The Conservative Constitution 0895265435

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The Conservative Constitution

JTbe. Conservative Constitution Russell Kirk

REGNERY GATEWAY Washington, I).C.

Copyright © 1990 by Russell Kirk All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper or broadcast. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Constitution / Russell Kirk. p. cm. ISBN 0-89526-543-5 (alk. paper) 1. United States—Constitutional law. 2. Burke, Edmund, 1729-1797—Contributions in constitutional law. 3. Locke, John. 1632-1704—Contributions in constitutional law. I. Title. KF4550.K54 1990 342.73—dc20 89-70315 [347.302] CIP Published in the United States by Regnery Gateway 11 30 17th Street, NW Washington, DC 20036 Distributed to the trade by National Book Network 4720-A Boston Way Lanham, MD 20706 Printed on acid free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 1

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To the memory of Edmund Burke whose brilliant book Reflections on the Revolution in France was published just two centuries ago

Contents

Conserving Order; Justice, 22/22/ Freedom

ix 3

II. Revolution Not Made but Prevented

19

Foreword

I. III.

The Framers: Not Philosophes but Gentlemen

35

IV.

The Framers' Economic Concepts and Interests

49

The Constitution Was Not Written by John Locke

63

Edmund Burke and the Constitution

80

The Original-Intent Controversy

99

V. VI. VII. VIII.

The Rights of Man vs. the Bill of Rights

115

IX. The First Clause of the First Amendment: Politics X. XI. XII.

and Religion

128

An Establishment of Humanitarianism?

143

John Marshall and the Rise of the Corporation

158

Christian Doctrine, Economic Order; and the Constitution

174

XIII.

The Constitution, Ideology, 22/22/ Property

188*

XIV.

The Supreme Court on Pornography

201

The Constitution and the Antagonist World

216

Acknowledgements

231

Index

233

XV.

vii

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Foreword

ADDRESSED TO THE COMMON READER—supposing

him still to be in the land of the living, despite Demon TV—this book is a desultory examination of the Constitution of the United States, emphasizing its conservative purpose. After a prolonged lapse into ritualistic liberalism, the Supreme Court now appears to be making its way back toward its old function of maintaining the rule of law: of conserving American order, and justice, and freedom. This is not a systematic history of interpretations of the Constitution; rather, it is an endeavor to examine the conservative ends of our basic federal law, and to suggest the varying fortunes of conservative constitutional concepts over the years. Some chapters are concerned with the relationships between political economy and the Constitution. I have not hesitated to introduce into my chapters some mordant observations on judicial decisions regarding religion, property, and other bones of contention during recent decades; and I hope that no reader may be offended at the occasional intrusion of the authors experiences, by way of illustrations of arguments advanced. There runs through these chapters an especial attention to the mind of Edmund Burke, who was much more in the mind of IX

X

Foreword

the Framers than was John Locke. At once the champion and the improver of the English Constitution, Burke was read attentively by such Framers and Founders as John Dickinson, Alexander Hamilton, Fisher Ames, and John Marshall. More important, Burke’s views on law, constitutions, and much else came to permeate the opinions and the books of those eminent commentators on American constitutional law Justice Joseph Story and Chancellor James Kent. One can trace Burke’s influence upon American law and politics down into the twentieth century. Originally it was my intention to entitle this slim book Edmund Burke and the Constitution of the United States; I have strayed beyond that theme; but the reader will find some of Burke’s wisdom in every chapter. On Massachusetts Avenue, in Washington, stands a statue of Burke. Why is it there? Because Burke was a principal defender of that world of reason, and order, and peace, and virtue in which the United States participates. Constitution, custom, convention, and prescription give society continuity, Burke perceived. And he pointed out that prudent change is the means of our preservation; he understood how the claims of freedom and the claims of order must be kept in a tolerable tension. Such truths he taught not as a closet philosopher, but as a practical statesman and manager of party. The bicentenary of the publication of Burke’s tremendous book Reflections on the Revolution in France comes to pass in this year of 1990. Last year, in 1989, occurred the bicentenary of the inauguration of President Washington and of the convening of the first Congress of the United States; also the bicentenary of the outbreak of the French Revolution. As Woodrow Wilson put it, we speak of “Burke and the French Revolution” as if thev were forces of equal power. Burke’s speeches and pamphlets were read by the men of 1776 and the men of 1787—and studied with yet closer attention from 1790 to 1815, and later. In divers ways—some obvious, some subtle—Burke’s rhetoric, Burke’s politics, and Burke’s constitutional principles were woven, generation after generation, into American modes of thought and American understanding of constitutional law.

