Studies in the Contents and Sources of Erasmus' Adagia: With Particular Reference to the First Edition, 1500, and the Edition of 1526 ...

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TZbe Ulntpersit]? of Chicago

STUDIES IN T H E C O N T E N T S A N D SOURCES OF ERASM US’

ADAGIO W IT H PA R T IC U L A R R E F E R E N C E TO T H E F IR S T E D IT IO N , 1500, A N D T H E E D IT IO N OF 1526

A DISSERTATION S U B M I T T E D TO T H E F A C U L T Y O F T H E DIVISION OF T H E HUMANITIES

IN

DEGREE

DOCTOR

d e p a r t m e n t

OF or

CANDIDACY

g e rm a n i c

OF

l a n g u a g e s

FOR

THE

PHILOSOPHY a n d

literatures

1942

B

y

T H E O D O R E CH ARLES A P P E L T

Private Edition, Distributed by T H E U N IV E R SIT Y OF CHICAGO L IBR A R IE S CHICAGO, ILLINO IS 1942

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author of this study is glad to acknowledge his i n ­ debtedness to Dr. Archer Taylor, of the University of California, formerly of the University of Chicago, for suggesting the subject and for invaluable counsel and aid; to Dr. John G. Kuns t m a n n for his ready advice and expert guidance of the w o r k and for the c r i ­ tical reading of the manuscript; to Dr. H e l e n a M. Gamer for many helpful recommendations. C e t e r u m ; Soli Deo gloria I

ii

*

I

TABLE OP CONTENTS Pago LIST OP T A B L E S ..................................................... ill I N T R O D U C T I O N ......................................................

1

PART ONE: THE CONTENTS GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

OP THE APAGIA .......................

. . . .

5

TO HUMANISTIC L E A R N I N G _____

9

Chapter I. II.

THE A P AGIA A CONTRIBUTIO N THE DIDACTIC,

MORALISTIC CONTENTS

OP THE PROVERBS.

.

41

III.

E R A S M U S » OBSERVATIONS ON SOCIAL, POLITICAL, A N D C ULTURAL CONDITIONS OP HIS T I M E ....................... 4 8

IV.

E R A S M I A N A ................................................. 65 PART TWO: SOURCES THE APAGIA

V.

T H E C O L L E C T A N E A ........................................... 68

VI.

THE C H I L I A D E S ............................................ 144

APPENDIX: E D ITIONS AND REPRINTS OP THE ADAGIA AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED S T A T E S ......... “ ! T“ .................. 147 B I B L I O G R A P H Y ....................................................... 153

111

I I

LIST OP TABLES Page

Table 1.

.

2

Frequency of Identity of Writers Mentioned In C o m m e n ­ taries on the Same Proverbs In the C o llectanea an d the L l b e l l u s .........................

70

Proverbs Identical in the Llbellus and the Collec t a n e a

73

3.

Authors Mentioned In the Collectanea w i t h the C o r r e s p o n d ­ ing Numbers of the ProvorBs in the ChiIiadee (1526) and References to Greek S o u r c e s .............................. 78

4*

Verification of

Proverbs

from Horace

5.

Verification of

Proverbs

from T e r e n c e ..................... 122

Verification of

Proverbs

fro m G e l l i u s ..................... 124

6

.

7.

.

...................

Ye a r and Place of Publica t i o n of Incunabula of Authors Ment i o n e d In the C o l l e c t a n e a ............. -

120

128

8

Sources of Proverbs In the Collectanea W h i c h E r a s m u s Does Not Indicate as of Greek Origin and for W h i c h He Does Not Give P r o v e n i e n c e s ................................. 139

9.

Frequency Table of Writers Mentioned

In the Chiliades

144

I

INTRODUCTION The Importance of the Adagia of Erasmus of Rotte r d a m is generally recognized b y writers dealing w i t h sixteenth-century humanism and by students of literary criticism a nd education. Wolfgang Stammler emphasizes the significance of this w o r k as a |manifestation of the Interest on the part of Erasmus and of his age in the saws a n d sayings of the common folk {das Volkstflmliche) To G. Bebermeyer It is outstanding as a departure from pre-humanfiatic p r o v e r b collections Inasmuch as It was to serve as a guide I to the acquisition of a classical L a t i n style and to supersede I similar collections w r i t t e n In the impure L a t i n style of the schoo | lastics. W i l l i a m G. Crane brings out the wide use made of this Ibook as one of the "most favored sources of material for the amIplification and ornamentation of students* themes," and as "a I thesaurus from w h i c h En glish collections of sententious materials ^ were drawn." G. Ellinger emphasizes Its didactic, moralistic $ 4 5 6 7 if value. Gustav Wolf, Friedrich Seller, and John J. M a n g a n |point out its importance as a m o d e l for other collections of proI

^Wolfgang Stammler, V o n der Mystik zus Barock

(Stuttgart,

I 1927), p . 38. o

G. Bebermeyer, "Sprichwort," Reallexikon der deutschen ILIteraturgeschichte, ed. Pa u l Mar k e r and W o l f g a n g Stammler, XIX

t

| TB^lIn/'TSSS^ISffST), 284. |

3W I l l i a m G. Crane, Wit and Rhetoric in the Renaissance (New York: Columbia U niversity Press, l(j37 J, p p . ad r .

4 0. Ellinger, "Humanismus," Reallexikon der deutschen LIteraturgeschichte, ed. Paul Marker a n d W o l f g a n g Stammler, X TBTrl'In, T§2'5-1925), 555. ^Gustav Wolf, Quellenkunde der deutschen Reformationsgesohichte {Gotha, 1915), I, 354. :

I i I |

F riedrich Seller, Deutsche Sprlchw8rterkunde, Vol. IV, Part III of H a n d b u c h des deutschen tJnterrichts, ed. Ado l f Matthias (Mfbichen, 19fe2), p p . lo5 £. 7 John J. Mangan, Life, Character, and. Influence of Desiderius Erasmus of R otterdam (New York, 1927), m 126 F .

verbs. Margaret Mann refers to Calvings works as proof that he, like many scholars of his time, made use of the Adagia.1 AccordO ing to Loesche, Luther considered it an immortal work. Marcel Batalllon informs us that when the library of the Archbishop r Carranza was inventoried by the Inquisition, a copy of the Adagia ^ were counted. If there were more white than black stones, the :fj[ deceased was pronounced happy; if the opposite was the case, he y was pronounced unhappy (Bonus e pharetra dies, 1718). f Various answers given by the seven wise men to Croesus1 ( question as to who deserved to be called the happiest (Magls ipse Phryx, 1725). fy .i l

Glaucus, an inhabitant of Samos, Invented the process o welding Iron (Glaucl ars, 1730). Codrus, king of Athens, sought death In a battle againstjgg the Dorians, because an oracle had foretold that only in this would the Athenians win (Generosior Codro. 1733). fg| |lf In Argos there was said to be a sacred shield, so well .| fastened with nails, that it could not be removed (Tanquam ArglTclj clypeum abstulerlt, Ita glorlatur, 1741). |f [I ' 11 Note on the custom of bathing the bodies of the dead be- h fore Interment (Terrestla balnea. 1804) . f'-J Notes on communities of slaves and criminals (Servorum fJi civitas, 1822). ■! -'/& A tribe of Amazons is said to have twisted the hips of f| all male children so as to have only lame men among them (Claudus § optlme vlrum agit, 1849). j Steal chorus was a poet most of whosa poems were epodics, ^ consisting of strophe, antistrophe, and epodoa (Ne tria quidem f Stesichorl nostl, 1894). 1 a The daughter of Hipporaenes, a ruler of Athens, had been ravished. He locked her in a building, her only companion a ferocious horse (Ilagls lmplus Hlppomene, 1928) .

i

Stories of a helmet which rendered the wearer invisible 4 (Orel galea. 1974) . |j On the origin of the Isthmian games and of the name Hellespont (Inus dolores, 1978) .

\|f :f§

37 Hercules died, w h e n tie put o n the garment whi ch. DeJ&nira had dipped into the blood of Nessus, the Centaur (Ardens v e s t i a , 1998). Note on Athenian marriage customs bonujri, 2002).

(Effugi malum, invoni

Egyptian marriages were said to be inauspicious and un­ happy. Story of the fifty brides who strangled their bridegrooms (Aegypti nuptiae , 200 3 ) . Xt was a military custom that one w h o was found guilty of death was forced to r u n nude against a b o d y of soldiers h o l d ­ ing their lances against h i m from all sides (Per hastae cuspidem currere, 2014)• Panldes was a king of Chalcis who preferred Hesiod to Homer. This was considered a very stupid and inerudite Judgment (Panldls auffragiioa, 2032). Allusion is made to the threads of the three Parcao (Ultra linura, 2039). Story of Agamemnon, cast b y a storm u p o n the island of Crete. While he sacrificed there, his captives fled (Cretenses sacrum, 2082) . Demosthenes sometimes defended criminals for monetary considerations (Difflcllls v i r , 2056). Antiquity believed that nefarious women could by their incantations draw the moon down up o n the earth (In tuurn ipslus malum lunam d e d u c e s . 2102). The ancients h a d a game called "cities” (Clvltates ludim u 3 . 2128) . The Cilicians practiced piracy and cruelty exitium, 2125).

(Clliclum

Mount Athos in Thracia is so gigantic that it casts its shadow 3oo stadia (Athos celat latera Lemnlae b o v l s , 2190). Those who had been condemned to die, before being executed, were allowed as much wine and food as they could drink, and eat (Picas tria ex c u r i a , 2207). How H i s t i a e u s , exiled b y Darius, caused the Xoniaxis to revolt (Hoc calclamentum consult Histiaeus, Aristagoras l n d u i t . 2342). --------------------------------------- -------- -----------Eight explanations of the origin of the expression Hisus Sardonius. 2401. The Phoenicians used ambiguous terms in m a k i n g covenants (Fhoenicum p a c t a . 2456). The Epicureans believed that all things were brought forth from atoms (quodcunque in solum v e n i t , 2503) .

The terms for periods of the early part of the day are given (Prlus quam gailus iterum ceclnerlt, 2666) . Calliphanes listed the beginnings of various poems and orations; of poems, up to three or four stanzas. These he de­ claimed in order to seem learned to the ignorant (Calliphanes. 3031). Story of the impostor Glaucus, who claimed to have been under water for days (Glaucus comesa herba habitat In m a r l , 3063). ~~ Women who had been present or had assisted at the birth of a boy, on the fifth day carried him about the house, pre­ senting him to the Lares. On this day presents were sent by relatives, mainly cuttle fish and sea polyps. On the tenth day the infant was given a name (Amphidromlam agls, 3133). At banquets and suppers a "bowl of friendship11 was passecl around (Yelut in cratere. 3296). The Athenians were forced to make a treaty with Minos, according to which they had to 3end seven boys and seven girls annually to Crete; some think these were killed by the Minotaur (Eamus Athenas. 3527). Many of the inhabitants of Aeglnium had perished in the Trojan war. The few who returned celebrated their home-coming quietly in their houses out of respect for those who did not return and out of respect for those who had to mourn the loss of their loved ones (Monophagl. 3526). There is a good deal of geographical information, on the names and location of cities, rivers, mountains, and the like. For example: There were three regions called Azanea: one in Arcadia, one in Massilla, one in Phrygia (Azanaea m a l a , 1509). In Cambysena, near the river Alazon, is found a species of spider, the bite of which causes the victims to die laughing (Rlsus Sardonius. 2401). Mount Corycus Is In Pamphilia; it offers many advantages to pirates (Corycaeus auscultavlt. 144). Various information on lake Lerna (Lerna malorum. 227). There were two Anticyras, one behind the city of Crls3& , one near Mount Oeta (Navlget Anticyras. 752). Euripus is a part of the sea and Is located between Phocls in Boeotia and the Island of Euboea (Euripus h o m o . 862). Temessa was the first city of the Brutti, founded by the Ausonlans (Aderlt Temesseus genius. 88). In LIbethrum was a sanctuary dedicated to the Muses (Inelegantlor Llbethrijs, 548).

39 The inhabitants or Mysia were held in great contempt by all (Mysorum postremus. 577). Behind Locri flows the river Sagrs, on the shores of which were situated the altars of Castor and Pollux (Verlora ijs quae apud Sagram acclderunt. 823). This list of items from the Chiliades is not exhaustive. Excepting the geographical material, however, it is fairly com­ plete and offers an insight into the body of the informational content of the Adagla as represented by the edition of 1526, embracing a large number of items from mythology and history, notes on geography, natural history, anecdotes, and fables. This in­ formation, valuable as it was to students and scholars, was avail­ able only through the reading and re-reading of the entire book. Only after becoming thoroughly familiar with the contents of the 1 2 whole, which was not organized, not even b y consistent grouping of similar proverbs, could one find his way to a particular story or other Items on which information was desired. Indexes were prepared and added to the Chlllades, but these indexes are alpha­ betical guides to the beginnings of the proverbs, or lists of these Or by making exhaustive indexes of the details, as it was done in editions made towards the close of the 16th century, and in later ones. 2 In the first edition of the Collectanea there are already what might be considered attempts at grouping proverbs having a word in common, or expressing a similar or contrary meaning: 7, 8, 9; 17, 18; 23, 24; 94 , 95 ; 210, 211; 772, 773, 774. In the Chiliades such grouping Is more frequent: 33-36 (33: Manus manum frlcat)] 45-48 (45: In vado); 50-57 (57: Capra gladlumj; Io4loy (104: Clavum clavo pellere); 120-130 (120: Aequalfa aequalem deleotat) ; 132-135 (152: Ad umbllicum ducere); 226-234: ("iifas malorumT- As a general mile, h o wev e r , the adages follow In no particular order whatever. Erasmus explains this, Mo. 2001, Herculel labores: "I also saw that an order of some kind could he' introduced If I followed the ratio of what was alike, unlike, con­ trary, and related, and if I h a d "prepared before as many headings as possible and had referred each proverb to Its class, so to say. But I omitted this organization wisely, partly because It seemed proper to me In collections like this— I don't know exactly why— that there be no order, partly because I saw, if I had crammed into the same class all those of the same meaning, there would arise a tedium to the reader, and suddenly disgusted, he would exclaim: 'This warmed over cabbage Is killing me* { A. /tea. ‘V»cv"(Kro S ), partly because the magnitude of the labor deterredf me; why should I die? I perceived that this organization could not be made unless I recast the entire work from top to bottom and that there was no thought of getting It out if I had not put a final end to it . . . . But now it was possible, even during publication, to add to It, or to omit from It."

