The Cemeteries of Abydos, 1912-1913 [III, 1 ed.]

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THE

CEMETERIES OF ABYDOS PAET

III.-1913-1913.

BY T.

ERIC PEET

AND

W.

L.

S.

LOAT

WITH TWENTY-SIX PLATES

THIRTY-FIFTH MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDON SOLD AT

The OFFICES OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND,

37,

Great Russell Street, W.C.

AND 527, Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

56,

KEGAN PAUL, TKENCH, TRUBNER

& CO., Broadway Hodse, 68-74, Carter Lane, E.C. Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W. ASHER & CO., 14, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C, and Unter den Linden, Berlin and HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.G., and 29-35, West 32nd Street, New York, U.S.A. ALSO BY

B.

QUARITCH,

11,

;

;

1913

:

M6S

LONDON PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWKS AND SONS, LIMITED, Dt'KE STREET, STAMFOllD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.

A^S

UBRASRY

F FINE

ARTS

UNIVERSITY

EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND prestDent

The

Rt. Hon.

EARL OF CROMER,

The

G.C.B., O.M., G.C.M.G., K.G.S.I.

lDtcc=|pre9iC)eiit5

Field-Marshal G.C.M.G.,

The

Rev.

Lord

Grenfell,

G.C.B.,

etc.

Prof.

Wallace N. Stearns, Ph.D.

(U.S.A.)

Prof. Sir Gaston Masrero, K.C.M.G., D.C.L. A.

H.

Sayce,

M.A.,

LL.D.

(France)

Prof. Ad. Erman, Ph.D. (GeiTnany)

Sib F. G. Kenyon, K.C.B., D.Litt., F.B.A.

The Hon. Chas.

Prof.

L.

Hutchinson

Prof.

(U.S.A.)

1F3on.

Edouard Naville,

D.C.L.,

etc.

(Switzerland)

Ereasurcrs

Grafton Milne, Esq., M.A. Chester I. Camrhell, Esq. (U.S.A.) J.

1F3on. •J.

S.

Secretaries

Cotton, Esq., M.A.

DwiGHT Lathrop Elmendorf,

Esq., Ph.D., etc. (U.S.A.)

/IDcmbers of Committee SoMERs Clarke,

Esq., F.S.A.

Newton Crane,

Esq. (U.S.A.)

Sir

Arthur John Evans,

D.Litt.,

F.

Lbgge, Esq., F.S.A.

Captain H. G. Lyons, F.R.S. F.R.S.,

F.B.A.

Prof. Alexander jMacalister, M.D.

Mrs. McClure. The Rev. \V. MacGregoh, M.A.

Alan H. Gardiner, Esq., D.Litt. Prof. Ernest A. Gardner, M.A.

Robert Mond,

F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

Francis

H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A. H. R. Hall, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

The Rev. Arthur Cayley Headlam, D.D. D. G. Hogarth, Esq., M.A., F.B.A., F.S.A.

Esq., F.R.S. E.

Wm.

Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Dr. Allen Sturge. Mrs. Tirard. T.

E.

Herbert Warren, Esq., Hon.D.C.L. TowRY Whyte, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

CONTENTS. List of Plates

Introduction

Chapter

I.

Chapter

II.

Chapter

III.

............. .............

........ ..... ....... .... .......... .......... ........

PAGE

ix

xi

The predynastic grain kilns

i

The tombs of the

8

IIIrd and IVth Dynasties

The tombs of the Middle Kingdom

23

Chapter IV.

The tombs of the XVIIIth Dynasty and later

29

Chapter

V.

The

inscriptions

35

Chapter

VI.

The

ibis

cemetery

List of ob.jects sent to various museums

Index

'

40 49

53

(

ix

)

LIST OF PLATES, AVITH PAGES

ON WIUCIl THEY ARE REFERRED

TU.

PAGES I.

Views of grain

kilns

and early tombs

.

1,2

II.

Views

iu the early

cemetery

12-15

III.

Views

in the early

cemetery

8-14, 17

IV.

Pottery vases, stone vases, scarabs and seals

24-27, 30-34

11

V.

Pottery vases

24-27, 33

VI.

Pottery vases

31, 32

VII.

Pottery vases

VIII.

IX.

23,

Objects from Old and Middle Olijects

Kingdom tcom

I

30-33

10-lG, 2.3-28

)S

23-28

from Middle Kingdom tombs

X.

Objects from XVIIIth Dynasty tombs

30-33

XL

Objects from XVIIIth Dynasty tombs

30-33

XII.

Objects from XVIIIth Dynasty tombs

XIII.

Grave

stelae

XIV.

Grave

stelae

XV. XVI. XVII.

30-33

....

35, 37-3'.)

and Coptic objects

6,

37, introduction

Plan of the early cemetery

.

9

Views

.

40, 44, 4G

cemetery

in the ibis

Various

ol)jects

from the

ibis

cemetery

41-46

XVIII.

jMummified

ibises

40-4G

XIX.

Mummified

ibises

40-46

XX.

JMummified

ibises

XXI.

and other creatures

Various types of binding from the

mummies

40-4G 40-46

XXII.

Types of

ibis jars

42-44

XXIII.

Types of

il)is

jars

43, 44

XXIV.

Types of

ibis jars

45, 4G

XXV.

Types of

il)is

jars

46, 47

XXVI.

Plan of the

ibis

cemetery

40

(

xi

)

INTEODUCTION. The

season of the wiuter 1912-13 was entirely

devoted to excavations in two regions of the

Abydos

The

necropoleis.

was

first

a

space

position.

To one

of these houses doubtless be-

longs the beautiful fig.

8) which,

little

bronze lamp

with the leaden

the Cairo museum.

divides the site into two divisions, a northern

found under the

and a southern, on the west of the cemetery

no certainty on the point,

contain a birds

number

E

in

1909-10.

of burials of ibises and other

This part of the excavation

and animals.

was entirely undertaken by Mr. W.

who

has reported on

of the region which It lies

in

it

L. S. Loat,

Chapter VI. of

The other area explored

volume.

proved to

It

was marked

as

D

is

this

a portion

in

1911-1

2.

immediately to the north of the Coptic

Der, and the part of

it

on which attention was

concentrated this season was that nearest to the cultivation.

natural

This consisted

mound which had

mainly of a low

at a late period served

as a Coptic settlement, for the fioors of Coptic

houses

still

remained in

situ

on

surface.

its

Unfortunately these remains showed few features of interest.

On one

was found the PI.

XIV.,

fio;.

7,

fine

of the

Hoors,

however,

leaden store jar shown in

and on several others there were

large pottery jars of the Coptic period

still

in

now

jar,

XIV.,

rests in

Several skulls of oxen were

immediately to the south of the valley which

which was named

(PI.

fioors,

and, though there can be it

seems possible that

they were purposely l)uried under the foundations

of

fortune ever,

the

perhaps to ensure

good

They

may,

how-

not

seem

inmates.

the

to

be

houses,

though

older,

did

they

to

be in any direct relation with the tombs.

PI.

XIV.,

skull

of

fig.

the

1,

shows a good example of the

long-horned

pieces, iu whicli it

with

ox

the

jaw

interesting to notice the

is

wearing down of the teeth at one point due to the bit.

In

the

recording

assisted both

Whittemore. in the

work

of

this

cemetery

I

was

by Mr. Loat and by Professor ]\Ir.

C.

