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Late La Tène Pottery of the Nene and Welland Valleys, Northamptonshire: With particular reference to Channel-rim Jars 9780860549925, 9781407319124

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Appendix 1
Abbreviations
Bibliography
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5

Citation preview

Late La Tene Pottery ofthe Nene and Welland Valleys, Northamptonshire With particular reference to Channel-rim Jars

R.M. Friendship-Taylor

BAR British Series 280 1999

BAR

PUBLISHING

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

1 .

1

1 . 1 A ims

1

1 . 2 S tudy a rea

1

1 . 3 Me thod

1

1 . 4 P rob lems o fd a t ing P i t sa nd D i tches

5

1 . 5

G eo log y , S o l id a nd D r if t

5

1 . 6

R e l ief a nd D ra inag e

5

1 . 7

A va i lab le r esources

6

1 . 8

B ackg round t oe ar ly s e t t lemen t

6

1 . 9

H i l lf or t sa nd ma jor s e t t lemen t s

7

1 . 10 Sma l ler s e t t l emen t s

8

1 . 11 L a ter I ron Age s e t t l emen ta nd t r ad e

9

1 . 12 P o t t ery

1 0

1 . 13 T rad e

1

CHAPTER

2 .

FORMS

1 2

2 . 1

I n troduc t ion . L oca lt r ad i t ions i nt h eI r on Age

1 2

2 . 2

T he c hanne l -r im j a r

1 3

2 . 3

Me thod so f manuf ac ture

1 3

2 . 4

D ecora t ion o fc hanne l -r im j ar s

1 3

2 . 5

Da t ing c hanne l -r im j ar s

1 6

S e lec ted s i te a s ses smen t s : H a rd ing s ton e

1 6

A sh ley

1 6

Week ley

1 6

C amp H i l l

1 6

H a rdw ick P a rk

1 7

Wee ley

1 7

Mou l ton P a rk

1 7

P idd ing ton

1 7

2 . 6

C hanne l r im j ar sa nd t h e ir d i s t r ibu t ion i nt h eN ene & W e l land v a l ley s

1 8

2 . 7

I mpor t ed C on t inen ta lP o t tery

1 8

2 . 8

C op ies o fI mpor ted F inewares

2 1

2 . 9

L a te L a TMe P o t tery

2 1

2 . 10

R im & B ase t ypes

2 2

2 . 11

G enera ls ummary o ff orms

2 2

CHAPTER 3 . LOCAL FABR ICS & SURFACE TREATMENTS

3 1

3 . 1

G rogged Ware ( G r /W )

3 1

3 . 2

D escr ip t ion o fg rogged w are w i thou tq uar t z

3 1

3 . 3

D escr ip t ion o fg rogged w are w i th q uar t z

3 1

3 . 4

D ecora t ion o fg rogged w are

3 2

3 . 5

D escr ip t ion o fc ha lk , l imes tone o rs he l l -f i l led w are

3 2

3 . 6

S urf ace T rea tmen to fc ha lk , l imes tone o rs he l l -f i l led w are

3 2

3 . 7

Descr ip t ion o fg rey s andy w are ( r educed w are )

3 3

3 . 8

F orms o fg rey s andy w are

3 3

3 . 9

D ecora t ion o fg rey s andy w are

3 3

CHAPTER 4 . GRAM MAR OF DECORATED ELE MENTS

3 4

CHAPTER 5 . BR IEF S TUDIES OF CO MPARAT IVE MATER IAL

4 1

5 . 1

T he d i s tr ibu t ion o fl a te I ron Age c o ins i nt h eN ene & W e l land V a l leys

4 1

5 . 2

T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fe ar ly t om id -f i r s tc en tury R oman c o ins

5 . 3

i nN or thamp tonsh ire

5 0

T he d i s tr ibu t ion o fc er ta in l a te L a T i .ne a nd e ar ly R oman b rooch t y pes

5 0

CHAPTER 6 . D ISCUSS ION 6 . 1

5 1

L a te I ron Age i mpor ted p o t te ry : G a l lo B e lg ic ,A r re t ine w ares a nd Amphorae

5 1

6 . 1 .1

P re -Conques tG a l lo -Be lg ic p o t te ry f rom N or thamp tonsh ire

5 1

6 . 1 .2

P re -Conques tA r re t ine a nd S ou th G au l ish s am ian w are ( TS )

5 1

6 . 1 .3

P re Conques ti mpor ted Amphorae

5 2

6 . 2

POST CONQUEST I MPORTS

5 2

6 . 2 .1

G a l lo -Be lg ic & c l ose d er iva t ives

5 2

6 . 2 .2

C laud io/N eron ian S am ian

5 2

6 . 2 .3

P os tC onques ta mphorae i mpor t s

5 2

6 . 3 .1

L oca lp o t te ry b ef ore a nd a f ter t h e C onques t

5 3

6 . 3 .2

F ine w ares : T he L a TMe t r ad i t ion

5 3

6 . 3 .3

F ine w ares : Ga l lo -Roman i nf luence

5 4

6 . 4 .1

L oca lp o t te ry : c hanne l -r im j ar s

5 5

1

6 . 4 .2

L oca lf i ne w ares

6 . 5 .1

T he R oman isa t ion o fG au l , b ef ore a nd a f ter 5 2BC , a nd c onnex ions b e tween

5 5

B r i ta in & G au li nt h eL a t eI r on A g e

5 6

6 . 5 .2

E f f ec to ft h eR oman C onques ti nl ow land B r i ta in

5 6

6 . 5 .3

T he i n trod uc t ion o ft h ew hee la nd o t her t e chn ica li mprovemen t s

5 8

6 . 6 .1

T he p o t t ery i ni t sw id er c on t ex t : s h if t ing s e t t l emen ta nd t h eg row th o fl a rger c en tres o fp o pu la t ion

5 9

CHAPTER 7 . CONCLUS IONS

6 1

7 . 1 .1

A ch ievemen t s

6 1

7 . 1 .2

P rob lems

6 1

7 . 1 .3

T he c hanne l -r im j ar

6 1

7 . 1 .4

T he s i gn if icance o ft h ec hanne l -r im j ar a nd t h er e la t ionsh ip o fc o ins , b rooches a nd i mpor t ed p o t t ery

6 2

F u ture w ork

6 2

7 . 2

Append ix 1 LATE LA TENE POTTERY FROM NORTHAMPTONS H IRE AND I TS S ITE CONTEXTS TOGETHER WITH LATE LA T ENE POTTERY FRO M A CRE MAT ION CEMETERY AT ODELL ( Ou se V a l ley ) BEDFORDSHIRE

6 3

B ib l iography

2 44

TABLES T ab le 1 T ab le 2 T ab le 3

R im d iame t er so fc hanne l r immedj a r s

1 4

R im d iame ter s , e xpres s ed i nb a rc ha r tf orm R eca l ibra t ed C arbon 1 4d a tes f or W eek ley

1 4 5 4

F IGURES F ig . 1

S i t el o ca t ion map m en t ioned i nt e x t

2

F ig . 2

R e l ief a nd d ra inage map o fN or thamp ton sh i r e

4

F ig . 3

Ma jo rd i s r ibu t ion o fC hanne l -R im J a r sa nd t h e i rm a jo r r im c ha rac te r i s t ic s

1 9

F ig . 4

R im t ype s

2 3

F ig . 5

B a se t ype s

2 4

1 1

F ig . 6

F o rm t y pe s 1-6 . 1

2 5

F ig . 7

F o rm t y pe s6 . 2 -1 4

2 7

F ig . 8

F o rm t ype s 1 5 -1 9 +I mpo r t ed f i n ewa r e s

2 9

F ig . 9

P o t t e ry d e co ra t ive s t y le s( 1 -23 )

3 5

F ig . 1 0

P o t te ry d e co ra t iv es t y le s( 2 4 -41 )

3 7

F ig . 1

P o t te ry d eco ra t ive s t y le s (4 2 -63 )

3 9

F ig . 1 2

P a in ted p o t te ry m o t if s

4 0

F ig . 1 3

I r on A ge c o in d i s t r ibu t ion m ap : u n in s c r ibed ,p o t in a nd c u r r ency b a r s

4 2

F ig . 1 4

I r on Ag ec o in d i s t r ibu t ion m ap : T a s c iovanu s

4 3

F ig . 1 5

I r on A ge c o in sd i s t r ibu t ion m ap : C unobe l in

4 4

F ig . 1 6

I r on Age c o in d i s t r ibu t ion m ap :D obumü & C or ie l tauv i

4 5

F ig . 1 7

D i s t r ibu t ion o fm id -f i r s tc en tu ry R oman c o in s

4 6

F ig . 1 8

D i s t r ibu t ion m ap o f : R o se t t e &L ang ton D own b roo ch e s

4 8

F ig . 1 9

D i s t r ibu t ion m ap o f : N au rh e im & S t ead t y pe b roo ch e s

4 8

F ig . 2 0

D i s t r ibu t ion m ap o f : A uc i s sa & H od H i l lb r ooche s

4 9

F ig . 2 1

D i s t r ibu t ion m ap o f : C o lch e s t e r &P enannu la rb roo ch e s

4 9

F ig . 2 2

A ldw in c le : l o ca t ion m ap

6 6

F ig . 2 3

A ldw inc le : P o t te ry 1

6 9

F ig . 2 4

A ldw inc le :P o t t e ry 2

7 1

F ig . 2 5

A sh ley ( N r . Ma rke tH a rbo rough ) : l o ca t ion m ap

7 2

F ig . 2 6

A sh ley : P o t t e ry 1

7 5

F ig . 2 7

A sh ton : l o ca t ion m ap

7 6

F ig . 2 8

A sh ton : P o t t e r y 1

7 9

F ig . 2 9

A sh ton : P o t t e ry 2

8 1

F ig . 3 0

A sh ton : P o t t e ry 3

8 3

F ig . 3 1

A sh ton : P o t t e ry 4

8 5

F ig . 3 2

A sh ton P o t t e ry 5

8 7

F ig . 3

C amp H i l l : l o ca t ion m ap

8 9

F ig . 3 4

C amp H i l l : P o t t e ry 1

9 1

F ig . 3 5

C row H i l l : l o ca t ion m ap

9 2

F ig . 3 6

C row H i l l : P o t t e ry 1

9 4

F ig . 3 7

Du s ton I :l o ca t ion m ap

9 6

F ig . 3 8

Du s ton I :P o t t e ry 1

9 9

F ig . 3 9

Du s ton I :P o t t e ry 2

1 01

F ig . 4 0

Du s ton I :P o t t e ry 3

1 03

F ig . 4 1

Du s ton I :P o t t e ry 4

1 04

F ig . 4 2

Du s ton I :P o t t e ry 1

1 06

F ig . 4 3

Du s ton I :P o t t e ry 2

1 08

i v

F ig . 4 4

D u s ton I :P o t t e ry 3

10

F ig . 4 5

G r endon : l o ca t ion m ap

11

F ig . 4 6

G r endon : P o t t e ry 1

13

F ig . 4 7

H ack le ton : l o ca t ion m ap

15

F ig . 4 8

H a ck le ton : P o t t e ry 1

17

F ig . 4 9

H a rd ing s tone : l o ca t ion m ap

19

F ig . 5 0

H a rd ing s tone :P o t te ry 1

1 21

F ig . 5 1

H a rd ing s ton e :P o t te ry 2

1 23

F ig . 5 2

H a rd ing s ton e :P o t t e ry 3

1 25

F ig . 5 3

H a rd ing s tone :P o t te ry 4

1 27

F ig . 5 4

H a rd ing s tone : P o t t e ry 5

1 29

F ig . 5

H a rdw ick P a rk : l o ca t ion m ap

1 30

F ig . 5 6

H a rdw ick P a rk :P o t te ry 1

1 33

F ig . 5 7

H a rdw ick P a rk :P o t t e ry 2

1 34

F ig . 5 8

H a r r ingwo r th , S i b ley s : L o ca t ion m ap

1 35

F ig . 5 9

H a r r ingwo r th : P o t t e ry 1

1 38

F ig . 6 0

Mou l ton P a rk : l o ca t ion m ap

1 39

F ig . 6 1

Mou l ton P a rk :P o t te ry 1

1 42

F ig . 6 2

Mou l ton P a rk :P o t te ry 2

1 44

F ig . 6 3

Mou l ton P a rk :P o t t e ry 3

1 46

F ig . 6 4

Mou l ton P a rk :P o t t e ry 4

1 48

F ig . 6 5

P idd ing ton : l o ca t ion m ap

1 50

F ig . 6 6

P idd ing ton : P o t t e ry 1

1 53

F ig . 6 7

P idd ing ton : P o t t e ry 2

1 55

F ig . 6 8

P idd ing ton : P o t te ry 3

1 57

F ig . 6 9

P idd ing ton : P o t te ry 4

1 59

F ig . 7 0

P idd ing ton : P o t t e ry 5

1 61

F ig . 7 1

P idd ing ton : P o t t e ry 6

1 62

F ig . 7 2

P idd ing ton : P o t t e ry 7

1 63

F ig . 7 3

Q u in ton : l o ca t ion m ap

1 65

F ig . 7 4

Q u in ton : P o t t e ry 1

1 68

F ig . 7 5

Q u in ton : P o t t e ry 2

1 70

F ig . 7 6

Q u in ton :P o t t e ry 3

1 72

F ig . 7 7

R u shd en : l o ca t ion map

1 73

F ig . 7 8

R u shd en : P o t t e ry 1

1 77

F ig . 7 9

R u shden : P o t t e ry 2

1 79

F ig . 8 0

R u shden : P o t te ry 3

1 81

F ig . 8 1

R u shden : P o t t e ry 4

1 83

F ig . 8 2

R u shden : P o t t e ry 5

1 85

F ig . 8 3

R u shden : P o t t e ry 6

1 87

F ig . 8 4

R u shden :P o t t e ry 7

1 89

F ig . 8 5

R u shden : P o t t e ry 8

1 91

F ig . 8 6

R u shden :P o t t e ry 9

1 93

F ig . 8 7

R u shden :P o t t e ry 1 0

1 95

F ig . 8 8

R u shden : P o t t e ry 1

1 97

F ig . 8 9

R u shden : P o t t e ry 1 2

2 00

F ig . 9 0

R u shd en : P o t t e ry 1 3

2 02

F ig . 9 1

R u shden :P o t t e ry 1 4

2 04

F ig . 9 2

R u shd en : P o t t e ry 1 5

2 07

F ig . 9 3

R u shd en : P o t t e ry 1 6

2 09

F ig . 9 4

S t anw ick : l o ca t ion map

2 11

F ig . 9 5

S t anw ick :P o t t e ry 1

2 15

F ig . 9 6

S t anw ick : P o t t e ry 2

2 17

F ig . 9 7

S t anw ick : P o t t e ry 3

2 19

F ig . 9 8

Wake r ley : l o ca t ion m ap

2 20

F ig . 9 9

Wake r ley : P o t t e ry 1

2 23

F ig .100

Wak e r ley : P o t t e ry 2

2 25

F ig :101

Week ley : l o ca t ion m ap

2 26

F ig .102

Week ley : P o t t e ry 1

2 30

F ig .103

Wee ldey : P o t t e ry 2

2 32

F ig .104

We ek ley : P o t t e ry 3

2 34

F ig .105

Unp rovenan ced N o r thamp ton sh i r eP o t ter y

2 35

F ig .106

O de l l : c em e t e ry 1

2 37

F ig .107

O d e l l : c em e t e ry 2

2 39

F ig .108

O d e l l : c eme t e ry 3

2 41

F ig .109

O de l l : c eme t e ry 4

2 43

v i

A cknow ledgemen t s

T h is v o lume i st h e r e su l t o fa n M . P h i l . t h e s i s , c omp le ted i n 1 998 a t t h e U n ive r s i ty o f N o t t ingham . Ih ave r e ce ived t h e g rea tes t h e lp , s uppor t a nd f r iend ly e ncou ragemen t , t oge th e r w i th a l l t h e n e ce s sa ry a dv ice , f r om m y s up erv iso r , J e ff r ey May a nd a l so m y w if e E l izabe th , Is hou ld a l so l i ke t ot hank h e r f o rt h e s t i mu la t ing d i scu s s ion s t ha t w e h av e h ad t h roughou ta nd f o rp roof r e ad ing t he t ex t . Iw ou ld a l so l i ke t ot hank S he i la S tone , C u ra to r , N or thamp ton Mu s eum s , f o r p rov id ing s t udy f a c i l i t ie s i nt h e N or thamp ton A rch ive a nd t oh e r s t af f , R ober t Moo re , K eep e r o f A rchaeo logy ; Wendy P a r ry , f o rme r A s s is tan t K eepe r o f A rchaeo logy a nd a l so t o t h e f o rme r A s s i s tan t K e eper o f A rchaeo logy , Ma rk C u r te i s , a l l o f whom h ave p rov ided m e w i th e ve ry a s s i s tanc e a nd p u t u p w i th my many r eque s t s . D ona ld Mack re th g ave much h e lpfu l a dv ic e o n t h e d i s t r ibu t ion a nd s i gn if icance o f f i rs t c en tu ry

s t udy t h e l a te I r on Age p o t te ry f r om S tanw ick a nd f o r f r u i t fu l d i scu s s ion s o n t h i s ma te r ia l ; t o R og e r G oodbu rn a nd S a l ly S t ow f o r g ene ra l a dv ice a nd e ncou ragemen t ; t o F ranz i ska D ov ene r , o f t h e Un ive r s i ty o f Mannhe im , G e rmany , f o r h e lp w i th p o s s ib le l a te I r on A ge a nd e a r ly R oman p o t te ry p a ra l le l s i n G ermany ; t o m y f r iend , C a r K a le e , o f N i jke rk , T he N e th e r land s a nd h i s c o l league R ober t v an D e r endon l c , o f t h e S t a te A rchaeo logy S e rv ice ( ROB ) , f o r a s s i s tance w i th Du tch p a ra l le l s a nd t h e u se s o f c e r ta in t ype s o f p o t te ry i n t h e N e th e r land s . A cknow ledgemen t i s made h e re o ft h e e no rmou s a moun t o f w o rk o n t h e e a r l ie r I r on A ge , b y D enn i s J a ck son , t oge the r w i th h i s p rod ig iou s p ubl i ca t ion r e co rd . And t o t h e many h e lpfu l d i s cu s s ion s w e h ave h ad o n t he N o r thamp ton sh i r eI r on A ge i ng ene ra l . A l so , t he c omp l imen ta ry s t udy o ft h e l a te B ronze A ge a nd

b rooche s a nd e a r ly R oman c o in s i nt h e r eg ion o f t h eN ene v a l ley .

E a r ly h on A ge i nt h e N ene a nd O u se V a l ley s b y D av id Kn igh t( s e eb i b l iog raphy b e low ) .

F o rv a luab le d i scu s s ion s , a l l o f wh ich h ave b een mo s t h e lpfu l , I am g ra tefu l t o : S he i la E isdon , V a le ry R igby , And rew Macdona ld , L ind say

Ih ave a l so r e c e ived much h e lp a nd a dv ice o n c ompu te r ma t te r s f r om my f r iend s E d . B ag in sk i , J e r emy Wood row a nd e spec ia l ly K a ren H owa rd w ho h a s h e lped m e o u t o f ap o t en t ia l d i sa s te r w i th m yT he s i s .

R o l lo a nd D enn i s J a ck son . R oy T u r land h a s a l so g ene rou s ly a l lowed m e t o u se s ome o f h i s i lu s t ra t ion s o f l a te I r on a ge p o t te ry d eco ra t ive mo t if s . Ih ave a l so r e c e ived c on s ide rab le h e lp a nd a dv ice w i th t h e A sh ton p o t te ry , f r om E l izabe th MacRober t f o rme r p o t te ry a s s i s tan t a t t h e Nor thamp ton sh ire A rchaeo log ica l Un i t a nd J ohn H a c iman , t h e o r ig ina l e xcava to r o f t h e A sh ton s i te ,g ave much v a luab le a s s i s tan ce .

T h e r eh ave a l so b e en many o the ro cca s ion sw hen o t he r h e lp a nd a dv ice w a s g i ven b y p eop le t o o n um e rou s t o m en t ion . T o t h e se a nd a nyone I h ave i n adver ten t ly om i t ted , Ie xp r es s my s i nce r e g ra t i tud ea nd t hank s .

Is hou ld a l so l i ke t o of e r t hank s t o t h e l a te

F ina l ly , a l l t h e m ap s a nd p o t te r y i lu s t ra t ion s , t o ge the rw i th t h e r e sea rch n ece ssa ry t oc on s truc t

Ma r t in H owe , C u ra to r o fP e te rbo rough Mu seum , f o rt he u se o ff a c i l i t ie s ; t oR ob P er r in , o fE ng l i sh

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t h e

CHAPTER 1

S umma ry N or thamp tonsh ire i sd i v id ed b y t wo ma jor r i ver v a l ley s , t h a t o ft h e N ene a nd t h e W e l land , b o th o f w h ich f low i n as ou th -wes tt on or th -eas td i rec t ion . P re l im inary s t udy o ft h ep o t tery f rom t h e r eg ion s ugges ts t ha tt h eN ene v a l ley s t ood o n t h e e dge o fa c u l tura lb oundary . More d e ta i led s t udy o ft h e c u l tura l ma ter ia lh as s hown t ha tt h e v a l ley o ft h e r i ver N ene mus th ave p layed as ign if ican tr o le b yf orm ing an a tura lb ounda ry . T wen ty s i tes , s ome o fw h ich h ave b een p rev ious ly p ub l ished , h ave b een e x tens ive ly s t ud ied . P o t tery f rom many u npub l ished s i tes a re c ons id ered f or t h ef i r s tt ime i nt h is w ork . T he s t udy a nd i lus tra t ion o ft h ep o t tery f rom t h ese s i tes w as s e lec ted o n t h e b as is o ft h eg rea tv ar ie ty o ff orms p resen t . P os s ib ly t h e mos t s i gn if ican tf orm t o e merge f rom t h is s t udy w as t h e s eem ing ly mundane c hanne l -r im j ar , e spec ia l ly c ommon i nt h e u pper N ene v a l ley , b u t r are ly o ccur ing f ar ther t han 6m i les ( 9 .66 k m . n or th o ft j he r i ver N ene . I tw as a l so v e ry c ommon o n s i tes i nt h e n ex t ma jor v a l ley s y s tem t ot h es ou th , t ha to ft h e G rea tO us e , i nB edf ord sh ire a nd n or th B uck inghamsh ire . T h is f orm o fv esse l w as e x t reme ly c ommon i n t h ese a reas d ur ing t h e e ar ly f i r s t c en tury AD a nd c o inc id ed w i th t h ea d ven to fi mpor ted G a l lo -Be lg ic w ares . T he c hanne l -r im j ar c on t inued i nu se , w i th o n ly s ub t le c hanges t oi t sf orm , i n to t h es econd c en tury AD . I n t h is s t udy , i tw as a l so n o ted t ha ta l though c hanne l -r im j ars w ere i nu se s ome t wo d ecad es b ef ore t h e C onques t , t h ere w as a n e normous i n cr ea se i n t h e n umber o f s i tes i n t h e a rea u s ing a nd manuf ac tur ing t h ese j ar sf o l low ing t h e C onques t , p reumab ly f u lf i l l ing t h e d emand so fb o th t r ade a nd t h eR oman a rmy , w h ich i nf luenced t h e i n crease i nt h is p o t tery . O ther f oms o fe v id ence w ere a l so s t ud ied b r ief ly f or c ompar ison , s uch a st h e d i s tr ibu t ion o fI ron Age c o inage a nd v ar ious t y pes o fl a te L a T 6 ie a nd e ar ly R oman b rooches . A l l o ft h ese c onf irm t h e e x is tence o f ac hange i n ma ter ia lo b jec t sa nd , t o ge ther w i th a l lt h e e v id ence , s ugges tt ot h e w r i ter t h e e x is tence o f as epara t e c u l tura lg roup o rs ep tb etween t h e G rea tO use a nd t h eN ene a nd t ot h e s ou th o ft h e c en tra l u p land s o fN or thamp tonsh ire , b etween t h e N ene a nd t h e W e l land , p erhaps w i th t h e ir c en tres a ts uch s i t es a sP idd ing ton a nd W eek ley . T hese w ere p robab ly h igh s t a tus s i tes f rom a t l eas t t h ef i r s tq ua ter o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD . Ano ther e xp lana t ion f or t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fc er ta in c l as ses o f ma ter ia lm igh t b e ac l ose e conom ic o r t r ad ing r e la t ionsh ip b e tween s ma l ler g roups o r s ep t s , w h ich w ou ld t e nd t o b lur a ny d ef in i t ion o f a c tua lc u l tura lo rt r iba lb oundar ies , i fi nd eed t h ey e x is t ed i nt h is f orm .

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F ig . 1 .S i t el o ca t ion m ap m en t ioned i nt e x t .A l la r e l o ca t ed i nN or thamp tonsh i r eu n l e ss n o t ed i n p a r en thes is .

D a t es f or e a r l ier I r on A g e p o t tery t h roughou t t h i s w o rk f o l low ( D . K n igh t 1 984 ) ( u n le s s o t herw is es t a t ed ) .

I n 1 984 , D . Kn igh tp ub l i shed h i sd o c to ra l t h e s i s f o r t he U n iv e r s i ty o f Ox f o rd o n l a t e B ronz e A ge a nd e a r l ie rI r on A ge s e t t lemen ti nt h eN ene a nd G rea t O u se b a s in s . H i s s u rvey e nded a tt h e b eg inn ing o ft h el a s tp ha se o ft h e I r on A ge w i th t h e a ppea r an ce o fh i s ' Ea r l ie s t B e lg ic p o t te ry ' . T he a im o ft h i ss t udy i st os e ew ha th appened t o t h e p o t t e ry i nt h e r eg ion f r om t h e p o in t w h e r e Kn igh t 's s t udy c onc lud ed , t o e s tab l i sh w h e the r t h e re a r e a ny s i gn if i can t c ha rac t e r i s t ic s wh ich a r e s pec if i c t o t h e r eg ion , a nd t o d i scu s s t h e q ue s t ion o fi n f lu ence f r om e l s ewhe r e .

1 . 2 S tud ya rea T he a r ea s e lec t ed f o r s t udy c omp r i se s t h e who le o f t h e m od e rn c oun ty o f N o r thamp ton sh i r e , i n c lud ing t h ev a l ley so f t h e We l land ,N ene a nd , w he r e a pp rop r ia te , s i t e s t ot h e s ou th , i n n o r th B edf o rd sh i r e ( Ou se V a l ley ) a nd n o r th B u ck ingham sh i r e . A s Ih av e l i ved a nd w o rked i n a r cha eo logy i n t h e r e g ion f o r t h e p a s t 3 2 y ea r s , Iw a s i n ag ood c en t ra l p o s i t ion t oc a r ry o u t ad e ta i led i n ve s t iga t ion o ft h e l a t e I r on A g e a nd e a r l ie s t R omano -B r i t i sh p o t ter y i n t h i s r e g ion .

A p a r t icu la r f e a tu re o f t h i s w o rk i s t h e d ef in i t ion o ft h ec hanne l r im j a r ,w h ich s e em st o b e c oncen t ra t ed w i th in t h e a r ea o fm y s t udy . A t ten t ion h a s b e en p a id t ot h e s i te s w h e r e t h e p o t te ry w a s f ound , t o e s tab l i sh t h e b a s i s f o r d i s t r ibu t ion s , a nd e l ic i t e xcava to r s ' o p in ion s a s t oc on tex t s a nd d a te s . I ti sb eyond t h e s c op e o f t h e w o rk , h ow ev e r , t o a t temp t d e ta i led i n ve s t iga t ion o f t h e a r ch iv e s o f e a ch s i t e t o v e r if y i t s s t ra t ig raphy a nd v a l ida t e p o t t e ry c on tex t sa nd c h rono logy .

1 . 3 Me thod I ti sn o tp o s s ib le i n aw o rk o ft h i s k ind t os t udy e v e ry a sp ec t o f t h e l a t e I r on A ge a nd e a r ly R omano -B r i t i sh p o t t e ry i n t h e r eg ion . I n p a r t icu la r , p rop e r p o t t e ry f a br ic a na ly s i s r e qu i r e s r e cou r se t ol a bo ra to ry -ba sed t e chn iqu e s a nd s c ien t if i cs k i l l sw h ich a r eb eyond t h e s cop e o f t h i s M .Ph i l . t h e s i s . N o s y s tema t ic f a b r ic a na ly s i s , t h e r e f o r e , h a s b een a t temp ted , e xcep t f o r b a s ic v i sua l c ompa r i son s , f o r e xamp le , b e tw e en c a lc i te / she l l t empe r ed w a re a nd g rogged w a r e . B u t o t he r a sp ec t s o f l a t e I r on A g e p o t t e ry , s u ch a st h e f o rm s , p a r t icu la r ly o f t h e c hann e l r im j a r , w e r e c on s id e r ed mo r e s u i tab le f o r t h i s r e sea r ch , t oge the r w i th d e co ra t ion , d i s t r ibu t ion a nd c on t ex t .

T o t h i s e nd , v a r iou s c o l lec t ion s h ave b een s t ud ied . T he N o r thamp ton Mu seum A r ch iv ea nd t h et hen N o r thamp ton sh i r eA r chaeo log ica lU n i t , p rov ided m o s t o f t h e s i te s a nd p o t t e ry . B o th P e te rbo rough Mu seum a nd i t s A r ch ive w e r e v i s i ted i n t h e s e a r ch f o r t h e i mpo r tan t A sh ton e a r ly d i t ch g roup ( s e e b e low ) ( Hadman & U pex 1 977 , 9 ) . A v i s i t w a s a l so m ad e t o E ng l i sh H e r i tag e ' s C en t ra l E x cava t ion U n i t a t F or t C umb e r land , S ou th sea , H amp sh i r e , t os t udy t h e r e levan t p o t te ry f r om S t anw ick , N or thamp ton sh i r e , a nd a l so t o t h e J ew ry Wa l l Mu seum , L e ice s te r , t o e xam ine t h e e x t en s iv e c o l lec t ion s o f f i e ld s u rv ey m a te r ia l f r om t h e Medbou rn ea r ea o ft h e We l land V a l ley .

A s c hanne l r im j a r s a r e u b iqu i tou s i nt h e s t udy a r ea , i t w a s t h ough t u s ef u l t o p ay p a r t icu la r a t ten t ion t ot h i s t y p e , a nd t os t udy m e thod s o f t h e i r m anu f a c tu r e a nd d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd a l so t o c ompa r e t h e i r o ccu r r en ce w i th o the r a r tef ac t s , s u ch a sc o in s ( b o th I r on A g e a nd e a r ly R oman ) a nd b roo che s , e v en t h ough t h e c o in s a nd b roo ch e sw i l ln o tf o rm t h ep r ima ry f o cu so ft h i s s t udy . I n s uppo r t o ft h i s r e sea r ch , o t he r c on t empo ra ry p o t te ry f o rm sw e r es t ud ied a nd d r awn t og i v ea n o v e r a l lp i c tu r eo f t h er ang e

A l l t he p o t t e ry f r om t h e s i t e s c ho sen h a s b e en s e en a nd s e lec t iv e ly d rawn . C er ta in i mpo r tan t g roup s w h ich t h e w r i te rk now s t oh av e e x i s t ed , f r om R u shd en , ( e xcava t ion b y P . Wood s ) , I r che s te r , ( J .K . K n igh t ) a nd A sh ton , ( J .Hadman a nd S .Upex ) a r e m i s s ing , d e sp i t e e x ten s iv e d i scu s s ion a nd s e a rche si nt h eN o r thamp ton a nd P e te rbo rough A r ch ive s . J . H adman h a s a l so s e a rched h i s s t o r e a t A sh ton M i l l , b u t t o n o a va i l .

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t h e p r ima ry o r r a p id s i l t m igh t b e q u i te c on t empo ra ry a nd t h e r ef o re c l o s e ly d a ted ( b u t t h i sd oe sn o to fc ou r se a l low f o rr e s idua lp o t t e ry w h ich m igh t f i nd i t se lf w i th in t h i s i n i t ia l g roup ) . P o t t e ry a r r iv ing l a te r i na ny s e conda ry o rs ub s equ en t l a ye r s c ou ld h ave ac on s ide rab le l o ng d a t e s pan ( a ga in w i th t h e c avea t o f r e s idua l i ty ) . P o t t e ry f r om t h e se d i tch /p i t l a y e r s w ou ld n eed t ob et r ea t ed w i th s om ec au t ion .

o f a s so c ia ted f o rm t y p e s a nd , w h e r e p o s s ib le , t h e i r d a t e so fi n t roduc t ion a nd e v o lu t ion . A l l t h i s e v iden ce h a s b e en c o r re la ted , t o d emon s t ra t e t h a t t h e r e i s c on s ide rab le s i gn if icance i n t h e d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn s o f t h e se v a r iou s e l em en t s w h ich a r e c en t r ed o n t h e N ene V a l ley . T h e c o in e v idenc e i n p a r t icu la r i nd ica te s a d i s ce rn ib le s h if t o f e mpha s i s t h rough t ime , t o ge th e r w i th p o s s ib le ma rke t c en t r e s /d i s t r ibu t ion a nd t h e l i k e ly l o ca t ion o fe a r ly R oman m i l i ta ry a c t iv i t ie s i n t h e a r ea . T h i s t h e s i s a im s t oi n t e r re la te t h i s e v idence , d e r ived f r om t h e s t udy o ft h e p o t t e ry a nd h igh l igh t ing t h e q u e s t ion o fi d en t if i ca t ion o ft h e r eg iona l d if e r en ce s , p a r t icu la r ly t h a t o f t h e c ha nne l - r im j a r a nd i t s l o c a t ion b e tw e en t h et wo g rea tr i ve rv a l ley s o ft h eN ene a nd t h e O u se .

1 . 5 G eo logy , S o l id a nd D r if t . T h e g eo logy o f N o r thamp ton sh i r e h a s b e en c on s id e r ed i no rde r t op u t t h e v a r iou s s i te s t h a t h av e b een s t ud ied i n to t h e i r c o r re c t g eo log ica l s e t t ing a nd i n s ome i n s tance s h a s a d i r ec t e conom ic r e a son f o r i t s l o ca t ion . T h i s h a s b e en a ch i ev ed b y u s ing a n umbe r o f w o rk s w i th i n f o rma t ion r e levan t t ot h e a r chaeo logy o ft h e r e g ion , c u l led f r om i s su e s o f N o r thamp ton sh i r e A r cha eo logy a nd s ununa r i sed f r om t h e v a r iou s RCHME I nv en to ry v o lum e s f o r N o r thamp t o n sh i r e .

1 . 4 P rob lem so fd a t ing P i t sa nd D i t che s O ne o ft h ep rob lem so fd i tch o rp i ts t ra t if i ca t ion i s n a tu ra l s i l t ing . A t t h e l a t e I r on A g e a nd R omano -Br i t i sh v i l la s i te a t P idd ing ton , c u r ren t ly u nd e r e x cava t ion b y t h e a u tho r , a n e xpe r imen tw a s c a r r ied o u tb e tw e en t h e m on th s o f O c tobe r 1 994 a nd Ma r ch 1 9 95 t o t e s t t h e a moun t o f s i l t ing w h ich o c cu r r ed i n af u l ly e xcava t ed d i t ch .

T h e u p land s t ot h e n o r th o ft h e r i v e r N ene a nd s ou th o ft h e We l land r i se t o am ax imum o f4 90 f e e t ( 1 50m . ) T hey a r e c app ed b y g l ac ia l ly d e r ived d epo s i t s , w i th t h e u nd e r ly ing J u ra s s ic r o ck s e xpo sed i n p l ace s a l ong t h e s i de s o f v a l ley s , c au sed b y t h e g r ea td own cu t t ing o ft h e r i v e r s a nd t h e g r ad ing o ft h e t r ibu ta ry s t ream s l e ad ing t ot h em . Ac on s id e rab le r ang e o f r o ck t y p e s i s v i s ib le t h roughou t t h e s t udy a r ea . T yp ica l ly , t h ey i n c lude t h e L ow e r L ia s C lay , s i l t s a nd c l ay s o f t h e M idd le L ia s , s and s , l im e s ton e s a nd c l ay s o f t h e O o l i te s e r ie s , t o g e th e r w i th t h e Ox f o rd C lay d epo s i t s o f t h e U pp e r J u ra s s ic .

T he d i tch , F 180 ( t h e p r ima ry a r cha eo log ica l f i l l ( no t s i l t ) w a s c on s i s t en t ly d a t ed t h roughou t i t s l e ng th t o t h e C laud io N e ron ian p e r iod ) , m ea su r ed a pp rox ima t e ly 1 . 5m w id e b y . 9 0m d eep - m ea su r emen t t a k en f r om n a tu ra l . T h e d i tch w a s c l eaned t oi t s n a tu ra l p r of i le t owa rd s t h e e nd o f O c tob e r 1 994 a nd t h en a l low ed t o e r ode o r s i l t u p o ve r t h e w in t e r m on th s . T h en , a tt h eb eg inn ing o f Ma r ch 1 995 , t h e e r od ed s i l t i n t h e d i t ch w a s s e c t ion ed . I tw a s f ound , t h a t d u r ing t h e f i v e w in t e r m on th s t h e s i l t ing a moun ted t o s ome . 5 0m . T h i s r a p id s i l t ing w ou ld h ave s e r iou s d a t ing i mp l ica t ion s f o r a ny p o t te ry f ound i nd i t che s a nd p i t s . W i th in a bou t t h ree y ea r s t h e se f e a tu r e s w ou ld b e r a p id ly r e duced t o s ha l low h o l low s , a f t e r t h i s , v ege ta t ion w ou ld t a ke o v e r a nd t h e r a te o ft h e s i l t -up o f t h e d i tch o r p i t w ou ld c on s id e rab ly s l ow u p .

1 . 6 R e l ief a nd D ra inage T opog r aph ica l ly , t h e r e g ion c omp r i se s as e r ie s o fb o th s c a rp a nd c l i p s lop e f e a tu r e s , u nd e r ly ing t h e J u r a s s ic r o ck wh ich s l ope s g ene ra l ly t owa rd st h es ou th -ea s ta nd h a sb een c u ti n to b ya s e r ie so fr i v e rv a l ley sf l ow ing i n to T h e Wa sh . T he m o s t s i gn if i can t f e a tu r e s d om ina t ing t h e N o r thamp ton sh i r e c oun t ry s ide a r et h et wo ma in r i v e rv a l ley so ft h eN ene a nd t h e We l land . B o th a r eb road , w i th e x t en s ive g r ave lt e r race s , wh ich a t t ra c ted much e a r ly s e t t lemen t . O th e r r i ve r s o r

I f ad i tch o r p i t w a s a l lowed t os i l t u p r a p id ly a nd w a s n o tk ep tc l ea r , a ny p o t t e ry d epo s i t ed i n

5

i ss u r rounded b y i r on s tone , a nd p e rhap s i ti sn o c o in c id en c e t h a t t h e h i l l f o r t i ss i ted t h e r e . T he h igh p l a t eau t ot h e s ou th o ft h eN en ev a l ley a nd t h ed epo s i t so fN o r thamp ton s and o ne i the r s i de o ft h eN en e , e s pec ia l ly i nt h e H un sbu ry , D u s ton a nd E c ton a r ea s , c on ta ined many s e t t l emen t s i te s , s om eo fw h ich w e r e s i ted o nN o r thamp ton s and a nd w e r ep robab ly e xp lo i t ing t h e r i ch i r on d epo s i t s .

t r ibu ta r ie s o r ig ina te i n N o r thamp ton sh i r e , e a ch c r ea t ing i t s o wn v a l ley s y s tem s . T h e A von , f o r e xamp le , r i se s i n t h e n o r th -w e s t c o rn e r o ft h e c oun ty a nd f l ow s w e s twa rd s , e ven tua l ly j o in ing t h e S eve rn a tT ewke sbu ry . T he T ov e r i s e s w e s t o fT ow ce s t e r ( i t i ss a id t h a t i n s pa te , t h e r i ve r f l ow s awh i t i sh o r m i lky c o lou r , p r e sumab ly a s i l ty m ix tu r e , p o s s ib ly g i v ing i t s n am e t o t h e R oman t own o f L a c todonun b e s id e w h ich i t p a s s e s ) . T h e T ov e f l ow s i n a n o r th -e a s t d i r e c t ion , l a te r t o j o in t h e G rea t O u s e a t N ewpo r tP agn e l l , B u ck ingham sh i r e , w h ich t h en f l ow s i nt h e s am e g en e ra l d i re c t ion a sb o th t h e N en ea nd t h e We l land , a nd t h en e v en tua l ly i n to T h e Wa sh .

T he l a nd b eh ind t h eN en ev a l ley i sc ov e r ed w i th d r if t , a nd i sa l so o fg l ac ia l o r ig in . I n t h i s a rea a r e t h e Ox f o rd c l ay s o f t h e U pp e r J u ra s s ic , w h ich a r e m a in ly c onf ined t ot h e s ou th -ea s ter n e dg e o f N o r thamp ton sh i r e , b o rd e r ing b o th B ed f o rd sh i r e a nd B uck ingh am sh i r e , w h ich a r e h i gh ly s u i tab le f o r p o t t e ry mak ing . B e cau se o f t h e a bundan t n a tu r e o f t h i s s and a nd c l ay , p o t te ry m ak ing h a sb e en much i ne v iden ce f r om a tl e a s tt h el a t e I r on A ge : o ne h a s o n ly t or e ca l l t h e l a rge a nd s i gn if ican t p o t te ry i n du s t r ie s o f b o th t h e u pp e r N ene v a l ley a t H a rd ing s tone , ( Wood s 1 969 ) , E c ton , ( J ohn s ton 1 969 ) , & ( Ho l low e l l 1 971 , 9 11 )a nd i t ss u r round ing a r ea , a nd t h e e no rmou s l a te r p o t t e r ie s i n t h e l ow e r N en e v a l ley , i n o p e ra t ion f r om a bou t t h e m id s e cond c en tu ry AD , u n t i l t h e e nd o ft h e f ou r th c en tu ry AD , i nt h e a r ea a r ound t h e i mpo r tan t R oman t own o f Du rob r ivae . T h e e qua l ly i mpo r tan t l a t e S axon p o t te ry manu f a c tu r ing c en t r e a tS t am f o rd i nt h e We l land v a l ley , w a s u s ing s im i la r s o u r ce s o fc l ay t ot h a t u s ed b y t h e e a r l ie rR oman i n du s t r ie s .

A n i mpo r tan t b u t m ino r N o r thamp ton sh i r e r i v e ri st h eI s e , w i th i t s o wn v a l ley , w h ich j o in s t h eN ene a lmo s to ppo s i t et h el a t e I r on A g e a nd l a t e r R oman t own o fI r ch e s t e r . T h e m a jo r l a t e r I r on A ge s i t e a t Week ley , 2m i le s ( 3 .22 l a n s . ) n o r th -ea s t o f K e t t e r ing , i ss i ted o n ap l a t eau o v e r look ing t h e I s e v a l ley a nd p r e sum ab ly r e la t e s t o t h e I s e i n s ome w ay . S om e o f t h e h i gh e s t l a nd i n N o r thamp ton sh i r e l i e s t o t h e n o r th -w e s t , w he re t h e h i l l s c an b e q u i t e p rom inen ta nd s t eep s i d ed . A long b o th t h e N en e a nd We l land v a l l ey s t h e r e a r e e x ten s ive d epo s i t s o f g rav e l w i th r a i sed t e r ra ce s , wh ich h ad b een c on t inuou s ly a nd e x t en s iv e ly e xp lo i ted , f o rb u r ia l , s e t t lem en ta nd a g r icu l tu r e ,f r om t h ee a r l ie s tp r eh i s to r ic t im e st o t h ep r es en t .

1 . 8 1 . 7 B ackg round t oe ar ly s e t t lemen t A va i lab le r e source s P a r t s o f t h e r e g ion a r e c ove red b y t r a c t s o f h eavy c l ay land b e twe en t h e N ene a nd t h e We l land . I n t h e u p land s t o t h e s ou th o f t h e We l land , c en t red a round t h e R ock ingham a r ea , l a rg e f o r e s t s w e r e c e r ta in ly i n e x i s t enc e b y t h e Med ieva l p e r iod , s ugg e s ted b y t h e many c ha r coa lb u rn ing s i te s , e spe c ia l ly a ts i t e ss u ch a s Wak e r ley ( J a ck son & Amb ro se 1 978 ) Week ley ( J a ck son 1 987 ) a nd H a rdw ick P a rk ( F o s te r , H a rp e r & Wa tk in s 1 977 ) .