beginnings grouped under terms Indicating the use of the adages. Only In the 1599 edition did I find an index Verborum et Herum, through which one can locate a number of the ltem3 given In my lists. Statements like that of Drummond,1 that "the Adagla is a commonplace book, a journal, and a book of travels all in one," are, therefore, somewhat misleading. This Is true, In a similar f way, of the statements made by Monroe and Schoell concerning the value of the book as a linguistic aid. The Collectanea contains 313 Greek passages, all of which j are proverbs. The Chlllades (1526) contains Greek passages under 2,988 proverbs in their Greek form; in the remaining cases,viz., 1,742, 9 9 the commentaries contain, besides the Greek version of the (r: proverbs, quotations of from two to six lines in Greek, some in t prose, some in poetry. These many quotations— -and there are, i likewise, a considerable number from Latin authors--are a testi­ mony not only to the wide extent of Erasmus * knowledge and to the 1 unusual powers of his memory, but also to the principle for which ) the humanists and, especially Erasmus, stood, of the necessity of going back to the earliest sources, the fountains of learning. For the student of proverb-lore these quotations were and must always remain a most welcome find. Xt is also readily conceded that the reading of the Adagla with their numerous Greek quota1 tlons followed by a translation into exemplary Latin, and with ' ; their many passages from classical Latin authors, could not but ,’ f result In an accretion of the student's vocabulary and an improve­ ment of his style. However, in view of the fact that the contents ; of the book lacked organization, statements to the effect that it 3 "could be used as a Greek text book" and "to a great extent serve the purpose of a dictionary and grammar," or that it was "un 2 dictlonnaire des synonymes," must be considered extravagant. l' 1Quoted and cited above, p. 3, n. 2, ^Ibld., p. 3, n. 2.

| 1

CHAPTER XI THE DIDACTIC, MORALISTIC CONTENTS OF THE PROVERBS Statements like that of G. Ellinger on the importance of the Adagla as an outstanding expression of Erasmus* "Lebensanschauungen'1 are correct,"^ but they must be understood as referring to applications Erasmus makes of certain proverbs to conditions of his time, not to any choice he may have exercised In the selec­ tion of the adages. Professedly, Erasmus* purpose in writing the Adagla was to furnish students material for the ornamentation and vitalizatlon of their style, and for the better Interpretation of classical authors. His consideration In selecting the proverbs In the Collectanea was that these adages be ancient and in some respect outstanding as proverbs: "Prlrnum vulgo sua reliquimus: uno aut altero exceptis: delnde nullum asscripaimua: quod non n priscum: non allqua gratia inslgnltum." While Erasmus does not make this claim for the Chiliades, he nowhere directly e x ­ presses any moralistic aim in any of the prefaces to these enlarged editions. He does indicate, however, a keen interest In the didactic force and use of the proverbs. In the preface to the Chiliades (1526, p. V) he discourses on the value of proverbs, and the leading thought of this paragraph covering three fourths of- a folio page Is concerned with the use of adages for the purpose of aiding the inculcation of "philosophical and religious truths,” i.e. moral and ethical precepts. "Vides quantum philosohiae, vel Theologiae magis Oceaniun, nobis paroemia tantilla aperuit." Indeed, a large number of proverbs are, In themselves, ■^G. Ellinger, "Humanismua, " Reallexikon der deutaohen Llteraturgeschlchte, ed. Marker and Btammler, 3Ti 5551 HATle "phllologiscHe Arbeit diente im letzten Grunde nur der schriftstellerischen Tfltlgkeit, durch die Erasmus reformlerend auf die Gesellschaft seiner Zelt zu wirken suchte. Diese Tatsache offenbart sich darin, dasz einzelne seiner Bficher . . . . sich immer mehr zu Zeugnissen wichtiger Lebensanschauungen auswuchsen. Insbesondere gilt das von den A d a g l a .w g Collectanea, Preface to Mount joy. 41

expressive or suggestive of moral lessons and give practical advice in various situations in life. The didactic, sententious content of such proverbs is frequently applied in various ways in the commentaries. In a great many Instances, such application!% are not Erasmus* own, but those of some Greek or Latin writer If who has used or commented on the proverb in question. In the -Ig 1 Collectanea this is true in all but four cases, as a comparison m with the treatment given the same proverbs in both, the Collectamtll and the Chiliades shows. fs As for the Collectanea, I have tried to group all of the t" 838 proverbs^ according to their content per se , regardless of f applications made of them in the commentaries. In so doing X ^. have come to the conclusion that the largest number of them, vis., 573, are outstanding rather because of the effectiveness of the ^ figurative language in which their message is cast than because * of any direct sententious force they may have. To this group £i belong, for Instance: | Similes b&bent labra l&ctuca (1) f4 Dlmldlum plus toto (6) II Lampada cursu tlbl trado (10) Non eras in hoc albo (12) Canis in balneo (25) Aslnus inter simias (30) Inter sacrum et saxum sto (28) h; Fucum facere (37) V Vertere vela (42) Asinus xnysterla portans (647) ! Obviis ulnls (768) Celerius elephantI parlunt (780) Is i The contents of the remaining 265 proverbs may be grouped as follows: (1) Ninety are concerned with the use of common sense or with its opposite, absurdity and blatant stupidity. Such are: Nihil graculo cum fidibus (3) Cor ne come deris (101) Andabatorum more pugnare (115) 8 Asinus ad lyram (124) Inanes eulmos excutere (135) ^See page 46. o The 818 in the first, plus the twenty new ones in the second edition. 3 The selection of such proverbs is not offered here with any claim of finality, because in quite a number of cases it is debatable whether a proverb should be considered as especially forceful because of its sententious connotations or its rhetorical effectiveness.

^ || ||

fjj ||

ti

43

Aquam An cribrum gerere (229) Quando id fieri non potest quod via; id veils quod possls (283) Nil intra eat oleam: nil extra est In mice duri (317) Ab aslno lanara (353) lungere vulpes Mulgere hireos (379) Aethiopem lavas (414) TJtrem verberas (424) (2) Twenty-five proverbs center about motives of selfish­

ness: Manus raanum lavat (5) Mutuum mull scabunt (7) Intus oanere (26) Sophocles Laudicenl (48) Onmes slbl melius esse malunt quam alter! (232) Bos in lingua (304) Sus s6ipsum laudat (637) (3) One hundred thirty-one proverbs m a y be grouped as ex­ pressing general truths and giving advice in miscellaneous situa­ tions in life: Ne hercules quidem contra duos (21) Dies omnia revelat (31) Aurum lapide: auro mens homin u m exploratur (33) Fortiter malum qui patitur: idem post potitur bonum (62) Post deum veritatem colendam (97) Iniquum petendum ut oquum feras (109) Aliquid mall propter vlclnum malum (220) In vino verltas (354) Qui semel scurra, nunquam pater families (459) Tute hoc intristl; onme tlbl est exedendum (534) Syncerum est v a s f nisi quodcunque infundis acescit (592) (4) Seven proverbs censure garrulousness: Ego quoque pol metuo: ne lusciliole defuerit cantu (86) Hyrundinem in domum ne recipias (103) Inanlter aquam consumens (423) Nunquam edepol tenere tintinabulum nisi qui lllud tractat acuet: mut u m tacet (521) Claudlana tonltrua (545) Efcihyreum es (Dodoneum aes, 1506) 675 Turture loquacior (678) (5) The following twelve proverbs treat of friendship: in five of these,1 friendship is conceived of as based upo n the considerations and expectation of mutual aid and benefit: Nlhll^homlnl amlco est opportuno amlclus (80) "Woe.yctc (94) 1These five are:

94, 175, 359, 434, 493.

44 Et amicus alter (95) Ubi amici Ibi opes (175) Obsequium amlcos, veritas odium parit (223) Olle amleltia (359) Amicltie personam oportet detrahl (405) Villa amicorum est annona bonis: ubi quid deest (434) Bona nomina nonnunquam fieri mala: si nunquam lnterpelles (493) Amico amicu (567) A m i d mores noveris non oderis (805) Commodandum amicis; sed usque ad araa (807) Love of the enemy is not suggested in any proverb. As for tbe proverbs in the Chllladea. their didactic con­ tent may be inferred from an index, supplied for the first time in the edition of 1515. In it the proverbs are grouped under headings suggesting the basic thought of the message they convey, This index is entitled: "Index chlliadum iuxta locos et materlas ut turn forte venerunt in mentem. In quo sciet lector rationem habltam, contrarlorura, similium, et affiniuin. Veluti paupertas contraria est divitiis, et his affinis nnmerum corruptela. Hoc admonendum putavi, quo qui volet his uti proverbiis, hanc eandem secutus rationem facilius quod quaerit, inveniat. Quod si quis .slbl volet alios locos, vel plures, vel exactiores fingere, viam indicavimus in secundo de Copia^ Commentario. Turn quemadmodum idem adagium ad varios sensus accommodarl possit, ostendimus in hulus operls initio, cum utendi rationem explicavimus*M Following Is a list of all the loci In this Index and the first section of it, showing which proverbs Erasmus suggests may be used with reference to Dlvltlae: Divitiae Taciturnitas illaudata Paupertas Laudata Munerum corruptela Infacundla Forma, deformltas Facundia Taedium ex iteratio Munus, non munus Iteratio citra taedium Exitium hones turn MolestI Malum immedicabile Integra ob vetustatem Industrie Nupera Xgnavia, inscitia Xteratus error Ingratitudo Error in initio Gratitudo Garrulitas Simulation, dissimulation Brevlloquentla LIbertas, veritas Clamosus Ser vitus Rlxosus Vanitas De dupllcl rerum ac verborum copia (Paris, 1512).

45 Inanis meins Audacla Fortitude Cedendum nrultitudini Liberal!tas Tenacitas Hospitalitas Profusio Rapacitas, avritia Sordes & persimonia perfIciendi, abgolvendi Ab initio ad finem Simllitudinls et congruentiae pisslmllitudinls et incongruent iae Munus aptura aut ineptum Infortunii, exitii Bonae fortunae, copiae, Augurii Malum accersitum Sera poenltentia Serum remedium Damnandi Approbandi ludicandi recte Alia aliis placent Aberrandi Caecutientia Perspicaci tas Perspicuitas Obsouritaa Surditas Attentio et contra Correctio dicti Commodum interversum Impossibilia Absurda, indecora, praepoatera Inanis opera DIfflcultatis Proclivitatis Nunquam Semper Nusquam Pensatio beneflcil vel officii Malum eonduplicatum aut novatum Malum male vltatum Malum assuetum Mali retaliatio Inaequalis pensation Alibi diminuturn, alibi reddltum Frustrate spes Desperatio Praeter spem bonum Sublti interventus Magnifies promissa Vo turn Spes pertinax Excellentia, itiaequalitas

Differentia Aequalitas Vincere et vinci Victoria utrisque Non solus ille Securitas et tutae rei Contemptua Diginitatis Proxlmla utendum Inconstantiae, perfidiae, versutiae Mutandae sententlae Mutati instituti Fortunae conrautatio Temperantia Modestia modusque Arrogantia, iactantia Phi1autia Contrarium pbilautiae Mansuetudo Asperitas, morosltaa 0cca3io Sumptuosa Frugal!tas Luxus et mollicies Lbuticiae Fames Festinationis Festinatio praeporera Tarditas & cuncta Salubritas Insalubritas Duiturnuxn Haeredlpetae Senium praematurum aut mors Longevitas luventa Vita hominis et misera & brevis Prudentia senilis Curiogitaa Crudelitas et contra Timiditas, ignavia Prudentia Aliis sapere Prudentia coniuncta Instans Anceps et dubius Perplexus Deereturn In deprehensos Metus ex conacientla Vinculum lnsolubile TJltio malefacti Metus poenae Aliena a re Aliena curantls Ad rem pertinentia Lacessentis

46 Insldiae Conlecturae Calumnia Obtrectatio et maledlcentla Causa indefensa Carpentis selpgum Neeessitas Tristlcia, laetlcia Sollicitudo Nuncius laetus Minantis Vehementla, languor Amor Amlcitla Obaeoundant1a Adulatio In delltils Odium Ira Invldla, aemulatio Dlffidentia Praus ab amico Dlligentlae Assuldltas Indlligentiae Somnolentia Oecupatio, oclum Iustlcla Rigor Vis lniusta Inculpatus Temeritas Pudor Impudentla Pudicitia Impudicltla Originis Nobllitas, obscuritas Degnerantium In peius Inltium laudatum Proficlentlum in melius Proprii commodl, studlum Lucrum ex scelere Internltio Subitum exitium Toturn ut nihil Obllvio Memorla Elabendl Ex sese Domi vlvere Foeminae Aequanlmitas Solitudo Ignoratlo Novitas Not us

Occulta Vices officii Fides et gravitas PerfIdla Consilium Cum auxllio, citra auxilium Intempestiva, lnepta Tempestiva Servire temporl Deprecans, abominans Execrandl Ominandl Beneflclum corruptum RIsus Derisio Imposturae Fortuna, stuticia Citra laborem Incitare Discrlmlnis Alleno periculo Experientlae seu periculi Secundae experlentiae Imperltia Conatus Pertlnacia Incertus eventus Ex eventu iudiclum Multi In stupldo Praelongi Improbi Ingenii malitia et institutio Malus vicinus Aperte et crasse Raritas Concordia Discordla Fuerunt, non sunt Exilium Accessio pusllla Focus Usura Probrum, gloria Munus bonl consulendum Libenter Refuglum Docilitas Dlviturn praerogati Repellentis Mira nova Omnia Illecebra mall Contagio morum Commodo magno Tumultus Potentes

47 Th.es© l o c i . taken from the Index chlliadum luxta locos et materlas are printed again in alphabetical order under the heading: Index loeoruin secundum, serlem llterarum. que faclllus lector, id quod quaerlt. inveniat. Then follows the Index chlliadum luxta locoa et m a t e r i a s . from which I here reproduce the first section, entitled, Divltiae.^ DIVITXAE Creso, Crasso ditior Mldae divltiae Lyaistrati divitias habes Paotoli opes CInyrae opes Pelopis talenta A d ambas usque aures We declma quldem Syracusanorum para Ultra res Callicratis Zopyri talenta Dives aut iniquua est, aut Iniqui haeres Satietas ferociam parit Octlpedes Quantum non milvus oberret Tantal1 talent a Woctuae Laurlotlcae

Bene loculis, bene scrinio Dextro Hercule Praedives Quant tun habet qui 3 que , tanti fit Pecuniae vir Unde excoquat seveum Admlnicula vitae Divltiae n on semper optimls contingunt Vestis vir u m facit Lysicrates alter Magnum os anni Nulllus Indlgens deus Euparyph.ua ex comoedia Attagenae novilumium Ad pedes ad caput Adi. KK&1T/I Ol/TOL

P r o m the preface Ad Lectorem In the Chiliadea of 1526 It Is clear that Erasmus prepared these indexes or supervised and directed their preparation* In this preface he says; "Eandem religionem praestare velim in utroque Indies, In quo quemadmodum fuerat antehao Insigniter cessatum a typographis no n sine gravi lectorls incommodo, Ita nunc magna contentione. vlgilatum est, ut ea moleatia demeretur studiosis."

