Cohors I L us itanorum Cyrena ica w as n o t a lready e stab l ished t here 9 9 , a fter i t s a rr iva l f rom A fr ica , i s n o t k nown .

a s i t s b ase b efore

I ti s a lso p oss ible t hat t he

f or t if icat ions a t C ius w ere c onstructed a f ter t ha t d ate. With r egard t o t he o ther u n its c oncern ing wh ich w e h ave n o i n for mat ion a s t o t he p laces w here t hey w ere s tat ioned i n F lav ian t imes ( Ala Ga l lorum F lau iana

Cohors I F lau ia Bessoru m a nd t hree o r f our u n its wh ich may h ave

b een b ased a t S a lsou ia ) i ti s p robab le t hat t he ir b ases w ere i n Bu lgar ia.

To

s um u p , i n t h is p er iod t he f orts a nd t he ir g arr isons i n Dobrud ja w ere a s f o l lows : 1 .

S uc idava?

A la IAsturum?

2 .

Ax iopo l is

C lass is F lau ia Moes ica?

3 . 4 .

Cap idava Ar rub ium

Cohors IVb ioru m A la IVespas iana Dardanoru m

5 .

T roes m is

A la IPannon ioru m

6 .

N ov iodunum

C lass is F lau ia Moes ica

7 .

Aeg issus

C lass is F lau ia Moes ica?

8 .

S a lsov ia

A la IF lau ia Gaetu loru m

o r

A la IC laud ia Ga l loru m

o r

Cohors I I 9 .

To m is

o r I I I Ga l loru m

Cohors IF lau ia Co m magenoru m

a nd

Cohors V I I Ga l loru m C erta in ly , t here i s ag rea t c oef f ic ien t o fp robab i li ty i n t h is s u m mary wh ich may b e improved a s n ew e v idence c oncern ing t he mi li tary u n i ts i n t he r espec ti ve p er iod i s f orthcom ing . The r e ign o f T ra jan s aw a c ons iderab le i ncrease i n t he s treng th o f t he m i l itary f orce i n Dobrud ja a nd t he c o mp let ion o f d efen s ive works o n t he f ront i ers. " 9 The m i l itary e stab l ishmen t w as mass ively r e in forced a f ter t he e nd o f t he Dac ian w ar, w hen t wo l eg ions w ere s tat ioned a t t he mou th o f t he Danube : L eg io X I C laud ia a t Durostoru m a nd L eg io V Macedon ica a t T roes m is .6 50 N ew a ux il iary f orces , d if feren t f ro m t hose k nown t o h ave b een h ere p rev iously , a rr ived i n t he p rov ince.

The f o l low ing u n i ts a re a t tested f or t he f i rst t ime i n

Moes ia I n fer ior b y d ip lo mas i ssued i n 9 9 :6 51

A la I H ispanoru m e t Ar (a )uacorum ,

C ohors IBracaraugustanorum , Cohors I Cha lc idenorum , Cohors I Ga l lorum , Cohors IH ispanorum u eterana , Cohors I L ep id iana C .R., Cohors I L us itanorum

3 7

Cyrena ica , a nd Cohors I Mat t iacoru m.

I tf o l lows t ha t o ne a la a nd e ight c o-

h orts w ere a dded t o t he s ix a lae a nd n ine c ohorts wh ich w ere p rev ious ly s tat i oned h ere. Consequen t ly t he s treng th o f t he a ux il iary f orces r eached a t o ta l o f 1 2,000 men . We may n ote t hat t he d ip lo ma o f 1 05 6 52 d oes n o t ment ion o ther t roops a part f rom t hose a t tested i n 9 9 o r i n F lav ian t imes. The j ust if ica t ion f or s uch a h igh c oncen trat ion o f t roops w as n o t o n ly t he n eed t o r e in force t he f ron t iers o n t he L ower Danube , b u t w as p r i mar i ly t he p repara t ions f or t he w ars a ga inst Deceba lus. On ly a p art o f t hese f or ma t ions a ctua l ly r e ma ined i n t he a r my o f Moes ia I nfer ior, s o me o f t he m b e ing s tat ioned i n t h e n ew p rov inces, o thers b e ing s en t e lsewhere.

As a r esu lt , i n o rder t o

i den t ify t he u n its wh ich r e ma ined a t tached t o t he p er manen t a r my o f t he p rov ince s ou th o f t he Danube i n t he t ime o f Tra jan , w e must t ake i n to a ccoun t t he p o l it ica l e ven ts a nd t he move men ts o f t roops wh ich t ook p lace e ven d ur ing h is r e ign . Cons ider ing t h is , a nd a pp ly ing t he e p igraph ic i n for ma t ion , we may d ist ingu ish s evera l g roups o f t roops i n t er ms o f w hat h appened t o t he m a f ter t he c onquest o f Dac ia. F irst ly , i ts hou ld b e n o ted t hat t he m il itary u n its w h ich r e ma ined i n t he n ew p rov ince a f ter t he w ar 6 53

a re l a ter e ncoun tered i n t he a r my o f Dac ia

I n fer ior i n t he d ip lo mas o f 1 29 6 54 H ispanorum u eterana ) a nd 1 40 6 55

( Cohors I F lau ia Bessorum a nd Cohors I ( A la IA sturu m , A la IC laudia Ga l loru m ,

Cohors IF lau ia Co m magenoru m a nd Cohors IH ispanorum ).

Cohors IH ispan-

o rum i s k nown n o t t o h ave b een i n a ct ion i n Moes ia I n fer ior f or a l ong t ime a nd t o h ave b een t e mporar ily s tat ioned a t S tob i i n Macedon ia.

6 56

As r egards

Cohors ITyr ioru m t here i s n o i n for ma t ion a part f ro m t he men t ion i n t he d ipl o ma f ro m P lovd iv 6 57

o f i t s p resence i n Moes ia I n fer ior.

b rough t h ere o n ly t o b e t ra ined f or t he Dac ian w ars.

I t was p robably

The r e ma in ing f our u n its

f or med p art o f t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior f or a l ong t ime. Cohors IF lau ia Com magenoru m d e mands o ur a t ten t ion .

A mong t he m ,

I ti s e ncoun tered a t

To m is i n t he t ime o f Vespas ian a nd a f terwards, b etween t he t wo Dac ian wars , i ti s d ocumen ted a s b e ing i n t he f ort a t Dra jna d e S us 6 58

w ith d etachmen ts o f

t he Moes ian l eg ions 6 59 . I tw as t herefore d ependen t o n t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior.

I tw as l ater r e moved t o O l ten ia 6 6 °a nd r e ma ined a t tached t o t he

a r my o f t he n ew p rov ince. I n t he d ip lo ma f ro m Ada mcl is i6 61

d a t ing f rom 1 12 e igh t u n its r eappear

i n 'the a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior, h av ing r e turned t o t he s ou th o f t he Danube a f ter t he c onquest o f Dac ia :

A la IVespas iana Dardanorum , A la IF lau ia

Gaetu lorum , Cohors IB racaraugustanorum , Cohors I L ep id iana C .R . , Cohortes I , I I , V I I Ga l loru m

a nd Cohors I L ucens ium.

S o me o f t hese

u n its r ecovered f ro m t he e f fects o f t he w ar i n Moes ia I n fer ior, a nd w ere moved t o o ther p rov inces i n t he r e ign o f T ra jan : t o Pannon ia I n fer ior , w here i s a ttested i n 1 14, t he O r ien t6 63 1 29.664

6 62

A la IF lau ia Gaetu loru m Cohors IL ep id iana C . R. t o

a nd Cohors I I Ga l loru m t o Dac ia w here i ti s d ocu men ted i n

I t may b e t hat Cohors V I I Ga l lorum , w h ich i s a t tested i n S yr ia 665

u p t o t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury , w as r e moved f rom Moes ia I n fer ior a t t he e nd o f t he r e ign o f T ra jan o r a t t he l atest u nder H adr ian .

P robab ly Cohors

IBracaraugustanorum a nd Cohors I Ga l lorum w h ich a re r ecorded i n Dacia I n fer ior o n ly i n 1 40 6 66

r e ma ined t o t he s ou th o f t he Danube f or s ome t ime , 3 8

u n t il t hey w ere r ep laced b y Cohors IC i l icum a nd Cohors IThracum S yr iaca w h ich h ad b een t aken f rom Moes ia S uper ior , w here t hey a re l ast ment ioned i n 1 00. 6 67 The l a test d ate f or t h is move i s 1 34, w hen Cohors IC i l icum i s ment ioned a s b e ing i n Moes ia I n fer ior i n t he d ip loma f rom G iurg iu . 668 Th is move may h ave t aken p lace i n t he t ime o f T ra jan .

The o n ly u n its among t hose

ment ioned b yt he d ip lo ma o f 1 12 k nown t o h ave r e ma ined i n Moes ia I n fer ior f or al ong t ime a re A la IVespas iana Dardanorum a nd Cohors I L ucens ium. Another g roup o fu n its c o mpr ises A la Ga l lorum F lau iana , Cohors 11 Ga l loru m a nd Cohors IVb iorum ;

a l though t hey a re n o t men t ioned i n t he d ip-

l o ma o f 12, t hey c erta in ly r eturned a ga in t o t he a rea s ou th o f t he Danube a f ter t he Dac ian w ars , w here t hey w ere s tat ioned f or s ome t ime, a nd w ere t hen u sed t o s upp ly r e in force men ts a s r equ ired t o o ther p rov inces. One o f t he l acunae i nt he t ex t o f t he d ip lo ma o f 12 m igh t b e c o mp leted a s Cohors I Vb ioru m. 6 69 These t hree u n its a ppear l ater i n S yr ia 6 70 ( Cohors 1 1 1 Ga l lon = i nt he midd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury ) ,i n Dac ia S uper ior 6 71 1 44 ) a nd i n Moes ia S uper ior 6 72

( Cohors IVb iorum i n

( Ala Ga l lorum F lau iana . i n 1 59/160 ).

Cohors IVb iorum w h ich Ih ave a ssumed t o h ave b een s tat ioned a t Cap idava w as moved t o Dac ia S uper ior i n 1 43 o n t he o ccas ion o f t he a t tacks b y t he f ree Dac ians f rom n orth T ransy lvan ia. 6 73

I tw as r ep laced b y Cohors IG er man-

o rum wh ich h ad b een t ransferred f rom G er man ia S uper ior, w here i ti s a ttested f or t he l ast t ime i n 1 34,

6 74

t o Moes ia I n fer ior b efore 1 50 when i ts ee ms t hat

t h is u n it p art ic ipated i n t he c a mpa ign a ga inst t he A lans t o t he n orth o f t he B lack S ea. I tr eturned f rom t here t o Cap idava a s i s i nd icated b y t he d ed icat i on s et u p t o For tuna Redux6 75

b y L . A t t il ius , t he p robab le c o mmandan t o f

t he c ohor t. 6 76 I tt herefore f o l lows t hat Cohors IGer manorum w as moved t o Moes ia I n fer ior b etween 1 43 a nd 1 49 a nd i n a ny c ase b efore 1 55 , w hen i ti s men t ioned i n t he d ip lomas f rom B restovene i n t he r e ign o f Anton inus P ius .6 77 A la IP annon iorum , w h ich w as s tat ioned a t Troes m is b efore t he a rr iva l o f L eg io V Macedon ica ,

6 78

i s i n as pec ia l s i tuat ion .

T ra jan o n ly i nt he d ip loma f rom O l t ina 6 79

o f 9 9.

I t may p oss ib ly h ave b een

r eferred t o i n t he d ip loma o f 12 ( t he e d itors o f C l acuna s hou ld b e c omp le ted w ith i t s n ame ) t here i s n o men t ion o f t h is u n it .

• 681

I ti s ment ioned u nder L .6 80

s uggest

t hat t he

I n a ny c ase , a fter t h is d ate

P erhaps t h is a la was c omb ined w ith a u n it

o f Gau ls a nd b ecame A la IGa l lorum e t P annon iorum 6 82

w h ich i s d ocumen ted

i n Moes ia I n fer ior a f ter t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury , b u t t h is i s a n u nconv inc ing h ypo thes is. F ina l ly s ix u n its , a l though t hey a re n ot men t ioned b y t he d ip loma o f 12, r eturned t o Moes ia I n fer ior a f ter t he Dac ian w ars.

They a re n amed i n t he

l a ter d ip lomas o f t he p rov ince a nd b y i nscr ip t ions.

They r e ma ined h ere f or

al ong t ime , s ome o f t he m u n t il t hey d isappeared.

The s ix u n its a re : A la I

H ispanorum e t Ar(a )uacorum , Cohors I F lau ia Br it tonum , Cohors I Cha lc id enoru m s ag i t tar iorum , Cohors IL us itanorum Cyrena ica , Cohors I Matt iac orum a nd Cohors IC laud ia S uga mbrorum u eterana .683 To s ummar ise :

t he a ux il iary u n its a t tested i n Moes ia I n fer ior b y t he

T ra jan ic d ip lomas a re a s f o l lows : 1 . w ars;

Un its w h ich r e ma ined i n t he n ew p rov ince a f ter t he e nd o f t he Dac ian a l l a re r eferred t o a s b e ing i n Dac ia I n fer ior l a ter a nd t hey a re n o t

men t ioned i n t he d ip loma o f 12 o f t he Moes ian a r my . 3 9

A la IAsturum A la IC laud ia Ga l lorum Cohors IF lau ia Co m magenoru m Cohors IH ispanorum u eterana Cohors ITyr iorum Cohors I F lau ia Bessoru m 2 .

Un its a t tested i n Moes ia I n fer ior i n 1 12, w here t hey h ave b een b rough t

b ack u p t o f u l l s treng th : A la IVespas iana Dardanorum , w h ich r e ma ined i n Moes ia I n fer ior; A la IF lau ia Gaetu loru m , moved b y T ra jan t o P annon ia I n fer ior; C ohors IBracaraugustanoru m , was moved t o Dac ia I nfer ior , a f ter i th ad r e ma ined i n Moes ia I nfer ior f or s o me t ime , b e ing r ep laced b y C ohors IThracu m S yr iaca wh ich c ame f ro m Moes ia S uperior ; Cohors IL ep id iana C . R. ,moved t o t he E ast b y T ra jan; Cohors I L ucens ium —wh ich w as t o r e ma in i n Moes ia I n fer ior; Cohors I Ga l lorum , k ept i n Moes ia I n fer ior f or s o me t ime a nd l a ter moved t o Dac ia I nfer ior ;

i t was r ep laced b y C ohors I

C i l icu m t aken f ro m Moes ia S uper ior ; Cohors I I Ga l lorum , moved t o Dac ia I n fer ior , p erhaps b y T ra jan; Cohors V I I Ga l loru m , moved t o S yr ia a t t he l atest u nder H adr ian. 3 .

Un its wh ich r eturned t o Moes ia I n fer ior af t er t he e nd o f t he w ars a nd

d o n o t a ppear i n t h is p rov ince i n d ip lo mas d a t ing f ro m 1 12 o r l ater; t hey w ere l ater moved t o o ther p rov inces : A la Ga l lorum F lau iana , e ncoun tered i n Moes ia S uper ior i n 1 59/160; Cohors IVb io nun , moved t o Dac ia S uper ior i n 1 43;

i tw as r ep laced

b y Cohors IGer manorum; Cohors 1 1 1 Ga l loru m , a t tested i n S yr ia b y ad ip lo ma o f 1 34/154. 4 .

Un i t w hose n a me h as b een c hanged : A la IP annon iorum , a ccord ing t o s o me , b eca me A la IGa l loru m e t P annon iorum a nd r e ma ined i n Moes ia I n fer ior .

5 .

Un its r eturned t o Moes ia I n fer ior;

t hey a re n ot a t tested b y t he

d ip lo ma o f 1 12, b u t a re r eferred t o i n t h is p rov ince i n l ater d ip lo mas o r i nsc r ip t ions : A la I H ispanorum e t Ar(a )uacoru m Cohors ILus itanoru m Cyrena ica Cohors IC laud ia S uga mbrorum u eterana Cohors I F lau ia Br it tonum Cohors I Cha lc idenorum s ag it tar iorum Cohors I Mat t iacorum I tc an b e s een t ha t t he p er manen t a r my o f Moes ia I nfer ior c onsis ted o f 4a lae ( IV espas iana Dardanoru m , Ga l loru m F lau iana , IH ispanoru m e t Ar (a )uacoru m a nd P annonioru m wh ich may h ave b eco me IGa l loru m e t P annonioru m ) a nd 1 1 c ohor tes ( IB racaraugus tanoru m wh ich was r ep laced b y IT hracu m S yr iaca , IG a l loru m r ep laced b y IC i l icu m wh ich was mi l liar ia , I I I a nd WI Ga l loru m ,

4 0

IL ucens iu m , IL us i tanoru m C yrena ica , I Ma t t iacoru m , IC laudia S ugambroru m u e terana a nd IV b ioru m ) .

T ha t i s t o s ay , t he n u mber o f a ux i liary u n i ts was u n-

c hanged f ro m F lav ian t imes a nd r eached a t o ta l o f 8 000 men .

S ince L eg io X I

C laudia was b rough t t o D urostoru m a nd L eg io V Macedon ica was t ransferred f ro m Oescus t o T roes m is a f ter t he c onquest o f Dac ia , t he n u mber o f s o ldiers s erv ing i n t he e as tern p ar t o ft he p rov ince i ncreased b y a pprox i ma te ly 1 2 ,000 men . 6 84 T h is i ncrease i n t he mi li tary s treng th i n t hese a reas was n ecessary b ecause t h is s ec t ion o f t he D anube f ron t ier was t he most e xposed t o e nemy a t tacks , wh i le t he s ecur i ty o f t he western p ar t o f Moesia I nfer ior was e nsured b y t he n ew p rov ince c rea ted t o t he n or th o f t he D anube . I ti s p resu mab ly f or t he s ame r eason t ha t C ohors IC i l icu m a nd C ohors IT hracu m S yr iaca were t aken t o Moesia I n fer ior u nder T ra jan , a l though t hey a re ment ioned i n d ip lo mas o n ly i n t he r e igns o f H adr ian 6 85 a nd Antoninus P ius .6 86 T hey were r ep laced b y t wo o ft he r ecovered u n i ts i n 1 12 , n ame ly C ohors I Ga l loru m a nd C ohors IB racaraugustanoru m wh ich h ad b een t ransferred t o t he a r my i n Dac ia . The m i l itary o rgan izat ion o f Dac ia c arr ied o u t b y T ra jan , r el ied a lso o n t he c o mp let ion o f t he f ort if icat ion w orks o n t he Danub ian f ron t ier a nd p robab ly o n t he b u ild ing o f n ew d efens ive w a l ls r ound t he Pon t ic c it ies. There i s s ome p rec ise i n for ma t ion a va ilable c oncern ing t hese works. For e xa mp le , w e h ave t he i nscr ip t ion f rom t he f ort a t C ars ium , w h ich w as e rected b y A la I H ispano rum e t Ar(a )uacorum i n 1 03. 6 87 A d ed icat ion t o t he emperor d a t ing f rom 12 h as b een f ound a t Barbos i. 6 88

We a lso k now t hat d etach men ts o f t he u n its

s tat ioned i n Moes ia I n fer ior Were i n a ct ion o n t he n orthern Pont ic c oast f ro m a n i nscr ip t ion f ound a t Tyras 6 89 d a t ing f rom 16-117. We c an s ay w ith c ert a in ty t hat a l l t he f ort if icat ions men t ioned b y t he s ources f rom t he 2 nd a nd 3 rd c en tury w ere b u il t i n t he t ime o f T ra jan i ft hey d id n ot e x ist e arl ier.

The

f or t if ied s et t le men t a t T ropaeum T ra ian i w as f ounded a t t h is t ime .690 I n a dd it ion t o t he f ort o f T roes m is, w h ich w as t he b ase o f L eg io V Maced on ica , t here i s s ome f a irly r el iab le i n for ma t ion o n t he p laces a t w h ich a ux il iary t roops w ere s tat ioned i n t he r e ign o f T ra jan , a f ter t he e nd o f t he D ac ian w ars.

They w ere s tat ioned i n t hese f orts e arl ier o r t hey w ere p laced

b y t he c onqueror o f Dac ia i n t hese f orts w h ich a re n ow a t tested f or t he f i rst t ime.

The f o l low ing u n its w ere s tat ioned i n Bu lgar ia a t t h is t ime a s w el l a s

i nt he p reced ing p er iod :

Cohors I F lau ia B r it tonum moved , a f ter t he a rr iva l

o f L eg io X I C laud ia a t Durostorum , t o S exag in ta P r ista a nd Cohors I L ucens ium w as s tat ioned a t Abr i ttus. t he B lack S ea :

The f o l low ing u n its w ere i n a ct ion t o t he n orth o f

Cohors 1 1 1 Cypr ia C .R., a t tested h ere b efore i t s d eparture

t o Dac ia w here i ti s men t ioned i n 10 ,

6 91

Cohors IBracaraugustanoru m 6 92

w h ich s ee ms t o b e r ep laced e i ther b y Cohors IThracum S yr iaca 6 93

a f ter 12,

o r b y o n ly a d etachmen t o f t he s a me ; i tw as a t T rans mar isca. 694 Detachmen ts o f Cohors I L ucens ium a nd Cohors IC i l icum 6 95 o perated a s a ux il ia o f t he l eg ionary v ex il lat ion f rom t here 6 96

o n t he n orthern-Pon t ic c oast .

With r egard t o D obrud ja , Cohors IVb iorum r eta ined i t s b ase a t Cap idava , a s w el l a s A la IVespas ian Dardanorum a t Arrub ium a nd Cohors V I I Ga l lorum a t To m is.

As was a ssumed a bove , an umber o f u n its may h ave b een s tat ioned

a tS a lsov ia i n t he t ime o f N erva a nd e ven b efore t h is i fw e t ake i n to c ons iderat i on t he f ragmen t o f ad ip lo ma f ound t here :6 97

A la IF lau ia Gaetu lorum , A la

IC laud ia G a l loru m , C ohortes I I o r I I I G a l lorum.

4 1

O f t hese u n its o n ly t he l ast

r e ma ined i n Moes ia I n fer ior f or a l ong t ime , b u t t h is c annot b e a n a rgumen t i n s upport o f t he h ypothes is t hat t he d ip loma w as r eferr ing t o t h is c ohort , e spec ia l ly i fw e t ake i n to a ccoun t t he f act t ha t , f or e xa mp le , av eteran o f Cohors 1 1 1 Ga l lorum i s e ncoun tered a s e stab l ished f ar away a t O escus .6 98 Among t he u n i ts wh ich were t ransferred t o t hese a reas f or t he f irs t t ime b y T ra jan , A la I H ispanoru m e t A r (a )uacoru m was s ta t ioned a t C ars iu m w here i t i s men t ioned a lso i n 2 00.699 Cohors I Mat t iacorum 7 00 w as s tat ioned a tD inog et ia ( Barboe ) b u t maybe a lso a t B iser icu tia -Garvän ).

I ts eems t hat C ohors

IL us itanorum Cyrena ica 7 °1 g arr isoned C iu-s . A r easonable h ypo thes is c an b e p u t f orward i nt he c ase o f S ac idava , w here at o mbstone o f av eteran b elong ing t o ac ohort o f G au ls 7 02

h as b een f ound ; t he

b ad s tate o fp reserva t ion o f t he s tone d oes n ot a l low u s t o i den t ify t he n umeral o f t he u n it , b u t s ince a d ip loma c on ferred o n as o ld ier o f Cohors I Ga l loru m 7 °3 i n 9 9 h as b een f ound n o t f ar f rom h ere a t O lt ina ( Alt inum o r A lt ina i n t h e p eriod o f t he Do m inate ) , 7 °4 s ince t here i s n o e v idence f or t he e x istence o f af or t t here i n t he 2 nd c en tury , i ti s p oss ib le t hat t he i nscr ipt ion r efers t o t he s a me u n it. I tw as p robab ly s tat ioned b y T ra jan a t S ac idava where t he f ort w as b u i l t , a nd l ater i tw as s en t t o Dac ia a f ter 12 w hen i tw as r ep laced b y Cohors IC i l icu m wh ich a rr ived f rom Moes ia S uper ior a nd l e f t af ragmen t o f s ta mped b r ick a nd af ew i nscr ipt ions f ound a t S ac idava .

7 05

A s i n t he p receding p er iod , b ases f or t he f l ee t e x isted a t N ov iodunum a nd p robab ly a t Ax iopo lis a nd A eg issus; i n t he t ime o ft he P r inc ipa te , t here a re n o o ther mi l i tary u ni ts a t tes ted i n t hese c entres . There i s n o e v idence c oncern ing t he p resence o f a ux il iary t roops a t Trop aeum T ra ian i.

T he l ater i nscr ip t ions 7 06

s how t ha t av ex il lat ion o f L eg io X I

C laud ia , n ot men t ioned i n t he t ime o f T ra jan , w as s tat ioned h ere. There a re s ome f ort if ied s et t le men ts w hose m i l itary u n its g arr isoned h ere i n t he t ime o f T ra jan c annot b e i den t if ied : a nd Ha l myr is .

S uc idava , B eroe , S a lsov ia

O f t he P on t ic c i t ies , p robab ly o n ly T om is h ad a g arr ison .

A t t h is t ime , b oth t he c i t izen a nd mi li tary f orma t ions d e tached f ro m t he n eares t l eg ions , a s s eems t o b e i ndica ted b y t he t egu lae ,

7° 7

c ontr ibu ted t o

t he b ui lding o fd efences i n a l l t hree G reek c o lon ies . S o me a ux i l iary u n its w ere r eta ined i nt he p er manen t a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior, whose b ase i s n o t k nown : A la Ga l lorum F lau iana , A la IP annon io ru m moved f rom Troes m is a f ter t he a rr iva l o f L eg io V Macedon ica , C ohors I Cha lc idenorum s ag it tar iorum a nd Cohors 1 1 1 G a l lorum.

We d o n o t k now

t he a ctua l s ite o f t he e nca mpmen t i n Moes ia I n fer ior u sed b y t he t roops f or a s hort t ime u n t il t hey w ere s en t t o o ther p rov inces. t he d ip lo ma o f 1 12 :

They a re men t ioned i n

A la IF lau ia Gaetu lorum , C ohors I l G a l loru m a nd Cohors

IL ep id iana C . R . The s ituat ion o f t he f ort if ied s et t le ments i n Dobrud ja a nd o f t he m i l itary u n its s tat ioned i n t he m i n T ra jan 's r e ign , a f ter t he e nd o f t he Dac ian w ars, i s a s f o l lows :

4 2

1 .

S uc idava

2 .

S ac idava

Cohors I Ga l lorum a nd t hen Cohors I C il icum

3 .

Ax iopo l is

4 .

C ap idava

5 .

C ars ium

C lass is F lau ia Moes ica? Cohors IVb iorum A la I H ispanorum e t Ar(a )uacorum

6 .

C ius

Cohors IL us itanorum Cyrena ica?

7 .

B eroe?

8 .

T roes m is

9 .

A rrub ium

L eg io V Macedon ica A la IVespas iana Dardanorum

1 0. 1.

D inoget ia N ov iodunum

Cohors I Mat t iacorum

1 2.

A eg issus

C lass is F lau ia Moes ica?

C lass is F lau ia Moes ica ?( maybe Cohors 1 1 1 G al lorum? )

1 3.

S a lsov ia

1 4.

Tom is

1 5.

T ropaeum T ra ian i

Cohors V I I Gal lorum Vex il lat io L eg ion is X I C laud iae?

S ince t he b ases o fA la Ga l lorum F lau iana , A la IP annon iorum a nd Cohors I Cha lc idenorum s ag it tar ioru m a re n o t k nown , w e may a ssume t hat t wo o f t hese u n its m igh t h ave b een s ta t ioned i n p laces i n wh ich t here i s n o e v idence f or t he p resence o f a ny m i l itary u n it , n a mely S uc idava a nd B eroe. I ti s t o b e h oped t hat f uture i nvest iga t ions w il l t hrow l i gh t o n s o me o bscure a spects o f d ep loymen t o f t he t roops i n t he r e ign o f T ra jan a nd t ha t i tw il l c omp lete o r c orrect t he p icture g iven a bove.

I ti s c erta in t ha t t he d efens ive s yste m a nd

t he mil itary o rgan iza t ion o f Dobrud ja w as t he w ork o f T ra jan ;

h e d irected

h is a t ten t ion e spec ia l ly t o t he Danub ian f ron t ier b u t h e w as a lso p reoccup ied w ith t he d efences b oth o n t he w estern a nd n or thern s hores o f t he B lack S ea. I n t he c oasta l z one , i n a dd it ion t o Cohors V I I Gal lorum w h ich Ia ssumed w as g arr isoned a t Tom is a nd t o p oss ib le d etach men ts f rom l eg ions i nvo lved i n t he b u ild ing o f f ort if icat ions , t wo i nscr ipt ions men t ion a c oncent rat ion o f t roops a t t h is t ime. F irst ly , af rag men t o f a n i nscr ip t ion f ound n ear Constan ta o f w h ich o n ly t he l ast l et ters o f t wo c entur ions ' c ogno mens ( . .. NO a nd ..E NS ) 7°8 c an b e d ist ingu ished ( t he n a me o f t he l eg ions i n wh ich t hey s erved b e ing u nknown ) a nd a f rag men t o f a marb le p laque f rom T om is l i st ing a n umber o fp raefect i e qu itum 7" o f w hose n ames o n ly a f ew g en t il ic ia ( Ael ius ? I u l ius , F lau ius, T ine ius ) h ave s urv ived.

Un fortuna tely w e d o n o t k now i ft he t wo

d ocu men ts r efer t o am i l itary o pera t ion , o r a re f rom a monumen t o r a re o f f unerary c haracter. I n a ny c ase t hey p rove t he e f fect ive p resence o f t he a r my a t T om is, e ven i f more n umerous t roops w ere s en t h ere o n ly f or a s hort t ime i n c onnect ion w ith s ome e ven t wh ich i s u nknown b y u s. Iw il l n o t d iscuss i n d eta il t he t roops men t ioned i n t he i nscr ipt ion o n t he f unerary a l tar f rom Ada mcl is i,

7 10

s ince t hey p layed n o p art i n t he g arr ison-

i ng o f t h is p rov ince a s t hey d id n o tb elong t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior b u t w ere s en th ere o n ly t o f i gh t a ga inst t he c oa l it ion f or med b y t he a l l ies o f D ecebalus , a nd immed ia te ly a f ter t h is r eturned t o t he Dac ian l imes. 7 11 Dobrud ja p rospered u nder Hadr ian who v is ited i tt w ice.

7 12

Apart f rom

t he Roxo lan i 's t hreat i n 1 12, t here i s n o e v idence t hat t h is a rea w as menaced b y o ther d angers.

H adr ian c ont inued t he w ork s tarted b y T ra jan , s treng th-

e n ing t he d efens ive s yste m o f t he p rov ince. 4 3

I ti s p oss ible t hat Hadr ian b u i lt

t he h ighway a cross Dobrud ja , a s s ee ms t o b e s uggested b y s ome mi lestones .7 13 He p robab ly p osted a d e tachmen t o f C ohors IC i l icum t o C e ta tea , t o s afeguard t he ma in r oute i ns ide D obrud ja a nd t o s urvey t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince ; i t mus t h ave s tayed t here f or a l ong t ime s ince t he s e t t lemen t t ook t he n ame o f C as te l lu m C i lic iu m . 7 14 There w ere n o important c hanges i n t he s treng th o f t he a r my i n Dobrud ja. Wi t h r egard t o t he a ux il iary t roops , s ome move men ts t ook p lace , b ut t he o vera l l n umber o f u n its r e ma ined a pprox i mately t he s ame a s t hat a t t he e nd o f T ra jan 's r e ign . The m il itary d ip lomas i ssued b y Hadr ian 7 15 men t ion a l arge n umber o f t he u n its a t tached b y T ra jan t o t he p er manen t a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior : A la I Vespas iana Dardanorum , A la I H ispanorum e t Ar (a )uacorum , Cohors I Cha lc id enoru m s ag i t tarioru m , Cohors IL us itanorum Cyrena ica , Cohors I Matt iac orum , Cohors IC laud ia S uga mbrorum u eterana.

A ccord ing t o s o me l ess

c onv inc ing o p in ions , A la IP annon iorum w as t o b ecome A la IGa l lorum e t Pann on iorum. Hadr ian p robab ly moved Cohortes I I I a nd V I I Ga l loru m t ot he O r ien t a nd a f ter t he d eparture o f t he s econd c ohort T om is w as l e ft w ithou t a g arr ison . T h is e xp la ins w hy t he c ity h onoured t he emperor f or r estor ing i t s f reedom. 7 16

Bo th t he u n its men t ioned a bove a re e ncoun tered i n S yr ia 7 17

i n

t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury a nd a re n o t men t ioned i n t he d ip lo mas o f Moes ia I n fer ior i ssued b y Hadr ian .

Four u n its a t tached t o t he a r my o f t h is p rov ince

a re a lso m iss ing , e i ther b y c hance o r ow ing t o t he l acuna i n t he d ip loma o f 1 38 : A la Ga l lorum F lau iana , Cohors I F lau ia B r it tonum , Cohors I L ucens ium a nd Cohors IVb iorum.

I ti s a lso p oss ib le t hat Cohors IThracum S yr iaca was

h ere a s e arly a s t he r e ign o f T ra jan , b u t i ti s o n ly l a ter men t ioned i n ad iploma u nder An ton inus P ius. The f o l low ing a ux i l iary u n i ts a re men t ioned i n d ip lomas f ro m Moes ia I n fer ior f or t he f i rst t ime u nder Hadr ian : Cohors IB racarum , Cohors I Cha lc idenorum a nd Cohors IC i l icum ( wh ich Ia ssume w as moved t o t h is p rov ince b y T ra jan ). O f t hese c ohorts, t he f i rst s ee ms t o h ave b een i nsta l led i n Bu lgar ia ;7 18 a s t o t he s econd u n it , t here i s n o e v idence f or i t s p resence i n t h is a rea e xcep t f or t he i nfor ma t ion g iven i n t he d ip lo ma o f 1 38 . O f t he t h ird , i nsta l led p robab ly b y T ra jan a t S ac idava , av ex i l la t ion was p laced n ear t he v i l lage o f C e ta tea s outh o f T ropaeu m T ra ian i .

I t s l eaders wou ld f ro m h ere

f u lf i l l v ar ious p ub lic f unc t ions i n t he n ew c i ty , when t he s e t t le men t a t A damc l isi h ad b eco me a mun ic ip iu m .7 19 I n a ddi t ion t o t hese f ew c hanges , C ohors I C laud ia S ugambroru m was s en t t o P hryg ia 72° f rom whence i t was t o r e turn t o Moesia I n fer ior 7 21 b ut p robab ly n ot t o i t s f ormer b ase a t Mon tana , w here o ther u n i ts a re a t tested ,

7 22

b ut t o a no ther p lace i n t he p rov ince , p erhaps a t

S uc idava i fw e a gree w i th t he v iew t ha t t he s tamped b r ick f ound t here 7 23 t he n ame o ft h is c ohor t .

b ears

To s um u p , i n c o mpar ison w ith t he s i tuat ion a t t he e nd o f Tra jan 's r e ign , t he f o l low ing move men ts o f a ux il iary t roops t ook p lace i n Dobrud ja u nder Hadr ian : Cohors V I I Ga l lorum w as t aken f rom T om is ( we d o n o t k now i f Cohors 1 1 1 Ga l lorum w as s t il l i n Dobrud ja a t t h is t ime ) ; Ad e tachmen t o f C ohors IC i l icu m was moved f ro m S ac idava t o C aste l lu m C i l icu m ; C ohors IC laudia S ugambroru m u e terana a rr ived , p oss ib ly a t S uc idava , a f ter a s hor t s tay i n A s ia . 4 4

Apart f ro m t hese c hanges , t he s ituat ion s ee ms t o h ave r e ma ined t he s a me a s i th ad b een i n t he t ime o f T ra jan t hough o f c ourse, w e must b e c au t ious i n mak ing e xac t s tate men ts a bou t t he s i tuat ion . The l atest k nown m i l itary d ip lo ma c oncern ing t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior c omes f ro m Brestovene 7 24

a nd w as i ssued b y An ton inus P ius.

The r e ign o f

t h is emperor was t he most p rosperous t ime i n t he h istory o f t hese a reas i n t he Ro man p er iod. 7 25

A l though t he Dobrud ja was n ot menaced b y e x terna l

d angers, s ome move men ts o f a ux i l iary t roops t ook p lace t o h elp d ea l w ith t hreats t o o ther p rov inces. O f t he u n its k nown t o h ave b een i n t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior a t a n e arl ier p er iod , t he f o l low ing a ppear i n t he d ip lo ma f ro m Brestovene :

A la IVespas iana

Dardanorum , A la I H ispanoru m e t Ar (a )uacoru m , A la IGa l lorum e t Pannon io rum , Cohors IBracaru m , Cohors I Cha lc idenoru m s ag ittar ioru m , Cohors IC i l icu m , Cohors IL us itanorum Cyrena ica a nd Cohors IC laud ia S uga mbroru m u eterana.

Two u n its k nown s t il l t o h ave b een a t tached t o t he a r my o f Moes ia

I n fer ior a re m iss ing f rom t he l i st g iven i n t he d ip lo ma , maybe ow ing t o a l ac una : C ohors I F lau ia B r i t tonu m a nd C ohors I L ucens iu m . A la Ga l loru m F lauiana i s a lso n ot men t ioned; p erhaps i t was moved t o Moes ia S uper ior where i ti s a t tes ted i n t he l as t y ears o f A n ton inus P ius ' r e ign . 726 We a lso d o n ot k now t he f a te o f C ohors IC ha lc idenoru m wh ich i s ment ioned o n ly o nce i n Moesia I nfer ior u nder H adr ian 7 27

a nd r eappears i n S yr ia i n 1 57 .

7 28

I ti s

t herefore p oss ib le t ha t t h is u n i t was n o l onger i n t he p rov ince when t he Brestov ene d ip lo ma was i ssued .

C ohors IV b ioru m was moved t o Dac ia S uper ior i n

1 43 , when i tc on tr ibu ted t o t he d efea t o f t he f ree Dac ians 729

f ro m t he n or th .

I t s p resence i n t he p rov ince i s s hown b y ad ip lo ma i ssued i n 1 44 .

7 30

I t was

r ep laced b y C ohors IGer manoru m c .R . wh ich was moved f ro m Ger man ia S uper ior 7 31

t o C ap idava ; t h is c ohor t , k nown f ro m i nscr ipt ions i s n ow men t ioned

f or t he f i rst t ime b y a mi li tary d ip lo ma f ro m Moes ia I nferior , n a me ly t ha t f ound a t B restovene .

I tr ep laced C ohors IV b ioru m ( a t tested h ere b y i nscr ipt ions ) 732

when t he l a t ter l ef t f or Dac ia S uper ior . T he s ame d ocu men t a lso g ives t he n ames o f o ther a ux i liary u n i ts wh ich a re n o t o therw ise men t ioned b y t he d ip lo mas o f t h is p rov ince : A la IGa l lorum A tector ig iana , Cohors I Bracaraugustanoru m , Cohors IF lau ia Num idarum a nd Cohors IThracum S yr iaca.

We p resume t hat t h is l ast c ohort was s ta-

t i oned i n t hese p rov inces f or a l ong t ime. h or ts , t here i s l i t t le t o b e s a id ; w as f i rst s tat ioned a t App iar ia 7 33 3 rd c en tury ;7 34

With r egard t o t he f i rst t hree c o-

i ts ee ms t hat A la IGa l lorum A tector ig iana a nd t hat i ta rr ived i n Dobrud ja o n ly i n t he

Cohors I Bracaraugustanorum p robab ly was r ecen t ly a rr ived

f rom Thrace , where i ti s e ncoun tered i n t he t ime o f An ton inus P ius; 7 35 a s t o Cohors IF lau ia N um idaru m t here i s n o i n for mat ion f ro m t he e arl iest p er iods. Move men ts o f t roops a re s t il l a t tested af ter t he d a te o f t he d ip lo ma f ro m Brestovene.

I n a dd i t ion t o Cohors ICha lc idenorum , Cohors IC laud ia S uga m-

b roru m u eterana was moved t o S yr ia , w here i ti s f ound i n 1 57. 7 36 I n g eneral , t hese move ment s o f t roops d id n o t c hange t he o vera l l s treng th o f t he a r my i n Moes ia I n fer ior.

By t he e nd o f t he r e ign o f An ton inus P ius,

t here a re t hree a lae a nd t en c ohortes k nown t o b e i n t he p rov ince a nd t hese f i gures a re n ot much l ower t han t hose o bta ined f or t he p rev ious r e igns.

With

r egard t o t he d istr ibu t ion o f t hese t roops, w e k now n e ither w here t he r ecen t ly

4 5

a rr ived u n its w ere p osted i n t he t err itory o f Dobrud ja n or h ow a u n it w as r ep laced b y an ew o ne , e xcep t f or Cohors IG er manorum w h ich t ook t he p lace o f Cohors IVb iorum a t Cap idava. I ti s a lso i n terest ing t o n ote t he r ev iva l o f c oncern f or t he s ecur ity o f t he c oast i n t he t ime o f An ton inus P ius , e ven i ft he s tat ion ing o f s o me mi l i tary u n its h ere i s o u t o f t he q uest ion .

T here i s s ome e v idence f rom t he T hrac ian

c oast , w here f ort if icat ions w ere c onst ructed a t t h is t ime . 7 37 With r egard t o o ur a rea , t here a re s o me i nd irect i nd icat ions wh ich s ee m t o p o in t t o t he r ei n force men t o f t he f orces g uard ing t he r oad b e tween H istr ia a nd Tom is ,7 38 b u t t hey a re n o t v ery c onclus ive . 7 39 T he m ilestone f ound a t S ino ie s hows t hat o ne o f t he most importan t l and r ou tes a long t he c oast h ad b een r epa ired t owards t he e nd o f t he r e ign o f An ton inus P ius .7 4 ° May be t hese a ct iv i t ies r epresen t measures t aken a ga inst p ira tes 7 41 b u t t hey c ou ld a s w el l r ef lect t he r e in forcemen t o f t he d efens ive s yste m i nt he e astern p art o f t he p rov ince , where b y t h is t ime n o m il itary u n its w ere b ased. The r e ign o f An ton inus P ius w as a t urn ing-po in t i n t he m i l itary h istory o f t he t err itory b etween t he Danube a nd t he B lack S ea.

T he n eed f or s ecur ity ,

f i rst i n t he O r ien t a nd t hen o n t he M idd le Danube , f orced Marcus Aurel ius t o t urn t o t he t roops e nca mped i n Moes ia I n fer ior wh ich s ee ms t o h ave b een l ess t hreatened.

L eg io V Macedon ica w as s en t t o t he O r ien t t o f i gh t a ga inst t he

Parth ians —the s o ld ier Va ler ius Va lens ment ioned b y a n i nscr ipt ion a t T roesmis 7 42 ( SE 1 0 ) l ost h is l i fe o n t h is o ccas ion—and a f terwards i t was t o b e moved t o Dac ia i n 1 67 t o p art ic ipa te i nt he b at t les a ga inst t he Quad i a nd t he Marcoma nn i. 7 43

Th is u n it r e ma ined l onger i n Dac ia ;

i t s b ase w as a t Pota issa. 7 44

The p art ic ipat ion b y a ux i l iary u n its f rom Moes ia I n fer ior i n t he war w aged o n t he M idd le Danube c aused t he w eakness i n t he p rov ince 's d efence wh ich l ed t o t he i nvas ion o f t he Costoboces i n 1 70. 7 45 W ith t he r estorat ion o f p eace o n t he b oundar ies o f t he Emp ire , Dobrud ja o nce a ga in e n joyed a p er iod o f p rosper ity s im ilar t o t hat b efore t he i nvas ion o f t he C os toboces . 7 46 The r e moval o f L eg io V Macedon ica t o Dac ia may t herefore b e s een a s t he i n it ia l s tep t aken b y Marcus Aure l ius w h ich b rough t a bou t t he w eaken ing o f t he m il itary p oten t ia l i n t hese a reas.

Af ter i t s d eparture , t he n or th-west

o f Dobrud ja w as t o r e ma in u nder t he s urve il lance o f av ex il lat ion d e tached f rom L eg io II t a l ica w h ilst d etach men ts o f L eg io X I C laud ia o pera ted i n t he c en tra l a rea a nd u p t o t he mou th o f t he Danube. A v ex il la t ion c omposed o f d etach men ts b e long ing t o t he l eg ions II t a l ica f rom N ovae a nd V Macedon ica f rom Dac ia i s a t tested a t T ropaeum T ra ian i 47 T h is r educt ion i n t he l eg ionary s treng th , t he v ex il lat ions c ompr is ing a g rea t ly r educed n umber o f s o ld iers i n c o mpar ison w ith t he l eg ions, c ou ld h ave b een c oun ter-ba lanced b y i ncreas ing t he n u mber o f a ux il iary t roops , b u t t he l ack o f t he d ip lomas c on ferred o n t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior i n t he r e ign o f Marcus Aure l ius a nd t he s can ty i n for mat ion g iven b y t he i nscr ip t ions p rov ide o n ly a s hadowy p icture o f t he moves made b y t he a ux il iary u n its a t t h is t ime. W ith r egard t o Cohors IF lau ia N um idarum , w h ich i s a t tested i n Moes ia I n fer ior o n ly u nder Anton inus P ius ,7 48 w e o n ly k now t hat i t was moved t o L yc ia a nd Pa mphy l ia ;7 49 T here i s a lso s ome i n for mat ion c oncern ing Cohors IC il icum w h ich b e ing e nca mped t o t he s ou th o f T ropaeum T ra ian i i n 1 77-179 u nder t he c om mand o f t he t r ibune A n tern ius A nton inus ,

4 6

7 50

r eso lved t he c on f l ict

b e tween t he Ausdecenses a nd t he Dac ians.

Ano ther c om mander o f Cohors I

C i l icu m w as T . An ton ius C laud ius A lphenus Ar ignotus ,7 51 who h eld t he r ank o fc urator c iu ita t is i nt he mun icip ium r ecen t ly f ounded a t T ropaeum Tra ian i , 752 t ha t i s t o s ay n ear t he b ase o f t he u n it.

I ti s a lso p oss ib le t hat b y t h is t ime

A la IF lau ia Gaetu lorum , w h ich w as p robably s t il l i n P annon ia u nder Anton inus P ius, r eturned t o Moes ia I n fer ior w here i th ad b een i n t he t ime o f Tra jan , 7M w here i ti s a t tested w ithou t t he t i t le o f F lau ia a t To m is 7 55 i n t he m idd le o f t he 3 rd c en tury .7 56 I ti sp robable t hat t he u n it w as s en t t o Tom is a s p art o f t he measures t aken t o r e in force t he c oasta l s ecur ity , w h ich i s d iscussed b elow . O ther moves o f a ux il iary t roops a re u nknown a nd a ccord ing t o t he l ater e p igraph ica l e v idence t he f o l low ing u n its r e ma ined i n Moes ia I n fer ior : A la I V espas iana Dardanorum ,7 57 A la Ga l lorum A tector ig iana ,7 58 A la I H ispano rum e t Ar(a )uacorum ,7 59 Cohors I F lau ia B r it tonum ,7 60 a nd Cohors I Mat t ia corum . 7 61 They c erta in ly r e ma ined i n t he ir o r ig ina l b ases , a s d id o ther u n its wh ich a re n o t men t ioned i n t he i nscr ipt ions d a t ing f rom t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c en tury a nd f rom t he f ourth c en tury , b u t w h ich a lso a re n o t a t tested i n a ny o ther p rov ince o ft he Emp ire. We may t herefore a ssu me t hat t he n umber o f a ux il iary u n its s tat ioned i n D obrud ja u nder Marcus Aure l ius w as t he s a me a s t hat i n t he t ime o f h is p red ecessor , a l though a f ter t he w ithdrawal o f t he l eg ion f rom T roes m is w e may s uppose t hat n ew a ux i l iary t roops wou ld b e n ecessary t o ma in ta in s ecur ity . Desp ite a l l d i f f icu l t ies c aused b y t he i nvas ion o f t he Costoboces, t he r e ign o f Marcus Aurel ius r epresents a p er iod o f s oc ia l a nd e conom ic p rogress i n t he h istory o f Dobrud ja. a nd Durostorum 764

The s et t le men ts a t Troes m is ,

b eca me mun ic ip ia a t t h is t ime.

7 62

T ropaeum Tra ian i 763

The l arge n umber o f i ns-

c r ipt ions d a t ing f rom t h is t ime i nd icates t he p rosper ity o f t he s ett le ments i n D obrud ja. 7 65 Marcu s Aurel ius d evo ted s pec ial a t ten t ion t o t he w estern Pon t ic c oast : t he l arge n umber o f m ilestones e rected a t S ino ie , 766 H istr ia , 767 T om is ,

7 68

V icus Am la id ina ,

7 69

Ca l lat is 7 7 °a nd a t 2 Ma i7 71

s how h is c oncern

f or t he r epa ir o f t he ma in c o m merc ia l a nd s trateg ic r oad w h ich c onnected t he a nc ien t Greek c o lon ies.

The r oad r unn ing a long t he c oast h ad b een r epa ired

b efore t he i nvas ion o f t he Costoboces , b u t e v idence f or t he c onso l idat ion o f t he d efens ive s yste m o n t he c oast i s t o b e f ound i n t he b u ild ing o f an ew d efens ive w al l a t Ca l lat is 7 72

i n 1 71, a f ter t he i nvas ion .

P robably b y t h is t ime t he

d efens ive w a l ls h ad b een r epa ired a t H istr ia , a s i s i nd icated b y a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions ,7 73 a nd a t To m is , a s i s s uggested b y a n i nscr ip t ion wh ich i s d a table t o t h is p er iod a nd r efers t o t he c on tr ibu t ion o f t he c i t izens t o t he r econst ruct ion o f s ome p arts o f t he w a l ls .7 74 I fw e a dd t o t h is t he p oss ib le e stabl i sh men t o f ac ava lry u n it a t To m is ( Ala IGaetu lorum ) w e c ome t o t he c onclus ion t ha t Marcus Aurel ius r estored t he s ame s tra teg ic i mpor tance a nd d efen s ive p oten t ial t o t he w est P on t ic c oast a s h ad e x isted i n t he r e igns o f Vespas ian a nd T ra jan . There i s n o i n for mat ion a bou t t he move men ts o f t roops o r t he f ort if icat ions i nD obrud ja i n t he r e ign o f Co m modus, t he l ast emperor o f t he Anton ine d yna sty . The t err itory b etween t he Danube a nd t he B lack S ea r e ma ined p eacefu l . 775 N o c hanges o ccurred i n t he m il itary s itua t ion i n Dobrud ja d ur ing t he b r ief r e igns o f P ert inax a nd D id ius I u l ianus

4 7

For t he l ast t ime d ur ing t he Pr inc ipa te , Dobrud ja w as p rosperous a nd f lour ish ing s oc ia l ly a nd e conom ica l ly u nder t he S everans.

T he r e ign o f

S ept im ius S everus r epresen ts a t urn ing-po in t i n t he a dm in istrat ive, m i l i tary a nd j ur id ica l o rgan izat ion o f t he Emp ire i n t he i ncreas ing p art p layed b y t he a r my i n t he l eadersh ip o f t he s tate, t he g row ing i mportance o f t he p rov inces, a nd t he c onso l idat ion o f t he a bso lute monarchy t o t he d etr i men t o f s uch r ep ubl ican p r inc ip les a s s t il l e x isted a t t he t ime ,7 76 a nd t he c hanges wh ich t ook p lace t hroughou t t he emp ire a re a lso a t tested i n Dobrud ja. 777 T he most n umerous L a t in i nscr ip t ions i n t he Dobrud ja d ate f rom t h is p er iod.

T he

emperor p a id s pec ia l a t ten t ion t o t h is a rea , w h ich w as u nd isturbed b y a t tacks f ro m w ithou t t hroughou t t he who le p er iod o f t he S everan d ynasty , a part f ro m t he t hrea t o f t he C arp i w ho w ere r epe l led n ear Tyras i n 2 14 a t t he t ime o f Caraca l la is v is it t o t he Danub ian p rov inces. 7 78 The i ncreas ing r o le p layed b y t he a r my i n t he a dm in istrat ion o f t he p rov inces i s s hown b y i nscr ipt ions whose t ex t d ef ines t err i tor ia l l im its . T here a re t wo e xamp les : a n i n terven t ion i n ad ispu te o ver t he b oundary b etween Messia ( or Cess ia ) Puden t il la a nd i ucan i Bu ter idauenses i n t he t ime o f S ept im ius S everus ( i n 1 98-202 ) ,7 79 a nd t he b oundary markers a t Cap idava a nd U lmetu m i n t he t ime o f S everus A lexander ( i n 2 29 ). 7 80 I n t he f or mer c ase , t he g overnor Ou in ius T ertu l lus i n tervened t hrough t he a gency o fV ind ius Ver ianus , p raefectus C lass is F lau iae Moes icae ;

i n t he l at ter o ne wh ich d a tes f rom t he t ime o f t he

g overnor Man tenn ius S ab inus, t he o perat ion w as c arr ied o u tb y t he c en turion I u l ius V i ta les w ho c erta in ly b elonged t o a Moes ian l eg ion , X I C laud ia o r I I t al ica. I ft he i n terference o f t he a r my i n t he a dm in istrat ive a f fa irs i nt err it or ium C ap idauense c ou ld b e s een a s an or ma l o ccurrence w h ich t ook p lace i n a n a rea a dap ted t o t he m il itary d e mands o f t he Danub ian f ron t ier, t he s a me j ust if icat ion c ou ld n ot b e made f or t he p resence o f ac om mander o f t he f l eet o f Nov iodunum a s a n o f f ic ia l a ppo in ted t o p erfor m s ome a dm in istrat ive t asks i n a r e mo te p lace s i tuated i nH istr ian t err itory .

