Studies on Cosmatesque Pavements 9780860541004, 9781407351636

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
PREFACE
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CHAPTER I: COSMATESQUE PAVEMENTS
CHAPTER I: THE COSMATI
CHAPTER II: THE CHRONOLOGY OF COSMATESQUE PAVEMENTS
CHAPTER IV: THE SOURCES OF COSMATESQUE PAVEMENTS
CHAPTER V: THE MENSURATION OF COSMATESQUE PAVEMENTS
CHAPTER VI: THE ICONOLOGY OF COSMATESQUE PAVEMENTS
CATALOGUE RAISONNE
APPENDIX
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Citation preview

Studies on Cosmatesque Pavements

Dorothy F. Glass

BAR International Series 8 2 1980

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122 Banbury

Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GE �""ERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, E.Se., ::\I.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, ::\I.A.

B. A. R. International Series 82, 1980: "Studies on Cosmatesque Pavements". ©Dorothy F. Glass, 1980. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541004 paperback ISBN 9781407351636 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541004 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

P age P reface

i v

L is t o f A bbrev ia t ions

v i

L is t o f I l lus tra t ions

v i i C os ma tesque P ave men ts

1

CHAPTER I

The C os ma t i

9

CHAPTER I I

The C hrono logy o f C os ma tesque P ave men ts

1 6

CHAPTER I V

T he S ources o f C os ma tesque P ave men ts

2 5

CHAPTER V

The Mensura t ion o f C os ma tesque P ave men ts

4 0

CHAPTER V I

The I cono logy o f C os ma tesque Pave men ts

4 8

CHAPTER

I

5 5

C a ta logue R a isonne A ppendix

1 40

P la tes

1 52

S e lec ted B ib l iography

2 35

I ndex A :

S i tes

2 43

I ndex B :

Marb leworkers

2 46

1 11

PREFACE

T he f i rs t v ers ion o f S tudies o n C osma tesque P avemen ts was b egun i n 1 967 a s ad isserta t ion f or T he J ohns H opkins U n ivers i ty . R oger R ear ick k ind ly s ugg es ted t he s ub jec t a nd h e a nd J ohn Wh i te s uperv ised t he d isser ta t ion . F inanc ia l s uppor t f or s tudy i n R o me was p rov ided b y aT rave l ling F e l lowsh ip f ro m t he S amue l H . K ress F ounda t ion a nd b y t he Mary Ward le S quier T bwnsend F e l lows h ip f ro m V assar C o l lege . Iam g ra tefu l t o a l l t hese i nst i tut ions a nd i nd iv idu a ls f or e ncourag ing my f i rs t h es itan t a t temp ts a t o r ig ina l r esearch . T en y ears a go , Il acked t he e xper ience t o r ea l ize t ha t ap roper s tudy o f C os ma tesque p avemen ts r equir e d k now ledge o f a rch i tectura l h istory , d ecorat ive a r ts , medieva l a rchaeo logy , e pigraphy , l i turgy , a nd Byzan t ine a r t . D ur ing t he p as t d ecade , Ih ave t r ied t o l earn more a bout t hese a rcane a reas a nd h ave b een i m measurab ly h e lped b y t he g eneros i ty a nd i n teres t o f many . T here a re f ewer mis takes o fb oth f ac t a nd i n terpre ta t ion t han t here migh t h ave b een b ecause o ft he t hough tfu l c o m men ts o f t hese f r iends a nd c o l leagues . Wh i le t ak ing f u l l r espons ib i l i ty f or t he r ema in ing e rrors o fb oth c omm iss ion a nd om iss ion , Ia lso wan t t o t ake t h is o pportun i ty t o t hank t hose who l abored s o l ong a nd p ercep t ive ly i n my b eha lf . E rns t K i tzinger a nd R ichard K rauthe imer r ead t he d isser ta t ion a nd made many f ru i tfu l s ugges t ions . R ona ld Ma l ms tro m r esponded t o my s eeming ly e nd less p leas f or i nfor ma t ion a bout s pec if ic medieva l b ui ldings i n R o me w i th b oth p a t ience a nd g eneros i ty .

Da le K inney k ind ly s hared w i th me h er v ast

k now ledge o f S . Mar ia i n T rastevere , R o me , wh i le C lara Barge l lin i a nd N ancy Rash-Fabbr i k ept me u p-to-da te o n Apu lian p avemen ts . J ohn H err mann p rov ided much u sefu l i nfor ma t ion a bou t e ar ly med ieva l monu ments i n b o th t he E ast a nd t he Wes t .

J u l ian Gardner 's i m mense k now ledge o f t h ings medie-

v a l was h e lpfu l i n many a reas .

F ran9o is B ucher p ro mpt ly a nswered my

q uest ions a bout medieva l s yste ms o f measuremen t . T he I s t i tuto C en tra le p er i lC ata log° e l a Documen taz ione , R o me ( f or mer ly t he G ab ine t to F otograf ico N az iona le ) c ourageous ly t ack led t he i m mense d if f ic ult ies i nvo lved i np hotograph ing p ave men ts . C ar lo B er te l l i a nd h is s uccessor , Oreste F errar i , s uperv ised t he p hotograph ic work a nd made many u sefu l s uggest ions . E ra ldo A l ivern in i , t he p hotographer , c heerfu l ly c oped w i th t he t echn ica l i t ies o f t he p ro jec t . h e lped e xpedi te mat ters .

Mo l ly C ot ton 's e n thus ias m a nd c o mpetence of ten

T he measured d raw ings o f S S . Q uat tro C orona t i ,

H o me a nd S . Andrea i n F lu mine , P onzano R o mano were d one b y E ugen io Mont i a nd Pao lo Mazzocch i ; t he d raw ings i n t he t ex t a nd Appendix were d one b y Pa tr ic ia Ma l le t t .

S o me o ft he d raw ings a nd p ho tographs were made p ossib le

b y G rants-in-A id f ro m t he Amer ican P h i losoph ica l S oc ie ty , t he Amer ican C ounc i l o f L earned S oc ie t ies , a nd B oston U n ivers i ty . The Dr . M . A y lw in C ot ton F ounda t ion p rov ided ag enerous g ran t t owards t he c omp let ion o f t he n ecessary i l lus tra t ions .

i v

T hroughout t he l ong y ears o f r esearch , Ih ave b enef i ted f ro m t he r esources o f many e xce l len t l i brar ies . S pec ia l t hanks a re d ue t he d irec tors a nd s taf fs o ft he B ib liotheca H er tz iana , t he B ib lio teca Va t icana , t he I s t ituto N az iona le d i A rcheo log ia e S tor ia d e l l 'Ar te , a nd t he D u mbar ton O aks C en ter f or Byzan t ine S tudies . T he I n ter l ibrary L oan O f f ice o f t he S ta te U n iversi ty o f N ew Y ork a t B uf fa lo e f f ic ient ly d ea lt w i th my n u merous a nd of ten o bscure r equests f or a ss ist ance . F ina l ly , Iowe ad eb t o fg ra t itude t o my p aren ts , A n i ta F inn G lass a nd G i lber t L ew is G lass , who b e l ieved i n e duca t ing wo men r igorous ly l ong b efore t he i dea b ecame t o ta l ly f ash ionab le .

Wi th t hanks f or t he ir e ncourage ment a nd

f or t he ir e xpec ta t ion t ha t Iw ou ld u se my e duca t ion , Ia f fect iona te ly d edica te t h is s tudy t o t he m .

May 1 , 1 978 B uf fa lo , N ew Y ork

L IST OF ABBREV IATIONS

Ar me l lin i , C h iese — M . Ar me l l in i a nd C . C ecche l l i , L e c h iese d i R o ma d a l s eco lo I V a l s eco lo X IX , 2v o ls ., R o me , 1 942 . F orce l la , I scr iz ion i—V . F orce l la , I scr iz ion i d e l le c h iese e d 'a ltr i e dif ic i i d i R o ma , 1 4 v o ls ., R o me , 1 869-84 . G iovannon i , " Note" —G . G iovannoni , " Note s u i marmorar i r o man i",

Arch iv io

d e l la S oc iee a R o mana d i S tor ia Pa tr ia XXV I I , 1 904 , 5 -26 . H ut ton , The C os ma t i—E . H ut ton , The C os ma t i , L ondon , 1 950 . Krauthe i mer , C orpus—R . Krauthe i mer , e t a l ., C orpus B as i l icaru m C hr ist ianaru m R o mae , 5v o ls ., Va t ican C i ty , 1 937-77 . P ro m is , N o t iz ie —C . P ro m is , N o t izie e p igra f iche d eg l i a r tef ic i mar morar i R o man i d a l Xa l XV s eco lo ,Tor ino , 1 836 .

v i

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page

Figure 1.

The Mensuration of a Row of Roundels

42

2.

The Mensuration of a Row of Quincunxes

43

3.

The Mensuration of the Pavement in SS. Quattro Coronati, Rome

44

Plate Anagni, S. Maria, S. Magnus crypt (Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione)

153

2.

Anagni, S. Maria, S. Magnus crypt, det. (author)

154

3.

Castel S. Elia, S. Anastasio, nave pavement from east (Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione)

155

Castel S. Elia, S. Anastasio, schola cantorum pavement from east (Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione)

156

Civita Castellana, S. Maria Maggiore, nave pavement and part of presbytery pavement from east (Hutzel)

157

Civita Castellana, S. Maria Maggiore, nave pavement, det. (author)

158

Ferentino, S. Ambrogio, nave and schola cantorum pave­ ment before most recent restoration (lstituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione)

159

Ferentino, S. Ambrogio, nave pavement after restoration (Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione)

160

1.

4.

5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Ferentino, S. Ambrogio, schola cantorum pavement after re­ storation (lstituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione) 161 Genazzano, S. Nicola, pavement from east (Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo a la Documentazione) 162 Lugnano in Teverina, S. M. Assunta, pavement from west (Istitu.to Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione) 163 Nazzano, Badia di S. Antimo, schola cantorum pavement (author) 164 Orvieto, Badia di SS. Severo e Martirio, pavement from west (Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione) 165 vii

P la te 1 4 .

P age P onzano R o mano , S . A ndrea i n F lu mine , s cho la c antoru m

1 66

p ave ment ( author ) 1 5 .

R o me , S . B enede t to i n P isc inu la , p ave ment f ro m e ast

1 67

( I s t i tuto C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 1 6 .

R o me , S S . B on ifac io e A less io , n ave p ave ment f ro m west

1 68

( I s t ituto C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 1 7 .

R o me , S . C le mente , p ave ment f ro m wes t ( I st ituto C entra le

1 69

p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 1 8 .

R o me , S . C le mente , s cho la c an toru m p avement ( I st i tu to

1 70

C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 1 9 .

R o me , S S . C os ma e Da m iano , l ower c hurch , p ave men t

1 71

( I s t i tuto C entra le p er i l C ata logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 2 0 .

2 1 .

R o me , S . C r isogono , n ave p ave men t f ro m w es t ( I s t i tu to C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione )

1 72

R o me , S . C r isogono , B orghese r ounde ls ( I s t i tuto C entrale

1 73

p er i l C a ta logo e l a D ocu mentaz ione ) 2 2 .

R o me , S . C roce i n G erusa le m me , n ave p ave men t f ro m

1 74

west ( I s t itu to C en tra le p er i lC a ta logo e l a D ocu mentaz ione ) 2 3 .

R o me , S . C roce i n G erusa le m me , a pse p ave ment

1 75

( I s t i tuto C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu mentaz ione ) 2 4 .

R o me , S . F rancesca R o mana ( S . M . N ova ) , n ave p avemen t

1 76

( I st i tuto C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 2 5 .

R o me , S S . G iovanni e P ao lo , n ave p ave men t f ro m wes t

1 77

( I s t i tu to C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Documentaz ione ) 2 6 .

R o me , S S . G iovanni e P ao lo , q u incunxes i n wes tern p ar t

1 78

o f n ave p ave ment , d e t . ( author ) 2 7 .

R o me , S . G iovanni a P or ta L a t ina , p ave ment i n a pse

1 79

( I s t i tu to C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Documen taz ione ) 2 8 .

R o me , S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , n ave p ave ment ( I s t itu to

1 80

C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 2 9 .

R o me , S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , s cho la c an toru m

1 81

p ave men t ( I st i tu to C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu mentaz ione ) 3 0 .

R o me , S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , p resby tery p ave men t

1 82

( A . Mu f ioz , L a b asi l ica d i S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , R o me , 1 944 , p la te o ppos i te 5 2 ) 3 1 .

R o me , S . Mar ia i n Aracoe li , n ave p ave men t , western p ar t b etween f i rst a nd t h ird i n terco lu mn ia t ion ( I s t ituto C en tra le

1 83

p er i lC a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 3 2 .

R o me , S . Mar ia i n Aracoe l i , t ransep t p ave ment , d e t . ( I s t ituto C entra le p er i lC a ta logo e l a Docu mentaz ione ) v i i i

1 84

P la te 3 3 .

P age R o me , S . Mar ia i n A racoe l i , a pse p ave ment ( I st i tuto

1 85

C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a D ocu mentaz ione ) 3 4 .

R o me , S . Mar ia i n C os medin , p lan o f p ave ment ( G . B .

1 86

G iovena le , L a b as i l ica d i S . Mar ia i n C os med in , R o me , 1 927 , 3 86, f i g . 2 4 ) 3 5 .

R o me , S . Mar ia i n C os medin , p ave men t f ro m west ( I s t i tu to

1 87

C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a D ocu men taz ione ) 3 6 .

R o me , S . Mar ia i n C os medin , p ave men t f ro m west b efore

1 88

r estora t ion o f s cho la c an toru m ( Tu mine l lo , R o me , n ow i n I s t ituto C en tra le p er i lC a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 3 7 .

R o me , S . Mar ia i n C os medin , s cho la c antoru m a f ter

1 89

r estora t ion ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a D ocu ment az ione ) 3 8 .

R o me , S . Mar ia Magg iore , n ave p ave ment f ro m wes t

1 90

( I s t i tuto C en tra le p er i lC a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 3 9 .

R o me , S . Mar ia i n T rastevere , n ave p ave men t f ro m e ast

1 91

( Anderson ) 4 0 .

R o me , S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i , n ave p ave ment f ro m e as t

1 92

( I s t i tuto C en tra le p er i lC a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 4 1 .

R o me , S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i , n ave p ave ment , d e t .

1 93

( I st ituto C en tra le p er i lC a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 4 2 .

R o me , S . S aba , n ave p ave ment f ro m wes t ( I st i tu to C en tra le

1 94

p er i l C a ta logo e l a D ocu men taz ione ) 4 3 .

R o me , S . S aba , n ave p ave men t f ro m s ou th ( I s t i tu to C en tra le

1 95

p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 4 4 .

R o me , S . S ab ina , s ou th a is le p ave men t f ro m e as t ( I s t i tuto

1 96

C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a D ocu men taz ione ) 4 5 .

S po le to , A ssun ta , n ave p ave men t f ro m wes t ( I st i tu to C entra le p er i lC a ta logo e l a D ocu men tazione )

1 97

4 6 .

S po le to , A ssunta , n ave p ave ment f ro m wes t , d et . ( I s t i tu to

1 98

C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a D ocu mentaz ione ) 4 7 .

Tarquin ia , S . M . d i C as te l lo , p ave men t f ro m n or th ( Hutze l )

1 99

4 8.

T ivo li , S . P ie tro , n ave p ave ment ( I s t i tu to C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a D ocu men taz ione )

2 00

4 9 .

V e tra l la , S . F rancesco , p ave ment f ro m west ( I s t i tu to

2 01

C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a D ocu men taz ione ) 5 0 .

P a ler mo , C appe l la P a la t ina , p ave men t f ro m wes t ( Anderson )

i x

2 02

P la te 5 1 .

P age P a lermo , Mar torana , p ave men t f ro m west ( I s t i tuto

2 03

C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men tPz ione ) 5 2 .

S essa A urunca , S . P ie tro , p ave ment f ro m w es t ( I st i tu to

2 04

C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione ) 5 3 .

F lorence , S . Min ia to , p ave men t f ro m west ( a u thor )

2 05

5 4 .

F lorence , S . Min ia to , p ave ment d e t . ( au thor )

2 06

5 5 .

Mon te C assino , B adia , E ngrav ing o fp ave men t ( E .

2 07

Ga t to la , H istor ia Abba t iae C as inensis , V en ice , 1 733 , I , p la te V I ) 5 6 .

I stanbu l , S t . J ohn S tudion ( S . E y ice , I stanbu l , I s tanbu l ,

2 08

1 955 , P la te V I I I , 1 3 ) 5 7 .

O lyn thus , S t . N icho las , p lan o fp ave ment ( G . My lonas , e d i tor , S tudies P resen ted t o Dav id Moore R ob inson , S t .

2 09

L ouis , 1 951, I , p la te 1 07 ) 5 8 .

Mt . A thos , I v iron Monas tery , d raw ing o fp ave ment ( G .

2 10

S ch lu mberger , L 'Epopee B yzan t ine , P ar is , 1 896 , 4 53) 5 9 .

N icea , C hurch o f t he D orm i t ion , p lan o fp ave ment ( 0 . Wu lf f , D ie Koimes isk irche i n N icäa u nd i hre Mosa iken ,

2 11

S trassburg , 1 903 , p la te V I ) 6 0 .

N icea , Hag ia S oph ia , n ave p ave men t ( Du mbar ton Oaks

2 12

P apers 1 7 , 1 963 , p la te 2 , af ter 3 83) ( Reproduced b y c our tesy o f Dumbar ton O aks ) . 6 1 .

B ursa , Mauso leu m o f O rhan Gaz i , d raw ing o f p ave men t ,

2 13

f ragmen t A ( Du mbar ton O aks P apers 1 7 , 1 963 , 3 79 , f igure I I ) ( Reproduced b y c our tesy o f Dumbar ton Oaks ) . 6 2 .

B ursa , Mauso leu m o f O rhan Gaz i , p ave men t , f rag men t C

2 14

( Du mbar ton O aks P apers 1 7 , 1 963 , p la te 1 3 , a f ter 3 83 ) ( Reproduced b y c our tesy o f Dumar ton Oaks ) . 6 3 .

P hoc is , H osios L ukos , t ransep t p ave ment ( R . S chu l tz

2 15

a nd S . B arns ley , The Monas tery o f S a in t L uke o f S t ir is , L ondon , 1 901, p la te 3 1) 6 4 . 6 5 .

C h ios , N ea Mon i , p ave ment ( Cour tesy o f H erber t B loch )

2 16

S . A ga ta d e i G o t i , S . Mennas , p ave ment ( Cour tesy o f

2 17

H erber t B loch ) 6 6 .

R o me , Museo N aziona le , p ave ment f ro m t he E squ i l ine

2 18

( Me moirs o f t he Amer ican Acade my i n R ome XV I I , 1 940 , p la te 1 9(1) ) 6 7 .

R o me , P a lazzo A l magf a , p ave men t f ro m t he C asa d i L ucina

2 19

( Memoirs o f t he Amer ican Acade my i n R ome XV I I , 1 940 , P la te 1 9(2) ) 6 8 .

B resc ia , Duo mo V ecch io , p avemen t ( Misce l lanea d i s tudi B resc iana s u l l 'a lto medioevo , B resc ia , 1 959 , f igure 2 1)

2 20

P la te 6 9 .

P age V erona , E ar ly C hr is t ian B as i lica , p ave men t ( P . L .

2 21

Z ova t to , Mosa ic i p a leocr is t ian i d e l le V enez ie , U dine , 1 963 , f ig . 3 0 ) 7 0 .

P o la , D uo mo , p resby tery p ave men t ( R iv ista d i

2 22

A rcheo log ia C r is t iana XX I II-XX IV , 1 947-48 , 2 24 , f i g . 8 ) 7 1 .

A ncona , S . Mar ia d e l la P iazza , p ave ment ( At t i d e l l 'o t tavo

2 23

C ongresso d i s tudi d e l l 'ar te s u l l 'a l to medioevo , Mi lan , 1 959 , 4 1, f i g . 2 0 ) . 7 2 .

Aqu i le ia , T heodor ian B as i lica , p ave ment ( P . L . Z ovat to ,

2 24

Mosa ic i p a leocr is t iani d e l le V enez ie , U d ine , 1 963 , f i g . 9 9) 7 3 .

G rado , S . E ufe m ia , p ave ment ( P . L . Z ova t to , Mosa ic i

2 25

p a leocr ist ian i d e l le V enez ie , U dine , 1 963 , f i g . 1 47) 7 4 .

G azzo V eronese , S . Mar ia , p ave men t , d e t .

( P . L . Z ova t to ,

2 26

Mosa ic i p a leocr ist ian i d e l le V enez ie , U d ine , 1 963 , f i g . 1 62 ) 7 5 .

V enice , S an t 'l lar io , p ave men t , n ow i n Museo C orrer , V enice ( P . L . Z ova t to , Mosa ic i p a leocr is t ian i d e l le Venez ie ,

2 27

U dine , 1 963 , f i g . 1 67) 7 6 .

P o mposa , A bbaz ia , Draw ing o f p ave ment ( M . S a lm i ,

2 28

L 'abbaz ia d i P omposa , 2 nd e d ., Mi lan , 1 966, f i g . 2 56) 7 7 .

C aste l S . E l la , S . A nastas io , p ane l f ro m c ho ir s creen

2 29

( au thor ) 7 8 .

F arfa S abina , S . Mar ia d i F arfa , p ave ment ( I s t i tuto C entra le

2 30

p er i l C a ta logo e l a D ocu men taz ione ) 7 9 .

R o me , S . P rassede , S . Z eno C hape l , p lan o fp ave ment

2 31

( R . C a t taneo , L 'arch i tet tura i n I t a l ia d e l s eco lo V I a l mule c irca , V en ice , 1 889 , f i g . 8 8) 8 0 .

R o me , S . Mar ia An t igua , s cho la c an toru m p ave men t ( author )

2 32

F o ld- Out P la tes I I

R o me , S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i , measured d raw ing o f p ave ment P onzano R o mano , S . A ndrea i n F lu mine , measured d raw ing o fp ave men t

x i

A f ter p age 2 32

CHAPTER I COSMATESQUE PAVE MENTS

T he a nony m i ty o f med ieva l a r t isans i s wel l-known. i n frequen t a nd i nd iv idua l c areers a re r arely c hron ic led .

S igned w orks a re T he C os ma t i ,

1

a

g roup o f marbleworkers, a re a n e xcep t ion t o t he med ieval n orm , f or t hey l e f t a lmost o ne-hundred s igna tures.

The C os ma t i , a c t ive i n R o me a nd t hrough-

o u t L a t iu m d ur ing t he t wel f th a nd t h irteen th c en tur ies , d ecora ted c hurches w ith p ave men ts, p or ta ls , p ascha l c andelabra , ambon i , e p iscopa l t hrones , c lo isters a nd c ibor ia .

A l though t he C os ma t i were o ne o f t he most d om inan t

a nd e ndur ing f orces i n c en tra l I t al ian med ieva l a r t , t here h as n ever b een a d eta iled s tudy o f e ven a s ingle a spec t o f t he ir v ast o euvre. 2 D i ff icu l ty o f a ccess , q uest ions o f a t tr ibu t ion , t he p oor c ond i t ion o f many o f t he o b jec ts, a nd t he l ack o f as ecure c hronology h ave a l l s erved t o c rea te a l most i nsurmoun table d if f icu l t ies. as tudy o f t he C os ma t i .

Pave men ts o f fer t he most v iable s tar t ing-po in t f or They a re a bundan t , s t i l l i n s i tu , a nd h ave a v ar iety

o f p a t terns w ith in a r ela t ively c onsisten t f or ma t.

T hey f or m ag eograph ica l ly

u n if ied g roup a nd a re e as ily r ecogn ized b ecause o f t he c ons istency o f t he ir a rrange men t. T he mos t d ist inc t ive f ea ture o f aC os ma tesque p ave men t i s i t s d om inan t c en ter e le men t wh ich , i n c o mp le te p ave men ts, may b e s een a s ac oheren t d es ign s tre tch ing f ro m t he c en ter e n trance o f t he c hurch i n t he w est t o t he a l tar i n t he e ast .

T he s i mp les t f orm o f t h is d es ign i s as er ies o f l ong i tud ina l ly

a l igned r oundels j o ined b y c urved mosa ic b ands. r oundels i n ap ar t icu lar g roup v ar ies;

T he n u mber o f s uccess ive

S . Croce i n G erusa le mme , R o me,

3

f or e xamp le , h as t wo g roups o f s ix r oundels a nd o ne g roup o f s even r oundels ( Pla te 2 2 ). E ach g roup i s s epara ted f ro m t he o thers b y wh ite marble b ands f or m ing i n terst ices. S S. Qua t tro C orona t i , Ro me h as , o n t he o ther h and , o ne g roup o f f our r oundels a nd a nother g roup o f f i ve ( Pla te 4 0 , F old-ou t I ) . A r oundel n or ma l ly h as a p orphyry o r s erpen t ine c en ter;

i n many c ases,

t hese v a luable s tones h ave b een r e moved a nd a nother t ype o f s tone h as b een s ubs t i tu ted . T he c en ter , wh ich v ar ies i n s ize , i s s urrounded b y a wh ite marble b and , u sua l ly 8 cm-14 cm w ide , a nd t hen b y ab and c o mposed o f a mosa ic p a t tern.

T here a re n or ma l ly t wo more wh i te b ands a l terna ted w i th

a nother mosa ic b and .

T hese l as t t hree b ands d o n ot c o mp lete ly e nc lose t he

sma l ler c oncen tr ic c i rc les b u t , r a ther , f o l low t he p er i meter o f t he r oundel f or a pprox i mately h a l f i t s c ircu m ference a nd t hen c urve i n t he r everse d irec t ion t o f or m a n " S" , t he s econd l oop o f wh ich s urrounds t he o pposi te s ide o f t he s ucceed ing r oundel . I n t h is manner , a l l t he r oundels i n ap ar t ic u lar s er ies a re l i nked l ongi tud ina l ly a nd f or m a u n if ied p a t tern . The s paces l e f t a t t he e dges o f t he j o ined r oundels , a s w el l a s a t t he e dges o f t he t er m inal r oundels i n e ach g roup , a re f i l led o u t w i th a r epet it ive mosa ic p a ttern wh ich t ransfor ms t he g roup o f r oundels i n to a l ong , n arrow r ec tangle a nd t hus b r ings i ti n to v isua l c onfor m i ty w i th t he f l oor p lan o f t he c hurch:1 1

T he o ther c o mmon f or m u sed t o mark t he l ong i tud ina l a x is o f ac hurch i s t he q u incunx , wh ich i s c o mposed o f o ne c en ter r oundel s urrounded b y f our o thers. The q u incunx i s s quared b y t he i nsert ion o f r epet i t ive mosa ic p a t terns a nd t he f i ve r oundels f or m ing t he q u incunx a re a ga in l i nked b y b o th mosa ic a nd marble b ands.

The q u incunx a ppears i nb oth t he n ave a nd s chola c an toru m.

A t S . Mar ia i n C os med in , Ro me , f or e xamp le , t hree q u incunxes f i l l t he e n t ire s chola c an toru m ( p la te 3 7 ), wh i le i n S . Mar ia a t Anagn i t he e n t ire c en ter o f t he S . Magnus c ryp t i s f i l led w ith e ight l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned q u incunxes ( Pla te 1 ) .

The q u incunx a nd t he r ounde l a re o f ten c o mb ined s o

a s t o f or m a r ich c en tral d es ign. I n S S . Qua t tro C orona t i , Ro me , f i ve l ong it ud ina l ly l i nked r oundels a re f o l lowed b y aq u incunx wh ich , i n t urn , i s f o l lowed b y f our more l ong i tud inal ly l i nked r oundels ( Pla te 4 0 , Fold-ou t I ) ;

t hus , t he

a pprox ima te l a t i tud ina l c en ter o f t he n ave , a s we l l a s i t s l ong i tud ina l c en ter , i s emphas ized. T here i s a lso a t h ird p a t tern u sed t o d ecora te t he c en ter o f t he n ave o r t he s chola c an toru m .

I to ccurs o n ly i n S . Mar ia d i C astel lo , Tarqu in ia ( Plate

4 7 ) , S . Andrea i n F lu m ine a t P onzano R o mano ( Pla te 1 4, f o ld-ou t I ), a nd S . Anas tas io i n Castel S . E l la ( Plate 3 ) . The p a t tern c ons is ts o f r oundels a l terna ted w i th s quares o r r ec tangles. T he w ho le s truc ture i s a ga in j o ined t oge ther b y mosa ic a nd/or marble b ands , s o a s t o f or m a u n if ied v isua l e le men t. I tw i l l l a ter b e s hown t ha t t h is c o mpara t ively r are f or m a ppears , o n c ircu mstan t ia l e v idence , t ob e a t tr ibu table t o t he e f for ts o f t he Ranuc ius f am ily .5 O nce h aving e stabl ished t he c en ter e le men t i n t he n ave a nd t he s chola c an toru m t he c raf ts men f i l led t he r e ma in ing a rea o f t he f l oor w i th r ectangles a l igned i n r egu lar r ows , s o t ha t t hey f i l l t he e n t ire n ave a s wel l a s t he a isles. E ach r ec tangle i s c o mposed o f ah o mogeneous p a t tern made f ro m sma l l t esserae o f marble , p orphyry , s erpen t ine , a nd g ia l lo a n t ico. O ther t ypes o f s tone a re o ccasiona l ly u sed.

S ince p orphyry a nd s erpen t ine , t he r ichest

c olors , a re u sua l ly r eserved f or t he c en ters o f t he r oundels , l i ghter c olors t end t o p redo m ina te i n t he f l ank ing r ec tangles. 6 T he r ec tangles a re s epara ted b oth f ro m e ach o ther a nd f ro m t he c en ter e le men t b y wh i te marble i n terst ices whose w id ths may v ary f ro m a s l i t t le a s 1 0 cm t o a s much a s 4 0 cm , a l though t hey u sua l ly a verage 2 0 cm-25 cm.

T he w id ths a nd l eng ths o f t he r ec tangles

v ary f ro m p ave men t t o p ave men t a nd f ro m e ra t o e ra , b u t w ith in o ne p ar t ic u lar c hurch t hey a re u sua l ly c ons isten t ( a l low ing f or a sma l l marg in o f e rror ). 7 The n umber o f r ec tangles i n al a t i tud ina l o r l ong i tud ina l r ow a lso v ar ies f ro m p ave men t t o p ave men t a l though , l ong i tud ina l ly , t here i s n or ma l ly ar a t io o f o ne r ec tangle t o e very 1 .25-2 r oundels. The l a t itud ina l d ivers i ty i s emphasized , f or i nstance , b y t he o bserva t ion t ha t S . C le men te , Rome h as f i ve r ec tangles i n e ach l a t i tud inal r ow f l ank ing t he r oundels ( Pla te 1 7 ) , wh ile S S . Qua t tro C orona t i , Ro me , ac oeva l p ave men t , h as o n ly t wo r ec tangles i n e ach l a t i tud ina l r ow f l ank ing t he c en ter r oundels ( Pla te 4 0 , f o ld-ou t I ) . I n t he f ew c o mp lete p ave men ts s t il l e x tan t , t he r ec tangles i n t he n ave p resent a c orrespondence a round t he c en tral a x is f or med b y t he r oundels a nd/or q u incunxes.

By c orrespondence , Imean t ha t t he r ec tangle i mmed ia tely

t o t he l e f t o f t he f i rst r oundel h as t he s a me p a t tern a s t he r ec tang le i mmed iat ely t o t he r igh t o f t he f i rst r oundel ; t he t h ird p anel f ro m t he l e f t i n t he

2

f ourth l a t itud ina l r ow o f r ec tangles ma tches t he t h ird r ec tangle f ro m t he r igh t i n t he s a me r ow , a nd s o f orth . I n o ther words , i ft he c en ter r oundels a nd/or q u incunxes w ere c u t i n h al f l ong i tud ina l ly a nd t he p ave men t f o lded o ver s o a s t o c rea te a " sandw ich" , t he t wo s l ices f or m ing t he " sandw ich" w il l h ave t he s ame p a t terns i n t he s a me p os it ions.

The a isles h ave n o c orrespondences.

T here i s , i n a dd i t ion , af or m o f d ouble c orrespondence wh ich o ccas iona l ly a ppears , most n o tably i n S . C le men te , Ro me , ( P la te 1 7) a nd , l ess c ons istent ly , i n S . Mar ia i n C osmed in , Ro me ( P la te 3 5 ) . I n t h is t ype o f c orrespondence , t he f i rs t r ectangle t o t he l e f t o f t he f i rst r oundel n o t o n ly h as t he s a me p a t tern a s t he f i rst r ectang le t o t he r igh t o f t ha t r oundel , b u t i s a lso i den t ica l t o t he r ec tangles i n t he s ame p os i t ions i n t he t h ird l a t i tud ina l r ow .

A c orrespondence

i s t hus a ch ieved b oth l a t i tud ina l ly a nd l ong i tud ina l ly , t ha t i s , a cross t he c en ter e le ment a nd o n e i ther s ide o f i t .

S ince t he r ec tangle p a t terns i n t he

n aves o fb oth c hurches h ave b een r estored , i ti s p oss ible t ha t t he d ouble c orrespondences w ere n o t a n o r ig inal C os ma tesque i n ten t ion . C os ma tesque p ave men t s ee ms a lso t o h ave d ecora ted t he a pse i n many c hurches. I ti s d i f f icu l t t o d escribe t he o rig ina l a rrange men t o f t he a pse p ave men ts b ecause , a l most w i thou t e xcep t ion , t he f l oors o f t he med ieva l a pses h ave b een d es troyed d ur ing l a ter r enova t ions w h ich u sua l ly i nvolved r a ising t he e n t ire l evel o f t he f l oor; o r , a tb est , t he a pses h ave b een r eturned t o t he ir o r igna l a ppearance d ur ing a n " en l igh tened" p er iod o f r estora t ion .8 I n e i ther c ase , t he p ave men t h as u sua l ly b een r ela id o r c rea ted a new. Wi th t hese c ond i t ions i n m ind , s o me o bserva t ions may b e made a bou t t he a pse a nd a l tar a reas i n c hurches d ecora ted w i th C os ma tesque p ave men ts. Occas iona l ly , f or e xa mp le , t he c ibor iu m i s e nc irc led i n s o me manner : w i th i n terlaced r oundels a s a t S . Mar ia , Anagn i ,

9

o r w i th a m ix ture o f i n tertw ined

q u incunxes a nd s quares a s a t S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , Ro me ( P late 3 0 ) . t h is way , t he c ibor iu m a nd a l tar a re c lear ly s e t o f f f ro m t he r e ma inder o f t he a pse.

I n

I n o ther c ases, s uch a s S . Andrea i n F lu m ine i n P onzano Ro mano,

d esp ite t he e x istence o f ac ibor iu m , t he a l tar a rea a nd t he r e ma inder o f t he a pse a re s i mp ly f i l led w i th r ows o f r ectangles s epara ted b y i n terst ices .1 ° More n or ma l ly , h owever , t he a pses o f c hurches h av ing C os ma tesque p avements , a s s een t oday , s erve ma in ly a s r eposi tor ies f or miscel laneous f ragmen ts o f r e-arranged p ave men t .

Th is a rea , a s i n S S. Qua t tro C oronat i ,

R o me , f or e xamp le , i s a lso a f avored r epos itory f or p anels o f d is man t led C os ma tesque c hurch f urn i ture.

The sma l ler s ize o f t he t esserae , t he f iner

w orkmansh ip , a nd t he o ccasiona l u se o fg old t esserae make t hese p ieces e as ily d ist ingu ishable f ro m p ave men t . AC os ma tesque p ave men t i s t hus e ssen t ia l ly a g eo me tr ic c arpet c haract er ized b y as trong l ong i tud ina l a x is f l anked o n e i ther s ide b y s er ies o f r ect angles e xh ib i t ing a v arie ty o f p a t terns , b u t n or ma l ly c o mposed o f o n ly f our ma ter ials : p orphyry , s erpen t ine , g ia l lo a n t ico a nd wh ite marble. Both t he ir o vera l l d esign a nd ma ter ia l c lear ly d ist ingu ish t he C os ma tesque g enre f ro m o ther mosa ic p ave men ts. I n f act , t he g ener ic c haracter ist ics o f C osma tesque p ave men ts emerge a l l t he more c lear ly when v iewed a ga inst d evelo pmen ts i n o ther a reas o f I t aly d ur ing t he t welf th a nd t h ir teen th c en tur ies, a n e ra wh ich s aw t he r ev iva l o f i n terest i nb oth f i gural a nd g eo me tr ic p avemen ts.

Y e t , n one o f t he o ther l oca l s ty les p ossesses t he c ons istency a nd

r igorous i n terna l d evelopmen t e v idenced b y C os ma tesque p ave men ts. 3

Ro manesque f i gura l p ave men ts a ppear most c o mmon ly i n Apu l ia a nd L o mbardy . T he p re-e m inen t e xa mp le i n Apu l ia i s t he p ave men t c onserved i n t he n ave a nd a pse o f t he Annunz ia ta a t O tran to. I ti s ac o mpend iu m o f b ibl ica l h istory , Ar thur ian l egend , a nd r epresen ta t ions o f t he l abors o f t he mon ths a nd t he s igns o f t he z od iac .1 F rag men ts o f p ave men ts o f s im i lar t ype a re a lso f ound a t L ecce , 1 2 Taran to , Br ind isi , a nd Tran i . Pave men ts i n L o mbardy , t he o ther c en ter o f Ro manesque f i gura l d esign , d o n ot h ave t he i conograph ic c o mp lex i ty o f t he Apu l ian g roup .

T hey t end , r a ther , t o

c oncen tra te o n s i mp le r epresen ta t ions o fb a t t les b etween v ir tues a nd v ices a s s een , f or e xamp le , i n t he Ca thedra l a t C re mona , o r t he l abors o f t he mon ths a s s een i n t he C a thedra l a t A osta o r i n S . Miche le , Pav ia .

1 3

G eo metr ic p ave men ts a re l i kew ise c oncen tra ted i n s pec if ic a reas, l oca les wh ich d o n ot r evea l a n i n terest i n f i gura l p ave men ts. Ou ts ide L a t iu m , t he p reserve o f t he C os ma t i , g eo metr ic p ave men ts a re f ew i n n umber ; b u t , t hose r e ma in ing d o f a l l i n to r easonably c oheren t g roups.

T he most d is t inc t ive

e n t it ies a re t he p ave men ts i n S ic ily , Campan ia , a nd T uscany . I n S ic i ly , l arge t rac ts o f p ave men t r e ma in i n P a lermo i n t he Cappe l la Pa la t ina ( Pla te 5 0 ), S . C a ta ldo a nd t he Mar torana ( Pla te 5 1). The t hree p ave men ts i n Pa ler mo , a l l d a t ing f ro m t he m id-twel f th c en tury , f orm a c oheren t s ty l ist ic g roup whose ma in t enets o f d esign may b e d ist ingu ished c learly f ro m C os ma tesque w ork . F or e xamp le , t he S ic i l ian a rt isans n ever emp loyed r ec tangles w i th a c ons isten t , r epet i t ive p a t tern ; n or i s t here a p rocess ion o f p orphyry r oundels mark ing t he p a th t oward t he a l tar. Ra ther , t he S ic i l ian p ave men ts a re c o mposed o f l arger u n i ts. The n ave o f t he C appel la Pa la t ina i s f i l led b y t hree l arge s quares. T he c en ter o f e ach s quare i s marked b y e i ther a r ound o r a n o c tagona l p iece o f p orphyry . T he r e ma inder o f e ach s quare i s t aken u p b y ag eo metr ic d es ign f ormed o f a ngu lar p ieces o f wh ite marble o u t l in ing s hapes s uch a s t rapezoids o r t r iang les . T he a ngu lar s hapes a re f i l led i n w i th sma l l mosa ic p a t terns s im ilar t o t hose a ppear ing i n t he f l ank ing r ec tangles o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts. t he p ave ments i n S . C a ta ldo a nd t he Mar torana .

1 4

S im ilar i deas p er mea te

A l l t hree p ave men ts l ack

t he s ta t ic r egu lar i ty a nd b a lance o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts;

i nstead , t hey

f avor e xceed ingly a ngu lar d es igns i n wh ich o ne s hape i s n ot c learly s e t o f f f ro m t he n ex t. T he marble b ands d ef in ing t he p a t terns meander t hroughou t e ach s quare. Ye t , d esp i te t he s ee m ing c o mp lex i ty o f d es ign , t here i s a c o mp lete c orrespondence o f p ar ts a round t he c learly d ef ined c enter o f e ach s quare. T hus , a l though S ic il ian p ave men ts d o n o t h ave c lear ly d ef ined l ong it ud ina l a xes , e ach i nd iv idua l s eg men t i sb oth c oheren t a nd c en tra l ized . " Pave men t d es ign i n Ca mpan ia , a s e xe mp l if ied b y t he t wel f th c en tury p ave men t i n S .Pietro a t S essa Aurunca ( Pla te 5 2 ) , r ef lec ts a c o mm ingl ing o f S ic i l ian a nd C os ma tesque s ty le.

1 6

Un l ike t he S ic il ian p ave men ts , t he

c en tra l a x is i s c learly d ef ined b y ar egu lar p rocess ion o f r oundels. 1 7 Bu t , u n l ike C os ma tesque p ave ments , t he c en ters o f t he r oundels a re m inuscu le a nd a re s urrounded b y c o mp lex p a t terns.

The p rocess ion o f r oundels i s

i n terrup ted b y al arge s quare h av ing d es igns s im ilar t o t hose s een i n S ic i l ian p ave men ts. The S essa Aurunca p ave men t d oes, h owever , r eveal a no ther c on tac t w i th t he p r inc ip les o f C os ma tesque d esign ; i nb o th t he e ast a nd west o f t he n ave , f l ank ing t he c o mp lex c en tra l e le men ts , a re a s er ies o f r ec tangles.

4

Three of the patterns used are commonly found in Cosmatesque pavements •18 Yet, because the rows of rectangles do not continue all the way down the nave, their directional impulse is abnegated. The pavement in S. Pietro at Sessa Aurunca thus seems to have been created in the tangle of currents produced by the blending of medieval Roman and Norman art on the same soil. Tuscan pavements are a totally different phenomenon. The pavements in S. Miniato al Monte (Plates 53-54) and in the Baptistery, both in Florence, although they contain some figural representations, are here considered to be geometric because of their overall arrangement which relies heavily on abstract forms. An inscription in the pavement at S. Miniato al Monte gives the date as 1207. 19 The remains of the pavement in the Baptistery have been given a coeval date because of their evident resemblance to the S. Miniato pavement.20 The Florentine pavements form a distinctive group on coloristic grounds alone; white marble and verde di Prato are the only two materials used. Roundels are omitted entirely. The main designs are instead composed of smaller pieces of sectqe forming either animals or geometric shapes. At S. M iniato, for example, the pavement in the nave consists of eight squares separated by narrow bands and coveriiv; the distance from the entrance to the raised choir. The patterns filling the squares are composed of either one single, though complex, element or of a series of smaller elements such as adjoining circles which are inhabited by sec�ile figures of animals or abstract designs. The total effect is that of a rich tapestry. The pavement in S. Miniato, then, although occupying the entire longitu­ dinal center of the nave, is lacking the concentrated directional thrust seen in Cosmatesque pavements. As in the Sicilian pavements, each large square is treated as an entity and is completely unrelated to its neighbors. The longitudinal center of the nave is emphasized, but the lacy texture and disunity of the pavement do not serve to impel the viewer toward the altar as in Cos­ matesque pavements. The aforegoing brief survey of some significant Italian medieval pavements attests to the unique qualities of Cosmatesque pavements. 21 Their consistency of plan, materials, geometric predilection, internal developmeri:, vast number, and the relationship between their directional emphasis and their architectural setting all serve to differentiate them from other Italian medieval experiments in pavement design.

5

FOOTNOTES 1 .

The o r ig in o f t he n a me a nd t he r easons f or i t s u se a re d iscussed i n t he f ol low ing c hap ter.

Ih ave c hosen t o d es igna te t he p ave men ts a s " Cos-

ma tesque" , r a ther t han " Cos ma t i" , b ecause t he u se o f t he l a t ter w ould l ead t o c onfusion w i th t he i nd iv idual marbleworkers b ear ing t ha t n a me . 2 .

For g enera l s tud ies , c f . G . Bon i , The Ro man Mar morar i i , Ro me , 1 893; G . C lausse , L es marbr iers r o ma ins e t l e mobil ier p resby tera l , Par is , 1 897 ; A . M. Bessone-Aurel j , Imar morar i r o man i

Mi lan/Ro me , 1 935;

Hu t ton , The C os ma t i. 3 .

A c o mp lete d escr ip t ion o f a l l C os ma tesque p ave men ts men t ioned i n t he t ex t may b e f ound i n t he Ca ta logue Ra isonne.

4 .

T he p ave men t i n S . C le men te , Ro me i s t he o n ly o ne h av ing a l a t i tud ina l r ow o f r oundels i n a dd it ion t o t he n or ma l l ong i tud ina l r ow.

5 .

T here i s a nother c onf igura t ion t ha t o ccurs i n af ew C os ma tesque p avemen ts s uch a s t hose i n S . Mar ia Magg iore i n C iv itä Castel lana , S . F rancesca Ro mana , Ro me a nd S . Marco , Ro me. I t c onsists o f as quare w ith in wh ich i s a nother s quare t urned s o t ha t i t s c orners t ouch t he m idp o in ts o f t he s ides o f t he o u ter s quare ; q u incunx.

w ith in t he i nner s quare i s a

Roundels j o ined t o t he i nner s quare b y t he s tandard C os ma-

t esque i n ter lace a lso a ppear w i th in e ach c orner o f t he o u ter s quare i n t he s pace f or med b y t he s ides o f t he i nner s quare.

Th is d esign i s p roble-

ma t ica l b ecause i td oes n o t a ppear i n a ny c o mp letely o rig ina l p ave men t . Qu i te o f ten , i ti s n ot e ven p laced o n t he l ong i tud ina l a x is o f t he c hurch. I t i s n or ma l ly made u p o f al arge n u mber o f n ew s tones c o mb ined w i th o lder ma ter ia l .

F or t hese r easons , Iam u nw il l ing t o p lace t he d esign

among o r ig ina l C os ma tesque p a t terns. 6 .

S . Mar ia i n Cos med in , Ro me i s a n e xcep t ion .

Bu t , t he r ec tang les i n

t he n ave h ave b een r estored. 7 .

C er ta in e xcep t ions , s uch a s t he e astern p ar t o f t he n ave i n S . C r isogono , Ro me may wel lb e d ue t o r estora t ion .

8 .

The c hanges i n t he l i turg ica l a reas o f med ieva l c hurches d ur ing t he s ix teen th a nd s even teen th c en tur ies h ave b een t oo l i t t le s tud ied .

C f .

C . A . I ser mayer , " I l Vasar i ei lr estauro d el le c h iese med ieva le" , S tud i Vasar iana , F lorence , 1 952 ( At t i d el c onvegno i n ternaziona le p er

r y

c en tenar io d el la p r i ma e d izione d el la V ite d el Vasar i , F irenze ,

1 950 ) , 2 29-36. 9 .

The s a me p a t tern o f r oundels a lso a ppears a t S . Mar ia i n Cos med in , Ro me.

Both c hurches were r estored b y t he s a me n ine teen th c en tury

c raf ts men.

6

1 0. The c ibor iu m i s l ater t han t he p ave men t , s o t he e n t ire e nse mble was most l ikely n ot p lanned a s a whole. 1 1. F or t he O tran to p ave men t a nd r ela ted p ave men ts , c f . E . Bertaux , L 'Ar t d ans l ' I ta l ie mer id iona le , Par is , 19 04, 4 88f ;

C . A . Garuf i ,

" I l p av i men to a mosa ico d el la c a t tedra le d 'Otran to" , S tud i Med ieva le 2 , 19 06/7 , 5 05-14 ;

A . An tonac i , O tran to :

T est i e monu men t i , ( S tud i

s u l la C iv i l tä . S a len t ina , 2 ) , Ga la t ina , 19 55;

N . Rash-Fabbr i , E leven th

a nd Twel f th C en tury F igura t ive Mosa ic F loors i n S ou th I ta ly , u npubl ished P h. D . d isserta t ion , Bryn Mawr C ol lege , 19 71;

a nd , C . Bargel l in i ,

S tud ies o n Med ieva l Apu l ian F loor Mosa ics , =publ ished P h. D . d issert a t ion , Harvard Un ivers i ty , 19 74.

F or t he most r ecen t i nfor ma t ion o n

t he O tran to p ave men t c f . W. Haug , " Ar tussage u nd He ilsgesch ichte : Z um P rogram m d es Fussboden mosa iks v on O tran to ,"

Deu tsche V i er tel-

j ahrsschr i f t f ür L i tera turw issenscha f t u nd G e is tesgesch ich te 4 9 , 1 975 , 5 77-606; i de m ., Das Mosa ik v on O tran to. B ilddoku men ta t ion , Wiesbaden , 19 77. 1 2.

Darstel lung , Deu tung , u nd

T he L ecce p ave men t was f i rst a ssoc ia ted w i th t he O tran to g roup b y E . Aar , " Gl i s tud i s tor ic i i n Terra d 'Otran to" , Arch iv io S tor ico I ta l iano , s er ies I V, 4 , 1 879 , 3 29 .

The a ssoc ia t ion i s s ub jec t t o q uest ion .

Iam

i ndebted t o P ro fessors N ancy Rash-Fabbr i a nd C lara Bargel l in i f or i nfor mat ion o n t h is p o in t. 1 3. F or a r ecen t a nalysis o f t hese f i gura t ive p ave men ts , c f . H . K ier , Der mit tela l ter l iche S ch muck fuszboden , Düsseldorf , 19 70 ( D ie Kunstdenkmä ler d es Rhe in landes 1 4 ), 3 9f . a nd P la tes 3 68;

3 75-77.

1 4. The p ave men t i n t he Ca thedra l a t Monrea le i s n ot c ons idered h ere b ecause i t was n ot made u n t il t he s ix teen th c en tury .

C f. W. Krön ig ,

I id uo mo d i Monrea le e l ' arch itettura n or manna i n S ic i l ia , Pa ler mo , 19 65, 2 15 f . 1 5. The q uest ion o f Musl im i nf luence h as o f ten b een r a ised i n r egard t o t he a rt a nd a rch i tec ture p roduced d ur ing t he N or man o ccupa t ion .

I n r egard

t o p ave men ts , t he e v idence wou ld s ee m t o b e a lmost e n t irely n ega t ive. The f l oors o f mosques a re n or ma l ly c overed w i th r ugs.

T he o n ly e xa mp le

Ih ave b een a ble t o f ind o f a Musl im p ave men t a ppears i n t he western p a lace a t Azzahra ;

i ti s c o mp le tely d if feren t f ro m b oth S ic il ian a nd

Cos ma tesque p ave men ts.

For a n i l lustra t ion , c f . M. Gö mez- Moreno ,

E l a r te Arabe E spa i lol h aste l os A l mohades a rte Mozarabe , A rs H ispan iae I I , Madr id , 1 951, 1 55, f ig. 10 3.

The b r igh t p olychro me d ecora t ion

o f ten s een o n I s la m ic f açades was p robably n ot i n u se u n t il a t l east t he midtwel f th c en tury o r p oss ibly l a ter.

T he most wel l-known e xa mp les

c er ta in ly p ost-da te t he S ic il ian p ave ments u nder d iscuss ion .

C f . D . S .

Wi lber , " The D evelopmen t o f Mosa ic Fa ience i n I sla m ic Arch i tecture i n I ran" , Ars I s la m ica V I , 19 39 , 1 6-47.

I n f ac t , t he o n ly e xa mp le I

h ave b een a ble t o f ind o f I sla m ic a rch i tectura l o rna men t wh ich i s b oth s im i lar t o a nd p re-da tes t he S ic i l ian p ave men ts a ppears o n t he f acade o f t he Maghaki A t tar i mosque i n Bukhara , d a ted i n t he e arly t wel f th c en tury .

The a ngu lar s hapes a nd c en tra l ized d es igns o f t he s tone d eco-

r a t ion o n t he e n trance p orch a re r em in iscen t o f t he S ic il ian p ave men ts ,

7

a l though t he d ecora t ion o f t he mosque i s o n a much sma l ler s ca le.

C f .

D . H i l l a nd 0 . Grabar , I slam ic Arch i tecture a nd i t s Decora t ion , A .D . 8 00-1500 , L ondcn, 19 64, 4 9 a nd f i g. 5 . 1 6. T he S essa Aurunca p ave men t h as b een h eav i ly r es tored.

C f . G . D ia mare ,

Me mor ie c r i t ico-s tor iche d e l la c h iesa d i S essa A urunca , P art 2 , N ap les , 1 907 , 6 1 . 1 7. F or a n a na lys is o f t he r ela t ionsh ip b e tween d ecora t ive mot ifs i n Ca mpan ia a nd S ic ily , c f . L . C ochet t i-Pra tes i , " In marg ine a d a lcun i r ecen t i s tud i s u l la s cu l tura med ieva le n el l 'I tal ia mer id iona le , I I" , C o m men tar i XX I , 19 70 , 2 55-90. 1 8. C f . t he Append ix , n os . 1 , 2 , a nd 7 . 1 9. The i nscr ip t ion , p laced b etween t he f i rst a nd s econd p ane ls o f t he p avemen t ( read ing f ro m t he w est ) i s a s f ol lows : H IC VALU IS ANTE CELEST I RUMINE DANTE MCCVI E R I METRICUS ET I UDEX HOC FECIT CONDERE I OSEPH.

' I TN TEN TDE ERGO ROGO

CR ISTU M QUOD S E MPER V IVAT I N I PSITM TE POPE MTE . 2 0. F or i l lustra t ions o f t he Bap t istery p ave men t , c f . E . Madon i , I i p av i men to d el b a t t istero F ioren t ino , Bresc ia , 19 14 a nd G . C arocc i , " I l p av i men to n el b a t t istero d i F irenze" , A r te i t a l iana d ecora t ive e i ndus tr ia le , 1 897 , 3 4-36. 2 1. The Vene to , t he p re-e m inen t c en ter o f p ave men t d es ign i n t he e arl ier Midd le Ages , h as b een om it ted f ro m t h is d iscuss ion b ecause i tc onserves l i t t le o f i n terest f ro m t he Ro manesque e ra.

T he p ave men t i n S . Marco,

Ven ice , p ar ts o f wh ich d a te f ro m b o th t he n in th a nd t wel f th c en tur ies , h as b een s o r estored t ha t i ti s n ow impossible t o a scer ta in i t s o r ig ina l d isposit ion .

For a d iscuss ion o f t he S . Marco p ave men t , c f . F . F or lat i ,

" Stor ia e r estaur i d el S . Marco d i Venez ia" , Pa l lad io , n .s. XV, 19 65 , 7 1-85, e sp . 8 0f ;

a nd , G . M. Urban i d e G he l to f ,

" I l Pav i men to" i n La

b as il ica d i S an Marco , ( ed i ted b y C . Bo ito ) , I , V enice , 1 888, 2 27-34 .

8

CHAPTER I THE COSMATI

A l though t he C os ma t i o f ten s igned b oth c hurch f urn i ture a nd f açades , t here i s n o i nscr ip t ion t ha t r efers i ndub i tably t o ap ave men t.

1

Yet , t he

n u merous e x tan t i nscr ip t ions e ncourage a c hronolog ical a na lys is o f t he c areers o f t he i nd iv idua l a rt isans d esigna ted b y t he g ener ic t er m " Cos ma t i" , t he ir l i neage , f am i l ies , a nd t he e ras d ur ing wh ich t hey w orked.

T he e v idence

g leaned f ro m s uch a d e ta iled i nvest iga t ion , when c o mb ined w i th b oth t he c hronology o f t he b u i ld ing c a mpa igns o f c hurches h av ing C os ma tesque p avemen ts a nd r igorous s ty l ist ic a na lys is, w i l l y ield a s ecure c hronology f or C os ma tesque p ave men ts . 2 The e p igraph ica l ma ter ia l was f i rst p ubl ished b y P ro m is i n 1 836, 3 b u t as yste ma t ic a na lys is o f s o me o f t he i nscr ip t ions d id n ot a ppear u n t il 19 04 when G iovannon i 's s uperb , t hough t oo i n frequen t ly c i ted , s tudy was p ubl ished .4 Most g enera l works o n t he C os ma t i ,5 o r f l eet ing r eferences t o t he m , s t i l l p erpetua te man i fold g eneaolog ica l i mposs ibil it ies. N onetheless , o nce t he l og ical i ncons istenc ies h ave b een r e moved a nd t he d es ire t o make e very marbleworker a t l eas t af i rs t c ous in t o e very o ther marb leworker h as b een r estra ined , i ti s p oss ible t o d el inea te t he a c t iv i t ies o f a t l east t hree l arge f am il ies o f marbleworkers , e ach o f wh ich i ncludes s evera l g enera t ions a nd e ach o f wh ich was a c t ive i n p ave ment d es ign . T he e ar l iest f am i ly o f Ro man marbleworkers was s ired b y Pau lus who s igned o n ly t wo w orks :

af rag men t p erhaps o nce b elong ing t o ac ho ir s creen

a nd n ow i n t he C as ino o f P ius I V i n t he Va t ican Gardens a nd t he c hoir s creen i n S . Ambrog io a t F eren t ino. 6 The l a t ter i nscr ip t ion s ta tes t ha t t he work was d one d uring t he p on t if ica te o f Pascha l I ( 10 99-1118 ), t he y ears d uring wh ich t he Ca thedra l was e n larged a nd embel l ished t hrough t he p a tronage o f Agost ino , t he b ishop o fF eren t ino.

Pau lus 's s ons , J ohannes , Petrus , Angelus

a nd S asso s igned t hree c ibor ia made f or c hurches i n Ro me : S S . C os ma e Da mian°,

8

t i oned i s s t il l e x tan t ;

i tb ears t he d a te 148.

S . Marco ,

7

a nd S . L orenzo f uori l e Mura. 9 On ly t he l ast menI n a l l t hree c ases, t he i nscr ip-

t i ons s ta te s pec if ica l ly t ha t t he f our a re t he s ons o f Pau lus.

I n 14 8 , J ohannes ,

Angelus , a nd S asso , w i thou t t he p ar t ic ipa t ion o f Petrus , made a n o l onger e x tan t c ibor iu m f or S . C roce i n Gerusa le m me , Ro me .

1 °

I t wou ld s ee m t ha t

Pau lus ' s s ons s pec ia l ized i n c ibor ia , f or t hey s igned n o o ther t ypes o f o b jec ts. Angelus 's s on , N icolaus , r epresen ts t he t h ird g enerat ion o f t he f am ily e ngaged i n marblework ing. Two i nscr ip t ions r evea l t ha t h e w orked i n t he A ssun ta a t S u tr i a nd a t S . Bar to lo m meo a lP Isola , Ro me.

1

t i on s ta ted t ha t N icolaus was t he s on o f Angelus.

The f irs t men t ioned i nscr ipThe s econd i nscr ip t ion b ears

t he d a te 180 a nd s pec if ied t ha t N icolaus w orked w ith h is s on . The s on 's n a me i s n ot g iven a nd t here a re n o o ther i nscr ip t ions r eferr ing t o h i m. 9

The i nscr ip t ions r ela t ing t o Pau lus a nd h is h e irs i nd ica te t ha t f our g ene ra t ions o f o ne f am i ly d ecora ted c hurches i n Ro me a nd L a t iu m f or a t l east f i f ty y ears, o r more , d ur ing t he t welf th c en tury . A l lb u t t wo o f t he c hurches i n wh ich Pau lus 's f am ily worked s t il l h ave C os ma tesque p ave men ts.

N o

o ther f a mily o f Ro man marbleworkers i s k nown t o h ave b een a c t ive d ur ing t h is e ra . g roup .

The p ave men ts made d ur ing t hese y ears f or m a s ty l ist ica l ly u n if ied

A l though n one a re a t tr ibu table b y i nscr ip t ion , t hey w il l , f or c onven-

i ence s ake , b e r eferred t o a s t he Pau lus g roup . T he s econd f am i ly o f marbleworkers g rouped u nder t he g ener ic t er m " Cos ma t i" i s t ha t s ired b y Ranuc ius ( or Ra iner ius ).

I t was a c t ive f ro m t he

midtwel f th c en tury u n t il t he e ar ly y ears o f t he t h irteen th c en tury a nd w orked p r i mar ily i n n or thern L a t iu m .

Ra iner ius i s u sed a s t he f am ily n a me i n o n ly

o ne i nscr ip t ion , w h i le Ranuc ius i s c ons isten t ly u sed i n a l l o ther i nscr ip t ions. Ra iner ius w ith h is t wo s ons , N icolaus a nd P etrus, s igned , b u t d id n ot d a te , aw indow i n S . S i lvestro i n Cap ite a t Ro me.

1 2

T hree i nscr ip t ions o n t he

f açade o f S . Mar ia d i Castel lo , Tarqu in ia r ecord t he p resence o fb oth P etrus a nd N icolaus.

1 3

A l l t hree i nscr ip t ions u se t he s urna me Ranuc ius a nd , i n

o ne, N icolaus s pec if ica l ly i nden t if ies h i msel f a s ac i t izen o f Ro me.

N icolaus

a ga in i den t if ies h i mself a s ac i t izen o f Ro me i n an o l onger e x tan t i nscr ip t ion f or merly i n a n u pper w indow a t S . Maria Magg iore i n T uscan ia. 1 4

T he

e v idence s uggests t ha t Ra iner ius a nd Ranuc ius a re o ne a nd t he s ame p erson . For i t wou ld b e o ver-ex tend ing t he l ong a rm o f c oinc idence t o s uggest t ha t i n t he s a me e ra t here was b oth a Ra iner ius work ing i n Ro me w i th h is s ons , N icolaus a nd P e trus, a nd a N icolaus a nd P e trus , s ons o f Ranuc ius , who men t ion t he ir Ro man c i t izensh ip i n i nscr ip t ions o n monu men ts o u tside R o me. Ra iner ius ( or Ranuc ius ) s ee ms t o h ave worked o n ly i n S . S i lvestro i n Cap i te , Ro me a nd P etrus d rops f ro m s igh t a f ter s ign ing t he f açade o f S . Mar ia d i Castel lo , Tarqu in ia .

Thereaf ter , t he f am ily l i ne i s c on t inued b y

t he s ons o f N icolaus , J ohannes a nd Gu it to , who j o ined t he ir f a ther i n s ign ing t he u nda ted c ibor iu m i n S . Andrea i n F lu m ine i n P onzano Ro mano.

1 5

By t he

160s , N icolaus 's s ons were work ing o n t heir own , f or d ur ing t ha t d ecade , t hey s igned t he c ibor iu m i n S . Mar ia d i Castel lo , Tarqu in ia .

1 6

T he f am ily 's

i n terest i n marblework ing was t hen p erpe tua ted b y J ohannes ( I I ), s on o f Gu i t to a nd n ephew o f t he f i rs t J ohannes.

J ohannes ( I I ) p oss ibly s igned a nd d a ted t he

n o l onger e x tan t ambone i n S . Andrea i n F lu m ine , P onzano Ro mano a nd a ssured ly s igned a nd d a ted ( 1209 ) t he ambone i n S . Maria d i Castel lo , Tarq u in ia .

1 7

I n b oth i nscr ip t ions , h e r efers t o h i mse lf a s t he s on o f Gu i t to a nd

a Ro man c i t izen .

T hus, r egard less o f whether o r n o t t he f am ily d escended

f ro m t he Ra iner ius d esigna ted i n t he S . S i lves tro i n Cap ite , Ro me i nscr ip t ion , t here were d ef in itely t hree g enera t ions o f t he f am i ly , f ro m N icolaus t o h is g randson J ohannes ( I ), a c t ive a s marbleworkers o u ts ide Ro me.

1 8

Two o f

t he a fore men t ioned c hurches i n wh ich t he f am ily w orked , S . Mar ia d i C astel lo Tarqu in ia a nd S . Andrea i n F lu m ine , P onzano Ro mano , h ave s uf f ic ien t r e ma in ing C os ma tesque p ave men t t o p er m i t a na lysis.

A l though u nsigned ,

i tw i l l b e d e monstra ted l a ter t ha t , o n c ircu mstan t ia l a nd s ty l ist ic e v idence , t hey a re a t tr ibu table t o t he Ranucius f am i ly a nd may b e c learly d ist ingu ished f ro m t he p ave men ts a ssoc ia ted w ith Pau lus 's f am i ly .

1 0

The t h ird g roup o f marbleworkers p roduc ing Cos ma tesque p ave men ts was t ha t s ired b y L auren t ius , s on o f Theba ldus , ap aren tage r evea led i n a n o l onger e x tan t i nscr ip t ion f or merly o n t he ma in a l tar o f S . S tefano d el Cacco , Ro me ;

t he y ear i s g iven a s 162.

S ince we k now o f n o s igned works

1 9

b y T heba ldus a nd h e i s n ot r ecorded i n a ny o ther d ocu men ts, i ti s p robable t ha t L auren t ius was t he f i rst o f h is f am i ly t o e ngage i n t he c ra f t. A most modest man , L auren t ius n ever s igned a work a lone , b u t a lways i nc luded t he n a me o f h is s on , J acobus.

Toge ther t hey s igned , b u t d id n ot d a te :

c en ter p orta l o f S . Mar ia Magg iore a t C iv i tä Castel lana , Mar ia d e i Fa l ler i ,

2 1

2 °

t he

t he p orta l o f S .

t he d estroyed c ibor iu m f or mer ly i n S S . Apostol i , Ro me ,

ar estored a nd r e-arranged ambone i n S . Mar ia i n Aracoel i , Ro me , l onger e x tan t p u lp it f or mer ly i n S . P ietro i n Va t ican° , Ro me ,

2 4

2 3

2 2

an o

( on wh ich

t hey were a ss isted b y Vassa letus ), a nd t he p or ta l o f t he S acro S peco a t S ubiaco. 2 5

A l though n one o f t he monu men ts a re s ecurely d a ted , t he r e ma in ing

e v idence s uggests t ha t t hey d ate f ro m t he l ast t h ird o f t he t welf th c en tury a nd t he v ery e ar ly y ears o f t he t h irteen th c en tury.

O f t he a fore men t ioned c hurches

i n wh ich L auren t ius a nd J acobus w orked , o n ly t ha t a t C iv i tä Castel lana h as ap ave men t a pprox ima tely c oeva l w ith t he l abors o f t he t wo marbleworkers. L auren t ius 's c areer t hus s panned a pprox i ma tely f orty y ears. J acobus, when w ork ing a lone , o ccas iona l ly o bl iged w ith b oth s igna tures a nd d a tes.

The i nscr ip t ion o n t he c en ter d oor o f S . S aba , Ro me r ecords

t ha t J acobus worked t here i n t he s even th y ear o f t he p on t if ica te o f I nnocen t I I , t ha t i s , i n 1 205. 2 6

T he p rol if ic J acobus a lso s igned t he s ou th s ide o f

t he t h ird c lo ister a t S . S cholast ica , S ubiaco ,

2 7

t he s ou th p orta l o f t he west

f açade o f S . Mar ia Magg iore , C iv i tä Castel lana , i n S S. Bon ifac io e A lessio, Ro me. 29 i den t if ied h i mself a s a Ro man .

2 8

a nd a sma l l c olu mn n ow

I n t he S ub iaco i nscr ip t ion , J acobus

I t s ee ms l i kely t ha t J acobus b egan b y a ss is-

t i ng h is f a ther , L auren t ius , a nd t hen b eca me a n i ndependen t c raf ts man d ur ing t he f i rst d ecade o f t he t h irteen th c en tury. The e nerg ies o ft he f am ily c on t inued u naba ted , f or J acobus was j oined b y h is s on , Cos ma , a nd t ogether t hey s igned a nd d a ted ( 1210 ) t he t r iu mpha l a rch a t S . Mar ia Magg iore , C iv i tä Castel lana 3 ° a nd t he p ortal o f S . To maso i n For m is, Ro me .3 1

I n t he l a t ter i nscr ip t ion , t he n a me i s g iven a s C os ma tus

( 9 ), r a ther t han C os ma .

I n a ny c ase, i ti s f ro m t h is marbleworker 's n a me

t ha t " Cos ma t i" , t he g ener ic t er m f or Ro man t wel f th a nd t h ir teen th c en tury marbleworkers , d er ived.

A f ter h elp ing J acobus c o mp lete t he w ork a t C iv itä

Castel lana t ha t h ad b een b egun b y h is g rand fa ther a nd a ss ist ing i n t he work a t S . To maso i n F orm is, Ro me , Cos ma s ee ms t o h ave b eco me a n i ndependen t c raf ts man .

J acobus i s n ot men t ioned a ga in.

Cos ma a lone was r esponsible f or t he n ow l ost c ibor iu m g iven t o S S . G iovann i e Paolo , R o me b y Card ina l C enc io , l a ter Honorius I I ( 1 216-27 ). 3 2 Bu t Cos ma s ee ms t o h ave d evoted most o f h is t ime t o t he work a t S . Mar ia , Anagn i.

A l engthy i nscr ip t ion o n at ablet o n t he wal l o f t he f our th b ay o f t he

S . Magnus c ryp t i n S . Mar ia s ta tes t ha t o n Apr il 2 0 , 1 231, C os mas ( a t h ird v ar ian t o f t he n ame ) , ac i t izen o f Ro me , moved t he a l tar o f S . Magnus a nd d iscovered t he s a in t 's b ody ;

t he b ody was s oon d isp layed t o t he p ubl ic a nd

t hen r ebur ied i n t he n ewly r efurbished c ryp t c omm iss ioned b y B ishop A lber tus. C os mas a lso s igned t he o ld a l tar o f t he S . Magnus c ryp t wh ich i s n ow i n t he

1 1

museu m a t Anagn i.

C os ma d id n o t l abor a lone a t Anagn i , f or a n i nscr ip t ion

o n t he t op s tep t o t he l ef t o f t he ma in a l tar i n S . Mar ia s ta tes t ha t h e worked w ith h is s ons, J acobus ( I ) a nd L uca .3 3 s cr ip t ion r efers i s u nknown .

The s pec if ic w ork t o w h ich t he i n-

An i nscr ip t ion o n t he w es t s ide o f t he t h ird

c lo ister a t S . S cholast ica , S ubiaco i nd ica tes t ha t Cos ma a lso worked t here w i th h is t wo s ons.

The w ork was most l i kely c o mp le ted d ur ing t he a bbacy

o f L ando ( 1 227-43 ). 3 4

I ti s p oss ible t ha t C os ma a nd h is s ons w orked a t

Anagn i a nd S ub iaco s i mu l taneously .

I nscr ip t ions a lone t hus p rov ide e v idence

t ha t f our g enera t ions o f as ingle f am i ly , t ha t o f L auren t ius, were e ngaged i n t he marblework ing t rade f or more t han e ighty y ears. 3 5 T oday , S . S aba , Ro me , S . Mar ia Magg iore a t C iv itä . Castel lana , a nd t he S . Magnus c ryp t a t Anagn i s t il l h ave e nough o r ig ina l C os ma tesque p ave men t t o p er m i t a na lys is.

A l l a re s ty l ist ica l ly r ela ted b u t , a s i s c ons isten t ly t he

c ase w ith p ave men ts , t hey r e ma ined u ns igned .

Bu t , s ince t hey a re s im ilar

a nd t he p resence o f L auren t ius 's f am ily i s n oted i n i nscr ip t ions , t hey w i l lb e r eferred t o a s t he L auren t ius g roup .

The s ty l ist ic c oherence o f t he g roup

w il l b e d iscussed i n t he n ex t c hap ter.

FOOTNOTES 1 .

F or a d iscuss ion o f t he p oss ib i l i ty o f a n i nscr ip t ion i n t he p ave men t n ear t he Cae tan i C hapel i n S . Mar ia a t Anagn i , c f . i n fra , f ootnote 3 3.

F or a

n o l onger e x tan t i nscr ip t ion a t S . N ico la d e i P re fe t t i , c f t he C a ta logue Ra isonne , 2 .

I n a t te mp t ing a n a na lys is o f t he i nscr ip t ions, i ti s n ot my i n ten t ion t o d iscuss e very med ieva l Ro man marbleworker , b u t o nly t hose i nd iv idua ls t ha t s ee m t o h ave b een c oncerned w ith p ave men ts.

O thers , s uch a s

Vassa letus , c annot b e s ecurely a ssoc ia ted w i th p ave men t d esign . 3 .

Pro m is , N ot izie , p ass i m.

4 .

G iovannon i , "Note" , p ass i m.

G iovannon i d iscusses o n ly t he f am ily o f

L auren t ius d e T heba ldus.

5 .

F or o ther more c ursory d iscuss ions o f t he g eneaology o f t he Ro man marbleworkers , c f . X . Barbier d e Mon tau l t , " Genea log ie d 'art istes i t a l iens d u X I I Ie s ièc le" , Anna les Archeolog iques XVII I , 1 858 , 2 65-72; J . P . R ich ter , " D ie C os maten Fa m il ien" , Z e itschrif t f ur B ildenden Kunst X I I , 1 877 , 3 37-38 ;

K . Frey , " Genealog ie d er C os ma t i" , J ahrbuch

d er K . Preuss. Kuns tsa m mlungen 6 , 1 885, 1 25-27 ; Mar morar i i , Ro me , 1 893 ;

G . Bon i , The Ro man

G . C lausse , L es marbr iers r o ma ins e t l e

mob il ier p resby tera l , Par is, 1 897 ;

A . Ven tur i , S tor ia d elPar te I t a l iana ,

I I , L 'Ar te r o man ica , Mi lan , 1 904, 7 88f ., 8 84f ;

A . L . Froth ingha m ,

The Monu men ts o f C hr ist ian Ro me, N ew York , 1 925, 3 43-83 ; Bessone-Aurel j, Imar morar i r o man i , Milan/Ro me , 1 935;

A . M.

Hu t ton , The

C os ma t i ; G . Ma t th iae , " The C os mat i" , Encyc loped ia o f World Ar t I I , c ol . 8 29-35.

1 2

6 .

For t he i nscrip t ion o n t he c hoir s creen n ow i n t he Casino o f P ius I V, c f. t he Ca talogue Ra isonne

. For t he Feren t ino i nscr ip t ion , c f . L .

Moros in i , N ot iz ie s toriche d el la c i t th d i Feren t ino 7 .

Forcel la , I scr iz ion i I V, 8 18, n o . 3 45. r ead ing o f t he i nscr ip t ion i s i ncorrec t ;

Ro me , 1 905, 6 0.

De Ross i h as a rgued t ha t Force[ la 's c f .

Pu l le t t ino d i Archeo log ia

Cr ist iana , 2 nd s er ies, V I , 1 875, 1 25 , n ote 1 . 8 .

P . Ugon io, H istor ia d el le s ta t ion i d i Ro ma , Ro me , 1 588, 1 80 ; I scr iz ion i I V, 6 4, n o . 1 46;

Forcella ,

B . Mezzadr i , D isqu is i t io H is tor ica d e S anct is

Mar tyr ibus C os ma e t Da m iano, Ro me, 17 47 , 8 2. 9 .

Forcel la , I scr iz ion i MI , 5 10 , n o . 5 65.

1 0 .

Forcel la , I scr iz ion i VI I I , 1 86, n o . 4 09 .

1 1.

For t he S u tr i i nscr ip t ion , c f . Pro m is, N ot izie, 1 0.

For t he S . Barto-

l o m meo a l l 'Isola i nscr ip t ion , c f . Pro m is, N ot izie , 1 0 a nd Hu t ton , The C os ma t i , 3 3. Pro m is d oes n ot s pec ify t he l ocat ion o f t he i nscr ip t ion. 1 2.

The i nscr ip t ion i s n ow k nown o n ly t hrough a n o ld p hotograph.

C f. J .

Gaynor a nd I . T oesca , S . S ilvestro i n Cap ite , L e c h iese d i Ro ma i l lustra te , 7 3, Ro me, 1 963, f i g. 3 . 1 3.

C f . p r i mar ily G . B . De Ross i ,

" I I p av i men to d i S an ta Mar ia i n Castel lo

d i Corneto-Tarqu in ia", B u l let tino d i Archeo logia C r ist iana , 2 nd s er ies , V I , 1 875, e sp . 1 11f .

There i s a n i nscr ip t ion r ecorded o n 1 28-29 t ha t

g ives t he d a te o f t he work o n t he f acade a s 1 143.

Pro m is , N ot izie ,

om it ted t his i nscr ip t ion . 1 4.

Pro m is , Not izie , 7 .

1 5.

For t he i nscr ip t ion , c f . t he Ca talogue Ra isonne , i n fra

1 6.

The d a te o f t he i nscr ip t ion i s n ow i l leg ible.

p . 7 5 .

De Ross i, " Tarqu in ia-

Corne to" o p. c i t. r ead i ta s 1 168 a nd Hu t ton , The Cos ma t i , 5 9 a s 1 166. Pro m is , N ot izie , 5 -6 mis in terprets t he i nscr ip t ion a nd r eads i ta s 10 60. 1 7.

Th is p oin t must b e t rea ted w i th g rea t c au t ion.

Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f

Hu tton , The Cos ma t i , 3 4, t he Ponzano Ro mano i nscr ip t ion d oes n ot s ee m t o b e r ecorded i n t he l i tera ture. Hu t ton g ives a p ar t ia l t ranscr ip t ion o f b oth t he Ponzano Ro mano a nd Tarqu in ia i nscrip t ions. He r ecords t he Ponzano Ro mano i nscr ip t ion a s : ..A. D. MCCVI II I ...INNOCEN PP I I .. HOC UP .. PER MANUS I OHANNES GU ITTON IS C IVIS RMN . On 3 5, h e r ecords t he Tarqu in ia i nscrip t ion a s : HOC OP N ITIDV M AVRO ET MAR MORE D IVERS° F IERI FECIT... PER MANVS M AGISTRI J OHS GVITTON IS C IVIS RMN .

Pro m is, N ot izie

6 -7 , g ives t he Tarqu i-

n ia i nscr ip t ion a s f ol lows : I . NOIE. D . AM A .D . M.0

M. A . G. T . DN I. I NNOCEN .

PP . I II . EGO . ANGEL . P IOR. I V I . ECCLE . HOC. OP. N ITIDV. AURO ET .MAR MORE. DIVERSO.FIERI .FECIT. ( s ic ) P . M ANUS . MAGISTRI . I OH ES . GUITTON IS .C IVIS . R M. N . P ro mis 's t ranscript ion i s u phe ld i n De R ossi , " Tarquinia-Corneto",

c i t ., 1 37 .

H ut ton s ee ms t o g ive a v ers ion o f t he f i rst p art o f t he Tarquinia

i nscript ion a s t he P onzano R o mano i nscript ion a nd h e omi ts b oth t he n a me o f

1 3

I nnocen t I I a nd t he y ear 1 209 f ro m t he Tarqu in ia i nscr ip t ion .

The

f or mer e x istence o f t he Ponzano Ro mano i nscr ip t ion must , t herefore , r e ma in o pen t o s er ious d oub t. 1 8.

An u nda ted i nscr ip t ion o n a n ambone i n S . P ietro , Fond i , may a lso r efer t o t he Ranuc ius f am ily , a l though s ty l ist ica l ly i ti s d oubtfu l .

Froth ingha m ,

o p . c i t . 3 62 , a lso e xpresses d oubts. 1 9. 2 0.

F orcel la , I scr izion i V I I , 4 89 , n o . 9 82 . F or t he i nscr ip t ions a t C iv i tä C as tel lana , c f . Pro m is , N ot iz ie , 2 0 ; G iovannon i , "Note" , p ass i m.;

Hu t ton , The C os ma t i , 3 6, 5 3;

G .

C lausse , "Les C os ma t i e t P egl ise d e C iv i tä Castel iana" , Revue d e P art c hre t ien XL , 1 897 , 2 71f .

T he r ead ings i n a l l a ccounts v ary s l igh t ly ,

b u t n ot i n s ubstan t ive mean ing. 2 1.

G iovannon i , " No te" , 1 0 ;

Hu t ton , The C os ma t i , 3 5.

2 2.

G . B . De Ross i , " Raccol ta d i i scr iz ion i r o mana r ela t ive a d a rt ist i e d a l le l ore o pere n e l med io e vo c o mp i la ta a l la f ine d e l s eco lo XVI" , B u l le t t ino d i Archeo log ia C r ist iana , 5 th s er ies , I , 1 891 , 8 5 ;

H ut ton ,

The Cos ma t i , 3 5. 2 3.

G . G iovannon i , "L 'a mbone d el la c h iesa d 'Aracoel i" , Arch iv io d e l la R . D epu taz ione Ro mana d i S tor ia Pa tr ia 6 8 , 1 945, 1 25-30 ;

R . E . Ma lms tro m ,

S . Mar ia i n Aracoel i a t Ro me , u npub l ished P h . D . d isser ta t ion , N ew York Un ivers ity , 1 973, 2 03. The ambone i s n ow a r econstruc ted p ast iche. On ly p ar t o f i ti s f ro m t he l a te t we lf th c en tury . 2 4.

G . G iovannon i , L 'Ar te X I , 1 908 , 2 80 ; q u in ia" , o p . c i t ., 1 43.

2 5.

P ro m is , N o t iz ie , 1 8f .;

G . B . D e Rossi , " Corneto-Tar-

Hu t ton , The C os ma t i , 3 5. G . G iovannon i a nd F . Her man in , Imonaster i

d i S ubiaco I , Ro me , 1 904, 3 17 ;

V . F eder ic i , Imonaster i d i S ubiaco I ,

L a b ibl ioteca e Parch iv io , Ro me,1904, 4 02. 2 6.

F orcel la , I scr iz ion i X I I , 1 35, n o . 1 76 .

2 7 .

C f . f ootno te 2 5, s upra.

2 8.

C f . f ootnote 2 0 , s upra.

2 9.

Ar mel l in i , Ch iese I , 7 64.

3 0.

C f . f oo tno te 2 0 , s upra .

3 1.

F orcel la , I scr iz ion i , V I I , 1 93 , n o . 3 95 .

3 2.

Ep i taph ia e t i nsign ia n obi l iu m f am i l iaru m i n e cclesi is u rb is , Ro me , B ibl ioteca Va t icana , L a t . 8 253, 1 82v ;

3 3.

F orce l la , I scr iz ion i X , 5 , n o . 3 .

F or t he most r ecen t d iscuss ion o f t he i nscr ip t ions , c f . M. Q . Sm i th , " Anagn i :

a n Exa mp le o f Med ieva l Typolog ica l D ecora t ion" , Papers o f

t he Br i t ish S chool a t Ro me XXXI I I , ( n .s. XX ) , 1 965, 4 -6.

T here i s

a nother i nscr ip t ion n ot men t ioned b y Sm ith , b u t c i ted b y X . Barb ier d e Mon tau l t , " Ca thedra le d 'Anagn i" , Anna les a rcheolog ique XVI , 1 856, 1 59-60 , a nd S . S ib il ia , Gu ido s tor ico-ar t ist ica d ella c a t tedra le d i Anagn i , Anagn i , 1 936, 5 9.

On 1 98 , S ibil ia men t ions t ha t t he i nscr ip t ion , 1 4

o r ig ina l ly l oca ted i n t he f l oor o f t he u pper c hurch a f ew s teps f ro m t he Cae tan i C hapel , h ad b een r e moved t o t he Ca thedra l Museu m a nd r ep laced b y ac opy .