Wake

T.

took an active part

dui'iug the few days he

was with

us,

and at the end of the season we were much encouraged and helped by the

Camden M. Fund

Coljern, a

visit of Professor

keen supporter of the

in America. T.

Eric Peet.

THE CEMETEEIES OF ABYDOS. PAET

III.

CHArTEK

I.

THE PREDYNASTIC GRAIN In the sc2

(R. 51).

THE TOMBS OP THE As might have

l)cen

expected

mastalias

tlie

AND

IIIrd

DYNASTIES.

IVtii

mastaba proper.

This preserves no sign of roof-

were not built until the tomb had been dug and

ing.

the body placed in

almost square shafts lined with brick, placed

many

fact that in

This

it.

is

clear

from the

cases the walls of the

mastaba

In

it

the

lie

two tomb

actually stand directly over the sand filling of

somewhat askew to the They are both 5 metres

the

southerly of the two,

pit, so

that

was necessary

it

remove part

to

of the walls in order to excavate the tomb.

(whose original

Turning to the construction of the individual mastabas we notice that the great mastaba which

from the

contains tombs

D

135 and 136

is

situated on

pits,

which are

the mastaba.

sides of

The more D 135, has a single chamber shape is obscured by falls of rock in depth.

The

roof) to the south.

other,

D

136,

has two chambers, one to the west and another at a slightly lower level to the north.

In the

the highest point of the rise and thus occupies a

absence of evidence as to the method by which

commanding po,sition

the

It

(PI. III., fig. 5,

background).

evidently the burial-place of very important

is

members

of this early community, for

it is

many

mastaba was roofed,

whether the

and the shafts was

it

is

difficult

to

say

between the mastaba walls

.space

It is

filled in.

not improbable

times larger than any other of the mastabas and

that the whole space within the walls v/as roofed

much more

in

solidly constructed.

certainly earlier than

which

lie

etc.) are

and on

actually built on to

east

its

some of them,

immediately to the south of

and the same

8),

is

that

it (nos.

this wall

147

it (PI. III., figs.

true of those whicli

PI. III., fig. 5),

on to the east wall of

it is

for those

side (nos. 181-184, vi.sible on

extreme right in

way

Moreover,

which were

5

lie

the Ijuilt

courtyard in such a

its

served to form their west

faces.

;

any rate there was no access

at

On

without.^

the other hand,

structure of the great mastaba itself

simple.

the shafts was

filled

with a roofing of bricks, as were the smaller

without roofing

in the north shaft, also.

best

courtyards (PI. XV.).

stand to a height of

over a metre, while on the east, which

on the

slope, the height

metre. that

is

east

of

side

the

courtyard of the great

183

and

East of this line of tombs was another, whose

mastabas had been practically destroyed.

and measuring

South and west of the great mastaba run four lines of smaller mastabas,

to the north

built on to

55 cm. in breadth.

In both cases

the floor of the niche was raised one brick above

The courtyard extends along the whole of the east face of

the building.

ample room

floor.

only 92 cm. wide, but

It is

aflfords

for the passage of a worshipper.

its east wall,

which

is

its

There

is

north end,

is

one of which

is

actually

It is noticeable that in all cases

it.

the order of building was from north to south, for each

the

mastaba

first,

north of

is it,

in a line,

with the exception of

built on to that

which

lies

to the

the south wall of the older serving

In

about 50 cm. high, and '

near

show the

no more than half a

100 cm. across the front, while the single niche

itself

still

No. 183 has a triple and

a single niche; no. 184 has two simple niches.

to the south being triple

the level of the courtyard

184,

The two

higher

is

In the east wall are the usual two niches,

is

built on to

mastaba, have already been mentioned. preserved,

one

and there may have

The mastabas 181-4, which were the

left

be re-used for later

There was certainly more than

burials. ])urial

in order to

On

still

from

with sand and covered over

of an enclosure parallelogramic in form, measuring about 13 metres by 9, with remarkaljly thick walls (see plan on PI. XV.).

the west side these

it

be that

mastabas, while the shafts themselves were

is

It consists

to

may

only the space between the mastaba walls and

been in the south

The

it

the entrance, 52 cm. wide.

no means of access to the interior of the

The back

is now broken through gives the false appearand the mastaba,

of the smaller niche

into the interior of

ance of an entrance.

C

—

THE CEMETERIES OP ABYDOS.

10

(Sec

in euch case as north wall to the newer.

sidered

especially PI. III., fig. 8.)

The most easterly line of the four, comprising mastabas 144-G,

three

the

complete triple

(PI. III., fig. 8).

and

lu the case of

the courtyard in is

but

still visible,

tion has

made

it

Of the three smaller mastabas which form the south end of the line two show an unusual

the entrance to

14r)

end

originally,

denuda-

impossible to locate the entrance

consists of

of this

line

tombs 117, 119,

last of these

being cut entirely in the wall of

is

shows some interesting

(PI. III., fig. 7).

A

The

143, 147.

its

details of

neighbour 146

having beeu used as east wall for

Over the

courtyard

its

short crosswall joining the

low brick structure, wall of 129.

It

as

end

Nos. 143 and 149 are

The mastabas

of peculiar interest.

to the east of

them, 144 and 145, had been built rather out of direction, so that their west walls would have ill-shajDcn

courtyards to 143 and 149.

was therefore necessary

to build special walls

which there was obviously no room

narrow space between the two is

that 143

The

in

the

one could possibly have

custom and precedent.

has almost disappeared, and that of 117

entirely so. in

The courtyard of

other

This latter tomb was also damaged

ways by the

Dynasty vaulted tomb

shaft

D

of

the

XVIIIth

rough rectangular

certainly later in date (PI. 111.,

Under

court

the

of

lay

143,

in

the south

the

extended

i.e.

it,

which could hardly be

The

Xllth Dynasty.

earlier

than the

burial clearly has

no con-

nection with the early tombs.

The tombs which

lay

under

the

mastabas

exhibited considerable diversity of type and of

In most cases the pit or shaft was

burial rite.

simple,

The

No

A

uncertain

is

of a child with a few amulets (PL VIII.,

1),

and 149 have courtyards exactly

25 cm. in width.

119

fig.

is

foreground).

of

body

but

stepped into them, but they were sufficient to satisfy

7,

result

lines.

seemed to consist of only one

which lay over the south-east

brick,

the great mastaba formed not only a northern

it.

148, built on to the east

was badly damaged.

it

mass of

fig.

an entrance passage to

D

course of bricks, but even this point

on the north the proximity of the south wall of

wall to the court, but, in conjunction with 14G,

tombs 141 and 142 was a

children's

corner of 143,

for

own mastaba,

In the central mastaba of the

as its north side.

two mastabas closed the court on the south, while

It

its

uses the wall of the mastaba next to the north

another which

14'J,

construction, the west wall of

formed but

northernmost niche, instead of

feature, for their

group the niches are normal.

with certainty.

To the west

end four

north

its

and a narrow

was only one course high

wall

had at

line

rather large mastabas with no sign of courtyards.

the other two, where the

in

The fourth

Each mastaba has a

east wall near the north

its

answer the purpose, or perhaps the

to

idea of the courtyard was frankly given up.

remarkably

still

is

a simple niche to the east

courtyard.

a series of enclosures which possibly were con-

i.e.

had no chamljer opening

in six cases there

position

of the

ofi"

from

it,

was a rudimentary chamber.

body was

practically

in-

with the head

variable.