CHAPTER III ERASMUS* OBSERVATIONS ON POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS OP HIS TIME While there is no reason to believe that Erasmus selected his proverbs with a view to their moralistic and didactic force, his annotations show that he readily took occasion to express his views on the conditions and life of his time. The Collectanea contains very few of these observations. Nine such comments give the impression of being Erasmus* own, but a comparison with the Chiliades shows that only f our of them are from his pen. Five of them are the property of ancient writers whose names Erasmus failed to mention. He frankly admits in 1515 that his first booklet of adages was written hurriedly and care­ less l y .1 The five comments whi c h later on are credited to other writers ares ,rNlhil stolidis et imperltis cum bonis literis" (3 Nihil graeulo cum f l d l b u s ; Chiliades 337). The basic idea for this statement is from ttellius. f,In eoa qui propter imperitiam nullo sunt iudicio, crassisque aurlhu .3, qui Indecore tentant artificlum cuius sunt imperiti, et a quo natura abhorent1’ (124 Asinus ad lyr a m ; Chiliades 335). This Is a summary of" comments by G-ellius, itieronymus ad Marcellum, adversus Vlgllantlum, and Lucianus de his qui mercede serviurit. "De his qui facili promptoque essent Ingenio: nec tarde quod traditur perciperent" (160 Aperte musarum ianue; Chiliades 1 641). The author of Phis Interpretation is £enodotu 3 , according to the Chiliades. I have found it also In Suidas. "Pro eo quod est docere Indocilem" (201 Oleum perdjt et impensas qui bovem mittlt ad ceroma; Chiliades 362). This' 'is -from Hieronymus ad Pammachlum. Quoties a malo preceptore discipulus malus profIciscitur" (605 Mall corvl malum ovum) . This application is from Hermogenes and Gellius. The four comments which are Erasmus* own are the following 01im LutetIae proverbiorum, ceu sylvulam quandam, pauculls sane dlebus, nec id quidem admodum accurate . . . . congesseram," Chiliades. Preface to Mountjoy. Ludolphus Kusterus,

(ed.), Suidae l e x i c o n . I, 197. 48

it M he

M iff v|

1

si MS |

"Velutl al duro dlsclpulo durus preceptor contingat. Improbo populo Iraprobus magistratus. Contumelioso actori; contumeliosus patronus. Rusticano ingenio: ruatlcane littere. Uxori morose: marltus moroaus (1 Similes habent labra lactucas; Chiliades 971). "Non omnia theologico pallio Insignitus theologus, neque omnea pllleati litter as faciunt; neque omnea cucullati raonachi aunt" (322 Narthecophorl multi, Bacchl vero pauc i ; Chiliadea 606). "At nostri iuris consult! omnia contra faciunt, .et omnia et passim et ab omnibus rapientes 11 (14.Nec omnia nec passim, nec ab omnlbua; Chiliades 1361). "De iis qui preter spem rera propemodum amiss am reclpiunt. Veluti nos pecuniam a prefecto littoris Dovariensis gecepisaimua” (325 E lupl faucibU 3 erlpul; Chiliades 1663).

■ The personal reactions whioh Erasmus embodied in the #| commentaries of the Chllladea are rather extensive and cover all ;£§ ft of the principal phases of life in the early sixteenth century.

S I I

Political, Economic, and Social Conditions

jj Erasmus is quite emphatic in his criticism of me n in high | stations, both, in the state and in the church. T empox'Bl rulers lack wisdom. "0 that this maxim, 'Sapientea | tyranni, sapientium congressu" would please the rulers of our age; | concerning them one may rather exclaim: M togac t ifgtxvvot. ?| ico/lit/etov ^ v r o v a c W sapientes tyranni, sapientium oongressu, 2497). | They are indolent, lead a soft life, are negligent. Some are § impetuous, stimulated by false ambition. They are schemers to I Increase their tyrannical hold upon the people. They are "evil | rulers who are of little use in matters of government and for this I reason make it a point to bring everything into commotion and by | machinations force the people to comply with their will" (In I aedltione vel Androclides belli ducem aglt, 1 1 9 1 ). Kings and %

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| lAlready about the middle of the fifteenth century Judges I and lawyers were held In 111 repute. See Wolfgang Stammler, Von 1 der Mrstlk gum B a rock. p. 21. I 2 On his return Journey from England to the continent, | in 1500, the customs officials at Dover confiscated the mon e y ;which his English admirers and friends had presented him. See S John J. Mangan, Life . . . . of Erasmus, I, 122. I 3 | In the following sections, the observations of Erasmus | are often merely summarised. Translations and paraphrases which I adhere more closely to the original text are enclosed In quotation Imarks.

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popea pormise everything to all and refuse nothing, to get rid 1 of those who are rejoicing in hope. And, besides, they even in- | vite that they be besought for gifts, thus alluring by engendering hope" (Charetls pollioltatlonea, 1584), They do not lift up the | people morally, rather do they lower themselves to the morals of | the people (Lesbia regula, 493). They exact obedience to the lanjJ but themselves live lawlessly (Bonus dux bonum reddit comltem,80Q]f "Princes plunder the people; they exact a tax from everything, even from urine" (Bxlglt et a statuls farinas, 2189). In their 1 courts rulers and princes are surrounded by worthless, selfish | men. Thurlnus of old posed as a special favorite of Alexander Severua and took money for promises to secure royal favors and | honors which he could not keep. As a punishment the king had hia £ executed by suffocation in smoke because he "sold smoke." "othat> today the courts of our rulers and even of the bishops did not | abound with such s m o k e - v e n d e r s .........0 that the princes of | our day made it a point to imitate Alexander S e v e r u s ...........Butj the courts are all full of flatterers, men set on destroying | others, thievish judges. Even today they speak proverbially of | the promises made by courtiers as of court-incense and of holy- g water" (Fumos venders, 241). War-mongers are not missing. "There? are not missing today those who promise princes swords whioh will i bring good fortune in war, and other trifles of that sort” (Equina | ha bet Se lanum, 997). "Do not commit the administration of money | to a youth, nor a kingdom to one immature" (Ne puero gladium, 1418)1 Rulers are greedy for money and riches; they are not interested ini the welfare of the common people. "Do not admit as kings those ' who devour the people or those who limit the treasures of the citizens to a few owners, as it is now common practice" (Quae unoil sunt unguibua, ne nutrias, P .17). | Rulers In the church, as well as common members of the p clergy, are taken to task with equal severity. Bishops are inera-i’ dite, imprudent (He puero gladium, 1418). They are hypocritical. ■ "You may see bishops who are exacting about the piety of their | herd, while they themselves are far from all piety" (Bonus dux | bonus reddit comltem, BOO). Some bishops bestow upon their \ nephews munificent parishes, but only the title of priest goes to | the nephews, the income goes to the bishops (Cum Delphls saorlfi- | oaverlt, ipse oarnaa abaumit, 1958). Simony Is.praotised. "To seek the dignity of a bishop without the use of money

t ' . '

Is like bunting a bare with a steer" (Bove venarl leporem, 3344). Monks do not live frugally. "They should say to themselves when re t u r n i n g to their cubicles from rich and splendid banquets: iWhere have I gone? W h a t have I accomplished?* By God, how much is there for us to be ashamed of and to repent ofl" . . . . . "Christ approved the contented life, lived it Himself, and In­ structed the Apostles to lead it. But It is remarkable that It is not approved today, even by those who seem to demand of Ghristlana more than Christ" (In diem vivere, 762). "There are those who have all their sanctity of life In their cult, but none In ,their heart (animus) nor In their morals" (Barbae tenus sapientes, g f 195; Dives promlssis, 3254). There are avaricious priests who will P not permit even a burial to be performed gratis" (Exlglt et a sta-*7^ 1 tuis farinas, 2189). Popes are not the characters they should be. 1 "Not all are supreme pontiffs who are addressed as 'most holy' and | who are distinguished by a threefold crown" (Multi thyrBigerl, pauci Bacchi, 606) . World conditions In general are characterized as restless, confused, and tumultuous. "Whence arise so many changes, so many 1 broken treaties, such frequent tumults, so much destruction, so | many battles, so many threats, and so much discord, If not through I stupidity? Do we not see eminent cities being built up by the people, but destroyed by princes? Commonwealths growing rich | through the Industry of the citizens, but being Impoverished through the rapaciousness of rulers? Good laws being passed by ^plebeian magistrates and then violated by princes? The people working for peace, the rulers Inciting them to wars? Princes are bora, and then whomever fortune favors, be he righteous or u n ­ righteous, stupid or wise, of sound mind or otherwise, to h im all matters of government are entrusted, if only he have the shape | of a human being. By his will the world Is confused by wars and killings, all things sacred and profane are perturbed" (Aut regem aut fatuum nasci oportere, 201). Business-men despise and deride the decrees of theologians" (Medium ostendere dlgitum, 1368). | "Peasants are despised, and yet there Is no more Innocent ilf!

^“The rapaciousness of the upper classes, especially of kings, is criticised also in the extensive commentary of Soarabeus aqullam querit, 2601 -

or useful people. Usurers are among the pillars of the church.* If one considers the mores of this age, one might sooner forgive p the usurers than that sort of sordid group of practitioners who by means of cunning tricks, lies, and misrepresentations hunt any sort of lucre, buying up here In order to sell there for double the money, or by monopolies, exploiting the unfortunate S populace, and yet those who do nothing but these things in life % we consider Just about the only honorable people in the world. Nowadays certain of the uppermost class of society have claimed all for themselves, as though they alone were human beings, or, rather, gods. The unfortunate mariner must wrestle with the forc«t of nature. But that is not enough. He comes to a port and some- % thing is exacted from him; a bridge must be passed, something must be paid . . . . You have no right to carry your produce from your 1 own fields unless you have tithed. You do not grind flour unless i; some of it has been claimed by some authority. Wines are not ^ imported unless several duties are first paid on them. You do not store wine in your cellar before you have given half, or, certainly, one fourth, of the price to these rapacious harpies . . . . When I was in the country near Bologna, when Pope Julius wi had already taken possession of that city, I saw peasants in extreme poverty, whose entire possession consisted of two oxen . . . . There isn't anything from which they do not squeeze out some emolument . . . . There are not lacking those who have a .| fairly good income from the evil deeds of criminals, using the 0 laws as nets. Finally, since all of these things cannot fill a barrel without a bottom, that is to say, the chest of the princes, ^ war is resorted to as a pretext, the leaders act collusively, and j the unhappy people is sucked out to the marrow" (A mortuo tributes exlgere , 812). Courts of law are in ill repute. "Alcibiades was cited from Sicily by the Athenians to defend himself in court against J certain accusations. He hid himself, stating that he was not going to trial if there were any chance to escape it, 'Then, do ; you not trust your country .to Judge you?' 'Indeed, I would not i; ■I—

_—

__

—

^In.this section Erasmus very probably refers to the Fuggers. See Jacob Strieder, Jacob Fugger the R i c h , trans. Mildred r.j L. Hartsough, ed. N.S.B. Gras {New York:Adtelphi Co., 1931), /§ IX, Xii, 167, 170 ff. i

r

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§ | g I | | | I s? | |

even trust ray m o t h e r . ’ Whoever has had. any experience with, court trials will subscribe to the statement of Alcibiades” (Cum licet fugere, ne quaere litem.2398). Thw waging of w a r , against which Erasmus declaims frequently and vehemently in his commentaries, was to hi m so repulsive, so insane an undertaking that he devoted fifteen and onehalf pages of commentary to this subject under the proverb (Dulce i - - - - - - - bellum lnexpertls, 3001) £. In this treatise he develops the following thoughts.^ It Is remarkable how lightly and for what trifling matters war is begun. Lawyers and divines are ready with their firebrands to kindle It. It Is so much approved that f to reprove It Is counted a wicked thlng--I almost said heresy. i nature armed the beasts with their own armor; the bull has horns. ! I the lion claws, the boar gnashing tusks, the cock strong spurs. But man she hath brought forth altogether naked, weak, tender, and without any armor, with most soft flesh and wi t h smooth skin. This shows that m a n was created for peace and not for war. . . . [Here the horrors of war are described In a realistic m a n n e r .3 Some grammarians think that ’bellura* should be derived from 'belua', a brute beast, forasmuch as It belongeth to brute beasts, and not unto men, to run together for the purpose of destroying one another. . . . Even among the beasts, those that are the most fierce of all, as lions, wolves, and tigers, do not make war among themselves as we do. One dog eateth not another dog. When brute beasts fight, they do so with their own natural armor; we men, above nature, to the destruction of men, arm ourselves with armor Invented by craft of the devil.-— "When brute beasts fight, then war is one for one, yea, and that in very short time. When was It ever beard that an hundred thousand brute beasts were slain at one time fighting and tearing one another? [Here follows a lengthy passage in which a theory of the *evolution* of war Is developed: the origin of war Is the need of man's defense against l

This treatise appeared for the first time In the Chiliades of 1515. It w a 3 first done Into English In 1533-4 by Barthelet, the K i n g ’s printer. In 1794 VIcesimus Knox, a whig essayist, again made an English translation of it. Of this an abridged edition was printed in New York in 1813. o In this summary I have used the English version of J. W. Kackail’s Erasmus Against War (Boston: Ihe Merrymount Press, 1907). Mackail uses the Sngllsh translation Issued by Berthelet, the K i n g ’s printer, 1533-1534.