Ih ave n ot s een t h is i nscr ip t ion , b ut i fS ibi l ia 's t ranscr ip t ion

i s c orrec t , t he i nscr ip t ion wou ld r epresen t t he o n ly i ndub itable c ase i n wh ich a n i nscr ip t ion r efers s pec if ica l ly t o a n e xtan t p ave men t.

The

e n t ire i nscr ip t ion r eads : DNS ALBERTUS VENERABIL IS AN AGN IN EPS FECIT HOC F IERI PAVIMENTV , P ICONSTRVENDO MAGISTER RAINALDVS AGNAN INV ' CANON ICVS

DN I HONORI I. I I. PP.

S UBD IACON ' ET CAPELLAN . C OBOLOS AUREOS EROGAVIT MAGIST COSMAS HOC OP ' FECIT . C f. Barb ier d e Mon tau l t , o p . c i t ., l oc . c i t ., a nd S ib il ia , o p . c i t ., l oc . c i t . 3 4.

C f . f ootno te

2 5, s upra.

3 5.

There i s s t il l a no ther i nscr ip t ion men t ion ing Cos ma tus.

I n t he v est ibu le

o f t he S ancta S anc torum , Ro me , t here i s a n i nscr ip t ion s ta t ing : MAGISTER COSMATVS FECIT HOC OPVS .

F or a p hotograph o f t he

i nscr ip t ion , c f . A . P etr ignan i , I i s an tuar io d el la S ca la S an ta , Am ic i d el le C a taco mbe V I I , Ro me, 1 940 , 3 0 , f i g. 1 7.

T he S anc ta S anctoru m

was r ebu il t b y N icholas I I ( 1 277-80 ) a f ter i th ad b een d a maged i n t he e ar thquake o f 1 277 . The i den t ity o f t h is C os ma tus i s s ub ject t o d ispu te . I t i s d if f icu l t t o b el ieve t he t hes is p roposed b y Bo ito ( C. Bo ito , Arch i te tt ura c os ma tesca , Mi lan , 1 860 , p assi m ;

i de m ., L 'arch i tettura d el

med io e vo i n I t a l ia. IC os ma t i , Mi lan , 1 880 , 1 17-82 ) t ha t t h is C osmatus i s t o b e i den t if ied w i th t he marbleworker who l abored a t Anagn i s o me f i f ty y ears e ar l ier.

D e Ross i ( Bu l le t tino d 'Archaeo log ia C r ist iana

2 nd s er ies , V I , 1 875 , 11f .;

4 th s er ies , V I , 1 888-89 , 1 55 ;

5 th s er ies , I

1 891, 7 3.), o n t he o ther h and , p roposed t ha t t he C os ma tus who worked a t t he S anc ta S anctoru m was , a long w ith Luca a nd J acobus , a no ther s on o f t he Anagn i C os ma tus . G iovannon i b e l ieved t ha t t he C osma tus who worked o n t he S anc ta S anc toru m i s t o b e i den t if ied w i th Cos ma d i P ietro Mel l in i , t he f i rs t o f a n e n t irely d if feren t f am i ly o f marbleworkers a c t ive d ur ing t he s econd h a l f o f t he t h ir teen th c en tury .

F or a t horough d iscus-

s ion o f a l l t he a rgu men ts , c f . G iovannon i , " Note" , p ass i m.

1 5

CHAPTER I I THE CHRONOLOGY OF COSMATESQUE PAVEMENTS

A l though s pec if ic d a tes f or i nd iv idual p ave men ts h ave b een o ccas iona l ly s uggested i n t he p rev ious l i tera ture , t here h as n ever b een a s ty l ist ica l ly s ound a nd c o mprehens ive me thod f or d a t ing C os ma tesque p ave men ts. I nheren t p hys ica l p roble ms , s uch a s r estora t ion , d if f icu l ty o f a ccess a nd i l lus tra t ion , a nd t he d ispers ion o f t he p ave men ts t hroughou t L a t iu m h ave p rev iously s erved t o make c lose a na lys is i mposs ible. A l though a f ew n ine teen th a nd e arly t wen t ieth c en tury d raw ings a nd e ngrav ings i nd ica te t he g enera l a rrange men t o f af l oor , t ha t i s , t he p os it ion o f t he r oundels a nd r ec tangles , t here h as b een n o s yste ma t ic i nvest iga t ion o f t he p a t terns a ppear ing i n t he r ec tangles . 1 The l ack o f p rec ise i n for ma t ion h as l ed e arl ier s cholars t o ar a ther h aph azard me thod o f d a t ing t he p ave men ts , a method w h ich e ssen t ial ly r ests o n t wo o f ten i rreconc ilable b ases :

( 1 ) t he b u i ld ing h istory o f t he c hurch i n wh ich

i ti s a ssu med t ha t t he C os ma tesque p ave men t i s c oeva l w ith , o r s l igh tly p ostd a tes t he c onstruc t ion , o r r econstruc t ion , o f t he c hurch ; a nd ( 2 ) t he a t tract i ve , t hough o f ten f a lse , s uppos it ion t ha t t he c raf ts man ( o r c raf ts men ) w ho s igned a ny w ork i n t he c hurch , b e i t ap or ta l o r ap iece o f e cc les iast ica l f urn i ture , was a lso r espons ible f or t he p ave men t , w h ich d oes n ot b ear a n i nscr ip t ion . T he p i t fa l ls o f t he f i rst me thod may b e c leary s een when c ons idermg a c hurch s uch a s S . Mar ia d i Castel lo , T arqu in ia .

I t s p r i mary

b u i ld ing c a mpa ign s tre tches f ro m a pprox i ma tely 121 u n t il a t l east 1 207 , when t he c hurch was d ed ica ted b y I nnocen t I I ( 1 198-1216 ). T hese y ears embrace t he w ork o f t he t hree s ign if ican t marblework ing f am il ies. H ow , t hen , i s t he p ave men t t o b e d a ted? The d i f f icu l t ies i nheren t i n t he s econd me thod may b e s een i n S . Ambrog io a t F eren t ino.

P au lus , a c t ive i nt he f i rst

q uarter o ft he t wel f th c en tury , s igned t he c ho ir s creen , wh i le Drudus d e Tr iv io, a c t ive i n t he t h irteen th c en tury , s igned t he c iboriu m . T he p rev ious methods f or o rgan iz ing C os ma tesque p ave men ts c hronolog ica l ly a re n o t t o ta l ly w ithou t mer it , b u t ar igorous , d eta iled s ty l ist ic a na lys is s urely l ends more we igh t t o a ny c hronology d e term ined b y t he t wo e x terna l methods.

Toward t h is e nd , Ie s tabl ished a modus o perand i wh ich a ssures

t ha t e very r ectangle p a t tern a ppear ing i n ac hurch may b e e as ily r ecorded , c ol la ted w i th , a nd c o mpared t o p a t terns a ppear ing i no ther c hurches. T he means u sed c ons isted s i mp ly o f t ak ing o ne p hotograph o f e ach t ype o f p a t tern , r egard less o f h ow many t imes o r i n wh ich c hurches i ta ppears.

The p a t tern

was t hen d es igna ted b y ac olor k ey :

f or e xamp le , ap ar t icu lar p a t tern may

h ave a " red X" a s i t s d eno m ina t ion .

A s er ies o f " vocabu lary" c ards , c apable

o f i nf in i te e xpans ion , was t hus c rea ted .

F ach p ave men t was t hen r ecorded

b y s i mp ly d raw ing a s che mat ic p lan o f t he f l oor a nd mark ing e ach r ec tang le w i th t he a ppropr ia te " code" t o i nd ica te i t s p a t tern . d rawings o f t he r ectang le p a t terns . 1 6

T he Append ix c on ta ins

I n o ther w ords , t hree t ools may n ow b e u sed t o a na lyze C os matesque p ave men ts : ( 1 ) t he b u ild ing c a mpa igns o f t he c hurch i n wh ich t hey a ppear ; ( 2 ) d ocu men ts a nd i nscr ip t ions; p a t terns.

a nd ( 3 ) ac o mpara t ive s ty l ist ic a na lys is o f

I n o rder t o a rr ive a t a n a pprox ima te d a te f or e ach p ave men t , a l l

t hree t ools must b e u sed a nd t he r esu l ts g a ined mus t , i n s o f ar a s p oss ible , a gree.

I ndeed , i n a l l c ases where t he p ave men t i s v irtua l ly i n tac t o r i n

p ave men ts i n wh ich e nough r e ma ins f or a na lysis o r t he r estora t ion h as b een " en l igh tened" , i t was f ound t ha t e v idence a ccu mu la ted f ro m t he t hree me thods p er m i t ted e ach p ave men t t o f a l l i n to a g roup .

I n s o me c ases , i t was f ound

t ha t s tructura l a nd e p igraph ica l d a ta h ad b een s uf f ic ien t a nd t ha t t here was n o n eed t o r evise t he d a te ; i n o ther i nstances , r ev is ion o f t he a ccep ted c hronology was n ecessary. 2 The p a t terns u sed i n t he f l ank ing r ec tangles o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts f a l l i n to f our d is t inc t g roups : ( 1 ) t he p a t terns wh ich a ppear i n g rea t q uan t i ty t hroughou t t he t wel f th a nd t h irteen th c en tur ies a nd wh ich may b e d es igna ted a s t he k o ine o f t he c raf t ;

( 2 ) p a t terns w h ich a ppear mos t c o m mon ly i n t he

f i rst h a lf o f t he t wel f th c en tury a nd t hen g radua l ly d isappear ; ( 3 ) ar a ther sma l l a nd d ist inc t ive g roup o f p a t terns wh ich a ppear ma in ly i n t hree c hurches i n n orthern L a t iu m , t wo o f wh ich p ossess o ther w orks s igned b y t he f am ily o f Ranuc ius;

a nd ( 4 ) ag roup o f more c o mp lex v ers ions o f a lready k nown

p a t terns , wh ich a ppear f or t he f i rst t ime i n t he e arly d ecades o f t he t h ir teen th c en tury . E very p a t tern c rea ted b y t he i mag ina t ion a nd i nd iv idual wh im i nheren t i n ad ecora t ive a r t c anno t p ossibly b e e nco mpassed i n t hese f our c a tegor ies, b u t e nough p a t terns f a l l u nder t hese h ead ings s o t ha t d ist inc t ive g roups a re v iable.

When n o o ther s ecure e v idence i s e xtan t , t he p a t terns a ppear ing i n

ap ave men t a re t he o n ly means a va ilable f or a c hronolog ica l a ssess men t. Hav ing a scer ta ined t ha t t he ma jori ty o f p ave men ts p er m it t ing a na lysis d o i ndeed f a l l i n to c oheren t g roups , a n a ppropria te t i t le o r t er m inology must b e d eter m ined f or e ach g roup .

S ince , a s h as b een p rev iously s tressed , t here

i s n o f oolproof manner f or a t tr ibu t ing a p ar t icu lar p ave men t t o a n i nd iv idua l h and o r f am ily , Iam r eluc tan t t o p lace p ave men ts i n i ronc lad f am ily g roups. Y et , t he a forego ing b r ief a na lys is o f t he v ar ious " Cos ma t i" f am il ies d id i nd ic a te t ha t t he t hree ma in f am il ies , t hose o f Pau lus , Ranuc ius , a nd L auren t ius d e Theba ldus , were a c t ive f or a p er iod o f a pprox ima tely o ne-hundred a nd f i f ty y ears , d ur ing wh ich t he ir f l oru i ts s carcely o verlapped . I n o ther w ords , a s t he f am i ly o f Pau lus b egan t o e cl ipse s hor t ly a f ter t he m id-twel f th c en tury , t ha t o f Ranuc ius c a me t o t he f ore a nd worked u n t il a pprox i mately t he f i rst d ecade o f t he t h irteen th c en tury , when t he t h ird g enera t ion o f t he f am ily was s t il l a c t ive.

L ast ly , a l though t he f am i ly o f L auren t ius s ee ms t o h ave b een

a ct ive i n t he l ast d ecades o f t he t welf th c en tury , t he ir ma jor r e ma in ing works s pan t he f i rst f our d ecades o f t he t h irteen th c en tury.

C o mbin ing c hronology

a nd e p igraphy , i ts ee ms most l og ical a nd u sefu l t o g roup t he p ave men ts a round t hese t hree f am il ies i fi ti s u nderstood t ha t t he d es igna t ion i s mean t t o s ugges t o n ly a p ar t icu lar a rt is t ic c ircle o r e ra , r a ther t han a n a u tograph work . T he r e ma inder o f t h is c hap ter w il l b e d evoted t o ac harac ter iza t ion a nd a na lysis o f t he t hree ma in g roups o f p ave men ts. A d iscuss ion o f t he p ecu l iar c harac ter ist ics o f p rov incia l p ave men ts a s wel l a s ac ons idera t ion o f t he _ d ist inct ive q ua l i t ies o f af ew t h ir teen th c en tury p ave men ts d er ived f ro m C osmatesque e xamp les a re i ncluded . I n many c ases, h owever, i nsu f f ic ien t e x tan t 1 7

e v idence

o r b ru ta l r estora t ion p rec ludes a c a tegor iza t ion ;

s uch p ave men ts

a re d iscussed o n ly i n t he Ca ta logue Ra isonne. The g roup o f p ave men ts d es igna ted b y t he n a me o f Pau lus , t he f a ther o f f our marblework ing s ons, embraces t he g rea test n u mber o f c hurches i n t he most d ense g eograph ica l a rea :

t ha t i s t o s ay , o f t he t en p ave ments p rov is ion-

a l ly i nc luded i n t h is g roup , o n ly t wo , t hose i n S . Ambrog io , F eren t ino , ( Pla tes 7 -9 ) a nd t he Bad ia d e S . An t i mo , N azzano ( Pla te 1 2 ) , a re o u ts ide Ro me . o ther p ave men ts i n t he g roup a re :

T he

S . C le men te ( Pla tes 1 7-18 ) , S . Mar ia i n

C os med in ( Pla tes 3 4-37 ), S S . Qua t tro C oronat i ( Pla tes 4 0-41, f old-ou t I ) , S . Prassede , S . Agnese i n Agone , S . B enede t to i n P isc inula ( Pla te 1 5 ) , S . C roce i n Gerusa le m me ( Pla tes 2 2-23) , a nd S S. C os ma e Da m iano ( Pla te 1 9 ). 3 An a na lysis o f t hese p ave men ts r evea ls t he p referred w ork ing me thods o f t he Pau lus g roup . c unxes. 4

The c en ter o f t he n ave i s s tressed b y r oundels o r q u in-

Bu t , u nl ike t he l a ter s chool s ired b y L auren t ius , t he Paulus g roup

n ever marked t he c en ter o f t he n ave w ith a s uccess ion o f q u incunxes ,

5

b u t

a lways p laced a l i ne o f s i mp le r oundels i n f ron t o f a nd i n b ack o f as ing le q u incunx , a s s een , f or e xa mp le , i n S . Ambrog io , F eren t ino a nd S S. Qua t tro C orona t i, Ro me.

T he r e ma ins o f t he s cholae c an toru m a t F eren t ino , N azzano ,

S . C le men te , Ro me a nd S . Mar ia i n C os med in , R o me a lso i nd ica te t ha t t hey were f i l led f ro m b eg inn ing t o e nd w ith a s uccess ion o f r oundels o r q u incunxes. The l a t ter a ppear o n ly i n S . Mar ia i n C os med in , R o me , wh ile t he f or mer , i n v ary ing n u mbers d epend ing u pon t he s ize o f t he c ho ir , a ppear i n t he o ther t hree c hurches.

Bu t , r oundels a nd q u incunxes a re n ot c o mb ined w i th in o ne

s chola c an toru m a s t hey a re i n t he n aves o f t hese s ame c hurches.

When

s i mp le r oundels a re u sed ,rec tangles h av ing a c o mp le te c orrespondence a ppear o n e i ther s ide o f t he r oundels.

I n S . Mar ia i n C os med in , Ro me , o n

t he o ther h and , t he s ole d ecora t ion i n t he s chola c an toru m c ons ists o f t hree q u incunxes.

T hus , i n t he e arly p ave men ts , t he s chola c an toru m

a l though

s epara ted f ro m t he n ave b y e nclos ing wa l ls i s , i n e ssence , ac on t inua t ion o f t he d irec t iona l emphas is o f t he n ave. T he r ectangles f l ank ing t he r oundels o r q u incunxes , i nb oth t he n ave a nd t he c hoir , a s wel l a s t hose r e ma in ing i n t he a isles , g enera l ly r evea l ar egul ar i ty o f s ize a nd s pac ing w i th in e ach c hurch. 6 Y e t , t he r a t io o f t he n u mber o f r ec tangles t o t he n u mber o f r oundels i s h ighly u nstable ;

i n S . C le men te ,

Ro me i ti s t hree r ec tangles t o s ix r oundels ; i n S S . Qua t tro C orona t i , Ro me , t hree r ec tang les t o f our r oundels a nd i n S . Ambrog io , Feren t ino , f i ve a nd o ne-ha lf r ec tangles t o s even r oundels.

Each c hurch , t hen , was a pproached

a s a n i nd iv idua l p roble m a nd , a part f ro m t he a fore men t ioned g ener ic c haract er is t ics o f t he s che me , t here a ppear t o b e n o a bsolu te r u les c oncern ing t he n u mber o f e le men ts.

The r easons f or t h is d iversi ty w il l b e d iscussed i n

Chap ter V . The r ectangles a re r a ther s hor t a nd w ide i n c o mpar ison t o t hose u sed i n t he p ave men ts o f t he L auren t ius g roup .

The p anels i n S . C le men te , Ro me ,

f or e xa mp le , a verage 6 8 cm x 1 89 cm , wh i le many o f t he p anels i n S S. Qua t tro C orona t i , Ro me a re a l most s quare ;

t hey measure 8 8 cm x 9 0 cm.

I n a dd i t ion , t he e ar ly p ave men ts h ave a most r igorous a nd e xac t c orrespond ence o f p a t terns a round t he c en tra l a x is , f ar more s o t han i n t he l a ter p avemen ts , where t he me thod h as b een r elaxed , i fn ot e n t ire ly f orgot ten . 1 8

T he

i dea o f c orrespondence s ee ms t o h ave emerged i n ac o mp letely a rt icu la ted f or m a nd was n o t g radua l ly d eveloped d ur ing t he c en tury a nd o ne-ha l f d uring w h ich t he ma jor i ty o f p ave men ts u nder d iscussion were c rea ted . T he t we lf th c entury p ave men ts , l i ke a l l C os ma tesque p ave men ts , r evea l n o c orrespond ences i n t he a isles. T he p a t terns w i th in t he r ec tangles t he mselves a re u sua l ly c o mposed o f r a ther c rude, l arge t esserae.

Ap ar t icu lar e le men t , s uch a s ar egu lar ly

r epea ted h exagon , may h ave w ith in t he s elec t ion a f forded b y o ne r ec tangle , av ar ia t ion o f a s much a s f our c en t i meters i n t he l eng th o f t he s ides o f t he h exagons.

T he s paces b etween t he t esserae a re l i kew ise i rregu lar.

T he

p a t terns a re s i mp le a nd b ased o n c o m mon g eo metr ic s hapes , s uch a s s quares a nd t r iangles. N or ma l ly , ap a t tern , s uch a s as quare g enera ted w i th in a s quare , i s a l terna ted w ith ab lank s quare. T he means a re s i mp le a nd t he r esu l ts a re e as ily a na lyzed . T he p ave men ts t en ta t ively p laced i n t he Ranucius g roup a re b oth more c o mp lex a nd more l im i ted i n n u mber.

T hey i nclude o n ly t he n ave a nd a pse

o f S . Mar ia d i Cas te l lo , Tarqu in ia ( Pla te 4 7 ), a nd a l l t he p ave men t i n S . Andrea i n F lu m ine i nP onzano Ro mano ( Pla te 1 4, f o ld-ou t I ) a nd i n S . Anast as io , C astel S . E l ia ( Pla tes 3 -4 ).

T he f i rst t wo men t ioned h ave i nscr ip t ions

r ecord ing t he p resence o f t he Ranuc ius f am ily .

Castel S . E l ia h as n o e xterna l

e v idence a nd i s p laced i n t he g roup s olely o n s ty l ist ic g rounds. T he Ranucius g roup o f p ave men ts i s c harac ter ized b y a nd a n u nusua l manner o f emphas izing t he c en ter o f t he n ave , a s wel l a s b y ap enchan t f or i d iosyncra t ic i nven t ion o f p a t terns u sed i n t he r ec tangles.

A l l t hree o f t he c hurches a re w ith in f i f ty

m iles o f e ach o ther i n n or thern L a t iu m . I t i s q u i te p ossible t ha t Cas tel S . E l ia i s t he e arl iest o f t he t hree c hurches a s i tc o mb ines a d ecora t ion o f s i mp le r oundels i n t he s chola c an torum

a s

s een s o o f ten i n t he P au lus g roup , w i th a n ew , more c o mp lex d es ign i n t he e astern p ar t o f t he n ave ( Pla tes 3 -4 ). Read ing f ro m n or th t o s ou th , t he r e ma in ing n ave p ave men t c ons ists o f t wo l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r oundels s epara ted b y ar ectangle w h ich i s j o ined t o t he r oundels b y mosa ic b ands g row ing f ro m t he r oundels.

T he p a t tern i s f l anked o n t he s ou th b y t hree r ec-

t angles a l igned l ong i tud ina l ly . Re ma in ing f rag men ts s uggest t hat t he r oundel/ r ectangle p a t tern was r epea ted t w ice more a nd a l terna ted w i th o ne more r ow o f r ectangles. Rec tangles d o n o t f l ank a s i mp le c en tra l e le men t , b u t a re i nt egra ted i n to a c on t inuous d es ign ;

t he r ig id b oundary b etween r ec tangles a nd

r oundels , a s s een i nt he Pau lus g roup , i s d issolved . A t S . Mar ia d i C astel lo i n T arqu in ia , t he Ranuc ius d es ign s erves a no ther f unc t ion .

Here , i ta ppears a s as ingle s tr ip o f f i ve r oundels a l terna ted w ith

a nd j o ined t o f our r ec tangles ( Pla te 4 7 ). Th is s ingle r ow d esigna tes t he l ong itud ina l c en ter o f wha t was o nce t he s chola c an toru m , a nd i s n ot s pread a cross t he n ave a s a t Castel S . E l ia ; t i ona l i mpu lse.

r a ther , i ti s c oncen tra ted i n o ne d irec-

The d esign d oes n ot e n t irely f i l l t he s chola c an toru m , b u t i s

f l anked b y r ec tang les.

On t he r ight , t here a re f our l a t i tud ina l r ows o f t hree

r ectangles e ach , w h i le o n t he l e f t t here i s as er ies o f t en h igh ly i rregu lar r ec tangles o f d if feren t s izes. I n o ther w ords , t here i s n o c orrespondence o f p a t terns a round t he c en tra l a x is e stabl ished b y t he l i nked r oundels a nd r ec tangles. 1 9

T he magnu m o pus o f t he Ranuc ius f am ily i s , w ithou t d oub t , t he p ave men t i n S . Andrea i n F lu m ine i n P onzano Ro mano ( Pla te 1 4, f o ld-ou t I ). Here , t he Ranuc ius f am i ly a ga in a pp l ied i t s o r ig ina l d es ign t o t he s chola c an toru m . The wa l ls h ave b een d estroyed a nd t here a re b lank s paces o n t he n or th a nd s ou th e dges o f t he p ave men t where t he ambon i o nce s tood . A s a t S . Mar ia d i Castel lo , Tarqu in ia , f i ve r oundels a re c o mb ined w i th f our r ec tangles t o f or m al i ne d own t he c en ter o f t he s chola c an toru m. Bu t , t he d es ign was f ur ther embel l ished s o t ha t t he t h ird r ec tang le ( t ha t b e tween t he t h ird a nd f our th r oundels ) i s f l anked a t b oth t he l e f t a nd r igh t b y ar oundel j o ined t o t he p a t tern b y t he u sua l mosa ic b ands.

A L a t in c ross s hape e x tend ing a l most t he e n t ire

w id th a nd l eng th o f t he s chola c an toru m i s f ormed.

A ga in , a s a t S . Mar ia d i

Castel lo , Tarqu in ia , t he ma in p a t tern i s f l anked b y r ec tang les ;

b u t , a t S .

Andrea i n F lum ine , t he r ectang les a re n ot o n ly a l l o f t he s a me s ize , b u t e xh ib i t a n a l most c o mp lete c orrespondence o f p a t terns a cross t he l ong i tud ina l a x is. 7 The p ave ments a t tr ibu ted t o t he Ranuc ius g roup s ee m t o p rogress f ro m t he f i rs t h es i tan t e xper i men ts a t C astel S . E l ia t o t he f u l l-blown h ar mony o f S . Andrea i n F lu m ine. 8 I n a dd it ion t o t he ir u n ique method o f c o mb in ing r oundels a nd r ectangles , t he Ranuc ius f am ily a ppears t o h ave c on tr ibu ted a t l east f our o r ig ina l r ect angle p a t terns t o t he C os ma tesque v ocabu lary . T hese p at terns d o n ot a ppear i n t he p ave men ts c rea ted b y t he Pau lus g roup . A l though a l l o f t he f our n ew p a t terns d o n ot a ppear i n e ach o f t he t hree c hurches , t here i s as uf f ic ien t i nc idence o f o ccurrence t o i nd ica te t ha t t hey w ere i ndeed c rea ted b y t he Ranuc ius g roup . T here i s n o h esi tance i n p lac ing S . S aba , Ro me ( Pla tes 4 2-43 ), S . Mar ia Magg iore , C iv i tä Castel lana ( Pla tes 5 -6 ) , a nd t he S . Magnus c ryp t i n S . Mar ia , Anagn i ( Pla tes 1 -2 ) i n t he g roup o f p ave men ts d es igna ted b y t he n a me L auren t ius. 9 Wi th s o me r eserva t ion , a s a rgued i n t he Ca ta logue R a isonn, • Iw ou ld a lso p lace t he west a isle o f S . Mar ia d i Castel lo , Tarqu in ia i n t h is g roup , d esp ite t he f ac t t ha t Ih ave a lready i nd ica ted t ha t t he p ave men t i n t he s chola c an toru m c lear ly b elongs t o t he Ranuc ius g roup . S ince , t he p ave men ts i n C iv i tä . Castel lana a nd i n t he u pper c hurch a t S . Mar ia , Anagn i h ave b een r estored a nd l ess t han h a l f t he p ave men t r e ma ins a t S . S aba , Ro me , i ti s d if f icu l t t o made v a l id s ta te men ts a bou t t he d esign p red ilec t ions o f t he L aurent i us g roup . Moreover , n one o ft he c hurches i n t h is g roup h ave a pses o r s cholae c an toru m t ha t h ave e scaped r estora t ion . N onetheless , i t wou ld a ppear t ha t t he f am ily o f L auren t ius was n o t n o ted f or a ny d is t inct ive i nnova t ions i n t he a rrange men t o f r oundels a nd q u incunxes. T he l ong i tud ina l c en ter o f t he n ave a t C iv i th Castel lana i s marked b y as er ies o f r oundels;

t he S . Magnus c ryp t

a t Anagn i h as a s er ies o f l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned q u incunxes a nd o n ly o ne q u inc unx r e ma ins a t S . S aba. 1 ° The L auren t ius g roup was s o mewha t more a dven turous i n t he ir i nven t ion o f r ec tangle p a t terns. T here a re f i ve p a t terns u sed i n t he L auren t ius c hurches ( t hough n ot e ach p a t tern i n e ach c hurch ) , wh ich h ad n o t a ppeared p rev iously . I ng enera l , t hey r ef lec t ar ef ine men t a nd c o mp l ica t ion o f e x ist ing p a t terns. For e xamp le , ap a t tern t ha t h ad a ppeared p rev iously i n t he Pau lus g roup i s e nr iched b y a n a dd i t iona lb order o r c en tral e le men t .

I n o rder t o d es ign t he

more e labora te p a t terns, t he L auren t ius g roup u sed sma l ler t esserae t han

2 0

t hose u sed i n e arl ier p ave men ts.

The r ectangu lar p anels a re l onger , n arrower

a nd s o mewha t more e legan t t han t hose emp loyed b y t he Pau lus g roup . r ectangles a t S . S aba , f or e xa mp le , a verage 6 2 cm x 2 09 cm.

The

The L auren t ius

r ec tangles t hus r ef lec t t he c hange i n f orm s een i n e very a spec t o f t he t ransf or ma t ion f ro m Romanesque t o Goth ic a r t. C onverse ly , wh i le c on tr ibu t ing n ew p a t terns a nd f i ner workmansh ip , t he L auren t ius g roup t ook n o c ogn izance o f t he i dea o f c orrespondence a cross a l ong i tud ina l a x is , a s f i rst p u t f orth b y t he P au lus g roup .

I n n o c hurch a ssoc ia ted w i th L auren t ius a nd h is f am ily , d o

r egu lar c orrespondences a ppear. 1 I ta ppears t ha t o ne o f t he c ard ina l t enets o f C os ma tesque d es ign was v irtua l ly a bandoned b y t he l a ter p ract i t ioners o f t he a r t. T he d es igna t ion o f ag roup o f p ave men ts a s " prov inc ial" i s n ot mean t t o s erve a s a n a l linclus ive c a tegory f or t hose p ave men ts t ha t d o n ot f i t i n to t he t hree ma jor s che mes; b u t , r a ther , i ti s mean t t o i nd ica te t ha t , o u ts ide Ro me , u sua l ly i n i sola ted a reas, a g roup o f p ave men ts was c rea ted wh ich , a l though a dop t ing many o f t he C os ma tesque f or mu lae , a lso a d justed many o f t he c o m mon c haracter ist ics, most l i kely b ecause o f l ack o f ma ter ia ls o r k now ledge.

The p ave men ts f a l l ing e as ily i n to t h is g roup a re t hose i n t he

A ssun ta a t S u tr i , S . Mar ia A ssun ta a t L ugnano i n T ever ina ( Pla te 1) , t he Bad ia d i S S. S evero e Mar t irio n ear Orv ieto ( Pla te 1 3 ) , a nd S . N icola i n Genazzano ( Pla te 1 0 ). T he ir d ivergence f ro m t he C os ma tesque n or m a nd t he ir i nsecure d ocu men ta t ion f orbid a n e xac t d a te f or a ny o f t he m , b u t a l l f our a ssured ly may b e p laced i n e i ther t he t welf th o r t h ir teen th c en tury. T he most o bv ious way i n wh ich t hese f our p ave men ts d if fer f ro m p ure C os ma tesque p ave men ts i s i n t he c en ter e le men t. S u tr i , f or e xamp le , h as o n ly o ne q u incunx i n t he l ong i tud ina l c en ter o f t he n ave a nd , f orego ing a dd it i ona l r oundels , s ubst i tu tes l ong , w ide r ec tangu lar p anels o n t he s a me l ong it ud ina l l i ne a s t he s ingle q u incunx.

T here i s ac orrespondence o f sma l ler

r ec tangles a round t he c en ter e le men t . w ith a c en tra l e le men t a l together.

Genazzano , o n t he o ther h and , d ispenses

T he Bad ia d i S S. S evero eMar t ir io h as

o n ly r ec tangles i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave , b u t t hey a re a l l o f a pprox i ma tely u n ifor m s ize a nd n o a t te mp t i s made a t c orrespondence.

The c en ter o f t he

n ave i n S . Mar ia A ssun ta a t L ugnano i n T ever ina i s , o n t he o ther h and , marked b y as er ies o f r oundels ; h igh ly i rregu lar.

t hey a re , h owever, sma l l , w idely s paced , a nd

T here a re l i kew ise n o c orrespondences.

I n a l l f our c hurches ,

t he most e as i ly d ist ingu ishable c harac ter ist ic o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts h as b een t o ta l ly i gnored o r m isunderstood . I n g enera l , t he r ec tangles u sed i n t he p rov inc ia l p ave men ts r epea t t he w el l-known p a t terns o f t he t wel f th a nd t h irteen th c en turies.

T here i s l i t tle

v ar ie ty a nd t wo p anels w i th i den t ical p a t terns o f ten a d join o ne a nother. Or ig ina l i ty i s k ep t t o am in i mu m a nd , a l most w i thou t e xcep t ion , t he p a t terns s een i n t hese f our p rov inc ia l c hurches c an b e s een i n a l l o ther C os ma tesque p ave men ts.

Ano ma l ies o f s pac ing a re a lso e v iden t i n t he p rov inc ia l g roup .

A t L ugnano i n T ever ina , f or e xa mp le , t he s paces b e tween t he r ec tangles a re a l most a s l arge a s t he r ec tangles t he mselves. I n Genazzano , t he p anels v ary i n s ize a nd t hereby a ccen tua te t he i rregu lar s hape o f t he n ave. T he c haracter ist ics man ifested i n t he p rov inc ia l p ave men ts c annot b e a t tr ibu ted s olely t o n eg lec t o r i gnorance. A t l east p ar t o f t he a ppearance o f 2 1

t hese p ave men ts must b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he l ack o f n ecessary ma ter ia ls s uch a s p orphyry a nd s erpen t ine. F or e xamp le , t he p redom inan t c o lor i n t he p ave men t a t L ugnano i n T evern ina i s ar osea te p ink , d oubt less a l oca l s tone. I n C hap ter V , i tw i l lb e d e monstra ted t ha t t he d ia me ter o f t he p orphyry r oundel , c u t f ro m a n a n t ique c olu mn , d eter m ined t he e n t ire l ayou t o f aC os ma tesque f l oor . Wi thou t t h is c on trol l ing e le men t , t he c raf ts men d oubtless f e l t f ree t o a rrange t he p ave men t i n v ir tua l ly a ny way t hey s aw f i t.

Moreover , at own

s uch a s L ugnano i n T ever ina , i sola ted f ro m ma in r oads e ven t oday , wou ld a ssured ly n ot h ave e asy a ccess t o t he s upp ly o f a n t ique ma ter ia ls s tored i n t he warehouses o f Ro me. 1 2 T he l ast g roup o f p ave men ts , t he s o-ca l led " la ter d evelopmen ts" , a lso f or ms a n e xceed ingly l oose a sse mblage. The p avemen ts i n t he t hree c hurches , S . S abina ( Pla te 4 4 ) a nd S . Mar ia i n Aracoel i ( Pla tes 3 1-33 ) , b o th i n Ro me , a nd t he Assun ta i n S poleto ( Pla tes 4 5-46 ), a l l l ack a bsolu tely s ecure d a tes, b u t i n e ach c ase t here a re s uf f ic ien t r easons f or d a t ing t he m i n t he t h ir teen th c en tury o r t he e ar ly f our teen th c en tury ; t he t wo Ro man c hurches wou ld s ee m t o f avor a d a te i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he t h ir teen th c en tury o r t he e ar ly f ourt een th c en tury , wh i le t he A ssun ta i n S poleto , o n v ery t enuous e v idence , may p erhaps b e d a ted i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he t h ir teen th c en tury. T he t hree p ave men ts a re c learly e xcep t ions t o t he C os ma tesque n or m , b u t a s o pus s ec t ile p ave men ts c reated i n t he s a me e ra a nd a rea , a nd u s ing t he s a me ma ter ia l a s C os ma tesque p ave men ts , t hey a re wor thy o f c ons iderat i on . I n a l l t hree c ases , t he n aves l ack a d om inan t c en tra l e le men t o n t he l ong itud ina l a x is.

I nstead , t he f l oor i s t rea ted a s ag r id marked o f f w i th

l a t itud ina l a nd l ong i tud ina l l i nes , much l i ke a p iece o fg raph p aper.

A t S .

S abina , Ro me , r ec tangles a re o u t l ined b y at h in p a t terned b and f or med o f p orphyry , s erpen t ine , a nd w h i te marble ;

t he i n ter iors o f t he r ec tangles

a re b lank . A s im ilar a pproach i s e v iden t i n t he n ave o f S . Mar ia i n A racoel i , Ro me , s ave t ha t t he b ands a re w ider , t he p a t terns more c o mp lex , a nd t he r ec tangles j o ined t ogether t o f or m a t rue g r id p a t tern , wh i le a t S . S ab ina t hey f or m a s er ies o f s epara te r ec tangles. A t t he Assun ta i n S poleto , t h in c hevrons f ormed a l terna tely o f w h i te marble a nd s erpen t ine a re j o ined t oge ther t o f or m r ec tangles.

The r ec tangles , s epara ted b y w h i te marble i n terst ices ,

c over t he e n t ire w es tern h a l f o f t he n ave.

I n a l l t hree i nstances , t hen , t he

v ocabu lary o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts h as b een r educed t o ar a ther r epe t i t ive f or m a nd t he d om inan t c en tra l e le men t h as n ot b een u sed.

1 3

The a forego ing d iscuss ion o f t he f i ve ma jor g roups o f p ave men ts h as e v iden tly n ot e nco mpassed a l l t he p ave men ts d escr ibed i n t he Cata logue R a ison d e .

L ack o f e v idence , b oth v isua l a nd d ocumen tary , a s we l l a s o verly

z ea lous r estora t ion , f orb id b ind ing c a tegor iza t ion o f a l l p ave men ts. Bu t , t he d el inea t ion o fb oth t he i nd iv idua l a nd g ener ic a spec ts o f f i ve g roups o f p avemen ts d oes s erve t o p o in t o ut t he v ar ious a nd o f ten h ighly i nd iv idua l c rea t ions e nco mpassed b y t he c ol lec t ive t er m " Cos ma tesque" .

2 2

FOOTNOTES

1 .

C f . f or e xamp le , C . K . Bunsen , J . G . Gu tensohn , a nd J . M. K napp , D ie Basi l iken d es c hr is tl ichen R o ms , n ach i hre m Z usa mmenhange m it I dee u nd Gesch ich te d er K irchenbaukunst. 2 nd e d it ion , Mun ich , 1 842. T hese r epresen ta t ions must b e t rea ted w i th e x traord inary c au t ion b ecause o f ten t hey a re mean t t o b e r econs truct ions o f t he o r ig ina l c ond i t ion o f t he p ave men t , r a ther t han d ep ic t ions o f i t s c ond i t ion a t t he t ime t he d rawi ng o r e ngrav ing w as made.

2 .

I ts hou ld a lso b e n o ted t ha t t h is me thod i s mos t u se fu l f or r ecogn izing r es tora t ions . T ha t i s , i f ar ec tang le p a t tern a ppears t o b e u n ique a nd y e t i t s o ne e xamp le a ppears i n as ecure ly d a ted c hurch , we c an b e r eas onab ly s ure t ha t , i ft he t esserae a ppear t o b e modern , t he e n t ire p a t tern i s a modern c rea t ion a nd n o t t ru ly C os ma tesque . F or e xamp le , f our o f t he r ec tang le p a t terns i n t he n ave o f S . Mar ia i n C osmed in , R ome were f ound t o b e modern i nven t ions .

3 .

For a d eta iled a na lysis o f a l l p ave men ts d iscussed i n t h is c hap ter , c f . t he C a talogue Ra isonne. I ti s p oss ible t ha t S . Marco , Ro me may a lso b elong t o t he P au lus g roup , who a lso made t he c ibor iu m i n t ha t c hurch. The p ave men t i s f ragmen tary a nd much-restored.

T he s ole e v idence

i s o ne r ectangle p a t tern w h ich i s t he s ame a s o ne a ppear ing r egu larly i n p ave men ts a t tr ibu ted t o t he Paulus g roup . C f. t he Append ix n o. 2 0. S uch t enuous e v idence , a s w el l a s t he l ack o f ag enu ine c en ter e le men t , e xc ludes S . Marco f ro m t he d e ta iled d iscuss ion o f t he P au lus g roup . 4 .

Two s ix teen th c en tury t o mb l astre i n terrup t t he s uccess ion o f l ong itud ina l r oundels i n S . C le men te , Ro me .

The d i mens ions o f t he s pace t hey o ccupy

s uggest t he p oss ibi l i ty t ha t aq u incunx was o nce i n t h is p osi t ion . 5 .

The s chola c an toru m i n S . Benedet to i n P isc inu la , Ro me h as b een d estroyed. T here a re t wo q u incunxes i n t he e as tern p art o f t he n ave i n t he a rea o f wha t was p robably o nce t he s chola c an toru m . They p robably d ecorated t he s chola c antoru m , wh i le t he l ong itud ina l r ow o f r ounde ls , n ow r ea rra n ged , a ppeared i n t he c en ter o f t he sma l l n ave.

I f , o n t he o ther h and ,

t he q u incunxes w ere t he ma in n ave d ecora t ion , s uch a n a rrange men t wou ld b e u n ique among w orks a t tr ibu ted t o t he Pau lus g roup . 6 .

T he s cho la c an torum p la tfor m a t S . Ambrog io , Feren t ino a nd t he western p art o f t he n ave o f S . C roce i n Gerusa le mme , Ro me d o , h owever , h ave s o me r ec tangles t ha t a re sma l ler t han t he n or m f or t he p ar t icu lar c hurch.

7 .

The p ave men t i n t he e as tern t h ird o f t he n ave o f S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , Ro me, c onsists o f r ec tangles s epara ted b y sma l l r oundels; e ach r ecta ngle i s a lso f l anked o n t he n or th a nd s ou th b y as ingle r oundel j o ined t o t he c en ter p a t tern b y mosa ic i n terlaces. The p ave men t i n S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura i s t hus a more c o mp lex v ers ion o f t he p a t terns s een i n t he p ave men ts a t tr ibu ted t o t he Ranuc ius f am ily. T he p ave men t c anno t d a te b efore t he r e ign o f Honor ius I I ( 1 216-27 ) a nd i s p robably l a ter , c annot b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he Ranuc ius f am i ly .

2 3

T hus , i t

8 .

The Ranuc ius g roup 's i nven t ion o f t he r oundel/rec tangle c o mb ina t ion i s h igh ly s ign if ican t f or t he d evelopmen t o f a no ther a spec t o f C os mat esque a rt :

t he d ecora t ion o f c lo isters.

For e xa mp le , t he f riezes

r unn ing a bove t he a rch ivol ts i n t he c lo isters o f S . G iovann i i n L a terano , Ro me a nd S . Paolo f uor i l e Mura , Ro me c ons ist o f t he v ery s a me l i nked r oundels a nd r ec tangles. T he p or t ico o f S . Mar ia Maggiore , C iv itä Cas tel lana l i kew ise d isp lays t he s a me d es ign . A l l t hree works p ostda te t he p ave men ts a t tr ibu ted t o t he f am ily o f Ranuc ius. 9 .

The d iscuss ion must b e c on f ined t o t he S . Magnus c ryp tb ecause t he p ave men t i n t he n ave o f S . Mar ia i s v ery much r estored a nd f orb ids a n a ccura te a na lys is.

1 0 .

T he S . S aba p ave men t h as b een r e-arranged.

I ti s imposs ible t o d e-

t er m ine w hether t he r e ma in ing q u incunx was a cco mpan ied b y o ther q u incunxes o r b y r oundels. 1 1.

T here i s ap ar t ia l c orrespondence i n t he S . Magnus c ryp t o f S . Mar ia , Anagn i.

1 2.

For a d iscuss ion o f t he s ign if icance o f p orphyry , c f . C hap ter V I. A lt hough t he s ign if icance o f p orphyry h as b een d iscussed o f ten , t here i s s urpr is ing ly l i t t le i nfor ma t ion c oncern ing e i ther t he s ources o f t he ma ter ia ls u sed b y t he Ro man marbleworkers o r t he t echn iques t hey u sed t o g a ther t he ma teria ls.

The l oca t ion o f t he marbleworkers

b ot tega h as l ikew ise n ot b een s ecurely i den t i f ied.

For a d iscussion o f

t he Ro man marbleworkers a nd a n a na lys is o f t he t ypes o f ma ter ia l u sed , c f . most r ecen t ly , R . Gnol i , Marmora Ro mana , Ro me , 1 971. C f . a lso R . L anc ian i , S tor ia d eg l i s cav i d i R o ma , Ro me , 1 902, 1 3 a nd i de m., The Destruc t ion o f Anc ien t Ro me , N ew York , 1 899 , 1 3.

1 80-97.

There a re t hree p ave men ts i n Ro me , d a t ing f ro m a pprox i ma tely t he t h ird-quar ter o f t he t h irteen th c en tury , t ha t a lso make a s l igh t c hange i n t he n or ma l C os ma tesque f or ma t.

The western p ar t o f t he n ave o f

S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , t he S . S i lvestro C hapel o f S S. Qua t tro C orona t i , a nd t he S ancta S anc toru m a re a l l d ecora ted w i th l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned q u incunxes.

T he i nnovat ion l i es i n t he f act t ha t t he q u incunxes

a re j o ined t o e ach o ther b y t he s a me s or t o f C os ma tesque mosa ic b ands t ha t u n ite t he f i ve e le men ts f or m ing t he q u incunx. s or t o f p a t tern r esu l ts.

2 4

A more c on t inuous

CHAPTER I V THE S OURCES OF COSMATESQUE PAVE MENTS

T he p reced ing c hap ters h ave s uggested t ha t C os ma tesque p ave men ts d isp lay a c ons isten t a nd l og ica l s ty l ist ic d evelopmen t a nd c an b e c learly d ist ingu ished f ro m o ther I t a l ian p ave men ts o f t he s a me e ra.

T he s ty l ist ic

s ources o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts a re l ess c lear b ecause e arl ier p ave men ts h ave n ot b een t horough ly e xa m ined i n t he c on tex t o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts. I n f ac t , e ver s ince L eo o fO st ia , t he r enowned t welf th c en tury c hron icler o f Mon te C ass ino , r ecorded t ha t Abbot Des ider ius i mported marbleworkers f ro m C ons tan t inop le t o p rov ide a mosa ic f l oor f or t he n ew c hurch a t Mon te C ass ino ( ded ica ted i n 1 071) , i th as a l l t oo s u m mar ily b een c onc luded t ha t Mon te C ass ino a nd , h ence , Byzan t iu m , was t he immed ia te s ource f or t he r ev iva l o f s ec t ile p ave men ts i n Ro me a nd t hroughou t L a t iu m d ur ing t he e arly t wel f th c en tury. 1

L eo 's s ta te men t h as b een a ccep ted i n t o to a nd , b eg inn ing

w i th Fur iet t i i n t he e igh teen th c en tury ,

2

i ti s q uoted b y many s cholars . 3

The u nderstandable e agerness t o a ccep t L eo 's s ta te men t h as u n for tuna tely r esu l ted i n a n a l most c o mp lete n eglec t o f t he s ty l ist ic e v idence i nb oth t he East a nd t he West . The e x ten t t o wh ich t he Mon te Cass ino p ave men t i s a c tual ly r ela ted t o c oeva l E astern p ave men ts h as n o t b een t horoughly i nvest iga ted , n or h as t he s pec if ic r ela t ionsh ip b etween t he Mon te Cass ino p ave men t a nd C os ma tesque p ave men ts b een d eter m ined .

Unswerv ing f a i th i n L eo o f Ost ia 's

r ec t i tude h as l ed t o ar eluc tance t o e xam ine t he p oss ibil ity o f n a t ive I t a l ian i n f luence.4 The s ign if icance o f t he Mon te Cass ino p ave men t c anno t p oss ibly b e e va lua ted u n t il b oth i t s s ty le a nd i t s p os it ion i n t he h is tory o f p ave men t d es ign a re c lear ly u nderstood. Un fortuna tely , t he Mon te Cass ino p ave men t i s n o l onger e x tan t.

I t was

d estroyed i n t he 1 720s a nd r ep laced b y an ew p ave men t c o mp le ted i n 1 728. 5 Pr ior t o i t s d estruc t ion , i t s a ppearance was r ecorded i n ad e ta iled e ngrav ing i nc luded i n Ga t tola 's monumen ta l t wo v o lume h is tory o f t he a bbey ( P la te 5 5 ) .

6

More r ecen tly , Do m Angelo Pan ton i 's d i l igen t a rchaeolog ica l i nvest iga t ions h ave c on f ir med t he e ssen t ia l a ccuracy o f t he e igh teen th c en tury e ngrav ing. 7 The e ngraving d ep icts t he o pus s ec t ile p ave men t i n t he n ave a nd a isles, b u t d oes n o t i nc lude t he a rea n ear t he a l tar where mosa ic f i gures o f a n i mals were o nce p laced .8 A l though t he p ave men t a ppears t o h ave b een r e-arranged i n af ew a reas p r ior t o t he e igh teen th c en tury ,

9

i tn one theless p rov ides

s uf f ic ien t ma ter ia l f or a d e ta iled a na lys is o f t he Mon te C ass ino p ave men t b efore i t s d estruct ion. 1 ° The e igh teen th c en tury e ngrav ing r evea ls t ha t t he p ave men t i n t he n ave a t Mon te Cass ino was c learly d ist ingu ished f ro m t ha t i n t he a isles. The l a t ter c on ta ined a s er ies o f s i mp le r ec tangles, wh ile t he f or mer c on ta ined l arge c en tra l e le men ts , t wo o f wh ich a re b ased o n t he q u incunx . 2 5

S o me o f

t he n ave e le men ts a re f l anked b y r ec tangles. was t hus c lear ly emphas ized.

The a x ial p a th t o t he a l tar

I ndeed , Pan ton i 's e xcava t ions i nd ica ted t ha t

t he t wo e asternmost e le men ts f i l led t he s chola c an toru m. 1 1 T he f our o u ter r oundels f orm ing e ach q u incunx a re r ela t ively sma l l a nd e igh t e ven sma l ler r oundels s urround t he c en ter o f e ach q u incunx .

T he e le men ts f or m ing t he

q u incunxes w ere j o ined b y wh i te b ands t ha t w ere p robably marble. 1 2 S im il ar w h i te i n ters t ices b oth s epara te t he c en tra l e le men ts f ro m t he f l ank ing r ec tang les a nd t he r ectangles t he mselves f ro m e ach o ther.

The Mon te

Cass ino p ave men t f or med a g r id c over ing b o th t he n ave a nd t he a isles. T he r ectangles c on ta ined a v ar ie ty o f p a t terns a nd , i n af ew c ases , t here i s a c orrespondence a cross t he l ong i tud ina l a x is. The C os ma t i 's d ebt t o t he l ayou t o f t he Mon te Cassino p ave men t i s e v id en t . F or , C os ma tesque p ave men ts a lso h ave a d om inan t c en tra l e lemen t b ased o n t he q u incunx , f l ank ing r ec tangles s epara ted b y i n ters t ices i nb o th t he n ave a nd t he a isles , ac orrespondence o f r ec tangle p a tterns, a nd a p ref erence f or f i l l ing t he s chola c an toru m w i th a c ons isten t e le men t s uch a s q u incunxes o r r oundels. I n a dd i t ion , s ix o f t he Mon te Cass ino r ec tangle p a t terns a lso a ppear r egu larly i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts .1 3 Three o f t he s ix a lso a ppear i n a n t ique Ro man p ave men ts, b u t a re, t o my k now ledge , u nknown i n Byzan t iu m .1 4 Y et , w h i le t he C os ma t i c erta in ly a dop ted t he b as ic c o mpos i t iona l p r inc ip les f i rst e stabl ished a t Mon te Cass ino , t hey a lso a dj usted t he e le men ts s o a s t o f orm a more b a lanced , c oheren t , a nd h armon ious p ave men t. T hese c hanges a re p ar t icu lar ly e v iden t i n t he C os ma t i 's t rea t men t o f t he q u incunx , f or t hey r ep laced t he e igh t smal l r oundels s urround ing t he c en tral e le men t a t Mon te Cass ino w i th o ne l arge r oundel s urrounded b y mosa ic a nd marble b ands. N onetheless, t he Mon te Cass ino p ave men t a nd C os ma tesque p ave men ts h ave s olved t he p roble m o f c orrela t ing p ave men t d esign w i th t he o r ien ta t ion o f ab as il ican c hurch . T he s ources o f t h is t ype o f p ave men t d esign a re n ot u n if ied , b u t s ee m t o d er ive f ro m a n umber o f t rad i t ions. The s trongest a rgu men t f or t he d ependence o f t he Mon te Cass ino p avemen t o n E astern models i s p rov ided b y d ocumen tary e v idence. F or , t he a fore men t ioned L eo o fO s t ia s ta tes t ha t D es ider ius n ot o n ly h ired Byzan t ine w orkmen b u t t ha t t hey , i n t urn , t aught t heir s k i l ls t o I t a l ian marbleworkers. L eo f ur ther men t ions t ha t t he i mporta t ion o f t he E as tern marbleworkers was n ecessary b ecause t he s k il ls h ad n ot b een p rac t iced i n I ta ly f or more t han f i ve h undred y ears. 1 5

L eo 's r a ther s pec if ic a ssert ions d e mand t ha t t he

Mon te C ass ino p ave men tb e c o mpared t o c oeva l Byzan t ine p ave men ts. Unf ortuna tely , t he Byzan t ine q uest ion i s c harac ter ized b y b oth p auc i ty o f ma ter ia l a nd l ack o f as ecure c hronology . S ince l i t tle r e ma ins i nI stanbu l , much o f t he d iscuss ion w il l o f n ecessi ty d epend o n p rov inc ia l e xa mp les wh ich p robably r ef lec t t he a r t ist ic a c t iv ity i n t he c ap i ta l . Both t he r e la t ions h ip o f t he a rrange men t o f t he p ave men t t o i t s a rch i tec tura l s et t ing a nd t he i nd iv idua l p a t terns u sed must b e c ons idered. An a na lysis o f t he a rrange men t o f t he p ave men t t o t he p lan o f t he c hurch y ields c o mp letely n ega t ive r esu l ts.

I n o n ly t wo c ases , S t. J ohn St ad ion i n

I s tanbu l ( Pla te 5 6 )1 6 a nd S t . N icholas a t O lyn thus ( Pla te 5 7 ), 1 7 b oth p roba bly d a t ing f ro m t he l ast t h ird o f t he e leven th c en tury , i s t here e nough p avemen t r e ma in ing i n ac hurch o fb as il ican f or m t o p erm it a n a na lys is o f i t s a rrangemen t. 13 A t t he S tud ion , t he p ave ment c ons ists o f as er ies o f l arge 2 6

r oundels , sma l ler r oundels, a nd s quares a l l l i nked t oge ther b y mosa ic b ands a s s een i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts. Bu t t he r oundels a nd s quares a re a rr anged t o f or m r ectangles w ith b lank i n ter iors , s o t ha t a n e ssen t ia l ly l i near g r id c overs t he n ave o f t he c hurch.

T he o ne t rac t o f p ave men t r e ma in ing i n

t he c en ter o ft he n ave a t O lyn thus i s e ven l ess r eward ing i n t ha t i tc ons ists s i mp ly o f aq u incunx s urrounded o n a l l s ides b y r oundels , s o t ha t t he e n t ire o u ter f rame f or ms a s quare c o mposed o f t hree r oundels o n as ide.

I n t h is

manner , t he c en ter o f t he n ave , t he p ar t u nder t he d o me , i s emphas ized , b u t n o a x ia l d irec t ion i s i mp l ied . S evera l o ther Byzan t ine p ave men ts s l ight ly e ar l ier t han t he Mon te Cass ino p ave men t o r a pprox i ma tely c oeva l w ith i t were made f or c en tra l ly p lanned c hurches o r a re s o f rag men tary a s t o p er m i t o n ly a n a na lys is o f t he i nd iv idua l p a t terns u sed.

T hey a re :

t he c hurch o f t he I v iron Monas tery o n Mt . A thos

( 976-1025 ) ( Pla te 5 8 ) ,1 9 t he c hurch o f t he D or m i t ion a t N icea ( shor t ly a f ter 1 065 ) ( P la te 5 9) ,2 0 H ag ia S oph ia a t N icea ( P la te 6 0 ) a nd t he Mauso leu m o f O rhan G az i a t B ursa ( P la te 6 1-62 ) b oth s hor t ly a f ter 1 065 ,

2 1

t he p ave men t r e-

ma in ing i n t he t ransep t a r ms o f t he K a thol ikon a t Hosios L ukos ( 2 . 1 040 ) ( Pla te 6 3) ,

2 2

1 050 ) ( Pla te 6 4 )2 3

1 020-

t he q u incunxes r e ma in ing i n t he N ea Mon i a t C h ios ( 2 . a nd j ust t o t he n orth o f t he c hurch o f S t . J ohn t he Bap t ist

i n Hebdo mon , as uburb o f I s tanbu l .2 4

N e ither t hese c hurches n or t he a fore-

men t ioned t wo Byzant ine c hurches d isp lay t he t ype o f p a t terned r ec tangle u sed i nb oth t he Mon te Cass ino p ave men t a nd C os ma tesque p ave men ts. The f i rst f our men t ioned a l l h ave t he s a me t ype o f c o mp lex r oundel s yste ms , w ith v ar ia t ions , a s s een a t O lyn thus. 2 5 S o me a lso c o mbine s quares a nd r oundels t o f orm d esigns s im ilar t o t he t ype s een i n t he S tud ion .

On t he

o ther h and , Hosios L ukos a nd S t . J ohn t he Bap t ist i n Hebdo mon h ave c o mp lex q u incunxes. T h is t ype o f q u incunx , n ot u sed i n Cos ma tesque p ave men ts , i s e xac tly t he t ype s een i n t he e ngrav ing o f t he Monte Cassino p ave men t , i n t ha t i th as t he i n ter med ia te b and o f e igh t a dd i t iona l r oundels a nd t he d isproport i ona tely sma l l f l ank ing r oundels.

The N ea Mon i a t Ch ios h as a q u incunx

i den t ica l t o t hose u sed i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts, wh ile o ne o f t he f rag men ts f ro m t he Mausoleu m o fO rhan Gaz i a lso h as a s im ilar q u incunx. The e v idence i nd ica tes t ha t b o th t he Mon te Cass ino t ype o f q u incunx a nd t he C os ma tesque q u incunx a ppeared i n Byzan t ine p ave men ts , b u t t here s ee ms n o r eason t o a ssu me t ha t t he f ormer was t he i mmed ia te s ource f or t he l a t ter. I ti s q u i te p oss ible t ha t b oth t ypes were t rans m i t ted i ndependen t ly f ro m t he East. I t s hou ld a lso b e r e me mbered t ha t t he Ranuc ius g roup o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts d isp lays a l i nkage o f r oundels a nd r ec tangles. Th is f or m d oes n ot a ppear a t Mon te C ass ino b u t i s c o m mon t o s evera l o f t he Byzan t ine p ave men ts u nder d iscuss ion .2 6 A ga in , i ts ee ms l og ica l t o p os it a nother s ource o f Byzan t ine i n f luence ; o bv ious ly , n ot a l l t he c red i t r es ides w i th A bbot Des ider ius a nd Mon te C ass ino. The s upposed r ela t ionsh ip b e tween t he Mon te Cassino p ave men t a nd Byzan t iu m t hus r ests more o n s p iri t t han o n a c tua l s ubstance. Byzan t ine p ave men ts a re c o mposed o f l arge q uant i t ies o f p orphyry a nd s erpen t ine , ma ter ia ls r arely u sed i n t he West d ur ing t h is e ra.

And t he Byzan t ines a lso

s ee m t o h ave c on tr ibu ted q u incunxes f ormed o f i n terlaced marble b ands , a s wel l a s as ense o fb a lance a nd s ymmetry r ef lec ted i nb oth o vera l l o rgan izat i on a nd s pec if ic p a t terns.

Yet , t he Mon te Cass ino p ave men t c annot b e 2 7

v iewed a s e ven a n a pprox i ma te c opy o f a ny k nown Byzan t ine p ave men t.

I t

l i kew ise s ee ms t o h ave f ew immed ia te r ela t ives i nI ta ly , f or o n ly t he p ave men t i n S . Mennas i n S . Aga ta d e i G ot i ( Q . 110 ) ( Pla te 6 5 ), a bou t f or ty m i les f ro m Mon te C assino , may b e c o mpared t o i t . 27 Both s hare a p red i lec t ion f or d isp ara tely p roport ioned q u incunxes a nd a p enchan t f or v ary ing t he c en tra l e lemen ts , s o t ha t t hey l ack t he c ons istency s een i n C os matesque p ave men ts. The h ybr id n a ture o ft he Mon te Cass ino p ave men t a nd t he u ncerta in ty o f i t s r ela t ionsh ip t o Byzan t iu m s uggest t he f u t il i ty o f d iscover ing a s ing le s ource f or e i ther i to r f or C os ma tesque p ave men ts.

O ther e v idence must b e e x-

am ined . When L eo o f O st ia wrote t ha t L a t in masters h ad n ot p ract iced marblework ing f or more t han f i ve h undred y ears , 28 h e w as q u i te c orrec t i n r egard t o t he S ou th I t a l ian ambien t o f Mon te Cass ino. Bu t , L eo was d oubt less u nf am i l iar w ith marble-work ing a c t iv ity i n o ther a reas o f I t a ly. F or , p ave men ts a bounded i n t he Ro man e ra a nd c on t inued t o b e made i n g rea t q uan t ity i n v ar ious p ar ts o f I ta ly d ur ing t he e n t ire M idd le Ages. I ndeed , many o f t he e le men ts a ppear ing i n e arl ier I t a l ian p ave men ts w ere u sed b oth b y t he C os ma t i a nd b y t he a r t isans who c rea ted t he Monte Cass ino p ave men t .

The r ea l iza t ion

t ha t n ei ther t he Mon te Cass ino p ave men t n or C os ma tesque p ave men ts s tand i n i sola ted s p lendor o n I t a l ian s o il w i l l f oster a n u nderstand ing o f t he s ign if ic ance o f t he i nnova t ions a t Mon te Cass ino a s wel l a s i t s J anus-faced r ela t ionsh ip t o b oth Eastern a nd Western d evelopmen ts. An a na lysis o f t he r ela t ionsh ip b etween Ro man p ave men ts a nd t he ir a rch i tec tura l s et t ing , a s ap oss ible s ource f or b o th t he Mon te Cass ino p avemen t a nd C os ma tesque p ave men ts , y ields l argely n ega t ive r esu l ts. F or , t he s hape , s ize , a nd t ype o f a rea c overed b y Ro man p ave men ts i s man ifes t ly d if feren t f ro m t he b as il ican f or m i n wh ich t he l a ter p avemen ts a ppear . 2 9 I n g enera l , Ro man p ave men ts, p art icu lar ly t hose u sed i n d o mest ic a rch i tec ture , c over sma l l a reas i n wh ich a s trong a x ia l o r ien ta t ion i s n ei ther f unc t iona l ly n or a esthe t ica l ly d esirable.

B o th c arpet p a t terns a nd f i gura l c o mposi t ions

f i l l t he ir a ppo in ted a reas w ith a s ee m ingly monotonous r epe t it ion .

The emble m ,

f avored a s af ocal p o in t i n c oeva l E astern p ave men ts , i s r arely u sed . 3° A r egu larly r epea ted o vera l l c o mpos it ion c annot , b y d ef in i t ion , e xh ibi t c orresp ondence o f p arts a round a c en tra l a x is. I n o n ly o ne c ase , am id-second c en tury p ave men t f or merly i n t he P a lazzo Imper ia le a t Ost ia , a nd n ow i n t he Va t ican Museum , i s a ny s ort o f c orrespond ence a round a c en tra l a x is p ro m inen t ly d isplayed .3 1 I n t h is c o mpara t ively l arge p ave men t , o rig inal ly measur ing 1 8 m x1 3.37 m, t he c en ter i s d om inat ed b y t hree n arrow r ec tangles a l terna ted w i th t wo p a t terned s quares. F lank ing e ach r ec tangle , o nb oth r ight a nd l e f t , i s as quare t urned s o t ha t i t s d iagona l i s o n t he l ong i tud ina l a x is; t he f l ank ing s quares , a s wel l a s n u merous sma l ler e le men ts , h ave a c o mp le te c orrespondence o f p ar ts a round t he c learly d ef ined c en tra l a x is. Bu t t he Va t ican p ave men t i s t he e xcep t ion r a ther t han t he r ule. Ro man p ave men ts e xerted l i t t le , i fa ny , i n f luence o n t he l ayou t o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts. Ac orrela t ion o f t he g eo metr ic p a t terns a ppear ing i nb oth Ro man a nd C os ma tesque p ave men ts y ields more p osi t ive r esu l ts. Bu t , i t must b e n oted t ha t t he c o mpara t ive ly smal l n umber o f Ro man o pus s ec t ile p ave men ts 2 8

r e ma in ing d e mands t ha t o ur e xa mp les b e b ased ma in ly o n b lack-and-wh i te o pus t essel la tu m p ave men ts wh ich were t he most p opu lar f or m o f R o man f l oor d ecora t ion .3 2

A f ter a ppear ing i n t he f i rst c en tury B .C., t hey p ar t icu larly

f l our ished d ur ing t he Emp ire , a s w i tnessed b y t he i nnumerable e xamp les a t O st ia a nd T ivol i . On t he o ther h and , p olychro me p ave men ts:a He l len ist ic t rad it ion , w ere c ompara t ively r are a nd c olored t esserae , i ft hey a ppeared a t a l l , w ere u sua l ly p laced i n t he c en ter o f t he f l oor. I ndeed , i tw as n ot u n t il l a te a n t iqu i ty t ha t s ec t ile p ave men ts , d oubt less i nsp ired b y Or ienta l a nd A fr ican i n f luences , c o m mon ly a ppeared i n t he West. 33 A l though t he g eo me tr ic d es igns a ppear ing i n t he Ro man p ave men ts a re s o mewha t more l im i ted a nd r epe t it ious t han t hose s een i n t he l arge C os mat esque r eper to ire , t here a re a t l east e leven p a t terns c o mmon ly u sed i n Ro man p ave men ts 3 4 wh ich w ere a ga in emp loyed b y t he C os ma t i .3 5 On ly o ne o f t hese e leven p a t terns a ppears ,3 6 t o my k now ledge , i n E astern Ro man p ave men ts a nd.n one o f t he p a t terns a ppears i n Byzan t ine p ave men ts o f t he t en th a nd e leven th c entur ies.

The C os ma t i w ere t hus f u l ly aware o f t he d es igns c o m-

mon ly emp loyed i nR o man p ave men ts , a nd t hey r ev ived a n a t ive I t a l ian t rad i t ion . 37 Another c o mmon e le ment i n Ro man p ave men ts wh ich a lso a ppears i n C os ma tesque p avemen ts i s t he g u il loche. I n C os ma tesque p ave men ts , a s h as b een p rev iously p o in ted o u t , mosa ic b ands s urround a nd j oin t oge ther r oundels u sua l ly made o f p orphyry o r s erpen t ine. Ro man g u il loches , o n t he o ther h and , l ack a c en tra l e le men t a nd t end t o b e c ons iderably sma l ler ; e ach s trand o f t he g u i l loche i s n or ma l ly i nd ica ted b y ar ow o f d if ferent c olored t esserae.

The R o man g u il loche i s o f ten u sed a s af ram ing e le men t a round

a n e n t ire p ave men to r a s a n e le men t wh ich e s tabl ishes a s er ies o f i nd iv idua l f ra mes f or f i gura l s ub jec ts w ith in t he c onf ines o fo ne p ave men t. 3 8 Among t he l a test , a nd f or o ur p urposes , most i n terest ing e xamp les a re : ap ave men t f ound o n t he E squ il ine a nd n ow i n t he Museo N az iona le i n Ro me ( Pla te 6 6 ), a nd a p ave men t f ro m t he Casa d i L uc ina, n ow c onserved i n t he Pa lazzo A l mag iä , a lso i n Ro me ( Pla te 6 7 ). B lake p laces b oth e xamp les i n t he L a te Emp ire. 3 9

These t wo e xamp les l ack t he r a ther s ca t tered , r ando m

q ua l i ty o f e arl ier R o man g u i l loches ;

i nstead , t hey a lready man ifest s o me o f

t he s t if f f or ma l is m a nd b a lance s een i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts.

T he Museo

N az iona le a nd t he P a lazzo A lmag iä p ave men ts a re a lso o f i n terest i n t ha t t he g u il loche i s u sed t o o u t l ine c ircles a nd o va ls; i tt hus f unc t ions i n much t he s a me manner a s t he mosa ic i n terlaces u sed t o j o in C os ma tesque r oundels. " A f ter h av ing b een a dop ted i n t he L a te Emp ire , t he s t if f , f or ma l g u il loche r eta ined i t s p opu lar i ty t hroughou t L a te An t ique a r t , a s c an b e s een , f or e xa mp le , i n t he v au l t mosa ics o f S . C ostanza , Ro me . 4 1 Gradua l ly , d ur ing t he f ourth c en tury , Ro me l ost h er p reem inen t p osi t ion i n t he a r ts. N or thern I ta ly ( and most p ar t icu larly t he Veneto ) , q u iescen t d ur ing t he d om ina t ion o f Ro me, r ose t o n ew h e ights i n t he a rts, a n e poch c rowned b y t he a ch ieve men ts o f J ust in ian a t Ravenna. The l arge n umber o f p ave men ts p roduced i n n or thern I ta ly b etween t he f our th a nd s ix th c en tur ies l argely c onserve t he Ro man t rad it ion , b u t a lso e xh ibi t ag reater i n terest i n t he d evelop men t o ft he g u i l loche a nd c ons iderably l ess i n terest i n s o me o f t he s tock p a t terns a ppear ing i n Ro man g eo metr ic f l oors a nd s ubsequen t ly a dop ted 2 9

b y t he Cos ma t i .

There a re o n ly f our s ca t tered e xa mp les ,4 2

r ang ing f ro m

t he f ourth t o t he s ix th c entury , o f p a t terns t ha t a ppear l a ter i n Cos ma tesque p ave men ts a nd t wo o f t he i solated e xamp les w ere i n t he s ame c hurch , t he n ow d estroyed Basi l ica U rs iana i n Ravenna . 43 On t he o ther h and , t he g u il loche , wh ich a ppears o ccas iona l ly i n Ro man p ave men ts , i s e v iden t i n a l most e very N or th I t a l ian p ave men t o f a ny c onsidera ble s ize ; t he g u i l loche may w el l b e t er med t he l e i t mot if o f L a te An t ique a nd Early C hr ist ian p ave men ts i n n orthern I t aly .

The g u il loche, c o mposed

o f t wo o r more c olors, i s g enera l ly u sed i n t hree d if feren t ways :

( 1 )

a s a

f ra m ing e le men t f or a n e n t ire f l oor , a s s een , f or e xa mp le , i n t he Duo mo Vecch ia i n Bresc ia ( f if th-six th c en tury ) ( Pla te 6 8 ) ; i dua l e le men ts s uch a s a n i ma l o r h u man f i gures ,

( 2 ) a s af ra me f or i nd iva s s een i n t he r e ma ins o f

t he Ear ly C hr ist ian b as il ica i n Verona ( second h a l f o f t he f our th c en tury ) ( Pla te 6 9 ); o r , ( 3 ) a s as i mp le , o vera l l d esign i n i t sel f , a s s een i n t he p resby tery o ft he Duo mo a t P ola ( end o f t he f i f th c en tury ) ( Pla te 7 0 ) o r i n S . Mar ia d e l la P iazza i n Ancona ( end o f t he f our th c entury ) ( Pla te 7 1). 44

T hese f ew e xa mp les,

c hosen f ro m among many , a ssured ly i nd ica te t he e ver-increas ing p opu lar i ty o f t he g u il loche.

Bu t

i n r ea l i ty , i t s f or m h as s carcely c hanged s ince Ro man

t imes, s ave t ha t i th as b eco me e ven s t if fer a nd t i gh ter, t hereby f ur ther magn ify ing t he med ieva l t endenc ies f i rst s een i n i mperial Ro man mosa ics , s uch a s t he e xa mp le c onserved i n t he P a lazzo A lmag iä. Wh ile t he p a t terns u sed i n L a te An t ique a nd E arly C hr is t ian p ave men ts i n t he Vene to p reserve t he Ro man t rad it ion , t he r e lat ionsh ip b e tween s o me o f t he p ave men ts a nd t heir a rch itec tura l s e t t ing i s s uggest ive o f i deas l a ter d eveloped a t Mon te C ass ino a nd b y t he C os ma t i.

F or , many E arly C hrist ian

p ave men ts i n t he n orth c over l ong itud ina l ly o r ien ta ted b as i l ican a reas .

I t

w ou ld , t herefore , b e d es irable t o c o mpare t he c en tra l d es ign i n t he n or thern p ave men ts t o t he s trong c en tra l e le men t u sed a t Mon te Cass ino a nd b y t he C os ma t i.

A l though t he r esu l ts a re n o t e n t irely c onclusive , t here a re s o me

i nd ica t ions t ha t a n a t te mp t was o ccas iona l ly made t o emphas ize, o r a t l east d if feren t ia te , t he l ong i tud ina l c en ter o f t he n ave. I n t he T heodor ian b asi l ica a t Aqu i le ia , f or e xa mp le, t here i s an arrow , c learly s et-of f s trip o f r inceau p a t tern e x tend ing t he e n t ire l ength o f t he n or th s ide o f t he c hurch ( Pla te 7 2 ).

There i s s o me d oubt a s t o whe ther t he i solated

s tr ip was mean t t o l ead t o ward t he g eneral d irec t ion o f t he a l tar o r s i mp ly t o p rov ide s o me v ar ie ty i n a n o therw ise r a ther h o mogeneous f l oor.

T he

p ave men t i n t he b as i l ica o f S . E uphe m ia i n Grado ( end o f t he s ix th c en tury ) d oes , h owever , e xh ibi t n ot o n ly a s trong c en tra l e le men t , b u t a lso w ha t a ppears t o b e a p ar t ia l c orrespondence o f p ar ts ( Pla te 7 3 ).

The c en ter o f

t he n ave i s marked b y a wave p a t tern wh ich p rogresses t oward t he a l tar , wh i le t he n or th a nd s ou th s ides o f t he n ave h ave a pprox i ma tely t he s a me p a t tern.

The n ave p a t terns a re n ot , h owever ,

s epara ted b y marble i n ter-

s t ices, a s s een s o c learly i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts.

N onetheless , i n t he

a pp l ica t ion o f e ssen t ia l ly a bstrac t d esigns t o al ong i tud ina l ly o r ien ta ted p lan a nd i n t he f i rst a t te mp ts t o s tress t he l ong itud ina l c en ter o f t he n ave , E arly C hr is t ian p ave men ts i n t he Veneto c er ta in ly p resage t welf th a nd t h irteen th c en tury C os ma tesque d evelopmen ts. Another m inor a spec t o f p ave men t d es ign i n t he Vene to i s a lso r elevan t t o a ny d iscuss ion o f I t a l ian p receden ts f or C os ma tesque d evelop men ts. 3 0

For ,

a l though most p ave men ts i n t he N or th a re o pus t essel la tum , t here a re a lso af ew s ec t ile p avemen ts; c h ief among t hese a re t he r estored q u incunx i n t he p resby tery o f S . V i ta le , Ravenna , 45

c o mp leted i n 5 48 , a nd t he f rag men t i n

S . Mar ia F or is P or tas , Castelsepr io , w h ich l acks a s ecure d a te . 4 6

T he a r t

o f o pus s ect ile i se ven more p reva len t i n t he r ich marble r evetmen ts o f c hurches , most n o tably i n S . V ita le a nd i n t he Bap t istery o f t he N eon , b oth i n Ravenna .

I n R o me , as im ilar e xamp le o f r ich p a t terns a pp l ied t o a wal l

s urface r e ma ins i nt he r estored f r ieze a bove t he n ave c olu mns i n S . S ab ina. I t i s e v iden t , t hen , t ha t w ork i n o pus s ec t i le , t he mode l a ter u sed b y t he C os ma t i , was p reva len t u n t il a t l east t he s ix th c en tury. T he a forego ing a na lysis o f L a te An t ique a nd E arly C hr ist ian N orth I t a l ian p ave men ts h as p rov ided a n e ven more e x tens ive b ackground t o t he d evelopmen t o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts. F or , w h ile t he s tudy o f Ro man p ave men ts r evea led a n emphas is o ng eo metric p a t terns w h ich l a ter o ccur i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts , t he s um mary o f t he N orth I t a l ian e xamp les h as , t o ag rea t e x ten t , f i l led i n t he a reas n ot p rov ided b y Ro man p ave men ts :

t ha t i s , t he i ncreased

a nd more i mag ina t ive u se o f t he g u i l loche a nd t he f i rst a t te mp ts t o r ela te t he o vera l l l ayou t o f t he p ave men t t o t he b as i l ican p lan . C os ma tesque p ave men ts j o ined t he t wo i deas , s o t ha t t he w ider a nd e ver-r icher g u il loche was p laced i n as er ies mark ing t he l ong i tud inal p a th t oward t he a l tar. Pave men t d es ign t hroughou t I t a ly a l lb u t c eased a f ter t he f i ne s ix th c en tury w ork i n S . E uphe m ia , Grado. Ik now o f n o r e ma in ing p ave men ts f ro m t he s even th c en tury a nd e ven t he e igh th a nd n in th c en tur ies a re s parsely d ocumen ted.

Ye t , t hree e xamp les f ro m t h is e ra a re r elevan t t o t he d e l inea-

t i on o f I t a l ian d evelopmen ts p reced ing t he f l orescence o f C os ma tesque p avemen ts.

The mosa ic p ave men ts r e ma in ing i n t he Bap t istery o f S . G iovann i i n

C iv idale ( e igh th c entury ), 47 t he c hurch o f S . Mar ia i n Gazzo Veronese ( l a te e igh th o r e arly n in th c en tury ) ( Pla te 7 4) , a nd t he f rag men ts f ro m S . I lar io i n Ven ice ( f irst h a l f o f t he n in th c en tury ) ( Pla te 7 5 ), n ow i n t he Museo C orrer i n t ha t c i ty , a re a l l c o mposed o f as er ies o f l i nked c ircles w h ich a re , w ith in ap art icu lar p ave men t , r egu lar i nb oth s ize a nd d esign .

T he c irc les a re n ot

t he t i gh t g u i l loche o r i sola ted f rame s ee m i n Ro man a nd e ar l ier N or th I t al ian p ave men ts , b u t , r a ther , h ave t he s ame s pac ious amp l i tude a nd d i mens ion a s s een i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts.

The c en ters o f t hese c irc les a re , h ow-

e ver , made o f o pus t essel la tu m r a ther t han o f p orphyry o r s erpen t ine. A f ter a n h ia tus i n t he t en th c en tury , t he n ex t s ign if ican t d evelopmen t i n p ave men t d ecora t ion i n t he N or th a ppears i n t he p resby tery o f S . Mar ia Assun ta , T orcel lo. A q u incunx , a t tr ibu table t o t he 1 008 b u i ld ing c a mpa ign , 48 i s t he o n ly p ave men t r e ma in ing i n t h is a rea o f t he c hurch ; i th as t he s a me b a lanced p roport ions a s C os ma tesque q u incunxes a nd p reda tes t he a foremen t ioned Byzan t ine e xa mp les.

The q u incunx i n t he n ave o f t he A bbazia d i

P o mposa , d ated 1 026 b y i nscr ip t ion , 49

i s a lso o f i n terest ( Pla te 7 6 ).

A l though

p reda t ing Mon te C ass ino b y s o me f orty y ears , i th as t he s ame d ispropor t iona tely l arge c en ter r oundel a nd t he s ame e xceed ing ly sma l l f l ank ing r oundels. The Po mposa p ave men t t hus marks t he f i rst a ppearance o f t h is s ort o f q u incunx o n t he c en tra l a x is o f t he n ave o f ac hurch. P rev iously , q u incunxes h ad o ccurred o n ly i n t he p resby tery a reas o f S . V i ta le , Ravenna a nd S . Mar ia Assun ta , T orcel lo.

And , t he P o mposa q u incunx p reda tes t he Byzan t ine

3 1

e xa mp les c i ted e ar lier . T h is s erves t o c onf ir m t he i mpress ion t ha t t he q u inc unx was u sed i n I t a l ian p ave men t d esign we l l b efore t he e ra o f Mon te C ass ino . T he d evelopmen t o f ac o mpara t ively c a lm , s ta t ic , a nd a l most u n ifor m a r t i n t he N or th d ur ing t h is e ra may , i n s o me ways , b e t he r esu l t o f t he i nc reased t rade b e tween Byzan t iu m a nd Ven ice i n t he n in th c en tury . T he wholes a le i mporta t ion o f r ich t apes tr ies d oubt less f ormed a l arge p ar t o f t he t rade , a nd o ne h as o n ly t o c o mpare c on te mporary t apestr ies t o p avemen t d es ign t o n ote t he s im ilar ity o f f or m. 5 ° Moreover , t he p a t tern o f j o ined c irc les , s een i n t he e igh th a nd n in th c en tury p ave men ts i n t he V ene to h as a d irec t p receden t i n s evera l o f t he mosa ic p ave men ts d iscovered a t An t ioch. 5 1 T h is c a lmer , more r epe t it ious , a nd more s table t ype o f d esign r ap id ly s pread t hrough I t a ly a nd b eca me t he a ccep ted p at tern i nb oth , m inor a r ts a nd s cu lp ture. T he f ragmen t o f ac ho ir s creen i n S . Anas tas io a t C astel S . E l ia , d a ted i n t he f i rst h a l f o f t he n in th c en tury , p rov ides a n e xcel len t e xa mp le o f t he a dap t ion o f t h is t echn ique t o s cu lp ture ( Pla te 7 7 ). Dur ing t he s even th t o n in th c en tur ies , n or thern I t a ly c on t inued t o ma int a in i t s l eadersh ip i n t he c rea t ion o f mosa ic p avemen ts, a lbe i t f ew i n n umber. S ou thern I t a ly r e ma ined d orman t. Dur ing t h is e ra , h owever , c en tra l I t aly , r epresen ted b y Ro me a nd L a t iu m , b egan t o s t ir f ro m t he t orpor eh ich f e l l u pon i ta f ter t he Ro man e ra.

The n ew d eve lopmen ts i n Ro me a nd L a t ium i n

t he n in th c en tury t ook t he f or m o f ar ev iva l o f o pus s ect i le p ave ments , a n a r t w h ich h ad a l lb u t d isappeared i n c en tra l I t a ly a f ter t he L a te An t ique r ev iva l o f s ec t ile p ave men ts f i ve c en tur ies e arl ier. L arge a reas o f s ec t ile p ave men t r ema in i n S . Mar ia d i Farfa a t F arfa S ab ina ( Pla te 7 8 ),5 2 a s w el l a s i n t he S . Z eno C hapel i n S . Prassede , Ro me ( Pla te 7 9 ).53 The l arge t racts r e ma in ing i nb oth c hurches a re p art icularly s ign if ican tb ecause t he ir ma in e le men t i s al arge p orphyry r ounde l .

I nb oth

c ases , t he r ounde l i s s urrounded b y ac heckerboard p a t tern made o f p orphyry , s erpen t ine , g ia l lo a n t ico , a nd w h ite marble —the v ery t ypes o f s tone u sed i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts.