It lay

on the

north by

river

reckoning (magnetic N.N.W.),

and

in a

more or

of which

various

are

tombs.

less

left side,

contracted position, details

given in the description of the

The tombs may

according to type as follows

l)e

divided

:

1.

Burials under an inverted pot.

parts, there being

2.

Burials under a covering of bricks.

a break after the second mastaba from the north

3.

Burials under a

this

4.

Burials covered with large stones.

unbroken.

5.

Burials apparently without covering, but

The next

line consists of

(PI. III., figs. 4 line

114.

and

Four mastabas

G).

were found with their

There are no courtyards fig. G).

The proximity

two

I'oofs

in this

still

row

of the next

in

(PI.

or a basket.

having probably had a

III.,

row formed

mat

G.

Burials in chambers.

coffin.

—

—

THE TOMBS OP

THii IUrd ANI) iVth 1)YNASTIE^.

D

Type

burial, being represented

in ten of

while

which the pit the

in

rest

it

common

is

approximately

of polished red pottery (PI. VIII.

is

square or rectangular,

which

soft rock

sand which

lies

contracted,

is

of rough

The

circular,

These

pits, as

is

scarcely harder than the drift

over

the

of

VIII.,

(PI.

separate

2

and

3).

tombs

are

as

figs.

follows, the dimensions being in centimetres:

D

Circular

IIG.

84

pit,

cm.

in

Body

Over

it

diameter,

an inverted bowl

of good red polished ware with a spout (PI. VIIL,

Fragments of vase

fig. 4).

(of type PI. IV. 37)

partly over the bowl, partly under

Dll9.

Mastaba.

measures 135 by 85 and tightly

on

contracted,

is

left

The

pit proper

Body

170 deep. side,

south-west corner of the pit and so not

actually covering the

body which

centre (PI.

East of the bowl a vase

I.,

fig.

7).

lies

in

the

(of type PI. IV. 37).

D

120.

intact, consisting of

one thickness of brick covered with

The removal of III., fig. 4)

side of

its

on

plaster.

protruding inwards from the north

the mastaba and dividing

its

northern

In the eastern half lay

side a vase (of type PI. IV. 37) directly

below the roofing.

and

mud

130 deep. left side,

Circular pit, 82 in diameter

Body

of child tightly contracted,

with head north, under inverted

bowl of usual type.

On

the bottom of the pit,

east of the bowl, a vase (of type PI. IV. 37),

Under

a

this

shallow

In south-west corner of this

the burial pit proper, which

side, liead north,

circular.

is

At

D

and

Mastaba.

123.

Rectangular

17, with rounded corners.

(PI. II. 5),

its

left

PI. IV. 37).

pit,

Depth

body very tightly contracted, on north

is

under rough inverted bowl of

East of bowl a vase (type

usual type.

104 by

128.

Male

left side,

head

under inverted bowl of usual

To north-east and north-west

of the bowl,

and thus near the head, were two

To

bricks.

south-east and at level of uppermost part of bowl a vase (type PI. IV. 35).

D

124.

it

body tightly contracted, on right

of

Mastaba.

in such a

Circular

In west half

pit.

head

side,

Right arm placed, as frequently,

south-east.

way that

the forearm

is

in a vertical

Inverted bowl of usual type over body.

line.

its

rim, to the north-west, a vase (of type

The tomb

IV. 37).

PI.

dynastic kiln at

D

this revejiled a short wall (PI.

portion into two halves.

on

broad, to north.

Near

Roof

Mastaba.

over-firing.

rectangular cutting with two steps, each 30 cm.

head north.

Inverted bowl of the usual type lying towards the

the bottom,

i.e.

Both dish and bowl

warped by

Mastaba.

122.

type.

it.

Rectangular pit with a

ledge near the top at each end.

the ujjpermost part of this,

are poor vases badly

D

inverted

G),

a rough bowl of the usual type.

a rough circle of bricks.

of a child, tightly contracted, on

right side, head south.

is

in a large dish

lies

bottom a male body tightly contracted, on

160 cm. deep, underneath a mastaba 122 cm. square.

Round is

tightly

covered with a large inverted bowl

pottery

details

The body, rather

it.

over which

Body

shell.

side,

left

a blue glaze tutnilar bead

and a pierced

those of the cemetery, are cut in the

all

At neck

liead north.

by seventeen examples,

often with very rounded angles.

indeed

type of

Circular pit, 98 in diameter.

body tightly contracted, on

Child's

This was by far the most

Mastaba.

121.

Burials under inverted pots.

I.

11

126.

through a pre-

Circular pit, 60 in diameter,

Mastaba.

Body

depth 170.

cuts

north-east corner.

its

tightly contracted, on

left

head north.

Left forearm vertical as was

the right in 124.

In front of legs a vase (type

side,

PI.

Body and vase covered with

IV. 37).

verted bowl of usual type, over which

lies

in-

to

the west side a vase (of type PI. IV. 37).

D

127.

square

pit

Mastaba.

100

in

Under diameter

its

south half a

and

135

Female body, tightly contracted, on

15 cm. above top of bowl and to the north a

head north.

small pottery dish.

bowl as usual.

Left forearm as in 126.

deej).

left side,

Inverted

c 2

—

n

THE CEMETERIES OP ABYDOS.

D

Rectangular

Mastaba.

128.

125 by

pit,

west half of pit a female body, contracted, on

100, with rounded corners, depth 130. Male body,

side,

head

contracted, on left side, head north, left forearm

type

PI. IV. 37).

vertical

pit a line of four bricks along east side.

bottom of

Circular pit, diameter 80,

Mastaba.

132.

])

At

under inverted bowl of usual type.

;

Male body

depth 160.

tightly

(PI. 11., fig. 6),

contracted, on left side, head north, left forearm vertical

;

neck a twisted mass of

D

Over the

under usual inverted bowl.

Under

Mastaba.

143.

Female

128 by 125.

circular pit, tracted, on

side,

left

head north,

west half of

vertical, in

north half a

its

con-

liody,

forearm

left

under the usual

pit,

inverted bowl which occupies the north half of

the pit

In the south half

(fig. 3).

is

a similar

In front of knees a vase (of

nortli.

Over the head from ear

to ear

a band of beads four or five beads in breadth.

They

most being

are of blue glaze,

varying

cylindrical of

whilst a few are conical pierced in

sizes,

a horizontal plane (PI. VIII.,

fig.

Over the

1).

body the usual bowl, and over this to the northeast two vases (types PI. IV. 37 and PI. IV. 29).

D

cloth.

Mastaba almost completely destroyed.

168.

by

Circular pit, 84

Male body,

78, depth 200.

tightly contracted, on left side, head rather west

Over

of north.

it

one above the other

of bricks

Around

the inverted bowl.

the upper part of this are set two

circular

(PI.

fig.

I.,

D

No

239.

mastaba.

mud

bricks with liquid

At 40°

fig. 3).

Circular

j^it

;

inverted

true east of north

Body

toward the body.

inscribed cylinder seal

the

inverted

half

first.

so

as

partially

At the sacrum was

PI. IV. 37),

and

in the

cover

to

a vase (of type

south of the pit lay a

Mastaba, whose north wall

144.

built

is

directly over a portion of a line of predynastic kilns.

Oval

pit,

118 by 95, depth 190, across

the centre of the mastaba.

In west half of pit

On

contracted body, on left side, head north. the

left

l)racelets,

forearm

near

the

wrist

two

ivory

fig. 1).

In

the centre of pit, and thus only partially covering

its

is

the inverted bowl.