T ot h e n or th -ea s t o ft h e r eg ion , i nt h e We l land v a l ley , i t i se sp ec ialy n o t iceab le t h a tb o th s i d e s o f t h e v a l ley a r e d om ina ted b y e x t en s iv e d epo s i t so fL in co ln sh i r e O o l i t e , mu ch p r ized i n t h e R oman a nd m ed ieva l p e r iod s f o r b o th b u i ld ing a nd s c u lp tu re w o rk . T he l owe rb ed so f t h e L inco ln sh i r e O o l i te w e r e a l so e x ten s iv e ly u sed f r om t h e l a t e r f i r s t c en tu ry o nwa rd s f o r r o of ing , wh ich i s o f t en g i v en t h e n am e o f ' C o l leywe s ton s l a t e ' . O u tc ropp ing a l ong t h e s i d e o ft h e We l land v a l ley a nd t h e d i ps l op e sb eh ind , a r ed epo s i t s o fi r on , wh ich w e r ee xp lo i t ed f r om I r on A ge t ime s o nwa rd s . J a ck son ( 1 979 ) e x cava ted s e v e ra lR oman i r on p rodu c ing s i t e si n t h e We l land v a l ley . T h e a r ea a r ound H un sbu ry

D u r ing t h e l a t e r I r on A g e , t h e l i gh te r b ou lde r c l ay s f o und i n t h e m o re g en t ly r o l l ing c oun t ry s id e t ot h e s ou th o ft h e N ene , a pp ea r t o h av e b een p opu la r w i th e a r ly f a rm e r s , e spe c ia l ly o nt h e h i ghe r g round o ve r look ing t h e

6

N ene v a l ley . T h i s i n c lude s a rea s

s u r round ing

I ti sp e rhap s n oc o inc idence t ha tt h eR oman s i te n ea r K ing s S u t ton , w h ich f i e ld w o rk s how s c ove red a v e ry l a rge a r ea , i s a l so c l o se t o R a in sbo rough . A t Medbou rne ( Le ice s te r sh i re ) , l a te r o ccupa t ion p robab ly m a sk s o u t e a r l ie r

t h e m odern v i l lage s o f L i t t le H ough ton , H ack le ton , B raf ie ld o n t h e G reen a nd C ogenhoe ( Ho l lowe l l 1 971 , 3 19 ) . L a te I r on A ge s e t t lemen t a l so o ccu r s a bove t h e n or th b ank o f t h eN ene , b u to np re sen ti n f orma t ion t e nd s t ob e mo re t h in ly s c a t te red .

o ccupa t ion m a ter ia l . T he re i s a t an ta l i s ing ly s ma l l a moun t o f l a te I r on A ge p o t te ry i n t h e l a rge c o l lec t ion o f p o t te ry g a the red v i a f i e ld w a lk ing , t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f al a rge u nde r ly ing l a te I r on A ge s i te p reda t ing t h eR omano -Br i t ish o ccupa t ion a tt h is s i te s hou ld n o t b e r u led o u t . T h i s movemen t , i nf avou r o ft h e mo re o p en a nd g ene ra l ly l owe r s e t t lemen t s i te s , may r e la te t o e conom ic a s w e l l a s t o s o c ia l r e a son s . T he p o s i t ion o f H un sbu ry s i ted o n , a nd s u r rounded b y , N or thamp ton S and ( i ron s tone ) , w a s

1 . 9 H iW or t sa nd ma jor s e t t lemen t s I nt h e u p land s o fs ou th -w e s t N or thamp ton sh i re , t h e re i s ac l u s te r o ff i ve h i l l f or t s , A rbu ry , A s ton l e Wa l ls , R a in sbo rough , G u i lsbo rough a nd t h e v e ry l a rge e xamp le o f B o rough H i l l n ea r D aven try , 1 50 a c res ( 60 .9 h a ) i n s i ze . F ew h ave b een e xcava ted , a nd o ft h o se wh ich h ave , w o rk

c onven ien t f o r ar e ady s ou rce o f i r on wh ich m ay h ave b een u sed f o r t r ade . When mo s to ft h e

h a s b een s ma l l s ca le . F rom t h e e xcava t ion a t R a in sbo rough , h oweve r , i tw a s d educed t h a t t h e s i te w a s a bandoned a f te r a r e f or t if i ca t ion , s ome t ime b e tween t h e s e cond a nd f i r s t c en tu r ie s BC , p re sumab ly a f te r s om e c onf l ic t ( Ave ry e ta l 1 967 ) . B u t s ome l a te I r on A ge c oa r se a nd f i ne w a re s w e re f ound a nd m en t ioned o n ly c u r sor i ly i n t h e r epor t ( Ave ry e t a l . 1 967 2 92 ) , w h ich c ou ld i mp ly e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry AD a c t iv i ty .

i n te r io r ,b e tween t he r ampar t s , a t Hun sbu ry w a s d e s t royed i nt h e l a te 1 880 ' s , many q ue rn s t one s , s ome i n a n u n f in i shed s t a te , w e re s a id t o h ave b een f ound i n v a r iou s p i t s . S ome o ft h e se s t one s m ay h ave b een t r aded , ( s ee d i scu s s ion ) . B u t , a s I ng le ( 1993 /4 ) o b serve s , many s how v a ry ing d eg r ee s o fw ea r , r ang ing f r om n o w ea r a ta l l t o c on s ide rab le w ea r . T h i s w ou ld s e em t op rec lude p r ima ry t r ade o r t h e u se o f H un sbu ry a s a c en t ra lt r ad ing p o in tf o rq uern s . A ga in , a sI ng le p o in t s o u t , t h ey d oi nd ica te t ha tH un sbu ry w a sa v e ry s i gn if ican t s i te , a t t rac t ing t h e s t one s f r om D e rby sh i r e a nd L inco ln sh ir e i n t h e n o r th a nd f r om K en t , S u s sex a nd p o s s ib ly H er t f o rd sh ire i n t h e s ou th . T he q ue s t ion o f t h e l a ck o f p udd ing s tone q uern s f r om t h e H un sbu ry a s semb lage i so dd . B u t , a s I ng le s ugge s t s , d a te m ay b e af a c to r . H oweve r , n ega t ive i n f orma t ion g i v en t o I ng le w hen s he w a s c onduc t ing h e r r e sea rch a tN o r thamp ton l e d h e r t o i n f e r t h a t

S i ted o n t h e s ou th -f ac ing s l ope a bove t h e n or th b ank o ft h e N ene , w a s t h e i mpor tan t s e t t lemen t o f Du s ton . T he p o s i t ion ing o f t h e s e t t lemen t c ou ld b e r e la ted t o am id f i r s t c en tu ry BC a bandonmen t o ft h e e a r l ie r h i l lf or t a tH un sbu ry o n t h e o the r s i de o f t h e r i ve r ( p er s . c omm . M . C ur te is ) a nd ( Cur te i s 1 996 ) . A s i tua t ion p a ra l le led e l sewhe re , f o re xamp le a t W inche s te r whe re a s im i la r r e la t ion sh ip may h ave e x i s ted b e tween S t C a ther ine 's H i l l h i l l f or t ( Hawke s , Mye r s & S t even s , 1 930 ) a nd t h e p u ta t ive o pp idum o n t he o the r s i de o f t he r i v e r I t chen wh ich i n c luded t he l a rge d ef en s ive e a r thwo rk o f

t h ey m ay n o t h ave b een p re sen t i nt h e H un sbu ry a s semb lage . I ti sn ow t hough t t h a t b ecau se t h e re a r e s i gn if ican t n umbe r s o f u np rovenanced , c omp le t e o r n ea r ly c omp le te p udd ing s tone q uern s i n N o r thamp ton Mu seum , i ti s l i ke ly

O ram ' s A rbou r ( B idd le 1 965 ) . O the r s i t e s w i th s im i la r c ha rac te r is t ic s a r e : P i tchbu ry /Camu lodunum ( Hawke s & H u l l 1 947 ) , G a te sbu ry /Braugh ing ( Pa r t r idge 1 981 . a nd P o t t e r & T row 1 988 ) , T he l a te s t p o t t e ry r e cove red f r om Hun sbu ry i s o f c u rv i l inea r ( Hun sbu ry t ype ) wh ich J a ck son d a te s t ot h e m id f i r s t c en tu ry BC ( p er s . c omm . D . J a ck son ) . T he l a te I r on A ge s e t t lemen t p receded a l a te r u nwa l led R oman ' t own ' . T h i s j ux tapo s i t ion o f h i l l f or t a nd l a te r m a jo r s e t t lemen t i s r e pea ted e l sewhe re i nt h es t udy a r ea .

t h a t s ome a t l e a s t d id c ome f r om H un sbu ry ( p er s . c omm . M . C ur te is ) . R ecen t i n ten s ive f i e ld w o rk a nd a e r ia l p ho tog raphy i n N or thamp ton sh ir e h a s l o ca ted a n ew h i l lf or t a tC row H i l l , a bove t h e n or th b ank o ft h eN ene , o ve r look ing t h e s i te o ft h e l a te I r on A ge a nd R omano -Br i t ish s e t t lemen t a t S t anw ick , wh ich may a l so h ave b een i t s s ucce s so r . A nd t h e re i st h e e n igma t ic v e ry l a rge

7

s t y le . Q uan t i t ie s o f s im i la r p o t t e ry w e r e r e cove red f r om t h e n ea rby i mpor tan t s i te a t Week ley ( J a ck son & D ix 1 987 ) .

H i l lf o r t a tB o rough H i l l , w h ich s e em s t o h av e o r ig ina ted i nt h e B ronze A g e ( p e r s . c omm . D . J a ck son )a nd wh ich i so n ly as ho r td i s t ance f r om B an r iav en ta , wh ich i s n ow t h ough t t o h av e o r ig ina ted d u r ing t h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD , ( Ba i ley , 1 957 )a nd ( D ix & T ay lo r 1 988 ) .

A s D av id . Kn igh t ( 1 984 P t .! 2 81 ) d i s cu s se s , t h e r e h ad u ndoub ted ly b een a p opu la t ion g row th d u r ing t h e l a t e r f i r s t m i l lenn ium BC , a l though o t he r f a c to r s m ay a l so h ave p l ayed t h e i r p a r t i n d e t e rm in ing t h e q uan t i t y , p a t ter n a nd t y p eo fs e t t lemen ti n t h er eg ion , s u ch a st h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h e r e g ion ' s r i ch i r on o r e d epo s i t s .

1 . 10 Sma l le rs e t t lemen t s F rom a bou tt h et h i rd t ot h e s e cond c en tu ry BC . t h e O u se a nd N en eb a s in s , t o g e the r w i th much o fc en t ra l a nd s ou th e rn B r i ta in , w e r e o c cup ied b y s i t e s s ugg es t ing m any s ma l l s o c ia l u n i t s , p e rhap s f am i l ie s o r e x t ended f am i l ie s . T yp ica l s i t e s o f t h i s t y p e i n N o r thamp ton sh i r e a r e a t B ozea t ( Ha l l & N icke r son 1 971 ) , B r ig s tock ( J ack son 1 983 ) , D raugh ton ( G r im e s i n F r e r e 1 961 ) , a nd H a rd ing s ton e ( Wood s 1 969 ) a nd f a r th e r d own t h e N en e a t F enga t e , C amb r idge sh i re ( P ryo r 1 984 ) . A l l a r e o f t h e s ame b a s ic f o rm , w i th o ne o r m o r e r ound h ou se s , s ome t ime s w i th i n te rna l d i v i s ion s , t o ge the r w i th o the r a nc i l la ry f e a tu r e s , s u ch a s p i t s a nd d ra inage g u l l ie s . T h e e nc lo s ing d i tch a nd b ank v a r ie s i ns hape f r om c i r cu la r , o va l t o r e c tangu la r , a l though t h e r e c tangu la r e nc lo su r e st e nd t ob e long m a in ly t o t h el a te p r e R oman I r on A g e s uch a sa t Woo t ton H il F a rm , H un sbu ry ( J ack son 1 989 ) . O th e r a ppa r en t ly s im i la r s i te s h ave a l so b een n o ted f r om a e r ia l p ho tog raphy ( Ho l low e l l 1 971 ) , w h i le o t he r s u ndoub ted ly a wa i t d i scov e ry d ue t o t h e i r t e ndency t o b e l o ca ted o n b ou ld e r c l ay s o i l s w h ich a r e l e s s s u scep t ib le t o a e r ia l p ho tog raphy . I ti s n o t k nown w h e th e r o p en s e t t lemen t s w e r e c ommon , s i nc e w i thou t s u r round ing d i t ch e s , t h ey w ou ld b e v i r tua l ly u nde tec tab le f r om t h ea i r .

L a rge r e n c lo sed s e t t lemen t s , c on ta in ing f ou r o r mo r e r ound h ou se s , h av e a l so b een e xcava ted , f o r e xamp le , a t Twywe l l ( J ack son 1 975 ) , Wake r ley ( J a ck son & Amb ro s e 1 978 ) a nd Week ley ( J a ck son & D ix 1 987 ) . T he s e t t l em en t a t Week l ey a ppea r s t oh ave b een o fs ome l o ca l i mpor tan c e , o r e v en p e rhap s r eg iona l s i gn if i c an c e , w i th aw id e r ange o fp o t t e ry t y pe s f r om a sf a ra f i e ld a sC o rnwa l la nd G au l . Du r ing t h e R oman p e r iod , t h e s i t e l a te r d ev e loped i n to av i l la , a nd i s p a ra l le led a t G o rhambu ry , H er t f o rd sh i r e ( Ne a l , Wa rd le & Hu = 1 990 ) a nd P idd ing ton ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r 1 989 ) . Many s ma l l e n c lo su r e s r e ce ived t h e i r e nc lo s ing b ank s a nd d i tch e s i n t h e t h i rd a nd s e cond c en tu r ie s BC , ( J a ck son 1 983 )f o l low ing o nf r om e a r l ie r c en t ra l i sed h i l lf o r t s y s tem s a nd w e r e p r e sumab ly e r ec ted t o p ro te c t l i ve s tock f r om w i ld a n ima l s o r t h iev e s . E nc lo su r e c ou ld a l so r e f lec t o n t h e g row ing p r e s su re s o n l a nd u s e , t o ge th e r w i th t h e p o s s ib le i n c r ea se i n p opu la t ion . A s omewha t s im i la r s i tua t ion o ccu r r ed i n t h e b o rd e r r e g ion o f E ng land a nd S co t land d u r ing t h e 1 7 th a nd 1 8 th c en tu r ie s . R e ive r s w ou ld r a id i s o la ted h ou seho ld s t o s t ea l t h e i rl i v e s to ck a nd o t h e rp o s se s s ion s , p romp t ing f am i l ie s t o f o r t if y t h e i r h ou se s w i th t ow e r s . T h e se s ma l le rs e t t lemen t sa ppea rt oh ave g rown o u to f e a r l ie rn on -en c lo sed s i te s . J a ck son f ound t h a t t h e B r ig s to ck e n c lo su re h ad b een i mpo sed o n a n e a r l ie r I r on A g e o ccupa t ion , wh ich c on ta in ed p o t t e ry a nd a n i r on r i ng h ead ed p in , w h ich J a ck son p a ra l le led w i th a n e xamp le h e h ad f ound a t G re t ton , i n a d epo s i t wh ich p roduc ed ac a l ib ra ted c a rbon 1 4 d a t e o f 7 66 3 80 ' BC . A f t e r t h e m idd le o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry

P e rhap s t h eb e s te xcava ted s i t e o ft h i st y p ei sa t B r ig s tock , ( J ack son 1 983 ) , w he r e t h e re i s a r ough ly c i r cu la r e n c lo su r e d i tch 6 f t . 6 in s . ( 2m . ) d eep , wh ich h ad p o s s ib ly s e rved a d e f en s iv e f unc t ion . I n s id et h i sd i t ch w a s ab road r ampa r t , mu ch o f wh ich h ad s l id i n to t h ed i t ch , w h ich t h e e xcava to r s ugge s ted m ay h av e b e en ac o l lap sed t u r fw a l l . T h i s t h en s u r rounded as i ng l ec i r cu la r h ou se a nd o the ra s soc ia ted f e a tu r e s . t h eP o t te ry , o b ta in ed f r om f e a tu r e s c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e e n c lo su re , d a ted f r om t h e t h i rd c en tu ry BC . , w h i le s ome o f t h e l a te s t p o t t e ry w a s o f Cw i l if f e ' s ( 1 974 / 1991 ) H un sbu ry -D raugh ton

A s so c ia t ed R ad io C a rbon s amp le a tC a lenda r BC 7 66 -380 @ 2s i gma m ax imum r ang e . S t u ive r , 1 986 .

8

BC , e nc lo su r e s t e nd ed t ob e r e c tangu la r o rs ub r e c tangu la r ( J ack son & D ix 1 987 ) , b u t i t a ppea r s t oh ave b een as ho r t - l i ved p ha se , a sb y t h e m id f i r s t c en tu ry AD , m o s t o f t h e s e s i t e s w e re a bandoned .

n ea rby s i te o f B la ck thor n , d i d n o t , i ts e em s , d ev e lop b eyond t h e f i r s t c en tu ry BC . T h i s s i te a l so y i e lded H u r t sbu ry t y pe p o t t e ry a nd s ugg e s t ed t ot h e e xcava to r a t e rm ina l d a te o f a bou t t h e m id f i r s t c en tu ry BC (W i l l iam s 1 974 7 3 ) . S ev e ra l m a jo r I r on A g e a nd e a r ly R oman s e t t lem en t sa r e k nown f a r th e rd own s t ream f r om D u s ton , s u ch a s t h e l a t e I r on A ge a nd l a t e r w a l led t own o f I r ch e s t e r ( Ha l l & N ick e r son 1 967 ) , ( J .K . Kn igh t 1 967 ) a nd (W inde l l 1 984 ) . S i ted a bove t h e f i r s t g r av e l t e r race a bov e t h e f l ood p l a in , j u s t t wo m i le s ( 3 .23km . ) f a r th e r d own s t r eam , o n ah i l lc apped w i th b ou lde r c l ay a nd o v e r look ing t h e N ene v a l ley , i st h e v e ry i mpo r tan t l a t eI r on A ge s i t eo fR u shd en .

L a te rI ron Age s e t t lemen ta nd t r ad e N o r thamp ton sh i r e h a s b e en p a r t icu la r ly f o r tuna te i n e a r ly I r on A ge s t ud ie s , w i th t h e p ub l ica t ion o ft h e r e su l t s o fm any e x cava t ion s wh ich h av e t a ken p l a ce o v e r t h e l a s t t wo d ecade s o rs o . We n ow h av e ar e a sonab ly g ood p i c tu r e o f t h e d en s i ty o f e a r l ie r I r on A ge o ccupa t ion i nN o r thamp ton sh i r e . T h i s h a s b e en m a in ly b rough ta bou tb ye x ten s ive q ua r ry ing f o r i r on o r e , l ime s tone , g r ave l a nd i n t en s iv e a g r icu l tu r a la c t iv i ty .

T h r e e m i le s ( 4 .82 km . ) f a r the r d own t h e v a l ley f r om R u shden , o n t h e f l ood p l a in , i s t h e e x t en s iv e ly e xcava ted s i t e o f S t anw ick , ( Nea l 1 992 ) w i th i t s l a t e I r on A ge s e t t lemen t u nd e r ly ing t h e l a t e r R oman s e t t lemen t ( s ee a bov e ) .

I th a s a l ready b een n o ted a bove t h a t t h e r e w a s a ni n c rea se i nt h e n umbe ro fs i t e s i nt h e r e g ion a t t r ibu tab le t ot h e l a t e rI r on A ge . I ns om ec a s e s , l a te r s e t t lemen t d ev e loped f r om e a r l ie r o ccupa t ion o nt h e s ame s i t e , w i th t h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e s e t t lemen t m ay h ave o b l i t e ra t ed o r m a sk ed t h e e a r l ie r o ccupa t ion . Two s u ch s e t t lemen t s wh ich a b ly d emon s t ra t e t h i s p o in t , a r e a t S t ok e G o ld ing ton , B uck ingham sh i re , i n t h eO u se v a l ley ( F ie ld & Myna rd i nF r iend sh ip T ay lo r 1 979 ) a nd Mou l ton P a rk ( W i l l iam s 1 974 ) . A t t h e f o rm e r , D . K n igh t i d en t if ied a p o s s ib le l a t e B ronz e A ge s he rd a nd q uan t i t ie s o fe a r l ie r I r on A ge p o t t e ry , s t ra t if i ed b e low a l a te L a T ene g roup , c on ta in ing a l l t h e u sua l f o rm s w h ich o ccu r i n t h e r e g ion , p a r t icu la r ly c oa r s e c hann e l r im j a r s , s t o rag e j a r s a nd f i ne w a r e c a r ina ted b ow l s . U n f o r tuna t e ly , i tw a s a r e scue e xcava t ion a nd i tw a s r eg r e t tab le t h a t mo r e o f t h e s i t e w a s n o t a va i lab le f o r e xcava t ion . On ly s ma l l s e c t ion s w e r e c u t t h rough t h r ee p a ra l le l d i t ch e s a nd as ma l l p i t . P o t te ry f r om d i tch e s D & Ew e re d a ted t oa bou t t h em id f i r s tc en tu ry AD .

S om e 8 . 5 m i le s ( 1 3 .68 km ) f a r th e r e a s t , d own t h e r i v e r v a l ley , i st h e r e cen t ly e xcava t ed l a te I r on A g e a nd l a t e r u nwa l la l R oman t own o f A sh ton ( Hadman & U p ex 1 975 ,77 ,84 ) , l o ca t ed o n al ow g r ave l t e r r ac e , j u s t a bov e t h e f l ood p l a in . T he o c cupa t ion p a t t er n i n t h e We l land v a l ley d u r ing t h e l a te r I r on A ge a nd R oman p e r iod s s e em st od i f f e rf r om t h a to f t h eN en e . T h e r ea r e n o k nown h i l l f o r t s w i th t h e i r a s soc ia t ed l a rge o p en s i t e s , b u t l a rge o p en s i te s d o p o s s ib ly o ccu r , f o r e xamp le , t h e h uge s c a t te r o f o c cupa t ion d eb r i s , c ov e r ing many h e c ta r e s , a bov e t h e n o r th b ank o f t h e We l land a t Medbou rne a nd D ray ton , L e ic e s t e r sh i re , wh ich mu s t i nd ica t e as i t e o f s ome s i gn i f ican ce . E v iden ce o f l a t e I r on A ge a c t iv i ty i s t a n ta l i s ing ly h in ted a tb yt h et h in s c a t t e r so fl a te L a T ene p o t t e ry , h eav i ly m a sked b y t h e e x t en s iv e l a t e r R oman o ccupa t ion d eb r i s . T h i s p o t t e ry w a s s e en a mong s t t h e l a rge R oman a s semb lag e s , o b ta in ed t h rough f i e ld w a lk ing s u rv ey s b y t h e L e ice s te r sh i r e A r chaeo log ica l U n i t ( I n f o rma t ion f r om D r . R icha rd P o l la rd ) . Mo s t o f t h e s i t e s , l o ca ted a l ong t h e We l land v a l ley , w e r e s ma l l a g r icu l tu r a l , o r i n du s t r ia l s e t t lemen t s , f o r e xamp le , Wake r ley a nd , p o s s ib ly , H a r r ingwo r th , w h e r e t h e o c cupan t s

T he s e cond s i te , Mou l ton P a rk ( W i l l iam s 1 974 ) , s i tua ted o n ac l ay p l a t eau a bou t 2m i le s( 3 .3 1 c rn ) n o r th -ea s t o ft h e N en e , p rov ided a g ood e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry BC g roup , i n c lud ing m id f i r s t c en tu ry d eco ra ted H un sbu ry t y pe p o t t e ry . F rom l a te r f e a tu r e s , t y p ica l l a te L a T ene d e r ived w he e l tu rned p o t te ry w a so b ta ined f r om f e a tu r e s w h ich o ve r lay t h e e a r l ie r s e t t lem en t . T he

9

1 . 12

w e re e xp lo i t ing t h e l o ca l i r on o r e s ou r c e s ( s ee a bove p . 6 ) .

P o t tey I tw ou ld t hu ss e em t ha td u r ing t h e I r on A g e , t h e r i ve r v a l ley s , e spec ia l ly t h o se o ft h e N en e a nd t h e O u se , p l ayed a c r uc ia l r o le i n t h e d eve lopmen t o f s ev e ra l l a rge a nd i mpo r tan t p opu la t ion c en t re s , a s w e l l a s a c t ing a s n a tu ra l b a r r ie r s o r b ounda r ie s . T he s e l a rg e p opu la t ed a r ea sm ay w e l l h ave s e rved a sm a rk e tc en t r e so r c u s tom sp o in t s .

D av id K n igh t ( 1 984 , 6 3-64 ) , e s tabl i sh ed a f r am ewo rk f o r t h e h on A g e i n t h e N en e a nd G rea t O u s e B a s in s , b a sed o n c e ram ic s , s ugg e s t ed f ou r m a in p o t te ry g roup ing s : 1 , 2 ,3 a nd E a r l ie s tB e lg ic . D . Kn igh t ' sc onc lu s ion w a s t h a t t h e r e a pp ea red t o b e n o c h rono log ica l d if e r en c e b e twe en h i s g roup s 1 , 2 a nd 3 a l l t h r ee c an a ppea r t o ge th e r i n t h e s am e a s semb lag e . W i th h i s ' Ea r l ie s t B e lg ic ' p o t t e ry h es t a t e si ti s" ac onven ien t l a be l f o rA y le s f o rd S wa r l ing a nd t y po log ica l ly r e la t ed p o t t er y " a nd w a s d if i cu l t t o e s tab l i sh a d a t e f o r i t s e me rg en ce , a l though h e t e n ta t iv e ly a s s igned i t s b eg inn ing t ot h e l a te r f i r s t c en tu ry BC . H e a l so o b se rved t h a th i s G roup 2p o t t e ry i sc on s i s t en t ly f o und s t ra t if ied d i r ec t ly b e low l a y e r s p rodu c ing e a r l ie s t ' B e lg ic ' a nd l a t e r ma te r ia l , b u t i n n o c a se c an ' Be lg ic ' p o t te ry b e s hown t of o l low o n d i r ec t ly f r om h i s G roup 1p o t te ry . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a tG roup 2p o t t e ry , wh ich i n c lude sb o th s c o r ed a nd H un sbu ry w a r e s , i mmed ia te ly p receded h i s e a r l ie s t B e lg ic p o t te ry , a l though i td oe s n o t s e em t oi n f lu enc ei td i rec t ly .

T he e v iden t i n c rea se i n a c t iv i ty f r om t h e f i r s t q ua r te r o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD i sm a t ched b y t h e many n ew s i te s . S i gn i f ican t ly , t h e i n t rodu c t ion o fn ew p o t t e ry f o rm s , a t t h i st i me , m ay h ave a r is en a s ar e su l t o f b o th i n t e rna l p o l i t ica l a nd s o c ia l a nd m i l i ta ry a c t iv i ty , w h ich w a s b eg inn ing t oo ccu ri ns ou th -ea s tB r i ta in . I tw ou ld s e em t ha t b y t h e s e cond o r t h i rd d ecade o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD , t h e r e w a s a d i sce rn ib le i n c rea se i n t h e n umbe r o f s e t t lemen t s , p a r t icu la r ly s i t e s u s ing f i n e w he e l t h rown p o t te ry , w h ich s e em s t oc o in c id e w i th t h e i mpo r ta t ion i n to t h e s ou th -ea s t , o f a n i n c r ea s ing ly w ide r ang e o f g ood s f r om t h e c on t inen t , s uch a sm e ta lwo rk , g l a s s a nd p o t t e ry . P e rhap s R oman a nd G au l i sh m e r can t i le e n t r ep r en eu r sw e r ee x t end ing t h e i ri n f lu en ce s i n n o r th er n E u rope f o l low ing o n f r om C a e sa r ' s c onque s t o fG au l , c ou ld h av e c on t r ibu t ed t ot h e c u l tu ra l c hange s w h ich b egan t o a f e c t s o u th a nd s ou th -ea s t B r i ta in f r om t h e l a t e r f i r s t c en tu ry BC o nwa rd s . B y a bou t t h e t h i rd d e cad e o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD , t h e se c hange s b egan t o a f ec t t h e s ou th m id land s . C on sequen t ly , t h e p r e s su r e o nt h e l a te I r on A ge l a nd scap e a pp ea r s t oh ave s t ead i ly i n c r ea sed , u n t i l c e r ta in p a r t s o f s ou th N or thamp ton sh i r e , n or th B ed f o rd sh i r e a nd n or th B uck ingham sh i r e b ecame d en se ly p opu la ted , p a r t icu la r ly a r ound i mpo r tan t c en t r e s , w h ich w ou ld h av e i n i t ia l ly s p rung u p a f t e rt h e h i l l f or t sc ea sed t of un c t ion a sd e f en s iv e e nc lo su r e s , s ome t im ea f t e rt h em idd le o ft h ef i r s t c en tu ry BC . B y t h e m idd l e o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD , s i te s s uch a s D u s ton a nd S t anw ick , N o r thamp ton sh i re ,b o th o fw h ich w e r e a d jac en t t of o r t i f ied s i te s t o ge the r w i th o t he r o p en s i t e s , s u ch a s B romham a nd F e lm e r sham , B ed f o rd sh i re , b ecame i mpo r tan t c en t r e s . S t rang e ly , n one o ft h e se s i t e s d ev e lop ed b eyond ' l a rg ev i l lage ' s t a tu sd u r ing t h eR oman p e r iod .

T he re a pp ea r st ob en oc on t inu ing t r ad i t ion a nd s ugge s t s t o t h e w r i t e r t h a t t h e r e s e em s t oh ave b e en av e ry s udden a nd c l ea r b r eak i n p o t t e ry s t y le s , s om e t ime b e tween t h e m id t o l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry BC . D . K n igh t a l so s a id h i s e a r l ie s t ' Be lg ic ' p o t te ry c on t inued i n u se u n t i l t h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e f i r s tc en tu ry AD . T h i sw r i te rb e l ieve s h ow eve r , o nt h e b a s i so fh i se xcava t ion sa tb o th Q u in ton a nd P idd ing ton , t h a t t h i s e a r l ie s t ' Be lg ic ' m a te r ia l h ad a v e ry s ho r t l i f e s pan i n deed , a nd h ad b e en q u ick ly s upe r seded b y t h e g r ea t e xpan s ion o ff o rm t y p e s r e la t ed t o G a l lo B e lg ic p o t t e ry i n f luen ce s t h a t w e re b e ing i n t rodu ced i n to t h e r eg ion d u r ing t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD . Mo r e d ev e loped t y pe s , p e rhap s u s ing t h e w h e e l a nd b a sed o n G a l lo -Be lg ic f o rm s , w e r e b e ing p roduced i n t h e r eg ion s ho r t ly a f t e rt h es e cond d e cad e AD . T h e e v id en ce , p a r t icu la r ly f r om t h e p o t te ry , s ugge s t st h a t t h e r e i sc on s id e rab le p o t en t ia l f o r s t udy ing t h e o ccupa t ion , o r l a ck o fo ccupa t ion , o ft h ea r ea b e tw e en t h et h r ee r i ve r v a l ley so ft h e We l land , N en e a nd O u se . T h e s e r i ve r v a l ley s mu s th av eh ad c on s id e rab le i n f lu ence o nt h e

1 0

1 . 13

d eve lopmen t o f s e t t lem en t a nd i t s p o s s ib le b ounda r ie s , e spe c ia l ly d u r ing t h e l a te r I r on A g e .

T rade T rade a nd t h ec on sequen ti n te rac t ion w i th o the r s im i la r g roup s a nd i t s e f f ec t s o n m anu f ac tu red g ood s , p a r t icu la r ly p o t te ry , r e su l t ing i n t h e d ev e lopm en t o f n ew f o rm s a nd t e chn ique s . T er ra n ig ra a nd t e r ra r ubra p l a t te r s m ade i n t h e V e s le v a l ley , n ea rR h e im s , t h e Ma rn e v a l ley a nd t h eT r ie rr e g ion ( Ty e r s , 1 996 , 1 65 166 ) a nd i n t rodu ced i n to t h e s t udy a r ea e a r ly i nt h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD , ( Pa r t r idg e 1 981 , 4 8 ) w e re i mm ed ia t e ly c op ied b y l o ca l c r af t sman , e ven i n c lud ing s u ch d e ta i l s a s p o t te r s s t amp s , a l b e i t i n a n u n readab le m ix tu r e o f l e t te r f o rm s .

O v e r t h e y ea r s , t h e r e h a sb e en mu ch d i scu s s ion a bou tt h ep o s s ib le l o ca t ion o ft h et r iba lb ounda ry b e twe en t h e C a tuv e l laun i a nd t h e C o r ie l tauv i , a l ong t h e N ene . F rom t h e s t udy o f t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f c e r ta in t y p e s o f p o t t e ry , e spec ia l ly t h a t o ft h e e v e ryday c ook ing p o t a nd o t he r a r te f a c t s , i tm ay b e p o s s ib le t o d e t ec t c e r ta in d if e rence so rt r end s . O ne i n t e rp r e ta t ion c ou ld b e t h a t t h e s e r e p r e sen t c u l tu ra l d if e rence s , b u t t h e r e i s n o c e r ta in c o r r e la t ion b e twe en p o t t e ry d i s t r ibu t ion s a nd p o l i t ica la nd e t hn ic b ounda r ie s . T he t r ue p i c tu r e m ay b e much m o r e c omp lex , w i th , p e rhap s , o the r s o c ia l , e conom ic , o re v en r e l ig iou s f a c to r s p l ay ing i mpor tan t a nd c hang ing r o le s i n d e te rm in ing c u l tu ra l d if e r ence s ( M i l ieu 1 990 , 2 0 ) .

T rade f r om o t he r a r ea s o f B r i ta in a nd t h e c on t in en tc an a l so b ea s sum ed , u s ing t h e r i ve r s t oi mpor t th e m e r chand i s e a nd t o e xpor t t h e m o r e p e r i shab le c ommod i t ie s d own t h e r i ve r s a ndou t a c ro s s t h e N o r th S ea a nd i n to t h e L ow C oun t r ie s a nd n or th er n G au l ( s ee b e low p . 32 f o rf u r the r d i scu s s ion ) .

F o l low ing t h e C lau c l ian i n va s ion o fB r i ta in , t h e i mpac t o f t h e o c cupa t ion o n t h e a r ea , b o th m i l i ta r i ly a nd e conom ica l ly , mu s t h av e b e en c on s ide rab le .

A pa r t f r om t h e e v id enc e f o r i n ter na l t r ade , a s a l ready n o ted f o re a r l ie rp e r iod s , s u ch a sp o t te ry a nd q u e rn s t one s a r r iv ing i n to N o r thamp ton sh i re . E a r ly i n t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD , p o t t e ry s t a r ted t oa r r ive f r om t h ec on t inen t , w h e th e r t h i s c am e d i re c t ly , o rv i a as e conda ry s ou r ce , f o r e xamp le , t r ad ed t h rough c en t re s l i k e C amu lodunum ( Hawke s & H u l l 1 947 ) o r S ke le ton G r een ( Pa r t r idge 1 981 ) , t h e p re sen t w r i t e rs u spe c t s t h a tt h el a t te rm igh tb et h ec a se .

H ow l o ng d i d n ew t e chno logy o r n ew w ay s o f d o ing t h ing s t a k e t o b e a s s im i la ted b y t h e i nd igenou s p opu la t ion ? H ow l o ng d i d n ew m e thod s o f p rodu c t ion a nd f i r ing o f p o t t e ry b eg in t o t a k e e f e c t ? T he a n sw e r t o t h e se q u e s t ion s , e spe c ia l ly r e la t ing t o p o t te ry t e chno logy , s hou ld s t a r tt ob ecom e al i t t le m o r e c l ea rb yt h es t udy o fd a ted p o t te ry a s semb lag e s .

1

CHAPTER 2

FOR MS w i th s pec ia lr ef er ence t oc hanne l -r im j ar s

2 . 1

b rough t

I n t roduc t ion L oca lt r ad i t ions i nt h el a te I r on Age . I n t h i s s t udy o f l a t e I r on A ge p o t te ry i n N or thamp ton sh i re , t h ed e sc r ip t ive t e rm o fl a te ' La T ene ' , w a s c ho sen t o d escr ibe p o t t e ry o f t h e l a te I r on Age a nd e a r l ie s t R oman p e r iod f r om b e tween t h e t wo r i ve r v a l ley s o f t h e We l land a nd N ene a nd t h e r eg ion t ot h e s ou th o f t h e N ene . B o th r i ve r s d ebauch i n to t h e N o r th S ea a t t h e Wa sh , a nd t h is f a c t c ou ld h ave p layed a s i gn if i can t r o le i n t h e

T he t wo p o t te ry , h a s b een ( Hawke s

mo s t c ommon n ames t o wh ich t h i s t og e the r w i th i t s a s soc ia ted ma t er ia l r e f e r r ed t oi n t h e p a s t a re : ' Be lg ic ' & D unn ing , 1 931) a nd ` Ay le sf ord -

S wa r l ing ' ( B i r cha l l , ( S tead 1 976 , 4 01 ) .

1 965 ) a nd ` Ay le sf ord '

T h e t e rm ` b e lg ic ' i ss ho r t a nd i sf r equen t ly u se

d eve lopmen t o f t h e r eg ion , f a c i l i ta t ing d i rec t c on tac t w i th t h e C on t inen t a nd p a r t icu la r ly w i th t h e Rh ine .

b y p o t ter y s pec ia l is t s . H oweve r , i ti sa n

i n app ropr ia te t e rm , a si ti mp l ie s t ha t a l l e a r ly w hee l -made p o t te ry w a s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e i nvade r se xB e lg io m en t ioned b y C ae sa r .

Du r ing t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s AD , Du rob r ivae a nd t h e s u r round ing p o t t e ry

T h e s o -ca l led A y le sf o rd -Swa r l ing p o t te ry h a s b een d emon s t ra ted t o h ave b een a n e a r ly d eve lopmen t , ( Evan s , 1 890 ; B u she -Fox , 1 925 ; B i rcha l l , 1 965 ) p robab ly d a t ing b ack t o t h em id t ol a te f i r s tc en tu ry BC .

i n du s t r ies a tC a s to r d eve loped i n to o ne o ft h e m o s t i mpor tan t i ndu s t r ia l c en t r e s i n , d emon s tra t ing c on t inu ing s t rong l i nk s w i th t h e p o t te ry i ndu s t ry i n t h e R h ine land ( Howe , P e r r in & Mack re th 1 980 f i g . 3 , 26 ) .

I t may w e l l n o t b e t h e e a r l ie s t u se o f t h e w hee l i n t h e c oun t ry , f o r i t h a s b een s u spec ted t ha t e ven e a r l ie r whee l t h rown

T h e q ua l i ty o f w o rkman sh ip b e tween t h a t o f t h e p o t ter s m ak ing b a rbo t ine h un t c up s i nt h e R h ine land ( Symond s 1 992 , F ig . 2 0 , 4 14 ) f o r e xamp le i sp rac t ica l ly i d en t ica l w i th t h a t o f t h ew o rk shop s i nt h e l owe rN ene v a l ley . I th a s b een s ugge s ted ( p e r s . c omm . R . P e r r in ) t h a t

p o t te ry w a s f ound a t D ragonby , N or th L inco ln sh i re ( Ce ram ic s t age 6 ) ( E i sdon i n May , 1 996 V o l . 2 ,4 05 ) . I t may a l so i mp ly a c u l tu ra l , p o l i t ica l o r e conom ic o r ig in f o r t h e p o t te ry , r ende r ing i ta m i s lead ing d e sc r ip t ive n ame .

p robab ly t h e s ame c r a f t smen o r w o rk shop t r ad i t ions w e re i nvo lved a t Du rob r ivae a nd C o lche s te ra nd i nt he R h ine land .

T he u se o f t h e t e rm ` Ay le sf ord -Swa r l ing C u l tu re ' h a s n ow r e a l ly b een s upe rceded , f o r

T h e c ho sen d a te r ange o ft h e p o t te ry s t ud ied f r om t h is r eg ion i s f r om a bou t l a t e r

a bou t n o t o n ly b y t ime , b u t a l so b y

t h e i n f luen ce o f t h e R oman c onque s t a nd c on sequen t i mp rovemen t s i n t e chno logy a nd n ew c u l ina ry h ab i t s .

t h e s ame r e a son s g i ven b y T homp son ( 1982 , i ,5 ) i n h e r s ur vey o f g rog t empe red p o t te ry

1 s t .

c en tu ry BC t o m id i s t c en tu ry AD . T h i s p e r iod c ove r s t h e p re c onque s t p e r iod w hen R oman r u le h ad a l eady e x tended t o w i th in s i gh to fB r i ta in , t h e i nva s ion p er iod a f te r AD 4 3 , t ot he B oud ican u pr i s ing o f AD 6 0 1 a nd

f r om s ou th ea s tE ng land . B ircha l l 's s t udy w a s s omewha t l im i ted i ns c ope , c oncen t ra t ing o n t h e p o t te ry f r om f une ra ry c on tex t s . B u t t o e l im ina te a ny m i sconcep t ion , ' La te L a T ene ' o rj u s t l a te I r on A ge w i l l b e t h e g ene ra l t e rm

b eyond . C hange s i n s t y le s o f p o t te ry f o rm

u sed i nt h is

1 2

s t udy t od e scr ibe t h is p o t te ry .

c ame a s ma l l h and m ade j a r o f s im i la r s i ze a nd t y pe t ot h e c hanne l r im j a r , d a t ing t ot h e C laud io /Ne ron ia n p e r iod . T h i s w a s f ound t o c on ta in t h e r ema in s o f 7b r ea s t s o f s ong

2 . 2 T he c hanne l -r im j ar . T he ' channe l -r im ' , l id sea ted ' o r l e dge -r im

t h ru she s . A l l manne r o f s wee tmea t s , h e rbs a nd o the r d e l icac ie s c ou ld h ave b een p o s s ib le

( f o rt h is l a t te r d e sc r ip t ion s e e C lay & P o l la rd 1 994 , 7 5 ) j a r i s u b iqu i tou s i n n or th B uck ingham sh ire , n or th B edf o rd sh i r e , a nd t h e

s ou thern

p a r t

o f

c ommod i t ie s i nt h e se v e s se l s -( per s .

c omm .

R obe r t v an D ie r endonck ) . T h i s t r ade c ou ld h ave emana t ed f r om t h e s ou th m id land s a nd a imed a t t h e m o re h eav i ly p opu la ted a r eas a round V eru lam ium . T he f a c t t ha t many e xcava ted j a r s a r e f ound e nc ru s ted w i th s oo ty d epo s i t s c ou ld m e r e ly i mp ly a s e conda ry u se

N or thamp ton sh i r e ,

e spec ia l ly t h e u ppe r N ene v a l ley , a nd i t s d i s tr ibu t ion e x tend s n o r thwa rd s f r om t h e S t . A lban s a r ea (Whee le r & Whee le r 1 936 , f i g . 2 1 . 6 4d ) i n to Nor thamp ton sh i re . I ts e em s t o b e a b sen t f r om s i te s i n c en tra l N or thamp ton sh ire , b u t a pp ea r s i nt h e e a r l ie s t p i t s a tJ ew ry Wa l l , L e ice s te r ( K enyon 1 948 ,

a s a c ook ing p o t a nd , i ndeed , i n i t s h ome land , t h ey w e re p robab ly u sed f o r j u s t t ha t p u rpo se . N eve r the le s s , t h e f u l ly d eve loped c hanne l -r im j a r , u sua l ly f ound i na c a lc i te o r s h e l l t empe red f ab r ic o r v e ry o cca s iona l ly i n g rogged f a br ic s , b egan t o

f i g . 3 5 , 1 8 ) , ( C lay & P o l la rd 1 994 . f i g . 5 0 , 5 ) a nd a l so a t Ma rg idunum , N o t t ingham sh i r e , ( O swa ld , 1 952 , p l .V , 1 2 ) . B u t a tb o th t h e se s i te s t hey may h ave b een s uppo sed R oman m i l i ta ry o ccupa t ion s oon a f te r t h e C onque s t ,

a ppea r i nt h e s ou th m id land s s ome t ime e a r ly i n t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD , s upe rced ing D . Kn igh t ' s ( 1 984 , P t . i , 6 3 ) ' Ea r l ie s t B e lg ic

a l though a p re -Conque s t a ppea rance a t L e ice s te r n ow s e em s l i ke ly . A l t e rna t ive ly , t r ade may h ave b een t h e r e a son f o r i t s a ppea rance t he re .

v e s se ls ' . T he s e cond p o s s ib le r e a son f o r t h e g ene ra l ly e a r l ie r a ppea rance o ft h i s p o t te ry i s t ha t t h e N ene a nd O u se v a l ley s w e r e t he p r ima ry s ou r ce o r h ome o f t h e c hanne l -r im j a r .

F o r i t s o r ig in s , i ti st emp t ing t o l o ok s ou th t owa rd s H er t f o rd sh i re , t h e h ea r t land o f t h e C a tuve l laun ian t e r r i to ry . T he j a r t y pe i n o ne o f i t s e a r l ie s t f o rm s a pp ea r s t o h av e h ad a b ead r im . A t y p ica l e xamp le o f o ne o f t h e se b ead -r im j a r s a pp ea r s a t S ke le ton G reen ( Par t r idge 1 981 , f i g . 1 5 , 2 ) . T h i s v e s se l h a s t he g ene ra l f o rm a nd s u rf ace t r ea tmen t o f N ene v a l ley c hanne l r im j a r s , s uch a st h e u se o f h or izon ta l r i l l ing . B ead -r im s w e re a l so f ound a t S i lche s te r , f r om a n e a r ly c on tex t ( Boon 1 969 , f i g . 1 2 , 5 8 -68 ) .

T he se n ew f o rm s

o w e v e ry

l i t t le

t o t h e

a ppa ren t ly i nd igenou sv e s se l s , e xcep tp e rhap s at r ans f e rence o ft h e t e chn ique o fd eco ra t ing t h e r im s o fs ome j a r s w i th f i nge r t i pp ing o r n a i l s l a sh ing . T h i s f o rm o fd eco ra t ion o ccu r s q u i te c ommon ly o n c hanne l -r im v e s se l s , e g . a t Qu in ton , ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r 1 979 F ig . 3 2 , 1 )t h e se ' n a i l s l a shed ' v e r s ion s w e re f ound i n ac on tex t d a t ed b y s am ian t o t h e C laud ian p er iod .

A t B agendon ( C l if f o rd , 1 961 , F ig . 5 9 , 1 ) a nd a t S l eaf o rd ( p er s . c omm . S . E lsdon ) , h o r izon ta l r i l ing i sa ga in a ne a r ly f e a tu re a si t i sa tB raugh ing . B u t s t range ly , i ti sn o t u n t i l

T he p rac t ice o fr im s l a sh ing , h oweve r , s e em s t oh ave d i ed o u t b y a bou t AD 5 0 . T he reaf te r , t h e s t anda rd p la in c hanne l r im j a r w i th j u s t mu l t i -d i rec t iona l b ody r i l l ing o r b ru sh ing a s

t h e e a r ly 4 0 ' s AD t h a t t h e f i na l f o rm o f c hanne l r im j a r sa ppea r ed a tV er u lam ium .

i t s o n ly f o rm o f d eco ra t ion , wh ich h ad b een r unn ing p a ra l le l w i th i t s c l o se c ou s in s i nce i t s i n cep t ion i n t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD , c on t inued i nu se a round t h e s ou th m id land s i n ad eve lop ed f o rm w e l l i n to t h e 3 rd c en tu ry AD ( c f . B rown & Woodf ie ld 1 983 , F ig .21 ,

D a t ing h e re a ppea r s t ob e ap rob lem , a s t h e H er t f o rd sh ire e xamp le s o f t h e t r u e c hanne l r im j a r s e em t ob e l a te r t han t h e N ene a nd Ou se v a l ley e xamp le s , a nd a r e o n ly f ound i n c ompa ra t ive ly s ma l l q uan t i t ie s c ompa r ed w i th t h e ir mo re n or the rn c ou s in s . O ne o f t wo p o ss ib le e xp lana t ion s f o r t h i s a noma ly c ou ld

5 0 ) . T he g roove o rc hanne l a r ound t h e r im t o p h a s s eve ra l v a r ia t ion s , t h e m o s t c o mmon f o rm h a s as i ng le g roove o rc hanne l ( Type ' a ' -F ig . 4 ) ,

b e t r ade . G ood s , f o r e xamp le h oney o r a s im i la r c o mmod i ty , m ay h ave b een e xpo r ted

b u t mu l t ip le g roove s ( Type ` b ' F ig . 4 ) a l so o cca s ion ly o ccu r . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h i s t yp e o f

i nc hanne l r im j a r s w i th w ooden l i d sa t tached b y s t r ing . R ecen t ly , f r om a w a te r logged d epo s i t n ea r N i jmegen i n t h e N e the r land s ,

r im s e rved as l igh t ly d if e ren t f unc t ion . C lo se e xam ina t ion o f g roove s f r equen t ly s how s

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w ea r c au sed b y t he l i d ' s c on t inua l l i f t ing a nd

w hen p l aced o ve r a f i re , a s t h ey w ou ld h ave

r ep lacemen t .

b e en p ro tec ted b yt h ef l ange o ft he r im .