Thus , t he g radua l s tab i l iza t ion o f r oundels b egun

i n n or thern I t a ly r eaches i t s p eak i n L a t ium a nd i s j o ined t o t he r ev ival o f o pus s ect i le p ave men ts. Opus s ec t ile p ave men ts , t hough o f g rea t i mportance , a re n ot t he o n ly s ign if ican t Ro man d evelopmen t i n t h is e ra. N o te s hou ld a lso b e made o f t he p ave men t r e ma in ing i n S . Mar ia An t igua , Ro me w h ich , a l though n ot s ecurely d a ted , i s p robably p r ior t o t he e ighth c en tury ( Pla te 8 0 ).54

The p ave men t

c ons ists o f as er ies o f c lear ly d ef ined s quares o f wh ite p ebble mosa ic emphat i ca l ly s epara ted b y w h i te marble i n terst ices. T he s quares a re a rranged i n l a t itud ina l a nd l ong i tud ina l r ows a nd , w ith in e ach s quare , al i near d esign i s f ormed b y t he i nser t ion o fb lack t esserae. 5 5 Many o f t he s quares a re a lso i n terest ing b ecause t he ir c en ters , f ro m wh ich t he l i near p a t terns r ad ia te , a re d ef ined b y a sma l l p iece o f e i ther p orphyry o r s erpen t ine; a nd , t he s quare t ha t marks t he l ong itud ina l c en ter o f t he f l oor i s c learly d es igna ted b y af ar more c o mp lex l i near p a t tern w ith in i t s b orders.

There i s a lso a n

a l most c o mp le te c orrespondence o f p a t terns a round t he l ong itud ina l a x is. I tw ou ld s ee m , t hen , t ha t many o f t he c onst ituen t e le men ts o f aC os ma tesque p ave men t w ere i n e v idence i n Ro me b y t he n in th c en tury. 5 6 3 2

S ince a l l t he e le men ts n ecessary f or t he c rea t ion o f t he Mon te C assino p ave men t a nd , b y e x tension , C os ma tesque p ave men ts , were p resen t i n I t aly b y t he e leven th c en tury a t t he l a test , t hese d evelopmen ts c anno t b e l ooked u pon a s t o ta l ly a l ien t ransp lan ts t o b arren I t a l ian s o i l .

S ign if ican t i nd iv idual

e le men ts s uch a s r ec tangle p a t terns , t he l ong itud ina l a rrange men t o f p avemen ts i n E ar ly C hr ist ian b as il icas, t he u se o f t he q u incunx , w ork i n o pus s ec t i le , a nd t he s porad ic u se o f p orphyry a nd s erpen t ine h ad a l l a ppeared p r ior t o t he c rea t ion o f t he Mon te Cass ino p ave men t s ou th o fR o me i n a n a rea w h ich h ad s carcely p ar t ic ipa ted i n t he l ong h is tory o f I t al ian p ave men t d es ign . T he r ela t ionsh ip b e tween t he Mon te Cass ino p ave men t a nd C os ma tesque p ave men ts i s c er ta in ly s ubstan t ia l . Ye t , t he f or mer 's r ela t ionsh ip t o Byzant i um h as a ssuredly b een o ver-est i ma ted , f or i n i t s e n t ire ty , i tr ese mbles n o e x tan t Byzan t ine p ave men t.

P oss ibly , t he n a t ive I t a l ian w orkmen h ad a l arger

h and i n t he Mon te C ass ino p ave men t t han h as h ere tofore b een s uspec ted. The s ign if icance o f t he Mon te C ass ino p ave men t l i es l ess i n i t s u se o f r oundels a nd q u incunxes a nd more i n i t s d evelopmen t o f a me thod f or a pp ly ing a s trong l ong i tud ina l a x is a nd f l ank ing r ec tangles , s epara ted b y i n terst ices, t o a b asi l ican c hurch ,

a n a rrange men t u nknown i n t he Greek E ast.

The Mon te

Cass ino p ave men t i sb est v iewed a s ah ybr id h av ing a s trong a nd l ast ing impac t o n C os ma tesque p ave men ts.

Bu t , t he i nheren t c lass ic is m o f t he

Eastern s ty le mus t h ave a lso b een t rans m i t ted t o t he L a t in West t hrough o ther n o l onger e x tan t monumen ts . Mon te C assino , a s t he o ne s urv iv ing Wes tern p ave men t s ecure ly d ocumen ted a s b e ing u nder B yzan t ine i n f luence , h as b een f orced t of i l l a n h is tor ica l g ap t ha t i t s s tyl is t ic d a ta d oes n o t t o ta l ly warran t . FOOTNOTES

1 .

" Lega tos i n terea C onstan t inopol im a d l ocandos a rt if ices d est ina t p er i tos u t ique i n a r te mus iar ia e t q ua tra tar ia , e x q u idus v idel icet a l i i a bsida m e t a rcu m a tque v est ibu lu m ma jor is b as il icae mus ivo c o meren t , a l i i v ero t o t ius e cc les iae p av i men tu m d iversorum l ap idu m v ar ieta te c ons terneren t . Quaru m a r t iu m t unc e i d est ina t i mag istr i c u jus p erfect ion is e x t i ter in t , i n e oru m e s t o per ibus e st imar i , c um e t i n mus ivo a n i ma tas f ere a u tu me t s e q u isque f i guras e t q uaeque v iren t ia c ernere , e t i n mar mor ibus omn ig enu m c olorum f l ores p u lchra p u tet d iversi ta te v ernare.

E t q uon ia m

a rt iu m i s tarum i ngen iu m a q u ingen t is e t u l tra j am a nn is mag istra L a t in i tas i n ter m isera t , e t s tud io h u jus i nsp irante e t c ooperan te D eo , n os tra h oc t e mpore r ecuperare p ro meru i t , n e s ane i d u l tra I t a l iae d eper iret s tudu i t v ir t o t ius p ruden t iae p lerosque d e monas ter i i p uer is d i l igen ter e isde m a r t ibus e rud ir i." Migne , P . L . CLXXI II , c ol . 7 48-749 . i s r epea ted b y Ama tus o f Mon te C ass ino ;

L eo 's s ta te men t

" Et p our c e g ul l n on t rova

i n Y ta l ie h o mes d e c er t a r t , manda e n C os ten t innob le e t e n A l ixandre p our h o mes g rex e t s arrazines ; p our a orner l o p avemen t d e l a e g l ize d e marmo ire e n ta i l l ie e t d iverses p a in tures ; l aque l le n ous c lamons ' o pere d e mosy '; o vre d e p ierre d e d iverses c o lors . " C f . S tor ia d e ' N or mann i d i Ama to d i Mon tecess ino v o lgar izza ta i n a n t ico f rancese ( ed i ted b y V incenzo D e B ar tho lo mae is ) , R o me , 1 935 , 1 75 . 3 3

Ama tus 's r eference t o A lexandr ia s hou ld b e n o ted a s h e i s t he o n ly a u thor i ty who s uggests a no ther s ource i n a dd i t ion t o Constan t inop le. H is r eference i s u nc lear b ecause , d uring t he e leven th c en tury , t here was n o a rt is t ic a c t iv i ty i n A lexandr ia a nd t he c i ty h ad c eased t o o ccupy t he i mportant p os i t ion i th ad h eld i n t he e ar ly Midd le Ages.

Pe ter t he

D eacon , o n t he o ther h and , i n h is c on t inua t ion o f t he c hron ic le o f Mon te Cass ino , men t ions o n ly t ha t t he p ave men t i s made o f d if feren t t ypes o f marble :

" Ja m v ero i ps ius e cc les iae p av i men tu m q ua m s i t c onsp icuu m ,

q ua m s pec iosu m , a c d iversoru m mar moru m mu l t ip l ic i ta te c onstra tu m , o cu l is omn iu m p a tet." Migne , o p .c i t., c ol . 7 65. 2 . 3 .

J . A . Fur ie t t i , De Mus iv is , Ro me , 1 752, 8 6-87. C f., f or e xa mp le :

G . C lausse , L es marbr iers r o ma ins e t l e mob il ier

p resby tera l , Par is, 1 897 , 9 7 ;

a nd , E . S tevenson i n Mos tra d el la c i t tä

d i Ro ma a l la e spos iz ione d i T or ino n el l ' a nno 1 884, 1 70 . 4 .

I ta l ian p receden ts h ave b een b r ief ly c onsidered b y G . Bend inel l i : " In torno a l l 'or ig ine e p er u na n uova d eno m inazione d e i mosa ic i ' Cos ma te sch i '," S tud ies P resen ted t o Dav id Moore Rob inson ( ed i ted b y G . Mylonas ) , S t . L ou is , 1 951, I , 8 13-28.

5 .

F . d el la Marra , Descr iz ione i s tor ica d el monaster io d i Mon te Cass ino p er u so e c o modo d e i f orest ier i , 2 nd e d i t ion , N ap les, 17 75, 10 0.

6 .

E . Ga t to la , H istor ia Abba t iae Cas inensis , Ven ice , 1 733, I , p la te V I . T he e ngrav ing i s s igned b y Andreas Magl iar a nd Archang. Gugl iel mel . Both i den t ify t he mselves a s N eapol i tans.

7 .

A . Pan ton i, L e v icende d el la b as il ica d i Mon tecass ino a t traverso l a d ocu men taz ione a rcheolog ia , Mon tecass ino, 19 73 ( Miscel lanea Cass inese , 3 6) , -p ass im .

Pan ton i 's d raw ing c on for ms t o t he Ga ttola e ngrav ing i n a l l

ma jor a spec ts.

The d ep ic t ion o f t he r ec tangle p a t terns i s a lso i n a gree-

men t w ith Ga t tola .

Pan ton i 's d raw ing d oes, h owever , i nd ica te l arger

r u ined a reas i n t he p ave men t .

Th is i s c o mp letely u nderstandable b ecause

h is work was u ndertaken more t han t wo-hundred y ears a f ter Ga ttola 's. 8 .

F or t he a n i mals , c f . H . B loch , "Mon te Cass ino , Byzan t iu m , a nd t he West i n t he Ear l ier M idd le Ages" , Du mbar ton Oaks Papers 3 , 19 46 , 19 79 8.

9 .

Ga t tola 's e ngrav ing i nd ica tes s o me o f t he d amage.

For e xa mp le , t here

a re b lank s paces t o e ither s ide o f t he c en tra l e le men ts i n t he western h a lf o f t he n ave.

L ikew ise , t he t wo d esigns wh ich a re b ased o n r oundels

w ith in s quares, wh ich a ppear i n t he western p art o f t he s ou th a isle , s ee m t o h e o f ad if feren t t ex ture ;

ad es ign o f t h is t ype a ppears , t o my k now-

l edge , i n n o o ther p ave men t. t angles o f t he s ou th a isle.

These p anels i n terrup t t he r egu lar r ec-

The e astern most p anel o f t he s chola c an toru m

a lso s ee ms t o h ave b een r e-arranged.

A . Pan ton i , s ugges ts t ha t p ar t

o f t he n ave p ave men t was u sed f or t he s ix teen th c en tury s acr isty p avemen t.

C f . " Nuov i c on tr ibu t i e p igraf ic i a l la s tor ia d i Mon tecass ino" ,

Bened ic t ina I V, 19 50 , 1 51-56.

3 , 4

1 0.

E . S cacc ia-Scarafon i h as s uggested t ha t t he med ieva l p ave men t was d estroyed p r ior t o t he e ighteen th c en tury.

C f . h is " Note s u f abbr iche

e d o pere d far te med ioeva le aMon te Cass ino" , 9 7-121;

Bo l le t t ino d 'Ar te 3 0 , 1 936,

a nd , " Un l i tostra to Cass inese e imonu men t i Papa le c on s te mma

a van t i Bon ifac io V I I I" , P oil e t t ino d 'Ar te 3 5 , 1 950 , 2 46-52 .

S cacc ia-

S cara fon i 's a rgu men t i s b ased ma in ly o n t he n ot ice o f a n a nony mous c hron icler who s ta ted t ha t t here was a n e ar thquake o n S ep te mber 9 , 1 34 9 . Th is s ta te men t , c o mbined w i th U rban V ' s ( 1362-70 ) d es ire t o b u i ld a n ew monas tery , a s q uoted i n Ga t tola , l eads h im t o t he c onc lusion t ha t t he c hurch , b efore i t s r estora t ion i n t he e igh teen th c en tury , was a f our teen th c en tury s truc ture wh ich i ncorpora ted med ieva l r e ma ins.

He l i kew ise

i nsists t ha t t he p ave men t , f or merly i n t he s acr isty was f our teen th r a ther t han s ix teen th c en tury .

T h is a rgu men t i s c oun tered b y Do m Angelo

Pan ton i , " Nuov i c on tr ibu t i", o p . c i t .

He s ta tes t ha t t he A bbot I gnaz io

S quarc ia lup i , i n 1 513, b u il t an ew s acr isty a t Mon te Cass ino , most l ikely i n t he s a me p lace a s t he med ieva l o ne. a n i nscr ip t ion w as f ound : AN . S AL . MD . X I I I .

Dur ing t he e xcava t ions o f 19 49 ,

I GNATIUS FLOR . ABB. CAS IN . FUDAVIT .

Pan ton i u ses t he i nscr ip t ion t o a f f ir m t ha t t he

p ave men t was d ef in i tely n ot med ieva l . Moreover , t he p ave men t i s c ons isten t ly d escr ibed f ro m t he e nd o f t he s ix teen th c entury u n t il i t s d estruct ion i n t he t h ird d ecade o f t he e igh te en th c en tury .

The d escr ip t ions a l l men t ion s tones o f v ar ious c olors

a nd i mp ly t ha t t he p ave men t i s mosa ic . w i th med ieva l p ave men ts.

A l l t he d escr ip t ions a re i n k eep ing

F or e xamp le , i n 1 580 , P lac ido Petrucc i wrote

i n a nu ned ited c hron ic le i n t he Mon te Cass ino a rch ives.

" ... p av i men tu m

p u lcra l ap idu m v ar ie ta te d ivers i c olon s c onstratu m e s t." ;

q uoted i n

P . A . Carav i ta , Ic od ice e l e a rt i a Mon te Cassino , Mon te Cass ino, 1 86 9 7 1, I I , 1 67.

Onora to Med ic i i n h is Descr i t t ione d el S acro Monaster io

d i M. c o me s ta e d if ica to n el l a nno 1 610 s ta tes :

' 1 1 Pav i men to e d i

Musa ico l avora to d i f i n iss i me P ie tre d i p iü c o lon." Quoted i n I b id. I I , 4 31. F ina l ly , Carav ita , I b id., I I , 3 28-29 , q uotes a n u ned i ted d escr ip t ion b y Ga t tola i n t he a rch ives a t Mon te Cassino.

A f ter p araphras ing L eo o f

Ost ia , Ga tto la g oes o n t o s ay : " In e o ( t he p ave men t ) s un t l ap ides e x p ario p orph ir i te , c aryst ico, o ph i te , a n t iquo c roseo , v ir id i , a lexandr ino , n um id ico , l ucel leo , e t v ersicolore mar more i n f i guras t r iangu l i , q uadr ila ter i , p en tagon i , h exagon i , o c tagon i , s phaer icae , c on ic i , h e myc icl i , o blong i , a c i n a l ias g eo me tr icas f or mas v an e i n ter s e d ispos i t i , i t avi t c oncinnu m p raebean t a spec tu m o cu l is." Ga t tola 's d escr ip t ion t hus t a l l ies c o mp letely w i th t he e ngraving o f t he p ave men t r eproduced i n h is o pus ; med ieva l mosa ic p ave men t . i nsupportable. 1. 1 2.

i ti s a lso a d eta i led d escr ip t ion o f a

S cacc ia-Scarafon i 's a rgu men ts s ee m t o b e

C f . a lso B loch , o p . c i t., 19 6-97 , f ootnote 10 3.

Pan ton i , L e v icende , o p . c i t., f old-ou t p la te a t e nd o f v olu me . T h is i s t he ma ter ia l n or ma l ly u sed i n I ta l ian p ave men ts t o s eparate i nd iv idua l e le men ts.

3 5

1 3.

C f . t he Append ix ,

n os . 6 , 8 , 1, 1 7

m , 2 7.

1 4.

C f. t he Append ix ,

1 5.

C f. f ootnote 1 , s upra .

1 6.

A . H . Megaw s uggests t ha t t he monastery was r estored b y I saac C orn-

n os . 6 , 8 , 1 7.

n enus when h e r et ired t here a f ter h is a bd ica t ion i n 10 59.

C f . A . H .

Megaw , "Notes o n Recen t Work o f t he Byzan t ine I nst itu te i n I stanbu l". Du mbarton Oaks Papers 1 7 , 19 63, 3 39 . 1 7.

For t he d a te o f O lynthus, c f . Bend inel l i , " In torno a l l ' o rigine" , o p . c i t., 8 15.

1 8.

Hag ia S oph ia a t N icea i s a lso a b as i lican c hurch , b ut t he o n ly s ubstant ia l t rac t o f p ave men t r e ma in ing i s al arge s quare i n t he e astern p ar t o f t he n ave w ith in wh ich i s as er ies o f l i nked , c o mp lex r oundels.

Th is p anel

i s , h owever, i n t he l ong itud ina l c en ter o f t he n ave a nd c ou ld , p erhaps, h ave b een t he f i rst i n ar ow o f d ecorat ions d own t he c en ter o f t he n ave. For a p lan o f t he p ave men t , c f . S . Ey ice , " Two Mosa ic Pave men ts f ro m By thn ia" , Du mbar tpn Oaks Papers 1 7 , 19 63, 3 75, f ig. 1 . 1 9.

G . S chlurnberger, L '6 3o 0e * b yzan t ine h .l a f i n d u d ix ib me s iècle

I , P ar is ,

1 896, 4 53. 2 0.

C . Mango, " The Da te o f t he N arthex Mosa ics o f t he Church o f t he Dormi t ion a t N icea" , Du mbarton Oaks Papers 1 3, 19 59 , 2 42-52.

2 1.

Ey ice , o p . c i t., 3 73-84.

2 2.

R . S chu l tz a nd S . Barnsley , The Monastery o f S a in t L uke o f S t ir is , L ondon , 19 01, 3 1, p la te 3 1.

2 3.

B loch , o p . c i t., 1 97 , f i g. 2 23.

2 4.

R . De mangel , Con tr ibu t ion ä l a t opograph ie d e l 'Hebdo mon , Recherches f ranpa ises e n Turqu ie I l , Par is, 1 945, 2 1-23;

f ig. 7 -9 ;

p lates V-VI.

A c en tra l e le men t a lso a ppears i n t he Z eyrek Ca m i i ( Pantocrator ) i n I stanbu l , Megaw s uggests t ha t t h is p ave men t may s hed l i gh t o n t he d a te o f t he S tud ion p ave men t.

C f. "Notes o n Recen t Work o f t he Byzan t ine

I nst itu te i n I stanbul" , Du mbarton Oaks Papers 1 7 , 1 963, 3 35f. 2 5.

The p ave men t a t S ag ma ta may a lso b e c o mpared s ty l ist ical ly t o t h is g roup .

Bu t , i td a tes f ro m a pprox i ma tely 105 a nd i s , t herefore , c oeval

w ith t he f irst C os ma tesque p ave men ts.

C f . A . K . Orlandos, " He e n

Boiot ia ' Mone t ou S ag ma ta" , Arche ion t on Byzan t inon Mne me ion t es Hel lados 2 6.

7 , 1 951, 7 2-110.

A s im ilar l inkage o f r oundels a nd r ec tangles a lso a ppears i n S . N icola , Bar i ( F. S chet t in i , L a b asil ica d i S an N icola d i Bari , Bari , 1 967 , 50 5 4; f i g. 5 9 ) a nd i n t he c a thedral a t Caser ta Vecch ia ( M. D 'Onofr io, La c a t tedra le d i Caser ta Ve cch ia , Ro me 1 974 , p la te I I ).

2 7.

For t he d ed ica tory i nscr ip t ion , c f . H . W. S chu lz, Denk ma ler d er Kunst d es Mi t telal ters i n Un ter ital ien , Dresden , 1 86 0 , I , 3 33. B loch , o p . c i t., 1 97 , f i g. 2 24.

3 6

C f . a lso

2 8.

C f . f ootnote 1 .

S ince L eo s erved a s b ishop o f O s t ia , i ti s s urpr is ing

t ha t h e s ee ms t o b e u naware o f a r t ist ic a c t iv i ty i n Ro me. 2 9.

The Do mus d e i P esc i a nd t he Casa d el le Vol te D ip in t i , b oth a t Ost ia , may b e u sed a s e xa mp les o ft he t ype o f a rchi tec tura l s e t t ing most c o m mon i n Ro man p ave men ts.

C f . G . B eca t t i , Mosa ic i ep av i men t i mar more i ,

S cav i d i Ost ia I V, Ro me , 1 961, I , p la tes CXCIX a nd CCXXI I . 3 0.

There may , h owever , b e ad if feren t d es ign i n t he c en ter o f t he p ave men t , b u t i ti s u sua l ly g eo metr ic r a ther t han f i gura l .

T he l a t ter t ype was

f avored i n t he emble ma t ic p ave men ts i n t he E ast .

F or a n e xa mp le o f a

c harac terist ic Ro man t ype o f c en ter d es ign , c f . M. E . B lake , " The Pave men ts o f t he Ro man Bu i ld ings o f t he Republ ic a nd t he E arly Emp ire" , Me mo irs o f t he American Acade my i n Ro me VI I , 1 930 , p la te 2 0 ( 4 ). 3 1.

Beca t t i , o p . c i t., I , 1 59-64;

I , p late CX IX .

3 2.

F or a n e xcel len t s u mmary o f t he c harac ter ist ics o fo pus t essel latu m p ave ments , c f . G . Beca t t i , " Alcune c ara ter is t iche d el mosa ico b iancon ero i n I ta l ia" , L a mosi ique gAco-ro ma ine ,col loques

i n terna t ionaux

d u c en tre n a t iona l d e l a r echerche s c ien t if ique ( Par is , 1 963 ) , Par is , 1 965, 1 5-26. 3 3.

G . Becat t i ,"Case Ost iens i d el t ardo i mpero ,t , B o l le t tino d 'Ar te 3 3 , 1 948, 1 97-224, e sp . 2 06f .

3 4.

For Ro man e xamp les o f t hese p a t terns , c f . B lake , o p . c it., p la tes 1 ( 1 ), 8( 1 ), 6 ( 3 ), 7 ( 2 ) , 1 0 ( 3 ) , 1 1 ( 2 ), 1 7 ( 3 ), 4 4 ( 3 ), 2 3 ( 1 ), 2 4 ( 4 ), 2 8 ( 4 ); Beca t t i , Ost ia , o p . c i t., I , p la tes CCIV ( no. 3 68 ) , CCVI ( no. 3 1) , CCV ( no. 2 08 ).

A lso ,M. E . B lake ,

" Ro man Mosa ics o f t he S econd

C en tury i n I t a ly" , Me mo irs o f t he Amer ican Acade my i n Ro me X I I I , 1 936, p la tes 1 5 ( 3 ), 2 8 ( 4 ). 3 5. 3 6.

C f . t he Append ix , n os. 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 1 5, 1 7 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 9. C f . D . L ev i , An t ioch Mosa ic Pave men ts , P r inceton , 1 947 , I , p la te XCI I Id .

Geo metr ic p ave men ts i n t he E as t t end , i n g enera l , t o c oncen tra te

o n t hree d i mens iona l e f fec ts s o t ha t t he g eo metric f or ms a ppear t o b e s tereo me tr ic. 3 7 .

For a t yp ica l e xa mp le , c f . l oc. c i t., p la te c .

I t s hou ld b e n o ted t ha t Ih ave c i ted n u merous e xa mp les f ro m Po mpe i i wh ich , b ur ied u nder l ava t hroughou t t he Midd le Ages , were o bv iously n ot k nown t o t he C os ma t i .

They a re u sed h ere s i mp ly a s e xa mp les o f

p reva len t t ypes a nd b ecause t hey a re n ow p rofusely i l lustra ted. 3 8.

For Ro man e xamp les , c f . B lake , " Ro man Mosa ics" , o p . c i t ., p la tes 1 1 ( 1 ), 3 0 ( 1 ), 4 3 ( 1 ).

3 9 .

F or i l lustra t ions , c f . M. E . B lake , "Mosa ics o f t he L a te Emp ire i n Ro me a nd V ic in i ty" , Me moirs o f t he Amer ican Acade my i n Ro me XV I I , 1 940 , p la te 1 9 ( 1 ).

Beca t t i , Ost ia , o p . c i t ., I , p la te CCI I ( no. 4 38 )

i l lustra tes a no ther p ave men t s im ilar t o t he E squ il ine p ave men t. 4 0.

The e v iden t r e la t ionsh ip b e tween western Ro man a nd C os ma tesque p avemen ts b eco mes a l l t he more s ign if ican t when o ne r ea l izes t ha t t he Greek East , d ur ing t he l a te f our th c en tury , was j ust b eg inn ing t o move away

3 7

f ro m emble m d es igns t o t he c oncep t o f t he f loor a s ag eo metric c arpet , a n i dea r ea l ized b y t he L a t in West c enturies e arl ier.

For a n e xcel len t

s tudy o f Eastern mosa ics, c f . E . K i tzinger , " S ty l ist ic Develop men ts i n Pave men t Mosa ics i n t he Greek East f ro m t he Age o f C onstan t ine t o t he Age o f J ust in ian", L a mosa lque g reco-ro ma ine, o p. c i t ., 3 41-51; r epr in ted i n The Ar t o f Byzan t iu m a nd t he Med ieva l West :

S elec ted

S tud ies b y Ernst K itz inger ( edi ted b y W. E . K leinbauer ), I nd iana Un ivers i ty Press, 1 976, 6 4-88. 4 1.

I t s hould b e n oted t ha t g u il loches a ppear i n o ther f or ms o f Ro man d ecor at ion , s uch a s t he s tucco r el iefs i n t he t o mb o f t he Pancra t i i.

C f . E .

L . Wadsworth , " Stucco Rel iefs o f t he Ia nd I c en tury S t il l Ex tan t i n Ro me", Me moirs o f t he Amer ican Acade my i n Ro me I V, 1 924, p la tes XXX-XXX II . 4 2.

C f . t he Append ix , n o. 1 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 3 f or t he C os ma tesque p a t terns d up l ica t ing t hese e xa mp les.

4 3.

For a n e ngraving o f t he p ave men t , c f . G . P . Buona m ic i , L a metropol itana d i Ravenna , Bologna , 1 748 , p late M

I.

The t wo p at terns a ppearing i n

t his p ave men t d o n ot , t o my k nowledge , a ppear i n Ro man p ave men ts. 4 4.

For t he N or th I tal ian p ave men ts, c f . p r i mar ily : p aleocrist ian i d el le Venezie , Ud ine, 1 963. s pec if ica l ly , c f .

P . L . Z ovat to , Mosa ic i

For t he Pola p ave men t

M. M. Rober t i , " Indagin i d el d uo mo d i Pola" , R iv ista

d i Archeolog ia Cr ist iana XXI I I-XXIV, 1 9 47-48 , 2 09-30. 4 5.

There was p robably a lso a q u incunx i n t he n o l onger e x tan t c hurch o f S . Croce i n Ravenna.

C f . R . DeIbrueck , An t ike P orphyrwerke , S tud ien

z ur S pean t iken Kunstgesch ichte 6 , Berl in , 1 932, V I I , 2 8. 4 6.

Photograph i n t he c ol lec t ion o f t he a u thor.

F or S . Mar ia For is P or tas

i n Castelseprio , c f . G . P . Bognet t i , G . Ch ieric i , a nd A . Cap itan i d 'Arzago , S an ta Mar ia d i Castelseprio , Milan , 1 948. 4 7.

For a n i l lustra t ion , c f . P . Z ova t to, o p . c i t ., 4 3, f i g. 2 1.

4 8.

C f . B . S chu lz, D ie K irchenbau ten a u f d er I nsel Torcel lo , Berl in , 1 927 , 2 7 a nd p la te 5 .

4 9.

M. S a lm i , . L 'abbazia d i Po mposa , 2 nd e d it ion , Milan , 1 966, 1 25f.

S al m i

s ta tes t ha t t he d ed ica t ion d a te o f t he c hurch ( 1026 ) i s r ecorded i n o ne o f t he n ave p ane ls .

He e qua tes t h is p art o f t he p ave men t w ith t he d ed i-

c a t ion d a te o f t he c hurch. b as il ique d e Po mposa" ,

C f . a lso H . S tern , "Le p ave men t d e l a Cah iers Archeologiques XVII I , 1 968 , 1 57-69 .

S tern s uggests t ha t t he Po mposa q u incunx was i n f luenced b y Byzant ine p ave men ts. 5 0.

For e xa mp les, c f . 0 . v on Fa lke , Kunstgesch ichte d er S eidenwebere i, Tu bingen , 1 928 , p la te 3 a nd f i g. 5 7.

5 1.

The p a t tern o ccurs i n t he House o f t he Phoen ix a t An t ioch. i l lustra t ion , c f . L ev i , o p . c i t., I , p la te M

O W, a -c.

For a n

I n I , 3 51, L ev i

d a tes t he p ave men t s l ightly a f ter t he b eg inn ing o f t he f if th c en tury.

The

An t ioch e xa mp le t hus p ostda tes t he i sola ted f ourth c en tury e xa mp le i n

3 8

t he West :

t he f rag men t i n S . Mar ia d el la P iazza i n Ancona .

p oss ible t o d eter m ine where o r when t he p a t tern o r igina ted .

I ti s i mI ti s p ossible

t ha t t he d esign was k ep t a l ive i n t he E ast a nd t hen t rans m i t ted b ack t o t he West t hrough t apestry d esigns o r o ther med ia. 5 2.

Iam i ndebted t o Charles B . McClendon f or f ru i tfu l d iscuss ions c oncern ing t he Farfa p ave men t .

F or a more c o mp lete a na lys is o f t he p ave men t , c f .

h is u npubl ished d isserta t ion :

T he Med ieval Abbey Church a t Farfa ,

N ew Y ork Un ivers ity , 1 978 , p ass i m.

I t s hou ld b e n oted t ha t f rag men ts

o f C arol ing ian p ave men t a lso r e ma in i n S . G iorg io i n Velabro , Ro me. 5 3.

F rag men ts a lso r e ma in o n t he n or th a nd s ou th s ides o f t he c ibor iu m p la tfor m a t S . Mar ia i n C os med in , Ro me , b u t t hey a re t oo sma l l t o y ield f ru i tfu l a na lysis.

5 4.

T h is d a te i s s ugges ted b y P . Toesca , I l Med ioevo , Tor ino , 1 927 , I , 3 47 , f ootnote 2 5.

5 5.

C f . a lso Krau the i mer, C orpus I , 2 55f.

The p ave men t h as b een p art ia l ly r u ined , b u t t he p ar t w ith in t he p resby tery wa l l most l i kely h ad f i ve l ong itud ina l a nd f our l a t i tud ina l r ows o f s quares. The p ave men t a lso s ee ms t o h ave e xtended b eyond t he wa l l . Ro manel l i a nd P . J . N ordhagen ,

c f . P .

S . Mar ia An t igua , Ro me , 1 964, p la te

6 . 5 6.

I t s hou ld b e n oted f ur ther t ha t s o me s or t o f s tab il iza t ion a nd r egu lar i ty c an a lso b e s een i n t h is e ra i n wa l l d ecora t ions.

E ssen t ia l ly a c on t inua-

t i on o f t he r ich p olychro my s een , f or e xamp le , a t S . V i ta le , Ravenna , t he d ecora t ion i n Ro me i s , d ur ing t h is e ra , most o f ten e xecu ted i n f resco. A t yp ical e xamp le i s p reserved i n t he r e ma ins o f t he l ower c hurch o f S . C r isogono i n wh ich b r igh tly c olored a nd c o mp letely r egu lar c oncen tr ic c irc les a re a l igned i n ar ow a long t he d ado o f o ne o f t he d iv id ing wa l ls. A d es ign s im ilar t o aq u incunx i s a lso p a in ted o n t he a pse o f t he s a me l ower c hurch. I l ( 7 31-41).

Th is d ecora t ion p robably d a tes f ro m t he t ime o f Gregory C f . B . Apol lon j Ghe tt i , S . C r isogono , L e c h iese d i Ro ma

i l lustra te 9 2 , R o me , 1 966, 3 7f . a nd Krau the i mer, C orpus I , 1 45;

3 9

1 59.

CHAPTER V THE MENSURAT ION OF COSMATESQUE PAVE MENTS

C os ma tesque p ave men ts a re d ist ingu ished f ro m o ther t ypes o f med ieval p ave men ts b y t he ir a x ia l p a th t oward t he a l tar e stabl ished b y p orphyry ( or o ccas ional ly s erpen t ine ) r oundels a round wh ich e ven ly s paced r ectang les a re p laced.

The p orphyry r oundels, whether a l igned l ong itud ina l ly o r a rranged

i n aq u incunx , a re a lso s ign if ican t b ecause , o ther t han t he l im ita t ions i mposed b y t he d i mens ions o f t he p lan o f ap ar t icu lar c hurch , t he d ia meters o f t he r oundels a re t he o n ly p rede ter m ined d i mens ions i n ag iven p ave men t. 1 The d iameters o f t he r oundels a re p redeter m ined b ecause t hey a re s i mp ly s l ices o f c olu mns r e moved f ro m Ro man monu men ts. 2 T he o bserva t ions t ha t t here i s o n ly o ne p reorda ined measure men t a nd t ha t t he a rrange men t o f t he p avemen ts h as n o s table r ela t ionsh ip t o t he p lace men t o f t he n ave c olu mns i n a p art icu lar c hurch r a ise q uest ions c oncern ing t he me thod i n w h ich t he C os ma t i d eter m ined t he measure men ts o f t he ir f l oors.

T he d iv is ion o f a n e n t ire f l oor ,

a s wel l a s i t s sma l ler c o mponen t u n i ts s uch a s r ec tangles , i n to Ro man f ee t , Byzan t ine f ee t , o r p a lm i y ields t o ta l ly n ega t ive r esul ts.

A l though s o me o f

t he a rrange men t must a ssured ly b e a t tribu ted t o t he i nst inc t ive g rasp ing o f a p leas ing v isua l e f fec t , t here i s n o d oubt t ha t c er ta in workshop p rac t ices d et er m ined t he o vera l l l ayou t o f t he f l oor.

I ti s , i n f ac t , p oss ible t o d e monstra te

t ha t t he C os ma t i u sed a p ropor t iona l s yste m o f mensura t ion i n wh ich t he p lace men t o f t he r oundels a nd t he ir r ad i i were t he most s ign if ican t f ac tors. The a rrange men t o f al ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r ow o f r oundels c annot b e d eter m ined b y t he d ia meter o f ap art icu lar r oundel b ecause , a lmost i nvar iably , t here i s c ons iderable v ar ia t ion among t he c olumn s l ices u sed .

To c o mpensa te

f or t he d ispar i ty i n d ia meters , t he marbleworkers e stabl ished a c ons tan t p roport iona l r e la t ionsh ip b etween t he w id th o f ar ec tangle e nclosing a p art icu lar g roup o f r oundels 3 a nd t he d istance b e tween t he c en ters o f t wo s uccess ive r oundels : Church

Wid th o f Rec tang le

D istance b e t. Roundels.

%o f w id th o ccup ied b y d istance b et. r oundels.

1 .

S . Benede t to

13 cm

8 8c m

7 8% ( Pla te 1 5 )

1 33 cm

9 9cm

7 4% ( Pla te 1 7 ).

1 41 cm

1 07 cm

7 6% ( P la tes 4 0-41, f o ld-

i n P isc inu la , Ro me. 2 .

S . C le men te , Ro me.

3 .

S S . Qua t tro C orona t i , Ro me.

o u t I )

4 0

4 .

S . C roce i n

1 37 cm

1 05 cm

7 6% ( Pla te 2 2 ).

1 44 cm

10 cm

7 6% ( P la te 4 ).

1 29 cm

9 8 cm

7 6% ( Pla tes 7 -9 ).

1 63 cm

1 30 cm

8 0% ( Plate 5 ).

Gerusa le m me , Ro me. 5 .

S . Anas tas io, Castel S . E l ia .

6 .

S . Ambrog io , Feren t ino.

7 .

S . Mar ia Magg iore , C iv i tä Castel lana .

I n o ther w ords , t he d istance b e tween t he c en ters o f t wo s uccess ive r oundels i s a lways e qua l t o a pprox i mately t hree-quar ters o f t he w id th o f t he e nclos ing r ec tang le.

The s o le e xcep t ion t o t h is g eneral iza t ion i s S . Mar ia Magg iore ,

C iv i tä C astel lana , t he o n ly t h ir teen th c en tury c hurch i n t he g roup. 4

The

s l ight v ar ia t ion i s n ot u nexpec ted i n t ha t i th as a lready b een p o inted o u t t ha t t he p ave men ts made b y t he L auren t ius g roup emp loy l onger , n arrower f lank ing r ec tangles t han t hose s een i n e arl ier C os ma tesque p ave men ts. 5 Moreover, t he p ropor t iona l r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he w id th o f t he e nclosing r ec tangle a nd t he d istance b etween t he c en ters o f t wo s uccess ive r oundels i s c o mp letely i ndependen t o f t he t ota l n u mber o f r oundels i n al ong i tud ina l r ow.

Thus, f or

2 -a r oundels, t he f or mu la wou ld b e writ ten : d istance b e tween t wo s uccessive r oundels = 3 w idth 4 o r w id th = 4 d is tance b e tween r ounde ls . 3 The o bserva t ion t ha t t he t o ta l l ength o f t he e nclosing r ec tangle i s n ot t he s ign if ican t f ac tor i n t he o veral l measure men t may b e f ur ther c on f ir med b y n ot ing t ha t , i n many c ases, t he p a t tern s udden ly e nds w i th o n ly a f rac t ion o f ac o mp lete r oundel s truc ture w i th s urround ing mosa ic b ands.

A t S . Ambrog io,

Feren t ino , f or e xamp le , t he s tep d iv id ing t he s chola c an torum f ro m t he n ave d eter m ines t he e nd o f t he r ow o f r oundels , t hus l eav ing t he l as t r oundel i nc o mp lete. Once t he s ign i f ican t measure men ts a re u nderstood , i ti s r ela t ively e asy t o f a tho m t he me thod u sed b y t he C os ma t i t o l ay o u t t he r oundels. The l ong it ud ina l c en ter o f t he n ave was d eter m ined a nd t he w id th o f t he r ec tangle s urr ounding t he r ounde ls was d ec ided u pon . 6 ( Cf . f i g . 1 , p .42 . )T he w idth o f t he r ec tang le was s quared a nd i t s t wo d iagona ls d rawn .

T he i n tersec t ion o f t he

t wo d iagona ls marked t he p os i t ion o f t he c enter o f t he f irst p orphyry r ounde l . Thereaf ter , t hree-quar ters o f t he w id th o f t he r ec tangle was u sed t o d eter m ine t he p os it ion o f t he c en ters o f t he s ucceed ing r oundels u n t i l t he a l lot ted s pace was u sed .

The r oundels were t hen j oined t o e ach o ther b y t he s tandard mosa ic

a nd marble b ands.

4 1

F ig . 1

The Mensura t ion o f aR ow o f R ounde ls

The a rrange men t o f al ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r ow o f q u incunxes i s more e asi ly d eter m ined b ecause t he c en ter r oundel a nd i t s f our f l ank ing r oundels a re a lways s quared b y t he i nsert ion o f mosa ic i n f i l l .

I n t h is a rrange men t ,

t hen , t he C os ma t i were d ea l ing w i th a s er ies o f l ong itud ina l ly a l igned s quares i n wh ich t he d istance b e tween t he c en ters o f e ach s quare i s o bv iously e qua l t o t he l eng th o f a ny s ide o f o ne o f t he s quares.

T he p lace men t o f t he c en ter

r oundel i n e ach q u incunx p resen ted n o o bstac les.

The r ela t ionsh ip o f t he

c en ters o f t he f l ank ing r oundels i n e ach q u incunx t o t he c en ter r oundel c an b e d eter m ined b y u sing t he s tandard med ieval me thod o f r ota t ing s quares. T he p lace men t o f t he c en ter r ounde l c oinc ided w i th t he i n tersec t ion o f t he t wo d iagona ls o f t he s quare .

( Cf . f i g . 2 , p . 4 3 . )T hen , a sma ller s quare was meas-

u red b y d raw ing l ines b e tween t he m id-po in ts o f t he s ides o f t he o r ig ina l s quare. The c ords f or ming t he s ides o f t he sma l ler s quare w ere t hen t urned s o t ha t t he ir s ides were p ara l lel w ith t he s ides o f t he l arger , o u ter s quare.

The

c orners o f t he i nner s quare mark t he c en ters o f t he f l ank ing r oundels wh ich a re t hen j o ined t o t he c en ter r oundel b y t he s tandard mosa ic a nd marble C os ma tesque i n terlace. 7 Th is method i nsured t ha t , d esp ite d if ferences i n d ia me ter among a g roup o f f l ank ing r oundels , t hey w ou ld a l l b e p laced i n t he p roper p os it ion w ith in a p ar t icu lar q u incunx . The e n t ire p rocess was r epea ted a s many t imes a s n ecessary . The s i mp le me thods u sed b y t he C os ma t i t o l ay o u t i nd iv idua l e le men ts i n ap ave men t c er ta in ly d o n ot a ccoun t f or t he a rrange men t o f t he e n t ire p avemen t.

The p os it ion a nd s ize o f t he r ec tangles , a s w el l a s t he r ela t ionsh ip

b etween t he r ec tangles a nd t he c en ter e le ments must b e c ons idered.

T he

t ask i s r endered d if f icu l tb ecause a lmost a l l C os ma tesque p ave men ts h ave b een r estored o r r e-arranged i n s o me way .

E ven t he r e-arrange men t o f a

f ew r ec tangles , f or e xa mp le , may a l ter t he p ropor t ions o f ap ave men t a nd r esu l t i n a n i ncorrec t a na lys is.

I n my o p in ion , S S , Qua t tro C orona t i , Ro me

i s t he o n ly p ave men t t ha t l ends i t sel f t o s uch a d e ta i led ma the mat ica l e xa m ina t ion .

8

A l though t he s chola c an toru m h as b een d estroyed , t he n ave p ave men t

r e ma ins v ir tua l ly u n touched.

T he c en ter o f t he l ong i tud ina l a x is o f t he n ave

i s d om ina ted b y al arge q u incunx , wh ile t he r e ma inder o f t he a x is h as s i mp le 4 2

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2 .

5u n i ts — tota l w id th o f t he r ec tangle e nclos ing t he l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r oundels a nd i nc lud ing o ne-ha lf o f t he i n terst ice o n e ach s ide.

3 .

6u n i ts —fro m t he m idpo in t o f t he i n terst ice s urround ing t he r oundels t o t he f ar e dge o f t he r ectangle t o e i ther t he f ar r ight o r t he f ar l ef t o f t he r ounde ls.

4 .

3u n its —fro m t he t op o f a ny f l ank ing r ec tangle t o t he m idpo in t o f t he i n terst ice b e low i t .

A s im ilar s er ies o f u n i tary measure men ts a ppears i n t he western p ar t o f t he n ave a t S S. Qua t tro C orona t i : 1 .

3u n i ts —d istance b etween t he c en ters o f t he l ong itud ina l ly a l igned r oundels.

2 .

5u n its — tota l w id th o f t he r ec tangle e nclos ing t he r oundels a nd i nclud ing o ne-ha l f o f t he i n terst ice o n e ach s ide.

3 .

6u n i ts —fro m t he m idpo in t o f t he i n terst ice s urround ing t he r oundels t o t he f ar e dge o f t he r ec tang le t o e i ther t he f ar l ef t o r f ar r igh t o f t he r oundels.

4 .

4u n i ts —fro m t he t op o f a ny o ne o f t he f l ank ing r ectangles t o t he m idpo in t o f t he i n terst ice i mmed ia tely b elow i t .

9

An a na lys is o f t he l ayou t o f t he p ave men t i n S S. Qua t tro C orona t i t hus i nd ica tes t ha t a l l t he ma jor measure men ts o f t he f l oor a re d eter m ined b y o neq uar ter o f t he d ia me ter o f t he l argest p orphyry r oundel p laced i n t he c en ter o f t he q u incunx . om issions :

I t s hou ld b e n oted , h owever, t ha t t here a re t wo c onsp icuous

t he t ota l l eng ths o f t he t wo s er ies o f l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r oundels

a nd t he w id ths o f t he f l ank ing r ec tangles , e i ther a lone o r w i th t he ir i n terst ices d o n o t p artake o f t he u n i tary measure men t.

The r eason f or t he f i rst om iss ion

h as a lready b een s uggested i n t he a na lys is o f t he s truc tur ing o f as er ies o f l ongi tud ina l l ly a l igned r oundels i n wh ich i t was p oin ted o u t t ha t t he l eng th was t he i nsign if ican t f actor i n t he f or mu la u sed t o l ay o u t t he l i ne o f r oundels. T he f ac t t ha t t he o vera l l l ength was t he i ns ign if ican t f ac tor i s c on f ir med b y t he o bserva t ion t ha t t here a re f i ve l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r oundels t o t he e ast o f t he q u incunx , b u t o n ly f our t o t he wes t o f i t .

T he r eason f or t he omiss ion

o f t he w id ths o f t he r ec tangles i s l ess e asy t o e xp la in .

I t c an o n ly b e s uggested

t ha t o nce t he l eng ths a nd t he s um t o ta l w id th o f ag roup o f r ec tangles was e stabl ished , i t was r easonably s i mp le t o d eter m ine t he w id ths b y t rial a nd e rror.

S ince t here a re o n ly t ow r ows o f r ectang les f lank ing e ach s ide o f t he

r oundels a t S S . Qua t tro C orona t i , t he e qu i table d iv ision c ou ld h ave b een a ch ieved b y s i mp ly h a lv ing t he a rea w ith o ne marble i n ters t ice. A t S S . Qua t tro C orona t i , t hen , t he d i mens ions o f t he p ave men t a re d et er m ined i n ac en tr ifuga l manner , s o t ha t a l l e le men ts o rig ina te a t t he c en ter o f t he f l oor a nd e x tend o u twards t oward t he n ave c olu mns.

I t i s n oteworthy

t ha t t h is me thod i s u sed , d esp ite t he f ac t t ha t f i rs t e stabl ish ing t he marble i n terst ices wou ld h ave c rea ted a c onven ien t g r id , wh ich o n ly h ad t o b e f i l led i n w i th mosa ic p a t terns. must r e ma in t en ta t ive.

B ecause o f t he r estr ic ted e v idence , t he c onclusions Bu t , t he d ependence o f t he e n t ire p ave ment 's meas-

u re men ts o n o ne-quar ter o f t he d ia meter o f t he l argest p orphyry r oundel a ga in s tresses t he s ign if icance o f t h is ma ter ia l . 4 5

The r easons f or t he u se o f

p orphyry o n t he l ong itud ina l a xes o f t welf th a nd t h irteen th c en tury c hurches w il l b e e xp lored i n t he n ex t c hap ter.

FOOTNOTES 1 .

F or a d iscussion o f t he s ources o f p orphyry , c f . G . To masse t t i , A MCMVI q u in to c en tenar io d el l 'un iversità d e i marmorar i i d i Ro ma , Ro me , 1 906; Bu l l .

I de m., " De i s oda l izi i n g enere e d e i mar morar i i r o man i" , d el la C o mm iss ione Arche o log ica C o muna le XXXIV , 1 906 , 2 35-69 , _ _

e sp . 2 57 f.;

J . Deer , The Dynast ic P orphyry T o mbs o f t he N or man

P er iod i n S ic i ly , Du mbarton Oaks S tud ies 5 , Harvard Un ivers ity P ress , 1 959 , 17-20. 2 .

A l though i ti s w i th in

t he r ea lm o f p oss ibil ity t ha t t he d ia meters o f t he

r oundels c ou ld h ave b een r educed t hrough j ud ic ious t r imm ing , t here i s n o l og ica l r eason f or t he Cos ma t i t o h ave d one s o.

The v ar ia t ion o f t he

d ia me ters o f r oundels w ith in o ne l ong i tud ina l s tr ip w ou ld s ee m t o i nd ica te t ha t t he C os ma t i d ee med t he u n ifor m d ia meter o f r oundels u nnecessary . A t S S . Qua t tro C orona t i, Ro me , f or e xamp le , t he e as tern most l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r oundels h ave t he f o l low ing d iame ters :

7 0 cm , 3 7 cm ,

6 8 cm , 2 7 cm , 5 6 cm . 3 .

I t wou ld a lso h ave b een p oss ible t o t ake t he w id th measure men t s o a s t o i nc lude a f rac t ion o r a l l o f t he i n terst ice s urround ing t he r ec tangle. Bu t , i n s o me c ases , s uch a s S . Benede t to i n P isc inu la , Ro me , i tw ou ld a ppear t ha t t he s er ies o f r oundels h as b een r ebid a nd t he w id th o f t he i n terst ices p erhaps a l tered . t he i n terst ices.

I t i s , t herefore , more a ccura te t o e xc lude

S ince i n terst ices g enera l ly v ary f ro m 2 0 cm t o 2 5 cm ,

t he c onsistency o f t he r e la t ionsh ip b etween t he w id th o f t he r ec tang le a nd t he d istance b e tween t he c en ters o f t he r oundels wou ld n ot b e a l tered . 4 .

S . Mar ia Magg iore , C iv itä Castel lana i s t he o n ly t h ir teen th c en tury p avemen t w ith a p reserved r ow o f l ong itud ina l ly a l igned r oundels.

5 .

C f . s upra , p p . 1 8, 2 1 .

6 .

S . C le men te , Ro me , i s t he o n ly c hurch whose p ave men t h as a s er ies o f r oundels a t r igh t a ngles t o t he l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r oundels i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave.

7 .

H . K ier , D ie Mit tela l terl iche S ch muck fuszboden ,

D ie K uns tdenkmä ler

d es Rhe in landes 1 4, Düsseldorf , 1 970 , f i g. 3 46, d ep ic ts a s yste m o f r ota ted s quares f or o ne o f t he q u incunxes i n S . Mar ia i n C os med in , Ro me .

S he d oes n ot u se a r ota ted s quare t o d eter m ine t he p os i t ion o f

t he f our f l ank ing r oundels a nd h er s quar ing o f t he c en ter r oundel i nc ludes o ne o f t he s urround ing mosa ic b ands.

Her d iagra m d oes n ot s ee m t o b e

a pp l icable t o a l l C os ma tesque q u incunxes. 8 .

I n t he C a ta logue Ra isonn, Ih ave d iscussed s evera l p ave men ts wh ich a re a lmos t c o mp le te ly i n tact , b u t t hey mus t b e e xc luded f ro m r igorous meas ure men t f or a n u mber o f r easons :

( 1 ) t he a na lys is o f t he r ectang les i n

S . Mar ia i n C os med in , R o me , i nd ica ted t ha t s o me o f t he n ave r ec tang les

4 6

h ave b een r es tored ;

( 2 ) i n S . C le men te , Ro me , t he a rea i n wh ich t he

q u incunx m igh t h ave o r ig ina l ly b een p laced h as b een c overed b y t wo s ix teen th c en tury t o mb l astre ;

t he l a t itud ina l r ow o f r ectangles n earest

t he d oor a t t he west may a lso b e al a ter a dd it ion ;

( 3 ) i n S . Ambrog io

a t F eren t ino , t he q u incunx i s o bv iously r estored ;

i n a dd i t ion , t here i s

a n e x tra mosa ic b and s urround ing t he e nc los ing s quare ; p erhaps modern ;

t h is b and i s

( 4 ) i n S . C roce i n Gerusa le m me , Ro me , r estora t ion

h as o bscured t he e xac t d i mens ions o f t he q u incunx a nd s o me o f t he f lank ing r ec tangles ;

( 5 ) a t S . S aba , Ro me, t he e n t ire p ave men t was

l i f ted d ur ing a r es tora t ion i n t he e ar ly p ar t o f t he c en tury ;

i t was t hen

r ela id . I n a ny g enera l d iscuss ion o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts, s o me o f t he a fore men t ioned r estora t ions wou ld a ppear t o b e i nsign if ican t .

Bu t , a n

a d just men t o f e ven t hree c en t i meters c an d estroy t he ma the ma t ical e xac t i tude o f t he a na lysis.

For e xa mp le , i f , i n r estor ing a q u incunx ,

t he c en ter p orphyry r oundel a nd t he mosa ic b and i m med ia tely s urround ing i ta re r e moved a nd a n ew r oundel e nco mpass ing t he d ia me ter o fb oth t he o r ig ina l r oundel a nd t he mosa ic b and i s i nser ted , a n e n t irely n ew b as ic u n i t i s c rea ted. 9 .

Th is measure men t y ields a marg in o f e rror o f 2 5% , wel l a bove a ny o f t he o ther measure men ts o f t he f l oor a nd may s erve t o c onf ir m t he o p in ion , f or med o n v isua l e v idence a lone , t ha t s o me o f t he r ec tangles i n t he wes tern p as t o f t he n ave o f S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i a re mos t l i ke ly r estored .

4 7

CHAPTER V I THE I CONO LOGY OF COS MATESQUE PAVE MENTS

Throughou t t he a forego ing d iscuss ions o fb oth t he g ener ic c harac ter ist ics o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts a nd t he ir mensura t ion , t he impor tance o f p orphyry r oundels a nd q u incunxes h as b een s tressed. 1 The u se o f p orphyry i s n ot c on f ined t o i t s p hys ica l a nd v isua l p roper t ies , b u t c an b e s hown t o h ave a n i conolog ica l mean ing a ssoc ia ted w i th b o th i t s l oca t ion a nd r ich c olor.

On a

g eneral l evel , t he s trong a x ia l o r ien ta t ion p rov ided b y t he march o f r oundels l eads i n ad irec t l i ne t oward t he a l tar a nd f or ms a p rocess iona l r ou te l ead ing f ro m t he e n trance o f t he c hurch , ma jest ica l ly d own t he c en ter o f t he n ave , a nd t hrough t he s chola c an toru m t o t he a l tar.

On c ere mon ia l o ccasions , t he

c lergy , r ichly v ested , e n ter t he c hurch a nd embark u pon a c learly d es ignated p a th t oward t he a l tar.

The s uccess ion o f p orphyry r oundels s erves t he s a me

f unc t ion a s t he n arrow , r ed c arpe t u sed i n c hurches t oday f or many c ere mon ia l o ccas ions. More s pec if ica l ly , t he u se o f p orphyry h ad a l ong t rad i t ion i nb oth t he East a nd t he West .

I t s c olor i s a ssoc ia ted w i th r oya l ty a nd i t s c ere mon ia l

v a lue was r ecogn ized a t a n e arly d a te . 2 C ere mon ia l p orphyry r otae a ppeared p ro m inen t ly i n t he East , p art icu larly d ur ing t he C onstan t in ian e ra a nd e xt end ing i n to t he s ix th a nd s even th c en tur ies when t he p a laces o f J ust inus I a nd J ust in ianus I s t i l l h ad p orphyry r o tae . 3 T he D e C ere mon i is o f C onstant ine V I I Porphyrogen itus s ta tes t ha t , i n t he c hryso tr ic l inus b u i l t b y J ust inus I ( 565-78 ) , t here was , i n t he e ast c onch , ac ircu lar p laque o f p orphyry o n wh ich t he emperor s tood wh ile b e ing worsh ipped b y t he p opu lace a sse mbled o n t he t errace o u tside . 4

Constan t ine V I I Porphyrogen itus a lso men t ions

t ha t , when t he p a tr iarch a nd emperors e n tered Hag ia S oph ia t oge ther , t he p a tr iarch e n tered f i rst t hrough t he l ef t d oor o f t he s anc tuary , wh ile t he emperors s tood wa it ing o n ap orphyry d isk .5 I n C onstan t ine 's t hrone r oo m , o n t he o ther h and , t here were r otae f or b oth t he r uler a nd t he b ishop s erv ing a s c elebran t .6 Even more i mportan t t han t he a ppearance o f s ingle p orphyry r oundels i n t he p a lace s truc tures , i s t he p rocess iona l u se o f r otae , a s s een , f or e xa mp le , i n t he C ons istoriu m o f C onstan t ine 's p a lace , i n wh ich f our p orphyry r oundels f or med a p a th l ead ing f ro m t he d oor t o i m med ia tely b efore t he t hrone.

7

Though n ot j oined t oge ther l i ke Cos matesque r oundels, b oth a

d irec t iona l i mpu lse a nd t he i dea o f ar oya l p a th w ere s ugges ted.

The Cha lke ,

p erhaps b u i l t d ur ing t he C onstan t in ian e ra , b u t r e-done b y J ust in ian , h ad t he s a me a rrange men t o f f our r otae i n t he C onsistoriu m .

8

C onstan t ine c arr ied h is p red ilec t ion f or t he c ere mon ia l u se o f r oundels i n to h is b u i ld ing c a mpa igns i n t he West.

O ld S t . P e ter 's h ad f our r otae

wh ich were d escr ibed b yb oth Panv in io 9 a nd G r i ma ld i. 1 o The f irst p orphyry

4 8

r oundel was i n t he n ar thex a nd was f o l lowed b y ar oundel o f E gyp t ian marble j ust i ns ide t he d oor.

T he s econd p orphyry r oundel a ppeared o pposite t he

a l tar o f t he Holy S acra men t.

T he l ast r o ta

o f E gyp t ian marble , was b efore

t he t e mporary wa l l e rec ted b y Pau l 1 I I ( 1 534 -49 ) i n 1 538 i n t he a pprox i ma te c en ter o f t he o ld b as il ica .

1

T hus , wh i le C onstan t in ian a nd J ust in ian ic c on-

s istor ies i n C onstan t inop le u sed a p rocess iona l p a th i n s ecu lar b u ild ings , t he a ppearance o f p orphyry r oundels i n t he e cc les iast ica l s et t ing o f O ld S t. Peter 's i s d irec t ly r elevan t t o t he r ev iva l o f t he p rac t ice b y t he C os ma t i. 1 2 Agnel lus , t he n in th c en tury B ishop o f Ravenna , a dds s t il l more i n for ma t ion c oncern ing t he u se o f p orphyry.

He s ta tes t ha t B ishop Ursus o f Ravenna

( 370-96 ) S epu l tus e st , u t a sserun t q u ida m i n i am d ic ta e ccles ia Ursiana... a nte a ltare s ubtus p irf ire t icu m l ap ide m , u b i p on t ifex s ta t , q uando missa m c an it .1 3 T he p rac t ice o fb ur ia l b enea th a p orphyry s lab was c on t inued b y B ishop N eon 4 50-75 ), who S epu ltus o h m i n b as il ica Apostoloru m a n te a l tare b ea t i Apostol i Petr i s ubtus p irf ire t icu m l ap ide m w 1 4 Agnel lus a lso s uggests wha t i s p robably t he f i rst i ns tance o f ap rayer s a id wh i le k neel ing o n p orphyry .

F or, h e r ecords t ha t when Ga l la P lac id ia

p assed t he n igh t i n p rayer i n S . C roce i n Ravenna : q uod i psa Ga l la P lac id ia a ugus ta s uper q ua tuor r o tas r ubeas mar moreas , q uae s un t a n te n om ina tas r eg ias , i ubeba t p onere c ereostatos c um manua l ia a d mensura m , e t i ac taba t s e n oc tu i n med io p av i men to , Deo f undere p reces , e t t a md iu p ernoc taba t i n l acr im is o rans, q ua md iu i psa l um ina p erdurabant .1 5 A l though Agnel lus s ta tes t ha t Ga l la P lac id ia k nel t i n t he m idst o f f our r oundels , Delbrueck s uggests t ha t s he was p robably k neel ing o n af i f th r oundel wh ich f or med t he c en ter o f t he g roup .1 6

Aq u incunx l ike t hose u sed i n Cos-

ma tesque p ave men ts w ou ld t hus a ppear t o h ave h ad a ssoc ia t ions w i th worsh ip i n Ravenna a s e arly a s t he f i f th c entury.

I n c hoos ing t o men t ion Ga l la P lac id ia 's

p rayer o n t he p orphyry q u incunx , Agnel lus may a lso b e e xpressing t he i n terest o fh is own e ra i n t he s ign if icance o f p orphyry. I n v iew o f t he l ong a nd mean ingfu l h istory o f t he u se o f p orphyry i nb oth s ecu lar a nd e ccles iast ica lb u i ld ings , i ti s n ot s urpr is ing t ha t t he Cos ma t i c hose t o u se l arge amoun ts o f t ha t p rec ious s ubstance i n t heir p ave men ts f ro m t he e ar ly t wel f th c en tury o nward.

The c ons isten t v isua l a nd i conolog ical

p rogra m c rea ted b y t he C os mat i i s r e la ted t o t he c ere mon ies r ecorded i n t he t wel f th c en tury p on t if ica ls. F or e xa mp le, i n t he c ourse o f t he e laborate c ere mony d ur ing w h ich a b ishop was c onsecra ted , t he b ishop s edet i n f audestol io s uo , q uod s ibi p aratu m e st a n te a l tare , h abens f ac ie m v ersus ma iore m p or ta m e ccles iae.

1 7

The b ishop i s s ea ted a t t he e nd o f t he a x ia l l ine f or med b y t he p orphyry r oundels , wh ich s erved b oth t o magn ify h is i mportance a nd t o d raw t he a t tent i on o f t he c ongrega t ion t owards h i m.

4 9

The p ave men t f unc t ioned i nb oth d eco-

r a t ive a nd d i mens iona l modes a nd a s p orphyry e nhanced t he e ar ly Ravennate b ishops i n d ea th , s o , t oo , i te nhanced l a ter b ishops i n l i fe. The p lace men t o f t he p orphyry r oundels a nd q u incunxes i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts o f t he f i rst h a l f o f t he t welf th c en tury a lso s ee ms t ob e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he c ere mony f or t he d ed ica t ion o f c hurches a s p resen ted i n t he t wel f th c en tury p on t if ica ls.

F or i tw il lb e r eca l led t ha t t he p ave men ts b elong ing t o

t h is c hronolog ica l g roup a re d is t ingu ished b y ac en tra l ly p laced p orphyry q u incunx i n terrup t ing t he p rocess ion o f s ingle r oundels o n t he l ong i tud ina l a x is o f t he c hurch.

1 8

F or e xamp le , a f ter t he b ishops a nd c lerics h ad c irc led

t he e x ter ior o f t he c hurch t hree t imes, a l l t he wh i le b lessing i tw i th h oly wa ter , t hey e n tered t he c hurch a nd I n ter im u nus e m in istr is a sperga t c inere m p er p av i mentu m e cc les iae i n modu m c ruc is , i t a u t d e s in istro a ngu lo o r ien ta l i p erga t a d d ex tru m o cc iden tale m , r ursusque d e d ex tro o r ien ta l i v ada t i n s in istru m o cc iden ta le m .

1 9

One o f t he p r iests d rew a c ross w i th a shes o n t he d iagonal a xes o f t he c hurch. The p lace where t he t wo a r ms o f t he c ross me t , t he c en ter o f t he c hurch , i s a lso t he s pot d ecora ted b y al arge p orphyry q u incunx r a ther t han b y as ingle r ounde1 . 2° S uch d es igns a ppear , f or e xamp le , i n S . Ambrog io , F eren t ino ( Pla te 8 ) , a nd i n S S . Qua t tro C oronat i ( Pla tes 4 1-42, f o ld-ou t I )a nd S . Croce i n G erusa le mme ( Pla te 2 2 ), b oth i n Ro me. T he c en ter o f t he c hurch i s a ga in emphasized a f ew l i nes l a ter i n t he d ed ica t ion c ere mony w hen t he p ope : ..inc ip ia t...de s in istro a ngu lo e cclesiae a b o r ien te s cr ibere p er p av i men tu m c um c a mbu ta s ua t o tu m a lfabe tu m g raecu m , u sque i n d ex trum a ngu lu m o cc iden ta le m....

I nc ip iens s im i l iter d e d ex tro

a ngu lo o r ien tal i t o tu m a lfabetum l a t inum s cr iba t u sque i n s in istru m a ngu lu m o cc iden ta le m .2 1 T he p ope , i n w ri t ing t he L a t in a nd Greek a lphabe ts o n t he s a me d iagona l a xes o n wh ich t he s ign o f t he c ross was made w i th a shes , a ga in emphas ized t he c en ter o f t he c hurch. 2 2 A f ter t he e xorc is m o f t he s a l t , wa ter , a nd a shes , a nd t he c onsecra t ion o f t he a l tar , t he c en ter o f t he n ave was s ingled o u t f or a t ten t ion s t il l at h ird t ime : D e inde a sperga t i n modu m c ruc is p er med iu m e cc les iae i n l ongu m e t i n l a tu m p er p av i men tum .. 2 3 The mak ing o f ac ross o n t he l ong i tud ina l a nd l a t i tud inal a xes o f t he c hurch , r ather t han o n t he d iagona l a xes i s s ign if ican t f or i t s r ela t ionsh ip t o S . C le men te i n Ro me , wh ich h ouses t he o n ly C os ma tesque p ave ment i n w h ich t he l ong itud ina l l i ne o f r oundels i s met a t a pprox i ma tely t he h a l fway p o in t b y al a t i tud ina l l i ne o f r oundels j o in ing t he l ong itud ina l a ngle.

l i ne a t an inety d egree

The s hape o f t he c ross made d ur ing p ar t o f t he d ed ica t ion c ere mony

t hus a ppears i n t he d es ign o f t he f l oor. F ina l ly , a s t he c onsecra t ion c ere mony d rew t o ac lose , t he b ishop s tood i n t he m idd le o f t he c hurch a nd c o mmanded " Ore mus" .2 4 T he c on juga l

5 0

r ela t ionsh ip b e tween t he d es ign o f e arly t wel f th c en tury C os ma tesque p avemen ts a nd t he c oeva l c ere mony f or t he d ed ica t ion o f c hurches i s e v iden t ; b u t , t he r ev iva l o f i n terest i n p orphyry g oes a bove a nd b eyond t he l i turg ical s phere a nd r ef lec ts t he u neasy p ol it ica l c l ima te d ur ing t he e ar ly y ears o f t he t wel f th c en tury , t he y ears Paschal I ( 1099-1118 ) o ccup ied t he p apa l t hrone. For i t was d ur ing t h is v ery e ra t ha t t he C onstan t in ian i n ter m ingl ing o f t he s acred a nd s ecu lar u ses o f p orphyry was r ev ived. These y ears a lso s aw t he mak ing o f a l mos t a l l t he C os ma tesque p ave men ts t ha t s t il l h ave a p orphyry q u incunx i n t he a pprox i ma te c en ter o f t he c hurch . 2 5 I t was p rec isely o n F ebruary 1 2, 111, d ur ing t he t urbu len t y ears o f t he I nvest i ture C on troversy , t ha t t he " grand r o ta" a t S t . P e ter 's, t hat i s , t he p orphyry r oundel o pposi te t he a l tar o f t he Holy S acramen t , was u sed i n a n a c tua l c orona t ion c ere mony .2 6

A t t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he c ere mony mark ing

Henry V 's c orona t ion , t he B ishop o f A lbano o f fered a p rayer b efore t he s i lver d oors o f t he b as il ica . I m med ia tely a f terwards , Henry V e n tered t he b as il ica a nd s tood " in med io r o tae" , wh i le t he B ishop o f Porto r ec ited t he p rayer b eg inn ing :

" Deus i nenarrabi l is a uc tor mund i..." .

There , t wo t hrones were

p repared a nd Pascha l Ia nd Henry V c o m menced d iscuss ing t he t er ms o f t he ir a gree men t. 27 A f ter v iolen t d eba te , t he c orona t ion c ere mony was n ot c o mp le ted ;

b u t when Henry V ' s c orona t ion f i na l ly t ook p lace o n Apr i l 1 3 o f

t he s a me y ear , t he " grand r o ta" a ga in f u l f i l led i t s c ere mon ia l f unc t ion .

I t

was u sed a ga in o n J une 1 8, 1 155 w hen Freder ick Iwas c rowned b y Hadr ian I V ( 1 154-59 ) a nd c on t inued t o b e a n i n tegra l p ar t o f t he c orona t ion c ere mony u n t il a t l eas t t he f if teen th c en tury. 28 T ha t t he e ar ly d ecades o f t he t welf th c entury marked b oth t he f i rst d ocumen ted u se o f t he r ota i n S t . P eter 's f or a n i mper ia l c orona t ion c ere mony a nd t he f i rst a ppearance o f a ny t ype o f C os ma tesque p ave men t , a nd most p art icu larly t hose h av ing a c en tral q u incunx , must b e more t han c o inc iden ta 1 . 29 The imper ia l s ign if icance o f p orphyry was o f i n terest t o Pascha l Ia nd h is a dv isors , who, w i th u nders tandable t rep ida t ion , h ad l ong a n t ic ipa ted t he r oya l c orona t ion .

F or, f ro m t he t ime o f t he d ea th o f Henry W o n August 7 ,

1 106, h is s on a nd s uccessor , Henry V , h ad e xpressed a s trong d es ire t o b e c rowned i n S t . P eter 's b y t he p ope h i msel f .

P ope Pascha l I , i n a tte mp t ing

t o p re-e mp t t he i mper ia l s ign if icance o f p orphyry h ad t he c hurches b u il t ( or r ebu i l t ) d ur ing h is p apacy d ecora ted w ith a l arge c en tra l p orphyry a rea , wh ich , Ib el ieve , was mean t t o h ave t he s ame s ign if icance a nd aweso me i mpor tance a s t he " grand r o ta" i n S t . P eter 's, wh ich was u sed d ur ing t he c orona t ion c ere mony . S ince , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f S . Croce i n Gerusa le m me , a l l t he c hurch p ave men ts h av ing c en tral p orphyry q u incunxes were a t l east b egun , i fn ot c o mp le ted , d ur ing t he p apacy o f Pascha l I , a nd t hus a t t he h e ight o f t he I nvest i ture C on troversy , i ti s p oss ible t ha t Pascha l 1 Is ough t t o e nhance h is s acred e d if ices w ith t he s a me s ort o f p o mp a nd c ere mony t ha t h e was f orced t o o f fer Henry V i n S t . Peter 's , t he v ery s ea t o f Chr ist ian i ty . The p apa l a t t i tude t oward t he u se o f p orphyry was a ga in made e xp l ic i t af ew y ears l a ter when I nnocen t I ( 1 130-43) b ecame t he f i rst p ope t o b e b ur ied i n ap orp hyry s arcophagus . 3 0 Bu t , f or Paschal I a nd h is a dv isors , wha tb et ter way t o g lor ify C hr istend om t han b y u s ing t he r ich ma ter ial emp loyed i n t he c orona t ion c ere mony i n s t il l l arger q uan t i ty a nd r icher d es ign i n t he n u merous c hurches b u il t t hrough5 1

o u t Ro me a nd L a t iu m d uring t h is t roubled e ra?

T he emphasis o n t he c en ter

o f t he c hurch i n t he e arly g roup o f C os ma tesque p ave ments s ee ms t o h ave b een a n o bl ique r eference t o t he c ere mon ial r ota i n S t . P eter 's;

a nd , t he

i conology o f t he p ave men ts may b e s een a s b oth a r ev ival a nd a n embel l ishmen t o f C onstan t in ian p rac t ice , a s wel l a s a n a dd it ion t o t he a lready c o mp lex h istory o f t he I nvest iture C on troversy.

FOOTNOTES 1 .

T h is c hap ter was f i rst p ubl ished i n as o mewha t d if feren t f or m i n t he J ourna l o f t he Warburg a nd C ourtau ld I nst i tutes XXXII , 1 96 9 , 3 86-90 . Iam g ra tefu l t o t he Ed itors f or p er m ission t o p ubl ish t he ma ter iä l a ga in . S ince t he o r ig ina l d a te o f p ubl ica t ion , Ih ave b enef ited f ro m f ru i tfu l d isc uss ions w i th J a mes McK innon a nd J ere my N oble o f t he Music Depar t men t o f t he S ta te Un iversi ty o f N ew York a t Bu ffa lo.

2 .

For a t horough d iscussion o f p orphyry , c f . R . De lbrueck , An t ike Porphyrwerke , S tud ien z ur S pä tan t iken Kunstgesch ichte 6 , Berl in , 1 932, p assi m.

3 . 4 .

I b id., 2 9. J . E bersol t , L e g rand

p ala is d e Constan t inop le e t l e l i vre d es

c e remon ies ,

Par is, 1 910 , 8 3. 5 .

Constan t in V I I Porphyrogenete, L e l i vre d es A . Vogt , Par is , 1 935, I , 10 -11.

c e remon ies ,

t ransla ted b y

There i s s o me d oubt a s t o whether t he

p orphyry r oundel s t il l e xtan t i n Hag ia S oph ia i s t he o ne r eferred t o i n L e l i vre d es

c e remon ies .

A l though a Russian p i lgr im o f c . 1 200 men t ions

i m marbre r ouge ( Cf . B . d e Kh itrowo , I t inera ires r usses e n o r ien t , Geneva , 1 889 , 9 5 ), b oth S chne ider a nd Sw if t s uggest t ha t t he p orphyry r oundel n ow i n Hag ia S oph ia d a tes f ro m t he f our teen th c entury. M. S chne ider , Byzanz

C f . A .

Ber l in , 1 936, 3 7 a nd E . Sw if t , Hagia S oph ia ,

Colu mbia Un ivers ity Press , 1 940, 7 2. 6 .

Delbrueck , o p . c i t., 2 8.

7 .

I bid., 1 48.

The f i rst r ota was p laced o u ts ide t he d oor , t he s econd j ust

i nside t he d oor , t he t h ird i n t he middle o f t he h al l , a nd t he f our th i m med ia tely b efore t he t hrone b a ldach in . 8 .

I b id ., 2 7 .

9 .

0 . Panvin io , " De r ebus a n t iqu is me morabil ibus e t p raestan t ia Bas il icae s anc t i Pe tr i a postoloru m p r inc ip is l i br i s ep te m ," 1 . V I I , c ap . I , i n G . Ma i , S p ic ilegiu m Ro manu m I X, Ro me , 18 43, 3 70.

1 0.

B ibl ioteca Vat icana , Barber in i L a t. 2 733,

10 7r-v.

For a more a bbre-

v ia ted v ersion , c f . J . P . K irsch , " Be iträge z ur Gesch ich te d er A l ten Peters -K irche" , Rö m ische Quartalschr if t I , 1 888, 1 25-26. 1 1.

M. Andrieu , "La r ota p orphyret ica d e l a b as i l ique Va t icane" , Melanges d 'archeolog ie e t d 'h istoire LXVI , 1 954, 1 89-218 , e sp. 19 1-95.

As e arly

a s t he e leven th c en tury , t he a rea i n wh ich O ld S t . Peter 's s tood was k nown a s a d q ua tuor r otas;

1 93, n ote 2 . 5 2

1 2.

T he l ack o f c lear d ist inc t ion b etween t he s ecu lar a nd r el ig ious f unct ions o f p orphyry i s b u t a nother i nstance o f C onstan t ine 's f usion o f t he v ar ious a spects o f h is r ole i n to t ha t o f t he Emperor o f God o n e ar th.

1 3.

Agnel lus, L iber Pont if ical is E cc les iae Ravenna t is i e d i ted b y 0 . HolderE gger, i n Monu men ta Ger man iae H istorica :

S cr ip tores Heru m L ango-

b ard icaru m e t I ta l icaru m s aec. V IIX , 1 878 , 2 89 . 1 4.

I bid ., 2 93.

1 5.

I b id., 3 06.

1 6.

De lbrueck , o p . c i t., 2 8.

1 7.

M. Andrieu , L e p on t if ica l r o ma in a u moyen-äge ,

I , L e p on t if ical r o ma in

a u X I le s ièc le, S tud i e Test i W OO (VI , C it tä d el Va t icano, 1 938, 1 41, X , 9 , 1 . 1 8.

Th is f or m o f d ecora t ion a ppears i n S . C roce i n Gerusa le m me , S . Mar ia i n C os med in , S S . Quat tro C oronat i ( a l l i n Ro me ), S . Ambrog io i n Feren t ino, a nd was most l ikely o nce v isible i n S . C le men te , Ro me , a l though t he c en ter o f t he c hurch i s n ow o ccup ied b y t wo s ix teen th c en tury t o mb s labs.

With t he e xcep t ion o f t he f i rst men t ioned c hurch , a l l t he

b u ild ings were a t l east b egun , i fn ot c o mp leted , d ur ing t he p apacy o f Pascha l I . 1 9.

Andr ieu ,

C f . t he Catalogue Ra isonne f or d eta iled a nalyses.

Xi le s r ec le , 9 2

.c i t .,

1 80 , XVI I , 1 8 .

F or a g enera l d iscuss ion

o f t he c onsecra t ion c ere mony , c f . L . Duchesne , Or ig ines d u c u l te c hrbt ien , 4 th e d i tion , Par is , 1 908, 4 05-25 . 2 0.

T he d iagona l a xes were most l ikely d rawn i n t he n ave, f or t he s cho la c an toru m was s epara ted f ro m t he n ave b y a n e nclosing wa l l .

The c en ter

o f t he n ave i s marked b y t he p orphyry q u incunx. 2 1.

Andr ieu ,

X I Ie s f ec le , 2 E . c i t ., 1 80-81, XV I I , 2 0.

I n t he t h ir teen th c en-

t ury , a n a d mon i tion i s a dded t o t h is p ar t o f t he c ere mony:

" Sed a t tende

q uod G reci h aben t t an tum XX I I I I l i t teras s ecundum Ysidor ium" .

M.

Andr ieu , L e p on t i f ica l r o ma in a u mdyen- 4 'e , I , L e p on ti f ica l d e l a c ur ie r o ma in a u X I I Ie s iècle , S tud i eT es t i LXXXV I I , C i t tä d e l Va t icano 1 940 , 4 27-28 , XX II I , 2 5. 2 2.

I t i s p ossible a nd , i ndeed , l og ica l t ha t t he p ope wou ld h ave writ ten t he t wo a lphabets i n t he p reviously d istribu ted a shes.

2 3.

Andr ieu , X I Ie s iecle, o p. c i t., 1 83 , XVI I , 3 6.

2 4.

I bid., 1 83, XVI I , 3 7.

2 5.

C f . s upra

2 6.

There i s ap a in t ing b y F oucquet o f t he c orona t ion o f Charle magne o n

f ootnote 1 8.

Christ mas Day , 8 00 , b u t t he a ctua l r ites o f t he c ere mony a re n ot d ocumen ted .

For a d iscussion o f t he e v idence , c f . Andr ieu , "La r ota" , o p .

c i t., 1 95f. a nd P . Durr ieu , " Une v ue

i n t er ieure

d e l 'anc ien S a in t-P ierre

d e Ro me a u mil ieu d u XV e s f ec le p e in te p ar J ean Foucquet" , Melanges G . B . De R ossi , Par is/Ro me , 1 892 , 2 21-35 .

5 3

2 7.

Andr ieu , X I Ie s iec le

o p . c i t ., 2 51-54.

2 8.

Andr ieu , " La r ota" , 2. 2 . c i t ., 1 98f .

I ts ee ms t ha t i n terest i n t he i mper ia l

s ign if icance o f p orphyry c on t inued u n t il t he s ix teen th c en tury , f or i ti s men t ioned i n c ere mon ies i n wh ich Charles V t ook p art.

C f . J . J acquot ,

' Panora ma d es f etes e t c eremon ies d u rkne" , L a f e tes d e l a Rena issance I , Fe tes e t c eremon ies a u t e mps d e Char les Qu in t ( ed i ted b y J . J acquo t ) , Par is , 1 960 , 4 23-24.

J acquot s ta tes t ha t S . Pe tron io i n B o logna was

made t o l ook l ike S t. Peter 's f or t he c oronat ion o f Char les V .

Bu t , t he

s i tua t ion i s c onfus ing b ecause h e a lso s ta tes t ha t ap orphyry r o ta , l ike t ha t i n t he L a teran , was u sed d ur ing t he c ere mony . t o s pec if ic s ources.

He d oes n o t r efer

Grace V la m k ind ly c a lled my a t ten t ion t o J acquo t 's

work . 2 9 .

I ts hou ld b e n oted t ha t , a l though t he c orona t ion o f Henry V marked t he f i rst s ecurely d ocu men ted u se o f t he r ota i n S t . Peter 's , t he c ere mony i n t he t wel f th c en tury p on t if ica ls f ol lows t he g eneral o u tl ine o f t he t en th c en tury r ecens ions.

C f . C . Vogel , L e p on t if ica l r o mano-ger man ique

d u Xe s iecle , S tud i e Test i 2 26-27 , C it tä d el Va t icano , 19 63, I , 263f . 3 0.

J . Deer , The Dynast ic P orphyry T o mbs o f t he N or man Per iod i n S ic i ly , Du mbarton Oaks S tud ies V , Harvard Un ivers i ty Press , 1 959 , 1 49 f .

5 4

CATALOGUE RAISONNE

T he C a ta logue Ra isonne , a rranged a lphabet ica l ly b y l ocat ion , d iscusses a l l k nown C os ma tesque p ave men ts i n I ta ly , i nc lud ing t hose wh ich a re n o l onger e x tan t a nd a re n o ted o n ly i n t he l i tera ture.

When p oss ib le , ad a te i s s ugges ted

f or e ach p ave men t o n t he b as is o f t he b u i ld ing h is tory o f t he c hurch , e pigraph ica l e v idence , a nd t he a na lysis o f t he g eneral l ayou t a nd t he p a t terns u sed i n t he f l ank ing r ec tangles. L i terature r elevan t t o ap ar t icu lar c hurch i s c i ted i n t he a ppropr ia te c a ta logue e n try. F or g enera l works o n t he Cos ma t i , s ee t he b ibl iography.

T hose p ave men ts a ssured ly p ost-da t ing t he s econd h a lf o f

t he t h irteen th c en tury ( S . G iovann i L a terano , Ro me , f or e xa mp le ) a nd t hose f ew e xamp les o u ts ide o f I ta ly ( West m inster Abbey , f or e xa mp le ) h ave b een om it ted f ro m t he d iscuss ion b ecause t hey a re b est v iewed a s d er iva t ives o f t rue C os ma tesque p ave men ts.

5 5

Anagn i , S . Andrea S . Andrea was p robably b u i l t i n 10 06. C on t i i n 1 262.

I t was r estored b y B ishop L andone

On t ha t o ccasion , h e c a l led Vassa letus f ro m Ro me t o make

a n e p iscopa l t hrone f or t he c hurch.

T ha t t hrone i s n ow i n S . Mar ia , t he

Ca thedra l o f Anagn i. 1 Vassa letus i s t he o n ly Ro man marbleworker k nown t o h ave worked a t S . Andrea. 2 T oday , a l most n oth ing o f S . Andrea 's med ieva l s truc ture r e ma ins.

T he

r . x tan t C os ma tesque p ave men t c onsists o f as er ies o f r ec tangles r ela id i n t he a pse. Many o f t he r ec tangles a re n ot s epara ted b y i n terst ices a nd p art o f t he p ave men t i s n ow o bscured b y a wooden p la tfor m a nd c ho ir s ta l ls.

The

e v idence i s i nsuf f ic ien t t o y ield e i ther a d a te o r a n a t tr ibu t ion. 1 .

C f. i n fra , p p . 5 7-59 .

2 .

F or t he h istory o f S . Andrea , c f . A . d e Mag is tris , I stor ia d el la c i tta e S . b as il ica c a t tedra le d 'Anagn i , Ro me , 17 49 , 9 4;

S . S ib i l ia , G u ida

s tor ico-ar t ist ica d el la c a t tedra le d i Anagn i , Anagn i , 19 36, 2 55f .

F or

t he Vassa letus f am ily o f marbleworkers, c f . G . G iovannon i , " Opere d e i Vassa l let t i mar morar i r o man if l ,

L 'Ar te 1, 19 08 , 2 62-83.