Foreword

XI

In short, the convictions of Burke remain relevant to our present discontents. This book is not all about Edmund Burke; yet it is an attempt to understand the Constitution of the United States as a framework for a conservative political order in North America. I invite the reader to look at America’s basic law, and Americas politics today, through Burke’s eyes; through the eyes of the great conservative. To seek political wisdom from Burke is no more exotic for Americans than it is to seek humane insights from Shakespeare, or spiritual insights from Saint Paul. In many respects, the great American Republic of 1990 is more like the imperial Britain of 1790 than it resembles the infant federation of liberated British North American provinces early in 1790. The problems of modern society transcend simple questions of governmental structure. An appeal to the pristine purity of the Constitution of the United States wall not suffice as a barrier against the destructive power of fanatic ideology. To Burke, “the philosopher in action”, we need to turn for analysis of the first principles of order, justice, and freedom. Today the United States is the great conservative power in a world that has been falling to ruin since 1914. To apprehend this country’s conservative duties and opportunities in defense of civilization, it is well first to become acquainted with the conservative intent and function of America’s constitution, both written and unw ritten. Then, granted prudence, we may begin to work our w ay out of our l ime of Troubles.

The Conservative Constitution

I. Conserving Order; Justice, and Freedom OF 1789, with the inauguration of President Washington and Vice-President Adams, the federal government commenced to function under the Constitutionof the United States. That Constitution had been designed hy itfr-ITamersT in E7_8j7, to conserve the,.order and the lusliee-and the freedom to which Americans had grown accustomed. And most of the time, during the twoTenturies since George Washington took his oath of office, the Constitution has succeeded as a restraint upon arbitrary power, rash innovation, and what Tocqueville called “the tyranny of the majority”. In short, the American nation has prospered under a conservative constitution. First, some words of definition. What is meant by this term constitution? In politics, constitution signifies a system of fundamental institntions-and-princinles. a body of basic laws, for the governing of a commonwealth. It is a design for permanent political order. Every society develops a constitution of some sort. For without a regular pattern of basic law, a people could not live together in peScc. Lackmg a tolerable constitution, they never would know personal safety, or protection of their property, or the love of IN THE SPRING

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THE CONSERVATIVE CONSTITUTION

neighbor. Even savage tribes may be said to be governed by simple constitutions, expressed in custom and convention. The Constitution of the United States was and is rooted in the experience and the thought of earlier times—which is a major reason why the American Constitution has not perished or has not been supplanted by some different political system. No civilization could survive for a great while if somehow its political constitution should be swept away and no tolerable new constitution substituted. Deeply rooted, like some immense tree, the American Constitution grew out of a century and a half of civil social order in North America and out of more than seven centuries of British experience. Nowadays the general public thinks of a constitution as a written document. But actually ^constitutions may be wholly or partially unwritten—that is, not comprehended in a single document, but instead made up of old customs, conventions, charters, statutes, and habits of thoughts The British Constitution, ill understood by most Americans, is the pnncipaT'surviving example of this sort. And even the Constitution of the United States is not wholly set down on paper. For it has been said that/everv country possesses two constitutions, existing side by side, yet distinct. One of those two is the formal written constitution of modern times; the other constitution is the old “unwritten 1 one of political compromises, conventions, habits, and ways of living together in the civil social order that have developed among a people over the centuries. T hus, for instance, certain important features of America’s national political structure are not even mentioned in the written Constitution. What does the written Constitution of the United States say a hoi 1 u pol i t i caLgar^ ties? Nothing; yet political parties direct the course of our national affairs. What does the written Constitution say about the presidents cabinet, with its secretaries of state, of the treasury, agriculture, defense, education, and the like? Next to nothing; yet the executive branch of the federal government could not function without that cabinet. What does the Constitution say about presidential primary elections, nowadays the principal means for nominating candidates for the presidential office? Nothing whatsoever;

