The Chronology of the Early Iron Age in the Socialist Republic of Serbia 9780904531862, 9781407345901

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY
ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
LIST OF THE MAIN IRON AGE SITES IN THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
ABBREVIATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MAPS
PLATES
INDEX OF SITES AND AUTHORS

Citation preview

The Chronology of the Early Iron Age in the Socialist Republic of Serbia

Rastko V asic

BAR Supplementary Series 3 I 1 977

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GE�ERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B .A .R. Supplementary Series 31, 197 7 : "The Chronology of the Early Iron Age in the Socialist Republic of Serbia" © Rasto Vasic, 1977

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531862 paperback ISBN 9781407345901 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531862 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

Page I NTRODUCT ION

1

RELAT IVE CHRONOLOGY

•

The t rans it iona l p er iod b etween t he Bronze a nd I ron Ages

6

The Ear ly I ron Age

8

Hor izon 1

9

The f inds f ro m n e ighbour ing a reas

1 2

The Bassarab i Pot tery

1 4

Thraco-Ci m mer ian f inds i n S erb ia

1 6

Hor izon 2

1 7

East S erb ia

1 9

The a rea a round T itovo Unce

2 0

Nor th S erb ia a nd Vo jvod ina

2 1

Hor izon 3

2 2

The T itovo UAce r eg ion a nd f inds f ro m n e ighbour ing a reas

2 3

Nor th S erb ia a nd Vo jvod ina

2 6

Hor izon 4 The S re m g roup The Late I ron Age

2 7 2 8 3 0

ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY Hor izon 1

3 1

Hor izon 2

3 2

Hor izon 3

3 4

Hor izon 4

3 5

CONCLUS IONS

3 7

REFERENCES

3 9

L IST OF THE MA IN I RON AGE S ITES I N THE SOCIALIST REPUBL IC OF S ERB IA

5 1

ABBREV IATIONS

7 1

B IBL IOGRAPHY

7 3

MAPS

8 6

PLATES

8 9

I NDEX

1 45

I NTRODUC T ION

Quest ions o f c hrono logy u sua l ly r epresen t t he f irst s tep i n a n a ccura te a na lys is o f a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l ;

o nce ma ter ia l h as b een p u t i n to i t s c or-

r ect c hrono log ica l p lace i ti s more e as ily e xp la ined a nd u nderstood.

F or t h is

r eason o ur p r inc ipa l a im i n t h is p resen ta t ion o f a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l o f t he E ar ly I ron Age f ro m t he S oc ia l is t Repub l ic o f S erb ia i s t o o bta in , a s f ar a s p oss ib le , af ir m c hrono logy f or t he E ar ly I ron Age f inds i n t h is a rea , wh ich a re n u merous b u t s o mewha t d iverse i n c harac ter a nd u neven ly d istr ibu ted g eograph ica l ly . T he S oc ia l is t Repub l ic o f S erb ia , i .e. S erb ia i n i t s n arrower s ense t og ether w ith t he a utono mous r eg ions o f V o jvod ina a nd Kossovo , i s ap ar t o f t he S oc ia l ist F edera t ive Repub l ic o f Y ugos lav ia.

T h is a rea , s i tuated i n t he

n or th-east o f Yugos lav ia , i s a rchaeo log ica l ly impor tan t a nd i n terest ing f or av ar iety o f r easons.

Due t o i t s g eograph ica l p os it ion i n t he c en tre o f t he

Ba lkan p en insu la a nd t o c o mmun ica t ions t hrough t he v a l leys o f t he r ivers Danube, S ava , Morava e tc., many r ou tes o f m igra t ion , c o mmerce a nd i nv as ion i n tersected h ere.

T here w ere a lso i nf luences f ro m e astern a nd c en tra l

Europe o n o ne s ide , a nd f rom t he Med iterranean w or ld o n t he o ther , c rea t ing v ar ious f orms a nd e ven ts t hroughout p reh is tory .

Thus p ara l le ls w ith n e igh-

b our ing a nd d is tan t r eg ions g ive impor tan t a nd n ecessary l i nks f or t he s tudy o f c u l tura l d eve lopmen t o ver a l arge a rea a nd e xp la in p heno mena o f v ar ied a nd c o mp lex c harac ter . T here i s n o p ub l ished work d evo ted e n t ire ly a nd i n d e ta il t o t he c hrono logy o f t he Ear ly I ron Age i n S erb ia , t hough t here a re a n u mber o f s tud ies d ea l ing w ith t h is q ues t ion.

We d raw a t ten t ion i n p ar t icu lar t o t he w orks o f M.

G aragan in who i n as er ies o f a r t ic les a s w e l l a s i n h is r ecen t ly p ub l ished b ook Pra istor i ja n a t l u S . R.

S rb i je ( Preh istory i n t he S oc ia l ist Repub l ic o f S erb ia )

p roposed a d iv is ion o f t he I ron Age i n S erb ia i n to f our d if feren t p hases. 1 T hese f our p hases c over t he p er iod f ro m t he s o-ca l led Aegean m igra t ion ( ca. 1 200 B .C.) t o t he f ina l Ro man c onques t i n t he l ast y ears B .C.

T he f i rst

p hase ( I ron Age I ) embraces t he Trans it iona l p er iod f ro m t he Bronze t o t he I ron Age , a pprox i ma te ly H a l lstat t A-B a ccord ing t o P au l Re inecke 's d iv is ion o f t he me ta l p er iods i n Cen tra l E urope ,

2

wh ich , f o l low ing G aragan in , c orresponds,

i n a bso lu te d a tes t o c a. 1 200 B .C. t o t he e ight c entury B .C.

The s econd p hase

( I ron Age I ) l asts a bout t wo c en tur ies a nd f in ishes s o mewhere i n t he s ix th c en tury B .C., c orrespond ing g enera l ly t o Re inecke 's Ha l ls ta t t C .

T he t h ird

p hase ( I ron Age I I ), a pprox i ma te ly H al ls ta t t Da nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he L a T äne p er iod ( La T ene I ) , l as ts u n t il t he f our th c en tury B .C. T he f our th p hase ( I ron Age I V ) b road ly c overs t he L a V ene p er iod i n S erb ia wh ich b eg ins c ons iderably l ater h ere t han i n w estern E urope. Apar t f ro m t h is d iv is ion o f t he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m t he who le o f S . R. S erb ia , t here e x is t s o me o ther c hrono log ies o f a more o r l ess r eg iona l

1

c harac ter .

I n t he r ecent ly p ub l ished Pra istor i ja Vo jvod ine ( Preh istory o f

Vo jvod ina ), N . T as ic- d ea ls w ith t he c hrono logy o f t he Ear ly I ron Age i n Vo jvod ina . 3

Bas ing h is i nvest iga t ions o n t he r esu lts o f e xcavat ions i n t he

s et t le men t o f G o mo lava a nd o f ah i l l-for t o n t he r iver B osu t n ear t he v i l lage o f Ba trovc i, h e h as p os tu lated t hree c hrono log ica l p hases o f t he s o-ca l led Bosu t g roup c orrespond ing g enera l ly t o t he B assarab i c u l ture i n Ro man ia. I n h is l ates t a r t ic les , T as ic- c la i ms a d eve lopmen t o f t he Bosu t g roup i ndepend en t o f t he Bassarab i c o mp lex , b u t h e r e ta ins t he t hree d if feren t c hrono log ica l p hases w ith in t he Ear ly I ron Age i n S re m ( southwes t V o jvod ina ).

The f i rs t

p hase , d a ted t o 8 50/800-650 B .C., d oes n ot s how Bassarab i i n f luences ;

t he

s econd p hase i s c haracter ized b y t yp ical Bassarab ian d ecora t ion o n t he p ot tery a nd d a tes f ro m 6 50-500 B .C.;

t he t h ird p hase , c ons idered b y T as ie t o c or-

r espond t o t he F er ig i le c e metery i n Ro man ia , c overs t he p er iod f ro m 5 003 00 B .C.

4

,5 Men t ion s hou ld a lso b e made o f t he works b y J . T odorov ic w ho h as d ea l t ma in ly w ith t he L a te I ron Age i n S erb ia.

Bas ing h is r esu l ts o n i nves-

t i gat ions o f t he c e metery o f K araburma i n Be lgrade , a nd t hus r eferr ing most ly t o t he a rea o f n or th S erb ia a nd s ou th Vo jvod ina , h e h as d iv ided t he L ate I ron Age i n to f i ve p hases :

I- p re-Ce l t ic L a f ene

o f Ce l t ic i nvas ion o f G reece ( 323-279 B .C.) ; i n t he n or thern Ba lkans ( 279-85 B .C.) ; b y t he Ro mans ( 85 15 B .C.) ; s econd c en tur ies A . D.).

4 00-323 B .C.) ;

I -p er iod

I I -s tab i l iza t ion o f t he C e l ts

I V -d ec l ine a nd d efea t o f t he C e l ts

a nd V - p er iod o f Ro man o ccupa t ion ( f irs t a nd

T he p er iod b efore h is p hase IT odorov ic- r efers t o

i n v ague t er ms a s t he p er iod o f C i m mer ian i n f luence ( before 5 00 B .C . )a nd r t he p er iod o f S cy th ian i nf luence ( a f ter 5 00 B .C .) . T he f inds o f t he s a me p er iod f ro m n e ighbour ing a reas a re o f c ons iderable i mpor tance f or a s tudy o f t he I ron Age ma ter ia l i n S erb ia , b e ing o f ten p ar t o f t he s ame c u ltura l e n t ity .

F or t h is r eason c hrono log ica l s che mes b ased o n

t h is ma ter ia l c an g rea t ly h e lp i n t he d at ing o f s o me f i nds f ro m S erb ia.

We

emphas ise a s most i mpor tan t t he c hrono logy o f G las inac i n e astern Bosn ia , b ecause a c ons iderab le n u mber o f s i tes f ro m t he s urround ings o f T itovo Unce i n s ou th-wes t S erb ia b e long t o t h is c u ltura l c o mp lex a nd c an b e p laced i n t he G las inac c hrono log ica l p hases.

T he G las inac g roup , o ne o f t he r iches t

s ources o fI ron Age ma ter ia l i n t he Ba lkans , p rov ided s uf f ic ien t mater ia l f or ad eta iled c hrono log ica l d iv is ion i n to p hases a nd e ven s ub-phases. G las inac c hrono logy o f A . Benac a nd B .

o v ie

6

T he

d escr ibes p hases Ia nd I

a s b e long ing t o t he Bronze Age , p hase I I t o t he Trans it iona l p er iod b etween t he Bronze a nd I ron Age , a nd p hases I V a nd V a s c over ing t he I ron Age. S ubp hase I Va i s d a ted t o 8 00-750 B .C., s ub-phase I Vb t o 7 50-625 B .C., a nd s ub-phase I Vc t o 6 25-500 B .C. B .C.) a nd V b ( 350-250 B .C.).

P hase V h as t wo s ub-phases :

Va ( 500-350

S l igh t c orrec t ions i n t he a bso lute d at ing o f

p hase I V a re s ugges ted b y M. G aragan in a nd s o me o ther a rchaeo log ists. 7 These c ons is t o f ad iv is ion o f p hase I V i nto t wo s ub-phases :

I Va ( 750/700-

6 25 B .C.) a nd I Vb ( 625-500 B .C.), wh ile t he g reater p ar t o f t he e igh th c en tury s t il l b e longs t o t he Trans it iona l p er iod , i .e. t o p hase H I. A c hrono log ica l d iv is ion o f t he r ich I ron Age mater ial f ro m t he p i ledwel l ing o f Don ja Do l ina o n t he r iver S ava n ear Bosanska Gradr gka i s a lso impor tan t f or o ur s tudy .

I ts ma ter ia l s hows many p ara l lels w ith n e ighbour-

i ng a nd d istan t a reas , d ue t o i t s w ide c o m merc ia l r ela t ions. 2

Z . Mar ie

r ecen t ly d ef ined t hree c hrono log ica l p hases i n Don ja Do l ina : p er iod ( 1200-700 B .C.) ;

I - Ear ly I ron Age ( 700-360 B .C.);

I ron Age ( 360-end o f f irst c en tury B .C.).

I- T rans it iona l a nd H - L a te

P hase I h as t hree s ub-phases :

Ha ( 700-600 B .C.), Hb ( 600-500 B .C.) a nd Ic ( 500-360 B .C.) , t h is d iv is ion b e ing i n f luenced p ar t ly b y t he G las inac c hrono logy .8

F ur ther t o t he w es t ,

t he d iv is ion o f t he I ron Age i n S loven ia b y S . G abrovec may b e o f s o me i mp or tance f or o ur w ork .

B e ing v ery r ich i n I ron Age ma ter ia l S loven ia , a nd

e spec ia l ly t he r eg ion o f L ower C arn io la , p rov ided a g ood o ppor tun ity f or t he c reat ion o f aw el l-docu men ted r e lat ive c hrono logy .9 Outs ide Yugos lav ia , t he d iv is ion o f t he Bassarab i g roup i n Ro man ia b y A . V u lpe i n to t hree p hases i s w or th men t ion ing : p re-Bassarab i ( 850-750 B .C.) , B assarab i 1 (750-625 B .C.) a nd Bassarab i H ( 625-550 B .C.). 10 i s f o l lowed b y t he c hrono logy o f t he F er ig i le c e metery :

T h is

F er ig ile I( 550-450

B .C.) a nd F er ig i le H ( 450-350 B .C.), c over ing i n t ha t w ay t he e n t ire Ear ly I ron Age i n s ou th-wes t Ro man ia. 1 1

T he r ich Ear ly I ron Age ma ter ia l f ro m

c e meter ies o f Kru me, 9 ina mak a nd Kenete i n n or th-eas t A lban ia h as b een d iv ided b y B . J uban i i n to p hase I( e igh t a nd s eventh c en tur ies B .C.) a nd p hase H ( s ix th t o f our th c en tur ies B .C.),

1 2

t hough t he l ack o f i l lustra t ions

makes a d e ta iled a na lys is imposs ib le a t p resen t . Our d iv is ion o f t he Ear ly I ron Age i n S erb ia d i f fers t o ac er ta in e x ten t f ro m t he a bove.

We s tar t t h is p er iod w ith t he f i nds i n w h ich i ron o b jects b e-

g in t o a ppear r egu lar ly a nd i n l arge n u mber .

T h is w idespread u se o f i ron

b r ings b as ic c hanges i n t he s oc ia l a nd e cono m ic d eve lop men t o f t he l oca l c u lture.

L ikew ise , w e f ixed t he e nd o f t he Ear ly I ron Age i n S erb ia a t t he

t ime t he C e l ts a ppeared.

T he r easons f or t h is l ay i n t he f act t ha t f ro m t ha t

t ime t he ma ter ia l c u lture o f S erb ia a nd V o jvod ina c hanged c ons iderab ly a nd , g enera l ly s peak ing , may b e c lear ly d if feren t iated f ro m i t s p redecessor .

I t

i s t rue t ha t ac er ta in c on t inu i ty i n t he t ypes a nd f orms o f t he Ear ly I ron Age c an b e f o l lowed w e l l i n to t he L ate I ron Age , b u t t he n u mber o f i ns tances i s r e lat ive ly sma l l a nd i ns ign if ican t.

I t i s a lso t rue t hat s o me L a T ene f or ms

a ppear i n t h is t err itory b efore t he a rr iva l o f t he Ce lt ic t r ibes , b u t mos t o f t he mater ia l f ro m t h is p re-Ce l t ic p er iod i n f act r epresen ts a c on t inuous d ev e lop men t o f t he e ar l ier l oca l t ypes , a nd b e longs t hus t o t he l oca l c u lture o f t he Ear ly I ron Age.

L oca l e le men ts i n s o me r e mote a reas s uch a s s ou th-

w est S erb ia a nd Kossovo , where t he C e lt ic i n f luence i s l ess v is ib le , may h ave c on t inued t he ir c u ltura l d eve lop men t.

However , t he p resen t s tate o f i nves-

t i ga t ions d oes n o t p erm it d ef in ite c onc lus ions. Our w ish h ere i s t o work a s f ar a s p oss ib le w ith t he a bso lute d a tes o f t he ma ter ia l b ecause t hese g ive t he b est b as is f or f ur ther c onc lus ions a bout t he ma ter ia l c u lture o f ag iven a rea.

Un for tunate ly , t he n u mber o f p rec ise ly

d a ted impor ted o b jec ts a nd o ther f inds i n t h is a rea i s l im ited , a nd f or t h is r eason w e a re o b l iged t o b eg in o ur d iscuss ion o n t he c hrono logy o f t he E ar ly I ron Age o f t he S . R. S erb ia w ith t he r e lat ive c hrono logy .

I n t h is t he u se o f

c hrono log ica l ly s epara ted p hases o r h or izons a ppears t o b e n ecessary . a f ter t h is h as b een d one c an t he a bso lute d at ing b e a pp l ied t o t he r esu lts.

3

On ly

T he Ear ly I ron Age f inds f ro m t he S oc ia l is t Repub l ic o f S erb ia i ncluded h ere c ons ist o f t he f inds f ro m s et t le men ts , f ro m c e me ter ies a nd s ing le g raves , a nd f ro m h oards.

S o me i so la ted f inds wh ich b y t he ir f orm , f ind-spot , o r

l oca l p ara l le ls a re o f i mpor tance f or t he r eso lu t ion o f s o me q ues t ions a re a lso e ither men t ioned o r s pec if ica l ly s tud ied. 13 S et t le men ts i n S erb ia a nd Kossovo h ave n o t y et b een t horough ly s tud ied . A sma l l s et t le men t a t M is lod jin n ear Obrenovac p rov ided s o me r esu l ts , w h i le Z lot Cave n ear Bor , where a l arge p reh istor ic s et t le men t h as b een e xcava ted , s upp l ied i mpor tan t Ear ly I ron Age mater ia l.

T he s et t le men t i n R ado in ja n ear

Nova Varog i n s ou th S erb ia g ave s o me i n forma t ion , wh i le i mpor tan t work w as c arr ied o u t a t Kossovo o n t he h i l l-for ts a t H isar n ear S uva Reka a nd a t Be laCevac , where t wo I ron Age l ayers w ere d ef ined.

A n u mber o f I ron Age

s i tes o n t he Danube i n t he I ron G ate a rea ( Pad ina , Bo l je t in , Manas t ir , PoreCka r eka , H a jduCka v oden ica , e tc.) e xcava ted i n r ecen t y ears , a re k nown u p t o n ow o n ly f ro m s hor t p re l im inary r epor ts. T he s i tua t ion i n V o jvod ina i s s o mewhat b et ter t hanks t o e x tens ive e xcavat i ons a t t wo impor tan t p reh istor ic s i tes i n S re m :

G o mo lava o n t he r iver S ava

a t t he v i l lage o f Hr tkovc i , a nd a h i l l-for t o n t he r iver Bosu t b etween t he v i l lages o f Ba trovc i a nd V ag ica .

Bo th s e t t le men ts c on ta in t h ick I ron Age l ayers. T he

e xcava t ions a t G o mo lava u ncovered t wo c o mmuna l g raves , o ne o f w h ich c ont a ined 7 8 s ke letons w ith p o t tery a nd meta lwork b e long ing t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ear ly I ron Age.

O ther s e t t le men ts i n V o jvod ina , a t Ka laka L n ear Begka i n

S re m , P opov S a la gn ear K a8 a nd F eudvar n ear Mogor in i n BaCka , a nd t he 2 idovar o pp idu m i n Bana t , a lso g ive u sefu l i n for ma t ion . I ron Age c e meter ies a nd s ing le g raves a re b e t ter k nown t han s et t le men ts i n S erb ia , a nd t hey p rov ide t he ma in d a ta f or t he c hrono log ica l d iv is ion o f f inds.

Bes t k nown u p t o n ow i s t he a rea a round T itovo U Z ice , i n w estern

S erb ia , where s evera l i mpor tan t Ear ly I ron Age c e meter ies h ave b een d isc overed .

A l though t hey a re n ot f u l ly p ub l ished a s y e t , t here were l arge c e me-

t er ies w ith s ke le tons b ur ied u nder mounds a t Raiana , G od l jevo , S redn ja Dobr in ja , Vrane , Uz iC i, Kr iva Reka , G lu maC , Kre mna , e tc. t an t f i nds i n n or th a nd w est S erb ia a re made a t A ten ica n ear

Impor-

ahk ( pr ince ly

c e metery c ons is t ing o f t wo t u mu l i a nd t hree c re ma t ion g raves ), G r ivac n ear Kragu jevac ( a s ing le s ke le ton g rave ), g abac ( ske leton a nd c re mat ion b ur ia ls ), Vranovo n ear Smederevo ( grave u nder a t u mu lus ) a nd g raves ).

R itopek ( cre ma t ion

S ing le f i nds o f s i lver a nd g o ld j ewe l lery ( bel ts , b race lets , p ins ,

f ibu lae ) f ro m Mra morac , UmCar l, Ko lar i , e tc ., a lso p robab ly c a me f ro m g raves.

I n e astern S erb ia f i nds f ro m S tan iK osto lac ( s ing le s ke leton g rave ),

Vr t i ke n ear N i g( cre ma t ion g raves u nder t u mu l i ) a nd Novo S e lo-Dub ( probab ly s ke leton g rave ) a re wor th men t ion ing .

I n s ou thern S erb ia t he n u mber o f f i nds

i s l im ited t o ag rave ( ? ) f ro m Konopn ica n ear V laso t inc i , a sma l l c e metery w ith m ixed s ke leton a nd c re mat ion b ur ia ls a t M cAtan ica n ear Vran je , a nd t o c re mat ion g raves w ith u rns a t Don ja T opon ica a nd p erhaps Gorn ja S traIava . S ou th-west S erb ia a nd Kossovo a re r icher i n ma ter ia l.

T he p r ince ly g rave

u nder a t u mu lus a t N ov i P azar a s w e l l a s r ich u npub l ished g raves f ro m P ec.k a b an ja n ear P e Cs how c onnec t ions w ith t he f inds f ro m t he T itovo U Z ice a rea. A sma l l I ron Age c e metery w ith t he p oss ib le t u mu l i h as b een d iscovered a t Karaga ' 6 n ear Kosovska M itrov ica , wh ile impor tan t c e meter ies w ith b oth c re mat ion a nd s ke leton b ur ia ls u nder t u mu l i h ave b een f ound a round S uva Reka ( g iroko , D ib iCik ), K l ine ( Pr evo ) a nd Pr izren ( Ro ma ja ). 4

I n Vo jvod ina w e h ave a lready men t ioned t he t wo c o m muna l g raves f ro m G o mo lava - Hr tkovc i . S ing le s ke leton g raves h ave b een f ound i n t he s ame v i l lage o f Hr tkovc i a nd i n Vrdn ik .

D oros lovo, i n BaCik a , p rov ided a l arge

u rnf ie ld c e metery a s we l l a s af ew s ke le ton g raves .

T hese b e long t ogether

w ith c e me ter ies i n S re mska M i trov ica , K uz m in , Adagevc i , e tc . ,t o al a te Ha l lstat t g roup s pread a cross s outh-west V o jvod ina a nd e ast S lavon ia . F inds o f g raves a re r are i n B anat :

o ne s ke leton a nd t wo c re mat ion g raves

f ro m Vrgac-At , a nd a n u rn f ie ld c emetery a t Banatska P a lanka wh ich i s o n ly men t ioned i n t he l i terature. I ron Age h oards i n S erb ia most ly b e long t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ear ly I ron Age :

Rudovc i, Rolanc i , Bara jevo a nd 2 irovn ica i n wes tern S erb ia , A l judovo ,

Manast ir ica , VrmdZa , Ru jig te , . g arbanovac a nd Brusn ik i n e astern S erb ia , a nd J an jevo Ia nd H i n Kossovo.

S o me o f t hese f i nds c ou ld h ave b een g raves

b ut d ue t o l ack o f p rec ise i nfor ma t ion t h is c anno t b e c onf ir med . f ro m C ' • urug i n s ou th BaCka i s o f much l a ter d a te .

Ah oard

The n e ighbour ing p ar ts o f Yugos lav ia h ave p roduced f i nds o f t he s a me p er iod wh ich a re g ood p aral le ls t o o ur mater ia l .

The mos t i mpor tan t i s t he

G las inac p lateau i n e astern B osn ia w ith s o me t wo t housand mounds

1 4

-t he

n uc leus o f t he G las inac c u l ture wh ich i nc ludes t he o ther f i nds f ro m B osn ia , n or thern Mon tenegro a nd t he a bove men t ioned s i tes f ro m t he r eg ion o f T itovo UZ ice .15

S evera l f i nds f ro m n or th Bosn ia a re a lso o f i nterest . 16

An

impor tan t u rn f ie ld g roup f rom t he l as t p ar t o f t he T rans it iona l p er iod a nd f ro m t he Ear ly I ron Age was s i tua ted i n e astern S lavon ia , i nclud ing Doros lovo i n BaCka.

I t i s u sua l ly n a med t he Da l j g roup , a f ter t he mos t i mpor tan t s i te

o f t he g roup .

1 7

L a te Ha l lsta t t g raves i n S lavon ia a re c onnected w ith t he

c on te mporary g roup i n S re m. 18

Nor th Macedon ia a lso p rov ided s o me im-

p or tan t ma ter ia l o f v ar ious I ron Age p er iods wh ich c an b e u sefu l f or c o mpar is on w ith t he mater ia l f ro m S erb ia.

1 9

Archaeo log ica l mater ia l o f t h is p er iod f ro m o u ts ide Yugos lav ia i s a lso o f s ign if icance f or o ur s tudy .

I n Hungary a n u mber o f f inds , c onnected w ith

t he s o-cal led Thraco-Ci mmer ian h or izon , a re o f c ruc ia l i mpor tance. " S ou th-west Ro man ia i s e spec ia l ly r ich i n Ear ly I ron Age ma ter ia l w ith s evera l l arge c e meter ies w ith t u mu l i o n t he Danube , a cross t he Yugos lav b order : Mo ldova V ech ia , Ba l ta Verde , Gogoeu , Ostrovu l Mare , Bassarab i , Gru ia , e tc. 2 1 T he most o uts tand ing h oards a re B i lvanee t i i n t he I ron G ate a rea a nd V intu l d e J os i n Transy lvan ia. 2 2

I n w este r n Bu lgar ia a s er ies o f s ing le

g raves a nd sma l l c e meter ies h as b een d iscovered ( V la ' gko S e lo , V id in , Morav ica , Be l i I zvor , S o fron ievo , A lt im ir , e tc.) p ara l lels f or o ur ma ter ia l.