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the wild beasts.]— We war continually, city with city, prince with prince, people with people, cousin with cousin, alliance with alliance, brother with brother, the son with the father, yea, and that I esteem more cruel than all these things, a Christian man against another man. The battles ranged, they bear before J them the sign of the cross, which alone might at the least wise j§ admonish us by what means it should become Christian, men to over- lg come .--Peace is the mother and nurse of all good things; war suddenly and at once overthroweth, destroyeth, and utterly forfi doeth everything that is pleasant and fair and bringeth in among men a monster of all mischievous things.--There is enough evil in the world, like disease and any number of unfortunate events, wwithout adding thereto the horrors of war.— War brings pros­ perity only to few; peace brings prosperity to many.— War is ex­ pensive; peace may be got and obtained with the tenth part of the cares, labors, griefs, perils, expenses, and spilling of blood,^ with which war is procured.— Was there ever war among the heathen people so long continually, or more cruelly, than among Christian jg people?— Xerxes was mad, Alexander the Great was mad, yet they j _ warred after a gentler fashion than we do.— The fact that the S sf Jew a waged war does not argue that we must do so, otherwise we sr« bound to circumcise, to sacrifice with the blood of sheep and || other animals, and to abstain from swine's flesh. — I do not regf gard the interpretation that some men make of the two swords, to j§ signify either power, spiritual or temporal. When Christ suffered j Peter to err purposely, yea, after he was commanded to put up his 1 sword, no man should doubt but that war was forbidden, which be- | fore seemed lawful.--But it is lawful, they say, that a trans|f grass or be planished; then is it not lawful for a whole country |1 or city to be revenged by war? Answer: In war there is neither S part without fault. Whereas one single man doth offen, the | punishment folleth only on himself. In war the most part of i the punishment and harm falls upon them that least deserve to be % punished: the husbandmen, old men, honest wives, young children, ff and virgins.— Rather than war against the Turks let us bring them [• ; to the faith of Christ. In killing Turks we offer to the devil f| most pleasant sacrifice, and with that one deed we please our !| enemy, tho devil, twice: first, because a man is slain, and % h; again, because a Christian man slew him.— All the weirs among us Christians do spring either of foolishness, or else of malice.—

55 There he those who for no other cause stir up war but to the in­ tent they may by that means the more easily exercise tyranny on their subjects.— If we acknowledge and take Christ for our master . . . . let us have In our hearts a fervent desire of p e a c e , that Christ may again know us for His.— Leo X exhorteth us to peace. Let Julius [II] have his glory of war; Leo shall get more true glory than Julius won b y so many wars that he either boldly began, or prosperously fought and achieved. The gloomy picture of political and economic conditions depleted here b y Erasmus Is paralleled by glimpses Into the state of morality generally prevailing at the time. "Among the Inhabitants of Cumae adultery was considered a shameful thing and adulterers were punished. Among the Hebrews an adulterer was stoned. Nowadays adultery is a sport (l u d u s ), and that among Christians, who hold matrimony a sacrament. The next step will be that prises will be awarded those who have ravished the wives of many. In olden times Incestuous persons were put out of the way. Today it is piety to violate a virgin con­ secrated to Christ" fOnobatla. 3525). Drunkenness is one of the evils of the day. "There are today tipplers who think they will perish of thirst, because they do not live in the very casks" (Ranae a q u a m . 2516) . "The habit of cursing must be censured to­ day. Most people say nothing except they admix dire curses and imprecations horrible even to hear" (Devotlonls templum. 184). "Vultures are those who hunt after legacies, who begin law-sults against the ric h or remove them b y poison" (Si vultur es. cadaver expecta. 614). "parents are seriously teaching their children that the acquisition of riches is more important than the culti­ vation of good morals" (Quaerendae facultates. delnde v l r t u s . 1838). There are too m a n y holidays. "The common people today abuse the holidays which at one time were instituted for pious reasons. They use them for drinking bouts, for indulging In fornication, In dice playing. In brawls and fights . . . . Ever do we imitate the pagans more than it behooves especially Christians to do . . . . I do not see with what wisdom popes dally add holidays to holidays" (Ignavia semper ferlae sunt, 1512). Some of Erasmus* remarks are illuminating w i t h respect to certain habits and customs of the time. "Among well mannered Christians it Is a custom to this day to begin their meals with a certain piety" (Ne a' chytropode

56

qlbum nondum sacrlfIcatum rapias, 527). "Most rich people even today 3 erve diluted and bitter wine, while^for themselves they reserve the most exquisite" (Eodem bibere poculo, 781). "Rich citizens at times use their money to erect buildings, to prevent their avaricious prince from lying in ambush to capture It" (His Medus non lnaldlabltur. 1967). "There are those who have hardly anything to place upon the table, but lest the meal appear too .frugal they relate stories or sing and so detract the attention from the food" (Canens vitae palmum, 3134). "Nowadays automatic clocks are being used" (Inanlter aouam oonsumis, 373). Erasmus ’ remarks about women are not flattering. "Women, are cowardly, and the less Intelligence they have, the more they are addicted to dishonorable pleasures" (Mulleris podex. 2550). Mein should control woman. "It is not the part of a wise man to assent to whatever his wife desires" (Pedlbus in sententlam discedere, 1612). The proverb Llberi poetae et pictorea refers to; those who are of obstinate mind and who must be left to their own habits, or ot women to whom everything is permitted (2839). “Fre-| quently the ancient poets speak in unflattering terms of woman. ff In our times women do their utmost that the poets may not seam to have made altogether vain assertions" (Foemlna nihil pestllentlus. 2921). "Women are flying about in all market-places, in all wine shops, in short, all over on earth and sea" (Dorans amlca, % domus optima, 2238). "There are dogs good for no other purpose '

than to play with charming matrons, as it is done in our time" (Melltaeua catulus. 3354). "Women wage war with their tongue better than men with weapons" (Canes tlmidl vehementius latrant, 2700). Their tongues are always wagging (Lusclnlae deest cantio. 2577). In one instance Erasmus strikes a somewhat different note, % "Man must be to the woman what the mind. (animus ) is to the body. % But even as the common people blame the body for their vices, although these proceed from the mind, and as stupid and insane rulers blame the people for the tumults of wars which they them­ selves have instigated, so men blame women for the delirious ac- ^ tions they themselves have performed" (Mullerum exitla. 1922). Plagiarism is not approved of by Erasmus. In connection with the proverb Quot servos habemus. totidem habemus hostes (1231) he points out that M&croblus "in coenis Saturnalibus" uses words from the forty-seventh epistle of Seneca, and adds: (ut est omnium autorum vere fuous) "a deception practiced by all

57 writers.” In Vlro esurient! neoeaae furari (2465) he makes the application: (Aut si gui 3 avidus glorlae, allena pro suIb a e d a t , cum Ipse de suo nihil posalt egreglum aedere) "Or if one who is avid of glory publishes the material of others as his own, since he cannot publish of his own anything that is worthwhile." In Choenlcl ne lnaideas (P.3) he remarks that Ludovicus Coelius Rhodiglnus, In 1517, published a collection of materials from ancient authors (opus antiquorum iectionum) without giving credit to Georgius Valla, Volateranus, and to himself (Erasmus), and he adds that there are sections In this collection which Rhodiglnus probably copied from these three writers. He winds up, however, by stating that Rhodiglnus is reported to have been a man of Christian Integrity and he will readily forgive h i m the slight insincerity of not mentioning Erasmus' name, for "with me it Is more important that learning be made available for all than respect for my name." In Festina lente (1001) he takes to task printers who used the name of Aldus to further the sale of pirated editions of Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian, which Aldus had published. In this connection he Intimates that there should be laws control­ ling the publication of books--perhaps the earliest approach to a demand for copyright laws. "One who sells cloth dyed In Eng­ land for cloth dyed in Venice Is punished, but he who sells mere rascals for good writers can freely profit by his audacity . . . . The innumerable swarm of printers confuses and confounds every­ thing, especially In Germany." There are expressions regarding popular beliefs and superstitions. "Also today the opinion prevails that all those who do not keep violent hands off sacred things will perish miser­ ably" (Aurum habet Toiosanum, 990). "Among certain peoples, especially the Britons, the mention of the weasel (m u s t e l a ) is considered an unlucky omen when preparations are made for the hunt . . . . Running across this animal is considered inauspicious” (Muatelam h a b e s , 173). "Antiquity labored under the superstition that the flight of birds indicated the auspiciousness or Inauspiclousness of an undertaking. This superstition has been exploded among us Christiana, but another, more pestilential and more complicated evil has taken its place; for now some divine the future from the stars, and others, falsely claiming divine inspiration, want to be considered prophets among the credulous and unlearned common people" (Mellorea nanclscl aves, 1620). "Some Ignorant people,

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when ill, expect of physicians that from merely looking at the •urine they should divine one *s sex, age, and the entire nature of one's disease, how and when it arose, how they (the sick) feel, and perhaps also what they have been dreaming of in their fever” (Tuum tibl narro somnium, 1868). The observations made here by Erasmus on the political, economical, moral, and social conditions prevailing at his time are, in a general way, in agreement with similar descriptions found in the writings of his contemporaries. Quite frequently his statements justify the conclusion that he Indulges too freely in generalizations, Erasmus was himself conscious of this fact, and he protests a number of times that in his criticisms he has 2 in mind only those who deserve this censure. By and large, his characterization of the age is recognized as correct by his­ torians .3

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K

Cultural Conditions

A number of comments show the humanistic movement in its @> relation to the methods of scholastic theology and to tenets of Christianity. Coming from the pen of the foremost exponent of sixteenth century humanism, these comments are of considerable t interest. The study of the ancient classics is basic. The outbursts of impatience with those who are ignorant and inerudite are fre­ quent in the Chiliades. "One day is not stifficlent to acquire T

See Jacob Wimpheling, Stylpho, 1493 (See Hugo Hosteln,

i

actuix. 14^8; Thomas jaurner, Pie geucn ms be a chworung. Ulrich von Hutten, (Dlag unfl' p "Flos non accuso nec . . . . incesso, malos noto, quae ublque maxima turba est" (Ut flci oculia lncumbunt, 1765). *

Preserved Smith. The Age of the Reformation (New York, 1920), pp. 25, 28. Henry S. Lucas, The Renaissance and the Reformation (New York, 1934), pp . 16, 4 4 , S S 2; 3 3 ff-3 3 4 .-------------------------------The Cambridge Modern History, ed. A. W. Ward, G. W, Prothero, Stanley keathes '(Cambridge, England: University Press, 1934), II, pp. 7, 11, 12, 14-17, 30-32, 36-38, 40-41, 46. Carlton J. H. Hayes, A Political and Social History of Modern Europe (New York: Macmillan (Jo., 1954), p. 14, n.

■S',

15?

59 virtue or learning" (Una hirundo non faclt ver . 694). The pro­ verb Aslnua portana myaterla may be used in an elegant way "against those who are undeservedly held in honor; as when upon the unlearned there are bestowed the doctor's title, cap, and ring and other insignia of that sort . . . . and as if one ig­ norant of books is made librarian" (1104).^ The lndocti and Ignavi are those who either know nothing or only very little of the classical languages and literatures. The latter are like the dogs in Egypt; they take only a few laps of water from the Nile (for fear of aligators), and then run away as fast as pos­ sible (TJt oanis e N i l o . 880). There are those "who, omitting the study of philosophy, and while they ignorantly con the compend, suffer a very great loss. For now it happens that these, while they suddenly emerge as philosophers, never continue to pursue this study because they consider themselves to have reached the full measure of it" (Qui nimlum properat serius abaoluit. 2460). "This proverb, Elephantus non capit m u r e m , is, In our time, In a most ridiculous manner used by those phllosophasters and theologasters who, when through Ignorance of Latin and Greek they 'flop In' most shamefully (foedissime labuntur)--this ha p ­ pens nearly always--say, 'An eagle does not catch f l i e s ’ as though they were eagles when they blab out those puerile sophistries, or as though the knowledge of the languages were not practically the most important part of education." Illustrating the use of Trttv'oXtO f i*. employed proverbially, Erasmus says: "As if one said that great lustfulness was a pestilence to the Christian religion, but avarice positively the The v of piety, and the ignorance of Greek literature to have been the ret-vofefigteic of all good studies" (twcvo^Le^mc, 927). As the foregoing comment Indicates, the study of ancient literature is not to be an end In itself; it will, rather, improve the study of other branches of learning; in fact, It will aid state and church In overcoming the evils which have brought socity to the brink of ruin and destruction. "There are those who believe that If the new learning Is embraced b y the youth, their authority will be diminished. They are satisfied w i t h what they learned as children, and they do not suffer other things to be ^“See also Lucerna plnguior, 1426; Cancer leporem c a p i t ,' 1378; Calvus comalfua, 1465; Anriug produclET non a g e r , 44; Mufci maglat?!. Il 8 ; Fingul M i nerva, 57; Anser lnt'er o l o r e s . 622.

taught, nor do they study them; either because they loathe it, or because they are ashamed of it; partly also because of the error of those who represent the new learning as something new . . . . There are in this class some so Insolent that as soon as || they have learned twelve Latin and five Greek vocables, consider themselves Demosthenes and Ciceros, gush out unsuitable books, gf sometimes also virulent ones. With remarkable pride they cast ff aspersions on all liberal arts and declaim vehemently against them. There are those who use the belles lettre (bonae literae) |§ for the worst things, to disturb and overthrow the harmony and jj$ quiet of the Christian state. But there have been men like Basil, g Nazianzen, Ambrose, Prudentius, Lactantius, who were versed in ff this learning and by their eloquence settled the tumults of rulers, g contended against the heretics, observed the commemoration of the saints, in poetry and prose sang out the praises of Christ, exjj§ horted people to the contempt of the world and the love of heavenlj|| things . . . . The things men study are looked upon as the cause 3 M of their morals. Accordingly, there sire today not a few who despise the Gospel because of the Impure morals of those who comgl mend themselves in the name of the Gospel. If those who profess ;| letters would commend their profession by integrity of morals, by comity and temperance of language, there would be more fruit || and less envy. On the other hand, if this learning were received @ with fair minds, not as something strange, but as old guests returning by the right of belonging into the home, leaders (maiorea— leaders of culture, e.g. university professors) would notice that 8 not a small light nor insignificant usefulness will accrue from *1 their adoption . . . . Now they call new what Is really very old, §| and old, what Is actually new. Among the earliest doctors of ?| the church the knowledge of the sacred Scriptures was combined s! || with a knowledge of the languages and of classic literature §f (humanloria litteraturae perltla) . We observe the same to be j§ true among the early philosophers, physicians, and lawyers . . . . [§ It Is, Indeed, a new thing to teach boys who are to study gram>'’• mar the silly glosses which teach nothing but to speak Impurely.^ J I t'v i

Erasmus here seems to have in mind the Doctrinale of | Alexander de Ville-Dieu. See Louis John Paetowj The Arts Course at Medieval Universities with Special References to Grammar and || ShetorlcT ,rThe University Studies" (tfrbana-Champaign: University | Dai" Illinois} Press, 1910), Vol. Ill, No. 7 (January, 1910), p. 38. |