We may c ons ider t h is t ob e a

c onsequence o f t he r e in force men t o f t he Pon t ic l imes w h ich s t arted u nder t he r e ign o f Marcus Aurel ius; t he s ea-go ing s h ips o f C lass is F lau ia Moes ica e nsured t he s afety o f t he c oast a t l east a s f ar a s H istr ia , w hose t err itory was i n t he s phere o f o perat ions a nd u nder t he a dm in istrat ion o f t he ma in f l eet b ased a t N ov iodunum. 7 81 The f o l low ing a ux i l iary u n its a re e p igraph ical ly a t tested i n Dobrud ja d ur ing t he S everan d ynasty : A la IV espasiana Dardanorum wh ich was c a l led A nton ia na 7 82 i n t he t ime o f Caraca l la ;7 83 A la I H ispanorum e t Ar (a )uacorum , wh ich r epa ired t he r oad n ear i t s b ase a t Cars ium 7 84 i n 2 00 ; A la Ga l loru m Atector ig iana w h ich w as t aken t o Moes ia I n fer ior b y An ton inus P ius 7 85 a nd p robab ly p osted i n it ia l ly t o Bu lgar ia 7 86 w here a v e teran o f t h is u n it , c a l led Anton in iana ,

7 87

i s a t tested e ven i n t he t ime o f Caracal la.

I ts ee ms t hat t h is

a la b ear ing t he t i t le S euer iana w as p resen t i n Dobrud ja , a s i s i nd icated b y a n i nscr ipt ion f ro m T om is d ated t o 2 24, d ed ica ted t o t he g overnor L . Ann ius I ta l icus Honoratus 7 88 b y t he d ecur ion F lau ius S euer ianus ;Ala IF lau ia Gaett u lorum i s a t tested i nd irec t ly d ur ing t he S everan p er iod b y a n i nscr ip t ion f ro m Tom is g iv ing t he c areer o f P . Ae l ius Ammon ius ,

7 89

w ho h ad b eco me

p refect o f t he f l eet i n t he t ime o f Gord ian a nd t he m i l itary c om mander o f Moes ia I n fer ior , b u t w ho h ad p rev iously b een p re fec t o f t h is c ava lry u n it wh ich c erta in ly b elonged t o t he a r my o f t he s a me p rov ince. 7 9° I n a ny c ase , t h is

4 8

u n it i s men t ioned i n a n i nscr ip t ion f rom Tom is d ated t o t he s a me t ime .7 91 O f t he u n its d ocu men ted i n Bu lgar ia wh ich w ere e stabl ished f or a l ong t ime i n Moes ia I n fer ior, Cohors I F lau ia Br it tonum c a l led A lexandr iana i s a t tested a t S exag in ta P r ista i n 2 30.792

I nt he S everan p er iod , Cohors I Matt iacorum w as

moved f rom t he mou th o f t he Danube , where i t w as s tat ioned f rom t he t ime o f T ra jan , t o t he w es t o ft he p rov ince , a s i s s hown b y ad ed icat ion o f 1 98 s et u p a t T ro ianh issar 7 93 b y t he p refect o f c ohort t o S ept im ius S everus. Cohors I L us itanorum Cyrena ica w as moved , p oss ib ly f rom C ius , t o Cand id iana 794 a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 3 rd c en tury . I tc an b e s een t hat w e d o n ot k now v ery much a bou t t he move ment s o f m i l itary u n its i n t he S everan p er iod , s ince w e h ave n o d ip lomas wh ich migh t g ive u s more p rec ise i n for mat ion.

I t may b e t hat , i n a dd it ion t o af ew t roops

a t tested e p igraph ical ly e ither i n t he ir o r ig ina l b ases o r i n o thers t o w h ich t hey w ere moved a t t hat t ime, t he r est o f t he u n its r e ma ined i n t he ir o r ig ina l l ocat ions. The l ack o f e v idence c oncern ing t he a r my i n Dobrud ja d oes n ot i nd icate a ny l essen ing o f m il itary a ct iv ity , w h ich , o n t he c ont rary , b eca me i ncreas ing ly i nvo lved i nt he a dm in istrat ive a ffa irs o f t he p rov ince , a s h as b een s hown . We must b ear i n m ind t he a u thor it ies ' c oncern f or t he r e in force men t o f t he r oads , b o th a long t he Danube a nd o n t he c oast a nd e ven i n t he i n ter ior o f D obrud ja , a s i s d e mons trated b y t he l arge n umber o f m i lestones t he ma jor ity o f w h ich d ate f rom t he t ime o f S ept im ius S everus. 7 95 The e arl iest v ers ion o ft he An ton ine I t inerary a lso d ates t o t h is t ime , more p rec isely t o t he p er iod o ft he r e ign o f Caraca l la ;7 96

t h is d ocumen t , i n a dd it ion t o t he i n for ma t ion

w h ich i tg ives o f t he emperor 's t ravel t o t he Danub ian p rov inces ,

7 97

i s o f

g rea t importance t o o ur k now ledge a bou t b o th t he f ort if icat ions a nd t he c en tres f or t he c o l lect ion o f l ev ies i n k ind f or t he Roman a r my. 7 98

The An ton ine

I t inerary i s t he most importan t s ource f or i n for mat ion o n t he m il itary o rgani za t ion o f Dobrud ja , w h ich c oncerned n ot o n ly t he f ort if icat ions o n t he Danub ian f ron t ier b u t a lso t he c oasta l c it ies wh ich , a ccord ing t o t he i nscr ipt ions , w ere i nc luded i n t he m il itary d efens ive s yste m a t t h is t ime. v ers ion o f t he o ther i t inerary , t he Tabu la Peu t inger iana ,

7 99

The e ar l iest may a lso b e

d a ted f rom t he S everan p er iod . I tc an b e c ons idered o f t he s a me i mportance a s t he An ton ine I t inerary f or t he i n for mat ion i tg ives a bou t t he ma in s trateg ic r oad o f Dobrud ja a nd i t s v ar ious s tages . We must n ot o ver look t he importan t r efor m o f Caraca l la i n 2 12 c oncern ing t he g ran t ing o f c it izensh ip ;

t h is s o-ca l led Const itut io Anton in iana 8 00

b rough t

a bou t c hanges i nt he c ompos it ion o f t he a r my . Even i ft he a ux il iary t roops s t i l l r ecru ited men w ho w ere n o t l i ab le t o t he p rov is ions o f t h is d ecree ,8 01 t h e r educed n umber o f t he d ip lomas c on ferred a f ter i ta nd t he l ack o f d ip lo mas c on ferred o n t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior a re n o t a cc iden ta l , b u t a re t he c on sequence o ft he f act t hat Ro man c i t izensh ip h as b een g ran ted t o many c at egor ies o f p rov inc ia l who w ere e nro l led i n t he a r my. T he S everans a nd e spec ial ly S ept im ius S everus , b y g iv ing r igh ts t o t he t roops whose s uppor t t hey n eeded , f avoured t he e stabl ishmen t o f c loser l inks b e tween t he s o ld iers a nd t he a reas i n w h ich t hey w ere b ased .

The s o ld iers f ounded l ega l f am i l ies

h ere a nd c u lt iva ted f or t he ir own u se l and u nder t he c on tro l o f t he l eg ions . 802

4 9

There i s v ery l i tt le e p igraph ica l i nfor mat ion a bou t t he a r my d ur ing t he e nd o ft he P r inc ipate a nd t he l ong a nd t roubled p er iod o f mil itary a narchy . As t o t he move men t o f t roops, a v ex il lat ion o f Cohors IC i l icum , w h ich h ad b een g ran ted w ith t he t i t le Ph i l ipp iana , o perated a t To m is 8 03

a bou t 2 44-249.

b y t he t ime o f Ph i l ip I , i ta ppears t hat Cohors IGermanorum C . R.

8 04

A lso

h ad

a ga in b een moved t o G er man ia S uper ior f rom Cap idava where i ti s a t t ested i n t he t ime o f An ton inus P ius.

Accord i n g t o a n i nscr ip t ion f ound i n t he t err i-

t ory o f Tom is , C lass is F lau ia Moes ica w as g ran ted t he t i t le Gord iana i n2 402 44. 8 05 The s a me t i t le w as b estowed u pon t wo c ohorts wh ich a re n ow ment i oned f or t he f i rst t ime i n Moes ia I n fer ior , b u t i n t he t err itory o f Bu lgar ia : Cohors IC ispadens ium 8°6 a nd Cohors Ge m ina Dacorum m il l iar ia; 807 t i ona l n a me Va ler iana Ga l l iena 808

t he a dd i-

i s a lso e ncoun tered i n Bu lgar ia.

S o me a ux il iary u n its may w el l h ave p er ished i n t he d efence o f t he ir b ases a nd t err itor ies d ur ing t he v io len t i nvas ions o f t he C arp i a nd t he G oths w hich b rought a bou t t he d estruct ion o f t he ma jor ity o f t he c i t ies a nd f orts i nD obrud ja , s uch a s H istr ia , T ropaeum Tra ian i , Cap idava , D inoget ia , t o men t ion o n ly t hose s i tes w here t he d estruct ion b y t he Go ths i s s ecurely p roved b y a rchaeol og ica l e xcava t ion s .8 09

O thers w ere s evere ly d amaged b u t w ere n o t o ccup ied

b y t he i nvaders , f or e xamp le To m is a nd C a l lat is .8 1 ° T h is i s p robab ly o ne o f t he r eason s f or t he l ack o f i n for mat ion a bou t t hese u n its a t t he e nd o ft he 3 rd c en tury . I n s p ite o f t h is p er iod o f u pheava l a nd d estruct ion t he r oads were r epa ired t o f ac il ita te t he r ap id move men t o f t roops t o f ace t he a t tacks. Th is a c t iv ity i s a t tested a l most c on t inuously u nder a l most a l l t he emperors who s ucceeded t he S everans : Aurel ian .8 1

Max im inus ,

8 11

Gord ian 1 1 ,

8 12

Dec ius ,

8 13

G a ll ienus 8 14

a nd

5

Dur ing t he r e ign o f Aurel ian , w ho p u t a n e nd t o t he m il itary a narchy a nd r estored t he u n ity o ft he Emp ire,

8 16

a n i n tens ive a c t iv ity i s d ocumen ted o n t he

L ower Danube a s w el l a s o n t he o ther f ron t iers o f t he emp ire. 8 17

We w il l n o t

dwel l o n a n e ven t o f s uch importance a s Aurel ian 's w ithdrawa l a nd t he r eo rgan izat ion o f t he p rov inces o f t he w estern p art o f t he Ba lkan p en insu la , s ince t hese measures a re o n ly r e mo te ly c onnected w ith t he s ituat ion i n D obrud ja , w here w e must f i rst c ons ider t he r estorat ion o f p eace a f ter t he l ast i nvaders i nt h is a rea , t he C arp i , h ad b een c rushed .8 18 A ure l ian a nd h is s uccessor P robus w ere much p reoccup ied w i th t he r estorat ion o f t he d efences d estroyed i nt he i nvas ions o f t he m idd le o f t he c en tury . T here i s c ons iderab le e v idence o f r econstruct ion a t H is tr ia , Ca l lat is , Cap idava , D inoget ia , a nd maybe a lso a t Tropaeum T ra ian i i n t h is l ast p er iod o f t he P r inc ipa te . 8 19 I n s p ite o f t he v iew t hat c onstruct ion o f t he l a test w a l l a t H istr ia w as b egun u nder D ioclet i an ,

8 20

Il i sted t h is c i ty a bove s ince a n e ar l ier d a te s oon a f ter t he i nvaders

h ad b een d efeated 8 21 s ee ms t o me t o b e more p laus ib le. s upported b y t he r ev iva l o f t he c ircu la t ion o f c o ins . 8 22

Th is c onc lus ion i s

The i nscr ip t ions a lso s how t he e x tens ive r econstruct ion work c arr ied o u t b y Aurel ian .

Accord ing t o a n i nscr ip t ion f rom Durostorum wh ich men t ions

t he d efea t o f t he Carp i ,8 23 t he c i ty r ega ined i t s f or mer s p lendour ( i n p rist inam s p lendore m r est itu ta ); t he mun ic ipa l s enate o f T ropaeum T ra ian i i s e n t it led o rdo s p lend iss i ma [ s ic ] mun ic ip i i Tropae i; 8 24 p atr iae 8 25 a t Ca l lat is. 5 0

Aurel ian i s c a l led r est itutor

A t Tom ia , w h ich r es isted a Go th ic s e ige 8 26

a t t he c ost o f h eavy l osses ,

w e h ave e v idence f or t he c onstruct ion o f t he g rea t w a l l o f t he c ity u nder Aurel ian . Th is w ork may p oss ibly h ave b een i n it iated b y Ga l l ienus , b ut t he g rea ter p art o f t he b u i ld ing w as a ccomp l ished c erta in ly u nder Aurel ian a nd h is s uccessors. Th is i s c on f ir med b y t he c o ins o f Aurel ian a nd Tac itus f ound i n t he r ubble c ore , b u t i n d i fferen t s ect ions o f t he w a l l ; t he c o in o f T ac itus w as f ound n ear t he n orth-eastern g a te wh ile t hat o f Aurel ian w as f ound i n t he w estern w a l l , t hat i s t o s ay o ver 3 00 m a part . Ib e l ieve t hat t he c o in-f inds d enote more t han a c on te mporary r epa ir t o aw a l l b u il t a s e arly a s t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury .8 27

The w a l l i s as ing le c onstruct ion a s f ar a s i s k nown , b u t t ak ing

i n to a ccoun ti t s s ize i tp robab ly r equ ired many y ears o f w ork , a nd t he p orta p raes idar ia e rected b y D ioclet ian 8 28 may p erhaps b e r egarded a s t he f ina l a ct o f c onstruct ion . S ince t he m il itary u n its a t t h is t ime a re s o f ar n o t e p ig raph ica l ly d ocumen ted , w e c anno t k now w ith c erta in ty a bou t e ach i nd iv idua l u n i t , b ut a s ag enera l r u le t he n umber o f f ore igners s erv ing i n t he Roman a r my i ncreased i nt he t ime o f Ga l l ienus, a nd u nder Aurel ian a nd C laud ius G o th icus a nd e spec ia l ly u nder P robus.

T hey d id n o t emp loy t he ir own methods

o f f i gh t ing , a s h appened l a ter, b u t f ough t a ccord ing t o Ro man m il itary d isc ip l ine a nd o rgan iza t ion .8 29 T he D obrud ja w as f a irly p eacefu l a t t he e nd o f t he P r inc ipate , s o t he w ork o fD ioclet ian a ppears h ere a s ac on t inua t ion o f t he measures i n it iated b y h is p redecessors.

T h is a rea w as a lready p rop it ious f or t he r efor ms o f D ioclet ian

a nd t he m i l itary w orks , e ither c on t inuat ions o f t hose s tarted e arl ier o r t hose i n i t ia ted b y D iocle t ian , r e in forced t he d efences o f t h is a rea w h ich h ad u nderg one s o much s tra in i n t he m idd le o f t he 3 rd c en tury . We c an n ow g ive a g enera l o u t l ine o f t he m il itary u n its wh ich o perated i n Dobrud ja d ur ing t he P r inc ipate a nd d raw s ome c onclus ions c oncern ing t he r o le p layed b y t he a r my a nd i t s s yste m o f o rgan iza t ion i n t he d efence o f t hese a reas. The f o l low ing f or t if ied s et t le ments h ad u n its b ased i n t he m a s i nd ica ted b e low : S uc idaua : t he P r inc ipa te;

w e d o n ot k now what a ux il iary t roops w ere s tat ioned h ere d ur ing maybe , t hough t here i s n o e v idence w hatever, A la IAsturum

w as h ere u nder V espas ian a nd Cohors IC laud ia S uga mbrorum u eterana i n t he l ast p art o f t he r e ign o f An ton inus P ius. S ac idaua w as p robab ly a g arr ison f or Cohors I G a l lorum f rom 9 9 t o a t l east 1 12, a nd l ater f or Cohors IC il icum ( maybe e ven u nder

Ax iopo l is w as t o a l l a ppe r zrances a n ava l b ase ;

Tra jan ) .

as tat ion o f b enef ic iar i i

d epend ing o n L eg io X I C lau c i ia 8 3 °i s a t tested h ere. Cap idaua w as ag arr ison b ase f or Cohors IVb iorum f rom t he t ime o f Vespas ian t o 1 43 a t t he l a test ; Cohors IG er manorum C .R. w as s tat ioned h ere f ro m 1 35 a t t he e arl iest t o t he t ime o f Ph i l ip I . Cars ium w as t he b ase o f A la I H ispanorum e t Ar (a )uacorum a f ter 1 03; t he l a test e v idence o f t he p resence o f t h is u n it h ere d a tes f rom 2 00. C ius w as p oss ibly a g arr ison b ase f or Cohors IL us itanorum Cyrena ica f rom Tra jan t o t he t ime o f t he S everans. 5 1

Beroe :

i ti s n ot k nown w h ich m i l itary u n it w as b ased h ere.

Troes m is s erved a s ab ase f or t he f o l low ing u n i ts : f ro m Vespas ian t o 1 07 ;

A la IPannon iorum

L eg io V Macedon ica f ro m 1 07 t o 1 67;

Vex il lat io

L eg ion is II ta l icae f rom 1 67 o nwards. A rrub iu m was t he b ase o f A la IVespas iana Dardanoru m f ro m t he r e ign o f V espas ian t o t ha t o f C araca l la , when i ti s a t tested f or t he l as t t ime .

I t was

a lso a s ta t ion o fb enef ic iar i i . D inoget ia w as a s econdary b ase f or C lass is F lau ia Moes ica f rom T ra jan t o t he t ime o f t he S everans ;

Cohors I Mat t iacorum i s a lso a ttested h ere.

N ou iodunum w as t he ma in b ase o f C lass is F lau ia Moes ica ; d ence f or t h is f leet d ates t o t he t ime o f Gord ian I I ;

t he l a test e v i-

s o me i nscr ipt ions s how

t hat s o ld iers o f L eg io V Macedon ica a nd l ater t hose s erv ing i n L eg io II t a l ica o pera ted h ere. Aeg issus w as a n ava l b ase;

n o o ther a ux il iary u n it i s k nown t o h ave b een

g arr isoned h ere. S a lsou ia :

w e h ave n o i n for mat ion c oncern ing t he u n it w h ich was s ta tioned

h ere u nder Vespas ian , N erva a nd T ra jan ;

i t may h ave b een A la IF lau ia

Gaetu lorum , o r A la C laud ia Ga l loru m o r Cohors I I o r 11 Ga l lorum.

As r e-

g ards t he n ex t p er iod , w e h ave n o i nd ica t ion . H istr ia w as a s tat ion f or b enef ic iar i i ;8 31

ad e tach men t o f L eg io V Mace-

d on ica may h ave b een p resen t h ere a t s o me t ime i n t he f irst h al f o f t he 2 nd c en tury ;

H istr ia w as i n t he o perat iona l a rea o f t he f l eet a t N ov iodunum a t

l east i n t he S everan p er iod . To m is :

Cohors IF lau ia Co m magenorum a nd Cohors V I I Ga l lorum w ere

s ta t ioned h ere u nder V espas ian . t ime o f T ra jan . An toninus P ius .

I ts ee ms t ha t o n ly t he l a t ter r e ma ined i n t he

T he c i ty was l ef t w i thout a mi l i tary u n i t u nder Hadr ian a nd A la IF lauia Gae tu loru m was s ta t ioned a t T om is p erhaps i n

t he r e ign o f Marcus A ure l ius b ut more c er ta in ly i n t he t ime o f t he S everans . I n t he r e ign o f S everus A lexander A la Ga l loru m A tec torig iana was h ere p erhaps o n ly f or a s hor t t ime ; i n t he t ime o f P h i l ip Ia v ex i l la t ion o f C ohors IC i licu m was b ased a t T om is; d e tachmen ts o f L eg io V Macedon ica o pera ted f ro m h ere o n d if ferent o ccas ions b efore 1 67 a nd a f ter t ha t d a te f or ma t ions o f L eg io X I C laudia .

A t t he s a me t ime , as ta t ion o fb enef ic iar i i a lso e x is ted i n t h is c i ty .

Ca l la t is w as a s tat ion o fb enef ic iar i i.

8 32

Detachmen ts o f t he t hree Moes ian

l eg ions t ook p art t ogether o r s uccess ively i n s o me o perat ions, p robab ly i nc lud ing b u i ld ing works i n t h is c ity. C as te l lu m C i l icu m was t he b ase f or a d e tachmen t o f C ohors IC i l icu m f ro m t he r e ign o f Hadr ian ; t he n ame o f t he u n i t s urv ived i n t he l oca l t opono my u n t i l t he 6 th c entury . T ropaeum T ra ian i w as g arr isoned b y ad etachmen t o f L eg io X I C laud ia f ro m T ra jan t o 1 67.

S ome t ime a fter t he r e ign o f Marcus Aurel ius , t hough ,

t he i n terva l c anno tb e p rec isely d ated , av ex il lat ion c o mposed o f d etach ments f rom t he l eg ions II t a l ica Moes ica a nd V Macedon ica Dac ica was s tat ioned h ere; t he c ity a lways r e ma ined t he c oncern o f t he l eg ion b ased a t Durostorum.

5 2

O ther s tat ions o fb enef ic iar i i w ere a t V icus V ... ( Leg io X I C laud ia ) a t t he e nd o f t he 2 nd c en tury o r i nt he 3 rd c en tury when a v ex il lat ion o f L eg io X I C laud ia w as i n a ct ion i n t he n orthern Dobrud ja , a nd a t Ta i t? ( Leg io X I II Ge m ina ) i n 2 18. We d o n o t k now t he b ases o f t he f o l low ing a ux il iary t roops wh ich b elonged p ermanen t ly t o t he a r my o f Moes ia I n fer ior o r w ere a t tached t o i tf or a l ong t ime : A la G a l lorum F lau iana , A la IGa l lorum e t Pannon iorum , Cohors ICha lc idenoru m , Cohors I C halc idenorum s ag ittar iorum N um idarum. n ot k nown :

a nd Cohors IF lau ia

S o me o f t he m m igh th ave b een i n t he f orts whose g arr isons a re

S uc idava , B eroe , S a lsov ia ( a f ter T ra jan ) , a nd p erhaps A x iopo lis

o r A eg issus . A t t he t ime o f t he P r inc ipate, t he Roman a r my w as a l most p er manen t ly p resen t i n Dobrud ja w i th a s treng th o f 7 ,000-8 ,000 men s erv ing i nt he a ux i l ia ry u n its.

For t he p er iod b etween 1 07 a nd 1 67, w e must t ake i n to a ccoun t

a bou t 6 ,000 s o ld iers o f L eg io V Macedon ica f ro m Troes m is a nd a p art o f t he s trength o f t he u n it s tat ioned a t Durostorum ( Leg io X I C laud ia ) w h ich w as i n a ct ion i n s ou thern Dobrud ja ; c onsequen t ly a t o ta l o f o ver 1 5 ,000 s o ld iers w ere s tat ioned i n t he t err itory b etween t he Danube a nd t he B lack S ea d ur ing t he s ixty y ears w hen Roman p ower w as a t i t s g rea test i n t h is a rea ; t he a ctua l s treng th w as r educed t o a bou t 1 0 ,000 men b y t he e nd o f t he c en tury . T he ma jor ity o f t he a ux il iary t roops w ere g arr isoned a long t he Danube w here L eg io V Macedon ica w as s tat ioned t oo. The a ux il iary u n its s tat ioned i n t he a rea t o t he n orth o fS ac idava w ere s ubord inated t o t h is l eg ion wh ile t hose p osted t o t he s ou th o f t h is c i ty w ere d ependen t o n L eg io X I C laud ia.

A l l t hese

f orces were c oncen tra ted t o g uard t he most t hreatened f ront ier o f t he p rov ince , t he Danub ian l imes. T h is d oes n ot mean t hat t he c oast w as i gnored i n t he d efens ive s yste m. An e v iden t c oncern f or c oasta l s ecur ity8 33 w as s hown d ur ing t he who le p er iod o f t he P r inc ipa te , t hough l ess s o t he t ime o f Hadr ian a nd Anton inus P ius when t he p eacefu lness o f t h is p art o f t he emp ire d id n ot r equ ire s pec ia l s ecur ity measures o n t he Pon t ic c oast .

Bu t f or t he r est o f t he p er iod , a t l east o ne

a ux il iary f or mat ion , p robab ly e ven t wo u nder Vespas ian , w as b ased a t T om is , t he most impor tan t c i ty o n t he c oast .

Detach men ts f rom t he Moes ian l eg ions

w ere s en t a s r e in force men ts w hen n eeded. I ts ee ms t hat t he w ho le c oast o f D obrud ja was i n t he o perat iona l a rea o f L eg io V Macedon ica i n t he f i rst h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury ; s erv ing s o ld iers a nd b enef ic iar i i o f t h is l eg ion a re a t test ed a t To m is a nd s ta mped b r icks o ft he s ame u n it h ave b een f ound a t H istr ia a nd Ca l lat is. Af ter 1 67 , H istr ia r e ma ined i n t he o perat iona l a rea o f t he v exi l lat ion d etached f rom L eg io II t a l ica a nd b ased a t T roes m is ( benef ic iar i i f rom t h is l eg ion w ere s en t t o t he c i ty ), w h i le Tom is a nd Cal lat is f e l l i n t he a rea p laced u nder t he c are o f L eg io X I C laud ia a s i s s hown b y t he i nscr ipt ions f ound a t To m is r eferr ing t o s o ld iers s erv ing i n t h is l eg ion a nd t he t egu lae f ound a t Ca l lat is. C lass is F lau ia Moes ica p layed a b ig p art i n t he o rgan izat i on o f t he Pont ic l imes ; t he mar it i me s h ips o f t h is f l eet g uarded b oth t he n orthern c oast o f t he B lack S ea a nd t he w estern s hores a t l east a s f ar s ou th a s H istr ia. T h is mil itary o rgan izat ion , w h ich i ncluded n o t o n ly t he Danub ian f ron t ier b u t a lso t he w estern Pon t ic c oast , i s men t ioned b y t he l i terary s ources, 5 3

e spec ia l ly t he i t inerar ies , i fw e c ons ider t he who le d efens ive s yste m w h ich s urrounded Dobrud ja a long t he Danube a nd t he c oast o f t he B lack S ea a s b e ing as ing le m il itary e n t ity. As pec ia l r o le i n t he mi li tary o rgan iza t ion o f D obrud ja was p layed b y a d e tachment o f C ohors IC i licu m , s ta t ioned b y H adr ian t o t he s outh o f T ropaeu m T ra ian i o n t he r oad r unn ing i n to t he i n ter ior o f D obrud ja , i ta c ted a s amanoeu vre f orce , i t s v ex i l la t ions b e ing s en t when n eeded t o t he western P on t ic c oast t o t he n or th o f D obrud ja a nd t o t he n or th c oas t o f t he B lack S ea .

The s i tua t ion

o f t h is u n i t i s i n s o me ways s imi lar t o t ha t o f C ohors I L ucens iu m a t A br i t tus , wh ich a lso was n o t s ta t ioned o n t he f ron t ier , a nd i t s d e tachmen ts t oo a re e nc oun tered i n t he n or thern P on t ic c i t ies .

8 34

By t he t ime o f Marcus A ure lius ,

C ohors IC i l icu m i s h e lping t o d ea l w i th i n terna l t roub les b y t ak ing measures a ga inst v io la t ions o ft he t err i tory o f t he T hraco-Dac ian p opu la t ion o f s outhern D obrud ja . T he a r my p layed a n i ncreasing r o le i n t he a dm in istra t ion o f t he p rov ince i n t he t ime o f t he S everans , a s i s s hown b y t he i n terven t ions men t ioned i n i nsc r ip t ions f ro m t he t err i tory o f H istr ia a nd C apidava ,to ma in ta in o rder a nd t o d efend t he f ron t iers . T hese m il itary u n its w ere p er manen t ly o ccup ied i n t he ma intenance a nd t he r epa irs b o th o f r oads a nd f ort if icat ions , a s i s s hown b y t he m ilestones a nd s ta t ions o f b enef ic iar i i e ncoun tered a long t he Danube , o n t he B lack S ea c oast a nd i n t he i n ter ior o f Dobrud ja.

The c oncern f or t he ma in tenance o f s tra teg ic

r oads i s e ven s hown d ur ing t he p er iod o f m il itary a narchy a nd i n t he t imes o f r esp ite b etween t he s uccess ive i nvas ions w h ich b rough t a bou t t he d estruct ion o f s o many f l our ish ing c en tres o f Ro man c iv il iza t ion . The e nd o f t he P r inc ipate r epresen ts f or Dobrud ja a p er iod o f a ct iv ity i n t he r estorat ion a nd t he r e in force men t o f t he d efences , s o t he a dm in istra t ive a nd m il itary r efor ms o f D ioclet ian r estored a n e conom ic a nd p o l it ica l s tab i l ity i n t hese a reas wh ich h ad h ad s uch a t roub led h is tory .

5 4

I I.

THE ROMAN AR MY DUR ING THE DOM INATE

A fter D ioc let ian c a me t o t he t hrone , t he l ast p er iod o f h istory o f t he Roman Emp ire b egan 8 35 w ith t he a dm in istrat ive, j ur id ica l , e conom ic a nd m il itary r efor ms i n i t iated b yD ioc let ian a nd c arr ied t o c omp let ion b y Constant ine t he G reat .

I n Dobrud ja t h is i s t he l ast t ime w hen Ro man l i fe a nd o rgan iza t ion

s t i l l e xper ienced i n terva ls o f r elat ive p eacefu lness a nd e cono m ic a nd p o l it ica l r ev iva l , d esp ite t he b arbar ian a ssau lts o n t he s ta te wh ich b eca me more a nd more f requen t a nd d i f f icu lt t o r epel , a nd t he ma jor ity o f w h ich p assed t hrough t hese a reas wh ich l ay i nt he p ath o f t hose b arbar ians who w ere a t tracted b y t he c iv il ized world , e i ther f or p urposes o f p lunder o r s ett le men t .8 36 I n t he a dm in istra t ive r efor m o f t he emp ire, Dobrud ja w as a t tached t o t he d iocese o f T hrace a nd mos t o f i t was i nc luded i n t he p rov ince o f S cy th ia ; o n ly t he s outh-western c orner was i n t he p rov ince o f Moes ia S ecunda ;

T o mis was

t he c ap i ta l o f t he p rov ince o f S cy th ia . The m i l itary r efor ms o f D ioclet ian a nd Constant ine b rough t a bou t r ad ica l c hanges i nt he a r my .

The m il itary c om mand o f ap rov ince w as p laced i n t he

h ands o f ad ux a nd w as s eparated f rom t he c iv i l g overnmen t o f t he s a me p rov ince ( praeses ). T he t roops w ere d iv ided i n to t wo ma in c ategor ies : u n its s tat ioned p er manent ly o n t he f ront iers o f t he emp ire ( m il ites r ipenses o r l im itane i ) a nd manoeuvreable u n its w h ich w ere s en t w here t hey w ere n eeded ( m il ites c om ita tenses o r p a lat in i ). The l at ter e n joyed a p r iv ileged p os it ion a nd t he ir t ra in ing w as s uper ior t o t hat o f t he f ron t ier f or mat ions.

The

n umber o f u n its i ncreased s ubstan t ia l ly t o t he d etr i men t o f t he ir q ua l ity.

O n

t he o ther h and , s ince t he p enetrat ion o f t he m igra tory b arbar ians i n to t he emp ire w as o n t he i ncrease , b arbar ians s upp l ied n ew r ecru its f or t he Roman a r my w hose c o mpos it ion u nderwen t ac hange. I n a dd it ion s pec ia l m il itary u n its w ere c reated ;

t he f ore igners s erv ing i n t hese u n its r eta ined t he ir own

manner o f f i gh t ing a nd m il itary o rgan iza t ion b ut w ere l ed b y Roman c o mmanders. F ro m t h is t ime , t he f ron t ier s o ld iers w ere l inked t o t he l and o n w h ich t he ir u n its w ere s tat ioned , a nd t hey b ecame s et t led c o lon i. The s treng th o f al eg ion w as r educed f rom 6 ,000 t o a bou t 1 ,000 men a nd t he c avalry a nd a ux i l iary u n its w ere e ach a bou t 5 00 s trong.

The r o le p layed

b y t he c ava lry i ncreased c on t inuously a nd t he a r my b eca me more a nd more h eterogeneous d ue t o t he e nro l ment o f t he b arbar ians , e spec ial ly t hose o f G er man o r ig in w ho w ere s et t led i ns ide t he emp ire a nd t o t he u se o f mercenar ies f oedera t i ) a nd o ft roops s upp l ied o n d e mand b y t he a l l ied p opu lat ions ( gen t i les ). An ew c a tegory o f p r iva te s o ld ier w as c rea ted : b uccelar i i w ho w ere a lso r ec ru ited f rom t he m igratory p eop les.

We n eed n o t e xa m ine i n d eta il t he v ar ious

c hanges i n t he m i l itary o rgan izat ion o f t he emp ire 8 37

b u t Iw il l a t te mp t a s f ar

a s t he a va ilable e v idence p er m its t o p resent t he s i tua t ion o f t he a r my i n D obrud ja d ur ing t he Do m inate.

I n c on trast t o t he w ea lth o f i n for mat ion g iven

b y t he a nc ien t a u thors a bou t t he p o l it ica l e ven ts wh ich t ook p lace i n t he emp ire

5 5

i ng enera l a nd i nt hese a reas i np art icu lar a t t h is t ime c ompared w ith t hat a va i lab le f or t he p er iod o f t he P r inc ipate, t he i nscr ip t ions c oncern ing p urely m i l itary a f fa irs o r t he s o ld iers who s erved h ere a re v ery f ew .

The ma in

s ource o f i n for mat ion f or t he m il itary o rgan iza t ion o f Dobrud ja i n t he 4 th c en tury i s t he N o t it ia D ign ita tum 8 38 t o w h ich w e must a dd t he i n for ma t ion g iven b y t he An ton ine I t inerary a nd a r a ther sma l l n umber o f i nscr ipt ions. The s ources o f i n for ma t ion a re e n t irely i nadequate i n t he 5 th c en tury , a nd f or t he 6 t h c ent ury , w h ich i s t he l a test p er iod i n w h ich t he m i l itary o rgan iza t ion a nd t he a r my i nt hese a reas c an b e d iscussed , w e a re l im ited t o af ew i nscr ip t ions a nd t he i n for mat ion g iven b y P rocop ius o f Caesarea 8 39 a bou t t he f or t if icat ions a nd r oads i n t he t ime o f J ust in ian . B efore l i st ing t he m i l itary u n its f or w h ich t here i s e v idence i n Dobrud ja i n t he p er iod o f t he Dom inate , s o me r emarks c oncern ing t he s ources a re n eeded. The An ton ine I t inerary ,8 40 w h ich i s t he most i mportan t s ource f or t he S cy th ian l imes d ur ing t he P r inc ipate, a lso p rov ides s ome i n for mat ion a bout t he l eg ions moved t o Dobrud ja b yD ioc let ian a nd t h is s hows t hat t he v ers ion w h ich h as s urv ived i nc ludes a ddi t iona l ma ter ia l d a t ing a l mos t c erta in ly f ro m t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c en tury o r p oss ibly f rom t he f i rst y ears o f t he f ourth c en tury .8 41 The N ot it ia D ign ita tum g ives t he m il itary o rgan iza t ion o f t he Danub ian f ront i er i n t he t ime o f Constan t ius I .8 42 For t he a reas s tud ied b y u s, t here i s a n a dd it ion d at ing f rom t he t ime o f Va lens ( Grat iana a nd Mi l i tes G rat ianenses ) ; 843 t h is a lso e xp la ins s o me a spects o f t he m il itary s i tuat ion i n t he t ime o f Const an t ine t he G reat. De a ed if ic i is w r itten b y P rocop ius i n 5 53-555 8 44 d oes n o t men t ion m i l itary u n its a nd c onsequen t ly i s o f n o i n terest t o u s e xcept f or t he i n for ma t ion i t g ives c oncern ing t he work o f f ort if icat ion c arr ied o u t b y J ust in ian . A .

THE MIL ITARY UN ITS ON THE DANUBIAN BORDER ( R IPENSES ) Iw il l e numerate t he m il itary u n its r ecorded b y t he N ot it ia D ign i tatum

a long t he Danube i n Dobrud ja , t hat i s o n t he l ast p art o f t he l imes o f Moes ia S ecunda a nd o n t he S cy th ian l imes , a ccord ing t o t he c ategor ies o f t roops a nd f o l low ing t he c ourse o f t he r iver d own t o t he mou th . On t he b asis o f t he a va ila b le e p igraph ica l a nd l i terary e v idence Iw il l d ea l w ith t he p os it ions a nd t he move men ts o f t hese f or mat ions.

S ome c onc lus ions c an b e d rawn f rom t he

n a mes o f u n its , wh ich may r eveal t he r eg ion o r t he l oca l ity f ro m w h ich t he s o ld iers w ere i n it ia l ly r ecru ited , o r t he ir c haracter ist ic a r ma men ts a nd f i gh t ing method , o r may c on ta in t he n ame o f t he emperor u nder whose r eign t he u n i t w as c rea ted. The i n for ma t ion g iven b y N ot it ia D ign itatum a bou t t he s i tuat ion o f t he a r my i n Dobrud ja most ly r efers t o t he t ime o f Constan t ius I , t hat i s t o s ay a f ter Constan t ine t he Great h ad f i na l ly s epara ted t he mob i le f orces f rom t hose s erv ing o n t he f ron t iers a nd t he c ava lry f ro m t he i n fan try , i n o ther w ords a f ter t he c onst itu t ion o f 3 25. 8 45 However, Ib el ieve t hat s o me d educ t ions c an b e made f ro m t he s ources a nd i nscr ip t ions ; a nd t hat i t i s a lso p oss ible t o r each s ome c onclus ions c oncern ing t he s i tuat ion i n t he e astern p art o f t he emp ire i n t he t ime o f t he T etrarchy a nd i n t he r e ign o f L ic in ius.

5 6

Iw il l d iscuss t he t roops o n t he Danub ian b order i nt he f o l low ing o rder : l eg ions, c ava lry u n its ( cune i ) , i n fan try u n its ( m il ites ) , a nd f or mat ions o f s a i lors. O f t he l eg ions w h ich w ere s tat ioned i n Dobrud ja , o n ly L eg io X I C laud ia r e ma ined i n i t s p lace a t Durostorum , where i tw as r eta ined b y D ioc let ian . T h is l eg ion c on tro l led t he l ast p art o f t he l imes o f Moes ia S ecunda w h ich was s i tuated o n t he e astern b ank o f t he Danube f ro m O strov t o A lt inum. f rom t he i nfor ma t ion g iven b y t he N ot it ia D ign itatum 8 46

Apart

t here i s n o e v idence

c on cern ing t he a ct iv i ty o f t h is l eg ion i n Dobrud ja i n t he p er iod o f t he Do m inate. D ioclet ian c rea ted n ew l eg ions, II ou ia a nd I H ercu l ia , a nd p osted t he m t o t he p rov ince o f S cy th ia. 1 .

These l eg ions a re n ow d iscussed.

LEGIO II OVIA ( SCYTH ICA ).

The n a me o f t he u n it d er ives f ro m t he d iv ine

g en t i lic iu m n o men ( I ouius )taken b y t he emperor D ioclet ian . An ton ine I t inerary t he l eg ion w as b ased a t Troes m is 8 47 D ign ita tu m 8 48

l oca ted i ta t N ov iodunum.

Accord ing t o t he

wh ile t he N ot it ia

I ti s p oss ible t hat t he i n for mat ion

g iven by t he An ton ine I t inerary i s i ncorrec t , t he b ases o f t wo l eg ions b e ing i n terchanged , s ince L eg io I H ercu l ia a ppears a t N ov iodunum.

The i nscr ip-

8 49

L i on s a nd t i les men t ion ing t ha t L eg io II ou ia p rotected t he n orthern f ron t ier o f t he p rov ince 8 5 ° l ead t o t he s a me c onclus ion .

For i nstance, b r icks s ta mped

w ith LEG.I I OVIAE S CY. h ave b een f ound a t B iser icu ta-Garvän 8 51 N icu l ite1.

8 52

a nd a t

A f unerary i nscr ipt ion f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c entury

e rected t o ah orse man f ro m t he l oca l v ex il lat ion b y as o ld ier Va ler ius Proclus o f L eg io II ou ia 8 53

( SE 6 3 ) h as b een d iscovered a t Aeg issus.

A t o mbstone

f ound a t S a lsov ia w as e rected a t t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c entury o r a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he f ourth c en tury b y t he c en tur ion F lau ius Festus o f L eg io 1854

( SE 6 2 ) ,

w h ich was c erta in ly I ou ia a nd n o t I ta l ica. 8 5 b A s t o t he v ex il lat ion o f S a lsov ia men t ioned o n t he o ther f ace o f t he s a me s tone , i n t h is c ase a n i nscr ipt ion d at ing f ro m 3 22-323, t o L eg io II ou ia.

8 56

( SE 1 12 ) w e c ons ider t hat t h is d etach men t a lso b elonged

T h is f ort if icat ion w as a ss igned t o i t s own u n it , M il ites V

Constant ian i , o n ly i n t he t ime o f Constan t ius I , a s i s s hown b y t he N o t it ia D ign itatu m. 8 57

I ti s p oss ible t hat s o me o f t he s o ld iers c o m me morated o n a

c o l lect ive f unerary monumen t8 58 t he t ime o f Va lens 8 60

f ound n ear S a lsov ia 859

wh ich i s d atable t o

a t t he l atest , h ad a lso s erved i n L eg io II ou ia.

monu men t men t ions s o ld iers b elong ing t o t hree t roops a t l eas t .

Th is

S o me o f t he m

b ore Ro man n a mes , a nd among t he m w ere s o ld iers d e tached f rom L eg io I I ou ia f ro m Aeg issus w h i le o thers p robably b elonged t o t he a ux il iary f or ma t ion M i l ites V Constan t ian i f ro m S a lsov ia. 861

O thers b ore o r ien ta l n a mes a nd

p erhaps b e longed t o Cuneus e qu itum Arcadum , men t ioned i n t he N o t it ia D ign it atum a t Ta la mon ium ,

8 62

wh ich i s l ocated i n t he Danube d el ta. 863

A l l t he s urv iv ing d a ta , e ven t hat d at ing f ro m t he t ime o f D ioclet ian , t herefore s hows t ha t L eg io II ou ia was s tat ioned i n t he n orthern p art o f S cy th ia a nd t he s ite o f i t s ma in e nca mp men t w as a t N ov iodunu m f ro m i t s c rea t ion .

However i fw e g enera l ly b el ieve t he Anton ine I t inerary 864

t hen w e

c onc lude t he t wo S cy th ian l eg ions e xchanged b ases, a nd t h is c an o n ly h ave h appened i n t he f irst y ears o f t he ir c reat ion , t hat i s a bou t 2 90 , t he d ate o f t he l a test v ers ion o f t he I t inerary a nd t he N o t it ia D ign itatum , t he i nscr ipt ions a nd t he t i les must t hen h ave r ecorded t he s i tuat ion e x ist ing a f ter t h is d ate.

5 7

As r egards t he d iv is ion o f t he l eg ion i n to t wo s ubun its , o ne o f t hem b ased a t N ov iodunum w h ich w as a lso t he s i te o f t he h ead-quarters, a nd t he o ther p osted t o Aeg issus, a s i s r ecorded b y t he N ot it ia D ign i tatum, 8 65 t h is c ou ld h ave t aken p lace o n ly u nder Constan t ius I when a n a ux il iary u n it , M i l ites IConstan t ian i ,8 66 i s a lso e ncoun tered a t N ov iodunum. The p resence o f s uch a u n it w as n o t n eeded s o l ong a s aw ho le l eg ion w as s tat ioned t here. A c ava lry u n it , Cuneus e qu itum a rm igerorum ,

8 67

i s e ncoun tered a tA eg issus

a t l east f ro m t he t ime o f Constan t ine t he G reat . A s im ilar s ituat ion i s a t tested f or L eg io X C laud ia : i n it ia l ly , t he l eg ion w ith f u l l s treng th w as b ased a t Durostorum a nd b y t he t ime o f Constant ius I a n ew f or ma t ion , Mil ites I V Constan t ian i ,

8 68

a ppears t o h ave b een s tat ioned t here , wh ile h a l f t he l eg ion

s hared T rans mar isca 8 69

w ith M il ites N ouenses 8 7°

w h ich h ad c erta in ly a rr ived

t here e arl ier. I ts ee ms t hat t he s a me h appened a t T roes m is , where t he a ux il iary u n it w as t ransferred s oon a f ter L eg io I H ercu lia was d iv ided . I tf o l lows t hat L eg io II ou ia , c reated b y D ioclet ian , s ecured t he n orthern f ron t ier o fS cy th ia f ro m D inoget ia t o S a lsov ia d ur ing t he r e ign o f t h is emperor ; t he n umber o f a ux il iary u n its s ubord ina ted t o t h is l eg ion i s n o t k nown .

Fro m

t he t ime o f Constan t ine t he G reat , t wo u n its o f c ava lry a t Aeg issus a nd Ta lamon ium a nd o ne a ux il iary u n it o f i n fan try a t D inoget ia a ppear t o h ave b een p resen t o n t h is f ron t ier . C ons tan t ius I d iv ided t he l eg ion i n to t wo p ar ts , a cc ording t o t he d iv is ion o f t he b oundary ( peda tur i ) ; h e l ef t o ne a t N ov iodunu m where h e a dded a f or ma t ion o f i nfantry a nd r emoved t he o ther t o Aeg issus . S i mul taneous ly a n a ux i liary u n i t was c rea ted f or t he f ort a t S a lsov ia . I ts ee ms t ha t t he l a tes t i nfor ma t ion c oncern ing L eg io II ouia d a tes f rom t he r e ign o f Va lens ; t here i s n o men t ion o f t h is u n i t a t l a ter p er iods . A s r egards t he e pit he t S cy t (h ) ica men t ioned i n t he A ntonine I t inerary a nd o n s tamped b r icks , i t was p robab ly o n ly u sed i m media te ly a f ter t he c rea t ion o ft he l egion , i n v irtue o f i t s p resence i n t he n ew p rov ince , a nd was l a ter om i t ted f ro m i t s n ame . 2 .

L EG IO I HERCVL IA.

8 71

I t s n a me d er ives f rom t he d iv ine g ent i l ic ium n o men

( Hercu l ius ) o f Max im ianus, c o l league o f D ioclet ian .

The An ton ine I t inerary

r ecords t h is u n it a t N ov iodunum , b u t a s Ih ave s hown a bove , t h is i s p robably a n e rror. The b ase o f t he l eg ion w as a t T roes m is a nd i t s o perat iona l a rea e x tended f rom S ac idava t o Arrub ium , o n t he w estern f ron t ier o f t he p rov ince o f S cy th ia. T he u n it i s men t ioned i n t wo i nscr ipt ions f ound i n Dobrud ja a t T roes m is a nd S ac idava. A f unerary i nscr ipt ion f ound a t T roes m is g ives t he c areer o f t he p refect o f t he l eg ion , Va ler ius Th iumpus 8 72 ( SE 6 4 ), w ho h ad p rev iously f ough t i n L eg io X I C laud ia a nd a f terwards w as l anc iarius i n s acer c om itatus a nd p rotector , t hat i s t o s ay h e s erved i nD ioclet ian 's e l ite u n its. t o mbstone f ound a t S ac idava w as s et u p t o t he c en tur ion Va ler ius O nes i ma 873

A

( SE 6 5 ) w ho a ppears t o h ave s erved i n L eg io V I I C laud ia b efore h is t ransfer t o L eg io I H ercu l ia. Th is i nscr ipt ion , w h ich d ates f rom t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c en tury , s hows t hat d etach men ts o f t h is l eg ion w ere i n a ct ion o n t he who le w estern f ron t ier o f t he p rov ince i n t he t ime o f D ioc let ian a nd p erhaps a lso u nder Constant ine t he G rea t.8 7 4 I n t he t ime o f Constan t ius I , t he l eg ion a ppears t o h ave b een d iv ided i n to t wo p edaturae :

i n fer ior a t T roes m is w h ich w as a lso t he h eadquarters o f t he

c o m manderin-ch ief o f t he u n it a nd s uper ior a t Ax iopo l is , a ry u n it , M i l ites s uperuen tores,

8 76

8 75

where a n a ux il i-

a ppears t o h ave b een s tat ioned f or a l ong

5 8

t ime.

Consequen t ly t he s i tuat ion i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f t he l eg ions o f N ov io-

d unu m a nd Durostorum b u t w ith t he d i fference t hat a f or mat ion , M i l ites I C onstan t in i8 77 c o mme mora t ing C ons tan t ine t he G rea t , a ppears a t T roes m is a t t h is t ime. S o , a ccord ing t o t he i n for mat ion g iven b y t he N o t it ia D ign ita tum t he l eg ion w as d iv ided e ven i n t he r e ign o f t h is emperor, b u t o ther e xp lana t ions a re a lso p oss ib le :

w e c ou ld r ead Constant ian i i np lace o f Constant in i8 78

t he d ocumen t , a nd t h is s ee ms t o b e t he most p laus ible e xp lanat ion ;

i n

o r Cons-

t an t ius I may h ave t aken t he u n it f rom a no ther p lace a nd p osted i tt o T roes m is a s ac onsequence o f t he r eorgan iza t ion o f t he S cy th ian l imes .8 79 However , i f w e a dm it t ha t L eg io I H ercu l ia w as d e ta i led i n to t wo p eda turae b y C ons tan t ine t he Great , t hen w e s hou ld a ssume t hat t he d iv is ion o f o ther l eg ions t ook p lace a t l east i n t he y ears i m med ia tely a f ter i fn o t s i mul taneously . We may t heref ore a ssume t hat t h is n ew d ispos it ion o f t roops w as i n it iated b y Constan t ine t he Grea t i n t he l ast y ears o f h is r e ign a nd c on t inued b y Constan t ius I o n t he who le o f t he L ower Danube f ron t ier.

Ig ive t h is s econd p oss ib il ity s o lely

o n t he b as is o f t he i n for ma t ion g iven i n t he N o t it ia D ign itatum o n t he a ux il iary u n it a t Troes m is , b u t Ib el ieve t ha t t he f i rst v iew , t hat t he d iv is ion o f l eg ions t ook p lace u nder Constant ius I , i s c loser t o t he t ru th. As i n t he c ase o f L eg io II ou ia , t here i s n o i n for mat ion a bou t L eg io I H ercu l ia a f ter t he 4 th c en tury. 3 .

CVNEVS EQVITV M S TABLESIANORV M

w as b ased a t S uc idava , i n Moes ia

S ecunda ;88 0 a part f rom t h is u n it , t roops o f t h is t ype a re n ot a t tested i n t h is p rov ince b u t i nS cy th ia , a t C ius a nd B eroe. 4 .

CVNEVS EQVITV M S CVTAR IORV M i s k nown t o h ave b een t he s ou thern-

most u n it o f c ava lry i n t he p rov ince o f S cy th ia.

I tw as b ased a t S ac idava. 8 81

T he Not it ia D ign itatum r ecords f orma t ions o f r iders c arry ing s h ields i n Moes ia S ecunda a t S ecur isca , I a trus a nd App iar ia ;8 82 a re k nown i nS cyth ia . ment ion s uch s o ld iers :

Two i nscr ipt ions f ound i n t he t err itory o f Cap idava o ne o f t he m , ad ed icat ion s et u p b y av eteran o f

V ex il lat io...scu tar iroum 8 83 i t sel f ;

a part f ro m t h is u n it , n o o thers

t o Deus s anc tus a eternus , w as f ound a t Cap idava

t he s econd i nscr ip t ion , a lso v ot ive, w hose p rovenance i s n ot k nown

b u t wh ich must a lso c ome f rom t h is a rea , w as s et u p b y ap raepos itus e c iu itum s cu tar iorum f or h is own h ea l th a nd t hat o f t he v ex il lat ion o f Cap idava .8 84

Both

i nscript ions s ee m t o i nd ica te t hat t he u n it r ecorded b y t he N ot it ia D ign itatum a t S ac idava migh t p rev iously h ave b een a t Cap idava ,8 85 f ro m w hence i tw as u l t i mate ly moved t o t he n ew b ase. I ti s p oss ible t hat t he f or ma t ions o f r iders w i th s h ie lds a s w e l l a s o ther u n its e qu ipped w ith d i fferen t k inds o f w eapons a tt he t ime o f t he ir c rea t ion , may h ave b een i den t if ied n ot a ccord ing t o t he g arr ison-s ites t hey o ccup ied s uch a s a re r ecorded i n t he N o t it ia D ign itatum b u t o n t he b as is o f t he ir n umeral wh ich w ou ld h ave b ecome u seless l a ter o n , w hen f ron t ier t roops w ere n o l onger moved.

The t er m u ex il lat io s ee ms t o

h ave b een u sed b ecause o f t he e x istence o f many f or mat ions o f t he s a me t ype a s i fa l l h ave b een d e tached f rom t he s ame c om mon l arge u n it.

Th is i s s ug-

g es ted b y t he e x istence o f a Vex il lat io I s cu tar iorum a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c en tury .