Conserving Order; Justice, 87 Bland, Richard, 26 Blankner, Frederika, 197 Bok, Curtis, Judge, 205, 210 Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount, 74 Book of Common Prayer; The, Anglican, 73> 121 Boorstin, Daniel, 64, 153; quoted, 13, 25-26, 37 Bradford, M. E., 55-56, 82-83 Brandeis, Louis, 195 Brant, Irving, quoted, 75 Brearly, David, 41 Brennan, William, 210-n, 213 Brinton, Crane, 30 Brogan, D. W., 30 Brownson, Orestes, 174-86, 188-89, 194; quoted, 217 Brownson's Quarterly Review, 178; quoted, 185 Bryce, James, 10-13, 53’ 9 2 Burke, Edmund, 20-22, 24-25, 2728, 35, 38-40, 57, 62, 69-70, 76, 80-98, 109, 117, 219-22, 228-29; and the Constitution of the United States, 89-90; and Locke, 69-70; Annual Register, 45, 84-86, 89; Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, quoted, 5, 27-28, 31, 38-39, 60, 83, 94, 221; influence of, ix-xi, 19-34; Letter to a Noble Lord, 25; quoted, 38-39, 113, 215; Regicide Peace, 9597, quoted, 228; Reflections on the Revolution in France, 21-22, quoted, 221-22; Speech on the

Economical Reform, quoted, 22324; Thoughts on the Present Discontents, 2

3»83’ 91-92 Burkhardt, Jacob, 31 Burnham, James, 92-93 Burr, Aaron, 110 Butler v. Michigan, 210 Butterfield, Sir Herbert, 23 C Calhoun, John C., 21, 94; quoted, 220 Campbell, William, 50 Carskerdo, Fife, 52 Carter, Jimmy, 92 Censorship, 203-4 Chalmers, Gordon, 208 Champion, Richard, 86 Chapters of Erie, the Adamses’, 194 Charity, 60-61 Chase, Samuel, 86, no Chateaubriand, 159 Chesterton, G. K., 140 Chicago, University of, 197 Chinard, Gilbert, 45; quoted, 73 Chisholm v. Georgia, 108-9 Christian belief, 136-57 Christian doctrine, 174-78, 181-86, 188-89 Church of England, 67 Church/State relationships, 185-86 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 44, 124 Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution, Schama’s, 118 Civil War, American, 59, 188 Clark, Colin, 50 Cleveland, Grover, 197 Colbourn, H. Trevor, quoted, 27 Commentaries on American Law, Kent’s, 94 Commentaries on the Constitution, Story’s, 94-95 Commentaries on the Laws of England, Blackstone’s, 75-76, in

Commission on Pornography, Attorney General’s, 202-3 Common Faith, A, Dewey’s, 146, Gi-52

Commonplace Book, Jefferson’s, 73 Commonwealth v. Gordon et al, 205 Communist Manifesto, The, Marx’s, 188-89 Conciliation, Burke’s speech on, 83-84 Confidential magazine, 209 Congregational churches, 129-30 Congress of the United States, first, 116, 118-19 Conservatism, 189-90 Constituent Assembly (National Assembly), French, 115, 117, 119-20 Constitution, British, 8, 9-11, 17, 8890, 96, 125 Constitution, definition of, 3-6, 1517, 80-81, 101-3 Constitution, Polish, of 1791, 94 Constitution of the United States, criticisms of, 6-14, 216-17; and experience, 27, 37-38 Constitutional Convention of 1787, 35-48, 104-5, 224-25; reasons for, 51-52

Constitutional of 1829-30, Constitutions, Constitutions, of, 14-16 Constitutions,

Convention, Virginian, 47 conservative, 16-17 desirable characteristics flexible and rigid,

10-14

Constitutions, unwritten, 4-6, 17778, 217 Construction of the Constitution, 103-14 Contract, social, 67-70 Contracts, 102-3 Cooley, Thomas M., 95, 111, 144 Cooper, James Fenimore, quoted, 40 Corporations, 158-72 Corporations, industrial and

Index

2

mercantile, 159-61, 164, 166-72, 1 75—76, 198-99 Corwin, Edwin S., quoted, 166-67, !