A s d i scu s sed a bove , t h e se c hanne l r im j a r s a ppea red r ap id ly i nt h e s ou th m id land s o ve r a

O ne u nu sua l c e ram ic l i d f o rm wh ich may

s hor tp er iod d ur ing t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD a nd , i n t h e a s semb lage s s t ud ied , t h e re a r e n o c e ram ic l i d s o f t h e g ene ra l d i ame te r t ha t w ou ld f i t t h e se j a r s . T he a ve rage d iame te r o f t he c hanne l r im j a r s i sb e twe en 1 50nun a nd 2 00mm -s e et a b le s ( 1&2 ) . C e ram ic l i d sw e re i n u se a t t h i s t ime , b u t w e r e g ene ra l ly o f a much l a rge rd iame te r ; t h ey a r eu sua l ly d omed i ns hape a nd p robab ly f i t ted amuch l a rge rj a r a nd s hou ld mo re c o r rec t ly b e c a l led ' c ove r s ' . T hey o ccu r f r equen t ly i n c eme te r ie s , b u t a r e a l so c ommon o n s e t t lemen t s i te s -s e e b e low : A sh ley 1 : 9 , 5 :7 -9 , 4 : 1-2 , R u shden 9 : 17 -20 ,

f r om We ek ley 3 : 14 ( J ack son & D ix , 1 987 ) . T h i s o b jec t h as i t s o wn i n te rna l l e dg e wh ich c ou ld h ave f i t ted i n to a c hanne l o r g roove r im . W i th i t s o ve rhang ing f l ange , i tw ou ld h ave made q u i te a n a cc ep tab le s ea l d u r ing

h ave b een u sed t o f i t al i d s e a ted j a r , i st ha t

c ook ing . 2 . 3 Me thod so f manuf ac ture Mo s t o ft h ese c hanne l -r immed v e s se l s w ou ld i n i t ia l ly a ppea r t oh ave b e en h and made . On

1 0 :1-7 . C e ram ic l i d s wh ich m igh t f i t t h e a verage c hanne l r im j a r o n ly b egan t oa pp ea r o n ly a . f te r a bou t t h e l a te rf i r s tc en tu ry AD a nd t h en ma in ly i n' Romano -Br i t i sh 'f a br ic s .

c l o se e xam ina t ion o fe xamp le s f r om Q u in ton ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , 1 979 F ig . 3 5 , 4 4 & 4 5 ) a nd f r om s eve ra l s pe c imen s f r om R u shden , H a rd ing s tone a nd P idd ing ton , i tw a s c l ea r ly

A f te r

t o b ecome

v e s se l s , mo s t ly v e r t ica l a s i fp ul ing t h e c l ay

c ompa ra t ive ly c ommon t h roughou t t h e c oun t ry . T he r e mu s t h oweve r , h ave b een l i d s

u pwa rd s . T he se v e sse l s w ou ld i n i t ia l ly h ave b een c o i lo rr i ng b u i l t ( J ack son & D ix , 1 987 ) .

u sed w i th t h e se c hanne l r im j a r s , l a the tu rned

T he r im s , o n t h e o the r h and , n ea r ly

w ooden d i sk s a r e mos t l i ke ly t o h ave b e en u sed . D iscu s s ion w i th a p rof e s s iona l p o t te r And rew Macdona ld o f L inco ln , c onc luded t ha t , b ecaus e t h ej a r s h ave a n i n te rna l l e dge , l i d s mu s t h ave f i t ted e xac t ly . I ti sd if i cu l t t o make c e ram ic l i d s f i t b ecau s e o fd if e ren t ia l s h r inkage o f t h e c l ay d ur ing f i r ing . L a the t u rned w ooden l i d s , h oweve r , c an b e made t o f i t e xac t ly , a nd w ou ld n o t s uf e r t h e s ame s h r inkage p rob lem s a s c e ram ic l i d s . T hey c ou ld a l so e a s i ly b et r immed t of i t .

a ppea rp e r f ec t ly c i rcu la r , a si fwhee l turned .

p o s s ib le t os e e f i nge r ma rk s o n t he i n s ide s o f t h i s

p er iod ,

l i d s

b eg in

a lway s

2 . 4 D ecora t ion o fc hanne l -r im j ar s S u rf ac e d eco ra t ion o f t he se v e sse l s p robab ly h ad t h e i r o r ig in s i n t h e m id t o l a te f i r s t c en tu ry BC , mo s t l i ke ly f r om a rea s n o r th a nd e a s to ft h eT hame s ( Pa r tr idge , 8 1 7 0 ) . R i l l ing o r c omb ing i st h e s t anda rd f o rm o f s u r f ace t r ea tmen t , u sua l ly h o r izon ta l a nd s t a r t ing a round t h e s hou lde r s o f t h e j a r , e x tend ing d own t h e s i de s a nd f r equen t ly f ad ing o u t b ef o re i t r e ached t h e b a se . S ome t ime s , h ow eve r , t h e r e i sa v ar ia t ion o n t h i s , s u ch a s i s s e en o n s e ve ra l j a r s a t Qu in ton ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r 7 9 , 3 5 4 4 -5 , 5 0 -2 ) . H o r izon ta l c omb ing i s s t i l l p res en t o n t h e

O the r f o rm s o fl i d , h oweve r , h ave b e en f ound o ns i te s , r ang ing i nd a te f r om t h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD t ot he e nd o ft he R oman p e r iod . S ome o f t hes e mu s t h ave b een aq u ick e xped ien t f o r a l i d o r c ove r . Ma ter ia l s f r equen t ly u s ed w e r e l a rge s he rd sf r om s t o rage j a r s , f l a ts t one sa nd , d u r ing t h eR oman p e r iod , s ha t t e red r oof t i l e s a nd s he rd sf r om l a rge s t o rage j a r s . T hey w e r e

v e ss e l s s hou lde r s ,b u tb e low t h e s hou lde r , t h e

u sua l ly t r immed t o a r ough d i sk s hape . S eve ra l s uch c ove r s h ave b e en f ound a t

c omb ing r e ver t s t o a v er t ica l p o s i t ion . S ome t ime s t h i s c an t ake t h e f o rm o f ' S ' o r

P idd ing ton i n c on tex t s r ang ing i n d a te f r om

r e ve r sed ' S ' s hape s , wh i le s ome v e ss e l s a r e l e f t c omp le te ly p la in , o r w i th j u s t r andom l i ne s o r g roove s , s c ra tched o r b u rn ished a r ound t h eb ody o ft he v e s se l . S ome c hanne l r im j a r s , u sua l ly t h e b e t te rf i n i shed e xamp le s , h ave much d eepe r r i l l ing o r f u r row s , u sua l ly c onf ined t ot h es hou lde r s . T h is f o rm o f

t he m id f i r s t c en tu ry t ot h e e nd o ft h e f ou r th c en tu ry . Many s howed s i gn s o f b u rn ing o r s oo t ma rk s a round t h eo u te re dge s , s ugge s t ing u se o n p o t s wh i le c ook ing . Wooden l i d s wh ich w ou ld h ave f i t ted i n s ide t h e d i ame te r o ft he v e s s e l , a nd s e a ted o n i t s i n terna l l e dge , w ou ld , o f c ou r se , h ave p re sen ted n o h aza rd

1 5

s u r f ace t r ea tmen ti su sua l ly al a te rf e a tu re a nd o c cu r s a l so o n f u l ly whee l tu rned j a r s ,

i n c luded a g l obu la r n a r row n ecked j a r w i th d i s t inc t ly s l ack s hou lde r s , r em in isc en t i nf o rm

p robab ly a ppea r ing b e tween AD 5 0

t ot h e Whe e le r s ' ( 1936 ) 1 6 ,

a nd 6 0 .

4 5a v e sse l . J .K .

Kn igh t ( I rches te r I ) f ound a s ma l l d i tch , o ne m e t re w ide a nd 3 0 c en t ime t re s d eep , s ea led

A tQ u in ton , ( Fr iend sh ip -Tay lo r , 7 9 7 4 )j a r s o f t h i st y pe w e re d a ted w i th s am ian a nd b rooche s t ot h eF lav ian p e r iod .

b enea th t h e e a r th r ampar t b ack ing t he l a te r R oman t own w a l l . T he p r ima ry f i l ing o ft h is d i tch c on ta ined a l a rge q uan t i ty o f p o t te ry wh ich a ga in i n c luded c hanne l -r im j a r s , c o rdoned b ow l s a nd g i r th b eak e r s . B u t , a s J . K . Kn igh t r ema rked , " A n umbe r o f s he rd s

2 . 5 Da t ing C hanne l -R im j ar s

w e re i n t y p ica l R oman f a b r ic i nc lud ing s e vera l r im si n p a le g rey -wa re t oge ther w i th a s ma l l f r agm en t o f a' p oppy -head ' b eake r a nd t h ree s he rd s o f f l agon s i n t h in , h a rd b uf f -

T he c hanne l -r im j a r i se x t reme ly c ommon o n l a t e I r on A ge s i t e s i nt he s ou th m id land s , b u t s e cu re ly d a ted e xamp le s a r e d if i cu l t t of i nd . B e low a r e s ome e xamp le s f r om p ubl i shed r e po r t s , wh ich g ive a r a the r d ive r se r ange o f d a te s .

o range f a b r ic" . T hese s he rd s s t ood o u t s ha rp ly among t h e w a re so fn a t ive o r ig in . I na dd i t ion , i n al a ye re f f ec t ive ly s ea l ing t h i sd i tch f i l lw a s f ound a C o lche s te r t ype b rooch w i th a d a te n o t l a te r t han AD 6 0 ( D . Mac i c re th p er s c omm ) . T he r ef o re , t h e d i tch d epo s i t wou ld f i t d a te s q u i te w e l l o f b e twe en AD 4 4 a nd 6 0 , a nd b ea r ing i nm ind t he p oppy -head b eake r ,

S e l ec ted s i te a s ses smen t s : Ha rd ing s tone - Nene v a l ley (Wood s , 1 969 p 25 -26 ) Many c hanne l r im j a r s w e re f ound h e r e a s soc ia ted w i th k i ln s . T h is s i te p roved t ob e a m a jo r l a te I r on A ge p o t te ry p roduc ing s i te . I nh i sf i na l r epo r t , Wood s c i ted (Wood s , 1 969

A sh ley -We l land v a l ley ( Tay lo r&D ix 1 985 ) .

8 ) Whee le r &

A t A sh ley , t h e t r ue ch anne l r im j a r w a s

p robab ly n ea re rt o AD 6 0 .

Whe e le r ( 1936 ) a s h av ing

f ound c hanne l -r im j a r s , t oge the r w i th ma sse s

a b sen t .

o fo the r l a te I r on Age ma ter ia l ( c la s s if ied a s g roup 1 3 ' ma te r ia l ) a t P rae Wood , f r om t h e d i t ch o fe nc lo su re ' A ' . T h is e x t reme ly p ro l if ic l a ye r w a s i n t u rn s ea led b y a w e l l d ef ined l a ye r o f e a r ly R oman ma t er ia l , wh ich t h e Whee le r 's a s se r ted w a s u n l ike ly t o b e l a te r t h an t he m idd le o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD . T he ref o re , t he l a ye r i n wh ich t he c hanne l r im j a r s w e re f ound w a s t ob e s omewhe r e i n t h e f i r s t h a lf o ft he f i r s tc en tu ry AD .

c hanne l r im j a r w a s

H oweve r , a

f o rm r e la ted t o t he p resen t

i n t he

s o i l

u nde r ly ing t h e R om an y a rd s u rf ace ( A sh ley 1 . 1 ) . A l l t h e n a t ive p o t te ry i nt h is g roup w a s i ne i the r s he l l o rg rog t empe red f abr ic . T he r e w a s a l so a f r agmen t o f aS pan i sh ampho ra h and le o fC a rnu lodumunn 1 85A f o rm ( Tay lo r &D ix , 1 985 f i g . 93 6 ) ( Hawke s & Hu l l 1 947 p l LXX I ) , d a ted b yD r . D .F .W i l l iam s f r om 5 0 BC t o AD 5 0 . T h i s w ide d a te r ange d oe s a t l e a s t g ive a t e rm inu s d a te o f AD 5 0 f o r t h e manuf ac tu re o f t h e v e s se l . T he re w a s a l so a

I n te res t ing ly , S t ead ( 1989 ) f ound n oc hanne l -

b u t tb eake r , wh ich w a sp o s s ib ly i mpor ted i n to t h e a r ea f r om t h e s ou th o r s ou th -ea s t , o r a l terna t ive ly , i t may h ave b een a c on t inen ta l i mpor tf r om c en t ra l G au l .

r im j a r s a t t h e K ing H a r ry L ane c eme te ry . T h i s may b e s i gn if ican t ,b ecau se t ot h ew r i te r s k now ledge , c hanne l r im j a r s d o n o t o ccu r i n l a t e I r on Age c eme ter ie s . T h i s s ugg e s t s t ha t t h ey w e re f o r d ome s t ic r a the r t han f une ra ry p u rpose s . C er ta in ly n one w a sf ound i nt h e l a te

C amp H i l l , Dus ton - Nene v a l ley ( Shaw 1 979 )

I r on Age c eme te ry s i te a tO del , B ed f o rd sh i r e i n t he Ou se v a l ley ( D ix , f o r thcom ing ) . I r che s te r -N ene v a l ley ( I r ches te r I ,H a l l &

T he s i t e i sc ha rac te r ised b y ag roup o f k i ln s a nd , a cco rd ing t ot h e e xcava to r s , d a ted f r om a bou t t h e t ime o ft h e C onque s t . T he r im f o rm

N icker son , 1 967 ; I r che s te r I , J .K . Kn igh t ,

o ft he ' s la sh ' d ecora ted r im s o ft h e c hanne l -

1 967 H a l l 's ( I rche s te r I )e a rl ie s t p o t te ry ( C i )

r im j a r sw ou ld a rgue f o r aC onques t d a te . B u t

i n c luded c hanne l r im j a r s , wh ich c am e f r om

t h ea s soc ia ted e l onga ted f o rm s o ft h eb ead r im

as ma l l e nc lo su r e d i tch (D8 ) l o ca ted o u t s ide t h el a te rR oman t own d i tche s a nd w a l l , wh ich

c a r ina ted b ow l sw ou ld p e rhap si nd ica te a p os t C onque s t d epo s i t ion , b u t , i ft h e C amp H i l l e xamp le 1 : 10 i s c ompa red w i th P idd ing ton

i s n ow u nde r t he modern A 45 d ua l c a r r iageway . L ike Wood s , H a l l d a ted t h i s m a te r ia l b y a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e Whe e le r s '

2 : 7 i ts hou ld b e o f t h e ref o re r e s idua l .

g roup 1 3 ' P rae Wood p o t te ry . H a l l ' s g roup

1 6

p re -Conque s t d a te a nd

S t oke G o ld ing ton ( F ie ld & Myna rd 1 979 ) . O the r f o rm s h in t a t ap o s s ib le e a r ly f i r s t

Ha rdw ick P ark -Nene v a l ley ( Fo s te r , H a rpe r & Wa tk in s 1 977 ) . C hanne l -r im j a r s , t oge the r w i th b ead -r im

c en tu ry AD d a t e , s uch a s t he r a the r s qua t p rof i le o f t h e c a r ina ted b ow l s . Many o f t h e

c a r ina ted b ow ls , w e r ea lf ound i nq uan t i ty . A m id f i r s tc en tu ry d a te w a s g iven a nd , a l though t h e p o t te ry r epor t w a s e x t reme ly d if icu l t t o f o l low , am id f i r s t c en tu ry d a te w ou ld b e c on s is ten t w i th t h e p o t te ry s e en a nd t h e b e s t t ha t c ou ld b e a sc er t a ined f r om t h e e v idenc e o b ta ined . C er ta in ly , t h ec a r ina ted b ow l sa r ea l l

c hanne lnm j a r s h ad s l a shed r im s , wh ich W i l l iam s a s ser t s a r e o f t h e e a r ly t o m id f i r s t c en tu ry AD . W i l l iam s s ugge s ted ad a te o f AD 2 5 f o r h i s C P2 p o t te ry . Unf o r tuna te ly , a s W i l l iam s r ema rked , t he re w e re n o i mpor t s p r e sen tn o re ven a ny G a l lo -Be lg ic c op ie s s uch a s d i she s . T he i r a bs ence s ugge s t s ad a te o f a bou t t h e s econd o r t h i rd d ecade o ft he f i r s t c en tu ry AD f o rt h i ss i te .

q u i te e l onga ted a nd w ou ld a rgue f o r al a te r d a te i nt he s equence ,p e rhap sj us tp os t AD 5 0 . Week ley - C en t ra l u p land s ( J ack son & D ix 1 986 -7 ) T h i s s i te h a s p robab ly p roduced o ne o f t h e

P idd ing ton - Nene v a l ley/W oo t ton b rook ( F r iendsh ip -Tay lo r , 1 989 ) A tt h e s i te o ft h e l a te I r on A ge s e t t lem en t a nd t h e o ve r ly ing R oman v i l la t h e re i sp e rhap s t h e b e s t e a r ly s t ra t ig raph ica l a nd d a tab le e v idence y e t f o r e a r ly c hanne l - r im j a r s , t o ge the rw i th a s soc ia ted n a t ive f i ne w a re s a nd i mpo r ted f i ne w a re f r om c en t ra l G au l . T he se a l l o c cu red i n o ne s i ng le l a ye r i n ad i tch

b e s t c h rono log ica l s equence s o fl a te I r on A ge p o t te ry i n N or thamp ton sh i re , s p ann ing f r om s ome t ime i nt he s e cond c en tu ry BC t h rough t o t he s e cond c en tu ry AD . H oweve r , i nt h e s i te 's c e ram ic p ha se 2 ( CP2 ) wh ich i sd a ted t ot h e s econd a nd t h i rd q ua r ter s o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD , t r ue c hanne l - r im j a r s a r e a bs en t . T h ey w e re a ppa ren t ly r ep laced b y r a the r c rude

( F 181 ) P idd ing ton 2 :4 -12 . T h i s ma ter ia l w a s a ccompan ied b y a t e r ra r ubra ( TR ) p l a t te r , S ke le ton G re en f ab r ic TR 2 , t y pe 1 7 ( V . R igby i nP a r tr idge , 1 981 1 59 ) w h ich h a s b e en d a ted

p la in b ucke t s haped j a r s w i th f l a t top r im s . T he se p e rhap s r e la te t o Kn igh t 's ( 1 984 ) ' e a rl ie s t B e lg ic ' p o t te ry wh ich h e d a te s t ot h e l a s td ecade s BC . T he c l oses t p a ra l le l s f o r o ne

n o l a te r t han AD 2 5 ( V . R igby p er s c omm ) . I n te r sec t ing t h i s d i tch w a s a no the r d i tch ( F 180 ) wh ich c on ta ined a l a rge g roup o f

o f t he se e qu iva len t v e sse l s t o t h e g ene ra l c hanne l -r im f o rm a t Week ley a r e ( J a ck son & D ix 3 9 , 1 36 , 1 39 ) . Numbe r 1 39 h a s as ma l l b ead r im a nd s l a shed d eco ra t ion a round t h e o u t s ide o ft he r im , v e ry s im i la r t ot ha t f ound o n p o t te ry f r om t he N ene v a l ley i t se l f :

p o t te ry , c on s is t ing o f b o th n a t ive c oa r se a nd f i ne w a re s , t oge the r w i th C laud io /Ne ron ian s am ian , t e r ra n ig ra a nd t e r ra r ub ra w a re s , a nd ar ange o fo the r i mpor ted f i ne w a re s f r om t he R h ine land a nd c en tra l G au l .

(W i l l iam s 1 974 ) a t Mou l ton P a rk 1 : 1-5 , f i ne w a re s a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s C P2 p ha se w ou ld n o t l o ok o u t o f p lace w i th o t he r g roup s f a r the r s ou th , s uch a s (W i l l iam s , 7 4 ) f i g . 3 7 , 18 & f i g . 3 8 , 1 21 . O the r f o rm s h in t a ta n e a r ly s equence i n t h e d a te r ange g i ven , s u ch a sf i g . 3 8 , 1 26 , w h ich h a s af in i t ie s w i th H a l l & N icke rson 's ( 1967 ) g lobu la r n a r row n e cked j a r w i th s l ack s hou ld e r s , wh ich a ga in i sl i nked w i th Whe e le r & Whee le r ' s ( 1 936 ) P rae Wood ma te r ia l . I n t h e l a te r C P3 ma te r ia l , d a ted t o a s l a te a s t h e s e cond

Two o f t h e e a r ly c hanne l r im j a r s f r om t he p r ima ry f i ll ing o f D i tch F 181 h ad r im top s l a sh d eco ra t ion , o ne o fw h ich h ad h o r izon ta l f i ll ing ; t h e p la in j a r a l so h ad t i l ing a round t h es i de so ft h ev es se l . T h i se v idence s ugge s t s t ha t t h e e a rl i e r d i tch w a s b e ing f i led w i th r ubb i sh s ome t ime b e twe en t h e f i r s t q ua r ter o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD a nd t h e c onque s t p e r iod o f AD 4 3 /4 . T he ma te r ia l b e ing d epo s i ted

c en tu ry AD , c hanne l -r im s a r e f a r mo r e c ommon a nd a ppea r b y t h i s t ime t o b e i n

w i th in F 181 t h e ref o re , mu s t h ave b een i nu se f r om b e twe en AD 2 5 a nd 4 0 . I tw i l l a l so b e n o ted t ha t t he n a t ive f i ne w a re s wh ich

g ene ra lu s e .

a ccompan ied

t hese

c hanne l r im

j a r s ,

e spec ia l ly t h ec o rdoned j a r s , a r ea l l o f ar a the r Mou l ton P ark - N ene 1 974 )

s qua t s hape P idd ing ton 2 : 6 -7 . T he g roup a l so c on ta ined s ome b u lbou s j a r s 1 : 8 -9 . C lea r ly ,

v a l ley (W i l l iam s ,

t h ese t o o w ou ld s ugge s t t ha t h e re i sa no the r p o in te r t o p re -conque s t f o rm s . T he p o s t c onques t t e ndency t o b e mo re e l onga ted i s

T he p o t te ry f r om t h e s i te 's C P2 p ha se w ou ld n o t l o ok o u t o f p l ace among o the r g roup s f u r the r s ou th , s uch a s H a rd ing s tone ( Wood s 1 969 ) , Qu in ton ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r 1 979 ) , P idd ing ton

( Fr iend sh ip -Tay lo r

1 989 )

p a r t icu la r ly n o t iceab le w i th t h e H a rdw ick P a rk f o rm 1 3 , 1 : 6 -8 a nd R u shden 8 : 10 a nd 9 : 1 ,3 ,13-15 .

a nd

1 7

o n ly a t i ny a moun t , u nf or t una te ly , f r om t h e ma s s ive q ua r ry ing t he re d u r ing t he n ine teen th c en tu ry . I tc omp r ise s t wo c omp le te e xamp le s o ft e r ra n ig ra v e s se l s , aC am . f o rm 9 2 p la t te r

2 . 6 C hanne l -r im j ar s a nd t he i r d i s t r ibu t ion i n t he Nene & We l land v a l ley s . ( f ig . 3 )

w i th a s t amp o f ` 1 1 /LI IOS ' ( Du s ton 3 . 5 ) a c omp le te C am . f o rm 5 8B w i th t he s t amp o f

T he d i s tr ibu t ion o f c hanne l -r im j a r s i n N or thamp ton sh i r e i s r evea l ing : T h e i r m a in c oncen t ra t ion i s c en t red o n Du s ton , H a rd ings tone ( k i ln s i te ) , Qu in ton a nd P idd ing ton . T hey t end t ot h in o u t t ot h e e a s t a l ong t he N ene v a l ley , a l though s i gn if ican t g roup s o ccu r a t R u shden a nd S t an v v ick a nd

' AST ' ( unp rovenanced , b u t p robab ly f r om Du s ton ) . A l so , f r om t h e r e cen t N or thamp ton D eve lopmen t C o rpo ra t ion 's u npub l ished e xcava t ion sc ame aC am . 1 40A f l agon r im o f N e ron ian d a te i n af i ne s andy f ab r ic wh ich

e x tend a sf a re a s ta sA sh ton . C hann e l -r im j a r s d o n o t o ccu r , h oweve r , i nt h e Du rob r ivae a r ea a ta l l ( p er s . c omm . L . R o l lo ) . T he d i s t r ibu t ion

We ek ley , l o ca ted i n t h e c en t ra l u p land s o f N o r thamp ton sh i re ( J ack son & D ix 1 986 /7 ) , h as p roduc ed f r agmen t s o f t wo t e r ra n ig ra

e x tend s i n as ou th -ea s t d i rec t ion t ot h e O u s e

p l a t te r s 3 : 16 -17 , aC am . 1 4 a nd a n u nu sua l

v a l ley , wher e t hey a r e e spec ia l ly c ommon

f o rm n o t p a ra l le led a t C amu lodunum a nd a s ma l l a moun t o f C laud ian s a tn ian .

w a s p robab ly a ni mpo r tf r om c en t ra l G au l .

a round B edf o rd , w i th s i te s a t B romham ( T i lson , 1 973 ) a nd K emp s ton (Wa tson , 1 949 ) p roduc ing l a rge q uan t i t ie s o ft h e c l a s s ic f o rm . T hey h ave a l so b een f ound a sf a r s ou th a st h e Dun s tab le Down s a t P udd le H i l l ( Ma t thew s , 1 976 ) . T h i s may c on s t i tu te a s im i la r p henomenon t o t h e i r o ccu rence a t V eru lam ium ( s ee a bove p . 22 -23 ) , o r t h e Dun s tab le s i te s may m e re ly b e s ou the rn o u t l ie r s f r om s i te s n ea re r t h e Ou s e v a l ley . I t h a s b e en n o ted t ha t b y t h e t ime t h e c hanne l r im j a ri se s tab l i shed , n one a r et ob ef ound o n h ilf or ts i t es i nt he r eg ion , e xc ep t ,p e rhap s , t h e

H a r r ingwo r th i n t he We l land V a l ley ( unpubl i shed ) h ad a f r agmen t o f a n u nu sua l d e l ica te l i t t le c en tra l G au l i sh l e ad g l azed j a r o fC laud io /N e ron ian d a te . T h is h ad ap ane l o f b a rbo t in ed o t so n i t s s hou ld e r s , v e ry s im i la rt o t h el a te r p oppy h ead b eake r s . F rom t h e c en t ra l u p land s b e tween K e t te r ing a nd T h rap s ton a t I s l ip , c a me a s i ng le c omp le te l e ad g l azed c up o f S pan i sh o r ig in , p robab ly f ound d ur ing q ua r ry ing d ur ing t he e a r ly p a r t o ft h is c en tu ry ( now i n t he B r i t i sh

p o s s ib le r eoccupa t ion o f C row H i l l , o ppo s i t e S tanw ick ( bu t t h is s i te may b e o f ad if e ren t

Mu s eum ) , a ga in d a ted t o t he C laud io /N e ron ian p er iod . A t A sh ley n ea r Ma rke t H a rbo rough , o n t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e We l land V a l ley ( Tay lo r & D ix , 1 985 ) a f r agmen t f r om t h e h and le o f as ou th S pan i sh

s t a tu s -s e eb e low .

' w in e ampho ra ' o fC am . 1 85A , wa s d a ted b y 2 . 7 .

D r . D av id W i l l iam s (W i l l iam s i n T ay lo r & D ix , 1 985 ) t o b e tween 5 0 BC & AD 5 0 ,

I mpor ted C on t inen ta lP o t te ry

u nf o r tuna te ly av e ry w ide d a te r ange . B u t t he c oa r s e w a r e f r om t he s i te w ou ld i nd ica te a

F ew s i te si n No r thamp ton sh i re h ave p roduced

d a te n ea r e r t o AD 5 0 . A sh ton ( unpub l i shed ) , t h e i mpor tan ts i te l o ca ted j u s t o u t s ide Oun cle , p roduced a c en tra l G au l i sh b u t t b eake r

p o t te ry i mpor ted f r om t h e c on t inen t d u r ing t he f i r s t h a lf o f t he f i r s t c en tu ry AD . T ho se t ha t h ave , h oweve r , a r e b o th s u rp r i s ing a nd i lum ina t ing S i te s w i th t h e l a rge s t g roup s o f I r on Age c o in s w ou ld p re sumab ly h ave b e en t r ad ing c en t re s , whe re o ne w ou ld e xpe c t t o f i nd i mpor ted f i ne w a re s a nd o the r g ood s . a r e t h e w eake s t i n

2 : 19a ,b . d a ted b y t he e xcava to r t o a f te r t he c onque s t , p robab ly a bou t AD 5 0 .S ome 1 5 y ea r sa go , t h e w r i te r w a s s hown ad i tch g roup f r om t h e e a r l ie r e xcava t ion s a t A sh ton , I t c on ta ined v e ry i n te re s t ing l a te L a T ene p o t te ry , i n c lud ing f i ne wh i te i mpor ted b u t t

i mpor ted ma te r ia l s . F o r s ome r e a son , t h e i mpor ted ma ter ia l i s e i the r t o ta l ly a b sen t o r

b eaker s , C am . 5 1C , t oge the r w i th l o ca l ly p roduced c oa r se a nd f i ne w a re s a nd ac o in o f

o ccu r s i n i n s ign if ican t amoun t s . R u shd en , wh ich mu s t h ave b een a l a rge a nd i mpo r tan t

T a sc iovanu s . T he ma ter ia l , h oweve r , i sn ow

T hese s i te s

h oweve r ,

c en t re , o n ly s t a r ted t o r e ce ive s am ian w a r e

l o s t . A t P idd ing ton , t h e l a te s e t t lemen t w h ich u nde r l ie s t he

s ome wh i le a f te r t he C onque s t . I ti sp e rhap s n o t s u rp r is ing , h oweve r , t ha t t e r ra n ig ra i s

u nexpe c ted ly p roduced mo re i mpor ted p o t te ry a nd m e ta lwo rk t han a ny o t he r k nown s i te i n

p re sen t a t t he i mpor tan t s i te o f Du s ton , b u t

t h eN en ea nd We l land v a l ley s .

1 8

I r on A ge l a te r v i l la

B o th

t e r ra

•

7—

G u i lsbo iough

B o rough H i l l

a

A rbu ry

CHANNEL/L ID-SEATED JARS

H unsbu ry

•e . .••

0

A ston J e Wa l ls

• -

H i l lf o r t S ing le g roove Mu l t i-groove S lash de co ra ted

R a insbo rough 0

. — /

5

1 0

1

,

5

1 0

1 5

2 5

1 5

M ILES

3 0

K 1LLOMETR E S

1 r •

‚1 :2

F ig . 3 . Ma jor d i s t r ibu t ion o fc hanne l r im j a r sa nd t h e i rm a jo rr im c ha rac t er i s t ic s . n ig ra ( a pp rox . 2 0 v e s se l s ) a nd t e r ra r ubra ( a pp rox . 1 5v e s se l s ) a r ep r e s en t , t o ge the rw i th v e ry l a rg e amoun t s o fL yon w a r e ( Ly ) ( a tl e a s t 2 0 v e s se l s ) a nd s ma l le r q uan t i t ie s o f c en t ra l G au l i sh l e ad g l azed w a r e ( 6v e s se l s ) , H o fhe im f l agon f r agmen t s ( a pp rox . 3v e s se l s ) ( R igby & F re e s ton 1 986 ) , p robab ly c om ing f r om t h e Ma s s if C en t ra le o f F rance t o ge the r w i th

q uan t i t ie s o f C laud ian a nd N e ron ian s am ian ( TS )a nd o t h e ri mpo r ted w a r e s . A ne a r ly R oman m i l i tar y p r e sen ce i sa t t e s ted o n t h e s i te , b y m e ta lwo rk a s w e l l a s p o t t e ry , w h ich c ou ld a c coun tf o rt h e i mmed ia t e ly p o s t c onque s t m a t e r ia l , e s pec ia l ly , f o r i n s tance , t h e i mpor t an tg r oup f r om F ea tu r e 1 80 , 3 : 1-17 ,

1 9

4 : 1-14 , 5 : 111 , 6 : 114 , 7 : 3 . B u t i tc anno t h av e h ad a ny i n f luence o n t h e p re -Conque s t o ccupa t ion o ft he s i te , wh ich a l so p rodu ced a c er ta in amoun t o f i mpor ted c on t inen ta l ma ter ia l . P idd ing ton mu s th ave ma in ta ined i t s c on tac t s w i th t he s ou th -ea s t , p roduc ing g ood

b enef i t s o f wh ich o n a n a l be i t l im i ted s ca le , h ad a l r eady b een s e en t h rough t h e i mpor ta t ion o f f i ne

w a r e s

t h e

c on t inen t ,

a nd

o the r

m e r chand ise f r om t h e c on t inen t . 3 )T he t h i rd , a nd p o s s ib ly t he mo s t s i gn if ican t e v idence , c ome s f r om P idd ing ton . L a t e s e cond /ea r ly t h i rd c en tu ry t i l e s , s t amped T IB . C L . S EVE N ' , ( " of t he e s ta te t i le r ie s o f T iber iu s C laud iu s S everu s" p er s . c omm . M . H a ssan ) , k nown t o h ave b een made o n s i t e , s ugge s t a m id f i r s t -cen tu ry c h ief o r

p o t te ry p a ra l le ls b e tw een B a ldock ( S tead & R igby , 1 986 ) a nd S ke le ton G reen ( Pa r t r idge , 1 981 ) . Q u in ton , 6 . 5 m i le s ( 1 0 km s . ) s ou th o f N or thamp ton a nd a bou t 2 . 5 m i le s ( 2 km s . ) f r om t h e Woo t ton B rook a nd P idd ing ton , a l so p roduced af r agmen t o f a mpho ra i n ac on tex t d a ted f r om AD 2 5 t o 4 0 ( Sea ley i n

m ag is t ra te , p e rhap s o f al o ca l c l an o r s ep t ( M i l le t t , 1 990 , 2 0 ) p re sumab ly o f t h e

F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r f o r th com ing ) . T h i s w a s a w a l l s he rd o f aB ae t ican a mpho ra o ft h e f o rm B e l t ran I / I I ( wh ich i n c lude s C am . F orm 1 86A -C ) . S pan ish a r cha eo log is t s c a l l t h e se

C a tuve l lau iü , w ho i ng ra t ia ted h im se lf w i th t h e i nvad ing f o rce s a nd w a s d u ly r ewa rded w i th R oman c i t izen sh ip . T he p re -Roman h igh s t a tu s o f t h e s i te , f o l lowed b y P idd ing ton ' s w ea l th a f te rt h ec onque s t , w ou ld g ive c r edenc e t os uch ap o s s ib i l i ty .

v e s se l s S a lazones b ecau se t h ey w e r e f i l led w i th s a l ted -f i sh a nd h igh s a l t -con ten t m a r ine s auce s . T he i r d a t e r ange , a cco rd ing t o S ea ley , e x tend s f r om A ugu s tan t o N e ron ian t ime s . C laud ian a nd C laud io /Ne ron ian s am ian w a s a l so p re sen t i n q uan t i ty f r om e l sewhe r e

Mo reove r , i tc ou ld b ep o s s ib le t ha tb ecau se t h e n ame c an b e t r aced b ack t o t h e t ime o f t h e c onque s t , a nd w i th a t r ia n om ina h ad b een g i ven R oman c i t izen sh ip , h e w ou ld p re sumab ly b e o ne o f t he r u l ing c l a s se s , p o s s ib ly o f c ompa rab le s t a tu s t o t he w e l l k nown c l ien t k ing o f t h e R egn i i n w es t S u s sex , T ib e r iu s C laud iu s C og idubnu s . P e rhap sw e h av e s ome e v idence h e re o f av ery i n f luen t ia l p e r son l i v ing a t P idd ing ton , a nd

o n t h e s i te . I t may b e s ugge s ted t h a t t h e re w e re t h ree r e ason s f o r i mpor ted p o t te ry r e ach ing t h ea r ea : 1 )P re -conque s t i n te ra c t ion w i th o the r g roup s f r om t h e s ou th a nd e a s t , b y t h e mov emen t o f

w ho se s phe r e o f i n f luence s t reached b e tween t h e u ppe r r e ache s o ft he N ene a nd t he Ou se . C ou ld t h i s m an a l so h ave b een o ne o f t he x i r eges w ho s u r rendered a nd p l edged a l leg iance t o t h e empe ro r C laud iu s a t t h e g a te s o f C amu lodunum i n 4 3 AD ( F r e re 1 987 , 5 2 )? I ft h ea bove s ugge s t ion i sa ccep ted , i ti s r e a sonab le t o a s sume i n te rac t ion w i th

p eop le o r b y s e conda ry t r ad ing o r e ven b y b o th m ean s . P r ima ry t r ad ing m igh t h av eb een i nc o mmod i t ie s s uch a s a g r icu l tu ra l p roduce , h ide s , a n ima l s , m ine ra l s a nd f i n i shed g ood s . T he f i r s t f ou r i t em s w ou ld b e d if icu l t t o d emon s t ra te a rchaeo log ica l ly . F ine p o t te ry s uch a s t e r ra n igra , t e r ra r ubra a nd s am ian w are , wh ich a r e u n l ike ly t o h ave c on ta ined a ny th ing , w ou ld h ave b een s o ld o r t r aded f o r w ha tt h ey w e re - d e s i rab le h igh s t a tu sv e s se l s .

o the rg roup s o r s e p t s , e spec ia l ly w i th C a tuve l laun i t o t h e s ou th , a nd w i th

t h e t h e

T he f i ne w a re s c ou ld , a l te rna t ive ly h av e b een g i f t s , a s ak ind o fs of t en ing u p p roce s s , p r io r t o ap o s s ib le i nva s ion , c f J u l iu s C ae sa r ' s r ema rk s a bou t t he e nerva t ing e f ec t s o ft r ade w i th R oman m e rchan t s( W i seman ,1980 1 2 ) .

C or ie l tauv it ot h en or th who c ou ld p re sumab ly h ave b e en n a tu ra l t r ad ing p a r tner s . T he r e a son w hy t h e re i s s uch w ea l th o f e a r ly i mpor ted m a ter ia l mu s t i mp ly t h a t P idd ing ton h ad b een a f o ca l p o in t o r l o ca l c en t re ,

2 ) A C onque s t a nd p o s t -Conque s t m ov emen t

a l low ing o n ly s ma l l amoun t s o f i mpor ted m a te r ia l t o p e r co la te i n to t h e h in te r land , p e rhap s a sg i f t s . T he re c ou ld h ave b een d i rec t

o f p eop le , t og e the r w i th t h e R oman a rmy mov ing u p coun t ry , b r ing ing n ew m a te r ia l s

t r ade w i th t h e c on t inen t t o o , h ence t h e e x is tence o f i mpor ted ma te r ia l s . S he l lf i sh ,

a nd ad if e r en t c u l tu re , t h e l i ke o f wh ich t h e i nd igenou s p opu la t ion h ad n eve r s e en b ef o re

wh ich o ccu r a t P idd ing ton s oon a f te r t h e c onque s t , a r ea no the r ma t te r .

a nd h ad ,a sy e t , t aken l i t t le a dvan tage o f T ang ib le m a te r ia l o b jec t s , s uch a s ag r ea te r r ange o f p o t te ry f o rm s , t e chno logy a nd b e t te r f i r ing t e chn ique s p roduc ing mo re d u rab le p o t te ry ,

D ie t t o o w ou ld h ave b een c hanged q u i te c on s ide rab ly b y i n c rea sed c on tac t w i th t h e C on t inen t a nd w i th t h e i n f lux o ft h e R oman a rmy i n to t h e l a te I r on A ge c ommun i t ie s . A t

h ad a l ready b een i n t roduced , t h e

2 0

P idd ing ton , a p r e conqu e s t d i tch F 181 c on ta ined a n o rma l I r on A g e a s semb lag e o f a n ima l b one s , t o g e the r w i th ag ood g r oup o f p r e conque s t l a t e L a T en e p o t te ry ( s e e a bov e p . 9 ) . C u t t ing t h i sd i t ch w a s d i tch F 180 , wh ich c on ta ined al a rg e a s semb lag e o fn a t iv e w a r e s , i mpo r ted f i n ewa r e s a nd C laud ian a nd N e ron ian s am ian w a r e . B u t i n c luded w i th t h e u sua l a n ima l r ema in s w a s a s ub s tan t ia l n umbe r o f o y s te r s he l l s ( a bou t 8 4 u ppe r v a lve s ) . T he se mu s t h av e a r r ived a t t h e s i t e a l ong w i th t h e m i l i ta ry o c cupa t ion o f t h e a r ea . V e ry s oon a f t e r t h e C onque s t t h e t a s t e f o r s e a -f ood mu s t h av e c augh t o n , a nd p r e sumab ly o y s t e rb ed s w ou ld h av eb e en s o on o rgan is ed . O ne m y s t e ry i st h a ta l though l a rg e a moun t s o fc op ied l a te L a T ene p o t t e ry h av e b e en r e cove r ed f r om t h e i mpo r tan t s i t e o f R u shden , (Wood s & H a s t ing s 1 984 ) n o i mpo r ted G a l lo -Be lg ic p o t t e ry s u ch a s t h a t f ound i n q uan t i ty a t P idd ing ton h a s b e en f o und t h e r e , e xc ep t f o r t h e o dd s c rap o fp r e F l av ian s am ian w a r e . I th a s b een s ugg e s ted t h a ta ni nf lux o fp o t t e r sa r r iv ed w i th t h ea rmy w ho w e re b a sed s om ewhe re n ea rby ,p e rhap sa t I r che s te r . B u t t h e e v iden c e i s i n con s i s t en t , w hen c ompa r ed w i th o t he re a r ly m i l i ta ry s i te s , w h ich u sua l ly p roduce g ood a s semb lag e s o f i mpor ted f i ne w a r e s s u ch a s U sk , Gw en t ( G reene 1 979 ) , Whadd en H i l l , D o r se t ( Web s te r 1 969 , 7 9 ) a nd Man ce t t e r , Warw ick sh i r e( S co t t 1 984 ) .

2 . 8 C op ie so fI mpor ted F inewa re s A s m en t ioned a bov e , n ew f o rm s w e r e i n t roduced i n to t h e r e pe r to i r e o ft h e l o ca l l a t e L aT ene /ea r ly R omano -B r i t i sh p o t t e r s s u ch a s t h e p l a t te r o r d i sh , w h ich a ppea r ed a ta bou t t h e t ime o f t h e c onque s t , a nd w h ich w a s a d i r e c t a t temp t t o c opy i mpo r t ed G a l lo -Be lg ic t e r ra n ig ra a nd t e r ra r ubra p l a t t e r s . T h ey a ppea r i n many f o rma l v a r ia t ion s , a nd a r e p rom inen t a t C o lch e s t e r , ( Hawk e s & H u l l 1 947 , 2 15 -221 ) , S i lch e s t e r ( Boon 1 969 , 6 1-2 ) a nd B agendon C l if f o rd 1 961 , 2 14 -219 ) . Mo s t o f t h e l o ca l ly m ad e c op ie s h ad s imp l if i ed e x t e rna l a nd i n t e rna l r im mou ld ing s . H ow eve r , o n e f e a tu r e wh ich d i d p e r s i s t w a s t h e i n te rna l s t ep -mou ld ing , w h ich c on t inued v i r tua l ly u na l te r ed t o t h e e nd o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD . S om e c op ie s w e r e p a r t icu la r ly g ood , f o r i n s tan ce , t h e n i c e ly p o t t ed p l a t t e r s f r om R u shden , w h ich c am e c omp le te w i th t h e i r m ake r s ' u n in t e l l ig ib le s t amp s ( 1 1 :13 -

2 1

1 4 ) , a nd t h e h eav i ly i n t e rna l ly mou ld ed p l a t t e r ( 1 1 :12 ) . H e r e t h e m ou ld ing i sr a th e r c r ud e w h en c ompa red t o t h e G a l lo B e lg ic e xamp le s , b u t w a s n eve r the le s s ac r ed i tab le a t t emp ta to n eo ft h e mo r ec omp l ica ted f o rm s .

2 . 9 L a te L a T ine P o t te r y . O n eo ft h e mo s tr ema rkab le f e a tu r e sa bou tl a t e L a T en e p o t t e ry i n t h e s ou th m id land s a nd , i n de ed , o ve r mu ch o fs ou th e a s tE ng land ,i si t s d g r e e o f s t anda rd i sa t ion . I n t h e N ene a nd We l land v a l ley s , o n ly t wo ma in f a b r ic s w e r e u s ed , b o th o f w h ich c on t inu ed i n t h e e a r ly R oman p e r iod . F i r s t , c a lc i t e o r s he l l t empe r ed f a br i c , w h ich a pa r tf r om i t s m a in i ng r ed ien t s , c an c on ta in o t he r i n c lu s ion s s u ch a s s and , i r on s ton e , g rog a nd c hopped s t raw o r h ay e i the r d e l ibe ra t e ly o r a c c id en ta ly a dded . S econd , g rog t empe r ed f a b r ic wh ich i s g en e ra l ly r e se rved f o r f i n e w a re s , a nd w h ich a ga in c an i n c lude o t he r t empe r ing a gen t s . Q ua r tz o rs and a r ep ar t icu la r ly c ommon i nt h e N ene a nd O u s ev a l ley s , o cca s iona l ly i r on s tone a nd r a r e ly ,f i n e ly c r u shed c a lc i te . Mo s t o f t h i s p o t t e ry t e nd s t o b e r a the r s of t , e sp ec ia l ly t h e f i n e w a r e s , w h ich f r equen t ly f e e l s s moo th a nd s oapy t o t h e t o uch . F o r c oa r s e w a r e c ook ing p o t s a nd o cca s iona l ly s t o rage v e s se l s , c a lc i t e o r s he l l t emp e red f a b r ic s w e r e u sed . T h e se w e r e a l so f i r ed i n l ow t empe ra tu r e a bove g round k i ln s ( c lamp t y p e ) , a tt emp e ra tu r e s n o h i ghe r t h an c 750 8 00 °C . Wood s ( 1 974 , 2 69 ) d i scu s s ed t h e p rob lem s o f l a te I r on A ge a nd e a r ly R oman k i ln s f o l low ing h i s w o rk a t R u shden , N o r than t s . S in c e t h en , m o r e e v iden ce o f l a te I r on A g ea nd e a r ly R om ano -Br i t i sh k i ln t y p e s h a sc om et ol i gh t a t We ek ley ( J a ck son & D ix 1 987 , 5 9 -60 ) . G en e ra l ly s peak ing , p o s t -Conque s t k i ln s w h ich w e r e p roduc ing t h e b e t t e r q ua l i ty f i ne w a r e s , t e nd t ob eb e low g round , e spe c ia l ly a s n ew G au l i sh i n f luen c e s b egan t o m ake t h em s e lv e s f e l t d u r ing t h e l a te r f i r s t c en tu ry AD . T he r a th e r s o f t f r iab le f a b r ic s b egan t o b e s up e r ceded b y t h e p roduc t s o f mo r e a dv anced t e chn ique s o ff i r ing , wh ich i nt u rn p rodu ced p o t ter yw h ich w a s much h a rd e r a nd m o r e d u r ab le . P o t t e ry p roduced i n t h e l a t e r T ra jan ic k i ln s a tE c ton ( J ohn s ton 1 969 , 7 5 9 7 ) i sh a rd , s andy a nd s i lv e ry g r ey i nc o lou r .

H oweve r , many o f i t s f o rm s w e re f o l low ing G a l lo -Be lg ic t r ad i t ion s .

s t i l l

s ha l low i n den ta t ion s . T he se n orma l ly a ppea r o n c hanne l r im j a r s a nd b e ma in ly u sed f o r d ome s t ic c ook ing , o r t h e t r an spor t o f

T he f o rm s w e re n o t s o q u ick t oc hange , b u t

m e rchand i se a s d i scu s sed a bove . F ine w a r e f o rm s ( C , I ,J ,L ,O ,P a nd R . ) a r e much mo r e v a r ied a nd r ef l ec t t h e g rea te s t r ange o ff o rm s t ob ef ound u s ing g rogged f a br ic s . C er ta in t y p e s o f b a se f o rm s t e nd t o b e u sed e xc lu s ive ly w i th s pec if ic t y pe s o f p o t te ry f o rm , s u ch a s b a se f o rm ' C ' wh ich i s

t e nded t ob e g overned m o re b y t r ad i t ion t han t e chno logy . E xcep t ion s a r e t he f i ne w a r e s wh ich h ad t aken a dvan tage o f t h e w hee l d u r ing t h e l a te rf i r s tc en tu ry BC . P o t t e r s w e r e q u ick t o e xp lo i t t h i s a dvan tage , w i th t h e f r eedom i tg ave t hem t op roduce f i ne r , m o r e i n te re s t ing p o t te ry , w i th e x terna l e l em en t s

f r equen t ly f ound o n ' Bu t t -beake r s ' ( F r iend sh ip -T ay lo r , 7 4 . f i g . 1 , 5 0 ) .

s uch a s c o rdon s , a nd w i th mo re c omp l ica ted s hape s . F a sh ion c ou ld a l so h ave p l ayed i t s e vo lu t iona ry p ar t , s o t o o h ad c hang ing d i e t s

P ede s ta l b a se s ( ' L a nd R ' ) a r e u sua l ly t o b e f ound u sed i n c on junc t ion w i th t a l l e l onga ted

b rough t a bou t b y t h e R oman c onque s t i n AD 4 3 , d i c ta t ing r ap id c hanges t op o t ter y f o rm s .

1 11 1s .

N ew f o rm s s uch a s m or ta r ia d i she s a nd f l agon s w e re i n t roduced , wh ich h ad n o t

H oweve r , ' R ' c an a l so

b e f ound u sed

c u l ina ry h ab i t s . I mpor ted p o t tery i n c r ea sed i n f u r the r i n f luence o n l o ca l f o rm s a nd f a b r ic . q uan t i ty a f te rt h ec onqu e s t , i nt u rn e xer t ing

w i th o the rt y p e s o fv e s se l : s e e R u shden , 1 5 : 1 . A ne xamp le o f ap ede s ta l u rn , u s ing b a se f o rm t y pe ' R ' , c ome s f r om B iddenham , B ed f o rd sh i re , ( S imco , 1 973 , f i g . 6 ,5 3 ) . T he s e p ede s ta lu rn s , h oweve r , a r e c ompa ra t ive ly r a r e i n N or thamp ton sh i re . Af r agmen t o f aq uo i t s haped b a se , t y pe ' 1 , ' , w a s f ound a t Qu in ton i n ap r e -conque s t c on tex t ( Fr iend sh ip -Tay lo r , f o r thcom ing ) a nd s e ve ra l h ave b een f ound a t t h e o n -go ing e xcava t ion s a tt h e l a te I r on A ge

T he l a te L a Une g rogged w a re f a br ic s f i r s t

a nd R omano B r i t i sh v i l la s i te a t P idd ing ton , t h e re i sa l so a p a ra l le l i n a n u np rovenanced

p rev iou s ly b een s e en i n B r i ta in . T he i nd igenou s p o t te r s w e re q u ick t o a dop t n ew f o rm s s uch a s p l a t te r s , wh ich w e r e c op ied e x ten s ive ly , a nd t h e se , t o o , i d ica te n ew

b egan t o a ppea r i n t h e Ou se , N en e a nd We l land V a l ley sf r om a bou t t h e m idd le o ft h e f i r s tc en tu ry BC . B u t i tw a s n o t u n t i l t h e v e ry l a te f i r s t c en tu ry BC o r e a r ly i n t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD t ha t f i ne w a re s u s ing h eav i ly g rogged f ab r ic sb egan t oa ppea ri nq uan t i ty .

e xamp le , p o s s ib ly f r om Du s ton , f i g 1 04 , 1 : 1 . T he r ema inde r o f t h e b a se t y pe s i lu s t ra ted , t e nd t ob e f ound o n av a r ie ty o fj a r a nd b ow l f o rm s t h roughou t t h e l a te I r on A ge a nd e a r ly R oman p e r iod . A s ad a te o r c h rono log ica l i nd ica to r , b a se s a r e u n r e l iab le , e xcep t f o r a v e ry l im i ted g roup o fb a se s , s uch a s t he b u t t b eake rb a s e ' C ' , wh ich w ou ld s ugge s t ap er iod b e long ing t o p e rhap s t h e s e cond q ua r te r o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD . T he D u s ton p ede s ta l

2 . 10 R im & Ba se t y pe s ( F or r im d iame ter s -s ee T ab les 1& 2 , p .24 )

b a se m ay a l so b e o f as im i la r d a te , t h e ' R ' v e r s ion m ay b en ea re rt h e c onque s td a te .