Anagn i , S . G iaco mo The o r ig inal c hurch o f S . G iaco mo was e rec ted a f ter t he c anon iza t ion o f S . Do men ico i n 1 234. 1 T he c urren t c hurch , o n t he g rounds o f t he C ol leg io Reg ina Margher i ta , was c onsecra ted o n Oc tober 2 1, 17 42. 2 L oca l l egend h as i tt ha t t he p ave men t i n S . G iaco mo was t aken f ro m o ther c hurches , among t he m p erhaps S . P ie tro i n Vi ne is. Vassa le tus , r e ma ins. 3

An u ndocu men ted c ibor iu m , p erhaps b y

T oday , t he p ave men t i n t he p resby tery o f S . G iaco mo c onsists o f a much r estored c ircu lar p a t tern w i th a n e ight-po in ted s tar a t i t s c en ter. 4 The n ave 's l ong i tud ina l a x is i s marked b y f i ve i n terlaced r oundels. Restored , i rregu lar r ec tangles, h av ing p a t terns c o m mon i nb o th t he t wel f th a nd t h irt een th c en tur ies , f l ank t he r oundels.

N e ither t he o r ig inal d a te o f t he p ave-

men t n or i t s a u thor c an b e a scer ta ined. 1 .

D e Mag istr is, wr i t ing i n 1 749 , r efers t o t he c hurch a s S S . C os ma e Da m iano.

C f . A . d e Mag istris , I stor ia d el la c i t tä e S . b as il ica c a t tedra le

d 'Anagn i , Ro me , 1 749 , 9 6. 2 .

I b id ., 9 6.

3 .

S . S ib i l ia , G uida s tor ico-ar t ist ica d el la c a t tedra le d i Anagn i , Anagn i , 19 36, 2 60-61.

4 .

D esp i te r epea ted a t te mp ts , Ih ave c ons isten t ly b een d en ied p er m iss ion t o e xa m ine t he p ave men t i n S . G iaco mo.

For p ho tographs , c f . t hose

i n t he c o l lec t ion o f t he I s t i tu to C en tra le p er i lC a ta log° e l a D ocumen tazione : N2 0946 , N2 0952 , N2 0963 , N2 0964 , N2 0966 , a nd N 2 0967.

5 6

Anagn i , S . Maria

( Pla tes 1 -2 )

The C os ma tesque p ave men t i n t he u pper c hurch a nd t he S . Magnus c ryp t o f S . Mar ia , t he Ca thedral o f Anagn i , i s n o t o n ly t he l argest e xpanse s t i l l e x tan t , b u t a lso , p erhaps w i th t he e xcep t ion o f S . Mar ia i n Cos med in , Ro me , t he b est d ocu men ted.

T hrough a s er ies o f i nscr ip t ions , we k now t he a pprox i-

ma te y ears t ha t t he C os ma t i w orked i n t he c hurch , t he me mbers o f t he f am ily emp loyed , a nd t he n a me o f t he b ishop who c o mm iss ioned t he work .

For

e xa mp le , al eng thy i nscr ip t ion o n at able t o n t he wa l l o f t he f our th b ay o f t he c ryp t t el ls u s t ha t o n Apr il 2 0 , 1 231, Master C os mas , ac i t izen o f Ro me , moved t he a l tar o f S . Magnus a nd f ound t he s a in t 's b ody ;

t he b ody was s oon

d isp layed t o t he p ubl ic a nd t hen r ebur ied i n t he n ewly r efurb ished c ryp t c o mm iss ioned b y B ishop A lber tus .1 C os mas a pparen t ly w orked w ith h is s ons i n t he c ryp t , f or a n i nscr ip t ion o n t he t op s tep t o t he l ef t o f t he c ryp t 's ma in a l tar r eads :

MA T COSMAS C IVIS RO MANVS CV F IL I IS S VIS LVCA ET

J ACOBO HOC OPVS FECIT. 2 I n 1 250 ,A lber tus 's work o n t he c hurch was c on t inued b y B ishop P andu lphus who i s c o m me mora ted i n a n i nscr ip t ion o n t he t h ird p i l lar o f t he n or th a rcade o f t he u pper c hurch 's n ave. 3 a re n ot men t ioned i n t he i nscr ip t ion .

T he C os ma t i

F ina l ly , i n 1 263, B ishop L andone Con t i

c omm iss ioned Vassa letus t o make a s chola c an toru m . 4 The e v idence i nd ica tes t ha t t wo d if feren t f am il ies o f marbleworkers, t ha t o f Vassa letus a nd t ha t o f L auren t ius , worked a t S . Mar ia , b u t t ha t t he p ave men t i s mos t l i ke ly a t tr ib u table t o t he Lauren t ius g roup .

Dur ing t he c ourse o f t he p ro ject , C os mas

was a ss is ted b y h is s ons , L uca a nd J acobus .

T he p ave men t i n t he S . Magnus

c ryp t a nd t he u pper c hurch o f S . Mar ia was made d ur ing t he s econd q uar ter o f t he t h ir teen th c en tury.

T he p ave men t t hus p os tda tes t he e rec t ion o f t he

c a thedra l , wh ich t ook p lace u nder t he p a tronage o f B ishop Pe trus b e tween 1 068 a nd 1 104.

5

T he l a ter h istory a nd t he a l tera t ions o f t he Anagn i p ave men t a re l ikew ise wel l-docu men ted.

B ishop An ton io S eneca ( 1607-26) d estroyed t he s chola

c an toru m a nd u sed t he marble t o e x tend t he p ave men t i n t he p resby tery ; t h is d a mage was u ndone d ur ing t he 1 880s, b u t t he s chola c an toru m was n ot r ebu il t. 6 T agg i i n for ms u s t ha t ad oor c onstruc ted i n 1 627 r u ined p ar t o f t he p ave men t. 7 S ib il ia a lso p oin ts o u t t ha t t he c olu mns i n t he e astern t h ird o f t he n ave h ave b ur ied b ases wh ich , when c o mpared t o t he o ther c olu mns i n t he n ave , s ugges t t ha t e i ther t he l evel o f t he p ave men t was r a ised a f ter i th ad b een l a id o r e lse a n e x tra f ew c en t i me ters were a dded a s as e t t ing b ed f or t he mosa ic p ave men t .8 S ince t here was n o n eed f or a r a ised s e t t ing b ed i n t he r e ma inder o f t he n ave , t here wou ld s ee m t o b e n o r eason f or r a is ing t he l evel o f t he e astern p ar t o f t he p ave men t a t t he t ime i t was l a id.

The

c hange i n t he l evel o f t he p ave men t i s f ur ther c on f ir med b y t he r ed iscovery , i n 1 882, o f a n o ld e n trance , wh ich o pened a t t he o r ig ina l l eve1 .

9

F ina l ly ,

we a re f or tuna te t o k now t he n a mes o f t he r narbleworkers who r estored t he d amaged p ave men t o f t he u pper c hurch i n t he 1 880s : Mart inel l i , was a ss isted b y E ugen io Ma t t ia ,

1 0

t he mosa icis t who a lso worked i n S . C r isogono , R o me

a nd S . Mar ia i n C os med in , Ro me. Un l ike t he u pper c hurch , t he p ave men t i n t he c ryp t h as v irtua l ly e scaped r estora t ion.

T he c en ter o f t he p ave men t , b etween t he t wo r ows o f c olu mns

s uppor t ing t he v au l ts , i s d om ina ted b y as er ies o f e igh t q u incunxes l inked l ong i tud ina l ly a nd e x tend ing t he e n t ire l eng th o f t he c ryp t.

5 7

I n c o mpar ison t o

w orks i n Ro me , t he r oundels a re smal l a nd t he u se o f p orphyry l im i ted. The f i l ler p a t terns wh ich t ransfor m t he r oundels i n to a l ong r ec tangle a re i den t ica l o n e ach s ide o f ap ar t icu lar c en ter r oundel . I t wou ld a ppear t ha t , g iven a n a rea n arrow ly d ef ined b y t he a rch i tecture , t he marbleworkers c o mp le tely a bandoned t he ir u sua l me thod ica l p lann ing a nd u se o f c orrespondences , s o t ha t af ar l ooser a nd l ess c o-ord ina ted p ave men t was c rea ted w h ich , i n my o p in ion , r ef lec ts t he w ork o f ag roup r a ther t han as ingle c raf ts man .

F or e xamp le, i th as a lready b een p o in ted o u t t ha t t he

c en tral q u incunxes s pan t he d istance b etween t he t wo s ets o f s upport ing c olumns. Fol low ing a l og ical p rocedure , i t wou ld s ee m t ha t t he workmen t hen l a id o u t l ong i tud ina l s tr ips o f marble i n t he c ryp t a isles t o e stabl ish t he w id th o f t he f l ank ing r ec tangu lar p anels.

T here a re t hree r ows o f r ectang les , a l l o f

a pprox i ma tely t he s ame w id th , f l ank ing e ach s ide o f t he q u incunxes. Bu t , o nce h av ing e stabl ished t he w id ths , t he c raf ts men a bandoned a l l s e mb lance o f r egu lar ity i n d e ter m in ing t he l eng ths o f t he r ec tangular p anels.

S o met i mes ,

ap ar t icular p a t tern i s c on t inued o n e i ther s ide o f ac olu mn , w h ile , i n o ther c ases, a n i n terst ice i s e stabl ished a nd a n ew p a t tern b egun ; t h is a no ma ly c an b e s een , f or e xamp le , a round t he t h ird c olu mn t o t he r igh t o f t he a l tar. I n a dd i t ion , i rregular l eng ths a re n ot r epea ted o n e i ther s ide o f t he q u incunxes s o a s t o f orm c orrespondences ; al ong r ec tangu lar p ane l o n o ne s ide o f t he q u incunxes may b e p laced o ppos i te t wo s hor ter r ectangu lar p ane ls whose c o mb ined l eng th may b e g rea ter o r l ess t han t he o ne l onger r ec tang le. T he s uggest ion t ha t more t han o ne workman made t he p ave men t i s g iven e ven g rea ter p laus ibi l i ty b y wha t a ppears t o b e t he s o le i nd ica t ion among C os ma tesque f l oors o f t he p o in t a t w h ich t he w ork w as c o m menced . F or , a f ter t he q u incunxes w ere l a id d own t he c en ter o f t he c ryp t , t he p lace men t o f t he r ec tangu lar p anels a ppears t o h ave b een b egun a t t he e nd o f t he c ryp t u nder t he s ou th a isle o f t he u pper c hurch.

T h is i s amp ly d e monstra ted b y

t he f i rst t wo r ec tangles o n e i ther s ide o f t he f i rst q u incunx ; t hese f our r ect angles h ave a n a bsolute c orrespondence. C orrespondence a lso a ppears i n t he i nner most r ec tangles i n t he s econd l a t i tud ina l r ow f l ank ing t he q u incunxes. A f ter t h is p oin t , t here a re n o c orrespondences a nd , a s h as b een p rev iously p oin ted o u t , n o e qu iva lence o f l eng th o r p a t tern . I n o ther words , i t wou ld a ppear t ha t t he marbleworkers b egan w ith t he i n ten t ion o f c rea t ing t he n or ma l C os ma tesque c orrespondences , b u t s oon a bandoned t he e f for t; o ne migh t e ven s ur m ise t ha t e ach a rt is t w orked o n ad if feren t l ong itud ina l r ow a t h is own s peed a nd u sed t he p a t tern v ocabu lary a s h e w ished. T hough t he S . Magnus c ryp t a t Anagn i p resen ts a nu nr ival led e xpanse o fo r ig ina l Cos ma tesque p ave men t , i ts hou ld b e p o in ted o u t t ha t t he p ave men t d ecora t ing t he c en ter a nd e astern a pses o f t he c ryp t i s l argely modern. I n a dd i t ion t o t he n ew p ave men t , t here a re a f ew f rag men ts o f o r ig inal p ave men t wh ich h ave o bv iously b een r ela id . T he p ave men t i n t he u pper c hurch o f S . Mar ia a t Anagn i i s , o n t he o ther h and , v ery much r estored , t hough i td oes f o l low many o f t he p a t terns a nd t he g eneral l ayou t o f at h ir teen th c en tury C os ma tesque p ave men t. The c en ter o f t he n ave i s marked b y as uccess ion o f e ight q u incunxes l i nked l ong itud ina l ly ; t hey a re f l anked o n e i ther s ide b y t h ir tytwo r ec tangles , e ight l a t itud inal r ows o f f our e ach .

T he r ec tangles a re p ar t ia l ly r estored. 5 8

T here i s ap ar t ia l

c orrespondence most e v iden t i n t he r ec tangles f lank ing t he f our e astern most q u incunxes.

T he p ave men t i n t he a isles i s t otal ly modern a nd b ears n o r e-

l a t ionsh ip t o o riginal C os ma tesque p a t terns. T he a pse a rea i n t he u pper c hurch i s l ikew ise o f l i t t le i n terest. c en ter o f t he p resby tery i s t o tal ly modern ; a re o r iginal .

The

s o me o f t he f lank ing r ec tangles

The p ave men t i n t he s ou th a pse i s t otal ly r es tored , wh ile t hat

i n t he n orth a pse i s l argely o riginal a nd d isp lays a f ew c orrespondences. A l though t he p ave men t s urround ing t he c ibor iu m i s t ota l ly modern , i t must n o t b e i gnored .

F or , i tw i l l b e r eca l led t ha t o ne o f t he marbleworkers who

r es tored Anagn i i n t he 1 880s p er for med t he s a me t ask a t S . Mar ia i n C os medin , Ro me .

1 1

T hese t wo c hurches a re t he o nes wh ich , t oday , h ave a s er ies o f

r oundels a rranged i n as quare f ram ing t he c ibor ium . 1 .

For a n e xpansion a nd t ransla t ion o ft he c ryp t i nscr ip t ion , o f . M. Q . Sm ith , " Anagn i , a n Exa mp le o f Med ieval T ypolog ical Decora t ion" , Papers o f t he Br it ish S chool a t Ro me XXXI I I

( n . S . XX ) , 1 965 , 5 -6 .

Smi th , 5 ,

a lso men t ions a nother i nscr ip t ion o n t he o ld a l tar o f S . Magnus t ha t i s n ow i n t he Ca thedral Museu m :

ANNO DOMI N I MCC XXXI PER MANVS

M AG ISTER COSME C IVIS RO MANVS EVIT AMO TV M ALTARE. 2 .

I bid., 5 a nd S . S ibil ia , Gu ida s tor ico-art ist ica d el la c a t tedra le d i Anagn ii Anagn i , 19 36, 9 9 .

S ibil ia a lso men t ions a nother i nscr ip t ion p laced i n

t he p ave men t af ew s teps f ro m t he Caetan i Chapel i n t he u pper c hurch. The i nscr ip t ion s ta tes t ha t t he p ave men t was made b y Cos mas a nd c o mmissioned b y B ishop A lbertus.

The i nscr ip t ion i s h ighly u nusual b ecause

i tr efers s pec if ica l ly t o ap ave men t.

C f. S ibi l ia , 5 8-59.

On 19 8 , S ibi l ia

g oes o n t o s ay t ha t t he i nscr ip t ion h as b een r e moved t o t he Ca thedral Museu m a nd b een r ep laced b y ac opy.

I h ave n ever s een t h is i nscrip t ion.

3 .

S ibi l ia , o p . c i t ., 6 5 a nd Sm ith, o p . c i t., 4 .

4 .

S ibil ia , o p . c i t ., 6 5.

A y ear e arl ier, t he s a me b ishop h ad c omm issioned

a n e p iscopal t hrone f ro m t he s a me a r t ist f or S . Andrea , Anagn i. n ow i n t he Ca thedral . 5 .

I b id., 6 4.

I t i s

C f . s upra , p . 5 6 .

C f . a lso G . Ma t th iae, " Fas i c ostru t t ive d el la c a t tedrale d i

Anagn i" , Pa l lad io V I , 19 42, 4 1-48.

For c hanges i n t he c ryp t , o f . B .

Andberg, " Osservazion i s u l le mod if iche d el le v ol te n el la c r ip ta d i Anagn i" , Acta a d Archaeologia m e t Art iu m H istor ia m Pert inen t ia V I , 1 975, 1 17-26. 6 .

S ibil ia , o p . c i t ., 5 7 , 6 5.

7 .

C . Taggi , Del la f abbrica d el la c a t tedrale d i Anagn i , Ro me , 1 888 , 6 9.

8 .

S ibil ia , o p . c i t ., 5 8f .

9 .

I bid., 5 8.

1 0.

Tagg i , o p . c i t., 8 2.

1 1.

C f. i nfra , p p . 1 09-11 .

5 9

Anagn i , S . P ietro i n V ine is The p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t S . P ietro i nV ine is i s n ot d ocu men ted a nd t he d a te o f t he c onstruc t ion o f t he c hurch i s n ot k nown.

I n S . Mar ia , t he

Ca thedra l o f Anagn i , t here i s at h irteen th c en tury d ocu men t r eferr ing t o t he c hurch a nd t hus s uggest ing t ha t i t was b u il t p r ior t o t ha t d a te . 1 I n 1 575, t he b u i ld ing was t aken o ver b y t he Capuch ins who d es troyed most o f t he p ave men t .2 I n t he e arly t wen t ie th c en tury , S . P ie tro i n V ine is was r estored b y A lberto Ca lza-B in i. 3 T he e x tan t p ave men t a ppears i n t he p resby tery.

I t c ons ists o f ac o mp lete

q u incunx , p art o f as econd q u incunx , a nd t hree r ec tangles.

T he p auc ity o f

t he e v idence p roh ib i ts e ither a d a te o r a n a t tr ibu t ion. 1 .

S . S ib il ia , G u ida s tor ico-ar t ist ica d el la c a t tedra le d i Anagn i , Anagn i , 1 936, 2 68.

S . P ietro i n V ine is i s o n t he g ounds o f t he Col leg io Pr inc ipe

d i P ie mon te. 2 .

A . d e Mag istr is , I stor ia d el la c i ttä e S . b as i l ica c a t tedra le d 'Anagn i? Ro me , 1 749 , 1 01.

3 .

S ibi l ia , o p . c i t ., 2 68.

An t icol i C orrado , S . P ietro An t icol i C orrado , av il lage b e tween T ivol i a nd Ärsol i , h ouses t he c hurch o f S . P ietro. 1 The c hurch h as b een v irtual ly u ntouched b y s cholarsh ip , b u t wou ld s ee m t o d a te f ro m t he e leven th c en tury.

T he p resence o f t he C os ma t i

a t S . P ietro i s n o t d ocu men ted , b u t , t oday , t here a re s t il l r e ma ins o f a C os ma tesque p ave men t i n a pprox i ma tely t he c en ter o f t he c hurch. 2 T he p avemen t c ons ists o f o ne q u incunx .

T he r oundels f or m ing t he q u incunx a re q u ite

sma l l a nd l ack t heir p orphyry c en ters , i fi ndeed t hey e ver e x isted. a re a f ew o ld s tones i n t he p a t terns , b u t a lso many n ew o nes.

There

The p auc ity

o f t he r e ma in ing e v idence f orbids t he s uggest ion o f ad a te f or t he p ave men t. 1 .

F or a b r ief h istory o f An t icol i C orrado , c f . G . S i lvestrel l i , " An t icol i C orrado" , Arch iv io d el la R . S oc ietä Ro mana d i S tor ia Pa tr ia = 1 916, 5 81-87 .

2 .

EX ,

T he p ave men t i s men t ioned b y C . G . Pa luzz i , " An t icol i C orrado" , Ro ma I , 1 924, 2 23.

Ardea , S . P ie tro S . P ietro was r ebu il t t oward t he midd le o f t he t wel f th c en tury b y t he Bened ic t ines f ro m S . Paolo f uor i l e Mura . 1 An a nony mous Rela t io e cc les iae a rdea t inae , w ri t ten b e tween 1 594 a nd 1 597 a nd n ow i n t he c ur ia v escov i le o f A lbano , d escr ibes a C os ma tesque p ave men t wh ich h ad a lready b een d amaged a nd r estored b y t he t ime t he Re la t io was wr i tten. 2 An e arthquake t ha t a l leged ly t ook p lace i n 1 660 , s everely d a maged t he c hurch. 3 A r estora t ion u nder taken i n 17 4 0d estroyed t he r e ma ins o f t he med ieval p ave men t .4

6 0

1 .

A . Ga l iet i, "La c h iesa r o man ica d i Ardea" , Arch iv io d el la R . Depu taz ione r o mana d i S tor ia Pa tr ia LXVI ( n .s. I X ), 1 943, 1 55.

2 .

I b id ., 1 59 ;

3 .

I bid., 1 57 .

4 .

I bid ., 1 62.

1 62.

C astel S . E l ia , S . Anastas io

( P la tes 3 -4 )

S . Anas tas io a t C astel S . E l ia i s b est k nown f or i t s f rescoes. 1 i s k nown o f i t s a rch i tectura l h istory a nd s t il l l ess o f i t s p ave men t . e nce o f t he C os ma t i a t S . Anastas io i s n o t r ecorded.

L i t t le The p res-

The e x tan t s tructure

h as g enera l ly b een a ss igned t o t he e leven th c en tury , b u t t he p ave men t h as b een a d judged t wel f th

2

o r t h irteen th c en tury. 3 A l though a n i nscr ip t ion o ver t he

ma in p or ta l s ta tes t ha t t he c hurch was r estored i n 1 856, i ts ee ms t ha t t he o veral l l ayou t o f t he p ave men t was n o t a l tered.

Much o f t he p ave men t i s

c o mp letely d estroyed , b u t t ha t wh ich r e ma ins h as r eta ined i t s o r iginal f or ma t. T h is f or tuna te c ircu mstance i s d oubt less d ue t o t he w el linfor med e f forts o f V . Vesp ignan i a nd G . B . De Ross i who s uperv ised t he w ork .4 N o p ave men t r e ma ins i n t he a isles a nd t he p ave men t i n t he western p ar t o f t he n ave i s e i ther d estroyed o r s o f rag men tary a s t o r ender i tu nreadable. T he l eg ible p ave men t b eg ins j ust a f ter t he t h ird i n tercolu mn ia t ion a nd , a l though t h is p ar t o f t he p ave men t i s much r u ined , i t s o r ig ina l f or m c an b e r econstructed. T he c en ter o f t he n ave h as t wo l ong itud inal ly a l igned r oundels s epara ted f ro m e ach o ther b y al ong , n arrow r ec tangle. T he r ec tangle i s o u tl ined b y a mosa ic s tr ip t ha t i s ac on t inua t ion o f t he mosa ic b ands s urround ing t he r oundels.

Im med ia tely t o t he s ou th o f t he r oundel p a t tern a re t hree r ec tangles

a l igned l ong itudina l ly a nd e x tend ing t he f u l l l ength o f t he r oundel p a t tern. The r oundel p a ttern i s a ga in r epea ted n ex t o t t he r ec tang les.

Frag men ts

r e ma in ing i n t he n ave s uggest t ha t t here was o r ig ina l ly o ne more r ow o f r ect angles a nd a nother r oundel p a t tern t o t he n orth o f t he c en ter e le men t .

The

r e ma in ing c o mp le te r ec tangles i n t he n orthern p a t tern s uggest t ha t t here may h ave b een a c orrespondence a round t he c en tra l a x is.

J oined r oundels

a nd r ec tangles s erv ing a s t he c en ter n ave e le men t i s ac o mpara t ively r are C os ma tesque f or ma t a nd o ccurs i n o n ly t wo o ther c hurches : F lu m ine , P onzano R o mano

5

S . Andrea i n

a nd S . Mar ia d i Castel lo i n Tarqu in ia . 6 Both

p ave men ts a re a t tr ibu ted t o t he Ranucius g roup a nd a re d a ted i n t he t wel f th c en tury .

A s im i lar d a te a nd a t tr ibu t ion f or S . Anastas io s ee ms most d efen-

s ible. The s chola c an toru m a t S . Anastas io h as l ost i t s s creen , b u t b oth i t s r a ised p la tfor m a nd i t s p ave men t r e ma in .

7

The p ave men t c ons ists o f s ix

l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r oundels s tretch ing t he e n t ire l eng th o f t he s chola c an toru m .

They a re o n a x is w ith t he a fore men t ioned r oundel/rec tangle

p a t tern i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave.

T he r oundels a re f l anked o n e i ther s ide b y

as ingle r ow o f l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r ec tangles , t hree o n t he n orth a nd f our o n t he s ou th.

The r ec tangles a re o f d if feren t s izes a nd o n ly t hree p at terns ,

a l l t yp ica l o ft he t wel f th c en tury , a re r epea ted among t he s even r ec tangles.8

6 1

T he p ave men t s urround ing t he c ibor iu m i n t he r a ised p resbytery i s a lso i n r a ther g ood c ond i t ion .

T he c ibor iu m i s f l anked o n e ither s ide b y t wen ty

smal l r ec tang les a rranged i n f i ve l a t i tudina l a nd f our l ong itud inal r ows;

t he

r ectang les e x tend f ro m t he t op o f t he s teps l ead ing t o t he a l tar t o t he r ear c orners o f t he c ibor iu m .

There i s a l most a c o mp lete c orrespondence among

t he p anels, a l though t hey e xh ib it t he s a me p over ty o f imag ina t ion a s s een i n t he s choL a . c antoru m .

Im med ia tely i n f ron t o f t he c ibor iu m i s al arge s quare

a pprox i ma t ing t he w id th o f t he c ibor iu m p la tfor m.

With in t he s quare i s a nother

s quare , t urned s o t ha t i t s c orners t ouch t he m id-po in t o f t he o u ter s quare ; i t , i n t urn , h ouses a s quare.

Roundels a ppear i n t he t r iangu lar s paces c rea ted

b y t he c orners o f t he l arge s quare a nd t he s ides o f t he i n ter med ia te s quare. The a rea w i th in t he i n ter med ia te s quare i s e n t irely r estored , wh ile t he r ema inder o f t he p a t tern i s p ar t ia l ly o rig inal .

9

r ow o f t en r ec tangles a rranged l a t i tud inal ly ; f rag men tary.

I nb ack o f t he c ibor iu m i s a a lmost a l l a re r estored o r

Af ew f rag men ts o f l i t t le s ign if icance r e ma in i n t he n or th a nd

s ou th a isles o f t he p resby tery. The r oundel/rec tangle p a t tern i n t he n ave a nd t he r ec tang le p at terns i n b oth t he s chola c an toru m a nd t he p resby tery s ugges t ad a te i n t he s econd q uar ter o f t he t welf th c en tury f or S . Anastas io.

I n many ways , S . Anastas io

i s r epresen ta t ive o f r a ther p rov inc ia l c hurches h av ing C os matesque p ave men ts. There a re n ow n o p orphyry r oundels a nd i ti s i mposs ible t o d e ter m ine w hether t hey e ver e x isted.

I n a ny c ase , t he d ia meters o ft he r ounde ls a re f ar sma l ler

t han t hose c o m mon ly s een i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts i n Ro me a nd t here i s ap overty o f i mag ina t ion i nd ica ted b y t he f ac t t ha t t he s a me r ec tangle p a t terns a re r epea ted a ga in a nd a ga in . 1 .

F or t he most u pto-da te a ccoun t o f t he f rescoes , i nc lud ing e arl ier b ibl iography , c f . P . Hoegger , D ie Fresken i n d er e he ma l igen Abteik irche S . E l ia b e i N ep i :

e in Be itrag z ur r o man ischen Wand ma lere i Ro ms u nd

s e iner Umgebung , Frauen feld , 1 975. 2 .

G . C lausse , L es marbr iers r o ma ins e t l e mob i l ier p resby tera l , Par is , 1 897 , 1 06-110.

3 .

G . Gherard i , Breve g u ida a l la v is ita d el la b as i l ica d i S . E l ia p resso N ep i , Caste l S . El ia , 1 903, 1 2.

4 .

I b id., 1 3.

5 .

C f . i n fra , p p . 7 5-77 .

6 .

C f . i n fra

7 .

A n umber o f e ar l ier med ieval c hancel b arr iers h ave a lso b een d iscovered

p p . 1 33-35 .

i n t he c hurch.

C f . U . C iot t i , " R il ievo r o man° e p lute i med ioeva le

r i trova t i a Cas tel S . E l ia" , 8 . 9 .

Bo l le t t ino d 'Ar te ) 00 CV , 1 950 , 1 -8 .

C f . t he Append ix , n os. 2 , 3 , 1 0. There i s s o me q uest ion a s t o whether t he s quare-w ith in-a-square p a t tern was e ver a n a u then t ic C os ma tesque d es ign.

Ik now o n ly o f r estored

e xa mp les, s uch a s t hose i n S . Francesca Ro mana , Ro me ( cf . i n fra p p . 9 2-93 ) a nd S . Marco , R o me ( c f . i nfra , p p . 1 04-107) . 6 2

C iv i tä C as tel lana , S . Mar ia Magg iore

( Pla tes 5 -6 )

The p ave men t i n t he Ca thedral a t C iv i tä Castel lana i s n e i ther s ecurely a t tr ibu ted n or d a ted .

The e xact d ate o f t he c onstruct ion o f t he c hurch i s a lso

u nknown . 1 Ye t , t he p resence a t t he c hurch o f L auren t ius , h is s on J acobus, a nd t he f or mer 's g randson , C os ma , i s c learly i nd ica ted b y a n i nscr ip t ion o n t he c en tra l p orta l a nd t wo i nscr ip t ions o n t he p orch p reced ing t he f a9ade. 2 One o f t he p orch i nscrip t ions g ives t he y ear 1 210.

The s a me f am i ly worked

d ur ing t he e ar ly t h ir teen th c en tury a t S . Mar ia , t he Cathedra l o f Anagn i a nd f ru i tfu l c o mpar isons may b e made b e tween t he t wo p ave men ts . 3 The p ave men t i n t he n ave o f S . Mar ia Magg iore i s l argely o r ig ina l , a l though i nd iv idua l p a t terns h ave b een r estored.

The n ave i s b isec ted l ong i-

t ud inal ly b y ap rocess ion o f s even teen r oundels b eginn ing a t t he e n trance a nd p rogress ing t oward t he p resby tery.

T he a rrange men t i s u n ique among r ela t ively

c o mp lete C os ma tesque p ave ments b ecause t he r oundels a re n o t i n terrup ted b y aq u incunx , n or i s t here a ny e v idence t ha t o ne e x isted. f l anked o n e i ther s ide b y r ec tangles.

The r oundels a re

T he n or th s ide h as t hree l ong i tud ina l

r ows a nd n ine l a t i tud ina l r ows , mak ing a t otal o f t wen ty-seven , whi le t he s cu th s ide h as t hree l ong itud ina l r ows a nd t en l a t itud ina l r ows, mak ing a t ota l o f t h irty r ec tangles.

Many o f t he r ec tangles a re i n r a ther p oor c ond it ion a nd

t hey a re a rranged i n as o mewha t h aphazard manner s im i lar t o t he g roup e f fort u nder taken i n t he S . Magnus c ryp t o f t he Ca thedra l a t Anagn i.

T here i s l i t t le

a t te mp t a t c orrespondence a nd c on fron t ing r ec tangles a re o f ten o f u nequal l eng ths.

S ince Anagn i a nd C iv itä Castel lana a re t he o n ly r elat ively c o mp lete

t h ir teen th c en tury p ave men ts s t il l e x tan t , i t may b e p oss ible t o c onclude t ha t , i n p ave men ts a t tr ibu table t o t he L auren t ius g roup , t he r igorous s yste m o f c orrespondences e stabl ished b y t he Pau lus g roup i n t he t wel f th c en tury was n o l onger c ons idered t o b e i mportan t . A f ter t he r oundels t er m ina te , t here i s as er ies o f r ela id a nd r es tored r ec tangles o n a x is w ith t he r oundels.

Fol low ing t he r ec tangles , t here i s a

much r u ined a rea c ons ist ing o f t wo i rregu lar r ows o f r ec tangles, r espect ively e igh t a nd e leven a cross.

T hen , immed ia tely i n f ron t o f t he a l tar i s ac o mp lex

p a t tern c ons ist ing o f as quare w ith in wh ich h as b een p laced a nother s quare whose c orners t ouch t he m id-poin ts o f t he s ides o f t he o u ter s quare.

Within

t he i nner s quare i s aq u incunx a nd t here a re f our r oundels i n t he t r iangu lar s paces c rea ted b y t he c orners o f t he o u ter s quare a nd t he s ides o f t he i nner s quare.

T he e n t ire d es ign i s n o t c o mposed o f o r ig ina l t esserae a nd i s p oss ibly

a t tr ibu table t o t he w ork u nder taken b etween 1 736 a nd 1 740 b y Mon . G . F . T ender in i.

A t t ha t t ime , l arge p iers were i nstal led t o s uppor t t he c upola

i nsta l led i m med ia te ly a bove t h is a rea. 4

The p ave men t c ou ld h ave b een

d a maged d uring t ha t c onstruc t ion . T ender in i a lso e leva ted t he p resby tery 2 .13 m a bove t he n ave. 5 The p ave men t b efore t he ma in a l tar i s d om ina ted b y aq u incunx p a t tern i den t ical t o t he a fore men t ioned q u incunx a t t he e ast e nd o f t he n ave.

I ti s c er ta in ly

n ot o r ig ina l a nd i s most p robably a n e igh teen th c en tury i nven t ion .

The q u in-

c unx i s s urrounded b y m iscel laneous r ec tangles wh ich a ppear t o b e a u then t ic a nd were p erhaps l i f ted f ro m t he o r ig ina l p ave men t when t he p resby tery was r econstruc ted.

Thus , t he n ave p ave men t i n S . Maria Magg iore p rov ides t he

b est e v idence f or a d a te.

Bo th t he l ong , n arrow d i mens ions o f t he r ec tangles

6 3

a nd t he ir p a t terns a re most s im ilar t o t he S . Magnus c ryp t i n S . Mar ia , Anagn i. 6 S tyl ist ic a nd e p igraph ic e v idence c o mb ine t o s ugges t ad a te i n t he f i rst q uar ter o f t he t h irteen th c en tury. 1 .

C ard inal i s uggests t ha t t he c hurch may h ave b een b u il t a round o r s hor t ly b efore 1 183. C f . A . Card ina l i , Cenn i s tor ic i d el la c h iesa c a t tedrale d i C iv i tä Castel lana , Ro me , 1 935, 2 9 .

2 .

For t he i nscr ip t ions a nd t he g eneaology o f t he L auren t ius f am ily , c f . Pro m is , N o t iz ie , 2 0 ;

G . C lausse , "Les C os ma t i e t Pegl ise d e C iv i tä .

Castel lana" , Revue d e P ar t c hre t ien 40 , 1 897 , 2 71-79 ;

G . G iovannon i

" Note s u i mar morar i i r o man i" , Arch. d el la S oc ie tä Ro mana d i S tor ia Pa tr ia XXVI I , 19 04, 6 f .;

G . T o masset t i , " De i s odal iz io i n g enere e

d e i mar morar i i r o man i" , Bu l l . d el la C omm iss ione Archeolog ica C o muna le XXX IV, 19 06, 2 63;

Hu t ton , The C os ma t i , 3 6 , 5 3.

The r ead ings i n a l l

a ccoun ts v ary s l igh tly , b u t n o t i n s ubs tan t ive mean ing. 3 .

C f . s upra ,

p p . 5 7-59 .

4 .

Card ina l i , o p . c i t ., 5 5.

5 .

I b id ., 3 2.

6 .

C f. s upra , p p . 5 7-59 .

C f . a lso t he A ppendix , n os . 2 8-32 .

C iv i tä L av in ia , S . Mar ia Magg iore There i s n o l onger a C os ma tesque p ave men t i n S . Mar ia Magg iore a t C iv it ä . L av in ia , b u t t he p resence o f Ro man marbleworkers, a s wel l a s t he e x istence o f ap ave men t , i s wel l d ocu men ted .

Af rag men t o f a n a rch i trave ,

n ow o ver t he d oor t o t he s acr is ty , r eads : ..SSALLETTUS FECIT HOC OPVS ARCHIPRESBITERO I OHS.

1

I n a dd it ion , a n a rch itrave o f ac ibor iu m , n ow l ost , b ore a n i nscr ip t ion s ta t ing t ha t i t was d one i n 1 24 0b y Drudus d e Tr iv io , a Ro man c i t izen , a nd h is s on Angelo. 2 Ga l iet i s ta tes t ha t t he c hurch was c o mp le ted u nder t he a usp ices o f Archb ishop G iovann i S aracen i i n 1 240. 3

T he e v idence s uggests a g rea t d eal

o fb u ild ing a c t iv i ty s hor tly b efore t h is d a te ;

i ti s p oss ible t ha t t he p ave men t

was made i n t h is e ra. The p ave men t was s t il l i n p lace a s l a te a s 1 636, b ecause a s acra v is i ta t io o n J une 1 9 o f t ha t y ear r ecorded t ha t : Pav i men tu m t i ssel la tu m e st e t r ec te e x p arv is q uadra t is l ap id ibus d iversoru m c oloru m o pere musivo i n tex t is. 4 The p ave men t was p ar t ia l ly d estroyed s oon a f ter , f or Gal iet i s ta tes t ha t , f ol low ing t he r es tora t ion u nder taken f ro m 1 67 4 . .77 , p ave men t r e ma ined o n ly i n t he Chapels o f t he Gonfalone a nd t he S acra men t , a s wel l a s i n t he p resby tery. 5 T he l ast men t ioned was a ga in r es tored i n 19 00.

Gravely d a maged b y World

War I b o mbs , S . Mar ia Magg iore a t C iv itä . L av in ia h as a ga in b een r es tored. Th is l ast r estora t ion d oubt less marked t he u l t i ma te d estruc t ion o f t he p avemen t .6

6 4

1 .

A . Ga l iet i , "Memorie d el la c h iesa med ieva le d i C iv itä L av in ia" , L 'Arte 1 2, 1 909 , 3 53.

2 .

I b id ., 3 52.

3 .

I bid., 3 50 a nd A . Ga l iet i , L anuv io.

Da Ro ma a L anuv io.

Topograf ia

en o t iz ie g enera le , ID in torn i d i Ro ma , S er ies I , Ic astel l i r o man i , 5 , A lbano L az ia le , 1 930 , 3 6. 4 .

Ga l iet i , "Me mor ie" , o p. c i t ., 3 54, n ote 2 .

5 .

I b id ., 3 56, n ote 1 ;

6 .

T he p ave men t i s c i ted b y A . M. Bessone-Aurel j i n 1 935, b u t n ot men t ioned b y Hu t ton i n 1 950 .

3 57.

C f . A . M. Bessone-Aurel j, Imar morar i r o man i ,

Ro me/Mi lan , 1 935, 1 7 a nd Hu t ton , The C os mat i , p ass i m.

Farfa S ab ina , S . Mar ia d i Far fa S cholars h ave c oncen tra ted t he ir e nerg ies o n t he a rch itec ture a t Far fa S ab ina ;

t he p ave men t h as l argely g one u n men t ioned.

Ib el ieve t ha t t here i s

n e i ther h istor ica l n or v isual e v idence f or t he e x istence o f aC os ma tesque p ave men t a t Far fa S abina .1 T he p hotographs o f t he p ave men t i n v ar ious e pochs s how t wo d if feren t f l oors, n e i ther o f wh ich i s c o mp le tely t he o r ig ina l p ave men t : ( 1 ) o lder p hotographs s how t he p ave men t i n t he p resby tery t o b e ac o mb ina t ion o f modern marble w ork a nd miscel laneous f rag men ts f ro m a p iece o f C os mat esque c hurch f urn i ture , p erhaps a n ambone .2 T he p ave men t was i n t h is c ond i t ion a t l east a s e ar ly a s 1 872; 3 Ra ina ldus :

o ne o f t he ambone f rag men ts i s s igned b y

a nd ( 2 ) t oday , t he f rag men ts o f c hurch f urn i ture h ave b een r e-

moved t o t he a bbot 's s tudy.

S o me o f t he modern p ieces o f p ave men t h ave b een

r e moved , wh i le o thers h ave b een s h if ted t o t he l ef t s ide o f t he p resby tery. The c en ter o f t he p resby tery i s n ow o ccup ied b y l arge p ieces o f t he Carol ing ian p ave men t d iscovered d ur ing t he 1 959 e xcava t ions . 4 1 .

Iam g ra tefu l t o Char les McClendon f or many f ru itfu l d iscuss ions c oncern ing Far fa S ab ina.

2 .

Hu t ton , The C os ma t i , p la te 6 2.

3 .

M. Guardabass i , Gu ida d e i monu men t i p agan i ec r ist ian i r iguardan t i l a i stor ia e

4 .

a r te e s isten t i n el la p rov inc ia d el l 'U mbr ia , Perug ia , 1 872, 6 8.

N . F ranc iosa , L 'abbaz ia i mper iale d i Farfa , N ap les , 1 964, 2 6f .

Feren t ino

S . Ambrog io

( Pla tes 7 -9 )

The Ca thedra l a t F eren t ino , whose f ounda t ions g o b ack t o t he n in th c entury , was a ggrand ized a nd embel l ished i n t he e arly y ears o f t he t welf th c en tury b y Agost ino , B ishop o f F eren t ino. 1 Agos t ino 's a c t iv i ty i s f urther c onf ir med b y a n e igh t-l ine i nscr ip t ion o n t wo p anels o f t he c ho ir s creen ;

t he i nscr ip t ion

s ta tes t ha t t he s creen was made b y Pau lus d uring t he p on t if ica te o f Paschal I ( 10991118 ), wh i le Agos t ino was b ishop .2 A l though t he i nscr ip t ion d oes n ot r efer t o t he p ave men t , i tr ecords t he p resence o f Pau lus , o ne o f t he

6 5

e arl iest C os mat i , a nd s uggests a f l orescence o fb u i ld ing a c t iv ity a t t he c hurch d ur ing t he e ar ly t wel f th c en tury .

On t he b as is o f s ty le , t he p ave men t may

a lso b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he e ar ly t welf th c en tury .

T he g eneral l ayou t o f t he f l oor ,

t he d i mensions o f t he r ec tangles a nd t he p a t terns u sed i n t he r ec tang les a l l d e mand c o mpar ison w i th S . C le men te , Ro me

3

a nd S S . Qua t tro C oronat i ,

Ro me ,4 b oth d a ted i n t he f i rst d ecades o f t he t wel f th c en tury. I n 1 67 7 , t he c hurch s uf fered a n u nfortuna te t ransfor ma t ion ,

5

b u t was

r estored t o i t s o r ig ina l a ppearance i n 1 904 d ur ing t he e p iscopacy o f Do m in icus Brancon i ; a isle.

t he l a t ter r es tora t ion i s r ecorded i n a n i nscr ip t ion i n t he r ight

Dur ing t he 1 904 r estora t ion , t he ambone f or merly o n t he l e f t s ide o f

t he s chola c an toru m was d is man t led . s tored i n 1 936; 1 962. 6

The c en ter o f t he n ave was a ga in r e-

t he r igh t a isle was r estored i n 1 954 a nd t he l e f t a isle i n

T he p ave men t c o m mences a t t he e n trance w i th a s er ies o f f i ve c omp letely r estored r oundels l i nked l ong itud ina l ly ;

t hey a re f l anked o n e i ther s ide b y

n ine r estored r ec tangles a rranged i n t hree l ong itud ina l a nd t hree l a t itud ina l r ows.

T he r oundels a re f o l lowed b y ar es tored q u incunx f l anked o n e ach s ide

b y f our r estored r ec tangles a rranged i n t wo l a t itud ina l a nd t wo l ong i tud ina l r ows. The q u incunx i s , i n t urn , f o l lowed b y s ix r oundels l i nked l ong i tud ina l ly ; t he f i rst f our a re r estored , w h ile t he t wo n earest t he s cho la c an toru m a re t o ta l ly o r ig ina l .

The e astern p art o f t he q u incunx i s l i nked t o t he r oundels

b y a mosa ic b and . T h is u nusua l s che me a lso o ccurs i n S . C roce i n Gerusal e m me , Ro me , where t he p ave men t h as a lso b een r es tored .7 T he r oundels a re f l anked b y n ine r ec tangles o n e ach s ide, t hree l a t itud ina l a nd t hree l ong it ud ina l r ows. S o me o f t he r ec tangles a re r estored. Between t he e astern most r oundel a nd t he s tep o f t he s chola c an torum i s as er ies o f m iscel laneous , r ela id r ec tangles. T he p ave men t o n t he r a ised p la tform o f t he s chola c an toru m r eta ins i t s o r ig ina l l ayou t a nd p a t terns.

The s even r oundels a re l i nked l ong i tud inal ly

a nd c over t he e n t ire l eng th o f t he s chola c an toru m .

They a re f l anked o n t he

l ef tb y o ne l ong itud ina l r ow o f s ix r ec tangles a nd , o n t he r igh t , b y al ong i tud ina l r ow o f s ix r ec tangles a nd a s econd l ong i tud ina l r ow o f f i ve r ec tangles t o t he s ou th o f t he f i rs t r ow. The r ectangles o n t he n orth o f t he r ounde ls e xh ib i t a n a l most c o mp le te c orrespondence , a l though t hose o n t he s outh a re l ess t han h alf a s w ide a s t hose o n t he n or th ; t o my k nowledge , t h is a rrangemen t d oes n o t a ppear i n a ny o ther C os ma tesque p ave men t . d oes n o t f i l l t he e n t ire w id th o f t he s chola c an torum.

T he p ave men t

The l arge b lank s paces

o n t he n orth a nd s ou th w ere p robably o nce o ccup ied b y ambon i . T he a rea b e tween t he s chola c an toru m a nd t he a l tar s teps h as t hree r el a id r ec tangles a rranged i n al ong i tud ina l r ow ;

t hey a re n ot t yp ical f l oor

p a t terns a nd a re , p erhaps , p art o ft he d is man t led ambon i . The p ave men t s urround ing t he t h irteen th c en tury c ibor ium i s i nco mp le te a nd p ar ts o f i t h ave b een r ela id , b u t t he p a t terns a re a l l o r ig ina l .

E ssen t ial ly , i tc onsis ts

o f as er ies o fu nequa l r ec tangles f or m ing a s quare a round t he c ibor ium ; t here a re a lso t wo e qua l r ec tangles o n t he n or th a nd s ou th s ides o f t he c ibor iu m p la tfor m. Frag men ts o f p ave men t a lso r e ma in i n t he s ou th a pse; t he n orth a pse i s b are.

T he p ave men t i n t he a isles i s ap as t iche o f r ad ical ly r es tored

a reas a nd t o ta l ly modern p ave men t ; t he e astern h al f o f t he n or th a isle h as o n ly t wo o r t hree f rag men ts r e ma in ing. 6 6

T he p reced ing d escr ip t ion o f t he p ave men t i n t he Ca thedra l a t F eren t ino h as d e monstra ted t ha t , a l though t he o veral l p lan c on for ms t o t he C os ma tesque n or m o f t he e arly t wel f th c en tury , ag rea t d ea l o f t he f l oor h as b een r estored. Bu t , s ince a d eta iled d raw ing o f t he p ave men t made p r ior t o t he 1 904 r es torat i on i s s t il l p reserved i n t he s acr isty ,

8

i t may b e p ossible t o l earn s o me th ing

a bou t r estora t ion me thods a nd p erhaps s epara te t he e arly t wen t ie th c en tury r estora t ions f ro m l a ter w ork o n t he p ave men t. T he d raw ing c lear ly s hows a l l r ectang les a nd f rag men ts o f r ec tang les t hen i n s i tu. T he s er ies o f r ounde ls a nd t he q u incunx a re s hown t o b e i n t he s a me p osi t ion t ha t t hey a re i n t oday . d i t ion o f t he p ave men t d ep ic ted .

T he d raw ing d oes n ot i nd ica te t he c on-

F or e xa mp le , v isua l e v idence s trongly

i nd ica tes t ha t t he q u incunx a nd t he n ine wes ternmost r oundels h ave b een r es tored. Yet , f ro m t he d raw ing, i ti s i mpossible t o a scer ta in whe ther t he r estora t ion was p lanned a s p ar t o f t he 1 904 c ampa ign o r t ook p lace l a ter. T he d raw ing a lso i nd ica tes t ha t t he r ec tang les t o t he n or th a nd s ou th o f t he w esternmost g roup o ff i ve r oundels w ere n ot i n p lace a nd t ha t s evera l r ec tang les immed ia tely t o t he s ou th a nd s ou theast o f t he q u incunx were a lso m iss ing. T oday , a l l t hese r ec tangles a re i n p lace a nd mos t a re o bv ious r estora t ions. Bu t , t he r ec tangles t o t he s ou th a nd s ou theast o f t he q u incunx a re more p uzzl ing b ecause t he c ond i t ion o f t he ir t esserae a nd t he ir p at terns s ugges t t ha t t hey a re among t he f ew o r ig ina l r ec tang les r ema in ing a t F eren t ino . Ic anno t a ccep t t he m a s r es tora t ions. P oss ibly s o me o f t he o rig ina l r ectangles r ema in ing i n t he a isles i n 1 904 w ere moved t o a more p ro m inen t p os i t ion n ear t he q u incunx f or, t oday , t he a isle p ave men ts a ppear t o b e a l most t o ta l ly r es tored. T he p re-1904 d raw ing i s t hus h elpfu l i n d eter m in ing e xac t ly wh ich a reas o f t he c hurch w ere c overed w ith p ave men t. I tt e l ls n oth ing a bou t t he c ond i t ion o f t he p ave men t n or a bou t methods o f r estora t ion.

I td oes , h owever ,

s trongly r e iterate t ha t v isua l e v idence r ela t ing t o p lace men t a nd c ond it ion must b e c orrela ted w ith t he g raph ic e v idence. 1 .

L . Moros in i , N ot izie s tor iche d el la c i t tä . d i Feren t ino, Ro me , 19 05, 6 0 .

2 .

T he i nscr ip t ion i s n ot r ecorded i n Pro m is , N ot iz ie , Par t o f t he i nscr ip t ion i s r ecorded i n Hu t ton , The C os ma t i , 3 3, 5 4.

3 .

C f. i n fra , p p . 8 3-8 . 6 .

4 .

C f . i n fra , p p . 1 24-126 .

5 .

Moros in i , o p . c i t ., 6 0 .

6 .

Verba l c o mmun ica t ion f ro m t he c ustod ian i n c harge o f t he c hurch.

7 .

C f . i n fra , p p . 8 9-92 .

8 .

Iam i ndebted t o t he c ustod ian i n c harge o f t he c hurch f or c al l ing t he d raw ing t o my a t ten t ion .

H is k indness , g eneros ity , a nd p a t ience a re

d eep ly a pprec ia ted.

6 7

Genazzano , S . N icola

( Pla te 1 0 )

Re ma ins o f c olonet tes a nd c ap itals i n t he wa l ls i nd ica te t ha t S . N icola was o rig ina l ly a Goth ic f ounda t ion . I ndeed , t he f i rst d ocu men tary men t ion o f t he c hurch o ccurred i n 1 277. 1 T he p ave men t was p robably made i n t he l a te t h irteen th c en tury , b u t i th as b een r estored a nd a l tered many t imes . T he f i rs t r estora t ion t ook p lace u nder t he a usp ices o f Mar t in V ( 1417-1431), t he C olonna p ope who was b orn i n Genazzano . 2 I n t he f i rst h al f o f t he s even teen th c en tury , S . N icola was t ransfor med b y F i l ippo IC olonna , t he f our th Duke o f P al iano. 3 F ina l ly , a n i nscr ip t ion i n t he c hurch r ecords t ha t i t was a ga in r estored i n 1 931 o n t he o ccas ion o f t he c elebra t ion i n h onor o f t he f i ve-hundred th a nn ivers ary o f Mar t in V 's p apacy . S ave f or s o me r ec tang les i n t he m idd le o f t he n ave , t he e n t ire p avemen t a ppears t o h ave b een r earranged ; n onethe less , a l l t he r ec tangles o n t he n orth s ide o f t he n ave a re w ider t han t hose o n t he s ou th s ide.

The p ave men t

t hus c on forms t o t he s hape o f t he c hurch a nd e ven emphas izes t he f ac t t ha t i t s a x is i s o f f-cen ter. T oday , n o p ave men t r e ma ins i n t he a l tar a rea . Bu t , b etween t he s tep t o t he a ltar a nd a s tep i n t he m idd le o f t he n ave w h ich p robably marks t he e n trance t o t he o r ig ina l s chola c an torum a most i n terest ing c on f igura t ion a ppears. A c on t inuous p a t terned b and , s ix ty-four c en t ime ters w ide , d ef ines t he a rea a s aw ide r ec tangle. T here a re t wo o r ig inal r oundels a l igned l ong it ud inal ly i n t he c en ter o f t he r ec tangle. T hey a re n ot j o ined b y i n ter laces , b u t r e ma in s epara ted f ro m e ach o ther ; t h is d ivergence f ro m t he n orm a ppears i n n o o ther C os ma tesque p avemen t .

To e i ther s ide o f t he r oundels ,

l arge r ec tangles, f o l low ing t he g enera l o u t l ine o f t he e nclos ing r ec tang le , a re f or med b y mosa ic b ands. T hese i nner r ec tangles , a f ter a n i n terva l c rea ted b y a wh i te marble s tr ip , a re e ach e n t irely f i l led b y o ne l arge p a t terned r ec tangle w h ich , i nb oth c ases, i s much r es tored. T he o vera l l l ayou t o f t h is a rea h as n o p rec ise p ara l lel i n o ther C os ma tesque p ave men ts. Yet , i ti s wor thwh i le n o t ing t ha t t he p ract ice o f o u t l in ing a n e n t ire a rea w ith a p a t terned b and a lso o ccurs i n t he t ransep t o n S . Mar ia i n Aracoel i , Ro me where t he p avemen t i s a lso a t tr ibu table t ot he l a te t h ir teen th o r e ar ly f our teen th c en tury. 4 I n t he western p ar t o ft he n ave , b etween t he e n trance a nd t he s tep o f t he s chola c an torum , a nother u nusua l c onf igura t ion o ccurs. Immed ia tely i n f ron t o f t he s tep i s ar estored a rea c ons ist ing o f p a t terns m ixed t ogether t o f or m as hort , w ide r ec tangle. T he r es t o f t he a rea i s o u t l ined b y as er ies o f i rregu lar ly s ized r ec tangles a rranged i n s ingle r ows s urround ing t hree s ides o f t he w estern p ar t o f t he n ave ; t he c hurch.

t he o u t l ine i sb roken o n ly a t t he e n trance t o

The r ec tangles o n t he n or th a nd s ou th a re u sua l ly a rranged

l a t i tud inal ly w h i le t hose i n t he e asternmost r ow a re a rranged l ong i tud ina l ly . S ave f or a f ew r estora t ions o n t he s ou th s ide , a l most a l l t he r ectangles a re o r ig ina l , t hough t he r ange o f p a t terns i s e x traord inar ily l im ited. Wi th in t he o u t l ine f ormed b y t he r ec tangles , t here i s al arge s quare n ow p ar t ia l ly o bscured b y t he wes tern e n trance. Wi th in t he s quare i s a nother s quare t urned s o t ha t i t s c orners t ouch t he m id-po in ts o f t he s ides o f t he o u ter s quare. A t h ird s quare , t urned i n t he s a me d irec t ion a s t he o u ter most s quare, i s w i th in t he i n ter med ia te s quare. Roundels a ppear i n t he s paces c reated b y t he s ides o f t he i n ter med ia te s quare a nd t he c orners o f t he o u ter s quare ; 6 8

t hey a lso a ppear

i n t he s paces f or med b y t he s ides o f t he i nner s quare a nd t he c orners o f t he i n ter med ia te s quare.

Th is e n t ire d esign i s t ota l ly f i c t it ious;

s tr ips o f

o r ig ina l t esserae a ppear o n ly a s f i l ler i n t he s paces b etween t he f i rst s e t o f r oundels a nd t he e dges o f t he o u ter most s quare.

B oth t he l ack o f r ema in ing

o r ig ina l s ty l ist ic e v idence a nd t he p rov inc ial n a ture o f t he p ave men t f orb id t he d eterm ina t ion o f a n e xac t d a te. B o th t he b u ild ing h istory o f t he c hurch a nd t he a rrange men t o f t he e astern p ar t o f t he p ave men t s uggest a d a te i n t he l a te t hir teen th c en tury . 1 .

A . Pe tr ignan i , L a c h iesa d i S . N icola d a Bar i i n Genazzano, Ro me , 1 938 , 7 .

2 .

I bid ., 2 8.

3 .

I bid ., 1.

4 .

C f. i n fra , p p . 1 07-109 .

G rot taferra ta , S . Mar ia Desp i te t he v ast amoun t o f l i terature c oncern ing S . Mar ia i n Grot taferra ta , t he p ave men t h as n o tb een d escr ibed i n d eta il a nd a d a te h as n ot b een s uggested f or i t .

T he c hurch w as c onsecra ted i n 1 025;

a f ter b e ing d esecra ted b y

Gu iscard a nd Barbarossa , t he a bbey was a bandoned b etween 163 a nd 191. 1 I n 1 577 , C ard ina l A lessandro Farnese d estroyed t he o ld a pse a nd s ubst itu ted an ew o ne. 2 F ina l ly , i n 1 754, a t ota l r enova t ion was u nder taken b y Card ina l G ianan ton io Guadagn i , who r e made t he i n terior o f t he c hurch. 3 Desp ite r es tora t ions i n 1 910 a nd 1 930 , t he i n ter ior h as b een s carcely a l tered s ince t he e igh teen th c en tury . T oday , p ave men t r e ma ins i n wha t was p robably t he o r ig ina l s chola c an toru m .

I ta ppears t o b e s o mewha t r estored a nd i s au n ique d es ign .

a rea i s o u t l ined b y at h in mosa ic b and .

The

Within t he r ec tangular o u t l ine a re

t en r oundels, t wo o n t he e ast a nd west s ides , a nd t hree o n t he n orth a nd s ou th s ides. Rec tangles a nd s quares a l terna te w i th t he r oundels a nd a re j o ined t o t he m b y mosa ic i n terlaces. T he g enera l p a t tern i s r e la ted t o b oth t he i nnova t ions i n troduced b y t he Ranuc ius g roup i n t he m id-twel f th c en tury a nd t o Byzan t ine p ave men ts s uch a s S t. J ohn S tud ion a nd t he I v iron monastery o n M t . A thos.

With in t he a rea o u t l ined b y t he r oundels a re f our r ec tangles ,

t hree o fw h ich h ave t he s a me p a t tern ." T he p a t terns b elong t o t he l i ngua f ranca o ft he c raf t a nd t hus d o n ot h elp i n e stabl ishing a c hronology. I ts ee ms , h owever , t ha t t he d e l icacy o ft he work i s more i n k eep ing w ith t he t h irteen th c entury t han t he t wel f th c en tury. I n t he n ar thex , t here a re s o me miscel laneous b its o f p ave men t .

They

c ons ist o f t wo sma l l r ectangles , ag roup o f f i ve r oundels t ha t a re modern i n a ppearance a nd , i mmed ia tely i n f ron t o ft he d oor , ac o mp lex s truc ture b ased o n t he s a me g enera l p r inc ip les o f d es ign a s t he p ave men t i n t he s cho la c an toru m . A l l t hese p ieces a re most p robably p arts o f t he d is man t led c hurch f urn iture r a ther t han o r ig ina l p ave men t d es igns. 5 O ther p ieces o f t he f urn i ture a re d isp layed i n t he museu m a t tached t o t he a bbey .6

6 9

1 .

E . Amode i , " S tone e a r te n el la b ad ia g reca d i Grot taferra ta" , Rassegna d el L az io I X , 1 962, 14-15.

2 .

G . Z ander , " La c h iesa med ioevale d el la b ad ia d i Gro t taferra ta e l a s ua t ransfor maz ione n el 17 54" , Pa l lad io n .s. 3 , 19 53, 1 30 , n ote 1 .

3 .

I bid., l oc. c i t .

4 .

C f . t he A ppendix , n o. 1 3.

5 .

O ld p hotographs i nd ica te t ha t t he f rag men ts n ow i n t he f l oor w ere n ot o r ig ina l ly i n tended t o b e p ave men t d es igns. C f ., f or e xa mp le , S . K a mbo , Ic astel l i r o man i : B erga mo , 1 922;

Grot taferra ta e i l Mon te C avo, I ta l ia Ar t ist ica , 8 6, t he p la te o n t he b o t to m o f4 1 s hows t he f our p ieces o f

p ave men t h ang ing o n t he wa l l o f t he c or t ile. were i nserted i n t he f l oor. 6 .

I ti s n ot k nown when t hey

T here was a lso o nce a p orphyry r oundel a s hor t d istance f ro m t he e n trance. I t measured 2 .45 meters i n d ia me ter a nd was t hough t t o r iva l t he r ounde ls o nce i n S t . P e ter 's . T he d a te o f i t s d isappearance i s n o t k nown .

C f . A . R occh i , L ab ad ia d i Grottaferra ta , 2 nd e d it ion , Ro me ,

1 904, 4 7-48.

F or t he r ounde ls i n S t . P eter 's

L ugnano i n T ever ina , S . M. A ssun ta

c f . s upra , p p . 4 8f .

( Pla te 1 )

S . M. A ssun ta i n L ugnano i n T ever ina , a n i sola ted t own n ot f ar f ro m Orv ieto , h ouses a n i n terest ing e xa mp le o f ap rov inc ial a dap ta t ion o f aC osma tesque p ave men t . T he c hurch i s u sual ly d a ted i n t he l a t ter p ar t o f t he t wel f th c en tury ;

t he p orch may h ave b een c onstruc ted a f ew y ears l a ter .1

T he c hurch h as b een r estored s even t imes , most r ecen t ly i n 1 936. 2 T h is l ast r estora t ion was d evo ted t o r e mov ing t he e igh teen th c en tury a ccre t ions i n t he a pse. 3 There i s n o e v idence o f r ecen t w ork o n t he p ave men t. The p ave men t i s c harac ter ized b y i t s s parseness a nd t he meanness o f i t s ma ter ia ls. T he c en ters o f t he r oundels a re e xceed ingly sma l l . T he r ec tangles a re a lso sma l ler t han u sual a nd t he i n terst ices b e tween t hem a re a bnorma l ly l arge. P orphyry i s n ot u sed ; al oca l s tone w ith a p ink t i nge i s s ubst i tu ted. P orphyry was d oubt less n ot a va ilable i n s uch a n i s ola ted a rea where R o man r u ins d o n ot a bound . The c en ter o f t he n ave i s marked b y ad ist inc t ive p at tern. Im med ia tely i n f ron t o f t he e n trance i s al arge C os ma tesque d ia mond. Roundels a re a t tached t o t he m id-po in ts o f t he s ides o f t he d iamond b y t he n or ma l C os mat esque i n ter laces . T here i s a sma l l s quare w i th in t he d iamond . T he d iamond i s f o l lowed b y t hree l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r ounde ls. A much.restored v ar ia t ion o f t he f i rs t d ia mond p a t tern f o l lows t he r oundels a nd i s , i n t urn , s ucceeded b y t hree more l ong i tud inal ly a l igned r oundels. A f ew miscel laneous r ec tangles t er m ina te t he p a t tern a t t he e n trance t o t he s chola c an torum. T he s chola c an toru m i s a l most e n t irely f i l led b y a n e nor mous r oundel whose c en ter i s made u p o f ac onglo mera t ion o f i nd iv idua l t esserae , r a ther t han o f o ne p iece o f s tone.

7 0

T he c en tra l p a t tern i n t he n ave i s f l anked b y t he u sua l s er ies o f r ec tangles , b u t t he s izes a re n ot c o mp le tely u n ifor m a nd l i t tle a t te mp t was made t o a ch ieve a c orrespondence a round t he l ong i tud ina l a x is.

T here i s n o p ave men t

i n t he a pse , b u t s o me r ec tangles s t il l r e ma in i n t he a isles.

The p rov inc ial

n ature o f t he p ave men t makes i td if f icu l t t o s uggest a d a te.

Bu t , t he i den t i-

f i able r ectangle p a t terns a re a m ix ture o f t wel f th a nd e ar ly t h irteen th c en tury p a t terns . 4 The p ave men t i s most l ikely c oeval w i th t he c hurch . 1 .

P . Toesca , S tor ia d el l 'arte i t a l iana :

I l med ioevo , Tor ino , 1 927 , I , 5 79 ;

P . Grass in i , " Appun ta s u l la c h iesa c ol leg ia ta d i L ugnano i n T ever ina" , B o l le t t ino d e l l 'Is t i tuto S tor ico-Ar t ist ica O rv ie tana V I , 1 950 , 7 ; A . Barr icel l i , "La c ol legia ta d i Mar ia Assun ta d i L ugnano i n T ever ina" , C o mmen tar i 1 8 , 1 967 , 1 9 , n ote 1 a nd p assi m . 2 .

E . S an tacroce , L ugnano i n T ever ina n el la s tor ia , T ern i , 1 968 , 2 11.

3 .

Barr icel l i , o p . c i t ., 7 .

4 .

C f ., f or e xa mp le , t he Append ix , n os. 2 , 3 , 1 5, 2 0.

Men torel la ( Vu lture1 1a ), S . Mar ia T he s can t i n for ma t ion c oncern ing t he c hurch o f S . Mar ia i n Men torel la ( f or mer ly c al led Vu l ture1 1a ) s uggests t ha t i ti s at h irteen th c en tury s tructure. 1 I n 1 660 , t he much r u ined c hurch was r e-d iscovered b y t he r eknowned J esu it , A thanas ius K ircher ; t ora t ions. a l tar.

s ince t ha t t ime , S . Mar ia h as u ndergone s evera l r es-

Af ew f rag men tary C os ma tesque r ectangles r e ma in i n f ron t o f t he

T he r ectang le p a t terns a re t yp ica l o f t he k o ine o f t he t welf th a nd

t h irteen th c en tur ies a nd a re o f n o h elp i n e stabl ish ing a more s pec if ic d a te f or t he p ave men t . 1 .

A . Ross i , S an ta Mar ia i n Vu l ture1 1a , Ro me , 1 905, 3 3f ;

.. La Men torel la ,

Ro me , 1 951, 2 8f . 2 .

R . Belaney , A Br ief N ot ice o f t he S anctuary o f Our L ady o f Men torel la , Ro me , 1 886, 8 f .

Mt . S . Angelo i n A rcese , S . Michele Arcangelo L it tle i s k nown o f t he c hurch o f S . Michele Arcangelo i n Mon te S . Angelo i n Arcese , a sma l l t own n ear T ivol i.

1

The c hurch i s n o l onger e x tan t , b u t

F lav io B iondo 's d escr ip t ion , wr itten d ur ing h is v is i t o n S ep te mber 1 2, 1 461, d escr ibes a C os ma tesque t ype o f p ave men t : ..o mnes...non s a t is mirar i p o tera mus p av i men ta mar moribus t essel la ta v ers icolor ibus , i t a o rna ta , u t ap auc is Ro manae u rbis b as il icaru m p av imen t is p u lchr i tud ine s uperen tur , q u ibus s un t a dsi m iles c olu mnae a l tar i s c ibor iu m s ustenan tes. 2 T he s can t i n for ma t ion r egard ing t he h istory o f t he c hurch d oes n ot s uf f ice t o e stabl ish a d a te f or t he p ave men t ;

i ti s o n ly k nown t ha t S . Michele Arcangelo

was f i rst men t ioned i n t he s ix th c en tury .

7 1

A t t he e nd o f t he t wel f th c en tury ,

i tb elonged t o t he Bened ic t ines o f S ub iaco , t hen p assed t o t he C isterc ians a nd , i n 1 320 , i t was p u t u nder t he j ur isd ic t ion o f t he monastery o f S . L orenzo i n Pan isperna , Ro me. 3 1 .

Iam i ndeb ted t o Dr. C . F . G iu l ian i f or c a l l ing S . Michele Arcangelo t o my a t ten t ion .

2 .

B . N ogara , S cr i t t i i ned it i er an id i B iondo F lav io , S tud i e Test i 4 8 , Ro me , C i t tä d e l V a t icano , 1 927 , c lx iy , n ote 1 99 a nd 1 96. T he l e t ter i s a lso p ub l ished b y G . C ascio l i i n B o l le t t ino d i S tud i S tor ic i e d Archeo log ia d i T ivo l i I , 1 919 , 1 28-36. C f . a lso , V . P ac if ic i , T ivo l i n e l med io-evo , A t t i e Me mor ie d e l la S oc ie tä T ibur t ina d i S tor ia e d 'Ar te V -V I , 1 925-26 , 2 54 , n o te 2 1 a nd 3 50 .

3 .

C . F . G iu l ian i, For ma I ta l iae ;

T iburs Pars A l tera , Ro me , 1 966, 1 86,

n ote 1 .

N arn i , S . D o men ico S . D o men ico was c onsecra ted b y Eugene I I ( 1 145-53 ) i n 148. 1

T here

i s n o d ocu men tary e vidence r egard ing t he p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t t he c hurch.

T oday , o n ly a f ew f rag men ts o f C os ma tesque p ave men t r e ma in i n

t he s ou th a isle o f t he c hurch. 2 I t i s i mpossible t o a scerta in a d a te f or t he p ave men t. 3 1 .

M. B igo t t i , G . Mansuel l i , a nd A . Prand i , N arn i , Ro me , 1 973, 2 12.

2 .

I bid ., f i g. 9 9 .

3 .

The f rag men ts o f p ave men t a re men t ioned b y b o th Hu t ton , The C os ma t i ,

T he c hurch n ow s erves a s a museu m.

5 6 a nd G . E rol i , Descr iz ione d el le c h iese d i N arn i es uo i d in torn i , N arn i , 1 898 , 2 78.

N e ither s uggests a d a te.

N arn i , S . G iovenale T he Ca thedra l o f S . G iovena le a t N arn i was c onsecra ted i n 145, b u t h as s ince s uf fered many a dd i t ions a nd r econs truc t ions .

1

There i s n o d ocumen-

t ary e v idence c oncern ing t he p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t S . G iovenale a nd t oday , a l l t ha t r e ma ins o f t he C os ma tesque p ave men t i s al arge p a tch e x tend ing b etween t he t h ird a nd f i f th c olu mns i n t he s ou th a isle .2 I t e x tends l a teral ly t oward t he t h ird c hapel a nd c ons ists o f al arge s quare o u t l ined b y t wo p a t terned b orders s epara ted b y a wh i te marble b order.

With in t he s quare i s a nother

s quare whose c orners t ouch t he m id-po in ts o f t he o u ter s quare 's s ides. With in t h is s quare i s a nother s quare whose s ides a re p ara l lel w i th t he o u termost s quare;

as ingle r oundel a ppears i n t he c en ter o f t he e n t ire c o mpos it ion .

Roundels a lso a ppear i n t he s paces f or med b y t he c orners o f t he o u ter most s quare a nd t he s ides o f t he s econd s quare.

T o t he s ou th o f t h is p a t tern a re

s evera l miscel laneous r oundels a nd r ec tang les. a dd i t iona l f rag men ts i n t he S . Cass io Chapel ;

S a lm i h as p ubl ished s o me t hese a re n o l onger v is ible

a s t hey h ave b een c overed b y l a ter a dd it ions. 3 A l l t he p ave men t i n S . G iovena le i s e i ther e n t irely r e made a nd modern ized , o r s o f rag men tary a s t o p rov ide l i t t le i nfor ma t ion f or c hronolog ical p urposes.

7 2

1 .

M. S a lm i , " Un p rob le ma s tor ico-ar t ist ico med ioevale :

A p ropos ito

d i u n mar mo s coper to n el d uo mo d i N arn i" , B o l le t t ino d 'Ar te 4 3 , 1 958, 2 13. 2 .

I bid., 2 15, f i g. 2 ;

3 .

I b id ., 2 28 , f i g. 2 3.

N azzano

2 29 , f i g. 2 4.

Bad ia d i S . An t i mo

( Pla te 1 2 )

L it t le i sk nown o ft he a rch i tec tura l h is tory o f t he Bad ia d i S . An t i mo; n or i s t here d ocu men tary e v idence c oncern ing t he p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t t he c hurch. I t s a rch i tecture , c hance l a rrangemen t , a nd d i mens ions a l l p o in t t oward t he t wel f th c en tury. T oesca , i n ab r ief r eference , i mp l ies a t wel f th c en tury d a te .1 A p laque i ns ide t he e n trance s ta tes t ha t t he c hurch w as r estored b y t he g overnmen t i n 19 18. T he r e ma in ing p ave men t , t hough much r u ined , i s s t il l i n i t s o r ig inal p os it ion.

T he p ave men t a ppears i n t he e astern e nd o f t he c hurch.

s evera l sma l l r ec tang les i n t he e astern p ar t o f t he s ou th a isle;

T here a re

t he i n terst ices

a re l arge. T he r e ma ins s ee m t o i nd ica te t ha t t here was a n u ndeter m ined n umber o f l a t i tud ina l r ows o f r ec tangles i n t he s ou th a isle ; e ach r ow h ad t hree r ec tang les. A f ew f rag men ts o f p ave men t a lso r e ma in i n t he n orth a isle . T he p ave men t w ith in t he r a ised a nd e nc losed p la tform o f t he s chola c ant oru m i s s t i l l p reserved a nd f o l lows t he n or mal a rrange men t f or t ha t a rea o f t he c hurch a s s een , f or e xamp le , a t S . C le men te , Ro me. 2 T he c en ter o f t he sma l l s chola c an torum i s marked b y t hree r oundels a l igned l ong i tud inal ly. To b oth t he s ou th a nd n or th o f t he r oundels a re l ong , n arrow r ec tang les o f i den t ica l p a t tern s tretch ing t he e n t ire l eng th o f t he s chola c an toru m .

Frag-

men tary r ectangles a ppear i m med ia tely o u tside t he s chola c an torum e nc losure. T he p ave men t a t t he Bad ia d i S . An t i mo i s at yp ica l p rov inc ia l a dap ta t ion o f a Ro man C os ma tesque p ave men t . T he r oundels a re minuscu le , t he u se o f p orphyry l im ited , t he i n terst ices l arger , a nd t he workmansh ip b u t ac rude im i ta t ion o f t ha t s een i n Ro me. T he r ema in ing r ec tangle p a t terns c on f ir m at wel f th c en tury d a te. O f t he n ine r ecogn izable p a t terns , s ix a ppear c o m mon ly i n t he t wel f th c en tury ;3

t he o ther t hree d o n ot a ppear e lsewhere.

1 .

P . T oesca , S tor ia d el l 'ar te i t a l iana :

I l med ioevo , T or ino , 19 27 , I , 5 92.

2 .

C f. i n fra , p p . 8 3-86 .

3 .

C f . t he Append ix , n os. 1 , 5 , 1 0 , 1 5, 1 6, 2 0.

Orv ieto , S S . Andrea e Bar tolo meo E dward Hu t ton , wr it ing i n 19 50 , n otes t ha t t he C os ma tesque p ave men t i n S S. Andrea e Bar tolo meo i s much r u ined .1 T oday , t here i s n o t race o f C os matesque p ave men t i n t he c hurch.

N ei ther t he d a te o f i t s c onstruc t ion

n or t he d a te o f i t s u l t i ma te d estruc t ion a re k nown .

An u nsigned C os ma tesque

p u lp it o fu ncer ta in d a te may s t il lb e s een i n S S. Andrea e Bar tolo meo. 2 7 3

1 .

Hu t ton , The C os ma t i , 5 6.

2 .

E . Rosa tel l i , " La i nsigne c ol leg ia ta d e i S S . Bartolo mmeo e d Andrea i n Orv ie to" , B o l le t t ino d e l la be u taz ione d i S t or ia P a tr ia p er Umbr ia LX , 1 963, 5 -38.

T he t wo s a in ts ' n ames a re o f ten r eversed a nd b oth f or ms

a re a pparen t ly a ccep table.

Orv ie to

Bad ia d i S S . S evero e Mar t ir io

( Pla te 1 3 )

T he Bad ia d i S S. S evero e Mar t ir io , a bou t t hree k ilo me ters f rom O rv ieto , h as n ot b een t horoughly s tud ied. i n t he t wel f th c en tury.

T he monastery was r ebu il t b y t he B ened ic t ines

Add it ions t o t he c o mp lex w ere made d uring s ucceed ing

c en tur ies , b u t t he ma in c hurch a nd i t s C os matesque p ave men t s ee m t ob e t wel f th c en tury .1 T here i s n o d ocu men tary e v idence r egard ing t he p resence o ft he C os ma t i a t t he c hurch.

T he p ave men t h as o bv ious e b een r estored ,

b u t p robably n ot r ecen t ly a s i ti s a ga in i n p oor c ond i t ion .' The p ave men t c overs t he n ave o f t he c hurch , b u t d oes n ot q u ite r each t he l a tera l wa l ls. T here a re n o a isles. The wes tern h a lf o f t he n ave i s c overed w ith a s er ies o f i rregu lar r ec tangles o f w idely d if fer ing d i mensions. There a re s everal d amaged a reas a nd t here s eems t o b e n o c oheren t p lan. The r ectangle p at terns s how l i t t le v ar ie ty. T h is s er ies o f r ec tangles i s f o l lowed b y e igh t l ong , n arrow r ec tangles a l igned l a t i tud ina l ly a cross t he n ave. On ly o ne o f t he p a t terns i s r epea ted a nd t here a re n o c orrespondences. Immed ia te ly i n f ron t o f t he a l tar i s al arge s quare , w ith in w h ich i s a no ther s quare t urned s o t ha t i t s c orners t ouch t he m id-po in ts o f t he s ides o f t he o u ter s quare.

Wi th in t he s econd s quare i s at h ird smal l s quare whose s ides

a re p ara l lel t o t he o u ter most s quare.

R oundels a ppear i n t he s paces f ormed

b y t he c orners o f t he o u ter s quare a nd t he s ides o f t he s econd s quare.

T he

e n t ire d es ign i sg rea t ly r estored. On e i ther s ide o f t he s quare a re t w o l ong , n arrow r ec tangles a l igned l a t itud inal ly . There i s ac orrespondence o f p a t terns. The p ave men t i n t he Bad ia d i S S . S evero e Mar t irio i s , i n a l l r espec ts , at yp ica l p rov inc ia l p ave men t . P erhaps b ecause o f as hor tage o f Ro man c olumns t o p rov ide r ounde ls, t he c usto mary r ounde ls a re l ack ing i n t he c en ter o ft he n ave. The c ons isten t r egu lar ity o f t he n or ma l C os ma tesque p ave men t h as b een i gnored o r m isunders tood .

T here a re a l im ited n umber o f r ec tangle

p a t terns r epea ted t hroughou t t he p ave men t. A l l t he p a t terns a re t yp ica l o f t he t wel f th c en tury.3 T he g enera l o rgan iza t ion o f t he p ave men t c an b e c o mp ared w ith t he A ssun ta a t S u tr i. 4 1 .

P . Toesca , S tor ia d elParte i t a l iana : 5 77 ;

I i med ioevo , Tor ino , 1 927 , I ,

L . F iocca , " Ch iesa e a bbaz ia d e i S an t i S evero e Mar t ir io ( f uor i

d i Orv ieto )" ,

B o l le t t ino d 'Ar te , 1 915 , 1 93-208; A . L ibera , " La b adia

d i S S . S evero e Mart ir io, r i l iev i ef o tograf ie" , L 'Arch i tet tura 1 5, 1 969 , 1 92-99. 2 .

T he c hurch was r estored i n 1 909-1910.

C f . .., " Orv ieto :

S S. S evero

e Mar t ir io r estaur i" , Rassegna d 'Ar te Umbr ia I , 1 909/10 , 3 5. 3 .

C f . t he A ppendix n os. 1 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 1 0 ( t he p at tern i n S S . S evero e

7 4

Mar t ir io i s av ar ian t ), 1. 4 .

C f . i n fra

Pa lestr ina

p p . 1 32-33 .

S . A gap i to

Hu t ton 's s ugges t ion t ha t t he a l tar f ron ta l i n S . Agap i to a t P alestr ina i s f or med o f f rag men ts o f t he p ave men t s ee ms t o b e w ithou t f ounda t ion .1 T he u se o fg old a nd t he f i ne workmansh ip a re t yp ica l o f c hurch f urn iture r a ther t han p ave men t i n w h ich l arger , more c rude t esserae a re u sed . T he a l tar f ron ta l i s s im ilar t o t he o ne n ow i n t he c ryp t o f S . Prassede i n Ro me. The e x istence o f aC os ma tesque p ave men t a t Pa les tr ina i s n ot men t ioned i n a ny o f t he o ther l i tera ture o n S . Agap i to. 2 1 . 2 .

E . Hu t ton , T he C os ma t i , 5 7. C f ., f or e xamp le, t he monu men ta l work b y 0 . Marucch i e n t i t led Me mor ie s tor iche d el la c a t tedra le d i Pa lestr ina r accol te i n o ccas ione d el l 'ot tavo c en tenar io d e l la c onsecraz ione f a t ta d a l Papa Pasqua le I n el 11 7 , Ro me , 19 18.

Ponzano Ro mano , S . Andrea i n F lum ine

( Pla te 1 4, f o ld-ou t I )

T here i s , t o my k nowledge , n o e x tensive l i terature o n t he c hurch , a nd f or mer monastery , o f S . Andrea i n F lu m ine n ear P onzano Ro mano.

I t i s

g eneral ly a t tr ibu ted t o t he t wel f th c entury a nd c o mpared t o t he Bad ia d i S , An t i mo a t N azzano. 1 I t s e x ter ior might a lso b e c o mpared t o S . Ambrog io a t Feren t ino. S . Andrea h as o bv iously b een r estored , b u t t here i s n o i nd ic a t ion a s t o when t he work t ook p lace. The p resence o f af am ily o f marbleworkers a t t he c hurch i s , h owever , s ecurely d ocumen ted. Below t he r ight , f ron t c olu mn o f t he c ibor iu m , t here i s a n i nscr ip t ion : N ICOLA CVM S VIS F IL I IS J OHANNES ET GVITTONE FECERVNT HOC OPVS I n a dd i t ion , J ohannes ( I I ) , s on o f G u i t to , may h ave s igned a n ambone t ha t was p erhaps o nce i nt he c hurch a nd d a ted i t1 209 .2 I t wou ld t hus a ppear t ha t t hree g enera t ions o f t he s ame f am i ly worked i n S . Andrea . T he c ibor ium i s f l anked b y C os ma tesque r ec tang les.

T o t he r igh t a re

s even p anels a rranged i n t hree l a t itud inal r ows a nd , t o t he l e f t , s ix p anels a rranged i n t hree l a t itud ina l r ows.

Three r ec tangles a re a lso a rranged

l a t itud ina l ly b eh ind t he c ibor iu m . The p anels e xh ib it n o c orrespondence o f p a t tern a nd l i t t le v ar iety. One p a t tern i s r epea ted n ine t imes a nd a nother t hree t imes . 3 B efore e ach o f t he t wo s ta ircases t o t he a l tar a re t wo r ect ang les ; t here a re a lso t wo i n ter laced r ounde ls a l igned l ong i tud ina l ly b e tween t he t wo s ta ircases a nd i m med ia tely i n f ron t o f t he a l tar. Bu t t he p avemen t j ust d escr ibed i s o f l i t t le i n terest when c o mpared t o t he p ave men t r e ma in ing i n w ha t was o nce p erhaps t he s chola c an toru m . The e nclos ing wa l ls o f t he s upposed s chola c an toru m a re d estroyed a nd t here a re emp ty s paces o n e i ther s ide o f t he p ave men t. 7 5

The ambon i , n ow d is man t led

d oub t less o ccup ied t hese s paces. p ave men t i s most u nusua l . t ud ina l r ow ;

T he a rrange men t o f t he s chola c an toru m

I t s c en ter i s marked b y f i ve r oundels i n al ong i-

b u t , t hey a re n ot j oined b y t he n orma l C os ma tesque i n terlaces.