The v eteran F lau ius V ictor inus , whose g ravestone h as b een

f ound a t 0 dess0s 8 86 w here h e r e t ired a f ter t he e nd o f h is a r my s erv ice , h ad s erved i n t h is u n i t. I tf o l lows f rom t he s i tuat ion a t Cap idava , t hat t he

5 9

i nscr ipt ions ment ioned a bove d o n ot r efer t o t wo d if feren t m il itary u n it s , o ne o f r iders e qu ipped w ith s h ie lds a nd t he o ther c a l led Vex il lat io C ap idabens iu m w h ich wou ld h ave b een d etached f rom L eg io I H ercu l ia , 887 b u t t o o n ly o ne f or mat ion , c a l led V ex i l la t io e quitu m s cutar ioru m , p erhaps b earing a n u mera l a nd af terwards t h is may h ave b eco me Cuneus e qu itum s cu tar ioru m wh ich u l t i mately g arr isoned a t S ac idava a f ter 3 25. 5 .

CVNEVS EQVITV M SOLENS IV M

b e ing b ased a t Cap idava. 8 88 i n Moes ia S ecunda. 8 89 t he ir c rea t ion .

i s men t ioned i n t he N ot it ia D ign i tatu m a s

A u n it o f t he s a me k ind i s a lso r ecorded a t D i mum

f ro m t he n a mes o f t he u n its w e c an i den t ify t he p lace o f

The mark o n as ta mped b r ick f ound n ear S istov c on ta ins t he

l et ters A L SOL , n a mely A la S o lens iu m ;8 90

i ti s p oss ib le t hat t he s a me u n it wou ld

o ccur l ater, w ith t he t i t le o f c uneus ,i t s b ase b e ing p robably s i tuated a tD i mum. 6 .

CVNEVS EQVITV M STABLES IANORV M

w as g arr isoned a t C ius. 8 91

7 . CVNEVS EQVTV M STABLESIANORV M w as s ta t ioned a t Beroe .8 92 I ti s p oss ib le t hat t hese t wo n e ighbour ing u n i ts o f t he s ame k ind, n o t roops o f i nfan try h av ing b een p laced b etween t he m a nd a s im ilar s ituat ion e x isted n owhere e lse i n t he p rov ince o f S cy th ia , may h ave b elonged t o t he s a me f or mat ion a t o ne p er iod ;

a t s o me t ime , t h is s ing le f or mat ion w as d iv ided , a nd t he t wo s eparate

u n its d eveloped i ndependen t ly b y r ecru it ing l oca l ly . 8 .

CVNEVS EQVITV M CATAFRACTAR IORV M

w as b ased a t Arrub ium.893

We may p ropose t he s a me h ypo thes is a s i n t he c ase o f t he s o ld iers e qu ipped w ith s h ie lds a t S ac idava f or t h is u n i t o f c ava lry e qu ipped w ith a r mour. i nscr ip t ion f ound a t H istr ia 8 94

An

men t ions a Vex i l lat io c atafractar iorum w ith

t he n umeral X I I I a t T r i m ma m iu m , a nd t h is s hows u s t hat s evera l f or mat ions o f t he s a me k ind w ere u sed a s mob ile t roops 8 95

a t s o me t ime.

O f t hese

s o me f or ma t ions w ere p robab ly t ransfor med i n to f ron t ier t roops.

I ti s p os-

s ible t hat t he Cuneus e qu itum c a ta fractar ioru m men t ioned i n t he No t it ia D ign it atu m w as c reated f ro m s uch a f or mat ion .

A t o mbstone f ound a t H irsovo , n ear

Abr it tus ,8 96 w as s et u p t o F lauius T e th ianus

w ho h eld t he r ank o f c irc itor

l ike t he s o ld ier men t ioned i n t he i nscr ipt ion f ro m H istr ia w ho h ad s erved i n a Numerus c atafractar iorum wh ich w as n ot s tat ioned o n t he f ron t ier , b u t wh ich b e longed t o t he f i eld a r my . 9 . CVNEVS EQVITV M AR M IGERORV M w as g arr isoned a t Aeg issus ,8 97 where i tw as p robab ly s tat ioned b efore t he d iv is ion o f L eg io II ou ia b y Constan t ius I t s ee ms t hat t he u n it h ad s t il l n ot b een moved t o Aeg issus i n t he t ime o f D ioc le t ian , s ince a v ex i l la t ion o f L eg io II ov ia f ro m N ov iodunu m 898 i s a t tested t here a t t h is t ime .

F or ma t ions o f h eavy c ava lry a re e ncoun tered i n Moesia

S ecunda a t S exagin ta P r is ta 899

a nd T igra ; t he f ac t t ha t t he s o ldiers f ro m t he

l a t ter were c a l led s ecundi 9 " may s ugges t t ha t t hese u ni ts , a s we l l a s o thers whose t ype o f e quip men t a nd a r ma men t a re i ndica ted , c ame f ro m f ormer mob i le f or ma t ions . 1 0.

CVNEVS EQVITV M ARCADV M

i s r ecorded i n t he N o t it ia D ign ita tu m a t

Ta la mon iu m ,9 01 t he s ite o f wh ich h as n o t y et b een i den t if ied , b u t w h ich c an b e l oca ted w ith c erta in ty i n t he a rea b etween Tu lcea a nd t he mou th o f t he

6 0

D anube o r p oss ibly e ven b eyond S a lsov ia.

The n a me o f t h is u n it s hows t hat

o r ig ina l ly i tc ons isted o f s o ld iers who h ad b een r ecru ited f rom t he p rov ince A rcad ia i n t he d iocese o f Egypt ;

w e c an t herefore a ssume t hat t he s o ld iers

w ith o r ien ta l n a mes men t ioned o n o ne o f t he s ect ions o f t he f unerary monu men t f ound n ear S a lsov ia 9 °2 m igh t h ave s erved i n t h is u n it .

Apart f ro m t h is i n for ma-

t i on , n o o ther u n it w hose r iders w ere o f Arcad ian o r ig in o r r ecru ited f ro m t he O r ien ta l p rov inces i s e ncountered e ither i n S cy th ia o r i n Moes ia S ecunda. 1.

MIL ITES C I MBR IA N I

o r C i mbr iana ,

9° 4

a re r ecorded b y N ot it ia D ign ita tum a t C i mbr ianae 9°3

i n Moes ia S ecunda ;

t he a ctua l l ocat ion o f t h is s i te h as n o t

b een i den t if ied s o f ar , b u t c an b e p laced w ith c erta in ty b etween Durostoru m a nd S uc idava , p robab ly a t o ne o f t he f ort if ied s et t le men ts whose r e ma ins a re k nown a t Bugeac, Derven t a nd Can l ia. 905

The n a me o f t he s ite d er ives f ro m t ha t o f

t he s o ld iers who w ere s tat ioned t here , a nd t h is l eads u s t o p resume t hat M il ites C i mbr ian i w as o ne o f t he o ldest u n its o n t he Danub ian b order o f Moes ia S ecunda , p erhaps e ven h av ing a rr ived h ere i n t he t ime o f D ioclet ian wh ich c ou ld e xp la in t he o ccurrence a nd t he p reserva t ion o f t he n a me i n t he t ime o f Constan t ius I a nd p erhaps e ven l a ter.

I ti s l ikely t hat t he f or ma t ion wou ld o r ig ina l ly h ave

b een c o mposed o f s o ld iers o f Ger man o r ig in , r ecru ited f ro m t he f ore igners who w ere s et t led i n t he emp ire f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he Do m ina te. 1 2.

MIL ITES S VPERVE NTORES.

p o l is 906

Th is a ux il iary u n i t w as s tat ioned a t Ax io-

i n S cy th ia , w here h a lf o f L eg io I Hercu l ia 907

t he t ime o f Constan t ius I .

was a lso s tat ioned i n

The n a mes o f t he a ux il iary s o ld iers s how u s t hat

a t s o me t ime t hey h ad s erved i n ar ear-guard f or ma t ion f ro m a mob ile u n it , l ik e t hose r ecorded a t Ansa mu m i n Moes ia S ecunda ( we r efer t o Mil ites p raeu en tores ). 9 08 1 3.

1 \ 4 1L ITES S C YTH ICI , a t tested a t Cars ium ,

9 09

w ere c erta in ly r ecru ited

f rom t he i nhab itan ts o f t he p rov ince o f S cy th ia o r f ro m t he p opu lat ion l iv ing o n t he Lower Danube ; t hey w ere p robably o ne o f t he e arl iest f or ma t ions among t he s et t led f ron t ier t roops. 1 4.

MIL ITES S ECVND I CONSTA NT IN '

h a l f o f L eg io I Hercu l ia 9 11 d iv ided ,

a re r ecorded a t T roes m is , 910

where

w as a lso s ta t ioned a f ter t h is l eg ion h as b een

p erhaps t owards t he e nd o f t he r e ign o f Constan t ine t he G reat o r i n

t he t ime o f Constan t ius I i ft he p oss ib i l ity i s a ccep ted t ha t a n e as ily e xp l icab le e rror h as s l ipped i n to t he t ex t o f N ot it ia D ign ita tum , Constant in i i n p lace o f Constan t ian i. q uar t i9 13

Th is a ssumpt ion i s s upported b y t he f act t ha t m i l ites p r im i ,

a nd q u in t i9 14

9 12

Consta .n t ian i a re e ncoun tered i n Moes ia S ecunda a nd

S cy th ia ( bu t s ecun .d i , w ho Ib el ieve a re t hose a t T roes m is , a nd t ert i i a re missi ng ) , wh i le s o ldiers o f C ons tan t ine a re ment ioned o n ly o nce a t T r i m ma m iu m . The n u mera l i s n o t i nd icated. 9 15 1 5. MIL ITES S CYTH ICI b ased a tD inoget ia 9 16 w ere i n as im ilar s i tuat ion t o t he m il ites a ttested a t Cars iu m , b u t t hey w ere s tat ioned i n t he a rea c on tro l led b y L eg io II ou ia f rom N ov iodunu m. 1 6.

M IL ITES PR IM I CONSTA NT IA N I

t hey a ppear a longs ide L eg io II ou ia 9 18

a re men t ioned a t N ov iodunum 9 17

where

( pedatura s uper ior ) a f ter t h is l eg ion w as

d iv ided b y Constan t ius I . 6 1

1 7.

M IL ITES QVINT I CONSTANT IAN I

w ere b ased a t S a lsov ia 9 19

b y C ons-

t an t ius I t o s treng then t he n orthern f ron t . They t ook o ver p art o f t he f unct ions o f L eg io II ou ia whose d etach men ts s ee m t o h ave g arr isoned t h is s ite b e fore t he ir a rr iva l. 1 8.

M IL ITES PR IM I GRATIANENSES

k nown a t Gra t iana 9 20

p rove t ha t t he

N ot it ia D ign ita tum c on ta ins l ater i n terpo lat ions , a f ter t he r e ign o f Constan t ius I i n w h ich t he g eneral s i tuat ion i n S cy th ia a nd Moes ia S ecunda p resen ted by t h is d ocumen t i s d escr ibed. 9 21

Tak ing i n to a ccoun t t h is i n terpo lat ion , w e h ave

n o p roo f t hat t he s et t le men t w as s ituated a t t he mou th o f t he Danube a s i s u sua l ly s upposed , s ince i t s n a me w as p laced a t t he e nd o f t he l i st o f a ux il iary t roops i n S cy th ia n ot f or a t opograph ica l r eason , b u t o n ly b ecause i tw as a l a ter a dd it ion . o f Procop ius ,

Ib el ieve t h is f ortress, a s s ee ms t o b e s uggested b y t he t ex t

9 22

t he o n ly a nc ien t a uthor w ho a lso men t ions G rat iana , s hou ld

b e l ocated i n t he w estern p art o f t he Danub ian f ron t ier .9 23

The n a me o f t he

s ite i nd ica tes a f ort if icat ion b u il tb y Va lens, whose n a me w as g iven i nh onour o f h is n ephew a nd a ssoc iate Grat ian .9 24 The n a me o f t he s o ld iers , G rat iane nses, d er ives f ro m t he p lace-na me Grat iana a s d o o ther n a mes men t ioned i n t he N ot it ia D ign itatum 9 25

a nd f or med w i th t he s u f f ix ensis , a nd n o t f ro m t he

p ersona l n a me G ra t ianus .9 26

Th is wou ld l ead u s t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t Mil ites

p r im i Grat ianenses h ad p rev iously b een a f or ma t ion b e long ing t o t he f i eld a r my o f Va lens.

I t w ould h ave b een s tat ioned b y t he emperor i n t he f ortress n ew ly

b u i l t b y i t s s o ld iers a nd w ou ld b ecome a f ron t ier u n it . Accord ing t o t he N ot it ia D ign i tatum , t wo c a tegor ies o f u n its o f s a ilors c an b e d ist ingu ished :

t hose c omposed o f m il ites , l ike i n fan try f or mat ions a nd

p lay ing t he r o le o f o rd inary a ux il iary t roops , a nd t hose d epend ing u pon t he f ron t ier l eg ions a nd c o m manded b y ap raefectus r ipae.

The d ocumen t men t ion s

t he t ypes o f s h ip b elong ing t o t he s econd c ategory . 1 9.

MIL ITES NAVC LAR I I A LT INENSES

w as t he r e motest a ux il iary u n it t o

b e s tat ioned o n t he Danube , o n t he b order o f Moes ia S ecunda ; a t A lt inum 9 27

( modern O lt ina ) .9 28

i t s b ase was

The f ron t ier b etween Moes ia S ecunda a nd

S cy th ia r an t o t he n orth o f A lt inum 9 29

a t t he t ime w hen t he N ot it ia D ign itatum

w as w r it ten . By t he 6 th c entury , a ccord ing t o P rocop ius who l oca ted A lt inum i n S cy th ia ,9 3 °t he b order b e tween t he t wo p rov inces was moved u ps trea m t o t he l oca l i ty men t ioned a bove . n ame . 2 0.

T he n a me o f t he u n i t d er ives f ro m t he p lace-

T hey were c er ta in ly r ecrui ted l oca l ly .

M IL ITES NAVC LAR I I , a t tested a t F lav iana ,

9 31

a re t he f i rst a ux il iary

f or ma t ion b ased i n S cy th ia , t o t he n orth o f t he Moes ian b order.

T he n a me o f

t he b ase s hows u s t hat b o th t he f ort if ica t ion a nd t he m il itary u n it w ho o ccup ied i tw ere c rea ted i n t he t ime o f Constant ine t he Great .9 32 b een l ocated w ith c er ta in ty s o f ar;

F lav iana h as n ot

i t may e ither b e n ear t he Lake Mf rleanu

o r i n t he v ic in ity o f L ake Rasova , where, a s i n t he c ase o f O l t ina , l ocal c ond it ions f avoured t he h arbour ing o f af l eet . t ed o n t he s hore o f L ake Mirleanu ,

9 33

The t heory t hat F lav iana w as s itua-

n o t o n t he o ut sk irts o f t he v i l lage o f

Dunaren i b u t n ear t he v i l lage o f V i ile where t here w as a l arge f or t i f ied s et t lemen t i n as u itab le p os it ion9 34

s ee ms t o b e p laus ib le.

The F lav iana u n it c ou ld

h ave c o l labora ted w ith t he s im i lar f or mat ion f rom A lt inum n earby , a nd i t i s

6 2

a lso p oss ib le t hat b o th u n its c a me f rom t he s a me l arger f l eet wh ich w as d iv ided b y D ioclet ian 9 3 5o r maybe b y Constan t ine , i fw e t ake i n to c ons idera t ion t he p lace-na mes w h ich d er ive f ro m h is g en t i lic iu m n o men . O n t he o ther h and t he p oss ib il ity c anno tb e c ategor ica l ly e xcluded t hat F lav iana w as s i tuated o n t he l ake s hore n ear Rasova , w here t here was a l arge s et t le men t a t t he p lace k nown a s " Pescar ie" , wh ich w as f avourab ly p laced a t t he c ross ing o ver t he Danube wh ich n eeded t ob e g uarded. I ts ee ms r easonab le t hat t he t wo f or mat i ons o f s a ilors, i n o rder t o b e a ble t o c on tro l al arger s tre tch o f t he Danube , w ere n o t d isposed i n c lose p rox im ity t o o ne a no ther.

I f , o n t he o ther h and , w e

a ssume t hat t he s i te o f F lav iana w as a t Rasova , t hen t he d istr ibu t ion o f t he t roops o n t he l imes a ppears t o h ave b een more s yste mat ic : m i l ites n auclar i i a t F lav iana b e ing g arr isoned u pstream f rom Cuneus e qu itum s cutar iorum a t S ac idava , j ust a s t hose a t A lt inu m were u pstream f ro m C uneus e qui tu m s tab les ianorum b ased a t S uc idava. 2 1. COHORS MVSCVLORV M S CYTH ICORVM w as a u n it o f s h ips o f l oca l t ype; t hey w ere u nder t he c om mand o f ap raefectus r ipae d ependen t u pon b o th S cy th ian l eg ions . 936 2 2.

CLASS IS I N PLATEYPEG I IS 9 37

w as p robab ly a lso a n ava l u n it i n my v iew .

I tw as a f l eet c omposed o f f l at-bot tomed b oats u nder t he c ommand o f t he s ame p raefectus r ipae.

U nt i l r ecen t ly t he w ord PLATEYPEG IAE w as c ons idered t o

b e t he p lace-name o f t he b ase i n t he D el ta f or t he f or mat ions o f s a ilors s erv ing i nt he t wo l eg ions , n ame.

9 38

b u t i tw as i mposs ib le t o e xp la in t he p rovenance o f t he

A lthough t he p oss ib il ity c annot b e c omp letely e xcluded t hat t h is n a me

i s d er ived f ro m a n oun i nd icat ing a t ype o f b oat wh ich w as c haracter ist ic o f t he N i le Delta a nd s o o ne w el l s u ited t o t he mou th o f t he Danube , t h is e xp lanat ion i sb ased o n p apyr i o f t he 3 rd c en tury i n w h ich t he word T t XaTu r tf ly L a o ccurs i n t h is s ense. 9 39

However , i ts ee ms t o me more p laus ib le t hat i n t h is c ase

t he N ot it ia D ign itatum d id n ot i nd ica te a l oca l ity b u t t he t ype o fb oat u sed b y t he f l eet. 9 40

There a re s evera l a rgumen ts i n s upport o f t h is o p in ion .

For

e xa mp le, w e n o t ice t ha t t he N ot it ia D ign ita tum a lways i nd ica tes t he t ypes o f s h ips wh ich f or med t he ma in n ava l u n its , l ike t he muscu l i s cy th ic i men t ioned a bove o r n aues amn icae i n Moes ia S ecunda 9 41 .A no ther a rgumen t i s t he f act t hat t he N o t it ia D ign i tatum d oes n o t men t ion t he b ase o f t he f l eet u nder t he c om mand o f ap raefectus 9 42 i n Moes ia . S ecunda e ither, a nd t h is means t h is f l eet a cted a long t he w ho le Danub ian f ron t ier o f t he p rov ince. T he s i tuat ion i nS cy th ia s hou ld h ave b een s im ilar.

The f act t ha t t h is f l eet d epended u pon

b o th S cyth ian l eg ions i nd icates a s im ilar s i tuat ion , n ame ly i t s p resence a lso o n t he w estern f ron t ier o f Dobrud ja.

O therw ise , i ft he f l eet h ad c on tro l led

t he n orthern f ron t ier a nd t he Del ta o n ly , t hen n or ma l ly i ts hou ld h ave b een d ependen t o n ly u pon L eg io II ou ia.

F ina l ly , Ib el ieve t ha t ac onclus ive

a rgumen t i s p rov ided b y ag ra m ma t ica l d eta il : i n f ron t o f t he w ord 9 43

t he u se o f t he p repos it ion i n

N o p lace-name r ecorded i n t he N ot it ia D ign itatum i n

Moes ia S ecunda o r S cy th ia o ccurs i n as im ilar s i tuat ion t o t h is, t he a blat ive w ithou t ap repos it ion 9 44 o r more r arely t he l ocat ive c ase 9 45 b e ing u sed t he most f requen t ly . S uch a n e xcept ion , c oncern ing a word w h ich i s ac om mon n ame a nd may i nd ica te , i n t h is c onstruc t ion , t he k ind o f b oa ts wh ich f ormed a c erta in n ava l u n it o n t he S cy th ian l imes, s ee ms t o me t o b e c omp letely i nexp l icable.

It herefore c ons ider t ha t i ti s u seless t o t ry t o f i nd a l oca l ity c a l led

6 3

P la tegypeg iae;

s uch a n e xo t ic word would h ave h ad t o h ave b een w idespread

t o b eco me a p lace-na me.

Bu t a s at echn ica l t er m i tw as k nown a nd n ecessary

o n ly t o a sma l l n umber o f s peakers.

As r egards t he b ases o f t he Danub ian

f leet , Ib el ieve t hat t he most p robab le p laces w ere N ov iodunu m , Aeg issus , D inogert ia a nd Ax iopo l is , a nd t ha t o thers may h ave b een u sed t oo a l though t hey a re n o t r ecorded i n t he N o t it ia D ign itatum. B .

MOBILE UN ITS ( C OMITATENSES ) N o ma jor b ase o f t he u n its o f m il ites c om itatenses o r p a lat in i w as s ituated

i n Dobrud ja.

T here a re v ery f ew i nscr ipt ions w h ich men t ion s o ld iers s erv ing

i n t hese u n its.

A f ew a ttest t he a ct iv ity o f t hese mob ile f or mat ions i n t hese

a reas i n t he 4 th a nd 5 th c entur ies. 1 .

S ACRV M PA LAT IV M .

A f unerary i nscr ipt ion f ro m U l metu m w as s et u p

b y t he w ife o f Va ler ius V ictor inus , b iarc(h )us i n S acru m Pa lat inu m 9 46

( SE 1 13 )

i n t he s erv ice o f t he emperor L ic in ius ,Va ler ius V ictor inus f el l i n t he b at t le o f Cha lchedon ( Chrysopo l is ) i n 3 24. 9 47 2 .

VEX ILLAT IO X I I I CATAFRACTAR IORV M i s ment ioned o n at ombstone

( SE 1 11) f ro m H istr ia 9 48

s et u p f or a n a nony mous c irc itor o f t h is u n it .

Accord ing t o t he i nscr ip t ion , t he u n it w as s tat ioned a t T r i m ma m ium , o n t he l imes i n Moes ia S ecunda.

I t s p resence d ue t o s o me m il itary e xped it ion a t

H istr ia , w here t he c irc itor d ied , s ee ms t o i nd ica te t hat t h is f or mat ion was n ot y et b ased a t T r i m ma m iu m i n t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c en tury . t an t i9 49

Mi l ites Cons-

a re a t tested o n ly u nder Constan t ine t he G reat , p robably af ter 3 25.

t he o ther h and , t he n u mera l o f v e 2d .1 1at ion9 50

On

c ou ld i nd icate t hat s uch d etach-

men ts o f mob ile l eg ions w ere p osted t o t he f ron t ier a t s o me t ime a nd t ha t t hey b eca me s ta t ic t roops b ear ing t he n a me o f t he c haracter ist ic w eapons p rev iously u sed b y t he m when t hey w ere u n its o f c om ita tenses. 3 .

CVNEVS D (A LMATARV M ? ) .

The p resence o f s uch a u n it i n Dobrud ja i s

s uggested b y ar ecen t f ind a t T om is : l et ters CVND. 9 51

as ta mped b r ick b ear ing c learly t he

The r estorat ion Da l ma tarum p roposed f or D i s b ased o n

t he e x istance o f Da l mat ian moun ted u n its i n t he r e ign o f Ga l l ienus.

S uch u n its

o ccur l a ter i n o ther n earby p rov inces, n a me ly Dac ia R ipenses, where i n a dd it i on t o t he men t ion i n t he N o t it ia D ign i tatum w h ich r ecords a Cuneus e qu itu m Da l ma tarum D iu itens ium 9 52

a t D robeta , t egu lae 9 53

moun ted Da l ma t ians h ave b een f ound t here.

a t test ing t he p resence o f

Bu t t he b r ick f ound a t T om is c omes

f rom a u n i t o f c om ita tenses, a nd n o t f ro m a f or ma t ion o f l im itane i s uch a s t ha t a t To m is. I ti s p oss ible t hat s uch f or ma t ions o f D a l mat ians i n t he f i eld a r my may h ave e x isted i n t he t ime o f D ioclet ian a nd a f terwards t hey may h ave b een p osted o n t he f ron t ier.

We c annot e xclude o ther p oss ib i l it ies o f r estorat ion

f or t he l et ter D , f or i nstance c o mp let ing i tw ith t he n a me o f s o me p a lat ine u n i t , o f wh ich a s ubun it c ou ld h ave p art ic ipated i nb u ild ing works a t To m is.

For

e xa mp le b y t he t ime o f Constan t ine t he Great t wo f or mat ions , Constan t in i Da fn enses a nd Ba l l is tar i i D afnenses ,9 54 a re e ncoun tered among t he u n i ts o f c om it a tenses . I t may b e t hat a moun ted d e tach men t o f t hese u n its was c a l led c uneus a nd w as a t To m is a t s o me t ime.

Th is n a me u sua l ly s ee ms t o h ave b een

u sed f or t he i ndependen t u n its o f r ipenses , w h ile i n t h is s upposed s i tua t ion , 6 4

t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t hat t he u n it w as mob ile , t he w ord u ex il lat io , n or ma l ly b e u sed.

9 55

wou ld

F ina l ly , i ti s p oss ib le t hat b y t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c entury

o ne c uneus o r s evera l s ub-un its w ere s en t t o To m is, t o c oopera te w ith t he c i t izens i n t he c o mp let ion o f t he g rea t d efens ive w a ll. 4 .

MIL ITES PR I MA N I

w ere s o ld iers w ho owed a s pec ia l l oya l ty t o Va lens.

A ccord ing t o t he i nscr ip t ion f ound a t G irl ic iu 9 56

( SE 1 17 ), t hese s o ld iers b u il t

af ortress ( burgus ) w h i le u nder t he c o m mand t he t r ibunus Marc ianus a nd o f t he p raepos itus V rs ic inus, w hen t he c o m manderin-ch ief o f t he S cy th ian l imes w as F lau ius S tercor ius.

The work w as c arr ied o u t im med iate ly a fter t he d e-

f ea t o f t he Go ths u nder A thanar ic i n 3 69. 9 57

L eg io II ou ia 9 58

w as a t f i rst

b e l ieved t o h ave b een t he u n it t o w h ich t he Detach men t men t ioned i n t he i nsc r ip t ion b elonged , b u t i ti s k nown t hat t h is l eg ion g uarded t he n orthern f ron t ier o f t he p rov ince a nd i tt herefore f o l lows t hat , e ven i fi tt ook p art i n t he c a mp a ign a ga inst t he Goths, L eg io I I ou ia h ad n o r igh t t o c on tr ibu te t owards f ort i f icat ion w orks i n a n a rea p laced u nder t he c on tro l o f L eg io I H ercu l ia.

I n

r eferr ing t o t he m il ites p r i man i men t ioned i n t he i nscr ip t ion , V . P arvan s howed t hat t hey w ou ld h ave b een d etached f rom a mob ile u n i t , n a me ly L eg io IF lau ia Ge m ina , b u i ld ing.

9 59

r ecorded i n t he N ot it ia D ign itatum .

9 6

°t o c arry o u t t he

P erhaps t he d etach men t r e ma ined o n t he f ron t ier a nd g arr isoned

t he n ew ly-bu ilt f or tress a nd t hus b eca me a t roop o f l im i tane i .

P resu mab ly t h is

f or mat ion , b ear ing t he s a me n umera l a s t hat o f i t s o r ig ina l l eg ion , g uarded t he f ortress o f G rat iana ,

9 61

w h ich w as c erta in ly b u il t i n t he t ime o f Va lens

a nd wh ich Ih ave a ssumed t o h ave b een s ituated o n t he w estern s ide o f t he S cy th ian l imes. 5 .

LA NCIAR I I I VN IORES a re a t tested b y a n i nscr ip t ion f ro m U lmetum 962

( SE 1 16 ) d ated t o t he 6 th c entury .

The u n it , w h ich b elonged t o t he p a la t ine

l eg ions, w as s en t t o r ebu ild t he c itade l o f U l metum i n t he t ime o f J ust in ian. T h is c onf ir ms t he i n for mat ion g iven b y P rocop ius . 9 63 6 .

S AGITAR I I I VN IORES w ere a lso a t tached t o b e mob ile l eg ions.

T hey a re

a t tested i n Dobrud ja b y t wo f unerary i nscr ipt ions f ound a t To m is , b oth d at ing f rom t he 6 th c en tury .

One i s i n Greek a nd w as s et u p t o A ta la , t he s on o f

T ze iuk who d ied i n h is t wen ty-f if th y ear 964

( SE 15 );

t he o ther i s i n L at in

a nd men t ions T eren t ius , t he s on o f Ga ione ( SE 1 14 ) , w ho a lso d ied i n h is t wen ty-f if th y ear. 9 65

The f act t hat b oth a rchers w ere y oung when t hey d ied

s uggests t hat t hey h ave b een k i l led i n a c t ion , p robab ly i n t he c ourse o f a c ampa ign w aged a ga inst s o me i nvaders w ho a t tacked To m is.

Both i nscr ip t ions

s how t he p resence o f s o ld iers d rawn f rom t he m igratory p eop le i n t he Ro man a r my.

Ga ione i s aG o th ic n a me a nd A t a la a nd T ze iuk a re Turan ic , p erhaps

Hunn ic, n a mes . 9 66 7 .

OFFICIV M PRAES ID IS .

Desp ite t he f act t hat i ti s n ot a m il itary i nst itu t ion

b u t ad epartmen t o f t he c iv il ian c h ief i n c harge o f t he p rov ince Ic ons ider i t n ecessary t o men t ion t wo i nscr ipt ions f rom To m is d ated t o t he 4 th c en tury w h ich r efer t o mi l itary c lerks 968

s ince s uch c lerks who w ere c iv il ian n ever-

t he less b e longed t o t he m il itary h ierarchy . 967 l i ngua l 969

One o f t he i nscr ip t ions i s b i-

a nd r efers t o Va ler ius Fel ix , who w as p r inceps o f f ic i i p raes id is;

t he o ther i s t he t o mbstone o f F lau ius Vrs in ianus, m iles i n t he s erv ice o f t he

6 5

s a me i nst itu t ion ,

9 70

e rected b y h is f a ther t he v eteran Mart inus ( SE 1 18 ) , who

may a lso h ave b een a c lerk o f t he s a me d epartmen t , i ft he r estorat ion e x q uaest i onar io i s c orrect. 9 71 S o ld iers b elong ing t o t he t roops e ngaged b y t he m i l itary c o m manders ( bucce lar i i ) a re n o t k nown t o h ave b een i n Dobrud ja. C .

OFFICERS AND NON-C OM M ISS IONED OFFICERS

S ince o n ly a f ew i nscr ip t ions r efer t o t he a r my i n Dobrud ja d ur ing t he Do m inate a nd o n ly a f ew o f t he m r efer t o o ff icers a nd n on-co m m iss ioned o ff ic ers, It h ink i t more u sefu l t o p resen t t he m a l l t ogether a nd n ot a ccord ing t o t he u n its i n w h ich t hey s erved a s Id id i n t he c hap ter o n t he a r my i n t he t ime o f t he P r inc ipate, when t he n umber o f i nscr ip t ions r eferr ing t o t he s o ld iers w as much l arger. S ix i nscr ip t ions f ound i n Dobrud ja men t ion t he m i l itary c o m manders o f t he p rov ince , d uces l im i t is ( prov inc iae S cy th iae ) . T ak ing t he m i n c hrono log ica l o rder, t he f irst d ates f rom t he t ime o f D ioc let ian , n a mely 2 84-286 : F ir m in ianus w ho w as u ir p erfect iss i mus.

C . Aurel ius

He i s a t tested b y t wo i nscr ipt ions

f ound a t To m is : ad ed ica t ion t o Mater Deu m Magna 9 72 a nd a v ery important i nscr ipt ion s et u p o n t he o ccas ion o f t he b u ild ing o f ag a te i n t he d efens ive w a l l ( por ta p raes idiar ia ) b y C iut i tas T om i tanoru m 9 73 i s Va ler ius Ro mu lus

( SE 1 29 ) .

The s econd d ux

r ecorded i n a n i n scr ipt ion f ound a t S a lsov ia 974

( SE 1 12 ).

He w as a lso u ir p erfect iss i mus a nd c o m manderin -ch ief o f t he t roops o f t he p rov ince i n t he t ime o f L ic in ius , i n 3 22.

The i nscr ip t ion f ro m Carca l iu 975

( SE 1 30 ) d a ted t o 3 37-340 r ecords S appo , who f rom h is n a me w as o f f ore ign o r ig in , who r eached t he h igh r ank o f u ir p erfect iss i mus a nd d ux l im it is S cyt h iae . 9 76 A f rag men tary i nscr ipt ion f ound a t Ax iopo l is97 7 a nd d atab le t o t he t ime o f D iocle t ian o r Constan t ine t he G reat men t ions a n a nonymous d ux who w as a lso u ir p erfect iss i mus. S tercor icus , u ir c lar iss i mus; G ir l ic iu 9 78

The l ast d ux e p igraph ica l ly a t tested i s F lau ius h e i s men t ioned i n a n i nscr ipt ion f ro m

( SE 1 17 ) d at ing f ro m t he t ime o f Va len s , 3 69.

The o n ly p raefectus l eg ion is r ecorded i n t he i n scr ip t ions o f Dobrud ja i s Va ler ius Th iu mpus a t T roes m is w ho s erved i n L eg io I Hercu l ia 979 ( SE 6 4 ). The i nscr ip t ion f ound a t Gi rl ic iu men t ions a t r ibunus c al led Marc ianus who d irected t he c onstruct ion o f af ort e rected b y m il ites p r i man i i n 3 69 9 80 ( SE 17 ). T he r ank o f p raepos itus ( com mander o f av ex i l la t ion ) o ccurs s evera l t imes :

a t S a lsov ia , where t he i nscr ipt ion r efers i n g enera l t o t he c om mander

o f t he d etach men t s tat ioned t here 9 81 ( SE 1 12 ); Aure l ius Va lens, p raepos itus ( certa in ly n o t p raefectus a s i s a lso p oss ib le t o r estore t he t ex t ) e qu i tum s cut ar iorum 9 82

( SE 1 09 ) i s men t ioned a t Cap idava ;

Vrs ic inus r ecorded i n t he

i nscr ipt ion f ound a t G i rl ic iu ( wh ich Ih ave men t ioned a bove )9 83 t oo ( SE 1 17 ).

was p raepos itus

We k now t wo c en tur iones o f t he a r my i n t he b eg inn ing o f t he Dom ina te: o f t he m , F lau ius Festus o f L eg io II ou ia , i s a t tested a t S a lsov ia 984 t he o ther , Va ler ius Ones i ma o f L eg io I H ercu l ia 9 85 S ac idava.

6 6

( SE 6 2);

( SE 6 5 ) , i s r ecorded a t

o ne

Ano ther s o ld ier , Va ler ius V ictor inus , who b e longed t o t he imper ia l a r my o f L ic in ius , h e ld t he r ank o f b iarchus a nd i s men t ioned i n t he f unerary i nscr ipt ion o f 3 24 986

f ound a t U lmetu m.

The r ank o f b isexarchus 9 87

h eld b y Car inus , Barba t io a nd D iogen ianus ,

o ccurs i n o ne o f t he i nscr ip t ions o f t he f unerary monumen t f ound n ear S a lsov ia. 988 The s a me monumen t r ecords a lso t wo e xarch i ( D iceba lus a nd Faust inus ). T he r ank o f e xarchus w as a lso h e ld b y P rocl inus , men t ioned i n a n i nscr ipt ion a t S ac idava989 ( SE 1 25 ) where h e s erved e ither i n ad etach men t o f L eg io I H ercu lia , i ft he i nscr ip t ion d a tes f ro m t he b eg inning o f t he 4 th c en tury o r i ft he i nscript ion d ates f rom a l ater p er iod i n Cuneus e qu itum s cu tar iorum s ta ted i n t he No t it ia D ign i tat ion t o h ave b een t here .9 90 The f unerary monumen t f ound n ear S a 1sov ia 9 91 c i tores :

Vrs inus , C oncord ius

H istr ia 992

a nd Para tus.

a lso r ecords s evera l c ir-

A f unerary i nscr ipt ion f rom

( SE 1 11) w as s et u p f or a n a nonymous c irc itor o f Vex i l lat io XI I I c ata-

f ractar ioru m. Va ler ius F el ix w as p r inceps O f f ic i i p raes id is a t T om is . 9 93 s o ld iers w ere c a l led e qu 1tes 9 94 c as tr ic ian i9 96

The o rd inary

i ft hey s erved i n t he c ava lry a nd m il ites 995

o r

i ft hey b e longed t o t he i n fan try .

To c onclude t h is s urvey o f t he m il itary r anks i n t he a r my o f t he Do m inate r eferred t o i n t he i nscr ip t ions o f Dobrud ja , w e s hou ld r e me mber t hat t he r educed n umber o f i nscr ip t ion s d oes n o t a l low u s t o g o i n to more d e ta il r espect ing t he m i l itary h ierarchy i nt he d if feren t c ategor ies o f t roops w h ich w ere s tat ioned t here. D .

THE MIL ITARY ORGAN IZAT ION OF DOBRUDJA I N THE PERIOD OF THE DOM INATE I t i s p oss ible t o d raw a p icture o f t he w ho le d efens ive o rgan iza t ion i n t he

p rov ince o f S cyth ia o n ly i n t he 4 th c en tury.

I n t he f o l low ing p er iod t he l ack o f

i n for ma t ion d oes n ot a l low a g enera l v iew o f t he s a me p rob le m.

Th is i s e spe-

c ia l ly t rue f or t he m i l itary u n its wh ich were s ta t ioned h ere. The r efor ms o f D ioc let ian f unda men ta l ly c hanged t he t err itory o f Dobrud ja. I tb eca me a n i nd iv idua l p rov ince c a l led S cy th ia a nd o n ly t he s outh-wes tern c orner w as i n Moes ia S ecunda. S cy th ia :

Two l eg ions c reated b y t he emperor w ere p osted t o

L eg io I H ercu l ia , wh ich c on tro l led t he w estern f ront ier o f t he p rov ince,

w as s tat ioned a t Troes m is a nd L eg io II ou ia , w h ich w as i n c harge o f t he n orthern f ron t ier, a t N ov iodunum.

The s treng th o f t he l eg ions w as s t i l l h igh ;

i tw as

r educed t o 1 ,000 men p er l eg ion o n ly i n t he t ime o f Constan t ine t he G reat . 997 Th is e xpla ins why t he n umber o f a ux il iary u n its s ee ms t o h ave b een r a ther sma l l i n t he t ime o f t he T etrarchy :

p robably o n ly a f ew u n its o f i n fan try w ere

r ecru ited l oca l ly , f or e xa mp le t he Mil ites S cy th ic i a t Cars ium 9 98 t i a ,

9 99

a t D inoge-

a nd w ere p osted a t t he most f avourab le c ross ing-p laces o n t he Danube.

T he two l eg ions c ou ld , t hrough t he ir v ex i l lat ions , e xerc ise a p er manen t a nd e f f ic ien t c on tro l o ver t he w ho le a rea o f l imes f or wh ich t hey w ere r espons ible , a s i s s hown b y t he i nscr ip t ions o f t he t ime.

There i s e v idence f or t he p resence

o f L eg io I H ercu l ia a t S ac idavai N° o n t he s ou thern b oundary o f t he p rov ince , a nd f or L eg io II ou ia a t Aeg issusl°° 1 a nd S a lsov ial ° °2 t hat i s t o s ay t he who le

6 7

n orthern f ron t ier o f S cy th ia i fw e t ake i n to a ccoun t t he s tamped b ricks f ound a t D inoget ia. 1 003 The s ou th-western a rea o f Dobrud ja w h ich b elonged t o Moesia S ecunda w as u nder t he c on tro l o f L eg io X I C laud ia f rom Durostorum a nd f or t he a ux il iary u n it i n t h is a rea , w e c an a ssume t he p resence o f af or ma t ion wh ich w as p erhaps p os ted t o t he f ord a t D erven t i n t h is p er iod : t he M i l i tes C imbr iani i 0 04 were p robab ly r ecru i ted f ro m t he G ermans who h ad b een s e t t led i n t he emp ire . S ince t he n ame , d er ived f ro m t he n ame o f t he s o ldiers , e x is ted i n t he middle o f t he 4 th c entury we c an p resu me t he e ar ly p resence o f t h is u n it . The c oncern s hown f or b o th t he r epa ir o f t he r oads r unn ing a long t he Danube a nd t he c oast 1 005 a nd t he s t reng then ing o ft he d efens ive s ystem n ot o n ly o n t he Danub ian b order b u t a lso o n t he s hore o f t he B lack S ea s hou ld a lso b e n o ted i n t he p er iod o f t he T etrarchy . I ti s p roved b y t he d efence-works c arr ied o u t a t H istr ia a nd r evea led b y a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions, 1 006 a nd e spec ia l ly i n t he c ap ita l o f t he p rov ince, a t T om is , w here i ti s a ttested b y t he e p igraph ic e v idence .1 0 ° 7 Exact ly h ow many t roops i n t o ta l w ere i n Dobrud ja d ur ing t he T etrarchy c an h ard ly b e c a lcu lated , b u t w e c an a ssume t hat t he t o ta l s trength o f t wo l eg ions a nd o f 2t o 3a ux il iary f or mat ions t hen t here w ere 1 0 ,000-12,000 men ( m il ites r ipenses o r l im itane i ) a t t he most s tat ioned a long t he f ront ier.

S ince n o p er-

manen tb ase o f a mob i le u n it ( co m itatenses ) e x isted i n t he a rea b etween t he Danube a nd t he B lack S ea , t he n umber o f t roops w as i ncreased o n ly i n t he e ven t o f s ome s pec ia l a ct iv ity s uch a s f i gh t ing o r b u ild ing. I n t h is way w e c an e xp la in t he p resence o f t he Cuneus D (a l ma tarum? ) a t Tom is. Impor tan t c hanges t ook p lace i n t he d ispos it ion o f t he m il itary u n its o n t he Danub ian f ron t ier i n t he t ime o f Constant ine t he G reat . The r educt ion i n t he s trength o f l eg ions b rough t a bou t a n i ncrease i n t he n umber o f a ux il iary f or ma t ions w ith r espons ib i l ity f or t he d efence o f t he l imes.

It h ink o ne may

p ostu la te t hat b y t h is t ime m i l itary u n its o f c ava lry ( cune i ) a nd o f i n fan try ( aux iM ares ) w h ich w ere d ist ingu ished b y t he k ind o f w eapons a nd t he f igh t ing method t hey u sed , w ere p osted t o t he Danube.

These u n its p robab ly c a me f rom t he

f or mer mob i le u n its i n w h ich s uch d i f ferences w ere r ea l a nd u sefu l ;

b u t w hen

t hey b ecame l im itane i , t he n a mes w ere ma in ta ined t hrough t rad it ion a nd t he d if ferences marked b y t hese n ames w ere l ost .

T he s o ld iers g enera l ly p erfor med

t he s ame m iss ions a nd i n c on sequence t hey a cted i n i den t ical ways e verywhere a long t he f ron t iers.

We c an a dd a no ther a rgumen t :

s ince t he s o ld iers were

p er manen t ly s tat ioned o n t he f ron t iers a nd b ecame t enan ts ( co lon i ) w ho d efended t he ir own l and , t he d i f ferences i n w eapons a nd e qu ip men t b etween t he u n its t o w h ich t hey b e longed c ou ld n o l onger b e ma in ta ined. The f ormat ions l i sted b elow b elonged t o t h is c ategory o f s o ld iers , who I h ave a ssumed w ere p osted o n t he f ron t ier b y Constan t ine t he Great , p robably a f ter t he d efeat o f L ic in ius.

N ew f or ms o f m i l i tary o rgan izat ion h ad b een

c rea ted b y t he c onst itu t ion o f 3 25 1 008

a nd o rder h ad b een e stabl ished i n t he

o r ien ta l p rov inces , s pec i f ica l ly o n t he L ower Danube .1 0 ° 9 T he f orma t ions w ere : e qui tes s tab les ian i , e qu ites s cu tar i i , e qu ites c atafractar i i , e qu ites a rm iger i , m i l ites n auclar i i a nd m il ites s uperuen tores. T h is l i st i sb ased o n t he f o l low ing a rgumen ts :

au n it o f m il ites n auc lar i i i s f ound a t F lav ianal° 1 0

6 8

w hose n ame d er ives f rom t he g en t il ic ius o f Constant ine t he G reat .1 °11 I tt heref ore f o l lows t hat t he c ons truct ion o f t he f ort if icat ion s a nd t he i nsta l lat ion o f a m i l itary u n i t t here t ook p lace u nder t h is emperor.

I ti s p resumed t hat a t t he

s ame t ime t he f or ma t ion o f s a ilors a tA lt inum ,1 012 w as c reated . Th is was t he L ast a ux il iary u n i t o n t he b order o f Moes ia S ecunda w h ile t he s a i lors o f F lav iana w ere t he f i rst a ux il iary u n i t i n S cy th ia , a nd t h is s uggests t hat b oth u n i ts were f or med a t t he s a me t ime a nd t hat t hey h ad t o p erfor m s im ilar m iss ions o n t he b oundary b etween t he t wo p rov inces. Mi l ites s uperuen tores, t ha t i s t o s ay r ear-guard t roops, r ecorded i n t he N ot it ia D ign itatum a t Ax iopo l is ,1 013 c anno t b e c ons idered a s t roops o f r ipenses; Ib e l ieve t ha t t h is e xamp le p rov ides t he c learest e v idence o f t he f act t hat many o f t he u n its o n t he f ron t ier c a me f rom t he f or mer mob i le f or mat ions.

I ts ee ms t ha t E qu ites s cu tar i i o f S ac idaval 0 14

i n a ct ion a t C ap idava , where t hey a re e p igraph ica l ly a t tested , 1 015 w ere o r ig ina l ly s h ie ld-bear ing c ava lry a nd b e longed t o t he mob i le u n i ts wh ich w ere g iven n u mera ls a s i s s hown b y a n i nscr ip t ion a t C dessos .

1 016

T h is l as t c onc lus ion

a lso a pp lies t o e qu i tes c a tafrac tar i i a t tes ted i n t he N ot i t ia D ign i ta tu m a t A rrub iu m 1 017 b ut w h ich a re e ncoun tered a lso a s mob i le f orma t ions , a s i s s hown b y t he i nscr ip t ions f ro m H is tr ia l °18

a nd A br it tus .

1 019

I ft he a ssumpt ions c oncern ing t he u n its e stabl ished o n t he Danub ian b order i nt he t ime o f Constan t ine t he G reat a re a ccep ted , t hen i tf o l lows

t ha t t he f o l low-

i ng t roops w ere s tat ioned i n Dobrud ja u nder t h is emperor, t ak ing i n to a ccoun t b o th t he r educt ion i n t he l eg ion s ' s treng th a nd t he a ux il iary t roops wh ich p oss ibly e x isted h ere e ven f rom t he t ime o f t he T etrarchy : t wo l eg ions ( Leg io I Hercu l ia a t T roes m is a nd L eg io II ou ia a t N ov iodunum ), s ix u n its o f c ava lry Cuneus e qu i tu m s tab les ianoru m , a t S uc idava , i n Moes ia S ecunda , C uneus e ql t um s cu tar ioru m , o r ig ina l ly a t C ap idava , t hen a t S ac idava , i ft h is move d id n ot t ake p lace l a ter , u nder C onstan t ius I ; C uneus e qu i tum s tab les ianoru m a t C ius , a nother Cuneus e qu itum s tables ianorum a t B eroe; Cuneus e qu itum c a taf ractar iorum a t Arrub ium a nd Cuneus e qu itum a rm igerorum a t A eg issus ( a l l f i ve i n S cy th ia ) , s ix a ux il iary f or mat ions o f i n fan try a nd s a ilors ( M i l ites C i mb r ian i a t C i mbr ianae a nd M il ites n auclar i i A lt inenses a tA l t inum i n Moes ia S ecunda , M il ites n auc lar i i a t F lav iana , M il ites s uperuen t ,ores a t Mdopo l is , M i l ites S cy th ic i a t C ars ium a nd a ga in M il ites S cy th ic i a t D inoget ia—the l ast f our u n its i n S cy th ia ). The t o ta l s treng th o f t he t roops l i sted a bove w as a bou t 8 ,000 men e nro l led i nt he f ron t ier a r my . Two u n its o f c ava lry w h ich a ccord ing t o t he ir n ames w ere o r ig ina l ly c rea ted i n o ther p arts o f t he emp ire a nd w ere f i na l ly s et t led o n t he S cy th ian l imes ( Cuneus e qu itum S o len s ium a t Cap idava l -0 20

a nd Cuneus e qu itum Arcadum a t

Ta lamon ium ) 1°2 1 1 . These c ou ld h ave b een h ere i n t he t ime o f C onstan t ine t he G reat a nd c onsequen t ly w e c an a dd a no ther 1 ,000 s o ld iers t o t he t o ta l s trength c a lcu lated a bove, b u t i ti s p oss ible t hat t hese t roops a rr ived i n S cy th ia o n ly u nder Constan t ius I .

Th is h ypo thes is i s s upported b y t he a ssump t ion t ha t

c ava lrymen o f t he Arcad ian u n it a re men t ioned o n o ne o f t he p anels i nscr ibed w ith O r ien ta l n a mes 1 022

f rom t he f unerary monumen t e rected i n t he t ime o f

Va lens. Bu t i ti s t ob e n oted t hat o n t he o ne h and t he i nscr ipt ion i s n o t s ecurely d ated— it c ou ld b e o f a n e arl ier d atel° 2 3 — and o n t he o ther h and , i t i s p oss ib le t hat t he O r ien ta l p ersona l n a mes s t il l s urv ived d ur ing t he s econd g enerat ion w ho w ou ld h ave b een a lready e nro l led i n t he a r my a t t he t ime o f

6 9

t he i n scr ipt ion , i ft he u n it h ad b een moved f rom t he O r ien t t o S cy th ia i n t he t ime o f Constan t ine t he G reat .

I nt he t ime o f Cons tan t ius I , t hree u n its

b ear ing t he n a me o f t h is emperor a re d ocu men ted : M il ites s ecund i C onstant i an i ( and n o t Constan t in i a s i s g iven i n t he N ot it ia D ign ita tum ) 1°24 a t Troes m is, Mi l ites p r im i Constan t ian i1 025 Constan t ian i1 0 2 6 a t S a lsov ia.

a t N ov iodunum a nd M il ites q u in t i

The f i rst t wo a re e ncoun tered o n t he s i te

where t he t wo S cy th ian l eg ions w ere s ta t ioned , a nd t h is l eads u s t o b e l ieve t hat t hese u n its w ere d iv ided a t t h is t ime , a s t he N ot it ia D ign itatum p resen ts t he s i tuat ion . I ft he d iv is ion h ad h appened e ar l ier , t hen t he s et t le men ts a t Ax iopo l is a nd Aeg issus , w here a ux il iary u n its w ere s tat ioned e ven b efore Constant ius ' r e ign , w ou ld h ave h oused s tronger g arr isons , w h ile t he ma in l eg ionary f orts wou ld h ave g arr isoned o n ly h a l f al eg ion e ach .

Bu t t h is c an

h ard ly b e a ccepted , a nd i ti s more p laus ible t o p ropose t hat t he d iv is ion t ook p lace s i mu l taneously w ith t he c reat ion a nd t he p ost ing o f t he n ew f ormat ions t o Troes m is a nd N ov iodunum.

I n a ny c ase b y t he t ime o f Constan t ius I t he

s treng th o f t he a r my o n t he f ron t iers o f Dobrud ja r eached a t o ta l o f a bou t 1 0 ,500 s o ld iers. The l ast m i l itary u n it men t ioned i n t he N ot it ia D i v i ta tum a s b e ing o n t he Danub ian b order , t he Mi l ites p r im i G rat ianenses , 1°27 w as c rea ted i n t he t ime o f Va lens a nd i n c onsequence w e c an a dd a no ther 5 00 men t o t he n u mbers n umbers a rr ived a t a bove. F ina l ly , w e must t ake i n to a ccoun t t he n umber o f s o ld iers s erv ing i n t he u n its o f s a ilors w h ich w ere s ubord inated t o t he l eg ions , Cohors muscu lor tun S cy th icorum a nd C lass is i n p la teypeg i is ,

1 028

w h ich a dds a pprox i ma te ly 1 ,0 00-

1 ,5 00 men . I n c on trast t o t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c en tury a nd t he 4 th c en tury , w hen t he m i l itary o rgan izat ion o f t he S cy th ian l imes i s f a ir ly w el l k nown d ue e spec ial ly t o t he i n for mat ion g iven i n t he N ot itiaDign itatum , t he f o l low ing c en tur ies a re l ess w el l u nderstood.