E leven ma in b a se t ype s h ave b een i d en t if ied f r om t h e r eg ion . T he se h ave b een d e r ived f r om t h e a l ready e s tab l ished t ype s e r ie s ( w i th a dd i t ion s ) f r om A sh ton a nd o the r s i te s f r om t h er eg ion .

2 . 11 G ene ra ls umma ry o ff orm s .

I tw i l l b e n o ted t ha t c e r ta in b a se t y pe k ey

T ype 1 : b ow l s -A s d ef ined i n t he CBA R e sea r ch R epor tN o . 6 ,3 rd E d i t ion . , (Web s te r

l e t te r s a r e m i s s ing : t h e se r e la te t o l a te r R oman f o rm s a nd a r e o fn o r e levance t ot h i s

e d .1974 ) .The se b ow l s a r e t h e e a r l ie s t t ype s o f v e s se l a nd f i t r ough ly i n to t h e J a r /Bow l -( f o r

t h e s i s . T ype s p re sen t r ange f r om p l a in b o t tomed j a r s ( A ,B , a nd G . ) , s ome t ime s w i th

2 2

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F ig . 4 .R im t y pes .

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F ig . 5 .B ase t y pes .

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6 . 1 F ig . 6 .F orm t ypes 1-6 . 1 . ( Form s , ( Type 1 )d a t ing f r om a bou tt h em id f i r s tc en tu ry BC u n t i l t he e a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry AD a nd g enera l ly c onf orm t oD av id Kn igh t s( 1984 ) ' e a r l ie s tB e lg ic ' t ype s) . T ype 1= B ow l s ; T ype 2 =P la t t er s /d ishes ( Ga l lo -Be lg ic c op ies ) ; T ype 3 = C overs ; T ype 4 — B a r re lb u t t -beak ers ; T ype 4 . 1 B u t tb eak er s ; T ype 5 =N eck less j ars ; 5 .1 N eckedj ars ; 5 .2 = G lobu lar j ar s ; T ype 6 = S torage j ars ; T ype 6 . 1 =G lobu lar s t orage j ar s . 2 5

T ype 4 : B ar r e l b u t t -beak er s -B a r r e l s haped

t h e p u rpo se s o f t l ü s s tudy t h ey h ave a l l b een c l a s s if ied a sb ow ls , o n t h e b a s i s t ha t t h e r im s

b u t t -b eaker s a r e s ome t ime s g i ven e a r l ie r d a te s f r om s i te s f u r th e r s ou th , b u t t h e re i s n o e v id ence y e t f o r e xamp le s f r om t h i s r eg ion t o b e p l aced e a r l ie r t h an a bou t 2 5 AD . T hey a r e f r equen t ly e x ter na l ly b u rn i shed i n h o r izon ta l b and s a nd s e t b e tween r a i sed c o rdon s . S ome o f t h e l a te r a nd m o re d eve loped t y p e s h ave

a r e w ide r o r w ide r o r a lmo s ta s w ide a s t h e s hou lder . S ome a r e v e ry w ide o pen f o rm s ) . I t c an b e s e en f r om t he t a b le ( F ig . 6 . ) , t h e se v e s se ls a re t h e e a r l ie s t a nd s e em t of i l l t h e g ap b e tween t he m id f i r s t c en tu ry BC a nd t h e i n f lux o f t h e w hee l tu rn ed f o rm s i n to t h e r eg ion d u r ing t h e f i r s t c en tu ry BC a nd t h e v e ry e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD . T hey a r e e x t reme ly l im i ted i nf o rm a nd g ene ra l ly q u i te

b urn i shed l a t t ice s t roke s p l a ced b e tw een t h e c o rdon s . T ype 4 . 1 : B u t t b eak er s -T he s t anda rd b u t t

s ma l l . F abr ic s a r e e i the r t emp e r le s s , s he l l /ca lc i te o r s he l l t empe red a nd s ome a r e

b eake r t ype i s c op ied f r om i mpo r ted t h in w a l led wh i te w a re e xamp le sf r om G au l . wh ich

q u i te h a rd f i red . T he e a r l ie s tf o rm s h ave v e ry s imp le u pr igh to r v e ry s l ack p rof i le s , s ome t ime s w i th as qua r ed o rf l a t topped r im ( t ype ` e ' ) . T hey e qua te w i th w i th D .Kn igh t 's ( 1984 ) " ea r l ie s t ` Be lg ic ' p o t te ry" . S u r f ace t r ea tmen t c an b ep l a in o rc on s i s t so fa v a r ie ty o f r andom g roove s , b o th v er t ica l , d i agona l a nd h or izon ta l ; a l so f i nge r n a i l /f inge r t i p i mp re s s ion s a r ound e i the r t h e t op o f t h e r im , e spec ia l ly t h e s qua re t o pped

a ga in b eg in t oa r r iv e i nt h e r e g ion a f te r a bou t 2 5 AD . T he d eve lopmen t a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e b u t t -beake r c op ies f o l low s a s im i la r p a t te rn t ot ha t o ft h e p l a t te r /d i sh t y pe s . T hey a r e u sua l ly m ade i n g rog t empe red f a b r ic s w i th b u rn i shed e x te r io r s a nd o f t en w i th b u rn i shed l a t t ice , d i agona l l i ne so rr ou le t t ing b e tw een c o rdon s . I tw ou ld s e em t h a t t h ey h ad n o t y e t a ch ieved t h e wh i te f a b r ic s o f t he i mpor t ed e xamp le s .

( ' e ') o ra round t h e s hou lde r s . T ype 5 : N eck les s j a r s -P e rhap s t h e mo s t c ommon v e r s ion t ob e made i nt h i s f o rm i st h e ` Channe l -R im j a r , wh ich u l t ima t e ly d eve loped d u r ing t h e l a te r f i r s t c en tu ry AD i n to a b u lbou s j a r f o rm . T he s u r f ace t r ea tmen t c on s i s t s ma in ly o f h o r izon ta l , o r v er t ica l b and s o f c omb ing o r r i l l ing a nd a r e u sua l ly c omb ined w i th r im s w h ich n a i l s l a sh ing ( r im t y p e T ) o n e i the r t h e t o p o r s i de s o ft h e r im s o r a r ej u s t p la in c hanne l t y pe r im s ( r im t y pe 1 3 ' ) . F abr ic s a r e u sua l ly c a lc i te o r s he l l

T ype 2 : P la t ter s /d ishes -A s d ef ined i n C BA R e sea rch R epor t N o . 6 ,3 rd . , E d . ( Web s te r e d . 1 976 ) . P la t ter s /d i she s , a l ong w i th many o the r n ew f o rm s , b egan t o a ppear o n many s i te s i n t h e r eg ion d u r ing t h e l a t te rp ar to ft h ef i r s tq ua r te r o f t he f i r s t c en tu ry AD , a nd p a r t icu la r ly a t R u shden (Wood s &H a s t ing s , 1 984 ) , Qu in ton , F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , 1 979 ) a nd P idd ing ton ( Fr iend sh ip -Tay lo r , 1 989 ) . T he se d i she s o r

t empe r ed .

p l a t ter s d er ive f r om b o th t e r ra R ubra ( TR ) a nd t e r ra n ig ra ( TR ) p ro to type s , b o th o f wh ich a r e p re sen t i n e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD c on tex t s a t P idd ing ton a nd Week ley , b u t s t range ly , d o n o to ccu ra tR u shden .

T ype 5 . 1 : N eck ed j a r s -T he se a r e u sua l ly m ade i n ag rog t empe red f i ne w a re f a br ic a nd a r e f r equen t ly a s so c ia ted w i th a b eaded r im ( Type ' c ' ) . T he s u r f ace t r ea tmen t i su sua l ly

G rog t empe red f a b r ic s a r e a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly u sed a nd f r equen t ly h ave u n in te l l ig ib le p o t te r s s t amps p l aced o n t h e u ppe r i nne r s u r f ace o f t h e v es se l , p re sumab ly i m i ta t ing t h e i mpo r ted

b u rn i shed o r s moo thed a nd w ip ed . G roove s a round t h e s hou lde r a r e o f t en a c compan ied b y as i ng le c o rdon .

TN o r TR f o rm s .

T ype 5 . 2 : G lobu lar j ar - T h i s f o rm o ccu r s f r equen t ly i nE s sex a nd H er tf o rd sh i re a nd i sa

T ype 3 : C over s -T he se a r e u sua l ly m ade i n

c ommon s i te f i nd b e tween t h e N ene a nd t h e O u se . S u r f a ce t r ea tmen t i s u sua l ly h eav i ly

g rog t empe r ed f a br ic s a nd a r e f r equen t ly b u rn i shed o n t h e ir s u r f ace s . T hey a r e s ome t ime s u sed i n c on junc t ion w i th f o rm 5 . 2 a sp a r t o f ac r ema t ion s e t a nd a r e p a r t icu la r ly c ommon i nt h e s ou th e a s t e g . i nt h e c r ema t ion c eme ter ies i nE s sex a nd H er t f o rd sh i re , t h ough

b u rn i shed a nd i nt h ec a se o ft h e e xamp le f r om G r endon ( 1 :2 ) w a s d eco ra ted w i th ab u rn i shed l a t t ice d e s ign s e t b e tw een h o r izon ta l c o rdon s . C o rdon s o r e ven c o r ruga t ion s a r e a lway s f ound o n t h e u pp e r p ar t o f t h e v e s se l ,

i n te re s t ing ly , n one w e re f ound a tt h e l a te I r on A ge c eme te ry a t O de l l , B ed f o rd sh i r e , D ix

e spec ia l ly j u s t b e low t h e s ma l l b ead r im ( r im t y pe ` c ' ) t o a s s i s t t h e p l ac ing o f ac ove r ( F orm ; t y pe 3 ) .

( f or thcom ing ) .

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1 4 F ig . 7 .F orm t ypes 6 . 2 -1 4 . T ype 6 . 2 =N eck l es ss t orage j a r s ; T ype 6 . 3 =L td s ea ted s t orage j a r s ; T ype 7= T az z i ; T ype 8 =F lagons /f lask s ; T ype 9 =S pec ia l( M isce l laneous f orms ) ; T ype 1 2 Amphorae ; T ype 1 3 = G ir th b eak er s ; T ype 1 4 =C ar ina t ed b ow l s . 2 7

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T ype 6 : s t orage j a r -T h i s t y p e o f v e s se l i s g ene ra l ly d if i cu l t t od a t e , d ue i nt h e m a in t o i t s l a ck o fm ob i l i ty a nd c on sequ en t l o ng l i f e . T hey a r e o f t en i n h a rd f i r ed f a b r ic s w i th a m ix tu r eo fg rog a nd c op iou sq uan t i t ie so fs and o rq ua r tz . S u r f ac et r ea tm en t : o f t en w i th f i ng e r n a i l i mp r e s s ion , s ome t im e s b e tw een t wo i n c i sed g roove s e spe c ia l ly a r ound t h e s hou lde r . O th e r d eco ra t ion c an t a ke t h e f o rm o fb ru shed a r c so rs ho r ts t ra igh ts t roke s . T ype 6 . 1 :G lobu la r s t orag e j a r -U sua l ly s ma l le rt han t h et y p e 6j a r s , o f t en w i th as ho r t u p r igh t r im . F ab r ic h a s m o s t ly g rog a nd q ua r tz i n c lu s ion s . T h e s u r f a ce t r ea tmen t i s f r equen t ly b u rn i sh ed , s ome t ime s w i th g roov e s a nd c o rdon s . D a t er ang e : a f t e rt h ef i r s tq ua r t e r o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD . T ype 6 . 2 : N eck le s ss t orag ej a r -Of t en b a r r e l s haped a nd u sua l ly w i th av a r ie ty o fe x t e rna l s u rf ace t r ea tm en t s , s u ch a s : s pa c ed c o rdon s , g roove s , c o r ruga t ion s a nd s t abbed o r f i ng e rna i l i mp r e s s ion s e spe c ia l ly a r ound t h e s hou lde r s . R im f o rm s c an b e s ho r t , s l igh t ly s t ubby , p l a in o u t tu rned , b ead o r v e ry r a r e ly l i d sea t ed . F ab r ic s a r e m a in ly g rog o r o cca s ion ly w i th s h e l l i n c lu s ion s . D a t e r ange : f r om a f te rt h e f i r s tq ua r t e r o ft h e f i r s t q ua r t e r o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD .

s

T ype 6 . 3 : L id s ea t ed s t orag ej a r -T h i sf o rm i s n o t av e ry c ommon s i te f i nd a nd i sr e a l ly a s e a led -up v e r s ion o f ac hann e l r im j a r ( t yp e 5 ) . T ype 7 :T a z z i -T h e s ea r ec l o se ly r e la t ed t ot h e f o rm t y pe 1 4c a r ina t ed b ow l sb u th ave amu ch m o re f l a red a pp ea ran ce . T h ey t o o o ccu r q u i t e f r equ en t ly i nt h e s ou th ea s t . A s s i t ef i nd s t h ey c ou ld e a s i ly b e m i s taken f o r ac a r ina ted b ow l , p a r t icu la r ly i fo n ly t h e r im i sf ound . F ab r ic , i s m o s t ly g rog t empe r ed , o f t en w i th t h e a dd i t ion o fq u a r tz . T h e s u r f ace t r ea tmen t i sf r equ en t ly b urn i shed a nd w i th mu l t ip le s paced c o rdon s . T ype 8 : F lagons / f la sk s -T he u se o f h and le s f o r t h e se v e s se l s s e em s t ob e n on -ex i s ten t i n t h e r eg ion d u r ing t h ep e r iod u nd e rt h er e v iew , e x cep t f o r t h e o dd i mpo r t , f o r e xamp le , a C laud ian H o fhe im f l agon f r om P idd ing ton . S u r f ace t r ea tmen t : t h e f l a sk s f r om R u shd en a r e v e ry u ncommon , a l though s h e rd s o f p a in ted v e s se l sh av eb een f ound r e cen t ly a tt h e l a te I r on A g ea nd e a r ly R oman s i t ea t Week ley ( J ack son , p er s . c omm . ) . D e sp i t e p a ra l le l s b e ing e x ten s ive ly r e s ea r ched , n one h av e y e t b een f ound . T he se d i s t in c t iv e v e s s e l s o ccu r i n t wo m a in s l ipped c o lou r s o f c r eam a nd r e d

2 8

a nd a r e p a in ted o nt h e e x te rna l s u rf ace s . T he c o lou r s a r e o f ten c omb ined w i th i n c i sed a nd b u rn i shed l i n e d ec o r a t ion i n t h e f o rm o f v e r t ica la id h o r izon ta l ly p a in ted f er nl e af ( f ig . 1 2 ,7 3 , 7 4 ) . T yp e9 :S p ec ia l s ( M i sc e l laneous f orms ) -Two f o rm sa r ei lu s t r a t ed : 1 )b u ck e tt y p ew i th ar a is ed s i de w a l l wh ich i s p i e r c ed f o r s u sp en s ion . S u rf ace t r ea tmen t : b ru sh ing i n s ho r t a r c l ike s t roke s a r ound t h e s t rok e s a r ound t h e s i de s o f t h e v e s se l . Two s p e c im en s h av eb e en n o t ed i nt h e r e g ion , o n e f r om H a rdw ick P a rk , We l l ingbo rough ( Fo s te r e t . a l . 1 977 . 1 , 1 9 ) a nd t h e o t h e r i sf r om P idd ing ton ( 7 :1 ) . A na lmo s ti d en t ica lv e s se lt o t h eP idd ing ton e x amp l ew a sf ound a tB a ldock , H e r t f o rd sh i r e ( S t ead & R igby , 1 986 2 ) t h e o t h e ri lu s t ra ted v e s s e l i su n iqu e : i tw a s f ound w i th o t he r u nu sua l v e s se l s a t R u shden w i th t h e s am e f a b r ic s a nd s u r f ace t r ea tmen t , u s ing t h e s ame t wo c o lou r ed s l ip s a s t h e o th e r p o t t e ry i nt h e g r oup . D eco ra t ion , t o o , f o l low s t h e s am e m e thod s , t e chn iqu e s a nd d e s ign e l em en t s . T he se v e s se l s a pp ea r t o h av e b een u sed a s a t y p e o f m ea su r ing c on ta ine r , p r e sumab ly u s ing b o th e nd so ft h ev e s se l . T yp e 1 2 : Ampho ra e -F i r s t c en tu ry AD a mpho rae o ccu r i n f requen t ly i n t h e r eg ion . F o rm s p r e sen t a r e f r om c on t ex t s wh ich p robab ly d a t e f r om t h e c onqu e s t : D r e s se l 1 B ( w in e ) , C amu lodunum 1 85A ( w in e ) . D re s se l 2 0 ( o l ive o i l ) , B e l t ran 1 / 1 1 ( Cam .186 a c ) ( s a l t ed f i sh s au c e ) . T h e B e l t ran I / I a nd t h e C am . 1 85A c ou ld b o th b e d a ted t oa se a r ly a s 5 0BC , b u t m o s t l i k e ly w ou ld b e d a ted n ea re r t o AD 4 0 -50 . T ype 1 3 : G ir th b eak er s -T h i s f o rm h a s a n e x t r eme ly w id e d i s t r ibu t ion , e x tend ing a s f a r n o r th a sL in co ln , t ot h e e a s ta tC o lche s t e ra nd t o t h e s ou th a t S t . A lban s . T h ey a r e q u i te p ro l if i c o n s i te s d a t ed t o j u s t b ef o r e t h e c onqu e s t . T h ey c on t inu et ob em ad ea nd i nu se u n t i l a t l e a s t t h e 6 0 's AD . T h ey a r e a l so c l o se ly r e la t ed t op o t t e ry f o rm s ( 7 ) a nd ( 14 ) a nd s e em t o f o l low a s im i la r d ev e lopmen t . T he m o s tf r equen tf o rm h a s al o ng n eck , o f ten i n t e r rup t ed b y l a rg e c o rdon s , t h e s pace s b e tw een w h ich a r e f i l led w i th a l t e rna t ing d i agona l ly b u rn i sh ed s t roke s , g i v ing a h e r r ing -bon e e f e c t . S u r f a ce t r ea tmen t : a lway s b ur n i sh ed o ve ra l l . T ype 1 4 : C a r ina t ed b ow l s -T h i sv e s se lt y pe a s m en t ion ed a bov e , i sc l o se ly r e la ted t o b o th t y pe s ( 7 ) a nd ( 1 3 ) . T h e c a r ina ted b ow l h a s a

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1

f o r thcom ing ) . T hey a r ea l lg rog t empe red w i th e x t ern a l b u rn i sh ing . T he r e may , h oweve r , b e m o re o f t h em l y ing u n r ecogn i sed i n t h e s i te c o l lec t ion s , b u t i fo n ly t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e v e s se l i sp r e sen t , i tw ou ld b e v e ry s im i la r t oa

t a l l c oncave n eck i n te r spe r sed b y o ne , t wo o r t h ree c o rdon s wh ich a r e s ome t ime s a s soc ia t ed w i th g roove s . T he c ar ina t ion i sa lway s l ow a t t h e b a se o f t h e c oncave n eck . T hey a r e i nva r iab ly g rog t empe red , v e ry r a r ley , c a lc i te / she l l t empe red f ab r ic sh ave b een n o ted .

j a r o f t y pe 6 . 2 o r 1 0 .1 a nd t h e ref o re a lmo s t

T he e a r l ie s t v e r s ion s t end t o b e mo re s qua t a nd a r e mo re h eav i ly m ade w i th t h icke rw a l l s . S u rf ace t r ea tmen t : u sua l ly b u rn i shed o ve r t h e

i mpo s s ib le t od e t ec t . T ype 1 9 : T r ipod b ow l -T he se a r e e x t reme ly r a r e a nd h ave b een r e cogn ised o n ly f r om t wo s i te s , R u shden a nd P idd ing ton . T he R u shden e xamp le i si n t h e s t anda rd R u shden o x id i sed f a b r ic , w h e rea s t h e P idd ing ton v e s se l i s i n g rog /qua r tz ( on ly o ne o f t h e l e g s f ound a t P idd ing ton ) . T h e s u rf ace o f b o th v e s se ls w a s q u i t e s moo th a nd l i gh t ly b u rn i shed .

e n t i re o u te r s u r f ace o f t h e v e s se l , b u t d o n o t o f t en h ave b u rn i shed o r i n c i sed d eco ra t ion . On ly o ne d eco ra ted v e s se l i s k nown t o t h e w r i t e r a nd t ha t i s a l a te r v e s se l f r om P idd ing ton , F ig . 6 7 , 3 . 11 . T ype 1 5 : U nc las s if ied -I nev i tab ly , v e s se l s a r e f ound wh ich f i t i n to p a r t icu la r c a tego ry . O ne s uch v e sse l w a s f ound a t R u shden ( F ig . 8 8 1 2 .14 ) , w i th t h e a ppea rance o f ac u t -down j a r , b u t , o n c l o se i n sp ec t ion , i tw a s f ound t ob e a c omp le te p u rpo se made v e s se l . T he f a br ic i s g rog t empe red , t h e re i sn o d eco ra t ion a nd t h e s u rf ace t r ea tmen tw a sl i gh t ly b u rn i shed . T ype 1 6 : C o land er s -T he se v e s se l s a pp ea r a f te rt h ec onque s ta nd a r ea l li ng rog t emp e r ed f a br ic s . T hey w e re p o s s ib ly i n t roduced i n r e spo se t o n ew c u l ina ry h ab i t s b rough t a bou t b y t h e i n f lux o fR oman f o rm s . T he f o rm s a r e q u i te v a r ied , s ome h ave f l a t b a se s a nd h ave b een a dap ted f r om s t anda rd b ow l f o rm s , u sua l ly w i th h o le s p unched t h rough a f te r

p o s s ib ly H a rd ing s tone ) a nd C en t ra l G au l ish l e ad g l azed w a re s ( P idd ing ton a nd H a r r ing v vo r th ) .

h ave ama rked s wan s -neck s hape , o t he r s h av e a nu nu sua lf l a r ing n eck a nd r im . T ype 1 7 : S t ra igh t -s id ed b ow l s -T h i s t y pe i sa c l o se r e la t ive o ft h e c a r ina t ed b ow l ( t ype : 1 4 ) , T azza ( t ype : 7 ) a nd G ir th b eake r ( t ype : 1 3 ) . Wh e re t h e b a se s s u rv ive t h ey a r e e i the r af u l l d ep th f o o t r i ng o r as ha l low f o o t r i ng . T hey t e nd t ob e q u i te t a l l a nd a r e o f t en t ob e f o und w i th g roup s o f c o rdon s . R u shden , h owev e r , p roduced i t s o wn v e r s ion s , w i th a r e d a nd c r eam /ye l low s l ip a nd i n c i sed d eco ra t ion , b u t n o c o rdon s . T ype 1 8 : P ed es ta l u rns - T he r e g ion p o s se s se s o n ly t wo c omp le te c l a s s ic p ede s ta l led u rn s . Unf or tuna te ly , t h e e xac t p rovenance o fo ne o ft hem i sf a r f r om c e r ta in , b u t t h e p robab i l i ty i s t h a t D u s ton i s t h e i r o r ig in . B o th h ave b een i n N or thamp ton mu seum f o r m any y ea r s . F ragmen t s o fo the r s h ave b een f ound , f o re xamp le , a tQ u in ton ( t he r e por t ,

( TR ) p l a t te r w h ich w a s f ound i n a p re C onqu e s t d i tch a t P idd ing ton , f i g 6 6 . 2 . 12 . T h i s p robab ly a r r ive s ome t ime a round 2 5 BC . F o l low ing i mmed ia te ly a f te r t h e c onque s t w a s as t eady s t ream o fm a in ly p l a t te r s /d i she s a nd , mo r e r a re ly , b eake r s i n b o th TN a nd TR w a r e s , u n t i la tl e a s t5 0AD . T owa rd st h ee nd o f t h i s s ho r tp er iod , o t he r w a re s a nd f o rm s b eg in t o a r r ive , a l ong w i th S ou th G au l i sh t e r ra s i g i la ta ( TS ) , L yon w a re ( P idd ing ton a nd

f i r ing . O the r s a ppea r t o b e m o re p u rpo se m ade , w i th r ounded b a se s a nd h o le s p i e r ced b ef o re f i r ing . T he p rof i le , t o o , v a r ie s ; s ome

t h ird

I mpor t ed f i newa res O ne o f t h e e a r l ie s t v e s se l s t oa r r ive i nt h e r eg ion i s at e r ra r ubra

f o r thcom ing ) a nd P idd ing ton

3 0

CHAPTER 3

LOCAL FABR ICS & SURFACE TREAT MENTS

c omb ina t ion o ccu r s i n l a te I r on Ag e f i ne w a r e s o ve r mo s t o f n or th B ed f o rd sh i r e , n or th B u ck ingham sh i re a nd N or thamp ton sh i re . I n t h e a r ea u nde r r ev iew , t h e c en t ra l t o n or th e a s t er n p a r t o ft h e r eg ion , q ua r tz i st h e mo s t c ommon a dd i t iona l f i l le r . R a r e ly , c ru shed

3 . 1 G rogged w a re ( G r /W ) T h is f ab r ic i s p redom inan t ly u sed f o r f i ne w a re sa nd r a re ly f o rc ook ing p o t s . S ome g rog t empe red p o t s m ay w e l l h ave h ad s e condar y u se a s c ook ing p o t s , j udg ing f r om c ha r coa l e ncru s ta t ion s o n s ome , e spec ia l ly a r ound t h e

i r on s tone may a l so b ef ound . T h e s u rf ace f e e l o ft h i s f i ne w a re h a s ar a the r

s hou lde r s a nd s i de s . S t o rage j a r s a r e o cca s iona l ly , f ound i nt h i s w a r e a l so . G rog i s o f t en a ccompan ied b y o the r f i l le r s , s uch a s q uar tz ( Q ) , c a lc i te ( C /G ) o r e ven o rgan ic ma t te r , s uch a s c hopped g ra s so rs t raw .

' waxy ' o r ' s oapy ' f e e l t oi t ,s ome 9 0% o ft h is l a te L a T ene p o t te ry i n t h i s f a br ic i si n f i ne w a r e . O cca s iona l ly , g rog /qua r tz c omb ina t ion s a r e t ob e f ound i n o the r n on f i ne w a r e t ype s , s u ch a s s t o rage j a r s a nd , r a r e ly , c hanne l -r im j a r s( 5 :1 b / 1 ) .

3 . 2

T h e r ema inde r t e nd t o b e i n t h e h a rd s andy q ua r tz ( Q ) f a b r ic . Mac roscop ic e xam ina t ion b y t h i s w r i te r h a s s hown t ha t i l sor ted g ra in s ( med ium s and , a s d ef ined i n t h e GEO c ha r t

De sc r ip t ion o fg rogged w a re w i thou tq uar t z . T h is f abr ic s ome t ime s a ppea r s s o le ly w i th

d e s igned b y GEO S upp l ie s , S hef f i e ld ) a ppea r i n a bundance i n l a te r p o s t c onque s t ( e a r ly R oman ) p e r iod g roup s i n a v e ry h a rd s i lve r /g rey f a b r ic ( G /W ) , t y p i f ied b y t h e k i ln m a t e r ia lf r om E c ton ( J ohn s ton , 1 969 ) .

g rog i n c lu s ion s a nd t a ke s t h e f o rm o f s ma l l b l ack o r r ed /b rown p a r t ic le s o f r ef i red c l ay w i th in t h e g ene ra l m a t r ix o ft h e f a br ic . In t h e c a se o f mo re c omp le te v e s se l s , t h e f a b r ic c an s ome t ime sb e r e cogn i sed mo re e a s i ly f r om t h e i n s ide s u rf ace o f t h e v e s se l , w h ich i so f t en q u i te l umpy , u sua l ly b ecau se t h e e x t er na l s u rf ace sh ave b een h eav i ly b u rn i shed o rw iped o ver , t he reby ma sk ing a ny u neven s u r f ace s .

T h e h a rdne s s a nd i t s c o lou r a r e d ue t o i mp roved f i r ing t e chn ique s , a nd a ppea r s t o d a te t o t h e m id t o l a te f i r s t c en tu ry AD ( J ohn s ton , 1 969 7 5 ,76 ) . G rog f i l led p o t te ry w a s p robab ly i n t roduced i n to t h e r eg ion d u r ing t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD . ( J ack son & D ix , 1 987 , 7 7 ) .

S ome t ime s az on ing e f f ec t h a s b een a ch ieved b y b u rn i sh ing h o r izon ta l b and s s e v e ra l c en t ime t re s a pa r t .The se a r e u sua l ly t o b e f ound o ve r t h e s hou lde r s a nd d own t h e s i de s

D u r ing t h i s e a r ly p er iod , h and -made v e s se ls

o ft h ev e s se l , a nd s ome t ime s o ne i the rs i de o f ar a ised c o rdon o r g roove . T he u nbu rn i shed b and s c an a l so s how t h e l ump ine s s o f t h e g rogged f a br ic q u i te c l ear ly . A l t erna t ive ly , a l l o ve r b u rn ish ing c an b e c a r r ied o u t o ve r t h e

a pp ea r ed a l ong s ide w hee l th rown v e s se ls . T hey e ven tua l ly d om ina te a s semb lage s f r om t h e m idd le o f t h e f i r s t c en tur y AD , a nd p robab ly d i s app ea red d u r ing i t st h i rd q ua r te r .

e n t ire e x terna l s u r f ace o ft h ev e s se l .

T h i s p o t te ry t h en , s pan s a nd r ef lec t s t he p er iod w hen t h e re w e re m a jo r c u l tu ra l a nd

3 . 3

e conom ic c on tac t sw i th G a l l ia B e lg ica ( M i l le t t 1 990 , 3 8 3 9 ) . T h i s c ame a t at ime when

De sc r ip t ion o fg rogged w a re w i th q uar t z

R oman i n f luence i n n or the rn E u rop e w a s i n c r ea s ing . Whee l th rown p o t te ry a nd b e low g round k i lns (Wood s 1 974 ) w e re i n t roduced ,

T he mo s t c ommon f i l le r e l emen t t ob e f ound w i th g rog i s q ua r tz ( G r + Q ) . T h i s

3 1

p roduc ing h ighe r f i r ing t empe ra ture s a nd c on sequen t ly h a rde r a nd mo r e d u rab le p o t te ry .

e x t reme ly c oa r se f r agmen t s o f l ime s tone o r s he l l m ea su r ing 3 -4 mm . O cca s iona l ly , g rog , q ua r tz o rf l in t , t o ge the rw i th o rgan ic m a t te r i s a l so p re sen t -w he the r t h i s i s d e l ibe ra te o r a cc iden ta l i sn o t k nown . ( One s u spec t s t ha t i t d id n o t ma t te rf o rs ome p o t s , a sl ong a si th ad

3 . 4 Deco ra t ion o fg rogged w are

f i l le ro fs ome k ind ) .

G rogged w a re d eco ra t ion c on s i s t s o f ma in ly b u rn i shed o r

s c ra tched

s t roke s ,

s uch

S he l l i n c lu s ion s u sed i nl a te I r on A ge p o t te ry i nt h e s ou th m id la nd s s e em t oc on s i s t m a in ly o ff o s s i l s he l l a l though mo r e w o rk n eed s t ob e

a s

p a ra l le l h o r izon ta l a nd d i agona l l i ne s , c r o s s h a tch ing i n f i ne , med ium a nd c oa r se s t roke s

d one t od e te rm ine i t s s ou rce , whe the r l o ca l ly

( s ee f i g . 9 . 10 ) , o r l e s s c o mmon ly , n o tched r ou le t t ing c f . May 1 996 , 4 29 .

d er ived o rb rough tf r om t h ec oa s t . I ff o s s i l s he l lw a si ndeed u sed , t h en t h eO o l i t ic b ed s i n c en t ra l N or thamp ton sh i re c ou ld h ave p rov ided a r e ady s ou rce , i nd ica t ing p e rhap s t h e r e a son w hy t h e re a r e s o many l a t e I r on A ge p o t te ry p roduc ing s i te s i nt h e u ppe r N ene a nd O u se v a l ley s . A no the r r e a son may b e t ha t r aw ma te r ia l s i fn o t a c tua l p o t te ry may h ave

B urn i shed a nd u nbunüshed b and s a l so o ccu r ( s ee a bov e ) , s ome t ime s b e tween r a i sed c o rdon s a nd o cca s iona l ly t o g ive a n u ppe r a nd l owe r b o rde r f o r a dd i t iona l d eco ra t ive s u r f ace t r ea tmen t s s u ch a s c ro s s -ha tch ing o r d i agona l s t roke s .

b een e xpo r ted t o o the r a r ea s , p o ss ib ly t o t h e s ou th a nd e a s t w he r e s ou r ce s o f t h i s k ind o f f i l le r w e re n o t a va i lab le . T he l ime s ton e q ua r r ied c l o s e t ot h e v i l la s i te a tP idd ing ton , wh ich i sa l so a n i mpor tan t l a te I r on A ge s i t e ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r 1 989 , 3 ) , c on ta ined l a rg e q uan t i t ie s o ff o s s i l s he l l . H e re , t h e re i ss l igh t e v idence t h a t p o t te ry m igh t h ave b een made d u r ing t h el a t e rI r on A ge .

E x t erna l p a in ted d eco ra t ion i sf i r s t n o ted i n t h e u ppe r N ene r eg ion a t , o r j u s t a f te r t h e R oman c onque s t . T he t e chn ique may h av e b een i n t roduced i n t h e w ake o f t h e R oman a rmy . I tw a s c ommon a tR u shden ( Wood s & H a s t ing s , 1 984 ) , a nd w a s a l so p re sen t i n s ma l le r amoun t s a t Week ley ( J ack son & D ix 1 987 , 7 9 ) . B u t t h e s ou rce o f t h e i n f luence r ema in s e l u s ive . One p o s s ib le s ou r ce f o r t h i s p a in ted p o t te ry c ou ld b e F rance whe re l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry BC - e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD

O the r i n c lu s ion s i n p o t te ry f r om t h e r eg ion i n c lude : c a lc i te o r s he l l , s i gn i f ican t q uan t i t ie s o f c ha lk ( CH ) a nd s ome t ime s f l in t ( FL ) . I r on s tone i n c lu s ion s a r e a l so t o b e f ound ,

p a in ted w a re s a r e f ound p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e L o i re r eg ion , a tR oanne ( Cabo t se & P e r ichon 1 966 ,f i g . 1 9 , 1 3 ) .

s ugge s t ing a s ou r ce f r om t h e N o r thamp ton S and . I r on s tone c an b e f ound i n b o th c a lc i te / she l l f i l led a nd a l so g rogged ( G r /W ) f a br ic .

A t R u shden a nd Week ley av a r ie ty o fc o lou r s h ave b een u sed o n t h i s p o s t -conque s t p o t te ry . Y e l low a nd wh i te , f o r e xamp le ; w e r e f r equen t ly u sed a s ab a se c oa t , wh i le r ed w a s

3 . 6

ma in ly u sed f o r a c tua l d eco ra t ive e l emen t s , s uch a s l a t t ice a nd d i agona l s t roke s , o r f e rn l e a f d e s ign s ( f ig . 1 2 , 7 3-74 ) . I n s ome c a se s l a rge a r ea s o ft he v e s s e l w e re c ove red i n r e d

S urf ace T rea tmen t o f c ha lk , l ime s tone o r s he l l -f i l led w a re

p a in t s u ch a s R u shden 1 2 :7 , o r b road b and s o fc o lou r w e re a pp l ied , p ar t icu la r ly R u shden

T he N ene v a l ley c h anne l -r im j a r s p roduced f r om j u s t a f te r t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e f i r s t

1 :10 . Wh i te d oe sn o ts e em t oh ave b een u sed i nt h e s ame manne ra st h e l a te rf ou r th c en tu ry

c en tu ry AD , a nd a r e r em arkab ly c on s is tan t i n t h e i r r im f o rm s ( s ee b e low f o r t h e d i scu s s ion

O xf o rd p a in ted w a re s ( Young , 1 977 , f i g . 6 2 , C 69 .2 ) ,b u ti na l te rna t ing h or izon ta lb and s .

o ft h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion ) . T he s u r f ace t r ea tmen t o f h or izon ta l ' f i l l ing ' a nd ' b ru sh ing ' f r equen t ly i n s weep ing d i agona l s t roke s ,

3 5

p robab ly c a r r ied o u t w i th ab ru sh , o r as ma l l

De sc r ip t ion o fc ha lk , l ime s tone o rs he l l -f i l led w a re .

b und le o f g r a s s o r s im i la r o b jec t , o ccu r s t h roughou t t h e r e g ion . T he s hou lde r s u sua l ly h ad a n a pp l ica t ion o fh o r izon ta l b ru sh s t roke s

T h i s t y pe o ff i l le r u sua l ly o ccup ie s t h e m a jo r p a r t o f t h e f a b r ic f r om a g iven p o t a nd c an v a ry w ide ly f r om v e ry f i ne ly c ru shed

o r w e r e l e f t u nadorned . L a rge s t o rage j a r s r e ce ived as l igh t ly d if e ren t t r ea tmen t , s im i la r

t o

3 2

t o t ha t a bove , e xcep t t ha t t h e b ru sh s t roke s t e nded t ob e i n as w i rl ing mo t ion , s om e t ime s c r ea t ing w ave l ike p a t te rn s a round t h e b ody o ft h e v e s se l . F requen t ly , o n t h e l ow e r p a r t o f t h e s hou lde r s , p a i r s o f g roove s a r e f o und , b e tween t h e se g roove s a r e s ma l l i nden ta t ion s , s t abbed d eco ra t ion , o r f i nge r -na i l p ucke r ing . T h is f o rm o f d eco ra t ion i s r ema rkab ly

p roduced i nt h ek i ln sj u s t n o r th o ft h e N ene a t E c ton , ( J ohn s tn , 1 969 ) whe re t h e s i te l i e s o n t h e ' Nor thamp ton s and ' ( i ron s tone ) . 3 . 8 F o rm so fg rey s and yw are Two ma in t yp e s o fv e s se l s e em t oh ave b een p roduced u s ing t h is f a br ic : n eck ed j a r s ( t ype 5 ) a nd p l a t te r s o r d i she s , f r equen t ly w i th t he t y p ica l i n te r na l s t ep d e r iv ing f r om G a l lo B e lg ic f o rm s ( t ype 2 ) , v e ry s im i la r t o t e r ra n ig ra p l a t te r s .

u n if orm , a nd o ccu r s a ts uch s i te s a sR u shden , ( c f . b e low R u shden 5 : 2 , 4 -5 ) Week ley , J a ck son , 8 7 ) , Q u in ton , ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , 7 9 )a nd H a rd ing s tone (Wood s , 6 9 ) . T he c hanne l r im j a r s ( 5 :1 b / 1) o f ten g i ve t h e i mp re s s ion t ha tt he i n s ide o ft h e r im a nd o n ly t h e r im h ad b een ' t u rned ' o n t h e w hee l o r mo re l i ke ly o n at u rn tab le .

3 . 9 D ecora t ion o fg rey s and yw are

T ype so fp o t te ry f ound i nt h is f a b r ic c on s i s t o f s ma l l j a r s p a r t icu la r ly t h e c hanne l r im t y pe

T he p o t t e ry s ome t ime s h a s b u rn i shed s t roke s . p roduc ing a s i lvery b lue /g rey e f ec t a ga in s t t h e s i lve ry /g rey b ackg round e spec ia l ly w i th t h e d i she s . Aw hee l p a t tern i so f t en b urn i shed o n to t h e i nne r s u r f ace o ft h e b a se , r em in iscen t o f t h e mode r n r ad ia t ion w a rn ing s ymbo l

( t ype 5 : 1 b / 1 ) . V e ry o cca s iona l ly , an ecked j a r ( t ype 5 :2 ) may a ppea r i nt h i s f a br ic a nd , m o re r a re ly , d i she s ( t ype 2 ) . ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , 1 974 f i g . 1 , 3 6 -7 ) . S to rage j a r s c an a l so a ppea r i n t h is f a b r ic ( cf H a rdw ick P a rk 2 : 1 ) ;

( Q;) . Wavy o rz i g -zag l i ne s a round t h e n eck

a l l c an h ave t h e s ame s u rf ace t r ea tmen t a st h e s t anda rd c hanne l r im j a r .

o f a' n ecked j a r ' a r e a l so q u i te c ommon , ( Wood s , 1 970 f i g . 2 1 , 1 33 , h e r e d a ted t o F lav ian -T ra jan ic p e r iod ) .

3 . 7 D e sc r ip t ion o f g rey s and y w are ( r educed w are ) G r ey s andy w a re i su sua l ly h a rd f i red , w e l l p o t ted a nd r educed R oman ised f a br ic , t h e f i l le r o f wh ich c on s i s t s a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly o f q uar tz . I t p r e sumab ly o r ig ina ted f r om s omewhe re w i th a n a bundan t s ou rce o f s and . S im i la r p o t te ry a l i t t le l a te r i n d a te w a s

3

CHAPTER 4

GRAM MAR O F DECORAT IVE E LEMENTS

T he v a r iou sd eco ra t ive e l emen t s o f l a te I r on A ge p o t te ry i nt h e N or than t s r eg ion , h ave b een s t ud ied i ns ome d e ta i l b y P . J . Wood s a nd R .Tu r land w ho h av e g ene rou s ly a l lowed m e t o make u se o ft h e i r u npub l i shed d raw ing s . A n umbe r o f o the r m o t i f s h ave a l so b een a dded b y t he a u tho r . T he se d eco ra t ive t e chn ique s w e re u sed p redom inan t ly o n n a t iv e f i ne w a re s , u sua l ly g rogged w a r e ( G r /W ) . T hey a r e f r equen t ly s c ra tched o rb u rn i shed w i th ab lun t b u t s moo th p o in t ; n o tched r ou le t t e whee l s a nd t h e t e e th o f c omb s a r e a l so c ommon ly s e en , o f t en i n p a ra l le l l i ne s , h er r ingbone o r c hev ron d eco ra t ion . T he f r equen t u se o fd eco ra t ive t e chn ique s a nd v a r iou s s u r f ace t r ea tmen t s , t oge the r w i th t h ew ide r eper to i r e o fd e s ign e l emen t so ccu r st h roughou tt h er eg ion . T he u se o f p a in t , a l though q u i te r a r e , i lu s t ra te s t h e p o t te r s ' o r ig ina l i ty . T h i s n ew -f ound f r eedom w a s b rough t a bou t b y n ew t e chno logy a nd t h e i n c rea sed a nd mo re w ide sp read u se o f t h e p o t te r s ' whee l , a nd b y R oman i n f luence . B e low a re l i s ted a nd i lus t ra t ed d ecora t ive e l emen t s w h ich w er e a pp l ied t o t h e o u t er s urf aces o f n a t ive f i ne w ares i n t h er eg ion , e spec ia l ly t ov es se l sf ound a tR ushd en .

I nc i sed a nd b urn i shed d ecora t ion

1 .

S ing le v er t ica l s c ra tch ma rk s , p l aced h o r izon ta l ly a r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s se l .

2 .

F ine h or izon ta la nd v er t ica lc r o s s -ha tch ing , o f t en a pp l ied b e tween e i the rg roove so rc o rdons .

3 .

S im i la rt o2 .b u t , d i agona l s t roke sw e r ea pp l ied i n s tead o fv er t ica l s t roke s .

4 . S ing le v er t ica l ly s c ra t ched s t roke sw e re c r o s sed b y s im i la r ly p l aced d oub le scra tched l i ne s . 5 . T he r eve r se t o4 .i ed oub le s c ra tched v er t ica l l i ne s w e re c r o s sed b ys i ng le s c ra tched h or izon ta ll i ne s . 6 . B o th v e r t ica la nd h or izon ta ld oub le scra tched l i ne s ( w ide ly s paced ) . 7 . S im i la rt o6 ,b u tt o as ma l le rs c a le . 8 . T r ip le ,v er t ica l s c ra tched l i ne s , c r o s sed b y a l te rna te h o r izon ta ld oub le a nd s i ng le s c ra t ched l i nes . 9 . T r ip le v er t ica ls c ra tched l i n e s , c r o s sed b yd oub le h or izon ta l s c ra tched l i ne s . 1 0 .

A s9 ,b u tt h ev er t ica l ly s c ra tched l i ne sa r e q uad rup led .

1 . B o th t he v er t ica la nd h o r izon ta l ly s c ra tched l i ne s a r e i nq uad rup le , p robab ly e xecu ted w i th a f i ne c omb . 1 2 . V er t ica l ly s c ra tched d oub le l i ne s .

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1 3 . A s 1 2 ,b u ti nq uad rup le . 1 4 . S ho r t mu l t ip le s t rok e s ,o f ten m ade u pw i th 5s t roke s . F r equ en t ly p l a ced b e tween h o r izon ta l g roove so r c o rdon s . 1 5 . L onge r mu l t is t rok e s , s im i la rt o1 4 . 1 6 . A s 1 5 ,b u ta r rang ed i n ac heque rp a t t e rn . 1 7 . Z igz ag se xecu t ed w i th d oub le l in es t rok e s . 1 8 . A s 1 7 ,b u ti nt r ip le l ined s t roke s( b o th 1 7a nd 1 8 a r ej o ined a tb o th t o pa nd b o t tom ) . 1 9 . C hev ron s , mad eu pw i th t r ip le s c ra t ched l i n e s . 2 0 . Q uad rup le l i ned z i g -zag ,c r o s sed b yb o th d oub le a nd s i ng le s c ra tched l i ne so rg roov e s . 2 1 . S ho r t mu l t ip le s c ra t ch ed z i gz ag s . 2 2 . A s2 1 ,b u tl ong mu l t ip le z i gz ag s . 2 3 . B road c hev ron o rz i g -zag mo t i f ,f ound m a in ly o n l a rg e rv e s s e l s . 2 4 . Mu l t ip le s c ra tch ed m o t i fi n ad i amond f o rm . S om e t ime s w i th as i ng le h o r izon ta ls c ra tch ed l i ne t h rough t h e i n s id eo ft h ed i amond s hap e . 2 5 . Q uad rup le s c ra t ched l i ne si nt h ef o rm o f al a t t ic e 2 6 . S im i la rt o2 5 ,b u tm u ch mo r ee l onga ted . 2 7 . P a i r so fv e r t ica l ly s c ra tched l i n e s , a r rang ed i nt h r ee s . 2 8 . R andom d i agona ld oub le s c ra tched l i n e s . 2 9 . S im i la rt o2 6 ,b u te x ecu t ed b yd oub le s c ra t ch ed l i ne s . 3 0 . H e r r ingbone mo t i fe x e cu t ed b yd oub le s c r a tched l i ne s . 3 1 . S ing le l i ne z i g -zag m o t i f ,w i th b u rn i sh ed h o r izon ta l l i n e si n mu l t ip le , c u t t ing t h rough t h e c en t r eo ft h e z i g -zag . 3 2 . A s3 1 ,b u tw i thou tt h eh o r izon ta lb u rn i sh ed l i n e s . 3 3 . O pen v er t ica lz i g -z ag r ou le t t ing . 3 4 . L ef tt or i gh tz i g -zag r ou le t t ing . 3 5 . I n t e r laced z i g -z ag r ou le t t ing . 3 6 . H o r izon ta lz i g -zag b and ing w i th h o r izon ta lb u rn i sh ing t h rough t h er ou le t t ing . 3 7 . B i -d i r ec t iona lr o u le t t ing . 3 8 . D eep z i g -zag r ou le t t ing . 3 9 . Wavy l i n er ou le t t ing .