I nstead , e ach r oundel i s s epara ted f ro m i t s n e ighbor b y a sma l l marble r ec tangle o u t l ined b y aw ide p a t terned b and . T he r ec tangles a re embraced o n e ach s ide b y " ta ils" g row ing f ro m t he r oundels , c urv ing a t t he s hor t e nds o f t he r ectang les , a nd e x tend ing s tra igh t d own t he l ong s ides o f t he r ec tang les . T h is p a t tern i s c onsisten t i n t he s chola c an toru m e xcep tb etween t he t h ird a nd f our th r oundels where a l a teral r oundel i s a dded t o e ach s ide o f t he r ec tangle , t hus mak ing a t o tal o f f our s urround ing i t .

A s im i lar a rrange men t o f r oundels

a nd r ec tang les a ppears o n ly a t S . Anastas io i n C astel S . E l ia 4 a nd i n S . Mar ia d i Castel lo i n Tarqu in ia ,5 b oth t welf th c entury c hurches. 6 T hese t hree c hurches f orm t he c ore o f t he g roup o f p ave men ts a t tr ibu ted t o t he Ranuc ius f am i ly . T he ir p resence i n P onzano Ro mano i s c learly n oted i n i nscr ip t ions a nd t he ir s tyle i s d ist inc t f ro m t he Pau lus g roup . T he westernmost r oundel i s f l anked o n t he s ou th b y ap iece o f t he d isman t led c hurch f urn i ture s et i n to t he f l oor ; t he s pace t o t he n or th o f t he r oundel i sb lank . The o ther r oundels a nd r ec tangles a re f l anked b y f i ve l a t itud inal r ows o f r ec tangles a rranged t wo t o ar ow o n e ach s ide ; t he s ole e xcep t ion i s t he a rea b etween t he t h ird a nd f our th r oundels w h ich , b ecause i t h as t wo l a tera l r oundels, h as o n ly o ne n arrow f l ank ing r ectangle o n e ach s ide. A l l t he r ec tangles e xh ib it t he u sua l f or m o f C os ma tesque c orrespondence. Bu t , s o me o f t he p a t terns a re e x tre mely r are i n t he C os ma tesque r eper tory. 7 T he b es t c o mpar ison i s w ith t he s chola c an toru m o f S . Mar ia d i Cas te l lo i n Tarqu in ia . The r ear p ar t o f t he n ave , s epara ted f ro m t he s upposed s chola c an toru m b y a wa l l s pann ing t he e n t ire b readth o f t he c hurch , i s more p roble ma t ica l . Im med ia tely t o t he west o f t he wal l a re t wo h or izon ta l ly a l igned r ounde ls s im i lar t o t hose b e tween t he t ransennae a nd t he c ibor iu m. b y o ne r estored r ectangle o n e ach s ide. t he n ave i s d om inated b y aq u incunx .

T hese a re f l anked

Fur ther t o t he west , t he c en ter o f

I ti s f l anked o n t he s ou th b y f our r ec-

t angles a rranged i n t wo r ows o f t wo e ach ; r e ma in ing t o t he n orth o f t he q u incunx.

t here a re o n ly t wo r ectangles

T here i s ap ar t ia l c orrespondence.

T he r e ma in ing p ave men t i n t h is a rea c ons ists o f m iscel laneous r ec tangles a nd p ieces o f d is man t led c hurch f urn iture embedded i n t he f l oor. 1 .

P . Toesca , S tor ia d el l 'arte i t a l iana :

I i med ioevo , Tor ino , 1 927 , I , 5 92.

C f . a lso M . R . G uido a nd M . L uce V i t tor i , " L 'Abbaz ia d i S an t 'Andrea i n F lu m ine p resso P onzano R o mano eu na s ingo lare t es t imon ianza d i j ube", S tor ia A rch . 2 , n u mber 2 , 1 975 , 2 2-29 . 2 .

T he i nscr ip t ion i s n or ma l ly n o t i ncluded i n t he l i terature. Hu t ton , The C os ma t i 3 4 t ranscr ibes p ar t o f t he i nscr ip t ion a nd s ta tes t ha t t he ambone s t i l l e x ists; o n p age 5 7 , h e r efers t o i ti n t he p as t t ense. I th as , i n f ac t , b een d estroyed. Hu t ton may h ave c onfused t h is i nscr ip t ion w ith o ne a t S . Mar ia d i C astel lo i n Tarqu in ia . c f . s upra ,p p . 1 3-14 , f ootnote 1 7 .

3 .

C f . T he Append ix n os. 1 , 2 .

4 .

C f. s upra

p p . 6 1-62 .

5 .

C f . i n fra

p p . 1 33-35 . 7 6

For a d iscussion o f t he p roble m ,

6 .

A s im ilar p a t tern o ccurs i n t he t h ir teen th c en tury s chola c an toru m o f S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , R o me ( c f . i nfra , p p . 1 01-104 ) .

T he p a t tern i s

n o t r e la ted s pec if ica lly t o t he R anuc ius f am i ly , b ut r epresen ts a c ont inuat i on o f t he i deas i n troduced b y t he m . 7 .

C f ., f or e xamp le , t he Append ix , n o. 2 7.

Ro me , S . Agnese i n Agone The l ower c hurch o f S . Agnese i n Agone, o n t he l evel o f t he C ircus o f Do m i t ian i n t he P iazza N avona , was o r igina l ly e n tered f ro m t he V ia d el l ' An i ma , f ro m w h ich a f l igh t o f s teps d escended . 1 The b u i ld ing was t ransfor med f ro m a smal l o ratory i n to a c hurch a nd was d ed ica ted b y Pope C a l ix tus I i n 1 123. 2 T he d ed ica tory i nscr ip t ion , n o l onger e x tan t , was r ecorded b y Mar t ine ll i3 a nd o thers. 4 The d a te o f t he d ed ica t ion c anno t b e c ons trued a s t he e xac t d a te o f t he p ave men t , b ut s ty l is t ic e v idence s uggests t ha t t he p ave men t d a tes f ro m t he f i rst h a l f o f t he t wel f th c en tury. T he i nner most r oo m , i n wh ich t he a l tar d ed ica ted t o S . Agnese i s n ow p laced , p reserves s ix r ec tangles o f C os ma tesque p ave men t i n t he a rea b efore t he a l tar ;

af ew m iscel laneous f rag men ts r e ma in o n t he a l tar s tep . 5 The

p at terns u sed a ppear c o m mon ly i n e arly t welf th c en tury C os ma tesque p avemen ts.

T he p resence o f Ro man marbleworkers a t S . Agnese i n Agone i s n ot

d ocu men ted.

I ti s , t herefore, d if f icu l t t o d e ter m ine whether t he p ieces o f

p ave men t w ere made f or t ha t s i te o r p erhaps t ransferred f ro m a nother e d if ice. 1 .

Krau thei mer, C orpus I , 3 9 .

C f . a lso L . S a lerno , "La c h iesa d i S .

Agnese i n Agone", P iazza N avona , Ro me , 1 970 , 2 25-38. 2 .

F or a r a ther d iagra m ma t ic p lan o f t he med ieva l c hurch , c f . Po mpeo Ugon io , Thea tru m Urbis Ro mae , Ro me , B ibl ioteca Va t icana , Barber in i L a t in 1 994, 3 62 r . For a d iscuss ion o f t he p lan , c f . L . De Gregor i , P iazza N avona p ri ma d ' Innocenzo X , Ro me , 19 26, 1 5-16.

3 .

F ioravan te Mar t inel l i , Ro ma e x F thn ica S acra , Ro me , 1 553, 5 1-52.

4 .

F or t he i nscr ip t ion a nd a n o te c oncern ing o thers who r ecorded i t , c f . Forcel la , I scr iz ion i D ( , 5 13, n o.1007.

5 .

I n t he r oo m a d jacen t t o t ha t h av ing t he p ave men t a lready d escr ibed i s a sma l l f rag men t o f p ave men t s im ilar t o t ha t r e ma in ing i n t he c hapel t o t he l ef t o f t he a l tar i n S . Mar ia d el la Pace i n Ro me.

C f . i n fra , p . 1 15 .

Ro me , S . Ambrog io i n Pescher ia The s ole e v idence f or t he e x istence o f aC os ma tesque p ave men t i n S . Ambrog io i n Pescher ia r ests o n a n i nscr ip t ion f or merly i n t he p ave men t a nd r ecorded b y Ugon io i n Thea tru m Urbis Ro mae. 1 The i nscr ip t ion r ead : J ACOBUS FECIT HOC OPUS. Ar mel l in i ,

3

F irst n oted b y S tevenson 2 a nd r epeated b y

t he i nscr ip t ion i s a ga in men t ioned b y Buchow ieck i i n ab ook

p ubl ished a s r ecen t ly a s 19 67 .4 7 7

There a re, h owever , n o t races o f C os ma tesque w ork a nywhere i n t he c hurch.

S . Ambrog io i n Pescher ia was r estored i n t he e igh teen th c en tury

a nd work was a ga in u ndertaken i n t he e ar ly 1 960s.

A t t ha t t ime, t he f l oor

was e xcava ted t o t he d ep th o f h al f a meter, many t o mb s labs w ere r e moved , a nd a n ew p ave men t was i nstal led .

N o f rag men ts o f C os ma tesque p ave men t

were f ound a t t ha t t ime. 5 1 .

Ro me , B ibl ioteca Va t icana , B arber in i L a t in 1 994 , 3 00r .

2 .

B u l le t t ino d i Archeo log ia C r ist iana 4 th s er ies , I , 1 883, 11. ,

3 .

Ar mel l in i , Ch iese , I , 6 92-93.

4 .

Wa l ther Buchow ieck i , Handbuch d en K irchen Ro ms ,

I , V ienna , 1 967 ,

3 10. 5 .

Verba l c o m mun ica t ion f ro m p r iest i n c harge o f t he c hurch.

Ro me , S . Apol l inare ( Piazza N avona ) Ugon io men t ions t ha t t here i s a n i n tars ia ted p ave men t i n S . Apol l inare.

1

I t s o r ig ina l d a te i s u nknown a nd t here i s n o e v idence o f t he p resence o f t he Cos ma t i a t t he c hurch.

T he p ave men t i s n o l onger e x tant .

T he r estora t ions

o f Bened ic t X IV ( 1740-58 ) r e moved a l l t races o f e ar l ier c hurches o n t he 2 s i te. 1 .

P . Ugon io , H istor ia d el le s ta t ion i d i Ro ma , R o me , 1 588, 2 85.

C . M.

Manc in i ( S . Apol l inare , L e c h iese d i Ro ma i l lustra te , 9 3, Ro me , 1 967 , 8 3, n ote 6 3 ) s ta tes t ha t Ugon io 's n ot ice i s c on fused a bou t t he v ar ious l evels o f t he p ave men t a nd t ha t , i n 1 574, t he J esu its r ed id t he p ave men t a t al evel h igher t han t he a n t ique l evel . 2 .

K rau the i mer , C orpus I , 7 7 .

Ro me , S . Bar tolo m meo a l l ' Isola Buchow ieck i i s t he o n ly s cholar who s ta tes t ha t t he p ave men t i n S . Bartolo mmeo a l l ' Isola i s a t tr ibu table t o t he r es tora t ion o f t he c hurch i n 1 284, d ur ing t he p apacy o f Mar t in W

( 1281-85 ). 1 Buchow ieck i d oes n ot d ocu men t

h is s tate men t a nd n one o f t he wel l-known h istor ians o f Ro man c hurches men t ions a p ave men t o f t ha t d a te o r, f or t hat ma t ter , ap ave men t o f a ny t ype i n t he c hurch. 2

T he d a te o f 1 284 d oubt less r efers t o ac ibor iu m made b y

Ogn issan t i Ca l larar io d e 'Teder in i t ha t was p robably d es troyed d ur ing t he s evere f l ood ing o f t he T iber i n 1 557 .

T he c hurch was r estored b y C ard inal

G iu l io An ton io S an tor io a nd h is s uccessor , Card ina l Francesco Mar ia Tarug i. A n ew c ibor iu m was i nsta l led i n 1 601. 3 T he Cos ma t i a re r ecorded a s h av ing worked a t S . Bar tolo m meo a l l 'Isola . I n t he c ryp t , t here i s a n i nscr ip t ion r eferr ing t o N icolaus , s on o f Angelus a nd g randson o f Pau lus.

The d a te i s g iven a s 180 , b u t t he o b jec t t o wh ich

t he i nscr ip t ion r eferred i s n o l onger e x tan t. 4

I n a dd i t ion , i n S S. Bon ifac io

eA less io , Ro me , t here a re t wo sma l l c olu mns f ro m a n i conos tasis t ha t i s 7 8

b el ieved t o h ave b een o r ig ina l ly i n S . Bar tolo m meo a l l ' Isola. c olu mns i s s igned b y J acobus , s on o f L auren t ius. 5

One o f t he

T here i s n o r eason t o

a ssume , a s Bessone-Aurel j d id , t ha t N icolans a lso made a p ave men t. 6 I ndeed , b oth v isual a nd d ocu men tary e v idence s uggest t ha t S . Bar tolo m meo a l l ' Isola n ever h ad a C os ma tesque p ave men t i n i t s n ave. T oday , t hree p anels o f C os ma tesque work a re embedded i n t he f l oor : ( 1 ) ap anel 6 5.5 cm x 6 5 cm i n t he l e f t t ransep t c hapel ; ( 2 ) ap anel 7 0 cm x 7 1 cm t o t he l ef t o f t he a l tar ; x7 1.5 cm.

a nd ( 3 ) t o t he r igh t o f t he a l tar, a p anel 7 0 cm

Sma l l miscel laneous f rag men ts r e ma in i n t he t h ird n ave c hapel

o n t he r igh t a nd t he s econd n ave c hape l o n t he l e f t.

T he p anels a re n o t c o mposed

o f s ingle , h o mogeneous , r epet it ive p a t terns, b u t a re , r a ther , c o mp lex d es igns c once ived a s at o ta l ity w ith in t he s urround ing f ra me.

Broad ly s peak ing , t hey

may b e s a id t o b e b ased o n ad ia mond s urrounded b y c o mp lex i n terlock ing b orders.

T he p a t terns h ave n o p aral lels i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts;

i nstead ,

t he ir smal l s ca le , c o mp lex i ty , a nd m inu te t esserae s uggest t ha t t hey o nce b elonged t o ap iece o f c hurch f urn i ture a nd were i nserted i n to t he f l oor a t al ater d a te.

Th is s uggest ion i mp l ies t ha t n one o f t he o r ig inal n ave p ave men t

r e ma ins , i f , i ndeed , i te ver e x isted. 1 .

W. Buchow ieck i , Handbuch d en K irchen Ro ms, I , V ienna , 1 967 , 4 38.

2 .

C f. f or e xa mp le : 1 60 ;

0 . Panv in io, L e s et te c h iese r o mane , Ro me 1 570 ,

G . S everano, Me morie s acre d el le s et te c h iese d i Ro ma , Ro me,

1 630 , I , 3 23.24; 1 689 , 9 6-97 ;

Michel 'Angelo Ross i , R i tra t to d i Ro ma moderna , Ro me ,

A r mel l in i , Ch iese I , 7 60-64.

I t must b e p o in ted o u t ,

h owever , t ha t many p ave ments d o e x ist t ha t a re n ot men t ioned i n t hese a nd s im ilar b ooks. 3 .

S everano , I bid ., 3 23;

Ar mel l in i , Ch iese I , 7 62.

4 .

Ar mel l in i , Ch iese I , 7 62;

Hu t ton , The C os ma t i , 3 3 , who m is taken ly

r efers t o N icolaus a s as on o f Pau lus.

P ro m is , N o t iz ie , 1 011, n otes

t he i nscr ip t ion , b u t d oes n ot s pec ify i t s l oca t ion . p ave men t " d i p rez ioso musa ico" .

Cas im iro r efers t o a

I t i s n o t k nown whether t he p ave men t

was C os ma tesque , ( c f . P . F . Casi m iro, Me morie i s tor iche d el le c h iese , ed e i c onven t i d e i Fra t i Minor i d el la p rov inc ia Ro mana , Ro me , 1 744, 2 77 ). 5 .

F or a p hotograph , c f . Ar mel l in i , C h iese I , 7 64.

6 .

A . M. B essone-Aurel j, Imar morar i r o man i , Milan/Ro me , 1 935, 1 6.

Ro me , S . B enedet to i nP isc inu la

( Pla te 1 5)

L i t t le i s k nown o f t he e arly h istory o f S . Benedet to i n P isc inu la .

I t was

a pparen tly r ebu il t a f ter t he N or man i nvas ions o f 1 084. 1 Cenc io Ca merar io men t ions t he c hurch i n h is i nven tory o f 1 192. 2

T he c hurch u nderwen t r esto-

r a t ions i n 1 412, 1 465, 1 687 , 1 693-1719 , a nd 1 844. 3 A l though t he s parse d ocu men tary e vidence d oes n ot y ield a f i rm c hronology , i td oes s uggest t he p oss ibil ity o f at wel f th c en tury d a te.

Tha t impress ion i s c on f ir med b y t he

s ty l ist ic e v idence.

7 9

D esp i te t he a fore men t ioned r estora t ions , t he n ave s t il l d isp lays a C osma tesque p ave men t d om ina ted b y t wo q u incunxes j oined l ong i tud inal ly t hereby f or m ing a r ec tangle measur ing 3 17 cm w ide a nd 6 31 cm l ong. A s was c us to ma ry , t he p ave men t p robably o nce c overed t he e n t ire n ave . 4 T he o n ly o ther i nstance o f t he j o in ing o f t wo o r more q u incunxes i n at welf th c en tury p avemen t o ccurs i n t he s chola c an torum o f S . Mar ia i n C os med in , R o me. 5 T he c ho ir i n S . Benedet to i n P isc inula n ow l acks a p avemen t a nd i ti s p oss ible , t hough u nprovable , t ha t t he t wo q u incunxes were o r ig ina l ly p laced i n t he c ho ir . 6 The q u incunxes a re f l anked a t t he l e f t b y s ix r oundels a l igned l ong i tud ina l ly ; t he f i rst r oundel i s p ar t ial ly o bl i tera ted b y t he wa l l t o t he l e f t o f t he e n trance. The s ix r oundels a nd t he ir s urround ing b order f or m a r ec tangle 13 cm w ide a n 5 16 cm l ong.

N o o ther C os ma tesque p ave men t h as r oundels i n t h is p os i t ion .

I t i s , t herefore , q u i te p oss ible t ha t t he r oundels w ere r ela id d uring o ne o f t he n umerous r es tora t ions b o th b ecause t he r oundels d o n ot e x tend t he f u l l l eng th o f t he q u incunx p a t tern , b u t s pan o n ly p art o f t he l ength i n av isua l ly a wkward manner , a nd b ecause t he r oundels l ack mos t o f t he ir mosa ic i n f i l l , wh ich c rea tes a r ec tangle f ro m t he l i ne o f r oundels.

I n mov ing a g roup o f

r oundels, t hese sma l l mosa ic p ieces a re e as ily l ost. Both t he p roport ions a nd t he t echn ique o f t he q u incunxes a nd r oundels s uggest a t wel f th c en tury d a te. 1 .

L . Cesanel l i , " S. B enedet to i n P isc inu la" , C ap i tol iu m X , 19 34, 3 03.

2 .

Ar mel l in i , C h iese I , 8 35.

3 .

C esanel l i , o p . c i t ., 3 04.

C . Mass i mo , Me mor ie s tor iche d el la c h iesa

d i S . B enedet to i n P isc inu la n el none T rastevere , Ro me , 1 864, 8 9 men t ions t ha t i n 1 844, t he p ave men t o f t he Cappel la d el la Madonna S an t iss i ma was r estored. The c hapel i s i n t he n arthex o f t he c hurch a nd p robably h ad n o b ear ing o n t he p ave men t i n t he n ave. 4 .

Massimo , o p . c i t ., 9 1.

5 .

C f. i n fra

6 .

I f , i ndeed , t he p ave men t was moved f ro m i t s o r ig inal p os i t ion i n t he

p p . 1 09-111 .

c ho ir, i t must h ave b een d one a t ar ela t ively e arly d ate b ecause a S ta to t e mpora le o f 1 660 r efers o n ly t o t he p ave men t i n t he m idd le o f t he n ave : ..qua le c h iesa p arrocch ia le s ude t ta e a n t ica c on i lp av imen to f a t to a l la musa ica i n mezzo a l la n ava ta ." C f . Ar mel l in i , C h iese I , 8 35.

Ro me , S S. B on ifac io e A lessio

( Pla te 1 6 )

T here a re n e i ther i nscr ip t ions n or d ocu men tary e v idence c oncern ing t he p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t S S. B on ifacio e A less io. 1 The t wel f th c en tury s truc ture was t horoughly r estored b y C ard ina l Qu ir in i i n t he e igh teen th c en tury. 2 Qu ir in i 's r es tora t ion o f t he p ave men t w as s o e x tens ive t ha t i ti s n ow i mpossible t o d eter m ine i t s o rig ina l d a te.

T he p ave men t must h ave

o nce b een b eau t ifu lb ecause Georg ius Fabr ic ius , w ri t ing i n t he l a te s ix teen th c en tury c o mmen ts o n i t s a ppearance :

" sa t is p u lchru m p raesert im p av i men to" .3

A f ter Qu ir in i 's r estora t ion , N er inus s ta ted t ha t :

8 0

Bas il icae p av imen tu m e x o pere t essela to , v ar i is marmor ibus a f fabre e labora tu m e ra t , c u jus p lur i ma v est ig ia n unc v isun tur i n n av ibus med ia e t t ransversa .4 N er inus 's d escrip t ion s u m mar izes t he a ppearance o f t he p ave men t t oday .5 T he c en ter o f t he n ave i s marked b y s even teen r ec tangu lar p anels s tretchi ng f ro m t he e n trance t ot he a l tar s teps. The p a t terns a nd most o f t he i nd iv idua l t esserae a re a ssured ly p ost- med ieva l a nd a re p robably a t tr ibu table t o Qu ir in i 's r estora t ion .

T hey r ese mble t he p a t terns i n t he n ave o f S . M.

Magg iore , a lso t he p roduc t o f a n e igh teen th c en tury r estora t ion .6 S pann ing t he w id th o f t he c hurch b e tween t he s econd , t h ird , a nd f ourth p i lasters a re s tr ips o f r oundels w h ich j o in t he r ec tangu lar n ave p anels a t an inety d egree a ngle. E ach o f t he s ix s tr ips i s c o mposed o f f our c o mp lete r oundels p lus a pprox i ma tely h a l f o f af i f th o ne; i ti s a s i f as tr ip o f n ine r oundels h ad b een c u t i n h a lf l a t itud ina l ly a t t he c en ter o f t he f i f th r oundel a nd e ach h al f p laced o n e i ther s ide o f t he r ec tangles. a ppears t o b e o r ig ina l .

The g enera l c o mposi t ion o f t he r oundels

7

I n f ron t o f t he a l tar , o n t he r a ised a ltar s tep , a re t wo q u incunxes a rranged l a t itud inal ly ; t hey a re l argely r e made f ro m med ieva l p ieces. T he a ltar i t sel f i s f l anked b y r ec tangles measur ing 8 0 cm x 1 35 cm. B eh ind t he a l tar i s as eries o f s ix teen r ec tangles a rranged i n r ows o f f our a nd measuring 7 6 cm x 9 0 cm ; The v ar ie ty i n p a t tern i s l im i ted a nd a g rea t n umber o f t he r ect ang les a ppear t o h ave b een r es tored . T here a re a lso m isce l laneous r e ma ins a t e i ther s ide o ft he t ransep t. T he o r ig ina l p ave men t was mos t l i kely e i ther t wel f th o r t h ir teen th c en tury , b u t i ti s i mpossible t o b e more s pec if ic. 1 .

T he c hurch p ossesses t wo sma l l C os ma tesque c olu mns , w hich were o r ig ina l ly i n S . B arto lo m meo a l l 'Iso la , R o me ( c f . s upra p p . 7 8-79 ) . One o f t hem i s s igned b y J acobus , t he s on o f L auren t ius . F or ap hotograph , c f . A r me l lin i , C h iese I , 7 64 . H onor ius m ( 1 216-27) r ededica ted S S . Bon ifac io e A less io i n 1 217 a f ter a d ispu te c oncern ing r el ics was r esolved i n f avor o f t ha t c hurch.

F orcel la , I scr iz ion i VI , 3 55 g ives t he d ay a s

Apr i l 1 0 , wh i le L . Z a mbarel l i ( SS. Bon ifaz io e A less io , L e c h iese d i Ro ma i l lustra te 9 , Ro me , 1 924, 1 2-13 ) g ives t he d a te a s March 2 1. I n a ny c ase , t here i s n o e v idence o f a ma jor b u ild ing c a mpa ign a t t ha t t ime. C f . a lso F orcel la , I scr iz ion i X I I I, 4 97 , n o. 1 210. 2 .

Krau the i mer, C orpus I , 4 0-41. F orcel la , I scr izion i V I I , 3 67 , n o. 7 507 51. On 3 56 o f t he s a me v olu me , F orcel la men t ions t ha t i n t he s econd y ear o f h is p on t i f ica te , S ix tus V ( 1 585-90 ) r e made t he p ave men t.

He

g ives n o r eleven t i nscr ip t ions a nd t h is i n for ma t ion i s n o t c on ta ined i n a ny o ther s ource. 3 . 4 .

G . Fabr ic ius , An t iqu i ta tu m L ibr i Duo..., Basel , 1 587 , 2 37. F el ix N er inus , D e T e mp lo e t C oenob io S anctoru m B on ifac i i e t A lex i i H is tor ica Monumen ta , Ro me , 1 752, 5 9.

5 .

Transversa h ere must r efer t o t he t ransep t.

6 .

C f . i n fra , p p . 1 12-115 .

8 1

7 .

As i s t he n or m i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts , t he r oundels ' o r ig ina l p os it ion was p robably t he c en ter o f t he n ave w here t he r ec tangles n ow a ppear.

T he r oundels d oubt less s tre tched f ro m t he e n trance t o e ither

t he s chola c an toru m o r t he a pse.

Ro me , S . C ec i l ia i n Trastevere The n in th c en tury c hurch o f S . C ec il ia i s s ecurely d ocu men ted , b u t l i t t le s pec if ic i s k nown a bou t t he med ieva l a l tera t ions t o t he c hurch.' o f t he C os ma t i a t S . C ec i l ia i s n ot d ocu men ted b y i nscr ip t ion .

The p resence

The o n ly t races

o f med ieva l p ave men t s t il l e x tan t c ons ist o f minu te f rag men ts embedded i n t he wa l ls o f t he s ta irway f or m ing t he e x it f ro m t he modern c ryp t.

The f l oor o f

t he c ryp t i s a n e xcel len t im i ta t ion o f C os ma tesque w ork a nd was c omm iss ioned f ro m G . B . G iovenale b etween 1 899 a nd 19 01. 2 G iovena le , who u ndertook e x tens ive r esearch a t S . C ec i l ia a nd o bserved many f rag men ts o f t he med ieva l p ave men t u nder t he p resen t f l oor c over ing , was u ncerta in a s t o whether t he C os matesque p ave men t was t wel f th o r t h irL een th c en tury. 3 We a re a dd i t iona l ly a ssured t ha t aC os ma tesque p ave men t f or mer ly e x is ted b y U gon io 's o bserva t ion :

" I l p av i men to d i S an ta C ec i l ia ,

p ar te e d i o pera d ' in tars ia l avora to , p arte d i t avole g rand i d i mar mo c oper to". 4 Ugon io 's a l lus ion t o l arge p ieces o f marble f ur ther s uggests t ha t p ar t o f t he Cos ma tesque

p ave men t h ad a lready b een d estroyed .

Ugon io d oes n ot i nd ica te

t he l oca t ion o f t he i n tars ia ted p ave men t. I t wou ld b e u sefu l t o k now i fi n tars ia ted p ave men t s t il l r e ma ined i n t he a pse , b ecause we d o k now t hat i n 1 599 , Card ina l Paolo Em i l io S fondrato r estored t he p ave men t a round t he a l tar. 5 A t t ha t t ime , t he a pse p ave men t was p robably r a ised h al f a meter. 6 F ina l ly , i n 1 724, Card ina l Francesco Acquav iva c overed w ha t r e ma ined o f t he C osma tesque p ave men t.

7

N e i ther i t s d a te n or i t s o r ig ina l a rrange men t c an b e

d iscerned. 1 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 9 4f .

2 .

C os mos ( s ic ), ' r R y innova men t i er es taur i i n S . C ec il ia" , I l Mondo Ca t tol ico I l lustra to I V, 1 902, 67 2.

3 .

G . B . G iovenale, " Ricerche a rchi te t ton iche d el la Bas il ica" , I l Mondo C a t tol ico I l lustra to T V, 1 902, 6 55.

4 .

Po mpeo U gon io , H istoria d el le s ta t ion i d i Ro ma , Ro me , 1 588 , 1 31.

5 .

F il ippo T i t i , S tud io d i p i t tura , s co l tura, e t a rch itettura n el le c h iese d i Ro ma , Ro me, 1 674, 5 7 .

6 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 1 07.

7 .

G iovena le , o p . c i t., 6 61;

i de m., " Scav i i nnanz i a l la b as il ica d i S an ta

Cec i l ia i n Trastevere" , N uovo B u l le t t ino d i A rcheolog ia C r is t iana , 1 897 , 2 54;

G iovann i Marangon i , Del le c ose g en t ilesche e p rofane t ras-

p orta te a d u so , ea dorna men to d el le c h iese , R o me , 17 44, 4 32; I scr izion i , I , 4 0 , n o. 18.

8 2

F orcel la ,

Ro me , S . C le men te

( Pla tes 1 7-1 8 )

The p ave men t i n t he u pper c hurch a t S . C le men te mer i ts d eta iled d iscuss ion b ecause t oday , u n l ike most Cos ma tesque p ave men ts, i tc o mp letely c overs t he n ave , a isles, c ho ir , a nd a pse o f t he c hurch.

A l though i th as l ost mos t

o f i t s v a luable p orphyry a nd s erpen t ine a nd was d oubt less d isturbed d uring t he e xcava t ions o f t he l ower c hurch b etween 1 861 a nd 1 86 8 ,1 i ts t i l l r eta ins most o f i t s o r ig ina l l ayou t. Moreover , t he c hurch i t sel f i s q u i te s ecurely d a ted.

We k now t ha t an ew

u pper c hurch h ad n ot b een b u il tb y 10 99 , f or, i n t ha t y ear , Ran iero d i B ieda was e lec ted t o t he p apacy a s P aschal I i n t he l ower c hurch. 2 I n a dd i t ion , a n i nscr ip t ion o n t he e p iscopa l t hrone r eads :

ANASTAS IVS PRESBITER

CARDINAL IS HVIVS T ITVL I HOC OPVS CEPIT ET PERFECIT. 3 Anastas ius h eld t he t i tu lus f ro m C . 10 99 u n t il c . 125. 4 T he i nscr ip t ion o n t he t hrone i s s o mewha t c on trad ic ted b y a n i nscr ip t ion f ound a nd r econstructed b y Gat t i. 5 T he i nscr ip t ion s ta tes t ha t t he c hurch was b egun b y Anastas ius , b u t c o mp leted b y P e trus. A l though t here h as b een s o me d isagree men t c oncern ing t he a ccept ance o f May 2 6, 128 a s t he d a te o f t he d ed ica t ion o f t he c hurch ,6 i tc an n onet heless b e a greed t ha t , o nb oth h istor ica l a nd a rchaeolog ica l g rounds , t he u pper c hurch o f S . C le men te d a tes f rom t he f i rst d ecades o f t he t welf th c en tury. T he p a t terns u sed i n t he p ave men t a lso c onf ir m t ha t d a te. The c en ter o f t he n ave i s marked b y t en i n terlaced r oundels a l igned i n al ong i tud ina l r ow i n terrup ted o n ly b y t he i nsert ion o f t wo l a te s ix teen th c en tury t o mb s labs b e tween t he f our th a nd f i f th r oundels .7 F our i n terlaced r oundels f l ank e i ther s ide o f t he t o mb s labs ;

t hey mee t t he t o mb s labs a t a

n inety d egree a ngle a nd e x tend t o t he n ave p i l lars , t hus f or m ing a c ross w i th t he l ong i tud inal r oundels .8 The u se o f l a t i tud ina l r oundels i s u n ique among a u then t ic C os ma tesque p ave men ts. T he f our l ongitud ina l r oundels b eg inn ing a t t he e n trance t o t he c hurch a re f l anked o nb oth s ides b y t wen ty r ec tangles a rranged i n f i ve l a t itud inal a nd f our l ong i tud ina l r ows .9 T he r e ma in ing s ix r oundels a re f l anked b y as im ilar p a t tern , s ave t ha t t here a re o n ly t hree l ong i tud ina l r ows t o f i ve l a t i tud ina l r ows , f or a t o tal o f f i f teen p anels o n e ach s ide. I t must b e p o in ted o u t t ha t t he r oundels o n t he c en ter a x is o f t he c hurch d o n ot e x tend a l l t he way t o t he e n trance. I nstead , t he r oundels a re p receded b y t wo p orphyry r ec tangles o fu nequa l s ize.

Yet , t he a fore men t ioned f l ank ing

r ec tang les d o e x tend t o t he p er i meter o f t he c hurch. Or ig ina l ly , t here were most l i kely t wo more r oundels i n t he p os i t ion c urren t ly o ccup ied b y t he r ect angles;

t he r ec tangles a nd r oundels wou ld t hen t er m ina te a t t he s a me p o in t

a nd t he ir w ou ld b e s ix r oundels a t e i ther e nd o f t he a rea n ow o ccup ied b y t he t o mb s labs.

Th is p roposed r econstruct ion i s i n k eep ing w i th t he f or ma t o f

o ther C os matesque p ave men ts. I n a dd i t ion , t he a rea o ccup ied b y t he t o mb s labs i s w ider t han t ha t o ccup ied b y t he r oundels. The s ize o f t he a rea o ccup ied b y t he t o mb s labs a nd i t s p os i t ion w ith in t he p ave men t s uggest t ha t aq u incunx a nd p erhaps o ne more r oundel o nce o ccup ied t h is a rea.

Th is

a rrange men t i s c o mmon i n t wel f th c en tury c hurches a nd c an b e s een , f or e xa mp le , a t S S. Qua t tro C oronat il° a nd S . Mar ia i n Cos med in , Ro me.

8 3

1

b oth i n

With t he e xcep t ion o f af ew r estored p anels , t he r ec tangular p ane ls i n t he n ave o f S . C le men te e xh ib i t a n a l most p erfec t c orrespondence , s o t ha t e ach p anel o n t he l e f t o f t he r oundels i s ma tched b y a n i den t ical ly p a t terned r ec tang le o n t he r igh t o f t he r oundels a nd e xac t ly i n t he s a me p os i t ion .

The

o n ly e xcept ion t o t he r igorous o rder o f c orrespondences a ppears i n t he r ow o f r ec tangles n earest t he d oor. T hese p anels e xh ib it n o c orrespondences a nd d o n ot r ese mble t he n ave p a t terns. Th is r ow o f r ec tangles i s p erhaps a t tr ibu table t o ac lu msy r estora t ion t ha t d estroyed t he o r ig inal p a t terns .1 2 T he s teady march o f r oundels c on t inues i n t he s chola c an toru m w here t welve u n in terrup ted r oundels s pan i t s e n t ire l eng th. 1 3 Immed ia tely t o t he l e f t a nd r igh t o f t he r oundels a re f i ve r ec tangles a rranged i n al ong i tud ina l r ow ; t hey e xh ib i t ac o mp le te c orrespondence. I n a dd it ion , t here a re e long ated 'rec tang les t o t he f ar l e f t a nd r ight o f t he r oundels a ga inst t he i nner wa l l o f t he s chola c an toru m ;

t here a re n o c orrespondences.

r ec tangles a re b o th u n ique a nd a wkward. r estora t ion .1 4

These l a t ter

T hey a re p erhaps a t tr ibu table t o

T he r igorous l og ic o f t he p anels i n t he n ave d oes n o t p ermea te t he r ect ang les i n t he a isles wh ich , a l though o f s im ilar d i mens ion a nd p a t tern t o t hose i n t he n ave , r eveal n o c orrespondence o f p a t tern .

Wh ile most o f t he

p a t terns f o l low o r ig ina l C os ma tesque p a t terns , t hose a ga inst t he o uter wa l l o f t he s chola c an toru m s ee m t ob e a t tr ibu table t o r estora t ion , a s d oes a l most t he e n t ire s ou 7 t 1-a T s 7 l .15 The p ave men t i n S . C le men te i s n ot c onf ined t o s olely t he a fore men t ioned a reas , b u t a lso a ppears i n : 1 )

t he ma in a pse a nd a round t he a l tar ;

h ere t he p ave men t c ons ists o f t hree

i rregu lar l a t i tud ina l r ows. T here a re t hree r ec tang les o n e i ther s ide o f t he a l tar . Read ing t oward t he a pse , t he s econd r ow h as n ine r ec tangles. N earest t he c urve o f t he a pse a re t wo w idely s paced r ec tangles. may b e o bserved . 2 )

t he

c hapels o f t he Holy S acra men t a nd S . G iovann i.

Af ew c orrespondences

T hese c hapels a re

p ost- med ieva l " a nd t heir p ave men ts a re i m i ta t ions o f C os ma tesque w ork . T hey s hou ld b e d isregarded i n a ny d iscussion o f t he S . C le men te p ave men t . 3 )

B e tween t he c ho ir a nd t he a l tar , t here i s o ne p a t terned r ec tangle o n t he

s a me a x is a s t he s chola c an toru m r oundels. b y t hree r ec tangles o n e ach s ide. 1 7 n ave.

T he r ec tang le i s , i n t urn , f l anked

The p a t terns a re s im i lar t o t hose i n t he

4 ) T he S t . C a ther ine C hapel was e rec ted b etween 1 411 a nd 1 431. 1 8 T he p ost- med ieva l p ave men t c ons ists o f e igh t r ec tangles , f our i n al ong i tud ina l f i le o n e ach s ide o ft he a l tar ; t here i s ac o mp lete c orrespondence. r ec tang le i s p laced i n f ron t o f t he a l tar. 1 .

A l arge

The d a tes o f t he e xcava t ion a re g iven i n Krau the imer , C orpus I , 19. The p ave men t must h ave b een s o mewha t d isturbed a t a n e arl ier d a te b ecause T i t i c o mmen ts o n t he l arge n u mber o f t o mbs o f i mportan t p eop le . He d oes n ot , h owever , s pec ify t he l oca t ion o f t he t o mbs.

C f. F . T i t i ,

S tud io d i p i t tura , s col tura , e t a rch i tet tura n el le c h iese d i Ro ma , Rome , 1 674, 2 57 .

I n t he e igh teen th

c en tury , P . Rond in in i ( De S . C le men te 8 4

Papa e t Mar tyre e iusque Basil ica i n Urbe Ro ma , Ro me , 1 706 , 28 5 ) c o m men ted t ha t t he p ave men t was p ar t ia l ly r u ined :

" Basi l icae p av i men tu m

e x o pere t essel lato mu l t ip l ic i l ap ide p er mixtu m a f fabre e labora tu m e st , q uanvis h od ie a nno r um d iu turn i ta te e x p ar te c on fec tu m". 2 .

L . Duchesne ( ed.), L iber Pon t if ica l is , B ibl iotheque d es Ecoles F ran9a ises D 'Athenes e t d e Ro me , 2 nd s er ies , P ar is ,

3 .

1 892 , I , 2 96.

F or a c orrec t t ranscr ip t ion , c f . L eonard Boy le 0 , P. , " The Da te o f t he C onsecra t ion o f t he B as il ica o f S an C le men te , Ro me" , Arch ivu m F ra tru m Praed ica toru m , XXX , 19 60 , 4 21.

4 .

L eonard B oy le 0 .P ., A S hor t Gu ide t o S t . C le men t 's , Ro me , 3 rd e d it ion , Ro me , 1 968 , 2 8.

5 .

G . Ga t t i , " D i u n n uovo monumen t° e p igra f ico r e la t ivo a l la b as i l ica d i S . C le men te" , B u l le t t ino d e l la C omm iss ione Archeo log ica C o muna le d i Ro ma , 1 8 , 1 889 , 4 67-74.

6 .

Boy le , " The Da te" , o p . c i t., p ass i m.

Iam d eep ly i ndebted t o Fa ther

Boy le f or many i n terest ing d iscuss ions c oncern ing S . C le men te. e rud i t ion i s ma tched b y h is u n fa il ing g eneros ity .

H is

7 .

C f . Forcel la , I scr iz ion i I V, 5 08 , n o. 1 255 a nd n o. 1 256.

8 .

N ineteen th c en tury e ngrav ings o f t he p ave men t a re e xceed ingly m islead ing b ecause t hey s how t he n ave a rea w i thou t t he t o mb s labs.

A l though i ti s

p oss ible t ha t t he l a te s ix teen th c en tury t o mb s labs were l oca ted i n a d if feren t a rea o f t he c hurch i n t he n ineteen th c en tury , t he e ngrav ings a re p erhaps b est l ooked u pon a s imag ina t ive r econstruc t ions.

Bo th Bunsen ,

Gu tensohn , a nd Knapp ( C. K . Bunsen , J . G . Gu tensohn , a nd J . M. Knapp , D ie Basil iken d es c hr ist l ichen Ro ms , n ach i hre m Zusa m menhange mit I dee u nd Gesch ich te d er K irchenbaukunst , 2nd Ed it ion , Mun ich , 1 842, p la te XXX I I ) a nd L e tarou il ly ( P. M. L etarou il ly , Ed if ices d e Ro me moderne , Par is, 18 56 6 8,I I , p la te 2 48 ) s how n ine l ong itud ina l r oundels i n tersec ted b y s even l a t i tud ina l r oundels. t he f i f th

l ong i tud ina l r oundel .

T he i n tersec t ion o ccurs a t

B oth e ngravings t hus s ubtract r oundels

a nd d o n ot i nc lude t he t o mb s labs. 9 .

T he n ave p anels measure 6 9 cm x 1 65 cm .

1 0.

C f . i n fra

p p .

1.

C f . i n fra

p p . 1 09-111 .

1 2.

1 24-26 .

T h is a rea o f t he n ave i s f l anked o n t he r ight b y t he Chapel o f S t. Do m in ic a nd o n t he l e f t b y t he Chapel o f S t. Ca ther ine. med ieva l c onstruc t ions.

C f . Boyle, Gu ide

Both a re a ssured ly p ost-

o p . c i t ., 3 5.

The p ave men t

c ou ld h ave b een d a maged d ur ing t he c ourse o f t h is work . 1 3.

N ineteen th c en tury e ngrav ings a re i n d isagree men t c oncern ing t h is a rea. Bunsen , G u tensohn , a nd Knapp , o p . c i t ., be. c i t ., s how o n ly e leven r oundels i n t he c ho ir. t h irteen r oundels. r oundels.

Bu t i n t he s ucceed ing p la te , XXXI I I , t hey s how

L e tarou i l ly , o p . c i t ., l oc. c i t., s hows o n ly e leven

L u igi Can ina ( R icerche s u l l 'arch i te ttura p iü p ropr ia d e i t e mp i

c r is t ian i , 2 nd e d i t ion , Ro me , 1 846 ) i nd ica tes t welve r oundels i n p late XXV, b u t o n ly e leven i n p la te XXI II . 8 5

1 4.

N e ither Gu tensohn , Bunsen a nd Knapp , I b id .

p la te XXX I I , n or a d raw ing

s how ing t he i n ter ior s o me y ears b efore t he Ambros ians v aca ted t he c hurch i n 1 643 ( Cf . Boy le , Gu ide , o p . c i t ., 1 5 ) s how t hese miscel laneous p ieces. Bu t , a s n oted p rev iously , t hese s orts o f e ngrav ings a re n ot c o mp le tely a ccura te. 1 5.

Verba l c o mmun ica t ion f ro m L eonard Boy le O .P.

The a pse was a lso

l i f ted d ur ing Mu looly 's e xcava t ions b etween 1 861 a nd 1 868. 1 6.

B oy le , Gu ide

o p. c i t ., 3 2 , 3 4.

1 7 .

Th is a rea was p robably l i f ted d ur ing t he n ine teen th c en tury e xcava t ions. C f . n o te 1 5.

1 8.

Boy le , Gu ide , o p . c i t ., 3 5.

Ro me , S S. C os ma e Da m iano

( Pla te 1 9 ).

The o n ly r ecord o f t he a c t iv ity o f t he C os ma t i a t S S. C os ma e Da m iano c oncerns a c iboriu m , t abernacle , a nd p aschal c andelabru m c omm iss ioned b y t he t i tu lar c ard inal , Gu ido , i n 150. 1 The c ibor iu m , n ow l ost , b ore a n i nscr ip t ion r ecorded b y Ugon io ;

i ts ta ted t ha t t he w ork h ad b een d one b y

J ohannes, Pe trus , Angelus , a nd S asso , Pau lus.

2

t he s ons o f t he Ro man marb leworker ,

I n a dd it ion , B iaso tt i a nd Wh itehead h ave a scerta ined t ha t , i n t he

t wel f th c en tury , t he p ave men t was r a ised 1 .1 meters a bove t he p r im i t ive p ave men t. 3 The n ew l evel c orresponds t o t he a c tua l l evel o f t he l ower c hurch i n wh ich t he f rag men ts o f C os ma tesque p ave men t r e ma in .4

F ina l ly , H adr ian

I V ( 1 154-59 ) r eded ica ted t he c hurch. 5 The d ocu men tary e v idence t hus s uggests ag ood d ea l o fb u ild ing a c t iv ity a round t he m idd le o f t he t welf th c entury. S ty l ist ical ly , t he r ec tangles s urv iv ing i n t he l ower c hurch a lso s uggest t ha t d a te. The r e ma in ing p ave men t s urrounds t he a ltar i n t he l ower c hurch.

There

a re s ix r ec tangles b oth t o t he r igh t a nd l e f t o f t he a l tar , a nd n ine r ec tangles i n al a t i tud ina l r ow i n f ron t o f t he a l tar ;

t hese l a t ter r ec tangles e xh ib it a

c o mp lete c orrespondence , b u t t he o thers, much r estored a nd r ela id , a re a rranged i n ah aphazard f ash ion. c en tury work f ound i n S . C le men te Ro me. 1 .

T he p a t terns a re t yp ica l o f t he t welf th 6

a nd S . Croce i n Gerusa le m me ,

7

b oth i n

P . C h iocc ion i , L a b as il ica e i c onven to d e i S an t i C os ma e Dam iano i n Ro ma , Ro me , 1 963, 9 0 .

2 .

P . Ugon io, H istor ia d el le s tat ion i d i Ro ma , Ro me , 1 588 , 1 80.

C f . a lso

Force l la , I scr iz ion i I V, 6 4, n o. 1 46 a nd B . Mezzadr i , D isqu is it io H istor ica d e S anct is Mar tyr ibus C os ma e t Da m iano, Ro me , 1 747 , 8 2. 3 .

G . B iasot t i a nd P . B . Wh i tehead , " La c h iesa d e i S an t i C os ma e Da m iano a l Foro Ro mano e g l i e d if ic i p rees isten t i" , Rend icon t i d el la P on t if ic ia Accade mia Ro mana d i Archaeolog ia I I , 1 925, 9 6f .

4 .

Urban V I I I ( 1623-44 ) b egan t o b u ild t he n ew u pper c hurch i n 1 631. l oc . c i t .

Pr ior t o t he e rec t ion o f t he n ew u pper c hurch , Panv in io

8 6

I b id.,

( Bibl ioteca Va t icana L a t. 6 780 , 4 5r ) d escr ibed t he p ave men t i n t he l ower c hurch : " Pav i men tu m omne mar moreu m f u i t , n unc p ars ma ior a dvu lsa , h abe t i n med io c horu m c um d uobus p u lp it is marmoreu m , t essel la to o pere e t p orphyret ic is a c s erpen t in is l ap id ibus o rna mentum".

By t he s ix teen th

c en tury , t hen , t he p ave men t h ad a lready b een d a maged a nd was c onf ined l argely t o t he c ho ir. 5 .

L . Duchesne ( e d .) , L iber P on t if ical is , B ibl iotheque d es t co les F ranva ises D 'A thenes e t d e Ro me , 2 nd s er ies, Par is, 1 892, I , 3 96.

6 .

C f. s upra , p p . 8 3-86 .

7 .

C f . i n fra , p p . 8 9-92 .

Ro me , S . C r isogono

( Pla tes 2 0-21)

There i s n o d ocumen tary e v idence f or e i ther t he d a te o f t he p ave men t a t S . C r isogono o r f or a ny a c t iv ity o f t he C os ma t i i n t he c hurch. 1 T he d a te o f t he p ave men t must , t herefore , r est o n s tyl ist ic e v idence wh ich h as =fortun a tely b een l argely d is torted b y r estora t ions u nder taken b y Card inal S c ip io B orghese i n t he s even teen th c en tury

2

a nd i n 1 866 b y o rder o f Pope P ius D C. 3

I n f ac t , Ugon io , wr i t ing i n t he l a te s ix teen th c en tury j ust b efore t he Borghese r estora t ions , i s t he l ast t o c o m men t o n t he p ave men t .4 T he p ave men t was p robably a lso d isturbed d ur ing t he e xcavat ion o f t he l ower c hurch i n t he e arly y ears o f t h is c en tury ;5

f or , i n 1 914, t he S uper in tenden t o f Monu men ts

o rdered t he p ave men t i n t he l e f t a isle t o b e r e in forced w ith i ron r ods. 6 S . C r isogono w as b u il t u nder t he a usp ices o f C ard ina l G iovann i d a Cre ma who was a ppo in ted t i tu lar o f t he c hurch b y Pascha l I ( 1099-1118 ) i n 116. 7 T hree i nscr ip t ions c o mme mora te h is work a nd a l l t he work o n t he monastery a nd b as il ica i s t hough t t o h ave b een c o mp leted b y 130. 8 Ye t , t he a u thor i t ies who d iscuss t he p ave men t f l a t ly s ta te t ha t i tp ostda tes d a Cre ma 's b u i ld ing c a mpa ign a nd may w el lb e ap roduc t o f t he t h irteen th c en tury. 9 These e x c athedra s ta te men ts h ave b een r e in forced w ith n e ither d ocu men tary n or st y l ist ic e v idence. T he c en tra l e le men ts o f t he n ave h ave b een s o modern ized t ha t s tyl ist ic e v idence must r est s olely o n t he p a t terns a ppearing i n t he r ec tangles p laced i n t he a isles a nd t he f ew r e main ing o r ig ina l r ec tangles i n t he n ave a nd a pse. 1° With t wo e xcep t ions , t he r ec tangle p a t terns a re t hose wh ich a ppear most c o m mon ly i n t welf th c en tury c hurches s uch a s S . C le men te , Ro me. 1 1

The

t wo e xcep t ions a re p a t terns w h ich a ppear i n S . S aba , Ro me 1 2 a nd i n S . Mar ia a t Anagn i. 1 3 On t he o ther h and , t he a verage d i mensions o f t he r e ma in ing o r ig ina l r ec tangles a re more s im ilar t o s ecurely d a ted t wel f th c entury c hurches t han t o t he l onger , n arrower r ec tangles c o mmon ly f ound i n t h irt een th c entury c hurches. "

T he c on trad ic tory n a ture o f t he s ty l ist ic e v idence

a lone c an c er ta in ly n o t e stabl ish a n e xac t d a te f or t he p ave men t , b u t , c o mb in ing i tw i th a h istory o f t he b u ild ing c a mpa igns, i tc an o n ly b e s ugges ted t ha t at wel f th c en tury d a te r e ma ins a v iable p oss ib il ity. T he p ave men t r ema in ing i n t he a pse c ons ists o f af ew r ela id b u t o r ig ina l r ec tangles a nd s o me t o tal ly modern p ave men t .

8 7

The l e f t a nd r igh t a isles a re

f i l led w i th r ec tang les .

A l though b o th t he ir p a t terns a nd t he ir a rrange men t

h ave b een d is turbed b y r es tora t ion , t he o r ig ina l l ayou t a ppears t o h ave c ons is ted o f r ec tang les p laced i n l a t i tud ina l r ows o f f i ve e ach ; i ti s , h owever , i mposs ible t o d eter m ine t he n umber o f r ows o r ig ina l ly i n e ach a is le . T he n ave p ave men t , a s h as b een p rev ious ly p o in ted o u t , i s a l mos t c o mp le te ly r es tored .

I tc o m mences a t t he d oor w i th f our r ounde ls a l igned l ong i-

t ud ina l ly a nd s epara ted i n to t wo g roups o f t wo e ach b y al arge r ec tangu lar p ane l ;

t he r ec tang le i s f lanked o n e ach s ide b y ar ounde l .

r ounde ls a ppear t o b e o r ig ina l ,

1 5

F ive o f t he s ix

b u t t he r ec tang le may h ave b een i nser ted

a t al a ter d a te , f or t he b ands wh ich j o in t he e le men ts a re b roken a nd i rregu lar . T he c en tra l p a t tern i s f lanked b y misce l laneous r ec tang les , many o f wh ich a re r es tored ;

t here a re n o c orrespondences .

T he g rea ter p ar t o f t he c en ter o f t he n ave a t S . C r isogono i s o ccup ied b y t hree p a t terns wh ich a re e n t ire ly modern , a l though s o me t esserae a nd r ounde ls h ave b een r e-used .

A l l t hree p a t terns a re f lanked b y r ec tang les e i ther mod-

e rn ized o r i n p oor c ond i t ion .

T here a re n o c orrespondences a nd , i ndeed , n o

v is ib le o rder t o t he ir a rrange men t . T he p ave men t i n t he e as ternmos t p ar t o f t he n ave , im med ia te ly b e fore t he r a ised p resbytery , c ons is ts o f as er ies o f r ounde ls c o mposed s o le ly o f b lack a nd wh i te t esserae .

The c en ter o f e ach r ounde l i s o ccup ied b y ad ragon ,

t he s y mbo l o f C ard ina l S c ip io B orghese , who f inanced ma jor r es tora t ions a t S . C r isogono .

There a re f ive-and-three-quar ters o f t hese r ounde ls l i nked

1 6

l ong i tud ina l ly , at o mb s lab , a nd t hen t wo-and-one-ha l f more r ounde ls ;

t he

l as t i s p ar t ia l ly o bscured b y t he marble b a lus trade b u i l t b y A lessandro T or Ion ia i n 1 860 .

1 7

T he B orghese r ounde ls a re f lanked b y l arge ly o r ig ina l r ectang les ,

t we lve o n as ide .

There i s ac o mp le te c orrespondence o f p a t terns d esp i te

t he f ac t t ha t t he p ane ls a re o f u nequa l s ize .

T h is a no ma ly i s p robab ly n o t

d ue t o r es tora t ion b ecause t he p ane ls t ha t c orrespond i n d es ign a lso c orres pond i n s ize .

Th is a rrange men t may r e f lec t ar e laxa t ion o f t he r ig id c orre-

s pondences e s tabl ished b y t he Pau lus g roup i n t he e ar ly y ears o f t he t wel f th c en tury. 18 1 .

F or s o me u ns ta ted r eason , A . M. B essone-Aure l j , Imar morar i r o man i , M i lan/Ro me , 1 935 , 1 4 a t tr ibu tes t he work t o t he s choo l o f P au lus .

2 .

T here a re t hree i nscr ip t ions r e la t ing t o t he B orghese r es tora t ions : ( 1 ) a bove t he e x ter ior a rch i trave ;

( 2 ) o n t he c orn ice o f t he c ibor iu m ;

a nd ( 3 ) i n t he i n ter ior a bove t he c en ter d oor .

F orce l la , I scr izion i I ,

1 86 , n o . 5 53 g ives o n ly t he l as t men t ioned i nscr ip t ion .

A l l t hree i nscr ip-

t i ons a re r ecorded i n M . Mesnard , La b as i l ique d e S . C hrysogone R o me , Va t ican C i ty , 1 935 , 1 58 . 3 .

.., C en tenar io d e i P adr i T r in i tar i n e l la b as i l ica d i S . C r isogono , Ro me , 1 947 , 1 2.

4 .

" I l p av i men to ë s i mirab ilmen te d i v an e p ie tre c o m messe i ns ie me i n tars ia to , c he p och i a l tr i l avor i s im i l i s ono i n R o ma ." P o mpeo Ugon io , H is tor ia d e l le s ta t ion i d i R o ma , R o me 1 588 , 2 82 . C f . a lso C . P icco l in i , S . C r isogono i n Ro ma , R o me , 1 953 , 1 15 .

8 8

5 .

The Ear ly C hr is t ian b as i l ica o ccup ies p ar t o f t he a rea u nder t he medieva l c hurch .

I n o rder t o e xcava te t he e ar l icr c hurch , i t was p robably n ecessary

t o d is turb t he l e f t a isle o f t he t we l f th c en tury c hurch .

C f . t he p lan i n

P icco l in i , 22 . c i t ., 6 6 a nd Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 1 44f . 6 .

P icco l in i , I b id ., 8 3.

7 .

I b id ., 8 9.

8 .

C f . F orce l la , I scrizion i I , 1 69 , n o . 4 86, n o . 4 87. r ecord t he i nscr ip t ion o n t he ma in a l tar .

Forcel la d oes n ot

C f . i ns tead , Mesnard , o p. c i t .,

1 30 , f ig . 5 6. 9 .

C f ., f or e xa mp le , C en tenar io , o p . c i t ., 1 4 ; i n Trastevere" , L 'Urbe XX I I , 1 959 , 1 2 ;

A . C ogg ia t i ,

" S . C r isogono

A r mel l in i , Ch iese I , 8 48-49 ;

Mesnard , 2p. c i t ., 1 34 s ta tes t ha t t he C os ma tesque p ave men t i s l a ter t han t he work c o m miss ioned b y C ard ina l d a C re ma , b u t h e d oes n ot s ugges t a n e xact d a te . 10 .

Ar me l l in i , C h iese I , 8 48-49 c o m men ts u pon t he l arge n u mber o f i nscr ipt ions f ro m p agan a nd C hr is t ian s epu lchres t o b e f ound i n t he a is les.

T h is

impress ion i s c on f ir med b y Forcel la , I scr izion i I , 1 69f ., who l i s ts a v as t n umber o f i nscr ip t ions .

The e ngrav ing b y P . M. Letarou i l ly ,

Ed if ices d e R o me moderne , Par is , 1 856-58 , I I , p la te 3 43 a lso s hows many t o mb s labs . 1 1.

C f . s upra , p p . 8 3-86 .

1 2.

C f . i n fra , p p . 1 26-27 .

1 3.

Cf.

1 4.

They a verage C . 6 8 .5 cm x c . 1 46 cm.

1 5 .

The f irs t r ounde l h as a s ix teen th c en tury i nscr ip t ion i n o ne o f i t s b ands .

s upra ,

pp.

5 7-59 .

C f . F orcel la , I scr izion i I , 1 84 , n o . 5 47. 1 6. 1 7.

Mesnard , o p. c i t ., 1 54 . Recorded i n a n i nscrip t ion o n t he s tep s epara t ing t he s ides o f t he b a lust rade .

1 8 .

The B orghese r ounde ls a ppear i n t he a rea t ha t may h ave o r ig ina l ly b een o ccup ied b y t he med ieva l s chola c an toru m .

A s l i turg ica l r egu la t ions a nd

t as te c hanged , t h is a rea was o f ten s everely a l tered .

Ro me , S . C roce i n G erusa le m me

( P la tes 2 2-23 )

Wh i le s erv ing a s t i tu lar c ard ina l o f S . Croce i n G erusa le m me i n 1 144 , G erardo was e lec ted t o t he p apacy a s Lucius I .

A l though h e r eigned f or o n ly

e leven mon ths , t he L iber P on ti f ica l is r ecords t ha t h e r ebu il t S . C roce .

1

Dur ing t h is e ra , t he a ct iv i ty o f t he C os ma t i a t S . Croce was d ocumen ted b y a n i nscr ip t ion o n an o l onger e x tan t c ibor iu m .2

The i nscr ip t ion s ta ted t ha t t he

c ibor iu m was made i n 1 148 b y J ohannes , Ange lus , a nd S asso , t he s ons o f Pau lus .

3

A l though t he d ocu men tary e v idence d oes n ot y ie ld a s peci f ic d a te

f or t he p ave men t , i t s trong ly s ugges ts a d a te a round t he midd le o f t he t wel f th c en tury ;

t he s tyl is t ic e v idence l eads t o t he s ame c onclus ion . 8 9

The p ave men t i n S . C roce i n G erusa le m me c om mences w i th s even l ong it ud ina l ly a l igned r ounde ls wh ich a re a l mos t t o ta l ly modern .4

The s even

r ounde ls a re f lanked o n e i ther s ide b y s even , sma l l l ong i tud ina l ly a rranged s quares .

T he s quares a re , i n t urn , f lanked b y ar ow o f t hree e qua l r ec tang les

c apped b y a sma l ler o ne , t hus mak ing a t o ta l o f f our r ec tang les o n e ach s ide . Th is g roup ing o f r ec tang les i s , f ina l ly , f lanked o n e i ther s ide b y t wo l ong i tud ina l r ows o f f our r ec tang les e ach .

Aq u incunx c o mposed o f b o th med ieva l

a nd modern e le men ts f o l lows t he s even r ounde ls .

I ti s f lanked o n e i ther s ide

b y t hree l ong , n arrow r ectang les e ach o f wh ich e x tends t he e n t ire l eng th o f t he q u incunx .

T he r ec tang les a re a lso p ar t ia l ly r es tored .

5

F o l low ing t he q u incunx i s al ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r ow o f s ix r ounde ls ; t he t hree e as ternmos t r ounde ls a re r es tora t ions .6 f lanked b y s ix teen r ec tang les o n e ach s ide . r ows o f f our e ach ;

T he s ix r ounde ls a re

T he r ec tang les a re a rranged i n

a ga in , t here a re many r es tora t ions .

F o l lowing t he f irs t

g roup o f s ix r ounde ls i s as econd g roup o f s ix r ounde ls , a l l o f wh ich s eem t o b e l ess modern ized t han t he f i rs t g roup .

T hey a re f lanked b y f i ve l ong i tud ina l

a nd f our l a t i tud ina l r ows o f r ec tang les , mak ing a t o ta l o f t wen ty o n e ach s ide . T hroughou t t he p ave men t , t here i s a n a l mos t t o ta l c orrespondence o f p ar ts a round t he c en tra l a x is . i ng a cross t he n ave ;

T he p ave men t t er m ina tes w i th n ine r ec tang les s tre tch-

a ga in , i lere i s ac o mp le te c orrespondence a round t he

c en ter r ectang le. T he a foregoing d escr ip t ion o f t he r ounde ls i n t he S . C roce i n G erusa le m me p ave men t i s n o t i n a ccord w i th t he o bserva t ions o f B esozzi , who p ub l ished a monograph o n S . C roce i n G erusa le m me i n 1 750 .7 H e d iscusses t he c ond i t ion o f t he p ave men t i n t he m id-e igh teen th c en tury a nd s ta tes t ha t , e xcep t f or t he a rea f or mer ly o ccup ied b y t he med ieva l c ho ir , t he e n t ire c hurch was c overed w i th C os ma tesque p ave men t .

8

B esozzi g oes o n t o s ay t ha t d ur ing t he ma jor

r es tora t ions u nder taken b y B ened ic t X IV ( 1 744-58 ) , t he c hoir was c overed w i th a n i m i ta t ion o f C os ma tesque p ave men t mean t t o c on t inue t he p a t terns s een i n t he wes tern p ar t o f t he n ave.

9

Yet , t he l eas t modern ized g roup o f

r ounde ls s ee ms t o b e t hose o ccupying t he a rea o f wha t was o r ig ina l ly t he med ieva l s chola c an torum .

1 °

I n a dd i t ion , i n t he wes ternmos t g roup o f r ounde ls ,

t he f our th r ounde l f ro m t he wes t h as a n i nscr ip t ion d a ted 1 763 . r eca l led t ha t t h is g roup o f r ounde ls a ppears t o b e modern ized .

1 1

I tw i l l b e

I n o ther words ,

t he e v idence g a thered f ro m t he i nscr ip t ion a nd f ro m o bserva t ion s ugges ts t ha t t he s i tua t ion i s t he o ppos i te o f t ha t d escr ibed b y B esozzi .

1 2

I ti s p oss ible t o

r econci le t he t wo o ppos ing v iewpo in ts b y s ugges t ing t ha t t he r ounde ls r e ma ini ng i n t he wes tern p ar t o f t he n ave i n t he e igh teen th c en tury were u sed t o r ep a ir t he r u ined p ave men t i n t he a rea o f t he f or mer s cho la c an toru m a nd t he wes tern p ar t was t hen c rea ted a new .

S uch l arge s ca le t rans fer o f p ieces o f

p ave men t a lso o ccurred a t S . Mar ia i n C osmed in , 1 3 S . Mar ia i n Aracoe l i , a nd S . Benede t to i n P isc inu la , 1 5 a l l i n Ro me . O r , i ti s p oss ible t ha t t he

1 4

p ave men t was a ga in r e- made a f ter t he p ubl ica t ion o f B esozzi 's monograph . B o th a is les i n S .

C roce i n G erusa le m me a re a lso c overed w i th C os ma tesque

p ave men t , b u t t he p a t terns a re s o r es tored a nd a l tered t ha t t hey c anno t a ccur a te ly b e u sed f or s ty l is t ic e v idence . T he a pse a rea i s c overed w i th r ec tang les h av ing a v ar ie ty o f d i mens ions ; t hey a re o bv ious ly r e la id . S o me f ragmen ts o f p ave men t h ave a lso b een r e la id a round t he a t tar i n t he l ower c hurch .

T he

p a t terns o f t he f ew o r ig ina l r ec tang les i n S . C roce i n G erusa le m me a nd t he 9 0

,_ • o vera l l l ayou t o f t he f l oor , a l though s o mewha t a l tered , s uggest a d a te i n t he f i rs t h a l f o f t he t wel f th c en tury. Qua t tro C orona t i , R o me 1 6 1 .

L . Duchesne ( ed .) ,

The p ave men t i s b est c o mpared w i th S S .

a nd S . Ambrog io a t F eren t ino .

1 7

L iber P on t i f ica l is , B ibl io th que d es

D 'A th nes e t d e Ro me , 2 nd s er ies , Par is , 1 892 , I , 3 85 .

k c o l e s

F rança ises

J ohn t he

Deacon r ecords t he s a me i n for ma t ion a nd a dds t ha t G erardo f ound t he c hurch i n r u ins .

C f . J . Mabi l lon , Museu m I ta l icu m s eu C ol lect io v eteru m

s cr ip toru m e x b ibl io thecis I ta l ic is , Par is , 1 724 , I , 5 68 . 2 .

The c urren t c ibor ium i s a t tr ibu table t o t he e igh teen th c en tury r es tora tions o f Bened ict X IV .

C f . R . B esozzi , La s tor ia d e l la b as i l ica d i S an ta Croce

i n G erusa le m me ? Ro me , 1 750 , 5 3. 3 .

I b id ., 3 2.

C f . a lso F orce l la , I scr izion i V I I I , 1 86, n o . 4 09 a nd Ar me l l in i ,

Ch iese I , 9 84.

Hu t ton , The C os ma t i , 3 3 i ncorrect ly r ecords t he d a te

a s 1 143 . 4 .

An i nscr ipt ion d a ted 1 763 a ppears i n t he i nner r ing o f t he f our th r oundel f ro m t he d oor .

5 .

C f . Force l la , I scr izion i V I I I , 2 00 , n o. 5 32.

The p ropor t ions o f t he r ec tang les s urround ing t he q u incunx a re u n l ike a ny o ther C os ma tesque p ave men t .

I n a dd i tion , mosa ic b ands j oin t he

q u incunx t o t he p reced ing a nd s ucceed ing r ounde ls .

Th is a rrange men t

i s u nusua l a nd o ccurs o n ly i n t he e as tern e nd o f t he q u incunx a t S . Ambrog io , F eren t ino .

A l though t he g enera l a rrange men t o f t he S . Croce i n

G erusa le m me p ave men t f o l lows t he t yp ica l med ieva l f or ma t , p ar t icu lar d e ta i ls o f t he d es ign mus t b e a t tr ibu table t o r es tora tion . 6 .

Anderson p ho tograph 8 9 s hows wha t a ppears t o b e at o mb s lab i n t he p os i t ion o ccup ied b y t he t hree r ounde ls .

The p hotograph i s u nda ted .

7 .

Besozzi , o p. c i t .

8 .

" Tu t to i p avi men to d el la C h iesa e sce t tua tane q ue l la p ar te d el la Nave magg iore i n c u i a n tica men te e rav i i lc oro ... e ra f or ma to ... ( d i ) ' opera t essela to '..." .

9 .

I bid ., 3 5 .

" I l p av i men to p ure d i q ues ta b as i l ica s ta to i n q ues ta o ccas ione r i farc i to , e mo l to mig l iora to , mass i me i n q ue l la p ar te d e l la n ave d i mezzo , d ove a n t ica men te e rav i i lc oro , l a q ua le e ssendo p r i ma c oper ta d i r ozze l as tre d i mar mo , p resen te men te

r esa s im i le a l r i manen te c ioè c oper ta c on

v ar j p icco l i p ezzet i d i p ie tre d i d ivers i c olon iu n i t i f ra d i l oro c on s ingol are a r t i f icio ." , I b id., 5 7. 1 0.

Two o f t he r oundels n ow h ave g ran i te c en ters .

1 1.

C f . f oo tno te n o. 4 .

1 2.

R . E . Ma l ms tro m ( "The C o lonnades o f H igh Med ieva l C hurches a t Ro me" , G es ta X IV/2 ,

1 975 , 3 9 ) i n terprets Besozzi 's s ta te men t c oncern ing t he

c hoir t o mean t ha t t he p ave men t i n t ha t a rea was d one a new i n t he e igh te en th c en tury. 1 3 .

C f . i n fra

p p . 1 09-111 .

1 4 .

C f . i n fra

p p . 1 07-109 . 9 1

1 5 .

C f . s upra , p p . 7 9-80 .

1 6.

C f . i n fra

1 7.

C T . s upra ,

p p . 1 24-26 . p p . 6 5-67 .

Ro me , S . Eus tach io T oday , S . Eus tach io d oes n o t h ave a C os ma tesque p ave men t , n or i s t here a ny d ocumen tary e v idence c oncern ing t he p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t t he c hurch . T he p ave men t was p erhaps l os t d ur ing t he d ef in i t ive r es tora t ion o f t he c hurch u nder taken b y C anevar i i n 1 701. 1 A S ta to t e mpora le o f 1 662 i nd ica tes t ha t aC os ma tesque p ave men t was s t i l l e x tan t .2 I t s o r ig ina l d a te i s n o t k nown , b u t ap oss ib le d a te i s o f fered b y t he r eded ica t ion o f t he c hurch b y C e les t inus I I i n 1 196.

3

1 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 2 17.

2 .

A rme l l in i , C h iese I , 5 28 .

3 .

F or t he d ed ica tory i nscr ip t ion , c f . F orce I la , I scr izion i I , 3 85 , n o .1177.

R o me , S . F rancesca R o mana ( S . M. N ova )

( P la te 2 4 )

The a rch i tec tura l h is tory o f S . Francesca R o mana i s e xceed ing ly c o mp lex . A l though o r ig ina l ly e rected i n t he n in th c en tury , 1t he a pse a nd t ransep t d a te f ro m t he t wel f th c en tury .

2

The mosa ic i n t he a pse a nd o ther works were

d ed ica ted b y A lexander I I i n 1 161.

3

Dur ing t he p on ti f ica te o f H onor ius I I

( 1216-1227 ) , r epa irs were made t o t he r oof a nd o ther a reas .4

The n ave

s u f fered many r es tora t ions a nd a dd i t ions , e spec ia l ly i n t he f i f teen th c en tury , a nd , f ina l ly , i n t he e ar ly s even teen th c en tury , P au l V ( 1 605-1621 ) f inanced at horough r es tora t ion o f t he c hurch .5 I n t he c ourse o f t h is l a t ter r es tora t ion , t he n ave p ave men t was l a id o u t a t al eve l s l igh t ly h igher t han t he o r ig ina l l eve 1 .6

T he h igh a l tar a lso d a tes f ro m t h is e ra .

was a ga in r ep laced .

I n 1 952 , t he n ave p ave men t

7

The d ocu men tary e v idence r egard ing t he p resence o f t he C os ma t i i n t he c hurch i s e qua l ly i nconc lus ive .

An o l onger e x tan t i nscr ip t ion , f or mer ly o n

as tone i n t he a ng le o f t he f i rs t c hape l o n t he l e f t , r ecorded t he p resence o f Drudus d e T r iv io , who was a c t ive i n t he t h ir teen th c en tury .

8

I ti s e x traord i-

n ar i ly d oubt fu l a nd w i thou t p receden t t ha t a n i nscr ip t ion p laced i n ac hape l wou ld i n a ny way b e r elevan t t o t he p ave men t .

T he n a me o f Drudus d e Tr iv io

i s n o t s ecure ly a ssoc ia ted w i th a ny o ther C os ma tesque p ave men t . T oday , misce l laneous r ec tang les o f C os ma tesque p ave men t s urround t he a l tar .

T hey v ary i n b o th s ize a nd d es ign a nd t here a re n o c orrespondences

among t he p ane ls .

Many o f t he r ec tang les a re r es tored .

T here i s a lso a

sma l l r ounde l t o t he l e f t o f t he a l tar a nd a l arge s quare o f p orphyry , p ar t ia l ly d es troyed , b eh ind t he a l tar .

T he a fore men t ioned r es tored r ec tang les a re

e xceed ing ly d ark i n t ona l i ty b ecause t hey h ave a l arge amoun t o f p orphyry ; i ti s p oss ible t ha t t he miss ing p ar ts o f t he p orphyry s quare were u sed f or r es tora t ion . d a te .

T he p a t terns a ppear ing i n t he r ec tang les s ugges t at wel f th c en tury 9 2

The r e ma in ing n ave p ave men t c ons is ts o f as quare a pprox i ma te ly f our meters o n as ide i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave .

9

Wi thin t he s quare i s a no ther

s quare t urned s o t ha t i t s c orners t ouch t he mid-poin ts o f t he s ides o f t he o u ter s quare ;

w i th in t he i nner s quare i s aq u incunx .

R oundels , j oined t o

t he i nner s quare b y t he s tandard C os ma tesque i n ter lace a lso a ppear w i th in e ach c orner o f t he o u ter s quare i n t he s pace f or med b y t he s ides o f t he i nner s quare .

Ik now o f n o o r ig ina l C os ma tesque p ave men t h av ing s uch a d es ign .

The s a me d esign , a ssured ly a r es tora t ion , a ppears i n f ron t o f t he p resbytery s teps a t S . Mar ia Magg iore i n C ivi tä Cas tel lana . 1° 1 .

Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 2 20 f ., e sp . 2 42.

2 .

I bid ., l oc. c i t .

3 .

L . Duchesne ( ed .) , L iber P on t i f ica l is , B ibl iothbque d es E coles Fran ça ises D 'A th N ies e t d e Ro me , 2 nd s er ies , Par is , 1 892 , I , 4 03 ;

P . Kehr ,

I ta lia P on t i fic ia , Ro me , 1 906 , I , 6 7, n o . 8 . 4 .

G . M. C resci mben i , L 'is tor ia d el la b as i l ica d iacona le , c o l leg ia ta e p arroch ia le d i S ta . Mar ia i n C os med in , Ro me , 1 715 , 3 90 s ta tes t ha t Mar t inel li s aw a n o l onger v is ible i nscr ip t ion i n t he p ave men t o f S . Francesca Ro mana : H IC REQVIESCIT D . S IN IBALDVS CANONICVS ECCLES IAE CA MERARIO HONORIVS I I , QVI RENOVAVIT TOTV M TECTV M HV IVS ECCLES IAE ET AL IA BONA E IDE M FECIT AN. D . I NCAR. 1 123. Mar t inel li , R o ma e x E thn ica S acra , Ro me , 1 653 , 2 30-31 g ives t he i nscr ip t ion ; Ugon io.

h e a pparen t ly q uotes i ff ro m a n u n iden t i f ied manuscr ip t b y

I n a ny c ase , t he t ranscr ip t ion i s c lear ly i ncorrect .

r ead e i ther H onor ius I a nd 1 124 o r , 1 223.

I t s hou ld

S ince t he t wel f th c en tury work

was d ed ica ted b y A lexander I I ( c f . n ote 3 ) , t he l a t ter r ead ing i s more l ikely.

Ar me l l in i , C h iese I , 1 94 s ta tes t ha t t he c hurch was d estroyed

b y af i re d ur ing t he p on ti f ica te o f Honor ius I I a nd h e r ebu i l t i t .

The

r e levance o f t he d ispu ted i nscr ip t ion t o t he p ave men t i s u ncer ta in . 5 .

Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 2 20f .;

F . T i t i , S tud io d i p i t tura , s co l tura , e t

a rch i te t tura n e ue c h iese d i Ro ma , Ro me , 1 674 , 2 25-26. 6 .

Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 2 25.

7 .

An i nscr ip t ion i n f ron t o f t he a l tar r eads : NUOVO PAV I MENTO MAR MOREO TER M INATO E MONTATO I L 7 .3.1952 .

8 .

Force l la , I scr izion i I , 5 , n o . 1 1.

Forcel la s ta tes t ha t h e s aw t he

i nscr ip t ion a t o ne t ime , b u t c an n o l onger f ind i t . 9 .

P . Lugano , " La b as i l ica d i S . Mar ia Nova a l Foro Ro mano" , R ivis ta S tor ia B enedet tina X I I I , 1 922 , 1 51 s uggests t ha t t h is p iece o f p ave men t may h ave o r ig ina l ly b een i n t he s chola c an toru m .

1 0 .

C f . s upra , p . 6 3 .

9 3

H e c i tes n o e v idence.

Ro me , S . G iaco mo a l la Lungara ( S . G iaco mo i n S et t ignano ) T he f l oor o f S . G iaco mo a l la Lungara i s s a id t o h ave h ad a n i nscr ip t ion r ela ting t o t he C os ma ti . FECERVNT HOC OPVS .

I t r ead ; 1

DEODATVS F IL IVS COS MATI & JACOBVS

C resci mben i s ta tes t ha t t he i nscr ip t ion was c overed

b y s ta irs i n 1 630 , b u t h ad p rev ious ly b een s een b y C ar lo Cas te I li who l e f t a r ecord o f i t " ne l n os tro a rch ivio" ( i .e . t he a rch ives o f S . Mar ia i n C os med in , Ro me ). 2

S ince p ave men ts a re n or ma l ly n o t s igned a nd t he n a me o f Deoda tus

i s n ot a ssocia ted w i th a ny k nown p ave men t , i ti s u n l ikely t ha t t he i nscr ip tion r eferred t o aC os ma tesque p ave men t .

More l i ke ly , t he i nscr ip t ion r e ferred

t o ad is man t led p iece o f c hurch f urn i ture ; embedded i n t he f loor . a ny k ind . 1 .

s uch p ieces were o ccas iona l ly

Today , t here a re n o t races o f C os ma tesque work o f

3

G . M. C resc i mben i , L 'is tor ia d el la b as i lica d iacona le , c o l leg ia ta e p arroch ia le d i S . M. i n C os med in , Ro me , 1 715 , 1 39. w i th t he r ead ing o f t he i nscr ip t ion .

De Ross i d isagrees

C f . G . B . D e Ross i , "Raccol ta d i

i scr izion i r o mane r e la t ive a d a r t is t i e d a l le l ore o pere n e l med io e vo c o mpi la ta a l la f ine d e l s ecolo XV I", B u l le t tino d i Archeo log ia C r ist iana 5 th s er ies , I , 1 891 , 7 5-76. 2

. C resci mben i ,

3 .

l oc . c i t .

I n more r ecen t t imes , t he c hurch s ee ms t o h ave h ad a c heckered h istory. T he 1 891 e di t ion o f Ar mel lin i ( Le c h iese d i R o ma , Ro me , 1 891 , 6 53 ) s ta tes t ha t t he monastery was r ecen t ly d es troyed a nd t he c hurch i s c losed a nd a wa i t ing d es truction . 1 900.

Bu t , t he c hurch was a pparen t ly r e-opened i n

C f . D . Gaspari , P er l a r iaper tura d e l la c h iesa d i S . G iaco mo

Magg iore A pos to lo a l la Lungara , R o me , 1 900 , 1 0 , 1 6.

Ro me , S . G iorg io i n Velabro T oday , t he o n ly r e ma ins o f C os ma tesque p ave men t i n S . G iorg io i n Ve labro c ons is t o f s ca t tered b i ts o f p orphyry a nd s erpen t ine i n t he n ave a nd a pse o f t he c hurch .

Ye t , Ugon io 's d escr ip t ion a ssures u s t ha t aC os ma tesque

p ave men t o nce c overed t he e n t ire c hurch : I ip av i men to s i c onosce , c he f u g ia l as tr ica to d i t avole d i mar mo ,

d e l le

q ua l i q ue l le p oche , c he v i s ono r i mase , s i v eggono n e l s uolo d i mezzo . I r es to

d i ma t ton i c on c er te l i nee d i mar mo a l oco ä l oco .

1

Ugon io t hen d escr ibes t he p ave men t i n t he p resbytery; I medes i mo Presbi ter io a t torno è c oper to d i t avole d i mar mo i n ter mezz a te c 6 c o löne s cgne l la te , & s opra q s te s i c urva l a t r ibuna d i modern° l avoro d ip in ta

I n q ues to s pa t io i p av i men to

p iu v aga men te c he i

r es to d el la c hiesa a dorna to d i p ie tre d i p iu c o lor i .2 Ugon io 's d escr ip t ion i nd ica tes t ha t t he p resbytery was more e labora te t han t he n ave i n wh ich t here a ppears t o h ave b een , a t t h is p oin t , o n ly r ec tangu lar p anels .

The r eference t o " coröne sanel la te" s hou ld a lso b e n o ted b ecause

i tu pho lds t he i dea t ha t t he p orphyry r ounde ls u sed b y t he C os ma t i were i ndeed s l ices o f a n t ique c olu mns .

9 4

B y t he l a te e ighteen th c en tury , t he p ave men t s ee ms t o h ave d eter iora ted e ven f ur ther , f or Feder ico 's d escr ip t ion r efers t o o n ly a f ew l arge s labs o f d iverse marble i n t he n ave.

3

H e d oes n o t d escr ibe t he p resbytery p ave men t .

The e n tire c hurch was d ug u p a s p ar t o f t he r es tora tion o f 1 828 .4

Th is d oubt-

l ess marked t he u l ti ma te d es truct ion o f t he p ave men t , f or Mur i oz f ound n o t races o f i td ur ing h is r estora t ion c o mp leted i n 1 926.

5

1 .

P . Ugon io , H is tor ia d e l le s ta t ion i d i Ro ma , Ro me , 1 588 , 2 0-21.

2 .

I b id., 2 1.

3 .