At the

level of

inverted bottom and to the west a vase (of

type

D

Roughly

(PL

of haematite, one blue

II., fig.

8.)

No mastaba

;

is

low

larger bowl.

and the head

East of the bowls

PL IV. 37). 510 mm., that

(of type is

still

the vase

in

crushed into a

the knees have fallen apart one to each

side of the vase.

jar

inverted a

is

is

visible.

depth 130.

circular pit, diameter 124,

pelvis

higher

were a small

1).

bowl over which

The

it

The diameter

is

a vase

of the lower

of the upper 725

mm.

Under its north half a lOfi by 102, depth 180. In

Mastaba.

roughly s(iuare

pit,

Type Of

Burials under a covering of

II.

this

there are nine

cases the pit

is

or rectangular.

examples.

bricks.

In three

circular, in the others it is square

The bricking

consists in

some

cases of a regularly laid covering of single bricks.

PI. IV. 37).

145.

fig.

240.

mouth

side with

and at the back of the neck small

discoid beads of l)luc glaze (PL VIII.,

the body,

D

a vase (of

is

tightly contracted on

The body of an adult male

larger vase (PI. III. 28).

D

(PL VIIL,

II.,

and a small blue glaze monkey

bead

glaze

its

With

head north.

side,

left

mud

poured over them (PL

type PL IV. 37), lying on

bowl

3).

IV. 37).

bowl of usual type surrounded above by

Dl45

rows

Beneath these, south of the bowl, a vase (of type

PL

Fig. 3.

left

In others

it is

merely a mass of bricks and

heaped over the body.

A

mud

connection with the

THE TOMBS OF THE tombs of Type

I is

have a rough

bricks arranged round the bottom of

D

the inverted vase, as for example

D

depth

240.

rounded

bottom of the

D

At 140 from

construction

of

tlie

top

roughly

covered with mud, which

begins

laid

a

bricks

occupies the south-

west third of the pit

(PI. III., fig. 2).

difficult to describe,

can be best gathered from

the plan and section

Its shape,

The south-west

(fig. 4).

Mastaba.

118.

13

Circular pit, diameter 87,

Male body, contracted, on

left side,

head north,

lies

the west half of

the pit,

in

mud

covered by a brick and

structure exactly

similar to that of 117.

D by 175,

IVth DYNASTIES.

depth IGO.

pit.

Circular pit, 180

Mastaba.

117.

168, while

and 128, have a few

others, as fur instance 123

bricks at the

AND

seen in the fact that some of

these, as has ah-cady been noticed, circle of

IIIud

Roughly square

Mastaba.

125.

Female body

80, depth 150.

84 by

pit,

west half of

in

contracted, on left side, head

pit,

At

north.

the

throat a piece of organic matter which has the

appearance of food of some kind.

In sieving

there were found four beads, two barrel-shaped

and the

of carnelian, one tubular of blue glaze,

other shaped like an elongated scarab and

(PL VIII.

of a fine olive-green stone

made

fig.

,

1).

Over the body was a structure of uumortared bricks laid roughly but horizontally, not quite

reaching the east side of the tomb.

It

was four

bricks in height.

D

rectangular the pit

Dll7

pit,

94 by 80.

south part a

its

In the west half of

the body, tightly contracted, on the

lies

The

head north.

left side,

Under

Mastaba.

130.

The north and west

left

forearm

is

vertical.

sides of the pit are slightly

undercut to receive the body, which

by a construction of bricks

is

covered

up roughly

built

without mortar in steps over the west half of the

The breadth

pit.

to east

is

of the structure from west

54 cm., and

has a height of five

it

courses.

D

147.

Mastaba.

(200 by 1G5) there

is

across

Pit rectangular and large

At

at the top.

a depth of 175

a layer of single bricks in lines of three

from east to west.

Below

this

the pit

narrows to 113 by 67, and the farther depth 79.

(PL Fig.

4.

Plan and section through A B.

This lower pit II., fig. 2).

tracted,

portion of the bottom of the pit

15 cm. lower than the

rest.

is

cut about

The body, male,

is

is

on the

no sign of a

the

was

grave

placed under the brickwork in the south-west

inverted-conical

part of the pit, where the wall

(PI.

cut, so that the

body actually

rudimentary chamber. left side,

it

a female body, con-

lies

head

side,

There

north.

In the upper part

coffin.

found dish

round

all

in

of

fragments

a

of

fine

red polished pottery

•

is

slightly under-

lies in

part in a

It is contracted,

with head north.

In left

brick-lined

is

is

on the

D

IV. 33). 149.

Mastaba.

Circular pit about 70 in

diameter, the upper part being badly destroyed

and making measurements

difficult.

At about

a

—

,

TUE CEMETERIES OP ABYDOS.

14

metre from

the

single bricks

and mud,

a

circular in shape

entire area of

covering the this

there was

surface

pit.

tlie

on the east side were a

layer of

condition, l)eing very short and warped, while

but not

the joints seemed badly diseased.

Beneath

that there was a coffin, but the evidence was not

fine red polished

It is possible

decisive.

pottery dish (PI. IV. 34), and a rough va.se (of

type

Lower

PI. IV. 37).

young

individual,

and on the

Type

body of a

lay the

downwards, contracted

face

left side,

still

The

head north.

was

Ijody

Bnr'ud.s uikIit a nutf or a

III.

No

D112.

Oval

sign of mastaba.

body, contracted, on

Male

pit.

head north-west

side,

left

lia.^ikct.

covered with what appeared to be the remains of

(local).

a reed basket of circular shape.

front of the face a vase (of type PI. IV. 37).

D own

182.

Mastaba with a rectangular

size l)eneath

The eastern

it.

then descended in a rectangular

pit,

was blocked

178 by 108.

tracted,

at a depth of

220 by

Body

and three blue glaze beads, almost certainly

degraded forms of the monkey figure

one down the centre and the others one along

fig.

each edge, the spaces between them Ijeing

n^und ba.sket of reeds, more

and the whole plastered over

with mud.

The centre

filled

was at a

line of bricks

Type

the bricking lay a female body slightly contracted,

on the

left side

wooden

coffin

.sides.

with head north.

It

It lay in a

122 by 53, coated inside and out

1

rounded

witli

Rectangular

corners,

in

48 by

pit, 1

south-east

At a depth of 90 cm. and mud. The bricks were mastaba.

coffin,

1 1

part

4

of

crosswise.

head north.

It

lay in a

limewashed, with wood 28

mm.

a vase (of type PI. IV. 37).

D

253.

gular pit, 180 by 90.

At

Rectan-

Immediately under

(of type PI. IV. 37).

At 180 cm.

lay the body,

male, .slightly contracted, on the left side, head north.

The long bones showed a pathological

of a

from which the

underneath.

In

the

courtyard

is

its filling

D

183.

under a

rectangular pit

Near the top of

were several

Two

of these

to discover larger blocks

the

attempt to remove

wall

and the collapse

the

of

great mastaba

We were therefore forced to abandon

the tomb.

Type Y.

— Burials

icith

no covering preserved, hnt

probably with a

this in the

middle of the east side of the pit was a vase

III., fig. 3)

these a slight accident occurred of

Type VI.

in the south portion of the

we removed, but only still

this type.

of the chamber

very large boulders of limestone.

a depth of 110 cm. a

layer of bricks regularly laid three to the breadth (PI. III., fig. 1).

consisted

threatened.