2 3

wh ich p rov ide d irec t

I n n or th-east A lban ia t he mater ia l f ro m s evera l

Ear ly I ron Age c e meter ies i n t he v ic in ity o f Kukes s how a na log ies , n o tab ly t o ma ter ia l f ro m Kossovo a nd s ou th-wes t S erb ia , b ut t he ir d eta iled p ub l icat i on i s n o t a va ilab le a s y et .2 4 A l l t h is mater ia l i s d iscussed i n g reater d e ta i l b elow .

5

RELAT I VE CHRONOLOGY

T he T rans it iona l p er iod b e tween t he B ronze a nd I ron Ages T he Trans it iona l p er iod b e tween t he Bronze a nd I ron Ages i n t he n or thern Ba lkans i nc ludes t he v ery e nd o f t he Bronze Age a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he I ron Age , wh ich a re d enoted i n P au l Re inecke 's d iv is ion o f t he me ta l p er iods i n c en tra l Europe a s t he Bronze D a nd Ha l lsta t t Aa nd B p hases.

Re inecke 's

s ys te m i s s t i l l w ide ly u sed 2 5 i n s p ite o f s o me a t te mp ts a t r ev is ion. S o , f or e xa mp le , i n h is d iv is ion o f t he meta l a ges i n S erb ia M. G aragan in i nc ludes p hases H a l ls ta t t Aa nd B i n h is I ron Age I , wh i le Bronze D r e ma ins t he l as t p hase o f t he Bronze Age . 2 6

T he T rans it iona l p er iod i s g enera l ly c ons idered

a s u ns tab le a nd o ne o f d is turbance i n t he Ba lkans a s w e l l a s i n t he Aegean , where i ti s k nown a s t he p er iod o f t he Grea t D es truct ions. 27

T hese t urbu len t

t imes a re d escr ibed h istor ica l ly b y t he i nscr ip t ions o f t he Egyp t ian K ings o f 1 225 a nd 1 189 B .C., i n wh ich t he r a ids o f t he S ea P eop le i n t he e astern Med iterranean a nd t he ir d efea t i n Egyp t a re men t ioned. 2 8 Var ious a rchaeo log ica l f i nds a re k nown f ro m S erb ia wh ich d a te f ro m t h is p er iod .

T hey s t i l l d o n o t p rov ide a s uf f ic ien t ly c lear o veral l p icture o f t he

c u ltura l d eve lopmen t a nd r e lat ionsh ips a t t h is t ime t hroughout S erb ia , b u t s o me r espec ts a re i mpor tan t f or t he p ar t ia l u nders tand ing o f t he I ron Age c u lture.

Af ew w ords a re d evo ted t o s o me o f t hese f inds b ecause o f t he

o bv ious r e la t ionsh ip i n S erb ia b etween t he Trans it iona l p er iod a nd p er iods t hat f o l low i t . Hoards :

A l arge n u mber o f h oards , d iscovered ma in ly i n V o jvod ina a nd

n or thern S erb ia , c ons ist o f b ronze c e l ts , s ick les , s pearheads , s words , k n ives , p ins , f i bu lae, b race lets , t orcs , d iscs , p ha lerae , p endan ts , p ar ts o f b ronze v esse ls , e tc. 2 9

Many s im ilar h oards a re f ound i n n or thern Croa t ia a nd s o me

i n Bosn ia , wh i le t he ir n u mber i n o ther p ar ts o f Yugos lav ia i s i ns ign if ican t . " There h ave b een s evera l a t te mp ts , e spec ia l ly i n r ecen t Yugos lav l i tera ture , t o p lace t hese f inds , o r a t l east s o me o f t he m , w ith in a s hor ter c hrono log ica l p er iod.

M. a nd D . G aragan in d iv ided a l l t he h oards f ro m S erb ia a nd

Vo jvod ina i n to t hree h or izons c orrespond ing r ough ly t o R e inecke 's Bronze D , Ha l ls ta t t A l a nd Ha l lsta t t A2.

T hey a ssu med a t t he s a me t ime t ha t h oards

d id n ot a ppear i n t he l ater , l ess d isturbed , Ha l ls ta t t B p hase . 3 1

K . V insk i-

Gaspar in i d ea lt w ith t he h oards f ro m n or thern Croa t ia a nd f ro m S re m i n Vo jvod ina a nd d iv ided t he m i n to h er f i ve p hases o f t he T rans it iona l p er iod o r t he p er iod o f Urn f ie ld c e meter ies , d a ted t o c a. 1 300-750/700 B .C.

T he

g rea tes t n u mber o f h oards , h owever , s he p laced i n h er s econd p hase ( 12301 100 B .C.). 32

I n Pra istor i ja V o jvod ine , N . T as ic- a lso d ea lt b r ief ly w ith t h is

p rob le m a nd p roposed t he d at ing o f a l l t hese h oards t o p hases Ha l lstat t A 2 a nd Ha l lstat t B I, i .e. t o t he p er iod a round 1 000 B .C.

6

3 3

T here a re t wo g enera l c o mmen ts t o b e made o n t hese d at ings.

By t he ir

c haracter h oards i n g enera l may b e h idden f or s ecur ity , b ronze-workers h oards a nd v ot ive d epos its , a nd i ti s l og ica l t o s uppose t hat o ur h oards b e long t o ag rea ter o r l esser d egree t o a l l t hree c a tegor ies.

We a gree t hat h oards

wh ich were d epos ited f or s a fe ty may b e long t o ar e la t ive ly l im ited c hrono log ica l p er iod i fw e s uppose t ha t a n e x terna l d anger t hrea tened t h is t err itory f or a s hor t t ime.

However , t he p lac ing o f a l l b ronze-workers ' h oards a nd v ot ive

h oards e xc lus ive ly t o t h is s ame s hor t p er iod i s n o t v ery p robab le.

S econd ly ,

i n s p i te o f n ot iceab le d if ferences b e tween t he ma ter ia l o f t he Trans it iona l p er iod a nd t hat o f s ubsequen t c en tur ies , ac u ltura l c on t inu ity i s v is ib le i n s o me t ypes o f o b jec ts.

T h is w ou ld f avour t he d a t ing o f s o me h oards t o t he

s econd p ar t o f t he Trans it iona l p er iod , i .e. t o p hases Ha l ls tat t B i a nd B2. T he t ypes o f o b jec t i n o ur h oards , c o mpared w ith t he f i nds f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ear ly I ron Age , g ive t he f o l low ing p icture : Bronze c elts a nd s ick les , v ery n u merous i n t he h oards , a ppear s e ldo m o r n o t a t a l l i n t he e ar l ies tI ron Age f inds.

Bronze s words d o n o t a ppear i n

l ater f i nds , wh ile b ronze s pearheads a ppear o ccas iona l ly.

P ar ts o f b ronze

a rmour a nd f rag men ts o f b ronze v esse ls wh ich w ere f ound i n s o me h oards f rom S erb ia a nd Croa t ia a s f oundry mater ia l wou ld i nd icate a d eve loped b ronze i ndus try i n t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he T rans it iona l p er iod a nd i t s l a ter d ec l ine . The j ewe l lery , o n t he c on trary , s hows c lear c onnec t ions w ith t he Ear ly I ron Age.

Tw isted a nd p la in t orcs a s w e l l a s s p ira l b race lets a nd b race lets w ith

c rossed e nds a re w e l l k nown f ro m b o th p er iods.

An impover ish men t i n t he

e labora te d ecora t ion o f b race lets t owards t he e nd o f t he Trans it iona l p er iod , emphas ised b y D . G aragan in , 34 o f w ork mansh ip.

s peaks a lso o f t he d ec l ine o f t he s tandards

T he f i bu lae a re o f t he v io l in-bow t ype , u sua l ly d a ted t o t he

f irs t h a l f o f t he Trans it iona l p er iod , a nd s pectac le t ype w ith t wo l oops i n t he midd le , d a t ing ma in ly f ro m t he l a ter p ar t o f t h is p er iod. 35

I n n or th-west

Yugos lav ia s pec tac le f i bu lae w ith l oops a re d a ted t o t he p hases Ha l ls tat t A2 a nd B i, b u t i n S erb ia a nd V o jvod ina t hey a re n ot p laced w ith c er ta in ty b efore Ha l ls tat t B 2/B3. 3 6

S pectac le f i bu lae p robab ly o r ig ina te f ro m t he " passe-

men ter ie" f i bu lae p ar t ly c on te mporary w ith t he v io l in-bow f i bu lae a nd c oncent ra ted i n Hungary , Ro man ia a nd Yugos lav ia 3 .7 The e ar ly d a te o f t he " passe ment er ie" f i bu lae i s a lso s ugges ted b y t he ir r ese mb lance t o d ecorat ive e le men ts i n t he L a te Bronze Age p ot tery o f t h is r eg ion .

T h is i nd ica tes c lear ly t ha t t he

s pec tac le f i bu lae w ith l oops , c o m mon among t he e ar l ies t I ron Age f i nds , o r ig inated i n t he T rans it iona l p er iod.

S pectac le f i bu lae w ithou t l oops i n t he

midd le , v ery f requen t i n S erb ia a nd Kossovo i n t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ear ly I ron Age , s ee m o n t he c on trary t o b e an ew f orm , t hough t hey p robab ly o r ig ina ted f ro m t he s a me s ource.

D oub lelooped f i bu lae — a Ba lkan i nven t ion a s i t

s ee ms a t t he mo men t — a ppear a lso o n ly f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ear ly I ron Age.

T he ir o r ig ins may q u ite p oss ib ly l i e i n t he o nelooped a rc f i bu lae , k nown

i n t he Ba lkans i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he Trans it iona l p er iod . 38

D ecora t ive

p ins a re f requen t ly f ound i n h oards o f t he T rans it iona l p er iod , b u t t hey a ppear i n r es tr icted n u mbers i n t he l a ter f i nds.

D ecora t ive d iscs , p ha lerae , b u t tons

a nd o ther s im ilar a r t ic les o f d ress , f ound i n l arge n u mbers i n t hese h oards , c on t inue t o a ppear f requen t ly i n t he I ron Age f inds.

P endan ts o f v ar ious s izes

a nd s hapes a ppear i n many h oards o f t he Trans it iona l p er iod i n S erb ia a nd Croa t ia.

Ear ly I ron Age f i nds c on ta in a g rea t n u mber o f s im ilar p endan ts

7

wh ich f o l low e ar l ier f or ms , a l though s o me s imp l if ica t ion a nd d egenera t ion o f f or m c an b e s een , s peak ing a ga in f or a n i mpover ish men t o f d ecora t ion i n t he Ear ly I ron Age b y c o mpar ison w ith t he o b jec ts o f t he L a te Bronze Age a nd Trans it iona l p er iod . Ad e ta iled s tudy o f a l l h oards f ro m t he T rans it iona l p er iod i n n or thern Yugos lav ia a s w el l a s f uture e xcava t ions o f s e t t le men ts a nd c e meter ies f ro m t he r e levan t p er iod w i l l p robab ly h e lp t o g et a p rec ise a nd d eta i led c hrono log ica l d iv is ion o f t h is mater ia l. F or o ur p resen t p urpose i ti s i mpor tan t t o s tate t hat t h is ma ter ia l f ro m t he h oards o f t he T rans it iona l p er iod b etween t he Bronze a nd I ron Age d i f fers f ro m t he mater ia l o f t he n ex t p er iod , t he E ar ly I ron Age , wh ich makes p oss ib le a d iv is ion o f t hese t wo s tages o f c u l tura l d ev e lop men t i n S erb ia.

A t t he s a me t ime i tp o in ts t o p ara l le ls i n t he ma ter ia l

b etween t he t wo p er iods p rov ing a p ar t ia l c on t inu ity o f t h is s a me d eve lop men t . T he Brn jica g roup : O f o ther f inds i n S erb ia d a tab le t o t he Trans it iona l p er iod , t he s o-ca l led Brn jica g roup , n a med a f ter t he ma in a nd f irs t d iscovered s i te o f t he g roup , mus t b e men t ioned. T he s i tes : Don ja Brn jica , 39 G orn ja S tra &va , 49 Don ja T opon ica ,4 1 Karaga ' 6 , 42 T ogo6evac n ear L eskovac ( i so la ted f ind o f a n u rn ), 43

e tc., a re s i tua ted i n s ou th S erb ia a nd n or th-eas t K ossovo.

The sma l l u rn c e metery a t Ru tevac n ear A leks inac i n e as tern S erb ia s hows s o me c onnect ion w ith t h is g roup. 44

T he s i tes men t ioned c ons ist ma in ly o f

c e meter ies w ith u rns , s o met i mes wa l led i n g roups , c overed a nd s urrounded w ith sma l l s tone s labs.

A s et t le men t wh ich h as b een p ar t ly e xcavated a t

Gorn ja S traiava p o in ts t o as em i-dug-ou t t ype o f h ouse.

The p o t tery f or ms

a re b icon ica l u rns w ith e ver ted r ims a nd t wo o r f our v er t ica l h and les a dorned w ith b ut tons , a nd d eep b ow ls w ith t wo o r f our t a l l h and les.

Meta l f i nds

c ons ist o f g lobu lar c y l indr ica l a nd c on ica l p ins , b ut tons , b race lets , s pear a nd a rrowheads , a l l o f b ronze. T he Brn jica g roup i s g enera l ly r e la ted t o t he l oca l t rad it ion o f t he a rea a nd i s d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he T rans it iona l p er iod. 45 H owever , s o me s igns o f ac u ltura l c on t inua t ion o f t he g roup a re t o b e d iscerned i n Don ja T opon ica a nd G orn ja S traZava.

Here , s o me i ron a nd s i lver o b jec ts ( spears , s words ,

f i bu lae , r ings , e tc.) d a tab le t o t he f our th c en tury B .C. a re f ound i n t he s a me s i tes t ogether w ith u rns , b u t o n ly n ew i nvest iga t ions i n t h is a rea a nd t he f ina l p ub l ica t ion o f t he e xcava ted ma ter ia l may s how d ef in ite ly whether t h is c on t inu i ty t hrough a l ong p er iod e x isted i n t h is r eg ion .

G enera l ly s peak ing ,

t he l ong l i fe o f sma l l i so la ted l oca l g roups w ho r eta ined t he ir a nc ien t a r ms a nd j ewe l lery c annot b e e xc luded c o mp lete ly . THE EARLY I RON AGE T he Ear ly I ron Age f inds f ro m t he S oc ia l is t Repub l ic o f S erb ia a re d iv ided i n t h is s tudy i n to f our c hrono log ica l ly s epara te h or izons wh ich f o l low e ach o ther . Each h or izon c ons ists o f o b jects wh ich w ere i n many c ases f ound t og ether a nd t hus s ee m t o b e c on te mporary . Y et r e lat ing t he o b jects p rec ise ly t o e ach h or izon i s n ot a lways e asy .

S o me t ypes d ue t o t he ir l ong p opu lar ity

may a ppear i n t wo d if feren t h or izons ;

s o me s i tes c on ta in f inds f ro m d i f fer-

e n t h or izons wh ich o ne c annot s eparate c lear ly .

The l ack o f f i nds i n c er ta in

a reas , t he ir r es tr ic ted n u mber i n o ther r eg ions , i naccurate i n forma t ion

8

a bout t he c ond it ions o f d iscovery o f many i mpor tan t f inds , al arge amoun t o f u npub l ished mater ia l a nd s o o n , i ncrease t he d i f f icu lty o f t h is t ask .

F or a l l

t hese r easons i t mus t b e u nders tood t ha t t h is d iv is ion o f t he Ear ly I ron Age i n S erb ia , v a l id a t t he t ime o f wr it ing , may r equ ire r ev is ion i n t he f u ture , e spec ial ly w ith r egard t o af i ner c hrono log ica l d e l im ita t ion o f t he mater ia l. Hor izon 1 T he e ar l ies t f i nds o f t he I ron Age i n S erb ia a re c haracter ised b y t he u se o f i ron i n l arge q uan t it ies i n t he p roduct ion o f a rms , t oo ls a nd j ewe l lery . On ly o ne i ron o b jec t h as b een f ound i n t he h oards o f t he T rans it iona l p er iod , b u t t here a re j us t if ied s usp ic ions t ha t t he i ron b ar f ro m t he h oard o f BeZan i ja i n Be lgrade d id n o t b e long t o t h is f i nd a t a l l. "

Even i fi td id , t he

a ppearance o f o ccas iona l i ron o b jects i n t he T rans it iona l p er iod i s n ot r emarkab le , a s h as b een s hown b y W. K i mm ig i n h is l i st o f i ron f inds i n Europe d a tab le t o t he Ha l ls tat t A a nd B p hases. 47

Th is r ela t ive ly s hor t l i s t p o in ts

c lear ly t o t he f act t hat t hese o ccas iona l i ron f inds c anno t b e t aken a s p roof o f e x tens ive u se o f i ron i n t he n or thern Ba lkans a nd i n Europe i n g enera l a t t ha t t ime.

The f requen t a ppearance o f i ron o b jec ts i n t he Ba lkans a nd i n

S erb ia o ccurs o n ly i n t he Ha l ls ta t t B 3/C1 p er iod w h ich i s u sua l ly d a ted i n to t he e ighth c en tury B .C.

T h is t ime , w h ich s ign if ies t he b eg inn ing o f t he I ron

Age i n t he p roper s ense o f t he w ord , w e t ake a s t he s tar t ing p o in t o f o ur h or izon 1 . F inds i n t h is h or izon i n S erb ia a re n u merous b u t s o mewhat d iverse i n c harac ter s o t ha t t he g roup ing o f t he ma ter ia l i s n ot c o mp lete ly c lear .

A t

S re m , t h ick I ron Age l ayers f ro m s et t le men t s i tes , i n t he h i ll-for t o n t he r iver Bosu t a nd i n G o mo lava a s w el l a s t he t wo c o m muna l g raves f ro m G o mo lava ( P la tes 1 a nd 2 ) b e long t o t h is p er iod. T he h oard f ro m Adagevc i ( 2 1 . t he c o m men ts o n t h is f i nd i n t he l i st o f f inds ) a nd s o me s ing le d iscover ies f ro m Kar lovg ig , S re mska Raga ( P la te 7 A ), Nov i Banovc i ( P late 5 0 , 4 .5 ) a nd Z e mun ( P la te 5 1, 1 ) may b e p laced h ere a s w e l l.

A t BaCka , ap ar t o f t he

c e metery a t Doros lovo ( P la tes 4 5-47 ) i s p robab ly c on te mporary w ith t h is h or izon .

T he ma ter ia l i n t he Rö m isch-Ger man ische Museu m i n Ma inz r e-

c en t ly i den t if ied a s h oards " Bagka I " a nd " Bagka I" may b e long t o i ta s we l l . There a re a n u mber o f g roups o f f i nds , e i ther i n h oards o r f ro m g raves , f ro m w estern S erb ia :

Ro s ianc i ( P la te 3 ) , Z irovn ica ( P la te 4 ) , Rudovc i ( P la te 5 ) ,

Bud ig i6 ( P la te 6 ) , S inogev ig ( P la te 7 B ), Bara jevo , Rad inac , a nd p oss ib ly Vranovo ( P la te 8 ) ;

a nd f ro m e as tern S erb ia :

Brusn ik ( P la te 9 B ), Ru ji ke

( P lates 1 0 a nd 1 1), Manas t ir ica ( P la te 1 2A ), A l judovo ( P late 1 2B ), S tan i Kosto lac ( P la te 1 3A ), Vr mdZa ( P late 1 3B ), S tan igen je , p robab ly g arbanovac ( P late 9 A ) a nd s o me o b jects f ro m t he Z lo t Cave f a l l i n t h is p er iod.

I n s ou th-

e rn S erb ia o n ly g rave f inds f rom Konopn ica n ear V lasot inc i a nd f ro m Mo ' s tan ica n ear Vran je may b e c ons idered a s b e long ing t o t h is h or izon . h oards f ro m J an jevo :

I n Kossovo, t wo

J an jevo Ii n t he Nat iona l Museu m o f Be lgrade ( P la te

1 4A ) a nd J an jevo I i n t he Na tura l H istory Museu m i n V ienna ( P la te 1 4B ) a re c on te mporary w ith t he f inds o f t h is p er iod f ro m w estern a nd e astern S erb ia. The § iroko c e metery n ear S uva Reka ( P la tes 1 5-18 ) a lso c on ta ins many p ara ll e ls t o t he a bove f inds a nd t hus s hou ld b e p laced i n t he s a me t ime. P o t tery i s k nown i n l arger q uan t ity o n ly f ro m t he s e t t le men ts i n S re mG o mo lava ( P la tes 1 a nd 1 9 , 8 -11) a nd t he h i l l-for t o n t he Bosu t r iver ( P la te 9

1 9 , 4 -7 ), a nd f ro m t he g iroko c e metery ( P la tes 1 5-18 ). O ther s i tes o f t h is p er iod c on ta in ing l arge amoun ts o f p o t tery h ave b een e xcavated b u t u n for tuna te ly t hey a re k nown o n ly f ro m s hor t r epor ts , o f ten w ithou t i l lustrat ions , wh ich d o n o t p erm it f or t he mo men t a ny d eta i led a na lys is o f t he mater ia l. F or t h is r eason w e a re o b l iged t o b ase o ur s tudy o f t h is h or izon ma in ly o n f inds o f me ta lwork . T he f inds o f t h is e ar l ies t h or izon o f t he Ear ly I ron Age c on ta in a g rea t n u mber o f t ypes o f me ta l o b jec t wh ich a re k nown f ro m t he h oards o f t he Trans it iona l p er iod :

s pec tac le f i bu lae w ith t wo l oops i n t he midd le i n t he f or m

o f af igure-of-e igh t , p ha lerae , c ruc iform o penwork d iscs , b ut tons o f v ar ious s hapes , b race lets w ith c rossed ' e nds a nd s p ira l b race lets , p la in a nd t w is ted t orcs , p endan ts , e tc.

A t t he s a me t ime many n ew t ypes c an b e n o ted :

d oub lelooped f i bu lae w ith p la in o r t w isted a rc a nd t r iangu lar o r " hour-g lass" c atch-p la tes , d oub lelooped g lobu lar o r " ca terp i l lar" a rc f ibu lae , s pec tac le f i bu lae w ithou t l oops i n t he m idd le , b ronze p ar ts o f h orse h arness , t orcs w ith T -shaped e nds , i ron a rms a nd t oo ls , i ron d oub lelooped a rc f i bu lae a nd s pectac le f i bu lae w ithou t l oops , i ron p ar ts o fb ronze f i bu lae , i ron b race le ts e tc. T hese t wo s er ies o f o b jec ts a re ma in ly f ound t oge ther.

Yet t hey s ugges t

b y t he ir c haracter t ha t s o me d iv is ion o f e ar l ier a nd l ater f inds w ith in t h is h or izon may b e p oss ib le.

F ibu lae , a s t he b est c hrono log ica l i nd icator among

t hese o b jec ts , d isp lay i n t h is r espect t he f o l low ing p ic ture : G o mo lava — c o m muna l g rave I ( P la te 2 ) , Ru jig te ( P lates 1 0 a nd 1 1), Ro ' ianc i ( P la te 3 ) ,S inogev iC ( P la te 7 B ) a nd Brusn ik ( P la te 9 B ) p rov ided o n ly s pec tac le f i bulae w ith l oops i n t he m idd le.

Z irovn ica ( Plate 4 ) , Rudovc i

( P la te 5 ) a nd J an jevo I ( P la te 1 4B ) g ave c o mb ina t ions o f b oth t ypes o f s pec tac le f i bu lae a nd o fd oub lelooped " caterp il lar" a rc f ibu lae.

Bud ig i6 ( P la te 6 ) a nd

t he § iroko g raves ( P la tes 1 5-18 ) c on ta ined s pec tac le f i bu lae w ithou t l oops a nd d oub lelooped g lobu lar a rc f i bu lae , wh i le Vrmcga-R tan j ( P late 1 3B ), A l judovo ( P la te 1 2B ) a nd p robab ly S tan iKos to lac ( P la te 1 3A ) h ave e xc lus ive ly d oub lel ooped g lobu lar a rc f i bu lae.

T h is p icture , h owever , may n o t b e c o mp lete

b ecause s o me o f t hese f inds ( Rd iia nc i , Brusn ik , S tan igen je , J an jevo I e tc.) c on ta ined o ther o b jects , n ow l ost , wh ich m igh t e as i ly h ave b een f i bu lae o f o ther t ypes.

The q uest ion s t il l a r ises , i s t here e nough e v idence t o s uppose

t hat t he f irst g roup o f f inds w ith s pec tac le f i bu lae h av ing t wo l oops i n t he midd le ( Go mo lava , Ru jig te , Roianc i, Brusn ik , S inogev i6 ) i s s l igh t ly e ar l ier t han t he o ther t wo? The c o mmuna l g rave I f ro m G o mo lava ( P lates 1 a nd 2 ) , c on ta ined , a par t f ro m p o t tery , f i bu lae , ap ha lera w ith a p endan t , b e l l p endan ts , b u t tons , t ubu lar e ar-r ings , amber , g lass a nd s tone b eads , b race lets o f b ronze a nd i ron w ire, e tc. wh ich t oge ther s how p rox im ity t o t he Trans it iona l p er iod.

T he h oard

f ro m Ru jig te ( P la tes 1 0 a nd 1) c ons is ts o f s pec tac le f i bu lae , t orcs o f t w isted w ire , o pen b race lets a nd b race lets w ith c rossed

e nds , ac ruc iform o penwork

d isc , o pen c ircu lar p endan ts a nd sma l l r ings o f b ronze w ire , a l l o f wh ich o r ig ina te i n t he T rans it iona l p er iod.

S o me d e ta ils i n t he f in ish o f b race le ts

a nd p endan ts a s w e l l a s n ine i ron w inged a xes p lace t h is h oard u ndoubted ly i n o ur h or izon 1 .

The h oard f ro m R aanc i ( P late 3 ) c on ta ins a s pectac le

f i bu la w ith i ron c a tch-p in , d ecora ted b race lets w ith c rossed e nds , ap ha lera

1 0

w ith a " b ird-cage" i n t he c en tre , l arge b u t tons , a nd b e l l p endan ts .

T he r e-

l a t ionsh ip o f t h is ma ter ia l t o t he Trans it iona l p er iod i s o bv ious. T orcs , b u t tons , p ha lerae a nd s pec tac le f i bu lae w ith l oops f ro m Z irovn ica ( P la te 4 ) h ave d irec t p ara l le ls i n t he a bove ma ter ia l.

S pec tac le f i bu la w ithou t

l oops a nd a k ind o f mace o r r od o f o f f ice o f b ronze w ith a " b ird-cage" o rna ment at ion o n t he t op r epresen t n ew s hapes.

Rudovc i ( P la te 5 ) a nd J an jevo I (P la te

1 4B ) c on ta in f i bu lae w ith l oops , p ha lerae , t orcs , a nd b e l l p endan ts , b u t a lso d oub lelooped " ca terp il lar" a rc f i bu lae a nd b ronze h orse b its , i n wh ich t hey d if fer f ro m t he o ther f inds .