The l ack o f i n for ma t ion c oncern ing t he u n its o f r ipenses

d oes n ot a l low u s t o d iscuss p oss ib le c hanges i n manpower a nd g arr isons;

w e

a re c on f ined t o i n for ma t ion o n t he f ron t ier f ort if icat ions, w here s et t led s o ld iers l inked t o t he l and c erta in ly c on t inued t o b e s ta t ioned . I n t he c ourse o f t ime , t he ir a f f il ia t ion t o s pec if ic u n its i s l ost . I n a dd it ion t o l im itane i a nd r ipenses , t o wh ich Ih ave r eferred a bove, u n its o f c om ita tenses w ere a lso p resen t i n Dobrud ja d ur ing t he who le p er iod o f t he L ate Roman emp ire. They t ook p art d irect ly i n t he w ars w aged a ga in st t he m igra tory p eop les d ur ing t he w ho le o f t h is p er iod. 1 °29 I n s p ite o ft he f act t ha t n o ma in b ase o f a mob ile u n it e x isted h ere , i n c a lcu la t ing t he t o ta l s trength o f t he a r my i n t h is a rea w e must t ake i n to c ons idera t ion a v ery u ncerta in n u mber , maybe 2 ,000-3 ,000 s o ldiers , b e longing t o t he f orma t ions o f c om i tat enses who p art ic ipa ted b oth i nb a t t les a nd c onstruct ion w orks. T here i s al i t t le b u t c onclus ive e p igraph ica l e v idence f or t he p resence o f t hese t roops h ere. The i nscr ipt ions men t ion m il ites p r i man i i n t he t ime o f Va lensl °3 ° a nd mil ites l anc iar i il °3 1 a nd s ag ittar i i i un ioresl° 3 2 i n t he t ime o f J ust in ian . T here a re a lso o ther a rgumen ts f or t he p er manen t p resence a nd a ct iv ity o f f ormat ions o f mob ile t roops a longs ide t he f ron t ier t roops i n t hese a reas , t hough u n fortuna tely w e h ave n o p rec ise i n for mat ion a bout t he n umbers o f t hese mob ile t roops a nd t he s equence i n wh ich t hey a ppeared o r t he p rec ise mi li tary o pera t ions i n wh ich

7 0

t hey p art ic ipated ) :

t he r estorat ion o f t he d efen ces , t he c onstruct ion o f n ew

f ort if icat ions a nd t he e v idence p rov ided b y t he l i terary s ources c oncern ing t he e ven ts w h ich t ook p lace i n t hese a reas a t t he t ime. 1 033 Care w as t aken o ver t he r epa ir a nd ma in tenance o f t he s tra teg ic r oads i nt he p rov ince d ur ing t he Do m inate, a nd a g rea t d ea l o f a t ten t ion w as p a id t o t he i n terna l r oad i n t he r e ign o f Constant ine t he G reat . The r oad a long t he D anube w as r epa ired i nt he t ime o f D ioclet ian i° 3 4

a nd a ga in l ater u nder

Va lens; 1°35 t he c oasta l r oad w as c on t inuously r epa ired , a nd t he c ap ita l o f t he p rov ince w as s i tuat ed o n t h is r oad • 1036 More a t ten t ion t han w as p a id i n t he t ime o f t he Pr inc ipa te w as d irected t o t he t h ird r oad w h ich r an i n t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince a s i s a t tested n o t o n ly b y t he m ilestones o f Constan t ine , J u l ian a nd Va len s1 037

b u t a lso b y t he i ncrease i n t he n umber o f f ort if ica t ions b u il t

o n t h is r ou te.

I n t he t ime o f t he P r inc ipa te , t he o n ly f ort if ied s et t le ments i n

D obrud ja o n t he r oad Marc ianopo l is-Tropaeum T ra ian i-U lmetum-Nov iodunum w ere s i tuated t o t he s ou th a t Castel lum C i l icum a nd T ropaeum T ra ian i. By t he t ime o f t he Dom inate , a part f rom t he f act t ha t t hese h ad b een r ebu ilt , n ew f ort if icat ions h ad b een c onstructed a t U lmetum a nd S lava Rusa i n t he 4 th c en tury . T he importance o f t h is r oad a t t he t ime i s c on f ir med b y P rocop ius .1 038 I t f o l lows c learly f rom t h is t hat t he ma in s trateg ic r ou te f o l lowed t he c ourse o f t he Danube o n ly i n Moes ia S ecunda , w h ile i n S cy th ia i tl e ft t he b ank o f t he r iver a nd c rossed t he p rov ince f rom t he s ou th t o t he n orth , t hrough t he c en tra l a rea w here a l l t he f ort if ied s e tt le men ts wh ich s a feguarded i tw ere r epa ired o r r eb u i l t u nder J ust in ian .

By t he t ime o f t he Dom ina te , s ome o f t he most f l our ish-

i ng a nd p rosperous c i tade ls o f Dobrud ja w ere s i tua ted o n t h is r oad . We may r eca l l t he c ere mony e n joyed b y Adamcl isi o n t he o ccas ion o f t he r estora t ion o fi t s c itadel i n t he t ime o f Constan t ine a nd L ic in ius,

1 039

t he s ize o f t he s et t le-

men t a t S lava Rusa , 1°4 ° t he o n ly s et t le men t wh ich w as d eno m ina ted 7 6X t ,g b y t he 6 th c en tury a u thors, 1°4 1 a nd t he p resence o f s o ld iers f rom t he e l ite f i eld a rm ies a t U l metum b o th i n t he 4 th c en tury ( sacrum p a lat ium ) 1 °42 6 th c en tury ( l anc iar i i i un iores ). 1°4 3

a nd i n t he

Ib e l ieve t ha t t h is w as d ue t o t he f act t hat

t he i n terna l r oad w as u sed most ly f or t he move men ts o f t he f i eld a r my :

i t

f ac i l itated t he q u ick manouvres a nd f avoured t he e stabl ishmen t o f t e mporary s ta t ions. A t t he s ame t ime ow ing t o t h is r oad t he t roops c ou ld q u ick ly r each e i ther t he D anube i n s upport o f t he f or ma t ions o f l im itane i, o r t he c oast t o s upport t he d efence o f t he c it ies o n t he B lack S ea. I n c onsequence , b y c ompar ison w ith t he s i tuat ion e x ist ing i n t he p er iod o ft he P r inc ipate , i mportan t c hanges i n t he m i l itary o rgan iza t ion o f Dobrud ja t ook p lace i nt he t ime o f t he Do m ina te , a lthough t he s trateg ic i mpor tance o f t he a rea r e ma ined u nchanged. The c hanges i n t he a r my , t he i ncrease i n t he n umber o f u n its, t he d ecrease i n t he q ua l i ty e spec ia l ly t hat o f t he f ron t ier t roops , t he c on t inuous move men t o f t he u n its o f t he f i eld a r my , t he u ncerta in s ecur ity d esp ite a l l measures t aken t o

r e in force t he f ort if icat ions w hose

n umber h ad i ncreased c ons iderably , a nd t he c oncern f or t he ma in tenance o f t he s tra teg ic r oads a re a t tested b y t he l i terary , a rchaeo log ica l a nd e p igraph ica l s ources.

By c o mpar ison w ith t he f i rst c en tur ies A .D. t he e p igraph ica l

e v idence i s v ery s l igh t a bou t t he a r my a nd t he s o ld iers w ho s erved i n t h is a rea i n ap er iod w hen i tw as a l most c ont inuous ly r avaged b y t he w ars.

7 1

FORT IFICAT IONS AND ROADS

I n s tudy ing t he f ort if ica t ions o f t he Ro man a r my , t he r oads wh ich f or med t he l inks b etween t he m a nd t he move men ts o f t he m i l itary u n its, Ih ave c ons ide red i n p art icu lar t he e v idence p rov ided b y t he w r it ten t exts a nd e spec ia l ly t he a nc ien t i t inerar ies, w hose i n for ma t ion ,corroborated b y o ther k inds o f e v idence , c h ief ly e p igraph ic ma ter ia l , makes i tp oss ible t o f or m a p icture o f t he d efens ive s yste m a nd o f t he m il itary o rgan iza t ion . Ih ave u sed t he f o llow ing ma in l i terary s ources i n t h is c onnect ion : t he G eograph ia o f P to le my , 1044 w r it ten t o t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury ; t o a pprox i mately 2 30-250 ;

S cutu m Durae-Europ i r epertum ,

The An ton ine I t inerary ,

1° 4 6

1° 4 5

d ated

t he f i rst v ers ion o f

wh ich w as w r itten i n t he t ime o f C araca l la ( 2 12-218 ) a nd wh ich was c op ied a nd i n s o me p laces c hanged u nder D ioclet ian ;

t he Tabu la P eu t inger iana ,

1° 4 7

w h ich h as s urv ived i n av ers ion p robab ly f or med i n t he 4 th c en tury a nd b ased o n a mode l o f 2 60-270 ;

t he N ot it ia D ign itatu ml°48

w h ich r ecords t he a dm in-

i st rat ive a nd m il itary r efor ms o f D ioclet ian a nd Constant ine t he Great , b ut wh ich h as s urv ived w ith s o me a dd it ions i n av ers ion w r itten a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 5 th c en tury ; t he g u ide-book w r it ten b y H ieroc les 1 049 i n 5 27-528 ; De a ed if ic i is o f P rocop ius o f Caesareal° 5 ° w ho h as d escr ibed t he m il itary works o f t he t ime o f J ust in ian ; t he w ork o f t he a nonymou s G eographer o f Ravenna ,1 051 w r it ten i n t he 7 th c en tury , w h ich a dds n o n ew i n for ma t ion t o t he e ar l ier i t inera r ies; t he N ot i t ia E p iscopa tuu m 1 052

wr i t ten i n t he 8 th c en tury , i s a n i mpor t-'

a n t work s ince t he r e l ig ious e stab lish men ts men t ioned b y i t were s i tua ted i n a nc ien t f ort if ied c en tres ; Porphyrogen itusl° 5 3

t he l i st o f c it ies i n S cy th ia c o mposed b y C onstant ine

a nd i nsp ired b y t he w ork o f H ierocles.

The w ork o f t he

l ast a u thor a s w el l a s t ha t o f t he Anony mous Geographer o f Ravenna l ack o r ig ina l i ty a nd a re l ess u sefu l .

The s h ie ld f ro m Dura Europos i s i mportan t

o n ly f or t he s et t le men ts s itua ted o n t he c oast .

For t he P r inc ipate w e a re

d ependen t e spec ia l ly o n t he An ton ine I t inerary , t he Tabu la P eut inger iana a nd t he i n for ma t ion g iven b y P to le my .

The i n for ma t ion g iven b y s o me a u thors

w ho a re n o t men t ioned a bove i s c erta in ly u se fu l i n s o me c ases;

i tc an

c o mp lete t he p icture , r eferr ing f or e xa mp le t o s ome f ort if ied s ett lemen ts i n Ro man Dobrud ja , w ithout b e ing p ar t icu lar ly c oncerned w ith t he g eograph ica l o r a dm in istrat ive p rob le ms. Both i t inerar ies men t ion t he ma in m i l itary r oadl° 5 4 Dobrud ja ;

wh ich s urrounded

i ts tarted f rom t he t own o f Durostorum o n t he Danube, f o l lowed

t he c ourse o f t he r iver t o t he mou th a nd r an a long t he c oast t o t he s ou th o f Ca l la t is.

The s tages a long t he r oad a re marked w ith t he d istances b etween

t he f ort if ied c en tres s ituated o n i t , i nclud ing t he w est Pon t ic c it ies w h ich were f u l ly i n tegra ted i n to t he d efensive s ys te m o f t he p rov incel° 5 5 t h is t ime , wh ich i s r ough ly t he 3 rd c en tury ,

a t

t he d a te o f t he o rig ina l v er-

s ions o f b oth i t inerar ies a nd o f t he D ura E uropos s h ie ld .

1 056

C ompar ing

f ort if icat ions a nd t he d istances ment ioned b y t he t wo i t inerar ies w e n o te c erta in d if ferences.

For e xa mp le , t he f o l low ing s et t le ment s men t ioned i n

7 2

t he Anton ine I t inerary a re m iss ing f ro m t he Tabu la Peu t inger iana : D inoget ia , Aeg issus , S a l morus ( t he L at in f or m f or Halmyr is ),

1 057

C ius , Va l l is

D om it iana a nd Ad S a l ices , b u t t hree more a re c ited i n Tabu la P eut inger iana w h ich a re n ot f ound i n t he An ton ine I t inerary : S to ma a nd S traton i.

S agadava ( f or S ac idava ) , Ad

The f o l low ing n a mes a re c o m mon t o b o th s ources :

S uc idava , Ax iopo l is , Cap idava , Cars ium , Beroe , T roes m is , Arrub ium , N ov iodunum , S a lsov ia , H istr ia , Tom is a nd Ca l lat is.

Bo th d ocumen ts t aken

t ogether t herefore men t ion 2 1 s tat ions. S ince b oth t exts s u f fered s o me c hanges a t t he e nd o f t he 4 th c en tury , w e c ons ider t hat t he o n ly s et t le ments w h ich were c erta in ly p resen t i n t he 2 nd a nd 3 rd c en tur ies a re t hose f or wh ich t here i s o ther, c on te mporary , e v idence.

I ti s p oss ib le t hat s o me n a mes

w h ich a re n o t men t ioned i n t he e arly s ources, r epresen t f ort if icat ions wh ich w ere b u i l t l ater , i n t he b eg inn ing o f t he Do m inate.

L eav ing o u t t he P on t ic

c i t ies o f H istr ia , T om is a nd Ca l lat is , f or wh ich t here i s ag rea t d ea l o f e arl ier e v idence, w e h ave t he c oasta l s et t le men t o f S traton i w h ich i s ment i oned i n t he Tabu la P eu t inger iana a nd i s s hown o n t he Dura Europos s h ield , a s i s t he S a l morus ( Ha lmyr is ) o f t he An ton ine I t inerary , s i tuated o n t he s hore o f t he l ake o f t he s a me n a me ( modern Razel m ).

As t o t he s et t le men ts

o n t he Danube , s ome o f t he m a re a t tested i n t he p er iod o f t he P r inc ipate b y P to le my :1 °58

S uc idava , Ax iopo l is , Cars ium , T roes m is, D inoge t ia a nd

N ov iodunum.

The e x istence o f S ac idava i s s hown b y am ilestone o f Dec ius ; 1 °59

n umerous i n scr ip t ions f ro m t he 2 nd-3rd c en tur ies h ave b een f ound a t Cap idava ; s ome o f t he m men t ion t he n a me o f t h is s et t le men t ; 1060 v eterans f ro m t he 2 nd c en tury c o me f rom C ius; 1 °6 1 e x isted a t Arrub ium i n t he s a me c entury ; 1062

s o me i nscr ipt ions o f am i l itary c o l leg iu m

Aeg issus1063 a nd T roes m isl° 6 4

a re men t ioned b y O v id ; af rag men t o f am il itary d ip lo ma d at ing f ro m t he t ime o f N erva h as b een f ound a t S alsov ia .1 °6 5 c ian o r ig in o f t he n ame ,

1 066

Tak ing i n to a ccoun t t he Thra-

Beroe may b e c ons idered t o h ave b een a n e arly

f oundat ion a lthough i ti s p oss ib le t hat i tw as n a med a f ter o ne o f t he a r ms o f t he Danube a nd t he f ort if icat ion w as b u i l t l ater.

N o i nscr ipt ion men t ions t he

s i te i n t he P r inc ipate , b u t t he f ind ing o f g raves d at ing f ro m t he 2 nd-3rd c ent ur ies c ou ld i nd ica te t he e x istence o f t he f ort if ica t ion i n t hat t ime. 1 °67

Ad

S a l ices, w h ich i s p robably l oca ted o n t he s hore o f L ake Raze lm , i s s ecurely a t tested o n ly i n t he 4 th c en tury b y Am m ianus Marcel l inus ; i n t he c orrupt f or m

L

i ta lso a ppears

1 068 b y P rocop ius i n t he 6 th c en tury .

I t

a l most c erta in ly e x isted w hen t he An ton ine I t inerary was f i rst w r it ten , a s w as Val l is Do m it iana , t he s i te o f w h ich h as n ot y et b een i den t if ied , b u t wh ich w as p robably s itua ted o n t he s hores o f t he s a me l ake. n o t a t tested b y a ny l a ter s ource ; n i f ican t a nd w i thou t ag arr ison .

The p lace-na me

p robab ly t he s et t le ment w as r ather i ns igAs f or Ad S to ma , t he o n ly s ource wh ich

r ecords t h is n a me i s t he Tabu la P eut inger iana wh ich v as t he s ource u sed b y t he Anonymous Geographer o f Ravenna w ho men t ions S to ma P euc i. 1°6 9

We

d o n o t k now p rec isely w ha t i tr epresen ts a nd , i fi tr ea l ly w as a f ort if icat ion f or h ow l ong i te x is ted . Wi th r egard t o t hese f our p lace-na mes i n t he n orthe as t o f Dobrud ja whose a c tua l s i tes a re s t i l l u n iden t if ied , we s hou ld n ote t he f o l low ing : The p rob le m o f l ocat ion o f t he p lace-na me r ecorded b y t he t wo i t inerar ies , t he An ton ine I t inerary a nd t he T abu la P eu t inger iana , h as b een s o lved e as i ly f or t he s ect ion o f t he l imes b etween Ax iopo l is a nd S a lsov ia.

7 3

Many o f t he

s et t le men ts r ecorded h ere h ave b een i den t if ied o n t he b as is o f e p igraph ical ma ter ia l a nd b y measur ing o u t t he d istances q uo ted i n t he i t ineraries.

The

f o l low ing a ctua l s ites h ave b een i den t if ied o n t he b as is o f i nscr ip t ions : T roes m is a t I g Mah mud ia l °72

( Turcoa ia ) 1°7° ,Aeg issus a t Tu lceal° 7 1 , Sa lsov ia a t a nd Cap idava. 1 °7 3

The o ther s i tes i n t h is a rea were i den t i-

f i ed b y c o mpar ing t he d istances g iven i n i t inerar ies w ith t hose b etween k nown s i tes. I tc an b e s een f ro m t h is c o mpar ison t hat many o f t he d istances g iven i n t he i t inerar ies a re c orrect , a s f or e xa mp le t he l ocat ion o f C ap idava. 1 074 A lso P to le my , i n t he d eta ils h e g ives o f t he c ourse o f t he Danube a nd t he s et t le men ts l ocated a t p o in ts w h ich c an e as ily b e i den t if ied , e nables u s t o i den t i fy Ax iopo l is ,

1 075

D inoge t ial ° 76

a nd N ov iodunu m .

1° 7 7

As r egards D ino-

g et ia , i tw as p resumed o n t he b as is o f t he i n for mat ion g iven b y P to le my a nd o n t he a rchaeo log ica l f inds t hat t h is n a me w as a pp l ied s uccess ively t o t he t wo s ites s ituated o ppos ite e ach o ther o n t he b anks o f t he Danube , o n t he l e f tb ank a t Bärbo i a nd o n t he r igh t b ank a t B iser icu la-Garvin .

1 078

I ti s more d if f icu l t t o i den t ify t he a ctua l s i tes o f t he p laces r ecorded o n t he r oad b etween Durostorum a nd Ax iopo l is a nd t hose s itua ted b eyond S a lsov ia , s ince t he i n for mat ion g iven b y t he i t inerar ies d if fers i n b o th n a mes a nd d ist ances. I n t he f or mer s ect ion , t he An ton ine I t inerary r ecords o n ly S uc idava b etween Durostorum a nd Ax iopo l is , w h i le t he Tabu la P eut inger iana men t ion s S agadava ( f or S ac idava ) a nd S uc idava.

A m ilestone d at ing f ro m t he t ime o f D ec ius a nd

f ound s o me y ears a go o n t he s ou th-western e dge o f t he v i l lage o f Rasova , a l lows u s t o l ocate S ac idava. 1 °7 9 Th is a nc ien t s et t le men t c annot b e l ocated a t t he r uins o f t he f or tress s i tua ted n ear t he v i l lage o f R asova , a t t he p lace k nown a s " Pescar ie" , s ince t he d istance i s much s hor ter t han t he a pprox i ma te ly 6 km ( I I I I m.p.) 1°8° i nscr ibed o n t he m i lestone.

I t must i nstead b y f urther s outh

a t t he p lace k nown a s Muza it i n t he t err itory o f t he v i l lage o f Dunaren i ( f ormerly Mfr leanu ). 1 081

The l ocat ion o f S ac idava i s i mpor tan t s ince i te nables

u s t o c orrelate t he i n for mat ion c on ta ined i nb oth i t inerar ies a nd t he d a ta f ro m o ther s ources. S ac idava i s c orrect ly w r it ten o n ly i n t he N ot it ia D ign itatu rni° 8 2 s tates t hat Cuneus e qu itum s cu tar iorum w as s tat ioned h ere ;

w h ich

i t was t he

s ou thernmost c ava lry u n it i n S cy th ia , a nd d isposed b etween Cuneus e qu itu m S o lens ium a t Cap idava t o t he n orth a nd Cuneus e qu itum s tablesianorum a t S uc idava t o t he s outh .

T h is C uneus e qu itu m s tab les ianoru m was t he n or thern-

mos t u n i t i n Moes ia S ecunda .

U 8

3

A s h as b een s ta ted , t he Tabu la P eut inger iana r ecords t h is s e t t lemen t u nder t he n ame o f S agadava a nd l oca tes i tb e tween D uros toru m a nd S uc idava , c on trad ic t ing t he N ot i t ia D ign i ta tu m .

I ti s p oss ib le t ha t ow ing t o a n e as i ly e xp licab le

e rror ( t he c lose s im i lar i ty b e tween t he s ounds o f t he t wo p lace-names ) t he o rder o f t he n ames h as b een i nver ted; p robab ly , f or t he s ame r eason , o ne o f t he n a mes h as b een om i t ted f ro m t he A n ton ine I t inerary .

I n c on trast t o t he Tabu la

P eu tinger iana , t he A nton ine I t inerary d oes n o t r ecord a p lace c a l led S agadava= S ac idava , a nd q uo tes o n ly o ne d is tance ( XVI I m .p . ) . As r egards t he o rder o f . l oca li t ies , t he An ton ine I t inerary i s t he more a ccura te , t he f irst s i te r ecorded d owns tream f ro m D urostoru m b e ing S uc idava .

T he d istances g iven i n t he

Tabu la P eut inger iana , wh ich i s more c o mp le te ,

7 4

r each a t o ta l o f 4 7 ,000

p assuu m , t ha t i s t o s ay a bout 7 0 km ; t he d is tance i s a ctua l ly g rea ter b y 8 -9 km ( 6 ,000 p assuu m ) . T he d is tance b e tween A xiopo lis a nd t he s i te l oca l ity t o t he s ou th r ecorded b y t he Tabu la Peu t inger iana , b u t om it ted b y t he An ton ine I t inera ry , i s a t XVI I m.p. ( 25.14 km ) wh ich c orresponds t o t he d istance b etween H inog a nd Muza it , w here Ih ave l ocated S ac idava. I fw e a dvance a no ther 1 2,000 p assuu m ( 17 .75 km ) s outhwards , t he d istance i ndica ted b o th i n t he Tabu la P eut i nger iana a nd t he An ton ine I t inerary , w e ' c o me t o O lt ina , wh ich c anno t b e i den t if ied a s t he s i te l ocated b y b o th s ources t o t he n orth o f Durostoru m , s ince t h is i s t he s i te o f t he a nc ien tA lt in iun men t ioned i n t he N o t it ia D ign itatu m .1 084 I fw e a dd a no ther 6 ,000 p assuu m ( na me ly t he 8 -9 km wh ich a re l acking f ro m t he t o ta l d istance b etween Ax iopo l is a nd Durostorum ) w e a rr ive a t t he r u ins o f I zvoarele ( f or merly P ir joa ia ). ( abou t 2 6.6 km ) i s c orrect .

F ro m h ere t o S il istra t he d istance o f XVI I I m.p.

I fw e e x tend t he s hortest d istance r ecorded i n t he

i t inerar ies a nd p refer XVI I I m.p. i n p lace o f X I I m.p., w e r each t he c onclus ion t ha t , i n t h is s ect ion o f l imes a t l east , t he r ecorded s i tes w ere g enera l ly l ocat ed a t au n ifor m d istance a part.

The s a me s i tuat ion i s e ncoun tered f arther

d own t he Danube w here t he d istance b etween Ax iopo l is a nd Cap idava a nd t ha t f rom Cap idava t o Cars ium i s t he s a me, XVI I I m.p. 1 °85

The i n for ma t ion g iven

b y t he t wo i t inerar ies s ee ms t o s upport s trong ly t he v iew wh ich i den t i f ies S uc idava w ith t he r u ins o f P ir joa ia.

*

1 °86

As r egards t he n orth a nd e as t o f D obrud ja ,

t he d ata g iven b y t he t wo i t in-

e rar ies d iffer more w idely b o th i n t he s et t le men ts wh ich a re men t ioned a nd t he d istances b etween t he m.

Iw i l l p resen t b elow a b r ief s urvey o f t he i n for ma-

t i on g iven i n t he An ton ine I t inerary a nd i n t he Tabu la P eut inger iana f or t he r ou te N ov iodunum-Ca l lat is a nd t hat g iven b y t he Dura Europos s h ield f or t he w est Pon t ic c oast t o t he n orth o f Ca l lat is. —Tabu la P eu t inger iana :

'

N ov iodunu m-Sa lsov ia = XL I m.p. = 6 0.649 km ;

S a lsov ia-Ad S to ma = XX IV m.p. = 3 5.496 km ; =8 8.740 km ;

H istr ia-To m is = XL m.p. = 5 9.160 km ;

X I I m.p. = 1 7.748 km ;

N ov iodunum-Aegyssus = = EV m.p. = 3 5.496 km ;

Aegyssus-Sa lsov ia = XVI I m.p. = 2 5.143 km; Ha lmyr is ) =I X m.p. = 1 3.311 km ;

S a lsov ia-Sa l morus ( na me ly

S a l morus-Va l l is Do m it iana = XVI I m.p.

Va l l is Dom it iana-Ad S a l ices = XXVI m.p. = 3 8.454 l cm ; Ad

S a l ices-H is tr ia = XXV m.p . =3 6.975 km ; 5 3.244 km ;

To m is-Straton i =

S traton i-Ca l lat is = XX I I m.p . =3 2.538 km.

—An ton ine I t inerary :

=2 5.143 km ;

Ad S to ma-H istr ia = LX m.p.

H istr ia-Tom is = =

VI m.p. -

To m is-Ca l lat is = XXX m.p. = 4 4.370 km.

—Scutum Durae-Europ i r epertum :

Ca l lat is-To m is , t hrough Amla id ina

a nd S tratonus = 3 3.4 m ule p assuu m =4 9 .499 km ; T om is-Ha l myris =7 4 mule p assuu m= 1 09 .446 km ; Ha l myr is-R iver I s tros = 44 mi l le p assuu m =6 4 .976 km ; R iver Danube-Tyras = 84 .5 mule p assuu m= 1 24 .975 km .

1 087

I f we c o mpare t he T abu la P eu t inger iana w ith t he Anton ine I t inerary w e o bserve t hat t he l at ter r ecords more l oca l it ies ( Aeg issus, S a lmorus , Va l l is Dom it iana , Ad S a l ices ) b etween N ov iodunu m a nd H is tr ia , a nd a lso t he d istances a re s horter , b etween I X a nd XXVI m.p., t hat i s t o s ay t he p o in ts wh ich c an b e r eached i n o ne d ay 's march ;

o n ly t he l ast t wo d istances , b etween H istr ia

a nd T om is a nd f rom T om is t o Ca l lat is ( = WI a nd 2 (XX m.p. r espect ively ) a re t oo l ong , a nd w ere p robab ly c overed i n t wo s tages e ach.

7 5

T he d ocu men t

d oes n o t men t ion t he i n ter med iate s topp ing-p laces , w h ich p robably w ere n e ither f ort if ied c en tres d eserv ing men t ion , n or s upp ly s tat ions f or t he t roops. 1°8 8

T he

Tabu la P eut inger iana g ives much l onger d istances : XL m.p. ( H istr ia-To m is ) , XL I m.p. ( Nov iodunum-Sa lsov ia ) a nd LX m.p. ( Ad S to ma-H istr ia ) w h ich c annot b e c ons idered a s s tages o f march. The Tabu la P eu t inger iana g ives t he n a mes o f t wo more s i tes wh ich a re n o t ment ioned i n t he An ton ine I t inerary : Ad S to ma a nd S traton i.

Th is l ast l oca l ity d iv ides i n t wo o ne o f t he l ong d istances , To m is-

Ca l lat is, r ecorded i n t he An ton ine I t inerary . S o f ar t he a ctua l s ites o f t he f o l low ing l oca l it ies r ecorded b y t he t wo d ocumen ts h ave n ot b een i den t if ied w ith c erta in ty :

S a lmorus-Ha l myr is ,

1 089

Va l i is

Do m it iana , Ad S a l ices ( i n t he An ton ine I t inerary ) a nd Ad F to ma a nd S traton i ( i n t he Tabu la Peu t inger iana ).

Ip resen t b elow s o me more i n for mat ion o n s o me

o f t hese. The n a me Ad S to ma p o in ts t o o ne o f t he mouths o f t he Danube.

S ince t he

r oad p assed t hrough S a lsov ia w h ich i s s i tuated o n t he S f. Gheorghel° 9° a r m, t he s ite must h ave l a in a t t he mou th o f t h is a r m. o f Ravenna 1 091

T he Anonymous G eographer

who t ook h is i n for mat ion f ro m t he T abu la P eu t inger iana o f s ome

c en tur ies l a ter 1 092

c a l led t he p lace S to ma P euc i .

w ith t he r uins a t D unava-t , u d e J os ,

1° 9 3

T he i dent if ica t ion o f A d S to ma

s i tua ted a t t he l im i t o f t he s o l id g round

t o t he s ou th o f t he S f . Gheorghe a rm , i s n ot p laus ib le s ince i td oes n o t a gree w ith t he d istance b etween S a lsov ia a nd Ad S to ma ( XQ ( IV m.p. = 3 5.496 k in ) g iven b y t he Tabu la Peu t inger iana ;

b u t t he d istance b etween Mag mud ia a nd

Dunavatu l d e S us i s 1 8 km a t t he most.

Re me mber ing t ha t t he d is tances

b etween t he o ther l oca l it ies o n t h is r ou te a re g iven a ccura tely , t he v iew t ha t t he f igure i s a n e rror s ee ms t o me u nconv inc ing.

Ib e l ieve r ather t ha t Ad

S to ma , a s t he n a me i nd ica tes, s hou ld b e l oca ted w here t he P euce a rm o f t he Danube meets t he B lack S ea , t he p resen t-day Del ta , p erhaps o n t he C araor man s and-bank .1094

We t herefore c o me t o t he c onclus ion t hat t he r ou te i nd ica ted

b y t he T abu la P eu t inger iana w as n o t o verland b u t ar iver r ou te s ince i t was d i ff icu l t t o r each t he Del ta a ny o ther w ay.

The r iver r ou te a lso a grees w ith

t he d istance g iven f or t ha t b etween S a lsov ia a nd Ad S to ma.

Ow ing t o t he b ends

o f t he S f. Gheorghe a rm , t he d istance c overed b y t ha t r iver r oute i s much l onger t han t ha t o f a ny o verland r ou te l ead ing f rom Mah mud ia t o t he B lack S ea , t o t he N or th o f L ake Razelm.

Ib el ieve t hat t h is i s a lso s upported b y o ther

a rgumen ts b ased o n c o mpar isons b etween t he t wo i t inerar ies.

Thus , i ti s

p robab le t hat Ad S to ma w as u sed f or s upp ly a nd t ransfer o f g oods f rom t he f luv ia l s h ips t o t he mar it i me v essels a nd v ice v ersa a s s ee ms t o b e s uggested ( w ithou t a ny d eta i ls o f p lace-na mes ) b y ap assage i n Z os i mus .1°95

T hat t he

r ou te men t ioned b y t he Tabu la P eut inger iana was a r iver r oute i s s uggested b y a n a rgu men t es i len t io : t he d ocu men t om it s as et t le men t a s importan t a nd w el l k nown a s Aeg issus. b efore i t ,

1 096

Th is means, Ib el ieve , t ha t f ro m Nov iodunum i fn o t

t he o verland r oad w as a bandoned , a nd t he s a i lors d id n o t make

a ny c a l ls u n t il S a lsov ia , w h i le t hose who t ook a n o verland r ou te h ad t o p ass t hrough Aeg issus, a s i s s een i n t he An ton ine I t inerary. 1 097 Ha l myr is, g iven u nder i t s L at in n a me S a l morus i n t he An ton in e I t inerary i s a t tested b y s evera l a nc ient s ources : P rocop ius o f Caesarea ,

1° 9 9

t he Dura Europos s h ield , H ierocles ,

N o t it ia E p iscopa tuu m 1 1°°

e tc .

By c o mpar ing

t hese s ources, w e c an a pprox i mate ly l ocate t he s i te w ith in a l im ited a rea. The n a me i t sel f s hows t hat t he l oca l ity w as s i tua ted o n t he s hore o f t he b ay o f

7 6

1° 9 8

Ha lmyr is ( t he p resen t-day L ake Raze1 m ). 1 1°1

Accord ing t o P rocop ius , Ha l-

myr is was t he f arthest c ity i n S cy th ia M inor , b eyond Aeg issus , t ha t i s t o s ay a t t he mou th o f t he Danube.

A l though i t was n ot s itua ted o n t he b anks o f t he

Danube, i tf o l lows f rom t he l i sts g iven b y H ierocles a nd f ro m t he N ot it ia Ep isc opatuu m t hat Ha l myr is l ay c lose t o t he Danube .1 102

F ina l ly , t he d istance o f

I X m.p. f rom S a lsov ia t o S a l morus g iven i n t he An ton ine I t inerary t oge ther w ith t he i n for ma t ion g iven b y t he s ources c ited a bove , p o in ts t o t he s hore o f L ake Razel m b etween Dunavgtu d e J os a nd S ar inasuf , s o t ha t t he p roposed i den t if icat ion w ith t he r e ma ins a t " Cetatea Z aporo jen ilor" s ee ms p laus ib le.

1 1°3

Ad S to ma a nd S a lmorus-Ha l myr is a re t he f i rst s i tes l ocated b eyond S alsov ia w h ich d o n ot c o inc ide i n t he t wo d ocuments :

t he Tabu la P eu t inger iana f o l lows

t he r iver r ou te a s f ar a s t he mou th o f t he P euce a rm w h ile t he Anton ine I t inerary i nd icates a n o verland r ou te t o t he n orthern b ank o f L ake Razel m. t he d ocu ment s c on t inue t o d i ffer.

Further more,

Tabu la P eut inger iana g ives a mar it i me r ou te

a long t he c oast t o H istr ia , b u t n ot p enetrat ing i n to t he b ay o f Ha l myrus;

t h is

r ou te was LX m.p. ( na mely 8 8.740 km ) i n l eng th , a nd t h is d istance a grees w ith t hat , e v iden t ly c a lcu la ted a long t he c oast , g iven b y S traboll°4 a nd Arr ian ii° 5 o f 5 00 s tadia ( 8 8 .800 km ) . The An ton ine I t inerary d escr ibes t he o verland r ou te w h ich made a d etour t o t he w est o f L ake Razel m , a nd p assed t hrough Va l i is Dom it iana a nd Ad S a l ices; t he d istance c overed b y t h is r ou te b etween S a l mon s a nd H istr ia w as 6 8 m il le p assuu m ( 100 . 5 72 km ) .

B o th d istances g iven , f or t he

mar it i me a nd o verland r ou tes , c orrespond t o t he a ctua l d istances.

As t o t he

l ocat ion o f t he t wo s et t le men ts men t ioned i n t he An ton ine I t inerary , Va l i is Dom it iana a nd Ad S a l ices , i ti s v ery p robable , t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he i n for mat i on g iven b y t h is d ocumen t t hat , a s h as b een p resumed , t hey were s i tua ted a t Ag igh io 11 106

a nd a t C ara manch io i1 107

r espect ively.

O n t he who le , t he r ou te

S a lsov ia-H istr ia i s s horter b y l and (DO ZVI I m.p. = 13.883 km ) e ven w ith d etours a round t he l agoons , t han t ha t b y w ater (WO

= m.p. = 1 24.236 km ) ,

w h ich l ast f o l low t he n u merous b ends o f t he S f . Gheorghe a rm o f t he r iver. As t o t he d istance b etween H istr ia a nd T om is , t he t wo d ocumen ts d i f fer h ere t oo :

XL m.p. ( 59.160 km ) i n t he Tabu la P eu t inger iana a nd = ZVI m.p.

( 53.244 km ) i n t he An ton ine I t inerary . r eason :

The d i fference i s d ue t o t he s a me

t he mar it i me r ou te w as l onger s ince t he s h ips h ad t o g o o u t f ro m t he

b ay o f H istr ia , mak ing a d etour t o t he n orth t o a vo id t he a l luv ia l d epos its w h ich h ad n o t y et b locked t he a ccess t o t he M i let ian c o lony , w h i le t he o verland r ou te w as more d irec t e ven i f , a s i s p oss ib le , i tw as n ecessary t o make d etour a round S iu tgh io l.

a

The d istance i nd icated i n t he An ton ine I t inerary i s

v ery c lose t o t ha t g iven b y Arr ian ( 300

s tadia =5 5 . 2 90 km ) i n t he t ime when

H istr ia c ou ld s t il l b e r eached f rom t he S ou th o f Ch ituc.

1

"

b y S trabo ( 250 s tad ia= 4 4 .400 km ) i s c erta in ly e rroneous;

The f i gure g iven i ti s sma l ler e ven

t han t he d istance i n as tra igh t l i ne b etween H is tr ia a nd T om is . A s r egards t he r ou te b etween To m is a nd Cal la t is , t he d istance g iven i n t he An ton ine I t inerary i s a ga in s hor ter ( X00 ( m.p. = 4 4.370 km ) t han t hat g iven i n t he Tabu la P eut inger iana ( X ) XIV m.p. = 5 0.286 km ).

The d istance

q uo ted b y t he Tabu la P eu t inger iana c o inc ides w ith t he f i gure g iven b y S trabo ( 280 s tad ia = 4 9.628 km ) a nd b y t he Dura Europos s h ield ( 33.400 m il le p assuu m =4 9.399 km ).

The l ast s ource s ee ms t o g ive t he most p rec ise f igure.

I f

t he d istance g iven i n t he An ton ine I t inerary i s c orrec t ly r ecorded , i tf o l lows

7 7

t hat t ravel w as p oss ib le o n t he i s th mus b etween t he B lack S ea a nd T ech irg io l e ven i n a n t iqu ity ;

o therw ise t he d istance i nd ica ted i n t he t ex t s hou ld b e l onger

d ue t o t he d etour n ecess ita ted b y t he l agoons t o t he w est . 109 As t o t he r oad a long t he c oast , t he f i gures g iven i n t he T abu la P eu t inger iana a nd i n t he o ther t wo s ources men t ioned a bove, c orrespond t o t he a ctua l d istances. Bu t , a part f rom t h is d istance , t here i s a nother r ese mblance b etween t he Tabu la P eu t inger iana a nd t he Dura Europos s h ield :

t he p resence o f t he s i te

c al led S traton i o r S tratonus, w h ich i s a t tested o n ly i n t hese t wo d ocumen ts. Tak ing i n to a ccoun t t he f or m r ecorded i n t he T abu la P eu t inger iana t h is p lacen ame p resumably r epresen ts t he g enet ive o f ap roper n a me a nd w e s hou ld t h ink o f af or m s uch a s Tu rns S traton is ; 110 b u t Ib el ieve t hat i ti s more p robably a n a b lat ive , ac ase w h ich i s u sed f or many l oca l it ies i nd icated i n t he T abu la P eu t inger iana ( Durostoro , Cars io , Arub io , H istr iopo l i , e tc.) w h ich d er ive f rom a n a me i n t he p lura l. i s e ncoun tered o n t he Dura Europos s h ield

The s ame c ase, b u t i n t he s ingu lar, t ratono ) a nd t h is l eads me t o

s uppose t hat t he s i te w ou ld h ave b een c a l led S traton i o r S tratonus o r p oss ibly S tra tonum. 111 The a gree men t b etween t he T abu la P eut inger iana a nd t he Dura Europos s h ie ld s ee m t o i nd icate t ha t t he r ou te o n t h is l a t ter w as c overed b y s ea a s i s i nd icated , Ib el ieve , b y t he t wo p assenger s h ips s hown o n t he s h ield. 112 As r egards S tratonus a nd Amla id ina wh ich a re p laced t o t he n orth o f Ca l la t is o n t he s h ield , Ib el ieve t hat t hey w ere n o t p orts o f c a l l , b u t o n ly l and mark s wh ich w ere v is ible t o t ravel lers b y s ea , t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t hat n o d istances r eferr ing t o t hese s et t le ments a re i nd ica ted . Th is c ou ld a lso b e t he e xp lanat ion o f t he p resence o f S traton i i n t he T abu la P eu t inger iana , a l though t he d istances w h ich a re i nd icated a re u nusua l ly s hort i n c ompar ison w ith o thers g iven t here a nd f urther more d o n o t a gree w ith t he a ctua l o nes, s ince t he s i te s hou ld b e l oca ted a t E for ie S ud , w here t here a re n o a nc ien t r ema ins. I fS traton i w as n o t ap ort o f c a l l b u t o n ly a l andmark , i ti s p robab le t ha t t he d istances T om isS traton i ( X I I m.p. = 1 7.748 k rn ) a nd S traton i-Ca l lat is ( X ou l m.p. = 3 2.538 km ) h ave b een a pprox i ma tely i nd icated a nd t he a ctua l s i te o f t he s ett lemen t s hou ld b e l oca ted a tt he l i gh thouse a t Tuzla o r e ven f arther t o t he s ou th , a t S ch i tu- C os t ine s t i . 1 113 As r egards Am la id ina , t he n a me i s a lso k nown f rom a n i nscr ip t ion f ound a t T J rluch io i t o t he w est o f T ech irg io l , wh ich men t ions V icus Am la id ina. 114 There i s n o f i rm e v idence t ha t t he s et t le men t w as s i tua ted a t t he f ind ing-p lace o f t he i nscr ip t ion a nd Ib el ieve t hat i ti s more r easonab le t o l ocate t he v i l lage n ear t he c oast , a s s ee ms t o b e s uggested b y t he Dura Europos s h ie ld , t hat i s t o s ay p robably b es ide L ake T a t lageac ( Neptun23 August ) , 115 where a m iles tone d at ing f ro m t he t ime o f Marcus Aurel ius h as b een f ound. 116 T h is m ilestone a ppears t o g ive t he d istance f rom Ca l la t is t o t he v i l lage men t ioned a bove ( VI I m.p.).

Th is l ocat ion i s c ond it iona l u pon t he l oca l ity b e ing v is ib le

t o c oasta l v oyagers , t o e xp la in t he p resence o f t h is n ame o n t he s h ie lds. Ib el ieve t hat a nother p roo f t ha t t he Dura Europos s h ield r efers t o a mar it ime r oute i s g iven b y t he n ex t s tage t ravel l ing t o t he n orth , To m is-Ha lmyr is. T he d is tance o f 7 4 m ule p assuu m ( 109 .446k m ) c ou ld b e c ons idered a s b e ing a ccura te , i ft he r oute l ed s tra igh t t o t he n or thern s hore o f L ake R aze lm , a nd d id n o t make a d e tour a t C h ituc , t hrough H istr ia .

I n c onsequence , t he a rcher

f rom C ohors XX P a l myrenoru m d id n o t c a l l a t H is tr ia ( he d id n ot e ven s ee i t ) , 7 8

a nd t h is e xp la ins t he e x is tence o f t h is l acuna o n h is s h ie ld .

T he n ex t d is tance i s

i nd ica ted f or t he r ou te f ro m Ha l myr is t o t he r iver I s tros ( 44 mule p assuu m = 6 5.076 km ) wh ich c orresponds t o t he S u l ina a rm a nd t he s o-ca l led ' r iver Danubus ' o n t he s h ie ld i s a ctua l ly t he C h i lia a rm .

The d istance o f 5 4 .5 mi l le

p assuu m ( 124 .975 ) f ro m t he C h i l ia a rm t o Tyras a s i ndica ted o n t he s h ie ld i s a ccura te.

Id o n o t b el ieve t hat I stros p ota mos i s a n e rror f or I stropo l is a s

i s s uggested b y Fr. Cumon t ,

1 117

s ince t he s ite i s p laced t o t he n orth o f Ha l-

myr is a nd t he d istance wh ich i s i nd ica ted wou ld b e i ncorrect .

I n f act , c o m-

p ar ison w ith t he i n for mat ion g iven b y o ther t exts w h ich r efer t o t he mou th o f t he D anube 1 118

l ead t o t he s a me c onc lus ion t hat t he t wo r ivers o n t he Dura

Europos s h ie ld i n f act r epresen t t he t wo a r ms a t i t s mou th.

119

Iw il l n ow b r ief ly d iscuss t he o verland r ou te g iven i n t he Anton ine I t inerary s ince s o me e v idence c oncern ing t h is i s p rov ided b y t he m ilestones f ound a long t he c oast . Apart f rom t he m ilestones f ound i n t he P on t ic c it ies o f H istr ia ,1 120 1 a Tom is 1l2 nd Ca l lat is ,1 122 w hose e v idence i s u seless f or o ur p urpose o f i den t ify ing t he c oasta l r ou te , t here a re s o me m ilestones f ro m p laces o u ts ide t he c i t ies.

The ir v a luab le i n for ma t ion a l lows u s t o f o l low t he r ou te;

t hey h ave

b een f ound i n t he f o l low ing s i tes w h ich Il i st i n g eograph ica l o rder, f rom t he n orth t o t he s ou th : d e S us 125

S ino ie 123

( t o t he n orth o f H istr ia ), S äcele 124

( between H istr ia a nd To m is ) , T a t lageac 1 126

a nd Corbu

( between To m is a nd

Ca l la t is ) , a nd 2 Ma i 127 a nd Va ma Veche 128 ( t o t he s ou th o f Ca l lat is ). We c an a dd t he mi les tone a t Miha i V i teazu , 1 129 c o ming f ro m t he v ic in i ty o f t he c oas t n ear H is tr ia .

1 130

O f a l l t hese mi lestones , o n ly t hree b ear f i gures

s how ing d is tances ; o ne o f t he m f ound a t Ta t lageac , a nd a nother t wo d iscovered a t S ino ie. Iw il l n ot c oncen trate u pon t he m ilestone f ound a t Tat lageac ;

i ti nd icates

t he d istance o f V I m.p. b etween Ca l lat is a nd p robab ly V icus Am la id ina.

As t o

t he t wo milestones f ound a t S ino ie ( t he a nc ien t s i te o f V icus Qu in t ion is ), 1 131 o ne o f t he m d ates f rom 1 59 132

a nd t he o ther f ro m 1 62.

133

The f i gure o f

XVI I I I m.p. ( 28.101 km ) i s i nscr ibed w ithou t a ny i nd icat ion o f t he l oca l ity f ro m w h ich t he d istance h as b een c a lcu la ted.

Ib el ieve t ha t b y c o mpar ison w i th t he

i n format ion g iven i n t he An ton ine I t inerary , i ti s p oss ible t o i den t ify t h is l oca l ity :

t he d ocumen t men t ions Ad S a l ices t o t he n orth o f H istr ia , wh ich i s

c erta in ly t he s i te s itua ted o n t he w estern s hore o f L ake Razel m , a s b e ing XXV m.p. f ro m t he M i let ian c o lony.

I fw e s ubtract XVI I I m.p. men t ioned

o n t he m ilestones f ound a t S ino ie f ro m t h is f igure , t he r esu lt i s V I m.p. ( 8 .8 km ) a nd t h is c o inc ides w ith t he d istance b etween V icus Qu in t ion is a nd H istr ia.

Consequen t ly w e c an p ropose t hat t he t wo m i lestones i nd ica te t he

d istance c overed b y t he c oasta l r ou te f ro m V icus Qu in t ion is t o Ad S a l ices , a nd i n t he l i gh t o f t h is n ew e v idence , Ic an s tate w ith more c erta in ty t ha t Ad S a l ices was s ituated i n t he Cara manch io i-En isa la a rea. Another i nscr ip t ion wh ich g ives u s i n for mat ion a bou t t he c oasta l r oad i s t he m i lestone f ro m T om is d ated t o t he t ime o f Hadr ian ;

i ti nd ica tes t he d is-

t ance o f XXVI I m.p. f ro m t he l oca l ity c a l led Tres P ro to mae; 1 134

V . P 6rvan

c ons idered t hat t he l at ter s hou ld b e l oca ted o n t he r oad To m is-Ax iopo l is a nd p roposed a n i dent if ica t ion w ith o ne o f t he f orts a t Mircea Vo g. 1 135 o p in ion h as b een a ccep ted a s ah ypothes is b y R . Vu lpe ,

1 136

Th is

b u t I . M it itelu 137

c ons idered t hat Tres P roto mae w as n o t o n t he r oad t o Ax iopo l is , b u t r ather

7 9

t hat i tw as o n t he r ou te t o H istr ia , e spec ia l ly t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he f act t hat t he f i nd ing o f t he m ilestone a t Con stan ta d oes n ot i nd icate t he d irect ion t o wh ich t he a t te mpts t o i den t ify t he s i te s hou ld b e d irected. 138 v iew o f I . M it itelu i s j ust i f ied f or t wo r eason s :

Ic ons ider t ha t t he

f i rst ly , t he f ort a t M ircea Vodä

a s w el l a s t he v a l lu m b etween Constan ta a nd t he Danube d o n o t d ate f rom t he Ro man p er iod b u t must b e d a ted l a ter; 1 139 s econd ly , t hree ma in h ighways c rossed Dobrud ja f ro m t he n orth t o t he s ou th i n a n t iqu ity : o ne a long t he c oast , o ne a long t he Danube a nd t he t h ird t hrough i n land a reas ( t he r ou te T ropaeu m T ra ian i-U l metum-Nov iodunu m ). 1 140 o n t hese ma in r oads,

1 141

S o f ar o n ly m ilestones h ave b een f ound

e xcep t f or t he r oad w h ich l inked t he c oast w ith t he

impor tan t u rban c en tres t o t he s ou th , T ropaeum T ra ian i a nd Durostorum. M i lestones h ave b een f ound a long i ta t M ir istea 142

a nd P lopen i ,

I ts hou ld

1 143

h ave b een more importan t a nd u sed b y more t raf f ic t han t he o ther s em itae .1 144 On t he b as is o f t he c a lcu lat ion o f d istances o n t he map , e red t ha t Tres P ro to mae s hou ld b e l ocated a t Vadu , v icus ( whose n a me i s k nown )1 147

146

1 145

I . M it itelu c ons id-

b u t w e k now t hat a no ther

e x isted o n t h is s pot , wh ich a s a ma t ter o f f act

w as n ot e ven s i tuated o n t he s hor test r ou te b etween To m is a nd H istr ia. 148

I

t herefore b el ieve t hat T res P roto mae s hou ld b e l ocated i n t he a rea C orbu d e S usS äcele , b oth l oca l it ies c erta in ly b e ing s ituated o n t he Ro man r oad , a s i s s hown b y t he m i lestones f ound t here. 149

Further more , i ti s r ecorded t ha t i mportan t

a nc ien t r e ma ins c ou ld b e s een t o t he n or t h o f Corbu d e S us more t han a c en tury a go a nd w e k now a lso t ha t o ther i nscr ipt ions c a me f ro m t here.

15°

T ak ing

i n to a ccoun t t he d ata g iven i n t he An ton ine I t inerary a nd t he f i gure i nd icated b y t he m i lestone r eferred t o a bove, Is uggest t hat T res P roto mae was s i tuated o n t he r oad b etween To m is a nd H istr ia , a t D ( m.p. ( 13.311 km ) t o t he s ou th o f t he l at ter ( i t w as 2 00 WI m.p. f ro m H is tr ia t o Tom is, a ccord ing t o t he An ton ine I t inerary , f rom wh ich w e d educt t he XXVI I m.p. i nscr ibed o n t he m ilestone f ound a t To m is ).

I ti s p oss ible t hat t he r u ins s i tua ted t o t he n orth o f C orbu d e

S us a re t he a ctua l s i te o f T res P roto mae; r e-exa m ine t hese r e ma ins.

i n a ny c ase t he a rchaeo log ists s hou ld

151

To c onclude t h is d iscuss ion o f t he r oad w h ich e nc ircled Dobrud ja , f o l low ing t he c ourse o f t he Danube , f ro m t he p lace w here t he r iver a nd b o th i t s b anks p assed i n to Ro man ian t err itory a nd r unn ing t o i t s mou th a nd t hen a long t he c oast t o t he s ou th , Iw il l l i st t he f ort if ied s et t le men ts w h ich g uarded i t i n t he 2 nd3 rd c en tur ies :

S uc idava ( I zvoarele ) , S ac idava ( Muza it ), Ax iopo l is ( H inog ),

Cap idava ( f or mer Ca lach io i ), Cars ium ( Hf reova ), C ius ( G trl iciu ), B eroe ( P iatra F rec ke i ), Troes m is

Arrub ium ( Mgc in ), D inoget ia ( B iser icu t-

Garvän a nd Bgrbos i? ), N ov iodunum ( I saccea ), Aeg issus ( Tu lcea ), S a lsov ia s e

( Mah mud ia ) Ha l myr is ( "Cetatea Z aporo jen i lor"? ), Va l i is Dom it iana ( ? ), Ad S al ices ( ? ), H istr ia , To m is, S traton i o r S tratonus ( Tuzla l i gh thouse? ) a nd Ca l lat is.

These s et t le men ts t ota l 2 0 a nd t he f act t ha t t he c oasta l c i t ies a re

i nc luded i n t he i t inerar ies l eads t o t he c onclus ion t hat , a t l east a t t he t ime w hen t hese c bcu men ts w ere o r ig ina l ly w r it ten , t hey w ere i n tegra ted i n to t he Ro man m il itary d efens ive s yste m • 1152 Ano ther important r oad c ame f ro m Marc ianopo l is a nd c rossed t he i n land a rea o f Dobrud ja f ro m t he s ou th t o t he n orth. 1 153

I tp assed t hrough C etatea ,

Ada mcl is i , Medg id ia , Mircea Vodg , Doroban tu , P an tel i mon , Rfmn icu a nd S lava Rusg . ;

i td iv ided h ere i n to t wo r ou tes;

d e J os

t he ma in b ranch r an t o

N icu l i , tel a nd r eached t he Danube a t N ov iodunum w h i le t he o ther l ed t o Aeg issus.

8 0

T he f o l low ing s i tes a re s ecurely a ttested o n t h is r oad :

T ropaeum Tra ian i a t

Adamcl is i ( wh ich b ecame a mun ic ip iurn i n t he t ime o f Marcus Aurel ius )1 154 a nd U l metum a d Pan te l i mon .