Mastaba nearly destroyed.

it is

The other example

chamber opened. mastaba.

Outside the coffin behind the pelvis was

thick.

D

146, which, as

rectangular pit (PI.

irregularly

laid,

7rith large stones.

described more fully under

is

This

the body, female, slightly con-

tracted, on left side,

wooden

first is

type,

a layer of bricks

some being lengthwise and others

At 132 cm. was

The

The stones occurred

Mastaba.

84.

Burials covered

IV.

There are only two examples of

was

with a white wash.

D

II.

Below

slightly higher level than the other two.

with arms stretched out along the

pr()bal)ly tlie latter.

This has already been described under

149.

Type

(PI. VIII.,

Over the body were signs of a mat or a

l).

D

(PI. II., fig. l)

At neck

monkey 23 mm.

three lines of bricks running north and south,

in

In

of a child, con-

head north-east.

side,

a pierced shell, a blue glaze high,

of reeds.

Circular pit, 50 cm. in

diameter and GO deep.

on right

mat

in a

Mastaba.

141.

half of this

leaving the western half as a kind of step or ledge. Tlie true pit

D

pit of its

Body wrapped

With one

coffin.

exception, a child's burial,

tombs were rectangular bable that in

all

in form,

cases there

was a

and

these

all it

is

coffin.

the coffin was of pottery, but in the others

pro-

In 137 it

was

—

THE TOMBS OF THE merely of wo(xl, whicli has sometimes

left

IIIkd

uo

southern

body

its

Female

101 by 75, depth 135.

half,

west half of

in

Rectangular pit under

Mastal)a.

133.

contracted, on left side,

pit,

left side,

Male body,

head north

though corners may have been rounded, In the centre

out.

At the bottom

depth 130.

(PI.

I.,

lid of

Rectangular

Mastaba.

137.

by

rough but well

fig.

40

5),

mm.

The

had been opened

The bones which

Body

of

a small

D

pit,

child,

Four small

contracted, on left side, head north. trlaze

re-

No

232.

sign of mastaba.

A

very rouglily

defined rectangular pit in which lay the l)ody in a

wooden

coffin.

No

150 by

78.

right, so completely that

Rectangular

pit,

semi-contracted, on left side,

pit,

186 by 123.

left side,

Rectangular

Male body, semi-contracted, on

head north.

glaze cylindrical bead.

and

Egyptian cemeteries, and indeed poorer

the

others, namely, the survival in

in

tombs of intermediate stages in a development which the richer tombs have already completed.

The

body

position of the

The contraction

notice.

is

is

much

worthy of

also

looser than that

of the other graves in this cemetery.

sight

might appear that

it

rest,

but

this is

not the sole reason for

demanded

still

the body should be tightly contracted,

The

first

was merely due

this

the diff'erence, for had ritual

have been placed so

At

chamber-tombs are larger

to the fact that these

in a large

tomb

facts are that in

it

that

could

just as in a

Abydos, as

where in Egypt, the custom of burying

else-

in the

was gradually giving

tightly contracted position

more important tombs and only chamber-tombs of

body

the

imitators,

their

At the neck

No

a large blue

sign of coffin.

still is,

this

poor.

Thus

in

the

cemetery the legs of the

drawn up

are never

later followed

make

to

less

than a

Type

VI.

Burials in cliamhers.

These are of peculiar interest as showing at transition from the simple pit burial,

where the body

lies

in

the

pit itself, to the

bent, arc usually

down by

the sides.

There

however, no case of the use of the extended

We

position.

are clearly at an earlier stage of

development here than in the chamber-tombs of

E

Cemetery at Abydos, where the extended position is by no means unusual and the conthe

Abydos the

in

it,

right angle with the spine, and the arms, though

Remains of a mastaba.

252.

earlier

is

phenomenon

are therefore face to face with a

by

head north.

D

mastaba

than some of the tombs which surround

common

a

have already given reasons

for believing that the great

we

ofi"

extended position was made by the owners of the

sign of mastaba.

Body

We

square shaft.

135 and 136,

chamber opening

a definite

is

from the

see

D

but the

left side,

points to a disturbance.

236.

within the great mastalja,

where there

in the

way, and that the movement towards the fully

head was turned to the

D

may

made, as we

that,

had at the time

transition, the transition itself

tombs

cut

The head was north and the

body, contracted, lay on the

it

ofi"

though we have here the actual steps

small one.

discoid beads at neck.

is

one side or end of the

must be remembered, however,

than the

Shallow oval

Mastaba damaged.

GO by 50, depth 70.

blue

i.e.

to the sex as female.

mained pointed 142.

the coffin,

was a layer of

pit,

coffin

and the body damaged.

D

148 by 99,

fired red pottery

Round

and the wall of the

brick and mortar.

pit,

15

where a definite chamber

burial,

It

pit.

very

37.

in thickness, with a flat

the same material. it

fig.

a rectangular coffin,

45, of

between

Wood

probably rect-

pit,

of east side of pit the vase PI. IV.,

81

IGG by

(PI. II., fig. 7).

washed with lime inside and

D

pit,

slightly contracted,

west half of the

coffin in the

antrular,

Rectangular

Mastaba.

134.

116, depth 180.

on

chamber

already been

head north.

D

IVtu DYNASTIES.

underground opening

trace whatever.

D

AND

traction,

here.

when

In

it

both

occurs,

is

slightly looser than

cemeteries

position of the old

and the

we have a juxtanew methods. In

—

THE CEMETERIES OF ABYDOS.

16

D

Cemetery

tiylit

loose, while iu

the latter

Cemetery

full extension.

in

position

(about Vltli Dynasty)

In neither does the variation

mark any

ditferencc

simply a phase

is

it

;

E

giving way to

is

in its turn, being gradually replaced

is,

by

time

con traction

race or in

in

the

in

gradual

from the tightly contracted to the

evolution

The complete description of the tombs follows

D The

The bottom

the plunderers.

No

plastered with mud.

is

of the shaft was

finds in the chamber.

Near top of shaft some human bones, a shell, pieces of a fine diorite bowl, and blue glaze beads,

barrel-shaped

cylindrical,

faces.

and

A much

discoid

damaged

as

:

Mastaba apparently destroyed by the

115.

D

tomb

later

bricking, part only of which was removed by

with slightly convex

extended position.

fully

Cluiml)er originally closed with

roof and sides.

114, in whose floor the shaft lay.

which

shaft,

north and south, measures

lies

B

153 by 78, and has a chamber of the same length

and 55 cm.

in

breadth under

entrance to the chamber was of bricks, whieli roof.

Body

in

west

its

coffin,

by

Total depth

106.

liich, is

of the loo.sely

Male.

Roughly square

Mastaba.

129.

fall

112 by 55,

contracted, on left side, head north.

D

by a wall

filled

was damaged by the

wooden

The

side.

pit 108

The chamber, 53

240.

cut under the west side and extends

At 20 cm. above

whole length.

Dl31

its

the top of the

chamber the west wall of the pit protrudes 1 8 cm. inwards, thus slightly narrowing the pit and chamber.

the

l)roadening

chamber, in the pit

front

In

itself, is

by

up

of

to the ledge

rock

already

Body, male, slightly contracted, on

mentioned.

head north.

left side,

D

protrusion

the

the

built a closing wall

of bricking 40 cm. wide, reaching

formed

of

Mastaba.

131.