T he ma ter ia l f ro m A l judovo ( P la te 1 2B ) a nd

Vrm da-Rtan j ( Plate 1 3B ) d oes n ot h e lp much e i ther i n t h is r espec t .

Apar t

f rom g lobu lar a rc f i bu lae , i tc on ta ins a c ruc iform o penwork d isc w ith a p roj ec t ion i n t he c en tre , a l most i den t ica l w ith t he e xa mp le f ro m Ru jig te ( P late 1 1, 7 ) , a n thropo morph ic p endan ts p opu lar i n t he T rans it iona l p er iod , o pen b race lets a nd a n i ron w inged a xe , we l l k nown f ro m Ru jig te ( P la te 1 1, 1 7-25 ). Bud ig ig ( P la te 6 ) w ith t hree t ypes o f f i bu lae , a mass ive b race le t , p la in d ecorat ed t orcs , b e l l p endan ts e tc. d oes n ot s how c hrono log ica l d if feren t ia t ion w ith in t h is p er iod.

Manast ir ica ( P late 1 2A ) c on ta ined b ronze a nd i ron b race le ts a nd

ab ronze b ut ton s im ilar t o t he Rolanc i e xa mp les.

T he f ind f ro m S inogev iC

i nc ludes t wo s pectac le f ibu lae w ith l oops , s ix b ronze b u t tons a nd a b ig b ronze t w isted t orc w ith p endan ts i n t he f or m o f b irds ' h eads ( P la te 7 B ).

T he e nds

o f t he t ore a re T -shaped wh ich i s u nknown i n t he Trans i t iona l p er iod.

T -

s haped e nds a ppear a lso o n t he g lobu lar t orc f ro m S re mska Raga ( P la te 7 A ) a nd o n o ne o f t he t orcs f ro m ' 2i rovn ica ( P la te 4 ,6 ). f rom S inogev iC migh t a lso s uggest a l ater d a te.

The s t ick f orm o f p endan ts

S im ilar p endan ts a ppear a t

Vranovo ( Plate 8 ) wh ich o n a ccoun t o f s p ira l b race lets o fb ronze s heet w ith h or izon ta l g rooves a nd a n i ma l p endan ts s hou ld b e p laced l a ter w ith in h or izon 1 .

T he f ind f ro m

sa . rbanovac

( P la te 9 A ), u sua l ly d a ted t o t he T rans it iona l

p er iod , p robab ly b e longs t o h or izon 1 .

T orcs o f t w isted w ire , b race le ts

w ith c rossed e nds a nd b ronze b ut tons a ppear f requen t ly i n Ru jigte , Manas t ir ica , A l judovo , G o mo lava e tc.

More s pec if ic a re e ar-r ings o f d oub le b ronze w ire

w ith e nds i n t he f orm o f af igure o f e ight ( P la te 9 A , 4 -7 ). S im ilar e ar-r ings a re f ound i n Rudovc i ( Pla te 5 , 1 6-17 ), wh i le b race lets o f s im ilar s hape a ppear i n Ro man ia , i n Gru ia a nd Mo ldova V ech ia. 48

G ru ia p rov ided s ca t tered ma-

t er ia l f ro m t he Ear ly a nd L ate I ron Age, o f wh ich t hese b race le ts s ee m t o b e c hrono log ica l ly t he e ar l ies t t ype.

I n t he u npub l ished c e me tery f ro m Mo ldova

Vech ia t hese b race le ts were f ound t ogether w ith i ron d oub lelooped f i bu lae , i ron b race lets a nd Bassarab i p ot tery .

Fur ther t o t he wes t , av ar ia t ion o f

t h is e ar-r ing was f ound i n Croa t ia a nd S loven ia i n t he g raves f ro m t he Hal ls ta t t B p er iod , 49

wh i le s im ilar f orms a ppear i n I ta ly i n t he Bo logna I h or izon ,

d ated t o Hal lstat t B2. 5° Th is u ndoub ted ly p o in ts t o ap r ior ity o f t h is f orm i n n or thwes t Yugos lav ia o ver t he e as tern f inds.

T he

%a rbanovac

e ar-r ings a re

t he c losest t o t he e xa mp le f ro m Rudovc i a nd f or t he mo men t may b e c ons idered c on te mporary .

A l l t h is s uggests t ha t t he f ind f ro m g arbanovac s hou ld b e

p laced i n h or izon 1 . T he c e metery w ith c re ma t ion g raves u nder mounds a t g . iroko n ear S uva Reka i n Kossovo ( P lates 1 5-18 ) d if fers i n s o me r espec ts f ro m t hese f i nds. Grave g oods c ons ist o f s pectac le f i bu lae w i thou t l oops , d oub lelooped g lobu lar a rc f i bu lae , d oub lelooped f i bu lae w ith t w isted a rcs a nd t r iangu lar c a tchp la tes , s p ira l b race lets a nd b race lets w ith c rossed e nds , c ruc iform o pen

1 1

d iscs , c ircu lar a nd c ruc iform s tuds e tc. Var ious s hapes o f b icon ica l u rns a nd o ne-hand led j ugs w ith c u t-away r i ms , b o th d ecorated w ith d ots i n l i nes , a re t he ma in p ot tery t ypes.

P ara l lels i n e as tern a nd western S erb ia f or

f i bu lae a nd b race lets a re n u merous , b u t t he l ack o f s o me p opu lar t ypes f ro m S erb ia i n g iroko ( spectac le f i bu lae w ith l oops i n t he m idd le , p ha lerae , b e l l a nd c ircu lar o pen p endan ts , h orse b its e tc.) i s s tr ik ing a nd s ugges ts c hronol og ica l a nd r eg iona l d if ferences w ith in h or izon 1 .

On t he o ther h and , a na log ies

i n meta lwork a nd p ot tery f or g iroko f ro m n or th Macedon ia ( Vu ido l, B razda , Or lov i b u ld , Kunovi uki) 51 a re f requen t , w h ich p o in ts t o ac er ta in c u ltura l u n ity o f t he t wo a reas i n t h is p er iod. Rare f i nds o f meta l o b jects f ro m t he r eg ion o f Vran je ( Mogtan ica ) i n. s ou th S erb ia may b e long t o t h is c u ltura l g roup a s w e l l.

T h is c onnect ion w ith s outh S erb ia i s s hown a lso b y s o me s l ight

s im i lar it ies o f t he g iroko p o t tery w ith t he Brn jica g roup .5 2 T he J an jevo Ih oard ( P la te 1 4A ) s tands s o mewhat a par t .

S p ira l b race le t

a nd t w isted t ore b e long i n g enera l t o t he f inds o f t h is p er iod i n t he Ba lkans , wh ile mos t b race lets i n r espect o f t he ir s hape a nd d ecora t ion c an b e l i nked w ith western Macedon ia ( Pr ilep , V iso i , Ka men Rapes ). 5 3

The d ecora t ion

i t sel f may d er ive , a s was s upposed b y D . G aragan in , f ro m t he o rnamen ta t ion o n t he b race lets o f G udevo-Bara jevo-Ja jC ' i6 t ype f ro m n or th S erb ia w h ich b e longs t o t he f i rst p ar t o f t he Trans it iona l p er iod .

5 4

However , s o me i n ter-

med ia te l inks a re s t i ll m iss ing f ro m t h is p icture. The F inds f ro m N e ighbour ing Areas A l arge n u mber o f f i nds f ro m n e ighbour ing a reas c orrespond c hrono logi ca l ly t o t h is p er iod i n S erb ia , a nd h e lp i n i t s s tudy.

Espec ia l ly impor tan t

i n t h is r espec t i s s ou th-wes t Ro man ia w ith t he g roup o f c e meter ies ( ske leton g raves u nder mounds ) Ba l ta V erde-Bassarab i-Os trovu l Mare. 5 5

Me ta l f inds

o f d oub lelooped " ca terp i l lar" a rc f i bu lae a nd p la in a rc f i bu lae o f i ron a nd b ronze , b race lets o f i ron a nd b ronze , d oub le a nd p er forated s tuds , i ron s ing le-b lade c urved swords w ith T -shaped h and les , s pearheads , k n ives e tc., b y t he ir c haracter s hou ld b e d a ted t owards t he e nd o f h or izon 1 .

Th is c hrono-

l og ica l d if ference w ith in h or izon 1 i s u nder l ined b y t he c on ten t o f g rave 4 i n t u mu lus X I I a t Ba l ta V erde. 5 6

I ti s t he o n ly g rave i n t h is c o mp lex i n w h ich

s pec tac le f i bu lae w ith l oops , t w isted t orcs a nd s p ira l b race lets a re f ound — mater ia l s upposed t o b e long t o e ar l ier f inds o f t h is h or izon.

Bronze h orse

b its a nd c ruc iform o pen s tuds f ro m mound H a t Ba lta V erde s how p ara l le ls w ith s im i lar o b jects f ro m Rudovc i ( Pla te 5 , 1 -7 ) t hough t hey may b e s omewhat l ater t ypo log ica l ly .5 7

T o t h is h or izon b e long a lso o ther f inds f ro m

b es ide t he Danube i n Ro man ia :

t he u npub l ished c e metery w ith s kele ton a nd

c re ma t ion g raves u nder mounds i n Mo ldova V ech ia p rov ided d oub lelooped a rc f i bu lae w ith t r iangu lar c a tch-p lates o f i ron a nd b ronze , o pen b race lets o f i ron a nd b ronze , b race lets o f d oub le b ronze w ire w ith e nds i n t he f or m o f af igure -of -e igh t , i ron weapons e tc., s how ing many p ara l le ls w ith t he B a l ta V erde-Bassarab i g roup .5 8

T he s a me g oes f or t he sma l l c e metery w ith f our

c re ma t ion g raves a t G ura P ad ine i , f ur ther t o t he e as t , wh ich c on ta ins s im i lar mater ia l :

b ronze h orse b its , b u t tons a nd b race lets , i ron d oub lelooped

f i bu la , i ron w eapons e tc. 5 9

S o me f inds f ro m t he u nsys te ma t ica l ly e xcava ted

c e metery o f Gru ia b e long t o t h is h or izon a s w e l l. "

The b es t k nown h oards

o f t h is p er iod f rom Ro man ia a re V i e l d e J os i n Transy lvan ia ( spec tac le

1 2

f i bu la w ith l oops a nd i ron c a tch-p in , t ore , b race lets , p ha lera w ith " b ird-cage" i n t he c en tre , l arge p endan t , i ron a xes )

6 1

a nd B ilvaneet i i n t he I ron G a te a rea

( brace lets , t w isted t orcs w ith r o l led e nds , at ore w ith T -shaped e nds , s pect ac le f i bu lae w ith l oops , ad oub lelooped g lobu lar a rc f i bu la a nd t wo i ron d oub le a xes )

• 62

Wor th men t ion ing a lso i s t he h oard f ro m Gh id ic i n ear Do l j

6 3

c on-

t a in ing many c ircu lar o pen p endan ts s im i lar t o t he Ru jig te e xa mp les ( P la te 1 1, 8 -16 ), t he b ow o f a" ca terp il lar" a rc f i bu la a nd s evera l b ird p endan ts wh ich a re e ncoun tered o n t he t ore f ro m S inogev iC ( P la te 7 B ), o n t he f i bu la f ro m Nov i Banovc i ( P la te 5 0 , 4 ) , e tc. I n wes tern Bu lgar ia t he f i nd f ro m Da i4an ica c an b e r e la ted t o t h is h or iz on . "

I ts c onten ts a re p ar t ly r em in iscen t o f t he

.i roko

ma ter ia l :

s pec tac le

f i bu lae w ithou t l oops , d oub lelooped g lobu lar a rc f i bu la , d oub lelooped f i bu la w i th t w is ted a rc a nd " hour-g lass" c a tch-p late , t orcs o f t w isted w ire e tc., t hough i ta ppears t o b e e ar l ier .

Brace lets o fb ronze w ire f ro m Dar Ln ica

a re s im i lar t o b race lets f ro m G o mo lava ( Plate 2 , 1 5 ), Rudovc i ( P la te 5 , 1 6 ) a nd g arbanovac ( P la te 9 A, 8 .9 ) a s w el l a s f ro m g rave 4 , mound MI , a t Ba l ta V erde. 65

S o me s ing le f inds f ro m Bel i I zvor ( t orcs ) a nd f ro m V la s äko S e lo

( b ird-head p endan ts , c aterp il lar f i bu la ) may b e long h ere t oo.

6 6

S trange ly e nough , t he ma ter ia l f ro m t he G las inac p la teau , g enera l ly s peai ng , d oes n ot h ave many p ara l le ls w ith o ur f inds : i ron a nd b ronze d oub le l ooped f i bu lae w ith t w isted a rcs a nd t r iangu lar c a tch-p la tes , s pec tac le f i bu lae ( a l l w ithou t t wo l oops i n t he m idd le ) a nd b race lets w i th c rossed e nds. 6 7

I t

s eems t ha t i ron s pec tac le f i bu lae w ere o lder t han t he b ronze e xa mp les wh ich s ugges ts t ha t t h is t ype may h ave r eached G las inac r e la t ive ly l a te , p oss ib ly v ia K ossovo where i t was f ound i n l arge n u mbers ( g iroko :

P la tes 1 5 ,9.10 ;

1 6 ,8 ; 1 8 ,2 ). Nor th Bosn ia a nd e as t S lavon ia p rov ide more c o mparat ive ma ter ia l t han t he G las inac a rea. T he g rave f ro m G orn ja T uz la m igh t b e p ara l le led t o a c er ta in e x ten t w ith Bud ig i6 ( P late 6 ) — p la in t orcs , mass ive b race let , b e l l p endan t , wh ile t he o ther o b jec ts f ro m t h is f ind — b e l t b uck le , a n i ma l p endan ts , p ha lera — c an a lso f i t i nto t h is h or izon . "

T he Da l j g roup i n e as tern

S lavon ia i s p ar t ly c on te mporary w ith t h is p er iod.

I n t he u rn f ie ld c e me ter ies

o f Da l j a nd Ba t ina ( K isköszeg ) s epara te g rave i nven tor ies a re n ot p reserved , b ut many s ing le f i nds f ro m t hese s i tes may b e u sefu l f or c o mpar ison . 6 9 O n t he o ther h and , s evera l g raves f ro m Vukovar ( cre ma t ion g raves 1 7 , 3 7, 6 5 , 7 5 , 8 9 a nd s ke leton g raves 2 02 , 2 10 , 2 69 , 3 20 ) c on ta ined me ta l o b jec ts s im i lar t o o ur mater ia l :

d oub lelooped p la in a nd g lobu lar a rc f i bu lae , s pectac le

f ibu lae w ith l oops , b race lets o f b ronze w ire , at r iangu lar p endan t , i ron s pearh eads , a whets tone e tc. 7° T hese o b jec ts s how l inks most ly w ith t he l oca l u rn f ie ld c u lture o f t he e nd o f T rans it iona l p er iod , a nd a lso w i th V o jvod ina a nd S erb ia .

F or e x a mp le , t he t r iangu lar p endan t i s s im i lar t o a n o b ject

f rom Bana tska Pa lanka , f i bu lae w ith f our g lobes o n t he a rc a ppear mos t ly i n c en tra l Ba lkan a rea , e tc.

7 1

A s ing le c re ma t ion g rave f ro m g arengrad w ith

s p ira l b race lets o f b ronze w ire , " ca terp i l lar" f i bu lae a nd a c ruc iform b u t ton i s p ara l leled b y t he V ukovar g raves. 7 2

T he h oard f ro m g arengrad , " wh ich

c ons ists o f f our s pectac le f i bu lae w ith l oops i n t he m idd le , i ron a nd b ronze b race lets , at w isted t ore w ith T -shaped e nds , p ha lerae , " b ird-cage" p endan t , t ubu lar e ar-r ings , b ronze h orse b its , i ron c e l t , i ron s pearhead e tc., i s o f

1 3

p ar t icu lar impor tance f or o ur s tudy .

On t he w ho le , a par t f ro m a f ew o b jects ,

t he h oard i s v ery c lose i n c o mpos it ion t o t he meta l f inds f ro m c o m muna l g rave I i n G o mo lava ( P la te 2 ) a nd t hus c an b e d a ted s o mewha t e ar l ier t han t he a bove men t ioned g raves f ro m g arengrad a nd V ukovar .

I t w ou ld s uggest t ha t ac er-

t a in c hrono log ica l d i f ference w ith in h or izon 1a ppears a lso i n e astern S lavon ia.

A l l t h is i nd ica tes t ha t i ti s p oss ib le t o d iscern s o me c hrono log ica l d i f fere nces w ith in t he ma ter ia l f ro m h or izon 1 , t hough i ti s s t il l d if icu l t t o d ist i ngu ish c lear ly t he e ar l ier a nd -l a ter f inds i n o ur r eg ion.

I t s ee ms o bv ious ,

f or e xa mp le , t ha t t he ma ter ia l f ro m c o m muna l g rave I a t G o mo lava i s e ar l ier t han t he c e metery i n g iroko , b u t s t i l l w e h ave t o k eep i n mind p oss ib le r eg iona l d if ferences i n t he d a t ing o f c er ta in t ypes.

F or t h is r eason w e n eed n ew

f inds f ro m t he e n t ire r eg ion o f t he S oc ia l ist R epub l ic o f S erb ia t o g ive more we igh t t o t h is a ssu mp t ion . The Bassarab i p o t tery Recen t e xcava t ions i n t he p reh istor ic s et t le men t o f S erb ia a nd Vo jvod ina , e spec ia l ly a t S re m a nd i n t he I ron G a te a rea , b rough t t o l igh t impor tan t I ron Age l ayers w ith t he s o-ca l led Bassarab i p o t tery , n a med a f ter t he e ponymous s i te i n Ro man ia where i tw as f i rst f ound .

7 4

T he ma in f orms o f t h is p o t tery a re b lack p o l ished b ow ls w ith f l u ted o r f acet ted r ims , b lack p o l ished c ups w ith o ne o r t wo h and les, c on ica l n eck a nd f acet ted b ody , b ig p o ts w ith p las t ic b ands , e tc. i nc ised a nd e ncrusted i n wh ite.

D ecora t ion i s r ich a nd v ar ied ,

T he p r inc ipa l o rna men ta l mo t if i s ac on t inuous

r ow o f l et ters " S" e nc losed o n b oth s ides b y f a lse c orded l ines .

A lso o ccur-

r ing f requen t ly a re t r iang les , z igzag l ines , d og 's-too th , Ma l tese c rosses , e tc.

D ecorat ion i s a dap ted t o t he s hape o f t he v esse l a nd i s u sua l ly o rgan ised

i n h or izon ta l l i nes a nd g ar lands ( P late 1 9 ). S i tes w ith t h is p ottery i n V o jvod ina a nd S erb ia a re n u merous :

t he h i l l-

f or t o n t he r iver Bosut ( P la te 1 9 , 4 -7 ), G o mo lava i n Hr tkovc i ( P la te 1 9 , 8 -11 ), Ka lakada n ear Begka , Vrdn ik a nd S tan iS lanka men i n S re m , F eudvar n ear Mogor in i n BaCka , Kov in , Farka d in a nd i idovar i n Bana t , M is lod jin n ear Obrenovac , P etn ica n ear Va l jevo , S araorc i n ear Smederevo , t he Z lo t c ave ( P la te 2 0 , 1 -3 ), Rado in ja n ear N ova Varog , O ba la n ear S vetozarevo , Crnoka laCka b ara n ear RaZan j ( P la te 1 9 , 1 2 ) i n S erb ia a nd many o thers , a s w el l a s as er ies o f s i tes i n t he I ron G a te a rea ( nor th-east S erb ia ) :

P ad ina ,

Manast ir , K oL .c e , Bo l jet in , t he mou th o f t he r iver P ore ' Cka ( P late 1 9 , 1 ) , Ha jduCka V oden ica , Ma la Vrb ica ( P la te 1 9, 2 .3 ) , K orbovo e tc .. Apar t f ro m s et t le men ts, t wo g raves w i th Bassarab i p ot tery , as ke le ta l g rave i n V rdn ik a nd ac re ma t ion g rave i n Crnoka lan ca b ara , h ave b een d iscovered . 7 5 I n Yugos lav a rchaeo logy N . T as i .C. i s p ar t icu lar ly i nvo lved w ith t he q uest ion o f t hese f inds.

He i nc luded t hese f i nds i n h is " Bosu t g roup" n a med a f ter

t he h i l l-for t o n t he r iver B osu t a nd i n it ia l ly s upposed t ha t t he Bosut g roup r epresen ts a v ar ian t o f t he Bassarab i c u lture o f Ro man ia.

Thus , h e a ccep ted

t he c hrono logy p roposed b y A . V u lpe f or t he Bassarab i c u lture i n Ro man ia , r ecogn is ing p hases Bosu t I( 800-500 B .C.) a nd Bosu t I ( 500-300 B .C.). 7 6

1 4

However , n ew i nvest igat ions i n Ka lakaCa a nd Go mo lava c hanged t h is p icture c ons iderab ly a nd e s tab l ished t he Bosut Ip hase a s i ndependen t f ro m t he Bassarab i e le men ts.

The c om muna l g raves Ia nd H i n G o mo lava b e long t o

t h is p hase , c on ta in ing p ot tery whose f eatures c lear ly d if fer f ro m Bassarab i s hapes ( P la te 1 ). p o t tery .

The Bosu t Ip hase i s c haracter ised b y t yp ica l Bassarab i

T as i8 a lso s howed t he e x is tence o f t he Bosu t I I p hase i n w h ich t he

Bassarab i p ot tery n o l onger a ppears. d a tes f or t hese t hree p hases :

H e p roposed t he f o l low ing a bso lute

8 50/800-650 ( phase I ) ;

6 50-500 ( phase I );

a nd 5 00-300 B .C. ( phase H I ). 7 7 T he e xact d a te o f t he a ppearance o f Bassarab i p o t tery i n S erb ia i s n ot e as i ly d eterm ined .

L ayers .c on ta in ing i tp roduced a v ery l im ited amoun t o f

me ta l work s u f f ic ien t ly c haracter ist ic f or s uch d eter m ina t ion . Vrdn ik a nd Crnoka lanm b ara c on ta ined e xc lus ive ly p ot tery .

G raves a t

F or t h is r eason

w e a re o b l iged t o t ake i nto c ons iderat ion t he Ro man ian s i tes w ith t h is p o t tery i n t he h ope o f a ch iev ing a more p rec ise d at ing .

I n t he c e metery o f Bassarab i

i t sel f t he Bassarab i p o t tery i s n o t c o m mon a nd n ot c o mp lete ly t yp ica l , wh ich may p o in t t o al ater d a t ing o f t h is s i te w ith in t he s tages o f d eve lop men t o f t h is p ot tery .7 8

Meta lwork f ro m t he c e metery — i ron w eapons , b ronze a nd i ron

f i bu lae a nd b race lets — b e long t o t he l as t s tage o f o ur h or izon 1 a s w as s hown a bove.

T h is i s s uppor ted b y a n o ccas iona l f ind i n mound V II o f ab ronze

d oub lelooped f i bu la w ith t he c a tch-P la te i n t he f orm o f a Boeo t ian s h ie ld — p robab ly t he l a tes t o b ject i n t he Bassarab i c e metery — a t ype wh ich b e longs t o o ur h or izon 2 .7 9

T he Bassarab i p o t tery f ro m t he Mo ldova V ech ia c e me-

t ery i s t yp ica l o f t he e ponymous c u lture , wh ile f i nds o f meta lwork s uggest as l ight ly e ar l ier d a te t han t ha t o f t he Bassarab i c e metery . "

The g rave-goods

f rom mound XX a t Ba l ta V erde , t he o n ly o ne wh ich c on ta ins t he Bassarab i p ot tery i n t h is c e metery , p resen t ac er ta in p rob le m.

Apar t f ro m a t wo-hand led

c up a nd a b ow l made i n t he Bassarab i f ash ion , t he g rave p roduced a b ronze d oub lelooped f i bu la a nd a b ronze s pearhead , s uggest ing a n e ar l ier d a te f ro m t he r est o f f inds . 8 1

F inds o f Bassarab i p o t tery i n mound 1 i n I er in i tia a re

n o t s u ff ic ien t ly p rec ise .82 T he r are f inds o f Bassarab i p o t tery i n t he w est a nd s ou th o f t he Ba lkans , wh ich mark t he c u lm ina t ion i n i t s d eve lop men t a nd e xpans ion i n d i f f eren t d irect ions , may g ive u sefu l i n forma t ion .

I n t he wes t t h is p ot tery a p-

p ears o ccas iona l ly i n t he u rn f ie ld c e meter ies o f t he Da l j g roup :

Da l j, g aren -

g rad a nd V ukovar ,8 3 i n t he s et t le men t o f Z ecov i i n n or thern Bosn ia ,8 4 a t P odze me l j i n s outh S loven ia ,8 5 a nd i n Austr ia , i n S tyr ia a t Frög a nd W ies. 8 6 P o t tery f ro m Wies , r em in iscen t o f t he Bassarab i mo t ifs , i s i nd irect ly f ound w ith a f ragmen t o f ab ow l h elmet ( Sch lusselhe lm ) a nd f i bu lae w ith sma l l b a l ls o n t he b ow wh ich s uggest , a t t he e ar l iest , ad ate a round t he m idd le o f t he s even th c entury B .0 .8 7

T h is d ate i s s uppor ted b y t he f i nds f ro m P odze me l j

a nd Z ecov i , a s w e l l a s b y t he l ack o f t yp ica l Bassarab i p ot tery a t t he p i ledwe l l ing o f Don ja Do l ina n ear Bosanska G rad igka.

T he i mpor tance o f t h is

c o mmerc ia l c en tre i n n or th B osn ia i ncreased o n ly i n t he s econd p ar t o f t he s even th c entury B .0 .8 8

The a ppearance o f Bassarab i e le men ts o n aj ug

f ro m V a ido l i n n or th Macedon ia c orresponds a lso t o t h is d a t ing .

T he l a test

o b jec ts a t V uC ido l a re p robab ly a f i bu la w ith t he c a tch-p la te i n t he f or m o f a Boeo t ian s h ie ld a nd a n o penwork b e lt , t yp ica l o f o ur h or izon 2 .