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4 0 . Z ig -zag b and o fz i g -zag r ou le t t ing . 4 1 . S im i la rt o4 0 ,b u tw i th amu ch n a r row e rb and o f r ou le t t ing . 4 2 . R andom w avy z i g -zag r ou le t t ing 4 3 . D oub le z i g -zag r ou le t t ing . 4 4 . S ho r tl e ng th so fr ou le t t ing a r ranged i n ac hequ e rb oa rd p a t t er n . 4 5 . D oub le s c ra tched z i g -zag , c r o s sed b yt wo h o r izon ta ld oub le g r oov e s . 4 6 . I n te r l inked s i ng le s c ra tched z i gz ag sf o rm ing a ng led d i amond s hap e s . 4 7 . H o r izon ta la l l -ove r( b e tween g roov e so rc o rdon s )c omb i mp r e s sed p a t ter n . 4 8 . S im i la rt o4 7 ,b u tl i gh te ra nd a pp l ied i n ad i agona lf a sh ion . 4 9 . C omb imp re s sed i ns hor tr e c tangu la rp a tche sa nd a r ranged i n ac h eque rb oa rd p a t t e rn . 5 0 . N o tched r ou le t te w he e lp a t t er ni nt h re ep a ra l le l ,c l o se ly s pac ed h o r izon ta ll i ne s . 5 1 . A l lo ve rn o tched r ou le t t ew he e lp a t t e rn , d iv id ed b yh o r izon ta lg r oove so rb e tw een c o rdon s . 5 2 . S ing le v er t ica ll i ne sn o tched r ou le t t ing . 5 3 . V e r t ica la nd d i agona ln o tched r ou le t t ew hee ll i n e s . 5 4 . C omb i mp r e s sed ,c an b ea ny th ing f r om as i ng le b and o ri n mu l t ip le sa nd s e ti nv er t ica l b and sa r ound t h e g i r th o ft h ev e s s e l . 5 5 . S im i la rt o5 4b u ts e ti n to r e ve r sed c hev ron s . 5 6 . S im i la rt o5 ,b u ta st h ed e s ign c u rv e s an o t ch ed r ou le t te w he e ls e em sl i ke ly t oh ave b een u sed . 5 7 . B road z i g -zag o fp o s s ib le c omb i mp r e s s ing . 5 8 . N o t ched r ou le t t ing a r ound t h ei nn e r mou ld ing o f aG a l lo B e lg ic c op ied d i sh . 5 9 . D iagona lc omb i mp r e s s ion s ,t h en c r o s sed b yh o r izon ta lg roov e s . 6 0 . B road z i g -zag w i th at e a r -d rop s haped r ou le t t ing 6 1 . . B road z i g -zag , a r ranged w i th s ma l ls t abbed d o t s o u t l in ing am i l led z i g -zag p a t ter n . 6 2 . B road z i g -zag e x ecu ted b y a' wh ee l 'i mp re s s ing s ma l l h o le so rd imp le s . 6 3 . F enc ep a t t e rn , r andom v e r t ica l ly s c ra tched l i ne s , c r o ssed b ys im i la rr andom d oub le s c ra tched l i ne s . PA INTED DECORAT ION .

6 4 . S ho r td i agona lb ru sh s t roke s . 6 5 . Two b road b and so fc o lou r( u sua l ly r e d )s epa ra ted b y s ho r tv er t ica ls t rok e s .

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6 6 . s im i la rt o6 5 ,b u tt h ev er t ica l s t roke sa r e much m o re c l o se ly s paced . 6 7 . S im i la rt o6 7 , b u tt h ev er t ica l s t roke sa r ec ur ved . 6 8 . S im i la rt o6 5 ,b u tt h e s t roke sa r ed i agona l . 6 9 . S im i la rt o6 5 ,b u tt h es t roke sa r e s e t i n to a h e r r ingbone p a t tern . 7 0 . S im i la r6 9 , b u tt h eh er r ingbone p a t ter ni ss e tw ide a par t . 7 1 . Two h or izon ta lb and s ,b e tween w h ich a r e r e ve r sed c hev ron s , i n to w h ich a r es e tv e r t ica l s t roke s . 7 2 . Two h or izon ta lb and s o fc o lou r , w i th v e r t ica l l a dder p a t te rn sa r ranged s i de -by s ide . 7 3 . Two b road h o r izon ta lb and so fc o lou rw i th a dded b u rn i sh ing . B e tween t h eb and sa r ef e rn f r ond s s e ts i de -by s ide . 7 4 . Two l i gh th or izon ta lb and so fc o lou rw i thou tb urn i sh ing , b e tween w h ich a r ef e rn f r ond s s im i la r.t o7 3 a bove .

Mo s to ft h is m id f i r s t c en tu ry AD p a in ted d eco ra t ion o n t h e p o t te ry f r om R u shden a nd Week ley w a s e xecu ted i n r ed o r r ed /b rown p a in t , o f ten d i rec t ly o n to t h e p l a in c e ram ic s u r f ace . B u t s ome t ime s , t h e r ed p a in tw a sp a in ted o n to p re -p r epa red w h i te o rc r eam /ye l low p a in ted s u r f a ce s .

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CHAPTER 5 .

BR IEF S TUDIES O F CO MPARAT IVE MATER IAL 5 . 1 T he d i s tr ibu t ion o f l a te I ron Age c o ins i n t h e N ene a nd W e l land V a l ley s ( f igs 1 3 -16 )(Comp i led b y t h ea u thor , u s ing m uch u npub l ished m a t er ia la nd t h e c ard i nd ex h e ld i nt h e a rch ive a tN or thamp ton Museum ) . I t i s h oped t ha t ab r ief a s se s smen t o f t h e r eg iona l d i s tr ibu t ion o ft wo o the r c a t ego r ie s o f a r tef ac t s , s uch a sI r on A ge c o in s a nd c u r r ency b a r s , t h e c o in s o fC laud iu s a nd N e ro a nd w i th c er ta in l a te I r on A g e a nd e a r ly R oman b rooch t ype s , w ou ld c omp lemen tt h e ma in s t udy o ft h e l a te I r on Age a nd e a r ly R oman p o t te ry f r om t h e r eg ion o ft he N ene a nd We l land v a l ley s . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e c o in s , ( f ig s . 1 3 -16 ) s uch a s T a sc iovanu s ( f ig . 1 4 ) a nd mo re p a r t icu la r ly

m e t a l d e tec to r o f a p o s s ib le t emp le

s i te a t

E v en ley i nt h e s ou th w es t o fN or thamp ton sh i re o f af u r th e r 3 4 c o in s o f C unobe l in . Apar t f r om E ven ley , t h e h eav ie s t d i s tr ibu t ion h a s b e en l o ca ted i n t h e N ene v a l ley , w i th o n ly a f ew o u t l ie r s i n t h e n o r th a nd s ou th -we s t o f t h e r eg ion . V e ry f ew o f t h e c o in s w e re f ound b y modern e xcava t ion m e thod s . Many w e re f ound i n t h e n ine teen th a nd e a r ly t wen t ie th c en tur ie s .

t ho se o fC unobe l inu s , ( f ig . 1 5 ) , t o ge the rw i th t h e e a r ly R oman c o in s ( f ig . 1 7 ) a nd b rooche s ( f ig . 1 8 -21) i sv e ry s im i la rt ot ha t o ft h e c hanne l -r im

F ie ld

j a r s( f ig . 3 ) .

c a tego ry wh ich h ave f a i led t o b e r epor ted , a nd many mo re s t i l l t o b e f ound wh ich c ou ld a l te r

T h i r ty t wo u n insc r ibed c o in s ( t h i s f i gu re i s c on s tan t ly i nn eed o fr ev i s ion d ue i nt h e ma in t o t h e e ve r i n c rea s ing f i nd r a te c au sed b y m e ta l d e te c t ing ) f r om N or thamp ton sh ir e a nd i sw ide ly d i s t r ibu ted , b u t t e nd s t o h ave a s ou th w e s te r ly d i s t r ibu t ion . A lso i n c luded i n t h e c o in map s a r e t h e f i f ty t wo i r on c u r rency b a r s , f o r ty e i gh t o fw h ich w e re f ound h oa rded t o ge the r a t Wake r ley , s t ra t if ied l a te r t han a s i ng le p i t , wh ich w a s p ar t o f a p i t - a l ignmen t ( J a ckson 1 974 , 4 1) .

t h e e mpha s i s i n t h e d i s t r ibu t ion . N o r c an t h e a c cep ted d a te s f o r m in t ing a lway s b e t aken t o s ugge s t t h e a pp rox ima te d a te s o f d epo s i t ion , a nd n o d oub t a t l e a s t s ome c o in s , e spec ia l ly t ho se n ea r t h e e nd o f t h e I r on A ge , w e re d epo s i ted i n t h e e a r ly R oman p er iod . N one the le s s , t h ed i s t r ibu t ion s c an , p erhap s , i n ag ene ra l w ay s ugge s t , t h e ma in a rea s o f o c cupa t ion a nd p o s s ib le p o l i t ica l o rgan isa t ion f r om a bou t t h e m idd le o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry BC

B y t h e t ime o f T a sc iovanu s ( 20

f r om t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f I r on A ge c o in s f r om N or thamp ton sh i re i s t ha t a r e la t ive ly c l ea r

BC -AD

1 0 ) ,

c hange s o f d i s t r ibu t ion a r e b eg inn ing t o b e d e tec ted . Twen ty n ine e xamp le s h ave b een f ound w i th a f ew s t i l l o n h ighe r g round i n s ou th -we s t N o r thamp ton sh ire . A c l ea r c hange i nt h e d i s t r ibu t ion c an n ow b e s e en a nd r e f le c t s t h e move i n to mo r e o pen l ow land t y pe o fs i te , wh ich

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d u r ing t h e m id t o l a te f i r s t c en tu ry BC o r e ven p e rhap sd u r ing t h ee a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry AD . S ome f i f ty t h ree c o in s o f C unob e l in ( c AD10 4 0 ) h ave b een r e co rded , a l though t h i s f i gu r e h a s r e cen t ly b een i n f la ted b y t h e d i scove ry b y

4 1

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f i nd s h ave a l l c on t r ibu ted t o t h e i r d i scove ry . N o d oub t t he re w e re many mo re o f e ach

u n t i lt h eR oman c onque s tp er iod . One o f t h e ma in c onc lu s ion s t o b e d rawn

d i s t inc t ion b e tween t h e e a r l ie r ' im in sc r ibed ' c o in s , ( f ig . 1 3 ) who se d i s t r ibu t ion b road ly c o inc ide sw i th t ha to fc u r rency b a r s ( f ig . 1 3 ) a nd t h e l a te r ' i n scr ib ed ' i s sue s o f T a sc iovanu s a nd C unobe l in ( f ig s . 1 4 & 1 5 ) , w i th p e rhap s t r ade c au s ing t h e i nf i l t ra t ion o f t h e c o in s o f t h e D obunn ia nd t h e C or ie l tauv i ( f ig . 1 6 ) . T he e a r l ie r u n insc r ibe c l i s sue s a nd c u r rency b a r s n o t u nexpe c ted ly t end t o c l u s te r a round t h e h i l lf or t s , l o ca ted ma in ly i n t he w e s tern u p land s , e g . Hun sbu ry , A rbu ry , B u rn t Wa l l s , a nd R a in sbo rough , whe rea s t h el a te r i n scr ibed

UN INSCR IBED . POT IN . CURRENCY BARS

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b e t te r a cc e s s t ow a te r i n c lud ing t h e s ea v ia t he Wa sh a nd o pen c oun t ry s ide , wh ich wa s much mo re s u i tab le f o ra g r icu l tu re . T he re may a l so

i s sue s a r e p rom inen t a t t h e l a rge r o pen s i te s s uch a s Du s ton , N o r ton ( Bannaven ta ) , Week ley , S tanw ick a nd A sh ton , h ugg ing t h e N ene v a l ley a nd e x t end ing f o r o n ly s hor t d i s tance s i n to t he u p lands . Whe re i ndependen t d a t ing e x is t s , a l l t h e h i l lf o r t s w e re o ccup ied f r om t he e a r l ie r I r on A ge u n t i l a bou tt h e m id t o l a te f i r s t c en tu ry BC , w hen t h e move t o mo re o pen l ow land s i te s s t a r ted t o o ccu r . T h i s h a s b een c l ea r ly d emon s t ra ted a t t h e f olow ing s i te s ( nea rby h i l lf o r t s i n b racke t s ) : Du s ton ( unpub l i shed ) , ( Hun sbu ry ) , S tanw ick ( Nea l 1 989 , 2 92 . 1 991 , 2 52 . 1 992 , 2 85 f i g . 1 8 ) ( Crow H il , whe re t h e r e i s a l i t t le e v idence o f e a r ly R oman u se o r r e occupa t ion , j udg ing f r om a p e r sona l i n spe c t ion o f t h e p o t te ry ) . No r ton /Bannaven ta , ( Tay lo r & D ix , 1 985 ) whe re t wo I r on Age c o in s w e r e f ound , o ne o f wh ich i s ar a re B r i t i sh L x 14 t ype ( Ha se lg rove , 1 978 ) t oge the r w i th a s t ake -bu i l t r oundhou se wh ich w a s f ound t o u nde r l ie t h e l a te r r ampa r t ,of t he =in s c r ib ed c o in s a nd p o s s ib ly

h ave b een a m a jo r p o l i t ica l i n i t ia t ive f o r s uch ad ra s t ic c hange t o h ave t aken p lace a nd s o q u ick ly . I t h a s b een s hown t ha t b y t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tur y AD , s i gn i f ican t c oncen t ra t ion s o ft he c o in s o f C unobe l in a ppea r i n N o r thamp ton sh i re , e spe c ia l ly i n t he u ppe r N ene v a l ley ( f ig . 1 5 ) . C o in s f r om t r ibe s wh ich w ou ld h ave b o rde red o n to t h e a r ea u nder s t udy h ave b e en i n c luded o n f i gu re ' 1 6 ' . A l though q u i te s ca rce , t h ey s how , a sw ou ld b e e xp ec ted , t h a t D obunn ic c o in s h ave a mo re w e s te r ly d i s t r ibu t ion , r e ach ing n o f a r the r e a s t t h an Du s ton , wh i le c o in s o ft h e C o r ie l tauv i t end t o b e mo re n o r th e a s te r ly o r ien ted , e x tend ing d own a g a in t o Du s ton . T h ree o u t l ie r s o ccu r o n t he r i ve r T ove , t wo a t T owc e s te r , a nd t he t h i rd ( f rom aR omano -Br i t i sh t emp le s i te ) w a s f ound a tO ld S t ra tf o rd . R omano -Br i t i sh t emp le s i te s i t m ay b e n o ted a r e o f t en s hown t o h ave e a rl ie r I r on A ge b eg inn ing s , f o r e xamp le t he r e cen t ly

g ive a c l ue t o t he i r e a r ly d a te , a l though t h e r e cen t ly f ound h oa rd o nt h ee dge o ft h e We l land a t Wake r ley ( J ack son , 1 974 ) i s f r om q a s i te

e xcava ted s i te a t U ley , (Woodwa rd & L each , 1 992 ) .

mo s t l i ke ly t o b e c on ce rn ed w i th t h e i r on i ndu s t ry o ft he a r ea . T he i n sc r ibed a nd t h e =in sc r ibed c o inage h ave d if e ren t d i s t r ibu t ion s . T h e i n s c r ibed c o in s o f T a sc iovanu s ( f ig . 1 4 ) h oweve r , s t i l l t e nd t o c l u s te r a round t he h i l lf or t s , a l though t h ey a r e n ow b eg inn ing t ob e f ound i n g rea te r n umbe r s a l ong t he N ene a nd i t st r ibu ta ry v a l ley s . B y t h e t ime o f C unob e l in ( AD10 -40 ) i tc an b e c l ea r ly s e en t ha t t he d i s t r ibu t ion o f h i s c o in s ( f ig . 1 5 )h a s s e t t led d own t o ac on s i s ten tp a t te rn , c lu s t er ing t i gh t ly a l ong t h e N ene v a l ley

G louce s te r sh i re

C o in s o ft h e I c e iü a r e e x t r eme ly s c a rce a nd f ew h ave b e en r e co rded f r om N or thamp ton sh i re . I t m ay b e t ha t t h e p resence o ft h e f en s , e x tend ing d own i n to s ou the rn C amb r idge sh i re , made q u i te a n a n e f e c t ive b a r r ie r . A l te rna t ive ly , i t m ay h ave p o l i t ica l o ver tone s . T he re i s a s ugge s t ion t ha tt h e g o ld f ound i nt h e h oa rd s o f

B u rco te ( p er s . c omm . R . T u r land ) . T he se c o in s

t o rc s a nd o the ro b je c t s f r om e as te rn E ng land , o r ig ina ted f r om Wa le s o r I r e land ( Fox , 1 958 1 45 ) . I fs uch a n e a s t -we s t r ou t e e x i s ted , i t s hou ld h ave p a s sed t h rough N or thamp ton sh i re , a nd s ome e v idence i n t he f o rm o f c o in l o s s m igh t h ave l e f t s ome l o ca l a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd . S o f a r , h oweve r t h e e v idence o n t h is p o in t i s n ega t ive . Much

e x tend t h e l i ne o f t h i s d i s t r ibu t ion t owa rd s t h e w e s t o r , a l te rna t ive ly , t h ey may b e a s so c ia ted

n um i sma t ic w o rk n eed s t ob e d one o n t h e l o ca l I r on A ge c o inage s . H oweve r , t h e f o r thcom ing

( s ou the rn N or thamp ton sh i r e , w i th h eavy c oncen t ra t ion s a t t h e m a jo r s i te s o f D u s ton , S tanw ick a nd A sh ton . T he re a r e s i gn if ican t g roup s o f h i s c o in s a round T owce s te r ( Lac tod orvm ) , e spec ia l ly a t n e a rby Wood

w i th

a n

e a r ly

R oman

m i l i ta ry

s i te ,

l ong

w o rk o n t h i s s ub jec t b y Mark C u r te i s w i l l b e v e ry v a luab le i nt h is r e spec t . I ts e em s c l ea r t ha t

s u spe c ted a tT owce s te r .

N or than t s , a tl e a s t b y t h e l a te f i r s t c en tu ry BC , l a y w i th in t h e c i rcu la t ion a r ea o ft h e c o in s o f

C on t ra s t s i n t h e d i s tr ibu t ion s ugge s t t ha t e i the r t he u se s o f t he c o in s h ad c hanged , o r t ha t a f undamen ta l c hange i nt h e o ccupa t ion p a t te rn o ft he a rea w a s t ak ing p l ace s ome t im e b e tween t he l a te f i r s t c en tu ry BC a nd t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD . A lso a bou tt h i s t ime h i l l f or t s w e re e i the rb e ing a bandoned , o ru sed l e s s , a t at im e when s e t t lemen t s i n t h e v a l ley s w e r e b e ing d eve loped , t h i s a c t iv i ty a l so c o inc ide s w i th t h e i n f lux o fn ew p o t te ry f o rm s . T he v a l ley s o f e red

t h e C a tuve l laun i a nd T r inovan te s a nd r ef lec t s t h e s ou th -ea s te rn o ve r land i n f luence a l ready s e en i n t h ep o t te ry .

4 7

/ • •—• . ' c .

r • • •! ': e :‚

F ig . 1 8 .D i s r ibu t ion m ap o f :R os e t te & L ang ton D own b rooches .

_

F ig . 1 9 . D is t r ibu t ion m ap o f N aurhe im & S t ead t y pe b rooches .

4 8

• . ;

F ig . 2 0 .D is t r ibu t ion m ap o f :A uc i s sa & H od H i l lb rooches .

Y C o lches te r

F ig . 2 1 .D is t r ibu t ion m ap o f C o lche s t er & P enannu la rb rooches .

4 9

5 . 2

e xam ined t os e e h ow t h ey c ompare w i th t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f p o t te ry a nd c o in s . E igh t d if e r en t e a r ly t o m id f i r s t c en tu ry AD t y pe s w e re s e lec ted a nd t he ir d i s t r ibu t ion p l o t ted . T he se , l i ke t h e c o in s , a l l c a me f r om av a r ie ty o f s ou rce s , s uch a s e xcava t ion , m e ta l d e tec t ion , f i e ld w a lk ing a nd c a sua lf i nd s . T hey c ou ld w e l l r e p re sen t ar ea l d i s tr ibu t ion r a the r t han a d i s t r ibu t ion o f a r chaeo log i s t s . I lu s t ra t ion s o fe ach g ene ra l t ype o fb rooch a r e s hown o n t h e d i s t r ibu t ion map s . Ma ck r e th , w r i t ing h i sr epo r to nt he b rooche sf r om S ke l e ton G reen , H er tf o rd sh i re ( Par tr idge , 1 981 1 30 ) n o ted t h e e a r l ie s t b roo che s c ame f r om k ey d epo s i t s s e a led b e low s i l t o r b e low P e r iod I f e a tu r e s . B rooch t ype s h e i d en t if ied c o r r e la te

T he d i s tr ibu t ion o fe ar ly t om id -f ir s tc en tur y R oman c o ins i nN or thamp tonsh ir e . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f e a r ly R oman c o in s i n Nor thamp ton sh ire ( f ig . 1 7 ) i sp e rhap s e v en m o r e c oncen t ra ted t han t ha t o f t h e I r on A ge c o in s . T he ma in b u lk o f t h e e a r ly c o in s a r e c oncen t ra ted a round t h e u ppe r r e ache s o ft h e N ene , w i th t he t i gh te s t c l u s te r s i n t h e p a r i sh e s o fL i t t le H ough ton ( 5 ) , B raf i e ld ( 1 ) , D en ton ( 1 ) a nd P idd ing ton ( 2 ) . Mo s t o ft h e p re -conque s t R oman c o in s a r e c oncen t ra ted t owa rd s t h e s ou th -we s t o f t he r eg ion , w h i le t h e C laud ian a nd N e ron ian c o in s o ccu rc en t ra l ly b e twe en t h e Woo t ton B rook a nd t h eN ene .

w e l lw i th t ho se s e lec ted f o r i n c lu s ion i n t h i s t he s i s t o i lu s t ra te a nd c ompa r e t h e i r

T he l a rge s t g roup o fC laud ian c o in s , a l l o f t h e t empo ra ry

m i l i ta ry i s sue t y pe ,

c ome s f r om a

d i s t r ibu t ion w i th t ho se o ft he I r on Age c o in sa nd

s ma l lf i e ld a tL i t t le H ough ton ( p er s . c omm . R . H o l lowe l l ) .

T hey

w e re r andom ly

t he

d i sp e r sed

ah oa rd .

T he P idd ing ton v i l la ,

l e s s t han t h r ee

T he i n e scapab le i n f e renc e t o b e d rawn f r om t h i s d i s tr ibu t ion o fe a r ly R oman c o in s , i st h a t c l u s te red a s t hey a r e a round t h e u ppe r N en e s ou the rn s i de

s uch

a s

t h e c o in s ,

T a sc iovanu s

( f ig . 1 4 )

s u rvey i s t ha t o f t h e C o lche s te r /Penannu la r ( f ig . 2 1 ) a nd t h e Auc i s sa /Hod 1 E 1 1 ( f ig . 2 0 ) ,

( f ig s . 1 3 -16 ) a nd

t he N auhe im ( d rah t f ibe l ) /S tead t yp e s ( f ig . 1 9 )

m o r e

a nd t h e R o se t te /Lang ton D own ( f ig . 1 8 ) t ype s , wh ich a r e a l l c oncen t ra ted a l ong t h e N ene

p a r t icu la r ly t hose o f C unobe l inu s , F ig . 1 5 ) , a nd t oge the r w i th t h e e a r ly R oman c o in s ( f ig

v a l ley , w i th f ew o u t l ie r s .

1 7 ) a nd b rooche s ( f ig . 1 8 -21 ) i s v e ry s im i la rt o t ha to ft he c hanne l r im j a r s( f ig . 3 ) .

T hese d i s t r ibu t ion s

c on t ra s t s t rong ly w i th t he f ew e xamp le s a l ong t h e We l land v a l ley a nd s ugge s ts t h i s e v id ence s uppor t s t ha t o f t h e c o in s . T h i s s ugge s t s t o t h ew r i te rt h a ts e t t lemen t i nt he N ene v a l ley a nd t o i t s s ou th w a s p e rhap s mo re a l igned

5 . 3 T he d i s tr ibu t ion o f c er ta in l a t e L a T ene a nd e ar ly R oman b rooch t y pes . T he d i s tr ibu t ion s

e a r l ie s t b roo che s

I ti sc l ea rt ha tt h ed i s t r ibu t ion o ft he N en ev a l ley b roo che s f o l low a s im i la r d i s t r ibu t ion t o t h e c o in s o fT a sc iovanu sa nd C unobel in . Many o f t h e b rooche s f a l l w it h in a c ompa rab le d a te r ange t ot h e c o in s , e x tend ing i n to t h e R oman p er iod . C au t ion i s n eeded h oweve r b ec au se b rooche s , l i ke c o in s , c an h ave a l ong p e r iod o fu se , wh ich c an b e f r equen t ly d emon s t ra ted b yt h es ome t ime sc on s iderab le w ea ro nt h em . T he c l ea r e s t d i s tr ibu t ion t o eme rge f r om t h e

o f t h e

r i ve r , t he re i s a p o s s ib le R oman m i l i t ar y p re sence . T he i ndu s t r ia l s ca le p o t te ry p rodu c t ion i nd ica ted b y t he e a r ly R oman p e r iod a t H a rd ing s tone a ga in a rgue s f o r t h e p re s enc e o f t h e R oman m i l i ta ry . P idd ing ton e spec ia l ly , s aw e a r ly i mpor ted p o t te ry a nd m i l i ta ry b ronze s . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f

T he

D own , A uc is sa -Hod H i l l a nd P enannu la r b roo che s . A l though t he ( d rah tf ibe l ) ' S t ead t ype ' d o e s n o to ccu r a t S ke le ton G re en , i tt oo i s o f t h e s am e d a te r ange ( p er s . c omm . D . Mack ret h ) . A l lt h es eb rooche s Mack re th d a t e st o b ef o re t h e R oman c onque s t , t hough s om e n o d oub t r ema ined i nu se s ome t ime a f t e r .

m i le s ( 4 .83 km . ) a way , a l so p roduced a C laud ian t empo ra ry i s sue a nd ac o in o f Ag r ippa . Du s ton , t oo , h a s p roduced a s i ng le C laud ian i s sue , a dd ing t ot he a l ready e x ten s ive I r on A g e c o in l i s tf r om t ha ts i te .

r eg ion , e spec ia l ly t he

C hanne l r im j a r .

(Mack r e th 's G roup I ) a r e t he C o lche s te r s , N auhe im D e r iva t ive s , R ose t te s , L ang ton

a bou tt h e f i e ld a nd a r eu n l ike ly t o h ave f o rmed

e conom ica l ly w i th t ha t a nd s ou th e as t .

o f c e r ta in t yp e s o fl a te I r on

Age a nd e a r ly R oman b roo ch t ype sh ave b e en

5 0

o f t he w ea l th ie r s ou th

CHAPTER 6

D ISCUSS ION

6 . 1 L a t e I r on A ge i mpor t ed p o t t ery : G a l lo B e lg ic , A r r e t ine w a r es a nd a mphorae

a no th e rp l a t t e r f o rm -C am . 1 3& 1 4 /S k . Gm . 7 . O f t h e o t h e r mo r e e xo t ic t y pe s t o a ppea r t hough m a in ly a tP idd ing ton a r e C am 5 6C /S k . Gm . 3 0 . a nd aC am . 5 8A /S k . Gm . 3 4 . T he se t e r ra n ig ra f o rm s o ccu r i n b o th p r e a nd p o s t C onque s t P idd ing ton . ( A f ew o f t h e e a r ly e xamp le s h oweve r m ay b e d i s coun ted d ue t o r e s idua l i ty )T he t wo We ek ley f o rm s : C am .56C / S k . Gm . 3 0 a nd C am . 1 4 /S k . Gm . 7 c ame f r om p o s t -Conque s t c on t ex t s ( b u t t h e r e i s n o w ay o fc onf i rm ing w h e th e r t h e se t o o m ay h av e b een r e s idua l ) . I ti sf r om t h e se e a r ly i mpor t s , p a r t icu la r ly t h e p l a t t e r , t h a t t h e many c op ie s w e re m ad e , ma in ly i n t h e l o ca l g rogged f i ne w a re f a b r ic .

A cco rd ing t oV a le ry R igby ( R igby i nP a r t r idge 1 981 1 50 -165 ) , G a l lo -Be lg ic p o t t e ry , a nd A r r e t in e w a re s uch a sp l a t t e r s , c up s , b ow l s a nd b u t t b e ake r s s t ar ted t oa r r ive i nB r i t a in a ts i t e s s u ch a sS k e le ton G re en a nd C o lch e s t e r( Hawk e s a nd H u l l 1 947 ) a r ound l a t e A ug us tan t im e s . R igby a l so a s se r t s t h a t b y a bou t AD 2 0 t h e n umbe ro fi mpo r t sf r om t h e C on t inen tb egan t o d ec l ine , o n ly t op i ck u p a ga in i nt h e C laud ian a nd N e ron ian p e r iod s , n o d oub t d u e t o t h e i mpac t o ft h e R oman a rmy . B ef o r e t h i s p e r iod , j e f r om a bou t t h e m id f i r s t c en tu ry BC , t h e r eg ion a r ound t h e N en e v a l ley , p a r t icu la r ly a s f a r a s p o t te ry i s c on ce rned ( a pa r t f r om t h e G la s tonbu ry w a r e ) , w a s r a th e r s l ow t od ev e lop a nd w a ss ub jec t ma in ly t ol o ca li n f lu en c e s .

T h e C am . 8 /S k . Gm . 1 0 f r om P idd ing ton ( 2 :13 ) i st h e o n ly c e r ta in p re -Conqu e s t t e r ra r ubra v e s s e l t o c ome f r om N o r thamp ton sh i re A f te r t h e C onque s t h ow ev e r m any n ew t e r ra r ubra f o rm sb eg in t oa ppea r a tP idd ing ton , b u t n o te l s ewh e r ei nt h ec oun ty .

6 . 1 .1 P r e -Conques t G a l lo -Be lg ic N or t hamp tonsh ir e

p o t t ery

f rom

6 . 1 .2 P r e -Conques t A r r e t ine s am ian w a r e ( TS )

A t P idd ing ton , v a r iou s f o rm s o f G a l lo -Be lg ic w a r e s s u ch a s : t e r ra n ig ra , t e r ra r u bra a nd f i n e w h i t eu t t b eake r s w e re f ound i n s om e q uan t i ty . T he s e s t a r ted t o a r r ive b e f o r e t h e C onqu e s t ( s ee a bove p p .43 & 4 5 ) ,p robab ly a se a r ly a st h e m id AD 2 0 's . T h i s i sh in ted a tb y c ompa r ison w i th p o t t e ry o ft h i s d a t e f r om S k e le ton G r e en , p a r t icu la r ly f r om We l l 2a nd P i tF 9 g r oup sb o th o f w h ich c on ta ined a r i ch m ix tu r e o f b o th i mpo r ted a nd l o ca l l a t e I r on A g e f i n e a nd c oa r se w a r e s .

a nd

S ou th

G au l ish

B ef o r e t h e c onque s t , A r r e t ine w a r e w a s e x t r eme ly s c a r ce f r om t h e r eg ion w i th o n ly a s i ng le s h e rd r epo r ted . A l though i t s a c tua l f i nd spo ti sn ow u nknown ,b o th ( Rog e r s &L a ing 1 966 ) , 3 1 a nd C l if f o rd 1 961 , 2 11 s t a t e t h a t i t c ame f r om amd le i n t h e N ene v a l ley . T h e s he rd i sn o t i n N o r thamp ton Mu seum d esp i t e e x ten s iv e s e a r che s ; i tm ay b e i n t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum , b u t i f s o i ta ga in c anno t n ow b e l o ca t ed . I ti su n l ik e ly t o h ave c om e f r om t h e a r ea o ft h e m ed ieva l t own o f Ound le , h oweve r , a s n o I r on A ge o r R oman m a t e r ia l h a s b een f ound t h e r e , a t l e a s t s o f a r ( p er s . c omm . J i l l J ohn s ton ) . T h e s h e rd i sm o r e l i ke ly h ow ev e r , t o h ave c ome f r om t h ee x t en s ive n ea rby s e t t lemen t o nt h e s ou th b ank o ft h eN ene a tA sh ton , p a r t ly e x cava ted b y J ohn H adman ( Hadman & U pex 1 975 ,1977 & 1 979 ) a nd D ix ( unpub l i sh ed ) . T h e

I tw a sf ound t ha tt h e mo s tc ommon f o rm sf r om t h i s s t udy w e r e d om ina t ed b y p l a t t e r s . O n e o f t h e m o s t c ommon f o rm s p r e s en t i n t h e N o r thamp ton sh i re c o l le c t ion a r e t h e p l a t te r f o rm C am . 7S ke le ton G re en ( H e reaf te r S k . Gm . ) 1 0 -s e e Du s ton I . 3 : 5 . P i dd ing ton h a s m any e xamp le si n t e r ra n ig ra a nd o ne e xamp le o f t e r ra r ubra .T he se a r e c l o s e ly f o l low ed b y

5 1

e a r l ie s t S ou th G au l i sh s am ian w a r e f r om t h e r eg ion a ga in c ome s f r om P idd ing ton , w h e r e a t l e a s to n e e a r ly v e s s e l , al a rge D r . 1 5 / 17 p l a t t e ra t l e a s t o n e e a r ly v e s s e l , al a rge D r . 15/ 17 p l a t t e r , d e r ived f r om A r r e t in ef o rm s ,d a te sp o s s ib ly t ot h e T ibe r ian p e r iod ( p e r s . c omm . Ho d ley P eng e l ly ) .

c up o fS pan i sh o r ig in ( G r een e , 1 979 , 3 1 1 4 ) . I t s p rovenan ce i sn ow u nknown , b u t i tm ay h ave b een r e cov e red f r om q ua r ry ing o pe ra t ion s ; i t p o s s ib ly c am e f r om a b u r ia l s i te . F rom H a r r ingwo r th t h e re i s a s ma l l u npub l ished c en t ra lG au l i sh l e ad g l azed j a r 1 . 11 T ype 5 / g .

6 . 1 .3

C ompa r ed w i th t h e r e s t o f t h e r e g ion , P idd ing ton h a s b y f a r t h e l a rge s t c o l lec t ion o f C onqu e s t p e r iod i mpo r ted p o t t e ry . A pa r t f r om s am ian , t h e r ange i n c lude s : t e r ra n ig ra , t e r ra r ubra , c en t ra l G au l i sh l e ad g l azed w a r e s , L yon w a r e , f i n e w h i t e w a re b u t t b eak e r s , H o fh e im f l agon s , as i ng le s he rd o fP ompe ian r ed a nd a m i s ce l lan eou s c o l lec t ion o f o the r f a b r ic s p robab ly f r om n o r th G au la nd t h eR he in land .

P re C onques ti mpor t ed Amphorae A sh ley , T ay lo r a nd D ix ( 1 985 F ig . 9 .3 6 ) a nd Q u in ton , a nd P idd ing ton ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , f o r thcom ing ) a r e t h e o n ly t h ree s i te s i n t h e r eg ion t h a t may h av e p r e -conque s t a mpho ra e p r e s en t ( s ee b e low f o r m a in d i s cu s s ion o ft h e s e t h r ee v e s se l s ) . B u tt h e d a t e r ange s s ugge s t ed b y t h es p ec ia l i s t sf o rA sh ley a nd Q u in ton o f5 0 BC -AD 5 0a r ev e ry w ide , a nd p o s t -Conqu e s td a t e s a r ep e rhap s mo r el i k e ly . 6 . 2 . POST CONQUEST IMPORTS 6 . 2 .1 G a l lo -Be lg ic & c l os ed er iva t ives T er ra r ubra c on t inu ed t o b e s upp l ied t o P idd ing ton a f te r t h e C onque s t , a nd h a s b e en f ound i nc on tex t s d a t ed f r om t h e C laud ian t o t h e F l av ia n p e r iod s . D e sp i t e e x t en s iv e r e sea r ch a nd i n sp e c t ion o f a l l t h e r e levan t m a t e r ia l , n o s i te i nN o r thamp ton sh i r eh a sy e tp rodu ced t e r ra r ubra a nd o n ly t wo s i t e s h ave y i e ld ed m e ag r e amoun t s o ft e r ra n ig ra . B y t h e F lav ian p e r iod , t h e r ange o f f o rm s i n b o th TN a nd T R h ad i n c r ea s ed b yt h e a dd i t ion o fb eak e r s a nd b ow l s . T he r ea r ef r agm en t so ft wo i mpo r ted t e r ra n i g ra p l a t t e r s f r om Wee ldey ( s ee a bov e ) , a s so c ia t ed w i th m id f i r s t -c en tu ry c a r ina ted b ow l s a nd j a r s s a id t ob eo fc hanne l r im t y p e . C hann e l -r im j a r s a sd ef ined i n( J ack son & D ix , 1 987 . 5 8 )b u ta r e n o tt h es ame a sd ef ined h e r e . T er ra n ig ra i sa l so p re sen t a t Du s ton , a l though , a s w i th t h e A r r e t in e s he rd ( s ee a bov e ) t h e a c tua l f i nd s po t s a r e u nknown . T he f o rm s t ha t s u r v iv e i n N o r thamp ton Mu seum s ugge s t a t l e a s t a C onque s td a te . Af ew o t h e r s i te s h av e y i e ld ed o the r m id f i r s t c en tu ry i mpo r t s . F rom H a rd ing s tone t h e r e i sa s i ng le u npub l i shed b eake r 5 : 1 o fT yp e 9 ,w i th a l l -ov e r b a rbo t in e s po t s . A l though l o s t , a d raw ing s urv ive s i n N or thamp ton m u s eum wh ich s ugge s t s t h a t i tm ay h ave c om e f r om c en t ra l G au l , a nd m ay , t h e ref o r e , h ave b e en a n e a r ly p o s t conque s t i mpo r t . B u t f r om T wy v v e l l , n ea r K e t t e r ing , t h e r e i s ac omp le te l e ad g l azed

5 2

6 . 2 .2 C laud io /N e ron ian S am /an S am ian w a r e d oe s n o t s e em t oh ave a r r ived i n t h e r e g ion b ef o r e t h e C onque s t ( e xc ep t a t P idd ing ton a sn o ted a bov e ) , t h ea rmy w a sm o s t l i k e ly r e spon s ib le f o r i t s i n t roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion , p o s s ib ly b y t r ade r s f o l low ing i ni t s w ake . C laud ian a nd C laud ian /Ne ro s am ia n p o t t e ry a ppea r s a t s e v e ra l l o ca t ion s i n t h e r e g ion . T h e a d jacen t s i t e s o f Q u in ton ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , 1 979 ) a nd P idd ing ton ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , 1 989 ) h av e , t o ge th e r , p rodu ced m o r e C laud ia n a nd N e ron ia n s am ian t h an a ny o t he r s i te i n t h e N ene v a l ley . O the r s i te s i n t h e r e g ion t h a t h av e p roduced e a r ly s am ian , b u t i n mu ch s ma l le r q uan t i t ie s a r e : B annav en ta - C laud ian /N e ro ( Tay lo r & D ix , 1 988 3 17 -318 ) ; M i le O ak , T owce s t e r N e ron ian /N e ron ian -F lav ian ( G re en & D rap e r , 1 978 4 5 ) ; A sh ley - a v e ry s ma l l amoun t o f C laud io /Ne ron ian ( Tay lo r & D ix , 1 985 1 08 1 09 ) , a nd A sh ton - ( I nf o rma t ion f rom H adman & B .D ix ) . T h e p r e s ence o f t h i s s am ian w a re f r om t h e C onqu e s t p e r iod i sa ga in p robab ly d ue t o t h e i n f lu enc e o ft h e R oman a nny . A tb o th Q u in ton a nd P idd ing ton t h i s i n f luen ce a ppea r s t o b e mu ch s t rong e rt han e l sewhe re . A t o the r s i te s i n N o r tha rnp ton sh i re , t r aded s am ia n may h av e b e en w i th t h e a rmy o r m o r e l i ke ly w i th i t s p e r sonn e l . 6 . 2 .3 P o s tC onque s ta mphorae i mpo r t s I t i s u nc e r ta in a nd p e rhap s u n l ik e ly t h a t a mpho r a e a r r ived i n t h e r e g ion b e f o re t h e C onqu e s t ( Tay lo r &D ix , 1 985 & F r iend sh ip -

T ay lo r

f o r thcom ing

- b u t

s e e

a bove

f o r

c ommen t s ) . I tw a s p robab ly t h e R oman a rmy , h oweve r , wh ich w a s r e spon s ib le f o r much o f t h ei mpor ta t ion o f ampho rae a f te rt h e C onque s t . W i th t h e i n t roduc t ion o f t he se n ew f o rm s w e c an p e rhap s i n f e r t h a t d i e t t o o w a s c hang ing , w i th n ew i ng red ien t s s uch a s f i sh s auce s f r om n or th A f r ica , o l ive o i l f r om s ou the rn S pa in a nd

d i agona l o r l a t t ice s t roke s . S ome o f t h e se d eco ra t ive e l emen t s a r e r epea ted o n t h e l a te r c hanne l r im j a r s , p ar t icu la r ly t h e h or izon ta l a nd t h e d i agona l s t roke s , w i th t h e l a te r ( l a t e r f i r s t c en tury AD ) c hann e l -r im j a r s t h e h or izon ta l ma rk s w e re t r an s la ted i n to q u i te d eep r i l l ing , p o s s ib ly e xecu ted w i th ar i dged o r ' d og too thed ' c omb a nd b ecau se o f i t s r egu la r i ty , i nd ica te s

w ine f r om e l sewhe re i n t h e Med i t er ranean r eg ion . F rom A sh ley , N or than t s . c ame ah and le f r agmen t o f a n ampho ra wh ich h ad p o s s ib ly

t h a tt h e se a r ed ef in i te w hee l t u rned v e s se l s .

c on ta ined d ef ru tum , f ound i n s o i l b e low t h e R oman y a rd s , a nd g i ven t h e w ide d a t e r ange b y D r . D av id W i l l iam s o fm id f i r s t c en tu ry BC t o m id f i r s t c en tu ry AD ( Tay lo r &D ix 1 985 , F ig . 9 , 3 6 ) 1 : 10 ( Cam . 1 85A ) , ( Hawke s & Hu l l 1 947 ) . F rom a C laud io /Ne ron ian c on tex t a t

a t temp ta ny b a s ic c l a s s if ica t ion o ff a br ic t y pe s o r d a te s . H e c onc luded t ha t h i s ' G roup 2 a s semb lage s h ave c ommon ly b een f ound s t ra t if ied b e low l a ye r s p roduc ing e a r l ie s t a nd /o r l a te r B e lg ic ma te r ia l , b u t i n n o c a se c an B e lg ic

P idd ing ton c ame D re s se l 2 0 s he rd s (5 : 1 ) wh ich m ay h ave c on ta ined o l ive o i l , a nd , r e cen t ly , f r om aC onque s tp er iod c on t ex t c ame a D re s se l 1 B w ine ampho ra s he rd , p robab ly o r ig ina t ing f r om t h eB ay o fN ap le s r e g ion ( p er s . c omm . D av id W i l l iam s ) a nd s e ve ra l f r agmen t s o f G reco -Roman ' ; ` Koan t yp e ' . T he se D re s se l 2 -4 t yp e s p robab ly o r ig ina t ing f r om t h e w e s ter n Med i ter ranean ( Peacock & W i l l iam s , 1 986 1 05 1 06 ) , t h e se w ou ld a l so h ave c on ta ined w ine . A f r agmen t o f a B ae t ican S a lazon a mpho rae w h ich w ou ld h ave c on ta ined s a l ted -f i sh a nd h igh s a l t c on ten t m ar ine s auce s ( i n f o rma t ion f r om D r . P . S ea ley ) , c ame f r om a m id f i r s t c en tu ry d i tch a t Qu in ton , s i te ' E ' ( F r iend sh ip T ay lo rf o r thcom ing ) . 6 . 3 .1 L oca lp o t tery b ef or e a nd a f ter t h e C onques t D av id Kn igh t ( 1984 ) e nded h i s s t udy o f I r on A ge p o t te ry w i th w ha t h e t e rmed t h e ' e a r l ie s t B e lg ic p o t te ry ' ( I ron A ge 3 )p e r iod . T h is p o t te ry c on s is ted o f av e ry l im i ted r ange o f ma in ly s hape le s s h and -made j a r s wh ich i n n o w ay f o re shadowed t h e a lmo s t r e vo lu t iona ry e xpan s ion o f t yp e s w h ich w a s t oa ppea r c AD

U nf or tuna t e ly ,

D . Kn igh t ( 1984 , 6 9 ) d i d n o t

p o t ter y b e s hown t o f o l low o n d i rec t ly f r om l a ye r sp roduc ing G roup 1v e s se l s ' . D av id Kn igh t 's l a te f i r s t c en tu ry BC p o t te ry , w h ich h ec a l ls ' e a r l ie s tB e lg ic ' p o t te ry i sh and m ade a nd c ome s i n av e ry l im i ted r ange o f f o rm s . T he re s e em s t o h ave b een s u ch a f undamen ta l c hange i np o t te ry f r om a bou t t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD w i th h a rd ly a ny c on t inu i ty a ta l l b e tween t h e e a r l ie r p o t te ry a nd t h a to ft h e l a te rp e r iod m a te r ia l . N ew f o rm s , a nd n ew t e chno logy b egan t o t a ke p l ace i n t h e u ppe r O u se a nd N ene v a l ley s . A n umbe r o f c on t r ibu to ry f a c to r s s e em t ob e t a k ing p l a ce i n t h e r e g ion a tt h is t im e , s uch a s ah uge i n c rea se i nt h e n umb e r o f s i te s d a t ing f r om t h e e a r ly t o m id -f i r s t c en tu ry AD ( Ho l lowe l l , 1 971 ) , a nd f r om a l im i ted n umbe r o f s i te s c ome t h e f i r s t s i gn s o f i mpo r ted p o t te ry a nd m e ta l -wo rk e mana t ing f r om t h e C on t inen t , a l l t h e e v id ence s e em s p o in t t oa n i n c rea se a nd i n ten s i f ica t ion o fa c t iv i ty . 6 . 3 .2 F ine w a r es : T he L a T ene t r ad i t ion t . T he s u r f ace t r ea tmen t o f c hanne l -r im j a r s c on t ra s t s m a rked ly w i th t ha t o fe a r l ie r L a Une c u rv i l inea r p o t te ry . n amed v a r iou s ly a s :

2 5 ( s ee F ig s6 -8 ) .

" G la s tonbu ry " ,

D . Kn igh t d e sc r ibe s t h e se e a r l ie s t " Be lg ic" j a r s t hu s : " r ound s hou lde red , n eck le s s o r w i th a n u pr igh t , e ve r ted o r c oncave n eck . B a se s whe r e t h ey s u rv ive a r e f l a t" . T he v e s se l s r ange i ns i ze f r om s ma l l t o med ium , a nd t h e r e a r e v e ry f ew l a rge s t o rage j a r s . D ecora t ion o r s u r f ace t r ea tmen t , i fp r e sen t , c on s i s t s o f f i nge r n a i l o r

w a r e ; " La Une d eco ra ted p o t te ry " . F o s te r & A i rd ( i n J a ck son & D ix , 1 987 , 4 9 ) : " ob ta ined f i ve r ad ioca rbon d e t erm ina t ion s f r om f i ve s e pa ra te c ha rcoa l samp le s c o l lec ted f r om a s i ng le l a ye r e x /end ing a l ong d i tch K1 " w h ich c on ta ined t h is e a r l ie rL aT ene p o t te ry ,

f i nge rt i pp ing , u sua l ly a round t h e l i po ft h e r im . T he s u r f ace d eco ra t ion , when a pp l ied t o t h e b ody o f t h e v e s se l , t e nd s t o c on s i s t o f r andom s c o r ing , a l though i t w a s s ome t ime s mo r e o rde red , a ppea r ing a s h or izon ta l , v er t ica l ,

5 3

" Hun sbu ry " ,

" Cu rv i l inea r "

HAR 1725 HAR -1779 HAR 1844

2 050 1 910 2 120

± ± ±

7 0bp 1 00bc 8 0bp a d40 9 0bp 1 70bc

HAR -2007 HAR -2008

2 160 2 000

± ±

7 0bp 2 10bc 7 0bp 5 0bc

T h ey c on c luded t ha t : ' A w e igh t ed m ean o fa l t h e r e su l t s g i ve s a n a ge b p o f 2 050 + 4 5 , j e 1 00bc , w hen c a l ib ra t ed a c co rd ing t ot h e c u r v e i nC la rke 1 975 b ecom e s 1 7 5 BC -AD 2 0 ' . T h e c onc lu s ion s e em s t o s uppo r t t h e c ommon a s sump t ion t h a tt he e a r l ie rL a Une p o t t e ry w a s f l ou r i sh ing i nt h ee a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry BC . T he se d a te s , when c a l ib r a ted b y E ng l i sh H e r i tage 's CALEB p rog ramm e( Tab le 3 ) ,a l t e r

t h ep i c tu r e s om ewha t f r om t h a t s ugge s ted b y F o s te r a nd Mrd . I n e f ec t , t h e se C 14 d a te s t e l l v e ry l i t t le , o t h e rt h an t h ep o t t e ry f a l l sw i th in 4 00 BC & AD 3 25 w i th ac9 5% c hance o fa c cu racy . F o s te r a nd A i rd 's c onc lu s ion s t h e r ef o r e g i ve a s pu r iou s i mp r e s s ion o fa ccu racy , a nd t h e d a t ing o ft h e c u rv i l inea r d eco ra ted p o t te ry , a nd w i th i t t h e e a r l ie s t l a t e I r on A g e p o t te ry , r ema in s p r ob lema t ic .