Rectangular

pit,

125 by

Under the west side is cut a chamber 40 wide and 45 high. In front of this, 110

(fig.

in the pit,

5).

is

built a wall

60 high and 24 broad Pig. 5.

About the centre

line of the pit is a step in the

Hoor, so that the west half

the east.

Total depth 230.

is

20 deeper than

Male body, semi-

135.

with

lirick

head of a small statue of good early dynastic work, found in

probably

D

Southern shaft of the great mastaba.

Rectangular

pit,

at

150 by 131, depth 500, lined the

top.

Chamljer under the

south side, form obscured by

falls

Plan and section through A B.

131.

tlie

sand within the mastaba,

came from

this

tomb

or

the

next

(?]. VIII., fig. 5).

contracted, on left side, head north.

D

Tomb D

and headers.

of bricks laid in alternate stretchers

of rock from

136.

Northern shaft of great mastaba.

Same dimensions

as 135.

To north a chamber,

bricked up, roughly rectangular in shape. it

a male

body

in n

wooden

coffin,

Within

washed

inside

THE TOMBS OP THE

Body semi-contracted, on Under the legs a vase side, head north. the west and at a PI. IV. To type 37).

and out with left

(of

IIIrd

lime.

higher

slightly

was

level

another

irregular

Mastaba, whose walls at the north-

146.

west corner are built over part of a predynastic kiln.

Kectangular

At about

230 by 145.

pit,

IVth DYNASTIES.

corner

Depth

D

of

the

17

was

pit

of pit 205, height of

No

231.

vase

the

chamber

sign of mastaba.

IV.

PI.

27.

70.

Rectangular

shaft of unusual length, slightly undercut at the

north end so as to form a rudimentary chamber.

chamber completely plundered.

D

AND

120 from the top the south half of the pit

is

The wooden

limewashcd as usual, was

coffin,

pushed up to

this

end

in such a

way that

the

Body, male,

head lay in the undercutting.

semi-contracted, on left side, head north.

encumbered by some bricks and large rough of limestone (PI. III.,

boulders

when removed were

fig.

These

3).

seen to have been just at

the level of the top of a narrow chamber under the south end, 93 floor

by 48

and with

in size,

On

160 below the surface.

its

the east side

chamber was a small

of the entrance to the

construction consistin2[ of six bricks laid in twos

and

alternate headers

in

Tlie (late

This was

stretchers.

of

cemetery.

the.

The date

of the cemetery

determine.

Reisner's work

is

not

to

difficult

Naga ed Der has

at

established with comparative certainty that

the larger tombs the usual

Dynasty

in

type in the IIIrd

the stairway tomb, while the square

is

pit with a chaml)er only

the IVth.'

comes into prominence

in

In the smaller tombs the square pit

with recess chamber marks the IVth Dynasty.

Of the stairway and other types which at Naga cd Der belong to the Ilnd and IIIrd Dynasties,

we have no

trace at

Abydos, and thus, allowing

for local diflereuces,

which are always slight in

Egypt, particularly between Plan

6.

D

of

181.

to

support

the

roof

of

the

chamber, which was giving way at that point.

Body, semi-contracted, on

head north,

left side,

Rectangular

Under the west

114.

side

is

pit,

170 by

cut a chamber

we

roborated, as

though part of

may

This dating

IIIrd.

shall

it

presently,

see

is

date cor-

by the

evidence of the pot-burials, and a further proof is

Mastaba.

181.

in the main,

from the end of the

female.

D

may

surmise that our cemetery belongs to the IVth

Dynasty probably done

so near to

one another as Abydos and Naga ed Der, we

Dl8I Pig.

places

afforded

parallels

Ijy

tlie

among

pottery,

certain dated

which has exact material

of

the

IIIrd and IVth Dynasties.

74 wide, extending the whole length of the side This chamber

(fig. 6).

is

closed

by a door

six courses of bricks.

of

The body lay

in a con-

tracted position on its left side, head north, in

a whitewashed

wood

Over the

were fragments of several vases

colli n

coffin

of types PI. IV. 29 and 37.

and at PI.

IV.

its

133 by 58 by 50. Outside the

coffin,

north end, were two vases of type

37,

placed

mouths towards the

side coffin.

by

side

Affinities of the

mast aim

ti/pe.

There are

bricks set along its front in the pit.

with

We

have already seen that the Abydos mas-

tabas are of the earlier type, in which the structure itself is

simple and the cult

is

carried on outside

the mastaba proper instead of in rooms within

But

not necessarily mean a very early

this does

date, for

we

are here dealing with a small type,

their

In the south-west

it.

1

Na

which were the fragments of a sheep's

skull.

THE XXIV.)

1038. (PI.

Contents:

IBIS

Fifteen adult

birds.

Contents

Sixteen adult ibises and a

:

number of young birds on one of the former was the design of an ibis cut out of linen and sewn on to outer covering (PI. XVIIL, fig. 7). ;

be noticed that the figure of the bird

It will

before photography in order to get contrast, as

tlie

necessary

the colour of the figure

and the

covering

were of the same

One

tint.

bundle of feathers made up in the form of a

human mummy. of small

In the same jar were a

number bound bundles, which were

carefully

of beetle remains, not the sacred species.

A

1040. Contents:

:

1054.

it

was

impossiljle

to determine.

With

1041.

rope pattern.

several

Contents

Composed

1042.

lines

Thirty-three adult

of

:

of

conventional

Six adult ibises.

two

sections.

Contents:

ibises.

1045. Contents

one bundle of feathers.

and

of the

Thirty-four adult birds,

all

young

several were

birds

young in

the

placed

XXIV.)

Contents: Several

1056.

adult

(PI.

l)irds,

XXIV.)

Contents:

Seventeen

one with the figure of an

ibis sewn on the outer covering, one bundle of feathers and one of shrews. Placed between this jar and

no.

1054 was the body of a dog protected by a

few

bricks.

1057.

(PI.

XXIV.)

Contents:

adult specimens, birds, several

Composed

Ninety-four

the

of

three

ibises, chiefly

remainder being young

examples of the

latter being often

wrapped up together. Seven bundles of feathers and six containing bones and feathers mixed. One example of Falco peregrinus (Peregrine falcon)

and one Falco subbuteo the former, know, has never hitlierto been found ;

a

mummified

as in

condition.

and a few bundles of shrews.

Made

handles.

:

1059. Contents:

:

one having the design of an

Five adult ibis

and

Eleven

of adult and

badly

young

preserved

ibises, also

bones

feathers.

'1060. Contents:

Fourteen adult birds, two bundles of feathers, four of bones and feathers mixed, and one of bones only also one oblong bundle of shrews. 1061. tents

of baked clay with small imper-

Contents

C!ontents

;

ibises,

three falcons, one being a specimen of Accipiter

ibises,

sewn on the

outer covering.

With

small perforated

Twenty-three

:

adult

handles.

Con-

and

eight

birds,

bundles of young specimens, one of feathers, bones, and the head of a shrew, and another of feathers

bound up with a separate bundle con-

taining a small hawk.

With perforated handles. Contents Nineteen adult and young ibises, five bundles of feathers and bones, and one of shrews. 1051.

bad state of preservation.

1055. Contents: Eleven adult birds.

mummies

and one bundle of feathers and bones.

1049. (PI.

forate

Ten adult

shrews.

ornamental designs.

mostly wrapped separately, but

1050.

:

six with

1048. Contents: Sixty-nine adult and

nisus,

Contents

simply wrapped round with strips of

of the undecorated type.

together,

sections.

perforated handles

1058. (PI.