Accord ing

t o t he p ara l le ls f rom Greece , t hey c an b e d a ted t o t he l as t t h ird o f t he s even th c en tury . 89

The j ug i n q ues t ion s ee ms t o b e al i t t le e ar l ier . 1 5

A l l t h is p o in ts t o t he e nd o f o ur h or izon 1a s t he p er iod when t he B assara b i p o t tery e le men ts w ere t he mos t p opu lar , wh ich wou ld c orrespond t o t he d ecades a round t he m idd le o f t he s even th c en tury . I t matches , g enera l ly •s peak ing , t he b eg inn ing o f Tas iC 's Bosu t I p hase i n S re m. However , i ti s h ard t o b e l ieve i n t he e x istence o f Bassarab i p ot tery i n S erb ia t hroughout t he e n t ire s ix th c entury , u n less c o mp lete p ub l ica t ion o f t he works i n Gomo lava a nd t he Bosu t h i l l-for t , o r s o me n ew f i nds , s how t ha t i t was s o. T he o r ig in o f t he Bassarab i p o t tery w as e xp la ined i n s evera l w ays , i n wh ich a n e astern a s w el l a s aw estern c o mponent w ere b rough t t o b ear . 9° A t " the mo men t t he most r easonab le s uppos it ion s ee ms t o b e t hat i t was a l oca l d eve lop men t w ith i t s r oots i n t he L ate Bronze Age , where f ore ign i n f luences p layed s o me r o le. 9 1

T he r esu l ts o f t he e xcavat ions b y S . Mor in tz a nd P .

Ro man i n Ostrovu l Banu lu i

9 2

s uggest t ha t t he I ron G ate a rea o n t he D anube

was p robab ly o f c ruc ia l i mpor tance i n t h is r egard.

Un fortuna tely , p ub l ica-

t i ons o f o ther s i tes e xcava ted i n t h is a rea , w h ich m ight c lear u p t h is s uppos it i on , a re s t i l l l ack ing . " Thraco-Ci m mer ian" f inds i n S erb ia T he p rob le m o f t he T hraco-Ci m mer ians a rose a bou t h a lf a c en tury a go , when P . Re inecke i n troduced t h is t erm i n to t he a rchaeo log ica l l i tera ture. Many s cho lars f o l lowed h im a nd d eve loped t he h ypothes is o f aC i m mer ian r a id f ro m s ou thern Russ ia i n to Europe a t t he e nd o f t he e igh th c en tury B .0 .9 3 I t was b ased o n as tory b y Herodo tus ( IV , 1-12 ) a bou t t he s trugg le b e tween t he C i m mer ians a nd S cy th ians i n s outh Russ ia a nd t he r etreat o f t he C i m meri ans.

I t was n ot s a id t ha t t hey r etrea ted t owards t he w est b u t a rchaeo log ists

a ssu med t ha t t h is was s o , c o mb in ing t hese d a ta w ith t he a ppearance o fb ronze h orse h arness i n P annon ia a nd o ther European r eg ions. 94 However , t here a re d i f fer ing o p in ions a bou t i t .

I th as b een p o in ted o ut t hat t he e xamp les o f

b ronze h orse h arness a re f ound i n a n u nd isturbed l oca l c on tex t wh ich d oes n o t g ive g rounds t o s uppose C i m mer ian em igra t ion f ro m t he e as t.

The a ppear-

a nce o f r ich h orse e qu ip men t c ou ld b e e xp la ined j ust a s w el l b y t rade a nd c u ltura l i n f luences f ro m t he e as t , v is ib le i n v ar ious w ays a t t h is t ime. 9 5

The

s oc ia l a nd e cono m ic r e la t ions , wh ich i mposed t he w idespread e xp lo ita t ion o f i ron , c ou ld a lso i ncrease t he i mpor tance o f t he r o le o f t he h orse i n o ur a rea a nd t he d es ire f or e laborate h orse h arness. T he s o lu t ion o f t h is p rob le m l i es i n ad eta i led s tudy o f e as tern i nf luences i n t he Ba lkans i n t he Ear ly I ron Age, i n wh ich t he a ppearance o f h orse h arness p lays o n ly a r e la t ive ly sma l l p ar t .

N . S andars l i s ted r ecen t ly a

n u mber o f d if feren t e le men ts f ro m t h is p er iod i n t he Ba lkans , a nd p ar t icu lar ly i n Yugos lav ia , i n wh ich e astern i n f luences u ndoub ted ly p layed a r ole. 9 6

S poo l

h and les a nd meander d ecora t ion o n t he p o t tery f ro m Don ja Do l ina , G omo lava , t he Bosu t h i l l-for t , e tc., T -shaped e nds o n t he t orcs s im i lar t o t he s poo l h and les , a n i ma l a nd h u man p endan ts , sma l l b ronze a xes w ith a n i ma l f igures a nd b u l l p ro to mes f ro m a b ronze v esse l a re o n ly s o me o f t he m , t o w h ich o ne s hou ld p erhaps a dd t he g o ld f i bu la i n t he s hape o f a n a n i ma l f ro m Da 1 j. 9 7 The a ppearance o f l ong , t h in s pears a t Osovo o n G las inac a nd a t Ro ma ja n ear Pr izren ( P la te 3 9 , 1 .2 ), t ogether w ith t he s ix th c entury l oca l ma ter ia l , may b e l i nked w ith t hese t rends t oo. 9 8

T hese s pears a re v ery c lose i n s hape t o

1 6

the sigynna, a Cypriot javelin which originated according to some opinions in the east.99 How this shape, if it is a sigynna, reached the central Balkan area is a question to which a detailed analysis of eastern elements in the Balkans in the Early Iron Age would also give a satisfactory answer. To return briefly to the Cimmerian finds in Serbia. In his recent book, M. Garasanin who supported the opinion of a Cimmerian invasion of Europe towards the end of the eighth century, collected together the alleged Thraco­ Cimmerian finds, citing from Vojvodina: Adasevci, Jarcina (Jarak), Novi _Banovci (Plate 50, 1-4), Hrtkovci (Plate 22A), and in Serbia: Barajevo, B!!disic (Plate 6), Kostol, Kursumlija, Loznica, Rudovci (Plate 5), Sinosevic (Plate 7B), Vetrovac (Petrovac)-, Belgrade, and finally Janjevo in Kossovo (Plate 14B).1OO We have already mentioned some of these finds. Openwork belt pieces from Hrtkovci and Jarak are definitely later and belong to our horizons 2 and 3.101 Cruciform buttons found at Kostol and Kursumlija do not clarify this problem. Neither are the pendants in the form of birds' heads, apparently often used as horse decoration, a sure sign of eastern emigration. Moreover, D. Garasanin, another supporter of the hypothesis of a Cimmer­ ian raid, tried to show recently that the pendants in the form of stylized birds' heads from Novi Banovci, Sinosevic, Petrovac, Loznica, Belgrade, etc., are a Balkan component of these eastern influences, a supposition supported by a long and rich tradition of bird representations in the northern Balkans.102 Among the groups of finds, the material from Budisic belongs to a different tradition from the Cimmerian. Bracelet, torcs and pendants (Plate 6, 5-6, 10-11) are typical of the Transitional period and thus represent an offshoot of local achievements. Globular bow and spectacle fibulae without loops (Plate 6, 1-4) may be considered as characteristic of the new period in this area. Both shapes may have appeared in Serbia under Southern influences, though the ultimate origins of spectacle fibulae probably lie in central Europe, as has been mentioned before. The hoard from Adasevci possibly consists of several finds but each combination accepted unveils the predominance of local elements of the Transitional period. Rudovci (Plate 5) and Janjevo II (Plate 14B) include horse harness objects and caterpillar fibulae but the rest of the material is mainly local. Caterpillar and globular bow fibulae may be of eastern origin.103 Various types of globular fibulae in south Bulgaria of approximately contemporary date perhaps indicate the flow of this influence, 104 though Greece also probably participated in their spreading to the north. Yet in the central Balkans they all have the typically Balkan feature of a double­ looped how, which shows the role which local workmanship played in their creation. These observations show that some prudence is necessary in the interpretation of these finds as Thraco-Cimmerian. Horizon 2 Horizon 2 is clearly distinguished from horizon 1, since its principal types are quite different from those of the latter period. It is true that here and there one meets earlier forms among the new material: occasional spectacle fibulae, circular open pendants slightly varied, phalerae, a globular bow fibula at one site, and so on, but the most characteristic objects are without precedent. They are double-looped fibulae with the catch-plate in the form of a Boeotian shield (also called "Glasinac fibulae" because of the large 17

n u mber i n t h is s i te ), d oub lelooped f i bu lae made o f ab ronze s tr ip w ith a t r ia ngu lar c a tch-p la te , b ow f i bu lae w ith r ec tangu lar c a tch-p la tes a dorned w ith ab u t ton ( or ig inat ing f ro m t he Greek G eo metr ic f i bu lae ), b race lets w i th c ross ed e nds o f ten r ich ly d ecora ted , o penwork b e l ts , d ecora t ive i t e ms o f h orse h arness a nd p laques i n t he s a me s ty le , i ron h orse b its e tc.

T he e ar l ies t

a ppearance o f t wo-shank p ins i n S erb ia c an b e p laced i n t h is p er iod. p ot tery i s n ot s uf f ic ien t ly k nown a s y et .

T he

T he c o m mones t f orms a re j ugs w ith

o ne o r t wo h and les a nd b ow ls , o f ten w ith f l u ted o r f ace t ted r i ms.

R eg iona l

d if ferences i n p o t tery a s w e l l a s i n meta l-work a re n o t iceab le. •I n S re m , t he s e t t le men ts a t C o mo lava a nd t he h i l l-for t o n t he r iver Bosu t c on t inue o n t hrough t h is h or izon ,p rov id ing a bundan t p ot tery b u t v ery l i t t le meta l-work .

The s ke leton g rave f ro m Hr tkovc i ( P la te 2 2A ) b e longs t o t h is

t ime, wh i le n u merous s ing le f i nds o f meta l-work f ro m J arak , N ov i B anovc i ( P late 5 0 ,8-9 ) a nd Z e mun ( P la te 5 1, 2 -4 , 4 5-48 ) p robab ly c o me f ro m d estroyed c e meter ies.

I n BaCka , meta l f inds f ro m Doros lovo ( P la tes 4 5-47 ) s hou ld b e

p laced ma in ly i n t h is h or izon , a l though t he b eg inn ing o f t he c e me tery b e longs t o a much e ar l ier t ime.

I n w es tern S erb ia a s ing le s ke leton g rave f ro m

Gr ivac n ear Kragu jevac ( P la te 2 3 ) a nd v ery p robab ly t he c re ma t ion g rave 1 2 f ro m R itopek ( P la te 4 8, 1 -5 ) l i e w ith in t h is h or izon.

Around T itovo t r Z ice

t h is i s al arge n u mber o f c e meter ies , many o f w h ich c on ta in mater ia l o f t h is • per iod :

RaZana ( P la te 2 4 ), S redn ja Dobr in ja , P i la tov iC i ( P la tes 2 6 a nd 2 7 ),

Uz ia . ( P la te 2 8 ), Kr iva Reka . ( P la te 2 9 ), e tc.

I n e ast S erb ia mos t o f t he f inds

f ro m t he s et t le men t i n t he Z lo t c ave ( P la te 2 0 ) b e long t o t h is h or izon , a s we l l a s s ing le g raves f ro m Vr t igte ( P la te 2 1) a nd N ovo S e lo-Dub ( P late 2 2B ).

A

n u mber o f i so lated f i nds f ro m t h is a rea c an b e p ara l le led b y t h is ma ter ia l ( Dubrav ica , G orn ja L juba ta ). 1 05

I n Kossovo , t he r ecen t ly e xcava ted c e me-

t er ies a t Ro ma ja n ear Pr izren ( P la tes 4 0-43 ), D ib iCak n ear S uva Reka ( P la te 4 4 ) a nd PrCevo n ear K l ina may b e p ar t ia l ly p laced i n t h is p er iod .

T he h i l l-

f or ts a t Be laCevac a nd H isar n earby y ie lded s im ilar ma ter ia l , b u t t he g rea ter p ar t o f t hese o b jec ts b e longs t o t he n ex t h or izon a nd t hus t he a na lys is o f t hese f inds w il l f o l low i n t he n ex t c hap ter . One s hou ld l ook f or p ara l lels t o t h is mater ia l , e spec ia l ly f or t he s i tes men t ioned f rom t he r eg ion o f T itovo UZ ice , i n t he G las inac g roup i n e ast Bosn ia ( G las inac , g trpc i )1 06

a nd i n n or th Mon tenegro ( Go tovuga , L ugac ) .107

Fro m n or th Bosn ia s o me f inds f ro m Dvorov i n ear B i je l jina a re c on te mporary w ith t h is h or izon ,

1 08

w h i le i mpor tan t p ara l le ls e x is t i n Don ja Do l ina. 1 09

I n

S lavon ia s o me f inds f ro m t he c e meter ies o f t he Da l j g roup c orrespond t o t h is t ime ,

1 10

wh i le t he r ecen t ly e xcava ted c e metery a t Kap to l n ear S lavonska

Polega w ith u rn g raves u nder mounds b e longs t o t he s ame p er iod. 1 11 s outh-west Ro man ia s o me f inds f ro m t he c e meter ies o f G ogo9u p rov ided a na log ies t o o ur ma ter ia l.

1 12

I n

a nd Gru ia 13

I n G ru ia t he s p ira l b race let w ith h or i-

z on ta l r ibs o n t he b ronze b and c an b e p ara l le led w ith s im i lar o b jects f ro m Vranovo ( P la te 8 , 1 .4 ) a nd V id in ,

1 14

wh ile t he f i bu la w ith r ec tangu lar c a tch-

p la te c o mb ines t he s ou thern r ectangu lar c a tch-p la te w ith l oca l g lobu lar b ow , b oth o b jects t hus s uggest ing a n e ar ly d a te w ith in h or izon 2 .

1 15

F ur ther t o t he

e ast , s o me o b jects f ro m F er ig ile c an p erhaps a lso b e p laced h ere , t hough mos t o f t he ma ter ia l b e longs t o t he f o l low ing p er iod .

16

I n w estern Bu lgar ia ,

e spec ia l ly i n t he n or th-wes t p ar t b e tween t he Y ugos lav b order a nd t he r iver I sker , many f inds , most ly f ro m s ing le g raves , s im ilar t o t he ma ter ia l f ro m

1 8

e as t S erb ia h ave b een d iscovered : A lt im ir ,1 17 Be l i I zvor ,1 18 V id in ,1 19 V lasko S e 10 ,1 20 Gradec n ear V id in .1 21 Kr ivodo 1 ,1 22 Kun ino ,123 m is i ja ,124 Morav ica ,

1 25

Pa l i lu la ,

Tro jan f ur ther e as t ,

1 28

1 26

S ofron ievo ,

1 27

e tc. a s w e l l a s D ebnevo n ear

a nd Kad in Mos t b yK jus tend i lt o t he s ou th .1 29

Eas t S erb ia We c a l led t he ma ter ia l b e long ing t o t h is h or izon f ro m e ast S erb ia a nd n or th-wes t Bu lgar ia " the Z lo t g roup" a f ter Z lo t c ave wh ich g ave t he l arges t amoun t o f o b jects f ro m t h is a rea. 1 3 ° A c er ta in u n iform ity o f ma ter ia l d oes * ex is t b u t i ti s q ues t ionab le whe ther t he t erm " group" may b e a pp l ied. c us to ms a re d iverse :

Bur ia l

s t i ll t he mos t f requen t s ee m t o b e sma l l mounds w ith

o ne b ur ia l , w ith b oth c re ma t ion a nd i nhu ma t ion o f t he d ead. 1 31

T he r e lat ive ly

sma l l n u mber o f s i tes i n e as t S erb ia d oes n ot make f ur ther c onc lus ions p oss ib le. T he Z lot c ave p rov ided b lack p o l ished p ot tery whose f or ms a re ma in ly b ow ls w ith f acet ted o r f lu ted r ims , a nd j ugs w ith c hanne l led b ody a nd o ne h and le ( P la te 2 0 , 1 .3 ).

Decora t ion i s r are , s o me f rag men ts o f t he Bassarab i

p ot tery ( P la te 2 0 , 2 ) s how t ha t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I ron Age s et t le men t i n t he c ave c an b e p laced t owards t he e nd o f h or izon 1 .

F inds o f meta l-work c o m-

p r ise f i bu lae , d isc-headed p ins, t wo-shank p ins, a c o mp le te o penwork b e lt , c ircu lar o pen p endan ts, a n o rnamen ta l h orse f ron t le t , ab one h orse b i t , i ron s pearheads , a xes , k n ives e tc . ( P la te 2 0 , 4 -22 ).

Vr t ig te n ear N i, w here

c re ma t ion g raves w ithout p reserved g rave g roups w ere d iscovered , b e longs a lso t o t h is g roup .

I t c on ta ined a f l u ted b ow l , aj ug w ith t wo h and les , b race-

l ets w ith c rossed c ub ic t erm ina ls ,

1 32

f i bu lae s im i lar t o t hose f ro m Z lot c ave ,

o penwork b e l t f rag men ts , t r ip le s tuds , p ar t o f as pectac le f i bu la w ithou t l oops , a sma l l s i lver b race le t ,

1 33

ag lobu lar a nd e longa ted p endan ts o f Mace-

d on ian t ype , p ha lerae o r s h ie ld b uck les , c ruc ifor m o pen d isc , e tc. ( P la te 2 1 ). I n N ovo S e lo-Dub s even f i bu lae , ab race let w i th c rossed e nds , ad ecora t ive p laque a nd a p ar t o f a" scabbard" w ere f ound , o f wh ich t h is l ast o b ject a nd t hree f i bu lae h ave b een l os t ( P la te 2 2B ).

T he c o mpos it ion o f t he g roup r e-

minds u s o f t he g rave-goods i n t he g raves f ro m n or th-wes t Bu lgar ia ( Gradec , Debnevo )1 34

a nd s uggests a f e ma le s ke leton g rave.

T h is i s s uppor ted b y t he

p resu mp t ion t ha t ap ar t o f t he " scabbard" was i n f ac t a n o penwork b e lt p iece :1 35 t he d ecora t ive p laque w ith f our l at t ices i s made i n t he s ty le o f o penwork b e l ts a nd c orresponds w e l l t o o ther t ypes f ro m t h is h or izon .1 36 T he f inds i n w es t Bu lgar ia c on ta in ma in ly t he s a me t ypes : d oub lelooped f i bu lae w ith t he c atchp la te i n t he f orm o f a Boeo t ian s h ie ld , o penwork b e lt p ieces , f i bu lae w ith t r ia ngu lar a nd r ectangu lar c a tch-p la tes , c ircu lar o pen p endan ts , ah orse f ron t let s im i lar t o t he o ne f ro m Z lot c ave , e tc. 1 37 T he ma in t ypes o f t h is h or izon , f i bu lae w ith t he c a tch-p late i n t he f or m o f aB oeot ian s h ie ld a nd o penwork b e lts , a ppear i n mos t c ases t oge ther , n ot o n ly i n t he i n ter ior o f t he Ba lkans b u t i n Greece t oo , s how ing t hus t he ir c ont e mporane ity i n s evera l ways .1 38

T here w ere a t te mp ts t o d a te o penwork

b el ts a s e ar ly a s t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ear ly I ron Age a nd t o c onnec t t he m w ith t he s o-ca l led Thraco-Ci m mer ian f inds men t ioned a bove.

However , o penwork

b el t p ieces a re n e ither f ound t ogether w ith b ronze h orse b its n or w i th o ther o b jec ts t yp ica l o f h or izon 1 .

F ibu lae , wh ich a re t he mos t c harac ter is t ic

1 9

i t e ms f or d a t ing , s uppor t t h is v iew .

I n o n ly t wo c ases ( Novo S e lo-Dub a nd

V id in ) a re o penwork b e l ts f ound w ith t he f i bu lae wh ich a ppear i n h or izon 1 .

1 39

I n b oth c ases , f ur ther more , l a ter t ypes o f f i bu lae were a lso p resen t i n l arge n u mber , i nd ica t ing a l a ter d a te f or t hese f inds.

Be lts s tay i n u se l onger t han

t he Boeo t ian s h ie ld f i bu lae a nd a ppear o ccas iona l ly i n h or izon 3 ( Beremend , KaragaC , F er ig i le ), b u t t he l arges t n u mber d a te f ro m h or izon 2 .1 40

T he

d oub lelooped f i bu la w ith t he c a tch-p la te i n t he f or m o f a Boeo t ian s h ie ld d eve loped p robab ly i n t he Ba lkans f ro m a n e ar l ier t ype w ith a n " hour-g lass" c atch-p la te k nown i n h or izon 1 .

I t s pread o ver a l arge t err itory a nd b eca me

• popu lar i n e ast S erb ia a nd w est Bu lgar ia a s w e l l a s i n t he G las inac c u lture .1 41 With t ime t he ir s ize d im in ished a nd t hey b ecame sma l ler a nd f i ner t owards t he e nd o f h or izon 2 .

I t i s ag enera l t endency i n t he l oca l Ba lkan meta l-work-

i ng i ndus try t ha t u nder t he s ou thern i n f luences f i ner a nd more d e l ica te f or ms o fj ewe l lery a re n ow p roduced , a nd t h is c an b e f o l lowed i n s o me o ther o b jec ts t oo.

D ecora ted b race lets w ith c rossed e nds a re p opu lar i n b oth G las inac a nd

Z lot r eg ions. T oge ther w ith t he Boeo t ian s h ield f i bu lae t hey i nd ica te c u ltura l c onnect ions b e tween t hese t wo a reas d eve loped t o a much s tronger d egree t han i n h or izon 1 .

However , d if ferences a re v is ib le a nd e ach a rea h as i t s own

c haracter ist ics.

Among o ther e le men ts w e men t ion t he v ar ian t o f t he b race-

l ets w ith c rossed c ub ic t erm ina ls , wh ich a ppears i n t he f inds o f t he Z lot g roup wh i le i ti s l ack ing u p t o n ow i n t he G las inac f inds. 1 42 The a rea a round T itovo U Z ice S evera l impor tan t s i tes b e long ing t o t h is a nd t he f o l low ing h or izons h ave b een d iscovered i n t h is a rea :

P i latov iC i, V rane , S redn ja Dobr in ja , Raiana ,

God l jevo , U z i6 i , Kr iva Reka , Kre mna , G lu ma .

e tc.

A t t he p resen t t ime t he

ma ter ia l i s o n ly p ar t ia l ly p ub l ished s o t ha t i ti s n o t p oss ib le t o p roceed t o a t horough a na lys is.

T he c lose c onnec t ions o f t hese f i nds , f ro m t h is h or izon

o nwards , w ith t he G las inac c u lture i n s ou th-east Bosn ia a nd n or th Mon tenegro a re o bv ious.

T hey s how r e la t ive u n ity i n t he a r tefac ts a nd i n t he f orm o f

b ur ia l , b u t s o me d if ferences a re v is ib le.

I n t he r eg ion o f T itovo U Z ice p ot tery

i n g raves i s more f requen t a nd more d ecora ted t han o n t he G las inac p lateau , wh ich c an b e p robab ly e xp la ined b y d if ferences i n l oca l t rad it ion .

T h is i s

c on f ir med t o ac er ta in e x ten t b y t he r e la t ive a bundance o f p o t tery i n

%t rpc i

n ear Rudo , g eograph ica l ly c loser t o T itovo U Z ice t han t o G las inac. 1 43

I n

t he Ear ly I ron Age mater ia l f ro m t he a rea a bou t T itovo UZ ice o ne c an d iscern e ar l ier a nd l a ter t ypes , wh ich wou ld c orrespond t o h or izons 2 a nd 3 .

T o t he

e ar l ier p hase b e longs a p ar t o f t he ma ter ia l f ro m P ila tov iC i, RaZ/a na , S redn ja Dobr in ja , Uz i& a nd Kr iva Reka . T u mu lus I I a t P i la tov iC i c an i n a l l p robab i l ity b e d a ted t o t h is p er iod. T he t wo r iches t g raves , 6( P late 2 6 , 1 -8 ) a nd 2 1 ( P la te 2 6 , 9 -17 ) , b e long t o warr iors.

T hey c on ta in s words o f t he G las inac t ype c haracter is t ic o f t he

G las inac I Vb a nd I Vc p hases , a ccord ing t o B enac a nd & v w iC.

The g raves

f ro m I l i jak ( mound I l, g rave 9 a nd mound I , g rave 1 ) , Brez je ( mound I , g rave 1 ) , Kr iZevac ( mound I , g rave 1 ) a nd g trpc i ( mound V . g rave 1 ) c on ta in d irect p ara l le ls f or t he d oub le-edged s word ,

1 44

wh i le p ara l lels f or t he s ing le-

e dged s word c an b e f ound i n Brez je ( mound I , g rave 3 ) , M lad j ( mound I V , g rave 6 ) , ' trpc i ( mound I I ) a nd G otovu4a ( grave 2 1 ). 1 45

Doub lelooped t wo-

s hank p ins i n b o th o f t hese warr ior g raves i n P ilatov iC i i nd ica te p erhaps a

2 0

s o mewha t l ater d ate w ith in t h is h or izon . g rave 6 c orresponds we l l t o t h is t ime.

Ab e lt b uck le w ith l at t ices f ro m Two s pearheads , as hor ter a nd a

l onger o ne , i n e ach g rave may i nd ica te t he mi l itary t act ics o f t he p er iod : 146 o ne s pear w as u sed f or t hrow ing a nd t he o ther was h e ld t o f ace t he e ne my 's a t tack .

Grave 1 4 , wh ich was t ha t o f af e ma le , f ro m t he s a me mound ( P la te

2 6, 1 8-23 ) h ad t wo Boeot ian s h ie ld f i bu lae , t wo b ronze d oub le-d isc b rooches a nd t wo b race lets w ith c rossed t erm ina ls , wh ich t oge ther c lear ly p o in t t o t he s a me c hrono log ica l p er iod.

We s poke o f f i bu lae a nd b race lets :

t he d oub le

d isc b rooches , v ery p opu lar i n t he G las inac c u l ture , a ppeared p robab ly u nder sou thern i n f luence a nd b e long ma in ly t o h or izon 2 . 147

Grave 2 f ro m mound

V I I a t P i la tov i6 i ( P la te 2 7 , 1 -4 ) may a lso b e long t o t h is h or izon a ccord ing t o t wo Boeot ian s h ie ld f i bu lae , b u t t he o ther g raves f ro m t h is mound a re d ef ini t ely l a ter . T he d estroyed mound f ro m U z i6 i p rov ided most ly ma ter ia l f ro m t h is h or izon :

f i bu lae w ith c a tch-p la tes i n t he f or m o f Boeo t ian s h ie lds , b race le ts

w ith c rossed t erm ina ls , b e l t b uck les a nd d oub le o penwork b u t tons , s o me " b ird-cage" p endan ts , amber b eads a nd i ron weapons ( P late 2 8 ).