61 It Is new to admit young men to the study of philosophy, law, medicine, or theology, who, because or a lack of knowledge of languages do not comprehend anything In the ancient writers. It Is new to exclude from the sacred precincts of theology those who have not for a long time sweated over Averroes and Aristotle. It is new to inculcate in young men, students of philosophy, sophistic trifles and certain invented difficulties, mere tor­ tures of the mind. It is new In schools (publicls scholia) to have one answer given according to the way of the Thomists and another according to that of the Scotists, nominalists and realists. It Is new to exclude arguments taken from the fountains of Sacred Scripture and to accept only those drawn from Aristotle, the decretals, the opinions of the scholastics, the glosses of the professors of pontifical law, and mostly cold similitudes twisted out of the law of Caesar. If we do not want new things, these are they . . . . Certain Iniquitous persons are not ashamed pri­ vately and publicly to blabber that these (ancient) writings are the founts of all heresy, not realizing that this blasphemy strikes Jerome, A m b r o s e f and Augustine and several others In whom the church glories . . . . Such stupidity they whisper Into the ears of the youth in secret confessions: Beware of the Greeks, lest you be a heretic! Flee the Hebrew writings lest you be like the Jews! Cast away Cicero lest you be condemned with him! . . . . But what do I hear? The Waldensians and y?ycliff were versed In languages and every kind of literature? . . . . They have b e g u n to persuade even the princes, that this whole tumult of Luther­ anism and the peasants' revolt was born of the languages and humanistic literature. Well, the courts have their Mldases and Thrasons, and the highest rulers are so much more open to such artifices, the more noble they are and the more they let their feelings hold sway. If he is In danger of heresy who knows Greek and Hebrew because Luther is not ignorant of these languages, why Isn't such a person said rather to be safe because Joannes, bishop of Rochester, because Jerome Aleander, Archbishop of Brindisi, are defenders of the tottering church, of w h o m the latter excells in all languages, the former In his declining years understands, by dint of no ordinary study, three languages . . . . Another calumny Is added; the lasciviousnes's which Is confessed In secret by the youth is blamed upon the reading of Vergil or Lucian. Forthwith they blame the [humanistic] learning,

62 as though the youth heard not hy far worse things from those who touoh no books whatever. As the study of letters does not liber­ ate from all vice, even so it cannot be denied that it keeps those In the critical age from many vices. There is nothing so sacred that he who is by nature ungodly (improbus) would not turn it into an occasion for sinning. Now, if we are to remove whatever in any way offers occasion for evil doing, why is this enforced celibacy praised so much? . . . . May the languages and literatures return to their original rightful place and find their way into the fellowship of those who have been ruling the academies for so many centuries . . . . Those who will be found incurable should be left to their mind, lest they excite greater tragedies. Those who will be more tractable, may they allure, admonish, aid, and correct, as an obliging woman-servant reminds, helps, and corrects her mistress. Justly, the queen of all sub­ jects is theology, but she will be mors honorable, more instruc­ tive, if she receives into her service such useful servants by the comeliness which behooves her to do so. Glorious is phil­ osophy, but to her will come greater dignity if she acknowledges the old friends. An honorable mistress is jurisprudence, but letters will, like elegant servants, contribute in not a small measure to her beauty. Outstanding is medicine, but without the knowledge of the languages and writings of the ancients she is nearly blind . . . . The monarchs I would admonish that they consider what great benefit and dignity for their own affairs will accrue from the study of letters. In the end, the affairs of all, public and private will be more felicitous, if [as the study of letters teaches] each one will be a good neighbor to his neighbor" (Ne bos quidem pereat, 3401). When Erasmus says that theology . . . . will be more honorable, more instructive, if she receives into her service the humanistic studies, he has in mind not only the knowledge of Greek and Hebrew, whereby the theologian will be enabled to study the original text of Holy Scripture, but he is also thinking of the content of ancient profane literature. This is clear from numerous references which he makes to doctrines of Christianity in connection with proverbs and maxims from the classics. In commenting on In diem vivere. Ex tempore vlvere (726) he sayst "This life (unsolllcitous for the future) Christ has recommended as the most happy, and as He Himself followed it, also prescribed

63 It to the Apostle 8 to be followed.” Under Homo homini deus (69) he first develops the idea that the ancients considered it some­ thing divine for one human being to aid another; doing good to others was the road to eternal glory. Then he associates this Idea with St.. Paul's praise of charity as the highest of all virtues ,1 and adds that, without taking the proverb literally, it can certainly be applied among Christians. Five hypothetical oases are given to exemplify this use of the proverb. The adage Qui circa aalem et fabam (12), Erasmus shows, was used to des i g ­ nate a mysterious, secret action. "Homer also calls salt some­ thing divine, and Plato has written that salt is most desirable and agreeable in divine matters . . . . Salt preserves life . . . It was believed to have power to engender life. All divinities associated with the ocean, whioh contains salt, were made by the poets the progenitors of very many children. Thus Plutarch reports concerning salt; and there is rather a pleasure in re­ ferring to it here, because also in the Christian mysteries, especially in baptism, in which we are reborn, salt was in the earliest times applied, so that from these matters which the ancients believed about salt, even a theologian may adapt some­ thing to his use.* In conjunction with He libaria dila ex vitibus non amputatls (P.31 = 1526, p. 21) Erasmus points to the "doc­ trine of the Gospel which rejects the gifts of hi m who refuses Q to be reconciled with his brother. In the very first commen­ tary, after quoting Plato's statement that the happiest community is that one in which one never needs hear the words "mine" and "thine", he adds; "But It is remarkable how little this community of Plato pleased Christians, yea, how vehemently the very idea of it is rejected by Christians; and yet never has a heathen philoso­ pher spoken more in agreement with the mind of Christ" (Amicorum communia omnia, 1). The second adage, Amicitia aequalltas; Amicus alter Ipse (2), is brought in connection w i t h the "Hebrew law which enjoins upon us to love our neighbor as ourselves." The third of the "Pythagorean symbols", as Erasmus terms these ap o ­ thegms couched in allegorical expressions, Choenici ne insideas (P.3 = 1526, p. 15), he believes Is not so far distant in meaning from the saying of the Apostle Paul: I f anu would not work, neither should he e a t .3 Another of these Pythagorean symbols, XX Cor. 13. ®II These. 3: 10.

2 Matt.

5: 23. 24.

64 Per publicum viaro ne ambulaa (P.12 = 1526, p. 19), nis not In disagreement with the Gospel which admonishes us to walk on the straight, and not on the broad way." Panem ne frangito (P.28 = 1526, p. 21) la associated with Christ consecrating the bond of friendship among His own by the distribution of bread tin Holy Communion]* Summing up the Import of Erasmus* comments as they re­ fer to the study of theology and to Christianity, we note that also in these matters the basic demand of the great humanist was the same demand which he made for the study of proverbs and for all learning, viz., the return to the sources of learning. This, he believed, implied both, a cessation of the fruitless quibbling of the scholastics, and the recognition of the similarity and frequent identity of truths found in writers of antiquity as well as in the doctrines of Christianity .1 His rejection of Aristotle is in agreement with the attitude of the humanists of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, who leaned definitely in the direction of supplanting that which was complicated by that which was simple and unified, and who were influenced by the 2 Platonic teachings of Pico de Mlrandola and FIcino. See Julius von Pflugk-Harttung, Im Morgenrot der Refor­ mation (Hersfeld, 1915), p. 313: "So gut wle^dfe heilige SohrTft 1st nach Erasmus auch der Weise des Heidentums von einea gftttlichen Geiste erleuohtet. Geistige Einheit zwischen Chrlstentum und klassischem Heidentum ist der Grundzug erasraisoher 'i'heologie, nach der Christi Geist, waiter zurflck als wir meinen, wirksam ist. Auch in Ciceros tuskulanischen Betrachtungen, in seinen Gedanken (Iber Alter, Preundachaft und Pflichten, ist der Geist Gottes lebendlg, und dlese Werke Ciceros sind heilige Bflcher.” See also Wolfgang Stammler, Von der Mystik zum Barock, pp. 82 f. g G. Ellinger, "Humanismus," Reallexikon der deutachen Literaturgeschichte, ed. Marker and Stammler, Tl 536: "Der Humanismus verlahgte, entaprechend seinem grundsfitzlichen Streben, Verwickeltes durch Einfaches zu ersetzen, nach Rflrze und Faszlichkeit beim grammatisehen tTnterrlcht." P. 540: "Das Vertrauen auf die Macht des gottentatammten Menschengelstes rflokt dlese Anschauungen in die Nflhe der Gedanken des Pico von Mirandula und des Ficinus." See also p. 542. It is, furthermore, of interest to note that Luther, who held no brief for any philosopher in matters of theology, still shows a preference for Plato and rejects Aristotle. See D. Martin Luthers Werke, Krltjsche Gesftmtausgabe (Weimar: Hermann Bohlau, 1665), 1 , 355: Diaputatio HeiEbelbe'rgae habita, Conclusio 36: "Aristoteles male reprehendit ac ridet Platonicarum Idearum meliorem sua Philosophiam.

CHAPTER IV |

ERASMIANA

I A number of commentaries contain statements which throw I interesting side lights upon the life and character of Erasmus. Reading the eight-page commentary on Heroulei labores I (2 0 0 1 ) one is prone to conclude that the proper title for this 1 treatise would be E rasml lab ore s . Herculean labors are difficult I labors for which one is repaid by the envy and ungratefulness of I those in whose interest and for whose benefit they were performed. I The great ideal to follow Is: Labor for the well-fare and profit I of others, and in doing so, look for no other compensation than | the satisfaction of having labored in the Interest of the greatest | | possible number of one's fellow-men. 0 that princes and rulers | had this attitude 1 ......... The labors of those who slave to re| store the monuments of ancient literature surely deserve the term j "Herculean labors” because, although they undertake lmcomparably | great tasks— so great due to the unbelievable difficulty of the I work entailed— they bring upon themselves the deepest envy of the ! people (vulgl) . "Separate yourself from all the common joys of | life, neglect your house-hold affairs, be careless about your own person, about getting enough sleep, about your health. Take Into | consideration the loss of your eyes, bring upon yourself a prema| ture old age, make nothing of ruining your life. Do all this that you may excite against yourself the hatred of a great many people and Invite their envy, in order that you may earn by all this but a few sneers#” Then follows a detailed account of all the diffi­ culties Involved In writing the A d a g j a : first of all, there are so many writers who have used proverbs that finding these adages is a gigantic task: they do not stand out; they must be sought out. Then they must ne Interpreted. Y o u must have your citations and quotations. It is regrettable that the text of so many authors has been corrupted. Therefore one must so often restore the text before one can use It. It is likewise regrettable that the works i of those who Interpreted the writings of others and collected I adages have been lost* There are recent ones, of course, like

I

66

r

8

.

Zenobius, Diogenianus, and Suidaa; but these are meager and muti- ! lated. Then comes the work of translating. Thus Erasmus contlnues through more than six of the eight pages to set forth in de- J tail what laborious an undertaking the writing of the Adagla waa. 1 Finally he exclaims: But enough of these matters; 1 already fea* that to certain people it will seem a Herculean task to read ! through this long drawn-out treatise into which this proverb has led u s ." | Jibas at those who opposed him on certain Issues are not missing. The adage He tamere Abydum (603) may be applied "when admonishing some one not to concern himself with the writings of the poets, because this often causes one to lose his friends."'*' Under Bqul dentes inspioere donati (3424) he exclaims against those who oriticized him severely for the publication of his Novuaf Test ament tan: "We have given the New Testament; innumerable place*; we have either corrected or explained, and that in vigils which cannot be counted. It is incredible to say how certain theologiam*: O and the monks cried out in hatred against it." jg Advice to young scholars on securing patrons and on the p manner of writing encomia is embodied in the long commentary to He bos QUidem pereat (3401). Speaking, first, of those who have • been particularly kind to him, he mentions by name only one, viz., William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, whom he exalts as his Maecenas. "All who have profited by my labors owe thanks to thia p very saintly p a t r o n .......... I hear others exclaim that they had p no Maecenas. It is true, Vergil and Horace had none ......... Young scholars must see to it that they offer a guaranty of their p worth. I did not get this assistance from Warham by whatever means you may i m a g i n e ......... Favor must be sought by making prc# gross in letters and m o r a l s I n seeking aid do not shake I off all acorns from one oakand then go to another. So must you ' Vl be of service to several that you may be in a position to use ■4le may here be referring to his fellow-monks at Steyn, who seem to have censured him for not returning to the convent. See John J. Mangan, Life . . . . of Erasmus, I, 61 f; 91 f. ^Erasmus here has in mind the clergy who resented his charges, made I n his annotations to the Hew Testament, against their manner of life, and James Le Fevre of Staples and Edward Lee, with whom he bad quarrels with respect to points in trans­ lation and literary criticism. See John J. Mangan, op. oit., II, 13 ff; 20 ff.

t 1

T

67 the same patrons all the time." Then follow suggestions to stu­ dents on the composition of encomia on their patrons. It makes a great difference how one lauds his patron. "Let the contents of the encomium he true, and let the presentation of this truth sound truthful . . . . Do not use the hyperbole of poets who jaake a god of any man they please. Those virtues should be mostly set forth which will induce the readers to regard the object of the laudation with kindness and benevolence, such as piety, integrity, chastity, modesty, benignity, and purity of morals in general . . . . Nothing causes less envy in the human heart against any person than such virtues. If you wish to add any­ thing which might arouse the envy of the people, do it carefully and artfully . . . . A dead person may be praised more effusive­ ly than a living o n e .n Summarizing the results of our analysis of the contents of the A d a g l a . we find that, besides being a great boon to all paroemlologists because of its valuable research in proverb material, this work of Erasmus is an admirable Illustration of the practical application of humanistic Ideals: study of the sources of learning, Independent research in textual criticism and linguistic matters, acquisition of a smooth and effective style, and a rich knowledge of the writings of antiquity as an aid in coping with the problems of the present. Wi t h respect to the political, economic, and moral conditions of the early 16th century, the testimony of the Adagla can serve as cor­ roborative source material for the historian. The varied contents, the wide range of subjects treated or touched upon, the attitude taken in it by Its author on thorough­ ness of scholarship, and his observations on practically all phases and stations of life— all this is representative of the work of the great humanist who spent his life In preparing for publica­ tion, and thus making available to scholars, the works of ancient writers, and by treatise, epistle, and satire to endeavor to be an influence for good, ethically and culturally.