Fifry-oue adult and young

:

1047. Contents:

case

With

XXIV.) Composed of two sections. Fourteen adult ibises, all wrapped in the V-shaped design, and one oblong bundle of

1046. Contents ibises, all

two

in

birds, all in a

far as I

Twenty-one adult birds and

:

XXIV.)

(PI.

and made

sections.

few small roughly made

bundles, the contents of which

ibises,

Contents: Eleven adult

1053. Large jar composed of three sections. Contents Forty adult birds.

found on examination to contain compact masses

linen,

XXIV.)

1052. (PI.

outlined in white, due to a dusting of flour

linen

45

ibises.

10.39.

is

CEMETEHY.

:

1062. Contents birds,

bones.

:

Two

adult

ibises, three

young

and two bundles of mixed feathers and

;

THE CEMETERIES OF ABYDOS.

46

young

1073. Contents: Fifteen small and badly pre-

eight bundles of mixed feathers and bones,

served bundles containing feathers and bones of

1003. Contents: Thirty-four adult unci ibises,

10G3rt. ibises

XXIV.)

(PI.

Contents: Sixteen adult

and one bundle of feathers and bones.

A

1003/'.

enclosure

brick

and

wrapped

sheep

a

also

had been carefully

both

;

up

built

Made

XXV.)

1064. (PL

XVI.,

of baked clay, de-

bundles of mixed feathers and bones,

six plain

one

an

containing

feathers of an

and some

head

the

egg,

Eighteen adult and young

1065. Contents:

Three adult and two young

:

A

:

Contents

Made

of baked clay.

:

Contents

:

Nine

XXIV.)

the head was stiflened

feathers

two

mixed,

1076. (PI.

were found,

containing

shrews, ibis

four

covered

bitumen, the eyes and opening between the

being

outlined

with

twisted

linen

thread.

1071. (PI. 1072. (PI.

the

several

;

XXV.)

Jar, empty.

Made

in

this

sections.

On

upper edge of the lower one a rounded

elevation will be noticed, which

is

two

hawks,

ibises,

from moving out of

sewn on

unknown

me

of

several of

;

season's

situated

ibises, several

and

one

circular

bundle

Ten adult

of

one of which had the figure of an to the outer covering this

Twenty-one

cemetery),

seventeen

adult birds, with a few bundles of mixed feathers

young

and bones.

one

iljisos.

Nineteen adult and young

amples of

:

to

Seven young

the jars were composed of

Contents

original purpose

shrews.

upper section, thus preventing the two sections

when

The

and bones,

:

This method was

type

this

bottom and a small

feathers

:

sections.

in a

mixed

1079. Contents

two or more

the

of

bundles

1078. Contents

usually adopted

of

to the north of the Coptic Der.

into a corre-

position.

examples

them were found during the present work while removing the large mounds

sponding depression on the lower edge of the

fits

no

having

kind of jar

small

two

and

strips of black

other

Several jars of

opening at the base.

1077. Contents:

XXV.) XXV.)

cloth,

above type were found, but unfortunately

adult

with two or three layers of cloth and then soaked

mandibles

linen

two of bones and

hawks, and the head and neck of an

in

dom-palm and then bound with

liad state of preservation.

Ten

Contents:

birds, one Ijundle of feathers,

The

with strips made from the mid-rib of the leaves

brown

ibises.

adult birds and a bundle of feathers. 1070. (PI.

ibis

were compo-sed of linen

bill

and decorated with alternate

1069.

Con-

covered with a thick coating of bitumen.

of the

Twenty-six adult

claw.

god Thoth as he appears on the monuments

and bones. :

having

wonderful series of forty decorated

Fourteen adult birds, and one bundle of feathers

1068. Contents

clay,

mummies, nearly all bound in different styles. One very fine example (PI. XX., fig. G) had the

erection at the back of

birds.

10G7. Compo.sed of two sections.

wrapped

fig. l)

XXV.) Jar of baked mouth a mark like a bird's

the head, neck and

ibises.

106G. Contents

Each vase contained a

upper portion made in exact imitation of the

and a small hawk.

ibis,

the lids being

clay,

1075. (PI.

tents

ibises,

vases

V-shaped design.

near the

Five adult

baked

5) of

fig.

pear-shaped

ten

of

single half-grown ibis (PI. XVII.,

corated with a conventional rope pattern running :

group

a thick coating of lime.

round the centre.

Contents

birds.

cut out at the larger end and covered over with

in the

in cloth.

A

1074. (PI.

against

was a mummified dog

jar 1063a, inside of which

young

adult and

and two small bundles of shrews.

birds,

in the

type

feathers

(only four

ibis

ex-

were met with in this small

Ijundles

of

very

and bones, two hawks,

form of a human

mummy.

:

THE 1080. Contents:

Ten adult

birds,

IBIS

and two

bundles of feathers and bones. 1082. (PI.

XXV.) Jar of baked

clay, with four

handles placed equidistantly round the mouth.

Contents

:

Seventeen bundles of various

sizes,

each containing a mass of shrews, about

hundred

specimens

One

number.

in

two small

bundle in which was a very large scarab beetle (Scarabaeus sacer).

1083. (PI.

CEMETERY. the

from

lid

lines

Contents

Eight adult

Contents: Eleven adult

birds,

Twenty -one

and

adult

bundles of very young

bones and feathers mixed.

1085. (PI.

rounded the

and

:

fifteen

XXV.)

projection

mouth, probably

on

the

upper

placed there

a

slight

edge

of

to prevent

bundles

Seventeen

adult

young

birds,

feathers.

With two small ibises

handles.

and

two

Contents bundles

of

packed vertically with the small end

pointing downwards, the usual custom beino- to

1089.

and

five

mummies in horizontal layers. (PI. XXV.) Contents: Two adult birds,

bundles of feathers.

1090. Contents

This jar had

pattern.

and one bundle

1087. Contents: Ten adult and

and a few bundles of

place the

birds,

birds,

rope

consisting of ibises, feathers and shrews.

bones.

1084. Contents

of conventional

handles,

Sixty very badly preserved

1086.

feathers,

young

small

of feathers.

two of them wrapped to represent human mummies, and several bundles of feathers and birds,

:

two

slipping,

and three

1088.

XXV.)

47

:

Fifteen

adult and

young

ibises.

1091. birds,

(PI.

XXV.)

Contents:

and two bundles of bones.

Four

adult

:

:

:

:

LIST OF TOMB-GEOUPS

AND IMPOETANT OBJECTS PEOM

CEMETEEY D SENT TO VAEIOUS MUSEUMS.

Cairo

Dublin

:

Leaden

store vase of Coi^tic period.

:

North chamber.

1) 109.

Coptic lamp of bronze. (jlreeuock

Stela No.

Coptic stela No. British

Museum

Stela No.

D

162.

Australian

head-rest).

D D D

Museum, Sydney

304.

308.

:

166.

Triad figure PI. IX., Fitz William, Cambridge

D

fig.

239.

D D 226.

D

243.

Musees IJoyaux

224. 145. 5.

Glasgow

D D

219. 144.

Smithsonian Museum, Washington, U.S.A.

167.

Stela No.

161.

Manchester

D D

:

:

Chadwick Museum, Bolton

D

:

212.

Stela No.

234.

Edinburgh

Zealand

162.

Brussels,

Nicholson Museum, Sydney

D

D D D

New

:

Bristol

D

4.

:

170.