Boeot ian

s h ield f i bu lae a nd b ronze d oub le-d isc b rooches f ro m S redn ja Dobr in ja b e long t o t h is p er iod a s we l l a s d oub lelooped t wo-shank p ins w ith k nots o n t he h ead . These k nots may b e c ons idered a s t he s ign o f a n e ar l ier d a t ing o f t h is t ype o f t wo-shank p ins b ecause s o me f inds o f e ar l ier d ate i n Macedon ia ( Kozan i, Radan je , V iso i , Do lno Or izare e tc.) c on ta in d oub lelooped t wo-shank p ins w ith k no ts o n t he h ead. 148

K r iva Reka a nd Ra Lna p rov ided a lso s o me ma-

t er ia l d a t ing t o t h is h or izon .

Boeot ian s h ie ld f i bu lae , c res ted f i bu lae a nd

d oub le-d isc b rooches f ro m Ra Lna a re e spec ia l ly c haracter ist ic i n t h is r espec t ( P la te 2 4 , 3 ,5 ,13 ). Nor th S erb ia a nd V o jvod ina The m ix ture o f d if feren t e le men ts f ro m t he " Zlot g roup" a nd t he G las inac c u lture i s v is ib le i n t he g oods f ro m a s ing le s keleton g rave i n Gr ivac n ear Kragu jevac ( P late 2 3 ).

Boeot ian s h ie ld f i bu lae a nd b race le ts w ith c rossed

t erm ina ls a re c o m mon i n b o th g roups , wh i le t he p o t tery s hows more a f f in it ies t o t he w est , T itovo Unce a nd K ossovo a s w e l l a s Don ja Do l ina . 149

F ibu lae

w ith r ectangu lar c a tch-p la tes a nd a r ing w ith h or izon ta l r ibs , wh ich i s r em ini scen t o f s p ira l b race lets f ro m Vranovo a nd V id in ( P la te 8 , 1 .4 ), a re c loser t o e as t S erb ia. 15 ° T he s ke le ton g rave f ro m Hr tkovc i ( P la te 2 2A ) a lso b elongs t o t h is t ime.

I ts c on ten ts a re c lose ly r ela ted t o e ast S erb ia ( brace lets w ith

c ub ic c rossed t erm ina ls s im i lar t o t he e xa mp les f ro m Vr t igte , o penwork b e l t p ieces ) a nd r ef lec t i t s i n f luence i n S re m , n ot iceab le a s f ar a s Don ja Do l ina. 1 51 T he c re ma t ion g rave 1 2 f ro m t he R itopek c e me tery , c on ta in ing f rag men ts o f p o t tery , t wo i ron s pearheads , ac urved sword a nd h orse b its , s hou ld p roba b ly b e p laced i n t h is t ime ( P la te 4 8, 1 -5 ).

I ron b its , g enera l ly l a ter t han

t he e xa mp les o f b ronze , a re most c lose ly p ara l leled i n s ke leton g raves f ro m S edv iz i n Hungary .1 52

A t S edv iz b its w ere f ound t ogether w ith b oa t f i bu lae

w ith a l ong c a tch-p la te a nd b u t tons wh ich c orrespond c hrono log ica l ly i n I ta ly a nd S loven ia t o o ur h or izon 2 .1 53

I ron weapons a nd c ruc ifor m b u t tons i n

S edv iz a ppeared a lso i n t h is t ime. An i so lated f lnd o f ab ronze u ndecora ted b race le t w ith c rossed c ub ic t erm ina ls i n t he s a me a rea f ro m R itopek may

2 1

we l l b e av ar ian t o f t he t ype f ound i n Hr tkovc i a nd Vr t igte , a nd p o in ts t o t he s a me c hrono log ica l h or izon. 154 T he f irst g raves e xcavated i n t he u rn f ie ld c e metery a t Doros lovo i n Ba ha p rov ided ma ter ia l wh ich u ndoubted ly b e longs t o h or izon 2 ( P la te 4 5 , 1 -11 ). The meta l-work c ons ists o f i ron h orse b its s im i lar t o t he e xa mp les f ro m R itopek , f our b ronze c on ica l b u t tons f or h orse h arness f ound a lso i n Bosn ia a nd S loven ia w ith ma ter ia l o f t he s ame p er iod ,

1 55

a nd g lobu lar p ins

c haracter is t ic o f t he e nd o f h or izon 1 a nd t he b eg inn ing o f h or izon 2 .1 56 Fur ther e xcavat ions i n 1 963, 1 974 , 1 975 a nd 1 976 u ncovered g raves wh ich a re e ar l ier a nd b e long p ar t ly t o Hal ls tat t Bo r t he s econd p ar t o f t he T rans it iona l p er iod ( P la tes 4 6 a nd 4 7 , - 1 -15 ).

These g raves a re c harac ter is t ic o f

t he u rn f ie ld c o mp lex o f t he Da l j c ulture i n e as t S lavon ia a nd t he V a l c u lture i n s ou th Hungary . 157

Excep t f or a f ew p ot tery f or ms wh ich a re d e f in i te ly

e ar ly ( e .g . d eep b ow ls w ith e ver ted r ims a nd h and les i n g rave 2 8 ),

1 58

t he

t ypo logy o f b icon ica l u rns ma in ly r epresen ted i n Doros lovo d oes n o t p er m it af iner c hrono log ica l d e marca t ion o f t he p ot tery .

Urns w ith r ounded b od ies

a nd v er t ica l g rooves may h ave a ppeared f i rs t , b u t t hey r e ma in i n u se t oge ther w ith a l ater t ype o f b icon ica l u rn wh ich h as sma l l h and les i n t he l ower p ar t o f t he b ody .

Al arge n u mber o f i ron o b jec ts i n many g raves ( r ings , b race le ts ,

k n ives , a rrow-heads e tc. ) s uggests t ha t t hey d ate f ro m t he Ear ly I ron Age , • i .e. t o o ur h or izons 1 a nd 2 .

Character ist ic b ronze o b jects a re r are.

Ear-

r ings w ith s p ira l e nds i n g rave 2 8 , a nd e labora te e arr ings w ith t erm ina ls i n t he f or m o f af igure o f e igh t i n g rave 5 6 s uppor t t he p lac ing o f t hese g raves i n t he Ha l ls ta t t Bp hase. 1 59

On t he o ther h and , ab ronze p in w ith t w isted

h ead i n g rave 3 3, a nd a d oub lelooped f i bu la w ith t w isted s erpen t ine b ow a nd a sma l l i ron b oa t f i bu la i n g rave 5 8 h ave p ara l le ls i n t he Bat ina c e metery i n t he Da l j g roup a nd b e long t o t he s econd p ar t o f h or izon 1 a nd t o t he b eg inn ing o f h or izon 2 .1 60

O f p ar t icu lar i n terest a re t he s ke leton g raves i n t h is c e me-

t ery b e long ing t o t he e nd o f t he Ear ly I ron Age a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he L a te I ron Age ( P la tes 4 5 , 1 2-16 a nd 4 7, 1 6-22 ).

T he q ues t ion a r ises w hether t hey

c an b e c onnec ted c hrono log ical ly w ith t he u rn g raves i n Doros lovo o r whether t here was a b reak b e tween t he t wo o ccurrences.

F or t he mo men t t he s econd

p ropos it ion s ee ms t o b e more a ccep tab le , b u t t he f i rs t o ne c annot b e c o mp lete ly e xc luded , s uppos ing a s low s oc ia l a nd e cono m ic d eve lop men t i n t h is r eg ion .1 61 The f ina l p ub l ica t ion o f t he c e me tery i n Doros lovo w i l l p robab ly g ive t he a nswer t o t h is a nd o ther q uest ions. Hor izon 3 Hor izon 3 o f t he Ear ly I ron Age i n S erb ia i s c harac ter ised b y n ew f orms wh ich w ere u nknown i n h or izon 2 , b ut t he t rans it iona l s tage b e tween t he t wo p er iods i s v ery s ubt ly marked w ith many o ther e ar l ier f or ms c on t inu ing t he ir e x istence a nd w ith t he g radua l e vo lut ion o f n ew t ypes.

F or t h is r eason t he

s tuden t r ea l ises t ha t t he n ew p hase h as b egun o n ly when , s tudy ing t he mater ia l , h e f i nds h i mse lf we l l i n t he n ew h or izon .

T h is i s t he c ase p ar t icu lar ly i n

t he r eg ion o f T itovo UAce where mos t o f t he s i tes c on t inue t hrough h or izons 2a nd 3 . I n t he a rea a bou t T itovo UZ ice t he most c haracter is t ic o b jects o f h or izon 3a re f ound i n Ralana ( Plate 2 4 ), G od l jevo ( P late 2 5 ), P i latov i6 i ( P la te 2 7 ),

2 2

S redn ja Dobr in ja , Vrane , Kr iva Reka ( P la te 2 9 ), Kre mna (P la te 3 0 ), G lu maC a nd o ther s i tes , many o f wh ich a lso p roduce ma ter ia l f ro m t he e ar l ier p er iod. C lose ly c onnected w ith a nd p robab ly b e long ing t o t he s a me c u l tura l g roup i s t he p r ince ly g rave i n t he mound u nder S t . P eter 's c hurch i n Nov i P azar ( P la tes 3 1-34 ).

G eograph ica l ly c lose b u t c u ltura l ly s o mewhat d if feren t i s

a no ther p r ince ly c e metery i n A ten ica n ear ä %a 6ak ( P lates 3 6-38 ).

A n u mber

o f i so la ted f i nds a nd g roups o f f inds f ro m t he v a l ley o f t he Morava , a t UmCar i, K o lar i, Mra morac , e tc. ( P la te 3 5 ), a s w el l a s as keleton g rave a t

.a . bac

( P la te 5 2 , 1 -6 ) may b e p ar t ia l ly c onnec ted w ith t he s pread ing o u t o f t he G las inac c u l ture.

Ob jects f ro m Badov inc i n ear Boga t iC a nd s ke leton g raves f ro m Be la

Crkva a nd Bastav , a lso i n n or th-west S erb ia , c an p erhaps b e p laced i n t h is h or izon . I n Kossovo , t he r ich u npub l ished g raves a t P e6ka Ban ja n ear P e8 a re s im ilar t o t he ma ter ia l f ro m N ov i P azar , wh i le a sma l l c e metery i n K aragaCi n ear Kosovska M itrov ica ( P la te 3 9 ) a lso s hows s o me c on tact w ith t he G las inac g roup .

More t o t he s ou th , s evera l c e meter ies w ith t u mu l i a t

Ro ma ja , D ib iCak , Pr6evo , e tc. ( P la tes 4 0-44 ) c o mpose a s epara te l oca l g roup . East a nd s outh S erb ia d id n o t p rov ide a ny th ing c harac ter is t ic o f t h is p er iod. I n V o jvod ina most ly i so lated f i nds c an b e a scr ibed t o t h is h or izon .

I n S re m ,

ac e metery a t Kuz m in may p ar t ly b e long h ere , wh ile i n B ana t as ing le f ind o f a n a k inakes , a nd t hree g raves w ith p ot tery a nd S cy th ian t r iangu lar b ronze a rrow-heads a round Vrgac s hou ld b e p laced i n t h is r a ther t han i n t he n ex t • hor izon ( P late 4 9 , 2 -6 ). T he c losest p ara l le ls t o o ur ma ter ia l i n t he v ic in ity a re t o b e f ound i n t he G las inac c u lture. 1 62

I n t he p er iod w ith wh ich w e a re c oncerned t he G las inac

i n f luence i s v ery w idespread , i n t he w es t a s f ar a s H ercegov ina , t o t he s ou th i n to n or th A lban ia , o n t he n or th t o n or th Bosn ia a nd S lavon ia , wh i le e xa mp les o f t yp ica l G las inac f i bu lae a re f ound a s f ar away a s Abraha m i n S lovak ia.

1 63

T o t he e ast t h is i n f luence r eached t he v a l ley o f t he V e l ika Morava , a s h as a lready b een men t ioned.

T he s o-ca l led " Scy th ian c e meter ies" i n Transy lvan ia

a nd i n p ar t i n Bana t a re c on te mporary w ith t h is l arge c u ltura l c o mp lex .1 64 T he ir i n f luence i s n ot iced i n S erb ia , e spec ia l ly i n t he a ppearance o f n u merous t r iangu lar b ronze a rrow-heads.

I n s ou th-west Ro man ia , s o me f i nds f ro m t he

G ogosu c e metery a ppear t o b e long h ere , a s w e l l a s t he I e§e ln iV . , T e le§t i a nd Dragoe§t i c e me ter ies a nd t he g rea ter n u mber o f f inds f ro m F er ig i le .165

I n

w est Bu lgar ia a c lear d i f feren t ia t ion b etween t h is a nd t he p rev ious h or izon i s n o t e as i ly e stab l ished.

I ti s p oss ib le t ha t s o me e ar l ier f orms r e ma ined i n

u se w e l l i n to t h is p er iod , s o t hat a p roper a na lys is r equ ires more e xcavated ma ter ia l .16 6

F ina l ly , t he T reben igte g raves i n Macedon ia 1 67

mounds i n t he c e me tery o f D uvan l i i n s ou th Bu lgar ia ,

1 68

a nd t he e ar l iest

b oth w ith r ich Greek

i mpor ts , b e long t o t h is h or izon . T he T itovo UZ ice r eg ion a nd f inds f ro m n e ighbour ing a reas I t h as b een emphas ised a bove t ha t t he mater ia l f ro m a round T itovo UZ ice b e longs t o t he G las inac c u lture.

Doubt less s o me l oca l d i f ferences e x ist b u t

t he ir a na lys is w i l l b e p oss ib le o n ly a f ter a l l f inds f ro m t he r eg ion h ave b een d e f in it ive ly p ub l ished.

T he ma in f i nds a re s evera l r ich f e ma le g raves f ro m

P i latov ia ( P la te 2 7 ), g raves f ro m Vrane, G od l jevo ( P la te 2 5 ), Kre mna ( P la te 3 0 ) a nd most o f t he ma ter ia l f ro m S redn ja Dobr in ja , Ra ana ( P la te 2 4 ) a nd K r iva Reka ( P late 2 9 ). T he most c haracter is t ic o b jec ts a re f i bu lae w ith a

2 3

t r iangu lar o r t rapezo ida l c a tch-p late a nd a k nob a t t he e nd. t hree ma in s hapes w ith many v ar ian ts.

T he b ow s hows

T hese t hree s hapes a re g enera l ly

s peak ing c on te mporary , b ut c er ta in c hrono log ica l d if ferences may b e d iscerned t hanks t o t he a na logous ma ter ia l f ro m t he G las inac p la teau. T he e ar l ies t s hape a ppears t o b e t he b ow wh ich i m ita tes t he b oat f i bu lae , c o m mon i n w este rn Yugos lav ia a nd I ta ly , t hus p o in t ing t o i t s o r ig in .

T he s econd f orm h as

k nots i n t he m idd le o f t he b ow a nd o n t he e nds , wh i le t he l a tes t f orm i s c hara cter ised b y ar ibbed b ow .

T he sma l l f i bu la w ith a r ec tangu lar c a tch-p la te

a nd t wo h o les , ak ind o f t ypo log ica l c on t inua t ion o f t he Boeot ian s h ie ld f i bu la , • a lready a ppears i n h or izon 2 b u t i s n ow p ar t icu lar ly p opu lar .

T he f i bu lae o f

s i lver a nd g o ld w ith d ecora ted r ec tangu lar c atch-p la tes a re n o t c o m mon e xcep t i n N ov i Pazar .

S p ira l b race lets a nd b race lets w ith c rossed e nds d o a ppear ,

b u t n o t i n o verwhe lm ing n u mbers.

A c o m mon n ew f or m i s t he l arge b racelet

o f b ronze o r s i lver s heet d ecora ted w ith emboss ing.

T he s a me s hape i su sed

f or b e lts o f t he Mra morac t ype d is tr ibu ted p ar t icu lar ly i n t he Morava v a l ley , d iscussed b e low .

T he p redo m inan t t ype o f b e l t , c ons ist ing o f as er ies o f

a straga l i p laced s ide b y s ide , r e ma ins i n u se w e l l i n to t he L ate I ron Age. Pendan ts i n o verwhe lm ing n u mber f i l l t he g raves o f t h is h or izon .

T hey a re

i n t he f orm o f r ings , s quares , t r iang les , r a t t les , s p ira ls , s t icks , c ha ins a nd s o o n .

An i ma l p endan ts a re r are.

g rea t n u mber .

Amber a nd g lass b eads a re a lso f ound i n

Weapons a re ma in ly i ron s pearheads a nd k n ives.

h el mets o f l a te f orm w ere f ound i n RaZana a nd T rsten ik .

I l lyr ian

P ot tery i s a bundan t :

t wo-hand led a nd o ne-hand led j ugs w ith c u t-away r i ms a re t he c o m mones t f or ms , t hough g lobu lar v esse ls a nd b ow ls w ith f eet a lso a ppear .

Decora t ion

b y i nc ised g eo metr ic p a t terns a nd b y f acet t ing i s u sua l . T he p r ince ly g rave f ro m N ov i P azar ( P lates 3 1-34 ), g eograph ica l ly c lose, s hou ld b e c ons idered a s b e long ing t o t he s ame c u l tura l c o mp lex .

I t c on ta ined ,

a par t f ro m v ery r ich a nd n u merous i mpor ts o f g o ld , s i lver , b ronze , amber a nd p ot tery , af ew l oca l p roduc ts , i mpor tan t f or t he c hrono log ica l a na lyses o f h or izon 3 .

T hese a re t hree f i bu lae w ith t rapezo ida l c atch-p la tes w hose

b ows b e long t o t he t wo l a ter c a tegor ies o f b ow d iscussed a bove.

G o ld a nd

s i lver f i bu lae w ith r ec tangu lar c a tch-p la tes , g o ld b e l ts o f t he Mra morac t ype , e ar-r ings o f t he s a me s hape , e tc. may b e t he w ork o f f ore ign t rave l l ing a r t is ans b u t t hey r ef lec t f orms p opu lar l oca l ly . T he r ecen t ly d iscovered a nd u npub l ished r ich f i nds f ro m P eCka b an ja c ons is ts , a ccord ing t o an ewspaper r epor t ,

1 69

o fI l lyr ian h el mets o f l ate f or m ,

i ron s pearheads a nd s words , s i lver a nd b ronze p ectora ls s im i lar t o t he Nov i Pazar e xa mp les , s i lver b race lets w ith s nake h eads a nd l arge b race le ts o f s i lver s heet ( probab ly o f t he Mra morac t ype ), s i lver f i bu lae ( probab ly o f t he .Nov i P azar t ype ), b ronze b uck les a nd p endan ts a nd amber b eads. i s l oca l a nd Greek .

P o t tery

Para l le ls w ith Nov i P azar a re o bv ious b u t a more a c-

c ura te a na lys is o f t he f ind r equ ires a t l east p re l im inary p ub l ica t ion o f t he ma ter ia l. T he b e lts o f t he Mra morac t ype g ive r ise t o s o me p rob le ms. T hese l arge b e l ts o f g o ld , s i lver o r b ronze s heet , b roader o n o ne s ide a nd r i ch ly d ecorated w ith embossed g eo metr ic p at terns , a re a lways f ound i n p a irs i n t he Morava v a l ley :

Mra morac , UmCar i , K o lar i , Bat inac ( P la te 3 5 ) a s w e l l

a s i n N ov i P azar a nd i n T ite l i n Ba ka. 1 70

2 4

I n Mra morac t hey were f ound

t oge ther w ith a g o ld b racelet w ith t er in ina ls i n t he f orm o f s nake h eads , wh i le i n UmCar i t hey w ere f ound w i th a s i lver f i bu la w ith a r ec tangu lar c a tch-p late , t wo-shank p ins o f omega t ype a nd a f ew b eads o f s i lver w ire , g lass a nd b ronze. These o b jec ts p o in t c lear ly t o ad a te c on te mporary w ith t he f ind i n Nov i Pazar . The h ypothes is p roposed b y M. G aragan in a nd a ccep ted b y s o me o ther s cho lars t ha t t hese b e lts s how t he s pread ing o f t he G las inac c u lture t owards t he e as t ,1 71 h as r ecen t ly b een d isputed b y D . S re jov iC. 1 72

H e s uggested t hat t hese b e l ts ,

t echn ica l ly o n ah igher l eve l t han s im i lar p roduc ts i n G las inac , i n f luenced t he a ppearance o f t h is f orm t o t he w est .

I t i s n ot p oss ib le t o a rr ive a t ad ef in ite

c onc lus ion u n t i l s o me n ew ma ter ia l c o mes t o l igh t i n t he Morava v a l ley , b u t o ne s hou ld b ear i n m ind t ha t t here a re o b jec ts i n G las inac wh ich c ou ld b e d escr ibed a s p redecessors o f t h is s hape , wh i le s o me o f t he b race lets ( Arareva g ro m i la , P otpeC ine ) b ecause o f t he ir s i mp ler d ecora t ion a nd t he ma ter ia l f ound w ith t he m s uggest s o mewha t e ar l ier d ate t han t he Mra morac-U mCar i f i nds. 1 73 For t h is r eason we c ons ider M . G aragan in 's a ssu mp t ion a s more a ccep tab le f or t he mo men t , t hough i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t hese b e lts , p robab ly made b y f ore igners , i n f luenced t he l oca l a r t isans b ecause o f t he ir f i ne f i n ish. Two p r ince ly mounds w ith c re ma t ion g raves f ro m A ten ica n ear ä fa 6ak , o f wh ich o ne mound c onta ined a c en tra l a nd a p er iphera l g rave , a nd t he o ther a c en tra l g rave , s hou ld b e p laced i n t h is p er iod ( P la tes 3 6-38 ).

The g raves

p rov ided many Greek impor ts ( go ld a nd s i lver j ewe l lery , g o ld a nd b one f igu r ine o rna men ts , w orked amber b eads , f ragmentary b ronze v esse ls , p o t tery e tc.) a s w e l l a s l oca l o b jec ts ( f ibu lae , g o ld a nd s i lver o rna men ts , b ronze p endan ts , b ronze p ins , t r iangu lar b ronze a rrow-heads , i ron s pearheads , swords , s h ie ld b uck les , p ar ts o f h orse h arness a nd o f c ar ts w ith w hee l-sp ikes e tc.).

S o me o f t hese l oca l o b jec ts may w e l l h ave b een made b y f ore ign a r t i-

s ans.

T he p ara l le ls w ith t he G las inac c u lture a re n u merous b ut n ot d ec is ive

f or c u ltura l u n ity ( bronze b ut tons , t r iangu lar p endan t , whets tone , s pears , swords , s h ie ld-buck les )• 174

on t he o ther h and s o me t ypes i n A ten ica a re

d if feren t f ro m t hose i n G las inac ( t he t ype o f h orse h arness , c ar ts , f i bu lae , S cy th ian t r iangu lar a rrow-heads , p ins , s hapes o f b ird p endants e tc. ) .1 75 The l ack o f s o me t yp ica l G las inac o b jec ts h ere may a lso b e s ign if ican t . S im i lar ity w ith t he i mpor ts a t N ov i Pazar i s u nders tandab le when o ne h as i n mind t he p robab le s im i lar i ty o f o r ig in a nd r ou te o f e n try o f t hese i mpor ts i n to t he c en tra l Ba lkan a rea. 1 76 A l l t h is s hows , c on trary t o s o me o p in ions , ac er ta in i ndependance o f A ten ica a s r egards c u ltura l d eve lop men t i n r e la t ion t o t he G las inac c o mp lex . P ar t ia l G las inac i n f luence c an b e s een i n t he ma ter ia l f ro m K aragac n ear Kosovska M itrov ica ( P la te 3 9 ).

Grave 1 c on ta ined 1 2 f i bu lae a nd p endan ts ,

a l l t yp ica l G las inac s hapes , t wo b ow ls a nd a n o penwork b e l t p iece. f ibu lae a nd p endan ts s uppor t t he p lac ing o f t he g rave i n t h is p er iod .

T he 1 77

Open-

work b e l ts o ccas iona l ly a ppear i n t h is p er iod , e spec ia l ly i n t he p er iphera l a reas ( Bere mend i n Hungary ) b ut a re n o l onger c haracter is t ic. 178 g raves i n Karaga

O ther

c on ta ined i ron s pearheads , c urved l m ives , at wo-shank

p in w i th a t r iangu lar h ead , amber a nd g lass b eads , a nd p o t tery r ese mb l ing o n ly t o ac er ta in e x ten t t he G las inac f orms. s ised b y D . S re jov ic.,1 79

l ack

P ara l lels w ith F er ig i le , empha-

l inks f ro m t h is p er iod i n c en tra l a nd e ast

S erb ia.

2 5

I n s outh Kossovo t he c e meter ies w ith t u mu l i c on ta in ing s ke leton a nd c rema t ion g raves a t Ro ma ja ( P la tes 4 0-43 ), P rCevo , D ib i ' Cak ( P la te 4 4 ) e tc. r epresen t as epara te g roup wh ich s hou ld b e d a ted ma in ly t o t h is p er iod , t hough s o me g raves p robab ly b e long t o t he p rev ious h or izon t oo. t yp ica l G las inac f orms , t hough s l igh t ly v ar ied :

The p o t tery s hows

o ne-hand led j ugs w ith c u t-away

r i ms , t wo-hand led j ugs , b ow ls e tc., wh i le s evera l whee l- made i mpor ted v ess e ls a lso a ppear .

T he l oca l p o t tery i s o f ten r ich ly d ecora ted w ith i nc ised

g eo metr ic p a t terns.

T he j ewe l lery c ons is ts ma in ly o f amber a nd g lass b eads.

I ron w eapons a re n u merous :

s pearheads , d oub le a xes , w inged a xes , d oub le-

e dged s words w ith c ruc ifor m h i lts , k n ives , as h ie ld b uck le e tc.

C hrono log ica l

i nd ica tors a re t he s h ie ld b uck le , t he c ruc iform h i lt s words , t he v ase-l ike amber b eads e tc. whose p ara l le ls i n A ten ica , ‘ g iroko , T reben i Ue e tc. b e long t o t h is h or izon .1 80 Nor th S erb ia a nd V o jvod ina T he f inds f ro m t h is h or izon i n n or th S erb ia a nd V o jvod ina a re n o t n u me rous.

The s ke leton g rave f ro m g abac ( P la te 5 2, 1 -6 ) s hou ld b e long t o t h is

o r t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he n ex t h or izon o n a ccoun t o f t wo r ibbed b ow f i bu lae w ith t rapezo ida l c a tch-p lates , t yp ica l o f t he G las inac c u lture.

T he p ar t ia l ly

e xcavated t u mu lus a t Badov inc i n ear Boga t i8 s hou ld b e p laced h ere t oo.