79, 205 Coulson, William, 152 Cox, Harvey, 137 Coxey’s Army, 191 Cranston, Maurice, 66, 69 D Dartmouth College, 164-68 Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 9, 164-68 Dawson, Christopher, 145, 174 Decalogue, the, 36 Declaration of Independence, 19-35 84, 88, 116 Declaration of Independence, The, Becker’s, 29 Declaration of Laws and Liberties, Massachusetts, 67 Declaration of the Rights of Man, Article I, 121-22; Article II, 122; Article IV, 122; Article V, 122-23 Article, VI, 123; Article XVII, 125-26 Defence of the Constitution, A, Adams’, quoted, 81 De Grazia, Alfred, 92-93 Deism, 43, 149 Delolme, Jean Louis, 87 Democracy, 176-77, 221, 226-27 Democracy in America, Tocqueville’s, quoted, 132 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, 196 Dershowitz, Alan, 155 Detroit, Michigan, 198-99 Detroit Riots of 1967, 196 Devil Rides Outside, The, 210 Dewey, John, 131, 146, 151-52, 22

5 Dicey, A. V., 199

236

Index

Dickinson, John, 41, 46, 54, 84, 86, 121

Diderot, Jacques, 348 Dietze, Gottfried, 90 Disquisition on Government, Calhoun’s, 220 Disraeli, Benjamin, 67, 142 Dostoievski, Fyodor, quoted, 31, 116 Doubleday v. New York, 204-5 Douglas T. Smith et al. v. Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County, 143, 148-50 Douglas, William O., 148; quoted, ‘33

Du Pont, E. I., 59 Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel, 58-59 E “Earth’s Holocaust”, Hawthorne’s, 118-19 Economic concepts, 49-62, 182-83 Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, An, Beard’s, 50 Economy, American, in 1800, 61 Electoral College, 92 Eleventh Amendment, U. S. Constitution, 108 Eliot, T. S., 65, 120; quoted, 134, 138

Ellsworth, Oliver, 55 Enlightenment, eighteenth century, 149 Equality, 177 Erasmus, Desiderius, 146 Ernst, Morris, 211 Ervin, Sam, 113 Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke’s, 70-71 Establishment of religion, 146 Everson v. Board of Education, 145 Excellence in Education, National Commission on, 226 Experience, 117

F Fanny Hill, Cleland’s, 212 Farrand, Max, 52 Federalist Papers, 9, 73, 78, 82, 88, 91, 101, 104, 107-8, 110—11 Federalists, 22 Few, William, 40-41 Fifteenth Amendment, U. S. Constitution, 178-79, 181, 183 Fifth Amendment, U. S. Constitution,

,

159 09

First Amendment, U. S. Constitution, 127, 129-31, 201-2; First Clause, 131-36, 143-57, 201-15 Fitch, John, 104-5 Fletcher v. Peck, 162-64, 166 Fortas, Abe, 110 Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, H1 Fourteenth Amendment, U. S. Constitution, 178-81, 183, 191-92 Fox, Charles James, 22-23 Framers of the Constitution, 35-48, 60-61; economic motives of, 50-52; opinion of Locke, 71-78, 83; reading of, 36, 44-45, 73~74. 77. 87; religion of, 43, 55-56, 60 France, 29 Frankfurter, Felix, 211 Franklin, Benjamin, 27-28, 36, 42, 46-47, 56, 122 Freedom of speech and the press, 201—2 French Revolution, 20, 31-33, 46; see also Revolution, French Fuller, Thomas, 46 G Galena, Illinois, 198 Gelasius I, pope, 137 General Motors Corporation, 198-99 General Principles of Constitutional Law, Cooley’s, 144