PART TWO:

SOURCES OP THE ADAGIA CHAPTER V

SOURCES OP THE COLLECTANEA An attempt to solve the problem of the sources of the Collectanea Involves a consideration of the following particulars' first, in 1498 (two years before the appearance of the Collecta­ nea) Polydore Vergil 1 got out a proverb collection entitled 2 Provarbiorum Llbellua, which is strikingly similar in content and arrangement to the Collectanea, and he accused Erasmus of hav....3 lng plagiarized his booklet; second, Erasmus, in the preface to the Collectanea states that he selected the proverbs from a variety of authors; third, he fails to mention in his annotations the proveniences for more than one third of the proverbs. Inasmuch as scholars have taken for granted that Erasmus, In spite of his avowal to the contrary, was indebted to Vergil for his Adagia, a careful comparison of the two booklets Is in place. The results of this comparison may be summarized as follows. Polydore Vergil (1470-1555) was secretary to the Duke of Urbino and, later, chamberlain to Alexander VI. In 1501 he was sent to England aa sub-collector of Peterspence. See Edwin Burton, "Vergil, Polydore," The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Co.), Vol. XV (1912}. 2

Polydorl Vergllil Prblnatls Praesbyteri Proverblorum Libellus (Ve ne t i~Is , M 7c CC C .ixxxxv i i I die x . Apr 11 i s ). 3

The accusation was published in the preface to Vergil’s Adaglorum liber (Basle, July, 1521); Erasmus defended himself in . a letter to Vergil, Dec. 23, 1521, in which he wrote: "Quod si g quia proferat aedltionem antiquiorem ea quam nobis dedlt Ioannes |p Philippus, id quod sclo neminem facturum, non eat taraen causa cur|f me quisquam insimulet furti aut plagii. Nam fieri potuit, id jff quod crediderim accidi3se, ut cum eadem res eodem ferme tempore §| utrlque veniret in mentem, neque tu de Erasmo neque ego de Poly- |i doro somniarim." See P. S, Allen, Opus Epistolarum D es. Erasmi Roterodaml (Oxford: Clarendon PressT 1922), IV, 4 25-429. j| 4

See page V 6 .

5

See P. S. Allen, op. cit., p. 426.

S

69 1 . The Llbellus

contains 306 paragraphs, each of which Is a commentary on a proverb printed at the head of the paragraph. These commentaries are of the same type as those in the Collec­ tanea: they contain interpretations of the adages, references to, a n d quotations from, ancient classical writers, and suggestions for the use of the adages, 2. The -writers quoted and referred to are, In general, the same as those In the Collectanea. In a number of Instances both booklets quote the same writers In commentaries on the same proverbs. The following table shows how often and under whloh proverbs the writers mentioned In both booklets are the same, and how often they are not the same. Thus, e.g.. In case No. 27, E r a s ­ mus refers to two writers not mentioned by Vergil, one reference Is identical In both, and Vergil refers to one writers not m e n ­ tioned by E r a s m u s . This situation obtains three times, viz., In paragraphs Nos. 20, 367, and 517 of the Collectanea. To Illustrate further: No. 20 reads: Crambe b i 3 pQ 3 ita m o r s . Erasmus mentions Pliny, Suidas, and Juvenal. Polydore has the proverb in a slight­ ly different form: Repetita Crambe (No. 24, p. 17). In his com­ mentary he refers to Juvenal and Polltlan. Thus, both mention Juvenal, but Erasmus, in addition, mentions Pliny (malor) and Suidas, while Vergil mentions, In addition, Politian. The Interesting cases In this tabulation are Nos. 15, 32, 41, and 43. In case No. 15 the writers mentioned or quoted are: Ulpian (14), Cicero (45), Pliny (46), Plautus (78), Cicero (114), Cicero (130), Plautus (178), Terence (222), Pliny (265), Pliny (291), Cicero (292), Cicero (437), Pliny (576), Vergil (812). In case No. 32 they are: Cicero and Strabo (111), Cicero and Jerome (115), Terence and Donatus (564). In case No. 41 they are: Cicero, Gellius, Plutarch (112), Terence, Donatus, Seneca (186). In case No. 4 3 they are: Gellius, Martial, Pliny (m i n o r ), and Homer (784). interesting as these fact3 ma y be, they do not constitute convincing proof of any dependence of Erasmus upon Vergil, for we must bear in mind that of the 136 commentaries which come Into consideration, only twenty contain exactly the same references.

70 TABUS 1 FREQUENCY OF IDENTITY OF WRITERS MENTIONED IN COMMENTARIES ON THE SAME PROVERBS IN THE C QLLECTANEA AND THE LIBBLLUS

u

i s.

t

© to ts i\ O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

rt 3 g m

31

* 1 « **

Mnm'hn-pn of the Paragraphs in the Collectanea In Which This Situation Obtains

7 103,117,137,215,637,701,702 2 2 138,304 3 4 118,192,363,700 7 1 384 0 1 151 1 2 29,677 2 6 50,223,478,487,510,745 3 3 3,110,168 4 2 149,477 5 2 378,649 O 3 274,314,365 1 2 335,402 1 1 131 2 1 245 0 14 14,45,46,78,114,130,178,222,265,291,292,473,576,812 1 11 18,47,86,220,383,504,561,577,588,696,782 2 4 28,113,123,783 3 1 774 4 2 122,555 1 6 0 12 126,127,165,167,181,282,474,541,571,665,695,714 1 8 2,111,125,293,539,697,772,780 6 39,91,119,268,564,694 2 3 1 40 4 1 83 0 5 121,166,241,303,440 1 3 20,367,517 2 3 43,94,163 1 1 17 3 1 771 0 1 7 and 8 {combined In one in the LibellusJ 3 111,115,564 0 1 1 281 2 1 366 3 4 19,290,321,390 0 6 124,200,392,467,500,512 2 2 10,264 3 1 120 0 1 466 2 1 463 0 2 112,186 3 1 244 0 1 784

0 0 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 0 0 o 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 O 0 0

0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4

*75

71 3. In no case are the commentaries In the Collectanea and j m the LlbellUs exactly alike, although the quotations in anoota|tions on the same proverb are frequently identical, X have found i o n l y one .case in which a passage, to all appearances not a quotaItion, is identical in both booklets, Polydore Vergil has the f o l ­ lowing commentary on the adage: Lentiscum mandentes (No, 205, p. 89) Graecorum hoc est vetus adagium t,](ivOT4> i d est lentiscum mandentes adverau3 eos qui nimlo se oomandi studio superfluunt: quasi dentibus extarendla et frlcandls tantum incubun.’ fc pro aesldla. ^fain. lentiscus teste Plinio naturalis historiae lib, XV arborem mastichem sudans gunni modo ex qua dentifricium poeta Martialia in Aphoretis commendst quo nos in eos uti possumus qui circa curam corporis (veluti Tranquillus de Caesare refert) moroaiores sunt, Erasmus comments on the same proverb in this manner: Lentiscum mandentes (No. 118, p. 33) VOTipohfflci' , i* lentiscum mandentes. Grecum adagium adversus eos qui nimlo cotnandi studio superfluunt: quasi qui dentibus exterendls frlcandlsque omnem operatn irisumant. Ex hac enim arbore dentifricium conflci consuevit. With the slight exception of the jge in the Ljbellus, the substitution of -que for et, and the qui in the Collectanea, the underscored passages are identical. This identity is rather puzz­ ling, especially because the attempt to find a common source from which both could have copied the passage has proved in vain. Pliny's Natural History'1' does not contain the passage. In the edition of Suidas by Kusterus the proverb with a commentary is given in the following words: X.ytVoy ftx.'T'ioajfeiK i.Tt Tmy k *JlX(QT i To ILLYi^Y', K O a, A s! > o. iS

27 Tragulam iniioerem... FI 27 Malara messem faoere.. PI 28 Ego quoque pol metuo. PT 28 Ad vivam outem . FT 28 Aspergere aquam.... PT 28 Aspergo olfaoto...... 26 Vale panoratio*...... PI 28 Aoetum habere in pea. PI 28 Homo homini dsmonium. 29 Tangere ulcus .f ,...... 29 fCotrk ifcslu>Y'Ttcr?< 29 Et amicus alter ipse. 29 Duorum temporum...... 29 Post deum veritatem. • 30 Stateram ne trans.... 30 Zgnem gladio ne...... 30 Coronam ne oarpseris. 30 Cor ne oommederis.... 30 Qum profeotus fueris. 30 Byrundinem in donum.. 30 Per publloam xriam xus• 30 Oasratie super imp... 30 Super Chenioe non.... 30 HosaV'te ipeum.... 31 Optimum oondimentum.. 31 Iniquum petendum ut.. 31 Mendaoem memorem .... 31 Corioeua ausoultavit. 31 X.Ku'ttf.XrjAnKtorLKy. 32 Duos parietes...... 32 Aut bibat aut abeat.. Ho 32 Andabatarum more..... 33 Tue lepua as et..... 33 Arlus leporem testudo 33 Lentiscum mandentes.. 33 Callipedea........ ... 33 Albus an ater sis.... 34 Mala ad sese attrah.. 34 Equum habet Seianum.. Ho 36 Hon ouiuaque eat.... 35 Asinua ad lyram...... 35 Idem Aooii quod Titii 36 Caput sine lingua.... 85 ttilta oadunt inter...

Ci

On

Ci Te

Ve

Pn Te Te

Do Pa

Te

Cl ST

Ge

Ci

«•* 0 0 : oVot X 356 977 979 401 ■•*» 471 646 1090 0 0 : TToZX*-

84 TABLE 5"Continued

Writers PI Ho Te Ci Pa Inoipits of Proverbs

® o as

M e n t ioned Ten or More Timea V e Po Vu P n Pr Ge Ms Ju Do

%0

a (1

a. £

&

0 01

Ge

36 Ipsa dies qu a ndoque.. 36 H o n quod p u e r i ....... PI

36 U l u l a s A t h e n a & ....... 37 S e r o s a p i u n t Fhryges • 37 F u l g u r e x vitro. 37 Inanes a u l m o s ........ 37 Mali f o n t e m repperit. 37 Tristis S o y t a l e ...... 37 D a abus sedere sellis. 38 H a r e n a m n u m e r a s ...... 38 A d Greoas o a l e n d a s ... 38 A r g e nteis has t i s ..... 38 A l i e n a m raeasam metis. 38 S i n u l e t da e t a o cipe 3B A rgiva o a l u m n i a ...... 38 De a r t i f i o i o apparens 38 S i m p l e x v e r i t a t i s ..*• 39 Aloyttol Apologus ..... 39] Ru mpere f i l u m ........ 39 Magistratus v i r u m .... 39 iD a t v e n i a m o o r v i s .... 39; O p t i m u m a l i e a a . ...... 39; Contra C r e t e n a e m ..... 39! Hodie n u l l a m l i n e a m . . 40; Ne S utor u l t r a ....... 40, R i x a r i de l a n a ....... 40; Dente T h e o n i n o r o d e r e 40 Tua res a g i t u r ....... 40: Tineas p a s o e r e ....... 401Permas ultra nidum... 41] A s i s u m male parentem. 41 Fores a p e r i r e ........ 41 Ap e r t e m u a a r u m i a n u e . 41;V i r i antiqui maxille. 41 .... 41 A u ribug lupu m t e n e o . . 42 Ad r e a t i m rea rediit, ..... . 42 Ita fugiaa 42 Sepe etiara olitor.... PI 42 C a n i n u m p r a n d i u m ..... 43 M a l u m o o n s i l i u m ...... . 43 V i r fugiens e t . 43 Cu rruca o u c u l u s ...... PI

£ 0 bH

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Ci

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3E x Te Pn

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85 TABLE 5-Continued

h c JO

Writers Mentioned Loss than Ten Times

Incipits of Greek Versions

H o.

in Chil. 1626

1 su

§

00: 764 166 128 H e r m o l a u s ......... 1666 129 111 130 00: t 28 1612 131 Livy, Diogenlarma, 1690 00: 132 • * e» 07: U t k ^ 133 WAS 07: f 66 &VJL 134 1101 136 07: *X.yvS t' £ r j7 602 136 Laberlus (Cic. Ep.), Maorobius. 0 0 : $ . / UyULoy' 344 137 464 138 07: 1643 342 139 07: rjo:or 341 140 07: St'iov 1708 141 2311 326 00: 142

143 144 146 146 L u o i an. 147 P y t a o u a , 148 149 Pliny (min.). 160 Epimenides... 151 162 163 154 156 156 157 168 169 160 161 162 163 164 166 166 167 168 Hesiod.••< 169 170 Aristotle.

00; & & 68 268 0 0 : £ 7rX-c>v s 0 0 : Scjro'/lofos 1332 0 0 : o(.TT>egf*-2 ’ fr%I*t

§ te 176 206 117

60

114

261 385 131 108 207 276 218 •• •• 216 244 225 127

144

181 245 176 116 177 132 179 »« •» 164 231 186 •••* 166 229 189 238 294 263

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312 264

976 361 2473 1239 OO: 129 312 316 263 1165 2571 1796 593 3076 2570 00 tkytu:J/LtHKt 1641 266 262 O7:$c.r.S]085 ^ 1616 00: U W t frzX.aqX ntV 901 94 00: u,t G>v 425 421 403 501 1555 0 0 :JrbZjUiCfS 939 114 911 3484

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666 1125

89

177 78 84

172 162 193

681 74

86 TABT.E 3 -Continued

Writers Mentioned Ten or More Times Ci Pa Hi P n Pr Go Ma Ju Do Qn Ve Po Ho Te PI

Edition of 1500

Vu

n •at r!

Inoipits of

s

Proverbs

£>

% p.