I t

p roduced p o tsherds , ag lass b ead a nd a h orse b it o f t he t ype f ound i nA ten ica . The s ke leton g raves a t B e la Crkva a nd Bas tav , a lso i n n or th-wes t S erb ia , may b e long t o t h is h or izon , t hough t hey d o n o t c on ta in a ny c harac ter ist ic o b jec ts f or d a t ing .

Af ragmen t o f as kyphos ( ? ) i n B e la Crkva c an p erhaps

b e p ara l le led b y t he s kyphos f ro m gr ave 1 o f t he warr ior mound i n Ro ma ja ( P late 3 6, 8 ) .

T he b ronze b race let w ith s nake h eads f ro m Bastav c an b e

d ated a t t he e ar l ies t t o h or izon 3 when t h is d ecora t ive e le ment f i rs t a ppeared i n t h is a rea u nder S ou thern i nf luence

1 81

Among t he l arge n u mber o f f inds

f ro m S re m , wh ich a re d iscussed f ur ther i n t he n ex t s ect ion , t he c e metery a t Kuz m in c on ta in ing a straga l i b e l ts , g lass a nd amber b eads , a nd a s i lver f i bu la w ith r ec tangu lar c a tch-p la te may b e long t o t h is h or izon , b ecause o f t he f i bu la t ype.

F or t he s a me r eason i so la ted f i nds o f t hese f i bu lae a nd f ibu lae

w ith t rapezo ida l c atch-p lates f ro m S re mska M itrov ica ( P la te 5 4 ,1 ) , Kup inovo , V inCa , N ov i Banovc i ( P la te 5 0 , 6 .7 ) e tc. c an b e d ated t o t h is p er iod . 182

One

h as t o b ear i n m ind , h owever , t ha t g o ld a nd s i lver f i bu lae w ith r ec tangu lar c a tch-p la tes , c harac ter is t ic o f h or izon 3 , a ppear o ccas iona l ly i n t he n ex t h or izon t oo. 1 83

I n Banat , a sma l l c e metery a t Vrgac-At i s o f s ome impor t-

a nce ( P la te 4 9 , 2 -6 ).

I t c ons ists o f as ke leton g rave w ith b ronze t r iangu lar

a rrow-heads , i ron s pearhead , s a l ta leon i a nd amber b eads , a nd o f t wo c re mat i on g raves w ith p ot tery ( b icon ica l u rns , b ow ls w ith h and les e tc.).

T hey s how

s o me s im i lar it ies w ith t he c on ten ts o f t he s o-ca l led S cy th ian c e me ter ies i n Transy lvan ia a nd may b e d a ted t o t h is t ime.

These c onnec t ions w ith t he e ast

a re emphas ised b y t he i so la ted f ind o f a n a k inakes i n t he v ic in ity o f V rgac. Two b racelets w ith s nake h eads f ound i n t he I ron Age l ayer o f t he o pp idu m o f Z idovar , s ou th o f Vrgac , b e long t o t h is o r t o t he n ex t h or izon a nd r ef lec t t he s outhern i n f luence o f wh ich we h ave a lready s poken .

2 6

Hor izon 4 T he Ear ly I ron Age i n t he S .R. S erb ia i s n o t r ich i n ma ter ia l o f h or izon 4 , e xcep t i n t he n or thwest :

S re m a nd s outh BaCka.

Here a l arge n u mber o f

g raves , s ing le o r i n g roups , a re d iscovered s how ing a c er ta in u n iform ity i n ma ter ia l. M. Garagan in c a l led t hese f i nds t he S re m g roup ,1 84 t hough i ti nc ludes s evera l g raves f rom n or thwes t S erb ia a nd e ast S lavon ia.

T he l ayers

o f t he e nd o f t he Ear ly I ron Age a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he La te I ron Age i n Go mo lava a nd i n t he h i l lfor t o n t he r iver Bosu t s hou ld p robab ly b e c onnected w ith t hese f inds , wh ich w il l b eco me more c lear a f ter t hey h ave b een d ef in ite ly p ub l ished 1 85 O ther ma ter ia l i s s o mewha t d ispersed.

D ecora t ive b ronze p laques worked

i n z oomorph ic s ty le a re f ound a t R itopek n ear Be lgrade ( P la te 4 8 , 9 .10 ) a nd a t BaraCe i n t he I ron Gate a rea.

A lthough t hey s how a g enera l r ese mb lance

t o t he S cy th ian z oo morph ic s ty le , t hey a re c loser t o t he Thraco-Getan a r t o f Ro man ia a nd Bu lgar ia , a nd a re t o b e d a ted a s c on te mporary w ith t he p er iod o f f l ower ing o f t h is s ty le o f a r t .1 86

I so la ted f inds o f i ron h orse b its a t R itopek

( P la te 4 8, 6 -8 ) may b e long , t ogether w ith t he p laques , t o t he s a me g rave g roups , b e ing v ery c lose t o t he b its f ound i n t he p r ince ly g rave a t Ag igh io l i n n or th D obrud ja w ith s im i lar z oo morph ic p laques. 1 87

I n Bana t , a n i so la ted

f ind o f ah e l met i n t he v ic in ity o f Vrgac , r epresen t ing a v ar ian t o f t he Cha lc id ian h e l mets ( Pla te 4 9 , 1 ) i s w or thy o f men t ion .

I t s hows c lose p ara l le ls

w ith s im i lar h el mets i n Bu lgar ia a nd b e longs t o t h is h or izon. 1 88 F ur ther t o t he s ou th s evera l c re ma t ion g raves w ith i ron w eapons a nd a s i lver f i bu la o f h inged t ype 1 89 5 6A ).

h ave b een d iscovered i n Don ja T opon ica ( P la te

They may b e r e la ted t o t he u rn f ie ld c e metery o f t he Brn jica g roup

e xcava ted o n t he s a me s i te , ment ioned a bove. s et t le ment n ear Vran je p roduced r ich ma ter ia l :

I nves t igat ion o f t he Krgev ica Greek a nd l oca l p o t tery ,

h inge f i bu lae , ac o in o f C assander , wh ich d a tes t h is s i te t o t he e nd o f t he E ar ly I ron A ge , e tc . F our h inge f i bu lae f ound a t t he v i llage o f Ma jur i n t he J uhor moun ta ins n ear S ve tozarevo ( P la te 5 6B ) , may b e long t o ag rave o r t o ah oard . Wor th men t ion ing a lso a re t hree T hrac ian f i bu lae f ro m N i, a pparen t ly f ound t oge ther , wh i le s o me o ther i so la ted f inds , most ly f i bu lae , h ave b een n o ted i n t h is a rea .

1 90

I n t he n e ighbour ing a reas t he mos t s tr ik ing p ara l lels a re i n S lavon ia. They b e long t o t he S re m g roup d iscussed b e low . Do l ina 1 91

I n Bosn ia s o me g raves f ro m Don ja

a nd e spec ia l ly f rom G las inac ( Rud ine , Rusanov iC i )1 92

a na logous ma ter ia l .

p rov ided

The h oard f ro m g trpc i n ear Rudo i n e ast Bosn ia i s a lso

impor tan t i n t h is r egard , c on ta in ing impor ted me ta l v esse ls a nd a s i lver h inge f i bu la w ith a s ty l ized f igure o f ap an ther o n t he c a tch-p la te .1 93 T he g rave f ro m ' Z danec i n S kop je w ith e igh t s im i lar f i bu lae , e ar-r ings , c o l lars , meta l v esse ls a nd a macha ira r epresen ts a s ign if ican t l i nk t o e xp la in t he s pread ing o f t hese h inge o r " g trpc i" f i bu lae t owards t he n or th. 1 94

S evera l

f inds i n w est Bu lgar ia , o f wh ich t he h oards f ro m Buk jovc i a nd V lad in ja . a re t he mos t i mpor tan t , a re t o b e c o mpared w ith o ur ma ter ia 1. 1 95 A s im i lar h oard w ith s i lver f i bu lae w as f ound a t Os trovu l Mare i n s ou th-wes t Ro man ia. 1 96 Ear l ier t han t hese h oards b u t b e long ing t o h or izon 4 i s t he c e metery w ith s ke leton a nd c re mat ion g raves a t Ba i lovo n ear S of ia. 1 97 I t c on ta ins T hrac ian f ibu lae s im i lar t o t he e xa mp les f ro m N i gb u t g enera l ly s peak ing t he f i nds , t oge ther w ith t hose f ro m s o me s i tes f ur ther t o t he e ast , b e long t o ad if feren t c u ltura l c o mp lex f ro m t he f inds f ro m S erb ia. 198 2 7

The S re m g roup T he S re m g roup i nc ludes s evera l s ke leton a nd c re mat ion g raves a t S re mska M itrov ica a s w el l a s i so la ted f inds , ma in ly o f j ewe l lery ( P la te 5 4 ), a s ke leton g rave a t Adagevc i ( P la te 5 3 ), i so la ted f inds f ro m N ik inc i, Nov i Banovc i ( P la te 5 0 , 1 0-13 ), Z e mun ( P la te 5 1, 6 -10 , 1 7-27 ), s ke leton g raves f ro m D oros lovo d iscovered i n t he c ourse o f t he e xcava t ions o f 1 957 a nd 1 975 ( P la tes 4 5 , 1 2-16 a nd 4 7 , 1 6-22 ), t he h oard f ro m ä ‘ urug ( P la te 5 5 ), c re ma t ion g raves f ro m g abac ( P la te 5 2 , 7 -12 ) e tc. .V uCie do 1 , 200

I n S lavon ia s ke leton g raves f ro m Nov i J ankovc i ,

Bogdanovc i, 2O1 V inkovc i ,

b elong t o t h is g roup .

1 99

a nd c re ma t ion g rave 8 9 i n Da 1 j 203

2 02

I n n or th-east Bosn ia g raves f ro m S o l ina n ear T uz la

c an p erhaps b e i nc luded h ere. 204 Mos t o f t he g raves c on ta ined s ke letons b u t t here a re a lso e xamp les o f c re ma t ion g raves wh ich p o in ts p robab ly t o ac ont inua t ion o f t he a nc ien t t rad it i on i n b ur ia l r i tes i n t h is a rea .

T he ma in g rave g oods c ons ist o f f i bu lae o f

t he Cer tosa t ype , c rossbow f i bu lae, h inge f i bu lae ( ca l led a lso t he " g trpc i t ype" , o r t he " &rug t ype" ), f i bu lae o f e ar ly L a T ene t ype , a s traga l i b e l ts , b ronze o r s i lver e ar-r ings o f t w is ted w ire , i mpor ted e ar-r ings o f g o ld a nd s i lver , o pen b race lets o f s i lver o r b ronze s heet , g o ld b eads a nd s a l ta leon i f ro m n eck laces , amber a nd g lass b eads , a nd i ron weapons, most ly s pearh eads a nd c urved d aggers . T he l ack o f h inged f i bu lae i n t he f inds f ro m N ov i P azar-Aten ica- Mra morac s hows t ha t t h is t ype a ppeared i n S erb ia much l a ter t han i n Macedon ia where i t was i n e x tens ive u se d ur ing h or izon

3205 .

T he ir d isse m ina t ion f ro m

Macedon ia t owards t he n or th i n to Bosn ia a nd S erb ia i s t raced b y t he f inds o f t hese f i bu lae a long t he v a l ley o f t he Morava ( Krgev ica , Don ja T opon ica , N i, J uhor , N egot in , Kosto lac , Cukar ica i n Be lgrade ) a nd i n t he G las inac a rea ( . 206 g t r p c i , R u s a n o v i ) Th is i s s uppor ted e spec ia l ly b y t he f ind o f e igh t s uch f i bu lae a t Z danec i n S kop je.

F our o f t hese e xa mp les h ave t he f igure o f

ap an ther wh ich u ndoubted ly s erved a s a mode l f or t he s ty l ized p an ther o f t he f i bu la f ro m g trpc i. 207

S uch m in iature a n i ma l f igures a ppear a lso i n t he

e xa mp les o f h inge f i bu lae f ound a round t he G u l f o f Thessa lon ik i, t hus p o in t ing t o t he ir u l t i ma te p lace o f o r ig in . 208 C er tosa f i bu lae were v ery p opu lar i n S loven ia a nd w est Croa t ia f ro m whence t hey p robab ly c a me t o S re m v ia Don ja Do l ina. 2 09 were n o t c o m mon .

I n t he G las inac g roup t hey

T he s a me i s t rue o f c rossbow f i bu lae wh ich d o n o t a ppear

i n e ast Bosn ia a nd S erb ia , wh ile t hey a re a bundan t i n S loven ia a nd i n n or th Bosn ia ( Sansk i Most , Don ja Do l ina ). 2 10

I n S loven ia , e spec ia l ly i n L ower

Carn io la , a n impor tan t c u ltura l g roup d eve loped a t t ha t t ime , w ith p r inc ipa l c en tres a t N ovo Mes to , S te Cna , Magda lenska G ora , V de , e tc. 2 11

I t r eached

t he p eak o f i t s p o l it ica l , e cono m ic a nd m i l itary p ower t owards t he e nd o f o ur h or izon 3 , f ro m whence i ts pread i n d if feren t d irect ions. 2 12

T he s igns o f

i t s i n f luence i n S re m a re v is ib le , a par t f rom Cer tosa a nd c rossbow f i bu lae , i n as pec if ic Carn io lan t ype o f c rossbow f i bu la w ith t he c a tch-p la te i n t he f orm o f a n a n i ma l h ead l ook ing b ackwards 2 13

f ound i n Nov i Banovc i ( P la te 5 0 ,

1 1 ) a nd i n Z e mun ( P la te 5 1, 9 ) , a nd i n h o llow b race lets o f r ibbed b ronze s heet , f ound i n t he s keleton g rave f ro m g abac ( P la te 5 2 , 6 ) . Astraga l i b e l ts , v ery c o m mon i n t he S re m g roup , a re p robab ly a h er i tage f ro m t he G las inac c u l ture. 2 14

T hey a re n u merous o n t he G las inac p lateau 2 8

a nd i n t he r eg ion o f T itovo I . J 'Ace d ur ing h or izon 3 , a t t he t ime when f irst s igns o f a n i n trus ion f ro m t he G las inac a rea a ppear i n S re m.

Doub lelooped

t wo-shank p ins i n Da l j a nd B ogdanovc i may p erhaps b e a scr ibed t o t hese G las inac a f f in it ies t oo. 2 15

S i lver a nd b ronze e ar-r ings o f t w isted w ire a re

ak ind o f l oca l j ewe l lery d istr ibu ted i n Bosn ia , V o jvod ina a nd n or th S erb ia. 2 16 Wide b race lets o f s i lver o r b ronze f ro m & sir ug , S re mska M i trov ica a nd Bogdanovc i m igh t h ave h ad t he ir a n teceden ts i n t he l arge b race le ts w i th s nake h eads f ro m Mrarnorac a nd N ov i P azar . D oub le s nake h eads o n t he t er m ina ls o f t he b race le ts f ro m N ov i P azar ( P la te 3 4 , 1 5 ) c o mpared w i th t he d oub le s nake h ead o n t he b race le ts f ro m

u rug ( P la te 5 5 , 3 ) a re e spec ia l ly s ign i f ican t .

Th is j ewe l lery c ou ld t hus h ave b een p roduced i n w orkshops s o mewhere i n n or th S erb ia , wh ich i s s uppor ted t o ac er ta in e x ten t b y t he f requen t f inds o f t hese b race le ts i n n or th-west B u lgar ia ( Gran i tovo , S ta l i jska

Maha la , V lad in ja . ) 2 17

Perhaps o ne may make a s im i lar a ssu mpt ion i n t he c ase o f h inge f i bu lae , a lso a bundan t i n n or th-west Bu lgar ia ( S ta l i jska Maha la , Buk jovc i , T arnava , Brezn ik , G ard ino , K jus tend i l ).

2 18

S o me o f t he n or th B a lkan e xa mples o f t h is

t ype w ere c er ta in ly made b y l oca l a r t isans .

F ine f i l igree a nd g ranu la ted j ew-

e l lery f ro m & %t rug , S re mska M i trov ica a nd E rdu t i n S lavon ia i s p robab ly a l l impor ted f ro m t he s ou th . v ea ls t he ir p rovenance .

2 19

I th as p ara l le ls i n P e lagon ia wh ich c lear ly r e-

2 29

Weapons a re mos t ly s pears a nd k n ives. An im itat ion o f t he macha ira , f ound i n V t i edo 12 21 m igh t b e c onnected w ith t he macha irae f ro m Don ja D o l ina a nd D on ja T opon ica a s we l l a s f ro m Zdanec a nd B i to la i n Macedon ia. 2 22 C ert a in c hrono log ica l d i f ferences f or t hese macha irae a re t o b e e xpec ted w ith in h or izon 4 t hough t he ir o r ig in i s w ithout d oubt i n t he s ou th. A c heek-p iece f rom a n I l lyr ian h e l met o f l a te f or m was f ound i n ad estroyed g rave i n S re mska Mitrov ica. 2 23

I t m ight b e long t o h or izon 3 o r t o t he b eg inn ing o f h or izon 4

a nd s uppor ts t he a ssu mp t ion t ha t t he G las inac p opu la t ion p enetrated i n to t h is a rea . A l though t he t o ta l n u mber o f f inds i n t h is g roup s ee ms t o b e c ons iderab le , s epara te g rave-groups a re n o t n u merous.

F or t h is r eason t he ma ter ia l h as

t o b e c ons idered a s a who le a nd t he c hrono log ica l d iv is ion o f f inds w ith in t h is h or izon c an o n ly b e s ugges ted . M. G aragan in h as a lready made a n a t te mp t i n t h is d irec t ion. 2 24

T he g raves f ro m S re mska M itrov ica ( cre ma t ion g rave )

a nd B ogdanovc i a s w e l l a s t he h oard f ro m durug c on ta in s i lver h inge f i bu lae , w ide s i lver b race lets a nd L a T ene f i bu lae o f t he e ar ly t ype , w h ile C er tosa f ibu lae a nd a s traga l i b el ts a re m iss ing f ro m t hese f inds. On t he o ther h and , t he g raves f ro m S re mska M i trov ica ( ske le ton g rave ) , Vucedo l , D oros lovo , Adagevc i a nd g abac ( cre ma t ion g rave ) d o n o t c on ta in h inge l arge b race lets o f s i lver s heet .

f i bu lae a nd

Th is g roup o f g raves may , o n a ccoun t o f t ha t ,

b e s omewha t e ar l ier t han C ' urug a nd Bogdanovc i, b ut i ti s d if f icu l t t o b e c er ta in . F ur ther s uggest ions a re p oss ib le o n ly i n ag enera l way.

I t s ee ms t ha t

i nf luences f ro m t he G las inac a rea a t t he e nd o f h or izon 3 p receded s o mewha t t hose f ro m t he wes t .

T hey w ere f o l lowed b y d eve loped c u ltura l a nd c o m-

merc ia l c on tac t , i n h or izon 4 , b etween t h is b y n ow s tab i l ized a rea a nd t he Greek w or ld.

Bu t t h is i dea must b e t rea ted w ith g reat r eserve , a nd c an

o n ly b e v er if ied b y n ew f inds.

2 9

THE LATE I RON AGE The L a te I ron Age i s n ot i nc luded i n t h is s tudy b u t w e t ake t h is o ppor tun ity t o ment ion i tb r ief ly .

T he ma ter ia l b elong ing t o t h is p er iod f ro m t he S . R.

S erb ia i s t yp ica l ly L a T ene ( weapons , j ewe l lery , whee l- made p ot tery ) a nd i s t hus c lear ly d ist ingu ished f ro m t he f i nds o f t he Ear ly I ron Age.

As i s men t-

i oned a bove , o ccas iona l L a T ene o b jec ts , e .g . e ar ly L a T ene f ibu lae i n t he S re m g roup , f ound t he ir way t o Vo jvod ina a nd n or th S erb ia d ur ing h or izon 4 o f t he Ear ly I ron Age, i n wh ich e ar l ier f orms s t i l l c o mp lete ly d om ina te, a s was s een i n t he l ast c hap ter .

T he a ppearance o f n ew ma ter ia l o f C e l t ic

o r ig in h as i t s o r ig ins i n h istor ica l e ven ts.

T he move men t o f t he C e l ts t owards

s ou th-east Europe i s w el l d ocu men ted i n t he a nc ien t s ources a nd w e l l marked i n t he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l.

2 25

T he ma in b ody o f t hese L a r ene f inds i s c oncen tra ted i n n or th S erb ia a nd V o jvod ina , wh ich c an b e e xp la ined b y t he s e t t le men t o f t he Ce lts o r t he ir t r ibe o f S cord isc i i n t h is a rea. 2 26

T he L a T bne ma ter ia l i s f ound i n t he

s et t le men ts o f G o mo lava , t he h i l l-for t o n t he r iver Bosu t , S lanka men ,

i dovar

e tc., a s w e l l a s i n t he c e meter ies o f Bo l jevc i , S urC in , Kup inovo , N ov i Banovc i , Karaburma a nd Rosp i 6upr i ja i n Be lgrade , O brenovac , Z e mun e tc.

I t i s

t horough ly s tud ied a nd a na lysed c hrono log ica l ly b y B . G ave la , J . T odorov iC , N . Ma jnar i6-Pan a iC a nd B . J ovanov i6 . 2 27

I ta ppears t ha t t he l oca l p opu la-

t i on m ing led w ith t he C e l ts a nd c ont inued i t s d eve lop men t i n t he n ew e nv ironmen t , a s i s s hown b y s evera l g raves w ith l oca l o rna men ts a t Rosp i & pr i ja ( grave 2 ) a nd Karabur ma ( graves 6 3 a nd 6 7 ) , a s wel l a s b y e x tens ive a dap tat i on o f a straga l i b el ts a nd b ronze r ings , f ound i n many c ases w ith t yp ica l L a T bne ma ter ia 1. 2 28 F ur ther s ou th , i n s ou th-west S erb ia a nd K ossovo , t yp ica l L a r nne f inds a re n ot n u merous , wh ich m igh t p o in t t o ad iferen t c u ltura l d eve lopmen t i n t h is p er iod .

A r ecen t ly u ncovered t u mu lus i n Kra jC inov i6 i n ear P r ibo j w ith

ac o m muna l g rave-cha mber c on ta in ing a bou t 2 5 s keletons , p roduced p ot tery , i ron w eapons a nd j ewe l lery wh ich m igh t t hrow more l i gh t o n t h is s ub ject when p ub l ished. 2 29

I ti s s o mewha t r em in iscen t o f ac o m muna l c re ma t ion c e metery

n o t f ar away , a t Mahrev iC i n ear ä la jn i & i n e ast Bosn ia. 2 3°

T he p r inc ipa l

f orms o f j ewe l lery i n Mahrev iC i a re s pear-shaped f i bu lae , d ense ly d istr ibu ted i n H ercegov ina , s ou th Da l ma t ia , n or th A lban ia a nd Mon tenegro , i .e. o n t he t err i tory o f t he I l lyr ian s ta te , f ro m t he m idd le o f t he t h ird t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he f irs t c entury B .0 .2 31

Mahrev iC i s hou ld b e d a ted t o a round t h is t ime i n

s p ite o f c er ta in a nc ien t f or ms i n t he ma ter ia l ( i ron w inged a xes ) w h ich were d oub t less r eta ined f or a l ong p er iod.

S pear-shaped f i bu lae , c ons idered

o therw ise a s t yp ica l ly I l lyr ian o b jec ts , w ere f ound i n Kossovo i n t he l ate g raves a t Ro ma ja a nd i n t he d estroyed g raves a t g iroko n ear S uva R eka. 232 I so la ted f inds o f t hese f i bu lae a t ‘ a .6ak a nd f ur ther t o t he n or th may p o in t t o I l lyr ian i n f luence i n S erb ia i n t he L a te I ron Age. 233

3 0

ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY

The a bsolu te d a tes f or o ur f our h or izons o f t he E ar ly I ron Age i n t he S .R . S erbia a re n ot e asy t o d e ter mine .

The n u mber o f Greek o b jects i mpor ted i n to

t h is t err i tory , wh ich wou ld b e o f g rea t v a lue i n e stablishing t hese d a tes , i s n ot v ery g reat .

S econd ly , t hese imported o b jects , main ly b ronze a r mour a nd

v esse ls , k ep t t he s a me s hape t hroughou t al ong p er iod , s o t ha t t heir p recise d a ting i s u sua l ly d i f f icu lt .

T hirdly , o ne must n ot d a te t hese o b jec ts i n t he n or-

t hern B a lkans t o t he t ime when t hey made t heir f irst a ppearance o n t he P e lop onnesos o r i n Euboea .

T he ir f unct ion a nd t he ma ter ial t hey were made o f

were u sua lly o f s pecia l v a lue f or t he n a tive p opu la t ion , s o t ha t o ne i s n ever s ure h ow l ong t hey were i n u se b e fore f inding t heir way t o ag rave o r h oard . For t hese a nd o ther r easons o ne s hou ld b e c au t ious i n a pp lying t he d a tes s ugg ested b y G reek impor ts t o t he l ocal mater ia l .

T hus , we s ha l l p oin t i n t he

f ol low ing p ages o n ly t o a n a pprox i ma te t i me f or t he most f requen t a ppearance o f f or ms d escr ibed a s t ypica l f or a g iven h or izon .

The d e f in i tive p ub licat ion o f

o f ma ter ia l a lready e xcava ted f ro m t h is p er iod , a s we l la s n ew d iscoveries i n t he f u ture , w i l l c er ta inly f i l l u p s o me g aps a nd c orrect s o me d a tes we h ave p roposed . Hor izon 1 Ab ronze f igur ine o f ab lacks m i th f ro m Vran ilit e n ear N igw i th c lose s im il ar i t ies t o Geo me tr ic s cu lp ture i s s upposed t o b e t he e ar l iest Greek i mpor t i n S erbia .

2 34

This i so lated f ind , h owever , d oes n ot h e lp t o d a te t he a rchaeolo-

g ica l ma ter ia l f ro m t he v ic in i ty . S pec tac le f ibu lae w i th a f igure o f e igh t i n t he midd le a re d a ted t o t he Ha llsta t t Bp hase i n t he n or thern Ba lkans.

2 35

T hey s ee m t o a ppear s o me-

wha t l a ter i n S erbia t han i n S loven ia b u t a n e xact c hrono logy c an n ot b e p rop osed . B . C.

2 36

The e ar liest e xa mp les i n Greece migh t d a te f ro m t he n in th c en tury wh ich wou ld s ugges t t he ir d a ting t o t he s a me t ime i n S erbia , b u t

d irect e v idence i s s t i l l l ack ing .

T he s pectacle f ibu lae w i thou t l oops i n t he

f or m o f af igure o f e igh t a re a pparen t ly l a ter t han t he f irst t ype .