F eder ico d i S an P ietro , Me mor ie i s tor iche d el s acro t e mpio , os ia d iacon ia d i S an G iorg io i n V e labro , Ro me , 1 791 , 7 7-78 . Tu t to i lp av i men to d el le Tre Nava te s ino a l la t r ibuna d i ma t ton i ;

n el mezzo p erö v i s ono d el le l as tre g rand i

d i rar mo d iverso , en ei q uar t i , c he d iv idono i ma t tona to d a u na C olonna a l l 'a l tra , es o t to g l iarch i d el la Nava ta d i mezzo d a u n muro a l l 'a l tro v i s ono c er te l inee d i mar mo , a lcune d e l le q ua l i s ono s cr i t te e c ara t ter i g reci . es i t engono p er f ra m men t i d i Lapid i s epolcra l i ... 4 .

A . Mur ioz . T1 .r estauro d el la b as i l ica d i S . G iorg io i n Ve labro , Ro me , 1 926 , 1 9-20.

Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 2 74 s ugges ts t ha t t he p ave men t

may h ave b een r a ised i n 1 601.

C f . a lso P . Ba t t ifo l , " Inscr ip t ions

b yzan tines d e S a in t-Georges a u Ve labre" , Me langes d es t co les F rança ises D 'A thenes e t d e Ro me V I I , 1 887 , 4 19f .

Krau thei mer 's s ugges t ion i s

t aken u p h , D ucho ‘,i eck i , b u t n o f ur ther e v idence i s a dduced . Buchowieck i , Handbuch d er K irchen Ro ms , I , V ienna ,

C f . W.

1 970 , 5 5 .

F or

a dd i t iona l c o m men ts c oncern ing t he l eve l o f t he p ave men t , c f . Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 2 49 , 2 63. 5 .

Mu i ioz, o p. c i t., 2 1.

Ro me , S S . G iovann i e Pao lo

( P la tes 2 5-26)

A l though t he o r ig ina l d a te o f t he p ave men t i n S S . G iovann i e Paolo i s n ot d ocu men ted , i t s s ubsequen t h is tory i s e xceed ing ly wel l-known .

Ugon io

c o m men ts o n t he i n tarsia ted p ave men t i n t he n ave , b u t i t s c ond i t ion was a l tered l ess t han a c en tury l a ter .

1

B e tween 1 668 a nd 1 689 , a ma jor r es tora-

t i on was u nder taken b y Cardina l P h i l ip H oward .

H e d e mol ished t he s chola

c an toru m a nd b oth a l tars i n t he n ave. 2 Wr i t ing s hor tly a f ter Card ina l Howard 's r es tora t ion , Rondin in i d escr ibed t he p ave men t a s :

" ...par t im r ude , p ar ti m

mirae e s t e legan t iae & o pere t essel la to e labora tu m" .

3

F ina l ly , a ma jor

r e model ling o f t he c hurch was d one u nder t he a uspices o f Card ina l Fabrizio Pao lucci f ro m 1 715-1718 .4 u sed t o make a n ew d es ign .

P ar ts o f t he o ld C os ma tesque p ave men t were 5

The p ave men t s ee ms t o h ave r e ta ined i t s e igh t-

e en th c en tury a rrange men t t o t he p resen t d ay , s ince p ho tographs t aken b efore a nd a f ter t he ma jor r es tora t ion o f 1 911 i nd ica te t ha t t he p ave men t was n ot a l tered a t t ha t t ime. 6

9 5

The p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t S S . G iovann i eP ao lo i s k nown t hrough a n i nscr ip t ion o n an ow l os t c ibor iu m .

The c ibor iu m was p resen ted b y

C ard ina l C enci° , l a ter H onor ius I I ( 1 216-27 ) , a nd b ore t he i nscr ip t ion : MAGR . COSMAS FEC IT HOC OPVS .7 T here i s n o d irec t e v idence c oncern ing t he p ave men t .

8

I t s c hrono logy mus t r es t u pon t he r e ma in ing s tyl is t ic e v idence .

The n ave p ave men t b eg ins i n t he wes t w i th t hree l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned q u incunxes , o ne o f wh ich i s p ar t ia l ly o bscured b y t he c en ter d oor . o f t he p ave men t s ee ms t o h ave e scaped r es tora t ion .

T h is a rea

I n e ach c ase , t he sma l ler

r ounde ls s urround ing t he c en ter o f t he q u incunx a re j o ined b y mosa ic b ands t o b o th t he c en ter r ounde l o f t he ir own g roup a nd t o t he f lank ing r ounde ls o f t he s ucceed ing o r p reced ing g roup .

T h is d es ign o ccurs o n ly i n mid- o r l a te

t h ir teen th c en tury p ave men ts , s uch a s t hose i n t he S . S i lves tro C hape l i n S S . Qua t tro C orona t i , R o me ,

9

t he n ave o f S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , R o me ,

1 0

a nd i n t he S ancta S anc toru m , t he l a t ter s ecure ly d a ted b etween 1 277 a nd 1 280 .

1 1

Thus , a l though we k now t ha t ac ons iderable amoun t o f b u i ld ing t ook p lace a t S S . G iovann i e Pao lo i n t he t we l f th c en tury ,

1 2

t here i s ag ood p oss ibi l i ty t ha t

t he C os ma tesque p ave men t was n o t i ns ta l led u n t i l t he s econd h a lf o f t he t h irt een th c en tury.

1 3

T he t hree q u incunxes a re f o l lowed b y as tr ip o f l arge ly r es tored r ectang les t ha t e x tends a l mos t t he e n t ire l eng th o f t he n ave .

I n a pprox i ma te ly t he m idd le

o f t he c hurch , t he s tr ip i s i n terrup ted b y a n o c tagon c o mposed o f ap orphyry r ounde l f lanked b y wedge-shaped p ieces o f C os ma tesque p a t terns , s o me f ro m t he o r ig ina l p ave men t a nd s o me modern a dd i t ions .

W i th in t he o c tagon , t he

p ieces o ppos ing e ach o ther h ave t he s a me p a t tern .

A t t he e nd o f t he s tr ip

o f r ec tang les , j us t b efore t he a l tar s teps , i s as im i lar o c tagona l p a t tern , n ow p ar t ia l ly o bscured b y ab a lus trade. Mee t ing t he q u incunx-rec tang le s tr ip a t an ine ty d egree a ng le o n e ach s ide a re i rregu lar ly s paced s tr ips o f l a t i tud ina l ly a l igned r ectang les t ha t b reak u p t he o therw ise p la in marble f loor .

T here a re

s even o f t hese s tr ips o n e ach s ide o f t he n ave , mak ing a t o ta l o f f our teen . The p a t terns a re o f n o h e lp i n e s tabl ish ing a d a te f or t he p ave men t ;

t he

a rrange men t i s r e markably s im i lar t o t he s l igh t ly l a ter r es tora t ion i n S S . B on i facio e A less io , R o me .

1 4

F ina l ly , t here a re a f ew m isce l laneous f rag-

men ts b efore t he s teps t o t he r igh t a nd l e f t o f t he a l tar .

T hus , b ased o n t he

s can t e v idence p rov ided b y t he q u incunxes , t he o r ig ina l C os ma tesque p ave men t was mos t l i ke ly made i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he t h ir teen th c en tury. 1 .

P . U gon io , H is tor ia d e l le s ta t ion i d i Ro m; R o me , 1 588 , 2 9 .

2 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 2 72.

F orce l la , I scr izion i X , 8 , n o . 1 2 ;

P .

G er mano d a S an S tan is lao , La c asa c e l i mon tana d e i S S . G iovann i e P aolo , R o me , 1 894 , 4 53. 3 .

P . Rond in in i , De S anct is Mar tyr ibus J ohanne e t Pao lo , Eoru mque Bas i l ica i n U rbe R o ma , Ro me , 1 707, 1 57 .

4 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 2 72 ; n o . 1 5 .

F orce I la , I scr izion i X , 8 , n o . 1 4 ;

5 .

G ermano d a S an S tan is lao , o p. c i t ., 4 50 .

6 .

A . P rand i , I ic o mp lesso monumen ta le d e l la b as i l ica c e l i mon tana d e i S S . G iovann i e Pao lo , C i t tä d e l Va t icano , 1 953 , f ig . 2 8-29 . 9 6

9 ,

7 .

E pi taph ia e t i ns ign ia n obi l iu m f a mi l iaru m i n e ccles i is Urbis , Ro me , B ibl ioteca Va t icana , La t . 8 253 , 1 82 v ; Forcel la , I scr izion i X , 5 , n o . 3 .

8 .

G er mano d a S an S tan is lao , o p., .c i t ., 4 09f . d iscusses a n i nscr ip t ion f or mer ly i n t he p ave men t .

H e c i tes t he words "MAG ISTER JACOBVS"

a nd t r ies t o i den t i fy J acobus w i th t he Ro man marbleworker o f t ha t n a me. H e d oes a dm i t t ha t t here i s n o s ecure e v idence t ha t J acobus made t he p ave men t .

T he c o mp lete i nscr ip t ion i s r ecorded i n J . M. S uarez ,

S chedae e p igraph icae , i des t i nscr ip t iones a n t iquae p leraeque a b i pso , n onnu l lae a b amicis e xscr ip tae , Ro me , B iblio teca Va t icana . La t . 9 140 , 1 29v a nd A r mel l in i , C h iese I , 6 23.

A r ead ing o f t he e n t ire i nscr ip tion

i nd ica tes t ha t i ta ppeared o n at o mb s lab a nd t ha t J acobus was a c ler ic o f t he c hurch . 9 .

C f . i n fra

p . 1 25 .

1 0 .

C f . i n fra

1 1.

C f . i n fra , p . 1 28 .

1 2.

F orcel la , I scr izion i X , 5 , n o . 1 ;

1 3.

Ar me l l in i , C h iese I , 6 22 s ta tes t ha t t he p ave men t I Na s d one i n t he t hir-

p p . 1 01-102 .

t een th c en tury.

6 , n o . 4 .

Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 2 86 s ta tes t ha t t he f acade i s

t we lf th c en tury , b u t t he d iaphragm a rches i n t he n ave a nd t heir e x ter ior b u t tresses a re i n a l l l i ke l ihood t h ir teen th c en tury. 1 4 .

C f . s upra , p p . 8 0-82 .

Ro me , S . G iovann i aP or ta La t ina

( P la te 2 7)

A l ong i nscr ip t ion o n t he e n trance wa l l o f S . G iovann i aP or ta La t ina s ta tes t ha t t he c hurch was d ed ica ted b y C e les tinus I I ( 1191-98 ) i n 1 191.

1

T he h igh med ieva l c hurch was p robably c ons tructed i n t he l a te t we lf th o r e ar ly t h ir teen th c en tury. 2 i n to r u in .

B y t he s ix teen th c en tury , t he c hurch h ad f a l len

I tu nderwen t e x tens ive r epa irs i n b o th t he s ix teen th a nd s even teen th

c en tur ies . 3 Between 1 913 a nd 1 915 , t he c hurch was s tr ipped o f i t s Baroque a ccre t ions a nd r e turned t o i t s medieva l f or m .4 Today , t he o n ly r e ma ins o f t he p ave men t a re t wen ty miscel laneous r ec tang les i n t he a pse b e tween t he a l tar a nd t he l ow s tep s epara t ing t he n ave f ro m t he a pse.

5

The p ave men t h as e v iden t ly b een r ela id a nd r es tored ;

e xh ibi ts n o c orrespondences o r r epea ted p a t terns .

i t

Based o n s tylis tic c o m-

p ar isons w i th t he r ectang les i n more s ecure ly d a ted a nd c o mp le te p ave men ts s uch a s S . S aba , Ro me 6 a nd S . Mar ia Magg iore a t C iv i tä . Cas tel lana ,

7

t he

p ave men t w ou ld a ppear t o b e c oeva l w i th t he d ed ica t ion o f t he c hurch o r p erhaps p os tda tes i tb y af ew y ears . Despi te t he p a ltry r e ma ins o f t he p ave men t , e v idence e x is ts t o i nd ica te t ha t t he e n t ire c hurch was o nce c overed w i th p ave men t . Crescimben i , i n 1 716, wrote t ha t d ur ing a p apa l v is i t i n 1 630 , i t was n o ted t ha t t he e n t ire c hurch h ad a n i n tars ia ted p ave men t .

8

Bu t , l ess t han o ne-hundred y ears l a ter ,

C resci mben i h i msel f o bserved t ha t t he o n ly p ave men t r e ma in ing i n t he n ave c ons is ted o f af ew f ragmen ts b etween t he c olu mns .

9 7

9

Thus , t he p ave men t was

a lready i n p oor c ond i t ion b y t he e ighteen th c en tury ;

t he p ane ls n ow r ela id

i n t he a pse were p robably t hose o bserved b y C resci mben i t o b e b e tween t he c olumns . 1 .

Force I la . I scr izion i X I , 1 61 , n o . 2 97.

2 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 3 10 .

3 .

I b id ., 3 06;

G . Ma t th iae , e t a l ., S . G iovann i aP or ta La t ina e l ' ora tor io

d i S . G iovann i i n O leo , L e c h iese d i Ro ma i l lus tra te , 5 1 , R o me , 1 959 , 2 4. 4 .

P . S tyg€r , " La d ecorazione a f resco d e l X I I s eco lo d el la c h iesa d i S . G iovann i

' An te P or ta m L a t ina m ' , "S tud i R o man i I , 1 914 , 2 61-328 .

p ho tograph t aken b efore t he r es tora t ion o f 1 913-15 ( Ro me ,

A

I s t i tu to

C en tra le p er i l Ca ta logo e l a Docu men tazione , C1 0666) i ndica tes t wo s teps b etween t he n ave a nd t he a pse . 5 .

N ow , t here i s o n ly o ne .

I n c . 1 970 , as tone p u lp i t was e ic u t .cc i i n t he l e f t-cen ter o f t he a pse . o bscures s o me o f t he r ectang les .

I t

Pr ior t o t h is c ons truct ion , i n c . 1 967,

Iwas a b le t o c oun t t wen ty r ectang les . 6 .

C f . i n fra

7 .

C f . s upra , p p . 6 3-64 .

8 .

G . M. C resci mben i , L 'is tor ia d el la c h iesa d i S . G iovann i a van t i P ( _» ta La t ina

9 .

p p . 1 26-27 .

Ro me , 1 716 , 8 2.

I b id ., l oc . c i t .

Ro me , S . G regor io Magno ( S . G regor io a t C elh ,) S . G regor io Magno p rov ides a p ar t icu lar ly i n teres t ing e xa mp le o f a we l ld ocu men ted e igh teen th c en tury r es tora t ion .

S o l i t t le o f t he o r ig ina l p ave men t

r e ma ins t ha t i ti s impossible t o s ugges t ad a te f or t he o r ig ina l p ave men t .1 The c ore o f t he b u i ld ing a ppears t o b e at we lf th c en tury s tructure. 2

A pparen t ly ,

t he o r ig ina l med ieva l p ave men t g radua l ly f e l l i n to r u in , f or i n 1 603 , C le men t V I I I ( 1592-1605 ) f orbade t he i ns ta l la t ion o f a ny n ew s epu lchres .

3

F ina l ly,

i t was d ec ided t o modern ize t he c hurch a nd work was b egun i n 1 726 f ro m t he d es igns o f G iuseppe S era t ina .4

The p oor c ond i t ion o f t he f l oor i s f ur ther

r evea led i n 1 729 , when , i n t he mids t o f t he modern iza t ion , t he a bbo t p resen ted t he f o l lowing p lea : Bmo Padre , l 'Abba te d i S . G regor io , p ros tra to a t b acio , d ei s acr i p ied i d e l la S . V. o squ iosa men te e spone c he p er c o mpiere l a f abbr ica d e l la c h iesa c onv iene r i modernare a nche i tp av imen to , Essendovi p er tan to a lcune s epo l ture , l e q ua l i f orse c onverrä t rasfer ire i n a l tro l uogo p iü p ropr io , p er c on for mars i a t d isegno d el l 'arch i te t to ...

5

The p lea was o bv ious ly h eard b ecause a n i nscr ip t ion w i th in a c ircle i n f ron t o f t he a l tar r ecords t he c o mp le ted work : ANG . M.QUIR INVS .S . R.E. CARD. B IBL.BR IX . PAV I M .MUS IV .ET .TESSEL .OPE R .P .A .C ICICCCXLV .6 9 8

The p ave men t i s a ga in men t ioned i n a n i nscr ip t ion a bove a n e n trance t o t he c hurch ;

i t r ecords t he wonders wrough t b y Qu ir in i .7

Qu ir in i is n ew p ave men t was c ons tructed o f s o me b i ts o f o r ig ina l C os mat esque p ave men t , many n ew t esserae , a nd l arge r ec tang les p robably r e moved f ro m d is me mbered p ieces o f c hurch f urn i ture .

Two o f t hese p ieces , c ons is-

t ing o f d iamonds w i th in s quares , a re embedded i n t he p ave men t , wh i le a no ther may b e f ound i n t he c lo is ter . S . Bar to lo m meo a l l 'Iso la .

8

They r ese mble t he f ragmen ts i n t he f l oor o f T he c ong lo mera t ion o f p a tterns i s p u t t oge ther

s o a s t o f or m f our l arge r ectang les wh ich f i l l t he n ave f ro m d oor t o a l tar ; t hey a re d iv ided b y w ide marb le b ands a nd e x tend a cross a l mos t t he e n t ire w id th o f t he n ave .

T he wes ternmos t r ec tang le c ons is ts ma in ly o f sma l l

a d jo in ing s quares , wh i le t he o ther t hree r ec tang les a re d om ina ted b y r oundels j o ined i n i rregu lar p a t terns a nd i n terspersed w i th misce l laneous a nd u nre la ted b i ts o f o ther p a t terns . 1 .

An e igh teen th c en tury manuscr ip t r ecords t en sma l l d rawings o f t he p ave men t .

T he d raw ings a re made o f s uch sma l l d e ta i ls t ha t i ti s

d i f f icu l t t o a scer ta in whe ther t hey were made b e fore o r a f ter t he r es torat ion .

One o f t he d rawings d oes a ppear t o r epresen t ar es tored r ounde l

s urrounded b y mosa ic b ands ; p os tda te t he r es tora t ion .

t hus , i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he d rawings

The c odex was a cqu ired b y Marchese C appon i

i n S ep te mber , 1 733 , t ha t i s , i n t he mids t o f t he r es tora t ion e f for ts .

C f .

G . S a lvo C ozzo , Ic od ici C appon ian i d e l la B ib l io teca Va t icana , C i t tä d e l Va t icano , 1 897 , 3 22 .

C f . G . Lucches i , Racco l ta d i v ar j p av i-

men t i a n t ich i d i mosa ico c he p resen te men te s i v edono i n a lcune c h iese d i Ro ma , Ro me , B ib l io teca Va t icana , C odex C appon ian i 2 36 , f o l . 2 2-30 , e sp . 2 8 . 2 . 3 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 3 20 f . A . G ibe l l i , Me mor ie s tor iche e d a r t is t iche d e l l 'an t ich iss i ma c h iesa a bbazia le d e i S S . Andrea e G regor io a l C l ivo d i S cauro s u l Mon te C e l io , Ro me , 1 888 , 4 1 , f ootno te 1 .

4 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 3 25 .

5 .

G ibe l l i , 22 . c i t ., l oc . c i t .

6 .

F orce l la , I scr izion i I , 1 39 , n o . 4 10 .

7 .

I b id ., 1 39 , n o . 4 12 .

8 .

C f . s upra ., p p . 7 8-79 .

R o me , S . I vo d i Bre t tagna The o r ig ina l c hurch o n t he s i te o f S . I vo d i Bre t tagna was c a l led S . Andrea d e Mar morar i is ( or S . Andrea d e Mor tararüs ). 1 I td er ived i t s n ame f ro m i t s l oca t ion i n t he c en ter o f t he a rea o ccup ied b y marb leworkers a nd masons .2 ( 1 130-44 ).

The med ieva l c hurch was f irs t men t ioned i n ab u l l o f I nnocen t I 3

T he c hurch was mos t l i ke ly b u i l t i n t he t we lf th c en tury. 4

f i f teen th c en tury , t he o ld c hurch was r ep laced b y S . I vo d i Bre t tagna .

I n t he 5

Th is

c hurch was d es troyed i n 1 875 a nd t he med ieva l p ave men t , wh ich h ad b een 9 9

r e-used i n t he f i f teen th c en tury c hurch , was s tored i n t he v es t ibu le a nd c lo is ter o f S . L u ig i d e i Frances i , Ro me .6

An ew c hurch was t hen b u i l t o n

t he s a me s i te a nd t he p ave men t was r e moved f ro m s torage a nd r e-ins ta l led . T he p ave men t i n t he c urren t c hurch o f S . I vo d i Bret tagna i s t hus r e la id . I tc ons is ts o f af ew m iscel laneous r ec tang les a nd a l arge c en tra l e le men t c ons is t ing o f aq u incunx w i th in a s quare .

T he s quare i s r o ta ted s o t ha t i t s

c orners t ouch t he p er i me ter o f al arger s quare a t t he mid-po in t o f e ach s ide . Rounde ls a ppear i n e ach o f t he s paces f or med b y t he mee t ing o f t he t wo s quares . The d es ign i s s im i lar t o t he r es tored p ane l i n t he n ave o f S . Francesca R o mana ( S . Mar ia N ova ) .7

G iven t he c heckered h is tory o f t he p ave men t a nd

t he d ear th o f o r ig ina l p ieces , i ti s imposs ible t o a scer ta in a d a te .

8

B ased o n

t he s can t i n forma t ion c oncern ing t he med ieva l c hurch , at we l f th c en tury d a te wou ld s ee m t o b e mos t l i ke ly. 1 .

C . H ue lsen , L e c h iese d i R o ma n e l med io e vo , F lorence , 1 927 , I8 8-89.

2 .

A . Mon t i , " La c h iesa d i S . I vo" , I l Buonarro t i, s er ies 2 , X , 1 875 , 1 66.

3 .

Hue lsen ,2 _p .c i t . ,l o c . c i t .

4 .

X . Barb ier d e Mon tau l t , L es el ises d e R o me 6 tud i6es a u p oin t d e v ue a rch6olog ique , E x tra i t d e l a Revue d e l 'Ar t C hrb t ien , 2 nd s er ies , A rras , 1 877 , 2 66;

J . d e L aur iere , " No te s ur

S a in t-Yves-des-Bre tons

Ro me ," Bu l le t in Monumen ta l XLV ( 5 th s er ies , V I I ) , 1 879 , 4 19-31. 5 .

Hue lsen , o p . c i t ., l oc . c i t .

6 .

d e L aur iere , o p . c i t ., 4 23 ;

7 .

C f . s upra , p p . 9 2-93 .

8 .

I n a n e igh teen th c en tury manuscr ip t b y G iuseppe Lucches i ( Racco l ta d i

Ar me l l in i , C h iese

I , 4 02 .

v anjp av i men t i a n t ich i d i mosa ico c he p resen te men te s i v edono i n a lcune c h iese d i Ro ma , R o me , B ib l io teca Va t icana , C odex Cappon ian i , 2 36 , f o l . 1 2-21) , t here a re t en f o l ios e ach c on ta in ing , o n t he r ec to s ide , ad rawing o f ad eta i l o f t he S . I vo p ave men t .

T he d raw ings , o n wh ich n o s ca le i s

wr i t ten , c ons is t o f f our d e ta i ls o f r ectangu lar p ane ls a nd s ix d e ta i ls o f r ounde ls .

I n g enera l , t hey g ive t he i mpress ion t ha t t he p ave men t h ad

a lready b een g rea t ly r es tored o r moved a bou t .

O f t he f our r ec tangu lar

p a t terns , o n ly t he d es ign o n f o l io 1 2 a ppears i n a ny o ther c hurch .

S ince

t he p os i t ion o f t he r ounde ls i s n o t g iven a nd L ucches i d raws o n ly a f ew o f t he n arrow c oncen tr ic c irc les s urround ing t he m , i ti s imposs ib le t o r each a ny c onc lus ion , s ave t ha t o ne o f t he r oundels , f o l io 1 9 , d oes n o t s ee m t o r e ta in i t s o r ig ina l d ispos i t ion .

Ro me , S . L orenzo i n Lucina U gon io 's d e ta i led d escr ip t ion o f S . L orenzo i n L ucina t e l ls u s t ha t t he c hurch h ad a n i n tars ia ted p ave men t t ha t was , i n h is t ime , p ar t ia l ly r u ined b y t o mb s labs . 1 The p ave men t i s n o l onger e x tan t . There i s n o d ocumen tary e v idence r e la t ing t o t he p resence o f t he C osma t i a t t he c hurch , n or i s t he d a te o f t he o r ig ina l p ave men t k nown .

The c hurch s aw a g rea t d ea l o f b u i ld ing

a c t iv i ty d ur ing t he t wel f th c en tury a nd t he p ave men t was p erhaps made a t t ha t 1 00

t ime .2

I n e i ther 1 596 o r 1 598 , t he f l oor o f t he c hurch was r a ised 1 .6 m.

3

T h is a l tera t ion may h ave marked t he u l t i ma te d es truct ion o f t he C os ma tesque p avemen t .

I .i s n o t men t ioned i n a ny o f t he more r ecen t l i tera ture .

1 .

P . U gon io , H is tor ia d e l le s ta t ion i d i Ro ma , Ro me , 1 588 , 1 87.

2 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 1 61-62 .

3 .

I bid ., 1 62 a nd F . G rosso-Gond i , " La c on fess io d e l l 'a l tare magg iore e l a c a t tedra p apa le a S . L orenzo i n Luc ina" , S tud i Ro man i I , 1 913 , 5 9 , n o te 3 .

Ro me , S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura

( P la tes 2 8-30 )

The r e ign o f H onor ius I I ( 1216-27) p rov ides a t er m inus p os t q ue m f or t he p ave men t i n t he wes tern p ar t o f S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura .

F or , H onor ius

I I a dded a l ong n ave t o t he s ix th c en tury c hurch b u i l t b y P e lag ius I ( 5 79-90 ) . The c ons truct ion d es troyed t he a pse o f t he e ar l ier c hurch a nd t ha t c hurch n ow s erves a s t he e as tern e nd o f t he t h ir teen th c en tury c hurch .

1

I n o ther

words , a pprox i ma te ly t woth irds o f t he a rea c overed b y C os ma tesque p avemen t was n o t bu i l t u n t i l t he e ar ly y ears o f t he t h ir teen th c en tury . The p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura i s s ecure ly d ocu men ted .

The c ibor iu m was made b y Pau lus ' s ons ,

J ohannes , P etrus ,

Ange lus , a nd S asso i n 1 148 .2

The p ane ls n ow f lank ing t he e p iscopa l t hrone i n

t he a pse were made i n 1 254 .

The a c t iv i ty o f t he C os ma t i t hus e x tends b eyond

t he r e ign o f H onor ius I I.

3

S ave f or t he t er m inus p os t q ue m p rov ided b y Hono-

r ius ' r e ign , t here i s n o d ocu men tary e v idence c oncern ing t he d a te o f t he p ave men t .

The p ave men t i n t he a is les mus t h ave b een d is turbed i n 1 619 b y

t he c ons truct ion o f B aroque a l tars . 4 And , b e tween 1 855 a nd 1 864 , V irg in io Vespignan i u nder took ma jor a l tera t ions i n t he c hurch .5 H is work r esu l ted , i n ter a l ia

i n t he r earrange men t o f t he p ave men t c over ing t he l as t f our n ave

i n terco lumn ia t ions . 6 The p ave men t h as a lso b een d is turbed b y e xcava t ions , e spec ia l ly t hose i n t he a rea o f t he a pse o f t he o r ig ina l P e lag ian b as i l ica .7 F ina l ly , i n 1 943 , ab omb f e l l o n S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura a nd c aused e x tens ive d amage t o t he p or t ico a nd t he n ave p ave men t . 8 Be tween 1 946 a nd 1 950 , t he c hurch was r es tored u nder t he s uperv is ion o f A lber to Terenzio .

9

Ye t ,

d espi te i t s r a ther c heckered h is tory a nd t he f act t ha t many i nd iv idua l p a tterns h ave b een r es tored , t he p ave men t i n S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura s t i l l r e ta ins much o f i t s o r ig ina l l ayou t a nd i s c er ta in ly among t he r iches t o f e x tan t p avemen ts .

1 0

The r ectang les d ecora t ing t he a is les h ave b een much r es tored a nd t here i s l i tt le v ar ie ty o f p a t tern ;

t hey a re o f n o h e lp i n e s tabl ish ing a c hrono logy.

I n t he n ave p ave men t , t he p os t-war r es tora t ion i s mos t o bv ious i n t he p ar t n eares t t he e n trance where o ne o bv ious ly r e la id r ounde l i s f lanked b y as er ies o f misce l laneous r ec tang les f or m ing f our l ong i tud ina l a nd f ive l a t i tud ina l r ows ; t here a re n o c orrespondences .

1 1

Th is a rea i s f o l lowed b y t wo l ong i tud ina l ly

a l igned q u incunxes w h ich a re s ign i f ican t i n t ha t t hey h ave t he s a me d ouble l i nkage a s s een i n t he more s ecure ly d a ted p ave men ts i n t he S anc ta S anctoru m 1 2 a nd i n t he S . S i lves tro C hape l i n S S . Qua t tro C orona t i , Ro me .

1 3

Tha t i s ,

t he sma l ler r ounde ls s urround ing t he c en ter o f e ach q u incunx a re n o t o n ly 1 01

j o ined t o t he c en ter r ounde l o f e ach q u incunx , b u t a lso t o t he sma l l r ounde ls o f t he s ucceed ing o r p reced ing q u incunx .

Th is s or t o f c o mp lex l inkage d oes

n o t a ppear b efore t he mid-th ir teen th c en tury a nd f ur ther s ugges ts t ha t t he work i n S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura was n o t c o mp le ted b y t he d ea th o f H onor ius I I i n 1 227. The t wo q u incunxes a re f o l lowed b y as quare wh ich o nce c on ta ined t wo c on fron t ing c ava l iers s im i lar t o t hose f or mer ly i n t he p ave men t o f S . Mar ia Magg iore , Ro me .

The p ane l was d es troyed b y t he b o mb ing o f 1 943 .

1 4

1 5

T h is r es tored s quare i s t hen f o l lowed b y t wo more q u incunxes o f t he t ype p rev ious ly d iscussed .

T h is e n t ire a rea i s f lanked b y r ec tang les , t he ma jor i ty

o f wh ich h ave b een r es tored . The r e ma inder o f t he n ave p ave men t , b eg inn ing a t t he f our th c o lumn f ro m t he wes t where t he ambon i a re l oca ted a nd c on t inu ing t o t he e n trance o f t he c ryp t , was a l tered b y Vesp ignan i .

1 6

Or ig ina l ly , t here were f ive-and-one-

h a l f p orphyry r ec tang les , b o th s epara ted f ro m e ach o ther a nd f lanked b y i nd iv idua l r oundels l inked t o t he ma in p a t tern ;

t he d es ign i s al a ter d eve lop-

men t a nd c o mp l ica t ion o f t he d ecora t ion i n t he c ho ir o f S . Andrea i n F lu m ine i n P onzano Ro mano .

1 7

V espignan i , h owever , c ons tructed c urved s teps a t

t he e n trance t o t he c ryp t a nd l i f ted o ne p orphyry r ectang le a nd i ts f lank ing r ounde ls t o d ecora te t he n ew s tructure .

Aga in , r es tored r ec tang les f lank

t he c en ter d es ign . The p ave men t s urround ing t he c ibor ium a nd d ecora t ing t he r a ised a pse ( f or mer ly t he Pe lag ian c hurch ) i s , w i thou t d oubt , t he mos t f an tas t ic a nd c o mp lex p a ttern a ppear ing i n a ny C os ma tesque p ave men t .

1 8

T he ma in d es ign

c ons is ts o f as er ies o f i n ter tw in ing s quares , r ec tang les , a nd r ounde ls ;

t he

e n t ire p a t tern , i n wh ich a g rea t d ea l o f p orphyry i s u sed , weaves a round t he c ibor iu m .

When c o mpared t o t he s i mp le r oundels f ram ing t he c ibor ia i n

S . Mar ia i n C os med in , Ro me

l 9

a nd i n t he c a thedra l a t Anagn i ,

o s i ty o f t he work i n S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura i s o verwhe lm ing .

2 0

t he v ir tu-

Because o f

t he u n ique q ua l i t ies o f t h is d es ign a nd b ecause o f t he e xcava t ion o f t he e as t e nd o f t he c hurch , i ti s d i f f icu l t t o a scer ta in whe ther t he e n t ire p a t tern i s o r ig ina l . 21

The p la tfor m o f t he c ibor ium i s a lso d ecora ted w i th a m isce l la-

n eous c o l lec t ion o f r oundels ;

t hey a ppear t o b e r e la id a nd t he c ibor ium p la t-

f or m may we l l n o t b e t he ir o r ig ina l p rovenance . Beh ind t he c ibor ium d es ign a nd i n f ron t o f t he e p iscopa l t hrone , t he c en ter o f t he p resbytery i s marked f irs t b y al arge , p a t terned s quare a nd t hen b y a q u incunx .

On e i ther s ide o f t h is d es ign , t here a re f our r ec tang les a rranged

i n t wo l ong i tud ina l a nd t wo l a t i tud ina l r ows .

T he r ec tang les a re , h owever ,

o u t l ined o n ly b y a mosa ic b and , wh i le t he ir i n ter iors a re b lank .

I f , i ndeed ,

t he r ectang les a re o r ig ina l , t hey s hou ld b e c o mpared t o t he " reduced" p avemen ts a ppear ing i n S . Mar ia i n Aracoe l i , Ro me 22

a nd S . S abina , R o me. 23

The b u i ld ing h is tory o f S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura s ugges ts a mid-th ir teen th c en tury d a te f or t he p ave men t . 24

Th is i s c on f ir med b y t he s tyl is t ic e v idence

g iven b y t he c o mp lex l ink ing o f t he q u incunxes i n t he n ave .

Desp i te s evera l

a l tera t ions , t he p ave men t i n S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura r e ma ins o ne o f t he mos t c o mp le te t h ir teen th c en tury p ave men ts .

1 02

1 .

F or a n e xact ing a na lys is o f S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , c f . Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 1 -144 .

2 .

F orceI la , I scr izion i X I I , 5 10 , n o. 5 65 . i ns ide o f t he a rch i trave .

The i nscr ip t ion a ppears o n t he

The c ibor iu m was b u i l t b efore t he c ons truction

o f t he wes tern b as i l ica a nd p erhaps o r ig ina l ly o ccup ied a d i fferen t p os i t ion f ro m t he o ne i td oes n ow.

C f . G . Ma t thiae , S an Lorenzo f uor i l e Mura ,

L e c h iese d i R o ma i l lus tra te , 8 9 , Ro me , 1 966 , 8 6. 3 .

F orcel la , I scr izion i X I I , 5 08 .

The p anels may h ave o r ig ina l ly b een t he

s creen o f t he s cho la c an toru m .

C f . A . Mui f oz , La b as i lica d i S . L orenzo

f uor i l e Mura , Ro me , 1 944 , 5 0 . 4 .

F . T i ti , S tud io d i p i t tura , s co l tura , e t a rch i tet tura n el le c h iese d i Ro ma , Ro me , 1 674 , 2 51.

5 .

Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 1 -144 , e sp . 1 6.

6 .

C f . i n fra

7 .

F or a n e x traord inar i ly d eta i led a ccoun t o f t he e xcava t ions , c f . Krau thei mer ,

p . 1 02 .

C orpus , I , 1 -144. 8 .

For a n a ccoun t o f t he d a mage , c f . Mu t ioz ,_ op. c i t ., p ass im .

9 .

Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 1 7.

1O .

0 . Panv in io , D e Praecip ius U rbis Ro mae ..., Ro me , 1 570 , 2 28 men t ions t ha t t he p ave men t i s b eau t i fu l .

1 1.

C . K . Bunsen , J . G . Gu tensohn , a nd J . M. Knapp , D ie Basi l iken d es Chr is t l ichen R o ms , n ach i hre m Zusa m menhange mi t I dee u nd G esch ich te d er K irchenbaukuns t , 2 nd e d i t ion , Mun ich , 1 842 , P la te X I I , d o n o t s how ar oundel i n t h is a rea . e ngrav ings .

Ih ave p rev ious ly q ues t ioned t he a ccuracy o f t heir

C f . s upra ,p . 2 3 , f ootnote 1 ; p . 8 5 , f ootnote 8 .

1 2.

C f . i n fra ,

p p . 1 28-29 .

1 3.

C f . i n fra

p .

1 4.

C f . i n fra . p .

1 5 .

For a n i l lus tra t ion made p r ior t o t he b o mbing d a mage , c f . Mui foz , o p.

1 25 . 1 14 , f ootnote 6 .

c i t ., P la te LX I I ;

Mu iT oz, 3 1, f ur ther s ugges ts t ha t t he b order d ecora tion

o f t he c on fron t ing c ava l iers , l i ons r a mpan t , r efers t o t he s te m ma o f H onor ius I I.

T he p resence o f t he s te m ma n eed n o t imp ly t ha t t he wes tern

b as i l ica was t ota l ly c o mp leted d ur ing H onor ius ' r eign .

C f . a lso J .

C ia mpin i , Ve tera Mon i men ta , Ro me , 1 690 , I , 8 2 a nd P la te XXX I . 1 6.

Pr ior t o 1 857, t h is a rea was s l igh t ly r a ised a nd s erved a s ap ro jec t ing c horus minor .

C f . Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 4 1.

C f . a lso t he e ngravings

o f P . M. L etarou i l ly , Edi f ices d e Ro me moderne , Par is , 1 856-68 , I I , p la te 2 69 a nd Bunsen , Gu tensohn , a nd Knapp , o p. c i t ., l oc. c i t . Vespignan i a lso r e moved t he Baroque a l tars f ro m t he a is les . 1 7. 1 8 .

C f . s upra ,

p p . 7 5-76 .

F or a n e xcel len t , d e ta i led c olor l i thograph o f t h is a rea o f t he p ave men t , c f . Mur i oz , o p. c i t ., p la te o ppos i te 5 2. 1 03

( P la te 3 0 ).

1 9.

C f . i n fra

p . 1 10 .

2 0.

C f . s upra . p . 5 9 .

21 .

For a p ho tograph i ndica t ing t he e x ten t o f t he e xcava t ions , c f . Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 7 0 , f ig . 5 2 .

2 2.

C f . i n fra

p p .

1 07-109 .

2 3.

C f . i n fra

24.

I n a ddi t ion , K i-a u thei mer , C orpus I , 4 7 men t ions f ragmen ts o f C os ma-

p . 1 27 .

t esque p ave men t i n t he c ryp t .

Despi te r epea ted a t te mp ts , Ih ave b een

u nable t o g a in a ccess t o t he c ryp t .

Ro me , S . Marco The o n ly d ocumen tary e v idence r e la ting t o t he p resence o f ap ar t icu lar marblework ing f a mi ly a t S . Marco i s a n i nscr ip t ion r ecorded b e fore t he c ibor iu m was d es troyed , i n wh ich i t was r ecorded t ha t t he c ibor ium was made b y Pau lus 's s ons , Ange lus , , J ohannes , Pe trus , a nd S asso.

1

The c hurch h as

b een a l tered t o t he e x ten t t ha t i ti s d if f icu l t t o p erce ive t he h igh med ieva l a dd i t ions t o t he o r ig ina l Ear ly C hr is t ian s tructure .2

The c ond i tion o f t he

r e ma in ing C os ma tesque p ave men t i s c o mpl ica ted b y l a ter a dd i t ions , a l tera t ions , a nd e xcava t ions .

The f ew o r ig ina l r ectang les r ema in ing s ugges t t ha t t he p ave-

men t was o r ig ina l ly made i n t he t we l f th c en tury. The l a ter h is tory o f t he p ave men t i n S . Marco i s n o t e n t ire ly c lear . Dengel s uggests t ha t t he p ave men t was r e- made b y Do men ico Gr i man i b etween 1 503 a nd 1 523.

H e b ases h is a rgu men t o n t he f ac t t ha t t here i s a n i nscr ip t ion

r eferr ing t o G r i man i i n t he f loor o f t he n ave .

S ince Gr i man i i s b ur ied i n

S S . G iovann i e Paolo , Ro me , Denge l b e lieves t ha t t he i nscr ip tion mus t r efer t o work o n t he p ave men t .

3

Th is r eason ing s eems r a ther s pecious , f or i nscr ip-

t ions o n f l oors r arely r efer t o t he mak ing o f ap ave men t b u t , r a ther , a re u sua l ly c o m me mora t ive. ap ave men t .

The t ex t o f t he G r i man i i nscr ip t ion d oes n o t men t ion

I n a ny c ase , b y t he e nd o f t he s ix teen th c en tury , t he o r ig ina l

C os ma tesque p ave men t was c er ta in ly n o t i n p r is t ine c ond i t ion , f or Ugon io s ta tes t ha t t he c hurch h ad p ave men t o n ly i n t he t r ibune , b u t was d oubt less e n t ire ly c overed w i th p ave men t a t a n e ar l ier t ime .4 The p oor c ond i t ion o f t he p ave men t was r ec ti f ied b e tween 1 653 a nd 1 657 b y N icco lb S agredo , ambassador t o t he r epubl ic o f Ven ice d ur ing t he p apac ies o f I nnocen t X ( 1 644-55 ) a nd A lexander V I I ( 1655-67). n ew p ave men t made o f b lack a nd wh i te s tones .

5

H e g ave S . Marco a

S agredo 's p ave men t was mos t

l i kely c on f ined t o t he n ave b ecause , e ven t oday , C os ma tesque p ave men t r ema ins i n t he p resbytery. d ur ing S agredo 's e ra .6 was r ela id .

Bu t , t he l eve l o f t he s anctuary was a lso r a ised Th is a c tiv i ty s ugges ts t ha t t he p ave men t i n t ha t a rea

Work o n S . Marco a nd i t s p ave men t c on t inued i n t he e igh teen th c en tury . The i rrepress ible Card ina l Qu ir in i , who a lso l e f t h is mark o n S S . B on i facio eA less io , Ro me

7

a nd S . G regor io a l C el io , R o me ,

work i n t he a rea o f t he s anctuary. ( 1690-1753 ).

1 0

9

8

u nder took e x tens ive

The work was d one b y F i l ippo Bar ig ion i

S t i l l a ga in , i n t he t wen t ieth c en tury, t he p ave men t s u f fered 1 04

f ur ther d amage .

D ur ing t he e xcava t ions o f 1 947-48 , t he e n t ire n ave o f t he

c hurch , a s f ar a s t he e leva ted a l tar , was d ug u p .

T he p ave men t i n t he

1 1

c en ter o f t he n ave was r emoved d ur ing t h is o pera t ion a nd h as s ince b een r el a id .

G iven t h is c o mp lex h is tory , i ti s n o t s urpr is ing t ha t ap recise d a te f or

t he p ave men t c anno t b e s ugges ted . I n t he c en ter o f t he n ave i s al arge s quare o f r ela id p ave men t t ha t i s mos t l i ke ly p os t- med ieva l .1 2 Wi th in t he s quare i s as econd s quare t urned s o t ha t i t s c orners t ouch t he mid-po in ts o f t he s ides o f t he o u ter s quare . T here i s as ing le r ounde l w i th in t he i nner s quare a nd sma l ler r ounde ls i n t he s paces f or med b y t he s ides o f t he i nner s quare a nd t he c orners o f t he o u ter s quare .

T he d es ign i s as i mp l i f ied v ers ion o f t ha t a ppear ing i n S .

Francesca Ro mana , Ro me .

1 3

T he r e mainder o f t he n ave i n S . Marco n ow

l acks mosa ic p avemen t . O ppos i te t he f our th c hape l o n t he r igh t a nd f i l l ing t he s pace i n t he a is le b e tween t he c hape l a nd t he n ave c o lumns , a re s ix i rregu lar ly s ized r ec tang les s urround ing a t o mb s lab d a t ing f ro m 1 842 a nd a n u nda ted t o mb s lab.

1 4

A l though

t he s ix r ectang les h ave d oubt less b een r e la id , t hey a re among t he f ew o r ig ina l p ieces o f p ave men t i n t he c hurch a nd p rov ide s o me o f t he e v idence f or a ssign ing t he o r ig ina l p ave men t t o t he t we lf th c en tury. On t he r a ised s tep w i th in t he e nc losed p resbytery , im med ia tely b e fore t he a l tar , a re a f ew r ela id s tr ips o f p ave men t , wh ich h ave b een c urved t o f ol low t he l ines o f t he e nc losure.

B e low t he s tep , b u t s t i l l w i th in t he p resbytery

e nc losure , i s ap os t- med ieva l p a t tern i nscr ibed i n as quare ;

i tc ons is ts o f

a n i n ter locked s quare a nd d iamond whose p ro trud ing s hapes f or m t he p o in ts o f a n e igh t-po in ted s tar .

S i mi lar p a t terns o ccur i n t he n ave o f S . Mar ia

Magg iore , R o me , a lso t he p roduc t o f a n e igh teen th c en tury r es tora t ion . . 15 T he p ave men t o f t he r a ised t ransep t i s l i kewise a l mos t e n t ire ly r e made . On t he r igh t , i m med ia te ly o n t op o f t he s teps l ead ing t o t he t ransep t , a re t hree l a t i tud ina l ly a l igned r ec tang les , t wo o f wh ich h ave b een l arge ly r es tored . T he r e ma inder o f t he s ou th t ransep t i s o u t l ined b y a mosa ic b and , v arying f ro m 2 2 cm t o 3 8 cm i n w id th a nd h av ing a c ons is ten t p a t tern t hroughou t .

1 6

Wi th in t he a rea o u t l ined b y t he mosa ic b and i s as quare w i th in wh ich i s a no ther s quare t urned s o t ha t i t s c orners t ouch t he mid-po in ts o f t he s ides o f t he l arger s quare ;

r ounde ls a ppear i n t he s paces f or med b y t he c orners o f t he

l arge s quare a nd t he s ides o f t he sma l ler s quare .

Wi thin t he sma l ler s quare

i s t he p orphyry t o mbs tone o f C ard ina l Marco . Barbo d a ted 1 491.

1 7

The n or th

t ransep t i s a l mos t e n t ire ly r e made . I tc ons is ts o f s o me modern r ounde ls a nd s evera l r es tored r ec tang les ; i ti s o f n o h elp i n d a t ing t he o r ig ina l p avemen t . The p ave men t s urround ing t he a l tar i s , o n t he o ther h and , s o mewha t more i n teres t ing .

I m med ia te ly b eh ind t he a l tar i s al arge q u incunx e nc losed

i n as quare ; t he s quare i s s urrounded b y a mosa ic b and . T he q u incunx a ppears t o b e p os t- med ieva l , b u t h as n o t b een r ecen t ly r es tored . 18 The p ave men t t o t he n or th a nd s ou th o f t he a l tar c ons is ts o f as er ies o f r ec tang les , s o me o n t he l ong i tud ina l a x is a nd s o me o n t he l a t i tud ina l a x is o f t he c hurch . A l though s evera l r ectang les h ave o bv ious ly b een r es tored , t here i s a n a l mos t c o mp le te c orrespondence o n e i ther s ide o f t he a l tar .

The p ane ls wh ich h ave

e scaped r es tora t ion h ave p a t terns t yp ica l o f t he t we l f th a nd t h ir teen th c en tury 1 05

k oine o f C os ma tesque work .

1 9

The o n ly p a t tern o f p ar t icu lar i n teres t i s o ne

t ha t was u sed c o m mon ly b y t he Pau lus g roup . 20

On t he b as is o f o ne p a t tern ,

i ti s i mpossible t o a t tr ibu te t he e n t ire o r ig ina l p ave men t t o t he Pau lus g roup ; b u t , t he p a t tern d oes p rov ide f ur ther c on f ir ma tion f or a d a te i n t he f irst h a lf o f t he t we lf th c en tury. 1 .

S o me o f t he c o lu mns f ro m t he c ibor ium a re n ow embedded i n t he n or th wa l l o f t he p or t ico. 3 45 , n o. 8 18.

t i on i s i ncorrect . 1 875 , 1 25 , 2 .

F or t he i nscr ip t ion , c f . F orceI la , I scr izion i I V ,

De Ross i h as a rgued t ha t Force l la 's r ead ing o f t he i nscr ipC f . Bu l let tino d i Archeo log ia C ris t iana , 2 nd s er ies, V I ,

n o te 1 .

For t horough a ccoun ts o f t he b u i ld ing h is tory o f S . Marco , c f . Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 2 16f .;

P . Dengel , M . Dvorak , a nd H . Egger , Der Pa lazzo

d i V enezia i n Ro m , V ienna , 1 909 ;

P . Denge l , Pa las t u nd Bas i l ika S an

Marco i n Ro m , Ro me , 1 913 . 3 .

Denge l , Pa las t

_ o _ p. c i t ., 3 4 , n o te 7 .

C f . a lso , Force I la , I scr izion i I V ,

3 48 , n o. 8 24. 4 .

P . Ugon io , H is tor ia d e l le s ta t ion i d i Ro ma , R o me , 1 588 , 1 58 .

5 .

Dengel , Pa las t

2 2..c i t ., 9 5 g ives t he f irs t d a te a s 1 654.

C orpus I , l oc . c i t ., g ives t he f irs t d a te a s 1 653.

Krau thei mer ,

C f . a lso G . F . C eccon i ,

R o ma s acra e moderna g iä d escr i t ta d a l Pancirolo e d a ccresc iu ta d a Francesco Pos ter la , R o me , 1 725 , 6 14.

C f . F orceI la , I scr izion i I V , 3 56,

n o . 8 45. 6 .

Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 2 23 .

7 .

C f . s upra ,

p p . 8 0-82 .

8 .

C f . s upra ,

p p . 9 8-99 .

9 .

F or t he i nscr ipt ions r e la ting t o Qu ir in i 's work , c f . F orceI la , I scr izion i I V , 3 64 , n o . 8 66;

3 65 , n o . 8 68 , 8 69 , 8 70 ;

3 66, n o . 8 71.

10 .

Krau thei mer , C orpus I , 2 19.

1 1.

F or a p ho tograph i nd ica t ing t he e x ten t o f t he e xcava t ions , c f . R . Mon t in i , " T i tu lus Marci" , Capi tol iu m 2 7, 1 952 , 2 21.

1 2.

F . H er man in ( San Marco

Le c h iese d i Ro ma i l lus tra te , 3 0 , Ro me 1 932 ,

2 5 ) s ta tes t ha t t he p ane l i s f i f teen th c en tury " co me s app ia mo d a d ocu ment azion i d 'arch iv io". 1 3.

C f . s upra , p p . 9 2-93 .

1 4 .

C f . ForceI la , I scr izion i I V , 3 74 , n o . 8 95 .

1 5 .

C f . i n fra

1 6.

The p a t tern i s s i mi lar t o o ne a ppear ing i n s o me o f t he sma l l r ec tang les

p p . 1 12-115 .

c o mposing t he l ong , n arrow s tr ips i n t he n ave o f S . M. i n Aracoe l i , Ro me . 1 7.

C f . i n fra

p p . 1 07-109 .

C f . Force I la , I scr izion i I V , 3 48 , n o. 8 23.

1 06

1 8 .

F or a d e ta i led c o lor i l lus tra t ion o f t he q u incunx , c f . M. D . Wya t t , G eo me tr ica l Mosa ics o f t he M idd le Ages , L ondon , 1 849 , f ig . 1 .

Pub l ished

more t han o ne-hundred y ears a go , t h is i l lus tra t ion d e mons tra tes t ha t t he c ond i t ion o f t he q u incunx h as n o t c hanged i n t he p as t c en tury. 1 9 .

C f . t he A ppend ix ,n os . 1 -14.

2 0.

C f . t he A ppend ix , n o . 2 0 .

R o me , S . Mar ia i n A qu iro The p resen t c hurch o f S . Mar ia i n A qu iro d a tes f ro m t he e ra o f C ard ina l An ton io Mar ia S a lv ia t i ( 1573-1602 ). 1 Today , t here i s n e i ther a C os ma tesque p ave men t i n t he c hurch n or a ny d ocumen tary e v idence p er ta in ing t o t he p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t t he c hurch . A C osma tesque p ave men t o nce e x is ted a t S . Mar ia i n A qu iro f or i t was d escr ibed b y U gon io .2 I n a dd i t ion , I mper i s ta tes t ha t a n e xcava t ion 4 0 cm b elow t he p resen t p ave men t r evea led r e ma ins o f a C os ma tesque p ave men t . 1 . 2 .

3

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 2 75 . Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 2 76 , n o te 4 a nd P . U gon io , B ibl io teca Va t icana , Barb . La t . 2 161 , 1 15 1 .

3 .

S . I mper i , D e l la c h iesa d i S . Mar ia i n A qu iro i n R o ma , R o me , 1 866 , 3 6.

Ro me , S . Mar ia i n A racoe l i

( P la tes 3 1-33 )

The p ave men t i n S . Mar ia i n A racoe l i p resen ts many d i f f icu l t ies b ecause o f i t s u n ique q ua l i t ies . p ave men t .

1

I td oes n o t c o mpare e as i ly t o a ny o ther C os ma tesque

A l though t he p ave men t h as b een r epa ired a nd i s k nown t o h ave

b een i n p oor c ond i t ion b y a t l eas t t he e igh teen th c en tury ,

2

t he o vera l l a rrange-

men t o f t he n ave d oes n o t s ee m t o h ave b een d ras t ica l ly a l tered .

The c hurch

was c ons truc ted i n t he l a te t h ir teen th a nd e ar ly f our teen th c en tur ies ;3

t hese

y ears s ugges t t he e ar l ies t p oss ib le d a te f or t he p ave men t . The p ave men t i n t he wes tern e nd o f S . Mar ia i n A racoe l i c ons is ts o f a s er ies o f f or ty-eigh t l as tre a rranged s o t ha t t here a re e igh t i n e ach l a t i tud ina l r ow a nd s ix i n e ach l ong i tud ina l r ow . T he l as tre a re s epara ted b y b ands o f C os ma tesque-type p ave men t c . 3 5 cm - 5 0 cm w ide , s o t ha t ag r id i s f or med . T he p a t terns a round t he p er i me ter , n ear t he n ave c o lumns , r ese mb le C os mat esque p a t terns , b u t t hose i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave a re n o t c o mparable t o k nown p a t terns .

I n g enera l , t he s tones a re s e t r a ther c rude ly a nd t he p a t terns

c hange r a ther f requen t ly.

J us t a f ter t he f our th i n tercolumn ia t ion , t he l as tre

p a t tern i s s ucceeded b y a n e labora te s tr ip o f p ave men t e x tend ing a cross t he e n t ire n ave .

The p a t tern

c ons is ts o f b o th sma l l r ounde ls a nd r ec tang les

j o ined b y i n ter laces a nd g eo me tr ic p a t terns .

The a rea i s p ar t ia l ly o bscured

b y t wo s even teen th c en tury a l tars a nd p ar t o f t he p a t tern h as b een d es troyed b y t he i nser t ion o f s ix t o mb s labs . S tre tch ing f ro m t he d ecora t ive b and a t t he f our th i n terco lu mn ia t ion a l mos t t o t he e igh th s e t o f c o lumns i s ap a t tern s im i lar t o t he l as tre p a t tern i n t he

1 07

wes tern p ar t o f t he n ave .

Th is a rea i s i n r e la t ive ly g ood c ond i t ion .

T he

r e ma in ing p ave men t , f ro m t he e igh th i n terco lu mn ia t ion t o t he s teps l ead ing t o t he t ransep t , i s i n e xceed ing ly p oor c ond i t ion .

I t mos t l i ke ly c on t inued

t he p rev ious ly d escr ibed p a t terns o f l as tre s epara ted b y C os ma tesque b ands .4 I n t h is a rea , t here a re n ow s o me d is me mbered p ieces o f c hurch f urn i ture embedded i n t he f l oor .

T he C os ma tesque b ands s urround ing t he l as tre h ave

a n u nusua l ly l arge amoun t o f y e l low marble i n t he p a t terns . i s n o t u sua l ly u sed i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts .

T h is ma ter ia l

Ma l ms tro m s ugges ts t ha t

t h is p ar t o f t he n ave p ave men t , t he e as ternmos t p ar t , was d es troyed i n t he 1 560s a t t he s ame t ime t he s cho la c an torum was d is me mbered .

The e as tern-

mos t p ar t o f t he p ave men t was t hen r e- made i n to i t s p resen t f or m .

T he d e-

s truct ion o f t he s cho la c an torum a nd i t s s urround ing a rea wou ld h ave y ie lded q uan t i t ies o f p orphyry a nd v erde a n t ico , wh ich w ere t hen u sed t o r epa ir t he p ave men t i n t he wes tern p ar t o f t he n ave .

5

Th is h ypo thes is a ccoun ts f or b o th

t he b e t ter c ond i t ion a nd t he s o mewha t i rregu lar p a t terns i n t ha t p ar t o f t he c hurch . The n ave p ave men t c an b es t b e d escr ibed a s ad ras t ic r educ t ion o f C osma tesque e lemen ts t o t he f or m o f ag r id .

I t s g enera l l ayou t c an o n ly b e

l oose ly c o mpared t o t he r e ma ins o f t he p ave men t i n S . S ab ina , Ro me , wh ich i s p rov is iona l ly d a ted t o t he l a te t h ir teen th o r e ar ly f our teen th c en tury. 6

A

s can t f ew o f t he p a t terns d o a ppear i n o ther C osma tesque p ave men ts , b u t t hey a ppear c o m mon ly i n b o th t he t we l f th a nd t h ir teen th c en tur ies a nd a re t hus o f l i t t le h e lp i n y ie ld ing a s pec i f ic d a te .

7

The t ransep t p ave men t i s u n ique among C osma tesque p ave men ts .

A l though

p ar t ia l ly o bscured b y b o th l a ter c ons truct ion a nd t he i nser t ion o f t o mb s labs , t he r ichness may s t i l l b e a pprec ia ted .

T he c en ter p ar t o f t he t ransep t , t ha t

i s , t he p ar t o n t he s a me a x is a s t he n ave , was a l mos t t o ta l ly c overed b y t wo l arge s quares a rranged l a t i tud ina l ly.

8

The s quares o r ig ina l ly measured

a pprox i ma te ly 7 .80 m o n as ide a nd were s epara ted b y as tr ip a pprox i ma te ly 1 .25 m w ide .

T he c en ter o f e ach s quare c on ta ins a l arge p orphyry r ounde l

s quared b y t hree mosa ic b orders s epara ted b y r a ther n arrow wh i te marble s tr ips .

T he mosa ic b ands a re e xceed ing ly c o mp lex a nd a l though t he d es igns

v ary , t hey a re e ssen t ia l ly b ased o n i t er laced r ounde ls a nd o c tagons s quared b y mosa ic i n f i l l . T he s ou thernmos t p ar t o f t he t ransep t p ave men t i s much r u ined .

T here i s al arge r ounde l o f g ray g ran i te i n t he c en ter ;

al a ter s ubs t i tu t ion .

i t may b e

I ti s s urrounded b y mosa ic h exagons a nd misce l laneous

C os ma tesque r ectang les . The p ave men t i n t he n or thern p ar t o f t he t ransep t i s c o mposed o f u ndecora ted p ieces o f marble . A l mos t t he e n t ire a pse ( ext end ing i n to t he o rgan l o f t wh ich i s n ow b locked o f f f ro m t he ma in a l tar ) i s c overed w i th a c ons is ten t ly r epea ted p a t tern o f sma l l h exagons a nd o ctagons o u t l ined b y mosa ic a nd marble b ands . There i s n o c o mpara t ive ma ter ia l r e levan t t o t he a pse a nd t ransep t p ave men t . 1 .

F or a d e ta i led h is tory a nd a na lys is o f S . Mar ia i n A racoe l i , c f. R . E . Ma l ms trorn , S . Mar ia i n A racoe l i a t R o me , u npub l ished P h . D . d issert a t ion , N ew York U n ivers i ty , I ns t i tu te o f F ine Ar ts , 1 973 .

2 .

" S iccome i lp av i men to è a f fa to g uas to p er l a g ran q uan t i tä d e l le l apide s epo lcra l i ..." .

P . F . C as im iro , Me mor ie i s tor iche d e l la c h iesa e

c onven to d i S . Mar ia i n A racoe l i? R o me , 1 845 , 4 5 . 1 736.) 1 08

( Firs t p ub l ished i n

3 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 2 69 .

4 .

C f . t he p lan p ub l ished b y R . E . Ma l ms tro m i n G es ta X IV/2 , 1 975 , 4 0 , f ig . 5 .

5 .

Ma lms tro m , A racoe l i , 2 2 . c i t ., 1 95-96. t he 1 560s , t he ambon i were d is man t led . s truc ted .

I t s hou ld a lso b e n o ted t ha t i n They h ave s ince b een r econ-

One o f t he ambon i i ncorpora tes a l ectern s igned b y Lauren t ius

a nd J acobus .

T h is p ar t o f t he ambone t hus p re-da tes t he c ons truc t ion

o f t he c hurch a nd marks t he o n ly d ocu men tary e v idence r e la t ing t o t he p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t S . Mar ia i n A racoe l i . F or t he ambone i nscr ip t ion , c f . F orce I la , I scr izion i , I , 1 31 , n o . 4 73 . F or t he ambone , c f . G . G iovannon i , " L 'ambone d e l la c h iesa d 'Aracoe l i ," A rch iv io d el la R . D epu tazione R o mana d i S tor ia Pa tr ia 6 8 , 1 945 , 1 25-30 . 6 .

C f . i n fra

p . 1 27 .

7 .

C f . t he A ppend ix , n os . 1 , 7 , 9 .

8 .

F or a n e xac t ing a na lys is a nd r econs truct ion , c f . Ma l ms tro m , A racoe l i , o p . c i t ., 1 98 f .

Ro me , S . Mar ia i n C os med in

( P la tes 3 4-37 )

The h is tory o f t he p ave men t i n S . Mar ia i n C os med in i s e xceed ing ly wel ld ocu men ted .

The c red i t r es ides l arge ly w i th t he e xac t ing l abors o f G . M.

C resci mben il a nd G . B . G iovena le .z I ti s g enera l ly a greed t ha t t he p ave men t i s a pprox i ma te ly c oeva l w i th t he r ebu i ld ing o f t he c hurch , wh ich was d ed ica ted i n 1 123 .

3

T he r ebu i ld ing was made p oss ib le b y t he g eneros i ty o f A l fanus who

was t i tu lar u nder C a l ix tus I ( 1 119-24 ).

The f a lsa c or t ina t echn ique o f t he

t wel f th c en tury wa l l f aces s ugges ts t ha t r e mode l l ing was u nder taken i n c . 1 120 .4 C resci mben i g oes s o f ar a s t o s ugges t t ha t t he p ave men t was g iven b y A lfanus i n c . 1 123 .

5

T he more r ecen t h is tory o f t he p ave men t i s e qua l ly we l l-known .

C resci m-

b en i 's monograph , p ubl ished i n 1 715 , g ives a h is tory o f t he c hurch t o t ha t d a te ;

h e men t ions n o c hanges i n t he o r ig ina l c ond i t ion o f t he p ave men t .6

I n 1 719 , C rescimben i p ubl ished a s hor ter work o n S . Mar ia i n C os med in i n wh ich h e d iscussed t he work u nder taken b y C le men t X I ( 1 700-21 ) i n t he a rea o f t he P iazza B occa d e l la Ver i tä ;

h e s ta tes t ha t t he p ave men t i n t he s cho la

c an torum was r es tored b ecause i t was r u ined i n s evera l p laces .

7

G iovena le 's

d i l igen t r esearch b r idges t he g ap f ro m C resc i mben i t o t he p resen t c en tury. H e r ecords t ha t i n 1 758-59 , C ard ina l A lessandro A lban i r ad ica l ly c hanged t he l eng th o f t he p resby tery a nd t runca ted t he s cho la c an torum b y mov ing o ne q u incunx f ro m t here t o t he p resbytery.

8

I n 1 871 , t he p ave men t was r es tored

a f ter h av ing b een d a maged i n t he f lood o f t he T iber i n 1 870 .

9

F ina l ly , t he

p ave men t was a ga in r es tored i n 1 879 , a s at r ibu te t o t he me mory o f C anon Te mo fon te .

1 0

T he l as t , a nd d e f in i t ive r es tora t ion was d one u nder t he s uper-

v is ion o f G iovena le i n t he l a te n ine teen th c en tury. i s r ecorded i n t wo i nscr ip t ions ;

T he work o n t he p ave men t

o ne i n f ron t o f t he a l tar wh ich s ta tes t ha t

t he p ave men t was r enewed i n 1 899 a nd t he s econd wh ich r ecords t he t rans fer o f t he t h ird q u incunx b ack t o i ts p roper p lace i n t he s cho la c an toru m .

1 1

A l though a reas o f t he p ave men t h ave b een moved o r r enewed , S . Mar ia i n 1 09

C os med in , i n o vera l l s tructure a nd i n mos t o f i t s r ectang le p a t terns , s tands a s o ne o f t he mos t c o mp le te monumen ts t o C os ma tesque a r t .

1 2

1 3

s t i l l G iven

t he e x tens ive d ocu men ta t ion c oncern ing t he p ave men t , i ti s p aradox ica l t ha t i ts c rea tor r e ma ins u nknown .1 4 T he p ave men t , a s s een t oday , c o m mences i n t he wes tern e nd o f t he n ave w i th t hree c en tra l ly p laced r ounde ls l inked l ong i tud ina l ly .

They a re f lanked

1 5

o n e i ther s ide b y s ix r ec tang les a rranged i n t hree l ong i tud ina l r ows o f t wo e ach ;

t here i s ac o mp le te c orrespondence o f p a t terns .

T he r oundels a re

f o l lowed b y aq u incunx f lanked o n b o th r igh t a nd l e f t b y t hree r ec tangu lar p ane ls a rranged i n al ong i tud ina l f i le ; e v iden t .

a ga in , ac o mp le te c orrespondence i s

T he p a t tern o f t hree r ounde ls f lanked b y c orrespond ing r ec tang les

i s a ga in r epea ted i n t he a rea i m med ia te ly a f ter t he q u incunx a nd b efore t he s cho la c an torum .

T he n ave o f S . Mar ia i n C osmed in ,d espi te r es tora t ion ,

f o l lows t he n orma l p a t tern f or a t we l f th c en tury p ave men t . Bu t , i t s hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he p a t terns o f f our o f t he r ec tang les a re c o mp le te ly f i c t i t ious ;1 6 t hey a ppear i n n o o ther c hurch a nd a re d oubt less t he r esu l t o f o ne o f t he n inet een th c en tury r es tora t ions . The s chola c an torum

r es tored t o i t s o r ig ina l c ond i t ion , i s c o mp lete ly

f i l led b y t hree l arge q u incunxes a rranged l ong i tud ina l ly. T he p ave men t i n t he a rea b etween t he s cho la c an to r um a nd t he a l tar , a s we l l a s t ha t i n t he l a tera l c hape ls , h as b een r es tored .

T he c ibor ium i s s urrounded b y s ix teen

i n ter tw ined r oundels a rranged i n as quare s o t ha t t he s quare i s r ead a s h av ing f ive r ounde ls o n as ide .

T h is a rea a ppears t o h ave b een r es tored a nd r ese mbles

as im i lar r es tora t ion i n t he a l tar a rea o f S . Mar ia a t Anagn i ;1 7 r a t ions , h owever , may h ave f o l lowed a n o r ig ina l p a t tern . B o th a is les a re c overed b y o rder ly r ows o f r ec tang les . e xa mp les o f c orrespondence b e tween t he t wo a is les .

1 8

b o th r es to-

There a re n o

The a is les ' p ave men t

i s l i gh ter i n t ona l i ty a nd a ppears t o b e l arge ly u nres tored , t hus u pho ld ing t he v iew t ha t mos t o f t he r es tora t ion work was d evo ted t o t he n ave . 1 .

G . M. C resc i mben i , L 'is tor ia d e l la b as i l ica d iacona le , c o l leg ia ta e p arroch ia le d i S . Mar ia i n C os med in d i R o ma , R o me , 1 715 .

2 .

G . B . G iovena le , L a b as i l ica d i S . Mar ia i n C os med in , A ssoc iazone a r t is t ica f ra ic u l tor i d i a rch i te t tura i n R o ma , Monogra f ie s u l le c h iese d i Ro ma , I , Ro me , 1 927.

3 .

C f . F orce l la , I scr izion i I V , 3 05 , n o . 7 42 ;

3 06 , n o . 7 43 .

4 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 3 03 .

5 .

C resci mben i , o p . c i t ., 1 04.

6 .

I b id ., p ass im .

7 .

G . M. C resc i mben i , L o s ta to d e l la b as i l ica d iacona le , c o l leg ia ta e p arroch ia le d i S . Mar ia i n C os med in d i R o ma , R o me , 1 719 , 7 6.

8 .

G iovena le , o p . c i t ., 1 32 .

9 .

I b id .

1 0 .

1 33 .

I b id ., l oc . c i t .

1 10

1 1.

I b id ., 3 89-90 .

Ma t t ia , t he mosa ic is t who worked a t S . Mar ia ,Anagn i a lso

worked a t S : M . i n C os medin . C f . G iovena le 2 p .c i t ., ,f ig . 8f or a p lan o f t he p ave men t p r ior t o i t s r es tora t ion . The p ave men t p r ior t o G iovena le 's r es tora t ion i s a lso r ecorded b y C . K . Bunsen , J . G . G u tensohn , a nd J . M. Knapp , D ie Bas i l iken d es C hr is t l ichen Ro ms , n ach i hre m Z usammenhange mi t I dee u nd G esch ich te d er K irchenbaukuns t , 2 nd e d i t ion Mun ich , 1 842 , p la te XX I I a nd L . C an ina , R icerche s u l l 'arch i te t tura p iü p ropr ia d e i t e mp i c r is t ian i ..., 2 nd e d i t ion , Ro me , 1 846 , p la te XLV I ( 3 ). 1 2. 1 3.

C f . t he A ppend ix , n os . 3 5-38 . T he p ave men t i s e xceed ing ly d ark i n t ona l i ty.

Two o f t he q u incunxes i n

t he c en ter o f t he n ave a re n ow c o mposed o f d ark g rey , r a ther modern s tone . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he p orphyry o r ig ina l ly i n t ha t a rea c ou ld h ave b een u sed t o r epa ir t he r ec tang les . P orphyry f or r epa irs may a lso h ave b een d er ived f ro m o ther s ources . 1 4 .

The c ibor ium was made i n t he l a te t h ir teen th o r e ar ly f our teen th c en t tuy b e D eoda tus .

C f . F orce l la , I scr izion i I V , 3 06, n o . 7 46.

T he s urround ing

r ec tang les a re t hus c er ta in ly n o t p ar t o f t he o r ig ina l p ave men t , b u t were d oubt less made l a ter t o s urround t he c ibor ium. Imarmorar i r o man i

A . M. B essone-Aure l j ,

M i lan/Ro me , 1 935 , 1 4 s ta tes , o n n o e v idence .

t ha t t h is p ave men t was d one b y t he f am i ly o f Pau lus .

Hu t ton , The C os ma t i ,

4 8 r epea ts t he e rror . 1 5 .

T here a re t hree i rregu lar r ectang les j us t i ns ide t he e n trance t o t he c hurch .

T hey a re d oub t less r es tora t ions .

1 6.

C f . f oo tno te 1 2.

1 7.

C f . s upra , p . 5 9 .

1 8 .

The r igh t a is le h as r ec tang les a rranged i n r ows o f f our a cross .

The

r ec tang les n eares t t he s acr is ty a re s o mewha t n arrower t han t he o thers . The l e f t a is le h as r ectang les a rranged i n r ows o f f ive a cross ; n eares t t he e x ter ior wa l l o f t he c hurch a re s o mewha t n arrower .

t hose These

p ecu l iar i t ies c an b es t b e a ccoun ted f or b y t he i rregu lar i ty o f t he p lan o f t he c hurch .

C f . Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 2 81 , 3 02 , P la te XX .

R o me , S . Mar ia i n D o mn ica ( S . Mar ia d e l la Nav icel la ) S . Mar ia i n D o mn ica i s k nown t o h ave b een b u i l t i n t he n in th c en tury.

1

I th as b een r es tored s evera l t imes s ince t he f i f teen th c en tury , b u t t here i s n o e v idence o f work i n t he c hurch b e tween t he n in th c en tury a nd t he R ena iss ance .2 T he p resen ce o f t he C os ma t i i n S . Mar ia i n Do mn ica i s n o t d ocument ed . Ye t , U gon io s ta tes t ha t aC os ma tesque p ave men t o nce e x is ted . He men tions t ha t f ive s teps l ead u p t o t he a l tar " ...dove s i v ede i lp iano g uarn i to d i o pere d e i n tars ia , s egno c he i l r es tan te d e l la c h iesa f u g ia s im i l men te l as tr ica to . "3 I n 1 566-67 , an ew p ave men t was c ons tructed u nder t he a usp ices o f C ard ina l F erd inando d e Med ici a nd a n ew a l tar a nd c hancel were d ed ica ted i n 1 752 .4

C ard ina l d e Med ic i fs p ave men t may h ave b een p laced i n t he n ave

a s ar ep lace men t f or t he o r ig ina l C os ma tesque p ave men t wh ich was a pparen t ly n o l onger e x tan t when U gon io wro te a f ew y ears l a ter . F ina l ly , Ar me l l in i

1 11

men t ions f rag men ts o f C os ma tesque p ave men t a round t he a l tar .

5

T hese

d oubt less d isappeared d ur ing t he r e mode l l ing o f t he c ho ir i n 1 957, 6 f or t oday , t here i s a bso lu te ly n o t race o f C os ma tesque p ave men t i n S . Mar ia i n D o mn ica . The d a te o f t he C os ma tesque p ave men t i s l i kew ise u nknown . 1 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I , 3 08 f .

2 .

I b id ., l oc . c i t .

3 .

P . U gon io , H is tor ia d e l le s ta t ion i d i R o ma , R o me , 1 588 , 1 19.

4 .

Krau the imer , C orpus I , 3 11-12 .

K rau the i mer , i n d iscuss ing t he e igh t-

e en th c en tury work , q uo tes F orce I la , I scr izion i V I I I , 1 77 a nd s ta tes t ha t i t was d ed ica ted b y B ened ic t X I I I .

H e was P ope f ro m 1 724-1730 a nd , i f

t he d a te o f t he r eded ica t ion i s c orrect , t he r e ference mus t b e t o B ened ic t X IV ( 1 740-58 ). 5 .

A r me l l in i , C h iese I , 6 12 .

6 .

K rau the i mer , C orpus I , 3 12 .

H u t ton , T he C os ma t i , 4 8 men t ions t he

e x is tence o f aC os ma tesque p ave men t .

Ro me , S . Mar ia Magg iore

T he b ook was p ub l ished i n 1 950.

( P la te 3 8 )

T he p ave men t i n S . Mar ia Magg iore was t ota l ly r e made d ur ing t he e igh te en th c en tury r es tora t ion u nder taken d ur ing t he p apacy o f B ened ic t X IV ( 1 740-58 ).

1

I n t he midd le o f t he p ave men t b e tween t he s econd a nd t h ird g roup

o f q u incunxes , t he d a te C ICICCCL ( 1 750 ) i s r ecorded .2 men t makes a ny d iscuss ion o f i t s o r ig ina l d a te

T he s ta te o f t he p ave-

d ependen t o n l i t t le e v idence ;

f or , a l though t here a re s o me o r ig ina l t esserae embedded i n t he e igh teen th c en tury p a t terns , n o t e nough r e ma in t o p rov ide c on f ir ma t ion o f ad a te .

The

3

o n ly o r ig ina l v isua l e v idence r e ma in ing c ons is ts o f af ew r ec tang les r e la id i n as toreroo m j us t e as t o f t he s acr is ty;

c o mpar ison w i th s ecure ly d a ted

p ave men ts s ugges ts a t wel f th c en tury d a te .4

T he p resence o f t he C os ma t i

a t S . Mar ia Magg iore i s n o t r ecorded , b u t o ther h is tor ica l e v idence s ugges ts , b u t d oes n o t c on f ir m , at we l f th c en tury d a te f or t he o r ig ina l p ave men t .

I t

i s g enera l ly b el ieved t ha t t he p ave men t was c omm iss ioned b y Eugen ius I I ( 1 145-53 ) .

5

T he p ave men t was d ona ted b y J ohannes a nd S co tus Paparon i ,

me mbers o f t he f am i ly o f A lexander I I ( 1 159-81 ) . 6 Bo th U gon io v in io

8

7

a nd Pan-

men t ion t he d onors .

The p ave men t mus t h ave s t i l l b een i n r easonably g ood c ond i t ion a s l a te a s t he f i f teen th c en tury b ecause G iovann i Ruce l la i c o m men ted u pon i t s b eau ty i n 1 449 .

9

Ac en tury l a ter , Panv in io men t ions t he p ave men t a nd s hows p ar t i-

c u lar i n teres t i n t he Paparon i i nscr ip t ion .

T he p ave men t was r es tored ,

1 0

mos t l i ke ly f or t he f irs t t ime , b y F abr izio G uas ta ferr i i n 1 675 .

F ina l ly ,

1 1

t he r es tora t ion u nder B ened ic t X IV i s d escr ibed b y Fur ie t t i who i mp l ies t ha t t he p ave men t was c overed b y t o mb s labs a nd o ther imped i men t ia : N eque h u ic Bas i l icae p av i men tum Mus ivo

c o mpactum d eera t ;

Na m d um

h aec s cr ibi mus , a n t iquu m Mus ivum d e tec tum e s t , d isrup to j ussu S acra t iss im i P r incip is B ened ict i X IV .

Te mp l i p av i men to , u t n ovu m

a tque n obi l ius mar morum a c l ap idum i n tegumen tum a cceda t .

1 12

1 2

Wi th o ne e xcep t ion , t he p ave men t , a s we s ee i tt oday , i s i n t he c ond i t ion e s tabl ished d ur ing t he t ime o f B ened ic t X IV ;

i n 1 864 , an ew c on fess iona l

was b u i l t u nder t he s uperv is ion o f V irg in io V espignan i . H is work d es troyed t he e n t ire l as t l a t i tud ina l r ow o f f our r ectang les ( t hose n eares t t he ma in a l tar ) , a s we l l a s b o th t he s econd a nd t h ird r ec tang les i n t he n ex t t wo r ows ; e as ternmos t g roup o f t hree q u incunxes was a lso r e moved .

t he

1 3

T oday , i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave , t here a re f our g roups o f t hree q u inc unxes e ach ;

t hey a re l i nked l ong i tud ina l ly.

1 4

B e tween e ach g roup o f t hree

q u incunxes , al arge i n ters t ice i s c rea ted b y ar ec tang le wh ich , i n t hree c ases i s at o mb s lab a nd , i n o ne c ase , b lank .

1 5

T he q u incunxes a re f lanked b y t wo

l ong i tud ina l r ows o f r ec tang le s o n e ach s ide , o r ig ina l ly t wen ty t o e ach r ow , o r f or ty t o as ide , b u t n ow c o mpr is ing o n ly t h ir ty-s ix o n e ach s ide b ecause o f Vesp ignan i 's a l tera t ions .1 6 N one the less , t he a na lys is o f t he p ave men t y ie lds a r a ther c o mp lete i dea o f t he s oph is t ica ted me thods a t te mp ted b y B ened ict X IV 's work men .1 7 F or , n o t o n ly h as t he u sua l C os ma tesque c orrespondence b een a t ta ined ( whereby t he p a t tern o f t he f irs t p ane l i n al a t i tud ina l r ow o f f our i s t he s ame a s t he f our th , a nd t he s econd t he s a me a s t he t h ird ) , b u t a more c o mp lex t ype o f c orrespondence h as b een c rea ted i n wh ich , e xcep t ing t he f irs t a nd l as t l a t i tud ina l r ows , ac orrespondence h as b een a ch ieved b etween e ach t wo a d jo in ing l a t i tud ina l r ows . t ud ina l ly a nd l ong i tud ina l ly ;

I n o ther words , c orrespondences e x is t b o th l a t if or e xamp le , t he f irs t p ane l i n r ow e igh teen i s

t he s ame a s n o t o n ly t he f our th p a t tern i n t ha t r ow , b u t a lso t o t he s econd a nd t h ird p anels i n t he n ine teen th l a t i tud ina l r ow .

I n t h is way , al a t i tud ina l

c orrespondence i s c rea ted a cross t he q u incunxes a nd a d iagona l c orrespondence o n e ach s ide o f t he q u incunxes .

B e fore Vesp ignan i 's a l tera t ions , t h is t ype

o f c orrespondence o ccurred n ine t imes ;

i tn ow o ccurs e igh t t imes .

The p a t terns c o mpr is ing t he r ec tang les a re g enera l ly made u p o f as peci f ic f igure , s uch a s as tar , o u t l ined i n wh i te marb le a nd s urrounded b y mockC os ma tesque p a t terns .

T he q u incunxes , o n t he o ther h and , a re more c lose ly

b ased o n med ieva l p a t terns , s uch a s t he S . S i lves tro C hape l i n S S . Qua t tro C orona t i , Ro me " a nd t he n ave o f S .L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , R o me 1 9 i n wh ich t he sma l l f lank ing r oundels a re j o ined n o t o n ly t o t he l arge r ounde l , b u t a lso t o t he a d jacen t sma l l r ounde ls f lank ing t he s ucceed ing o r p reced ing l arge , c en ter r ounde l . 1 . 2 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I I , 9 . F or t he i nscr ip t ions r e la t ing t o B ened ic t X IV 's r es tora t ion , c f . F orce l la , I scr izion i , X I , 9 7, n os . 2 00 , 2 01 a nd 9 8 , n o . 2 02.

3 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus , I I , 3 8 s ta tes t ha t t he p ave men t i n i t s p resen t s ta te c on ta ins s o me p ane ls f ro m t he R o manesque f l oor .

Krau the i mer

may h ave b ased t h is o bserva t ion o n t he p lan made b y P . d e Ange l is ( Bas i l icae S . Mar iae Ma ior is d e U rbe , AL iber io P apa Iu sque a d Pau lum VP on t . Max ., D escr ip t io e t d e l inea t io , Ro me , 1 621 , p la te a f ter 5 6 a nd Krau the i mer , C orpus I I , 2 9 , f ig . 2 9 ).

T he p lan s hows f ive q u incunxes

a l igned l ong i tud ina l ly i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave .

They a re n o t l i nked

l ong i tud ina l ly a s t hey a re i n t he c urren t p ave men t .

I t wou ld s ee m t ha t

B ened ic t X IV ' sw ork men r epea ted t he c o m mon C os ma tesque p a t tern o f 1 13

q u incunxes i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave , b u t made t he p a t tern a new .

There

a ppear t o b e a bsolu tely n o med ieva l s tones i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave p avemen t . 4 .

C f . t he A ppendix , n o . 1 6.

5 .

C f . i n ter a l ia , Krau the i mer , C orpus I I , 3 2 ; s u l la b asi l ica L iber iana , R o me , 1 825 , 2 3 ;

N . Ra t t i , D isser tazione C . C ecchel l i , Imosa ici

d e l la b asi l ica d i S . M. Magg iore , T or ino , 1 956 , 2 45-46.

E . Lavagn ino

a nd V . Mosch in i ( San ta Mar ia Magg iore , L e c h iese d i Ro ma i l lus tra te , 7 , Ro me , 1 924 , 1 3-14 ) a ssoc ia te t he p ave men t w i th Arnol fo d i C a mbio a nd G iovann i d a C os ma a nd t hus a t tr ibu te t he p ave men t t o t he e ra o f N icho las I V ( 1288-92 ). 6 .