•rf to u 3 £

&

HSi £

44 Digito oomp e s o e r e . .•. 44 44 44 45 45 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 46 48 46 46 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 49 60 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 51 51 61

Puloherrinum e s t ..... Suis ouique a v i ...... Apertis tibiis ...... tTbi amiol ibi o p e s . • • Simile simili gaudet. Emunote n a r i s ........ Fames e t ........ PI Ooulate m a n u s ........ PT Greoa f i d e ........... p T Altera manu l a p i d e m . . p i tfslle litus gladius.. Ventus n a v i m deserlt. p i S iiaul fie r e ....... Eos i n fo r o nostro... p i Uti f o r o .......... *• Xnsoltia e s t oontra.. p i Aureos p o l l i o e r i..... p i Bona o i l i o u m . • A mortuo p a t e r a ...... Divitiaruro p e l a g u s ..* Ilias m a l o r u m ........ L i neam m l t t a r e ....... p i De facie n o s s e ....... M a t u r e ......... . Lentius a m b u l a n d o . ... Abronia vita ..... Mortuo verba f a o e r e .. PI Est sua e t forraiois.. Oleum et o p e r a m . ..... PI O leum perdit e t ...... Core&lis o e n a ........ PI A o u m credo invenisaes 7 1 a m qui nesoit...... ET Lupo agnura e r i p e r e ..- TT A u strum ego perouli.. H o b tibi p a l u m b e m . ... X Flurabea i r a ........ PI Sine pennis volare... Lapis i r r i s i b i l i s .... Gravior a r e o p a g i t a ... Probe e s t materia....

la iP

Ci Pa Pa

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87 TABLE 3-Continued

Writers Mentioned Less t h a n Ten Times

I n cipits of Greek Versions

Ho. in Chil.

m a © n ©

1626

i■rt £

O v i d ••. • Camparma, 496 224

121 1769 1760 731 726 729 757

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8 .8

88 TABLE .'5-Continued

Edition of 1600

u I. 213 214 215

216 217

218 219

220 221 222 223 224 226 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 246 246 247 248 249 260 251 252 253 254 265

Writers Mentioned T e n or More Times PI H o Te Ci Pa Hi P n Pr Ge Ma Ju Do Q n Ve Po

■3

Inoipits of Proverbs

S?

Sb

3

63 53 63 63 63 64 64 54 64 54 64 64 54 65 55

55 65 55

66 66 56

66 67 57 67 67 67 67 58

68 68

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& 61 61 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 52 62 63

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A b asinia ad bovea. A b equis ad a s i n o s • Tu trium litterarum Laterns, p u n i o a ..... I n tuo looo et phano. A l b o rete a l i e n a •.• E b u r a t r a m e n t o ..... Aliquid mali propter V i v a v o x .......... Davue s u m non Oedipus Obsequium a m i o o s ••• Huoes r e l i n q u e r e .•. Sapere patruoa..... E x t r a q u e r e r e ...... Auro habst soocis.. In fennento iacere. A q u a m i n orlbrum... Supercilium aalit.. In utranvls dormlre Magno g e m i t u ....... Obtrudere palpum... Sara a v i s .......... Bonis a v i b u s ....... S u o iuoento s l b i .•. A t ergo r i d e r e ..... Fostloa a a n n a ...... Caput s o a b e r e ...... G e n uinum infigere.. Fenum habet in o o m u . N a s o s u s p e n d e r e .... A urem v e l l i c a r e . ... Premere p o l l i o e m . .. Frontis p e r f r i o t e .. Adduoere superoilium C o n n i v e r e ......... Bubo a r e f a c t o ..... A q u a m e p u m i c e .... T iblam tube c o m p a r e s . Claudus l o r i p e d e m . . Dii tibi tuam dent. Sub alia q u e r o u . ... Strennuos e q u o s .... Polypi atentem ha b e .

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TABLE 3-Continued

Incipits of Greek Versions

Writers Mentioned Less than Ten Times

s

j 213 214 215 216 217 218 219

00: ^ ’ t V r u K

3

1

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M

630 629 • • • • .133 1789

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96 * ♦ ♦♦

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220 221

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So. 3 in O Chil, ■s 1526 o $

2682

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♦Collectanea '■ "Orecum adagium.

90 TABLE 5-Continued r~ Edition of 1500 h 1

a

266 257 258 259

260 261 2 62 266

264 265 266 267 268

269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 260 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 29 3 294 295 296 297 296

e

Inoipits of Proverbs

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£

58 5o 58 DC 69 69 o9 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 63 63 64 64 64 64 64 64 65 65 35

Writers Maivtionod Ton or tfore Times Te Ci Pa 6 1 Pn Pr Ge £6* Ju Do Qn V e Po w (C

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Te Ci

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91 TABLE 3-Contirued

I

Hriters Mentioned Less than. Ten Times

261 262 263 264 265 206 267 268 £69 270 271 272 273 274 Uftorobiufi.......... 27B 276 277 278 279 280 281 282

Incipits of Greek Versions

00 Sti>s 0 0 :#Coe*» rjj

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1 I I 1 1

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1280 58 ••*# 360 751 754

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587 2596 1252 2443 454 46 321 746 • 263 291 2504

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284 266 286 287

1398 476 2120

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Edition of 1600

5 r6H £

Pn

67 67 67 67 67 67 67 68 68 In silvara ligna..... rfo 68 68 68 Eadera pensaberia.... •• Ho 68 HI1 intra eat oleam. •• Ho 69 Ire per extentum.... *• #0

69 69 69 69 69 69 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 71 71 71 71 71 71 72 72 72

Ju JHr

Proproa ninaa oedere •a So Zonam perdidit...... •* Ho

Pa

Nartheoophori multi.

Elephantum ex muaoa. De lapide emptua....

01 01

Pa Ge Ad "vivum.......... • Bonl ad bonorum..... Canls a oorlo....... Creaoentem tumidia..

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93 TABLE 3-Continued

i

Writers Mentioned Less t h a n T e n Times

I n oipits of Greek Versions

Ho. in Chil.

m t* rt +O>

1

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1526 *

299 300 301 302 303 304 306 306 307 303 309 310 311 312 313 314 316 316 317 318 319 320 321 * P o l i t i a n u s r e f e r t e x F o t r o n i o " . 322 323 324 32E 326 327 328 329 330 331 332

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637 637 541 663

96

218

788

88

623 933 1202 601 1210

106

1480 0 7 : £ & Toi'

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377

378 379 380 381 582 383

No.

Ma orobius -

384

*The Greek is not given* in the Collectanea.

674 2495 219 3222 406 404 1752 250 1477 877 1666 880 878

246

614

96 TABLE 3*Continued

Writers Mentioned Ten or More Times Pi |^o (Te |Ci |pa |Hi|~Pn |Pr jGe'jMa |Ju ]tio|Qn|Ve PolVu

Editlonj of

1600 u %

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tm

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385 79 Dare m e n u s ........ 386 79 H a s t a m a b i i c e r e ...... 387 79 In tua i p a i u s * ....... 388 79 Amor nullo m a g i s .•*•. 389 79 In amore m u t t u m ..... . 390 80 Si v ultur es . ........* 391 80 Ultra eornioes viva*. 392 80 Non omnibus dorraio... .... 393ri 80 E t nos f e r u l e 394 60 Sullus o o m a t u s . ..* * *. 396 80 Nos n o s t r u m o n u s ..... 396 81 Ovum ovo s i m i l e ...... 397 81 (Contemptus proverbia) 398 81 I t © r u m a d e u n d e m . .... 399 81 Penelopes t e l a m ...... 400 81 Umbram suata m e t u e r e . . 401 82 M a n u m n o n vorterim... 402 82 P ingui M i n e r v a ...... 403 62 Emere malo quain...... 404 82 V i n o v e n d i b i l i ....... 405 83 Am i o i t i e p e r s o n a m . -•« 406 83 In se d e s o e n d e r e ..... 407 83 A e t h i o p e m d e a l b a r e ... 408 83 (Quibua inane ..... )* . 409 83 Os s u b l i n e r e . 410 84 U t p o e s u m u s 411 84 I n esixi a l i u d . ....... 412 84 Sine oapite Tabula... 413 64 Alius semente m feoit, 414 84 Ae t h i o p o m l a v a s ...... 415 84 fUlve r e m e d i s ........ 416 84 jVulpi f a s ....... . 417 84 Ventos o o l i a . . . ...... 418 65 Carbooum t h e s a u r u s .>• 419 85 E tardo a s e l l o ....... 420 85 Inemptum m a n o i p l u m . .. 421 85 Calabri hospltis ..... 422 65 Semper ad p o o u l a ..... 423 85 Inaniter a q u a m ....... 424 85 U t r e m v e r b e r a s ....... 426 66 T a n d e m mus p i c e m . .... 426 86 I n marl a q u a m queris. 427 86 Ignorat q u i d intereit

45 a> M l“~l 2 >

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rJSos » 897 and 408 are headings for a small g roup of similar proverbs.

97

No. in Chil 1526

— -• -

Incipits of Greek Versions

*3H -a 1 ! !

i

«e-l a 1 —•

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S 107 Bolus e r e p t u s ........ 107 Q u i d si bubo oelum.... 1 0 7 Dioturn et faoturn..... 1 0 6 Sunnnum i u s . . ......... 1 08 Q u o d a b a t e allatum... 10 8 T r a d u a t o p e r a s ....... 1 08 He i n n e r v u m erumpat. 1 08 P e d u m v i s a e s t v i a . * • 1 0 8 Rete n o n t e n d i t u r .... 109 A a i o o a m i o u s ......... Ho 109 Ipsa 8eneotus m o r b u s • 109 S u d a b i s s a t i s ........ 109 V o r a u r a m s o l v i s ...... 109 A n i m a s d e b e t .......... 109 S o d e m i n ludo dooti.* 109 S u o s o r e * indioio.... 109 Q u o d o u n q u e in solum*. 110 Manoipll capillus.... 110 Lao g a l l i n a c e u m ...... 110 S u s p endio a r b o r ...... 110 Minerva' f e l e m ........ 110 A ttioe o e r e m o n l e ..... 110 S a l u n d e v e n e r a t ..... PI 111 L a r i s a o r i f i o a r e ..... Ill Cantharus a q u i l a m . ... Ho Ill Fastillos R u f i l l u c ... Ill G apra S y r a . ........... Ill Canls p e r phratores*. Ill Xnexper.ta nuptiarua*. 111 G u m larvis luetari... 112 C u m m o r t u i a luetari.. 1 12 Mola salsa litant.... x 112 Mur us a b a n e u a . Ho 112 Q u o t e n e a m v u l t u a .... 112 S y n o e r u m e s t nisi v as X 112 Q u o sej&el e s t i m b u t a . Ho 113 C o r n i x f u r t i v i s «... Ho 113 Corpus s i n s peotore Bo 113 C e r i t e oera dignis. 113 Aranaartyu t e l a m . ... 113 Utramque p a g i n a m . .. 1 1 3 ‘Ulyaais r e m i g i u m . .. Ho 113 A b ovo u sque ad mala.

To Te

IE Te Do

Te Te

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15

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Vulgate

0 Inoipita of

105 TABLE 3"Continued

u j*o

Writers Mentioned Less t h a n T a n Times

In cipits of Greek Versions

No. in Child

1526

; 660

i

686 686 687

see

N5

O

a

P

697 15 3 6

2466 00: M - o -ro S 00; r o ^ ^ » c C 5

217 j 1537

923 924 1750 265 2603 OQikvtS^irbjcJif* 1226 219 503 496 0 0 *p-ocZoe 921 00: 922 73 125 0 0 : Serif i Kot 1466 126 680 07: oCyLtSly 120 07: k(,ri#843 •••e 0 0 : oi.etot' 2601 68 20 1846 00: 920 118 0 0 : klSietroS 2593 24 • e e e 00: 618 153 153 00:

689 690 691 692 693 694 595 696 A o r o n , P o r p h y r i o , 697 B a s i l ............. 698 699 600

5

2599 464 2585 926

! 658 O a l p o m i u s 5 569 ' 661 56t I 663 : 664 ; ■ 665 ] 566 ) 667 A p o l l o d o r u s ■ J 668 A p o l l o d o r u s , ; 669 i 670 S e n e c a . 571 672 : 673 ; 674 : 676 ; 576 677 I 678 679 580 581 582 683 684

3

o

1925 1174 271

1320 980 981 343 1315 1962 1366

73 292

157 361

137 38 138 »4•■ 134 121 140 » a e • 144 29 133 145 146

62

106 TABLE 3-Continued

1600 a>

1

ho £

Inoipita of

c

Proverbs

601 602 603 604 605 606 60? 608

113 Negleotis urenda 114 Balblnum p o l y p u s ..... 114 Cygnea cantilena 114 Communis Merouriua 114 Mali corvi 114 Sacra movere 114 Cassiotlcus nodus 114 Colophonia oontumelia 115 Ventis oequundis 610 115 I n aqua soribere 611 115 Camelus vel soabiosa, 612 115 Cretensis o o n t r a ..... -613 115 P e d e t e n t i m ........... 614 115 Cancer l e p o r e m....... 615 115 Fiotiles d i v i t i e ..... 616 115 Homo f i e t i l i s ........ 617 115 Xnvenit tnali ooagulura 618 115 Lepus d o r m i e n s ....... 619 115 L e m n i u m m a l u m . ....... 620 116 Lupus pro o a r n i b u a .•. 621 116 Lybica f a r a .......... 622 116 A l b u m s u f f r a g i u m . .... 623 116 Lydii e a o r i f i o t u m . ... 324 116 L i n u m l i n o c o p u l a s ... 625 116 Loorense p a c t u m . ..... 626 116 Lupi alas queris..... 627 116 Lupua h i a t ........... 628 117 Leonetn t o n d e r e ....... 629 117 Quavis ino a n t a t i o n e .. 630 117 L u o a r n a m i n meridie., 631 117 S oli lumen i n f o r r s ... 632 117 Laoonioe l i m e ........ 633 117 L y o h n o p i n g u i o r o ..... 634 117 M e g a r e n s i u m laohryme. 635 117 Ad m e n sura m a quasi.... 636 117 Ne puero g l a d i u a . .... 63? 118 N o n una hyrundo ver.. 638 118 Ne temare A b y d u m ..... 639 118 M a l u m bene quiesoens* ...... 640 118 Neque n a t a r e 641 116 Ne oaprea o u m leone.. 642 116 F a r r u m m a l u m ......... 643 116 Ne g l a d i u m tollat.... 644 116 Midas a u r i c u l a s .....

a> > £

£ Ho Ho Hi Go

Pa

Te

PI

Pn

Pa

Pa On

Pa Te

Vulga bo

Writers Mentioned 2‘ o n or More Time a PI tHo .Te Ci Pn Pr Co Ma |Ju be Qn Ve Po Vu

E d ition of

107 TABLE 3-Continued

* f6it

Writers Mentioned L e s s t h a n T e n Times

I noipits of Greek Versions

No.