K . K i l ian

d ated t h is t ype i n t he Ba lkans t o t he e nd o f t he e igh th a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he s even th c en tury o n a ccoun t o f t he f inds f ro m Macedon ia .

2 37

I n S erbia t hey

d o n ot a ppear i n t he g roups f ro m R olanci , Ru jigte , G o mo lava , Brusn ik a nd g arengrad i n e ast S lavon ia , a s p oin ted o u t a bove wh ich s uggests t heir l a ter a ppearance w i th in t h is h or izon .

G lobu lar b ow f ibu lae most ly s ee m t o b e c on-

t e mporary w i th s pectac le f i bu lae w i thou t l oops , which t he f inds f ro m Bud AiC , Dar Ln ica i n Bu lgar ia , a nd e specia l ly g iroko b y S uva Reka

s how c lear ly .

They a ppeared i n s ou th-east Europe u nder e astern i n f luence i n t he c ourse o f t he e igh th c en tury B .C , ,a s was men tioned a bove .

T he f irst g lobu lar b ow

f ibu lae i n T hessaly a re d ated t owards t he midd le o f t he e igh th c en tury whi le o ur e xa mp les a re p robab ly s o mewha t l ater .

3 1

2 38

A l l t h is a s we l l a s o ther i nd irec t a nd u ncer tain d a tes d o n o t s upp ly much e v idence f or t he d a ting o f h or izon 1 .

F or t h is r eason o ur p roposa l t o d ate t h is

h or izon t o 8 00/750 - 6 50 B . C. i s v ery a pprox i ma te .

T he c o m muna l t o mbs

o f G o mo lava a nd s o me o f t he h oards which a pparen t ly c on tain s o mewha t e ar l ier ma ter ia l s hou ld b e p laced i n t he f irst h a l f o f t h is p er iod , whi le t he g raves f ro m g iroko a nd o ther s i mi lar f inds , p ar t icu lar ly t he O lten ian g roup B a l ta VerdeBassarab i , b e long t o t he s econd h a l f o f h or izon 1 .

The Bassarabi p ot tery

wh ich we i nc luded i n t h is h or izon b e longs ma in ly t o t he s even th c en tury B .C. The c u lm ina t ion o f i t s p opu lar i ty was t he midd le o f t he s a me c en tury .2 39 C o mpared w ith t he o ther c hrono log ical d iv isions o f t he Ear ly I ron Age , o f wh ich we s poke i n t he b eg inning o f t his s tudy , h or izon 1 , wou ld c orrespond g enera lly s peak ing t o t he f irst p ar t o f Garagan in 's I ron Age I , a nd t o p hase I o f T asi6 's Ear ly I ron Age i n S re m.

I t wou ld c over ma in ly p hase G lasinac I V

ba ccord ing t o t he d iv ision b y A . Benac a nd B . ‘ ov i .C , o r p hase G lasinac I V a a ccording t o M. G araganin . a nd i nsign i f ican t .

I n Don ja Dolina , f inds o f t h is h or izon a re r are

I n O l ten ia i ts hou ld b e c o mpared w i th Bassarabi I , whi le

i n S loven ia i tc orresponds t o H a l lsta t t B 3/C1. H or izon 2 H or izon 2 o f t he E ar ly I ron Age i n S erbia d id n ot p rov ide a ny i mpor ted o b ject wh ich c an b e d a ted w i th c er ta inty , t hough t he g raves o f t h is p er iod c ont ained s o me impor ted ma teria l wh ich c an g ive u sefu l i n for ma t ion f or o ur a r tef acts.

On t he o ther h and a f ew t ypica l Ba lkan o b jects f ound t heir way t o Greece

a nd c an p rovide u sefu l d a t ing i n c ases where t hey were f ound i n d a ted s trata . Impor ted meta l v esse ls f ound i n t he G lasinac mounds r epresen t i n t h is r es pect t he most s igni f ican t g roup .2 40

They d a te l arge ly f ro m t he s even th a nd

t he f irst h a l f o f t he s ix th c en tury B . C., b u t ac loser d a t ing i s n ot u sua lly p oss ible .

Most o f t he o b jects a re s i mp le p h ia lae meso mpha loi , f ound i n I l i jak

( graves 1 a nd 2 , mound I ) .

S im i lar p h ia le i s d iscovered a t S ofron ievo , i n

n or th-west Bu lgar ia , where t he g rave-goods , t hough b e long ing t o t he e ast S erbian-west Bu lgar ian c o mplex , ma tch we l l c hronolog ica lly w i th t he ma ter ia l f ro m Brez je .

T h is t ype o f p h ia le f ro m n or th A fr ica , I t a ly a nd C yprus ,

2 41

wh ich l ike B osn ia a re r eg ions b ordering o n t he Greek wor ld , d a te f ro m t he e nd o f t he s even th a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he s ix th c en tury B . C.

2 42

F lu ted b ow ls

a re f ound a t I l i jak ( grave 1 , mound I ) a nd b luci ( grave 5 , mound I ) ; t wo t he l a t ter s ee ms t o b e s o mewha t l a ter t ypo log ica l ly .

o f t he

F lu ted b ow ls a ppear

i n Greece o n ly a round 7 00 B .C ., wh i le o ur e xa mp les s hou ld b e c er tain ly d a ted l a ter .

2 43

L arge b ow ls f ro m I l i jak ( grave 1 , mound I ) a nd Osovo ( grave 1 ,

mound I ) b e long main ly t o t he s even th c en tury ,

wh i le t he l o tus p h iale f ro m

2 44

t he s a me g rave i n Osovo may b e f ro m t he s even th o r s ix th c en tury .

One

2 45

s hou ld a lso men t ion a b ronze p rotocor in th ian j ug , d iscovered i n 1 880 d uring t he f irst u nsyste mat ic e xcava t ions i n G lasinac .

The j ug c an b e d a ted a t t he

e ar liest t o t he s econd h al f o f t he s even th c en tury.

2 46

A par t f ro m t hese v es-

s e ls , impor ted veaves a nd a b ronze umbo a re f ound i n e i t luci t oge ther w i th t he f lu ted b ow l.

z 47

They c annot b e p recise ly d a ted e i ther , t hough t hey most

p robably b e long t o t he e nd o f t he s even th a nd t he f irst h a lf o f t he s ix th c en tury . Taken a l l t ogether , t h is ma ter ia l p oin ts t o i n tensive impor ta tion i n to t he G lasinac r eg ion , r e f lec t ing a s peci f ic s ocia l a nd e cono m ic s itua tion .

The

s im i lar i ty o f v esse l t ypes d oes n ot s uggest , i n s p i te o f c er tain c hronolog ica l

3 2

d i f ferences among t he g raves , t ha t t here i s a ny g rea t d i fference i n d a te b et ween t he m .

The r est o f t he g rave-goods f ro m t hese b uria ls h ave i n f ac t many

e le men ts i n c o m mon .

We c ou ld c onsider t he g raves f ro m I l i jak t o b e t he

e ar lies t o f a l l , t hose f ro m Brez je t o r e main s o mewhere i n t he midd le , wh i le Osovo a nd ö i t luci may h ave b een s o mewha t l a ter .

Ye t t aken a l l t oge ther t hey

d o n ot embrace , i ts ee ms t o u s , ap er iod much l onger t han h a l f ac en tury , f ro m t he midd le o f t he s even th t o t he f irst d ecades o f t he s ix th c en tury B .C. The I l i jak g raves may s t i l l b e long i n p ar t t o t he e nd o f h or izon 1 , b u t t he ma te r ia l f ro m Brez je , O sovo a nd ö it luci c onsists o f o b jec ts c lassi f ied i n o ur h or izon 2 . S evera l s h ie ld b uck les , a-l o tus p h ia le a nd t wo I l lyr ian h e l me ts o f ma ture f or m ( according t o t he d iv ision b y E . Kunze ) h ave b een d iscovered a t D on ja Do nna .2 48

I n t he Treben ig te c e me tery i n Macedon ia , wh ich b e longs t o t he

s econd h a lf o f t he s ix th c en tury , I l lyr ian h e l me ts o f t he ma ture a nd t he l a te f or ms a re f ound t oge ther , p o in t ing t hus t o t he p er iod o f t ransi t ion b e tween t he t wo f or ms .

2 49

The h e l mets f ro m Don ja D olina , a s we l l a s t hose f ro m Kapto l

i n S lavon ia , impor ted v ery p ossib ly v ia Don ja Do lina , a re t ypo log ica l ly e ar l ier t han t he e xa mples o f t he ma ture f or m f ro m Treben ig te , a nd d a te p robab ly f ro m t he f irst h a lf o f t he s ix th c en tury.

One o f t he h e l me ts i s a n i sola ted f ind ,

2 50

wh ile t he o ther was d iscovered i n g rave 2 7 o n t he f ie ld o f M. P e trov iC j un ior , t oge ther w i th a b ronze s h ie ld b uck le a nd a l o tus p h ia le s o mewha t l a ter i n t ype t han t he e xa mple f ro m Osovo .

T he g raves w i th b ronze s h ie ld b uck les f ro m

Don ja D o lina ( graves 1 , 2 7, 3 7 a nd 3 9 o n t he f ie ld o f M. P etrov iC j un ior ) c ont a in ma ter ia l which c orresponds t o o ur h or izon 2 a nd t he b eg inn ing o f h or izon 3 .

2 51

T he i ron s h ie ld b uck le f ro m g rave 1 0 o n I . S t ipan nC 's f ie ld i s c on te m-

p orary , a ccording t o t he g rave-goods , w ith t he b ronze e xa mples.

2 52

H owever ,

i ti s p ossib le , c onsider ing s ligh t ly l a ter i ron umbones f ro m S erbia a nd K ossovo ( A ten ica , Kr iva Reka , R o ma ja ) , t ha t t he i ron e xa mp les c ou ld h ave b een l oca l c opies o f t he b ronze s hie lds i mpor ted f ro m t he s ou th . S evera l c haracteris tic t ypes f ro m h or izon 2 were f ound i n Greece .

Open-

work b e lts a re f ound i n De lph i , Perachora , P h i l ia , Argos a nd O ly mpia , wh i le d oublelooped f ibu lae w i th t he c a tch-p late i n t he f or m o f a Boeo t ian s hie ld c o me f ro m P erachora , Ph i lia a nd Embor io o n C h ios.

These p ieces most ly r ep-

2 53

r esen t g i f ts t o t he t e mp le a nd may b e d a ted o n ly a pprox i ma te ly .

An e xcep t ion

i s t he f i bu la f ro m Embor io , f ound i n l ayer I V wh ich i s d a ted t o t he l ast t h ird o f t he s even th c en tury .

2 54

P ara l le l v er t ica l l ines o n t he c a tch-p la te o f t h is

f ibu la a ppear o n many e xa mp les i n t he Balkans , n o tably i n Brez je a nd S ofron ievo . At r iple s tud , k nown f ro m Vr t igte a nd V lagko S e lo , a s t ha t f ound i n t he G lasinac a rea ,

2 56

2 55

a nd a c ruci for m s tud ,

were f ound a t T ocra , n or th A fr ica , i n

l eve l 7 , d a ted f ro m 5 65 t o 5 20 B . C. 257

U nsyste ma t ic e xcava t ions i n V lagko

S e lo d id n ot p rovide s epara te g rave-groups , b u t t he mater ia l i n g enera l b e longs most ly t o h or izon 2 a nd o n ly p ar t ly t o h or izon 3 . z on 2 .

Vr t igte i s a ssigned t o h or i-

T he g raves f ro m Osovo a nd ' C ei t luci i n t he G lasinac a rea , i n wh ich c ru-

c i for m s tuds were f ound , b e long a lso t o h or izon 2 . On a ccoun t o f a l l t h is a nd s o me o ther a ssocia t ions we p ropose t o p lace h or izon 2 a pproxi ma te ly b e tween 6 50 a nd 5 50 B . C.

I tc orresponds t o t he s e-

c ond p ar t o f Gara ; 5an in 's I ron Age I i n S erb ia , a nd t o t he f irst p art o f T as ik 's p hase I o f t he Ear ly I ron Age i n S re m .

T he e nd o f p hase G lasinac I V ba nd

t he g rea ter p ar t o f p hase G lasinac I V ca ccording t o t he d ivision o f Benac a nd

3 3

ä to v i

a s we l l a s p hase Ia/ Ilb i n Don ja Do lina a re c on te mporary .

I n S loven ia

i tc an b e r egarded a s c onte mporary w ith Ha l lstat t p hase C 2/D1, wh i le i n s ou thwest R o man ia i ta nswers t o Bassarab i I . Hor izon 3 The n umber o f Greek impor ts i n S erb ia i n h or izon 3 i s l arge i n c o mpar ison w i th t ha t i n h or izon 2 .

The c h ie f f ind i s t he p r ince ly g rave i n Nov i P azar .

A ten ica i s a lso o f g rea t impor tance wh i le P e6ka B an ja i s n ot y e t p ub lished b u t i ts ee ms t ha t i tb e longs t o t he s a me c hrono log ica l p hase .

S evera l i sola ted

f inds f ro m J an jevo , Pr izren , a nd v S iroko i n K ossovo a s we l l a s Te tovo i n n or th Macedon ia b elong most ly t o t he s a me wave o f i mpor ts.

Two I l lyr ian h el me ts

o f t he l a te f or m , f ound i n wes t S erbia ( Raiana , Trsten ik ) , s hou ld a lso b e p laced i n t h is h or izon . A l though t here i s at endency t o d a te N ov i P azar t o t he t urn o f t he s ix th a nd t he f i f th c en turies B .C ., i ts ee ms t o u s t ha t t he b ur ia l i t se lf t ook p lace s o mewha t l a ter , a s D j. Mano- Z issi a nd L j. P opov i6 s uggested.

S o me o f t he

2 58

Greek o b jects b e long t o t he e nd o f t he s ix th c en tury ( hydr ia ) , s o me t o t he t ime a round 5 00 B . C. ( o lpe a nd k y lix ) , wh i le s o me c ou ld b e e ven l a ter ( f oot-ba ths , p h ia le meso mpha los). g ures ,

2 59

The amber b eads worked i n t he f or m o f h u man f i -

h u man a nd a n i ma l h eads , b irds e tc . h ave p ara l les i n s ou th I t a ly ,

whence c o me most o f t hese impor ts , a nd b e long t o t h is s a me t ime .

2 60

Bear ing

i n mind t he p er iod n ecessary f or c o m mer ica l i n terchange , we a re i ncl ined t o d a te t h is f ind t o 4 70-460 B .C .

2 61

Th is d a te i s o f impor tance f or t he d a ting o f

t he l oca l ma teria l b ecause t he f ind a lso c on ta ined a f ibu la w ith s tuds o n t he b ow a nd a t rapezoida l c atch-plate , a nd a r ibbed b ow f ibu la w i th a t rapezoida l c a tchp la te . The b ur ia ls i n A ten ica s hou ld b e c onsidered s o mewha t e ar lier t han Nov i Pazar b ecause t hey d o n ot c on tain b e lts o f t he Mra morac t ype . i den t ica l i mpor ted o b jec ts i n b o th p laces d o i n d a te .

H owever ,

n ot i nd ica te a ny g rea t d i f ference

T he a n thropo morph ic h andle f ro m J an jevo b e longs t o t he f i f th c en-

t ury , wh i le t he r unn ing g ir l f ro m Pr izren a nd t he maenad f ro m T e tovo a re c loser t o t he e nd o f t he s ix th c en tury .

2 62

T he t wo I l lyr ian h e l me ts f ro m west

S erbia b e long p robably t o t he f irst h a l f o f t he f i f th c en tury. O f t he c haracterist ic f inds i n t he a rea , we w i l l d iscuss b rie f ly t he t u mu lus a t Arareva g ro m i la o n t he G lasinac p lateau .

2 63

Grave 1 c on tained a C orin-

t h ian h el me t , ar ibbed b ow f ibu la w i th a t rapezo ida l c a tch-p late , a sma l l b ronze s pectab le f ibu la w i thou t l oops , ad ouble-looped f i bu la w i th t wo h oles i n t he r ectangu lar c a tch-plate , a n a straga li b e l t , ah eavy, r ichly-orna men ted b racel e t , b race le ts o f t he Mra morac t ype w i thou t r ich d ecora tion , an eed le , at wos hank p in w i th a r ound h ead , p endan ts , amber b eads a nd a b ronze o b jects wh ich K i lian i den ti f ied a s p ar t o f a Macedon ian " jug-stopper" .

2 64

The g rave

g oods g ive t he i mpression o f b eing e ar l ier t han t he o b jects f ro m A ten ica a nd Nov i P azar ;

t h is i s s uppor ted b y t he i sola ted f ind o f al a te B oeot ian s h ie ld

f i bu la i n t he s a me mound .

2 65

The C or in thian h el me t b e longs t o at ype w i thou t

a n a ccen tua ted c a lot te which was r ep laced b y t he n ew f or m i n Greece t owards t he midd le o f t he s ix th c en tu r y .

2 66

Occasiona l f inds o f t h is t ype o u tside Greece

c an b e d a ted a s l a te a s 5 00 B .C . b u t p robab ly n ot l a ter .

2 67

For t hese r easons

we a re i ncl ined t o p u t g rave 1 f ro m Arareva g ro mi la a t t he l a test i n t he l ast

3 4

decades of the sixth century. The ribbed bow fibula with the trapezoidal catch-plate from this grave and the typologically later example from Novi Pazar give some idea of the life-span of this type. Bearing all this in mind, we are inclined to date horizon 3 to between 550 and 450 B.C. This horizon corresponds to the first part of Garasanin's Iron Age III in Serbia and to the transition from Tasic's phase II and ID in Early Iron Age Srem. The transition between phases Glasinac IV c and V a accord­ ing to A. Benac and B. Covic, and also between phases IIb and IIc in Donja Dolina, according to Z. Marie, should be compared with this period. In · Slovenia it is approximately Hallstatt D 2, while in Romania it is Ferigile phase I, which one could consider contemporary. Horizon 4 The end of horizon 4 is marked by the arrival of the Celtic tribes in this region which occurred, on the basis of historical data, in the last third of the fourth century B.C. If we suppose , admittedly with some daring, that the hoards from Curug, �trpci, Ostrovul Mare, Bukjovci and Vladinja-2°8 re­ flect this invasion, we can date the penetration of the hinge fibulae, which are the principal content of these hoards, into the interior of the Balkans to the second and third quarters of the fourth century B.C. This matches, gener·any speaking, P. Jacobsthal's dating of these fibulae to the fourth century.269 He proposed a chronological difference between globes in the form of cogwheels and _globes in the form of millwheels on the bows of these fibulae. The first variant is dated to the end of the fifth and the first decades of the fourth century on the basis of the grave-goods from Halai in central Greece, while the second one has to be somewhat later.270 In Serbia, Vojvodina and Slavonia the second variant is mostly represented, though occasionally one also encounters hinge fibulae with globes in the form of cogwheels.271 They may have been introduced into the north from the beginning of the fourth century or they could have arrived simultaneously with the second variant. In either case they suggest a later date within horizon 4. We have already pointed out the possibility of dividing the material of the Srem group to a certain extent into two entities. Hinge fibulae should be one of the most characteristic forms of the supposedly later group of finds. How­ ever, the lack of material does not allow a firm conclusion, so that for the moment we retain the dating of this horizon as a whole. We therefore propose the date 450-300 B.C., which corresponds to the second part of Garasanin's Iron Age III in Serbia and to Tasic's second part of phase III in Early Iron Age Srem. The second part of phase Va and the first part of phase Vb in Glasinac, the second part of phase IIc and the beginning of phase Illa in Donja Dolina, Hallstatt D3 in Slovenia, and Fer-g:ile II in Romania are contemporary. We have placed the gold necklace and ear-rings from Sremska Mitrovica - i n this horizon in spite of some opinions which favour an earlier date •272 It is true that these forms show some similarities with Greek jewellery in A tenica and Novi Pazar, but they continue throughout the entire fourth century and are closer, in style and method of decoration, to the later examples. Grave-goods from the Bitola cemetery in Macedonia are the best example of this. Grave 23 contained a similar ear-ring, a hinge fibula and a coin of 35

Ph i l ip I , wh ich d a tes t he g rave t o a round 3 50 B .C .2 73

A n eck lace ,

s im i lar t o t he e xa mp le f ro m S re mska M itrov ica , f igures a lso among t he f inds f ro m t h is c e metery , a s w e l l a s o ther e ar-r ings a nd h inge f ibu lae. 274

The

g rave g oods f ro m idanec i n S kop je , d a t ing f ro m t he f our th c en tury B .C., s how s o me p ara l le ls a lso w ith t he S re m ma ter ia 1. 275 T he b ronze h e l met f ound n ear Vrgac i s av ar ian t o f t he Cha lc id ian h el met , wh ich i s f ound i n l arge n u mbers i n Bu lgar ia a nd s ou th Ro man ia. 276

A ccord ing

t o t he G reek p ot tery f ound i n t he t o mbs , t hese h el mets c an b e d a ted ma in lx f ro m t he e nd o f t he f i f th c en tury t o t he m idd le o f t he f our th c entury B .0 .2 1 7 •T he G reek s herds f ro m t he f irs t d ecades o f t he f our th c en tury B .C. i n t he p r ince ly g rave a t Ag igh io l i n Ro man ia 278

may i nd irect ly s ugges t as im ilar

d a te f or t he a n i ma l p laques f ro m R itopek w h ich c lose ly r ese mb le t he Ag igh io l ma ter ia l .

3 6

CONCLUSIONS The Early Iron Age in the S.R. Serbia begins with the use of iron in large quantities for weapons, tools and jewellery, and ends with the appearance of t!J.e new La Tene culture in this area. Our four horizons of the Early Iron Age correspond, as closely as possible, to four stages in the cultural develop­ ment within this epoch which can clearly be differentiated at the present time. Horizon 1 retained much of the form.er urnfield culture in Vojvodina as well as of other local cultures of the Transitional period between the Bronze and the Iron Age. Their forms combine to a great extent with the new styles and elements coming from the south-east, so that only new discoveries will permit precise dating of the types from this horizon. It is also difficult to recognise well-defined cultural groups in horizon 1, though certain originality of form, limited to our region, to south-west Romania and partly to north­ west Bulgaria can be discerned. This territory probably embraced several smaller groups, concerning which new finds and investigations may reveal more. We have already spoken of the Cimmerians. The Bassarabi pottery belongs to the end of horizon 1, and it shows the spreading of a characteris­ tic pottery style over a large area, rather than the expansion of a particular cultural group. Tasic's latest works on the Bosut group and its independance support this view to some extent. Horizon 2 shows a strong development of the local culture in new conditions, its needs and tastes, a rich ornamentation using geometric motifs, in which some tradition of the Transitional period may be recognised. Southern in­ fluence is visible in thi� only here and there, and originality of expression comes to its full strength, so that the end of this horizon can be considered as a climax of local original artistic development. Graves with Greek weapons and vessels obviously speak of the newly achieved power of the local chieftains. It is a time of definite stabilization of the tribes in the interior of the Balkan peninsula. The sudden rise of Donja Dolina, an important commercial centre in north Bosnia where merchants and goods from various close and distant areas gathered, is the best reflection of these new trends and needs. The route from Macedonia to Donja Dolina lead through Serbia and Srem, as has already been pointed out, but other routes from the south existed too. In Serbia two main groups may be discerned: one around Titovo Uzice, closely related to the Glasinac plateau and the Glasinac culture, and the other in east Serbia connected with the finds from the same horizon in north-west Bulgaria. While the Glasinac culture is well defined, showing uniformity in burial rites and artefacts, the Zlot group, as we have called this eastern manifestation, is for the moment less clearly defined. Horizon 3 signifies the climax of the power of these tribal groups and their chieftains. Their grave-goods consist mostly of luxurious imported wares, while local forms, now finer and smaller in size, partially lose their 37

f or mer c harac ter a nd s treng th , p robab ly u nder t he i n f luence o f f ore ign wares. L oca l a r t isans s t i l l s how o r ig ina l ity , b u t t hey b eg in more a nd more f ree ly t o im ita te f ore ign f orms.

T he G las inac g roup c o mes t o i t s p eak a nd s preads

i n v ar ious d irect ions , i n Kossovo , w est S erb ia , n or th Bosn ia a nd S re m , a nd n or th A lban ia.

T he l ack o f ma ter ia l d oes n ot p erm it u s t o s ay a ny th ing

d ef in ite a bou t o ther a reas.

I n t h is h or izon , d ue t o t he Graeco-Pers ian wars ,

t he s ou th Adr ia t ic c oast b eca me a ct ive i n s pread ing G reek a nd s ou th I ta l ian wares i n to t he c en tra l Ba lkans.

Most o f t he i mpor ts i n to Kossovo a nd west

S erb ia p robab ly c a me b y t h is r oute , where t he Greek c i t ies o f Apo l lon ia a nd E p ida mnus p layed a s ign if ican t r o le.

Anc ien t a uthors o ccas iona l ly men t ion

t h is a rea a t t ha t t ime , a nd i ti s p oss ib le t o d iscern t he n a mes o f t r ibes c onn ec ted w ith i t :

Au tar iatae , Tr iba l l i, Dardan i , t hough t he ir a rchaeo log ica l

i den t if ica t ion i s s t i l l a mat ter o f s pecu la t ion . Hor izon 4 i s n o t a bundan t i n f i nds a s h as b een p o in ted o ut .

I n S re m ,

s ou th BaCka a nd e ast S lavon ia , l oca l e le men ts a nd s o me G las inac e le men ts , t ogether w ith c on te mporary o r s l igh t ly l ater i n f luences f ro m S loven ia , f or med t he l a te Ha l lstat t S re m g roup , wh ich i s n ot y et f u l ly d ef ined .

I n s p ite o f

Greek o b jec ts , e x tens ive ly i mpor ted a nd i m ita ted , t he i ndependence o f l oca l workmansh ip i s v is ib le a nd t he c on t inu ity o f c u ltura l d eve lop men t i s o bv ious. O therw ise , many i so lated f i nds t hroughou t S erb ia d o n o t g ive a ny c onc lus ive .i n forma t ion wh ich c ou ld c on f ir m t he d a ta f ro m t he a nc ien t s ources c oncerni ng t h is r eg ion a t t h is t ime.

The a pp l iques i n Thraco-Getan a n i ma l s ty le

a long t he Danube may s peak i n f avour o f i n f luence f rom s ou th Ro man ia a nd n or th Bu lgar ia , wh i le T hrac ian f i bu lae f ro m N i ga nd S vetozarevo a s we l l a s t he b u ild ing t echn iques o f t he Krgev ica s trongho ld n ear Vran je , p erhaps s how t he s pread ing o f Thrac ian e le men ts wh ich c an b e c onnec ted w ith t he d eve lopmen t o f t he Odrys ian k ingdo m i n c en tra l Bu lgar ia f rom t he m idd le o f t he f i f th c en tury o nwards. Graeco- Macedon ian i nf luence a nd impor ts t owards t he n or th h ave b een men t ioned o n s evera l o ccas ions , b u t i mpor tan t h is tor ica l e ven ts o f t he f our th c en tury r e la ted t o Macedon ia , s uch a s Ph i l ip 's b at t les w ith t he Dardan i o r A lexander 's e xped it ion a ga inst t he Tr iba l l i , c annot y e t b e d escr ibed a rchaeo log ica lly .