1 155

A v icus o f w hose n a me o n ly t he b eg inn ing

( I .VRB..., p robab ly a p ersona l n a me ) 156 i s e p igraph ica ll y a t tested i s s i tuat ed n ear Medg id ia. A d ed icat ion f rom R i mn icu l d e J os 15 . 1 d at ing f rom t he t ime o f An ton inus P ius 158

s hows t hat t here w as a v icus w hose n a me b eg ins

w ith t he l et ter _ V ( i n c onsequence V icus V ..); t here w as a s tat ion o f b enef i c iar i i c onsu lar is a t t h is s ite. 159 A m i lestone d ated t o t he t ime o f H adr ian o r An ton inus P ius w as f ound a t Doroba e .1 160 Id ea l i n g rea ter d eta il w ith t he s et t le men ts a t Ceta . tea a nd S lava Rusä .161 S lava Rusä i s t he l argest1 162 o f a l l t he f ort if ied s et t le men ts k nown i n t he i n land p ar t o f Dobrud ja. V . P ärvan i den t if ied t he f ortress w ith o ne o f t he n ames o f s i tes men t ioned b y t he a nc ien t s ources, s uggest ing t hat t h is f ortress c ou ld b e t he I b ida r ecorded b y P rocop ius .163 t wo c orrec t a rgumen ts :

Th is i den t if icat ion i s b ased o n

t he s et t le men t a t S lava Rusä i s s i tuated b etween

U lmetu m a nd Aeg issus , a s i s a t tested i n t he l oca l ity b y P rocop ius , a nd i t i s p art icu larly l arge ( a bou t 2 4 h a ) , c orrespond ing t o t he t er m T 6XLç wh ich h e g ives. 164

The l ocat ion p roposed b y V . P ärvan h as b een a ccepted w ithou t

r eservat ion b y l a ter s cho lars, t he h ypothet ica l n ature o f t he i den t if icat ion s omet i mes b e ing o ver looked.1165 The i nscr ipt ions f ound a t S lava Rusä 166 d o n o t a ppear t o i nd icate t he n a me o f s et t le men t .

I tf o l lows t hat t he n a me

I b ida h as b een a t tr ibu ted t o t he s et t le men t o n t he b as is o f t he i den t if ica t ion p roposed b yV . P ärvan w ho , b ecause o f t he l ack o f o ther d ocumen tat ion , b ased h is h ypo thes is o n ly o n t he i n for mat ion g iven b y as ing le s ource : D e a ed if ic i is o f P rocop ius.

t he

I n f act , t here i s n o s uch l ack o f d ocumen tat ion :

t he n a me o f t he s et t le men t , a s i to ccurs i n P rocop ius, i s w rong ly g iven . Among t he s cho lars w ho h ave r eferred t o t he f ortress a t S lava Rusä , o n ly C . L i tz ica , w ho h as c losely s tud ied t he t ex t o f P rocop ius , h as d iscussed s o me e rrors i n t he manuscr ipts a nd t he manner i n wh ich t he l ast e d itor h as r estored t he t ext .1 167 H aury.

( Procop i i C aesar iens is .

Vo lumen I I , 2 . V I l i br i

O pera omn ia.

f l cpi

TL CLATWV

Recognou it I acobus s ive De a ed if ic i is.

L ips iae i n a ed ibus B . G . T eubner i. MC MX I I I ), h as o b jected a ga inst t he n a me o fI b ida. I ti s t rue t ha t t he b est manuscr ipt o f P rocop ius f or D e a edf ic i is, a s i s a ccepted b y t he e d itor ,168

i s t he Codex Vat icanus, w h ich g ives t he f o l low-

i ng v ers ion o f t he f ragmen t u nder d iscuss ion :1169

60p c k . )µ c x 0 1 5X T o i 3Tov

. 7 6X 1 ,g.

TE : vö vop .o c

0 : 1 >T01 ) ; r 1 V

g C 77 1 .5g T r ov p . ETC c

The e d itor , a t te mp t ing t o c orrect t he g ramma t ica l

e rror wh ich i s e v iden t i n t h is s en tence ( T o i 3Tov t erm in ing a n eu ter n oun

L -T t EXE L VO : ' C C

hi 3pwp .o c

o f mascu l ine g ender i n d e-

)h as l e f t o u t t he l et ter

v

,p robably

c ons ider ing t ha t i t s p resence i n t he manuscr ipt i s d ue t o t he i gnorance o f t he c opy ist .

Bu t i ft he c opys ists c an b e c ons idered a s b e ing i gnoran t o f p roper

n ames , wh ich t hey h ave s o met i mes t ranscr ibed w rong ly , t hey c an b e a ccused o f i gnorance o f t he G reek l anguage.

I n c onsequence , i ti s p resumed

t ha t t he

l et ter v ,o r a no ther s im ilar l et ter , m igh t h ave b elonged t o t he n ex t word a nd a ccord ing ly t he l oca l ity u nder d iscuss ion b ore a d if feren t n ame f ro m t he I b ida wh ich h as s urv ived.

Therefore i tw as n ecessary t o f ind a nother s ource

w h ich g ives t he n a me o f t he s a me s et t le men t w hose impor tance i n t he 6 th c en tury i s a t tested b y i t s s ize a nd t he f ort if icat ions o f t hat t ime. S uch a s ource e x ists , b u t i th as b een o n ly i nc iden ta l ly c onnected w ith Procop ius , a nd

8 1

i ti s w ithou t a ny p art icu lar c oncern f or t h is p art icu lar p roble m. Ir efer t o t he H istor iae o f Theophy lact S i moca tta 17° w ho b ook I , c hapter 8 , r ecords t he b eg inn ing o f t he h ost il it ies b etween t he Byzan t ines a nd t he Avars i n 5 86-587 , a f ter t he l at ter h ad v io lated t he t reaty o f 5 84.

T he a u thor s tates t hat a m is-

u nderstand ing c aused b y aS cy th ian ( L S 'c

vp )c on tr ibu ted t o t h e

r esumpt ion o f h ost il it ies. A t t hat t ime , ' S cy th ian ' means s o meone f rom t he a rea a round t he mou th o f t he Danube , b u t i tf o l lows f rom t he c on tex t t ha t h e was a n a t ive o f t he p rov ince o f S cy th ia , a pprox i mately t he p resen t-day D obrud ja. A f ter a n e scapade i n t he c amp o f t he c hagan o f t he Avars , b e ing a fra id o f w ha t m igh t h appen t o h im i fh e w as c augh t , h e t r ied t o f l ee t o h is n at ive p eop le ( 7 ,1 1y v uy T . . l y LT 1

T b d ( pxgyovov EI T E70

f el low c oun trymen i nS cyth ia.

7 ,0

n a me ly h is

( 4 : iA 0V),

H e w as , h owever , c augh t b y o ne o f t he R oman

c om manders i n c harge o f t he s ecur ity o f t he Danube f ron t ier, w hen h e c rossed t he Danube ( xa l ,

o v

C X T Zo p9

A uv t bv ' ic-r pov) , t hat i s t o s ay w hen h e r eturned t o t he p rov ince b etween t he Danube a nd t he B lack S ea T‚ hv AL 7 6 XL ,v 9 Ep6µEvog ( go ing t owards t he c i ty o f t he A LP t , 5L v c 7 . )v ) . The g ene t ive p lura l ALr 3L 6 L vF ) J v i nd icates t he i nhab i tan ts o f t he c i ty , w h ich mus t h ave b orne t he n a me o f L ib id ina , L ib idum o r L ib ida.

The r ese mblance

t o t he p lace-na me men t ioned i n t he t ext o f P rocop ius a nd d iscussed a bove i s e v iden t , a nd t he l et ter A - f rom t he b eg inn ing o f t h is n ame c ou ld l ead t o t he s o lu t ion o f t he c on fused s ituat ion i n t he manuscr ipt. a u thors r efer t o t he s et t le men t a s

7 6 :k g

I ti s r e marked t ha tb oth

a nd Ib el ieve t ha t t h is i s n o t a

mere c o inc idence .171 As r egards t he n a me o f t he c i ty , w e must c hoose b etween t hree f orms. The f i rst o ne i s j ust if ied b y t he t ex t o f Theophy lact a nd w ou ld c orrespond t o t he Thrac ian t oponomy ,1 172 b u t Ib el ieve t ha t t he f or m L ib ida s hou ld b e p referred , t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he t ex t o f P rocop ius i n w h ich t he e nd o f t he n a me c learly o ccurs. Bu t t he w ord a s i n t he t ex t o f T heophy lact c ou ld b e d er ived f rom e i ther L ib ic l ina ( we c anno t c o mp letely e xc lude t he p oss ib il ity t hat t h is f or m r ep resen ts t he r ea l n a me o f t he l oca l ity ) o r L ib idum i n w h ich c ase we a ssume t hat P rocop ius g ives a f em in ine v ar ian t o f t he s a me n ame. t i on i s n ot u n ique , as im i lar e xa mp le b e ing t he f or m

T h is k ind o f s i tua-

' AXT C vo

1 173

( f em in ine )

men t ioned b y P rocop ius a nd c orrespond ing t o A lt inum ( neu ter ) i n t he N ot it ia D ign ita tum. 174

Our c onclus ion c oncern ing t he n ame s ee ms t ob e c on f ir med

b y a n i nscr ip t ion wh ich Ib el ieve s hou ld r eso lve a ny d oubt a s r egards b o th t he n a me a nd i t s l ocat ion a t S lava Rusa.

Ir efer t o a marble f unerary s lab ,

175

o n w h ich a f ter t he t r ianom ina o f t he d ead man , Q . Marc ius Quadratu s , t wo a bbrev iated w ords a re i nscr ibed : NAT . L IB. The e d itor o f t he i nscr ipt ion h as p roposed t he r estorat ion n a t ( ione ) L ib( icus ? ) s iue L ib (urnus ? ). B u t i t n ow s ee ms e v iden t t hat t he t wo a bbrev iated w ords must b e r estored a s n at (us ) L ib( idae ) .176

I t may b e o b jec ted t ha t t he men t ion o f t he b irth-p lace o f

Marc ius Quadratus i n t he i nscr ipt ion w ou ld n o t h ave b een n ecessary i fh e h ad b een b ur ied t here ; b u t t he f act t hat t he n ame o f t he l oca l ity h as b een a bbrev iated s hows p rec isely t hat i td oes n o t r efer t o ar e mo te l oca l ity wh ich w ou ld h ave b een p uzz l ing t o t hose w ho r ead t he f unerary i nscr ipt ion i n t he c e metery o f t he a nc ien t s et t le men t a t S lava Rusä.

O n t he c on trary t he a bbrev ia t ion

i nd ica tes t he n a me o f t h is v ery l oca l ity , a nd s o w as r ead ily u nderstood b y i t s i nhab i tan ts e ven i fi t was n ot w ri t ten i n f u l l . F rom t he s ty le o f l e t ter ing a nd t he p ersona l n a me t he i nscr ip t ion c an b e d a ted a l most c erta in ly i n t he S everan

8 2

V (T .A )

p er iod a nd t h is i se v idence t hat L ib ida e x isted i n t he 2 nd-3rd c en tur ies, b u t w as l ess i mportan t t han i tb eca me i nt he 6 th c entury . L ib ida w as p robab ly a v icus i nhab ited b y v eterans , Ro man c o lon ists a nd p oss ibly b y t he B essae 177 a s s eems t o b e s uggested b y t he n a mes o f p ersons men t ioned o n t wo o f t he i nscr ipt i ons c om ing f ro m S lava Rusa .178 F or t he i dent if icat ion o f t he n a me o f t he a nc ien t s et t le men t a t C etatea , I h ave a lso u sed P rocop ius .179 Th is a l lows u s t o d iscuss t he n a me o f t he s e t t lemen t , w h ich c erta in ly e x isted i n t he p er iod o f t he P r inc ipa te. Ir efer t o t he p assage f rom c hapter I V, 7 , 1 0-14 i n h is De a ed if ic i is.

I n d escr ib ing a ma in r oad t he

a u thor , a f ter r ecord ing S uc idava ( E ux b e cpct ) ,t he l as t f or t if ica t ion i n Moes ia o n t he Danube , p resen ts i n more d eta il f our f ortesses wh ich w ere n o t s ituat ed o nt he b ank o f t he r iver : Quesor is ( or Questr is ) 18° wh ich w as s i tuated f ar f ro m t he r iver , h ad b een r epa ired w ith t he s a me c are ( KouAcop KEZT ML

Aw cF i g g xTocegv,k7uµgXeLav T by 6 4o[av r cnoCnTaL) ,

P a lma t is, s i tuated i n ag orge , w as w idened a nd e xtended , a lthough i tw as n ot o n t he b ank o f t he r iver ( ) cal X2TECT A CaTO

6 . 1 4 , T bV Tal ) n oTap ,oi 3 8 v) l ast , w as r estored(oi . 5 5 ' n & T 'x c ' t c

& s 5c C p .oc ro).

C YTEV( 7 ) HE p . evov µ Er , ov c a r tepov,xat i lcp o i n ap6

1 : 6Xp .cc rL g

WX1 ÖLO C CpCp6VTL Og

TE

T he f ortress o f Ad ina , v ery c lose t o t he t aC c p poüpuov " AbLvc c xa t ivoup r f icag

The f ortress o f T il ic ion a nd i t s t ower , s i tua ted o n t he l e f t b ank ,

w as r estored ( x c zi ,

c p poüpLov

5 1 t ö T tAuxt .wv 4 ) xo5oµf lac c -u o,x ca

( X inoi 3 t u A p t ,o -cpE : i x ci ,µEvov g pvµ c x) . O f t hese f our f ortresses , o n ly P a lma tae i s a lso ment ioned i n a nother s ource :

t he Tabu la P eut inger iana men-

t i ons t h is s i te a t ad istance o f 1 4,000 p assuu m ( about 2 0 .700 km ) f ro m Duros toru m , o nt he r oad t o Marc ianopo l is. 181 The e d itor c ons iders t hat t he r oad r an s tra igh t f ro m Durostorum t o Marc ianopo l is , t hrough P a l ma tae a nd a p lace wh ich i s n o t men t ioned a nd w h ich i s s i tuated a t ad istance o f 2 0 ,000 p assus f rom Pa lma tae.

From h ere t o Marc ianopo l is s hou ld b e a no ther 4 ,500 p assus.

I n f act ,

t h is l ast d istance ( abou t 6 6.5 k in ) c ou ld b e o n t he i mper ia l i n land r oad a nd t he o ther l oca l it ies , i nclud ing P a l matae , c ou ld h ave b een o n ar oad w h ich l inked t he r oad a long t he b ank o f t he Danube w ith t hat r unn ing t hrough t he i n ter ior. T he s ett le men ts men t ioned b y P rocop ius a s b e ing f ar f rom t he Danube s hou ld b e l ocated o n t h is l ine, w h ich p robab ly f o l lowed t he f ron t ier b etween Moes ia a nd S cy th ia , s tart ing f ro m S uc idava t o t he e ast a nd j o in ing o n t o t he i mper ia l r ou te . T hus a l l t he f or tresses u nder d iscuss ion a re i n f ac t r ecorded i n t he i t inerary o f P rocop ius .

A t f i rs t s igh t , i ts eems t ha t n oth ing i s t o b e s a id a bout

t he f our p lace-na mes Q uesor is o r Q ues tr is , P a lma t is , A dina a nd T i l ic ion .

I

w i l l men t ion o n ly t he f i rst a nd t he l ast o f t hese , s ince s o f ar Ih ave n ot f ound a no ther r eference t o P a l ma tae a par t f ro m t ha t i n t he T abula P eut ingeriana , o r t o A dina . The e d i t ions o f t he w ork o f P rocop ius r ecord s evera l v ar ian ts o f t he n a me o f t he f i rst s et t le men t , d i f fer ing i n t he n ' dd le. Th is c an b e e xp la ined b y t he f ac t t hat i n i t ia l ly , t he l e t ters c rpw ere i nscr ibed s uccess ively i n t he w ord a nd t h is s equence o f c onsonan ts wh ich i s n o t e ncoun tered i n G reek a nd L a t in c erta in ly c ome f rom a n e rror i n t ranscr ip t ion .

I n a t te mpt ing t o e l im in-

a te t h is a no ma ly , t he c opy ists w ho d id n ot u nderstand t he word wh ich , b e ing a p roper n a me , h ad n o mean ing t o t he m , i nserted e i ther a ' t p roduc ing t he g roup o f c onsonan ts ' s tr w h ich i s e ncoun tered i n b oth l anguages , o r t hey i nserted a v owe l . They c hose t he v owel o_ , a nd n ot s o me o ther v owe l w ith t he s a me

8 3

s ound b ecause i ta lready o ccurred a t t he e nd o f t he w ord. To s um u p : t he o ccurrence o f t he g roup ' S r ' i s d ue t o a n e rror a nd t he v owel ' o ' h as b een moved f ro m t he t er m ina t ion o f t he w ord f or e uphony , a nd c onsequen t ly t he n a me s hou ld h ave b een

K ovi ipc L og

o r

K oüpc L og

( Quers ius o r C urs ius

i n p honet ic L a t in ). T he p h ilo log ica l s pecu lat ion p resen ted a bove, wou ld n ot b e o f a ny v a lue w ere i tn ot c onnected w ith a n i nscr ipt ion w h ich h as b een p ub l ished a nd c om men ted o n al ong t ime a go. 182

T he i nscr ipt ion f ound a t

Durostorum s hows t hat t he monumen t w as e rected b y t he c ity t o p ay a t r ibu te t o t he emperor Aurel ian f or h is v ictory o ver t he Carp i , b etween Cars ium a nd S uc idava i n 2 71.

C erta in ly , i ts ee ms t o me v ery s trange t hat t he p lace o f

v ictory i s i nd icated a t ad istance o f a bou t 1 00 km. Bu t w e d educe f rom t he t ex t o f t he i nscr ip t ion t ha t t he n ames o fb o th l oca l i t ies h ave b een r estored o n t he b as is o f t he f o l low ing l e t ters :

RS IV M ET S VCID.

T he r estorat ion S uc id (aua m )

i s c er ta in ly c orrect b ecause t he b eg inn ing o f t he n ame i s p reserved , b u t t he t erm inat ion rs ium d oes n o t c o mpe l u s t o r estore t he n ame a s ( Ca )rs ium , s ince o ther b eg inn ings c ou ld b e u sed a s w el l . We may s uppose t hat t h e i nsc rip t ion c on ta ined t he n a me o f al oca l ity n ear S uc idava , w h ich p erhaps , b ecause i tw as l ess impor tan t , w as n ot men t ioned b y o ther s ources, b u t w as w e l lk nown a t Durostorum. T he f ive l et ters wh ich h ave s urv ived f ro m t he t er mi na t ion o f t he p lace-na me i nscr ibed o n t he s tone c orrespond e xact ly w ith t he e nd o f t he n a me wh ich Ih ad a tte mp ted t o r estore i n t he t ext o f Procop ius ( t he i nscr ip t ion u ses t he a ccusa t ive c ase ). The s ite i s t he f i rst w h ich i s men t ioned a f ter S uc idava b y t he a u thor a nd i t s s i te w as c ons idered a s as u itable p lace f or t he monumen t e rected b y t he c ity t o c omme morate t he v ic tory o f Aure l ian o ver t he Carp i. I n t h is w ay , t he c on fus ion o ver t he o ld r estorat ion , wh ich a ssu med a n u nusua l l ack o f p rec is ion f or a n i nscr ipt ion , i s r eso lved a nd i f my h ypothes is i s a ccep ted t he i nscr ipt ion r eads :

..inter [ Que ]rs ium e t S uc id [auam ].

I t

f o l lows t ha t Quers ius e x isted a t t he e nd o f t he P r inc ipate b u t c erta in ly i tw as n ot f ort if ied a nd was n o t o f i mportance. The l ast s et t le men t men t ioned b y Procop ius, a nd i n c onsequence , t he o ne s ituated d eepest i n t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince , i s c p poüpLov T L XLxi .wv .I n c on trast w ith t he f ortresses l i sted a bove w hose n ames a re i nt he n om ina t ive c ase, t h is o ccurs i n t he g en it ive p lura l , i nd ica t ing t hat i tr efers t o t he i nhab it an ts o f t he s et t le ment , e spec ial ly i n v iew o f t he p os it ion o f t he d ef in ite a rt icle :

( c ppo l 5p L oy 5 1 r b T LXL )“ ,wv).

Tak ing i n to a ccoun t t he i n for mat ion g iven

b y o ther s ources , Ib el ieve t hat i ti s p oss ib le t o e xp la in t he n a me 9 po 0 L ov

T LXL 3 1 ,Cwv. I ti s t rue t hat t he n a me i s t ranscr ibed w rong ly , b ut t he m istake i s l ess g rave t han o thers e ncoun tered i n t he t ex t o fP rocop ius; o n ly t he f i rst l et ter

T

i s i ncorrect ly t ranscr ibed ;

i ts hou ld b e K , a nd i n c onsequence

c p poi )pLov K LÄ .Lxi .wv .The a ctua l s i te s hou ld h ave b een s i tuated a pprox i mately 3 0 km t o t he e ast o f S uc idava , i n t he f or mer t err itory o f t he Ausdecenses, who a ccord ing t o a n i nscr ipt ion 1 183

w ere p ro tected a ga inst t he Dac ians b y

Cohors IC i l icum. Even i ft hese e ven ts t ook p li ce s ome c en tur ies b efore a nd t he c ohort o f C il ic ians w as n o l onger s tat ioned i n t he a rea , t he f ortress wh ich t hey h ad l ong g arr isoned h ad p reserved t he ir n ame. They r epresen ted S tate p ower a nd w ere a n a ss im ilat ing f orce , w hereas t he Ausdecenses wou ld h ave b een a ss im ilated i n to t he mass o f n at ives o r wou ld b e r o man ized b y t he p rese nce o f t he c ohort a nd i t s v eterans.

Maybe t he l oca l ity b ore a nother n a me

w hen t he u n it a rr ived , b u t i tt ook t he n ew o ne e ven w h ile t he c ohort w as s tat ioned t here i n t he 2 nd-3rd c en tur ies. 8 4

The i n land r oad w as p ro tected b y f ew f ort if icat ions s ince i t was l ess e xposed t o d anger t han t he Danub ian r ou te.

O f t he s et t le men ts a long i tw e

a re s ure o n ly i n t he c ases o f C e tatea ( Castel lum C il icum ) a nd Ada mcl is i ( Tropaeum T ra ian i ) t hat t hey w ere p ro tected b y d efens ive wa l ls a nd h ouse g arr isons.

The r est o f t he s et t le ments w ere v ic i wh ich m igh t h ave b een

s ta t ions f or b enef ic iar i i a s a t R imn icu l d e J os b u t t h is d oes n o t mean t he e f fect ive p resence o f t roops , b u t r ef lects o n ly c oncern f or s ecur ity a nd t he ma in tenance o f ap art icu larly importan t s tra teg ic a rtery o f c o m mun ica t ion . The v ar ious a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions c arr ied o u t a t Tropaeum T ra ian i , U l metum , N ov iodunum , D inoget ia , T roes m is, Cars ium , Cap idava a nd S ac idava h ave s o f ar p roduced v ery l i t t le e v idence c oncern ing t he Ro man b u i ld ings i n t he 2 nd-3rd c en tur ies a nd e arl ier.

For t he f ort if icat ions l ocated o n t he ma in

m i l itary a nd c o m merc ia l r ou tes w e a re c on f ined t o t he i n for mat ion g iven b y t he l i terary a nd e p igraph ica l s ources. We k now a l i t t le more a bou t t he s ituat ion o f t he w estern Pont ic c i t ies —ow ing e ither t o t he more e x tens ive s yste mat ic e xcavat ions ( as a t H istr ia ) o r t o c asua l f inds o r t o o ther k inds o f i n for ma t ion . H istr ia was p rotected b y aw a l l w h ich s ea led o f f a ccess f rom t he t err itory t o t he western s ide o f t he c ity i n t he 2 nd a nd t he f i rst h a l f o f t he 3 rd c en tur ies, u n t il t he d estruct ion o f t he c i ty b y t he Go ths , t he d ate o f wh ich i s s t il l u nder d iscuss ion .1 184 p romon tory .

The e nds o f t he w a l l e x tended t o t he s hores o f t he H istr ian I ti s t herefore n ot a t rue e nclosure w a l l , b u t as ing le w a l l wh ich

d efended t he c ity o n t he l andward s ide.

I tw as b u ilt a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he

2 nd c en tury i fn ot a t t he e nd o f t he p rev ious c en tury a nd was r epa ired p erhaps i n t he t ime o f Marcus Aurel ius o r i n a ny c ase i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 2 nd c en tury .

The f ort if icat ion d efended t he l argest a rea o ccup ied b y t he c ity i n

t he Roman p er iod.

The w a l l w as o n ly 1 .80-1.90 m t h ick a nd t he p resence o f

i n terna l b ast ions s hows t hat i tw as b u i lt t o w ithstand l ess s trong a ttacks a nd t o a l low t he s ort ies f or c oun ter-at tacks i n af lour ish ing a nd e cono m ica l ly p rosperous p er iod o f t he c ity 's h istory .1 185 Ca l lat is.

Accord ing t o a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions 1 186

a nd t o t he c onnect ion

w ith t he i nscr ip t ion o f 1 71-172 a n ew e nclosure-wa l l was e rected u nder t he g ove rnor M. Va ler ius Bradua.

187

The o ld H el len ist ic d efence-wa l l may h ave

f unct ioned u n t i l t he i nvas ion o f t he Costoboces a nd a f terwards was r ep laced b y a no ther wa l l wh ich w as r estored i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he 3 rd c en tury . u8 To m is.

The d efences o f To m is i n t he 2 nd-3rd c en tur ies d eserve e x tens ive

d iscuss ion s ince e xcava t ions h ave b een s porad ic a nd s o me r ecen t i n terpretat ions a nd h ypo theses a re n o t s upported b y s at isfactory a rgumen ts.

Ip resen t

b elow my own o bservat ions , made e ither d ur ing s yste mat ic t r ia l-trench ing o r i n t he c ourse o f b u ild ing o perat ions , c oncern ing t he g round a nd t he a nc ien t b u ild ings. S quare.

As Ih ave s hown , To m is l ay a t t he e nd o f t he p en insu la u p t o Ov id I n c on trast w ith Ca l lat is , w h ich b y t h is t ime, a ccord ing t o S trabo 1 189

was much more d eveloped t han i t s n e ighbours t o t he n or th , T om is a s we l l a s H istr ia e x tended i t s a rea a nd a n ew d efence-wa l l was b u ilt il " a s ac onsequence o f t he s oc ia l a nd e cono m ic p rogress made t owards t he e nd o f t he I st c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury .

We d o n o t k now t he p rec ise l ine o f t h is

w a l l , b u t i tp robably l inked t he s hore n ear t he Greek c hurch w ith t hat b eh ind t he Tr ibunal , w here w e c an s ee r u ins wh ich p oss ibly b elong t o at ower l ater r eused f or o ther p urposes.

Th is w a l l , l ike t ha t a t H istr ia , p ro tected t he c ity

8 5

o n t he l andward s ide a nd c u t o f f t he w ho le p en in su la o f Constan ta.

The a rea

c overed b y t he c itadel a t t h is t ime was d ouble t hat i n t he t ime o f O v id. A f ragmen tary G reek i nscr ipt ion 1 191 w h ich men t ions t he c on tr ibu t ion o f t he c it izens t o t he b u i ld ing o f s ome s ect ions o f t he w a l l , a t tests t he r epa ir o f t he d efences. The i nscr ip t ion i s d ated t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury .

T he d efence-

w a l l w as p robably r epa ired i nt he t ime o f Marcus Aurel ius, w hen a n ew w al l w as e rected a t Ca l lat is af ter t he i nvas ion o f t he Costoboces a nd w hen t he r epa irs a tH istr ia s ee m t o h ave b een u ndertaken . The i den t if icat ion o f t he l ine o f t he w a l l a t Tom is f rom t he 2 nd-3rd c en tur ies , e ven i fi ti s n o t b ased o n s pec ia l e xcava t ion s wh ich i ti s imposs ib le t o c arry o u t a t p resen t , s ee ms t o b e s upported b y o ther e xcava t ions a nd f inds.

A t t he s a me t ime w e must r efu te t he a ssumpt ion

t ha t t he l a te w a l l , o f w h ich s ome p arts h ave s urv ived a t Constane , wou ld h ave b een b u il t i n t he 2 nd c en tury a nd t hat t he c o ins o f T ac itus a nd Aurel ian w h ich h ave b een f ound d ur ing t he e xcavat ion s i nd ica te o n ly l a ter r epa irs 192 t hose o f t he 6 th c en tury , w hen t he " Tower o f t he Bu tchers" t he w a l l.

s uch a s

w as a dded t o

193

The a rchaeo log ica l a rgumen ts a gree w i th t he e p igraph ica l a nd l i ter-

a ry d a ta c oncern ing t he d efence-wa l l a t T om is.

F irst ly , t he a rchaeo log ica l

mater ia l f ound i n t he a rea b etween t he l a te w a l l a nd t he h ypothe t ica l l i ne o f t he 2 nd c en tury w a l l d ates e xclus ively f ro m t he 4 th-6th c en tur ies, e xcep t f or t he h oard o f s cu lptures w h ich m igh t h ave b een b ur ied o u ts ide t he c i ty o r i n al ater p er iod . 194

The f act t ha t g raves o f t he 2 nd c en tury 195

h ave b een f ound i n t he

a rea a nd a re more d ense n ear t he T r ibuna l a nd Mar in Museum c an b e c ons idered as trong a rgumen t i n f avour o f t he v iew t hat t he d efens ive w a l l o f t he t ime c ou ld n ot h ave p assed o u ts ide t he l ine w h ich Ih ave p roposed.

T he f act t hat

t hese g raves o ccup ied o n ly a sma l l p art o f t he a rea i s d ue , Ib el ieve , t o t he n ature o f t he g round wh ich d id n o t a l low b ur ia ls a long t he s ou th-west c oast , w h ile a l arge d epress ion , r evea led b y t r ia l t renches , e x isted where t he P eop les D is tr ict Counc il s tands t oday .

As t o t he n orth-east , t he l a te w a l l

a pproached f a irly c lose t o t he p resumed e nd o f t he 2 nd-3rd c en tury w a l 1 . A d efens ive v a l lum w as b u il tb eyond t h is d epress ion a t o ne t ime.

196

I tf o l lowed

t he c on tours , a nd t he L ate w a l l w ou ld h ave b een b u il t l ater o n i t s l ine.

T h is

s tate men t i s b ased o n my own o bservat ions made d ur ing t r ia l t rench ing o n t he w estern s ide o f t he l a te w a l l . I ti s p oss ib le t hat t he b u ild ing o f t he w a l l s tarted i n t he 2 nd h a lf o f t he 3 rd c en tury , a f ter t he G oth ic i nvas ion , wh ich e ven i fi td id n ot d estroy Tom is 197

c aused h eavy d amage s o t hat s pec ia l mea-

s ures w ou ld b e n eeded t o r estore t he c i ty .

T h is a grees w ith t he d a te o f t he

d epos its f ound i n a l l t he e xcava t ions c arr ied o u t a t Tom is.

Ow ing t o t h is i n-

f i l l ing , t he o ccupat ion l eve l w as r a ised a nd t he d epress ion i n f ron t o f t he f or mer d efens ive w a l l w as b ur ied. f or mer w a l l .

A n ew w al l w as b u il t o n t he l ine o f t he

Th is e x tens ive c onstruct iona l work w as p erhaps i n it iated u nder

Ga l l ienus who , a ccord ing t o t he s ources ,1 198 t ook s pec ia l measures f or t he s ecur ity o f t h is a rea. Th is b u ild ing a ct iv ity c on t inued , o r may i ndeed h ave s tarted , u nder Aurel ian a nd Tac itus, c o ins o f whom w ere f ound i n t he mor tar o f t he w a l l , a nd e nded i n t he t ime o f D ioclet ian w hen , a ccord ing t o a n i nscr ipt i on , t he p or ta p raes idiar ia 1 199 was e rec ted . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he work w as f in ished b y Constan t ine t he G reat , b u t t hese d eta ils a re d iscussed b elow i n t he s ect ion o n t he f ort if ica t ions o f t he p er iod o f t he Dom inate. Ag enera l c ons idera t ion o f t he f ort if icat ions i n Dobrud ja i n t he p er iod o f t he P r inc ipa te s hows t hat most w ere b u i l t , a s o ne m igh t e xpect , a long t he

8 6

Danube, o n t he b order w hose s ecur ity w as o f g rea t importance. The f ort if ied s et t le men ts a re s carce o n t he c oast , s tart ing f rom t he n orth w ith Ha l myr is. To H a l myr is w e must a dd t he G reek c o lony s i ted a t Cape Tuzla , S traton i o r S tratonus a nd p oss ib ly t wo r ura l s et t le men ts 1 200 whose n ames i nd ica te t ha t t hey w ere d eveloped n ear sma l l f ort if icat ions : L a icus Pyrgus 1 2°1 a nd V icus Turns Muca ( por is ? ) .1202 Bo th w ere s i tua ted b etween H istr ia a nd Tom is, p robab ly n o t o nt he c oast b u t o n t he o ver land r oute r ecorded i nt he An ton ine I t inerary . Even i ft hey w ere n o t s i tuated o n t he c oast ,1 203 t hese t urres w ere i n tegrated t o t he d efens ive s yste m o f t he l ine o f c om mun icat ion t hat l inked t he w estern Pon t ic c o lon ies. 1 2 ° 4 T o s um u p , a l l t hese s et t le men ts o n t he Danube a nd o n t he c oast w ere c onn ec ted t o t he ma in s tra teg ic a nd c o m merc ia l c oasta l r ou te o f t he p rov ince , wh ich s urrounded t he t err itory o f Dobrud ja. The o ther ma in h ighway wh ich r an p ara l lel t o t he Danube a nd t he c oast i n t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince , b e ing l ess e xposed t o d anger , w as p rotected b y a sma l ler n umber o f f ort if icat ions. O ft hese , o n ly T ropaeu m T ra ian i a nd t he f or t a t C e ta tea o ccup ied b y ad e tachmen t o f C ohors IC i l icu m a re k nown . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t o ther f or t if ica t ions were s i tua ted t o t he n or th o f t h is h ighway , b ut t here i s n o a rchaeo log ica l o r e p igraph ica l e v idence f or t he ir e x is tence .

A lso t here i s n o e v idence t ha t t he

ma in v i l lages o n t h is r oad were d efended . I na dd it ion t o t he ma in h ighways, t here w ere s econdary r oads c a l led s em itae w h ich c onnected t he s et t le men ts o n t he c oast w ith t hose o n t he Danube. These r oads c rossed t he i n land r ou te a t t he ma in j unct ions o f c ommun ica t ions a t T ropaeu m T ra ian i , U lmetum a nd L ib ida.

Vas ile P ärvan , b as ing h is d educt ions

o n t he milestones a nd t he l ocat ions o f s tat ions o fb enef ic iar i i i n t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince s uch a s t hose a t I r i mn ic 1 2 " a nd Ta ita ,1 2 " h as d escr ibed t hese s em i tae a nd i den t if ied t he f o l low ing ma in r ou tes :1 4 2 ° 7 C al lat is-P lopen i-Tropaeum Tra ian i-Alt inum o r Mdopo l is;

To m is-Ax iopo l is i n t he v al ley o f t he Carasi f ;

Tom is-Vicus C le ment ianens is ( M. K ogan iceanu ); D orobantu-Cap idava ; Tom isS ib ioara-U l metum-Cars ium ; C ars iu m;

H istr ia-U l metum-Cap idava ; H istr ia-R i mn ic-

H istr ia-L ib ida-Troes m is ;

T roesmis-Ta ita-Nov iodunu m .

T he

r ecen t f inds d o n ot a dd much n ew i nforma t ion t o h is c onc lus ions . We c an a dd o n ly t he mi lestone f ound a t P lopen i1 2°8 d a t ing f ro m 2 00 wh ich s hows t he i mp or tan t r o le p layed b y t h is c en tre i n t he i n land n etwork o f R o man r oads , a nd a n i nscr ipt ion wh ich r efers t o V icus C le men t ianens is . 1 209 C erta in ly , t he b u i ld ing o f t h is n et-work w as i n it iated s i mu l taneous ly w ith t he e s tabl ish men t o f t he f i rst Roman f orces i n Dobrud ja , w hen t he f i rst Roman f or t if icat ions w ere e rected. T he who le n et-work o f r oads w as o rgan ized i n t he t ime o f Vespas ian a nd e spec ia l ly u nder T ra jan. The f act t ha t s o f ar n o m iles tone o f Tra jan h as b een f ound i n Dobrud ja i s p robab ly d ue t o c hance. 1 21 ° A s t o t he b u ild ing o f r oads i nt he t ime o f Vespas ian , i ts ee ms t ha t t he n ame o f t he emperor c ou ld b e i den t i f ied i n t he f ew l et ters ( SAR.VES ) w h ich h ave s urv ived o n am ilestone , r eused i nt he t ime o f Va lens , f ound a t M ir istea 1 211 o n t he s econdary r oad b etween Ca l lat is a nd T ropaeum T ra ian i. I n c on trast w ith t he r oad a long t he Danube a nd t he c oasta l r oad whose b u ild ing b egan i n F lav ian t imes , t he i n land r oad f rom Marc ianopo l is t hrough T ropaeum T ra ian i , U lme t u rn a nd L ib ida t o N ov iodunum w as p robab ly o n ly b u i l t u nder T ra jan .1 212 Ow ing t o t he f act t hat i tw as l ess u sed a nd e xposed t o w ear , a s h as b een s hown

8 7

b y a rchaeo log ica l i nvest iga t ion , t h is r oad w as l ess f requen t ly r epa ired i n c o mp ar ison w ith t hat wh ich e nc losed t he p rov ince.

Part icu lar c oncern f or t h is

r oad w as s hown u nder Hadr ian , a s i s d e monstrated b y t he m ilestone f ound a t Abtat ( Bu lgar ia )1 213

d at ing f ro m 1 18 , a nd p erhaps b y af rag men t o f am i lestone

f rom Dorban tu , w h ich m igh t h owever b e d ated l a ter t o t he t ime o f An ton inus P ius .1 214 Ano ther r epa ir o f t h is r oad i s a t tested o n ly i n t he t ime o f Max im inus i n 2 37 b y am ilestone f ound a t L ib ida. 1 215 As r egards t he ma in r oad wh ich e nclosed Dobrud ja , t h is r oad was more c arefu l ly ma in ta ined a nd r epa ired i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 2 nd c en tury a nd i n t he f o l low ing c en tury , p erhaps b ecause t here w as a l o t o f t raf f ic o n i ta nd i t p layed a n i mportan t s trateg ic r o le. T here i s e v idence f or t he r epa ir o f t h is r oad i n t he t ime o f Antoninus P ius; b oth i t s Danub ian b ranch ( a mi lestone f ro m 1 60 f ound a t S e imen i i Mar i )1 216 a nd t he c oas ta l b ranch ( a mi lestone f ro m 1 59 d iscovered a t S inoie ) . 1 2B 17 y t he t ime o f Marcus A ure lius , t here i s as pec ia l c oncern f or t he c oas ta l r oad wh i le o n ly t he n or thern s ec t ion o f t he r oad a long t he D anube f ro m D inoge t ia t o t he mouth o f t he r iver s ee ms t o h ave b een r epa ired . Two mi lestones h ave b een f ound a t B iser icuta-Garvin 1 218

a nd a no ther i n t he n or th o f Dobrud ja ,

1 219

a l l d a ted t o 1 63 . Al o t o f mi lestones d a ted t o 1 61-163 p how t he d egree o f c oncern f or t he ma intenance o f t he r oad a long t he c oas t line ; t hey h ave b een f ound a t S inoie , 1 220 H is tria , 1 221 T om is , 1 222 V icus Am la idina , 1 223 C a l la t is 1 224 a nd 2 Ma i . 1 225 We must c onnec t t he ma in tenance w ork c arr ied o ut o n t he r oads w i th t he r ep a irs a nd r ebui lding o f t he wa l ls a t H is tr ia , T om is a nd C a l la t is wh ich t ook p lace u nder t he s a me emperor , b efore o r a f ter t he i nvas ion o f t he C ostoboces . Ib e lieve t ha t t h is a c t iv i ty r ef lec ts t he f ac t t ha t t he s ecur i ty o f t he c oas t b ec ame a more i mportan t p rob lem t han i th ad b een h i ther to . 1 226 S pec ia l a t ten t ion w as p a id t o t he ma in tenance o f r oads , b oth t o t he r oad a long t he D anube a nd t o t ha t f o l low ing t he c oast i n t he t ime o f S ept im ius S everus , u nder t he g overnor C . O uin ius T ertu l lus a s i s s hown b y t he mi lestones f ound n ear C ernavoda , 1 227 a t S e i men i , 1 228 H i rsova ,1 229 S äce le 1 23 ° a nd a t Tom is .1231 As Ih ave s hown , t he r oad wh ich l inked Ca l lat is w ith Tropaeu rn T ra ian i w as r epa ired i nt he s a me y ear. By t he t ime o f t he emperor Max im inus , i n a dd i t ion t o t he a t ten t ion d evoted t o t he i n land r oad , t he r epa ir o f r oads i s a t tested a tH irsova a nd S aon 1 232 a nd o n t he c oast a t Corbu .1 233 On ly o ne m i lestone f rom H frsova 1 234 i s s ecurely d ated t o t he t ime o f Gord ian I I a nd p oss ib ly a s econd o ne 1 235

f ound a t t he s ame s i te , i fi ti s n o t o f al ater d ate.

1 23

Even t he emperor D ec ius , w hose s hort r e ign i s s o c losely l inked w ith t he e ven ts w h ich t ook p lace o n t he L ower Danube , w as p reoccup ied w ith t he r oads i n Dobrud ja , a s i s a t tested b y t he t wo m ilestones f ound a t S ino ie 1 237

a nd

Rasova. 2 238 Am i lestone o f t he emperors Va ler ian a nd Ga l l ienus, 1 239 d ated t o 2 55-258 , h as b een f ound a t H irsova. The f ind ing o f am ilestone a t T om is f rom t he t ime o f Aure l ian ,

1 240

w hose e x tens ive a ct iv ity o n t he L ower D anube

i s w el l-known , s ee ms t o me t o b e o f p art icu lar s ign if icance . 1 241

I tm igh t

b e c ons idered a no ther a rgumen t i n s upport o f t he v iew t ha t t he d evelopment o f t he a nc ien t M ilet ian c o lony s hou ld b e a t tr ibu ted t o t h is emperor who a lso o rdered t he b u ild ing o f t he l argest s ect ion o f t he l a test d efens ive w a l l . A t t he e nd o f t h is d iscuss ion o f t he f ort if icat ions a nd r oads i n Dobrud ja i n t he t ime o f t he Pr inc ipate, Id raw t he c onclus ion t hat a s trong d efens ive s yste m

8 8

6

was o rgan ized i nt h is t err itory i n t he c ourse o f t wo c en tur ies; a l l t he c onst ruct ions whose p urpose w as t o r e in force t h is d efens ive b ast ion o f t he emp ire , s itua ted o n t he r ou te o ft he m igra tory p eop les who a t tacked t he emp ire , w ere c on t inuously ma in ta ined , r estored a nd r epa ired.

T he d efens ive measures i n-

c reased i n s tep w ith t he i ncrease i nt he e xterna l d angers, b u t e ven tua l ly t hey wou ld b e i nef fec t ive a nd ow ing t o t he f act t ha t d efeats b eca me more a nd more f requen t a nd t he i n terna l c on trad ict ions b ecame more a nd more marked , an ew o rgan iza t ion w as n eeded. T h is n ew o rgan izat ion w ou ld b e b ased u pon o ther s oc ia l s yste ms a nd f o l low o ther p o l it ica l a i ms a nd t hat means f or t he Dobrud ja a n ew s tage i nt he m i l itary o rgan izat ion , i n t he b u i ld ing o f f ort if icat i on s a nd i nt he r eorgan iza t ion o f t he n et-work o f r oads. The i n for mat ion g iven b y t he a nc ien t a u thors a nd t he a rchaeo log ica l a nd e p igraph ica l f inds d e monstrate t he e x tens ive a ct iv ity i n t he r e in force men t o f t he d efens ive c apac ity o f Dobrud ja , t he f i rst t err itory s ituated i n t he p a th o f t he b arbar ians , i n t he t ime o f t he Dom inate. D ioclet ian p a id p art icu lar a t ten t ion t o t he r estora t ion o f t he r oads.

A

f a irly l arge n umber o f m i lestones f rom t he t ime o f t he T e trarchy h ave b een f ound o n t he ma in s tra teg ic r oads i n Dobrud ja , e spec ia l ly o n t he r oad f o l lowi ng t he c ourse o f t he Danube. Rasova ( one i s c erta in ,

1 242

M ilestones f rom t h is t ime h ave b een f ound a t

a nother p oss ib le ),

f or t he f i rst t ime u nder D ioclet ian , o r ig inally w as s et u p i n2 00 1 245

1 243

H trova ( one i nscr ibed

a no ther i s ar eused m i lestone wh ich

1 244

a nd t he t h ird i s ar eused l andmark d a t ing

o r ig ina l ly f rom t he t ime o f Gord ian )1 246

mäc in 1 247

a nd D inoget ia. 1 248

The

r estorat ion o f t he c oasta l r oad i s s hown b y t he m ilestones f ound a t Corbu , Ca l lat is 1 25 ° w here a m ilestone p robably d a t ing f rom t he t ime o f Marcus

1 249

Aurel ius was r eused a nd a t Miha i V iteazu .1 251 As r egards t he r estora t ion o f f ort if icat ions , i n a dd it ion t o t he i n for mat ion g iven b y a nc ien t a u thors s uch a s t he p aneygyr ist Eumen ios 1 252

o r t he h istor ian

Z os i mus, 1 253 a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions a nd s ome i nscr ip t ions a lso d e monst ra te t he d egree o f a ct iv ity i n t he t ime o f D ioc let ian .1 254 Among t he c it ies o n t he D anub ian l imes w h ich h ave b een s yste ma t ica l ly e xcavated , i ts ee ms t hat D inoge t ia w as f u l ly r estored i n t he t ime o f t he T et rarchy ,

1 255

a s i s s hown b y t he b u i ld ing w orks , t he c o in-f inds a nd t he

m i lestone d at ing f rom t h is t ime.

L eg io II ou ia t ook p art i n t he b u i ld ing w ork s,

a s i s s hown b y t he b r icks b ear ing t he s ta mp o f t he l eg ion .1 256 The o ccurrence o f as econd e p ithet , S cy th ica , i n t he n ame o f t he l eg ion i s u nusua l i n t he t ime o f t he Do m inate , a nd s hows t hat t hese b r icks w ere made i n t he f i rst y ears a f ter t he c reat ion o f t he l eg ion , a s w el l a s o f t he p rov ince t o w h ich t he u n it w as t o b e p osted. o fI ou ia ,

1 257

L a ter , t he l eg ion i s a t tested o n ly u nder t he of ic ia l n a me

a s i ti s r eferred t o i n t he i nscr ipt ion f ound a t Aegyssus .1 258

T aking i n to a ccoun t t ha t t he s ame s tamp o ccurs o n b r icks f ound a t N icu lite, w e c an d educe t ha t t he s et t le men t s ituated i n t err itor ium N ou iodunens ium w as a lso r estored i n t he t ime o f D iocle t ian. Certa in ly o ther c i tadels o nt he l imes w ere a lso r estored i n t he t ime o f t he T etrarchy , e ven i fe xcava t ions h ave s o f ar f a iled t o p roduce c onclus ive e v idence f or t he f act . Ir efer e spec ia l ly t o t he t wo f orts a t N ov iodunum a nd T roes m is , a nd t o t he s et t le men ts a t Aegyssus

1 26

°S a lsov ia ,

8 9

1 261

S ac idava 1 262

a nd maybe

1 259

Ax iopo l is 1 263

i n w h ich t he p resence o f t he t wo S cy th ian l eg ions i s a ttested b y

t he i nscr ipt ions d at ing f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he Dom ina te. Among t he w estern Pon t ic c i t ies, t he r estorat ion o f t he d efens ive s yste m i s s ecure ly a t tested o n ly a tH istr ia , w here o ne o f t he b u ild ing-phases o ft he l ate w a l lb e longs t o t h is p er iod. 1 264 A t To m is, a n i nscr ipt ion o f p art icu lar i mportance 1 265 s hows t hat t he C iu itas Tom i tanorum e rected ap or ta p raes idiar ia b y o rder o f D ioc let ian , i n t he t ime w hen C . Aurel ius F ir m in ianus w as g overnor o f t he p rov ince. p orta w as t he ma in g a te o f t he c i ty 1 266

T h is

a nd i t s b u i ld ing p robably c o mp leted

t he c onstruct ion o f t he g rea t e nclosure w a l l o f Tom is , aw ork t hat h ad s tarted a nd h ad b een most ly c arr ied o u t i n t he t ime o f Aurel ian . S ome e v idence p o in ts t o ar estora t ion o f t he c i tade l o f Tropaeu m T ra ian i , a t l east t o s ome e xten t , i n t he t ime o f t he T etrarchy .1 267 We r e me mber t hat a ccord ing t o t he i nscr ipt ions , t he c i t ies o f Trans mari sca 1 268

a nd Durostorum 1 269

w ere r estored u nder D ioclet ian .

The r estorat ion w ork i n it ia ted b yD ioclet ian w as c on t inued b y Constant ine t he G reat a nd h is s uccessors , a nd e spec ia l ly b y Constan t ius I . Amongs t t he s trateg ic r oads , t he r oad a long t he Danube w as p robab ly i n g ood c ond i t ion a s ac onsequence o f t he r epa irs made i n t he t ime o f t he T etrarchy , s ince s o f ar n o m i lestone o f Cons tan t ine h as b een f ound a long i t . On t he c on trary , a n e v id en t c oncern f or t he r epa ir o f t he c oasta l r oad w as s hown b o th i n t he t ime o f t he j o in t r e ign o f Constan t ine a nd L ic in ius , a s i s s hown b y t he m ilestones f ound a t Va ma Veche 1 27° a nd Tom is, 1 271 a nd a lso a f ter 3 24 , a ccord ing t o a no ther m i lestone f ound a t Tom is 1 272 ( ar euse o f a n o lder o ne ) ,1 273 a nd t o t hat f ro m Miha i V iteazu d a ted t o t he t ime o f t he T etrarchy wh ich w as r eused i n t he t ime o f Constan t in e t he G rea t a nd h is s ons. 1 274 The i n land r oads w ere a lso r estored , a s i s s hown b y t he t ext o f t he i nscr ipt ion o n t he m ilestone f ound a t Doroba qu , s et u p i n it ia l ly u nder t he An ton ines;

t he i nscr ip t ion a lso c arr ies t he f rag men t-

a ry n ame o f Constant ine .1 275 We k now f rom t he e v idence p roduced b y a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions a nd t he i n for mat ion g iven b y t he l i terary a nd e p igraph ica l t ex ts, wh ich i ft he c it ies w ere r estored o r b u i lt f or t he f i rst t ime u nder Constan t ine t he G reat a nd Constan t ius As r egards t he i nscr ipt ions , t here i s f i rst ly t he i naugura l i nscr ipt ion o f t he Tropaeum T ra ian i d at ing f ro m 3 16 ;1 276

i t s r estora t ion , wh ich c an b e c ons id-

e red a s o ne o f t he most i mportan t w orks o f Cons tan t ine a nd L ic in ius i n Dobrud ja , p robably t ook p lace a f ter t he l ast d estruct ion o f t he s et t le men tb y t he G oths i n t he t ime o fD ioc let ian .1 277 The i mportance o f t h is s et t le men t i s s hown b y t he f act t hat t wo p raetor ian p refects , t he h ighest d ign itar ies i n t he imper ia l h ierarchy , a re men t ioned a t t he e nd o f t he i nscr ip t ion a s b e ing p resen t t o s uperv ise t he work .

A s ymbo l ic t rophy w as p laced a t o ne o f t he ma in g ates a s a

s ign o f t he v ictor ies o f Constan t ine a nd L ic in ius o ver t he Go ths, who , a ccord ing t o t he d ocumen tary t ex t , h ad b een s ubdued e verywhere. An i nscr ip t ion f ound a t Carca l iu ,

1 278

b etween T roes m is a nd Arrub ium ,

men t ions t he f oundat ion o f af ortress i n 3 37-340 ;

t he n a me o f t he f ortress i s

u nknown a nd n o a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions h ave b een c arr ied o u t h ere t o s upp le men t t he i n for mat ion g iven b y t he i nscr ipt ion ( SE 1 30 ). 9 0

The r estorat ion a nd b u ild ing o f f ort if ica t ions i n Dobrud ja i n t he t ime o f Constan t ine a nd h is s uccessors a re a rchaeo log ica l ly a t tested a t Cap idaval 2 79 Nov iodunum ,

1 280

U lmetu rn 1 281

( a mongst t he f inds a t U lmetum , Id raw a tten-

t ion t o t he f unerary i nscr ip t ion o f Va ler ius V ictor inus ,1 282 f or mer b iarc(h )us i n t he a r my o f L ic in ius ) a nd a t H istr ia 1 283 ( excavat ions c oncern ing t he l a te e nclosure wal l ). T he s ituat ion a t Tom is a ppears t o b e al i t t le more c omp l icated b ecause o f t he s pec ia l n ature o f t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence w h ich w as most ly d er ived f rom c hance f inds o r r escue e xcava t ions. There i s n o c onc lus ive e v idence s o f ar t ha t t he b u ild ing o f t he g rea t d efence w a l l w as f in ished u nder D ioc let ian . Ih ave a ssumed t h is o n ly b ecau se a s u f f ic ien t ly l ong t ime h ad p assed f rom t he b eg inn ing o f t he w ork f or i tt o h ave b een f in ished b y t he t ime o f t he T etrarchy. We d o n ot k now i ft hese works h ad t o b e c on t inued u nder Constant ine t he G reat , a s i s w idely b el ieved b y Roman ian h istor ians .1 284

Bu t i ti s c erta in t hat a t t he t ime

o f t h is emperor a nd h is s uccessors , t here was a n ew q uarter o f t he c i ty , d isc overed b eyond t he l as t e nc losure-wa l l o n t he l eve l g round o n wh ich were t he r a i lway embank ments o ft he f or mer s ta t ion o f C ons tan t ,a . Th is was a n a rea wh ich was s o mewha t i so la ted f ro m t he p en insu la o f T o mis , o n wh ich t he c i ty l ay i n t he p rev ious p er iods , a nd wh ich d eve loped a s a n i mportant e conomic a nd r e l ig ious c en tre i n t he 4 th-6th c entur ies a s i s s hown b y t he f i nding o f t wo b as i li285 a c as 1 nd w ork-shops t here . T he a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions h ere p roduced o n ly L a te R o man f i nds , o f wh ich t he e ar lies t c an b e d a ted t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he 3 rd c en tury ,

1 286

wd en t he b ui lding o f t he l as t wa l l s tarted .