The d ed ica tory p ane l , n o l onger e x tan t , c ons is ted o f ar ectang le

d ep ict ing

t wo c ava l iers s i mi lar t o t ha t o nce i n S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , R o me . A ccord ing t o De Angel is ' p lan , o p . c i t ., l oc . c i t ., t he p ane l s epara ted t wo q u incunxes a nd was p laced a t t he t h ird i n tercolu m ia t ion f ro m t he wes t .

F or a d eta i led e ngrav ing o f t he p anel , c f . J . C ia mpin i , V etera

Mon i men ta , Ro me , 1 690 , I , p la te XXX I .

For t he p ane l 's i nscr ip t ion ,

c f . D . Taccone-Ga l lucci , Monogra f ia d e l la p a tr iarca le b as i l ica d i S an ta Mar ia Magg iore , R o me/Gro t ta ferra ta , 1 911 , 8 6. 7 .

P . Ugon io , H is tor ia d el le s ta t ion i d i Ro ma , Ro me , 1 588 , 6 7.

8 .

0 . Panv in io , De Praecipu is Urbis Ro mae..., Ro me , 1 570 , 2 37-38 .

He

s ta tes t ha t t he p ave men t was g iven d ur ing t he t ime o f Eugen ius I I ( 1 1455 3 ).

C f . a lso , i de m ., Ro me , B ibl io teca Va t icana ,

La t . 6 781 , 1 51.

For a t ranscr ipt ion a nd d iscuss ion o f t h is p assage , c f . G . B iaso t t i , " La b as i l ica d i S . Mar ia Magg iore d i Ro ma p r i ma d e l le i nnovazion i d e l s ecolo XV I" , Me langes d 'archeo log ie e t d 'h is toire XXXV , 1 915 , 1 5-40. 9 .

" La c h iesa s i S ancta Mar ia Magg iore , d e l la g randeza d i S ancta Mar ia N ove l la d i F irenze ,

c on t re n av i e t t re p or t i , c on b el lo p av i men to ...".

A . Perosa , G iovann i Ruce l la i e d i l s uo Z iba ldone , London , The Warburg I ns t i tu te , 1 960 , 6 9. 1 0 .

C f . n ote 8 .

1 1.

C ecchel l i , o p . c i t ., 2 46.

1 2.

G . A . Fur iet t i , De Musiv is , Ro me , 1 752 , 6 9.

1 3 .

For a n i l lustra t ion o f t he n ew c on fess io , c f . F . Fabi Mon tan i , La c on fess ione d e l la b as i l ica L iber iana , Ro me , 1 867, p la te I .

1 4.

There were o r ig ina l ly f ive g roups o f q u incunxes .

C f . L .

Can ina ,

R icerche s u l l 'arch i tet tura p iü p ropr ia . d ei t e mp i c r is t ian i ..., 2 nd e d ., Ro me , 1 846, p la te LXV I a nd C . K . Bunsen , J . G . G u tensohn , a nd J . M. Knapp , D ie Bas i l iken d es C hr is t l ichen Ro ms , n ach i hre m Z usa m menhange mi t I dee u nd G esch ich te d er K irchenbaukuns t , 2 nd e d i t ion , Mun ich , 1 842 , p la te I X . 1 5 .

Or ig ina l ly , o ne o f t hese i n ters t ices c on ta ined t he Paparon i p ane l .

1 6.

C f . n ote 6 .

C f . n o te 1 4 f or e ngrav ings p r ior t o t he Vespignan i c ons truc-

t ion .

1 14

1 7.

F or c hro mol i thographs o f t he r ec tang le p ane ls , c f . G . B . De R oss i , Musa ic i c r is t ian i es agg i d ei p av imen t i d e l le c h iese d i Ro ma a n ter ior i a l s eco lo XV , Ro me , 1 899 , p la tes

1 8 .

C f . i n fra , p . 1 25 .

1 9.

C f . s upra , p p . 1 01-102 .

Ro me , S . Mar ia d el la P ace I n t he f irs t c hape l t o t he l e f t o f t he ma in a l tar i n S . Mar ia d e l la Pace , t here i s a sma l l p iece o f h igh ly u nusua l C os ma tesque p ave men t .

I tc ons is ts

o f t wo r ounde ls p ar t ia l ly j o ined t oge ther b y t he c o m mon C os ma tesque i n terl ace ;

b u t , t he t wo p ieces o f mosa ic i n ter lace a re d i f feren t ly p a t terned a nd

s top s hor t o f c o mp le te ly embracing t he s econd r ounde l a s i s c o m mon i n C os ma tesque p avemen ts .

One o f t he l ong s ides o f t he r ec tang le f or med b y

t he t wo r ounde ls i s f ra med b y an arrow , c ons is ten t ly p a t terned b and , wh i le t he o ther l ong s ide i s f ramed b y aw ider , c ons is ten t ly p a t terned b and made u p o f t wo r ec tang les s epara ted b y an arrow c rack .

A l though t h is s or t o f

c on f igura t ion o ccurs i n n o o ther C osma tesque p ave men t , t he p a t terns f lank ing t he r ounde ls d o o ccur c o m mon ly i n t we l f th c en tury p ave men ts . T he p rovenance o f t he p ave men t f ragmen t i s u ncer ta in .

S . Mar ia d e l la

Pace , a s i t s tands t oday , i s aR ena issance c hurch b ui l t d ur ing t he p apacy o f S ix tus I V ( 1471-84 ) . s i te .

L i t t le i s k nown o f t he med ieva l c hurch f or mer ly o n t he

I ti s men t ioned i n o n ly o ne i nven tory , t ha t o f C encio S ave l l i i n 1 192 ,

where i ti s c a l led S . Mar ia d e A quar icar i is .

1

No d escr ip t ions o r d rawings

e x is t a nd i th as n ever b efore b een men t ioned i n t he l i tera ture o n C os ma tesque p ave men ts . 1 .

C . H ue lsen , L e c h iese d i Ro ma n e l med io e vo , F lorence , 1 927 , 3 10 . F or d iscuss ions c oncern ing t he n ame o f t he med ieva l c hurch , c f . Ar meC h iese I , 1 237 a nd P . F ede le i n A rch iv io d e l la R . S oc ie tä Ro mana d i S tor ia P a tr ia XX IX , 1 906 , 5 57-63 .

R o me

S . Mar ia S ca la C oe l i

A . M . B essone-Aure l j s ta tes t ha t i n t he l ower c hurch o f S . Mar ia S ca la C oe l i , t here i s t o b e f ound a C os ma tesque p ave men t d a t ing f ro m t he t h ir teen th c en tury.

1

A r me l l in i men t ions t races o f p ave men t .

C os ma t i a t S . Mar ia S ca la C oe l i i s n o t d ocumen ted ;

2

The p resence o f t he t he p resen t c hurch was

b u i l t b y G iaco mo d el la P or ta i n 1 583 . T oday , t here a re a f ew f ragmen ts o f C os ma tesque f urn i ture embedded i n t he wa l l a bove t he a l tar i n t he l ower c hurch a nd a f ew p ieces o f r e la id p ave men t , h av ing p a t terns t yp ica l o f t he k o ine o f t he t rade , s urround t he a l tar o f S t . B ernard i n t he l e f t a pse o f t he u pper c hurch . 1 .

A . M. B essone-Aure l j , Imar morar i r o man i , M i lan/Ro me , 1 935 , 1 73.

2 .

Arme l l in i , C h iese I , 1 171. 1 15

R o me , S . Mar ia i n T ras tevere

( P la te 3 9 )

T he h is tory o f t he p ave men t i n S . Mar ia i n T ras tevere i s e xceed ing ly c o mp lex .

I nnocen t I ( 1 130-43 ) s ponsored t he r ebu i ld ing o f a n e ar l ier c hurch .

Mos t o f t he e ssen t ia l p ar ts o f t ha t b u i ld ing , i nc lud ing a p ave men t , were c o mp le ted d ur ing I nnocen t 's l i fe t i me .

1

T here i s n o d ocumen tary e iv idence c on-

c ern ing t he p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t t he c hurch .

T oday , t he o n ly r e ma in ing

med ieva l p ave men t i n S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere c ons is ts o f af ew f ragmen ts i n t he t ransep t b e tween t he a l tar a nd t he c a thedra .2 T hey a re o f n o h e lp i n a scer ta in ing t he o r ig ina l d a te o f t he p ave men t . T here i s n o f ur ther e v idence c oncern ing t he p ave men t u n t i l t he s ix teen th c en tury when C ard ina l a b A l tae mps d is man t led t he s cho la c an torum a nd c rea ted a n ew p ave men t a t t he l evel o f t he s cho la f ounda t ions .

H e l e f t t he r a ised f ounda t ion o f t he s cho la c an toru m

i n tact a nd l a id i t s d is man t led wa l ls i n t he f l oor a t t he s ame l eve l a s t he f oundat i on .3 T h is a rrange men t was i n e f fec t u n t i l t he n ineteen th c en tury when i t was r ep laced b y t he c urren t p ave men t .

I n o ther words , u n t i l t he n ineteen th c en tury ,

t he p ave men t i n t he wes tern e nd o f t he c hurch was h igher t han t ha t i n t he e as tern e nd .4 The p ave men t n ow i n S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere i s t he p roduct o f ar ad ica l r es tora t ion u nder taken a t t he i ns t iga t ion o f P ius I X ( 1846-78 ) a nd s uperv ised b y t he a rch i tec t V irg in io Vesp ignan i .5 T he p ave men t was c o mp le ted i n 1 871. 6 P r ior t o t he n ine teen th c en tury r econs truct ion , t he a ppearance o f t he p ave men t h ad b een r ecorded f i ve t imes , b u t t he f i ve d ep ic t ions d o n o t a gree i n a l l a spec ts . A f ter a na lyzing t he v iews r ecorded b y S ar t i , a nd Vesp ignan i ,

1 1

7

Knapp ,

8

F on tana ,

9

L e tarou i l ly ,1 0

K inney c oncluded t ha t , p r ior t o t he r econs truct ion , t he

p ave men t i n t he wes tern p ar t o f t he c hurch c ons is ted o f as ing le r ow o f l ong it ud ina l ly a l igned r ounde ls i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave ;

t he r ounde ls were i n-

t errup ted b y aq u incunx b e tween t he n in th a nd t en th c o lonnades .1 2 Th is a rea marks t he p os i t ion o f t he med ieva l s cho la c an torum . I f , i ndeed , t here was aq u incunx i n terrup t ing a r ow o f r ounde ls i n t he s cho la c an torum , i t wou ld h ave b een u n ique among C os ma tesque p ave men ts . F or , n or ma l ly , t he s chola c an toru m i s p aved w i th e i ther a s er ies o f r ounde ls o r as er ies o f q u incunxes . T he t wo a re n ever mixed .

T yp ica l t we l f th c en tury s cho la c an torum p ave men ts

may b e s een i n S . C le men te , R o me ( af i le o f r ounde ls ) 13 C os med in , R o me ( af i le o f q u incunxes ) .

1 4

a nd S . Mar ia i n

The u nusua l a rrange men t o f t he

s cho la c an torum p ave men t i n S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere , a s r ecorded i n t he a fore men t ioned v iews , s ugges ts t ha t i t may h ave b een r e-arranged a t s o me u nknown d a te b e tween t he t wel f th a nd n ine teen th c en tur ies . The r e ma inder o f t he p ave men t i n t he wes tern p ar t o f t he n ave s ee ms t o h ave b een l os t p r ior t o t he n ine teen th c en tury.

Based o n h er

a na lys is o f t he

f ive a fore men t ioned v iews , K inney h as s ugges ted t ha t t he n ine teen th c en tury r econs truct ion o f t he wes tern p ar t o f t he n ave p ave men t , was b ased o n t he p ave men t r e ma in ing i n t he e as tern p ar t o f t he c hurch .

1 5

S he p ropounds t ha t

t he e as tern p ar t o f t he p ave men t , p r ior t o t he n ine teen th c en tury r econs truct i on i ns t iga ted b y P ius I X , was b ordered o n f our s ides b y as ing le r ow o f i n ter laced r ounde ls .

T h is a rea was b isec ted l a t i tud ina l ly a nd l ong i tud ina l ly

b y r ows o f i n ter laced r ounde ls .

The wes ternmos t t wo q uadran ts h oused

d ouble q u incunxes , b u t , b y t he n ine teen th c en tury , i t was i mposs ible t o d e termine t he p a t terns i n t he t wo e as ternmos t q uadran ts .

1 6

I ft h is i n terpre ta t ion

i s c orrec t , o ne i s f orced t o c onc lude t ha t t he e as tern p ar t o f t he p ave men t i n 1 16

S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere was u n ique .

Ik now o f n o o ther a u then t ic p ave men t

h av ing r ounde ls a t i t s b orders a nd q u incunxes a nywhere b u t o n t he l ong i tud ina l a x is .

I ndeed , wh i le h is tor ica l e v idence s ugges ts a t we l f th c en tury d a te f or

t he o r ig ina l p ave men t , i t may b e p oss ib le t ha t t he p ave men t r e ma in ing i n t he e as tern p ar t o f t he n ave p r ior t o t he n ine teen th c en tury r econs truct ion was n o t t he o r ig ina l t wel f th c en tury p ave men t b u t , r a ther , al a ter r es tora t ion o r a dd i t ion .

A l though t here i s n o d ocumen tary e v idence s uppor t ing t h is s ugges t ion ,

o ne p iece o f a rchaeo log ica l e v idence may b e o f v a lue .

F or , a s K inney h as

p o in ted o u t , e ven b e fore t he s ix teen th c en tury , s o me o f t he c o lumn b ases were c overed .1 7 I ft he c o lu mns a nd p ave men t were i ns ta l led a t t he s a me t ime , t h is o bserva t ion p resen ts a d i f f icu l ty , f or i t wou ld b e h igh ly u nusua l t o c over d e l ibera te ly s o me o f t he c o lumn b ases . On t he c on trary , t h is o bserv a t ion s ugges ts t ha t t he p ave men t was a dded a t a n u nknown d a te a f ter t he t we l f th c en tury s tructure was c o mp le ted . There a re c overed c o lumn b ases a t S . Mar ia , Anagn i , where t he n ave p ave men t was i ns ta l led we l l a f ter t he c o mp le t ion o f t he c hurch .

1 8

T he C os ma tesque p ave men t i n S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere r e ma ins a mys tery . I n i t s p resen t f or m , i ti s an ineteen th c en tury r econs truct ion .

I t s o r ig ina l

d a te a nd d ispos i t ion i s o pen t o d ispu te . Iam u nable t o r econc i le t he a rrangemen t r ecorded i n t he p re-recons truc t ion v iews w i th t he s tandard f or ms o f e i ther t we l f th o r t h ir teen th c en tury p ave men ts a nd l ean t oward s ugges t ing a l a ter d a te , a l though t here i s i nsu f f ic ien t c o mpara t ive ma ter ia 1 . 1 .

1 9

D . K inney , " Excava t ions i n S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere , 1 865-69 :

A

Draw ing b y Vesp ignan i" , R öm ische Quar ta lschr i f t 7 0 , 1 975 , 4 6.

F or

t he t we l f th c en tury b u i ld ing c a mpa ign , c f . a lso D . K inney , S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere f ro m i t s F ound ing t o 1 215 , u npubl ished P h . D . d isser ta t ion , N ew York Un ivers i ty , I ns t i tu te o f F ine A r ts , 1 975 , 2 08f . 2 .

T he o n ly r ecogn izable p a t tern i s ac o m mon t wel f th a nd t h ir teen th c en tury p a t tern .

3 . 4 .

C f . t he A ppendix , n o . 8 .

K inney , S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere , 2 2 . c i t ., 2 81-82. I t s hou ld b e n o ted t ha t , a t S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere , t he a pse i s i n t he wes t , t hus r evers ing t he n or ma l o r ien ta t ion .

5 .

K inney , " Excava t ions" , _ o p . c i t ., 4 2-43 .

6 .

I b id ., 4 3.

7 .

S ar t i 's v iew i s i n t he A rch iv io C ap i to lare o f S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere ( Ar m . XV ) ,

8 .

C f . I b id ., p la te 5 a .

C . K . Bunsen , J . G . G u tensohn , a nd J . M. Knapp , D ie Bas i l iken d es C hr is t l ichen R o ms

n ach i hre m Z usam menhange mi t I dee u nd G esch ich te

d er K irchenbaukuns t , 2 nd e d i t ion , Mun ich , 1 842, P la te XXXVI I I . 9 .

G . F on tana , Racco l ta d e l le mig l ior i c h iese d i Ro ma e s uburbane , R o me , 1 833 , I , p la te XXXVI I I .

1 0 .

P . M. L etarou i l ly , Ed i f ices d e R o me moderne , Par is , 1 856-68 , I I , 3 27.

1 1.

K inney , " Excava t ions" , o p . c i t ., P la tes 6 a a nd 6 b. " Una p ian ta i ned i ta d e l l

C f . a lso G . Ber te l l i ,

a c h i e s aa l to- med ioeva le d i S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere"

B o l le t tino d 'Ar te s er ies V , 5 9 , 1 974 , 1 57-60 . 1 17

1 2.

K inney , S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere , 92 . c i t ., 2 89.

1 3 .

C f . s upra ,

p p . 8 3-87 .

1 4 .

C f . s upra ,

pp.

1 5.

1 09-111 .

K inney , S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere , o p . c i t ., 2 86.

Th is v iew i s e ncouraged

b y Cressed i , ac anon o f S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere , who was a n e yewi tness t o t he n ineteen th c en tury r econs truct ion . h e wr i tes :

" S i

I n h is D iar io ( Augus t 2 9 , 1 866 ) ,

s tabi l i to c o l l 'approvazione d e l S . Padre d i r i fare i

p av i men to d e l la Nave magg iore a mosa ico i n p ie tra d isegno ."

s econdo l ' an t ico

C f . G . C ressed i , D iar io d e i l avoro d i r estauro e d i d ecorazione

d el la bas i l ica d i S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere n e l p on ti fica to d i P io I X , Arch ivio Capi tolare d i S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere , Ar m . I , B inder :

S tor ia d e l la

Basi l ica , A-2 ( c i ted i n K inney , S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere , 2 p . c i t ., 2 86, f ootnote 1 42 ).

I ti s imposs ible t o d e ter mine whether C ressed i was r e-

f err ing t o t he p urpor ted t wel f th c en tury f loor o r al a ter f loor .

I n u s ing

t he p hrase " secondo l ' an t ico d isegno" , h e c ou ld s i mp ly b e r eferr ing t o a s tyl is t ic t ype , r a ther t han t o as peci f ic f loor . 1 6. 1 7.

K inney, I b id ., 2 89-90 . I b id ., 2 90.

K inney a d mi ts t ha t t he c overed c olu mn b ases p resen t a n

o bs tacle t o d a t ing t he o r ig ina l p ave men t i n t he t wel f th c en tury. 1 8 .

C f . s upra ,

1 9.

Prof . K inney c on t inues t o work o n S . Mar ia i n Tras tevere .

pp.

5 7-59 , The v iews

e xpressed i n h er d isser ta t ion a nd a r t icle s hou ld n o t b e c ons trued a s h er l as t word o n t he p ave men t .

Ro me , S . Mar ia i n V ia La ta The c hapels b oth t o t he l e f t a nd t he r igh t o f t he ma in a l tar i n S . Mar ia i n V ia La ta e ach h ave a s ing le q u incunx o f C os ma tesque work embedded i n t heir f loors .

The q u incunxes a ssured ly b e longed t o an ow d is man t led p iece

o f c hurch f urn i ture a nd t hus were n o t o r ig ina l ly d es igned a s ap ave men t d ecora t ion .

The c urren t c hurch was d ed ica ted i n 1 506 a nd r ep laced a c hurch

wh ich h ad b een c onsecra ted i n 1 049 .

1

Af ew o ther f ragmen ts , n ow p reserved

i n t he l ower c hurch , s ugges t t ha t t he e n t ire s tructure was o nce a c hancel s creen .2 1 . 2 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I I , 7 3 , 7 5 . C f . L . C avazzi , La d iacon ia d i S . Mar ia i n V ia La ta e i l monas tero d i S . C ir iaco , Ro me , 1 908 , 2 03f .;

H . G r isar , " Un a n t ica d iacon ia r isor ta

i n Ro ma , S . Mar ia i n V ia La ta ," Rassegna G regor iana 1 -2 , J anuaryFebruary , 1 907, 1 7-28 .

Ro me , S S . Michele e Magno ( S . Michele i n S ass ia ) S S . M iche le e Magno was t horough ly r edecora ted b etween 1 756 a nd 1 759 a t t he i ns t iga t ion o f B ened ict X IV ( 1740-58 ). 1 18

1

The c ore o f t he Ro manesque

c hurch , d ed ica ted o n J anuary 3 0 , 1 141 , r e ma ins .2

A l though t here i s n o

d ocu men tary e v idence r e la t ing t o t he p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t t he c hurch , T orr igg io 's d escr ip t ion , wr i t ten p r ior t o B ened ic t X IV 's r es tora t ion , s ugges ts t ha t f ragmen ts o f C os ma tesque p ave men t s t i l l r e ma ined i n t he s even teen th c en tury.

3

T oday , t here i s o n ly o ne r es tored C os ma tesque r ounde l i n t he

c en ter o f t he n ave .4 1 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I I , 1 25 .

2 .

K rau the i mer , C orpus I I , 1 25 . F orce l la , I scr izion i V I , 2 67, n o . 9 67. F or a more c o mp le te t ranscr ip t ion , c f . G . B . D e Ross i , I nscr ip t iones C hr is t ianae U rb is R o mae ? R o me , 1 888 , I ( 1 ) , 4 48 , n o . 2 08 .

3 .

" I I p av i men to ë ma t tona to : ma g iä e ra d i p icco le p ie tre l avora te d i q ue l l 'opera c h iama ta T essel la ta , c o me n 'appar iscono v es t ig i j a l l 'A l tar Magg iore e i n m ezo ."

F . M. T orr igg io , Narra t ione d e l l 'or ig ine d e l l '

a n t ich iss i ma c h iesa d i S an t i M iche l 'Arcange lo , e Magno Vescovo , e Mar t ., Ro me , 1 629 , 4 9 . 4 .

M. B os i a nd P . B ecche t t i , S S . M iche le e Magno , L e c h iese d i Ro ma i l lus tra te 1 26 , R o me , 1 973 , 1 02 a nd f ig . 1 1 o n 1 03 .

Ro me , S S . Nereo e d A ch i l leo C os ma tesque p ave men t a ppears i n S S . N ereo e d A ch i l leo o n ly i n t he p resb ytery where i ti s much r es tored .

Ne i ther s tyl is t ic n or d ocumen tary e v idence

o f fer a s ecure d a te f or t he o r ig ina l p ave men t ,

1

a nd t here a re n o d ocu men ts

r e la ting t o t he r e furbish ing o f t he c hurch w i th C os ma tesque work d ur ing t he M idd le A ges .2 T he n umerous r es tora t ions u ndergone b y t he c hurch a re , h owever , we l l d ocumen ted .

Work was u nder taken b y S ix tus I V ( 1471-84 ) a nd

b y Card ina l Baron io b etween 1 596 a nd 1 602.

T he l a t ter r a ised t he l eve l o f

t he c ho ir , b u i l t an ew c on fess io , a nd i ns ta l led v ar ious p ieces o f C os ma tesque c hurch f urn i ture o bta ined f ro m o ther c hurches .

I n 1 832 , t he C os ma tesque

f urn ish ings were r epa ired a nd , i n 1 941 , t he n ave p ave men t was r es tored . The p ave men t i n t he p resbytery h as b een e n t ire ly r e la id .

3

On e ach s ide

o f t he a l tar , t here i s as er ies o f s quares p ene tra ted a t i n terva ls b y s ing le r ounde ls j o ined t o e ach o ther b y an arrow b and .

On t he s a me a x is a s t he

r ounde ls , a nd g row ing o u t o f t he m , i s ag radua l ly c urv ing p a t terned b and wh ich f o l lows t he l i ne o f t he a pse a nd t hus j o ins t he p a t terns o n e i ther s ide o f t he a l tar .

D irec t ly b eh ind t he a l tar i s ar ounde l f ro m wh ich r ad ia te r e la id

wedge-shaped p ieces o f C os ma tesque work , s o t ha t t he t o ta l e f fec t i s t ha t o f a whee l ;

t he s a me r es tored p a t tern a ppears i n S S . G iovann i eP ao lo , Ro me .4

T he o r ig ina l p a t terns r e ma in ing s how l i t t le v ar ie ty ;

t hey a re a ssured ly

t we l f th o r t h ir teen th c en tury , b u t i nsu f f ic ien t e v idence f orbids more p rec ise d a t ing . 1 .

The f irs t i nscr ip t ion l i s ted b y F orce I la d a tes f ro m 1 596. I scr izion i

2 .

C f . Force I la ,

X I , 4 23 , n o . 6 37.

A . G uerr ier i , L a c h iesa d e i S S . Nereo e d A ch i l leo , C i t tä d e l Va t icano , 1 951 , 5 8 .

1 19

3 .

I b id ., 5 8-81 a nd K rauthe i mer , C orpus I I , 1 37-38 , 1 41.

4 .

C f . s upra , p p . 9 5-97 .

Ro me , S . N icola i n Carcere I n Ugon io ' st ime , t here w ere s t i ll r e ma ins o f C os ma tesque p ave men t i n t he s cho la c an toru m o f S . N ico la i n Carcere . 1 There was a g rea t d ea l o f b u i ld ing a ct iv i ty i n t he c hurch d ur ing t he t we lf th c en tury ` ,2b ut t he d a te o f t he o r ig ina l p ave men t i s u nknown .

The p resence o ft he C os ma t i a t S . N ico la i n

Carcere i s n o t r ecorded a nd t he p ave men t i s n o l onger e x tan t.

I t was p erhaps

d estroyed b y Card ina l F eder ico B orro meo ( 1 591-93 ) , who b ui l t an ew p resb y tery .

3

Ye t , i n 1 733 , t he c anons o f t he c hurch a sked C le men t X I I ( 1730-40 )

f or p er m ission t o r epa ir a nd s yste ma t ize t he p ave men t . 4 The t ype o f p avemen t i s n o t s pec if ied . 1 .

P . Ugon io , H istor ia d e l le s ta t ion i d i R o ma , R o me, 1 588 , 2 77 .

2 .

G . Ba t t ista Pro ja , S . N ico la i n Carcere , L e c h iese d i R o ma i l lustra te 1 12 , R o me , 1 970 , 3 3f .

3 .

I b id ., 5 2 .

4 .

I b id ., 5 3 .

R o me , S . N ico la d e i Prefe t t i I n Va t ican C odex 8 253 , p . I , 3 95, G ua ld i r ecorded a n i nscr ip t ion o n t he a rch i trave o f t he c hurch wh ich s ta ted t ha t t he p ave men t a nd a l tar i n S . N ico la d e i Prefet t i was made b y S tefano Oder is i i n 1 250 .

1

e x tan t a nd t he d a te o f i t s d estruc t ion i s n o t k nown ;

The p ave men t i s n o l onger i t most l ike ly o ccurred

b e tween t he s even teen th a nd n ine teen th c en tur ies , when t he c hurch u nderwen t ma jor a l tera t ions .2 B essone-Aurel j s monograph , p ub l ished i n 1 935, n otes t ha t t he p ave men t i s n o l onger e x tan t .

3

1 .

C f . F orce l la , I scr iz ion i X , 2 37 , n o . 3 64 .

2 .

On t he s can t h istory o ft he c hurch , c f , A . Z ucch i , R o ma Do men icana , I , F lorence , 1 940 , 1 55-56;

Ar me l l in i , C h iese I , 4 08 ;

I , 1 396;

C . H ue lsen , L e c h iese d i R o ma n e l med io e vo , F lorence , 1 927 , 4 06. F or t he i nscr ip t ion r ecord ing t he r e mak ing o ft he marb le p ave men t i n 1 862 , c f . F orce l la , I scr izion i X , 2 49 , n o . 3 98 . 3 .

A . M . B essone- A ure l j, Imar morar i r o man i , M i lan/Ro me , 1 935, 3 8 .

R o me, S . Pancraz io The p oss ib i l i ty t ha t t here was o nce a C os ma tesque p ave men t i n S . Panc raz io i s r a ised b y Ugon io who s ta tes t ha t t he p ave men t i s l arge ly o f wh i te marble , b ut "s e b en i n q ua lche l uogo mostra s egno d i e sser s ta to i n tarsia to ..." These b i ts o f p ave men t were s een i n t he s outh a isle wh ich was n o t i nu se i n

1 20

Ugon io ' st i me.

2

T oday , n o C os ma tesque p ave men t r e ma ins.

o f i t s c rea t ion n or d es truct ion i s k nown .

N e ither t he d a te

A s l a te a s 1 911 , Mugoz , who c are-

f u l ly a na lyzed t he C os ma tesque f urn iture i n t he c hurch , n oted t ha t t here were s t i ll sma l l f rag men ts o f p ave men t . 1 .

3

P . Ugon io , H istor ia d e l le s ta t ion i d i R o ma , Ro me , 1 588 , 3 23 a nd R o me, B ib l io teca Va t icana , Barb. L a t . 2 160 , 1 87 .

2 .

K rauthe i mer , C orpus I I , 1 61-62 .

3 .

A . Mui roz, "La d ecoraz ione e g l i ambon i c os ma tesch i d e l la b asi l ica d i S . Pancrazio f uor i l e Mira", L ' Ar te 1 4, 1 911, 1 06.

R o me , S . P ietro i n V a t ican° The v ast amoun t o f l i tera ture o n S . P ietro g ives s can t a t ten t ion t o t he q uest ion o ft he a ct iv i ty o ft he C os ma t i i n t he b asi l ica .

1

G iaco mo B oni i s t he

o n ly a uthor i ty t o h ave s ta ted c a tegor ica l ly t ha t aC os ma tesque p ave men t f ro m t he c hurch was t ransferred t o t he Casino o f P ius I V ( 1559-65 ) i n t he Va t ican G ardens .

2

Today , t wo p ieces o f C os ma tesque work may b e s een embedded

i n t he f l oor o f t he v es t ibu le o ft he Casino .

One p iece b ears a t wol ine i nscr ip-

t i on : N I /NC °PERTS QV ICQV ID CHORVS ECCE N ITET PRETIOS ARTIF ICIS S CLVTRIS CO MSIT BONA DEXTRA PAVLI 3 The i nscr ip t ion a ppears t o b e t we lf th c en tury a nd p robably r efers t o t he s a me P aulus who s igned t he c hoir s creen a t S . A rnbrog io , F eren t ino .4

I ti s , h ow-

e ver , e v iden t t ha t t he t wo p ieces o f C os ma tesque work n ow i n t he Casino o f P ius I V were n o t o r ig ina lly mean t f or a p ave men t d esign , b ut most l ike ly c a me f ro m a c ho ir s creen o r o ther p iece o f c hurch f urn i ture .

The p ane ls measure

9 8 .5 cm x 7 0 cm , a nd a re t hus s *ma l ler t han t he r ec tang les a ppear ing i n mos t C os ma tesque p ave men ts .

I n a dd i t ion , b oth p ane ls a re c o mposed s o t ha t t here

i s a sma l ler mosa ic r ectang le a t t he c en ter o f t he d es ign , t hen a wh i te marble b and s urround ing i t , a nd , f i na l ly , as econd mosa ic r ectang le s urround ing t he wh i te marb le b and .

The r eference t o c horus i n t he i nscr ip t ion , t he s ize o f

t he p ane ls, a nd t he ir u nusua l d esign a l l s uggest t ha t t he p ieces n ow i n t he Casino o f P ius W p robably o nce b elonged t o ac ho ir s creen .

5

A l though t he a fore men t ioned C os ma tesque p ieces c annot b e a ccep ted a s p ar t o f ap ave men t , t here may o nce h ave b een a t ype o f marble p ave men t i n t he o ld b asi l ica o f S . P ietro t ha t , i fn o t C os ma tesque, d oes a dhere c lose ly t o d escr ip t ions o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts .

F or e xa mp le , T iber io A lfarano ,

who was p robab ly a t S . P ie tro b y 1 544, wrote : Pav i men tu m a u te m magn is a c e x i .m i is mar mor ibus r o tund is a c q uadra t is, e t v ar iaru m f or maru m e ra t s tra tu m , e t v ar i is e t ia m c o lor ibus a lb is p orph ire t icis a eg ip tyacis g ran i t is e t d eaura t is e ra t v er m icula tu m a tque e xorna tu m .

6

Ugon io men t ions t ha t ap ave men t c o mposed o f l arge p ieces o f marb le a nd o ther s tones was made b y S y m machus, who h e ld t he p apacy f ro m 4 98 u n t i l 5 14 .

7

Gr i ma ld i , wr i t ing i n 1 623 , g ives a more c o mp lete i dea o f t he p ave men t : 1 21

Pav i men tu m t otu m e x f rag men t is mar moru m .

A licub i c erneban tur

r e l iquiae p r im i p av i men t i ( e t f or tasse C ons tan t in ian i ) v er m icu la to o pere p hr ig ia to e x a lb is p orph ire t ic is, s erpen t in isque l ap i ll is . magnae r o tae e ran t ;

I n h oc s acro v er m icu la to s o lo

meo t e mpore h as n o tav i .

Tres amp lae

n ob i l issi mae e t i n tegrae , q uarum u na f racta r une e st i n n ovo p av i men to a n te s epulcru m C le men t is V I I I ; a n te s o liu m P on t if icis a psidae v eter is ;

v iseba tur

J acobus a P or ta

a rch i tectus r oga tus a muf t is u t i n tegrae i nde e levare t d in iere v erba d ed i t , e t t a les l ap ides f l occ i p end i t .

8

Krauthe i mer s ta tes t ha t t he p ave men t r eferred t o b y Gr i ma ld i c ou ld n ot b e C onstan t in ian a nd s pecu la tes t ha t i t was p erhaps made b e tween t he e leven th a nd t h ir teen th c en tur ies .

9

I n o ther words, whether t he s ect i le p ave men t was

l a te a n t ique o r med ieva l , wha tever r e ma ined o f i tt hrough t he n u merous Rena issance a l tera t ions o f S . P ietro was d ef in i t ive ly r estored a nd/or moderni zed i n t he l a te s ix teen th o r e ar ly s even teen th c en tury . 1 0 1 .

G . B . De . Rossi ( Bu l let t ino d i Archeo log ia C r is t iana , 2 nd s er ies , V I , 1 875 , 1 43 ) d iscusses a n i nscr ip t ion s een b y P ie tro S abino i n ac odex i n Ven ice ( Marc. L a t . X , 1 95, f o l . 1 95) . T he n a mes J acobus, L anren t ius , a nd Vassa le tus a re men t ioned . t o a n ambone .

2 .

De R oss i b e l ieved t ha t t he i nscr ip t ion r eferred

G. Bon i , The Ro man Mar morar i i , Ro me , 1 893 , 6 .

C f . a lso W. F r ied-

l änder , Das Kasino P ius d es V ier ten , K unstgesch ich t l iche F orschungen I I , L e ipz ig , 1 912 , p la te X I . 3 .

The i nscr ip t ion c annot b e t ras la ted u n less o ne a ssu mes t ha t CO MSIT i s mean t t o b e r ead CU M S IT .

4 . 5 .

C f . s upra , p . 9 . Af ew s im i lar f rag men ts, a l l h av ing t he i n ter ior wh ite b and , a re n ow i n t he Va t ican Grot toes.

S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i , R o me , h as o ne o f t he f ew

p ave men ts h av ing r ectang les sma l ler t han t he C os ma tesque p ieces r ema in ing i n S . P ie tro i n Va t icano . 6 .

C f . i nfra , p p . 1 24-26 .

T iber i i A lpharan i , De Bas il icae Va t icanae a n t iquissi ma e t n ova s tructura ( Ed . b y M . C erra t i ) , S tud i e Test i 2 6, C it tä d e l Va t icano , 1 914, 1 4-15.

7 .

P . Ugon io , H istor ia d e l le s ta t ion i d i R o ma , R o me , 1 588 , 9 6.

8 .

B ib l io teca Va t icana , Barb . L a t . 2 733 , 1 07 ;

J . P . K irsch , "Be i träge

z ur G esch ich te d er A llen P e tersk irche", R öm ische Q uar ta lschr if t 1 888 , 1 25; i n Va t ic a no .

G . Gr i ma ld i , Descr iz ione d e l la b as i l ica a n t ica d i S . P ietro C od ice Barber in i l a t ino 2 733 ( Ed . b y R . N igg l ) , C od ices e

Va t ican is s e lect i 3 2 , C i t tä d e l Va t icano , 1 972 , 1 41. 9 . 1 0 .

Krauthe i mer , C orpus V , 2 13. C os ma tesque p ave men t d oes a ppear i n M iche lange lo ' sS ist ine C hape l a nd Raphae l ' sS tanza d e lla S egna tura .

These p ave men ts a re o bv iously

p ost- med ieva l c onstruct ions a nd , h ence , a re n o t c onsidered h ere .

F or

ap lan o f t he f irst men t ioned p ave men t , c f . E . S te in mann , D ie S ix t in ische K ape lle , Mun ich , 1 901, I , p la te I X . 1 22

Ro me , S . Prassede S . P rassede was b ui l t b y Pascha l Ib e tween 8 17 a nd 8 24 .

1

A l though t here

a re s evera l o bv iously l a ter s truc tura l a dd i t ions, t here s ee ms t o h ave b een n o ma jor work d one d ur ing t he t we lf th a nd t h ir teen th c en tur ies.

2

There i s

l ikew ise n o d ocu men tary e v idence c oncern ing t he p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t S . P rassede .

Y et , t oday , t here a re r e ma ins o f C os ma tesque p ave men t i n

t he r a ised p resby tery o ft he c hurch .

3

The n ave p ave men t i s a modern im i ta t ion

o f C os ma tesque w ork c o mm issioned f ro m G . U . B er to l in i i n 1 914. 4 The o r ig ina l C os ma tesque p ave men t was d oubt less n o t i n p lace f or v ery l ong , f or t he t i tular c ard ina l , An ton iot to Pa l lav ic in i ( 1489-1503 ) g ave a n ew marb le p ave men t .5 T he a l tar a nd c hance l were r estored b y t he t i tular c ard ina l , C ar lo B oro m meo b e tween 1 560 a nd 1 566.6

T he p ave men t i n S . Prassede was

a ga in r es tored i n 1 742. 7 T he r e ma ins o ft he C os ma tesque p ave men t c onsist o f s ing le r ows o f r ectang les i n f ron t o f a nd b eh ind t he a l tar a nd s ix r ectang les o n e i ther s ide o f t he a l tar a rranged i n l ong itud ina l r ows o ft hree e ach , mak ing a t o ta l o ft we lve. The a fore men t ioned r estora t ions g ive amp le e v idence t ha t t he r ectang les a re n o t i n t he ir o r ig ina l p osi t ions.

Ye t , d esp i te t he a dd it ion o f s o me n ew s tones,

t he r ectang les h ave g enera l ly p reserved t he ir o r ig ina l p a t terns.

S ty l ist ica l ly ,

t he p a t terns o f t he r ec tang les a re b est c o mpared w i th S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i , R o me 8 a nd S . C le men te , Ro me ; 9 t hey s hould b e d a ted i n t he e ar ly t we lf th c en tury . 1 .

Krauthe i mer , C orpus I I , 2 57 .

2 .

Krauthe i mer , C orpus I I , p assi m ., e sp . 2 35.

3 .

The S . Z eno C hape l c on ta ins a n i n tars ia ted p ave men t c onsist ing o f l arge amoun ts o f p orphyry a nd s erpen t ine ; c hape l .

4 .

i ti s Caro l ing ian , a s i s t he e n t ire

A . MuT ioz, " S tud i er estaur i n e l le c h iese d i R o ma :

S . G iorg io a l

Ve labro e S . P rassede", Cap i to liu m V I , 1 927 , 4 47 . 5 .

P . Ugon io , H istor ia d e l le s ta t ion i d i R o ma , Ro me , 1 588 , 2 99 .

Ugon io

d oes n o t s pecify t he l oca t ion o ft he p ave men t , b ut i t may p erhaps h ave b een i n t he c hance l b ecause , i n t he l a te f if teen th c en tury , t he l eve l o f t he c hance l was r a ised c . 6 7 cm a nd c overed w i th a p ave men t o f wh i te marb le . 6 .

C f . K rauthe im —e r , C orpus I I , 2 38 .

F . T i t i , S tud io d i p it tura , s co l tura , e t a rch i tet tura n e l le c h iese d i R o ma , R o me , 1 674 , 2 73 ; 1 570 , 2 59 .

0 . Panv in io , De P raec ipu is Urbis R o mae .., Ro me ,

K rauthe i mer , C orpus I I , 2 36 .

a n i n tars ia ted a l tar .

Ugon io , 22 . c i t ., 2 98 men t ions

There i s n ow a C os ma tesque a ltar i n t he c ryp t .

A t

o ne t i me , i ts erved a s t he ma in a l tar a nd was a pparen t ly u n touched b y t he B oro m meo r estora t ion , f or i t r e ma ined i n p lace u n t i l t he r estora t ions o f B ened ict XI I ( 1724-30 ) .

C f . B . M. Apo l lon j Ghet t i , S an ta Prassede , L e

c h iese d i R o ma i l lustra te 6 6, Ro me , 1 961 , 5 0 . 7 .

G . Marangon i , De l le c ose g en t i lesche e p rofane t raspor ta te a d u so e a dorna men to d e lle c h iese , Ro me , 1 744, 4 32 .

1 23

8 .

C f . i nfra

p p . 1 24-26 .

9 .

C f . s upra , p p . 8 3-86 .

R o me, S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i

( P la tes 4 0-41 , f o ld-ou t I )

S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i , l i ke S . C le men te, was r ebui l t a f ter t he N or man i nvasion o f 1 084.

1

The c hurch , c onsecra ted b y P ascha l Io n J anuary 2 0 , 1 116,

i s most l ike ly t he s econd c hurch b ui l t b y P ascha l o n t he s i te.

The f irst

Ro manesque c hurch was c onsiderab ly l arger t han t he s econd Ro manesque c hurch wh ich s t i ll s tands t oday . C orona t i i s n o t d ocumen ted .

The p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t S S . Q ua t tro

2

N one the less, t he n ave p ave men t i s o ne o ft he

most c o mp le te p ave men ts s t i l l e x tan t .

I th as b een v ir tua l ly u n touched b y r es-

t ora t ion a nd s erves a s o ne o f t he k eystones o f C os ma tesque c hrono logy a nd s ty le . I ta ssured ly d a tes f ro m t he f irst t wo d ecades o f t he t we lf th c en tury . Beginning i n 1 621 , t he a pse , wh ich i s i n t he wes t , was e n t ire ly r edone b y C ardina l Garc ia Mi l lin i a nd h is s uccessor , C ardina l V idon i .

4

3

B e tween 1 912

a nd 1 914 , An ton io Mur ioz d irec ted a r es tora t ion t ha t a t te mp ted t o r es tore t he a pse t o i t s med ieva l a ppearance .

5

The n ave p ave men t i s o f p ar t icu lar i n terest b ecause o f i t s r a ther r ough s urface .

Much o f t he o r ig ina l p orphyry r e ma ins a nd t here a re e x traord inar i ly

f ew n ew s tones .

Because o f t he f or tuna te l ack o f r estora t ion , t he n ave p ave-

men t i n b oth i t s o vera ll a rrange men t a nd i t s r ec tang le p a t terns s tands a s a p ar t icu lar ly g ood e xa mp le o f t he o r ig ina l i n ten t ions o ft he C os ma t i . f ew f rag men ts o f p ave men t r e ma in i n t he a isles.

On ly a

T he n ave p ave men t c o m mences

w ith f i ve l ong i tud ina lly l inked r ounde ls i n t he c enter o f t he n ave .

6

T hey a re

f lanked o n e i ther s ide b y r ectangu lar p ane ls, t wo l a t itud ina l a nd f i ve l ong i tud ina l , mak ing at o ta l o ft en p anels o n e i ther s ide o ft he r ounde ls. ac o mp le te c orrespondence o f p a t terns . q uincunx ;

There i s

The f i ve r ounde ls a re f o l lowed b y a

t here a re t wo r ectang les, a l l i den t ica l , o n e i ther s ide o ft he q uin-

c unx ;7 T he p rocess ion o f r ounde ls a ga in r esu mes a f ter t he q uincunx ; h ere , f our r ounde ls a re f lanked o n e i ther s ide b y t wo l a t i tud ina l a nd t hree l ong it ud ina l r ec tang les , mak ing a t o ta l o f s ix o n e i ther s ide . c orrespondence .

T here i s ap ar t ia l

Im med ia te ly a f ter t he f our r ounde ls a nd t he ir f l ank ing r ectang les, t here i s a s l igh t d iagona l r ise i n t he p ave men t .

Th is p o in t i s marked b y t wo p iers

c arry ing t he t r iumpha l a rch s epara t ing t he n ave f ro m t he t ransep t a nd a pse . T he p iers a re p ar t o ft he s econd Ro manesque c hurch . 8 Im med ia te ly a f ter t he p iers, t here i s a most u nusua l p ave men t d esign c onsist ing o ft hree l ong i tudin a l ly a l igned g roups o f t hree r ounde ls e ach . There a re f our u nre la ted r ect angu lar f ragmen ts f lank ing t he r ounde ls , t wo o n e i ther s ide . T he c en ter g roup i s sma l ler a nd , h ence , s hor ter t ha r it f ig to f l ank ing g roups.

I ti s e xact ly o n

a x is w i th t he n ave r ounde ls a nd v isua l ly f or ms a n e x tens ion o ft he m . f lank ing s ets o f r oundels a re l ess e asi ly e xp la ined .

The

The ir d i mensions s uggest

t ha t a l l s ix may h ave o nce f i l led t he l ong i tud ina l a x is o f as chola c an torum i n wh ich c ase t hey wou ld h ave b een a rranged a s ac on t inuous s er ies.

Ye t , t here

i s n o s o l id e v idence f or t he e x istence o f as cho la c an tor = i n t he Ro manesque c hurch (es ) o f S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i .

I ti s e qua l ly p ossib le t ha t t he l arger

r ounde ls were p lanned f or t he f i rst Ro manesque c hurch a nd t hen r e-used i n t he sma l ler , s econd R o manesque c hurch . i n n o o ther C os ma tesque p ave men t. 1 24

Th is p ar t icu lar a rrange men t a ppears

The a pse p ave men t , t o ta l ly r e la id a nd mach r estored , f ans o ut r ad ia lly f ro m t he c hord c rea ted b y t he l i ne o f t he a l tar t oward t he c urve o ft he a pse . T he r e ma ins o f t he o r ig ina l p a t terns a re s im i lar t o t hose i n t he n ave .

The

f rag men ts t o t he f ar l ef t a nd f ar r igh t o f t he a l tar a re p ieces o f c hurch f urn iture s e t i n to t he f l oor ;

t hey r ese mb le t hose embedded i n t he f l oor o f S . Bar to lo m-

meo a l l 'Iso la , Ro me .

9

The p ave men t i n S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i i s n o t c onf ined o n ly t o t he ma in c hurch , b u t a ppears a lso i n t he S . S i lvestro C hape l , l oca ted i n t he n or theast o ft he n ar thex o f t he p resen t c hurch i n t he a rea o f wha t was o r ig ina lly t he n or th a is le o f t he n in th c en tury c hurch.

The f rescoes i n t he c hape l , d a t ing

f ro m 1 246 , p rov ide at er m inus a n te q ue m f or t he c onstruct ion o f t he c hapel . 1 0 T he p ave men t wou ld a ppear t o b e a pprox i ma tely c oeva l w i th t he p a in t ings.

I t

c onsists o f t hree l ong i tud ina l ly l inked q uincunxes e x tend ing a l most t he e n t ire l eng th o f t he c hape l .

T he sma ller r ounde ls o f t he q uincunxes a re s ign if ican t

i n t ha t t hey a re j o ined n o t o n ly t o t he c en ter , l arge r ounde l o f t he ir g roup , b ut a lso t o t he sma l ler r ounde ls o f t he s ucceed ing o r p reced ing g roup .

F or t h is

r eason , t he p ave men t i n t he S . S i lvestro C hapel o f S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i i s b est c o mpared w i th S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura b oth i n R o me .

1 1

a nd t he S ancta S anctoru m ,

1 2

I n a dd i t ion , t here a re m isce l laneous r ectang les o n e i ther s ide

o f t he q uincunxes a nd i n t he a pse o ft he c hape l .

I ti s imposs ib le t o d e ter m ine

whe ther t here were o r ig ina l ly more r ectang les, whe ther t hey were p ar t o f t he o r ig ina l s che me , o r whe ther t hey were r e la id a t al a ter d a te .

1 .

L . Duchesne ( ed .) , L iber P on ti f ica l is , B ibl io thAque d es t co les F ran v ises D 'A thenes e t d e R o me , 2 nd s er ies , P ar is , 1 892 , I , 3 05 .

C f .

F orce h a , I scr iz ion i V I I I , 2 91 , n o . 7 17 f or t he i nscr ip t ion r e la t ing t o t he r es tora t ion o f 1 111 . 2 . 3 .

K rauthe i mer ,

C orpus I V , 1 -36 .

C f . t he measured d raw ing a t t he e nd o ft he v o lu me . t he p ave men t f ro m t he t i me o f Pascha l I .

G . B . D e Rossi d a tes

C f . " I S an t i Q uat tro C orona t i

el a l oro c h iesa s u l C e l io", B u l let t ino d i Archeo log ia C ris-t iana , 3 rd s er ies , I V , 1 879 , 9 0 . 4 .

K rauthe i mer , C orpus I V , 4 .

5 .

A . Munoz, I r estauro d e l la c h iesa e i lc h iostro d e i S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i , Ro me , 1 914 , p assi m .

6 .

The f lank ing r ectang les e x tend b eyond t he r ounde ls t o t he p er i meter o f t he c hurch .

Al a ter wooden d oor , o r sma ll v est ibule , h as b een i nser ted

immed ia te ly b efore t he r ounde ls. o ne more r ounde l .

T here may o r ig ina l ly h ave b een a t l east

T he r ounde ls would t hen h ave b een t o ta l ly a l igned w ith

t he r ectang les , a s i s t he n or m i n C os ma tesque p ave men ts. 7 .

Th is a rea i s p ar t ia lly d a maged b y t he i nser t ion o f t o mb s labs.

There

were most l i ke ly a dd i t iona l r ectang les i n t h is a rea . 8 . 9 .

K rauthe i mer , C orpus I V , p ass im a nd P la te I .o f C orpus I V . C f . s upra , p p . 7 8-79 .

T here i s n o e v idence r e la t ing t o C os ma tesque

c hurch f urn i ture a t S S . Qua t tro C orona t i .

T he p rovenance o f t he f rag-

men ts i s u nknown . 1 0 .

K rauthe i mer , C orpus I V , 4a nd 3 5 . 7 18 .

F orce l la , I scr iz ion i V I I I , 2 90 , n o .

1.

C f . S upra , p p . 1 01-104 .

1 2 .

C f . i nfra

p p . 1 28-29 .

R o me , S . S aba

( P la tes 4 2-43 )

S . Sea i s ac hurch s ore ly i n n eed o f a n u pto-da te monograph . A l though much work h as b een d evo ted t o t he Ear ly C hr ist ian o ra tory , t he med ieva l 1 c hurch r e ma ins i nsecure ly d a ted a nd b egs f or d e ta i led a na lysis. We d o k now t ha t o n J anuary 1 9 , 1 145, L uc ius I c a l led a g roup o f C lun iac monks t o t he monastery t o r es tore b o th t he s p ir i tua l a nd p hys ica l a spec ts o f S . S aba .

2

The

masonry o f t he c hurch i s c o mparab le t o t we lf th c en tury work , b ut a more s pec if ic d a te c anno t y e t b e a t ta ined .

3

Ano ther a spect o ft he med ieva l h istory

o f S . S aba i s p rov ided b y aC os ma tesque i nscr ip t ion o n t he ma in d oor .

I t

s ta tes t ha t t he w ork was d one b y J acobus i n t he s even th y ear o f t he p on t if ica te o f I nnocen t I I , t ha t i s , i n 1 205 .4

Th is i nscr ip t ion r efers s pecif ica l ly t o t he

d oor a nd a d a te f or t he p ave men t c annot o f n ecessi ty b e i n ferred f ro m i t . The d a te o f t he p ave men t must r est p r i mar i ly o n s ty l ist ic e v idence . The p ave men t , t hough q ui te w e ll p reserved i n i t s d e ta i ls, h as o bv iously u ndergone b o th r estora t ion a nd c onserva t ion , most r ecen t ly i n 1 931.

An

i nscr ip t ion b e low t he e aves o f t he r oof i n t he l ef t a is le s ta tes t ha t P ius X I ( 1922-39 ) s treng thened t he r oof a nd r epa ired t he f l oors. were u nder taken i n 1 900 a nd 1 901 .

Ex tensive e xcava t ions

When t he e xcava t ions, wh ich r esu lted i n

t he d iscovery o f t he o ra tory o f S . S i lvia , w ere c o mp leted , t he p ave men t was r ep laced u pon a c oncre te b r idge .

5

I th as t hus o bv iously b een r e la id a nd i t s

o r ig ina l a rrange men t i s u nknown . Today , t he p ave men t i n S . S aba c overs a pprox i ma te ly o ne-ha lf o f t he n ave .

I tc o m mences im med ia te ly i nside t he d oor w i th t wo r ows o f l ong ,

n arrow r ectang les a rranged l a t i tud ina l ly .

S evera l o f t he p ane ls, most n o tably

t hose i n f ron t o f o ft he d oor , h ave b een t o ta l ly o r p ar t ia lly d estroyed , a nd i t i s n ow impossible t o d eter m ine t he o r ig ina l n u mber o f p ane ls i n e ach r ow . Th is a rrange men t i s u nusua l b ecause , n or ma l ly , aC os ma tesque p ave men t c o m mences w i th l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r ounde ls, t ha t a re , i n t urn , f l anked b y r ectang les . H ere , t he r ounde ls a re om i t ted . T he c en ter o f t he f l oor , f o l low ing t he t wo b ands o f r ectang les, i s d om ina ted b y al arge p rophyry q uinc unx .

The q uincunx i s f l anked o n e ach s ide b y r ectang les, t wo l a t i tud ina l

r ows o f t hree o n e ach s ide , mak ing a t o ta l o f s ix o n e ach s ide .

The q uincunx

i s f o l lowed b y t wo more l a t i tud ina l r ows o f e leven r ectang les e ach .

The

r ectang les e xh ib it n o c orrespondences a round a c en tra l a x is, n or i s t here a ny r egu lar i ty i n t he u se o f as ing le p a t tern . Aga in , t he e xpected r ounde ls o n a x is w i th t he q uincunx a re m issing .

The r e ma inder o f t he n ave i s f i l led

w i th a modern im i ta t ion o f aC os ma tesque p ave men t . On s ty l ist ic g rounds,the

r ema in ing o r ig ina l C os ma tesque p ave men t must

b e p laced i n t he l a te t we lf th o r e ar ly t h ir teen th c en tur ies.

The p ropor t ions

o f t he r ectang les a re l onger a nd n arrower t han t hose i n s ecure ly d a ted t we lf th c en tury p ave men ts.

6

The w ork i s e x traord inar i ly f i ne a nd d e l ica te .

T he

r ectang le p a t terns a re most s im i lar t o t hose a t S . Mar ia , C iv i tä Caste l lana a nd t he S . Magnus c ryp t i n S . Mar ia , Anagn i , e ar ly t h ir teen th c en tury . 1 26

8

b o th s ecure ly d a ted i n t he

7

1 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I V, 5 1-71.

2 .

P . K ehr , I ta l ia P on t if ic ia , Ro me , I , 1 906, 1 19 , n o . 3 .

3 .

Krau the i mer, C orpus I V, 6 9 . t wel f th c en tury .

H is c o mpar isons r ange o ver t he e n t ire

He d oes s uggest t ha t t he t akeover b y t he C lun iacs may

h ave p rov ided i mpe tus t o b u i ld . 4 .

C f . Forcel la , I scrizion i X I I , 1 35, n o. 1 76.

Forcel la g ives t he d a te a s

1 204. 5 .

For v iews o f t he p ave men t d uring t he e xcava t ion , c f . C orpus I V, 5 5, f i g. 5 0 a nd 6 0 , f i g. 5 5.

Krau the i mer,

T he c oncre te b r idge i s men t ioned

o n 5 4. 6 .

C f ., f or e xa mp le , S S . Qua t tro Corona t i, Ro me, s upra p p . 1 24-26 . T he r ectang les i n S . S aba measure a pprox i ma tely 2 07 cm x 5 8 cm o n t he a verage.

7 .

C f . s upra ,

p p . 6 3-64 .

8 .

C f. s upra ,

p p . 5 7-59 .

Ro me , S . S abina

( Pla te 4 4 )

One J une 5 , 1 222, Honcr ius I I ( 1216-27 ) c eded S . S abina a nd a d join ing b u i ld ings t o t he Do m in ican o rder . 1 h istory o f t he c hurch.

L i t t le e lse i s k nown o f t he h igh med ieval

I n 1 586-87 , S ix tus V ( 1585-90 ) c o mm iss ioned Do men ico

Fon tana t o d o ma jor r estora t ions, i n t he c ourse o f wh ich t he p ave men t was r estored. 2

T he e xcava t ions u ndertaken b y An ton io Munoz b etween 1 914 a nd

1 919 b rough t t o l i gh t t he r e ma ins o f aC os ma tesque p ave men t i n t he a isles n ear t he r econstruc ted s chola c an toru m .

Mu oz a ttr ibu ted t he p ave men t t o

t he t h ir teen th o r f ourteen th c en tury. ' I n e ach a isle , t here a re t hree r ows o f t hree r ec tang les , o u tl ined i n p orphyry , s erpen t ine , a nd wh i te marble. d iamonds a nd r ec tangles.

The s tones a re c u t t o f or m smal l

T he i n ter ior o f e ach r ec tangle i s u ndecora ted.

T his c o mp lete r educ t ion t o s i mp le o u t l ine b ands i s h ighly u nusua l i n t he o f med ieval I ta l ian p ave men ts.

h istory

I t c an o n ly b e l oosely c o mpared t o t he r ec-

t angles f or med b y t he more c o mp lex d iv id ing b ands i n S . M. i n Aracoel i, Ro me 4 a nd t he l inear c hevrons i n t he western p art o f t he n ave o f t he Assun ta a t S pole to. 5 1 .

Krau the i mer , C orpus I V, 7 5-76.

2 .

K rau the i mer, C orpus I V, 7 6.

P . Ugon io, H istoria d el le s ta t ion i d i

Ro ma , Ro me , 1 588 , 8 f . 3 .

A . Munoz , " S tud i s u l le b as il iche r o mane d i S . S abina e d i S . Prassede" , D issertaz ion i d el la Pon t if ic ia Accade m ia d i Archaeolog ia X I I I , 1 918 , 1 21.

F . Darsy , S an ta S abina , L e c h iese d i Ro ma i l lus tra te 6 3-64, Ro me ,

1 961, 4 5. 4 .

C f . s upra , p p . 1 07-109 .

5 .

C f . i nfra

p . 1 30 .

1 27

Ro me , S ancta S anc toru m The e n t ire s tructure o f t he S anc ta S anc toru m was r ebu i l t b y N icholas I I ( 1277-80 ) a f ter i th ad b een d a maged i n t he e ar thquake o f 1 277 ;

t he r es tora t ion

i s a t tested t o b y c on te mporary wr iters s uch a s t he Do m in ican , Tolo meo d i L uca ( 12401327 ).

1

The v est ibu le o f t he c hape l b ears t he i nscr ip t ion :

MAGISTER COS MATVS FECIT HOC OPVS. 2 i s s ub jec t t o d ispu te.

T he i den t i ty o f t h is C os ma tus

I t i s d iff icu l t t o b el ieve t he t hes is p roposed b y Bo ito :

t ha t t h is C os ma tus i s t o b e i den t if ied w ith t he marbleworker who worked a t Anagn i s o me f i f ty y ears e arl ier. 3 De Ross i , o n t he o ther h and , p ro p osed t ha t t he C os ma tus who worked a t t he S ancta S anctoru m was , a long w i th L uca a nd J acobus , a nother s on o f t he C os ma tus who w orked a t Anagn i. 4 G iovannon i b el ieved t ha t t he C os matus who worked a t t he S anc ta S anc toru m i s t o b e i den t if ied w i th C os ma d i P ietro Mel l in i , t he f i rst o f e n t irely d if feren t f am ily o f marbleworkers a c t ive d ur ing t he s econd h al f o f t he t h irteen th c en tury . 5 Un fortuna tely , t he p ave men t i s n ow p art ia l ly c overed b y a l tars a nd , s ince e n try i n to t he Chapel o f N icho las I I i s n or mal ly f orb idden , i ti s i mposs ible t o d escr ibe t he p ave men t i n e xac t d eta il .6 T he c en ter o f t he sma l l c hapel i s d om ina ted b y t wo l arge p orphyry q u incunxes a l igned l ong itud ina l ly . The sma l ler r oundels s urround ing t he c en ter o f e ach q u incunx a re j o ined b o th t o t he c en ter o f t he ir own q u incunx a nd t o t he smal ler, s urround ing r oundels o f t he n ex t g roup .

T h is p rac t ice i s s o lely c on f ined t o t he m id- a nd

l a te t h irteen th c en tury a nd c an a lso b e s een i n S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , Ro me

7

a nd i n t he S . S ilvestro Chapel o f S S. Qua t tro C orona t i.

8

The q u incunxes

a re f lanked o nb o th l ef t a nd r igh t b y as ingle l ong i tud inal ly a l igned r ow o f r ec tangles.

The r ec tangles a re s ol id p orphyry a nd a re s urrounded b y at h in ,

p a t terned s tr ip .

Th is e xceed ingly r ich p a t tern o ccurs i n n o o ther C os ma tesque

p ave men t a nd i t s p resence i n t he S ancta S anctoru m may p erhaps r ef lec t t he g rea t importance o f t he p ersona l c hapel o f t he p opes. 1 .

P tolo meus L ucens is, H ist . Ecc. N ova I , l i b. 2 3, c ap . 3 0 i n Murator i , Reru m I ta l icaru m S cr ip tores 5 5, Mi lan , 17 27 , 1, 1 811.

2 .

F or a p hotograph o f t he i nscr ip t ion , c f . A . P etr ignan i , I i s an tuar io d el la . S ca la S an ta , Am ic i d el le Cataco mbe V I I , Ro me , 19 40 , 3 0 , f i g. 1 7. a lso Forcel la , I scr iz ion i

3 .

C f .

V I I I , 12, n o. 3 04.

C . Bo ito , Arch i tet tura c os ma tesca , Mi lan , 1 860 , p ass im ; L 'arch i tet tura d el med io e vo i n I tal ia .

i de m .,

IC os ma t i , Milan , 1 880 , 1 25f.

4 .

B u l le t t ino d i Archeo log ia C r is t iana , 2 nd s er ies , V I , 1 875 , 1 11f .; 4 th s er ies , V I , 1 888-89 , 1 55 ; 5 th s er ies , I , 1 891 , 7 3 .

5 .

G iovannon i , "Note" , p ass im .

G . Marangon i ( I s tor ia d elPan t ich iss i mo

o ra tor io , oc apel la d i S an L orenzo n el Pa tr iarch io L a teranense c o mmune men te a ppel la t e S ancta S anc toru m , Ro me, 17 47 , 2 6 ) men t ions t ha t T i t i b el ieved t ha t Deodatus was t he a rch i tec t .

Marangon i 's c i ta t ion

i s i nco mp lete a nd Ih ave b een u nable t o f ind t he r eference.

I t i s n ot

c on ta ined among T i t i 's c o m men ts o n t he S anc ta S anc toru m i n h is S tud io d i p i ttura , s col tura , e t a rch ite t tura n eue c h iese d i Ro ma , Ro me , 1 67 4, 2 45-47.

The s itua t ion i s f urther c o mp l ica ted b y H . Gr isar ( I 1 S anc ta

S anctoru m e d i ls uo t esoro s coper te e s tud i i d el l 'autore n el la Cappel la 1 28

Pa la t ina L a teranense d el med io e vo , Ro me , 1 907 , 2 9f .) who f ound masons ' marks s im i lar t o t hose a t S . S cholast ica i n S ubiaco where t he work was p robably f in ished b y a pprox i ma tely 1 260. 6 .

For a s che ma t ic d raw ing o f t he p ave men t , c f . P etr ignan i , o p . c i t., 3 2, f i g. 1 9 .

7 .

C f . s upra , p p . 1 01-104 .

8 .

C f . s upra , p . 1 25 .

Ro me , S . S i lvestro i n Cap ite The f rag men ts o f p ave men t r e ma in ing a round t he ma in a l tar a nd i i t he t h ird c hapel o n t he l e f t ( coun t ing f ro m t he e n trance ) i n S . S ilvestro i n Cap ite a re g enera l ly i gnored i n t he l i tera ture.

S everano t el ls u s t hat , i n 123,

Ca l ix tus I d ed icated t he h igh a l tar a nd , a t t ha t t ime , h is c ha mberla in , A lfanus , g ave a n i n tars ia ted p ave men t. 1 The l oca t ion o f t he p ave men t i s n ot s pec if ied.

Gaynor a nd T oesca n ote t ha t t he p ave men t was r estored d ur ing

t he p apacy o f I nnocen t I I ( 1 198-1216). 2 I t i s p oss ible t ha t t he p ave men t was r u ined a t ar a ther e arly d a te b ecause i ti s t ota l ly i gnored b y t he a u thors o f t he e arly monographs o n S . S i lvestro :

G iovann i G iacchet t i

3

a nd G iuseppe

Carlet t i. 4 The ir i gnorance o f t he p ave men t i s p erhaps a t tr ibu table t o t he c ons iderable r estora t ion o f t he c hurch i n t he s even teen th a nd e igh teen th c en tur ies;

i t was r es tored a ga in i n 1 963. 5

T he o n ly e v idence r e lat ing t o

t he p resence o f o ne o f t he Ro man marbleworkers a t S . S ilvestro i n Cap ite i s a n i nscr ip t ion f or merly o n ac orn ice r ecord ing t he n a me o f " Ra inerius". 6 The p ave men t s urround ing t he a l tar i s c o mposed o f r e la id p a t terns o f v ar ious s izes a nd s hapes;

w edge-shaped p ieces o n e ither s ide o ft he a l tar

f ol low t he c urve o f t he a pse , wh ile a ssorted r ectangles a nd n arrow b ands a re a l igned i n f ron t o ft he a l tar.

The f rag men t i n t he t h ird c hapel o n t he l ef t i s

c o mposed o f ar ec tangle made u p o f a ssorted p a t terns. f rag men ts h ave e scaped r estora t ion .

Very f ew o f t he

The r e ma ins o f t he o r ig ina l work

c ons ist o f ar epe t i t ion o f t wo c o m mon t welf th c en tury p a t terns. 7 1 .

G . S everano , Me morie s acre d el le s et te c h iese d i Ro ma , Ro me , 1 630 , 3 50-51.

2 .

J . S . Gaynor a nd I . T oesca , S . S ilvestro i n Cap ite , L e c h iese d i Ro ma i l lus tra te 7 3, Ro me, 1 963 , 2 6.

3 .

G . G iacchet t i , H istor ia d el la v enerabile c h iesa e t monastero d i S . S ilvestro i n C ap i te d i Ro ma , Ro me 1 629.

4 .

G . Carlet t i , Me mor ie i storico-cr it iche d el la c h iesa e monastero d i S . S i lvestro i n Cap ite i n Ro ma , Ro me , 1 795.

5 . 6 .

Krau thei mer , C orpus I V, 1 51;

Gaynor a nd T oesca , o p . c i t ., 3 6.

The i nscrip t ion i s n ow k nown o nly t hrough a n o ld p hotograph.

C f .

G aynor a nd T oesca , 2 p _ . c i t . f ig . 3a nd E . Hu t ton , The C os ma t i , 3 4 . 7 .

C f . t he Append ix , n o. 1 3; n o . 1 7 . 1 29

S poleto , Assun ta The p ave mer t

( Pla tes 4 5-46 ) i n t he n ave o f t he A ssunta i n S poleto , t hough i ti s u n ique

i n t he h istory o f s ect ile p ave men ts , h as n ever b een t horough ly s tud ied. p resence o f Ro man marbleworkers i s n ot r ecorded ;

T he

t h is i s n ot s urpr is ing

b ecause t he p ave men t d if fers g rea t ly f ro m t hose p roduced i n Ro me.

T he

A ssun ta was r ebu il t a f ter t he h avoc w rough t b y B arbarossa i n J une , 155. The c hurch was r econsecra ted b y I nnocen t I I ( 1 198-1216 ) i n 1 19 8 , b u t work c on t inued i n to t he t h irteen th c en tury .

The Assun ta was r ad ica l ly a l tered i n

t he s even teen th c en tury a nd more r ecen t r estora t ions were u nder taken b etween 19 04-1906 a nd 19 25-32. 1 T he e n t ire wes tern h a lf o f t he n ave i s p aved w ith l ong , n arrow r ec tang les made u p o f ac hevron d esign c o mposed o f sma l l b i ts o f v erde a n t ico. e ach r ec tangle , t he c hevrons a l terna te w ith w h i te marble c hevrons.

With in E ach

r ec tangle i s c o mposed o f s o me t h ir ty-f ive t o f or ty g reen a nd wh ite c hevrons a nd i s s epara ted f ro m i t s n e ighbor b y t he u sua l i n terst ices. p anels a re r es tored a nd o thers a ppear t o b e o r ig ina l .

S o me o f t he

T o my k nowledge , t h is

s ort o f c hevron p a t tern a ppears i n n o o ther I t a l ian med ieva l p ave men t. F ol low ing t he c hevron p a t tern , t here a re t hree g rea t ly r estored q u incunxes a l igned l ong itud ina l ly i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave.

T he western most q u incunx

h as a l arge d ia mond a t i t s c en ter t o wh ich t he f our r ounde ls a re a t tached ; t he o ther t wo h ave t he n or ma l q u incunx f or m.

T he westernmost q u incunx

i s f l anked b y ac on t inua t ion o f t he a fore men t ioned c hevron p a t tern , w h ile t he o ther t wo q u incunxes a re f l anked b y sma l l r ec tangles, mos t o f wh ich h ave b een t ota l ly r estored o r p art ial ly d estroyed .

F ina l ly , af ter t he t h ird q u incunx

a nd e x tend ing t o t he a l tar s teps, t here i s a n a rea o f p ost- med ieval p ave men t i n terspersed w ith f rag men ts o f d is man t led c hurch f urn iture. 2 The p ave men t i n t he a isles i s a lso p ost- med ieva l . 3 Because o f t he l ack o fb oth d ocu men ta t ion a nd c o mparat ive ma ter ia l , i ti s i mposs ible t o a ss ign a d ef in ite d a te t o t he p ave men t a t t he Assun ta a t S poleto.

The r educed s ty le o f t he c hevron p anels

c o mpares l oosely t o t he l a te t h irteen th o r e arly f our teen th c en tury p ave men ts . i n S . M. i n Aracoeh 4 a nd S . S ab ina ,5b oth i n Ro me. 1 .

F or t he h istory o f t he Assun ta , c f . B . Toscano , S poleto i n p ietre : Gu ida a r t ist ica d el la c i t tä , S poleto , 19 63, 1 38f .; S . N ess i , " I l d uo mo d i S poleto n el s ecolo X I I" S pole t iu m X , 19 66 , 3 1-36;

B . T oscano , Id uo mo

d i S poleto , Ar te e S toria n el l 'An t ico Duca to , 1 , S poleto , 19 69 , p ass i m. 2 .

The s chola c an toru m was d is man t led d ur ing t he p apacy o f Pau l I l ( 1 5344 9 ).

C f . G . Angel in i Rota , S poleto e d i ls uo t err itor io , S poleto , 1 92 0 ,

8 5. 3 .

Toscano, Duo mo , o p . c i t ., 4 0.

4 .

C f . s upra , p p .

5 .

C f. s upra , p . 1 27 .

1 07-9 .

1 30

S poleto, S . Gregor io Magg iore S . Gregor io Magg iore was b egun i n 10 79 a nd c onsecrated o n August 6 , 1 146.

I th as s ince s uf fered c oun t less r estora t ions.

The most r ecen t r estora-

t i on , u ndertaken b etween 19 47 a nd 19 50 , s ought t o r eturn t he c hurch t o i t s Ro manesque s tate. 1 T here i s n o d ocu men tary e v idence r egard ing t he p resence o f t he Cos mat i a t t he c hurch.

T oday , a smal l q u incunx a nd a f ew r ec tangles,

a l l o f wh ich a re r estored , r ela id , o r r u ined , r e ma in i n t he p resby tery o f S . Gregorio Magg iore.

T he s can t e v idence i s n ot s uf f ic ien t t o e stabl ish a

c hronology. 1 .

For t he c hronology o f t he c hurch a nd t he n u merous r estora t ions, c f . G . S ord in i , " A p ropos ito d e l r estauro d el la t r ifora n el la f acc iata d i S . Gregor io i n S poleto" , Bo l let tino d 'Ar te 2 , 1 908, 2 22-28;

G . Antone lli ,

" La c h iesa c ol leg ia ta d i S . Gregorio Magg iore i n S poleto e id ocu men t i p on t if ic i d el s uo a rch iv io" , A t t i d el V C onvegno n azionale d i s toria d ell ' a rch itettura , ( Perug ia , 19 48 ), F lorence , 19 57 , 4 83-94;

B . Toscano ,

S poleto i n p ietre , Gu ida a r t ist ica d el la c i ttä , S poleto , 1 963, 4 0f .

S ubiaco , S . S cholast ica , S . Benedetto , a nd t he S acro S peco The a c t iv ity o f t he Cos mat i a t S ub iaco i s wel l-docu men ted.

An i nscr ip-

t i on f ound i n 1 879 a nd n ow embedded i n t he a rch i trave o f t he s econd e ntrance t o S . Benedet to ( t he u pper c hurch o f

t he S acro S peco ), r ecords t he p resence

o f L auren t ius a nd h is s on , J acobus.

Another i nscr ip t ion men t ion ing J acobus

a ppears o n t he s ou th s ide o f t he t h ird c loister a t S . S cholast ica.

F inal ly, a n

i nscrip t ion o n t he w est s ide o f t he s a me c loister r ecords t he work d one by C os ma ,

t he

o n o f J acobus a nd t he g randson o f L aurent ius a nd h is s ons

J acobus ( I I ) a nd L uca .

1

Four g enerat ions o f t his i l lustr ious f am ily o f

med ieval c raf ts men worked a t S ub iaco. Regre ttably , t here i s s carcely a t race o f o r ig ina l Cos matesque p ave men t r e ma in ing a t S ub iaco. S . S cholast ica h as b een r estored c oun tless t imes a nd t he p ave men t i n t he c hurch i s n ow wh ite marble.

S . Benedet to s ee ms t o h ave

o nce h ad a t ype o f C os ma tesque p ave men t ,2 b u t t oday t here a re o n ly a f ew o riginal s tones s et i n to a more modern p ave men t .

O ther t rac ts o f modern

Cos matesque p ave men t may b e s een i n t he S acro S peco i t self a nd i n t he Capp el la d el la Madonna . 1 .

For t he i nscr ip t ions, c f . Pro m is, N ot iz ie, 1 8f .;

P .

Eg id i , G . G iovan-

n on i , a nd F . H er man in , I monaster i d i S ub iaco, I , Ro me , 1 904, 3 17 ; V . Feder ic i , Imonaster i d i S ubiaco, I , L a b ibl ioteca e Parch ivio , Ro me, 19 04, 4 02. 2 .

D . Oder is io B ona more , I i S acro S peco e S an ta S cholast ica , Ven ice, 18 84, 8 6.

1 31

S u tr i , Assun ta On t he h igh a l tar o f t he A ssun ta a t S u tri , t here was o nce a n i nscr ip t ion , n o l onger e x tan t , t ha t r ead : HOC OPUS N ICOLAVS ET F IL IVS E IVS ANNO I NCAR . M. CLXX FACTV M E ST HOC OPVS A VEN .

VERO ADALBERTO EPISCOP0 .

1

I t i s p oss ible , t hough n ot p rovable , t ha t t h is i nscr ip t ion r eferred t o o ne o f t wo Ro man marbleworkers :

N icolaus , who s igned t he p ascha l c andelabru m

i n S . Paolo f uor i l e Mura , Ro me a nd was t he g randson o f Paulus , o r , N icolaus , who w orked a t S . Andrea i n F lu m ine i n P onzano Ro mano a nd was t he s on o f Ranuc ius. 2 I n a ny c ase, t he i nscr ip t ion d id n o t r efer s pec if ica l ly t o t he p avemen t. A c hurch h ad e x isted o n t he s ite o f t he A ssunta s ince 9 08.

B ishop Ada l-

b erto b egan t o r estore t he c hurch i n 1 7 0 a nd B ishop P ie tro I c on t inued t he work . T he Assun ta , t hen k nown a s S . Mar ia Magg iore , was d ed ica ted b y I nnocen t I I o n October 6 , 1 20 6. 3 C ard ina l S p inoL a r estored t he A ssun ta b e tween 1 67 0 a nd 1 67 3 a nd a more r ad ica l r es tora t ion was u nder taken i n 17 46. 4

T he c hurch s t il l r eta ins i t s e igh teen th c en tury a ppearance.

r ectangle p at terns u sed t hroughou t t he p ave men t l ack v ar ie ty.

T he

They a re

t yp ica l o f t he k o ine o f t he t rade a nd a re o f n o h e lp i n e stabl ish ing a c hronology .5 Ye t , i ts ee ms most l i kely t hat t he p ave men t w as made d ur ing t he r ebu ild ing u nder taken b y B ishops Ada lberto a nd P ietro I . T he westernmost p ar t o f t he p ave men t , t ha t j ust i ns ide t he e n trance , i s s carcely worthy o f d iscuss ion. The a rea i s f i l led w ith a s er ies o f sma l l , p art ia l ly r estored r ec tangles a rranged i n n o p erce ivable o rder.

T he c en ter

o f t he w estern p ar t o f t he n ave i s marked b y t hree l arge r ec tangles a l igned l ong i tud ina l ly .

T he r ec tangles a re t hus s ubst itu ted f or t he r oundels n or mal ly

f ound i n t h is a rea .

The f irs t t wo r ec tangles a re f l anked o n e ach s ide b y t hree

n arrower r ec tangles a rranged l a t itud ina l ly a nd e x tend ing t he e n t ire l ength o f t he c en ter r ec tangles.

T he t h ird r ectangle i s f l anked b y f our sma l l r ec-

t angles o n e ach s ide a rranged i n t wo l a t itud ina l a nd t wo l ong itud ina l r ows. There i s ac o mp lete c orrespondence among t he f l ank ing r ec tangles.

Th is

s uggests t ha t t he l arge r ec tangles mark ing t he c en ter o f t he n ave a re u sed i n t he s a me manner i n wh ich r oundels o r q u incunxes were n or ma l ly u sed , t hat i s , a s ac en tra l e le men t a round wh ich a c orrespondence o f r ectangles was s et u p .

The r ec tangles a re f ol lowed b y an arrow r ec tangle s tretch ing a cross

t he e n t ire n ave.

T h is i nser t ion d epar ts f ro m t he C os ma tesque n or m .

Approx i ma tely i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave i s t he o n ly q u incunx i n t he e n t ire p ave men t.

The q u incunx i s n ot c o mposed o f p orphyry , t he Cos ma tesque n or m .

I nstead , t he r ounde l i n t he c en ter o f t he q u incunx i s m inuscu le a nd t he o ther f our r oundels a re f i l led i n w i th a p a t tern made u p o f sma l l t esserae r a ther t han a s ingle , l arge r ound s tone.

I ndeed , t he e n t ire p ave men t i s c harac ter ized

b y av ir tua l a bsence o f p orphyry a nd a c onsequen tb land t ona l i ty t ha t i s t yp ica l o f p ave men ts i n c en ters r e moved f ro m t he p orphyry s upp ly i n Ro me. The q u incunx i s f l anked o n e ach s ide b y t wo r ec tangles a rranged l ong itud ina l ly. There i s ac o mp lete c orrespondence. Fol low ing t he q u incunx a re t hree l arge r ec tangles s tretch ing a cross t he e n t ire n ave.

These r ec tangles a re u nusua l b ecause t he ir s hor t s ides , r ather 1 32

t han t he ir l ong s ides , a re o n t he e as t-west a x is o f t he c hurch.

T h is a rea i s

f o l lowed b y t hree e xceed ingly l ong r ec tangles mark ing t he c en ter o f t he n ave a nd t hus r epea t ing t he p a t tern s een i n t he western p ar t o f t he p ave men t.

T he

r ec tangles a re f l anked o n t he n orth b y s ix teen smal ler r ec tang les a rranged i n f our r ows o f f our e ach. E leven o f t he m d isp lay t he s a me p a t tern. 6 T o t he s ou th o f t he l arge r ec tangles a re s ix r ec tangles o f a ssor ted s izes a nd p a t terns. Most h ave b een r estored .

F ina l ly , i m med iately b efore t he a l tar s teps i s a

s er ies o f sma l l , p ar t ial ly r estored r ec tangles a rranged r ando mly . 1 .

For t he i nscr ip t ion , c f . P ro m is ,Not izie , 1 0.

2 .

C f . s upra , p p . 7 5-77 .

3 .

C . N isp i-Land i , S tor ia d el l 'an t ich iss i ma c i t tä d i S u tr i , Ro me , 1 887 , 2 55. On 5 65, h e g ives t he d a te a s 1 207.

4 .

I b id., 5 66.

5 .

C f. t he Append ix n o. 1 -14.

6 .

C f . t he Append ix n o. 1 .

Tarqu in ia , S . Mar ia d i Castel lo

( Pla te 4 7 )

T he much-ru ined c hurch o f S . Mar ia d i Castel lo s t il l p reserves s o me e xcel len t e xa mp les o f C os ma tesque work . f am ily i s wel l-documen ted .

1

The p resence o f t he Ranuc ius

Three i nscr ip t ions o n t he f açade r ecord t he

p resence o fb oth P e trus a nd N icolaus.

Another i nscr ip t ion o n t he f açade g ives

t he d ate o f t he work a s 143, b u t d oes n ot men t ion e ither N icolaus o r P etrus. I ns ide t he c hurch , t he c ibor iu m i s s igned b y t he b rothers J ohannes a nd G u i t to Ranucius .

I t was p robably made i n t he 160s .

2

7 I ' he

ambone was

made i n 1 209 a nd was s igned b y J ohannes ( T i ), t he s on o f G u il t° a nd t he g randson o f N icolaus. 3 The work o f t hree g enera t ions o f t he Ranuc ius f am ily i s t hus r epresen ted a t S . Mar ia d i Castel lo , y et n o i nd iv idua l i s men t ioned s pec if ica l ly i n r egard t o t he p ave men t.

I t s d a te a nd a t tr ibu t ion must r est o n

s ty l ist ic g rounds. S . Mar ia d i C as tel lo h as h ad a c heckered h istory . was c onsecra ted i n 1 207. 4

Founded i n 121, i t

The F ranc iscans r estored t he c hurch i n 1 642, b u t

i t was d a maged b y a n e ar thquake i n 1 819 . t o f a l l i n to t he c en ter o f t he n ave.