General Will, Rousseaus doctrine of, 120 Genius of American Politics, The, Boorstins, quoted, 25-26, 29-30, 37 Gentleman, American, 43-46 Gentleman, idea of, 43 George III, king of England, 22, 2425, 89 Gerry, Elbridge, 42, 55 Gibbons v. Ogden, 105 Gilded Age, the, 184-85 Glorious Revolution of 1688, The, Ashley’s, 23 “Gods of the Copybook Headings”, Kipling’s, 218-19 Gommere, Richard, 72 Gordon, William, 85-86 Great Depression, 193, 195

Index

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37

Hoffman, Ross, S. J., 24 Hofstadter, Richard, 64-65 Holdsworth, Sir William, quoted, 90, 94 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Justice, 112, 191-92, 205 Holy State and the Profane State, The, Fuller’s, quoted, 46 Hooker, Richard, 68, 124 Housing and Development Act of r

965, 196 Human rights, 192-93 Humanism, Christian, 146 Humanism, Secular, 145-46 Humanist, 150-53 Humanist Manifesto, 146 Humanitarianism, 143-57, 178 Hume, David, 42, 45, 62, 68-69, 74“ 75, 87, 95-96 Hunt, Thomas P., 176

H Hamilton, Alexander, 41-42, 56-57, 59-61, 73, 75, 86, 121, 161; quoted, 100, 107-8, 110 Hand, Brevard, 147-56 Handbook on the Prosecution of Obscenity Cases, Weaver’s, 212-13 Harding, Warren G., 92 Hartz, Louis, 64-65 Hastings, Warren, 87 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 118-19 Hay market Riots, 190-91 Heer, Friedrich, quoted, 119-20 Hegel, G. F. W., quoted, 31 Henry of Bolingbroke, king of England, 68 Henry, Patrick, 27, 45, 74, 121 Highway building, 196 History of English Law, Holdsworth’s, 9° History of the People of the United States, McMaster’s, 170 Hitchcock, James, 152 Hobbes, Thomas, 65, 70

I Ideas Have Consequences, Weaver’s, 193 Ideology, 47, 120, 134, 189-90 Individualism Reconsidered, Reisman’s, 208 Intellectual History of Europe, Heer’s, quoted, 119-20 Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, quoted, 150 Iredell, Arthur, 85 Iredell, James, 85 Ives, C. P, quoted, 224

j Jacobellis v. Ohio, 211 -12 Jacobins, 96, 141-42 Jaffree, Ishmael, 147-48 James II, king of England, 20, 22—23, 28 Jefferson, Thomas, 6-7, 29, 45-4C 58-59, 61, 72-73, 93, no, ri7, 120, 122, 130, 144, 168-69

238

Index

Jekyll, Sir Joseph, 19, 3311 Jews, 203 Johnson, Lyndon, 110 Johnson, Samuel, 52; quoted, 50 Johnson, William Samuel, 86, 104 Joint stock companies, 159 Judaism, 152-53 K Kennedy, John F., 183-84 Kent, James, 94, 105, 111, 190, 199, 225 King, Rufus, 41-42, 55, 86 King James Bible, 73, 121 Kingsley Book Co. v. Brown, 211 Kinsey, Alfred, 205-6 Kipling, Rudyard, quoted, 218-19 L Lafayette, Marquis de, 117 Lally-Tollendal, Thomas Arthur, Comte de, 125 Langdon,John, 41 Lansing, Earl, quoted, 219-20 La Ronde, film, 207 Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in the United States, The, 144 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 59 Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, Hooker’s, 68

‘

Legal positivism, 111 — 12 Legal realism, 95, m-12 Letter to a Noble Lord, Burke’s, 25 Liberal Tradition in America, The, Hartz’s, 64 Liberalism and the Church, Brownson’s, 177, 181-82, 184-85 Life of Washington, Marshall’s, 94, 16869 Lincoln, Abraham, quoted, 132 Living Philosophies, quoted, 152 Lochnerv. New York, 192