T h is s hor t s tudy o f t he c hrono logy o f t he Ear ly I ron Age i n t he S oc ia l is t Repub l ic o f S erb ia d oes n ot c over a l l t he p rob le ms a nd q ues t ions t o wh ich t h is a rea g ives r ise i n t h is p er iod.

We h ave men t ioned o n ly a f ew o f t hese

p rob le ms wh ich a re many a nd v ar ious , a nd r equ ire much more s pace f or a p roper a na lys is.

Our a im h ere i s t o p resen t t he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l o f

t h is p er iod a nd t o p ropose a c hrono log ica l d iv is ion wh ich s ee ms t o b e t he most a ccep tab le f or t he mo men t .

We h ope t hat t he r eader t hus a cqu ire a

g enera l p icture o f t he c u ltura l d eve lop men t i n t he Ear ly I ron Age i n t h is r eg ion .

3 8

REFERENCES

1 .

Garagan in M., 1 951;

G aragan in M., 1 962, 1 87-188;

Garagan in M.,

1 973, 4 01-406. 2 .

Re inecke P ., 1 900 ;

3 .

Brukner-Jovanov ie-Tas ie 1 974, 2 57-276 , 3 75-376.

4 .

Tas ie N ., 1 972, 3 3-35 ; Tas iC N ., 1 972/73, 1 19 ; Tas ie N ., 1 976. , Todorov ic J ., 1 968, 1 17-125 ; Todorov ie J ., 1 970 ; Todorov ie J .,

5 .

1 971, 7 5-80 ;

M t i l ler-Karpe H ., 1 959, 5 -8.

Todorov ie J ., 1 974 , 1 12-114.

6 .

Benac A .- ov i .8 B ., 1 956 ;

Benac A .-ä/o v ie B ., 1 957 ;

7 .

Garagan in M., 1 962, 1 80-185 ;

8 .

Mar ie Z ., 1 964.

9 .

Gabrovec S ., 1 964/65 ;

C s 'o v ie B ., 1 965.

Vas ie R., 1 973, 8 2-83.

Gabrovec S ., 1 966.

1 0.

Vu lpe A ., 1 965 , 1 20-124.

1 1.

Vu lpe A ., 1 967, 9 2-100.

1 2.

J uban i B ., 1 972.

1 3.

For t he b ib l iography o f t he s i tes i n t he S .R. S erb ia q uoted h ere c onsu lt t he r eferences i n t he l i st o f f inds , i fn ot s tated o therw ise.

1 4.

Hochstetter F ., 1 881; Truhe lka e ., 1 893 ; F ia la F ., 1 897 ;

Hoernes M. 1 889 ;

F ia la F ., 1 893;

F ia la F ., 1 899 ;

Benac A .-b'o v i6 B ., 1 956 ; 1 5.

g trpc i :

F ia la F ., 1 899a ;

Markov ie

b . ,

1 965/66.

Truhelka e ., 1 889 ; 896 ; F ia la F . ,1 939 ; S eewa ld O . ,1

F ia la F ., 1 895 ;

F ia la F ., 1 899a ;

, 1 959 e tc. o v ie B .

Benac A .-dov iC B ., 1 957 ; Hoernes M., 1 901.

Lugac :

Gotovuga :

Markov ie ' e ., 1 975.

ä %ov ie B .,

Barakovac :

Truhe lka e ., 1 893a. 1 6.

1 7.

Dvorov i :

960. Mar ie Z ., 1

Gorn ja Tuz la :

J ovanov iC R ., 1 957.

Don ja Do l ina :

1 964.

F ia la F ., 1 899b.

S ansk i Most :

Truhe lka e ., 1 904 ;

973, 1 58-164 ; V insk i-Gaspar in i K . ,1 1 8.

Garagan in M., 1 973, 5 11-515.

1 9.

Vucidol : 4 -7;

5 4-56;

6 . ,

Brazda :

1 929 , 6 2-65 ;

S o l ina :

Mar ie Z .,

Vas ie R., 1 973, 9 2-95.

K il ian K ., 1 975 , 8 8-90 , P l. 5 2,

i b id., 9 4-95, P l. 5 8-59 ;

V ., Pag ie R ., 1 975. 2 0.

B ., 1 957.

G a l lus S .-Horvath T ., 1 939, 1 3-14 , 1 7-18, 2 4-28 ;

Hof f il ler V ., 1 938;

Truhelka

so v ie

Ga llus S .-Horvath T ., 1 939.

3 9

idanec :

S oko lovska

2 1.

Berc iu D .-Co m§a E ., 1 956 ; 6 23-626, P l. 3 6-41;

2 2.

Du m itrescu V ., 1 968;

Parvan V ., 1 924.

Berc iu D ., 1 939, 1 74-176 ;

Berc iu D ., 1 953, 6 32, P l. 3 9A;

Berc iu I ., 1 964 ;

Popa A . -Berc iu I ., 1 965.

2 3.

Popov R ., 1 918;

Popov R ., 1 923/24 ;

2 4.

J uban i B ., 1 972.

2 5.

Berc iu D ., 1 953,

Mt i l ler-Karpe H ., 1 959 ;

P opa A .-

N iko lov B ., 1 965 e tc.

Gabrovec S ., 1 964/65 ;

Gabrovec S ., 1 966;

Brunn W., 1 968. 2 6.

Garagan in M., 1 962, 1 88;

2 7.

Bengston H ., 1 969, 5 0-56 ;

2 8.

Bengston H ., 1 969, 5 5 ; 1 57-160 ;

2 9.

S nodgrass A ., 1 971, 3 04-323.

K i mm ig W., 1 964 , 2 20sqq.;

Co mpare a lso , Garagan in D ., 1 954 ;

T odorov i6

V insk i-Gaspar in i K ., 1 973.

3 0.

V insk i Z . a nd K ., 1 956 ;

3 1.

Garagan in D ., 1 971;

3 2.

V insk i-Gaspar in i K ., 1 973, 7 7-112.

3 3.

Brukner-Jovanov i8-Tas i8 1 974 , 2 46-249 , 3 75.

3 4.

Garagan in D ., 1 958/59, 4 0.

3 5.

V insk i-Gaspar in i K ., 1 973, 1 12-125 ;

3 6.

P iggot S ., 1 965 ,

Desborough-Ha m mond 1 962.

Garagan in M., 1 975. J ., 1 971;

Garagan in M., 1 973, 4 03-405.

S tare F ., 1 960 ;

V insk i-Gaspar in i K ., 1 973.

Garagan in M., 1 973, 4 19-433.

A lexander J ., 1 965, 8 .

Mt i l ler-Karpe H ., 1 959, 1 25 ;

V insk i-Gaspar in i

K ., 1 973, 1 55. 3 7. 3 8.

V insk i-Gaspar in i K ., 1 973, 9 9 ; Brunn W., 1 968, 3 0 s qq. 8 8 s qq. , Gabrovec S ., 1 970 ; c o mpare ä .ov iC B ., 1 971.

3 9.

S re jov i8 D ., 1 959/60 ;

4 0.

Krst i8 D ., 1 962 ;

Garagan in M., 1 973, 4 38-444.

Ka ta log N ig 1 971, 8 1, Nos. 4 39 , 4 40 ;

Gar dan in M.,

1 973, 4 38-444. 4 1.

Trbuhov i8 V ., a nd L ., 1 970.

4 2.

S re jov i8 D ., 1 973, 4 6-49.

4 3.

Kata log N ig 1 971, 8 1, No. 4 38.

4 4.

Todorov i8 J .-S i mov i8 A ., 1 958/59.

4 5.

S re jov i8 D ., 1 959/60, 1 22; 1 973, 4 43-444 ;

4 6. 4 7.

Garagan in M., 1 970 , 9 2 ;

Garagan in M.,

Vas i8 R ., 1 973, 1 03-104.

Garagan in M., 1 975, 2 1. K i mm ig W., 1 964 , 2 74 s qq. ; c o mpare A . M. S nodgrass, Barbar ian Europe a nd Ear ly I ron Age Greece, PPS XXX E, 1 965, 2 29-235.

4 0

4 8.

P arvan V ., 1 924 , F ig . 7 ; p ubl ished a s f ar a s Ik now .

t he c e metery o f Mo ldova Vech ia i s n ot It hank Dr. P . Ro man f or a l l i n for ma t ion

c oncern ing t h is s ite. 4 9.

S tare F ., 1 960 , 8 5-88;

Mt i l ler-Karpe H ., 1 959, P l. 1 16, 4 .13.17 ;

V insk i-Gaspar in i K ., 1 973, P l. 1 04 , 1 3.

An e ar-r ing o f t he s a me

e laborate s hape i n g rave 5 6 i n Doros lovo ( Tra jkov i8 6 ., 1 977, 2 5 , f ig. p . 4 7 ) i nd ica tes p robab ly t he ir r oute t o t he e ast . 5 0. •5 1. 5 2.

Mt i l ler-Karpe H ., 1 959 , 8 2, Abb. 4 8, 2 4. K i l ian K ., 1 975, P la tes 4 3-45 , 5 1-56 , 5 8-59. Co mpare v esse ls o n P l. 1 6, 1 a nd 1 8.1 w ith t he f inds o f t he Brn jica g roup ( ref. 3 9-44 ).

5 3.

K i l ian K ., 1 975, P l. 6 0 , 7 .12 a nd 6 1.4.

5 4.

G aragan in D ., 1 958/59 , 3 9-40.

5 5.

Berc iu D .-Co m p E ., 1 956, 3 20-399 ;

Du m itrescu V ., 1 968;

Berc iu

D ., 1 953, 6 23-626, P l. 3 6-38, 4 0-41. 5 6.

Berc iu D .-Co m p E ., 1 956, 3 44-348.

5 7.

I b id., 3 21-327.

5 8.

S ee r ef . 4 8.

5 9.

Berc iu D ., 1 939 , 1 66-169, F ig . 2 10-213.

6 0.

Parvan V ., 1 924 ;

6 1.

P opa A .-Berc iu I ., 1 964 ;

6 2.

Berc iu D ., 1 939, 1 74-176 , F ig . 2 20 ;

Berc iu D ., 1 939 , 1 64-166. Popa A .Berc iu I ., 1 965. Berc iu D ., 1 953, P l. 3 9A.

F or Ro man ian h oards , c o mpare Rusu M., 1 963. 6 3.

Oancea A ., 1 972 ;

Oancea A . -Ta lu tea C ., 1 974.

6 4.

M ikov V ., 1 938, 3 41-348, F ig. 1 50.

6 5.

Berc iu D .-Co m p E ., 1 956, F ig . 7 7.

6 6.

N iko lov B ., 1 965, F ig. 1 ;

6 7.

Benac A .- ov i8 B ., 1 957 , T .IX , 1 2-21;

Popov R ., 1 923/24 , F igs. 5 3e, 5 8d. X , 1 -2, 6 -10 ;

' C ' ov iC B ., 1 959 ,

T . V II-V II I. 6 8.

so v ic

B ., 1 957.

6 9.

G a l lus S .-Horva th T ., 1 939, P l. 3 4-38; F igs. 7 5, 8 0, 8 1, 1 08, 1 09 e tc.; 1 20 , 3 .4.6 ;

7 0.

V insk i Z . a nd K ., 1 962,

V insk i-Gaspar in i K ., 1 973, P l. 1 19,

c o mpare Hoernes M., 1 917, F igs. 8 -9.

V insk i Z . a nd K ., 1 962 , F igs. 4 2-61;

V insk i-Gaspar in i K ., 1 973,

P l. 1 21-125. 7 1.

Mengh in 0 ., 1 926/27, F ig . 7 .

On t he d if fus ion o f v ar ious t ypes o f

g lobu lar b ow f ibu lae i n t he Ba lkans, Gabrovec S ., 1 970, Maps V , V II I a nd I X.

4 1

7 2.

V insk i Z . a nd K ., 1 962, 2 71, F igs. 6 2-66.

7 3.

Brung m id J ., 1 899/1900 ;

V insk i Z . a nd K ., 1 962, 2 70, F igs. 1 -41;

V insk i-Gaspar in i K ., 1 973, P l. 1 30-131. 7 4.

Du m itrescu V ., 1 958, ' 2 47-248.

7 5.

Apar t f ro m t he l i terature q uoted i n t he l ist o f f inds f or t he s i tes men t ioned , s ee a lso Tas i6 N ., 1 971, 5 6-57;

Garagan in M., 1 973,

4 64-465. •7 6.

Tas id N ., 1 971, 5 3;

Brukner-Jovanov i6-Tasi6 1 974 , 2 73 , 3 75-376.

7 7.

Tas i6 N ., 1 972/73, 1 19 ;

7 8.

Du m itrescu V ., 1 968, 2 55-257.

7 9.

I b id., 1 98, f ig . 2 1/1 a nd 2 2/1.

8 0.

S ee r ef . 4 8.

8 1.

Berc iu D .-Co m§a E ., 1 956, 3 73-378, F igs. 1 08-111.

8 2.

N ica M., 1 974 , F igs. 5 .6.11.

8 3.

T as i6 N ., 1 976.

Hof f il ler V ., 1 938, P l. 3 3, 1 .3.4 ; 3 9-40 ;

Du m itrescu V ., 1 968, 2 40 , f ig .

V insk i-Gaspar in i K ., 1 973, P l. 1 22,9.

8 4.

Benac A ., 1 959, P l. XVI I I, 1 .2.13.

8 5.

Barth F . E ., 1 969, P l. V ,9.

8 6.

Vu lpe A ., 1 965, f ig. 9 ;

Rad i msky W.-Szo mbathy J ., 1 885 , P l. I X ,

1 .3. 9 .16. 8 7.

Rad i msky W.-Szo mbathy J ., 1 885 , 1 35 , P l. V I, 1 8;

f or t he d at ing ,

Gabrovec S ., 1 962/63, 2 92. 8 8. 8 9.

Vas i6 R ., 1 973, 8 8-90 ;

K il ian K ., 1 975 , P l. 5 6,8 ( j ug ), P l. 5 5 , 6 -9 ( openwork b e l t ), P l. 5 4, 9 ( f ibu la ).

9 0.

Vas iC R ., 1 975 , 9 0-91.

For t he ir d at ing , s ee t he n ex t c hapter.

Vu lpe A ., 1 965 , 1 26;

T as iC N ., 1 971, 4 0-44 ;

Du m itrescu V ., 1 968 ,

2 45-247. 9 1.

Garagan in M., 1 970, 9 1-94 ;

Garagan in M., 1 973, 4 67-469 ;

Vas i6 R .,

1 973, 9 8-99. 9 2.

Mor in tz S .-Ro man P ., 1 969.

9 3.

Garagan in M., 1 973, 4 56-464 ;

Nestor I ., 1 934 ;

T ., 1 939 ;

Kossack G ., 1 954 ;

Har mat ta J ., 1 948;

Garagan in D ., 1 954/55 ; 9 4.

Ga l lus S .-Horvath V insk i Z ., 1 955 ;

P iggot t S ., 1 965 , 1 75-180 e tc.

For t he mater ia l , ma in ly Ga l lus S .-Horvath T ., 1 939 ;

Kossack G .,

1 954. 9 5.

Rusu M., 1 960 ;

Gazdapuszta i G ., 1 966 ;

S andars N ., 1 968, 2 11. 9 6.

S andars N ., 1 968, 2 11-213

4 2

Gazdapuszta i G ., 1 967 ;

9 7.

A ltars w ith s poo l h and les a nd meanders : 1 904 , T . V I II-IX ;

Don ja Do l ina ( Truhelka

Mar iC Z ., 1 964, P l. XV I, 9 ),

2 i d o var

( Gavela B .,

1 952, f ig. 5 a nd 4 5 ), t he Bosu t h i l l-for t ( Tas iC N ., 1 970 , f ig. 1 9 ), P opov S a la g( i b id., f ig . 2 0 , 2 2 );

b u l l p roto mes f ro m a b ronze v essel

( Garagan in D ., 1 954 , T . XLV I II ); A ., 1 955 ;

( Eber t M., 1 908, f ig . 2 -f ibu la ; 9 8.

b ronze a xes w ith a n i ma ls (M ilCIe v

N iko lov B ., 1 965 , 1 70, f ig. 1 0b ); c o mpare

g o ld f ind f ro m Da l j

v as i6 R., 1 971, 2 ).

B enac A . -6/o v i6 B ., 1 957 , P l. XXV I I, 1 .2 ( Osovo );

D jur iC-G l is i6-

T odorov i5 1 975, P l. 1 , 7a nd XV I I I, 5 ( Ro ma 'a ). -9 9.

S nodgrass A ., 1 964 , 1 32 ;

G jers tad E ., 1 948, 1 30 s qq. 3 74.

1 00.

G ara an in M., 1 973, 4 57-459.

1 01.

V as i6 R ., 1 971.

1 02.

G arasan in D ., 1 973.

1 03.

S im ilar f ibu lae f ro m S endz ir l i, Andrae W., 1 943, 8 9 s qq. P l. 4 3.

1 04.

Espec ia l ly B . D iakov ie 1 92 1/2 2 , f igs. 1 5-22; f igs. 2 21, 2 22 ;

1 05.

a lso P opov R ., 1 912/13,

Vened ikov I ., 1 963, f ig. 7 .

T he b ird f ro m Gorn ja L jubata b elongs t o at ype w idespread i n Macedon ia , a nd i s p robab ly a n impor t f ro m t he s outh.

For t he d if fus ion o f t he t ype,

K i l ian K ., 1 975 , 1 34 , T f . 9 5, 5 . 1 06.

B enac A . -6ov iC B ., 1 957 , T . V , V I II, XX I I-XXV ,

C 1, 0 (V I, 1 -4.

1 07.

Markov i6 ' 6 ., 1 965/66 ;

1 08.

Mar iC Z ., 1 960, T . I I-IV.

1 09.

T ruhelka

1 904, P l. XL , LX , 9 .10.24-38, LXXV I I, 1 0-21 e tc.

1 10.

V insk i Z .

a nd K ., 1 962, f ig. 7 7, 7 9 , 8 2 ( Da l j), 8 8-92 ( Sot in ) e tc.

1 11.

V e jvoda

1 12.

Berc iu D .-Co m p . E ., 1 956, 4 07-459.

1 13.

P arvan V ., 1 924.

1 14.

I b id., f ig. 7 .

1 15.

P arvan V ., 1 924 , f ig . 5 .

1 16.

Vu lpe A ., 1 967, P l. XX I I I, 2 -4 , 1 6.

1 17.

N iko lov B ., 1 965 , 1 71-172, f ig. 1 3.

1 18.

I b id., 1 64-166, f ig. 1 -3.

1 19.

P opov R ., 1 918, 1 06-108, P l. I II I.

1 20.

P opov R ., 1 923/24 , 1 17-124 , f ig. 5 3-60.

1 21.

A tanasova J .-K iCalk i P ., 1 965.

1 22.

N iko lov B ., 1 965 , 1 71, f ig . 1 2;

1 23.

N iko lov B ., 1 972, 5 7, f ig. 3v , g .

Markov iC 6 ., 1 975.

V .-M irn ik I ., 1 971;

Vas iC R , 1 973, 9 6.

Brace let i n V id in , Popov R ., 1 918, P l. I , 1 .

N ikolov B ., 1 970.

4 3

1 24.

I b id., 5 3-56 , f ig . 2 .

1 25.

Popov R ., 1 918, 1 08-110, T . I I-V.

1 26.

Popov

1 27.

N iko lov B ., 1 965, 1 66-170 , f ig. 4 -9.

1 28.

MilCie v A ., 1 958.

1 29.

Vened ikov I ., 1 963, 1 5-18, f ig. 1 -4.

1 30.

Vas iC R ., 1 973, 1 01.

1 31.

I t a ppears t hat s evera l s ke leton g raves u nder a mound were f ound a t

R ., 1 921, 1 57-158, f ig. 1 44-147.

V lagko S elo , wh i le g raves w ithout mounds were f ound a t Kun ino , Mis i ja a nd Kr ivodol.

O therw ise, s keleton g raves p oss ib ly b e longed t o

wo men , a nd c re mat ion g raves t o men , wh ich i s a lso s ugges ted by t he ir g rave g oods.

Para l le ls f or t h is i n t he v ic in ity o f Duvan l i , F i low B .,

1 934 , 1 90-191. 1 32.

Brace lets w ith c rossed c ub ic t er m ina ls c a me t o S erb ia a nd S re m p roba b ly f ro m Macedon ia.

Co mpare t he ir d if fus ion , K il ian K ., 1 975, 1 30 ,

Tafe l 8 4 , 2 . 1 33.

S im ilar s i lver b race let f ro m Chaush itsa ( i b id., P l. 3 4 , 1 ) p o in ts t o t he i n f luence f ro m t he s outh t oo.

1 34.

S ee r efs. 1 20 a nd 1 28.

1 35.

Openwork b e lts were c ons idered f or a l ong t i me t o b e t he s cabbards , c o mpare V insk i Z ., 1 955 , 3 5-36 ;

Garasan in M., 1 973, 4 61.

1 36.

On t h is d ecora t ive s ty le , Vas iC R ., 1 971, 1 -3.

1 37.

The f ron t let f ro m S ofron ievo t N iko lov B ., 1 965 , f ig. 8 .

1 38.

Vas iC R., 1 971.

I n Greece t hey were f ound t ogether a t Perachora

( Payne H ., 1 940 , P l. 7 3, 1 8 a nd 8 2, 2 7 ) a nd i n Ph il ia ( K il ian K . ,1 976 , P l. 1 ,1; 1 39.

K il ian K . ,1 973, Abb. 1 , 1 2.

S pectac le f ibu lae w ith l oops f ro m V id in ( Popov R ., 1 918, T . I , 1 .2 ); g lobu lar b ow f ibu la f ro m Novo S e lo-Dub ( Sre jov iC D ., 1 960 , f ig . 2 8 ). Co mpare t he c o m men tary o n t h is f ind i n t he l ist o f f inds.

1 40.

Bere mend :

J ere m E ., 1 973, f ig. 7 , 8 ;

A ., 1 967 , P l. XX IV , 1 -7.

P l. XV I, 6 ;

Fer ig i le :

Vu lpe

Openwork b elt f ro m Drencova , Ro man ia ,

a lso p robab ly b e longs t o h or izon 3 , J aros laysch i E ., 1 973, f ig . 2 . 1 41.

Gabrovec S ., 1 970, Map X I;

1 42.

S ee r ef 1 32.

Vas i6 R ., 1 971, 1 2-13.

S im ilar u ndecorated b race lets w ith c ub ic t er m ina ls i n

S erb ia a t R itopek ( Todorov iC J ., 1 966, T . I V , 9 ;

Todorov i6 J ., 1 971,

T . XL I, 7 ) a nd a t Dubrav ica ( Garagan in D ., 1 954, T . XXX IX , 2 ,3 ). S l igh t ly d if feren t e nds a t Gogo r ( Berc iu D .-Co m a E ., 1 956 , f ig. 1 38 , 2 -179 , 1 2. 1 43.

Garagan in D ., 1 967a ; 1 974 ;

s l igh t d if ferences i n b ur ia l r ites , Z otov iC M.,

f or g trpc i, F ia la F ., 1 899a , 5 3-59.

4 4

V

,

144. Benac A.-Covic B., 1957, T.XVII, 1.4; XX, 8; XXIII, 6; XLII, 1; Fiala F., 1899a, fig. 67. V

145. BenacA.-Covic B., 1957, T.XXIV,, 9; Fiala F., 1893, 149, fig. 51; V Fiala F., 1899a, fig. 63; Markovic C., 1965/66, T. I, 11. 146. For Greece, compare SnodgrassA., 1964, 136. 147. VasicM., 1926/27. 148. Mikulcic I., 1966, fig. 11c; KilianK., 1975, T. 47, 12 etc. 149. TruhelkaC., 1904, T. LXI, 3, 14, 16, 17, compare also pottery from V Siroko(Plates16-17), Pilatovici(Plate 27), Kremna(Plate 30), etc. 150. See ref. 114.

"

,,.

151. Compare grave from s. Cegrlja's field (Truhelka c., 1904, T. XL), graves 1 and 8 from N. Sokic's field I(T. LVIII-LIX; LX, 9.10. 24-38), grave 4 from N. Sokic 's field II(T. LXXVII, 10-21) etc. 152. Gallus S.-Horvath T., 1939, 41, Pl. LX, 1-2; similar horse bits in Doha, ibid., Pl. LXI, 2-3. 153. Ibid., Pl. LXI, 1. 154. Todorovic J., 1966, T. IV, 9; Todorovic J., 1971, T. XLI, 7. 155. Citluci(BenacA.-Covic B., 1957, T. XXXI, 20), DonjaDolina(Truhelka C., 1904, T. LXXVII, 23), Sticna(Gabrovec S., 1966, fig. 6, 12-14, 8, 10-11)1 St. Lorenz(Stare F., 1955, T. I, 3) etc. 156. They correspond in style to globular bow fibulae, but remain longer in use e.g. in Kaptol, Vejvoda V.-Mirnik I., 1971, T. VI, 1.2. 157. Vinski-GaspariniK., 1973, 158-164; Patek E., 1968, 51-72. 158. TrajkovicC., 1977, 37. 159. Ibid., 47; compare Stare F., 1960, 85-88. V

160. Trajkovic c., 1977, 26; compare HoernesM., 1917, fig. 8-9; Gallus S.-Horvath T., 1939, Pl. VII, 4; XXXV, 8. 161. Concerning that see below under the Srem group. V

162. BenacA.-Covic B., 1957, Pl. XXXV, 1-4; XXXVII-XLI; XLIII-XLV etc. ,

163. GarasaninM., 1973, 470-485, 509-511; VasicR., 1973, 77-85; for the Glasinac fibulae in Slovakia, see Kilian K., 1975, Pl. 13. 164. RoskaM., 1937; PopescuD., 1962; Crisan I., 1965. .;, 165. NicaM., 1974; BerciuD., 1939, 169-174; VulpeA., 1967. 166. Fibulae from Gornji Vadin(Nikolov B., 1972, fig. 3 a-b), occasional objects fromKrivodol (triangular bronze arrow-head: Nikolov B., 1965, fig. 12a), from Vlasko Selo(spiral ring: PopovR., 1923/24, fig. 53g), a cemetery atMala Bresnica(Mik