T he f i nding o f

g raves d at ing f ro m t he 2 nd c en tury o r e arl ier 1 287 i s n or ma l i n a n a rea s i tuat ed b eyond t he d efence-wa l l a t t hat t ime , j ust a s i ti s n or ma l t hat t he h oard c on ta in ing a g roup o fp ro faned a nd d amaged s cu lptures 1 288 t he c i ty .

w as b ur ied o uts ide

I ti s v ery l i ke ly t hat t h is n ew a nd i mpor tan t q uarter t ook t he n a me o f

o ne o f t he s uccessors o f Constan t ine t he G rea t ( Constans o r Constan t ius ) o n a ccoun t o f s o me u nknown f oundat ions.

I n t he c ourse o f c enturies t h is more

L a t in a nd more p rest ig ious n ew n ame o f Constan t ia e x tended o ver t he who le c i ty w h ich p reserves t h is n a me 1 289 t oday . I n my o p in ion , t he q uarter a nd t he c ity n ever b ore t he n ame o f Constan t iana a s h as b een p resumed , s ince t h is n a me b e longed t o a nother s ett le men t i n Dobrud ja , r eferred t o b elow , a nd t he n a me w ou ld n ot e xp la in t he p resen t f or m o f t he w ord. A lso i ti s n o t n ecessary t o s uppose t ha t t he n a me Constan t ia b elonged t o af ort if icat ion n ear T om is ,1 290 s ince t here i s n o a rchaeo log ica l e v idence s o f ar t o c onf ir m t h is p resumpt ion. I ti s e nough t o r e member t hat t he n ew q uarter e n joyed a p art icu lar s i tua t ion d ue b o th t o i t s g eograph ica l p os it ion a nd t o i t s d evelop men t i n a ccordance w ith t he e conom ic d e mands o f i t s p er iod.

I n a ny c ase i ti s c erta in t hat To m is

f l our ished i n t he t ime o f Constan t ine a nd h is s uccessors, a s i s s hown b y t he e rect ion o f n ew b u ild ings , t he r estorat ion o f o ld o nes, g eneral ly a nd i t s p o l it ica l a nd r el ig ious r ank .

1 291

e conom ic p rogress

The f ort if ied s et t le men ts a t F lav iana , Da fne a nd Constan t iana a re k nown t o h ave b een b u il t i n t he t ime o f t he Constan t in ian d ynasty o n ly f ro m t he i nf or mat ion g iven b y l i terary s ources. As r egards t o F lau iana , n o th ing more c an b e s a id i n a dd it ion t o t he i n forma t ion g iven i nt he p reced ing c hap ter, w here t he u n it o f m il ites n auclar i i a t tested t here 1 292

i s men t ioned.

I tr ema ins t o f uture r esearch t o f ind o u t

9 1

i ft he s et t le ment s i tuated o n t he s hore o f o ne o f t he Danub ian l akes i n s ou thw est Dobrud ja w as l ocated a t V i ile 1 293

o r a t Rasova.

I tw as p erhaps u nnecessary t o men t ion Dafne i n t h is c hapter s ince a ccord ing t o P rocop ius 1 294 t h is f ortress was s it uated o n t he l e f tb ank o f t he Danube; b u t s ince t here i s ah ypothes is t ha t Dafne w as o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he r iver a t I zvoa re le ( Pi r joa ia ) ,1 295 Ic ons ider t hat i ti s n ecessary t o d iscuss t he p rob le m o f i t s s i te. The p assage f rom P rocop ius g ives v ery c lear i n for mat ion : Dafne w as d el ibera tely b u ilt o n t he o ther b ank o ft he Danube f ac ing T rans mar isca , s ince t he emperor Constant ine c ons idered i tn ecessary t hat t he r iver s hou ld b e g uarded o nb oth s ides.

T he d eta ils g iven b y t he h istor ian f rom Caesarea a re

u nequ ivoca l a nd t he a t te mpt t o s how t hat t he a u thor made a f l agran t m istake , c onfounding S uc idava i n C e le i w i th t ha t i n D obrud ja 1 296

a t I zvoare le , a nd t ha t

i n c onsequence Dafne was i n f ac t a no ther n ame g iven t o S uc idava o n t he r ight b ank o f t he Danube , i s b ased o n i ncons isten t a rgumen ts, s uch a s t he e x istence o f af ord ( a f ord e x isted a t Trans mar isca )1 297 o r t he l ack o f a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f or t he e x istence o f r u ins o f af ort if ied s et t le men t1 . 298 o f t he Danube.

o n t he l e ft b ank

Research , e spec ia l ly i n t he f i eld h as n o t s o f ar b een f ortuna te

i n f i nd ing t hese r e ma ins , w h ich s hou ld b e d iscovered i n t he f u ture. T he h ypothes is t hat t he f ortress w as s i tua ted o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he Danube i s b ased o n a more c onv inc ing , b u t n ot c o mpel l ing , a rgumen t , n a mely o n as en tence f rom Amm ianus Marcel l inus. 1 299 Th is i s n ot a bso lu tely c onclus ive, s ince i t d oes n ot g ive a p rec ise i nd icat ion o f t he p os it ion o f t he f ort ress a t Da fne i n r elat ion t o t he Danube.

Th is s en tence must b e i n terpreted a ccord ing t o t he

i n for mat ion g iven b y P rocop ius , wh ich i s v ery c a tegor ica l a nd p rec ise a s r eg ards t he p os it ion o f t he c i tadel.

Th is i s t he s en tence f rom Am m ianus

Marce l l inus : q u ibus e ode m r eferen te V ictore c ompert is Va lens p aru i d ucens e xcusat ione m u an iss i ma m , i n e os s igna c ommou it , motus a duen tant i s i am p raesc ios , e tp ub iscen te u ere q uaes ito i n u num e xerc itu p rope Dafnen n om ine mun i men tum e st c as tra metatus , p on teque c on tabu lato s upra n au ium f oros f lumen t ransgressus e st H istrum r es isten t ibus n u l l is. There i s n o d oubt t ha t i ft h is p assage w as t he o n ly e v idence c oncern ing t he f ortress o f Dafne, n obody c ou ld t h ink t ha t i t s s ite m igh t h ave b een o n t he l e ft b ank o f t he Danube , b u t t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he u nequ ivoca l t ex t o f Procop ius w e c an r ead t he a ccoun t g iven b y Am m ianus Marce l l inus i n s uch a way t hat t he t wo a u thors w ere n o t i n c on trad ict ion . Before c ross ing t he Danube i n t he Baragan p la in , Va lens r a ised t he w ho le a r my o f c om ita tenses, wh ich e v iden t ly c ou ld n ot h ave b een e nca mped i n ac i tadel g uarded b y l im itane i a nd were i nstead h oused i n ap rov isiona l e nca mp men t " prope Da fnen . n om ine mun imen tum" ; i ti s n ot a bso lu tely n ecessary t hat t he p repos it ion p rope s hou ld i nd ica te t he immed iate v ic in ity , b u t i to f ten i nd ica tes t he g enera l v ic in ity . Consequen t ly , t he p lace men t ioned b y Amm ianus Marcel l inus was c hosen b ecause o n t he o ne h and Dafne w as t he n earest Roman s et t le men t t o t he e nca mp men t o rgan ized b y Va lens , e ven i fi tw as s ituated o n t he o ppos ite b ank o f t he Danube, a nd o n t he o ther h and t he p lace w here t he b r idge o f b oa ts w as c onstructed was s ecure f or t he c ross ing o f t he r iver , ow ing t o t he f act t hat a s upport ing b ase e x isted o n t he l ef tb ank o f t he r iver, a s i s p roved b y t he l ack o f a ny r es istence i n t he

9 2

c ourse o f t he c ross ing ( r es isten t ibus n u l l is ). The f act t ha t n o r es istance w as made b y t he Go ths w as d ue t o t he t act ics u sed b y t he m ( who k new t he emperor 's i n ten t ions :

motus a duen tan t is j am c onsc ios ) , n a me ly t o n o t w age d ec is ive

b at t les bu t t o r et ire t o t he moun ta ins , l eav ing . t he Va lens ' a t tack w ithou t o b ject ( as i s r ecorded f arther o n b yt he h istor ian )• i380 I n c onsequence , i td oes n o t f o l low i nev itab ly , a s h as b een s a id ,1 3°1 f rom t he t ex t o f Amm ianus Marcell inus t hat Da fne must h ave b een l ocated o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he Danube. The i n format ion g iven b y t h is a u thor c an b e r econc i led w ith t he d escr ip t ion o f Procop ius. I tr e ma ins f or t he a ctua l s i te o f Dafne t o b e l ocated o n t he l e f t b ank o f t he Danube, p robab ly d ownstream f rom O l ten ia , i ft he f ort if ica t ion h as n o tb een b ur ied b y t he Danube w hose b ed h as b een r a ised b e tween a n t iqu ity a nd t he p resen t t ime ,

1 302

a s i s s hown b y t he r esearches c arr ied o u t a t P äcu iu l

l u i S oare, w here most o f t he Byzan t ine c i tadel h as d isappeared u nder t he wa ter .1 3 ° 3 T he p oss ib i l ity c anno tb e e xc luded t ha t Da fne w as n o t s i tua ted j ust o n t he l e ft b ank o f t he Danube , b u t o n a n i s let wh ich m ight p roperly h ave b een u sed a s al ook-ou tp ost , a nd w h ich w ou ld b e worn away a nd c overed b y wa ter i n t he c ourse o f t he c en tur ies.

As t o t he n ame o f t he s et t le men t Ia gree

c omp letely w ith t he o p in ion t hat t here i s n o l ink b etween t he n a me o f t he s et t lemen t a nd t he l egend Constan t in iana d afne i n scr ibed o n s ome c o ins o f Constan t ine t he G reat 1 304 a nd t hat i tw as c a l led Da fne s i mp ly a s i s s tated i n t he l i terary s ources. We r eca l l t hat t he s a me n ame o f t he l oca l ity i s g iven i n t he N ot it ia D ign itatum w h ich men t ions , among mobf l e t roops , t wo u n its c a l led Constan t in i Da fnenses a nd Ba l lis tar i i Da fnenses ,1 305 c omposed o f s o ldiers r ecru i ted f ro m Da fne o r i t s n e ighbourhood . T hey w ere n ot b ased t here , a s was c la imed i n s upp or t o f t he p lac ing o fD afne t o t he s outh o f t he D anube ,1 3 " s ince t hey were c om i ta tenses a nd i n c onsequence t he ir b ase s hou ld h ave b een s i tua ted i n t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince a nd n o t o n t he f ron t ier a t I zvoare le . C onstan t iana. A l though t h is s i te i s ment ioned i n t he l i terary s ources o n ly i n t he 6 th c en tury , i tw as c erta in ly a f oundat ion o f t he Constant in ian p er iod , p robably o f Constan t ius H . The n a me o f t he s et t le men t s omet i mes o ccurs i n t he s ingu lar ( Procop ius )1 3 ° 7 a nd a t o ther t imes i n t he p lura l ( H ierocles ,1 308 N ot it ia o f Carl d e Boor 1 3 ° 9 a nd a n i nscr ipt ion f rom Tom is )‚ 1310 A l though o n t he b as is o f t he p lace-name, t he ma jor ity o f s cho lars b el ieve t ha t i tw as s i tua ted i n t he v ic in it y o f T om is a nd w as i den t ica l w ith Constant ia o r w as a q uar ter o f t he a nc ien t c i ty ,1 311 Ic ons ider t hat t here a re g rounds f or l ocat ing t he s ett le men t o n t he c oast t o t he n or th o f H istr ia. 1 312 T he i n terpretat ion o f t he i n for mat ion g iven b y H ierocles a nd t he N o t it ia o f Carl d e Boor l ead t o t h is c onc lus ion .

Ie xpressed a bove t he o p in ion t hat , o n t he b as is o f t he l i sts o f

Procop ius t o wh ich Iw i l l r efer w hen d ea l ing w ith t he f ort if icat ions o f t he t ime o f J ust in ian , w e c an r each a s im i lar c onclus ion c oncern ing t he s ituat ion o f Con stant iana t o t he n orth o f Arga mum. 1 313 The o ne more s er ious o b ject ion a ga inst p lac ing Constan t iana t o t he n orth o n t he w estern Pon t ic c oast , c ou ld b e c on sidered t he a fore men t ioned i nscr ip t ion f ound a t Tom is. I ti s af unera ry s tone i nG reek f rom t he 5 th-6 th c en tur ies , s et u p t o I oannes t he s on o f Phokas f rom Constan t ianae.

I fT om is h ad n o t b eco me Constant ia a nd t hen

Constanta ( bu t n ever C onstan t iana ) n obody , o n t he s treng th o ft h is i nscr ipt ion , wou ld h ave t hough t i tn ecessary t o l oca te t he s et t le men t men t ioned i n t he t ext

9 3

a t t he p lace w here t he i nscr ip t ion w as f ound.

A mere s im ilar ity i n t he t wo

p lace-names wh ich i n f act b elong t o t wo d i f feren t s et t le men ts , c annot b e c ons idered a s a n a rgumen t i n f avour o f l ocat ing Con stant iana a t Consta e o r i n i t s v ic in ity. There i s n ot much e v idence c oncern ing t he a ct iv ity o f J u l ian t he Apostate i n Dobrud ja ,1 314 a l though a ccord ing t o t he l i terary t ex ts, h e w as p reoccup ied w ith t he f ort if icat ion o f t he Danub ian l imes 1 315

a nd e ven t ravel led i n t he a rea .1 316

However , t he r estorat ion o f t he r oads u nder t h is emperor i s a t tested b y t wo m ilestones f ound a t N icu l e1 1 317 a nd Corbu ,1 318 t he l at ter a r eused o ne o f D ioclet ian . I n t he l i gh t o f t he a va ilable e v idence , w e c an a t l east s ay t hat a c oncern f or t he ma in tenance o f t he c oasta l a nd i n land r oads w as s hown i n t he t ime o f J u l ian . T he i n land r oad w as p rotected b y more n umerous f ort if icat ions i n t he p er iod o f t he Dom ina te. The a ct iv ity o f Valens o n t he L ower Danube , where h e w aged s evera l o f h is c ampa igns a ga ins t t he migra tory p eop les , f i rs t o f a l l a ga inst t he G o ths i s k nown e spec ia l ly ow ing t o Am m ianus Marce l linus . 1 319 T he l a tes t t hree mi les tones f ound i n_ Dobrud ja d a te f rom t he t ime o f t h is emperor : o ne o f t hem was f ound o n t he D anub ian r oute , a t R asova a nd i s ar eused l and mark o f t he T etr archy ; a no ther c o mes f ro m Mir i§ tea 1 32° o n aj unc t ion w i th a nother r oad i n t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince a nd i s a lso r eused; t he t h ird was i n i t ia l ly i nscr ibed i n t he t ime o f C ons tan t ine a nd c o mes f ro m a n u nknown l oca li ty . 1 321 W ith r egard t o t he f ort if ica t ions b u ilt b y Va lens i n Dobrud ja , o ur a t ten t ion i s a t tracted t o t he r eferences o f t he o rator T he m ist ius t o t he r estorat ion a nd t he f ounda t ion o f s evera l f ort if ied s et t le men ts a nd e spec ia l ly a bou t t he b u ild ing o f af ortress b y t he s o ld iers o f Va lens o n ap romontory o n t he b ank o f t he Danube.

The b u i ld ing o f t h is f ortress w as a d i ff icu l t w ork b ecause o f t h e l ong

d istance o ver w h ich t he c ons truct ion ma ter ia ls h ad t ob e c arr ied. 1 322

U n for-

t unate ly , The m ist ius g ives n e ither t he n a me o f t he f ortress n or s uf f ic ien t t opograph ica l i nd icat ions f or u s t o i den t ify t he s i te o f t h is f ort ress. I ti s p oss ib le 1 323

b u t n ot e ssen t ia l t o c onnect t he t ex t o f T hem ist ius w ith t he i n for mat ion

g iven i n a ni nscr ip t ion f ound a t G trl ic iu. 1 324 T h is i nscr ipt ion i s d ated t o 3 69 , a fter t he p eace w ith A thanar ic ,1 325 a nd s hows t hat a sma l l f or tress ( burgus ) w as f ounded o nt he b ank o ft he D anube.

The f ortress r e ma ins a nonymous.

M i l ites p r i man i , p robably c om itatenses f rom L eg io IF lau ia G em ina , p art icip ated i n t h is c onstruct ion1 326 u nder t he c ommand o f at r ibunus ( Marc ianus ), c om mander o f t he d etachmen t b elong ing t o t he mob i le u n it , a nd o f ap raepos itus ( Vrs ic inus ) w ho w as p robably t he c o mmander o f t he f or mat ion o f l im itan .ei who w ou ld h ave r e ma ined t o g arr ison t he n ew f ortress.

I ti s p oss ible t ha t t h is

n ew f ron t ier u n it w as d etached f rom t he p a lat ine l eg ion , a t t he t ime o f t he works men t ioned i n t he i nscrip t ion . T h is p raeposi tus may h ave c o m manded a no ther b order-un i t wh ich was s ta t ioned f or a l ong t ime i n t he a rea , i n wh ich c ase we s hou ld t h ink o f t he C uneus e quitu m s tab les ianoru m r ecorded b y t he N o t i t ia D ign it a tu m a t Cm • s .1 327 H e c ou ld h ave b een p laced b eside t he t r ibune Marc ianus , t he c om mander o f m i l ites p r i man i , b u t t he u n it u nder h is c om mand s hou ld a lso h ave b een men t ioned.

T he f act t hat t he b u ild ing o f s uch a c onstruct ion n ear

C ius w as n ecessary s uggests t hat t he o ld c i tadel n o l onger e x isted , p oss ibly h av ing b een d estroyed b y t he Go ths b efore t he r e ign o f Va lens o r a t l east b efore 3 69.

Th is v iew i s p laus ib le i fw e t ake a ccoun t o f t he f ac t t hat t he l as t ment ion

9 4

o f t h is p lace i s t ha t i n t he N o t it ia D ign itatum , wh ich i nd icates t he s i tuat ion o f t he t roops a nd t he f ortress i n t he t ime o f Constan t ius I . N o l ater l i terary s ource men t ions t he c i tadel o f C ius, w h ich i s n ot g iven i n t he l i sts o f P roc op ius wh ich q uo te a l o t o f n ew n a mes b u t men t ion a lso t he ma jor ity o f t he o ld o nes.

On t he o ther h and , p erhaps t he n ew c onstruct ion o f Va lens m igh t n o t

h ave b een i n t he i mmed iate v ic in ity o f C ius , b u t s omewhere t o t he n orth i n t ha t s ec t ion o fb order b e tween C ius a nd B eroe where a f or ma t ion o f c ava lry ( Cuneus e qu itum s tab les ianorum )1 328 w as s tat ioned , s o t hat i tw as u nder t he c on tro l o f au n it o f i n fan try a s w el l . I tw as t he o n ly c ase when t wo u n its o f c ava lry were p laced b es ide e ach o ther o n t he S cy th ian l imes.

We c an s uppose

t ha t t h is u n it w ou ld h ave b een Mil ites p r im i Gra t ianenses , whose n ame c a me f rom t he p lace-na me G ra t iana. Th is n a me w as b estowed b y Va lens u pon t he n ew f ortress i nh onour o fh is n ephew , a ssoc iated w ith h is r e ign . T he a ssumpt ion t ha t Gra t iana r ecorded i n t he N ot it ia D ign ita tum a t t he e nd o f t he a ux il iary t roops 1 329 w ou ld h ave b een s i tua ted a pprox i mate ly i n t h is a rea o f t he Danube i s b ased o n t he f act t hat t h is n a me w as i nserted i n t he d ocumen t l a ter. 1 33°

Thus i ti s n ot n ecessar ily t he c ase t ha t t h is s et t le men t w as s i tuated

a t t he mouth o f t he Danube , a s i ts ee ms t o h ave b een a t f i rst s igh t .

Whoever

amended t he t ex t d id n o t t ake i n to c ons iderat ion i t s g eograph ica l p os it ion , b u t merely a dded t he u n i t o f i n fan try a nd t he r espect ive l oca l ity a t t he e nd o f t he l i st o f s im ilar t roops i n t he p rov ince. Ib el ieve t ha t i tf o l lows f rom t he i n for mat i on g iven b y P rocop ius t hat G rat iana w as s i tua ted b e tween C ar isum a nd Troesm is , a s Iw i l l a t te mpt t o p rove b elow .

C onsequen t ly t here a re t hree f ort if ica-

t ion s b u ilt i n t he t ime o f Va lens a nd o f w h ich w e h ave s ome i n for mat ion , n ame ly t hat r eferred t ob y T he m ist ius, t hat e rected i n 3 69 a s i s men t ioned b y t he i nscript ion f rom G r rl ic iu , a nd G rat iana a t tested b y t he N ot it ia D ign itatum : These c ou ld e i ther b e d i f feren t o r o ne a nd t he s a me. O n t he o ther h and , i ti s p oss ib le t hat t he p lace-na me C ius , w h ich i s n o t men t ioned i n a ny d ocumen t a fter t he r e ign o f Constan t ius I , may h ave b een r ep laced w ith Grat iana i n t he t ime o f Va lens. I tr e ma ins t o f u ture r esearch o r f inds t o c lar ify t he o bscure s ituat ion wh ich a t p resent w e a t te mpt t o c lear u p o n t he b as is o f i nsu f f ic ien t d ata , w h ich c an l ead t o d i f feren t a nd i nev i tably u ncerta in i n terpretat ions. T here i s l i t t le c erta in i n for ma t ion a bou t t he a r my a nd t he f ort if ica t ions i nD obrud ja f rom t he d eath o f Va lens t o t he e nd o f t he 4 th c en tury a nd i n t he 5 th c en tury.

T he p ressure o f m igra tory p eop les s uch a s t he Huns a nd l a ter

t he Bu lgars w ere a dded t o t he more f requen t a t tacks b y t he Go ths. I n c on trast t o t he d eta iled l i terary i n for mat ion c oncern ing t he t roub led e ven ts o f t he t ime w h ich i ncluded r ecords o f t he n a mes o f s ome f ort if ied s et t le men ts i n Dobrud ja , a nd T om is w here t he s ources men t ion t he c onf l ict b etween G eron t ius t he mi l itary c o m mander o f t he g arr ison a ga inst t he Go ths s et t led a s a l l ies n ear t he c i ty , b u t who p rovoked a l ot o f d isturbances w ith t he n at ives ,1 331 a nd Cars ium wh ich w as o ccup ied b y t he Huns i n4 34, 1 332 t here i s n o e p igraph ica l o r a rchaeo log ica l e v idence t o a l low u s t o k now i n g rea ter d eta il t he s ituat ion o f t he a r my a nd t he f ort if ica t ions i n t he p rov ince a t t he t ime. Iw i l l ment ion o n ly t he m i les ton e o f Va len t in ian I , T heodos ius t he G reat a nd Arcad ius , o f 3 83-392, 1 333 f ound i n Bu lgar ia a t Abtat o n t he r oad r unn ing t o t he n or th t hrough t he i n ter ior o f D obrud ja.

The i nscr ipt ion , w r it ten o n a n o lder m ilestone d at ing f rom t he

r e ign o f Hadr ian , i s t he l ast w h ich r efers t o t he r epa ir o f t he Roman r oads i n t he a rea.

9 5

A s treng then ing o f d efen s ive c apac ity p ara l lel t o t he measures t aken i n o ther p arts o ft he emp ire 1 334

i s h in ted a t i n Dobrud ja u nder A nas tasius ( 4 91-

5 18 ), a s i s a t tested b y s o me a nc ien th istor ians a t t he t ime. 1 335 c a l r esearches s ee m t o s how a r estorat ion a t Cap idava. 1 336 f ort if ica t ions a t H istr ia 1 337

a nd D inoget ia 1 338

Archaeo log i-

The r epa ir o f

a re s hown b y t he f ind ings o f

b r icks s tamped w ith t he n a me o f t he emperor Anastas ius. The f act t ha t s o me b r icks f rom D inoget ia b ear t he p lace-name A lt ina 1 339 p roves t hat t hey w ere made e i ther a tA l t inum ( or A lt ina ) i n t he s ou th o f S cy th ia a nd t ransported b y w ater t o D inoget ia , o r w ere p roduced o n t he s pot b y ad etach men t s en t e spec ial ly f or t h is p urpose 1 340

f rom A lt inum.

Th is s i tuat ion i s n o t u n ique i n t hese

a reas a s w e s ee b elow t hat t he s a me t h ing h appened i n t he t ime o f J ust in ian. O ther f i nds d ated t o t he t ime o f Anastas ius s how t he c onstruct ion o f p ub l ic b u ild ings a t To m is , Ca l la t is , T ropaeum T ra ian i a nd U lmetum. 1 341 The r e ign o f J ust in ian c an b e c ons idered a s t he l ast p er iod o f ma jor r es tora t ion a nd e ven o fp rosper ity i n t he a ncien t h istory o f Dobrud ja. T he most u se fu l i n for mat ion a bou t t he r e in force men t o f t he d efens ive c apac ity a nd t he r estorat ion o f r oads i s g iven b y t he t ex t o f P rocop ius o f Caesarea , who i n c hapters 7 a nd 1 o fb ook I V o f De a ed if ic i is 1 342 r ecords t he b u i ld ing a nd r estorat ion o f c i t ies i n Moes ia a nd S cy th ia u nder J ust in ian. To a g rea t e x ten t , t he i n for ma t ion c on ta ined i n t hese c hap ters r efer t o Dobrud ja.

The t ex t o f

P rocop ius i s t he o n ly s ource o f i n forma t ion a bou t t he n umerous a spects o f t he o rgan iza t ion o f t wo p rov inces i n t he f i rst h a l f o f t he 6 th c en tury , t he n umber a nd t he n ames o f f ort if ied s et t le men ts , t he r oads , t he f ront iers b etween p rovi nces a nd s o o n , a nd i n c onsequence h as b een e x tens ive ly c op ied a nd s pec ial s tud ies h ave b een d evoted t o i t .

H owever , s ome i n terpretat ions o f t he t ex t

c anno tb e c ons idered c orrect a nd a lso c on trad ictory o p in ions h ave b een f or mu la ted a bou t i t s a ccuracy .

S omet i mes f u l l c red it i s g iven t o i ta s au n ique

s ource o f i n for mat ion , w h ile o thers h ave d en ied t he s ign if icance o f t he i n forma t ion i tc on ta ins. 1 343

I n r e-exam in ing t he t ex t , Ir each s ome c onclu s ions

w h ich , Ib el ieve , may t hrow n ew l i gh t o n t he map o f Dobrud ja a nd c an c ont r ibu te t o a more a ccura te a nd l ess c on trad ictory u nderstand ing o f t he i n for mat ion g iven b y P rocop ius. P rocop ius l i sts i n c hapter 7 , s o met i mes a dd ing h is tor ica l a nd c ons truct iona l d eta ils, t he w orks o f J ust in ian a long a n i mportan t s trateg ic r oad w h ich f o l lowed t he c ourse o f t he Danube o n t he Moes ian b ank .1 344 Moes ian b ank o f t he Danube w h ich w as r epa ired w as

T he l ast f or tress o n t he Z,X .To ly T ti . )pyog

AopooT6Xog x ca E ux 1 ,56 cP c x As Ih ave s howed a bove, i ts ee ms t ha t t he l ast men t ioned f or tress, S uc idava , s hou ld b e l ocated a t t he r e ma ins n ear t he v i l lage I zvoare le . 1 345 As r egards t he p rov ince o f S cy th ia , w e k now w i th a ccuracy o n ly t he f i nal s ect ion o f t he r oad a s d escr ibed b y P rocop ius , n a mely f rom U l metu rn t o Aeg issus , a nd f rom t here t o t he mou th o f t he Danube , a t Ha lmyr is, i nt he f arthest c orner o f t he p rov ince ( xca

i ) C 5T6TW

X .EZ TO CI ,

"AXp .vp

6 . X .3 6 1 ( p pof . )o u ov E xue

µ a). I tf o l lows t hat , i n S cyth ia ,

r oad d id n o t f o l low t he v a l ley o f t he Danube , b u t p art ly

g t he

c oinc ided w i th t he o ld

imper ia l w ay w h ich c rossed t he a rea b e tween t he D anube a nd t he B lack S ea, f rom t he n orth t o t he s ou th , s tart ing f rom Marc ianopo l is a nd r each :ng N ov iockmum 1 346

v ia U l me tu m .

We w i l l d iscuss b e low t he r oute o f t he

9 6

i t inerary o f P rocop ius a s i tc oncerns t he s ect ion b etween S uc idava o n t he Danube i n Moes ia , a nd U l metum i n t he m idd le o f t he p rov ince o f S cy th ia. O f t he l oca l it ies men t ioned i n t h is p art o f t he d escr ipt ion o f P rocop ius , Caste l lu m S anc t i Cyr il l i ( 9 poüp L ov Kvo M ot ) V i .y L ou

)h as a ttracted

p ar t icu lar a ttent ion . T he s i te o f t h is c aste l lu m h as b een h ypo the t ica l ly l ocat ed a t Rasova. 1 347

O thers c ons ider t ha t i ts hou ld b e c ons idered a s al ater

n ame f or Ax iopo l is ,

1 348

t h is o p in ion b e ing b ased b o th o n t he t ext o f P rocop ius

wh ich men t ions t ha t i ti s t he f i rst f ortress w h ich i s e ncoun tered a f ter c ross ing t he b order f ro m Moes ia i n to S cy th ia , a nd o n t he f act t ha t Cyr i l lus w as mart yred a t Ax iopo l is 1 349

a nd i n c onsequence t he l oca l ity b ear ing h is n a me s hou ld

b e i n t he v ic in ity.

Th is h ypo thes is w as p u t f orward b y J . We iss a nd a ccep ted

b y V . P ärvan .1 35°

T he e p isode i s i n terpreted b y V . P ärvan a s f o l lows : a f ter

n ot ing t he l ast o f t he c i t ies r epa ired o n t he Moes ian l imes Aopocr c6Xog

c x . 1 .

E ux i 156ß c x

t he d escr ip t ion f o l lows t he r ou te a long t he

r iver men t ion ing t he r estora t ion n o t o n ly o f f ort if icat ions a ctua l ly s i tuated o n t he b ank , b u t a lso t hose i n t he i m med ia te v ic in ity ( Tc cuTf ig 7 1X • no.C oy) Ko v n ,cop

g

( ed i t ion , Bonn 1 838 ) o r

X Ti .ç , NAE t ,va,TLX ttwv

K oüncTp t . g

( Teubner e d it ion , 1 913 ).

a nd r eaches t he f i rst s et t le men t i n S cy th ia

c p poi )pLOV K up X ko i . ) eA y C0u. On ly f ro m t h is p lace o r f ro m f urther d own t he l i st wou ld t he r ou te d escr ibed b y P rocop ius h ave t urned f ro m t he Danube t owards t he c en tre o f Dobrud ja , t o U l metu m. P ärvan c onc luded t ha t J ust in ian l ef t t he o ld imper ia l r ou te Marc ianopo l is-Tropaeu m T ra ian i-U lmetu m , a nd p re ferred a n ew o ne w h ich l inked t he D anube t o t he c en tre o f t he p rov ince, f rom Ax iopo l is t o U lme tum. imper ia l s ecur ity .

T h is n ew r ou te w as more s u ited t o t he n eeds o f

Another a rgumen t i n s upport o f t hehypothes is t ha t t he o ld

r ou te w as l ef t , w as t he f ac t t hat T ropaeum T ra ian i i s n o t men t ioned i n De a ed if ic iis a nd t h is wou ld n o t h ave h appened i ft he imper ia l r oad h ad p assed t hrough t h is p lace. 1 351

S ince i ti s n o t e ssent ia l t o l ocate S anctus Cyr il lus o n

t he D anube, b ecause P rocop ius d oes n o t s tate c a tegor ica l ly t ha t i tw as s o a nd b y i n terpret ing t he d eta ils o f d escr ipt ion a nd l anguage , Ir each s o me c onclus ion s w h ich a re d if feren t f ro m t he ir p redecessors. t he b ank o f t he Danube i n Moes ia i s S uc idava.

The l ast c ity l i sted o n

F ro m t here t he r oad wh ich i s

d escr ibed t urns away f ro m t he r iver a nd , a s Ih ave s hown a bove i n t he d isc uss ion o f

t he f ort if ica t ions i n t he t ime o f t he P r inc ipate , c ross ing Quers ius,

P a lma tae a nd Ad ina r eaches Castel lum C i l icurn , t hat i s t o s ay , i tf o l lows t he o ld i mper ia l r ou te.

The l ast p lace i nd icates t hat t h is importan t s t rateg ic

r oad w as n o t a bandoned a nd i n c onsequence , i fw e c on t inue t o f o l low t he words o f P rocop ius , t here i s n o p o in t i n t ry ing t o f ind S anctus Cyr i l lus o n t he Danube. E x ec x ,g 5 1

T b X o1 , 7 2 )v ß c x5 L oi 3p ,a , i ,

( Ig o f arther t o t he S cy th ians )

g vea 51 . . )s o poüpLov np lTov K uptXXou C c ytou k n c tvuµöv

( 7 7LV,

o i 57ep T N n enovnx6Ta T c-p x pöwei A vwxo5o4f icaTo 0 1» t e cu l l ick r iµgvog ' I oucTLvLavbg P ac ac k. ( Here t he f i rst i s t he c i tade l c a l led S a in t Cyr i l 's , whose d a mage c aused b y t ime was c arefu l ly r epa ired b y t he Emperor J us t in ian ) . r t ( lvvp .ov

Ii nsis t o n t he word

w h ich means ' n ickna me '. I ti s t he f i rst t ime t hat t h is t er m i s e n-

c oun tered , b u t i t must d el ibera tely h ave b een a vo ided i n p lace o f t he u sua l g voµc ., ( G6 c : pv l iv

ö vop .o c,0 1 5 4 . 1 -Taw

ö vop . c. x . ; 'AXµvoLg ö voµc t :

) . The f i rst c ity

i n S cy th ia o n t he imper ia l r oad t o t he n orth o f C iv itas Ausdencens ium ( or Caste l lu m C i l icum ) i s T ropaeum Tra ian i.

The w a l ls r epa ired b y C onstan-

t i ne a nd L ic in ius h ave s urv ived , i ti s p resu med , u n t i l t he r e ign o f J ust inian , 9 7

b ut t he d a mage s usta ined i n t he c ourse o f c entur ies s hou ld h ave b een r epa ired a nd t he e v idence o f i nvest iga t ions c arr ied o u t s o f ar i s t hat t he c i ty f l our ished a t t h is t ime. 1 352

The Chr ist ian emperor t r ied t c c hange t he n a me o f t he c ity ,

b y g iv ing i ta no ther c onnected w ith t he martyr o f t he p rov ince , s o t ha t t he g lory o f t he p agan emperor w ho w as h ost ile t o t he n ew r el ig ion m ight b e f orgo tt en i n t h is w ay . P oss ibly t he r el ics o f t he martyr C yr il w ere c arr ied t o t he importan t r e l ig ious c en tre a t T ropaeum , a s h appened t o t hose o f Das ius w ho d ied a t Ax iopo l is , a nd w h ich w ere c arr ied t o Durostorum. 1 353 P rocop ius g ives t he o f f ic ia l v ers ion o f t he n a me o f t he s et t le men t , p robab ly b ecause t he o ld n a me c on t inued i n c urren t u sage.

T he n ew n a me c ou ld

n ot o vercome t rad it ion a nd t he r espect s t il l e n joyed b y T ra jan among t he Ro man a nd Ro man ized p opu lat ion i n t h is a rea. F or t h is r eason , S anctus Cyr i l lus d oes n ot o ccur i n o ther s ources, a nd t he n ame o f T ropaeum i s o nce a ga in e ncoun tered . Th is e xp l ica t ion c lears u p t he mystery o f t he a bsence o f s uch a n importan t c en tre a s T ropaeum T ra ian i f rom t he l i sts o f P rocop ius i n t he t ime o f J ust in ian . The a rgumen t t hat t he a bsence o f t h is c i ty f rom t he l i sts p roves t ha t t he i mper ia l r ou te h ad b een c hanged i s n o l onger t enab le.

The r oad d escr ibed b y P rocop ius

r an f rom S anctus Cyr i l lus t o t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince t hrough U l metum a nd L ib ida a nd r eached t he Danube a ga in , b u t t o t he n orth o f Aeg issus;

f rom t here

i tf o l lowed t he c ourse o f t he Danube t o t he mou th , n ear L ake Razel m , w here Ha l myr is may h ave b een s ituated. I n c onnect ion w ith t he r estorat ion o f t he c itade l a t U l metum b y J ust in ian , w e must t ake i nto c ons iderat ion t he i nscript ion f ound t here, w h ich men t ions t hat t he c om itatenses c a l led l anc iari i i un iores 1 354 p art ic ipa ted t o t he r ebu ild ing o f t he d efens ive w a l l. The ma jor ity o f t he c o inf inds f rom L ib ida a re d ated t o t he t ime o f J ust in ian .

1 355

We must a lso r e me m-

b er a f ew f rag men ts o f t i les w ith l et ters i n r e l ief wh ich h ave b een d a ted t o t he 6 th c entury b y t hose w ho c arr ied o u t t he e xcava t ions a t S lava Rusa 1 356 l et ters

A

a nd

I T

1 357

t he

i nscr ibed o n o ne o f t hese f ragmen ts c ou ld mean A (

r 1 (6X ) ,b u t a ccord ing t he o thers t hese t i les s hou ld b e d ated l a ter , t o t he 1 0 th c en tury 1 358 a nd i n c onsequence w e c anno t b e s ure t hat t hey c an b e c ons idered a s e v idence f or b u i ld ing a ct iv ity i n t he t ime o f J ust in ian . I n c on trast w ith c hapter 7 o f D e a ed if ic i is , i n w h ich t he b u ild ing a nd t he r estorat ions a long t he i mper ia l r ou te i s d eta iled a nd a ccurately d escr ibed b y P rocop ius , i n c hapter 1 h e merely r ecords a l i st o f c i t ies c on ta in ing s ome e rrors b u t n o t o f s o g rave a n a ture h as o f ten b een c ons idered . For i nstance , w e c anno t a ccept t he v iew t hat P rocop ius d id n o t k now t hat Tom is was a h arbour o nt he s ea a nd t hat Ax iopo l is a nd Cars ium w ere o n t he Danube , a s t he t ex t o f P rocop ius h as b een i n terpreted i n t he p ast .1 359 We s hou ld a lso t ake i n to a ccoun t t he f act t hat many o f t he e rrors c ou ld b e d ue t o t he c opy is ts a nd n o t t o P rocop ius , s ince t hey k new n e ither t he p laces n or i n many c ases t he mean ings o f t he p lace-names, t hey h ave c hanged t he n a mes a nd e ven t he ir o rder , o r h ave om it ted s ome o f t he m a nd t hen w hen t hey r e-exa m ined t he t ext , t hey h ave p laced t he om iss ions i n t he p laces where t hey h ad i n terrup ted t he ir w r it ing.

Further more, t he c opy ist i n a t te mpt ing t o r a t iona l ise when h e c ou ld

n ot u nderstand t he n a me g iven b y P rocop ius, h as i n tervened w ith e xp lana t ions w h ich h ave c aused much f ur ther c on fus ion i n t he t ex t . P rocop ius worked w ith c on s iderab le a ccuracy , a s i s s hown b y t he f act t hat n ever , a t l east a s r egards t he a rea u nder d iscuss ion , ( i n I V, 7a nd 1) i s t he s ame s e t t lement men t ioned t w ice , a l though h e h as b een a ccused o f t h is e rror. I th as b een s a id t hat

9 8

L 5 & )

E tc 5 cß 6 : .

i n c hap ter 1 w as t he s ame a s

Eux t ,5 , 5 : , 5a

i n c hap ter 7 ;1 360

t ha t t he l i st o f c i tade ls men t ions t he s ame l oca l i ty u nder t wo n a mes ' Apyc cg c • . 1 3 6 1 a nd z , pyc cp .L a, t ha t t he c i tade l a t H inog i s men t ioned w i th t wo n ames; t he o ld ( ' IV C onc .) a nd t he n ew C Ay i , oc : « 11 ) ot , XXog) i n c hapter 1 1 i s t he s ame a s

' AX .Tr iv c :v

1 362

t ha t ' AX -r i ,v cx

men t ioned i n t he r oute d escr ibed .

1 363

But i n f act ExE8cP6 : i s S ac idava , w h ich d oes n o t o ccur i n t h is f or m i n P rocop ius. I n a ny c ase i ti s ac i ty i n t he p rov ince o f S cy th ia , w h i le S uc idava i s i n Moes ia. ' Epyap .tc c c ou ld a s w e l l b e o ne o f t he many s et t le men ts w h ich a re n o t y et i den t if ied a nd i s n o t c onnec ted w ith Arga munm. S anctus Cyr il lus Ih ave d iscussed a bove.

I ts ee ms t hat i ti s more d if f icu lt t o p rove t hat t he

A XTI ,vo t men t ioned i n t he l i st o f c itadels a nd AXTr iv ( Iv, q uo ted a s b e ing o nt he Danube r ou te af ter T rans mar isca a re t wo d ist inct s et t le ments , b u t a ga in ar e-exa m ina t ion o f t he t ext ( chap ter 7 ) s hows t hat i n t h is c ase t oo P rocop ius d id n o t r epeat h i mse lf : J ust in ian r estored p . ETN . 6 1 Tpa ,vc sp .c cp C axav g pup . 6' L C T Z ) ' A XT • nv v x cL ö T tcp Y t aX0 i 3C 1 ,KC V 5L I , 6 . Va . XaV r . )p 4 gV a . a iy rE 3v

r u o 'kcp .twv

T u oX V Z T u p6TEpou

7 tp b g

( a f ter Trans mar isca , t he t ower

o f ' AXTr i\ P ly w h ich i s a lso c a l led Cand id iana , d estroyed b y e ne m ies l ong a go ). I tf o l lows t ha tg pupz , ' AXT r i vE 6v i s t he Cand id iana a t tested b y t he i t inera r ies a nd t he N o t it ia D ign i tatum 1 364 b etween T rans mar isca a nd T egu l ic ium , a nd c onsequen t ly i n a gree men t w ith t he i n for ma t ion g iven b y P rocop ius. Const an t iana h ad l ong b een d estroyed , p robab ly b y t he Goths , a nd J ust in ian b u ilt a sma l l f ort ress ( g ryup ,a) t here , w h ich b ore t he n a me o f ' . AXT C va i nt he l i sts ( chapter 1) c orresponds t o t he A lt inum men t ioned i n t he N ot it ia D ign itatu m ,

1 365

l ocated a t O lt ina. 1 366

Ib el ieve t hat i tc an b e e xp la ined why

t he f ort if ica t ion b u il t a t Cand id iana w as c a l led

' A Xv r iv E ' A )

ad e tachmen t f rom

A lt inu m p robab ly t ook p art i n t he b u i ld ing o f t h is f ortress a nd r e ma ined o n g uard t here.

With r egard t o t he s k il l o f c onstruct ion o f ' A T rjv7 , 3 v

w e men t ion t he b r icks f ound a t D inoget ia , d ated t o t he t ime o f Anas tas ius a nd b ear ing t he mark A lt ina.

I tw as p resumed , a s Ih ave s hown a bove , t hat t hey

w ere made e i ther a tA lt inum a nd t ransported b y w ater a long t he Danube , o r o nt he s pot b y ad etachmen t w h ich w ere s pec ial ly s en t t here. 1 367 We s hou ld r eme mber t ha t s o f ar t he most i mportan t f inds a t A l t inum a re s ome k i lns f or b ak ing b r icks d a ted t o t h is t ime .1 368 The most g rave a ccusat ion b rough t a ga inst P rocop ius i s t hat h e w rong ly l oca ted s ome l oca l it ies i n t he l i st o f c itade ls , b y p lac ing i n t he i n ter ior t hose e x ist ing o n t he c oast o r o n t he b ank o f t he Danube a nd v ice v ersa. I n s tudyi ng t he t ext , Ia t te mpted t o f i nd o u t t he c r iter ia u sed b y t he a u thor a nd Ip u t f orward a h ypo thes is , w h ich u n t il i th as b een v er if ied b y t he f u ture f inds , may t hrow s ome l i gh t o n t he d isorder wh ich a t f i rst s igh t i s p resen t a nd may d im in ish t he n umber o fe rrors. B efore l i st ing t he c i tadels i n Moes ia a nd S cy th ia , P rocop ius g ives u s t he f o l low ing e xp lanat ion T e c ep p t i ZA ) XE1 , 76µEva . r u c cp6 : ' L C

ZÖ VTOV xat 7oTo c Av ' IcTpov o av T

T bV E1C L VOV

c c röycLq c,o i 5Twg

I fw e a t te mp t

t o i n terpret t h is s en tence a s i nd icat ing t he i n ten t ion o f t he a u thor t o c lass ify t he c i tadels w h ich h e r ecords l ater, i n to t hree c a tegor ies : t hose o n t he c oast , t hose o n t he Danube a nd i n t he i n ter ior, t hen w e a re f aced w ith s ome i nexp l ica b le e rrors.

Ib el ieve t ha t t he t ext i n f act r efers t o o n ly t wo c ategor ies , a l l

t he c i tadels b e ing c ons idered a s b e ing s i tuated e i ther n ear t he Pon tus Eux inus o r n ear t he D anube, b u t s ome o f t he m b elong ing t o p . ca6y6

,a nd o thers n o t .

T h is v iew i s s upported b y t he f act t hat P rocop ius i n terrupted h is e numera t ion o f t he n a mes o f c i tadels b y men t ion ing e spec ia l ly t hose f rom L I CC6 YE U n t i l t hen , t he h ead ing I l c cO c p ,x ) T u oTo4 i ,bv " IcTpov i s e ncoun tered o n ly a t t he b eg inn ing , b u t t he o ccurrence t here i s n o tj ust if ied b ecause i ti s n ot f o l lowed o n ly b y s et t le ments s i tuated o n t he Danube. A lso t he h ead ing f or t he t h ird c a tegory

t c tp

5

E i . 5F ,c L vov 1 1 6vTOV,

wh ich s hou ld h ave b een

g iven i ft he a u thor i n tended s uch a c lass if ica t ion ,i s a bsen t.

Even i ft he

a u thor i n it ia l ly i n tended t h is c lass if icat ion , h e a bandoned i ti m med iately h e s tarted t o l i st t he c i tadels. I ti s a lso p oss ib le t ha t t he s ub-t it le ( 7 7a 0 : p ly T t o -c ap .bv mI cTpov) i s al ater i nsert ion i n t he t ext , i n a n a t te mpt a t c lar if i ca t ion , b u t i ti s a nu n fortunate i nsert ion s ince w as c arr ied o ut b y s omeo ne w ho h ad n o t u nderstood P rocop ius c ategor ies :

c lass i f ica t ion o f t he c i tadels i n to t wo

t hose i n 4 cc6yE t , a , a nd t hose o u ts ide

k l , Ez yc

x .

The f or t i-

f i ca t ions o u ts ide u cc6vE L a , w ere d iv ided a ccord ing t o t he p rov ince t o w h ich t hey w ere s i ted ,

( uc i , c c )

o r S cy th ia

( Exue t c x ).

T he s ett lemen ts

i n 4 €06ye i ja ,w ere n ot d iv ided a ccord ing t o t he p rov ince , b u t w e c an b e c ert a in t hat t hose b e tween Ax iopo l is I n r eferr ing t o t h is p rov ince 1 369

( ' A

a nd T om is b e longed t o S cy th ia.

w e c an s tate t hat t he f o l low ing s i tes, amongst

t he c i tadels i den t i f ied , b elonged t o n e cpcd , . : Cars ium ) a nd ' Apyo z g , i n c entral Dobrud ja.

£ or ra)

i cc6yc L c t: ' Co7c ( Ax iopo l is) , 14 . Lg , ( Arga mum ) t hat i s t o s ay s i tes s i tua te . '

The f o l low ing w ere s i tua ted o ut s ide

. 1 E $0 * ( 5yE L a: T p0ap .Ag

( Troes m is ), N ca : Cobouv6 ) ( Nov iodunum ), K oAXe cT L , UXT V i va ( Al t inum ) a nd Exe5E ( Sac idava ) , n a mely s et t le ments s i tuated a t t he n orthern a nd s ou thern e nds o f t he p rov ince. I tf o l lows t hat P rocop ius d id n o t u se t he t er m r _ y 76yE L c x t o i nd icate a n a rea f ar f rom t he s ea o r f ro m t he Danube , s ince Tom is a nd Argamum w ere s i tuated o n t he c oast a nd Ax iopo l is a nd Cars ium w ere o n t he b ank o f t he Danube , b u t t o d e l im it t he c ent ra l p art o f t he p rov ince w h ich w as f ar f rom t he n orthern a nd s ou thern b orders. I ti s p oss ible t o a t te mpt t o i dent ify o ther s i tes u s ing t h is h ypothes is. The f o l low ing s i tes must b e r e moved f rom t he l i st o f S cy th ian c itade ls wh ich w ere

s ituated o u ts ide p . ccöye L c c : ' Ä pL TTog (Abr it tus-Razgad ) a nd 1 7 6ß o cg ( NovaeS istov ). They w ere w rong ly p laced t here , p erhaps b y P rocOp ius h i msel f b u t more p robab ly b y ac opy ist , t he l ast s i te h av ing p robably b een a dded a t t he e nd o f t he l i st.

T he o ther s et t le men ts w h ich h ave n o t b een i den t i f ied s o f ar

w ere s i tuated t o t he n orth o f t he l i ne Arga mum-Cars ium ( rpa46 ),Nov( c, ' PE C YL

va , KwvaTavT L c x .v6)

o r t o t he s ou th o f t he l ine Tom is-Ax iopo l is

( ALvLo.x6pTc c, l ',T ovTcpcyr ive,BaortbLvo c,BEXcbt ,vo : .;Poußoüo-r c c,B b tLg, L T on )po P c i :XXE ,T yp a) .

T he f o l low ing s i tes a re s ecurely l ocated :

T roes m is a nd N ov iodunum i n t he n orth a nd Ca l la t is , A lt inum a nd S acidava i n t he s ou th . Accord ing t o t h is h ypothes is, Constan t iana a ppears t o h ave b een t o t he n orth o f t he l i ne Argamum-Cars ium a nd c onsequen t ly i ts hou ld n o tb e l ocated n ear Tom is b u tb es ide L ake Razelm.

The t wo l ines Argamum-Cars ium a nd

Tom is-Ax iopo l is a re b ased o n t he s et t le men ts s ecurely a t tested i n i l ea ( Syc L x. The f o l low ing s i tes w ere s i tua ted i n t he c en tra l a rea o f t he p rov ince : r po :Ttc .vo ' , a nd 7 °,42 1 :5 t ç, p robab ly o n t he Danube t o t he n orth o f Cars ium , b u t i n a ny c ase t o t he s ou th o f T roes m is w h ich w as n o t s i tuated i n T

p , Ecöyc L a

a nd i l a t iÄ .Lp .g cv5pc c,

X ç a nd Z o l 'Axp c x e cob( opc c ( on t he s hore b e tween Arga mu m a nd T om is ):

As r egards G rat iana , w h ich i s a lso men t ioned i n t he N o t it ia D ign itatum 1 37 ° a t t he e nd o f

1 00

t he l i st o f i n fan try u n its i nS cy th ia , Ih ave r eferred t o i ta bove. Because i t was a dded l a ter , a t t he e nd o ft he l i st o f a ux il iary u n its, i ti s n o t n ecessar ily t o b e f ound a t t he mou th o f t he Danube a s i s u sua l ly p roposed . Amongst t he n ames o f f ort if icat ions o n t he c oast s itua ted i n µ ecöve we n o tei lo( Axpo

c o56 )po c w h ich i s w i thou t a ny d oubt a n o f f ic ia l n ame g iven

by J ust in ian . I ti s n ot g iven i n a ny o ther s ources, a nd i ts ee ms e v iden t t o me t ha t t he n a me o f t he empress c ou ld n ot h ave b een b estowed u pon a n i ns ign if ican t s et t lemen t a nd c onsequen t ly t hat i ti s n ot a sma l l n ew f ortress, b u t a n o ld u rban c en tre w h ich w as r estored a nd p rov ided w ith n ew b u ild ings i n t he t ime o f J us t in ian . S ince t h is s i te l i es b etween Arga mum a nd T om is i n t he l i st , I b el ieve t hat i tr epresen ts a n ew n a me g iven t o H istr ia , where t he a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions h ave r evea led i mportan t r e ma ins f rom t he 6 th c en tury .1 371

T h is

d educ t ion i s a lso b ased o n t he f act t hat H istr ia , l ike T ropaeu in T ra ian i w hose n a me w as a lso c hanged ,1 372 i s n o t men t ioned b y P rocop ius, d esp ite t he f act t ha t an o table amoun t o f c onstruc t iona l a ct iv ity t ook p lace t here i n t he t ime o f J ust in ian .