Locke, John, 63-79, 120-21; criticized by Adams, 81 M M, film, 207 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 6-8 Madison, James, 42, 52, 58, 62, 75, 91, 118, 121, 126, 128-30 Magna Carta, 126 Maine, Sir Henry, 8-10, 82-83; quoted, 93, 190 Maistre, Joseph Marie, Comte de, quoted, 120 Manchesterian economists, 61, 64 Marcus Aurelius, 218 Marshall, John, 86, 94, 105-6, 110, I58-73

Martin, Alexander, 41 Martin, Luther, 42 Marx, Karl, 67, 77, 171 Marxism, 225 Mason, George, 41, 46, 121 Master of business administration, degree of, 227 Materialism, 176-77 McClellan, James, quoted, 180 McDonald, Forrest, 50, 54-55 McMaster, John Bach, 170 Mead, Margaret, 207 Memoirs of Hecate County, Wilson’s, 204 Memoirs v. Massachusetts, 211-13 Mercer, John Francis, 41 Middle States, 57, 61 Mifflin, Thomas, 41 Mill, J. S., 207 Miller, William Lee, quoted, 77 Miller v. California, 213 Millett, Fred, 207-8 Mirabeau, 118, 124 Miracle, The, film, 207 Mobile, Alabama, 143, 146-47 Montesquieu, Baron de, 36, 45, 7375, 87, 91, 93 More, Paul Elmer, 146, 151, 193

More, Sir Thomas, 146 Morris, Gouverneur, 41-42, 46 Morris, Robert, 40-42, 60, 161 Mounier, Jean-Joseph, 125 Murray, John Courtney, 177, 184 N National Education Association, 226 National Guard, French, 117 National Organization for Decent Literature, 210 National Rifle Association, 126-27, 227 Natural Right and History, Strauss’s, 65 Navigation Acts, British, 51 New England Mississippi Land Company, 161-64 Niebuhr, Reinhold, quoted, 88-89 Nights of Horror, 209-10, 211 Novus Ordo Seclorum, 60 Nozick, Robert, 66

Index Plutarch, 44 Poletown, Detroit, 198-99 Popular Government, Maine’s, 8-10, 82, 93 Pornography, 202-15 Positivism, 95 Pound, Roscoe, 160 Poverty, 181-83

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39

Preamble to the Constitution, 101 Priestley, Joseph, 152 Principles of Morals and Legislation, Bentham’s, 61 Property, 124, 167-68, 189-200 Property rights, 192-93 Providence Bank v. Billings, 167 Public instruction, American, 133-35 Pullman strike, 191 Q Quakers, 149 R

O O’Neill, J. M., quoted, 208-9 Original intent, doctrine of, 99-114, 158 P Paine, Thomas, 19-20, 45, 86, 94-95, 1

52 Pargellis, Stanley, quoted, 91 Parrington, Vernon, 63, 77, 121 Phenix, Philip, 131 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 61 Philosophes, 62, 88, 121 Physiocracy, Du Pont’s, 59 Physiocrats, 58-59 Picard, Max, 131 Pilgrim's Progress, The, Bunyan’s, 73-74 Pinckney, Charles Cotes worth, 41 Pitt, William (Lord Chatham), 84 Playboy magazine, 209, 211

Radical Republicans, 178-81, 183-84 Ramsay, David, 85-86 Randall, Henry S., 6-8 Randolph, Edmund, 104 Randolph, John, of Roanoke, 22, 94, 163; quoted, 47, 105-6, no, 114 Rawls, John, 66 Raynal, Guillaume Thomas Francois, Abbe, 87 Reason, 74-75 Reflections on the Revolution in France, Burke’s, 21-22; quoted, 221-22 Regicide Peace, Burke’s, 94-97; quoted, 228 Rehnquist, William, 129, 147 Reisman, David, 207-8 Religion, 143-57, 225-26; definition of, 148-50; see also Christian doctrine, Christian belief Religious diversity, 128-30 Revolution, American, 19-31, 37—3^