T ab le 3 . BC 4 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

0

1 00

2 00

3 00

3 00

HAR 1 725 HAR 1 779 HAR 1 844 HAR 2 007 HAR 2 008

T h ick l i ne = c6 6% c hance o fa ccu racy ( o ne s i gma ) T h in l i ne

= c9 5% c hanc eo fa ccu racy ( two s i gma )

I n f luence s f o rb o th t h e f o rm a nd t h e d eco ra t ion o ft h i s l o ca l ly p roduc ed p o t t e ry s e em s t oc ome f r om t h es ou th w e s t . A tl e a s tf o u rv e s se l so ft r ue ' G la s tonbu ry ' L a T en e w a re w e re f o und a t Wee ldey ( J ack son & D ix , 1 987 , 7 7 & F i g . 3 6 9 1 ) , t h e f a b r ic o f w h ich w a s i d en t if i ed a s G abb ro ic c l ay f r om t h e L iza rd p en in su la i n C o rnwa l l , a ppa ren t ly p rov ing t h e e x i s t enc e o f o ve r land t r ade r ou te s i n f i ne w a r e s f r om t h e s ou th -we s t d u r ing t h e e a r l ie re a r l ie r i nt h e I r on A ge . T he G abb ro ic p o t t e ry f r om We ek ley m ay b e a mong s t t h e e a r l ie s t I r on A ge i mpo r ted p o t t e ry i nt h er eg ion . 6 . 3 .3 F ine w a re s : G a l lo -Roman i nf luence . A f te r t h e i n t roduc t ion o f G a l lo -Rom an p o t te ry i n to B r i ta in , i nd igenou s p o t te ry t e chno logy

5 4

b egan r a p id ly t o i mp rov e a nd s p r ead . P o t te r s b egan t o c opy t h e n ew f o rm s i n l o ca l f a b r ic s , u s ing t h e w h e e l a nd o t he r n ew t e chno log ie s , s ome o f w h ich r e f lec t ed i n c rea s ing i n f luence f r om t h ec on t in en t . D e sp i t ei n t en s iv e e x cava t ion a nd p ub l ica t ion ,n os i gn i f ican t amoun to fG a l lo R oman p o t t e ry h a s b een f ound i n t h e u ppe r O u se v a l ley , f o r e xamp le , f r om t h e e x ten s ive e xcava t ion s a tM i l ton K eyn e s , B uck s . ( Ma rney , 1 989 ) , o n ly 9 m i le s ( 1 4 .5 I cm . ) s ou th o f P i dd ing ton , y e t N ene v a l ley s i t e s y i e ld g ood c op ie s o f G a l lo -Roman f o rm s . Mo s t o f t h e se f i ne w a r e f o rm s w e re p roduced , o r a t l e a s t f i n i shed o n t h e w hee l . T h e r e i s n o e v idence w h en t h ew h e e l w a s i n t roduc ed i n to t h e r e g ion , b u t P am e la G r eenwood i n h e r r e cen t p ape r r e v iew ing t h e I r on A ge i nL ondon ( G r e enwood , 1 997 1 53 16 1 ) , s ugge s t s t h a t " ea r ly L IA ( l a te I r on A ge ) w h e e l tu rned p o t t e ry i s a s soc ia ted w i th M IA ( m idd le I r on A g e ) -t r ad i t ion h and -

m ad ep o t s i nt r an s i t iona l M IAL IA d epo s i t s " a t s e v e ra l e nc lo sed f a rm s tead s i nb o th E s s ex a nd K en t . 6 . 4 .1 L oca lp o t t ery : c hanne l -r im j a r s . T he m o s t c ommon f o rm i nt h e r e g ion , a nd , i n m any w ay s , o ne o ft h e m o s t i mpo r tan t , i st h e c hanne l r im j a r . I t s i mpo r tanc e l i e s i n i t s d i s t r ibu t ion ( f ig . 3 ) , wh ich c on cen t ra te s m a in ly i nt h e u ppe rN en e v a l ley , p r edom inan t ly s ou th o ft h e r i ve r N en e . T he b ank s o ft h e r i v e r f o rm i t s n o r the rnmo s t b ounda ry a nd , i t s h ea r t land l i e s b e tween t h e N ene a nd O u s e v a l ley s . T h e d i s t r ibu t ion f ad e s o u t t o t h e s ou th a nd s ou th w e s t , a nd d oe s n o t r e ach a s f a r n o r th a s t h e We l land v a l ley . O n e o f t h e m o s t s i gn if i can t f a c to r s o f t h e d i s t r ibu t ion i s w he r e t h ey a r e n o tf o und . A pa r t f r om v a r ian t s f ound a t We e ldey , c hann e l r im j a r sd o n o t o ccu r mo re t h an 1 0 m i le s ( 1 6 km s . ) n o r th o ft h er i v e rN ene . H ow eve r , a sm en t ioned a bov e ( p . 2 2 ) , t h ey a ppea r a tL e ic e s te r ( Ra ta e ) , b u t t h e se e xamp le s a r e f r om p o s t -Conqu e s t l e v e l sa nd m ay h av eb een t r ad ed . I s ob e l T homp son ( 1 982 p t . i ) , w h en d ea l ing w i th h e r e qu iva l en t o ft h e c hann e l r im j a r h e r " l id s ea ted" j a r s - d oe s n o t m en t ion N o r thamp ton sh i r e , b u t s t a t e s t h a t t h ey a r e " ch ie f ly a H e r t f o rd sh i r e , B ed f o rd sh i r e , B u ck ingham sh i r ef o rm " . Wh i le t h ey a r ei n de ed f o und i n l a rge n umbe r s i n n o r th B ed f o rd sh i r e a nd n or th B u ck ingham sh i r e , t h ey h av e a c ompa ra t iv e ly l i gh t d i s t r ibu t ion i n s ou th B ed f o rd sh i r e a nd m id -Bu ck ingham sh i r e . I n H e r t f o rd sh i re , t h ey a r e f ound a t V e ru lam ium , b u t n o t i n v e ry l a rge n umb e r s (Whe e le r & Wh ee le r , 1 936 ,F ig . 1 85 3 F ig . 2 1 6 4b & 6 4d ) . T h ey w e re n o t i n t h e a s s emb lag e f r om t h e Whea thamp s tead b y -pa s se x cava t ion s ( S aund e r s &H ave rc rof t 1 980 /82 2 2 -28 ) , s ot h e i rl a t e rd a t e f r om V e ru lam ium w ou ld f i t i n w e l l w i th t h e d a t ing f r om t h e N o r thamp ton sh i re s i te s . A s i zab le p opu la t ion i n t h e V e ru lam ium a r ea w ou ld h ave a c t ed l i k e am agn e t , d r aw ing i n p o t te ry a nd o t h e r g ood s v i a t r ad e f r om m i le s a r ound . C hanne l r im j a r s a l so o ccu r r ed a t P udd le H i l l ( Ma t th ew s , 1 976 ) a nd S ew e l l L an e , D un s tab le , (Wa lke r , 1 992 ) . T h e s e s i t e s a r e p o s s ib ly o u t l ie r s f r om t h e m a in a r ea o f d i s t r ibu t ion ,w h ich i so n ly 8t o1 0m i le s( 1 3 .5 t o 1 6 .9 km s . ) . P e rhap s t h e c hanne l r im j a r w a s b e ing t r aded f o r i t s c on t en t s r a the r t h an f o rt h e p o t i t se l f , a l though r e s idue a na ly s i s h a s n o t y e t b e en a t temp ted t ot r ya nd d e te rm in ec on t en t s .

5

6 . 4 .2 L oca lf i ne w a r e s Among t h el a t eI r on A ge f i n ew a r e so ve r lapp ing w i th Kn igh t ' s ' e a r ly B e lg ic ' p o t te ry i s ab ow l t y pe w i th a r i pp led o r c o r ruga ted s hou ld e r . A r ange o ft h e s e w a sf ound a tR u shd en 1 3 :5 , 6 ,7 , 8 .T he u sua l f a b r ic i sg rog t emp e r ed . Wood s , t h e e x cava to r , p l a ced t h em i nh i s c h rono log ica l C i ( e a r l ie s t ) c a t ego ry ( p er s . c omm P . Wood s w ho u nf o r tuna t e ly d ec l ined t o d a t e t h i s m a t e r ia l ) . S ad ly , t h e b u lk o f t h i s p o t te ry i s m i s s ing . O the r s i t e s whe re t h i s ma te r ia l h a s b e en f ound a r e Mou l ton P a rk 3 : 5 , ( W i ll iam s 1 974 , F ig . 1 5 6 2 ) , whe r e h e r e W i l l iam s s ugg e s ted i td a ted t oa f te r AD 2 5 h i s G roup 2 p o t t e ry ; A ldw in c le ( J ack son 1 977 , F ig . 1 5 1 03 ) , h a sp rodu ced a no th e rs im i la rv e s se l o ft h i s t y pe ( 1 :18 ) w h i ch J a ck son s ugge s t ed i s f r om a t r an s i t iona lt y p e . A t a bou t t h e m idd le o ft h e f i r s t q ua r t e r o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD , m o r e e xo t ic f o rm s b eg in t o a ppea r , s u ch a st h el a rge c o rdoned b u lbou sb ow l w i th a l i d o r c ov e r r e ce s s , f r equen t ly u sed t o c on ta in c r ema t ion s -my f o rm 5 . 2 , u sua l ly w i th b and so fc o rdon s( Camu lodunum 2 52 , p e r iod I ) -w h i ch s p r ead f r om t h e s ou th -ea s t ( Thomp son , 1 982 , D 3 3 / 4 ) . T he z one s b e twe en c o rdon s a r e s ome t im e s i n f i l led w i th b u rn i shed z one s . T he l a rge v e s se l f r om G r endon 1 : 3 h ad b u rn i shed l a t t ic e d e co r a t ion . T h i s s am e f o rm h a s b een f o und a t H a rd ing s ton e , 5 : 3 , R u shden 1 4 :1-3 , D u s ton 1 0 :1 a nd P idd ing ton a nd , p e rhap s , a n e a r ly e xamp le f r om S t anw ick 2 : 16 17 . T he se v e s s e l s a r e f r equ en t ly u sed i nc on jun c t ion w i th c ov e r s , e sp e c ia l ly R u shd en t y pe 1 0 :1-6 . A c r ema t ion g r oup f r om N o r th S ho ebu ry , E s sex ( Wyme r &B rown . 1 995 , 8 8 -90 ) , u sed t h i s t y pe o fb ow l , b u t w i th a l i d o f T homp son L 4 t ype . H ow ev e r , ag r av e g r oup f r om W in s ley ' s A lm s H ou s e s , C o lch e s t e r ( Thomp son , 8 2 . i , 8 25 ,826 ) u sed b o th b ow l a nd c ov e r i n t h e c onv en t iona l m ann e r . Two s p ec imen s h ave r e c en t ly b e en f ound a tP idd ing ton i n ac on tex t w h ich d a t e st h em e i th e ri mmed ia t e ly b ef o re t h e c onque s to rj u s ta f t e r . C ove r s , w h ich p r e sumab ly w ou ld h ave a c compan ied t h e se l a rg e b ow l s , a r e c ompa ra t iv e ly c ommon a nd a r e f ound w ide ly , o n s i te s s u ch a s R u shden , 1 0 :1-6 , A sh ley , 1 : 9 , A sh ton , 5 : 7 ,8 , D u s ton , 4 : 1 ,2 , a nd S t anv v ick , 3 : 7 ,9 . T homp son r e f e r st ot h e se l a rg e h igh b e l l s hap ed l i d s / cov e r s ( Thomp son 1 982 , 5 37 t y p e L1 )a s' l i d s ' ,b u t Ip r e f e rt oc a l lt h em ' c ove r s ' .

T hey h av e aw ide d i s t r ibu t ion , s p r ead ing u p f r om K en t t h roughou t E a s t A ng l ia , E s s ex , C amb r idge sh ire , B ed f o rd sh i r e , B u ck ingham s h i r e a nd n ow s ou th -e a s t N or thamp ton sh i r e . ( Thomp son 1 982 i , 5 47 ) a l so m en t ion s t h a t m any o ft h em a r e f r om E a s t A ng l ia a nd w e r e p oo r ly m ade . Mo s t o f t h e N o r thamp ton sh i r e e xamp le s ,h oweve r , a r ei n ag rog /qua r tz ( G r ,Q ) , f i n e w a r e f r equen t ly w i th a b u rn i sh ed o u t e r s u r f ace , m a tch ing t h e s u rf ac et r ea tm en to fo th e r f i ne w a r e s . T hey a r e s im i la r t o t h e s u r f a c e t r ea tm en t o fT homp son ' s t y p e L 2 . A s d i s cu s s ed a bov e , t h e f o rm mo s t c ommon ly i mpo r ted i n to t h e r e g ion f r om a bou t t h e m idd le o f t h e f i r s t q ua r t e ro ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD i st h et e r ra n ig ra ( TN ) p l a t t e r . I tc om e s a s n o s u rp r i s e t h e r ef o r e t h a t t h e f i r s t f o rm s t o b e c op ied w e r e a l so p l a t t e r s , m o s t ly m ade i n g rogged f a b r ic s a nd w i th r e p re sen ta t ion s o f t h e p o t t e r s ' s t amp s , a l be i t u n r eadab le . T h e g en e ra l p o t t ing a nd f i n i sh c ou ld r e a ch av e ry h igh s t anda rd , a ss e en i nt h e c op ie s f r om R u shd en , 1 :13 14 . C op ie s c on t inu ed t ob e made , s u ch a s t h a t o f aC am . 5 6C f r om P idd ing ton 4 : 8 , f r om t h e C laud ian d i t ch ( F 180 ) . P ed e s ta l u rn s , f r equ en t a mong t h e A y le s f o rd b u r ia l s o f s ou th ea s t er n B r i ta in , a r e c ompa ra t ive ly r a r e i n N o r thamp ton sh i r e . A b a sa lf r agmen tw a sf ound i nad i tch a tQ u in ton a nd d a ted t o f i r s t h a l fo ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , f o r th com ing ) , w h ich c an b e c ompa r ed w i th T homp son ' s A 1 /46 f r om A b ing ton P iggo t s , B ed f o rd sh i r e . S eve ra l b a sa l f r agm en t s h ave a l so b een f ound a tP idd ing ton . T he r e i sa no the rN o r thamp ton sh i r e e xamp le o f d oub tf u l t y p e wh ich T homp son c i te s f r om Y a rd ley H a s t ing s , T homp son , A 1 /62 . A c omp le t e c l a s s ic t y p e o f p ede s ta l u rn , i n N o r thamp ton Mu seum ( Unp rov enan ced 1 : 2 ) w a s d ona ted b y aMr G ib son o f H a rd ing s ton e . I tc ou ld h ave c ome f r om H a rd ing s tone , a st h e r e h a s b e en much p o t te ry o f e a r ly t o m id f i r s t c en tu ry d a te f r om t h e r e , e sp ec ia l ly f r om t h e k i ln si n Ma r t in sL an e( Wood s 1 969 ) .

e x cava t ion s a t H eng i s tbu ry H ead , f ound t ha t t h e re s e emed t o b e ab reak i n c on t inen ta l t r ad ing a c t iv i ty s ome t ime a bou t t h e m idd le o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry BC : p e rhap s t h i s c ou ld l i nk i n w i th C a e sa r 's c ampa ign s i n B r i t tany i n 5 6 BC a nd t h ed e f e a to ft h eV ene t i . I tw a sp robab ly t h e V ene t i w ho w e r e t r ad ing a l ong t h e s ou th c oa s t o f B r i ta in ( Cun l if f e , 1 987 , 3 10 I l . 2 18 . 5 01 , 5 02 ) . Q uan t i t ie so fb l ack c o rdoned p o t te ry a l ong w i th o t h e rt y p e so fp o t te ry f r om Anno r ica w e r e f ound a tH eng i s tbu ry H ead . A f t e r t h i s b reak , t r ade a ppea r ed t o s h if t t o t h e e a s t o f B r i ta in , p o s s ib ly t o C o lche s t e r . R ecen t e x cava t ion s a t E lm sF a rm , Ma ldon , E s sex ( unpub l i shed ) a tt h e h ead o ft h e r i v e r B la ckwa te r p rodu ced a h uge amoun t o f i mpo r ted c on t inen ta l p o t t e ry ( p er s . c omm C o l in Wa l lace ) a nd t h e s i t e c ou ld h ave b een a ` p o r t o f t r ade ' . Much e a r ly o ccupa t ion w i th i mpo r t ed c on t inen ta l p o t te ry w a s a l so f ound a tC an t e rbu ry o n t h e Ma r low e c a r p a rk s i te ( B lo ck ley e t . a l . , 1 995 ) . I nd eed , a f t e rp a r t s o fG au lh ad b e en c onqu e red , i to n ly t o ok as ho r t wh i le f o r R oman i sa t ion t o a cce le ra t e , a nd t h e s peed o fR oman isa t ion i ns ou th er nB r i ta in n eed n o t h av eb e en mu ch d i f f e ren t . E d i th W igh tman ( 1 985 4 ) n o t iced t h a t " the a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd [ i n G a l l ia B e lg ica ] s how s ar ema rkab le d eg r ee o f c on t inu i ty , w i th ma jo r c hang e s i n s e t t lem en ta nd ama rked ly n ew m a te r ia l c u l tu r e o ccu r r ing o n ly a f t e r ag ene ra t ion . I nd eed , o n ly r e cen t ly h a s ad i s t in c t ion b e tween p r e -Conque s t a nd p o s t -Conqu e s tp o t t e ry ( La T 6n e D1a nd D 2 ) b ecom ep r a c t icab le . T he v a r iou s m e chan i sm s o f c hange d e s e rv e a t ten t ion , e ven i ft h e l a t te r c an o f t en o n ly b e p r e sen ted i n h ypo the t ica l f o rm " . T he u se o fn ew G a l lo -Be lg ic t e chno logy i nt h e u ppe rN en ev a l ley s e em st oh av eb een a dop ted a l i t t le m o r e s l ow ly a nd , i tw a s n o tu n t i l F l av ia n t ime s ( AD 6 9 -96 ) t h a tp o t te ry i nR oman f a br ic s r e a l ly b egan t o a pp ea r ( c f F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r 1 979 7 8 -80 ; J ohn s ton , 1 969 7 6 ) . 6 . 5 .2 E ff ec t o f B r i ta in .

t h e R oman C onques t i n l ow land

6 . 5 .1 T he R oman isa t ion o fG au l , b ef or e a nd a f t e r 5 2 BC , a nd c onnex ions b e tw een B r i ta in & G au l i n t h eL a t eI r on Ag e . C a e sa r 's C onque s t o fG au l i nt h e 5 0 's BC h ad p rof ound i mp l ica t ion s , f o r t h e f u tu r e d ev e lopmen t o fb o th G au l a nd B r i ta in . G au l , a nd t o s ome e x ten t B r i ta in , h ad b e en t r ad ing w i th t h eR oman w o r ld f o rs om et im eb ef o re t h i s d i re c ta nd f o rced c on ta c t . C un l if f e ( 1 987 ) i nh i s

5 6

A r cha eo log ic a l ly , t h e r e i sv e ry l i t t le e v iden ce f o r d rama t ic c hang e i n t h e d ecad e s a f te r t h e R oman c onqu e s t , e sp ec ia l ly i n t h e c oun t ry s ide . F o r e xamp le , t h e e a r l ie s t v i l la s d id n o t a ppea r u n t i l t h e F l av ian p e r iod , a nd e ven t h en t h ey t e nd t ob e s imp le t imbe r s t ruc tu re s o f" co t tage t y p e " , a sd ef in ed b y C o l l ingwood & R ichmond . ( 1 969 , 1 3 4 ) . T he b u i ld ing a t P a rk S t ree t , H er tf o rd sh i r e ( O 'Ne i l 1 947 ) i s o f t h i s t y p e . E xcep t i n af ew i s o la ted a nd e xcep t iona l s i t e s s u ch a s E c c le s , K en t , wh ich h a s f i r s t c en tu ry

m osa ic s ( per s c omm . A . D e t s ica s ) a nd F i shbou rne , E a s t S u s sex ( Cun l if f e , 1 971 ) t h e r ound h ou se c on t inued t o b e b u i l t a nd u sed . H oweve r i n t h e s ou th -ea s t , r e c tangu la r t imbe r b u i ld ing s s e em t o h ave b een i n t roduced , i n s ome c a se s a l ong s ide r ound -hou s e s . H e r t f o rd sh i re f o r e xamp le i s a n a r ea wh ich a ppea r s t o b e d om ina ted b y r e c tangu la r s t r uc tu re s , s uch a sa tS ke le ton G reen ( Pa r t r idge , 1 981 , 3 2 -34 ) a nd L ock ley s ( Wa rd P e rk in s , 1 938 , 3 42 -343 ) . Wa rd P e rk in s h ad o r ig ina l ly i n te rp re ted t he e a r l ie s t h ou se a s p o s s ib ly c i rcu la r . B u t Wa rd -Pe rk in s , a t t h e t ime o f e xcava t ion , d id c on s ide r t h e s e cond ' Be lg ic ' s t ruc tu re may h ave b een r e c tangu la r , b u t t h e s ub s tan t ia l f ounda t ion s o f t h e l a t e r v i l la b u i ld ing h ad a ppa ren t ly d e s t royed a ny t r ace o fa t imb e rw a l l . R ook 's , r e cen t r e a s se s smen t ( 1996 , 5 4 ) s ugge s ted t ha t t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion o fc i rcu la r s t ruc tu re sa r ew rong a nd t h a tr e c tangu la rt imb e r s t ruc tu re s a r e t h e t y p ica l l a te I r on A ge d we l l ing s t o b e f ound i n H er t f o rd sh i re a s P a r t r idge h ad a l ready n o t ed a tS ke le ton G reen . P idd ing ton t oo h a sp rodu ced as ma l l r e c tangu la r s t ruc tu re , b u t t h i s t ime c on tempo ra ry w i th c i rcu la r s t ruc tu re s a nd d a ted t o t h e C onque s t p e r iod ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r 1 997 , 4 8 ) .

We lwyn G a rden C i ty ( S tead 1 967 , 1 62 ) at wo h and led s i lve r c up wh ich m ay a l so h ave b een a d ip loma t ic g if t o r h ad b een a d i rec t i mpor t w ou ld h av e p re sumab ly c ome d i rec t f r om t he Med i ter ranean r eg ion , w a s r e cove red f r om a r i ch b u r ia l , a s w e re t wo o the r s f r om n ea rby We lwyn ( Sm i th 1 912 , 1 30 ) . T he re mu s t h ave b een many c on tac t s b e tween s ou th a nd s ou th -ea s ter n E ng land a nd t he C on t inen t , p o s s ib ly c au sed b y t r ade a nd t he u pheava l s a nd movemen t s o fp eop le a round t he m id -f i r s t c en tu r y BC , a cce le ra ted n o d oub t b y C ae sa r 's c ampa ign s . L a te r , v e ry e a r ly i n t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD when t r ade h ad b ecome mo re e s tab l i shed , t h e i n f lux o f g ood s b egan t o i n c rea se , s uch a s mo re R oman ised p o t te ry , m e ta lwo rk a nd o the r m e rchand ise . S ome o f t h e c e ram ic v e s se l s m ay h ave b een u sed a s c on ta ine r s f o r manu f ac tu red ma te r ia l s , f o r e xamp le a t s uch s i te s a s S ke le ton G reen ( Pa r t r idge , 1 981 F ig . 2 2 ,49 -58 ) . T rad ing s t a t ion s c ou ld h ave p a s sed o n t h e i mpor ted c on t inen ta l g ood s a nd c r af t smen i n to t h e h in te r land . T he a r r iva l o f f ou r R oman l e g ion s a l ong w i th many a ux i l ia ry u n i t s i n to l a te I r on A ge B r i ta in ,

I tw ou ld s e em t ha t i nt h e l a te I r on A ge p er iod , p a r t icu la r ly a f te r t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e m i l lenn ium , s ou th -ea s te rn B r i ta in w a s o pen a nd r e ady f o r c hange . P o t te ry f o r i n s tance , w a s p a r t icu la r ly s ub jec t t o i n f luence s f r om e l sewhe re . T he r eg ion , wh ich e ncompa s se s m y s t udy a rea o f N o r thamp ton sh i re a s w e l l a s t o uch ing o n t h e s u r round ing a r ea s o f n o r th B uck ingham sh i re a nd n or th B ed f o rd sh i re , h a s p roduced c op ie s o f G a l lo -Be lg ic p o t te ry t y pe s , many o f wh ich w e re o ff o rm s n ew t ot h e r eg ion . T he se n ew p o t te ry t y pe s w e re i n t h e i r t u rn i n f luenced f r om t h e f o rm s a nd t e chno logy f r om t h e Med i te r ranean r eg ion . P o t te ry a nd m e ta lwo rk wh ich h ad c ome d i rec t f r om t h e R oman w o r ld d o n o t i nt h e s hor t t e rm s e em t o h ave h ad t he s ame i n f luence . T raded i t em s h ad o f c ou r se b een c om ing i n to t h e c oun t ry f o r c en tu r ie s . A p i l la r m ou lded g l a s s b ow l w a s f ound i n a r i ch l a te L a T ene b u r ia l f r om H e r tf o rd H ea th , H er t f o rd sh ire ( Hü s sen 1 983 F ig . 8 .2 ) , w a s c l a imed t oh ave c om e f r om t h e e a s tern Med i ter ranean , w a sd a ted t ot h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry BC . Whe the r s u ch v e s se ls r ep re sen t t r ade o r ' d ip loma t ic g i f t s ' i s n o t k nown . D ip loma t ic g if t s h ave b een s ugge s ted a s t h e r e a son f o r t h e a pp ea rance o f e xo t ic i t em s f r om r e cen t e xcava t ion s w i th in t h e s uppo sed o pp idum a t S tanw ick , N o r th Y o rk sh ire ( p er s . c omm . S . W i l l i s ) . F rom

5 7

t oge the r w i th t h e i r c on sequen t s pend ing p owe r w ou ld h ave g iven t h e c omme rc ia l u se o f c o inage a n a dded i mpe tu s , a l though f o r s ome , b ar te rm ay s t i l l h ave p l ayed a n i mpo r tan tp a r ti n t h e l o ca l e conomy f o r ac on s ide rab le t ime . I ti s w e l l k nown t ha t t h e a rmy b rough t w i th t hem t h e i r o wn p o t te r s , a l o ca l e xamp le b e ing r ep re sen ted b y t h e g roup o f k i ln s e xcava ted o u t s ide t h e f o r t re s s a t L ong tho rpe , C amb r idge sh i re ( Danne l l &W i ld 1 987 , 6 1-70 ) ( s ee a l so b e low ) . A l though t h e m i l i ta ry f r equen t ly s e emed t o u se t h e ir o wn r e s iden t p o t te r s , t h ey a l so u sed l o ca l e xper t ise whe re p o s s ib le . H a rd ing s tone , N o r thamp ton (Wood s , 1 969 ) m igh t b e o ne s uch e xamp le , whe re t h e c oncen t ra t ion o fc onque s t p e r iod k i ln s may w e l l b e t h e r e su l t o f m i l i ta ry c on t rac t w o rk . Mos t o f t h e k nown C onque s t p er iod k i ln s i te s i n t h e u pp e r N ene v a l ley w e re p roduc ing t h e c hanne l r im j a r s . O ne p a r t icu la r n a t ive p o t te ry i ndu s t ry i nB r i ta in t h a t w ou ld a ppea r t oh ave d eve loped s t rong m i l i ta ry l i nk s , i s t h e B lack -bu rn ished i ndu s t ry ( G i l lam , 1 976 ) , w h ich c on t inued t h e t r ad i t iona l h and -made p o t te ry o ft h e Du ro t r ige s t r ibe . T h i s p o t te ry c on t inued t ob e b a sed i n t h e h ear t o f D u ro t r ig ian t e r r i to ry i n D o r se t a nd a pp ea r s t o h ave e n joyed a v e ry l ong l ived R oman m i l i ta ry a s w e l l a s c i v i l ian l i f e . I t a ppea red a s f a r n or th a s H adr ian 's Wa l l b y a bou t AD 1 20 , a nd w a s u sed b y t h e a rmy t he re

u n t i l a bou t t h e e nd o ft h e R oman o ccupa t ion o f B r i ta in . N ew p o t te ry f o rm s c ou ld s i gn if yc hange si nd i e t a nd d in ing c onven t ion s . T he p l a te , f o r i n s tan ce , w a s o ne n ew t ype , a nd a l though w ood en t r enche r s o r p la t te r s a s u sed i n t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod c ou ld a l so h ave e x i s ted , i t s a ppea rance c ou ld h ave h e ra lded a f undamen ta l c hange i n d i e t o rs o c ia l h ab i t . B y t h eF lav ian p e r iod , v e ry s im i lar p l a t ter s w e re s t i l l b e ing p roduced i n s im i la r f o rm s t o t h e G a l lo -Be lg ic t e r ra n ig ra a nd t e r ra r ubra p l a t te r s , a l though t h ey w e re n ow b eg inn ing t oa ppea ri ng rey w a re ( J ohn s ton 1 969 , F ig . 5 . 1 8 ) . N on - g r i t ted mor ta r ia w e r e f ound i np re -Conque s t l e ve ls a tS ke le ton G reen ( Pa r tr idge , 1 981 , F ig . 7 9 , 1 11 ) . A l though r a re i n p re -Conque s t c on tex t s , t h ey o ccu r a t b o th C amu lodumun a nd R ichbo rough . ( p er s . c omm . K . H ar t ley ) . T h i s t y pe o fv e s se l i sp e rhap s o ne o f t h e b e s t i nd ica to r s o f ac hange i n c u l ina ry i nnova t ion d ur ing t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD . W i th t h e se n ew d eve lopmen t s t ak ing p l ace , a dvan tage w ou ld h ave b een t a ken o f t h e n ew G a l lo -Roman t e chno logy -i n c rea s ing u se o ft h e whee l a nd n ew t y pe s o fk i ln -t op roduce n ew f o rm si n mo re d u rab le f a br ic s .

' d ef ended ' e n c lo su re . N o e nc lo su re d i tch h a s a s y e t b een f o und a t P idd ing ton , b u t i t s e a r ly b eg inn ing h e ra lded d eve lopmen t a s a n u nu sua l ly r i ch a nd t h e ref o r e p r e sumab ly i mpor tan t v i l la i n t h e e a r ly R oman p er iod . D u s ton r ema in s e n igma t ic a l though s pec ia l , b ecau se o ft h e g r ea t d ive r s i ty o f m a t e r ia l f r om t h e s i te . C un l i f f e e ven v en tu red t os ugg es t t ha t i tw a s an uc lea ted s e t t lemen t c ompa rab le t ot he s ou thern B r i t i sh o pp ida ( 1991 , 1 32 , f i g . 7 . 2 ) . T he re i sl i t t le e v idence t os how t h e e x i s tence o f p o t te r s mov ing i n to Br i ta in b ef o re t h e C onque s t , e xcep t i n af ew i s o la ted i n s tance s . A t E cc le s i n K en t

f o r

e xamp le ,

k i ln s

f ound

wh ich

u ndoub ted ly p roduced L yon ( LY ) w a r e b eake r s a nd c up s . H o fhe im f l agon s i d en t ica l t o e xamp le s m anu f ac tu red o n t he c on t inen t ( per s . c omm . D r . M . L yne ) . S of a rt he re i sn oe v idence f o rt e r ra n ig ra o rt e r ra r ubra b e ing p roduced i n t h i s c oun t ry -a l though s ome f abr ic s f r om e a r ly c on tex t s f r om Much H adham , H er t f o rd sh i re a re v e ry c l o s e t ot e r ra r ubra ( TR ) . ( per s . c omm . C . G o ing ) . I th a s b e en s ugge s ted t ha t S ke le ton G r een may h ave a c ted a s at r ad ing s t a t ion , a s s o much i mpor ted p o t t e ry w a s f ound t h e re . As ma l l p iece

I tw ou ld a l so a ppea r t ha t c er ta in p o t te ry f a br ic s w e re s pec i f ica l ly d e s igna ted f o r c er ta in u se s . T he f i r s t c en tu ry c hanne l r im j a r , f o r e xamp le , i sa lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly m ade i ns he l l f i l led f a b r ic , wh i le g rog f i l led f a br ic s a r e r e served f o r f i ne w a re s s uch a s p la t te r s , c ar ina ted b ow ls , c er ta in j a r s a nd o the r mo re e xo t ic f o rm s . T he se n ew

o fe v iden ce w h ich may s uppor t t h i s h ypo thes i s i st ha t s eve ra l s t o rage j a r f r agmen t s w e r e f ound i n p re -Conque s tc on tex t s ( Par t r idge , 1 981 F ig . 5 3 1 4 ) , w i th f r agmen ta ry s c ra tched g raf f i t i s ugge s t ing t h a t ac er ta in d eg ree o f l i t e racy a t t h e s i te b e f o r e t h e c onques t . C ou ld t hose c once rned h ave b een G au l i sh m erchan t sv i s i t ing o re ven l i v ing a tt h e s i te?

f o rm s a r e a ga in p e rhap s d i e t r e la ted o r m igh t i nd ica te s oc ia l c hange a nd d in ing h ab i t s . I n t h e

6 . 5 .3

R oman p e r iod , b o th f a br ic s a nd f o rm s w e r e c on s ide rab ly e xpanded . T ab le e t ique t te a sw e l l

T he

i n t rod uc t ion

o f t h e

w hee l

a nd

o ther

a sc u l ina ry h ab i t s may a l so h ave c hanged e a r ly i n t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD w hen t h e n ew f o rm s

t e chn ica l i mp rovemen t s

w e re b eg inn ing t oa ppea r .

O n t h e c on t in en t , h igh q ua l i ty w hee lmade p o t te ry w a s w id e sp read b y t h e m idd le o ft h e L a Une p e r iod . I t s s p read t o B r i ta in c ame u l t ima te ly f r om G au l a nd t h e Rh ine land , a nd w a s f i r s t n o t iced i n K en t , w hen A r thu r E van s

A l though v a r iou s t y pe s o fa mpho rae c on ta in ing b u lk o l ive o i l o r f i sh s auce s a r r ived i n to t h e r eg ion , b ya bou tt h e C onque s t , t h e re i sa sy e t n o r e a l e v idence f o r ampho rae p ene t ra t ing t h e O u se a nd N ene v a l ley s e a r l ie r . D ie t c hange s may h ave b egun h appened b ef or e t h e C onque s t . B u tb ecau se o ft he e a r l ie ra r r iva l i n to t h ea r ea o f G a l lo -Roman p o t te ry t y pe s , s o c ia l h ab i t s p e rhap sb egan t oc hange al i t t le e a r l ie r . I ti sa lway s d if i cu l t t oa s cer ta in t h e s t a tu s o fa p a r t icu la r s i te . B u t t h e t h ree s i te s wh ich h av e p roduced e a r ly i mpor ted p o t te ry d o s e em t ob e s omewha t d if e ren t t o t h e c ommon o pen o r e nc lo sed f a rm s tead s . Week ley w a s av e ry l a rge

5 8

s t ud ied t h e p o t te ry a nd i t s a s soc ia ted i mpor ted m e ta lwo rk f r om t h e c r ema t ion c eme te ry a t A y le sf o rd ( Evan s , 1 890 ) . J . P . B u she -Fox , e xcava ted a nd p ub l ished s im i la r w a r e s f r om S wa r l ing , K en t ( 1925 ) , l a b e l l ing i t` Swa r l ing A y le sf o rd ' p o t t e ry . O p in ion s v a ry a s t ot h e d a te o ft h is s ou th ea s te rn whee l th rown p o t te ry , b u t t h e mo s t r e cen te s t ima te sa l low i t sb eg inn ing s a t l e a s t a s e a r ly a s t h e m id -f i r s t c en tu ry BC ( eg . B i r cha l l , 1 965 , 2 42 -249 ) . E ven t ha t , h oweve r , a s sume s t h a t t h e A y le sf o rd p o t te ry i st h e v e ry e a r l ie s t i n B r i ta in , a nd i ti sj u s t p o s s ib le t ha t

t h e re a re s t i l le a r l ie rw hee l th rown v e s se l sy e tt o b ei d en t i f ied . E ven i n t h e n or th M id land s , w hee l t h rown p o t te ry w a sn o ted a tD ragonby i nC e ram ic S t ag e 6 ,d a ted n o l a te r t han t h e m id -f i r s t c en tu ry BC a nd p erhap s c on s ide rab ly e a r l ie r . S ome o f t h e e a r l ie s t whee l th rown w a re s a t D ragonby ( e g . May , 1 996 , 4 59 No . 1 60 ) l o ok t y po log ica l ly e a r l ie rt han t h ep o t te ry f r om A y le sf o rd . ( s ee a l so G reenwood , 1 997 ) . B yt h ee a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry AD , w hee l tu rned f i ne w a r e s w e re c ommon t h roughou t s ou th -ea s ter n E ng land , w i th m a jo r s i te s e x tend ing f r om C o lches te r ( Camu lodunum ) ( Hawke s & H u l l 1 947 ) i n t h e e a s t , t oB agendon ( C l if f o rd 1 961 ) i n t h e w e s t a nd D ragonby i n t h e n o r th ( May 1 996 ) . A s R oman i n f luence a nd C onque s t s p read o ve r n or th E u rop e , i t w a s i n ev i tab le t h a t Med i ter ranean t e chno logy a nd i n f luence w ou ld s p read t o B r i ta in , e spec ia l ly i n t h e f i e ld o f m a s s p roduc t ion , w i th i t s b e t te r f i red a nd mo r e d u rab le p o t te ry .

p rovenance , i st h e p ede s ta l ur n i nN or thamp ton Mu seum ( t h i s p ape r , u np rovenanced 1 : 2 ) ( B i rcha l l 1 965 , t y pe l a ) a nd ( Thomp son t ype A 10 ) , w i th ad a te r ange o f AD 1 0 -43 ; a l so , t he b a r re l s haped b u t t b eake r ( Du s ton I , 2 : 3 . T homp son t yp e G 5 ) , AD 1 0 -45 . T he se v e sse ls m ay w e l l h ave o r ig ina ted f r om t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry q ua r ry ing w o rk s . I tc an t hu s b e s hown t ha t e a r ly i n t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD t h e m e thod o f mak ing p o t te ry u s ing t h e whee l w a s b e ing e s tab l ished i n t he a r ea o f t h e N ene a nd t h e O u se v a l ley s , b u t i t p robab ly f a i led t or e ach t h e We l land v a l ley u n t i l t h e C onque s t , a l though t h i s d id n o tp rec lude t he i mpo r ta t ion o f n a t ive whee l th rown f i ne wa re s i n to t h e r eg ion b ef o r e t ha t d a te . T h e reaf te r , t he v a r ie ty o ff o rm s i n c rea sed a t at r emendous r a te . T h i s m ay b e d ue t o ag r ea t ly i n c rea sed n umbe r o f s i t e s a nd wh ich m ay h ave l e d t o p re s su res d ue t h e c on sequence s o f p opu la t ion g row th i n t h e s ou th -ea s t a nd t h e s ou th d u r ing t he l a t te r p a r to ft h e f i r s th a l fo ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD . 6 . 6 .1

S ing le u pd raugh t k i ln s s uch a s t ho se f ound a t H a rd ing s tone (Wood s 1 969 ) a r e p e rhap s t h e l a te r r e su l t o f t h e n ew t e chno logy s p read ing i n to t he N ene v a l ley . T he se k i ln s w e r e p roduc ing c hanne l -r im j a r s t o ge the r w i th a r ange o ff i ne w a re s wh ich w e re d a ted b y Wood s al i t t le l a te r , t oa f te r t h e c onque s t cAD 4 3-68 . A t P idd ing ton , e a r ly R oman t y pe g rey w a r e s w e re f ound t o ge the r w i th c hanne l r im j a r s a nd l a te I r on A ge f i ne w a re s , a nd a r e p rov i s iona l ly d a ted t o a bou t t h e f i r s t d ecad e a f te r t h e c onque s t . P o t te r s s t a r ted t o p roduce much h a rde r , b e t te r f i red p o t te ry , s uch a s t h e g r ey w a re s s o c o mmon t h roughou t t h e R oman p e r iod . W i th in t wo d ecade s o f t h e C onqu e s t , h a rd w e l l -f i red s i lve ry -g rey w a re s , s t i l l h eav i ly i n f luenced b y l a te I r on A g e f o rm s , w e re b e ing p roduced a t t h e E c ton K i ln s ( J ohn s ton 1 969 , 7 5 -94 ) . O the r f a br ic s a nd c o lou r s , r e la ted t o f o rm , a l so b egan t o a ppea r , s uch a s f l agon s , b u t t b eake r s ( c op ied f r om G a l lo -Be lg ic f o rm s ) a nd ,

mo re

r a re ly ,

mor ta r ia ,

wh ich

a r e

e s sen t ia l ly a R oman i nnova t ion . I n N o r thamp ton sh i re f o r e xamp le , s ome o ft h e m a ter ia l f r om D u s ton s i t e ( I I ) F ig s . 4 2-44 , a l though n o t f r om c on t ro l led e xcava t ion a nd t h er ef ore u n s t ra t i f ied , n ev er the le s s s hou ld b e t y po log ica l ly e a r ly , e sp ec ia l ly t h e p ede s ta l ur n 3 : 4 ( B i rcha l l , 1 965 t yp e l b . ) a nd ( Thomp son 1 982 , t ype A 2 /A3 ) . T he e s t ima ted d a te r ange o f AD 1 0-43 , i sc on s i s ten tw i th t h e s qua tc a r ina ted u rn s ( Du s ton I ) 2 : 4 ,5 . A lso f r om a d ub iou s

5 9

T he p o t tery i n i t s w id er c on t ex t : s h if t ing p a t te rns s e t t lemen t a nd t h e g row th o f l a rger c en t r es o fp o pu la t ion I no ne f o rm o ra no the r d i tched e nc lo sure s w ere af e a tu re o f I r on A ge i n N o r thamp ton sh ire , b e ing mo re e a s i ly d e tec tab le t h rough a er ia l p ho tog raphy t h an o pen n on enc lo sed s i te s . S e t t lemen t s r e semb l ing v i l lage s b egan t o a pp ea r f r om t h e m idd le I r on A ge , s uch a s Twywe l l ( J ack son , 1 975 ) a nd Wake r ley ( J a ck son , 1 981 ) w he re e xcava t ion r evea led m any h ou se s i te s . Wake r ley , o ve r look ing t he We l land v a l ley , c ove red 3 -4 h ec ta re s . T h e r e i s a l so a g roup o f s ma l l d ef ended e nc lo su re s , f i r s t n o ted i nt h e r eg ion b y G r ime s ( 1959 ) , w ho e xcava ted o ne a t D raugh ton i n a dvance o f an ew a i rf ie ld d u r ing t h e S econd Wo r ld Wa r . D raugh ton c on s is ted o f ar ough ly c i r cu la r e nc lo su re , w i th a n e a s t f a c ing e n t rance a nd a n e nc lo s ing b ank a nd d i tch , c on ta in ing t h r ee c i rcu la r b u i ld ing s , t wo o f wh ich w e re p robab ly c on tempo ra ry . A l though u npub l ished G r ime s r epor ted t h a t D raugh ton p roduced c urv i l inea r p o t te ry , wh ich s hou ld s ugges t ad a te f o r t h e o ccupa t ion a tt h e l a te s t d u r ing t he f i r s t c en tu ry BC . (G r ime s , 1 961 , 2 3 ) . J a ck son ( 1983 ) s ugge s ted a s im i la r d a te f o r t h e e ven s ma l le r c i r cu la r e nc lo su re a t B r ig s tock , wh ich c on ta ined as i ng le r ound h ou se .

H i l lf or t s i nt h e r eg ion , a l though c on s truc ted i n t h e e a r l ie r I r on A ge a nd , i n t h e c a se o f B o rough H i l l p e rhap s i n t h e B ronze A ge , c on t inu ed t o b e o ccup ied a t a bou t t h e s ame t ime a s t h e a bove s ma l le r e nc lo su r e s . O n p re sen t e v idence , s ome m ay s t i l l h ave b een

9 0 100m c on tou r s . D i tche sw e re a tl e a s t 1 3f t . ( 4m .) w ide a nd 8 f t . ( 2 .5m . , d eep . A cce ss t o t h e se e nc lo su re s w a s g ene ra l ly t h rough as i ng le e l abo ra t ee n t rance . T h is a r rangemen t , t oge the r

o ccup ied d u r ing t h ef i r s tc en tu ry BC . T he r e m ay h ave b een l a te r I r on A ge o ccupa t ion a t R a in sbo rough , j udg ing f r om u npub l i shed l a t e I r on A ge p o t te ry i nt h eA s luno lean Mu seum .

w e re o fn o m o r e t han 1 . 24 a c re s ( . 5ha ) i n a r ea ,

P e rhap s t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t o f t h e se s i te s h oweve r w a s H un sbu ry , w h ich c on t inued t ob e o ccup ied u n t i l a t l e a s t t h e f i r s t c en tu ry BC , when D u s ton w a s p robab ly f ounded . T he r e a l so s e em s t o h ave b een s ome a c t iv i ty d ur ing t h e f i r s t q ua r te r o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD a t C row H i l l , w he r e s eve ra l l a te I r on

F rom e a r ly i n t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD , many c hange sw e re t ak ing p l ace i nt h er eg ion , wh ich i sa l so s uppor t ed b y t h e c o in e v idence a bove ( Chap . 5 ) . T h i s r e f lec t s s im i la rd eve lopmen t s i n t h e s ou th a nd t he s ou th e a s t , b u t b eg inn ing t h e re s e ve ra l d ecade s e a r l ie r . A c t iv i ty d ec rea sed d rama t ica l ly i n t h e h i l lf or t s b u t r a p id ly i n c rea sed w i th in s i te s p l aced o n mo r e o p en l owe r l e ve l l o ca t ion s . T he se c hange s a ppea r ma in ly t o c o inc ide w i th t h e i n t roduc t ion o f G a l lo -Be lg ic p o t te ry t ot h er eg ion . O the r s i gn s o f t h e se c hange s a r e t h e g r ea t e xpan s ion i nt h e n umb e r o fs i te s o ft h i s p e r iod , many o f wh ich w e re f ound t o u nde r l ie l a t e r R oman s e t t lemen ts i te s , s uch a s S t anw ick , ( Nea l 1 992 ) , Q u in ton , ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , 1 979 ) , P id c l ing ton , ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , 1 989 ) , a nd A sh ton ( Hadm an e t . a l . 1 975 , 1 977 & 1 979 ) . Many o f t h e se n ew s i te s g ave n o h in t b ef o r e e xcava t ion o f t h e i r I r on A ge o r ig in , a s t h ey w e r e m a sked b y l a te r R oman a c t iv i ty . T he se s i te s w e r e e s tab l i shed a t l e a s t a s e a r ly a s t h e f i r s th a l fo ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD . P e rhap s a s ar e spon se t o t h e m a jo r c u l tu ra l c hange s g o ing o n d u r ing t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD , s e ve ra l r ough ly r e c tangu la r d ef en s ive w e re

c on s truc ted ,

a nd a l l w e r e s i ted o n h igh g round b e tween t he w i th t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f l o ok -ou t t owe r s a t t he c orne r s , s ugge s t s t h a t t h e ir f unc t ion w a s p r ima r i ly d ef en s ive , a l though s t a tu s m ay w e l l h ave p l ayed a n i mpor tan t r o le t oo . I tm ay a l so b e s i gn if i can tt h a tv i l la s w e re s ub sequen t ly b u i l t a t Week ley , Woo t ton H i l l a nd F a rm a nd , a l though n o r e a l ly l a rge d ef en s ive e nc lo s ing d i tch h a s y e t b een f ound , as im i la r p i c tu r e i s b eg inn ing t oe me rge a tP idd ing ton .