We c an a dd t he s e man t ic c onnec t ion w h ich h as b een s uggested r e-

c en t ly b e tween I l oi 'Axpa E0 p D and t he p lace-na me Tar iverde ,1 373 av i l lage s itua ted n ot f ar f rom t he r u ins o f H istr ia. A s r egards t he n a me 1 1V x0 )

. 1 t -

I

e

>

IL usi tanoru m

01 1 3 4 = c r

« J . '

1 . 1 5 2 ,. Cd •a

C . Artor ius S a turninus

> p : 1

. , . ,0 e ,

C ) P c s

• . . i , • , .

M. V lp ius L ong inus

C . )

•

0

e c 5 Z 7 c d o

e

. . , . s

C . )

1 . 5 zC o.

M. Vet t ius Fel ix

0 0

.

• • W

" C S

C c

i 4

E

di I L -

•

. 1

0

C l )

C . )

d f M

. . . , I . ' C

. o 0

S i 1 1

r .

di . I C l

e

1

.. .. ,

o

0 .

..

4

N .

0 L I Z

M L C D

c n ' Z I ' L e z

. i 1

Troes m is

B ibl iography

C IL , I I , 75 04 ( SE 8 6 )

. . . .

C / )

74 90 ( SE 1 01)

1 3 1b l iography

•

c e

c

• 0 C . )

r . / )

. • • •" .

c o e l

L e z

I ^

r . T 4

c

I • • 1

r 74 — r f ) ^
C .

c • •

G • •

c •

c •

c •

c • •

c •

c • •

c ••

u )

c • •

c • •

G . )

i l

—

4 ' i d . ' 0 c t e ) l -c

Z t ) c d

c 9 d

' 5 . 2 5 11

c .)

r . 7 7 11

5 , 1 . e )

z i

d " e 4 a r C . 3 H

• , .

0

Cl

C l

• Cl

C l

L . S ex t i l ius •

C l

1 25.

•

C l

C . )

P .Va ler ius S ab inus

.e› , _ ,c 3 .c f )E

1 99

u ) ( 1 )

0 . i

' 8

a )

P . ,

5 c o

. 4

u p c i )

c r( 1 ) W >

P 1

c d C . )

. L C l

c ,.

. E 4 c d ^, • , f

•

z

b C c d

0 C . ) c d

c r

4 , 1

M itr idates*

7 . 2 ,

g

c • •

V isu lan ius Crescens*

, -4

§

U )

? I Ga l loru m

; • I . ,

E o

M. Va ler ius

E z

C . Muna t ius V enustus*

c d • r . 4

E §

1 26.

0 5 0

Mar ius C e lsus

T . F lauius L aco* 1 20.

I

M. J u lius T ertu l ls

C . E ruc ius V ic tor 1 19.

c • •

I Ma t t iacoru m

P raefec tus

P raefec tus

P ' .

C orne l ius Va len t inus *

o f . 4

I Hrd c en t.

0

' C S

G O C l

. I

. C ' D C l

. 1

. 0 e d

. i

. -4

C ' D . 4

c d

S ex. Oc tauius Fron to

Q . J u lius H e liodorus*

c e D

P 4

C Z

c d c d c . )

•

8 •8 •8 •8

(1)

C l )

C Z

c d

cd c . )

c d

c d c . )

. r 7 )

C Z

•

200 c d

•

C ` •

P raefectus

; 4

I — I . 1 1 4 . Y i

) i 0 E ‚ . 4 . )

C • • •

E qui tes S cutar i i

0

V icus Am la idina

f r 4 L o

Aure l ius Va lens*

C 4/ 1

N e . i

Cohors ?P raetor ia

Cq

B ibl iography

•

Aure lius Dalen is

Ind c en t.

B uter idava

Z :2+

Ael. Aure l ius A t t icus

c d

M IL ITES ET VETERA N I AL I I

Praefectus

a ) . 1

P . Ae lius Va ler ius

c d Cl

IndI I Ird

W C / D

V indius Ver ianus*

I Ird c en t.

C l )

Praefectus

P raefectus

1 925 , p . 2 21

B ibl iography

. e

Va ler ius Valens

F lauia

c . .

1 33.

Tr ierarchus

A . 4 0

L . Ae l ius S euer inus

b e

1 3

L r ) 0 3 0 . c e C D

C l e .

• i e s S I • .

W

• , 1

> =

N

c d . F 1 g 4 . . . 0

W

r T4

C IL , I I , 1 4 2 14 2 2

) — ,

4 I4

r =pV4 W p t i

N

u

t — A 1 4 I 1

0 C r ) • • 4 0

4 ) a ) c )

•

in , 1

• • • 1

O f f ic iu m P raes id is

'Z S

"C i

4 11 › 4 s4

4 14 •

PC S

" C S

44 0 .4

1i I1

c • •

. ▪ z C . )

c • •

Ti

: t 4 .

11

g i

I4 44 s4

N CI

12

li

s4 1 i

s- ; 14

C . )

c • •

5 o

c • •

▪

5 0

E 4

u ) 5 0

c r )

. ! 4

e 4 1

C ) ) 4

c • •

c • •

C . )

c • •

c • • r .

c n

• 7 14

• u z

• c m

b-

00

Cn e

0

i n

— ,•

N

• CZ

• • ,; 14

• In

9I

.4

.1

• i

. 9 ▪-1

q -I

" II

. -4

.1

In

In . , . . 1

L r3

L IZ

L irD

•

•

-

C l

•

•

C1 4-• /

2 01

•

•

H ercu lanus

c • •

C laudianus

c • •

S ag i t tar i i ( i un iores )

I

V ib ius S euerus*

5

e- •

F lauius V rs in ianus*

4 )

C I ) C . )

c • •

Cohors V I P raetor ia

c d

C . ' .

L . E nn ius Ferox

bb

L IZ

r i )

• v • . I

0

S acru m P a la t iu m

Aquae S tat iel lae

4 ) c a

• 4 ) e

T i t ius C r ispus*

0

E -4

cL I

C . J u l ius Cap ito

• ; . .

c i ) 0

Va ler ius V ic torinus l*

I n

C l )

T roes m is

C . )

Va lerius S euerus

E 3 1

▪ . . -. .

•

V I th c en t.

• .1 ▪ .. . . 1 -1

C . Va ler ius H ercu lanus

B ib l iography

C O

•

P raepos i tus

V I th c en t.

I Vth c en t .

c l • g : 2 4

0

.-

e r t . 4 4 3 • •

c i c 2 p

( 1

)

I 0 I

I LS , 7 70 ( SE 1 17 )

( SE 1 10 )

o 0

Vrs ic inus*

C • •

T eren t ius*

.. ERAS ... P roc linus

B ib l iography

•1

e r 4

C I )

4 0 . 1 0 .4 • pw l

e q » . 1 1

C • •

4

E z g 1 . . 9 ,

c n

•4 )

c c " ) )

B .

S VPPLE MENTV M EP IGRAPHICV M

T he i nscr ip t ions a re t ranscr ibed i n c ategor ies o f m il itary wi l t.

The

i nscr ip t ions w ith n a mes o f v e terans a re p laced a s f ar a s p oss ib le a f ter t hose o f s o ld iers o n a ct ive s erv ice.

The i n scr ip t ions , wel l-preserved o r f rag men-

t ary , h ave b een c hosen f or t he ir r elevance t o t h is work .

The r eferences t o

o ld p ubl icat ions ( CIL , AE M ) a re r ep laced o n ly when t here i s an ew , improved r ead ing.

The mi l itary d ip lo mas f ro m Moes ia a nd Moes ia I nfer ior a re p laced

a t t he e nd , i n c hrono log ica l o rder.

2 03

LEGIONES

LEGIO V MACEDONICA 1 . I g — TROES MIS . SCIV , 4 , 1 953 , 3-4 , p .5 66 . [ I (ou i ) 0 (p t i mo ) M (ax i mo ) s acru m . P ro ] s a lute i mp (e ra to r is ) T ( i t i ) A e l i ( i ) Hadr ian i An ton in i Aug (us t i ) P i i e t Aure l i ( i ) \ T er i C ae s (a r is ) , [ s ]ub I u l ( io ) S euero l eg (a to ) Aug (us t i ) p r (o ) p r (ae to re ) , d ed icante A e l l io ( s ic ) Op ta to l [ e ]g (a to ) Augus t i , L (uc ius ) L i c in ( ius ) , d omo N i [copo l i? ] C leme (n )s , u e t ( e ranus ) L eg ( ion is ) V Ma [c (edon icae ) j , q (u in )q (uenna l is ) [ c ]anab (ens iu m ) , e x d ec (ur ione ) T roesm (ens iu m ) , c [u ]m L ic in ia V ener ia c on i uge , L uc ia L ic in ia f i l ( ia ) e t I u ' ( io ) [ C ] le men te e t O c tau io C lemen t ian (o ) e t L ic in ia C lemen t iana e t O [c ]t [au ( io ) C ] le (mente ) e t O ct ( au io ) L ic ( in io ) n ep ( o t ibus ), d (e ) s (uo ) p (osu i t ) e t d ed ( i t ) c ur ( iae ) ( denar ios ) CCL , o b h ono r (em ) q (u in )q (enna l i ta t is ) e x q uor (u m ) i ncre [m ]en [ t is ] omn ib (us ) [ decur ion ibus s por t u lae d iv iderentur ? ] . 2 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . SC/17, 4 , 1 953 , 3-4 , p . 5 59 -560 . [ ( I (ou i ) 0 (p t i mo ) M (ax i mo ) s acru m . P ro s a lute i mp (e ra tor is ) T ( i t i ) A e l i i Hadr ian i An ton in i Aug (us t i ) P i i e t Aure l i i V er i C ae s (a r is ) ] , s ub Fu f ic io C o rnu to , l eg (a to ) Aug (us t i ) p r (o ) p r (ae to re ) , d ed ican te Q (u in to ) C aec i l io R edd i to l eg (a to ) Aug (us t i ) , T ( i tus ) F l (au ius ) A lexande r , u e t (eranus ) L e g ( ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) , d omu F ab ( ia ) An c yr (a ) , q (u in )q (uenna l is ) c anaben (s iu m ) , c um I u l ia F lo rent ina u xo re , A lexandro , V a len te , P i sone , Max im ila , R espec ta f i l i ( i )s , d (e ) s (uo ) p (osu i t ) , i t em ( denar ios ) CCL o b h ono r (e m ) q (u in )q (uenna l i ta t is ) c ur iae d onau it e x q uo r (u m ) i ncr[emen t is s po r tu lae d iu ideren tu r? ] o rn [n ibus d ecur ion ibus ? . . ] . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 75 02 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . I u l ( ius ) P on t icus u ix it a nn ( is ) X XXII , m il i t (au it ) a nn ( is ) XIV i n L eg ( ione )

V Mac (edon ica ) , n a tus Ama s tr is . I u l ( ius ) P on t i cus f r a te r , S en t ius P ont icus u e t (eranus ) , S en t ius P ont icus m i l (es ) L eg ( ion is ) V Ma c( edon icae ) , f ra tre s c ohe red ( e s ) ,b (ene ) m( e ren t i ) d (e ) s (u is ) p (osuerunt ) . 4 . / g / i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 61 88 . C (a ius ) E [g ]na t ius C (a i i ) [ f ( i l ius )] , Fab ( ia ) ( t r ibu ) , V a lens , ( natus ) Ancy ra , u e t (eranus ) . . . d e cur i [o ] . . . m [u ]n [ i ]c ( ip i i ) T roe sm ( ens iu m ) .C (a i us ) E gna t ius V a lens . l eg ( ion is ) e iusd (em ) , f i l ius , p [a t ]r i [ p ] i is [ s i ] mo b (ene ) m(eren t i ) f ( ec i t ) . H ( ic ) s ( i tus ) e ( s t ) . 5 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS ( f ig . 1 ) . Pon t ica , 1 , 1 968 , p .3 21 . I mp (era to r i ) T ( ito ) A e l ( io ) Had ( r iano ) An ton ino Aug (us to ) P io , p (a t r i ) p (a tr iae ) , t r ( ibun ic ia ) p (o te s ta te ) , c o (n )s (u l i ) II e t V ero C aes (a r i ) , c ( iues ) R (o man i ) c on s ( is ten te s ) c anab ( is ) L eg ( ion is ) V Mac (edo n icae ) s u (b ) M in ic io Na ta le l eg (a to ) Aug (us t i ) p r (o ) p r (ae to re ) , d ed ic (an te ) C om in io S ecundo l eg (a to ) Aug (us t i ) . 6 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 61 69 . P ro s a l (u te ) i mp (e ra to r is ) e t V e r i Aug (us t i ) , L eg ( io ) V l ‘ i lac (edon ica ) , I a l i i B as s i , l eg (a t i ) Aug (us t i ) p r (o ) p ro (ae to re ) , Ma r t i Ver i , l e g (a t i ) Aug (us t i ) , P (ub l ius ) A e l ( ius ) Qu in t i anu [ s ] , Magn if i l ( ius ) , ( c entur io ) L eg ( ion is ) V , M (a rcus ) A e l ( ius ) p osu it . 7 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 61 95 . T ib (e r io ) V e tu r io , T ib (e r i i ) f i l ( ius ) , Aem i l ia ( t r ibu ) , Maure tano , ( na tus ) F und is , p rae fec to c a s tro ru m L eg ( ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) , o rdo T roe smens iu m . 8 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 61 87 . ILI . u s .f i l ius , C la (ud ia ) ( t r ibu ) , Dec imus , ( na tus ) [ Saua ]r ia , ( c entu r io ) L eg ( ion is ) V [ Mace ]don icae . . .

2 04

9 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , i6 1 68 . Imp (era to r i ) C aesa r i T ( i to ) A e l ( io ) Hadr ian° An ton ino Aug (us to ) P io p (a tr i ) p (a tr iae ) , T i ( ber ius ) C l (aud ius ) C e lsus , p (r im i )p ( i lus ) L e g ( ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) 1 0 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS , C IL , I II , 61 89 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . I u l ius D izzace p osu i f i l ( io ) p ient is (s imo ) V a l (e r io ) Va le (n t i ? ) , m i l i t ( i ) L (eg ion is ) V M (acedon icae ) , d e fu (n )c t (o ) i n e xped ( i t ione ) P a r t (h ica ) . M i l ( i tau it ) a nn is V . u ic (s it ) ( s i c) a n (n is ) XXV; e t ma t [ r ] i A t t ie ( s ic) A. . . 1 . Hor ia

(Tu l c ea)

( f ig . 3 4) .

N MES M ,

p . 1 83 , n r . 3 . A sc lep io e t Yg ia ( s ic) , Annae -

u s P u lcher ( c entur io ) L eg ( ion is ) V Mac (edo n icae ) T r (oesmens is ) e x u o to p osu i t .

1 2 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS . C IL , I II , 75 34 . I (ou i ) 0 (p t i mo ) M (ax i mo ) , Hero i , Q (u in tus ) T rebe l l ius , Q (u in t i ) f ( i l ius ) , [ F ]ab ( ia ) ( t r ibu ) , Max i mus , ( na tus ) Roma , ( c entur io ) L eg ( io n is ) V Mac (edon icae ) , t recena r ius c oh (o r t is ) II , p (os t ) r ( ed i tu m ) u (o tu m ) s ( o lu i t ) . 1 3 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS ( f ig . 2 ) MCA , 2 , 1 956 , p . 5 8 1 , n r . 4 9 . M (a rco ) S u fena (e ) , M (a r c i ) f ( i l io ) , P a l (a t ina ) ( t r ibu ) , T i t iano , m i l ( it i ) L eg ( ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) , b (ene f ic ia r io ) c o (n )s (u la r is ) ;u ix ( it ) a n (n is ) XXV , m i l ( itau it ) a n (n is ) V II . P a re -i t es f( i l io ) p ( ien t is s i mo ) f ( ece run t ) . H ( ic ) s ( i tus ) e ( s t ) . 1 4 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 61 66 . [ P ]ro s a l (ute ) i mp (era tor is ) C ae s (a r is ) T ra ( ian i ) Hadr ( ian i ) Aug (us t i ) , C (a io ) Va l (e r io ) P u d (en te ) u e t (e rano ) L e (g ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) e t M (arco ) V 1p ( io ) L eont ( io ) , mag is tr is c a n abe (ns iu m ) e t T uc (c io ) A e l ( iano ) , a ed ( i le ) , d (onu m ) d (ant ) u e t (eran i ) e t c ( iues ) R (oman i ) c ons ( is ten tes ) a d c anab (a s ) L eg ( ion is ) VM (ace d on icae ) . 1 5 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 61 62 . I (ou i ) 0 (p t imo ) M (ax i mo ) , p ro s a l (u te ) i m [ p (e ra tor is ) ] C aes (a r is ) T ( it i ) A e l ( i i ) Had (r ian i ) Ant (on in i ) Aug (us t i ) P i i e t M (a rc i ) Au r (e l i i ) V e r ( i ) C ae s (a r is ) . P (ub l ius ) Va l (er ius ) C leme (n )s e t L (uc. i . u s ) C om in ius Va l (ens ) , u e t (eran i ) L eg ( ion is ) V M (acedon icae ) , ma [g ( is tr i ) ] , e t L (uc ius ) Va l (er ius ) C r ispus , a ed i l is , d e s (uo ) p os (uerun t ) . 1 6 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 75 06 . • . V ita le s , e x . u e t (e ranus ) L eg ( ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) , [ s a ]ce rd (os )q (ue ) p rou in [c ( iae ) ] , u ix ( it ) a nn ( is ) LX , u iu [o ] s e f ec it , r e l ' i ( u td -

r um ) [ c ]uragen t (e ) T ib (er io ) h erede . H ( ic ) s ( i tus ) e ( s t ) .

V ita le

f i l io

e t

1 7 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 61 86 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . T ib (er ius ) C laud ius , T ib (er i i ) f ( i l ius ) , Qu ir ina ( t r ibu ) , V lp ianus ,d om (o ) Lao d ( icea ) S yr iae , ( c entur io ) L eg ( ion is ) X G e m ( inae ) e t III F l (au iae ) e t X II F u lm ( ina tae ) e t II C yr (ena icae ) e t X F re t (ens is ) e t I Ad iut ( r ic is ) e t VM (acedon icae ) u ix it a nn i s LVI . H (eres ) s ( epu lcru m ) f ( ac iendu m ) c (urau i t ) . 1 8 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 61 90 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . C (a ius ) I u l ius S a turn inus , d omo O esc i , e x o p t ione u e t (eranus ) L eg ( ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) , u iuo s e p osu it c um S cr ibo t t ia Me l i t ine c on iuge . 1 9 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 75 00 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) , T ( itus ) C lau (d ius ) , T i ( t i ) f i l ius , Qu ir ina ( t r ibu ) , P r iscus , ( na tus ) He me s [a ] , e x c (us tode ) a ( r mo ru m ) , u ix it a nn is L . m i l ( itau it ) a nn ( is ) X XVI , p os (t ) m iss io (ne m ) u ix it a nn ( is ) I . C onue te ran i q u i e t h e redes , b (ene ) m (e ren t i ) p osuerunt . 2 0 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 72 05 . T ( i tus ) Va l (e r ius ) , T ( i t i ) f P o l ( 1 ) ia ( t r ibu ) , Ma rc i [anus ] , ( na tus ) c a s ( tr is ) , u e t (eranus ) L eg ( ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) e x [ b (ene )f ( ic ia r i o ) c jo (n )s (u lar is ) , m i l iga re ) c oep ( it ) i mp (e r a to re ) [ An ton i ]n (o ) 111 c o (n )s (u le ) , f unct (us ) e [xpedCt ( ione ) O r ien ta l i s ub S t [a t ( io ) P r i ]eco , I u l ( io ) S eue ro , M [a rt ( io ) V e ro ] c ( lar iss im is ) u ( ir is ) , i t em G er m (an ica ) s ub [ Ca l ]pur (n io ) A gr ico la , C l (aud io ) F ron to [n ]e c ( la r is s im is ) u ( ir is ) , m ( is sus ) h (ones ta ) m is s ione i n Dac ia , C e the (go ) e t C la ro c o (n )s (u l ibus ) , s ub C o me 1 ( io ) C lemente c ( la r iss imo ) u ( iro ) , r euers (us ) a t ( s ic) l a res s uos , e t Marc ia B a s i l is s (a ) ma tre d end (ropho ru m ) e nup t (a ) s ib i , V a l (er ia ) L onga s o ro re , p ro s a l (u te ) s ua s uo r (u m )q (ue ) . . . 2 1 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 7501 . T ( itus ) F l (au ius ) , T ( it i ) f( i l ius ) , T ere t in (a ) ( t r ibu ) , Va l (ens? ) , ( na tus ) Amsa t (r i ) , u e t (e r anus ) L eg ( ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) , ( u ix it ) a n (n is ) LXV; Va ler ia F o rtuna t (a ) , u xor e ius , ( u ix it ) a n (n is ) LX e t A lexander , f ra ter , ( u ix it ) a n (n is ) LXIII , Ma rc ia B as i l issa , w i ror e ius , ( u ix i t ) a n (n is ) L . I n l ocu m t i tu lu m p o s uerunt s ib i . 2 2 . I g l i ta — TROES MIS . C IL , I II , 61 84 . C (a ius ) An t is t ius , ( do mo ) Ancy r (a ) , Va le ta s , u e t (eranus ) ] L eg ( ion is ) Mac (edon icae ) , u i [x ( it ) p os t ] m iss ion (em ) a n (nos ) X [ . . men ]ses X I , d ies XV . F [ i l ius . . . ] An t is t ius Z o t [ icus ] , p a tr i b ene me [ rent i ] , e t A t i l ia F o r t [una ]ta p io c on iu [g i e t ] s ib i , f( a c iendu m ) c (urauerunt ) .

2 05

2 3 . I g - TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 74 99 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . P (ub l ius ) A e l [ ius ] Ab i u e t [e r an (ug ) ] L e [g ( ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) ] , [ s ]e u iuo e t c onuge ( s ic) p osu i t . 2 4 . I g l i ta - TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 75 03 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . P ub l ic iae C yr i l lae , d o mo B i thy r ia; u ix it a nn is L . C (a ius ) P u [b l i ]c ius N ige r , [ m i l (e s ) s i ue u e t (e ranus ) ] L eg ( ion is ) V Ma [C (edon icae ) , l i ]ber tae e t c o [n iu ]g i b (ene ) m (eren t i ) p [os (u i t ) ] . 2 5 . . / g / i ta - TROESMIS . SCIV , 2 3 , 1 972 , 1 , p , 4 9 -52 . .C (a ius ) P lanc [ ius ? d o mo F ab ia ] Ancy r [a , . ] t er r ito r [ i i L eg ( ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) .? t e mpf lu m a s o [ lo f e ce runt u e t (eran is ) e t c ( iu ibus ) R (oman is ) c on ]s is ten t i [ bus T roes m i a dc anabas L eg i ( ion is ) V Mac (e d on icae ) ] . 2 6 . G i r l ic iu - C IVS . C IL , I II , 1 2 4 79 . [ Ge n io ] V ic i V er [go ]b r it t ian i . C (a ius ) I u l ius Va les ( s ic) , u e te r (anus ) L eg ( ion is ) V Maced (on icae ) , mag ( is ter ) u ic i , u (o tu m ) s ( o lu i t ) 1 ( ibens ) m (e r i to ) . 2 7 . Adamc l i s i - TROPAEV M TRAIANI . C IL , I II , 1 4 2 14 " . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . C (a ius ) I u l ( ius ) , C (a i i ) f i l ( ius ) , Va lens , ( c en tur io ) L eg ( i on is ) V Mac (edon icae ) , d om (o ) Ama s ia , u ix ( i t ) a n (n is ) L , m i l ( i tau i t ) a n (n is ) X XX . Va ler ( ia ) F ron t ina [ c ]on [ i ]ug i e t [ I ]u l ( ia ) Ha d r iana , I u l ( ius ) I u l ianus , l u l ( 'u s ) V a len t inus f i l i ( i ) , p a tr i p ien t iss imo p osüerun t . 2 8 . S lava Ru sä - L IBIDA . C IL , I II , 1 4 4 43 . . . [Leg ( ion is ) ] V Mac (edon icae ) e t C occce iae ( s ic) Do r ine ( s i c) , c on iug i e ius , An ton ia C r isp ina e t [ A ] lexan [der ] e t . [ f ( il i i ) , p a th e t ma tr i b (ene ) m (eren t ibus ) p (osue run t ) ? ] . 2 9 . S ino ie - V ICVS QVINTIONIS . C IL , I II , 75 24 . [ D ( is ) M (an ibus ) ] . .B rae t ius F auo r , u e t (e ranus ) L eg ( ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) , m i l ( i tau it ) a nn ( is ) XXVI , u ix it a n (n is ) LX . Va l (er ius ) I ngen ius , f i l ius e t h e res , p a tr i p ien t is imo ( s ic) e t F la (u ia ) F ir ma c o ig i ( s ic) b ene meren t i p osue runt . 3 0 . HISTRIA . Da c ia , 2 , 1 925 , p .2 24 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . V 1p ( ius ) L a t inus e x s i g (n i fe ro ) u e t (eranus ) L eg ( ion i s ) V Mac (edon icae ) , u ix it a nn is LX . Au f id ia Au i ta , c o iux ( s ic) e ins , h e res [ p ien t is s ima , b ene m ]eren t i p o su it d e s uo . 3 1 . C ons tan ta - TOMIS ( f ig . 3 ) . SC , 5 , 1 963 , p .3 05 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . P ompe ia S [ab i ]na u ix ( i t ) a n [n ( is ) . . . ] . C (a ius ) Au f( i d ius ) SEN . ,

[ ? u e t (eranus ) ] L eg ( ion is ) V [ Mac (edon icae ), c on i (ug i ) c a r i [ s s im (ae ) ] e t s ib i p [osu it ] . 3 2 . C ons tan ta - TO MIS . C IL , I II , 75 50 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . P (ub l ius ) V a le r ius P aca tus , m i l (e s ) i n L eg ( ione ) V Mac (edon ica ) , b (ene f i c ia r ius ) c o (n )s (u la r is ) d up l ica r ius , u [ ix ( it ) a nn ( is ) . ] . 3 3 . C ons tan ta - TOMIS . C IL , I II , 1 4 4 54 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ). .VS Ru fus , u [et (eranus ) L eg ( ion is ) VM ]ac (edon icae ) , p rob (a tus ) ' r i ( i les ) [ an (n is ) ] . . .I , m i l ( itau it a n (n is ) X . . . , p os ( t ) m is s i one (m ) u [ ix ( i t ) a n (n is ) . ] .

LEGIO X I C LAVDIA 3 4 . Adam c l i s i - TROPAEVM TRAIANI . C IL , I II 1 4 2 14 1.I (ou i ) 0 (p t i mo ) M (ax imo ) , Her (cu l i ) I n [u ic to ] , C e r (e r i ) , L ib (ero ) P a t r ( i ) , p ro s a l (ute ) i mp (era to r is ) C aes (ar is ) T ( it i ) A e l ( i i ) Hadr ( ian i ) An t (on in i ) Aug (us t i ) P ( i i ) e t Au r (e l i i ) C (a )e s (ar is ) l i ber (o ru m )q (ue ) e o (ru m ) . T ( ito ) V i tra s io P o l l ion i , l eg (a to ) Aug (us t i ) p r (o ) p r (ae to re ) , M (a rcus ) S tab ius , M (a rc i ) f i l ( ius ) , F ab ( ia ) ( t r ibu ) , C o lonus , d (omo ) L uca , t r ib (u n us ) m i l ( i tu m ) L eg ( ion is ) X I C l (aud iae ) , d (onu m ) d (a t ) . 3 5 . Ad amc l i s i - TROPAEVM TRAIANI . C IL , I II , 74 83 . D eo I nu ic to , p ro s a lu ( te ) i mp (e ra to r is ) M (a rc i ) An t (on i i ) V er i , Ann iu s S a tu rn inus , ( c en tur io ) L eg ( ion is ) XI C l (au d iae ) , u (o tu m ) s ( o lu it ) 1 ( ibens ) m (er ito ) . 3 6 . Adamc l i s i - TROPAEVM TRAIANI . C IL , I II . 1 4 2 14 6 . [ A ]e l ( io ) An t (on io ) F irmo , d uu mu ira [ l i m ]un ic ( ip i i ) T rop (aeens iu m ) , p a tr i e t A e l iae Qu i [ r ] i l lae s o ro r i , A e l ( ius ) An t (on ius ) S ab inus , d uu mu ir mun ic ( ip i i ) s (u p ra )s (cr ip t i ) , [ e t A ]e l ( ius ) An t (on ius ) A e ter n a l is , s i g [n i f (er ) L ]eg ( ion is ) XI C l (aud iae ) , b (ene ) m (e ren t ibus ) p (osuerunt ) . 3 7 . C on s tan ta - TOMIS . C IL , I II , 7 7 1 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . M (a rco ) Do m i t io C ape to l ino , ( c en t ur io ) L eg ( ion is ) XI C l (aud iae ) p ( iae ) f( i de l is ) , d o mo C ape to l iade ( s ic) ;u ix it a nn is XXXII , f actus ( c en tur io ) u ix it me [ns ibus . ] . 3 8 . S lava Rusä - L IB IDA ( f ig . 4 ) . SCIV A , 2 7 , 1 976 , 4 , p .5 33 . [ . .V ]a l (er ius ) Va len s , m i le [s ] L (eg ion is ) XI C la (ud iae ) , m i l ( i tau i t ) a nn [ i s ] II , u ix ( i t ) a nn ( is ) XXII; [ f i l ] io b (ene ) m (e ren t i ) p (osu i t ) . 3 9 . HISTRIA . AR MSI , s . 2 , t .3 8 , 1 9 16 , 6 65 -666 . [ D ( is ) M (an ibus ) ] . M (arcus ) V e t t ius F e l ix , e x d ec (ur ione ) a l (a )e , u ix it a nn ( is ) LX : e t Au re l iae F aus t ine ( s ic) c o iug i ( s ic)

p .

2 06

e ius , V 1p ( ius ) F e l ix , s t ra to r c o (n )s (u lar is ) L eg ( ion is ) XI C l (aud iae ) , f i l ius , [ pa t ]r i e t ma tr i b ene [ me ren ] t i , p os ( t ) o b i t [u m e oru ]m p osu it . [ S i t ] t ib i t e r [ra ] l eue s ( s ic) . [ Aue u ] ia to r e t [ ua le ] . 4 0 . R imn ic — V ICVS V . . . ( f ig . 5 ) . A R MSI , s . 2 , t .3 5 , 1 9 13 , p .5 23 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . Ae l ( i i ) I ngenu i b (ene ) f ( ic ia r i i ) c o (n )s (u lar is ) L eg ( ion is ) XI C l (aud iae ) ;u ix it a n (n is ) X [L ] . V lp ia Ma trona c on iug [ i b e ]ne me ren t i f e c it . Va [ le ] u ia t (o r ) . 4 1 . H inog — AXIOPOLIS . C IL , I II , 1 4 4 39 . D ( is ) M (en ibus ) . C (a ius ) Va ler ( ius ) G ermanus u ix ( it ) a n (n is ) LXXVIII; C (a ius ) Va l (er ius ) Va lens , b (ene )f ( i c ia r iu s ) l eg (a t i ) L eg ( ion is ) XI C l (aud iae ) , f i l ius , p a tr i b (ene ) m (e ren t i ) p (osu it ) . Haue ( s i c) . 4 2 . I sa c c ea — NOVIODVNVM . SC .5I , 4 , 1 953 , 1-2 , p . 4 70 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . P (ub l io ) Ae l ( io ) C e lso u e ( te rano ) e t F l (au iae ) A lexan d rae c on iug i e t P (ub l io ) A lexan [dro . . . ] e t I u l ( iae ) I anua r iae c o (n iug i ) e ius , I u l ius Va lens e x s i g (n i fero ) L eg ( ion is ) XI C l (aud iae ) , p a ren t ibus b (ene ) m (eren t ibus ) p (osu i t ) . 4 3 . Adamc l is i — TROPAEVM TRAIANI . C IL , I II , 1 3 7 36 . [ ? e x e xcep ] to re c o (n )s (u la r i s ) L eg ( ion is ) X I C l [a ]u [d i ]a (e ) e t A e l iae Den t [ ilae? . S i q u i ]s [ uo ]u lue r i t a [ l i ]us h ic p o [ne re ] u e l [ i ]n t e rr i s me is d a [ r ]e d ebeb it . . . . 4 4 . C ons tan ta — TOM IS . C IL , I II , 75 54 . VNL u e te r [a ]nus L eg iones ( s ic) [X ]I C laud ia ( s ic) p ia (e ) [ f i ]del i [s ]u ix it a n [n i ]s X XXXVI . Aude l l ius S ab inus h [e r ]e s , Au r e l io S a [b ino . . . ] . 4 5 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS ( gd s i tä i n s a tu l La z u) . BC MI , 9 , 1 9 14 , p . 7 3 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . C (a io ) Nu mer io V a l (ent i ) , m i l ( i t i ) [ L ]eg ( ion is ) XI C l (aud iae ) , e t C (a io ) [ D ]om i t io , L (uc ius ) S ex t i l ius Fuscus , ( c entur io ) C oh (o r t is ) I Th r (acu m ) ,h e (res ) .b (ene ) m (eren t ibus )p (osn i t ) . 4 6 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS . SC , 8 , 1 966 , p .2 23 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) e t P erpe tuae S ecur ia ta t is ( s ic) h ic . . . V IS . ER e st s e mper q uem d e q uerente m ( s ic) q ues tus ( s ic) [ a ]dque ( s ic) q uo b reu i- l e ctu . [ C l ]aud ius n om ine q ue m [ i n f lo r ]en tem p o suerunt p a ren tes p ren [o ] men ( s ic) A ure l ( ius ) n omenque C lau d iu [ s ] h abeba t , u e te ranus q u ide m L eg ( ion is ) XI C l (aud iae ) c er tus o c t iens s i c d ec ie (n )s , s ub i to f a ta r apue run t t enebr is e t l i [c ]e t s ine l i be ros a lu mnos h e redes r em is i e t modo p os t o b [ i t ]u m r eddo meae u i t is ( s ic) r a t ionem . Nunc o pto u t h ic l apes ( s ic) a e terna m s ed2 • 1:

q u iesca t e t me s a luu m . V SET . He re s Hermes p a tron ( ) t i tu lu m p osu it h onorandu m s epu lcro . LEGIO I I TAL ICA 4 7 . I sa cc ea — NOVIODVNVM ?( f ig . 7 ) . MCA 2 , 1 956 , p . 6 05 , n r . 1 00 . He rcu l i I nu icto Om (n ipo tent i? ) , u (o tu m ) 1 ( ibens ) s (o lu it ) C (a i us ) I u l ius F ab ius , o p t io L eg ( ion is ) II ta l ica , ( s ic) , ( c en tu r ia ) C a r is i C lement is . 4 8 . I sa c c ea — NOVIODVNV M . Da c ia , 9-10 , 1 941 -1944 ,p . 4 73 . .Rom [anus ] , m i les L eg ( io n is ) II ta l ( icae ) u o tu (m ) s ou it ( s ic) l i b (ens ) m (e r ito ) . 4 9 . Adamc l i s i — TROPAE VM TRAIANI . C IL , I II , 1 2 4 68 . I n h on (o rem ) d (omus ) d ( iu i n ae ) , S o l i I nu icto s acru m . Q (u in tus ) L uc i l ius P isc inus , ( c entur io ) L eg ( ion is ) I I ta l ( icae ) , u (o tu m ) s ( o lu i t ) 1 ( ibens ) m (er i to ) . 5 0 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 61 76 . T ib (er io ) C l (aud io ) P ompe iano c ( lar is s imo ) u ( iro ) , b is c onsu l i , C (a ius ) Va l (er ius ) F i r mus , ( c entur io ) L eg ( ion is ) II ta l ( icae ) . . . . 5 1 . Barbe i — D INOGETLA ( ? ) , C IL , I II , 75 14 . P ro s a lute e t u ic to r ia e t c onco rd ia M (a rc i ) Aure l i i An ton in i e t L (uc i i ) Aur (e l i i ) V er i i mp (era to res ) , C o rne l ius F ir mus ( c en tu r i o ) L eg ( ion is ) I I ta l ( icae ) a ra m p osu i t . 5 2 . HISTRIA . A R MSI , s .2 ,t .3 8 , 1 9 16 ,p . 6 69 . A e l ( ius ) V ic to r , b (ene )f ( ic iar ius ) c o (n )s (u lar is ) L [eg ( ion is ) I ] I ta l i (cae ) , u ix i t a nn is X [XX XVIII ] , m i l ( i tau i t ) a nn is XVIII . A e ( l ius ) S e [uer i ]anus , d (ecur io ) m (un ic ip i i ) Duros ter i , [ f ra ]tr i d u lc is s imo p osu i [ t ] . A l A io; B i l cuop , I keve),(u cu ip io;) 6 naTu co l i A cy[ i]6 ivo; n p c ing; ' I raau ce , g r i c re [ Ow » I ' , impar e6oaro Z v i t q ' . A r Aun l eow ip tav6 , ; Boo d l . evre[ ; ;J [ z Ioupjoaropla i cov , i ukA96 ) Aüt i cv Täi T (0 G iVial IKE .

5 3 . CAPIDAVA . C IL , 1 11 ,14 2 14" . D ( i s ) M (a n ibus ) . Ant (on io ) F lo ro , b (ene ) f ( ic ia r io ) c o (n )s (u la r is ) ; m i l ( i tau i t ) a nn ( is ) XX III , u ix it a nn ( is ) XL . An t (on ius ) F lo r ianus , o p t io L eg ( ion is ) I I ta l ( icae ) , f ra ter , p o su it . 5 4 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS ( f ig . 6 ) . SCIV , 1 4 , 1 963 , 1 , p .9 7 , n r . 1 5 . [ V ] lp ius Ho r ten s ius u ix ( i t ) a n (n is ) XX e t V lp ius Ba l imber u ix ( i t ) a n (n is ) XVIII . C , occe ia Ho r tens ia , C , occe i Ho r tens i ( c entur ion is ) L eg ( ion is ) X I C l (aud iae ) f i l ( ia ) , V lp i B a l im [ber is ] p r inc ip is L [eg ( ion is ) I ] I ta l ic (ae ) u xo r , f i l i ( i )s p i is [ s im is ] f e c [ i t ] . 5 5 . / k / i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 61 85 . L (uc io ) Anton io , L (uc i ) f i l ( ius ) , A rnens i ( t r ibu ) , F e l ic i , ( na tus ) Ka r thag ine , ( c entur ion i ) L e g ( ion is ) II Aug (us tae ) , ( c en tur ion i ) L eg ( ion is )

2 07

X G em ( inae ) , ( c entur ion i ) L eg ( ion is ) II ta 1 ( icae ); u ix it a nn is LVIIII . D id ia Marce l l ina c on iux c u m An ton is Marce l l ina e t D id iano , f i l i ( i )s e t h er (ed ibus ) , b (ene ) m (erent i ) f acere c u raue run t . LEGIO X III GEMINA 5 6 . T a i ga ( Tu l cea ) . C IL , I II , 61 61 . D iane ( s ic) a e t [er ]nae , p ro s a lute i mpera to [ r is d o m in i n o s tr i M (a rc i ) ] Aure l i An [ t ]o [n i ]n [ i ] P i i f el ic is [ Aug (us t i ) ] , F l (au ius ) Anton ius [ R ]o manus , b (ene )f ( ic ia r ius ) c o (n )s (u lar is ) L e g ( ion is ) X I [ II ] G em ( inae ) [ An to ]n in i [a ]ne ( s ic) , i mp (e ra to re ) d (om ino ) n (o s tro ) An t [o ] n ino e t Adue [n ] to I c o (n )s (u l ibus ) . 5 7 . Adamc l is i — TROPAEVM TRA IANI . C IL , I II , 1 4 2 14 8 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . L (uc ius ) A em i l ius S eue rus , ( c entur io ) L eg ( ion is ) X III G em ine ( s ic) , u ix it a nn is LVIII . A e l ( ia ) Ma rce l l ina c on iux e t A em ( i l ius ) Mode s tus e t Em i l ius ( s i c) P rocu lus e t A em il ius S euerus f i l i ( i ) e t h e rede s , p a tr i b (ene ) m (erent i ) p (osue r un t ) . 5 8 . C ons tan ga — TOMIS ( gd s i td i n s a tu l C um p dna) . C IL , I II , 1 2 4 97 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . Q (u in to ) B aeb io P rocu lo , u e t (erano ) L eg ( io n is ) X III G (em inae ); u ix ( it ) a n (n is ) LX . G e rm in ia Va len t ina c on ( iug i ) b (ene ) m (erent i ) p (osu i t ) . 5 9 . C ons tan ga — TOMIS . C IL , I II , 75 45 . C (a ius ) An ton ius F ronto , u e te (ranus ) L eg ( io n is ) X III G em ( inae ) e x b (ene f ic iar io ) c o (n )s (u l a r is ) , l ucu m e t s epu lchru m u iuus s ib i e t s u is e xo rnau i t . S a lue . ' Ay :v i m; •p c iw rwv , o t i er(ep c ivog) A ey t(e lyo;) l y ' d e l u in t ik , r d a dv J eväpov K a i r d g y r ip lov Z o iv i a mb K a i r ot ; i ö Io iç g l ipr zg ev .

F u l (m ina tae ) , C (a ius ) I u l ius , l i ber (tus ) An to n in i , o p ( s i c) p ie ta te f ace re c urau it .

LEGIO I I OVIA 6 2 . Mahmud ia — SALSOVIA . C onvorb ir i l i t e rar e , 3 9 , 1 905 , p .5 65 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . T ( i to ) F l (au io ) F aust i [no ]; u ix i ( it ) a n (n is ) LX X ; Va l (e r io ) V ic to r ( i ) ; u ix ( it ) a n (n is ) LX XV; F l (au ius ) F es tus ( c en tur io ) L eg ( ion is ) I ( I ou iae ) p a tr i S . . . . 6 3 . T u l c ea — AEGYSSVS ( f ig . 2 5) . S CIV , 1 , 1 950 , 2 , p .1 76 -178 . . e qu it is u ix i l la . t ( io n is ) ( s ic) E g isse s is (s ic) . Va l ( ler ius ) P ro c lus , m i le s L eg ( ion is ) II ou ie ( s ic) ,p ro p aren t ib (us ) e x p re lep to ( s i c) D ec i p repo s it i ( s ic) .

LEGIO I HERCVLIA 6 4 . I g l i ga — TROESMIS . G IL , I II , 61 94 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . Va l (er io ) Th iu mpo , q u i m i l i tau it i n L eg ( ione ) XI C l (aud ia ) , l e c tus i n s acro c om i t (a tu ) l anc iar ius ; d e inde p ro t ex i t a nn is V ; m i ssus ; p re f (ctus ) ( s ic) L eg ( io n is ) I Hercu l ( iae ) [ e ]g it a nn ( is ) I s em ise ( s ic) e td ece s s it; u ix i ta nn ( is ) XX X XV , m (en s ibus ) II , d ( iebus ) XI . Au re l . . .. 6 5 . Muza i t — SACIDAVA ( f ig . 2 6) . S C , 5 , 1 963 p .3 05-306 . . VAERN VM a dque ( s ic) . d igne l o cutus m il i t ia ( s ic) c o lu i L eg ion is I , L eg ( ion is ) V II , Va ler ius One s im (a ) , c entur io , q u i u ix it a nnos q u inquag inta e t m ise sse ( s i c) II; Va ler ia Marce l l ina c on i ux p ien t iss ima s uper i am c um f i l ibus ( s i c) s uuos ( s ic) h uc ( s ic) t i tu lu m p osue runt . Aue te u ia [ t ] o re [ s ] .

LEGIO V II CLAVDIA

LEGIONES I NCERTAE

6 0 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS . C IL , I II , 1 2 1 98 . T ( itus ) Va le r ius , T ( it i ) f ( il ius ) , C o l l ina ( t r ibu ) , G er manus , ( na tus ) P es sennunto , i m mag in i f ( er ) ( s ic) L eg ( ion is ) V II C ( laud iae ) p ( iae ) f ( ide l is ) , d on is d on (a tus ) , u ix it a n (n is ) LVII . H ( ic ) s ( itus ) e ( s t ) . Heredes T ( itus ) Va ler ius [ I ]u l ia [n ]us e t L (uc ius ) Va ler ius [ G ]e [ r ]m [an ]us e t Va le r ia G er mana e t C [ 1 (aud ia ) I ]u l ia , c on m n [x ] b (ene ) [ m ]e (ren t i ) f ( ecerun t ) . LEGIO XII FVLMINATA 6 1 . I g l i la — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 61 91 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . [ Iu ] l iae V rb i [cae ,f ] i l iae [ C (a i i ) I u l i i ] An ton in i , ( c en tur ion is ) L eg ( ion is ) X II

6 6 . C ons tan la — TOMIS ( gds i td i n s a tu i C um p äna) . C IL , I II , 75 44 . D( i s ) M(an ibus ). A em i l io , l i b r (ar io ) l eg ( ion is ) , q u i m i l i tau it a n [nos . . . ] , men (se s ) III , d ie s XV , [ u ix i t a n n (os ) XVIII , m (ense s ) V III , [ d ies . . . ] , A em i l i us 6 7 a . Pan t e l i tnon — VLMETVM . A R MSI ,s . 2 , t .3 6 , 1 9 14 , p .3 90 . Impe r [an ]te d om [ ino ] n o s tro S eue ro [ A ] lex [and ]r [o ] c o (n ) [s (u le ) ] II [ e t ] C [a ]s s i [o ] D ione I c o (n )s (u le ) , I ug ius ] V i ta le [s ] , ( c en tur io ) l eg ( ion is ) , e x p recep to ( s ic) u ( ir i ) c ( lar iss im i ) Man tenn i S eb in [ i ] , c o (n )s (u lar is ) n (o s tr i ) , t [ er m ( inos ) ] f i cx i [ t ] ) .

2 08

6 7 b . CAPIDAVA . SCIV , 8 ,1 957 , p .3 18 . Im p era [n ]te d om i [ on (o s tro ) ] S euero [ A le jx [an ] d ro , c [o (n )s (u l e )] II e t C as [ s io ] D ion (e ) I c o (n )s (r i le ) , I u l ( ius ) V i t [a les ) , ( c entur io ) l eg io n is ) , e x [ praec (ep to ) ] u ( ir i ) c ( lar is s im i ) Mant[ enn i ] ,c o( n )s (u la r is )n (os tr i ), t[ e rm ( i nos ) ]f i x[ i t ] . 6 8 .

T igan ca (Tu l c ea) ( f ig . 3 3) . N MES M , 1 79 , n r . 1 . D ianae s acru m , ; p ro s a lu te M(a rc i ) C a toon i ( s i c) V ind ic is , l eg (a t i ) Aug (us t i ) p r (o ) p r (ae to re ) , Q (u in tus ) Va ler ius A t im [ i ] a nus , b (ene ) f( i c ia r ius ) c o (n )s (u la r is ) , e x u o [ to ] p osu it .

p .

VEXILLAT IONES

c ( ru m ) .

V ex i l ( lat io )

M (oes icae )

e t

V

T ropa [e ] i ( agens ) , d e st i

( c entur ion is )

L eg ( ion is )

6 9 . Ada tn c l is i — TROPAE VM TRAIANI . C IL , I II , 1 4 4 33 . N ep t (uno ) Aug (us to ) s a -

D (ac iCae )

s ub c ura m Ep t id i ( i ) . Mo L eg ( ion is )

V

Mac (edo -

n icae ) e t Va le r i ( i ) C lement is ( c entur ion is ) L e g ( ion is ) II ta l ( icae ) , u (o tu m )

s (o lu it ) 1 ( ibens )

m( e ri t o ) . 7 0 . Ada en c l is i C IL , I II ,

—

TROPAEV M

TRAIANI ,

1 4 2 14 3. . [Vex i l ( la t io ) ] L eg ( ion is )

V Mac (edon icae ) [ e t ] L eg ( ion is ) I I ta l ( icae ) , [ s ub c uram ] . . . e t O rf io

LEGIONVM

I I ta l ( ica ,e )

Ma (cedon icae )

S ab ( ino ) ,

e uoc (a to )

L eg ( ion is ) V Mac (edon icae ) , u (otu m ) s (o lu it ) 1 ( ibens ) m(er ito ) .

AV XILI A ALAE 7 1 . C on s tan ta — TOMIS . AA , 1 9 , 1 9 14 , c o l . 4 37-438 . T i (ber ius ) C laud ius , A r ren t i f( i l ius ) , Qu ir ( ina ) ( t r ibu ) , S a tu rn inus , d up l ic (a r ius ) u e t (e ranus ) A lae A stur (u m ) , u ix it a n (n is ) LX IIII , m i l ( itau i t ) a n (n is ) X X XII . Vxo r e t l ibe r i f( a c iendu m ) c (uraue run t ) . H ( ic ) s ( itus ). e (s t ) . 7 2 . C on s tan ta — TOMIS . C IL , I II , 61 54 . L (uc io ) Ann io , L (uc i i ) f( i l io ) , Qu ir ( i na ) ( t r ibu ) , I ta i ico Hono ra to , c o (n )s (u la r i ) , s oda l [ i ] Ha d r iana l i , l eg (a to ) A ug (us t i ) p r (o ) p r (ae to re ) p rou ( inc iae ) Moe s ( iae ) I n f( e r ior is ) , c ur ( a to r i ) , o per ( um ) p ub ( l icorum ) , c u r( a to r i ) Nea ,p (o l is ) e t A tel (ae ) , . .p rae f( e ct (o ) a er (a r i i ) m i l i t (ar is ) , l eg (a to ) L eg ( ion is ) X III G em ( inae ) , i u r id ( ico ) p e r F l (am in iam ) e t Vmb r iam , c u r( a tor i ) u iae L au ic (ana ,e ) e t L a t ( inae ) u e te r( i s ) , p rae to r i q u i i us d ix it i n te [ r ] c iu [ is ] e t c iu is e t p ereg (r inos ) , t r ib (uno ) p ( leb is ) , q (uae s to r i ) p rou ( inc iae ) A cha iae , s eu ir (o ) t u r ma r (u m ) e qu (es tr ium ) , 111 u ir ( o ) u iar (u m ) c uranda ru m , F l (au ius ) S euer ianus , d ec (ur io ) A lae IA tec to ru m S eue r ianae , c and ida tus e ius . 7 3 . C o sn tan ta — TOMIS ( f ig .) SCIV , 1 4 , 1 963 , 1 , p .9 0 , n r . 1 0 . ' A x e rem . "Hp co t Mav i lk iC c o s , DIäär toc [ A]no l i c t iv to E napxo; i n rc c ov ( s ic) i , 14; r ar covAd iv z o 3v e v ' Apa f l ia( t) ax e . 7 4 .

C ons tan ta — TOMIS . C IL , I II , 75 57 . A lae I F l (au iae ) P o s ido [n ius ] . . .[p ien ]t is s im [o ] . . . 7 5 . H f r sova — CARSIV M ( f ig . 2 1) . AR MS' , s . 2 , t .3 5 , 1 913 , p .4 88 . Imp (e ra to re ) Ne rua

[ T ra iano Augus to G erman ico ] Dac ico p o [nt ( i l i ce ) max ( imo ) , t r ( ibun ic iae ) p o t (es ta t is ) V II , i mp (era to re ) 111 , c o (n )s (u le ) V , p (a tre ) p (a tr iae ) , s ub ] Q (u in to ) F ab io [ Pos tu m ino l eg (a to ) Augus t i p r (o ) p r (ae to re ) ] , A la [ I I H ispan (o ru m ) e t A rauaco ru m ] . 7 6 . H i mva — CARSIVM . CIL , I II , 7603 . Imp (era to r ) C [aes (a r ) L (uc ius ) S ep ]t im iu [s S eue rus ] P ( ius ) P e rt [ inax Aug (us tus ) ] , A ra b ( icus ) [ Ad iab (en icus ) ] P a rt (h icus ) M (ax imus ) , [ co (n )s (u 1 ) I , t r ( ibun ic ia ) p o ]te s ( ta te ) V II [I , i mp (era to r ) XI ] , p on t ( i fex ) [ max ( i mus ) , p roco (n )s (ul ] , p (a ter ) p (a tr iae ) , e t i mp (e r a to r ) C aes (a r ) M (arcus ) Aure l ( ius ) Anton inus Aug (us tus ) , t r ib (un ic ia ) p o t (e sta te ) H , e t L (uc ius ) S ep t im ius C ae s (a r ) Aug (us tus ) r es t i tuerunt p er C (a iu m ) Ou in iu m T e r tu l lu m , l eg (a tu m ) Aug (us t i ) p r (o ) p r (ae to re ); A la I A rau [aco ru m . . . ] . 7 7 . Md c in — ARRVBIV M . C IL , I II , . 62 18 . u ix it a n [n ( is ) . . . ] . C (a ius ) J u l ius P r [ imus?] , d ec (ur io ) A lae I A r [auacoru m ]e tC (a ius ) I u l ius P r imu [ s ] , b (ene ) f( i c ia r ius ) p roc (on su l i s ) , p a tr i b ene merent i p osuerun t . 7 8 . HISTRIA . AR MSI , s . 2 , t . . 3 8 , 1 9 16 , p .6 76 . [ . . it ] a n [n ( is ) . . . ] X . [ T i t ] in ius S eue r inus , s escup l ic ia r ius ( s i c) A les .( s ic) I A rabaco ru m , e t T it in ius I amua r is ( s ic) , f i l i ( i ) , t i tu l i ( s ic) p osuerunt . Aue u ia to re tu a le . 7 9 . G i r l ic iu — C IVS ( f ig . 1) . SCI V , 2 , 1 95 1, 1 28 -129 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . [ C (a ius ) Ta le r ius He r ]cu lanus , u e t (e ranus ) e x s ta fo re [ p rae fe ]C t i A lae I A rauaco r [u m u ix ( it ) .a nn ( is )

p .