240

Index

Revolution, definition of, 19-25, 3133 Revolution, French, 30-31, 35, 37-38, 40, 50, 115-26, 141 Revolution of 1688, 20, 68, 78 Richmond, Virginia, 168-69 Rights of Man, French, 115-27 Roane, Spencer, quoted, 171 Robespierre, Maximilien Francois, 50 Rockingham Whigs, 24-25, 82-83, 85, 92 Roman history, 218 Rome on the Euphrates, Stark’s, 218 Romney, George, 196 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 168, 192-93, 195, 224 Rossiter, Clinton, quoted, 26-28, 7273, 80-81 Roth v. United States, 210-11 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 45, 69-70, 87-88, 119-20, 124 Russell, Bertrand, 207 Rutledge, John, 41, 46, 86 S Sandburg, Carl, 226 Sandoz, Ellis, quoted, 77-78 Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railway, 91 Santayana, George, 192 Schama, Simon, 118 Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 184 Scottish law, 193-94 Secular humanism, 148-56 Seedtime of the Republic, Rossiter’s, 262

7. 72-73 Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, Kinsey’s, 205 Shays, Daniel, 46, 52, 73, 118 Shelton College (New Jersey), 131 Sherman, Roger, 55 Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph, Abbe, 117 Sixth Amendment, U. S. Constitution, 123-24

Slaughterhouse Case, 191 Smith, Adam, 56-58, 94-95, 171 Socialism, 188-90, 197 Solon, 5, 53 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, quoted, 135, 141

Soviet Union, 5, 14, 17, 31 Spaight, Richard Dobbs, 41 Speculation, land, 161-64, 170-72 Speech on the Economical Reform, Burke’s, quoted, 223-24 Spencer, Herbert, 190, 199 Spirit of Laws, The, Montesquieu’s, 8

7 Stamp Act Congress, 54, 82 Stark, Freya, 218 Steamboat Case, 104-5 Stedman, Charles, 85-86 Steuart, Sir James, 56 Story, Joseph, 94, 95, 106, 111, 190, 199, 225; quoted, 132 Strauss, Leo, 65 Streicher, Julius, 208 Supreme Court of Michigan, 165 Supreme Court of New York, 209-10 Supreme Court of the United States, 9, 16-17, 61, 94-95. 99. 106-10, 112-14, J43“4S 6 *. r48. r55. 161-68, 171-72, 191-93, 195-97. 205-8, 210-15, 217, 223-25; checks upon, 112-14; on pornography, 201-15 T Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, 118 Taney, Roger B., 174 Taylor, John, of Caroline, 39 Telephone calls, obscene, 213-14, 225-26 Tertium Quids, 163 Text books, history, 153-54; home economics, 153-54 Theory of Justice, A, Rawls’, 66 Thoughts on Government, Adams’, 73

Index Thoughts on the Present Discontents, Burkes, 23, 83, 91-92 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 6, 13, 16, 40, 118, 132, 194; quoted, 176 Toynbee, Arnold, 174, 193 Treatises on Civil Government, Lockes, 65-67, 77, 83 Tucker, St. George, 111 Tugwell, Rexford Guy, quoted, 36 Twain, Mark, 184

U Unitarianism, 149 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations, 125 Urban renewal, 196

V

Vitz, Paul, 153 Voegelin, Eric, 174 Voltaire, 119-20 W Warren, Earl, 202 Washington, D. C., 61

4!

Washington, George, 17, 46, 52, m We the People, McDonald’s, 50 Wealth of Nations, The, Smiths, 56, 58 Weaver, George M., 212-13 Weaver, Richard, 193 Webster, Daniel, 164-65, 219 Whigs, English, 20-24, 67, 9°, 120; interpretation of history, 23 Whigs, Rockingham, 24-25, 82-83, 85, 92 White, Byron, 213 Williamson, Hugh, 86 Wilson, James, 40-42, 52-53, 60, 86, 121, 161 Wilson, Woodrow, American president, 24, 192-93 Winters v. New York, 206 Wright, Louis B., 72 Wythe, George, 41

Virgil (Vergil; Vergilius Maro), 44 Virginia Dynasty of Presidents, 16970

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Y Yates, Robert, 104 Yazoo lands, 162-64

Z Zorach v. Clauson, 133-34, 148

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