Wellington,

D

3.

1.

:

D 141. D 21L D 306 (carved Ashmoleau

:

7.

114.

125.

2.

:

Jefferson Institute, Louisville,

D D D D

102.

Kentucky

:

Soul house.

154.

305. 104.

H

:

:

THE CEMETERIES OF ABYDOS.

50

Art Institute of Chicas;o

D

30G.

Pennsylvania University

:

D

Blue glaze fluted vase.

302.

Cincinnati

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

D

D D

303.

Museum

Museum

Association, Ohio

:

109.

229.

1) 144.

University of Chicago, Illinois

Masonic Library, Cedar

D

223.

llapids,

Iowa

Coptic stela No.

:

South chamber.

:

2.

Specimens of mummified

ibises

were sent to

most of the above-mentioned museums. Public Library, Brattleboro' large

D 102. D24L D 162.

Seal

and amulets from upper

burial.

is

iliis

now

jar with the drawing. PI.

in the British

dynastic pot-burials the British

Stela No.

The fig.

3,

Museum.

Specimens of the large pots used in the early

North chamber.

Wellcsley College, Wcllesley, Mass.

Dm.

XV.,

South chamber. 4.

:

C'ambridge,

Museum, the

Baltimore, the

have

been

presented

to

the Fitzwilliam ]\Iuseum,

Johns

Hopkins

Metropolitan

University,

Museum

of

New

York, and the Smithsonian Museum, AVashington.

INDEX.

H

2

INDE Abusir,

Glass beads, 24, 26, 32.

8.

Grain

Accipiter nisus, 41, 45.

Acrobatic

kilns, 1-7.

girl, 27.

Akhonaton,

Amenemhat

Hare nome, 42. Hawks, mummified, 43-46.

32. III., 23.

Head-rest, carved, 33.

Atfih, 34.

HermOpolis Magna,

42.

Ballas, 6, 18, 19, 21. Ibis cemetery, 40-47.

Balls of clay, 20.

Inscriptions, 35-39.

Basket-burial, 14. Beetles,

mummified,

45.

Brick-covered burials, 12, 13.

Joseph, stela

of, 39.

Buff-backed heron, 42.

Kamena, Chamber-tombs,

early, 15-17.

20.

Ka-ra, 21.

CofiBn of pottery, 14.

Kawamil, 21n.

Coffins of woods, early, 14, 15.

Coins, 34.

Kemau, figure Khmunu, 42.

Contracted burials, 10-19, 23, 24.

Kilns for grain, 1-7.

Coptic houses, introduction.

Kom-ombo,

of,

24, 38.

42.

Coptic inscriptions, 38, 39.

Coptic lamp, introduction.

Leontse, stola

Coptic store

Limestone

jar,

introduction.

of,

38.

coffin, 23, 26.

Cylinder seal, 12, 19, 20.

Mahasna, grain Dedet-Nub, figure

of,

24, 38.

Mat-burial, 14, 23, 26.

Dogs, 41, 43-46.

Eggs of ibis, 40, 41, El Amrah, 20, 21. El Kab,

43, 44, 46.

Medum, 18, 20. Middle Kingdom tombs, Monkey amulets, 12, 14. Mummification of

7, 20, 21.

Enhernakht, stela

kiln at, 3, 4, 6.

Mastabas, 8-10, 17-19, 24.

of,

23-28.

ibises, 40, 41.

35, 36.

Enhernakht the priest, stela Extended burial, 15, 16, 23.

of, 36.

Naga ed

D6r, 17, 18, 20.

Neb-onkh,

stela of, 37.

Neb-Sumenu,

stela of, 36.

Falco peregrinus, 41, 45.

Nefer-pesd, figure

Falco subbuteo, 41, 45.

Niches in mastabas, 8-10,

of, 24, 38.

18.

Falco tinnunculus, 41, 44.

Old Kingdom tombs, 8-22.

Gaming Giza,

8.

pieces, 30,

Ox, skeleton

Ox

of,

41, 44.

skulls, introduction.

INDEX.

54

Silica composition, 24-28, 33.

Paint-grinders, 24, 26.

Parching of grain,

Sire, stela of, 39.

4, 5.

Snakes, mummified, 41, 44.

of, 37.

Popi, stola

Pot-burial, 11, 12, 20-22.

Snoforu, 20, 21.

Pottery, early, 20.

Soul-house, 24.

Pottery, Middle

Kingdom,

27.

Predynastic grain kilns, 1-7.

Ptahhotep,

Spoon

of ivory, 31.

Stairway tombs,

17, 21.

Stelae, 35-39.

8.

Stone-covered burials, 14, 17.

Ptolemaic tombs, 33.

Sumenu, 36n. Pedis, stela

Reqaqna,

Eoda,

Syrian vases, 32, 33.

37.

of,

18, 20, 21.

Thoth, 42.

42.

Thothmes Sahura, 20, 22n. Saqqara,

Scarab

III., 31.

Toun6, 42.

8, 42.

Ijeetle,

mummified,

47.

Scarabs, 24, 25, 27, 31-33.

Sebekhotp, stela

of,

User-kaf, 21.

Ushabti, 26, 28, 32, 33.

37, 38.

Vaulted tombs, 29-31.

Sheep, 41, 43, 44, 46.

Shrews, mummified, 41, 43-47. Si-Anbur, stela

of, 35,

36.

Wheat,

7.

PLATES.

Plate

%-^

>

;.-•;*

r ;i"«&*;'-

^Wi^

Iv

(;

I.

PREDYN&STIC GRAIN KILN FROM WEST,

n.

n

1G8.

5.

n,

137.

7.

D.

119,

POTTERY COFFIN VASE IN POSITION

.^Hi...

fe M

C.

TWO VASES OF KILN SINGLE VASE OF KILN. ROOFING OF Kll N.

8.

KILN

2. 4.

UNDER MASTAQA

D. 144.

Plate ifif^

fs^^rm^^

3

1.

3. 5. 7.

D. 182,

D. 239. D. 123. D 134.

MUD

PLASTER.

VASE WITH MUD PLASTER.

2.

D,

4

D

147 235.

n.

D. 132.

8-

D.

240

II.

Plate

.>e^i-*.^i^^^

1.

D. 253.

LAYER OF BRICKS. BRICK AND STONE COVERING.

3.

D. 14G

5.

MASTABAS FROM SOUTH.

7

D. 143

NARROW COURTYARD.

2.

4. G.

8.

117. BRICK AND MUD CONSTRUCTION. SMALLER MASTABAS. MASTABAS IIC 120 FROM NORTH. D 145 AND 14G. SHOWING COURTYARDS

D.

III.

POTTERY. STONE VASES AND SCARABS.

PLATE

15® u

3

18

Dl54

B 166

15

VA

16

\_y

503

19

S

24

1>154

12

IV,

fop

Djoa i

20(^5 D

tS4

I7t

15

2M'

D

D

114

l&z

D

114

3 1.114

D 225.

'3

26

z

i|£I3j

D.114 t>Z?,9

PTOLEMAIC.

SCARABS AND SEALS,

STONE VASES.

r«TpoUXtf>

rc&

toi

^^Y^j

CEMETERY

D.

III.-IV.

DYNASTY POTTERY.

*1i

3

PLATE

POTTERY.

FIGS 1—3.

D 204.

XIITH

DYN.

V.

KZ/i FIGS.

4—7.

D

162.

XIITH

DYN.

T^V-^-^i FIGS. i