2 09

LX ? ]X ; n a tus u ico Ram id [ i i? m i l i tau i t ] a nn ( is ) XXVI . C (a ia ) Va ler ia c [on iux c a r is s ima u ix i t ] a nn ( is ) LX , n a ta l oco e [ode m . . . ] , a b e o i n c onub io a nn ( is ) [ . .C (a ius ) V a l (er ius ) . . ]S e t C (a ius ) Va l (er ius ) Va len t in [us . . . f i l i i p a r (en t ibus ) b (ene ) m (e rent ibus ) f ( ac iendu m ) c (uraue runt ) ? ] . 8 0 . CAPIDAVA ( f ig . 3 2) . C ap idava , p .9 1 , n r . 1 3 . [ I (ou i ) 0 (p t imo ) ] M (a ix mo ) e t [ Iun ]on i R eg ( inä ,e ) e t p ro s a lu t i ( s ic) i mperamt to re ( s ic) Ro ( man i ) Aug (us t i ) Anton in i e t L uc i V er i p eosu it ( s i c) A e l i (us ) L ong inus , u e tranus ( s ic) A la (e ) I A rauac (o ru m ) , p ro s e n (a t is q ue ) u (o tu m ) s u (scep tu m ) l i bes ( s ic) [ s (o lu it ) ] . 8 1 . HISTRIA . A R MSI , s . 2 , t . 3 8 , 1 9 16 , p .6 79 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . Aur ( e l ius ) F ir mus , u e te ranus e x d ec (ur ione ) A l (ae ) I A rabaco ru m , u ix it a nn is L . Aur (e l ia ) V e t t ia , c o iux ( s ic) , e t Aur (e l ia ) F ir m ina , f i l ia , b ene me [ r ]en t i ma r i to e t p a tr i p osue runt . Aue u ia to [r ] e t u a le . 8 2 . C on s tan ta — TOMIS . C IL , I II , 1 42 14 2 9 . [ . .u ix it a nn i ]s LX XX . . .[? f i ] l io , u ix it [ an (n is ) ] . .E ma t [ r i e t S ecu ]nd in i [ae s o ror i? ] L upus , [ ue t (e ranus ) A lae ] I A ra [uaco ru m ] e tT h i [u m p us I ra t ]e r e ius , [ p ient is s ] im is [ po sue ]run t . 8 3 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS . C IL , I II , 1 4 4 53 . T ( i to ) F lau io C ap iton i , d ec (u r ion i ) u et (e rano ) A lae P annon io ru m , d on is d ona to a b i mp (e ra t o re ) V e spa s iano o b u ir tute m , T ( i tus ) F lau ius C as tus 1 i i ius f ( ac iendu m ) c (urau it ) . 8 4 . Md c in — ARRVBIVM . C IL , I II , 75 12 . P ro s a l [ute i mp (era to r is ) . j , T ( i tus ) F l (m ius ) Apo l l inar is , p rae f (ec tus ) A lae IDa rdan (o ru m ) , q u i e t d o mu m a s o lo [ su ] mp t ib (us ) s ius f e c i t [ ad ]uen tant ibus [ c ]o l leg is f e l ic i ter .

a la e x s ing (u la r i ) , u ix it a nn is LXV . I u l ia Mansue t (a ) ma r i t (o ) b (ene ) m (e rent i ) p osu i t . 8 8 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS . C IL , I II , 7 70 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . M (a rcus ) V lp ius L ong inus , e x d ec (ur ione ) u e t (eranus ) , b u l (eu ta ) To m i ta n (o ru m ) , s e u iuo s ib i e t V lp iae Aqu i l inae c on i uc i ( s ic) s uae , memo r iam f e c it i n p raed io s uo . 8 9 . HISTR IA . SC , 8 , 1 966 , p . 5 2 . D ( is ) H (ero ibusque ? )I ( n fer is ) M (an ibus ) . C a mpanus . e x d ecur ion [ e ] . . . u ix it a n (n ) is A sho le s c o [n iug i b ene ] m eren t i p o [ su it ] . Auete s s u p er i ? ] .

C OHORTES 9 0 . C e ta t ea — CA S TELLVM C ILIC VM ( f ig . 2 3) . A UB , 1 956 , p .5 0 -57 . Ter m in ( i ) p os ( i t i ) t ( er r i to r i i ) c ( iu i ta t is ) Ausdec (ens ium ) a duer (sus ) Dac (os ) , s ecund (u m ) c ( iu ita t is ) a ct (a ) ;C (a ius ) V exa rus t ( e rm inau it ) o pus . H ( inc ) e xcessen t Dac ( i ) , t erm ( in i ) t (err ito r i i ) c ( iu i ta t is ) o b l i [g (a t i ) ] s int . M [e s ]sa l ( la ) P [ ie? ] r o r t e rm ( inos ) [ p ]o s (u it ) t ( e rr i tor r i i ) , i us su He lu ( i i ) P er [ t i ]nac i s c o (n )s (u lar is ) n (os tr i ) , p e r An tern iu m A n [ to ]n inu m , t r ib (unu m ) C o h (o r t is ) I C i l ic (u m ) . 9 1 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS ( f ig . 2 4) . M CA , 2 , 1 956 , p .5 82 , n r . 5 1 . .Co rne ( l ius ) Va lent inus , m i les C o (ho )r (t is ) I C i l ( icu m ) Ph i l ipp i (anae ) , f i l ( ius ) C o rne ( l i i ) Va len t in i , e x u o to p osu i [ t ] . 9 2 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS ( f ig . 1 2) . M CA , 2 , 1 956 , p .5 83 , n r . 5 2 , D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . C lau d ie ( s ic) Ma trona u ix it a nn is XXXV . Va le (n )s , e ques u ex i l ( la r ius ) C oh (o rt is ) I C i l ( icum ) e t Va l . .

8 5 . Mdc in — ARRVBIV M ( i n a p rop ie re ) . BC MI , 8 , 1 9 15 , p . 4 1 . Nu m in i L ibe r is ( s ic) P a tr is , M (arcus ) Ant i s t ius C aec ina , e c f (ues ) A lae I Da rdan (o ru m ) An ton in ianae , e x u iso p osu i t .

9 3 . C o -ns tan ta — TOMIS . C IL , I II , 75 48 . Ma r ius C e isus , m i les C (o )h (o )r ( t is ) V II Ga l l (o ru m ) u ix i t a nnos XXXX , m i l itau i t a nnos XXIII . T i tu lu m p ossue runt ( s ic) l i b er t i u iuo Ma r ius Merqu r ius e t Mar ia C a le e t Mar ius T a ra .

8 6 . I g l i ta — TROESMIS . C IL , I II , 75 04 . M (a rco ) V 1p ( io ) Ma rc iano , u e t (erano ) e x s ( in g u la r i ) c (onsu la r is ) A ( la e ) I D (a rdanoru m ) , p ont i f ( ic i ) , I u iro , q (u in )q (uenna l i ) m (un i c ip i i ) T r (oe smens iu m ) , Ma rc i i ( s i c ) Ant i s t ius Ru fus , p ont ( i )f (ex ) , e t An t is t ius Dom i t ius , a ed ( i l is ) , q (uae s to r ) , f ra tres , o (op t i mo ) u ( iro ) .

9 4 . Mu za i t — SACIDAVA ( f ig . 1 7) . F on t i ca , 7 , 1 974 , p .2 62 . D ( is ) [ M (an ibus ) ] . M(a r c us ) Va [ 1 (er ius ) . . . ] , u e t (eranus ) C [oh (ort is ) . . . ] Ga l ( lo ru m ) , [ u ix ( i t ) a nn ( is ) ] LX X . [ M (arcus ) Va l (er ius ? . . ] , l i b (er tus ) [ e t h e re s ] e x •t [e s t (a mento ) f ( ac iendum ) c (urau it ) ] . H ( ic ) [ s ( i tus )

8 7 . G f r l i c iu — C IVS . C IL , I II , 74 95 . D ( is ) M (a .n ibus ) . I u l ( ius ) Va lens , u e t (eranus ) e x

9 5 . CAP IDAVA . C ap idava , Q . 1 02 , n r . 2 4 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) s ( acru m ) . F ab r ic ia Q (u int )

2 10

f( i l ia ) S a turn ina p ( i )a u ix ( it ) a nn ( is ) X XI . C (a ius ) Muna t ius V enus tus , p rae f (ectus ) C oh (o rt is ) IG er (mano ru m ) , c on iug i p i iss imae p os (u it ) .

1 02 . C on s tan ta — TOMIS ( f ig . 1 3) . AA , 1 9 , 1 9 14 , c o l . 4 33 . M (arco ) I u l io T ertu l lo , u e t (era n o ) C oh (o rt is ) IC o m mag (eno ru m ) , M i tr idates , m i l (es ) c oh (o r t is ) e ius (dem ) , e t B a ra les b (ene ) m( e ren t i ) f( a c iendu m ) c (u raue runt ) .

9 6 . CAP IDAVA ( f ig . 1 4) . C ap idava , p .9 4 , n r . 1 7 . I (ou i ) 0 (opt imo ) M (ax i mo ) , F o rtunae Reduc i , s i gn is C oh (o rt is ) I G er (manoru m ) , L (uc ius ) A t i l ius , L (uc i i ) f( i l ius ) , Qu ir ( ina ) ( t r ibu ) .

C LASSIS 1 03 . HISTRIA . Dac ia , 2 , 1 925 , p . 2 21 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . [ L (uc io ) A e l io? ] S euer ino [ t r iera ]rcho C l (ass is ) F l (au iae ) Moes ( icae ) u ix it a n [n is . ] . C laud ia S a [b ina c ]on iux me [mo r ia m c ]u m s arco (phago ) [ ma r i ]to b ene me [ ren t i ] e t s ib i f e [c i t ] .

9 7 . G i r / ic iu — C IVS . C IL , I II , 1 2 4 80 . D is Man ( ibus ) . M (a rco ) V 1p ( io ) Dom it io Anth io , u e t (e rano ) C oh (o r t is ) L us it (ano ru m ) e x p (o l io n e? ) , m i l ( itau i t ) a nn is XXV . II , u ix it a n (n is ) LX XX . II . I u l ia c on iux p o [ su i ]t mar [ i to b ene me r (en t i ) ] .

1 04 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS . C IL , I II , 75 52 . .Va l (e r ius ) Va lens , u e t (eranus ) [ C la (ss is ) ] F l (au iae ) Moes i (ca )e , me [r no r ( iam ) f ec ( i ) u i ] iuo meo m i (h i ) e t. . . ME c on iug i mreae , r iv Av i cv ]r t ir t iv c r i 5v 1hov . [ -0 ; ä v i b ilo ]V T W

9 8 . Adamc l is i — TROPAEVM TRA IANI . CIL , I II , 1 4 21 49.D ( is ) [ M (an ibus ) . C (a ius ) ] A rt (or ius ) S a tu r (n inus ) , S isc ( ia ) , e x d (e cu r io n e ) u e t (eranus ) C (o )ho (r t is ) I Lus ( i tano r um ) , u ix ( it ) a n (n is ) XLV , m i l ( itau it ) a n (n is ) X XV . H ( ic ) s ( i tus ) e ( s t ) . C (a ius ) A r to ( r ius ) e t Rosc ia S a tu r (n ina ) e t A rt (o r ius ) S a tu r (n i n us ) f ( i l i i ) , p (a tr i ) p ( ien t is s imo ) p o suer (unt ) .

G IVIi0I 11

V C[ K OV

1

( sic )

Te»

( o la P c c o s «m e ta) . . . 1 05 . I sa c c ea — NOVIODVNV M . RI R , 1 6 , 1 946 , 1 3 . Dom ino e t Dom inae 1 ( ibens ) a (n in mo ) p osu it L iburna a r ma ta , ( c entur ia ) Q (u int i )

p .

9 9 . C o t z s tan ta — TOMIS ( f ig . 1 5) . M CA , 2 , 1 956 , p . 579 , n r . 4 7 . Q (u intus ) Al id ius C e l er , u e ter (anus ) C oh (o r t is ) I Lus itano r (u m ) , m i l itau i t a nn i s XXVI , u ix it a nn ( is ) L . Q (u in t us ) A l l id ius P o t i tus p a trono b ene me r ito p osu i t .

I u l ( i i ) He l iodo r i . 1 06 . H inog — AXIOPOLIS . C IL , I II , 74 85 . [ I ]u l iae Domnae Au [g (us tae ) m ]a t r i c a [ s -

1 00 . CAPIDAVA ( f ig . 1 6) . C ap i tava , p .7 4 n r . 1 . D is M (an ibus ) . M(a rcus ) C occe ius V it h is u e t (e ranus ) C o [h (o rt is ) I ] Vb io ( ru m ) , s ig (n i fe r ) , u ix ( i t ) a nn ( is ) LXX , m i l i ( ta iut ) a nn ( i s ) X XVIII . C laud ia c on iunx ( s ic) e t C occe ius Ve tur ius e t C occe ius Nardus f( i l i i ) h (erades ) f( a c iendu m ) c (urauerunt ) . M(arcus ) C oce ius ( s ic) T i t io p i ( i )s (s imo ) p a r( en t i ) f (ac iendu m ) c (u rau i t ) .

t ] ro ru m , [ n ]autae u n [ iue ] rs i Dan [uu i i ] e x r ( e )p (ub l ica ) , s ub c ura L (uc i i ) I (u l i i ) F aus t in ian i , l eg (a t i ) Aug (us toru m ) n (o s tro ru m ) . 1 07 . ( f ig .

Miha i 1 8) .

V i t eazu — BVTERIDAVA

SCIV ,

6 ,

1 955 ,

1-2 ,

p .

8 0 .

[ I ]ussu e t e x d ecre to u ( ir i ) c ( la r is s im i ) Ou in i T ertu l l i c o (n )s (u lar is ) , t erm in ( i ) p os i t i i nter [ ?M ]es s iam P ude [n t i l ] lam e t u icano s Bu te -

1 01 . H i r; s o va — CARSIV M . C IL , I II , 74 90 . D ( is ) M(an ibus ) . C (a io ) E ruc io V ic tor i , me d ico c oh (or t is ) . . . .

r idauenses p e r V ind iu m f ( ec tu m ) c l (as s is ) .

V er ianu m

p rae -

CV NEI, VE XILL ATIO N ES ETC. 1 08 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS . M CA , 2 , 1 956 , p . 582 , n r . 5 0 .. . .[He r ]cu la [nus ] . . .d upl ic (a r ius ) n [u m e r i (? ) s in ]gu l (ar iu m ) , i b i e [ t ] . . . MIR . . . . 1 09 .

CAPIDAVA ( f ig . 2 7) . I n memor ia l u i

Vas i le Pdr van„ Bucu re t i , 1 943 , p .1 34 . [ De ]o S [a ]nc [ to ] Her rone . Aur (e l ius ) Va lens , p r( a )e ( pos itus ) e [q (u i tum ) ] s cut (a r io ru m ) , p ro s (a lu t e ) s u [a ] e t u ex i l la t ( ion is ) [ C ]ap idabe [ s i ]u m

10 . CAPIDAVA . C ap idava , p .1 20 , n r . 4 4 . Deo S an [c to ] A e terno , •p rou iden t ia c u ius l o c us . . . e t AN . . . I ORVM Va les . MIN . S u eteranus u ex il la t i [on is ] [ s c ]utar io r [um ] . V M e t e x u o [ to ] [ p ] ro s aku tem ] s ua m ( s ic) . f i l ioru m s uo ru [m ] . . . R s [u ] o ru m e t p ro s o l ida . . . RIAE p opu la ru m g ra t ias r e fert d eo . 11 . HISTRIA . AR MSI , s . 2 , t .3 8 , 1 916 , 6 96 . . C c i rc itor d [e ] u ix i l la t ion [e ] ( s ic) XII[ I? ]c a ta f rac tar i (orum ) [ ? q ]ua [e e s t ? ] T [ r i ]

p .

( s ic ) a ra (m ) [ p ]osu it .

2 11

mam m io , u ix it a nn i[s ] XII[I ? ] . . . V . . .

X X XIII ,

[ m i l ita ]u it

12 . Mahmud ia - SALSOVIA . S a lsovia , 2 7 . De i S anct i S o l is s imu lacru m c onsecr (a t urn ) d ie XIIII k a l (endas ) Dece mb (res ) . D ebet s i ngu l is a nn is i usso s acro D (o m inoru m ) n (os t ro ru m ) L ic in i Aug (ust i ) e t L ic in i C aes (ar is ) t ure , c ere is e t p ro fu is ion ibus e ode m d ie a p raep (os ito ) e t u ex i l la t ( ione ) i n c ast (r is ) S a l s ou iens ib (us ) a gent ib (us ) e xorar i . Va l (er ius ) Ro mu lus , u ( ir ) p (er fect iss i mus ) , d ux , s ecutus i uss ione m d escr ibs it ( s ic) .

p .

13 . Pan te l imon - VLMETV M . A R MSI , s . 2 , t .3 6 , 1 914 , p . 3 86 - 3 87 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . Va 1 ( er ius ) V ictor inus , b iarcus , ( s ic) q u i m i l itau i [ t ] i n s acro p a la t io a nn ( is ) V II u ix ( it ) a nn ( is ) XL , q u i [ i ]n p roe [ l i ]o [ R ]oa mno ru m ( s ic) C a lced [o ]n ia c ontra a uersar ios ( s ic) d ecess it , h onor is g rat i [a ] s anx it u t p erpe tuos h ono ra r ique h onesta r [ e ] l iqu iaru [m ] s epu ltur [a ] c on s ecr [a ta ] u idea tu [r ] HV HIC ( ? ) . M[a tr ]ona c on i [ux ] p ient iss i ma u iva s [ e ] met b ene meren [ t i] c o mpar i s uo me [ mo ]r iam p osu it . 14 . C ons tan ta - TO MIS ( f ig . 2 9) . BC MI , 7 , 1 914 , p . 1 90 , n r . 1 8 . I n h uc ( s ic) t u mu lu m

MILIT ES

e st p os i tus T erent ius f i l ius Ga ione ( s ic) , a nnor ( um ) u ig int i c inque ( s ic) , mi l itans i nter s ag ittar ( i o )s i un io res . 15 . C ons tan ta - TOMIS . C on tr ibu t i i e p igra f ice l a i s to ' r ia c r et ini smu lu i d aco -roman , p . 6 3 . i vra K i te " Ara2a v ia; ne toax C eoa; E r P i K C ' ä nä ; ay ttrap iov ( s i c). 16 . Pan t e l tmon - VL METV M . A R MSI , s .2 , t .3 6 , 1 9 14 , p . 3 70 -380 . P eda tura m i l itu m l anc iar iu m i un ior iu m . 17 . G ir l ic iu - C IVS . I LS , 7 70 . [ D (o m inus ) n (os ter ) p r inceps F l (au ius ) V ]a lens u icto r max imus t r iu m fa tor , [ s ep mer Augus tus , i n f i de m r ecep to r ege A than ]ar ico , u ict is s upera t i sque

Go th is , [ i ngruente i t em

i la ]s

t e mpore

[ hunc

b urgu m a f unda ment is ]

19 . C ons tan ta - TOMIS . C IL , I II , 75 42 . T ( ito ) F lau io L ong ino Q (u into ) Marc io Tur b one , l eg (a to ) Aug (us t i ) p r (o ) p r (aeto re ) , T i t i us C r ispus c o rn icu l (ar ius ) e ius . 1 20 . En isa la - V ICVS NOVVS . C IL , I II , 1 3 7 39 . A rtem idora c on iux s ua e t f i l io s uo e t f i l ia s ua u iuent ia p a tr i e oru m t i tu lu m p osuerunt . D ( is ) M(an ibus ) . Me mo r ia Nepo t i an i p r inc ipa l is; u ix it a nn is X X X; V ictor f i l ( ius ) u ix ( it ) a nn ( is ) I; I u l ina f i l ia u ( ix it ) a n (n is ) II; Herac l ius f ra (ter ) u ix it a n (n is ) II; V ita l is f rat (er ) u ix ( it ) a nn is V . Va le te l e ctores . 1 21 . En isa la - V ICVS NOVVS . C IL , I II , 1 4 4 48 . 1 ( ou i ) 0 (p t i mo ) M (ax i mo ) s acru m p ro s a l (ute ) i mp (era tor is ) C ae [s (ar is ) ] P . ( s ic) [M (arc i )] E l i ( i ) ( sic) , c ( iues ) R (o man i ) u (ete r an i ) e t V iconou(enses ) , s ub c ura m S i l (u i i ) C as io ( s ic) e t Pu (b l i i ) S ocufun i ( centur ion is ) q u (a )es (toru m ) C a io [ A l ]exandr i , i d [ i ]bus I un is . O r [ f ]ato ( s ic) e t Rufo c o (n )s (u l ibus ) .

i n u icto r ias

q u inquenna l ioru m , o b

d e fens io -

n em r e i p ub l icae e x trux it [ l abore . . . d euo t iss i ] moru m

m i l itu m

s uoru m

p r imanoru m

[ e t . . .

c omm iso r lu m , c ure Marc ian i t r ib (un i ) e t V rs i c in i p (rae )p (os it i ) s e mp (er ) u estr i , [ ord inante F l (au io )

S te jrco r io , u iro c lar iss i mo ,

ET VET E R A N!

18 . C ons tan ta - TO MIS . C IL , I II , 1 4 2 14 2 8 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . F l (au ius ) V rs in ia [nus ] , m i l [es ) o f f( i c i i ) p rae [s id ( is )] , u ix ( it ) a nn (os ) XX .V , n i [ i 1 ( itau it ) ] a nn (u m ) u nu m , me (n )s (es ) V III , e t s o ror a nn (oru m ) 111 . P osu it Mart inus u e t (e r anus ) e x q (uaest ionar io ? ) , p a ter e oru m; e s to TE .T; u a l (e ) u ia tor .

f e l ic iter

d uce .

ALII

1 22 . C ons tan ta - TOMIS ( gäs itä l a v est d e T ech irgh io l ) . AE M , 1 9 , p . 9 3 , f l y . 3 7 . D ( is ) M (an ibus ) . Aur (e l io ) Da len i e x u ic (o ) Am la id ina e t q (uondam ) p rae to r ianoru m . Aure l ia V th is , u xor e ius , t i tu lu m d e s uo m(e mo r iae ) c (ausa ) . 1 23 . Adamc l is i - TROPAEV M TRAIANI . C IL , I II , 1 2 4 72 . . [ueteranu ]s Aug (us t i ) . . . [ ?n a t ione ] G raec [us ] . . . [ qu i u ix it a nn( is ) LXX . . V IA S . . . . 1 24 . Bä l tdg e , s t i . C IL , I II , 1 2 4 77 . D ( is ) M (a n ibus ) . C (a io ) I u l io C ap iton i , e x s e :s ]q (u i p l ica r io ) u et (erano ) ; u ix it a nn ( is ) LXV , m i l itau it a nn ( is ) XXV . H ic s i tus e st . I u l ius C a .p it [o f i l ( ius ) e t h ]er (es ) e [ ius , b (ene ) m (e r en t i ) p osu it ] . 1 25 . Muza i t - SACI DAVA ( f ig . 3 0) . SCIV , 2 4 , 1 973 , 1 ,p . 13 . .E RAS P roc l ino e xxa r c (ho ) ( s ic ) , q u i m i l it (au it ) S ac ( idauae ) ;u ix it a n (n is ) L , m (ens ibus ) II , d ( iebus ) V; N ene c on iu (x ) p ient is (s ima ) p osu [ i ]t t i tu [ lu ]m p [ ro mer it is d e s u ]o . . .. 1 26 . C ons tan ta - TOMIS . CIL , I II , 75 43 . .0 N . . . M . . . [ e ]que (s tr ibus ) h on (oratus ) m i 1 ( it i is ) e t b u l (eu ta ) To rn ( itanoru m ) , a n( fo ru m ) LXV , s ta tua m u ( iuus ) s ( ib i ) p (osu it ) . S ecun d [u m ] p ie ta te m [ heredes t ] it [u ] lu m b (ene ) m(erent i ) [ i nscr ipserunt . ] .

2 12

s ib i e t memor iae C inene s mar itae [ be ]ne me r it ae d e s (uo ) .

a ugu r mu [n ( ic ip i i ) ] T roesmen s ( is ) , u et (e ran i ) f i l ius ,

e t

C la [u ]d ia

S erua ta u xor ,

s e u iu is

memo r ia m s ib i f ecerun t , c ura [n ]t ibus A rr i is

1 28 . C on s tan ta — TOM IS . C IL , I II , 75 60 . C (a ius ) A r r ius Qu in t ianus , b is d uu mu ira l is e t

Qu [ i ]n t iano f i l io e t I anua r io l i b [er ]to .

M V NITIO N ES 1 29 . C ons tan ta — TOMIS . C IL , I II , 1 4 4 50 . D (eo ) S o l i , p ro [ sa lu te Im ]p (era to ru m ) C (ae sa r um ) C (a i i ) Va l (er i i ) D ioc le t [ ian i e t M (arc i ) Va l (er i i ) Max im ian i ,i nu ] ict i Aug (us t i ) ,t r ib (un i c ia ) p o t( e sta te ) , p ( i i? ) [ f( e l ices ? ) , i u ]sso h ac d e spos i t [ ione ( s ic) D (o m ino ru m ) ] n (os tro r um ) Aug (ustoru m ) , p o rta [m c iu ita ]t i ( s ic) p rae s id ia [r iam , c ur ( an te ) ] C (a io ) Aure l ( i n ) F [ i rm in ian o ,u ( iro )p (er fec t iss i mo ) ,d euo ]t i ss imo n [u m in i Aug (us to ru m ) , C i ]u itas [ To m itanoru m f ec ( i t ) ] .

F l (au ius ) C l (aud ius ) C onstant inus A l [a man ( icus ) max ] i ( mus ) , G [o th ( icus ) max ( i mus ) ] , F l (au ius ) I u l ( ius ) C ons tant ius S ar m (a t icus ) , P e rs icus m [ax ( i mus ) ] , F l (au ius ) I u l ( ius ) C on s tans S ar m (a t icus ) , p i i f e l ices Aug (ust i ) ,l ocu m i np a r te l im it is p o s itu m , g en t i l iu m Go tho [ru ]m t e mer i ta t i s e mper a p t iss i mu m a d c on f ir man d am p rou inc ia l iu m [ s ]uoru m a [e ]ternam s ecu r i t a te m e rec ta i s t ius f abr i [c ]ae mun it ione c lause r unt l a tru [nc ]u loru mque i mpetu m p e renn is mun [ im i ]n is d ispo s it ione t enuerunt , a dcuran te S appone u ( iro ) S cy th iae .

1 30 . C ar ca l iu ( in a pr op ier e d e TROES MIS ) . C IL , I II , 1 2 4 83 . I m [p (era to res ) C aes (are s ) ]

p (er fect iss imo ) ,

d uce l im i t is

DIPL O M A T A 1 31 . TALITAE Anu 175 . S tar inar , N . 5 . , 1 8 , 1 967 , p .2 1 -28 . Imp . C aesar V e spas ianus Augus tus , p ont i fex max imus , t r ibun ic ( ia ) p o test (a te ) V I , i mp (e ra to r ) XIIII , p (a ter ) p (a tr iae ) , c ensor , c o (n )s (u 1 ) V I , d es igna tus V II , p ed it ibus e t e qu it ibus q u i m i l i tant i n c oho r t i b us d e cem , q uae a ppe l lan tur ( 1) I An t io c hens iu m e t ( 2) I S uga mb roru m u e terana e t ( 3) I Rae toru m e t ( 4) I L us itano ru m e t ( 5) II e t ( 6) I V e t ( 7) V e t ( 8) V II e t ( 9) V III Ga l lo ru m e t ( 10) C ispaden s iu m , e t s unt i n Moes ia s ub S ex . V e t tu leno C er ia le , q u i q u ina e t u icena s t ipend ia a ut p lura merue r ant , q uo ru m n qm ina s ub scr ip ta s unt , i ps is l iber is p o s te r isque e o ru m c iv i ta te m d ed it e t c onub iu m c um u xo r ibus , q uas t unc h abu is s ent , c um e st c iu ita s u s d ata , a ut , s iqu i c ae l i b es e s sent , c um u s , q ua s p os tea d ux issent d um taxa t s ingu l i s i ngu las . ad . II k . Ma ias C aesa re Aug (us t i ) f ( i l io ) Do m i t iano II , L . Pa s s id ieno F irmo c os . C oh (o r t is ) I Rae to r um , c u i p raes t C . Qu in t ius L aber ius Tutor S ab in ianus , p ed i t i Herae S erap ion is f Ant ioc (h ia ) . D e scr ip tu m e t r ecogn itu m e x t abu la a enea , q uae f i xa e st Romae i n C ap ito l io p os ( t ) p isc ina m i n t r ibuna l ( i ) d eoru m . 1 32 . CASTRA MOUTANANSIU M . Anu l 7 8 . CIL , XVI , 2 2 . Imp .C ae J a rV e spa s ianus Augus t us , p ont i fex max imus , t r ibun ic ( ia ) p o te s t (a te ) i mp (era to r ) XVIII' , p (a ter ) ) ,

c enso r , c o (n )s (u 1 ) V III , p ed i t ibus e t e qu i t ibus q u i m i l i tan t i n c oho rt ibus o c to ( 1) I C an ta b ro ru m , ( 2) IThracu m S yr iaca , ( 3) IS uga m b roru m t i ronu m , ( 4) I Lucens iu m , ( 5 ) II e t ( 6) V III Ga l lo ru m , ( 7) C i l icu m , ( 8) Ma t t iaco ru m , q uae s unt i n Moes ia s ub S ex . V e ttu leno C er ia le , q u i q u ina e t u icena s t i p end ia a ut p lura meruerant , q uoru m n om ina s ubscr ip ta s unt , i p s is l i ber is p os ter isque c om m c iu i ta te m d ed it e t c onub iu m , c um u xor ibus , q uas t une h abu issent , c um e st c iu itas u s d a ta , a ut , s iqu i c ae l ibe s e ssent , c um u s , q uas p o s tea d ux issent d um taxa t s ingu l i s ingu las . ad . V II i dus F ebr . L . C e ion io C o mmodo , D . Nou io P r isco c os . C oho rt ( is ) C i l icu m c u i p rae st P . S epp ienus P . f .P o l . A e l ianus , p ed it i P e rass i P ub l i f . , A eg ( is ) . D escr ip tu m e t r e c ogn itu m e xt abu la a enea , q uae f ixa e s t Ro mae i n C ap ito l io p o st p isc ina m i n t r ibuna l ( i ) d eo ru m p ar te p os ter io re . 1 33 . D ebe la c (T i rnovo) . Anu l 8 2 . C IL , XVI , 2 8 . Imp . C aesa r , d iu i V espa s ian if . , Do m i t ianus Augus tus , p ont i fex max imus , t r ibun ic ( ia ) p o te sta t (e ) I , i mp (era to r ) I , p (a ter ) p (a tr iae ) , c o (n )s (u 1 ) V III , d e s igna t (us ) u s , q u i m i l itauerunt e qu i tes e t p ed ites i n a us q u in q ue e t c oho rt ibus n oue m , q uae a ppe l lan tur ( 1) I F lau ia G em ina e t ( 2) I C annene fa t iu m e t ( 3) I F lau ia G em ina e t ( 4) S cubu lo ru m e t ( 5) P icent iana ; e t ( 1) I G er mano ru m e t

2 13

( 2) I Aqu itanoru m e t ( 3) I A s turu m e t ( 1) I Thracu m e t ( 5) I Raetoru m e t ( 6) I e t ( 7) II e t ( 8) III Aqu itanoru m e t ( 9) V II Raetoru m , e t s unt i n G er man ia s ub Q . C ore l l io Ru fo; i t em i n A la C laud ia n oua e t c oho rt ibus d uabus ( 1) II Ga l loru m e t ( 2) V H ispanoru m , q uae s unt i n Moes ia s ub C . V ettu leno C iu ica C er ia le , q u in is e t u icen is p lur ibusue s t ipend i is emer it is d im iss is h ones ta m iss ione , q uoru m n om ina s ubscr ipta s unt , i ps is l i ber is p oster isque e oru m c iu itate m d ed it e t c onub iu m c um u xor ibus , q uas t unc h abu issent , c um e st c iu itas u s d a ta , a ut , s iqu i c ae l ibes e ssent , c um u s , q uas p ostea d ux issent d u mtaxat s i ngu l i s ingu las . ad . XII k . O ctobr . M . L arc io Magno P o mpe io S i lone , T . Aure l io Qu ie to c os . C oho rt ( is ) I Aqu itano ru m , c u i p raest M . G enn ius C am . C ar f in ianus , e x p ed it ibus L . Va ler io L . f . Puden t i , Ancyr (a ) . Descr iptu m e tr ecog n itu m e x t abu la a enea , q uae f i xa e st Ro mae i n C ap ito l io i n t r ibuna l i C aesaru m Vaspas ian i , T ( it i l , Do m i t ian i .

p (a ter ) p (a tr iae ) , e qu it ibus e t p ed it ibus , q u i m i l itant i n a l is t r ibus e t c oho rt ibus s ex , q uae a ppe l lantur ( 1) Ga l loru m F lau iana e t ( 2 ) I P annon ioru m e t ( 3) I H ispanoru m e t A ruaco ru m e t ( 1) I S uga mb roru m u eterana e t ( 2) I B raca raugustanoru m e t ( 3) I H ispa f oru m u e terana e t ( 4) I Matt iacoru m e t ( 5) I Ga l loru m e t ( 6) Vb ioru m , e t s unt i n Moes ia I n fer io re s ub Q . P o mpon io Rufo , i t em d im iss is h ones ta m iss ione , q u i q u ina e t u i c ena p luraue s t ipend ia meruerunt , q uo ru m n om ina s ubscr ip ta s unt , i ps is l i ber is p os ter is q ue e oru m c iu i ta te m d ed it e t c onub iu m c um u xor ibus , q uas t unc h abuissent , c um e st c i u i t as u s d a ta , a ut , s iqu i c ae l ibes e ssent , c um u s q uas p os tea d ux issent d u mtaxat s i ngu l i s i ngu las . ad . N .VIIII k . S eptember . O . F ab io B arbaro , A . C aec i l io Faust ino c os . C oho rt ( is ) I Ga l loru m , c u i p raest V isu lan ius C rescens , p ed it i M . Anton io M . f . Ru fo , Abrettan (o ) , e t Marco f .e ius . D escr ip tu m e t r ecogn itu m e x t abu la a enea , q uae f i xa e st Ro mae i n muro p ost t e mp lu m d iu i Aug (us t i ) a d Mineruam .

1 34 . B r e t cu . Anu l 9 2 . C IL , X VI , 3 7 . Imp . C aesar , d iu i V espas ian i f . , Do m it ianus Aug ustus G er man icus , p ont i fex max imus , t r i b un ic ( ia ) p o testat (e ) XI , i mpera tor XXI , c ensor p erpe tuus , c onsu l XVI , p (a ter ) p (a tr iae ) , u s , q u i m i l itant i n C lasse F lau ia Moes ica , q uae e st s ub S ex . O ctau io F rontone , q u i s ena ( e t ) u icena p luraue s t ipend ia merue r unt , i t em d im iss is h onesta m iss ione , q uoru m n om ina s ubscr ipta s unt , i ps is l i ber is p os ter is q ue e oru m c iu ita te m d ed it e t c onub iu m c um u xor ibus , q uas t unc h abu issent , c um e st c iu i t as u s d a ta , a ut , s i (qu i ) c (a )e l ibes e ssent , c um u s , q uas p os tea d ux issent d u (m )taxa t s in g u l i s ingu las . [ a . ] d . XVIII k . I u l ias [ T i . I u l io ] C e lso P o l (e )m (a )e [a ]no , [ L . S tert in ] io Au ito c oss .

1 37 . P lovd iv . Anu l 9 9 . C IL , X VI , 4 5 . Imp . C a e sar , d iu i Neruae , f . , Nerua T ra ianus Augus tus G er man icus , p ont i fex max imus , t r ibun ic ( ia ) p otes ta t (e ) II , c o (n )s (u 1 ) I , p (a ter ) p (a tr iae ) , e qu i t ibus e t p ed it ibus , q u i m i l itant i n a l is t r ibus e t c oho r t ibus s ep te m , q uae a ppe l lantur ( 1 ) IA sturu m e t ( 2 ) IF lau ia Gaetu loru m e t ( 3) I Vespas iana Dardanoru m e t ( 1) I L ep id iana c ( iu iu m ) R (omanoru m ) e t ( 2) I Tyr ioru m e t ( 3) I Lus itano ru m Cyrena ica e t ( 4 ) I F lau ia B r ittonu m e t ( 5 ) I I Cha lc ide n oru m e t ( 6) II e t ( 7) V II Ga l lorum , e t c lass ic i (s ) , e t s unt i n Moes ia I nfer iore s ub Q . P o mpon io Ru fo , i t em d im iss is h one s ta m iss ione , q u i q u ina e t u icena p luraue s t i p end ia meruerunt , q uoru m n om ina s ubscr ip ta s unt , i ps is l i be r is p os ter isque e oru m c iu i ta te m d ed it e t c onub iu m c um u xor ibus , q uas t unc h abu issent , c um e s t c iu itas u s d ata , a ut , s i qu i c ae l ibes e ssent , c um u s , q uas p ostea d ux issent d u mtaxat s ingu l i s i ngu las . ad . XI X k . S ep t . Q . F ab io Barbaro , A . C aec i l io Faust ino c os . A lae IA sturu m , c u i p raest T i . I u l ius T i . f .P up . Agr ico la , g rega l i Met ico S o lae f . , B esso . Descr iptu m e t r ecogn itu m e x t abu la a enea , q uae f i xa e st Romae i n muro p ost t emp lu m d iu i Aug (ust i ) a d M inerua m .

1 35 . SALSOVIA . Anu l9 7 . C IL , X VI , 4 1 . [ Imp . Nerua C aesar Augustus , p ont ifex max i mus , t r ibun ic ( ia ) p o testat (e ) , c o (n )s (u 1 ) II , p (a ter ) p (a tr iae ) a ux i l iar i is , q u i ,e t s unt i n Moes ia I nfer ior ]e s ub I u l io Mar [ . , q uoru m n om ina s u ]bscr ip ta s unt , i ps is [ l iber is p os ter isque e oru m ] c iu ita te m d ed it e t [ conub iu m c um u xo r ibus ] , q uas t unc h abu issent , [ cu m e st c iu itas d a ta , a ]u t , s iqu ic ae l ibes e ssent , [ cu m u s , q uas p ostea d inn ]ssent d u mtaxa ts in [gu l is ingu las . ] . . . I anuar . [ Imp . Nerua C aes (are ) Aug (us to ) I ]I , L . V erg in io Ru fo II c os .. . . l o ru m , c u i p rae [ S t. . .] . 1 36 . ALTI NV M ( f ig . 9 ) . Anu l 9 9 . C IL , X VI , 4 4 . Imp . C aesar d iu i Neruae f . , Nerua T ra ia n us Augustus G er man icus , p on t i fex max i mus , t r ibun ic ( ia ) p o testa t (e ) II , c o (n )s (u 1 ) I ,

1 38 . P roven ien t c i n ecunoscu t c l . Anu l 1 05 . C IL , X VI , 5 0 . Imp . C aesar , d iu i Neruae f . , N erua T ra ianus Augus tus G er man icus , Dac icus ,p on t i fe x max i mus , t r ibun ic ( ia ) p o tes tat(e ) i mp (era to r ) c o (n )s (u 1 ) V , p (a ter ) p (a tr iae ) , e qu it ibus e t p ed i t ibus , q u i m i l itant i n a l is e t c oho rt ibus s ep te m , q uae a ppe l lan tur C laud ia Ga l loru m e t ( 2 ) I Vespas iana

2 14

Da rdanoru m e t ( 3) G a l lo ru m F lau iana e t ( 1) IF lau ia C o mmageno ru m e t ( 2) IL us ita f oru m C yrena ica e t ( 3) I L ueens iu m e t ( 4) I F lau ia B e s so ru m e t ( 5) I e t ( 6) I II e t ( 7) III G a l lo ru m , e t s unt i n Moes ia i n fer io re s ub A . C aec i l io F aust ino , q u i q u ina e t u icena p luraue s t ipend ia meruerunt , i t em d im is s is h one sta m iss ione , e t c la ss ic is , q uo ru m n om ina s ub scr ip ta s un t ,i p s is l i ber is p os ter isque e oru m c iu ita te m d ed it e tc onub iu m c um u xo r i b us , q uas t unc h abu issent , c um e st c iu itas u s d a ta , a ut , s iqu i c ae l ibes e ssent , c um u s , q uas p o s tea d ux is sen t d um taxa t s ingu l i s in g u las . a .d . II i dus Ma i . C . I u l io B asso , C n . A fran io D ex tro c o s . C oh (o r t is ) II Ga l lo ru m , c u i p rae fu it P . Va ler ius S ab inus , p ed i t i Amb i r eno I uuenc i f . , Rau r ic (o ) . D escr ip tu m e t r e c ogn i tu m e xt abu la a enea , q uae f i xa e s t Romae i n muro p ost t e mp lu m d iu i Aug (us t i ) a d M ine ruam . 1 39 . TROPAEU M TRAIANI . Anu l 12 , C IL , X VI ,5 8 .[ . . .e qu i t ]i bus e tp ed i [t l ibus , [ qu i m i l i t auerunt i na us t r ibus e ] tc oho rt ib (us ) s ep te [m , q uae a ppe l lan tur ( I) I V e sp ]a s iana Da rda n o r (u m )e [ t ( 2) I. e t ( 3) IF lau ia ] Gae tu loru m e [t ( 1) I ] L ep id iana e t [ ( 2 ) I . . . ]um e t ( 3) IB raca ra [ugustan ]o r (u m ) e t ( 4) I L uce [ns i um e ] t ( 5) I e t ( 6) II e t ( 7) V II [ Ga l lo ]r um e t s unt [ i n Moes ia I n f ]er io re s ub P . C a [ lpurn io Macr ]o , q u [ in is e t u icen is p lu ]r i b [usue s t ipend i is . ] . 1 40 . G iurg iu . Anu l 1 34 . C IL , XVI , 7 8 . Imp . C aesa r d iu i T ra ian i P a r th ic i f . , d iu i N eruae n epo s , T ra ianus Hadr ianus Aug (us tus ) , p ont ( i fex ) max ( i mus ) , t r ib (un ic ia ) p o te s t (a te ) XVIII , c o (n )s (u 1 ) II , p (a ter ) p (a tr iae ) , e qu i t ib (us ) e t p ed it ib (us ) , q u i m i l itauer (unt ) i n a us I e t c oh (o r t ibus ) V , q uae a ppe l 1 ( an tur ) ( 1) I G a l l (o ru m ) e t P ann (on ioru m ) e t ( 2) I V e spas ian (a ) Da rdan (oru m ) e t ( I) IC i l icu m e t ( 2) I B racar (u m ) e t ( 3) I Mat t iaco r (u m ) e t ( 4) IC laud ( ia ) S uga mb r (o ru m ) e t ( 5) I C ha lc ideno r (u m ) , e t s unt i n Moes ia I n fer io r (e ) s ub I u l io Ma jo re , q u in is e t u icen ( is ) p lur ib (us )ue s t ipend ( is ) eme r i t ( is ) d im iss ( is ) h ones t (a ) m iss ione , q uo ru m n om ina s ubscr ip ta s unt , i p s is l i ber is p o s ter isq (ue ) e oru m c iu ita t e rn d ed it e t c onub ( ium ) c um u xo r ib (us ) , q uas t unc h abu iss (ent ) .cu m e s t c iu ita s u s d a ta , a ut , s iqu i c ae l ibes e s sen t , c um i s , q uas p os tea d ux iss (en t ) d um taxa t s i ngu l i s ingu las . a .d . II n on . Ap r . T . V ib io V aro , T . Ha ter io Nepo te c os . C oh (o r t is ) IC laud iae S uga m b r (o ru m ) , c u i p rae s t M . A c i l ius A lexander , Pa l my r (a ) , e x p ed i te L . S ex t i l io S ex t i l i f . , Puden t i , S tob is , e t L uc io f . e ius e t Va le r io f .e ius e t P e t ron io f .e ius e t V a lent i f .e ius e t Luc iae f .e ius e t Ann iae f .e ius . D e scr ip t (u m )

e t r ecogn it (u m ) e x t abu la a ene a . , [ q ]uae f i xa e st Romae i n muro p ost [ t ]e mp l (u m ) Aug (us t i ) a d M ineruam . 1 41 . T i rnovo . Anu l 1 38 . C IL , XVI , 8 3 . [ Imp . C ae sa r d iu i T r ]a ian i P a rth i (c i ) f . , d iu i [ Ne ruae n epos , T ]ra ian (us ) Hadr ianus Aug (us tus ) , p ont ( i fex ) max ( imus ) , t r ib (un ic ia ) p o t( e s ta te ) X XII , i mp (era to r ) I , c o (n )s (u 1 ) II , p (a ter ) p (a tr iae ) , [ eq (u i t ibus ) e t p ed ( it ibus ) , q u i m i 1 ( itauerun t ) i n a ]1 ( is ) II e t c oh (o rt ibus ) V , q (uae ) a pp (e l lantur ) [ ( I ) . e t ( 2) . ] e t ( 3) I H is (panoru m ) A ru (acoru m ) e t ( I) I [. e t ( 2) I ] e t ( 3) I C ha l (c idenoru m ) e t ( 4) IL us i (tanoru m ) [ Cyr (ena ica ) e t ( 5) I Ma t t ( iacoru m ) , e t s u ]nt i n Moes ( ia ) I n fer ( io re ) [ sub . ] o , X XV , i t e (m ) c la s (s ic is ) , X XVI p lur ( ibusue ) s t ip (end is ) emer ( it is ) d im ( iss is ) h on (e s ta ) m is (s ione ) ] , q uo r( um ) [ no m ( ina ) s ubscr ( ip ta ) s unt , i p s is l i ber is p o s ter isque e o r um c i ]u ( ita te m ) d ed ( it ) e t c on (ub iu m ) c u (m ) [ uxo r ( ibus ) ] , q uas n unc h aben t , c um u s c iu i t ( as ) d [a ]tur , a ut , s ig (u i ) c ae l ib (es ) s unt , c um i s , q ua [s ] p os t (ea ) d uxer ( in t ) d um taxa ts ingu l i s i ngu las . p r . k . Mar . Kuno I un io N igro , C . P o mpon io C ame s ino c os . C oh (o rt is ) I Ma tt iaco r (u m ) , c u i p raes t T . F lau ius L ace , S ide , e x p ed ite C lag issae , C lag issae f . , B e sso , e t S po r f . e t D erz izeno f . e t Ep tacento f . e t Z inae f i l . e t Ep taper i f i l . e ius . D escr ip t (u m ) e t r ecogn ( itu m ) e x t abu la a erea , q uae f ixa e st Romae i n mu ro p ost t e mp l (u m ) d iu i Aug (us t i ) a d M inerua (m ) . 1 42 . B r es tovene . An i i 1 54 -157 . I zve s t i ja V arna , 9 , 1 953 . p .6 1 -68 . [ Imp . C ae s (ar ) Ha e ian i f . , d iu i T ra ian i [ Par t (h ic i ) n ep (os ) , d iu i N er ]uae p ronep (os ) , T . A e l ius [ Hadr ianus Anto ]n inus Aug (us tus ) P ius , p ont ( i fex ) max ( i mus ) , [ t r ib (un ic ia ) p (o tes ta te ) , i ]mp (e ra to r ) I , c o (n )s (u 1 ) I V , p (a te r ) p (a tr iae ) , [ equ i t ( ibus ) e t p ed i t ( ibus ) q ]u i m i l i tauer (unt ) i n a l ( is ) V : [ ( 1 ) .e t ( 2 ) I Ga i l l (o ru m ) e t P ann (on io ru m ) e t ( 3) I Ga l l (o ru m ) A te [cto r ( ig iana ) e t ( 4) I H ispan (o ru m ) e t A ]rua c (oru m ) e t ( 5) IV e spa s ia (na ) Da r [dan (o ru m ) e t i n c oho rt ( ibus ) ] XI : ( 1) B rac (aru m ) e t ( 2) I F l (au ia ) Nu m id (aru m ) [ e t ( 3) . e t ( 4) I C l (aud ia ) ] S uga mb r( oru m) u e t (erana ) e t ( 5) I Lus it (ano ru m ) C yr (ena ica ) e t ( 6) I [ Ch ]a lc [ i ]d (eno ru m ) s ag ( ittar io ru m ) e t ( 7) IC i l ic (u m ) s ag ( it tar io ru m ) e t [ 8 ] IThrac (u m ) S yr ( iaca ) e t ( 9) I G er m (anoru m ) c ( iu iu m ) R (o mano ru m ) e t ( 10) I B rac (a r )aug (us tano r um ) e t [ (1 ) ]e t s unt i n Moe s ( ia ) I n fer ( iore ) s ub V l [p ( io ) P aca to Messa ] l l ino l eg (a to ) , X XV p ( lur ibusue ) s t ip (end is ) d im is (s is ) eme r ( i t is ) h ones ( ta ) m is s ione , q uo r (u m ) n om ( ina ) s ub s c r ip t (a ) s unt c iu ita t [em

2 15

C .

L IST OF FORT IFIED S ITES ON THE STRATEG IC ROADS

The t ab le l i sts t he f ort if icat ions men t ioned i n t he t ext a nd t he s et t le men ts o n t hree s trateg ic r oads.

The i n for mat ion g iven b y t he Anony mous G eographer

o f Ravenna a nd b y Constan t ine Porphyrogen itus a re om i tted b ecause t hey r epeat e arl ier s ources.

2 16

1

c o . c e % , . . , < -

1

1

e c l i ;

1

c o .

1

1

i

s e ' 2 e s

v . ' e

t z ,

o z

1

1

2 3

I

1

1

o

I

' e

e : 2

e e

e

. . . . "

e t ( / )

e t . 2 • g l e . L z . ,

, , . .

, . ,

' ‚ ,

e

r . •

g

Nou iodunum

7

e

, e c . )

,

t e z

N calööovvov

1

•

T a lamon ium

1

1

No / 3 163ovvov

l e z

C imbr iana e

HIEROCLES

PROCOPIVS

c s e x ,

1

2

e

1

1

1

, ö 4 , . e › . e

C l )

e . e — e s L . )

2 '

e z

I

I

o I . o

I

2 17

— e *

F . i ,

e ( . )

2 . o e

, z

• L . )

I

I

, t ' i , . I t ) ' E S

e s

Iz 4 i . › . o

Novtööovvov

e s

Nou iodunum

C l )

PTOLEMAEVS

The Road a long t he Danube

FORT IFIED S ITES MENT IONED I N THE TEXT

1

' AvaZud n roA z;

1

x e g 3

› c : 3

1 1 1 4.

o z

1

e •

I

I

I

1

1

1

b • o ,

c 3 4 . ' S . o

PROCOPIVS

‘ t 3 a

b

2 CD

A k 2

1

2 . . , . < s e

, . . 8 , 1

. b e

LI

• . : .e . .

4 ,. - u- e4

I

" 4 .

e i . ‘ . : .i 1 (,)1 i z 1 e o " v 3 ( r ) q , . 5

' h

H IEROCLES

0 i : . > u ' a u . 1 .111 u F . a b s o

, i 4 . . u .

PROCOPIVS

4

The I n land Road

The Coast Road

H IEROCLES

7

I

i

-.

C • 3 . z Z . z

o

C )

• • ( 9 C s 4 r A

e n e r N C -4

-

PTOLEMAEVS

PTOLEMAEVS

1 11

e

• "-) O N O N r 4 C9 C,1

2 18

1

tc r)

e 0

. . . 0

r . .

2 .

A •7 1 -

n . 0 e c a •

e . . . . . r z, -0 e > .: . z . 0

c e

u 1 : . :

_ , . ,

' d • c t s - d o. " . : N > .-• z . .

n . e , . . > )

' ; ' :

: . e . e

t— , r s u I , e . 7 3 Z : n•. , • 1 1 £

. :

3

" J PT . ;

C

*EL

. " .

r . . c . ) • . , o 1 . .

c , e > e L

C d . z -

a 0

• , -5

. 3 , , . e v , . . , . • . . .

c t

, , _.

g . C I ) — ..

=

-L 2 -.

e z; : . ' . . < 2 . { . 2 V Z..

, 12 .-2. ' z '

, . .

4 ) L

— e l i T 1' . . )

e

e x —

I

e " '

zge

e

e

1

' n

2 1 04

t i • = 1 - i . g 2

a

e

C imbr ianae

P ith c en t.

o

e

e

,1

e s

Ind-I I Ird c en t.

The r oad e nclos ing Dobrud ja

' ‘ • • ' t

z

i

z

r

e t : I r q

e l

4 : 2

e 7 2 • I I C ä Z

-

1

2

3 3 ' 1 3 ( , )

4 . .^ . . .r . . • , .4 : ‚ , . . , ' 1 4 / 3 • . L ) ( . )

e • • 1

1. 2

g

r ‘ g

2 19

" r e )

I I

0

C I

, 1 1 2 . .1 1

r

• . 1 It s I le

e

E i

c e O N C e f 4 / 1 . 1 0 N . 0 0 0 1 NeV e s . l ryeqc\ ic ‘ ie s t rI N

4 . +

0 ( 4

e 3

5

I

e

_ ,

P

2

d

• g

U • • T i

c d Z

A l