T h is d isas ter c aused t he c upola

Restora t ion was a ga in u ndertaken i n 1 878

b u t , t oday , t he c hurch i s a ga in i n p oor c ond i t ion .5 S . Mar ia d i Castel lo l acks c ons istency a nd t here s ee ms t o h ave b een a n u mber o f b u ild ing c a mpa igns. T he p ave men t i s e qual ly i ncons is ten t . Most o f t he p ave men t i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave i s n ow l ost .

The o n ly

r e mnan ts o f i t s f or mer a ppearance a re t wo l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned q u incunxes t ha t a re much r estored.

The q u incunxes b eg in a bou t h al fway d own t he n ave

a nd t er m ina te a t t he p la tfor m o f t he s chola c an toru m. N orma l ly , when t wo q u incunxes a ppear t oge ther , i ts uggests t ha t t he e n t ire c en ter o f t he n ave was o nce c overed w ith t h is p a t tern , r a ther t han r oundels o r aq u incunx p receded a nd s ucceeded b y r oundels.

S uch i s t he c ase , f or e xa mp le , i n t he S . Magnus

c ryp t o f S . Mar ia , Anagn i. 6 The r ec tangles f l ank ing t he q u incunxes a re t oo

1 33

r u ined t o y ield much i n for ma t ion .

Bu t , i n t he s ou th o f t he c hurch , t he p art

o f t he n ave n earest t he e n trance ,

t here a re f i ve l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned r ec-

7

t angles o n e ach s ide o f t he n ave. They a re p laced n ex t t o t he n ave c o lumns a nd a re c lear ly mean t t o b e t he o u ter most r ow o f f l ank ing r ec tangles i n t he n ave. They e xh ib it a c o mp lete c orrespondence a nd g ive s o me i dea o f t he o rig ina l d es ign o ft he p ave men t . The s chola c an toru m p ave men t i sb et ter p reserved a nd i s p ar t icu larly i n terest ing b ecause o f i t s s im ilar it ies t o S . Andrea i n F lu m ine , P onzano Ro mano 8 a nd t o S . Anastas io i n C astel S . E l ia. 9 L ike S . Andrea i n F lu m ine , t he c en ter o f t he s chola c an toru m i s ma rked b y f i ve r ounde ls a l terna t ing w ith f our r ec tang les. I nscr ip t ions i nb oth c hurches i nd ica te t he p resence o f t he Ranuc ius f am ily a nd t h is p ar t icu lar p a ttern s eems t o b e o ne o f t he ir p r imary s ty l ist ic c haracter ist ics. A s im ilar p a t tern o ccurs i n t he n ave o f C aste l S . E l ia . A t S . Mar ia d i Cas tel lo, t he i rregu lar r ec tangles f l ank ing t he c en ter r oundel/rec tangle p a t tern d o n ot e xh ib it t he s a me r igorous c orrespondence a s d o t hose a t S . Andrea i n F lu m ine. On t he e as t ( or r igh t ) , t here a re f our l a t itud ina l r ows o f t hree r ec tangles e ach , wh i le o n t he west ( or l ef t ), t here a re t en i rregu lar r ectangles h av ing u nequa l d i mens ions. Three l ong i tud inal ly a l igned r ec tang les i n f ron t o f t he c ibor ium a re wel lp reserved , b u t t he p ave ment s urround ing t he c ibor iu m i s i n ad ep lorable s ta te. Most o f t he r ec tangles i n t h is a rea h ave b een p art ia l ly d estroyed o r r epa ired . Many o f t he p a t terns a re t yp ical o f t he t welf th c en tury , b u t o thers s how t he s a me p enchan t f or i d iosyncra t ic i nven t ion a s s een a t S . Andrea i n F lu m ine a t P onzano Ro mano. 10 T here a re a lso a f ew f rag men ts o f p ave men t i nt he west ( or l ef t ) a pse.

N o p ave men t r e ma ins i n t he e ast a isle , b u t t he

p ave men t i n t he west a isle i s a l most c o mp letely i n tac t.

The p ave men t t o t he

west o ft he s ou thern most n ave c o lu mn i s m iss ing , b u t t he r est o ft he a isle i s c overed w ith r ectangles a rranged i n l a t itud ina l r ows o f f i ve e ach. S o me o f t he r ec tang les a re t yp ica l o f t he k o ine o f t he t rade ,1 b u t o thers c losely r es e mble t he d esigns o f t he L auren t ius g roup a nd most p art icu larly t he r ect ang les i n S . Mar ia , A nagn i . 1 2

The p ave men t i n S . Mar ia d i C astel lo t hus s ee ms t o b e c o mposed o f t wo d if feren t s ty les a nd i s a t tr ibu table t o t wo d ist inc t marblework ing f am il ies, t hose o f Ranuc ius a nd L auren t ius. G iven t he l ong p eriod o f t ime d ur ing wh ich t he c hurch was b u il t , i ti s q u ite p oss ible t ha t t he Ranuc ius g roup d id t he s chola c an toru m a nd a pse p ave men t s o me t i me i n t he m id-twel f th c en tury a nd t he L auren t ius g roup d id t he wes t a isle ( and p erhaps t he e ast a isle ) s o met i me d ur ing t he e ar ly t h ir teen th c en tury.

T h is h ypothes is i s g iven s o me c on f ir ma-

t i on b y A . K . P or ter 's a na lys is o f t he b u ild ing h is tory o f S . Mar ia d i Castel lo. He s uggests t ha t t he b u ild ing was c o mp leted b y 150 b u t t ha t a n u nrecorded d isas ter t ook p lace i n a bou t 190 a nd d e mol ished a l arge p ar t o f t he s ou thern e nd o f t he c hurch wh ich was t hen r ebu il t. 1 3 S . Mar ia d i Castel lo , d esp ite i t s p oor c ond it ion , s tands a s as ign if ican t l and mark i n t he h istory o f C os mat esque p ave men ts . 1 .

F or t he i nscrip t ions , c f . e spec ia l ly G , B . D e Ross i , " I l p av i men to d i S an ta Mar ia d i Castel lo d e C orne to-Tarqu in ia" , B u l le t t ino d i A rcheo log ia C r ist iana 2 nd s er ies , 6 , 1 875, 1 27f . T he i nscr ip t ion r eferr ing t o t he y ear 143 i s r ecorded o n 1 14. I ti s om it ted i n Pro m is , N ot izie. 1 34

2.

The date in the inscription is now illegible. De Rossi , op. cit., read it as 1168 and Hutton, The Cosmati, 59 as 1166.

3. Hutton, The Cosmati, gives only half the inscription. Promis, Notizie, 6-7 gives the entire inscription. 4.

Cf. most recently, L. Marchese, Targuinia nel medio evo, Civitavecchia, 1974, 70.

5. R. Pardi, "Nuovi rilievi della chiesa di S. Maria di Castello in Tarquinia", Palladio, ns. 9, 1959, 79-84. 6.

Cf. supra, pp. 57-59.

7.

The church is orientated north-south (with the apse in the north) rather than east-west.

8.

Cf. supra, pp. 75-77.

9.

Cf. supra, pp. 61-62.

10.

Cf. the Appendix, nos. 24-27 for patterns commonly associated with the Ranucius group.

11.

Cf. the Appendix, nos. 1-14.

12.

Cf. the Appendix, nos. 28-32.

13.

A. K. Porter, "Santa Maria di Castello in Corneto", Arte e Storia XXXI 1912, 139-51; 169-79. Pardi,.QE• cit., suggests four campaigns, but essentially confirms Porter's chronology.

Tivoli, S. Lorenzo Hutton, writing in 1950, stated that there were fragments of Cosmatesque pavement in S. Lorenzo at Tivoli.1 Today, there is no Cosmatesque pave­ ment in the church, nor is there any documentary evidence relating to the presence of the Cosmati at S. Lorenzo. There was once a Cosmatesque pavement in S. Lorenzo, but it was largely demolished during the restorations undertaken by Cardinal Roma in 1635.2 The date- of the original pavement remains unknown. 1•

Hutton, The Cosmati, 59.

2. Writing in 1665, F. Marzi refers to the pavement in the past tense: ''II pavimento della Chiesa era di finissimi marmi diversamente colorati, e con ingegnoso lavoro intersiato (sic) •..". Cf. F. Marzi, Historia ampliata di Tivoli, Rome, 1665, 56. · Tivoli, S. Maria Maggiore Today, there is no Cosmatesque pavement in S. Maria Maggiore, nor is there any documentary evidence relating to the presence of the Cosmati at the church.1 There was once a Cosmatesque pavement, but there is no secure evidence for its date.2 Crocchiante, writing in 1 726, refers to the

135

p ave men t a s p ar t ia lly r u ined. 3

I n 1 848, Bu lgar in i wrote t hat t he p ave men t

was b ad ly r estored a nd i n terrup ted b y t o mb s labs. 4

S . Maria Magg iore was

r estored a ga in a f ter World War I a nd t h is r estora t ion d oubtless marked t he u l t i ma te d estruct ion o f t he r e ma in ing p ave men t f rag men ts . 5 1 .

Hu t ton , T he Cos ma t i , 5 9 men t ions f rag men ts o f p ave men t s t il l r e ma in ing. Wr it ing i n 1 950 , h e was p erhaps u s ing n otes made p rior t o World War I .

2 .

I L Most i s tates t hat t he p ave men t was made i n t he t h irteen th c en tury a nd c o mm issioned b y Mar ia Bon in i.

He g ives n o s ource f or t h is i n for ma t ion

a nd i ti s n ot men t ioned i n a ny o ther h istor ies o f T ivol i.

C f . R . Most i,

S tor ia e monu men t i d i T ivol i, S oc ietä T iburt ina d i S tor ia e d 'Ar te , n .d ., 1 7 . 3 .

G . Crocch iante , L ' istor ia d el le c h iese d el la c i t tä d i T ivol i , Ro me , 1 726, 1 83.

C f . a lso P . F . Cas im iro , Me morie i s tor iche d el le c h iese e d e i

c onven t i d ei Fra t i Minor i d ella p rov inc ia Ro mana , Ro me , 1 744, 3 57. 4 .

F . Bu lgar in i, Not izie s tor iche a n t iquarie s ta t ist iche e d a grono m iche i ntorno a l l 'an t ich iss i ma c it tä d i T ivol i , Ro me , 1 848 , 7 6.

5 .

S o me f rag men ts o f p ave men t were s t il l e x tan t i n 1 925, f or t wo i l lustra t ions a re i ncluded i n Pac if ic i 's v olu me o n T ivol i.

One p hotograph s hows wha t

a ppears t o b e ap iece o f c hurch f urn iture embedded i n t he f l oor.

The

o ther p hotograph s hows a r e made q u incunx a nd a mosa ic c ircle s im ilar t o t ha t i n S . P ietro , T ivol i ( Cf . i nfra ,

p p . 1 36-37) .

C f . V . P ac if ic i , T ivo li

n el med io-evo, A t t i e Me mor ie d el la S oc ietä T iburt ina d i S tor ia e d 'Ar te , V-VI , 1 925-26, f i g. 5 6, 5 7.

T ivol i , S . P ietro ( Ch iesa d el la Car itä )

( Pla te 4 8 )

A f ter t he b o mb ing o f 1 944, S . P ietro was s tr ipped o f i t s l a ter a dd it ions a nd r eturned , i n s o f ar a s p ossible , t o i t s o r ig ina l t welf th c en tury a ppearance .1 Dur ing t he r estorat ion , t he f enestel la c on fess ion is was e xcavated a nd a smal l p iece o f C os matesque p ave men t was u ncovered .

I t c ons ists o f ar oundel ,

n ow much r estored , a nd t wo smal l r ectangles , o ne t o t he e ast o f t he r oundel a nd o ne t o t he west. 2 I n a dd it ion , al arge r estored q u incunx r e ma ins i n t he c en ter o f t he n ave.

The i nner most e le men t o f t he c en ter r oundel i s e xceed ingly

smal l , b ut i s e xpanded , a s a re t he f lank ing r ounde ls , b y mosa ic i n f il l .

I t

s ee ms t ha t t he p ieces o f mosa ic f i l ler were made f ro m d is man t led r ectangles b ecause t he p at terns wh ich a ppear a re c o m mon t o r ectangles a nd , c onversely , r are i n r oundels. 3

A l though t he t welf th c en tury s ee ms t o b e al ikely d a te

f or t he p ave men t , i ti s impossible t o a scerta in a s pec if ic d ate. 4 1 .

M. De V i ta , " I l r estauro d el la c h iesa d i S . P ietro i n T ivol i" ,

Bu l let tino

d 'Ar te s er ies 4 , 2 0 (XVI , 1 951, 1 75. 2 .

For a n i l lustra t ion , c f . i b id., 17 7 , f i g. 6 .

3 .

C f . f or e xa mp le , t he Append ix , n o. 2 .

4 .

A n o l onger e xtan t i nscr ip t ion r ead : HOC OPVS .

MAGISTER DEODATVS FECIT

Deoda tus was a c t ive i n t he t h irteen th c en tury , b u t t he l oca t ion

1 36

o f t he i nscr ip t ion a nd t he o b jec t t o wh ich i tr eferred r ema in u nknown . S ince p ave men ts a re n or ma l ly n ot s igned , i t most l i kely r eferred t o a p iece o f c hurch f un i ture . C f . B ib l io teca Va t icana , La t . 9 140 , 2 03v ; G . B on i , T he R oman Marmorar i i , R o me , 1 893 , 8 ; V . Paci f ici , T ivol i n el med io-evo , A t t i e me mor ie d el la S oc ietä T ibur t ina d i S tor ia ed 'Arte , V-VI , 1 925-26, 3 48-4 9 .

T ivol i , S . S i lvestro S . S ilvestro w as b u il t i n t he t welf th c en tury ,

I

b u t h as s ince s uf fered

n u merous r estora t ions . 2 T he p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t t he c hurch i s n ot d ocu men ted . Today , t he o n ly p ave men t r e ma in ing c ons ists o f af ew f rag men ts o f r estored r ec tang les s urround ing t he a l tar. A l l t he p a t terns a re t yp ica l o f t he t wel f th c en tury ,3 b u t a more s pec if ic d a te c annot b e a scerta ined. 1 .

R . Most i , S tor ia e monu men t i d i T ivol i , S oc ietä T ibur t ina d i S tor ia e d 'Ar te , n .d ., 9 6.

2 .

I b id ., l oc. c i t.;

C . C rocch ian te , L 'istoria d el le c h iese d el la c i t tä d i

T ivol i Ro me , 1 726, 1 25; F . Bu lgar in i , N o t iz ie s tor iche a n t iquar ie s ta t ist iche e d a grono m iche i n torno a l l 'an t ich iss i ma c i t tä d i T ivol i , Ro me, 1 848 , 7 7. 3 .

C f., f or e xamp le , t he A ppendix , n o. 1 5.

Tuscan ia , S . P ietro T here i s n o e x terna l e v idence f or t he d a te o f t he C os ma tesque p ave men t i n S . P ie tro a t Tuscan ia , n or i s t here a ny d ocu men tary e v idence r egard ing t he p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t t he c hurch. S P ietro was d ed ica ted i n 10 93 a nd mos t o f t he b u ild ing d a tes f ro m t he e leven th c en tury , b u t work was c ont inued i n to t he t h irteen th c en tury a s e v idenced b y t he s im ilar i ty o f t he f a9ade t o S . Mar ia Magg iore a t C iv itä Castel lana a nd S . M. d e l Fa l ler i. 1 A p laque i n t he i n ter ior o f t he c hurch , immed ia tely t o t he l ef t o f t he e n trance , r ecords r estora t ions i n 1 443, 1 447 , 1 512, a nd 1 734. A p laque i n t he s ou th a isle r ecords s t il l a nother r estora t ion i n 1 840. More r ecen t ly , t he t rag ic e ar thquake o f 19 71 d a maged t he r oof a nd t he p ave men t s uf fered wa ter d am a ge • 2 S o l i t tle o r ig ina l p ave men t r e ma ins t ha t i ti s i mposs ible t o marsha l s ty l is t ic e v idence i n f avor o f as pec if ic d a te f or t he p ave men t. The r es torat ions h ave b een r a ther h eavy-handed.

I n s o me c ases , t he o r ig inal p a t terns h ave b een f o l lowed ,

b u t t he g rea t ma jor i ty o f t he t esserae a re n ew.

N one o f t he o r ig inal r oundels

r e ma in a nd o n ly a f ew b its o f p orphyry a re s t il l v is ible. T oday , t he p ave men tb eg ins j us t a f ter t he t h ird s et o f n ave c olu mns w ith an arrow r ec tangle s tre tch ing a cross t he e n t ire n ave. Th is a rea i s f ol lowed b y t wo d ia monds a l igned l a t itud inal ly a nd c on ta ined w ith in a r ec tangle a lso s tretch ing a cross t he n ave. Wi th in e ach d ia mond i s a smal l s quare. T here i s ac o mpara t ively l arge n umber o f o r ig ina l t esserae i n t h is a rea , b u t t he t ota l c on f igura t ion i s f i c t it ious. The d iamond p a t tern i s f ol lowed b y t wo l ong i tud ina l ly a l igned q u incunxes i n t he a rea t ha t was p erhaps t he o r ig ina l

1 37

s chola c an toru m .

The c en ters o f t he r oundels c o mpr is ing t he q u incunx a re

e i ther m iss ing o r r ep laced. T he c urved b ands s urround ing t he r oundels a re modern . T hus , t he o vera l l d es ign i s C os ma tesque , b u t v ery f ew o r ig ina l t esserae r e ma in.

The q u incunxes a re f l anked b y m iscel laneous r ec tangles ,

a l l o f wh ich a re t o ta l ly modern o r r estored. There i s ag rea t d ea l o f p ave men t i n t he p resby tery , b oth i n f ron t o fa nd s urround ing t he a l tar. S o me o f t he r ec tangles a re b ased o n o r ig ina l C os mat esque p a t terns , b u t t hey a re c o mposed o f modern t esserae . T he d a te o f t h is t o ta l r es tora t ion i s u nknown . 1 .

G . C lausse , "Les

e g l ises d e T oscanel la" , R evue d e P ar t c hre t ien

XXXD ( ( ser ies 4 , V I I ) 1 896, 2 64; H . T h i imm ler , " D ie K irche S . P ietro i n Tuscan ia" , Rö m isches J ahrbuch f ür Kuns tgesch ichte 2 , 19 38 , 2 63-88. 2 .

.."Tuscan ia —La c h iesa d i S . P ietro" , Res tauro I ( 4 ), 19 72, 2 5-28.

Ve tra l la , S . F rancesco

( Pla te 4 9 )

S . F rancesco was p robably b u i l t i n t he t welf th c en tury. I ts hou ld b e c o mpared w ith o ther c oeva lb u ild ings i nt he a rea , s uch a s S . Mar ia N uova i n V i terbo.

The p resence o f t he C os ma t i a t t he c hurch i s n ot r ecorded a nd t he

p ave men t i s s o r estored t ha t i ti s d if f icu l t t o make d ef in it ive s ta te men ts a bou t i t . S . F rancesco u nderwen t ma jor r estora t ions i n 1 612 a nd 1 894 a nd was a ga in b e ing r estored i n t he l a te 19 60s. 1 T he p ave men t c on ta ins f ew o rig inal t esserae a nd i s c onf ined s olely t o t he n ave. The p a t tern b eg ins b etween t he f i rst a nd s econd i n tercolu mn ia t ion w ith t hree l ong , n arrow r ec tangles a l igned l a t itud ina l ly . T hese r ectangles a re f o llowed b y t hree more l a t itud ina l ly a l igned r ec tangles l ess t han h al f t he l ength o f t he f i rst g roup . T he c en ter o f t he n ave h as a l arge s quare s pann ing i t s e n t ire w id th . With in t he s quare i s a nother s quare t urned s o t ha t i t s c orners t ouch t he m id-po in ts o f t he s ides o f t he o u ter s quare. T here i s aq u incunx w i th in t he i nner s quare a nd r oundels o ccupy t he s paces c rea ted b y t he s ides o f t he i nner s quare a nd t he c orners o f t he o u ter s quare.

The d egree t o wh ich

t he e n t ire p a t tern i s r estored i s e v idenced b y t he f ac t t ha t t he r oundels w ith in t he c orners o f t he s quare a re n ot c on ta ined b y t he s quare b u t e x tend i n to t he wh ite marble i n ters t ices. Th is a skew a rrange men t n ever o ccurs i n u nrestored Cos ma tesque p ave men ts. Be tween t he q u incunx a nd t he s tep o f t he s chola c an torum a re f i ve r ec tangles a rranged i n al a t itud ina l r ow. A s ix th r ec tangle i s p laced i m med ia tely b efore t he s e t-back s tep i n t he c en ter o f t he s cho la c an toru m. 2 The s chola c an toru m i s o ccup ied b y t hree l ong r ec tangles a rranged l a t itud inal ly . .

T he b lank s paces o n e i ther s ide o f t he r ectangles w ere p robably

o nce o ccup ied b y ambon i. I t i s d if f icu l t t o a ss ign a n e xac t d a te t o t he p ave men t i n S . F rancesco b ecause , o f t he f i f teen r ec tang les r ema in ing , n ine r epea t t he s a me p a t tern , ap a t tern t hat i s c o m mon t hroughou t t he t wel f th a nd t h ir teen th c en tur ies. 3 1 .

F . Paolocc i , N ot izie e d ocu men t i r ela t iv i a l la s tor ia d i Ve tra l la , Vetral la , 19 07 , 5 0f .;

A . Mu i ioz, " I l r ipr ist ino d el la c h iesa s i S . Mar ia N uova d i

V i terbo e d i lS . Francesco d i Ve tra l la" , B o l le t tino d 'Ar te V I , 1 912 , 1 37 .

1 38

2 .

Mul ioz , I bid ., 1 39 , f i g. 2 0 , s hows o n ly f our r ec tangles i n t h is a rea.

3 .

C f . t he Append ix , n o.2.

V i terbo , S . Francesco S . F rancesco w as v irtual ly d estroyed d ur ing t he b o mbing o f J anuary 1 7 , 1 944.

Any p ave men t t hat may h ave e x isted i s n o l onger e x tan t , a s t he p resen t

c hurch i s e n t irely a r econstruct ion.

1

The e x istence o f aC os matesque p ave-

men t i s n ot men t ioned i n e ar l ier b ooks o n V iterbo a nd Ik now o f n o p hotographs o r e ngrav ings d ep ic t ing a C os ma tesque p ave men t i n t he c hurch. 1 .

E . Hu t ton , The C os ma t i , 6 0 l i sts f rag men ts o f p ave men t i n S . Francesco.

V i terbo , S . L orenzo S . L orenzo was b u il t i n t he t wel f th c en tury a nd r estored i n 1 560 , 1 878, a nd a ga in af ter World War I .

Dur ing t he l ast men t ioned r es tora t ion , t he

c hurch w as s tr ipped o f i t s s ix teen th c en tury a dd it ions a nd r estored t o i t s

•

med ieva l a ppearance. 1 T oday , t he p ave men t b ears o n ly t he v aguest r ela t ions h ip t o C os ma tesque work . 2 Wi th a f ew m inor e xcep t ions , t he p ave men t c ons ists e n t irely o f modern t esserae , s o me o f wh ich a re a rranged t o f or m c o m mon C os ma tesque p a t terns s uch a s q u incunxes.

L ack o fb oth o r ig ina l

ma ter ia l a nd a ny d ocu men ta t ion r egard ing t he p resence o f t he Cos mat i a t t he c hurch p rec ludes a ny a t te mp t t o d a te t he p ave men t. 1 .

Recorded i n a n i nscr ip t ion i n t he n orth a isle o f t he c hurch .

C f. a lso

A . S cr ia t tol i , V i terbo n e i s uo i monu men t i , Ro me , 1 915-20 , 1 31f . 2 .

I ndeed , e ven b efore World War I , t he p ave men tb ore l i t t le r ese mblance t o C os ma tesque work .

C f . A . S cr iat tol i , Ip i i I n otevol i monu men t i d i

V iterbo , V iterbo, 1 929 , p hotograph o n 4 6.

APPENDIX T he Append ix r epresen ts a n a tte mp t t o c a ta logue t he most c o m mon t ypes o fg eo metr ic p a t terns a ppearing i n t he f l ank ing r ec tangles o f C os ma tesque p ave men ts.

A l though i t wou ld b e i mposs ible t o l i st e very p a t tern o r v ar ia t ion

a ppear ing i n a l l t he c hurches u nder d iscuss ion , a n a nalys is o f t he p a t terns h as y ielded f i ve d ist inc t g roups o f d es igns : n os.

1 -14:

t he k o ine o f t he t welf th a nd t h irteen th c en tur ies;

t ha t i s ,

p a t terns wh ich c o mmon ly a ppear i n a l mos t a l l C os ma tesque p ave men ts. n os. 1 5-23 :

p at terns a ssoc ia ted w i th t he P au lus g roup a c t ive i n t he f i rst h a l f o f t he t welf th c en tury .

n os. 2 4-27 :

p a t terns a ssoc ia ted w ith t he t hree c hurches i n t he Ranuc ius g roup .

n os. 2 8-32:

p a t terns a ssoc ia ted w ith t he L auren t ius g roup , a c t ive i n t he l a te t wel f th c en tury a nd t he f i rst h a l f o f t he t h irteen th c en tury.

n os. 3 3-41:

f ic t i t ious p a tterns a t tr ibu table t o r estora t ion e f forts.

1 40

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Patterns Associated with The Ranucius Group

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PLATES T he p lates a re a rranged s o a s t o f ac i l itate r eference t o t he t ex t . P la tes 1 -49 a re i n a lphabet ical o rder b y l oca t ion t o c orrespond w ith t he Ca ta logue Ra isonne.

They a lso i l lustra te Chap ters I I II , V-VI.

An a t te mp t

h as b een made t o i l lustra te a l l r ela t ively c o mp le te C os ma tesque p ave men ts. Om iss ions , s uch a s t he A ssunta a t S u tr i o r t he S anc ta S anc toru m , R o me a re d ue t o e i ther t he imposs ib i l ity o fg a in ing a ccess o r i nsur mountable p hys ical c ond i t ions.

Regre tably , t here were i nsuf f ic ien t f unds f or c o lor p hotographs.

P la tes 5 0-54 d ep ic t c o mpara t ive med ieva l p ave men ts a nd i l lus tra te C hap ter I . P la tes 5 5-80 i l lustrate Chap ter W.

1 52

P la te 2 Anagni , S . Mar ia , S . Magnus c rypt , d et .

( author)

P la te 3 C aste l S . E lia , S . Anas tasio , n ave p ave ment f ro m e ast ( I st ituto C entra le p er i l Ca ta logo e l a Docu mentaz ione )

74e11 1 1 -

« )f

P la te 4 C aste l S . E l ia , S . A nas tas io , s cho la c antoru m p ave ment f rom e as t ( I s t itu to C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu mentaz ione )

P la te 5

C iv i t ' a C as te l iana , S . Mar ia Magg iore , n ave p ave men t a nd p ar t o fp resby tery p ave men t f ro m e as t ( Hutze l )

P la te 7 Feren t ino , S . Ambrog io , n ave a nd s chola c an torum p ave men t b efore most r ecen t r estora t ion ( I st i tu to Cen tra le p er i lC a ta logo el a Docu men tazione )

• ,e , •

4,

,XY ,,

•

.

4

4 14

1C :11 °1 11 , ' .. I l k ` . . 117

>4 74 ,4

P la te 8 F erentino , S . Ambrog io , n ave p ave ment a f ter r estora t ion ( I s t i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu mentazione )

"z e

P la te 9

F eren t ino , S . Ambrog io , s cho la c an toru m

p ave ment a f ter

r es tora t ion ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione )

P la te 1 0

G enazzano , S . N ico la , p ave men t f ro m e ast ( I s t ituto C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione )

P la te 1 1

L ugnano i n Tever ina , S . M . Assun ta , p avemen t f ro m wes t ( I s t i tu to C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu mentaz ione )

P la te 1 2

Nazzano , Badia d i S . Ant i mo , s cho la c antoru m p ave ment ( author )

P la te 1 3

Orv ie to , Badia d i S S . S evero e Mar t ir io , p ave men t f ro m wes t ( I s t i tu to C en tra le p er i l Ca ta logo e l a Documen tazione )

P la te 1 4

Ponzano Ro mano , S . Andrea i n F lu mine , p ave men t ( au thor )

s cho la c an torum

P la te 1 5

R o me , S . B enede tto i n P iscinu la , p ave men t f ro m e ast ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu mentaz ione )

P la te 1 6

Ro me , S S . Bonifac io e A less io , n ave p ave ment f ro m west ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu mentazione )

P la te 1 7

R o me , S . C le men te , p ave ment f ro m wes t ( I s t ituto C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione )

P la te 1 8

R o me , S . C le mente , s cho la c antoru m p ave ment ( I st ituto C entra le p er i l C ata log° e l a Docu mentazione)

P la te 2 0

R o me , S . C risogono , n ave p ave ment f ro m west ( I st ituto C entra le p er i l C ata logo e l a Docu men taz ione)

P la te 2 1

R o me , S . C risogono , B orghese r ounde ls ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta log° e l a Doeu mentazione )

P la te 2 2

R o me , S . C roce i n Gerusa le m me , n ave p ave men t f ro m west ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l C ata logo e l a Docu mentaz ione )

P la te 2 3

Ro me , S . C roce i n G erusa le m me , a pse p ave ment ( I st ituto C entra le p er i l C ata log° e l a Docu mentaz ione )

P la te 2 5

Ro me , S S . G iovann i eP ao lo , n ave p ave ment f ro m west ( I st ituto C en tra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu mentazione)

q u incunxes i n western p ar t o fn ave

P la te 2 7

Ro me , S . G iovanni a P or ta L a t ina , p ave ment i n a pse ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta log° e l a Docu mentazione)

P la te 2 8

Ro me , S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , n ave p ave ment ( I st itu to C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu mentaz ione )

v e › * . : 1 4* 4 ,

4 . „ . .

t 4f ,

P la te 2 9

R o me , S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , s cho la c antoru m p ave ment ( I s t ituto C entra le p er i l C ata log° e l a Docu mentaz ione)

P la te 3 0

R o me , S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura , p resby tery p ave ment ( A . MuT ioz , L a b asi l ica d i S . L orenzo f uori l e Mura , R o me , 1 944 , p la te o pposi te 5 2 )

el a Docu men taz ione )

P la te 3 3

Ro me , S . Mar ia i n Aracoe li , a pse p ave ment ( I st i tuto C entra le p er I Ca talogo el a Docu mentaz ione )

P la te 3 4

R o me , S . Mar ia i n C os medin , p lan o f p ave ment ( G . B . G iovena le , L a b asi lica d i S . Maria i n C os medin , Ro me , 1 927 , 3 86, f ig . 2 4 )

P la te 3 5

R o me , S . Mar ia i n C os medin , p ave ment f ro m west ( I s t i tu to C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione )

Plate 36

Rome, S. Maria in Cosmedin, pavement from west before restoration of schola cantorum (Tuminello, Rome, now in Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione)

P la te 3 7

R o me , S . Mar ia i n C os medin , s cho la c an toru m

p ave ment a f ter

r es tora t ion ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu men taz ione )

P la te 3 8

R o me , S . Mar ia Magg iore , n ave p ave men t f ro m wes t ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu mentazione )

Mar ia i n Trastevere ,

P la te 4 0

R o me , S S . Qua t tro C orona t i , n ave p ave ment f ro m e ast ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l Ca ta logo e l a Docu men tazione )

P la te 4 1

R o me , S S . Qua t tro C orona t i , n ave p ave ment , d e t . C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu mentaz ione )

( I st ituto

P la te 4 2

R ome , S . S aba , n ave p ave ment f ro m w es t ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta logo e l a Docu mentaz ione )

P la te 4 3

R o me , S . S aba , n ave p ave men t f ro m s outh ( I s t i tu to C entra le p er i C a ta logo e l a Docu mentaz ione )

P la te 4 4

R o me , S . S abina , s outh a is le p ave men t f ro m e as t ( I s t i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta log° e l a Docu men taz ione )

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P la te 4 5

S po leto , Assunta , n ave p ave men t f ro m west ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta log° e l a Doeu mentazione )

re r 't

,

P la te 4 6

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e .

S po leto , Assunta , n ave p ave ment f ro m west , d e t . p er i l C a ta logo e l a Doeu men taz ione )

( I st ituto C entra le

P la te 4 7

T arquin ia , S . M . d i Cas te l lo , p ave men t f ro m n or th ( Hutze l)

P la te 4 8

T ivo li , S . P ietro , n ave p ave ment ( I s t i tu to C entra le p er i l C a ta log° el a Docu mentazione )

P la te 5 0

P a ler mo , C appe l la P a la t ina , p avemen t f ro m west ( Anderson)

P la te 5 2

S essa Aurunca , S . P ie tro , p ave ment f ro m wes t ( I st i tuto C entra le p er i l C a talogo e l a Docu mentaz ione)

S . Minia to , p ave ment f ro m west ( author)

4 0 . 4 Z )

Minia to , p ave ment d et .

c e

c Z . c . ) o

z

0 ; 4 o

• z t i L C z o 4 c 7 e " ) i l : i

V V11‚ .1 : NT Z•i . e . E CC1 1 )51 : 1 , 0k r, L A LA . 11 1) 1:11 . e ir .

P la te 5 5

Mon te C assino ,

/ : t

N >. - N '

A . 1 ,1CTA : 11,

rut > c' s1 i t

Badia , E ngrav ing o f p ave ment ( E . Ga t to la ,

H istor ia Abba t iae C as inens is , Venice , 1 733, I , p la te V I )

P la te 5 6

I stanbu l, S t . J ohn S tud ion ( S . E y ice , I stanbul , I s tanbu l , 1 955 , P la te V II I , 1 3)

P la te 5 7

O lyn thus , S t . N icho las , p lan o f p ave men t ( G . Mylonas , e di tor , S tudies P resen ted t o Dav id Moore Robinson , S t . L ou is , 1 951, I , p la te 1 07)

P la te 5 8

Mt . A thos , I v iron Monas tery , d raw ing o f p ave ment ( G . S eh lu mberger , L 'Epopee Byzant ine , Par is , 1 896, 4 53)

1 903 , p late V I )

I : r i

C l ) $ . 4 ( 1 )

P . (

P la te 6 1

B ursa , Mauso leu m o f Orhan G az i , d raw ing o f p ave ment ,f rag ment A ( Du mbar ton Oaks P apers 1 7, 1 963, 3 79, f i gure H I ) ( Reproduced b y C our tesy o f Du mbarton Oaks ) .

00 C eZ

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P la te 6 3

P hoc is , Hosios L ukos , t ransept p ave men t ( R . S chu ltz a nd S . B arns ley , The Monastery o f S a int L uke o f S t ir is , London , 1 901, p la te 3 1)

P la te 6 5

S . Aga ta d e i Got i , S . Mennas , p ave ment ( Cour tesy o f Herber t B loch )

P late 6 6

R o me , Museo Naziona le , p ave ment f roin t he E squi line ( Me mo irs o f t he American Acade my i n R o me XV I I , 1 940 , p late 1 9(1) )

P la te 6 7

R o me , Pa lazzo A l mag il, p ave ment f ro m t he C asa d i L ucina ( Me mo irs o f t he Amer ican Acade my i n R o me XV I I , 1 940 , 1 9(2 ) )

P late

P la te 6 8

B resc ia , Duo mo Vecch io , p ave ment ( Misce l lanea d i s tudi B resc iana s u l l 'a lto medioevo , Bresc ia , 1 959 , f igure 2 1)

•r 4

o

r-

c u . 4 c T 4

' f 3 4 1

P la te 7 1

A ncona , S . Maria d e l la P iazza , p ave ment ( A t t i d e l l 'ot tavo C ongresso d i s tudi d e lParte s u l l 'a lto medioevo , Mi lan , 1 959 , 4 1, f ig . 2 0 )

P la te 7 2

Aqui leia , Theodorian Bas i lica , p ave ment ( P .

L . Z ovatto , Mosa ic i

p a leocr ist ian i d e l le Venez ie , U dine , 1 963 , f ig . 9 9 )

Plate 73

Grado, S. Eufemia, pavement (P. L. Zovatto, Mosaici paleocristiani delle Venezie, Udine, 1963, fig. 147)

P la te 7 4

Gazzo Veronese , S . Mar ia , p ave men t , d et . p a leoer is t ian i d e lle Venezie ,

U dine ,

( P. L . Zova t to , Mosa ic i

1 963 , f ig .

1 62 )

P la te 7 5

Venice , S ant 'l lar io , p ave ment , n ow i n Museo Correr , Venice ( P .

L .

Zovat to , Mosa ic i p a leocrist iani d e l le Venez ie , Udine ,

1 963, f ig .

1 67)

P la te 7 6

P o mposa , Abbazia , Draw ing o fp ave ment M . S a l mi , L 'abbaz ia d i P o mposa , 2 nd e d . ,Mi lan , 1 966, f i g . 2 56)

P la te 7 7

C as te l S . E l ia , S . Anastasio , p ane l f ro m c hoir s creen ( author )

4 1 1 ä .

te

k

P la te 7 8

Ar t h .

F arfa S abina , S . Maria d i F arfa , p ave ment ( I s t i tuto C entra le p er i l C a ta log° e l a Docu mentaz ione )

. • • • •, .

a is

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c d

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c f 3

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S . Mar ia A n t igua , s cho la c an torum p avemen t ( a uthor )

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Rome. SS. Quattro Coronati., relationship of oavement to church

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P onzano R o mano , S . Andrea i n F lu mine , r e la t ionsh ip o fp ave men t t o c hurch p lan ( Sca le 1 :125 )

P la te I

P onzano R o mano , S . Andrea i n F lu m ine , measured d raw ing o fp ave men t ( sca le 1 :25 )

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I .

The Cos mat i

Barbier d e Mon tau l t , X ., " Genealogie d 'ar t istes i t al iens d u X I I Ie s iecle" , Annales a rcheolog iques XVI I I , 1 858 , 2 65-72. Bartol i , G ., " I l f i g l io d i P ietro Vassallet to a C iv itä L av in ia" ,

Bo l let tino d '

Arte I X , 1 907 , 2 2f . Bend inel l i , G ., " In torno a l l 'orig ine e p er u na n uova d eno m inazione d e i mosa ic i ' Cos ma teschP, " S tud ies Presen ted t o Dav id Moore Rob inson ( edi ted b y George Mylonas ), S t . L ou is , 19 51, I , 8 13-28. Bessone-Aurel j, A . M., I mar morar i r o man i, Milan/Ro me, 19 35. Bo ito, C ., L 'arch i tettura C os matesca , Milan , 1 860. Bo ito, C ., Arch itet tura d el med io e vo i n I ta l ia :

I Cos ma t i , Milan , 1 880 ,

1 17 -82. Bon i , G ., The Ro man Mar morar i i, Ro me, 1 893. C lausse , G ., "Les C os ma t i e t Pegl ise d e S . Mar ia a .C iv itä Castel lana" , Revue d e Part c hret ien XLV II, 1 897 , 2 71-79. C lausse , G ., L es marbr iers r o ma ins e t l e mobil ier p resbyteral , Par is. 1 897. De Ross i, G . B ., Mus iac i c r ist ian i es agg i d e i p av i men t i d el le c h iese d i Ro ma a n ter ior i a l s ecolo XV, Ro me , 1 873-99 . Frey , K ., " Genea logie d er C os mat i" , J ahrbuch d er K . Preuss.

Kunstsa m m-

l ungen 6 , 1 885, 1 25-27. Froth ingha m , A . L ., The Monu ments o f Chr ist ian Ro me , N ew York , 19 25, 3 43-83. G ian frot ta , P ., " Un G iovann i Vassa l let to i gnoto" , Bo l le t t ino d e l l 'Ist ituto d i S tor ia e d Arte d el L az io merid ionale V I I I , 1 , 1 975, 6 3-70. G iovannon i , G ., " Drudus d e Tr iv io, mar morar io r o mano" , Miscel lanea p er N ozze Her man in-Haus mann , Ro me , 19 04, 1 -1 O . G iovannon i , G ., "Note s u i mar morar i i r o man i" , Arch iv io d el la S oc ietä Ro mana d i S tor ia Patr ia ) 0 (VI I , 1 904, 5 -26. G iovannon i , G ., " Opere d e i Vassal let t i mar morar i r o man i" , L 'Arte 1 1, 19 08, 2 62-83. Grosso-Gond i , F ., "La c on fessio d elPal tare magg iore e l a c a t tedra p apale aS . L orenzo i n L uc ina , u n o pera d i Mag ister Pau lus?" , S tud i Ro man i I , 1 913, 5 3-62.

2 35

Her man in , F ., L 'ar te i n Ro ma a s ecolo V I I I a l X IV, S tor ia d i Ro ma XXVI I , B o logna , 1 945 , 5 6 . f . Hu t ton , E ., T he C os ma t i , L ondon , 19 50. L anc ian i , R ., " Stor ia a 1 200 :

Mar morar i i" , Ro me , B ibl ioteca N az ionale

d i A rcheolog ia e S tor ia d el l 'Ar te ,

Ms . L anc ian i :

2 4/V .

L ucches i , G ., Raccol ta d i v ar j p av i men t i a n t ich i d i mosa ico e he p resen tamen te s i v edono i n a lcune c h iese d i Ro ma , B ibl ioteca Va t icana , C odex Cappon i 2 36. K ier , H ., Der m it telal terl iche S ch muck fuszboden , D ie Kuns tdenk mä ler d es Rhe in landes , 1 4, Dusseldorf , 1 970 , 2 4-33. Mat th iae , G ., " Co mponen t i d e l g us to d ecora t ivo C os ma tesco" ,

R iv is ta d e l l '

I st itu to N az iona le d 'Archeolog ia e S tor ia d e l l 'Ar te I , 19 52, 2 49-81. Ma tth iae , G ., " The C os ma t i" , Encyc loped ia o f Wor ld Ar t I I , c o l . 8 29 -35. Mela m , A ., " I c os idet t i C os ma t i" , Ar te e S toria XVI I I , 1 899 , 2 6-27. Mui ioz , A ., "La d ecoraz ione e g l i ambon i C os ma tesch i d el la b as il ica d i S . Pancrazio f uor i l e Mura" , L 'Ar te 1 4, 19 11, 9 7-106. N oeh les , K ., " D ie Kunst d er C os ma ten u nd d ie I dee d er Renova t io Ro mae" , F estschr if t Werner Hager , Reck l inghausen , 1 966, 1 7-37 . P iazzes i , A ., Manc in i , V ., a nd Benevolo, L ., " Una s ta t is t ica s u l r eper tor io g eo metrico d e i C os ma t i" , Quadern i d el l ' Ist i tu to d i S tor ia d el l 'Arch ite ttura 5 , 1 954, 1-19 . Pro m is , C ., N ot izie e p igraf iche d egl i a rtef ic i mar morar i r o man i d a l X a l XV s ecolo , Torino , 1 836. R ich ter , J . P ., " D ie C os ma ten Fa m il ien" , Z e i tschrif t f ir b i ldenden Kunst X I I , 1 877 , 3 37-38. Rohau l t d e F leury , C ., L a messe :

e tudes a rch olog igues s ur s es monu men ts ,

8v ol ., Par is , 1 897. S tern , G ., C ol lez ione d i p av i men t i c lass ic i a mosa ico..., Tor ino , 1 889 . S tevenson , E ., "Mar morar i i Ro man i" , Mostra d el la c i t tä d i Ro ma a l la e spos iz ione d i Torino n el l 'anno 1 884, Ro me , 18 84, 1 68-95. T erz i , A ., Ven t i d isegn i d i d ecoraz ione C os ma tesche , Ro me , 19 15-16. Terz i , A ., 3 8 d isegn i d i d ecoraz ione C os ma tesche , Ro me , c . 19 17. Toesca , P . ,I l med ioevo , Tor ino , 19 27 , I , e sp . 6 67 a nd 10 84. To masse t t i , G ., A . MC MVI q u in to c en tenar io d e l la u n ivers itä d e i mar morar i i d i Ro ma , Ro me , 1 906. T o masse t t i , G ., " De i s oda l iz i i n g enere e d e i mar morar i i r o man i" , Bu l le tt ino d el la C o mm iss ione Archeolog ica C o muna le XXX IV , 1 906, 2 35-69 . Ven tur i , A ., S tor ia d el l 'ar te I ta l iana , I I : 7 88f ., 8 84f .

2 36

L 'ar te r o man ica , Milan , 19 04,

I .

Ro man Pave men ts

Beca t t i , G . " Alcune c ara t ter ist iche d el mosa ico b ianco-nero i n I ta l ia" , L a mosaique g reco-ro ma ine , C ol loques i n fernat ionaux d u c en tre n a t ional d e l a r echerche s c ien t if ique , ( Par is , 1 963 ), Par is , 1 965, 1 5-26. Beca t t i , G ., " Case Os t iens i d el t ardo impero — I I" , B o l le t t ino d 'Ar te , 4 th s er ies 3 3, 1 948 , 1 97-224, e sp . 2 06f . Beca t t i , G ., Mosa ic i ep av i men t i mar more i , S cav i d i Ost ia , I V, Ro me , 1 961. B lake , M. E ., " The Pave men ts o f t he Ro man Bu ild ings o f t he Republ ic a nd E arly Emp ire" , Me mo irs o f t he Amer ican Acade my i n Ro me , V I 11 ,1 9 30 , 7 -160 . B lake , M. E ., " Ro man Mosa ics o f t he S econd Cen tury i n I ta ly" , Me mo irs o f t he Amer ican Acade my i n Ro me X I I I , 1 936, 67 -214. B lake , M. E ., "Mosa ics o f t he L a te Emp ire i n Ro me a nd V ic in ity" , Me mo irs o f t he Amer ican Acade my i n Ro me XVI I , 1 940 , 8 1-130. C ol l in i , A .,"S tor ia e t opogra f ia d el C e l lo n e l l 'an t ich i tä" , A t t i d e l la P on t i f icia Accade m ia Ro mana d 'Archeolog ia , s er ies I I , Me mor ie V I I , 19 44, 2 38f .; 2 55f .;

3 60f .

L av in , I . , " The Hun t ing Mosa ics o f An t ioch a nd The ir S ources" , Du mbarton Oaks Papers 1 7 , 1 963, 17 9-286. S tern , H ., " Atel iers d e mosa istes Rhodan iens d 'epoque g al lo-ro ma ine" , L a mosa ique g r6co-roma ine , Colloques i n terna t ionaux d u c en tre n a t ional d e l a r echerche s c ien t if ique , ( Par is , 1 963 ), Par is , 1 965 , 2 33-41. I I.

E ar ly Med ieva l Pave men ts

Barra l IA l tet , X ., "Le p assage d e l a mosaique d e p ave men t a n t ique a l a mosa ique d e p ave men t med ieva le e n o cciden t , t ravaux r ecen ts e t n ouveaux p roble mes" , Bu l le t in d ' in for ma t ion d e l ' assoc ia t ion i n terna t iona le p our P etude d e l a mosaique a n t ique V , 1 973, 1 89-96. Bartocc in i , R ., " I l mosa ico p av imen ta le d i S . Michele i n A fr ic isco" , Fel ix Ravenna , n .s. V 1T I , f asc icu le 3 , 1 930 , 1-13. Bov in i , G ., "Un 'an t ica c h iesa Ravennate :

S . Miche le i n A fr ic isco" , Fel ix

Ravenna , 3 rd s er ies , f asc icu le 1, 1 953 , 5 -37. Bov in i , G ., " Sugl i a vanzi d el mosa ico p av i men tale d el la c h iesa d i S . S evero c onserva t i n el la Torret ta d el G iard ino d el Palazzo d el la Prov inc ia d i Ravenna" , F el ix Ravenna , 3 rd s eries , f ascicu le 1 5 , 1 954 , 3 8-51. Brus in , G . a nd Z ova tto , P ., Monu men t i p a leocr ist ian i d i Aqu ile ia e d i Grado , Ud ine , 19 57 . Brus in , G ., " I l mosa ico a n t ico n el Veneto" , Ar te Veneta I V, 1 950 , 9 5-1 0 4. Brus in , G ., " Tessel la t i d i C iv ida le d el Fr iu l i" , Me mor ie S tor iche Forog iul i es i XL IV, 1 960 , 1 -23. Buona m ic i , G ., L a metropol itana d i Ravenna , Bologna , 1 748.

2 37

C arducc i , G ., S u l g rande musa ico r ecen te men te s coperto

i n Pesaro , P esaro ,

1 866. C a t taneo , R ., L 'arch i tet tura i n I t al ia d el s ecclo V I a l mule c irca , Ven ice , 1 888-89 . C ecchel l i , C ., " Gl i e d if ic i e d imosa ic i p a leocr ist iana n el la z ona d el la b as il ica" i n L a Bas il ica d i Aqu ile ia ( ed i ted b y D . Zan iche l l i ), Bologna , 1 933, 1 09f . C ortes i , G„ L a z ona e l a b as i l ica d i S . S evero n e l t err i tor io d i C lasse , Ravenna , 19 64. C re ma , L ., " I l p av i men to d i S . Mar ia d i C astelsepr io" , Ar te d e l p r i mo mi l lenn io , A t t i d e l I° C onvegno p er l o s tud io d el l 'arte d elPa l to med ioevo ( Pav ia , 1 950 ), T or ino , 1 953 , 1 94-98. Far iol i , R ., "Mosa ic i p av i men tal i d 'e tä p a leocr ist iana d egl i e d if ic i d i c u l to d i Ravenna" , X I I c orso d i c u l tura s u l l 'ar te Ravennate e B izan t ina , Ravenna , 19 65, 3 35-73. Fas iolo , 0 ., Imosa ic i d i Aqu i le ia , Ro me , 19 15. F rey , D ., " Der Do m i n P ola" , J ahrbuch d es Kunsth istor ischen I ns t i tu tes d er K . K . Z en tra lko m m iss ion Mr Denkma lpf lege V I I I , 19 14 , 1-26. F r iger io , F . a nd N ogara , B ., " An t i ich i th r o mane d i Co mo" , R iv ista Archeol og ica d i Prov inc ia e An t ica D ioces i d i C o mo , f asc icu le 6 3-64 , 1 912 , 6 0-96. Gero la , G ., " S. Mar ia d i Gazzo" , L 'Ar te 1 2, 1 909 , 3 13-16. Gero la , G ., " I l s acel lo p r im it ivo d i S . V ita le" , F el ix Ravenna , f asc icu le 1 0 , 1 913, 4 27-32;

f asc icu le 1, 1 913 , 4 59-70 .

K ier , H ., D ie m it te la l ter l iche S ch muck fuszboden , D ie Kunstdenkmä ler d es Rhe in landes 1 4, Düsseldorf . 19 70 . K i tzinger , E ., "Mosa ic Pave men ts i n t he Greek E ast a nd t he Quest ion o f a Rena issance Under J ust in ian" , Actes d e V I c ongr. i n terna t. d 'e tudes b yzan t ines , Par is , 1 951, 2 09-23;

r epr in ted i n E . K i tz inger , T he Ar t

o f Byzan t iu m a nd t he Med ieva l West , S elec ted S tud ies ( ed i ted b y W . E . K le inbauer ), I nd iana Un ivers ity Press , 19 76, 3 2-48. K i tzinger , E ., " Sty l ist ic Developmen ts i n Pave men t Mosa ics i n t he Greek E ast f ro m t he Age o f C ons tan t ine t o t he Age o f J ust in ian" , L a mosa ique g reco-ro ma ine , C ol loques i n terna t ionaux d u c en tre n a t iona l d e l a r echerche s c ien t if ique ( Par is , 19 63 ), Par is , 19 65, 3 41-55;

r epr in ted

i n E . K itzinger , T he Art o f Byzan t iu m a nd t he Med ieva l Wes t , S e lec ted S tud ies ( ed i ted b yW . E . K leinbauer ) , I ndiana U n ivers i ty P ress , 1 976 , 6 4-88. L ev i , D ., An t ioch Mosa ic Pave men ts , 2 v o l ., Pr ince ton , 1 947. L orenzon , G ., L a b as il ica d e i S an t i F el ice e F or tuna to i n V icenza , V icenza , 19 37 . Mazzot t i , M., L a b as il ica d i S an t 'Apol l inare i n C lasse , S tud i d i An t ich i tä Cr is t iana 2 1, C i t tä d e l Va t icano , 1 954 . 2 38

McC lendon ,

C ., The Med ieva l A bbey C hurch a t Far fa , u npubl ished d isserta t ion ,

N ew York Un ivers ity , 1 978. Mirabel la Rober t i , M ., " La C a t tedra le a n t iea d i Milano e i s uo b a t t istero" , Ar te L o mbarda V I I I , 19 63, 7 7-99 . Mirabel la Robert i , M

" Indag in i n el Duo mo d i P ola" , R iv ista d i Archeolog ia

C rist iana XX I I I-XX IV, 19 47-48 , 20 9-29 . Monnere t d e V il lard , U ., " I d a t i-stor ic i r elat iv i a t musa ic i p av i men tal i c r ist ian i d i L o mbard ia" , Arch iv io S tor ico L o mbardo , s er. V , XL I I I , 1 916, 3 41-92. Moracch in i , G ., " Le p ave men t e n mosa lque d e l ab as il ique e t d u b ap t ist & -e d e Mar iana" , A rchaeo log ia , f asc icu le 5 , 1 965 , 5 1-59 . Mortar i , L ., "Nota s u i mosa ic i p av i men ta l i d el le c h iese Vene te t ra i I X e i lX I I s ecolo" , B o l le t t ino d 'Ar te , s er ies I V , XXX IV , 1 949 , 2 61-64 . Panazza , G ., L ' ar te med ioeva le n el la c i t tä e t err i tor io d i Bresc ia , A t t i e me mor ie d el t erzo c ongresso s tor ico L o mbardo ( Cre mona 1 93 8 ) , Milan , 1 939 , 5 -12. Panton i , A ., L e v icende d el la b as il ica d i Mon tecass ino a t traverso l a d ocu men taz ione a rcheolog ica , Miscel lanea Cassinese , 3 6, Mon tecass ino , 1 973. S a lm i , M., L 'abbaz ia d i P o mposa , 2 nd e d., Mi lan , 1 966 , 1 25f. S a lm i , M., " Stucch i el i tostra t i n el l 'a lto med ioevo i t a l iano" , A t t i d elPo t tavo c ongresso s u l l 'Ar te d elPa l to med ioevo , ( Milan , 1 959 ), Milan , 1 962 , I , 2 1-51. S chaf fran , E ., D ie Kunst d er L angobarden i n I ta l ien , J ena , 1 9 41. S tern , H ., " Le p ave men t d e l a b asi l ique d e P o mposa ( I ta l ie )" , C ah iers A rcheolog iques XVII I , 19 68 , 1 57-6 9 . Z ova t to , P ., An t ich i tä c r ist iane d i Verona , Verona , 19 50 . Z ova t to , P ., " La b as il ica d i S an t Tu fe m ia d i G rado" , Pallad io , n .s. 2 ,1952, 12-25. Z ova t to , P ., " I lb a t t istero d i Grado" , R iv ista d i Archeolog ia C r ist iana XX1 I I-XXIV, 1 947-48 , 2 31-51. Z ova t to ,

P ., " I mosa ic i a l to med ioeva l i d i Gazzo Veronese" ,

A t t i d el l 'o t tavo

c ongresso d i s tud i s u l l 'arte d el l 'a l to med ioevo ( M ilan , 1 95 9 ) , Mi lan , 1 962, 1 , 2 60-72. Z ova t to, P ., Mosa ic i p a leocr ist ian i d el le Venezie , Ud ine , 19 63. Z ova t to , P ., " Tappe t i mus iv i d e l s eco lo .l X a Venez ia" , A t t i d e l XVI I I c ongresso i n ternaz iona le d i s tor ia d el l 'arte , ( Ven ice , 19 55 ), Ven ice 19 56, 1 36-39 ;

a lso p ubl ished i n S e t t i mane d i s tud io d el c en tro i ta l iano

d i s tud i s u l l 'a l to med ioevo , I V:

I monaches i mo n el l 'al to med ioevo e

l a f or maz ione d el la i c iv i lfaocc iden ta le ( Spoleto , 1 956 ), S po le to , 19 57 , 4 17-22 u nder t he t i t le " Decorazion i mus ive p av i men tal i d el s ec. I X i n a bbazie b enede t t ine d el V ene to" . 2 39

I V.

Byzan t ine Pave men ts

Ba l lance , S ., " The Byzan t ine C hurches o f T reb izond" , Ana tol ian S tud ies X , 1 960 , 1 41-75. Bend ine l l i , G ., " In torno a l l 'orig ine e p er u na n uova d eno m inaz ione d e i mosa ic i ' Cos ma tesch i ' " , S tud ies Presen ted t o Dav id Moore Rob inson ( ed i ted b y G eorge My lonas ), S t . L ou is , 1 951, I , 8 13-28. Brounov , N ., "La S a in te-Soph ie d e T reb izonde" , Byzan t ion I V, 1 927-28 , 3 93-405. De mangel , R ., C on tr ibu t ion ä l a t opograph ie d e P l iebdo mon , r echerches , 1 945, 2 1-23. f ran9a ises e n T urqu ie I I ,Paris 7

Ey ice , S ., I stanbu l . Pe t i t g u ide a t ravers l es monu men ts b yzan t ins e t t urcs , I s tanbu l , 19 55. Ey ice , S ., " Two Mosa ic Pave men ts f ro m B ythn ia" , Dumbar ton Oaks Papers 1 7 , 1 963, 3 73-83. Grekow, B ., D ie Russ ische Ku l tur d er K iever Per iode , Moscow , 19 47 . Krau the i mer, R ., E ar ly C hr ist ian a nd Byzan t ine Arch itec ture , _ Pengu in B ooks , 1 965. Mango , C ., " The Da te o f t he N ar thex Mosa ics o ft he Church o f t he Dor m i t ion a t N icaea" , Dumbar ton Oaks Papers 1 3, 1 959 , 2 45-52. Megaw , A . H . S ., " Notes o n Recen t Work o f t he Byzan t ine I nst itu te i n I stanbu l" , 7 , 1 963, 3 33-71. Dumbar ton Oaks Papers 1 Or landos, A ., " He e n Bo iot ia mone t ou S ag ma ta" , Arche ion T on Byzan t inon Mne me ion t es Hel lados 7 , 1 951, 7 2-110. Powstenko , 0 ., The Ca thedral o f S t. S oph ia i n K iev , The Anna ls o f t he Ukra in ian Acade my o f Ar ts a nd S c iences i n t he U .S . I IIV, 19 54. S chlumberger , G ., L 'epopee b yzan t ine ä l a f in d u d ix ie me s ièc le , Par is , 1 896-1905. S chu l tz , R . a nd Barnsley , S ., T he Monastery o f S a in t L uke o f S t ir is i n Phoc is , L ondon , 19 01. T ex ier , C . a nd Pu l lan R . P ., Byzan t ine Arch i tecture I l lustra ted b y aS er ies o f t he Earl iest Ed if ices i n t he E ast , L ondon , 1 864. Underwood , P ., " Notes o n t he Work o f t he Byzan t ine I nst i tu te i n I stanbu l" , Dumbar ton Oaks Papers 9 -1 0 , 19 55-56, 2 91-300. Van Mi l l ingen , A ., Byzan t ine C hurches i n C onstan t inop le , L ondon , 1 912. Wu lf f , 0 ., D ie K o i mes isk irche i n N icäa u nd i hre Mosa iken , Zur Kunstüsäh ich te d es Aus landes 1 3 , S trassburg , 1 903 . V . Med ieva l Pave men ts An thony , E . W., E ar ly F loren t ine Arch itec ture a nd Decora t ion , Ca mbr idge , Massachuset ts , 1 927 ,

2 40

An tonac i , A ., O tran to ( t est i e monu men t i ), S tud i s u l la c iv il ta S alen t ina 2 , Ga la t ina , 1 955. Aur ige mma , S ., B ianch in i , A ., a nd D eSan t , is , A ., C irceo , Terrac ina , Fond i , I t inerar i d e i muse i , g a l ler ie e monu men t i d ' Ita l ia 9 7 , 2 nd e d i t ion , Ro me , 1 966. Bargel l in i , C ., S tud ies i n Med ieva l Apu l ian F loor Mosa ics , u npubl ished P h .D . d isser ta t ion , H arvard U n ivers i ty , 19 74 . Beenken , H ., " D ie F loren t iner I nkrusta t ionsarch i tek tur d es X I. Z e i tschr if t f ür b i ldende Kunst LX , 19 26-2 7 , 2 21-30 ;

J ahrhunder ts" ,

2 45-55.

Bel la , I . , L a c h iesa r o man ica d i S . F red iano i n L ucca , L ucca , 1 956. C apone , A ., I l d uo mo d i S a lerno , 2v o l ., S a lerno , 1 927-29 . C arocc i , G ., " I l p av i men to n el b at t istero d i F irenze" , A r te i t a l iana d ecora t iva ei ndustr ia le 189 7 , 3 4-36. Da m i , L ., "La b as i l ica d i S . Min ia to a l Mon te" , B o l le t t ino d 'Ar te 9 , 1 915 , 2 16-44. Dan iele , G ., I ld uo mo d i Caser ta Vecch ia , Caser ta , 1 873. D e Ange l is , M., I ld uo mo d i S a lerno , n el la s ua s tor ia , n eue s ue v icende e n e i s uo i monu men t i , S a lerno , 19 36. D ia mare , G ., Me morie c r it ico-s tor iche d el la c h iesa d i S essa Aurunca , 2v o ls ., N ap les, 19 06-7 . D 'Onofr io , M., L a c at tedra le d i Caserta Vecch ia , Ro me , 1 974. F el ic i , M., Caser tavecch ia e r an t ica s ua c a t tedrale, Caserta , n .d . F or la t i , F ., " Stor ia e r estaur i d el S an Marco d i Venez ia" , Pa l lad io , n . s . XV , 1 965, 7 1-85. Garu f i , G ., " I l p av i men to a mosa ico d el la c a t tedrale d i O tran to " , S tud i Med ievale 2 , 1 906-7 , 5 05-14. G ian freda , G ., " I l mosa ico p av i men ta le d el la c at tedrale d i O tran to" , Fede e Arte 1, 1 963, 3 86-93. G ian freda , G ., I l mosa ico p av i men tale d el la b as il ica c a t tedra le d i O tran to , 3 rd e d it ion , O tran to , 1 970 . Haug , W., " Artussage u nd He ilsgesch ich te :

Zu m Progra m m d es Fussboden-

mosa iks v on O tran to ," Deu tsche V iertel jahrsschr if t f Ur L itera turw issens chaf t u nd Ge istesgesch ichte

4 9 , 1 975 , 5 77-606.

Haug , W., Das Mosa ik v on O tran to. t a t ion , Wiesbaden , 1 977.

Darstel lung , Deu tung , u nd B ilddoku men-

Horn , W., " Ro manesque Churches i n F lorence : aS tudy o ft he ir C hronology a nd S ty l ist ic D evelopmen t" , Ar t Bu l let in 2 5, 1 943, 1 12-31. K ier , H ., D ie mi t telal terl iche S ch muck fuszboden , D ie Kuns tdenk mä ler d es Rhe in landes 1 4, D i isseldorf , 1 970 .

2 41

K itzinger, E ., 'World Map a nd F or tune 's Wheel :

A Med ieva l Mosa ic F loor .

i n Tur in" , Proceed ings o f t he Amer ican Ph ilosophical S oc iety 1 17 , n o. 5 , 1 973, 3 44-73. Kr t in ig , W., I ld uo mo d i Monreale e l ' arch itettura n or manna i n S ic il ia , Paler mo , 19 65. L ip insky , A ., L 'an t ica c a t tedrale d i T errac ina " , L ' il lustraz ione Vat icana I V, 1 933, 8 01-4. Madon i , E ., I l p av i men to d el b a t t istero f i oren t ino, Bresc ia , 19 14. Patr icolo, A ., "La c h iesa d i S . Mar ia d ell 'A m m iragl io" , Arch iv io S tor ico S ic il ian° ,n ew s er ies I , 1 877 , 1 37-71;

I I , 1 878 , 3 97-406.

Pepe , L ., "La c a ttedra le d i S essa Aurunca" ,

N apo li n ob i lissi maVI I , 1 898,

5 5-61. Pera , L . ., L a c h iesa d i S . P ietro i n V incol i aP isa , IMonu men t i I ta l ian i 1 4, Ro me, 19 38. Pucc inel l i , 0 ., L a b asil ica d i S . Fred iano i n L ucca , L ucca , 1 950. Rash-Fabbr i , N ., E leven th a nd Twelf th Century F igurat ive Mosa ic F loors i n S ou th I t aly , u npubl ished Ph. D . d issertat ion , Bryn Mawr C ol lege, 19 71. Ra thgens, H ., S . Donato z u Murano u nd ä hn l iche v enez ian ische Bau ten , Berl in , 1 903, 7 7-85. S errad ifalco , D ., Del d uo mo d i Monrea le e d i a l tre c h iese s icu lo n or manne , 2v ol ., Pa ler mo, 1 838. S et t is Frugon i , C ., ' Per u na l e t tura d el mosa ico p av i men ta le d el la c a ttedrale d i O tran to " , Bul let t ino d e l l 'Ist ituto S tor ico I t a l ian° p er i l Medioevo e Arch iv io Murator iano 8 0 , 19 68 , 2 13-56. Swarzensk i , G ., " Ro man ische P last ik u nd I nkrustat ionsst il i n F lorenz" , Reper tor iu m f tr Kunstw issenschaf t XXD ‹, 1 906, 5 18-31. Urban i d e Ghel tof , G ., " I l p av i mento" i n L a b as il ica d i S . Marco i n Venezia, ( ed i ted b y C . Boito ), Ven ice , 1 888 , 2 27-34. Zanet t i , V ., L a b as il ica d e i S S. Mar ia e Donato d i Murano , Ven ice, 1 873.

2 42

I NDEX A :

S ITES

N u mbers i n p aren theses r efer t o f oo tnotes . A lexandr ia

F erentino , S . Ambrog io

3 3-34 ( 1 )

Anagn i , S . Andrea Anagn i , S . Maria

4 1,46-47(8) ,50 ,53(18) ,65-67,75, 9 1,

5 6

Anagn i , S . G iaco mo

9 ,16,18,23(6) ,

9 1(5 ) , 1 21,159, P la te 7 ,160 ,P la te 8 ,

5 6

1 61, P la te 9

2 ,3 ,11,12,14-15

( 33) ,20 ,24 ( 9 ) ,24 ( 11) ,56,57-59 ,

F lorence , Bapt istery ( S . G iovanni )

6 0 ,63 ,64 ,87,102 ,110 ,117,133,

F lorence , S , Min ia to a l Mon te P la te 5 3,206, P la te 5 4

1 34 ,153 ,P la te 1 , 1 54 , P la te 2 Anagn i , S . P ie tro i n V ine is

5 6,60

Ancona , S . Mar ia d e l la P iazza

3 0 ,

3 8-39 ( 51) , 2 23, P la te 7 1 An t ico li C orrado , S . P ietro Ant ioch

3 0 ,

Azzahra , Western Pa lace

7 (15)

Grado, S . E uphe mia 7 3

I stanbu l , C ha lke

5 4 (28) 3 0 ,220 ,

2 7

4 8

I stanbu l , C hrysotr ic linus o f J ustinus I 4 8 I stanbu l , Hag ia S oph ia

4

Bukhara , Maghak-i A t tar i Mosque

C onsistor iu m

Bursa , Mausoleu m o f Orhan Gaz i 2 7,213, P la te 6 1,214 , P la te 6 2 Caser ta Vecch ia , Ca thedra l

3 6(26)

Caste l S . E l ia , S . Anas tas io

2 ,

1 9,20 ,32,41,61-62 ,76,134 , ( P la te 7 7)

I stanbu l , Pa lace o fJ ustinus I 4 8 I stanbu l , S t . J ohn S tudion 2 08, P la te 5 6 3 6(24 ) 4 ,7(12)

L ondon , West minster Abbey

5 5

L ugnano i n Tever ina , S . Mar ia Assun ta

Ch ios , N ea Mon i

2 7,216, P la te 6 4

C iv ida le , Bapt istery ( S . G iovanni ) 3 1 Caste l lana , S . Mar ia

Magg iore

2 6,27,69,

I stanbu l , Z eyrek Ca mi i ( Pantocra tor )

L ecce

3 1

4 8

I stanbu l , Pa lace o fJ ustin ianus I 4 8

1 55, P la te 3 ,156, P la te 4 ,229 C aste lseprio , S . Mar ia F or is

4 8 ,52(5)

I stanbu l , Pa lace o f C onstant ine ,

7 (15 )

C iv i t

6 9

H ebdo mon , S t . J ohn t he Bapt ist

P la te 6 8

P ortas

3 0 ,31,225 , P la te

H osios L ukos —cf . Phoc is , H os ios L ukos

3 6(26)

Bresc ia , Duo mo Vecch ia Brindisi

3 1,226,

2 1,68,162,

Grot taferra ta , S . Mar ia

6 0-61

Bo logna , S . P e tron io

Gazzo Veronese , S . Mar ia

P la te 1 0

2 24 , P la te 7 2

Bar i , S , N icola

1 4 (18)

Genazzano , S , N ico la

4

Aqui le ia , Theodor ian Bas i lica Ardea , S . P ietro

F ondi , S . P ietro

P la te 7 4

6 0

3 2,38-39 ( 51)

Aosta , C a thedra l

5

5 ,205 ,

6 (5 ) ,11,20 ,24 ,(8) ,41,

2 1,22 ,70-71,163, P la te 1 1 Men tore l la ( Vulture l la ) , S . Mar ia Monrea le , Ca thedra l Monte C assino

C iv i t ' a Lav in ia , S . Maria Magg iore 6 4-65 C re mona , C a thedra l

4

P la te 5 5 Mt . S . Ange lo i n Arcese , S . Miche le Arcange lo

7 1-72

Mt . A thos , I v iron Monastery 2 10 , P la te 5 8

Farfa S ab ina , S . Mar ia d i Farfa 3 2 ,65 ,230 ,P la te 7 8

7 (14 )

2 5 ,26,27,28,30 ,31,32 ,

3 3,34 (7) ,34 (8) ,34 (9) ,34 (10 ) ,207,

4 6(4) ,6 3-65 ,93,97,137,157, P la te 5 ,158, P la te 6

7 1

Narn i , S . Do men ico 2 43

7 2

2 7,69,

Narni , S . G iovena le

R o me , Pa lazzo A l magr a , Pave ment

7 2-73

t i mo Nazzano , Badia d i S . An

f ro m t he Casa d i L uc ina

1 8,73 ,

2 19, P la te 6 7

7 5 ,164 ,P la te 1 2

R o me , S . Agnese i n Agone

t ion N icea , C hurch o f t he Dor mi 2 7,36(18) ,212

R o me , S . Andrea d e Mar morar iis ( S . Andrea d e Mor tarar i is ) —cf .

P la te 6 0 O lynthus , S t . N icho las

R o me , S . I vo d i Bret tagna

2 6,27,209 ,

R o me , S . Apo l linare ( P iazza N avona )

P la te 5 7

R o me , S S . Aposto li

Orv ie to, S S . Andrea e Barto lo meo

R o me , S . Benede tto i n P isc inu la P la te 1 5

3 7(29 )

R o me , S S . Bonifac io e A less io

3 7(29)

R o me , S . C ec i lia i n T rastevere

Va t ican Museu ms , Pave ment f ro m t he Pa lazzo Imper ia le a t

R o me , S . C le mente

2 ,3,6(4 ) ,18,23(4 ) ,40 ,46(6

7 3,83-86,86,87 ,116,123 ,169, P la te

4 ,7(11)

1 7,170 , P la te 1 8 4 ,202 ,

R o me , S S . C os ma e Daraiano

P la te 5 0

9 ,18,

8 6-87,171 , P la te 1 9

Pa ler mo , Martorana

4 ,203, P la te 5 1

R o me , S . C ostanza 2 9

Pa ler mo , S . Ca ta ldo

4

R o me , S . C r isogono

Pa lestrina , S . Agapi to Pav ia , S . Miche le

7 5

6 (7) ,39(56) ,57,

8 7-89 ,172 , P la te 2 0 ,173 ,P la te 2 1

4

R o me , S .C roce i n Gerusa le m me

Phocis , H os ios L ukos , Ka tho l ikon

1 ,9,

1 8,23(6) ,4 1,46-47(8) ,50 ,51,53(18) ,

2 7,215 ,P la te 6 3

6 6,86,89-92 ,174 ,P la te 2 2 ,175 ,

3 0 ,222 ,P la te 7 0

P la te 2 3

3 7(37)

R o me , S . E ustach io

P o mposa , Abbazia 3 1,38(49) ,228

N ova )

P onzano R o mano, S . Andrea i n 2 ,3,10 ,13(17) ,19,20 ,

R o me , S . G iaco mo a l la L ungara ( S . G iaco mo i n S et t ignano)

P la te 1 4 ,234 , F o ld-Out P la te I

Ravenna , Basi lica Ursiana Ravenna , S S . Aposto li

3 1

3 0 ,49

4 9

Ravenna , S . C roce

3 8(45) ,49

Ravenna , S . V i ta le

3 1,39(56)

R o me , C asa d i L ucina—cf . R o me , Pa lazzo A l magr a , Pave men t f ro m t he C asa d i L ucina R o me , Museo N aziona le , Pave ment f ro m t he E squi line

2 9,218,

6 (5 ) ,62(9) ,92-93,100 ,105 ,

1 76, P la te 2 4

6 1,75-77,102 ,132 ,134 ,166,

Ravenna , Bapt istery o ft he N eon

9 2

R o me , S . F rancesca R o mana ( S . M .

P la te 7 6

P la te 6 6

8 2

4 0 ,46(6) ,47-48(8) ,50 ,53(18) ,66,

Os t ia

F lu mine

1 1,78,

8 0-82 ,96 ,104 ,168, P late 1 6

Ost ia , Pa lazzo Imper ia le —cf .

Pa ler mo, C appe l la Pa la t ina

1 8,

2 3(5 ) ,4 0 ,46(3) ,7 9-80 ,90 ,167,

Ost ia , Casa d e l le V o lte D ipint i

O tranto, Annunzia ta

1 1

7 8-79 ,81(1) ,9 9

2 1,

7 4-75 ,165 , P la te 1 3

Ost ia , Do mus d ei P esc i

7 8

R o me , S . Barto lo m meo a l l 'Iso la 9 ,

7 3 Orv ie to , S S . S evero e Mar t ir io

P o mpe i

1 8,77

R o me , S . Ambrog io i n Pescher ia 7 7-78

2 7,211, P la te 5 9 N icea , Hag ia S oph ia

Po la , Duo mo

2 9,30 ,

9 4

R o me , S . G iorg io i n Ve labro

3 9(52) ,

9 4-95 R o me , S . G iovann i i n La terano

2 4 (8) ,

5 4 (28) ,5 5 R o me , S S . G iovann i e Pao lo

1 1,95-97,

1 19 ,177, P la te 2 5 ,178, P la te 2 6 R o me , S . n iovanni a P orta L a tina 9 7-98,179 , P la te 2 7 R o me , S . Gregor io Magno ( S . Gregor io a l C e lio)

9 8-99 ,104

R o me , S . I vo d i Bre ttagna

9 9-100

R o me , S . L orenzo i n L ucina

2 44

1 00-101

R o me , S . L orenzo f uor i l e Mura 3 ,9 ,

R o me , S . S aba

P la te 4 2 ,195 ,P la te 4 3

1 14(6) ,1 28,180 ,P la te 2 8,181 , P la te 2 9 , 1 82, P la te 3 0

R o me , S . S ab ina

R o me , S . L uig i d e i F rancesi R o me , S . Marco

1 00

R o me , S ancta S anctoru m

1 04-107

1 5(35 ),24 (13) ,

9 6,101 ,128-29

R o me , S . Mar ia Ant igua 3 2,39(55) ,

R o me , S . S i lves tro i n Cap ite

2 32, P la te 8 0

R o me , S . S tefano d e l Cacco

R o me , S . Mar ia i n Aquiro

1 07

R o me , S . Mar ia i n Aracoe li

1 1,22 ,

6 8,90 ,102 ,106(16) ,107-109 ,127

2 8,217,

4 ,5 ,8(16) ,

2 04 ,P la te 5 2 S poleto , Assun ta

P la te 3 5 ,188, P la te 3 6,189 ,

2 2,127,130 ,197,

P la te 4 5 ,198, P la te 4 6

P la te 3 7 R o me , S . Mar ia i n Do mnica ( S . Mar ia 1 11-12

S po le to , S . Gregor io Magg iore S ubiaco , S . Benedet to S ub iaco , S acro S peco

8 1,102 ,

1 31

1 31 1 1,131

S ubiaco , S . S cho last ica

1 05 ,112-15 ,190 ,P la te 3 8

1 1,12 ,128-29

( 5 ) ,131

1 15

S utri , Assunta

1 15

R o me , S . Mar ia i n T rastevere

3 8(41)

S essa Aurunca , S . P ietro

1 09-111 ,116,186 ,P la te 3 4 ,187,

R o me , S . Mar ia S ca la C oe li

R o me , T o mb o f t he Pancra t i i

S . Mar ia d e i Fa l len i 1 1,137

( 8 ) ,53(18) ,57,59 ,80 ,83 ,90 ,102,

R o me , S . Mar ia d e l la P ace

1 1

P la te 6 5

2 ,3,

6 (6) ,6(9 ) ,18,23(2 ) ; 4 6(7) ,46-47

R o me , S . Mar ia Magg iore

1 1

R o me , S . T o maso i n F or mis

S . Aga ta d e i Got i , S . Mennas

1 85 , P la te 3 3 R o me , S . Mar ia i n C os medin

1 0 ,129

S ag ma ta 3 6(25 )

1 30 ,183, P la te 3 1 ,184 , P la te 3 2 ,

1 16-

Taranto

1 8,191, P la te 3 9

9 ,21,74 ,132

4

Tarquin ia , S . Maria d i Caste l lo

R o me , S . Mar ia i n V ia L a ta

1 18

Miche le i n S assia )

1 99 , P la te 4 7

1 18-19

R o me , S S . N ereo e d Ach i l leo R o me , S . N ico la i n Carcere

T ivo li , S . L orenzo 1 19-20

1 36-37,200 ,P la te 4 8

1 20-21

T ivo li , S . S i lvestro 2 4 (8) ,

1 37

I brce l lo , S . Mar ia Assun ta 3 1

1 32

T ran i

R o me , S . P ietro i n Va t icano

1 35-36

T ivo li , S . P ie tro ( Ch iesa d e l la Car d . )

1 20

R o me , S . Paolo f uor i l e Mura

1 35

T ivo li , S . Mar ia Magg iore

1 20

R o me , S . N ico la d e i P refet t i

2 ,10 ,

1 3(17) ,16,19 ,20 ,61,76,133-35 ,

R o me , S S . Miche le e Magno ( S .

R o me , S . P ancrazio

2 2 ,31,102 ,108,127 ,

1 30 ,196, P la te 4 4

6 (5 ) ,9 ,23(3) ,62(9 ) ,

d e l la Nav ice l la )

1 1 ,12 ,20 ,21,24 (10 ) ,

4 6-47(8) ,87,97,126-27,194 ,

2 3(7) ,24 (13) ,96,101-104 ,113 ,

1 1,48,

4

T uscan ia , S . Maria Magg iore

1 0

4 9 ,51 ,52,54 (28) ,54 (29) ,70 (6) ,

T uscan ia , S . P ie tro

1 21-22

Va t ican C i ty , S . P ie tro —cf . R o me ,

R o me , S . P rassede

1 8,75 ,123-24

S .

R o me , S . P rassede , S . Z eno Chape l

1 37-38

P ie tro i n Va t icano

Va t ican Gardens , C asino o f P ius I V

3 2 ,231, P la te 7 9

9 ,121-22 1 ,2 ,3 ,18 , Va t ican Museu ms , Pave men t f ro m t he 4 0 ,42 ,43,44 ,F igure 3 ,45 ,46(2) , Pa lazzo Imperia le a t Ost ia 2 8 4 7(9) ,5 0 ,53(18) ,66,83,91,122(5 ) , Va t ican , S ist ine C hape l 1 22(10 )

R o me , S S . Q ua t tro C orona t i

1 23 ,124-28,192, P la te 4 0,193,

Va t ican , S tanza d e l la S egnatura

P la te 4 1 ,233, F o ld-Out P la te I

Ven ice , Museo C orrer , Pave ment f ro m

R o me , S S . Qua t tro C orona t i , S .

S . I lar io

S i lves tro Chape l 2 4 (3) ,9 6,

1 22(10 )

3 1,227 ,P la te 7 5

Venice , S . I lario —cf . Ven ice , Museo

1 01,113,125 ,128

C orrer , Pave men t f ro m S . I lario 2 45

Venice, S. Marco 8(21) Vetralla, S. Francesco 138-39,201, Verona, Early Christian Basilica 30, Plate 49 221, Plate 69 Viterbo, S. Francesco 139 Viterbo, S. Lorenzo 139

INDEX B: MARBLEWORKERS Numbers in parentheses refer to footnotes. A 11 ?" indicates that when two or more marbleworkers have the same name, the exact identity is not certain. Angelus (son of Paulus) 9,78,86,89, 101 Arnolfo di Cambia 114(5) Cosma (son of Jacobus and grandson of Laurentiu s de Thebaldus) 11, 14-15(33),57, 59(1),59(2),63, 94(?),96(?),128(?),131 Cosma di Pietro Mellino 15(35),128 Cosmatus 15(35) Deodatus 94,111 (14) Drudus de Trivia 16,64,92 Giovanni da Cosma 114(5) Guitto (son of Nicolaus and grandson of Ranucius) 10,75,133 Jacobus (son of Laurentius de Thebaldus) 11,63,77(?),79, 81(1),97(8),109(5),122(1),126, 131 Jacobus II (son of Cosma, grandson of Jacobus, and great-grandson of Laurentius de Thebaldus) 12,15(35),57,94(?),128,131 Johannes (son of Nicolaus and grand­ son of Ranucius) 10,75 Johannes II (son of Guitto, grandson of Nicolaus, and great-grandson of Ranucius) 10, 13-14(17), 75, 133 Johannes (son 0£ Paulus) 9,86,89,101, 104 Laurentiu::; de Thebaldus 11,17,18 1 20,41,63,64(2),109(5),122(1), 131,134,140,148,nos. 28-31, 149,no.32 Luca (son of Cosma, grandson of Jacobus, and great-grandson of Laurentius de Thebaldus) 12,15(35),57,128,131 Mellino-cf. Cosma di Pietro Mellino 246

Nicolaus (son of Ranucius) 10,75,132(?), 133 Nicolaus (son of Angelus and grandson of Paulus) 9,78,79(4), 132(?) Oderisi, Stefano 120 Paulus 9,10,16,17,18,19,20,21,23(3), 23(4),63,65, 78,79(4), 88,88(1), 101,104,106,111(14),121,140,l44, nos. 15-16,145,nos.17-20,146, nos. 21-23 Petrus (son of Ranucius) 10,133 Petrus (son of Paulus) 9,86,101,104 Rainaldus 65 Rainerius cf. Ranucius Ranucius 2,10,14(18),17,19,20,23(7), 24(8),27,61,69,76,77(6),l29,l33, 134,140,147,nos.24-27 Sasso (son of Paulus) 9,86,89,101,104 Vassaletus Family 11,56,57,64,122(1)