3

in ChilJ 1526

to o

§

i

a

& a

3

"rO • t 3

9

j 601 602 1603 I 604 1605 60S 1607 608 609 1610

611

if 612 ' 613 3614

j 615 N 616 f; 617 | 618 |619 | 620 1621

^622

If 623 Lactantius■ i: 624 1626 | 626 I 627 | 628 I 629 I 630 t 631 1632 I 633 | 634 | 635 | 636 I637 I638 1639 } 640 ! 641 i 642 i 543 i 644

1897 115 0 7 : KvKv'ecoV 155 1064 0 7 : K o i vb 5" 1085 00: JfeCK o V 825 07: 24 07: Ui’fiKa.v 1434 00:KoXo(fc£rt(*~ 07 :Ks1 O v q v 07 07

No. in Chil 1526

•9 ri Ho m © %

I JO o n ©

108 2538 1104 252 129 692

1197 1266 •t•• 1504 1059

•**• * %• • • a• • ••* » 362

4 » • *

• * * •

0 e te

571 *m•. 683 950 598 992 * * • • 1077 458 794 229 49

07 -.XLvj-KCVS

1054 1113 143 1428 240 07: *■1t roir 1859 313 1194 241 1380 463 2467 1459 454 1460 1369 819 813 •• • * 1412 07; 6>LK*Zo S ****j1638 OO: tf *0•*,1652 07: G> ZY^oCc. •* • •11667 07: I 690 1666 522 1714 07: TTiXoTT-o'S 00: ~t'v YOXr 1417 1805 OO; xbv V'Asti'S 372 1830 00:Tjotr^oVos 430 1861 00:foV tcoZa p.

Vulgate

1500

Fa

IS

Fa Qn Ve

Fa

Ve

Ho

Fa |§ir

S

Fa Ua

Hi

Ju VU

Fa

Te Qn

Ho

Ci

Te t : Ho

Pr

Ci

IS

Hi

x

FI

Qn

Mb Hi Ho Ho Ho Ho

Ci

Pn

Qn

Fr

C1

113 TABLE 3-Continuod

it

i

W r i t e r s M e n t ioned L e g s t h a n T e n Times

732 733 734 736 Cato. 756 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 746

746 747 Orid ■ 748 749 760 761 762 Ausonittg, 753 Aus o n l u s . 764 755 75S- Aua o n l u a ...., 757 A u g o n l u s .»«». 766 769 A u g o n l u s < 760 761 762 763 764 766 786 767 768 789 770 771 772 773 774 776

Inoipita of Gree k V e r s i o n s

Chil.

1526

o

A s> vof A

625

761 1305

265 204

237 344 280

301 576 380

175

116

486

733

£

524 0 7: KofitV S'cec 1300 07: b'ijooLY T tturtis 07: d St/o'rV6,oq 07: TttcTuj k"

€ §

1

63

11988

O7:o44{p0 o c © u ©

to

o •3 rl u o I" & © +5 J* o at © H •H 1—4 © o a, « 04 04

56 Oedipi impre cat! ones 56 53

56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 831 57 832 57 833 57 834 57 835 57 836 57 837 57 838 57

c

«o Gellius

Edition of

at r-4 CO rd •rl r-4 at § 3 © Of M 4

Hi

PS

Simla vel puloher...

Pa Oleo tranquillior. .. PI e * 0 * Aurioula inf irna,. - .« • * * « 0 • Ci

cT

m Res est in oardine,.

Ci

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*Those twenty proverbs were added in 1507,

or •rl ■P •rl rH d 04

5 a fc} r4 5 J>

117

TABLE 3 —Continued

I

Writers Mentioned Less t h a n T e n TitnoB

Inoipita of Greek Versions

a No* i 0 in ' 3 C h i l ] •**

1526

319 320 821 822 825 T h e o c r i t u s . 824 T h e o o r i t u s . 825 P l u t a r o h . 826 827 828 829 830 A r i s t o t l e , 831 ServiuiT 832 Columella. 833 834 835 A r i s t o p h a n e s . 836 Lucian. 837 838

Sos 07: oXcf*. S. .

661 1449 1316 306 1454 771 07: 07: £#c TTtiroir 1087 07: detrcfrcgtx. 80 635 636 1432 1006 07: G v K t L /jlC£1005 19 865 469 513 07: ^ t Z y S coj K 1395 07 :o£>vor£e°S 07: / o L Y ? o o t / f a r e A r o t SgoY rutttos-

In No. 298, Cepisse dlmldlum facti, Erasmus says: yj/U-Lbir TbLYToS Hesiodla est sententla que lam olim In proverbiis ast. Earn Horatius sic extulit. Dimidium facti qui cepit habet." The first sentence of this annotation was obviously derived from Diogenianus, who writes:^ PocyFos, £&/ rtov £?s Tv rgoK&TFToyr.LJV'. jntfo-ySceTect. eft ifc Toil

y/zc'otfav.

No. 308, Rane aquam: Cato plngue, 13 commented on in the the Collectanea: "Quotiens id minlstratur quo qul accipit deleetatur maxims: rane aquam cato sevum datum dicimus." Here either 3 /* Suidas or Diogenianus is the source; both write: &S, / S £7~/ Ttor Ttit/foe Si Jov F(*JVj O IS £cxt(otnrf>cv' oh X QCjAsf&ti.YOYFC S ■ No. 310, Noctua volavlt, has all the earmarks of being a combination of the statements by Suidas and Diogenianus. Erasmus writes; "Dhl negotium felicius succedit, noctuam volasse dicimus. Nam noctua volans apud Athenienses victorie erat augurium." Suidas :4 T Scei/^ y 77~z^i,es: p22t/Xos e/s Vt/srps &/ •, is alieno more vivere oportere. Apostolius wrote; (St/cat w JAC fty&i'oij J/-T) ZrikkAt • zQy oral/JU-*} F/jv TjDVtjPyH iirtk t t K v i s j / Z v i o V . S f t c o s ^ 2(0 fr o lic / f x / c z i x t / u L O Y t o t s Jjt/tppyagtor, Tyy o i l He, c

T jou C frj Y

in & L V u JV ,

^ Ho i r k £

f x x j'F o C .

A few most interesting cases In support of the view that Diogenianus was more frequently used by Erasmus than the others are Nos. 146, 1B9, 191, and 192. No. 146. Rumpere filum. Erasmus wrote: "Pro eo quod est necessitatem effugere Lucianus Aatrsc Tyr rzgoL/U-Loey- o?2 ~QopLzy to KcSiov I. rumpemus filum. Est enim grecis proverbium huiusmodi o O m g g x jT j& tT A L ttuy^uzyoy to xxXojSiov. 1 . frangetur trahens corda. De iis dicltur qui Inviti coactique quippiam agunt." Suidas l i l r o K o n i S . * 6 d J n q rto cj* Sot ‘ /? T 6

wrotb.^

7 ^ 6 £ Tut (.

TZeYo^ftX-Yoy HkX^Seov. £?/ Xtovj3t(£ Tt Hod oiVoijKTf lrbL °vy i~u)Y. Diogenia­ nus wrote :5 14 7n> &£Tc£c Fee vojAtyoY Fc, Xx/ltSSioY. Tfirk tuiv jhf/ct ti ^Schottus, op. cjt., DiogenianI No. 324 2 Z ' Ibid., No. 575. JIbid., Apostolii No. 1308. 4 Ibid.,

Suidae No. 189.

5 Ibld., DiogenianI No.

189.

135

Ktxi

Ydp-K'Tf rsoaiU'TtoV. A

oi/k.I*.vt>s , afpcx jj.y K*-T*. T^V m'fPOtJX.totV, p./7 ~z>(t>(£ y/ ry jrpLvis Tttristrtx- tvs K s, ffttf. in No. 192 Erasmus lists two proverbs express­ ing the opposite meaning; Illas malorum and L a m a malorum, and he adds the Greek for these: K*JCtoY k.3 ard/^^i'y ^AtoV. The three in No. 191 are listed by Apostolius and Suidas In the fol­ lowing ways: Apostolius Suidas Mo. 5 No. 6 UpcjhjY th'Jzs No. 6 co

Vi O

I tad

C -H c E Z3

Ye a r

(1 )

(2 )

Title

Pl a c e of

Publisher or Printer

Publication

H &

u 04

£ (7 )

ICN

Frankfort-o-M. Frankfort-o-M.

viu

222

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223

IU;HNF MeB (50) NPV

KEY TO SYMBOLS OF LIBRARIES Symbol

a

t-4

a

(1 )

a>1

Library

C . ...... State Library, Sacramento, California CSmH.... Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif. CtY..... Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut D L C ..... Library of Congress, District of Columbia GETJ..... Emory University, Georgia ICJ......John Crerar Library, Chicago, Illinois ICU..... University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois ICN ..... Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois IU.......University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois M B ...... Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts MBAt.... Boston Athenaeum, Boston, Massachusetts MeB..... Captain John Curtis Library, Brunswick, Maine MH.......Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts M i U ..... University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan M s G ..... Greenville Public Library, Mississippi NIC......Cornell University, Ithaca, New York IHvF.. . .. .Fordham University, New York, New York NPV..... Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 0C1..... Cleveland Public Library,' Ohio P B L ..... Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania P U ...... University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. R P B ..... Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island V i U ......University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. W a U ..... University of 7/aahington, Seattle, Washington

BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Allen, P. S. Opus Epistolarum Des. Erasml Roterodaml. Vol. IV. Oxonii: In Typographei Clarendoniano, MCMXXII. Erasmus, Desiderius, Adagiorum Collectanea. FarrhisIIs: Ioannes Fhillppus, M. Vo. (— 1500). . Collectanea Adagiorum. Argentorati: Matthias Schurerius, M D X V . . Proverblorum Chillades. Basiliae: Ioannes Prohenlus, Edxv.

Proverblorum Chiliades. Basiliae: Ioannes P robenlus, KDXVIII. _____ . Adagiorum Opua. Basiliae: Ioannes Probenlus, MDXXVI. Adagiorum Chiliades. Sumptlbus haeredum Andreae Wechell, Glaudij M&rnij & I o . Aubrij, MDXCIX, Adagiorum Chiliades. Hanovlae: Typia Wechelianis apud haeredes loh. Auhrll, MDCXVII, Gelllus, A u l u s . Noctium Attloarum Commentarli. Bononl&e, MDIII. Gaisford, Thomas. Paroemlographi Graeci. Oxonll: B Typographeo Academico, MDCCCXXXVI. Porfyrio, Poraponua. Commentum In Horatlum Placcum. Edldit Alfred Holder. Ad AenI Pontem, 1894. Schottus, Andreas. TTAPOIMlAl EAAHAffKAI, Adagia sive Proverbia Graecorum ex Zenobio aeu Zenodoto, Dlogeniano et Suldae oollectaneis. Antverpiae, MPCXII. Terentius. Publii Terentli Carthaginlensls Afri comoediae sex .......... Accedunt Aelll Bonatl corrunentarius Integer . . . . indices locupletlasimi. Edldit Pranclscus Hacklus. Lugd. Batavorum, MDCXLIV. Vergillus, Polydorus. Proverblorum LIbellus. Impreasum Venetlls per Maglstrum Christophorum de Peals, M.cc c c .lxxxxviii. Voigt, Ernst. Egberts von Lfittich. Fecunda Ratis, zxim erstenmal herausgegeben, auf ihre Quellen zurflckgefuhrt und erklflrt. Halle: Max Hiemayer, 1899. Secondary Sources S

Bataillon, Marcel. Erasme et I ’Bspagne. Recherches sur 1'histoire spirituelle du XVI® slecle. Paris, 193V. Bebermeyer, G. nSprichwort," Reallexikon der deutschen Llteraf.urgeschlchte. Herausgegeben von Paul Merker und Wolfgang Stammler. Band III. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1928-1929. 153

154 Cohn, L. "Diogenianus,M Paulys Real-Encyclop&die der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Neue Bearbeitung herausgegeben von Georg WIssowa, Band V. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1905. Cohn, L. "Zur Uberlieferung des alphabetIschen corpus,” Philologus, Zeltschrlft fttr das classische Altertum. Sechster Supplementband. Gftttingen: Dieterich, 1891-1893 Coplnger, W. A. Supplement to Hain's Kepertorium bibliographicum London: Sotheran, 1895-1902. Crane, William B. Wit and Rhetoric in the Renaissance. New York: Columbia University Press, 1957. Ellinger, G. "Humanismus," Reallexikon der deutschen Literaturgeachichte. Herausgegeben von Paul Merker und Wolfgang Stammler. Ban I. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1925-1926. Gagn^r, Anders. Florilegium Gallicum. "Skrlfter utgivna av vetenskaps-societeten; Lund , 11 No. 18- Lund: Hakan Ohlsson 1936. Hain, Ludovlcus. Repertorium bibliographicum. Stuttgart: Cotta 1826 - 1 828 . Hall, F. W. A Companion to Classical Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907. Mackail, J. W. Erasmus against War. Boston: The Merrymount Press, 1907. Mangan, John Joseph. Character and Influence of Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. New York: Macmillan Co., 1927. Mann, Margaret. "Erasme at les debuts de la reforms franjaise, 1517-1526," Bibliotheque Litteraire de la Renaissance. Nouvelle Serie, XXII (1924). Paetow, Louis John. The Arts Course at Medieval Universities with Special Reference to Grammar and Rhetoric, "The University Studies," (Urbana-Champaign: University [of Illinois} Press, 1910), Vol. Ill, No. 7 (January, 1910). Kuppreeht, Karl. "Apostolis, Eudem und Suidas," Philologus, Zeltschrlft fur das classische Altertum. Supplementband XV. Leipzig: Dieterich, 1922). / Schoell, Franck L, Etudes sur 1 fhumanlsme continental en Angleterre. Paris, 1926. Seiler, Friedrich. Deutsche Sprlchw&rterkunde, "Handbuch des deutschen Unterrichts," begrttndat von Adolf Matthias, Band IV, Teil III. Itftinchen: Oskar Beck, 1922. Stammler, Wolfgang. Von der Myatlk zum Barock, "Epochen der deutschen Literatur , 11 herausgegeben von Julius Zeitler, Band II, Tell I. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1927. Strieder, Jacob. Jacob Fugger the Rich. Translated by Mildred L. hartsough, edited by U. S. B. Gras. New York: Adelphi Co., 1931. Surlngar, W. H, D. Erasmus over Nederlandsche spreekwoorden en spreekwoordelijke iutdrukkingen van zijnen tijd. Utrecht, 1873.

155 Taylor, Archer. Problems In German Literary History of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, "The Modern Language Association of America," General Series VIIX. New York. 1939. Tilley, Morris Palmer. Elizabethan Proverb Lore in Lyly's •Euphuea’ and In Pettle's 'Petite Fall a c e < with. Parallels from Shakespeare, "University of Michigan Publication, Language and Literature," Vol. XI. New York: Macmillan Co., 1926. Vander Haeghen, F., Vanden Bergh®, H., and Arnold, Th. J. I. Bibliotheca Erasmiana, Bibliographie des oeuvres d»Erasme Adagia. Gand, 1897. Wolf, Gustav. Quellenkunde der deutschen Reformationsgeschichte Band I. Gotha, 1915.