A ge o r e a r ly

R oman c hanne l -r im j a r s 1 : 1 w e re f ound -s e e b e low . B u t i th a s t o b e a dm i t ted t h a t g ood d a t ing f o rI r on A ge o ccupa t ion a tB o rough H i l l a nd A rbu ry , b o th n ea rD aven t ry , i sl a ck ing .

e nc lo su re s

( J ack son & D ix , 1 987 ) a nd p o s s ib ly t he o ne s e c t ioned b y Wood s a tH a rd ings tone ( 1969 ) . A l l

f o r

e xamp le

Woo t ton H i l l F a rm j u s t b e low H un sbu ry ( J ack son , 1 989 )a nd t h e Week ley e nc lo su re ' E '

6 0

T he l a rg e e nc lo su r e wh ich h a s b een d ubbed a ` h i l lf ore a t C row H i l l ( Pa r ry , 1 987 , 1 3 ) o ppo s i te t h e ma in m id f i r s t c en tu ry s i te a t S tanw ick , c e r ta in ly p rov ide s t he e v idence t o p lace i ti n to as im i la r c a tego ry t ot h e a bove l a te I r on A g e d ef en s ive e nc lo su re s . F i r s t ly , t h e s e c t ion c u t t h rough t h e d ef ence s a nd i n to t h e i n ter io r b y t h e N or thamp ton sh ire A rchaeo log ica l U n i t ( unpub l ished ) , r e vea led a v e ry d eep a nd w ide d i tch . S econd ly , t h e p o t te ry r e cove red , a dm i t ted ly n o t a v e ry l a rge a s semb lag e ( C row H i l l , 1 , 1 5 ) d id p roduce c hanne l r im j a r s a nd whee l t ur ned n ecked b ow l s , a l lo fl a te I r on A ge o re a r ly R oman d a te . T h ird ly , t h e re w a s t h e l a te I r on Age s e t t lemen t a nd l a te r R oman s i te a t S t anw ick , j u s t a cro s s t h e r i ve r , w he r e t h e re w e r e n o t o ne , b u t t wo v i l la s ( Nea l 1 992 ) ; t h e s e cond b e ing a t R ed land s F a rm ( Keev i l l 1 990 , 5 2 -55 ) . C row H i l l m ay b e a s im i la r t ype o f d ef ended e nc lo su re , b u t v e ry much l a rge r , t han t he Woo t ton H i l l F a rm t ype a nd d a ted t ot h e v e ry l a te I r on A ge a nd , a s e l sewhe re , a bandoned i n f a vou r o f al ow land , o pen t y p e o fs i te s ome t ime i nt h em id f i r s tc en tu ry AD . T he d a t ing o ft h e se e nc lo su re s f a l ls b e tween

c

2 5 BC a nd AD 5 0 . T he e a r l ies t o f t h e se s i te s a r e A ldw inc le , ( J ack son 1 977 ) , Woo t ton H i l l F a rm ( J ack son 1 989 ) a nd p o s s ib ly G rea t Dodd ing ton ( W inde l l 1 981 ) . T he i r e a r l ie s t p o t te ry w ou ld f i t i n to Kn igh t 's ' e a r l ie s t B e lg ic P o t te ry ' g r oup . B u t t h ey e v iden t ly c on t inued i n u se u n t i l t h e e f ec t s o f t h e R oman C onque s t r e ached t h er e g ion , cAD 4 5 .

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUS IONS

7 . 1 .1 A ch ie vemen t s O n e o ft h e a ch ievemen t s o ft h i s s t udy i st h a t i t h a s f u lf i l led a n eed f o r ac omp r ehen s iv e c r i t ica l a na ly s i s o ft h e many s i te s o ft h e t r an s i t iona l l a t e I r on A ge /ea r ly R oman p e r iod i n t h e d ef ined g eog raph ica la r ea , w i th t h ea im o fi d en t i f y ing t h e c u l tu ra l c ha rac t e r i s t ic s o f i t s p opu la t ion b y i t s m a t e r ia l r ema in s , w i th p a r t icu la r r e f e r enc e t o p o t t e ry . T h e p o t t e ry s t ud ied h a s b een o b ta ined m a in ly t h rough e xcava t ion ( a nd s om e f i e ld w a lk ing c o l lec t ion s ) . As t anda rd m e thodo logy h a s b een a pp l ied t ot h e a na ly s i s a nd i n t e rp r e ta t ion o ft h e m a t e r ia l . T h ea r ea c ove r sa l l o f mode rn N o r thamp ton sh i r e , f r om t h e We l land V a l ley i nt h en or th ,t ot h es ou th o f t h e N en e v a l ley t o t h e B ed f o rd sh i r e / B u ck ingham sh i r e b o rde r , d own t ot h e s ou th -w e s t o ft h e c oun ty , t o ge the rw i th e l em en t so ft h en o r th b ank o ft h e We l land v a l ley i nL e ice s t e r sh i r e a nd i mpo r t an t u npub l i shed , s i te a tO de l l i nt h e O u s e v a l ley i nB edf o rd sh i re . Wh i le m any s i te s h av e b een p ub l i shed , t h e m a t e r ia l f r om s e ve r a l m a jo r a nd a n umb e r o f m ino rs i t e sh a sn o tp r ev iou s ly b een a na ly sed .

T h em a in p rob lem s t i l lr ema in ing i st h ed if i cu l ty o fc l o se ly d a t ing t h e t r an s i t iona l l a t e I r on A g e ( D . Kn igh t 's ' Ea r l ie s tB e lg ic ' ) p e r io dp o t t e ry . D . K n igh t ( 1 982 , 8 2 &9 9 ) a l so f ound i td if i cu l t t o d a t e t h i s p e r iod a c cu ra t e ly a nd t h e b e s t h e c ou ld o f e rw a st op l a ce t h ed a te i nt h el a t e rf i r s tc en tu ry BC . I n ar e cen t r e po r t o f aC BA w o rk ing p a r ty ( Bu rnham 1 997 ) , i tw a s s t a ted t h a t " The p rec i se d a t e o f m any k ey d ev e lopmen t s i n t h e p e r iod u nde r r e v iew [ c1 00 BC - AD 2 00 ] r ema in s u n ce r ta in " . A s f a r a sp o t te ry i sc onc e rned , t h e r e a r e s imp ly n o t e nough w e l l d a ted g roup s o f p o t te ry o f t h i s p e r iod t o g i ve a n a c cu ra te a nd i n f o rmed i mp re s s ion o f w hen t h i s p o t te ry o ccu r r ed . T he se p rob lem s e x t end w e l l i n to t h e R oman p e r iod . I n p a r t icu la r , i t i s a lmo s t i mpo s s ib le t o p in d own t h e l o ca l ly p roduced p o t t e ry t ot h e t im e o ft h e c onque s tp e r iod a nd f o r s om e t im e a f te r . T he r e i s ac e r ta in a moun t o f i mpo r ted p o t t e ry , w h ich i nt h eo ry s hou ld b e a b le t og i v e am o r e a c cu ra t e c h rono logy , b u t t h e d a te r ang e o f t h i s m a te r ia l i s q u i t e w ide a nd i s t h e r e f o r en o ta s mu ch h e lp a sm igh tb eh oped f o r . AR om an m i l i ta ry s i t e , i fo n e c ou ld b e f ound i n c en t ra l N or thamp ton sh i r e , w ou ld e nab le a tl e a s t a f i xed p o in t t o b e e s tab l i sh ed , a nd l o ca l ly p roduced c oa r s e a nd f i ne p o t te ry c ou ld b e l i nked t oi mpo r ted f i newa r e s .

7 . 1 .2

Me ta lwo rk a nd o t h e ra r t ef ac tua l e v id enc e , e xcep t p e rhap s b rooche s , h a s n o t b e en o f v e ry g r ea t a s s i s tan ce , e x cep tt h a t mo r ed e ta i led w o rk o nt h i s m a t e r ia lm igh tl e ad t og r ea t e rp r ec i s ion i nd a t ing .

P rob lem s

7 . 1 .3

I nd eed , t h i s s t udy h a s h i gh l igh ted t h e l a ck o f b o th f i e ldwo rk a nd , i n s om e c a se s , l a ck o f g ood p ub l i sh ed e xcava t ion r e por t s o f s om e k ey s i t e s , p a r t icu la r ly i nb o th t h e n o r th -we s t e rn a nd s ou th w e s t e rn p ar t s o f N o r thamp ton sh i r e . Mo r e a ccu ra t ef i e ldwo rk t o oi sn e eded i nt h e s ea r ea s , t o e nab le a c l ea r e r p i c tu re t o e me rg e o f w ha t h app en ed d u r ing t h i s c r u c ia l l a t e I r on A g e t o e a r ly R oman p e r iod i nt h i sr e g ion .

T he c hanne l r im j a r .

6 1

O n eo ft h e mo s ti mpo r t an te l emen t st oa r i se f r om t h e s t udy o f l a t e I r on A g ep o t t e ry f r om t h e N ene a nd We l land v a l ley s i s t h e d ef in i t ion o f t h e C h ann e l r im j a r : i t s m e thod o f m anu f a c tu re , d eco ra t ion , t r ad e a nd p e rhap s m o s t i mpo r tan t ly , i t s d a te r ange a nd d i s t r ibu t ion . T he d i s t r ibu t ion s o f c on t empo ra ry c o in s a nd b rooch e s w e r e a l so

s t ud ied t o s e e i f t h e r e w e r e a ny c ompa r i son s w i th t h a t o f t h e c hann e l -r im j a r a nd , i n deed , t h e r e w a s ac l o se c o r r e la t ion b e twe en a l l t h re e , p a r t icu la r ly n o t iceab le f r om t h e t im e o f C unobe l in ( AD10 -43 ) . 7 . 1 .4 T he s i gn cance o ft h ec hanne l r im j a ra nd t h e r e la t ionsh ip o f c o ins , b rooche s a nd i mpo r ted p o t te r y P r e -Ta sc iovan ian c o in s a r e w id e ly s c a t t e red o ve r N o r thamp ton sh i r e , w i thou t a ny c l ea r f o cu s , e xc ep t f o r ac l u s te r p a r t icu la r ly a r ound D u s ton ( Geo rge 1 904 ) &C u r t e i s 1 996 , 3 2 ) . B yt h et im eo fT a sc iovanu s ,w ho s en ame b egan t o a ppea r o n c o in s c 10 BC , i ti sp o s s ib le t os e e t h e b eg inn ing s o f at i gh t e r c o in d i s t r ibu t ion i n t h e u pp e r N en e v a l ley . T h e c o in s o f h i s s u cce s so r , C unobe l in , cAD 1 0 -41 , w e re v e ry c l o se ly s paced a l ong t h e N ene v a l ley , p ar t icu la r ly t h e u pp e r N ene v a l ley , a l ong i t s s ou the rn b ank a nd t o i t s s ou th a nd e a s t . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f T a sc iovanu s 's a nd p a r t icu la r ly C unobe l in 's c o in s m a t ch v e ry c l o s e ly w i th t h o se o ft h ee a r ly t or i üd f i r s tc en tu ry b roo ch t y p e s a nd , t o ge the r w i th t h e c hann e l r im j a r s ,s ugg e s t st ot h i sw r i t e rt h a tt h i si se v id ence o f s om ef o rm o fc u l tu ra lg r oup ing . O u t s ide i t s h ea r t land o f t h e N ene v a l ley , t h e c hanne l r im j a r h a s al im i ted p r e s en c e , a nd i ti s l i ke ly t h a t t h e v e s se l s h e r e w e r e u s ed a s c on ta ine r sf o rs ome t r aded c ommod i t ie s . I th a s b een s hown t h a t p o t te ry f r om t h i s r e g ion h a s g ood p a ra l le l s a nd a ppa r en t i n f luen ce w i th f o rm s f r om s i te s s u ch a s B a ldo ck a nd S k e le ton G re en a nd t h e i mpo r ted p o t te ry f r om t h e r e g ion , s u ch a s t e r ra n ig ra a nd t e r ra r u bra m ay h av e c om ev i at h i sd i rec t ion . I mpo r ted p o t te ry i so n ly k nown f r om t h r ee s i te s : D u s ton , Week ley a nd e s pec ia l ly P idd ing ton . T og e th e r w i th t h e e v id ence o f o t h e r w ea l th i n d ica to r s , i tc an b e i n f e r red t h a t t h e s e s i t e s a r e t h ep o s s ib le r e s idence so fu ppe rc l a s si n d iv idua l s , o r p eop le w i th c on s id e rab le r e g iona l i n f luence , s u ch a sl o ca lc h ief so rh ead so fs e p t s . T he s ha rp i n c r ea se i n t h e n umb e r o f s i t e s , p a r t icu la r ly a pp roach ing t h e t ime o ft h e R oman C onque s t , a t wh ich t h e c hann e l r im j a r , c o in s a nd b roo che so ccu r , s ugge s t s ar a p id e xpan s ion o f p opu la t ion a tt h i s t im e . T he e v idenc e t h e ref o r e s ugge s t s t h a t t h e r e m ay h av e b een s om e

6 2

m ov em en t o f p eop le p o s s ib ly c om ing f r om t h e s ou th ea s t . I tw a sn o t ed t h a ti tw a sn o tu n t i la bou t AD50 -60 t h a t R oman f a b r ic s a nd t e chno logy b egan t o e me rg ea nd , e v en t h en , l a t e I r on A ge f o rm sw e r e s t i l lb e ing m ad e , p r e sumab ly b yt h e s ame p eop le . S o f a r , s am ian w a r e d oe s n o t o c cu r u n t i l i mm ed ia t e ly a f t e rt h eC onque s tp e r iod . A no the ri mpo r tan tf a c tt oe me rge f r om t h e s t udy o f t h e l a te I r on A g ep o t t e ry a s aw ho le f r om t h e N en e v a l ley i st h a t t h e r e s e em s t ob e o n ly t wo m a in f a b r ic s : 1 ) F o r f i newa r e s , g r og /qua r tz g r i t t ed f a b r ic s w e re u s ed , u sua l ly w i th b u rn i sh ed o u te r s u rf a ce s , s om e t im e s w i th b u rn i shed o r i n c i sed d e co ra t ion . A l so t oe me rg e , a f te r s e v e ra l g r oup s o f f i n e w a r e f r om H e r t f o rd sh i re w e re i n spec t ed , w a s t h a t t h e f i ne w a r e p o t t e ry f r om t h e r e d i d n o t c on ta in a ny a pp r ec iab le a moun t o f q ua r tz o r s and . F inewa r e s i n t rodu ced f r om o u t s ide t h e a r ea o ft h e N ene v a l ley , p a r t icu la r ly f r om t h e s o u th , c an t h u s m o re e a s i ly b e i d en t if i ed . 2 )F o rc ook ing p o t s ( Channe l r im j a r s ) a nd s t o rag e j a r s s h e l l / ca lc i t e g r i t ted f a b r ic s p r edom ina t ed . 7 . 2 F u ture w o rk O ne u s e f u l l i n e o f a pp roa ch f o r f u tu r e w o rk w ou ld b e am a jo r p r og r a m me o ff a b r ic a na ly s i s , u s ing l a bo ra to ry a na ly t ica l t e chn ique s s u ch a s c hem ica l a nd t h in s e c t ion /m ine ra l a na ly s i s , w h ich m igh t h e lp t o p i npo in t p o s s ib le l o ca l p rodu c t ion s i t e s , o r i s o la t e i mpo r t s f r om o t he r p a r t s o f s o u th o r s o u th -ea s t B r i ta in . Mo r e f i e ldwo rk a nd e x cava t ion o f s e lec ted l a te I r on A ge s i t e s , u s ing l a rg e o p en a r ea t e chn iqu e s , n eed st ob eu nd e r tak en . Mo s t s i te s o ft h i s p e r iod h ave , i nt h e p a s t , b een e x cava ted o n t o o s ma l l a s c a le . O n e c an s e e t h e q uan t i ty a s w e l l a s t h e q ua l i ty o f i n f o rma t ion , w h ich c an b e o b ta ined f r om s i t e s l i k e We ek ley ( J a ck son & D ix 1 987 ) a nd t h e c u r r en t e x cava t ion s a t P idd ing ton ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , 1 989 & 1 994 ) . W i th i n t en s iv e e xcava t ion o f l a rg e r a r ea s , a nd t h rough ac l o se r s t udy o ft h e p o t t e ry a nd o the r a r t i f ac te v id en ce , i tm igh tb ep o s s ib le t oo b ta in a b e t te r i d e a o f t h e s p a t ia l r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween o ne p a r to f as i t e o rb u i ld ing a nd a no th e ra nd t o c ha rac te r i s e m o r e c l o s e ly t h e d i s t in c t iv e c u l tu ra l g r oup ing i d en t if i ed .

Append ix 1 .

LATE LA TENE POTTERY FRO M NORTHAMPTONSHIRE , I TS S ITE CONTEXTS TOGETHER WITH LATE LA TüNE POTTERY FRO M A CRE MAT ION CEMETERY AT ODELL ( Ou se Va l ley ) , BEDFORDSHIRE

E a ch s i t ei sa r r anged a l phabe t ica l ly w i th i t so wn s i t el o ca t ion m ap ,t h ea r cha eo log ica le v id enc e i sa s se s sed ,d i scu s sed a nd i st h en f o l lowed b yi t so wn s e lec ted c a ta logue o fp o t t e ry f o rm s . C od es y s t em u sed i nt h ep o t t er ) ,c a ta logue : B e low ,a r el i s t ed t h ea bb r ev ia ted c od e su sed t od e sc r ibe t h e" Po t t e ry C a ta logue" T ab l e3 .= P o t t e ry f o rm t y pe s . T ab l e4 .= R im f o rm . T ab l e5= F ab r ic ,i n c lu s ion s . T he se c od ed d e sc r ip t ion s p r ef ac e d e ta i l s a bou t ap a r t icu la r v e s se l i l u s t ra ted i nt h e f o l low ing c a ta logue , e g . T h e f i r s t c o lumn i st h e c a ta logu e n umbe r =1 : 5 . T h e s e cond c o lumn i s t h e f a b r ic = C /G . T h et h i rd c o lumn i st h ep o t t e ry t y pe a nd t h er im f o rm = 1 / d( f o ri l u s t ra t ion s o f t h er im t y pe s , s e e f i g . 4a nd b a se t y pe sf i g . 5 ) . C omb ined , w ou ld r e ad t h u s : 1 : 5 C /G 1 / dA

6 3

I APOTDES

POTTERY FOR M TYPES

T ype so fl a te L a Une p o t te ry a sd i scu s sed f r om t h eN ene a nd We l land v a l ley s .

T ab l e 3 1 :

B ow l s

8 :

F l agon s

2 :

D i she s

9 :

S p e c ia l s( M i sc e l laneou sf o rm s )

3 :

L id s

1 0 :

N a r row n eck ed J a r s

4 :

B eak e r s

1 0 .1 :

N a r row n ecked s t o rag ej a r s

4 . 1 :

B u t tb eak e r s &d e r iva t iv e s

1 2 :

Ampho ra s

5 :

J a r s

1 3 :

G i r th b eak e r s

5 . 1 :

N eck ed j a r s14 :Ca r ina ted B ow l s

1 4 :

C a r ina t ed b ow l s

6 :

N ecked s t o rag ej a r s

1 5 :

U n c la s s if ied

6 . 1 :

G lobu la rs t o rage j a r s

1 6 :

C o l land e r s

6 . 2 :

N eck le s s s t o rage j a r s

1 7 :

S t ra igh ts i d ed b ow l s

7 :

T a zz i

1 8 :

P ed e s ta l ur n

1 9 :

T r i -pod b ow l

R I M FORM TYPES

T ab le 4 a :

C h ann e l r im

k :

T r i -angu la rr im

b :

T r ip le o rm u l t i -g rooved c hann e lr im .

1 :

R o l lr i m

b / 1 :

S i ng le g roove c hanne lr im

m :

O va lr i m

c :

B ead r i nu i :Hook ed r im ( a lmo s t ac hann e l )

q :

E v e r ted r im

d :

P la in r im

r :

R e ed e x lr im

n / 1 :

H ooked r im ( w i th d ownwa rd f a c ing h ook )

s :

I n t e rn ed r im

n / 2 :

I n te rna l ly h ooked r im

t :

E x t e rna l ly g rooved r im

e :

S qua r et o pped o re dged r im

u :

H amm e r -head ed r im

p :

E x t e rna lg roov e

j :

U p r igh tr im

6 4

f :

S l a sh / f ing e rn a i ls l a sh ed c hann e lr i m

I :

S t anda rd B u t tb e ak e rr im

f / 1 :

S l a sh d eco ra t ed b ead r im

h :

F l a t topp ed r im

g :

O u t tu rn ed r im

F ABR IC I NCLUS IONS & TYPES

T ab le 5

CH = C h a lk .

= I r on s ton ei n c lu s ion s

C /G = C a lc i t eo rS h e l lg r i t .

0 /S = O th e rs a ndy w a r e s .

F L =F l in t .

0 /Sw= S andy w h i t ef a b r ic .

G r

Q

=G rogg ed w a r e .

G /S =G r ey / s andy .

= Q ua r t z .

TN = T e r ra N ig ra .

I mp =I mpo r t ed +f a b r ic d e sc r ip t ion i fp o s s ib l e . TR = T e r ra R ub ra T S

6 5

= T e r ra S i g i l la ta

ALD W INCLE -S P9 97805 J a ck son ,D .A . & Amb ro s e ,T .M . 1 977 .

S ummary a nd c ha rac t er o ft h es i t e : T he s i t e a tA ldw inc le i sa no th e ro ft h et y p ica l e n c lo sed r u ra lf a rm s tead s o ccup ied f r om t h e l a t e s e cond / ea r ly f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . t o t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . T h e r e w e re i ts e em s t wo c on t empo ra ry r ound h ou se si nu se a t at ime ,a nd w a sp e rhap st y p ica lo f t h e i rt y pe .

LOCAT ION a nd GEOLOGY T he s i t e l i e s o n ly 2 74 m e t r e s f r om t h e w e s t b ank o ft h e N en e a nd o n ly 9 8f t . ( 3 0m ) f r om i t s t r ibu ta ry , t h e H a rp e r s ' B rook . I ti ss i t ed i n t h e f l ood p l a in a nd i sa s t r ide t h e 9 8f t . ( 30m . ) c on tou r . T he e n c lo su r el i e so nt o po fe x ten s iv er i v e r gave l s ,b e low w h ich a r ev a ry ing d ep th so fg l ac ia l ly d e r iv ed c l ay sa nd s i l t s .

Km

2

3

F ig . 2 2 . A ldw inc l el o ca t ion m ap .

F IELD WORK T h es i te i sl o ca ted i na na r ea r i ch i na r cha eo log ica l r ema in so fm o s tp e r iod s , f r om t h em e so l i th ic t ot h e m ed ieva l , m o s t o fw h ich h av e n ow b een d e s t roy ed b y q ua r ry ing d u r ing t h e p a s t t wo d ecad e s . D AT ING EV IDENCE P o t t e ry f r om t h e s i t e a s aw ho le i sd a t ed f r om t h e l a t e r s e cond c en tu ry BC u n t i l t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD . T he r e w a sn oo t he rs uppo r t ing e v idence f r om s ma l lf i nd s .

6 6

QUALITY OF THE EUDENCE Wh i le t h e re w e r e q uan t i t ie s o fp o t t e ry f r om t h ev a r iou s f e a tu re s , t h e e xcava to r f ound i tw a s n o t a lway s p o s s ib le t o d e t ec t t h e v a r iou s i n t e r cu t t ing f e a tu r e s b ecau se o ft h e n a tu re o ft h e s o i l s . T he r ef o r e ,t h eq ua l i ty o ft h ee v iden c e w a sn o ta lway sa sg ood a si tm igh tb e . D ISCUSS ION S ome o ft h ee a r l ie rp o t t e ry f r om A ldw inc le ( A ldw in c le 1 . 1 - 5 )i sb road ly s im i la rt ot h e m id f i r s t c en tu ry BC p o t t e ry f r om Q u in ton a nd r e p r e sen t sa ni n te r im s t ag eo fp o t te ry d eve lopmen t i nt h e a r ea . Wh i le t h e s t y le s o f p o t t e ry t e nd t o f o l low e a r l ie r t r end s , t h e f a b r ic a nd t h e ref o r e t h e t e chno logy t e nd t ol o ok t ot h ef u tu r ew i th g rog f o rm ing a n i mpor tan te l emen ti nt h e manuf ac tu r e o ft h ef i ne w a r e s . B u t t h el a te rA ldw inc le p o t te ry h a s ad if e r en tc ha ra c t e rf r om t ha to fQ u in ton , f o r e xamp le . Wh i l s t i t s f i ne l a t e I r on A g e w a re s r e ta in b road ly s im i la r t r a i t s s uch a s c o rdon s , g roov e s a nd t h ed eco ra t ive u se o fc r o s sh a tch ing e t c . ,t h e c on t empo ra ry c oa r se c ook ing p o t sa r e v e ry d if e r en tt ot h o se f r om s i te sf a r the ru p s t ream . T he n ea r e s te xamp le t oac hanne l -r im j a ri s : ( J ack son , 7 7 . F ig .15 , 9 4 ) , o t he rw i s e t h e r im f o rm s a r e e i th e r p l a in o rb ead r im a nd , i n s tead , d raw o n p o t t e ry f o rm s f r om e a s t L e ice s t e r sh i r e o rs o u th L in co ln sh i r e , e spec ia l ly f r om t h e O ld S l ea f o rd s i te ( S . E i sdon p er sc omm . ) . CONCLUS ION T he s i te i s al ow ly ing e n c lo su r e , a nd , a cco rd ing t ot h e e x cava to r , s t ock managemen t w ou ld h av ep l ayed a ni mpo r tan t r o le a tt h i s s i t e , l o ca ted a si ti so nt h ee dg e o ft h e v a l ley , w i th p l en ty o fw a te r a nd p a s tu r e . A ny a r ab le f a rm ing w ou ld p r obab ly h ave t a ken p l ace a bove t h e v a l ley i n t h e u p land sb e tween t h eN ene a nd We l land v a l ley s . T he s e t t lemen ts e em st oh av eb een s ho r t l ived ,d a t ing f r om t h el a te rs e cond c en tu ry BC u n t i lt h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD . T h e s e t t lemen t m ay h av e s h if t ed t ot h e e a s tb ank o ft h e N en e , p o s s ib ly j u s t b ef o r e t h e R oman c onque s t . C er ta in ly , t h e r e w a s af l ou r i sh ing R oman s e t t lemen t t h e r e i n t h es e cond c en tu ry AD . O nt h ee v idence o ft h ep o t t e ry , A ldw inc le a ppea r s t ob e o u t s ide t h e m a in s t ream a c t iv i ty o ft h e s ou th -ea s t B r i t i sh l a t e I r on -Ag e p o t t e ry d ev e lopm en t , e sp e c ia l ly w h en c ompa red w i th o t he r s e t t lemen t s t o t h e s ou th a nd w e s t , s u ch a s S t anw ick , D u s ton , H a rd ing s tone , Qu in ton a nd P idd ing ton .

6 7

ALD W INCLE ( Nor than t s ) 1 .

J a ck son ,D .A . , 1 977 . 9 54 .

F orm t y pe 1 . 1 : 1 1 : 2 1 : 3 1 : 4 1 : 5 1 : 6 1 : 7 1 : 8

C /G . 1 / e . ( Hand m ade ) C /G . 1 / e . ( H /M ) C /G . 1 / d . ( H /M ) C /G . 1 / d . ( H /M ) C /G . 1 / d . ( H /M ) C /G . 1 / d . ( 1 1 /M ) C /G . 1 / d . ( H IM ) C /G . 1 / c . ( H /M ) S u rf ace d ecora t ion :H o r izon ta lt i l l ing t h ea r ound g i r th t h ev e s se l . 1 : 9 C /G . 1 / c . ( H /M ) S u rf ace d ecora t ion :H o r izon ta lt i l l ing a r ound t h eg i r th o fv e s s e l . 1 : 10 C /G . 1 / e . ( H /M ) S u rf ace d ecora t ion :H o r izon ta lt i l l ing a r ound t h eg i r th o ft h e v e s se l . ( The re i sj u s t ah i n to f an e ck t ot h i sv e s se l ) . 1 : 11 C /G . 1 / a . ( H /M ) 1 : 12 C /G . 1 / a ,c . (H /M ) S u rf ace d ecora t ion : Two s i ng le d eep ly i n c i s ed g r oove sa r ound t h eg i r th o ft h i sr a the rb a r re ls haped b ody .

F orm t y pe 5 : 1 1 : 13 G r /Q . 1 : 14 G r /Q .

5 : 1/m . 5 : 1/m .

( A lmo s t ac ave t to r im ) .

1 : 15 G r /Q . 1 : 16 G r /Q .

5 : 1 / c . 5 : 1/d .

( Ve s icu la rs u rf a ce ) .

1 : 17 G r /Q . 1 : 18 C /G.

5 : 1/ c . 5 : 1/ c .

( Ve s icu la rs u r f a ce ) .

F o rm t y pe 4 . 1 . 1 : 19 G r /Q . ? Type 1 : 20 C /G . ? Type

4 : 1/d -g . o fB u t tB eake r ,s i ng le c o rdon a r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s s e l . 4 :1 / d -g ( Ve s icu la rs u r f a ce ) o fB u t tB eake rw i th d oub le g r oove sa r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s se l .

F o rm t y pe ? 13 . 1 : 2 1 G r /Q . ? 13 / .

( No r im p r e sen t )

S u rf ace d ecora t ion :B u rn i shed l a t t ice b e tw een t wo c o rdon s

F orm t y p e1 4 . 1 : 22 G r /Q . 1 4 /d . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :t h ree d eep ly i n c i sed g r oove sa r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s se l ,a bove t h ec a r ina t ion .

5 1 0

1

3

4

1

9

1 5

1 3

1 7

( )

1 6

;

2 1

F ig . 2 3 .A ldw inc le : P o t t ery 1S ca le 1 : 4

6 9

1 8

ALD W INCLE ( Nor than t s )2 .

F o rm t y pe 6 . 2 : 1 2 : 2 2 : 3 2 : 4 2 : 5

C /G . 6 / g . O r . 6 / g . O r . 6 / c . C /G . 6 / g . C /G . 6 / d . ( Ve s icu la rs u r f a ce ) . T he re i s ag r oove a r ound t h ei n s ide e dge o ft h er im -p r obab ly m o r ef o r d e co ra t ion t h an f u n c t iona lp u rpo se s .

F o rm t y pe 1 0 .1 . 2 : 6

C /G .

1 0 .1/g . ( Sma l lo rn a r row n e cked s t o rage j a r ) .

1

f i t

2

3

4

5

F ig .2 4 .A ldw inc l e : P o t t ery 2S ca le 1 :4 .

7 1

ASHLEY Nr . Marke t Harborough -S P 7 92917 ( Tay lo r , S .&D ix ,B . , 1 985 ) .

S umma ry a nd c ha rac t e ro ft h es i t e : A no th e re n c lo sed I r on A g es e t t lem en t , s im i la rt ot h e e xamp le a tA ldw inc le . T h i sw a su l t ima t e ly r e p laced b y al a rge r e c tangu la ri s led b u i ld ing i nt h el a te rf i r s tc en tu ry AD .

Km

F ig . 2 5 . A sh l ey ( N r . Ma rk e t Ha rborough )l o ca t ion m ap .

LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T he s i te l i e s o na l luv ia lg r av e l sa tt h ef o o to ft h e We l land v a l ley ,j u s ta bove t h ef l ood p l a in a nd a s t r ide t h e 2 10f t . ( 6 5m . ) c on tou r . T h e g r ound t ot h e s ou th a nd n o r th , o n e i the r s i de o ft h e We l land , r i se s s ha rp ly , b e tween 2 79 a nd 4 10f t . ( 8 5 a nd 1 2 5 m . ) w i th s t eep s i ded h i l lock s . A l luv ia l g rave l s a r e t h e m a in u nd e r ly ing g eo log ica l f e a tu r e s o f t h i s s i te . T he h i gh g round o ve r look ing t h e s i t e t ot h e s ou th i sm a in ly c ompo sed o f l ow e r L in co ln sh i r e l ime s ton e , w i th p o ck e t so fN or thamp ton sh i r es and i r on s ton e . F IELD WORK T ay lo ra nd D ix ( 1 985 , 8 7 ) s t a t ed t h a tt h es i t ei sl o ca ted i na na r ea " no tn o t ed f o rt h ep r e senc e o f p r eh i s tor ic a nd R oman s i t e s " . T h i s s t a t em en t c ou ld n o tb ef u r th e rf r om t h e t r u th , a si th a sb e en d emon s t ra ted ( R . P o l la rd , p er s . c omm . )t ob ei na na r ea p a r t icu la r ly r i ch i ns i t e so ft h e se p e r iod s , w i th I r on A ge s i te s d a t ing f r om a tl e a s t t h e t h i rd c en tu ry BC u n t i l t h e L a t e I r on A g e p e r iod . S e t t lemen t c ove r ed a n e x t r eme ly w ide g eog raph ica l a r ea , e s p e c ia l ly f r om t h e n or th b ank o ft h e We l land a nd c on t inu ing f o rs ome d i s tanc e o nt ot h e h igh e rg r ound o v e r look ing t h e r i v e rv a l ley a nd b eyond . T he R oman p e r iod , t o o , i sw e l l r e p r e s en ted , w i th v i l la s n o t o n ly i nt h e v i c in i ty o f A sh ley b u ta l so j u s ta c ro s st h er i ve ra t Medbou rn ea nd D ray ton .

7 2

A l l t h i s m a te r ia l h a s b een r e cogn i sed t h rough i n t en s iv e f i e ldwo rk , b ack ed u p w i th t r ia l e xcava t ion b y t h e L e ice s t e r sh i r e A r chaeo log ica l U n i t ( I nf o rma t ion v i a P e t e r L idd le a nd D r . R icha rd P o l la rd ) . I nd eed , t h e d en s i ty o ft h e o c cupa t ion m a te r ia l a r ound Medbou rn e s ugge s t s a l a rge s e t t lemen tc ov e r ing m any a c re s ,r ang ing i nd a te f r om a tl e a s tt h et h i rd c en tu ry BC u n t i lt h e c l o se o ft h eR oman p e r iod . DAT ING EV IDENCE Mo s to ft h ep r eh i s to r ic p o t te ry f r om A sh ley i sd a t ed b yE . MacRobe r t( Tay lo r &D ix 8 5 , 9 2 ) f r om t h em idd le t ot h el a t eI r on A ge . Ma cRobe r ts t a t e st h a tb o th t h em idd le a nd l a t e rI r on A ge p o t t e ry c on s is ted o fs he l ly a nd g rog t emp e red p o t te ry , t h eg r og t empe r ed m a t e r ia lu sua l ly b e ing r e se rved f o r t h e f i n e w a re s , p r e sen t i nb o th m idd le a nd l a t e r I r on A g e p o t te ry a s semb lag e s . I mpo r ted p o t te ry w a sa b sen td u r ing t h ee a r l ie rp e r iod s ,t h ee xcep t ion b e ing o n es h e rd o f ampho ra . D r . D av id W i l l iam s o f S ou thamp ton Un ive r s i ty s ugg e s t ed t h a t i tw a s t h e h and le f r om a C amu lodunum F o rm 1 85A . T h e d a te r ange o ft h i s f o rm i su nf o r tuna t e ly al o ng o n e , s t r e tch ing f r om t h e m id f i r s tc en tu ry BC u n t i l t h e m id f i r s tc en tu ry AD . T he o n ly o t h e rc l a s s o fi mpo r ted p o t te ry f ound a tA sh ley i ss am ian , w i th o n ly o n ee a r ly v e s se l r e por ted o n , as ou th G au l i sh F o rm 2 9b ow l , d a t ed t o AD 4 5 -65 . A l lt h er ema in ing s am ian f r om A sh ley s p an st h er ema in ing y ea r so f t h ec en t ra la nd e a s tG au l i sh s am ian i ndu s t ry . QUALITY OF THE EV IDENCE T h i si sg en e ra l ly n o tg ood . T h eg roup so fp o t te ry a r ef r equen t ly v e ry s ma l la nd t h e ref o r e , t e nd t o b e u n r e l iab le . N eve r the le s s , t h e s i te i si na n a r ea w h e r e e xcava t ion h a s b e en e x t rem e ly l im i ted a nd a ny g roup o fp o t t e ry i st ob e w e lcomed . D ISCUSS ION Wha t l i t t le p o t te ry t h e r e w a s d i d i nd ica t e t h a t t h et y p ica l l a t e r I r on A g e c o rdoned b ow l s , i nt h e f am i l ia rb u rn i shed g rogged f a b r ic s , w e r e p r e sen tt o ge the rw i th c oa r s ej a r s i ns he l ly w a r e . T h e re w a sn o s i gn o ft h et y p ica l s ou th N o r thamp ton sh i r ec hann e l r immed j a r , a l though N o .1 :1 w a st h e n ea re s te qu iva len t . CONCLUS ION T he s i te a ppea r s t oh av e b een as imp le a g r icu l tu ra l s e t t lem en t f r om m idd l e I r on A g e p e r iod , t h rough t h e l a te I r on A ge p o s s ib ly d eve lop ing i n to av i l la d u r ing t h e R oman p e r iod , a l though i t sa c tua ls i te w a sn o ti d en t if i ed d u r ing t h ee xcava t ion sc onduc t ed b yS t eph en T ay lo r .

7 3

ASHLEY N r . M ARKET HARBOROUGH,( No r than t s ) -1 . T ay lo r ,S . , &D ix ,B . , 1985 . 8 7 111 .

F orm t y p e5 .

1 :

GT . 5/ a. ( Unu sua lf o r ac hanne lr im v e s se lt ob em ad ei n ag r ogged f a b r ic ) .

F orm t y p e1 . 1 : 2 1 : 3 1 : 4

G r . 1 /m . G r /Q . 1 /m . G r . 1 /m .

F orm t y p e6 . 1 : 5 1 : 6

O r . G r.

6 / 1 . 6 / c .

F o rm t y p e2 . 1 : 7 O r . 2 /d . 1 : 8 O r . 2 / c . F orm t y p e3 . 1 : 9

O r .

3 / c .

F o rm t y p e1 2 . 1 : 10 0 /S .

1 2 .

( Ampho ra -C am . 1 85A )

1

2

3

1 •„

5

6

8

7

9

1 0

F ig . 2 6 .A sh l ey : P o t tery 1S ca le 1 : 4

A SHTON -TL 0 49 8 91

T he s i t es t i l lr ema ins l a rg e ly u npub l ished ; as e r ies o f i n t er im r epor t sh a ve a ppea red i nt h en ow d ef unc tJ ourna l D urobr ivae , d e ta i l so fw h ich a r eg iven b e low . H e lp a nd a d v ic e w a sg iven b y M is s E l izabe th MacRober t , t h en o f t h e N o r thamp tonsh ir e A rchaeo log ica l U n i t a nd J ohn H adman o ne o f t h eo r ig ina lD ir ec tor so ft h es i t e . H adman , J .& U pex , S .D urobr ivae 3 .1 975 1 2 15 .H adman ,J .& U pex , S .D u robr ivae 5 .1 977 6 9 . H adman , J .& U p ex , S .D u robr iva e7 .1 979 2 8 -31 . D ix ,B .D urobr ivae 9 .1 984 2 6 -27 . H adman , J . & Up ex , S .D urobr ivae 9 .1 984 2 8 -30 .

S umma ry a nd c harac t e ro ft h es i t e : Ar a the r i nde te rm ina t e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry s e t t lem en t w i th i mpo r tan t G a l lo B e lg ic i mpo r ted p o t te ry b u tn oc on tempo ra ry s t ruc tu r e s . T h i sw a st h en f o l low ed o nt h e s ame s i te b yaR omano B r i t i sh u nwa l led s ma l lt own .

F ig .2 7 .A sh ton ; l o ca t ion m ap .

LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T h e s i te o fA sh ton l i e s c l o se t ot h e 6 5f t . ( 2 0m . ) c on tou r a nd c ov e r s a n e x t en s iv e a r ea o ft h e s ou th b ank o ft h e r i ve r N ene . T ot h e e a s t , t h e l a nd r i se sg en t ly t o am ax imum o f 1 44f t . ( 4 4m . ) a bov e OD . T o t h e n o r th a nd w e s to ft h er i ve r , t h ef l ood p l a in e x t end s s ome 9 85 t o 1 3 12f t . ( 3 00 t o4 00m . ) , b ef o re t h el a nd r i se st o am ax imum o f2 10f t . ( 6 4m . )a bov e OD . T h e s i t e l i e s o n at h ick b ed o fg rav e l w h ich g i v e s w ay t o B ou ld e r o r Ox f o rd c l ay s a st h e l a nd r i se su pt h ev a l ley s i de s . O o l i t ic l ime s ton e t o o o u t c rop s n ea r t h e r i ve rb u tn o t i ts e em s n ea rt o t h es i t e .

7 6

F IELD WORK E xcava t ion s o nt he s e t t lemen t s i te a tA sh ton h ave b een c a r r ied o u tb y v a r iou s e xcava to r s o ver a n umbe r o fy ea r s a nd h ave y i e lded much ma te r ia l e v idence f o r o ccupa t ion , e x tend ing f r om t he m id f i r s t c en tu ry u n t i l t h e e nd o f t h e R oman p er iod . Un f o r tuna te ly , t h e s i te s t i l l r ema in s u npub l i shed . B u t s u ff i c ien t p o t te ry w a s r e co rded b y t h i s w r i te r t o p o s tu la te t ha t t h e ma in o ccupa t ion n eed n o tb ea ny e a r l ie rt h an t h e l a te C laud ian o re a r ly N e ro rüan p e r iod ( B . D ix p er s . c omm ) . DAT ING EV IDENCE Many o f t he c l a ss ic l a te I r on A ge g rog t emp e red f i ne w a r e s w e re p r e sen t a t A sh ton , w i th c o rdoned u rn s , n a t iv e b u t t b eake r s a nd t h e o cca s iona l c hanne l r im j a r i n s he l l g r i t ted f a br ic ( Form 4/ a) . Mo re r a r e f o rm s , s uch a sf o rm 7 ( t a z z i ) , w e re a l so p r e sen t . A sh ton i sa bou t a s f a r e a s t a l ong t he N ene t h a t t h e c ha rne l / l id s e a ted j a r s a r e t ob e f ound , s uch a s 1 : 1 , 2 & 4b e ing r ep re sen ta t ive . E a r ly i mpor ted p o t te ry w a s g ene ra l ly q u i te s ca r ce , w i th o n ly t wo c l a s se s o fp o t te ry r e p re sen ted : 1 ) . An i mpor ted wh i te w a r e b u t t -b eake r f r om c en t ra l G au l ; 2 ) . S am ian w a r e , t h e e a r l ie s t b e ing n oe a r l ie rt han N e ron ian Ne spa s ian ic i nd a te , f r om s ou th G au l . QUALITY OF THE EV IDENCE T he s i te h a s s uf ered b yh av ing m any d if e r en te xcava to r s , b u tt h e re a r e s e ve ra l u sefu l g roup s o f m id f i r s tc en tu ry p o t te ry . O ne o rt wo e a r ly f e a tu re s a r e e xh ib i ted o n s ome o ft h e l o ca l ly p roduced f i ne w a re t y pe s , s uch a s 3 : 8 ,9 & 1 . T he i r c o r ruga ted n eck s s e em t os ugge s t ad a te e a r l ie r i nt h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD t han t h eb u lk o ft he ma ter ia l . H oweve r , t h e p re sence o f s eve ra l h igh n ecked c a r ina ted h igh n ecked c a r ina ted b ow l s , 5 : 1-4 , s ugge s t al a te rp o s t c onque s t d a t e . I ng ene ra l It e nd t oa g ree w i th t h e m o s t r e cen t e xcava to r t ha t t h es i te m a in ly b eg in ss ome t ime a f t e rt h e c onque s t . T he s ugge s ted e a r l ie rp o t te ry f o rm s n o ted o n t h es i te i nd ica te t ha tt h e r e may b ea ne a r l ie rp re conque s tn uc leu s o f as e t t lemen tc l o se b y .

D ISCUSS ION T he c ompa ra t ive s ca r c i ty o fe a r ly i mpor ted f i ne w a r e sa tA sh ton i nd ica te s t h a tt h e e xcava ted a r ea w a so nt h ep er iphe ry o ft h e s e t t lemen t ,b o rne o u tb ya e r ia l p ho tog raphy o ft h e s u r round ing f l ood p la in , e spec ia l ly t ot h e n or th -we s to ft h e e xcava ted a r ea , b e tw een t h e modern A 605 a nd t h e r i ve r N ene . A p a r t icu la r ly d en se a r ea o fc r opma rk s c ove r ing s eve ra l a c re s ( RCHM , 1 975 ) e x tend s a s f a ra st h er i ve r . T he d a te r ange o f t h e se f e a tu re s p robab ly s pan s t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD u n t i l t h e4 / 5 th c en tu ry AD . CONCLUS IONS As ma l ld i tch g roup , s e en b yt h ew r i te rs ome y ea r s a go , ( Had rnan & U p ex 1 977 , 6 -9 ) c on ta in ing i mpor ted b u t t b eake r s , t o ge the r w i th o t he r p os s ib le i mpor ted w a re s , h a s , r eg r e t tab ly , b een m is la id . T h is i n t roduce s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f ap re -conque s t p re sence a t A sh ton , a l though , a s m en t ioned a bove , t h e e a r l ie r n uc leu s m ay h ave b een c en t red e l sewhe r e , p e rhap s n ea re r t h e r i ve r . T he p re sence o f p re -conque s t I r on A ge c o in s f r om t h e s i te a l so i nd ica te s ap o s s ib le e a r ly b eg inn ing . A l te rna t ive ly , t h is e a r ly m a ter ia l c ou ld h ave b een b rough t i na t al a te r d a t e , p o s s ib ly b yt h eR oman a rmy , b u tb yt h en c ou ld t h en h ave b een r e ga rded a sr e s idua l .

7 7

ASI 1TON ( Nor than t s ) -1 .

B .D ix s ay st h a tt h eA sh ton m a t er ia ln eed n o tb ea ny e ar l ier t h an l a t eC laud ian o re ar ly N eron ian ,p o s s ib ly a bou t AD 5 0 . ( U npub l i shed ) F ea tur e s : 1 220 ) 1 221 ) -S t ra t ig raph ica l ly e a r ly . 7 03 ) 5 88 ) 1 739 ) 2 097 ) -A l lc on ta ined e a r ly m a t er ia l . 2 093 ) 1 97 ) N op o t t ery p ub l i shed y e tf rom t h i se x ca va t ion , b u ts e ei n t er im n o t ei n : D ix , B . , 1 984 2 6 -27 . F o r e a r l ie rw o rk a l so r e po r t ed i nD urobr ivae : 3 ,1 979 .5 , 1 977 . 7 , 1 979 .

F orm t y pe 5 . 1 : 1 1 : 2 1 : 3 1 : 4 1 : 5

C /G . 5 / b ( Con tex t : 1 921) . C /G /G r . 5 / b ( Con t : 1 22 1) . C /G . 5 / b 1 ( Con t : 1 92 1) . C /G . 5 / a ( Con t : 3 40 ) . C /G . 5 / c ( Con t : 1 220 ) . S urf ace d ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lr i l l ing a r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s s e ll e av ing ap l a in b and b e low t h e . r im ( No tq u i t es oc ommon i n N o r than t s ,a l though i td oe so c cu r aQ u in ton ,P idd ing ton a nd H a rdw i ck P a rk , We l l ingbo rough ) . 1 : 6 C /G . 5 / c ( Con t : 1 92 1) . 1 : 7 C /G . 5 / c ( Con t : 1 739 ) . 1 : 8 C /G . 5 / c ( Con t : 39 ) .

F orm t y pe 5c on t . 1 : 9 1 : 10 1 : 11 1 : 12 1 : 13 1 : 14 1 : 15 1 : 16

C /G . C /G . C /G . G r .C /G . O r . Q . C /G . O r .

5 / c 5 / c 5 / c 5 / c 5 / c 5 / h 5 / c 5 / d -g

( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t :

3 40 ) . 3 40 ) . 3 40 ) . 1 739 ) . 2 097 ) . 39 ) . 1 92 1) . 3 40 ) .

S urrf ace d ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lf i l l ing a r ound t h es hou ld e ro ft h ev e s se l .

7 8

1

2

7 -6 1

7

1 8

( 1 0

1 3

1 5

F ig . 2 8 .A sh ton : P o t t e ry 1 .S ca le 1 : 4 .

ASHTON ( Nor than t s ) -2 .

F orm t y pe 5cont . 2 : 1 2 : 2 2 : 3 2 : 4 2 : 5 2 : 6 2 : 7

G r . 5 : 1 /m ( Con t : 1 7 39 ) . O r . 5 : 1/m ( Con t : 1 7 39 ) . O r . 5 : 1/m ( Con t : 39 ) . G r .C /G 5 : 1/m ( Con t : 1 92 1) . O r . 5 : 1/a -g ( Con t : 1 92 1) . O r . 5 : 1/m ( Con t : 1 7 39 ) . Q . 5 : 1 /m ( Con t : 1 7 39 ) . S ur f ace d ecora t ion :v e r t i ca li n c is ed s t rok e se xe cu ted w i th a? f ou rt o o thed c omb b e low ag r oove .

2 : 8 2 : 9 2 : 10 2 : 11

O r O r . G r .Q C /G

5 : 1/g ( Con t : 1 739 ) . 5 : 1/a -g ( Con t : 3 40 ) . 5 : 1/a -g ( Con t : 39 ) . 5 : 1/g ( Con t : 1 92 1) .

F orm t y pe 5 . 2 : 12 C /G

5 / d ( Con t : 7 03 ) . ( BM ) .

F orm t y pe 1 . 2 : 13 C /G

1 / c

( Con t :2 097 ) . ( HM ) .

F o rm t y p e 5cont . 2 : 14 2 : 15 2 : 16 2 : 17 2 : 18

G r .Q G r .Q O r . O r . O r .

5 : 1/m 5 / g 5 / k 5 / e 5 / e

( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t :

7 03 ) . 7 03 ) . 7 03 ) . 1 7 39 ) . 1 7 32 ) .

F orm t y p e4 . 2 : 19 0 /Sw . 4 . 1/w ( Con t : 1 7 39 ) . a . B and so fz i g -zag r ou le t te a r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s se l . b . B a se t y pe ' F . N o te : a l lt h es h e rd si l u s t ra ted u nde r2 : 19 a r ep r obab ly a l lf r om t h es ame v e s se l . 2 : 20 G r .

4 . 1/ 1

( Con t : 1 7 39 ) .

S urf ac ed ecora t ion :d i agona ls t roke sa r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s s e l t h en o ve r la id b yt h ree d eep . h o r izon ta lg r oove s 2 : 2 1 Q .

4 . 1/n ( Con t : 1 92 1) .

D iagona lb u rn i shed s t roke sw i. . t h 4i n te r s ec t ing h o r izon ta lg r oove s . 2 : 22 C /G .G r . 4 . 1/ 1 ( Con t : 7 03 ) . C o rdon a tb a se o fn e ck b e low w h ich i s ab and o fd eep r ou le t t ing . 2 : 23 O r .

4 . 1/ 1

( Con t : 1 739 ) .

8 0

T7 1

2

) 6 t 9

1 1

1

1 2

1 5 1 6

1 7

2 2 2 3

1 3 10 1 1 1 F ig . 2 9A sh ton : P o t t ery 2 .S ca le 1 :4 .

8 1

ASHTON ( Nor than t s ) -3 .

F orm t y pe 4c ont . 3 : 1 3 : 2 3 : 3 3 : 4 3 : 5 3 : 6

G r . 0 /S . 0 /S . 0 /S . G r . G r . B a r re l

4 / j ( Con t : 1 739 ) . 4 . 1/ 1 ( Con t : 1 921) . 4 . 1/ 1 ( Con t : 3 40 ) . 4 . 1/ 1 ( Con t : 3 39 ) . 4 /m ( Con t :2 097 ) . 4 . 2 /k ( Con t : 1 739 ) . b eake r ,t wo b ands o fb u rn ished l a t t ice d eco ra t ion b e tween c o rdon s .

3 : 7

O r .

4 / j

F orm t y pe 1 3 . 3 : 8 O r . 1 3 /g ,c . 3 : 9 O r . 1 3 /g ,c . 3 : 10 C r r /Q 1 3 /g ,c . 3 . 11 O r . 1 3 / -no r im 3 . 12 O r . 1 3 / c . 3 . 13 O r . 1 3 / c .

( Con t : 2 097 ) . B a se t y pe ` 13' .

( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t :

1 739 ) . 3 39 ) . 3 39 ) . 1 732 ) . 2 097 ) . 1 739 ) .

F orm t y pe 1 3 . 14 O r . 3 . 15 O r .

1 / c . 1 /m .

( Con t :2 097 ) . ( Con t :2 097 ) .

1

2

1 0

)

)

1

1 3

1 5

F ig . 3 0 .A sh ton : P o t t ery 3 .S ca l e 1 :4 .

8 3

ASHTON ( Nor than t s ) -4

F orm t y pe 6 . 4 : 1

C /G . D eco ra t ion : 4 : 2 G r . D eco ra t ion : r im . 4 : 3 C /G . 4 : 4 G r . 4 : 5 C /G . 4 : 6 G r ,C /G ,Q . 4 : 7 O r . 4 : 8 C /G 4 : 9 O r . 4 / 10 C /G

6 / g . ( Con t : 1 221) . d eep ly i n c ised l a t t ice b e tween t wo d eep g roove s . 6 /m . ( Con t : 3 39 ) . f i nge rn a i li mp re s s ion sb e low ar a ised c o rdon p l aced i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e 6 / g . ( Con t : 39 ) . 6 / 1 . ( Con t : 1 739 ) . 6 /k . ( Con t : 4 43 ) . 6 /m ( Con t : 1 221) . 6 / c . ( Con t : 3 39 ) . 6 / g ( Con t : 3 39 ) . 6 / 1 . ( Con t : 3 39 ) . 6 . 2 /g . ( Con t : 1 221) .

F orm t y pe 1 0 . 4 : 11 O r . 4 : 12 O r .

1 0 /g . 1 0 /n .

( Con t : 1 739 ) . ( Con t : 3 40 ) .

F o rm t y pe 7 . 4 : 13

Q .

7 /d .

C on t : 1 921) . T au "

9

8 4

1

k e ie n em e ef l e g ree t eh

2

t ie f b

f i e t b , t ,

3

4

8

7

1 1 0

9

F ig . 3 1 :P o t t e ry 4 .S ca l e 1 :4 .

8 5

A SHTON ( Nor than t s ) -5 .

F o rm t y p e1 4 . 5 : 1 5 : 2 5 : 3 5 : 4 5 : 5 5 : 6

G r . 1 4 / c G r ,C /G . 1 4 / c . G r ,C /G . 1 4 / c . Q . ? 14 / c . O r . ? 14 / c . O r . ? 14 / c .

( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t :

3 40 ) . 1 921) . 1 92 1) . 39 ) . 39 ) . 1 92 1) .

F orm t y p e3 . 5 : 7 5 : 8 5 : 9

G r ,C /G . 3 / c . O r . 3 / c . Q . 3 / d .

( Con t : 1 739 ) . ( Con t : 39 ) . ( Con t : 2 39 ) .

B a se t y pe s . 5 : 10 5 : 11 5 : 12

Q . T ype T b a se . G r ,C /G . T ype ` J ' b a se . G r . T ype ' 3 'b a s e .

( Con t : 1 739 ) . ( Con t : 1 22 1) . ( Con t : 1 22 1) .

F o rm t y p e1 0 . 5 : 13

Q .

1 0 /k .

( Con t :

3 40 ) .

F orm t y p e? 4 .1 5 : 14 0 /Sw . 4 . 1/ i -a . ( Con t : 1 92 1) . I st h i s aB u t tB eake r?

F o rm t y pe 1 5 : 15

G r ,C /G .

1 / a .

( Con t : 1 92 1) .

M i sce l laneous f or m 5 : 16 G r ,Q . ( ?B i rd ) ( Con t : 2 39 ) . S u rf ace d ecor a t ion :i mp re s sed t o o thed c omb / rou le t te w he e lp robab ly d ep ic t ing aw ing . ( c f S t ead & R igby 1 989 ) .

8 6

5

8

9

/

1 4

1 5

1 6

F ig . 3 2A sh ton :P o t tery . S ca le 1 :4 .

8 7

CA MP H ILL ( Hun sbury ,N or thamp ton ) -S P 7 355 5 884 S haw , 1 979 .

S umma ry a nd c ha rac t er o ft h es i t e : T h i s s i te c on s i s t s o fa n i s o la t ed g roup o fp o t t e ry k i ln s d a t ed t oa bou t t h e m idd le o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD . T hey a r e l o ca t ed o nt h e n o r th f a c ing s l op eo ft h eN en ev a l ley j u s t b e low H un sbu ry H i l lf or ta nd o ppo s i t et h el a t eI r on A g ea nd R omano -B r i t i sh s i t eo fD u s ton . LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T he s i te l i e so nt h e s i de o ft h eN ene v a l ley o n an o r th f a c ing s l ope , s ome 9 84f t . ( 3 00m . ) b e low t h eh i l lf o r to f Hun sbu ry . On ly 2m i le s( 3 .2 km . )a c ro s st h ev a l ley f r om t h e k i ln s , i st h el a te I r on A ge a nd R oman s e t t lem en to fD u s ton . T he C amp H i l l s i te m a in ly c omp r i se sk i ln s s p r ead o v er a l im i ted a r ea o fh i l l s id ea nd mu s th av eb een c on t empo ra ry w i th t h ee a r l ie rp e r iod sa tD u s ton . C amp H i l l l i e s o n t h e 1 00 m e t r e c on tou r o v e r look ing t h e r i v e r N ene . T h e s ub so i l , l i k e t h a t o f H un sbu ry , i so f i r on s ton e , w i th p o cke t so fN o r thamp ton S and i r on s tone ( I nf e r io rO o l i t e s e r ie s ) . Much l i a s s ic c l ay i sa va i lab le n ea rby , o u tc ropp ing o nb o th s i d e so ft h ev a l ley a nd w a st h e mo s t l i ke ly s ou r ce o fr aw m a t e r ia lf o rt h ek i ln s . F IELD WORK T h e s i t e w a s d i scove r ed a s ar e su l t o fe x ten s iv eb u i ld ing o p e ra t ion s , a s p a r t o fN o r th amp ton ' s e xpan s ion p l an s . F ou r k i ln s w e r e e xcava ted b y t h e N o r thamp ton D ev e lopmen t C o rpo ra t ion A rchaeo log ica l Un i t , a nd t h el i k e l ihood o fm o r e b e ing f o und i nt h ea r ea r ema in s p o s s ib le . S om e o ft h e k i ln s w e r e a lmo s tt o ta l ly d e s t royed b yt h e d ev e lopmen t . O th e r w o rk i nt h e a r ea l o ca ted t h er ema in so f al a t e rv i l la a nd i t s a s soc ia ted b a th h ou s e . DAT ING EV IDENCE T h re e o ft h ef o u rk i ln sd a t e t ot h e m idd le y ea r s o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD , t h ef ou r th t ot h e l a te r f i r s to re a r ly s e cond c en tu ry ( Shaw , 7 9 . 2 3 ) . C a lc i te t emp e red c hann e l r im j a r s( Shaw , 7 9 .f i g . 8 ,1 6 -2 1 ) ,e sp ec ia l ly w i th n a i l s l a sh ing a r ound t h et o p so ft h e r im s , a r ec ompa ra t iv e ly c ommon a tC amp H i l l , a sa r et h e c on tempo ran eou sg rog t empe red f i ne w a r e s . T h e l a t t e r f a l l ma in ly i n to o n e o ft h e t wo mo s t c ommon f a b r ic g roup s f ound o n mo s ts i te si nt h er e g ion o ft h is p e r iod . QUALITY OF THE EV IDENCE U nf o r tuna te ly , t h e re w a sn oi n dependen td a t ing e v iden c e a va i lab le f r om t h e s ek i ln s , b u tt h ey d o r e p r e sen t a no the r p o s s ib le m id f i r s t c en tu ry p o s t c onqu e s t g r oup . T h e e xcava t ion a l so d emon s t ra t ed t h ed ev e lopm en to fe a r ly k i ln t y p e si nt h ea r ea , c omp lem en ted b yt h eu s ef u lg roup o fk i ln s e xcava ted b y Wood s( 1 969 ) ,a tH a rd ing s ton e .

8

F ig . 3 3 . C amp H i l l : l o ca t ion m ap .

D ISCUSS ION T he p re sence o fs l a shed c hanne l -r im j a r s s ugge s t s ad a t e f o r t h e t h ree e a r l ie s t k i ln s o n t h e s i te f r om t he c onque s tt o a bou t AD 5 0 . T he f i ne w a r e s , s uch a st h ec a r ina ted b ow l s , a l so e xh ib i tt he l a te r c harac te r i s t ic s o f ah ighe r n eck p rof i le . T he n eck t e nd s t ob e e x /ended u pwa rd s af e a ture e spec ia l ly n o t iceab le i nC amp H i l l 1 : 8 ,10 ,12 14 . S ome o f t h e se a r e c l o se ly p a ra l le led w i th t ho se f r om Ha rdw ick P a rk , We l l ingbo rough 1 : 6 -8 .

CONCLUS IONS T he p re sence a tt h e C amp H i l l s i te o f s imp le u pd raugh t k i ln s , u s ing p or tab le k i ln f u rn i tu re , t oge the rw i th v a r iou s p o t te ry f o rm sw i th p o s tc onque s t c ha rac te r i s t ic s s ugge s t s ac e r ta in amoun t o fe a r ly R oman i n f luence .

8 9

CA MP H ILL ( Nor than t s ) -1 . S haw ,M . , 1 979 . 1 7 -30

F o rm t y p e5 . 1 : 1 1 : 2 1 : 3

G r ,Q . G r /Q . G r ,Q .

5 / f . 5 / f . 5 . 1/m .

F orm t y p e4 . 1 : 4

G r ,Q .

4 /d .

F o rm t y p e1 5 . 1 : 5

G r ,Q .

1 5 -C o l lande rs im i la ri nf o rm t oP idd ing ton 1 3 : 1 . ( Ho le sb o red p o s t -f i re ing ) .

F o rm t y p e4 . 1 : 6

1 : 7

G r ,Q . 4 . 1/ c . D e co ra t ion : d eep r ou le t t ing s e tb e tween t w od eep g r oove so n s hou ld e ro ft h ev e ss e l ,o ve r layed b yr a ndom h o r izon ta ls t roke so rg r oove s . G r ,Q . 4 . 2 . R im n o tp res en t .B a r re lb eake rw i th t wo p a r a l le lr a ised c o rdon s .

F o rm t y p e1 4 . 1 : 8 G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . 1 : 9 G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . 1 : 10 G r ,Q . 1 4 / c .

F o rm t y p e1 . 1 : 11 1 : 12

G r ,Q . 1 / c . G r ,Q . 1 /g . D e co ra t ion :b u rn i sh ed z i g -zag a r ound t h en e ck / shou lde r . 1 : 13 G r . 1 /g . 1 : 14 G r ,Q . 1 /m . D e co ra t ion :b u rn i shed c hev ron s e tb e twe en t w og r oov e s

9 0

2

7

F ig .34 . C amp H i l l :P o t te ry 1 .S ca le 1 :4 .

9 1

CRO W HILL ( Ir th l ingborough ) -S P 9 58715 I nf orma t ion f rom S .P ar ty . T he e xcava t ion r ema ins u npub l ished . ( D ix , B1 986 /7 )

S ummary a nd c harac ter o ft h es i te : C row H i l l a ppea r s t ob e al a rge d ef ended e nc lo su re s i ted o n t h e s ou th f a c ing s l ope o ft h e N en e v a l ley . T he s i te h a sb een s howed t h a tt h e s i te h ad b een o ccup ied i nt h e l a t e I r on A ge i n te rp r e ted a s ah i l l f o r t . As ma l l e xp lo ra to ry e xcava t ion a nd a l so i n t h e e a r ly R omano -Br i t i sh p e r iod . N o i n terna l s t ruc tu re sw e re f ound t oh e lp d e term ine w ha tk ind o f s e t t lemen tw a si nt he e nc lo su r e .

F ig . 3 5 . C row H i l l ; l o ca t ion m ap . LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY C row H i l l l i es i mmed ia te ly n or th -ea s t o ft h e mod e rn t own o f I r th l ingbo rough . T he s i te i t se l fl i e s a bove a s t eep s c a rp b e tween t h e 1 74 a nd 2 00f t . ( 5 3 a nd 6 1m . ) c on tou r s , wh ich f a l l s s t eep ly d own t owa rd s t he f l ood p la in o ft h e r i ve r N ene . T o t h e n or th , as im i la r s ca rp d ip s i n to as ma l l t r ibu ta ry v a l ley . C row H i l l i sc apped b y ab and o fG r ea t O o l i te l ime s tone , b e low w h ich a r e as ucce s s ion o fc l ay s i l tb and s , ad i s t inc tb and o fN o r thamp ton s and w i th i r on s tone o nw h ich mo s t o ft h e h i l l f o r t l i e s , t h en t h ev a l ley f l oo r whe r et h e re i sh eavy a l luv ium o ve r ly ing g rav e l s . F IELD WORK T he s i te w a sf i r s tr e cogn ised b yD av id H a l l a s al ow e a r th w o rk a nd w a st hough t a tf i r s tt oh ave b een m ed ieva l h ead land s . I t w a s l a te r p ho tog raphed f r om t h e a i r b y G . F oa rd o f t h e N o r thamp ton sh ire A rchaeo log ica l Un i t ( D ix , 1 987 , p l a te 2 ) . I tc on s i s t s o f al a rge r e c tangu la r e nc lo su re o f c7 . 5 a c re s ( 3h a . ) a nd h a s b een i n t e rp r e ted a s ah i l l f or t . As e c t ion c u t t h rough t h e s ou the r n d i tch r evea led as t eep s i ded ' V ' s haped d i tch , 1 3f t . ( 4m . ) w ide a nd 2 3f t . ( 7m . ) d eep ( no tb o t tomed ) . T he v a r ia t ion i nw id th n o ted w a s n o d oub t c au sed b yt h e t opog raphy o re ven t h e

9 2

w o rk o fd if e ren t c on s t ruc t ion g ang s . A cco rd ing t ot h e e xcava to r , t h e i n i t ia l d igg ing o ft h e d i tch a ppear st oh ave b een c a r r ied o u ti nt h e m idd le I r on A ge . Du r ing t h el a te I r on A ge , p o s s ib ly a tt h e t ime o ft he R oman c onque s t , t h ed i tch w a sw idened ,b u tn o t d ug q u i te s od eep . Ap a l isade t r ench w a s t hen d ug j u s t o u t s ide t h e i nne r f a ce o f t h e d i tch , p r e sumab ly t of r on t a r ampa r t , wh ich c an b ec l ea r ly s e en o nt h ea e r ia lp ho tog raph ( D ix , 8 7P 1 .2 . ) . A p ha se o f R oman a c t iv i ty t h en f o l lowed . I n t h e 6 th c en tu ry t h e s i te w a s r e -occup ied a nd p o ss ib ly r e f o r t if ied . P a r ry s ugge s t st h a tC row H i l l may w e l lb et h eo r ig ina l I r th l ingbo rough . DAT ING EV IDENCE I r on A ge p o t te ry o ft h e 3 rd -2nd c en tu ry BC i sa t t e s t ed f r om w i th in t h e e nc lo su re , ( p e r s . c omm . S .P a r ry & D . J ack son ) f r om t h el owe r l e ve l so ft h e ma in d ef en s ive d i tch . L a te I r on A ge p o t te ry w a s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e p u ta t ive p a l isade t r ench a nd i n t h e s e c t ion wh ich w a s c u t w i th in t he r ampa r t s , s ma l l amoun t so fl a te I r on A ge p o t te ry w e r ea l so f ound ( c f . C row H i l l 1 : 1 -1 : 5 ) . T h i s a moun ted t o s eve ra l b ow l s a nd c hanne l - r im j a r s , t o ge the r w i th a s i ng le s he rd o f d eco ra ted s am ian , c onf i rm ing t h e a pp rox ima te d a te o ft h e a l t e ra t ion s a nd t h e e a r ly i nt h ep o s tc onque s tp e r iod .

r e occupa t ion o f t h e s i te ,

QUALITY OF THE EV IDENCE G iven t h a tt he e xcava t ion w a s o n ly a n e va lua t ion t r ench , much v a luab le e v idence w a s o b ta ined : i t s p o s s ib le i n i t ia l f ounda t ion i n t h e m idd le I r on A ge , i t s l a t e r I r on A ge o ccupa t ion a nd s ub sequen tR oman a nd S axon u se o ft h es i te . D ISCUSS ION T h i sr e cen t ly d i scove red s i te i s av a luab le a dd i t ion t ot h e g row ing n umbe ro fs i te sw i th c onnec t ion sw i th l a te I r on A ge s i te si nN o r thamp ton sh i re , e spec ia l ly w i th i t sp rox im i ty t ot h e a d jacen tl ow l y ing s i te o fS t anw ick j u s ta c ro s st h e r i ve r . C row H i l lc ompa re sw e l lw i th t h e s im i la rj ux tapos i t ion o fH un sbu ry H i l l a nd D u s ton a nd p e rhap sw i th t h a to fB o rough H i l la nd B annaven ta .

9 3

CRO W H ILL -I RTHLINGBOROUGH ( Nor than t s ) 1 . ( Unpub l i shed )

F o rm t y pe 5 . 1 : 1 1 : 2

C /G . C /G .

5 / a . 5 / a .

(WT ) . ( WT ) . ( S ing le g r oove ) .

F orm t y pe 5 : 1 . 1 : 3

G r /Q . 5 : 1 / c . ( WT ) . V e s se lh a sa ni l eg ib le s t amp o nt h eu nde r s id eo ft h eb a s e .

F o rm t y pe 1 1 : 4

G r /Q+C /G 1 / b ,c ( WT ) ( Doub le g r oov eo nt o po fr im ) .

F orm t y pe 6 . 1 : 5

G r /Q+F l 6 / q

( WT )

1

4

5

F ig . 3 6 . C row H i l l : P o t tery 1 .S ca le 1 :4 .

DUSTON -S P7 33604 U npub l ished ma t er ia l g a the r ed f rom b o th t h e 1 9 th . c en tury i r on o r e m in ing a nd t h e r ecen t e x ca va t ions , c a r r ied o u t b y t h e N or thamp ton D eve lopmen t C orpo ra t ion , b o th r ema in u npub l ished .A l lt h er ema in ing m a t e r ia li sn ow i nt h e N or thamp t on Mus eum a rch ive .

S umma ry a nd c harac t er o ft h es i t e : D u s ton i ss om ewha to fa ne n igma a sm o s to ft h e s i t e h a s b een l a rg e ly d e s t roy ed , p ar t icu la r ly b y i r on s tone q ua r ry ing i nt h en i ne t een th c en tu ry . B u tt h e m a t e r ia lr ema in st h a th ave c ome d own t o u s , c e r ta in ly s ugge s t as i t e o f s om e c on s id e r ab le i mpo r tan c e . I ti sa sk ing t o o mu ch o f t h e e v id ence t oc a l l i ta n o pp ida , ( Cun l if f e , 1 991 . 1 46 ) b u t i t d o e s s e em t oh ave b e en ac en t r e o f s ome i mpo r tan ce . LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T he s i te o ft h el a te I r on A ge a nd s ub sequ en tR oman o ccupa t ion o fD u s ton l i e sp a r t ly u nde rw ha t i sn ow O ld D u s ton a nd t h el a nd s l op ing d own t owa rd st h er i v e rN en e , o c cupy ing as ou th f a c ing s l ope ,b u t much o ft h el a t t e ri sn ow q ua r r ied a way . S ad ly , p ra c t ic a l ly n o th ing i sn ow l e f to ft h i s i mpor tan ts e t t lemen t . D u s ton i sa pp rox ima t e ly 3 . 4Km f r om t h eh i l lf o r ta tH un sbu ry . V i r tua l ly t h e who le o ft h e D u s ton s i t e l i e s o n N o r thamp ton s and a nd i r on s tone . G rave l o ccu r s l owe rd own t h es l op e , n ea r e rt ot h er i v e r . F IELD WORK V e ry l i t t le i sk nown a bou tt h e e x cava t ion s c a r r ied o u t i n t h e l a t e 1 970 ' s b y M .Ca rd o ft h e n ow d i sbanded N or thamp ton D ev e lopm en t C o rpo r a t ion , e x cep t t os a y t h a t t h e l a t e I r on A ge w a s r e p r e s en t ed ma in ly b y p i t s a nd g u l l ie s . T h e o v e r ly ing l a t e r R oman p e r iod s p rodu ced b ad ly d amaged r e c tangu la r s t on e b u i ld ing s r unn ing d own t h e v a l ley s i de , p r e sumab ly t o awha r f o n t h e b ank s o ft h e N ene . A bou t t wen ty f i v e y ea r s a go , b ef o r e t h e mo r e r e cen t e xcava t ion s , t h e w r i te r i nv e s t iga ted t h e s l op e d own t owa rd s t h e r i v e r , w h e re t h e r ema in s o f a n e mbankm en t 1 640f t . ( 5 00m . ) l ong a nd a pp rox ima t e ly 9 . 5f t . ( 6m . ) h igh w a s s t i l l t ob e s e en , wh ich c a r r ied a r a i lway , u sed t ot r an spo r tt h e i r on o r ew h ich h ad b een q ua r r ied f r om t h e h ighe rg round t ot h e e a s to fO ld Du s ton . T h i st h en r a n d own t h ev a l ley s id ef r om O ld Du s ton t owa rd st h eN ene , t ob e l o aded o n to b a rg e s . I nt h e m ake -up o ft h e e mbankm en t w e re l a rg e q uan t i t ie s o fl a te I r on A ge a nd R oman p o t t e ry , p r e sumab ly d e r ived f r om m a t e r ia l wh ich h ad b een q ua r r ied f r om n ea r t h e p r e sen tv i l lage o fO ld D u s ton . DAT ING EV IDENCE I n t h e 1 970 ' s t h e a r ea e xcava ted b y t h e N o r thamp ton D ev e lopm en t C o rpo ra t ion ( s ee a bove ) y i e lded l a rge g roup so fp o t t e ry a nd b rooch e so fm id f i r s tc en tu ry AD d a t e , b u t s u rp r i s ing ly l i t t le i mpor ted ma te r ia lw a sn o t ed . S l a shed c hann e l r immed j a r sw e r ep r e sen t , s ugge s t ing a4 0 -50 AD d a t e . T he f i newa r e c a r ina ted b ow l s w e r e c on s i s t en t ly e l onga ted i nf o rm e g 2 : 2 -3 a nd s ugge s t s a m id f i r s t c en tu ry AD d a t e ; o t he rf i n ewa r e f o rm s s u ch a s3 : 1 -2 a r ev e ry r em in i scen t o fs am ian f o rm 3 , t h ee a r l ie s ta ppea ranc eo fw h ich i su nd e rT ibe r iu s ( 1 4 37 AD ) . O n ep o s s ib le i mpo r ti sa f l agon , Du s ton I ,3 : 11k a nd i so fC am . 1 40A ( Ho fh e im t y p e ) ( Hawk e s &H u l l 1 947 ) , w he r e i ti s s ugge s ted t h a ti ti so fN e ron ian d a t e .

9 5

•

K iln•

F ig . 3 7 .D us ton I :l o ca t ion m ap . D ISCUSS ION T he s i te o f Du s ton mu s t h ave c ove red m any a c re s , b u t s ad ly , p rac t ica l ly a l l o f i th a s n ow b een e i the r q ua r r ied a way o r b u i l t o ve r . H owev e r , t h e ma te r ia l r ema in s t h a t h ave s u rv ived s ugges t s t ha t D u s ton may h ave b een o ne o ft h e m o s t i mpor tan t s i t e s o fi t s k ind i nt h e r eg ion , p robab ly f o rm ing at r iba l n uc leu s o r ma rke t c en t r e . T he a r ea a round H un sbu ry m ay w e l l h ave s e rved a s a f o cu s f o r t r ade a tl e a s t u n t i l t h e m id f i r s t c en tu ry BC , j udg ing b y t h e g rea t c o l lec t ion o fq ue rn s t one sf r om Hun sbu ry a l ready m en t ioned p . 00 . G r ime s i n 1 951 s ugge s ted t ha t ap reh i s to r ic t r ack c r o s sed t h e N ene a t , o r n ea r H un sbu ry . T ay lo r ( 1979 ) h oweve r i n h i s s t udy o f ' Road s a nd T rac i cway s i n B r i ta in ' s a id t h a t t o ' p u t i n t h e p e rhap s c rude t e rm s e mp loyed h e re , t h e a r cha eo log ica l e v idence w a s w eak ' . I fs u ch a r ou te e v e r e x i s ted , t h en i tm igh t h ave a t t rac ted s e t t lemen t a to rn ea rt o ar i ve rc r o s s ing . D u s ton h a s p roduced 2 0 I r on A ge c o in s ( Cur te is 1 996 , 4 0 ) w h ich i s mo re t han f r om a ny o the r s i te i nt h e r eg ion ( w i th t h e e xcep t ion o ft h e r e cen t ly d i scove red s i te a t E ven ley , w h ich i s p robab ly a t emp le s i te , C ur te i s , 1 996 ) b u t i mpor ted c on t inen ta l p o t te ry t h e re i sc ompa ra t ive ly s c a rce . T he r e i s o n ly o ne v e s se l , aH o fhe im f l agon ( Cam 1 40A ) , f r om t h er e cen t e xcava t ion s . F rom t h e n ine teen th c en tu ry q ua r ry ing , c ame a t e r ra n ig ra p l a t te r ( Du s ton I , 3 : 5 ) ( Cam 9 ) m a rked a s c om ing f r om D u s ton , t oge the r w i th a no th e r u np rovenanced t e r ra n ig ra b ow l , ( t u ip rovenanced , 1 : 3 ) ( Cam 5 8B ) a cce s s ion n o . 8 97 . T h i s s e ve ra l c omp le te o r n ea r c omp le te l a te I r on A ge v e s se l s i nv e s se l may h ave c ome f r om Du s ton

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a nd w a s p robab ly o n e o f N o r thamp ton Mu s eum , p robab ly c om ing f r om c em e te r ie s d e s t roy d u r ing q ua r ry ing w o rk si nt h en in e t e en th c en tu ry ( Sha rpe 1 871 ) . CONCLUS ION A l though t h eq ua l i ty o ft h ee xcava t ed e v iden ce i sp oo r , t h e a moun to ft h e m a t e r ia l a va i lab le f o r s t udy i sc on s ide rab le a nd i th a sb e en p o s s ib le t og l ean s ome v a luab le e v id en ce f r om i tt os ugge s t d a te s a nd p o s s ib le f un c t ion f o r t h e s i t e . D u s ton p robab ly s e rved a s a n i mpo r tan t c en t r e a f t e r H un sbu ry w a s f i na l ly v aca ted s om e t ime a f t e r t h e m idd le o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry BC . i tf l ou r i shed t h roughou tt h eR oman p e r iod , a nd , l i ke many o t h e rt own s , t h e c en t re s h if ted d u r ing t h e S axon p e r iod t o ar i ve rc r o s s ing a t t h es i t eo ft h e mod e rn t own o f N o r thamp ton .

9 7

DUSTON I( Nor thant s ) -1 .

U npub l i shed m a t er ia lf rom r e scue e x cava t ion sc ar r ied o u tb y t h eN or thamp ton D ev e lopmen tC orpora t ion A rcha eo log ica lU n i t . ( R epor tf o r thcom ing ) .

F o rm t y p e5 . 1 : 1 1 : 2 1 : 3 1 : 4 1 : 5

1 : 6 1 : 7 1 : 8 1 : 9 1 : 10

1 : 11

C /G . C /G . C /G .

5 / f . 5 / f . 5 / b . ( Con t : E 27 ) . Or . 5 / a . ( Con t : E 90 -c u t t ing ' C ') . G r . 5 / a . S ur f ac ed ecora t ion :c ombed ,u ppe rb ody i . e . s h ou lde r ,h o r izon ta l .B ody o fv e ss e l , v e r t ica lc omb ing . C /G . 5 / a . D e co r a t ion :H o r izon ta lc omb ing o ns h ou ld e r . C /G . 5 / a . D e co r a t ion :a s1 : 6 . C /G . 5 / a . D e co ra t ion : a s1 : 6 . C /G . 5 / a . ( Con t :U /S ) . C /G . 5 / a . ( Con t :E 14 ) . S ur f ac ed ecora t ion :H o r izon ta lr i l l ing a r ound t h es hou lde ra nd d i agona lc omb ing o nb ody o fv e s se l . C /G . 5 / a . ( Con t :E 36 ) .

F o rm t y p e5 . 1 . 1 : 12 1 : 13 1 : 14 1 : 15 1 : 16

G r ,Q . O r . O r . G r ,Q . Q .

5 . 1/d . 5 . 1/m . 5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/k . 5 . 1/d .

( Con t . ( Con t : ( Con t . ( Con t : ( Con t :

E 36B ) . E 7A ) . E 27 ) . E 7 /27 /D ) . C u t t ing ' C ' ) .

F o rm t y p e1 . 1 : 17 1 : 18 1 : 19 1 : 20 1 : 2 1

G r ,Q . 1 /d . ( Con t : E 36B ) . G r ,Q . 1 /m . ( Can t : E 7A ) . Q . 1 /m . O r . 1 /m . O r . 1 /m . ( Con t : E 7C ) . S urf ace d ecora t ion :b road b and o fz i g -zag r o u le t t ing a r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s se l . 1 : 22 O r . 1 / c . 1 : 23 G r ,Q . 1 /k . ( Con t : E 27 / 3 ) .

9 8

r_ 4

6

5

8

7

9

1 2

1 3

1 7

1 8

1 9

F ig .3 8 .D us ton IP o t t ery 1 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

9 9

20

DUSTON I( Nor than t s ) -2 .

F o rm t y p e1 c ont 2 :1

Or .

hid .

2 : 2 2 : 3

O r . O r .

1 / c . 1 / c .

( Con t : E 36 ) . ( Con t : E 95 -L2 ) . ( Con t : E 2 ' 7B ) .

F o rm t y p e1 2 : 4

G r ,C /G . 1 / g . ( Con t : E 14 ) . S u rf ace d ecor a t ion :g r oup so fc ombed v e r t i ca ll i ne sb e low w h i ch i sa c o rdon , b e low t h i s i s ab and o fz i g7 Ag i n c i sed mu l t ip le l i n ed c omb ing s im i la rt ot h a t e l ow t h er im .

2 : 5

O r .

1 / p+a

( Con t : E 7 / 1/A ) .

F orm t y pe 1 3 . 2 : 6

O r . 1 3 /n . ( Con t : E 26 ) . S u rf ac et r ea tmen t :t wo h o r izon ta lg i r th c o rdon s .

F orm t y p e4 . 2 : 7 2 : 8 2 : 9

O r . 4 . 1/ 1 . ( Con t : E 72 .1) . O r . 4 . 1/ 1 . ( Con t : E 7A ) . O r . 4 . 2 /m . ( Con t : E 7A ) . S u rf ace t r ea tmen t :s ma l lc o rdon i mmed ia t e ly b e low t h er im ,b e low t h i sa r et w op a ir so f d eep ly i n c i sed g r oove s .

F o rm t y p e2 . 2 : 10 2 : 11

Q . 2 /d . ( Con t : C u t t ing ' C ' ) . O r . 2 /d . ( Con t : E 7A ) . N oi n te rna ls t ep p r e sen t .

1 00

x 4

t i l It i e

)

5

/ A V

I s 6

2

7

1 0

1

F ig .3 9 .D us ton I :P o t t ery 2 .S ca le 1 :4 .

1 01

DUSTON I( Nor than t s ) -3 .

F o rm t y pe s1 5&7 . 3 : 1 3 : 2

G r ,Q . 1 5 /d . ( Con t : E 47 ) . P o s s ib ly ac opy o f as am ian f o rm 2 7 . G r ,Q . 7 / c ( Con t : E 47A ) .

F orm t y pe 6 . 3 : 3 3 : 4 3 : 5 3 : 6

O r . 6 / 1 . O r . 6 / g . G r ,C /G . 6 / c . O r . 6 / p .

( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t : ( Con t :

E 7C2 ) . A 7 1) . E 4 -c u t t ing ` A ' ) . E (1)S ) .

F orm t y pe 1 0 . 3 : 7 3 : 8 3 : 9

O r . 1 0 / c . ( Con t : E /7 /27 /3 ) . O r . 1 0 /g . ( Con t : E 119 /2 ) . O r . 1 0 /g . ( Con t : E 118 /A ) . S inf ac e d ecora t ion : v e r t ica lb u rn i shed s t roke s b e tw een a c o rdon a t t h eb a se o ft h en e ck a nd s hou lde rg r oov e

F o rm t y pe 1 3 : 10 O r .

1 / c .

( Con t : E 118 /A ) .

F o rm t y pe 8 . 3 : 11 ? Impo r t 8 / k ( Con t : E 36B ) . P o s s ib le i mpo r t ,b r own s andy f a b r ic -f m es u r f a ce . D a t e : N e ron ian -C am . 1 40A

W 3

4

6

7

4 e

1 0

1

F ig .4 0 . Dus ton IP o t tery 3 .S ca le 1 : 4 .

1 03

( )

DUSTON I( Nor than t s ) -4 .

F o rm t y pe 3 . 4 : 1 4 : 2

G r ,Q . G r ,Q .

3 / c . 3 / d .

( Con t : A 72 ) . ( Con t : E 47A ) .

/

1

/

2

F ig . 4 1D us ton I :P o t t e ry 4 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

DUSTON I , ( Nor than t s ) -1 .

U npub l ished p o t t ery , c om ing f rom 1 9 th c en tury o pen c a s t i r on o r e m in ing o p era t ion s a nd d er iv ed f rom p r iva t e a ccumu la t ion s , n o t eab ly f rom t h e C owper a nd D ryd en c o l l ec t ions - a l l o f w h ich a r e i n N or thamp ton Museum .

F orm t y pe 5 . 1 : 1 C /G . 5/ a. ( O ld a c ce s s ion n o .L EP 4 9 )Y / 573 . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :h o r i zon ta lc omb ing o nt h es hou lde rb e low w h i ch i sv e r t i ca l c omb ing . T h e r ew e re t wo n o t che sc u ti n to t h eu ppe rmo s tp a r to ft h er im . B e low t h e se i sa n i n c i sed t r i -ang le c u ti n to t h es u r f ac eo ft h ep o ta f t e r 1 : 2 1 : 3

C /G . 5 / a . G r ,Q . 5 / a . T he o u te rs u r f a ce o ft h er im h a s ap r onounced c r imp ing -n o ts l a shed o r f i nge r n a i l i mp re s sed . As i ng le n a r row g r ove m i l sa r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ej a r .

F orm t y p e1 . 1 : 4

G r ,Q . 1 /g . C owpe rc o l le c t ion Y I 577 . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :T h re ee qua l ly s p a ced c o rdon s .B e tw e en t h eu ppe r t wo c o rdon si s as imp le a r rangemen to fb u rn i sh ed c r o s se s ( X 000000 Ce t c . )

F orm t y pe 1 3 . 1 : 5

1 : 6

G r ,Q . 1 3 / c . N o tf r om t h eC owpe ro rD ryden c o l lec t ion s .D u s ton D 203 / 19687 . s hou lde r . B e tw een t h et w oc o rdon so nt h en e ck a r ec l o se ly s p a ced b u rn i shed b a ck s l op ing s t rok e s . G r ,Q . 1 3 /q .N umbe ro np o t 1 0A 1 828 . S u rf ace d ecora t ion : t h e re a r ee qua l ly s p a ced c o rdon so nt h en e ck ,b e tw een t h e s ea r et wo r ow so ff me ly b u rn ished v e r t i ca ll i n e s . ( No te f o und a t ta ched t ot h ev e s se l" Roman ,f o und O ld Du s ton 1 8 44" ) .

F o rm t y p e4 : 1 . 1 : 7 1 : 8

1 : 9

G r ,Q . 4 : 1/ . C owp e rc o l le c t ion ,L CP 1 0 . U /579 . S u rf ac et r ea tmen t :t wo h o r izon ta lc o rdon s . Q ,G r . 4 : 1/ i . F ound n ea rO ld D u s ton ,J u l . 1 888 . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :b e low as ma l lg r oov ea nd c o rdon a r e 3v e r t ica l ly s c o red o r b u rn i shed b and so fc l o se ly s p a c ed l i ne s , t h e se a r eb roken u pb yd eep ly i n c is ed g r oove s .

G r . 4 : 1/ . C owpe rc o l le c t ion .L CP 1 2 . Y /532 . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :t wo h o r i zon ta lg r oove s ,t h eu ppe ri sa c compan ied b y an a r row c o rdon

1 05

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 , 1 i 1 1 ' i 1 / 1 1

F ig . 4 2 . D us ton I : P o t tery I .S ca le 1 : 4 .

1 06

DUSTON I ,( Nor than t s ) -2 .

F o rm t y pe 4 : 1 c on t . 2 : 1

2 : 2

2 : 3

G r ,C /G . 4 1/ I .N o ti nt h eC owpe ro rD ryden c o l le c t ion s . Y / 573 .: S u rf ace d ecora t ion :r a i sed c o rdon a tt h eb a se o ft h en e ck ,b e low t h i sa nd p l a ced a tt h e v es se l sw ide s tp o in ta r et wo h o r izon ta lp a r a l le lb u rn i shed l i ne s ,i nb e tween w h i ch a r e p l aced d i agona lb u rn i shed l i ne s3 4m in a pa r t . O r . ? 4 :1/ . C owp e rc o l lec t ion .L CP 1 4 . Y / 530 . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :t h i sh ad b een b roken u pi n to t wo b and sa pp rox ima te ly 2 3c m s . d eep ,t h e se w e r em o s t ly d i v ided u pb ys ha l low b u rn i shed g r oov e s . G r ,Q . 4 : 1/ c . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :t h ree r o ugh ly e qua l ly s pa c ed c o rdon sw i th a c compan ied g r oove s b o th a bove a nd b e low .

F o rm t y p e1 4

2 : 4 2 . 5

O r . 1 4 / c . C owpe rc o l lec t ion . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion / f ea tur e s : as i ng le s ha l low c o rdon G r ,Q 1 4 / j . C owpe rc o l lec t ion . L CP 2 2 . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :t wo s e t so fv e ry s ha l low a nd w id e ly s pa ced c o rdon sa nd g r oov e s .Foo t r ing B a se -t y pe :' G '

F orm t y pe 1 7 . 2 : 6

G r ,Q . 1 7 c . C owpe rc o l le c t ion . L CP 1 7 . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :u p r igh tf o rm w i th t wo c l o s e ly s p ac ed c o rdon sw i th g r o ov e sb e tween t h e r im a nd t h eu pp e rc o rdon .Foo t r ing b a se -t y pe ' Q .

F orm t y p e1 3 . 2 : 7 2 : 8 2 : 9

• G r ,Q . 1 3 /g . C owpe rc o l le c t ion Y / 55 1 ( O ld N o .L EP 1 8 ) G r ,Q . 1 3 /q . S i rH en ry D ryden c o l le c t ion . Y / 568 . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :t wo c o rdon sa r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s se l . G r ,Q . 1 3 / c . C owpe rc o l le c t ion Y / 56 1 ( O ld N o .L CP 2 3 ) . ( No te :t h i sv e s se li sv e ry c l o se t o ac a r r ina t ed b ow l ,b u ti nv i ew o fi t se xcep t iona l ly l o ng n eck i th a s b een p l ac ed i nt h eG i r th b eake rc a tego ry ) . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :i mmed ia t e ly b e low t h er im i sad i agona lb and o fb u rn i shed s t roke s , b e low t h i si s ac o rdonon ,b e tw een t h ec o rdon a nd t h es hou lde ri s as c r ibb led z i g -z ag mo t if .

1 07

F ig . 4 3 D us ton I : P o t tery 2 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

1 08

DUSTON I ,( Nor than t s ) -3 .

T yp ef orm 7 . 3 : 1

G rQ .

7 / c .

C owpe rc o l le c t ion . Y / 578 ( O ld N o . 6 A .926 ) .

T ype f orm 5 3 : 2

G r ,Q .

5 / g .

C owpe rc o l le c t ion . Y / 572 ( O ld N o . 7 A .1102 ) .

T ype f o rm 1 0 ,13 . 3 : 3 O r . 1 0 , 13 / c . C owpe rc o l le c t ion . Y / 576 .

T ype f orm 1 9 . 3 : 4

G r ,Q . 1 9 /g . C owpe rc o l le c t ion . ( LCP 1 6 ) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :f i ve h o r izon ta lg r oove s ,i nb e tw een w h ich t h es u r f ace h ad b een h o r izon ta l ly b u rn ished .

F orm t y p e 2 . 3 : 5

3 : 6 3 : 7 3 : 8 3 : 9

TN . 2 /d . C owpe rc o l lec t ion . ( Cam . f o rm 9 ) S t amp :C am . 9 2 -I VL I IOS -A nd er n a ch ,A v en che s ,F o r e td eC omp iegne ( Cam .p e r iod I V -C laud io /N e ro ) . O r . 2 / d . C owp e rc o l le c t ion . Y /563 ( O ld N o .6 A / 1044 ) . Q ,G r . 2 /d . C owpe rc o l le c t ion . Y /567 ( O ld N o . 6 A / 1198 ) . G r ,Q . 2 / . C owp e rc o l le c t ion . Y /505 . T h i sv e s s e lh a sa ni l eg ib l es t amp o nt h ei n s id eo ft h eb a s e . Q ,G r . 2 /d . S i rH en ry D r yden c o l le c t ion . Y / 566 . f ac ed ecora t ion :n one S ur on t h eo u t s ide ,b u ta ne l abo ra t ew he e lp a t te rn w a sb u rn i sh ed i n to t h ei n te r io ro ft h ed i sh .

3 : 10 G r ,Q . 2 /d . C owpe rc o l le c t ion . Y /700 . S u rf ace d ecora t ion : n one o nt h ee x te rna ls u r f ace ,b u t ab u rn i shed l a t t ice m o t if r un s a r ound t h ei n te rna l s t ep .

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GRENDON -S P8 73 6 17 E a r l ier p r eh i s tor ic f ea tur es f rom e xca va t ion sa tG r end on a r e p ub l ished i n : G ib son , A .M . & McCo rm ick , A . , 1 985 a nd J a ck son , D . 1 996 .

S umma ry a nd c ha rac t er o ft h es i t e : Much o ft h i s s i t e w a s d e s t roy ed b y m a ch in e d u r ing e xcava t ion s l o ok ing f o r e a r l ie r p reh i s to r ic f e a tu re s . T h e s i t e s e em s t oh av e b e en al a t e I r on A ge / ea r ly R omano -B r i t i sh p o t t e ry p roduc ing s i te . T h e r ew a sl i t t le e v id ence f o r s t ru c tu r e se x cep tf o rd i t che sa nd g u ll i e s .

11

F ig .4 5 . G r end on ; l o ca t ion m ap . LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T he s i t e i sl o ca t ed o n t h eb road o p en f l ood p l a in , s ou th o f t h e r i ve rN ene , w i th h igh g round t o t h e s ou th e a s t r i s ing t o 2 10f t . ( 8 0m . ) a nd a c ro s s t h e r i v e rt o3 28f t . ( 1 00m . ) O .D . T he g ene ra l a r ea o ft h es i t ei sc ov e red b ya l luv ium w i th i s land so fg r av e la pp ea r ing a ss l igh t ly r a i sed a r ea s . F IELD WORK When t h ew r i te rv i s i ted t h es i t ed u r ing t h ee x cava t ion si n 1 974 -5 , h en o t ic ed ma s se so fl a t e I r on A g e p o t te ry , e spe c ia l ly c hann e l r im j a r s , m o s t ly a s so c ia t ed w i th w ha t a ppea r ed t ob e k i ln s . Du r ing w o rk i nt h e N o r thamp ton a r ch iv e , i tb e cam e e v id en t t h a t m o s t t h i s ma t e r ia l h ad b e en d epo s i ted t h e re b u t d e sp i te e nqu i r ie s , o n ly av e ry s ma l l a moun t o fp o t t e ry w a sf o und , t h e mo s t d i agno s t ic p i ece s b e ing d rawn h e r e ( f ig .45 , 1 2 ) . I tt r an sp i r ed t h a t s om e o ft h e p o t te ry w a s i n p r iva te h and s a nd h a s n ow j u s t b een p ub l i shed ( J a ck son 1 995 ) . T he a r ea a r ound t h e G r endon g rav e lq ua r r ie sw a st h ick ly c ove r ed w i th b o th I r on A g ea nd R oman f e a tu r e s . T he d a t e r ang ew a s f r om a bou tt h ee a r ly B ronze A g et ot h ee nd o ft h eR oman p e r iod ,c f .H o l low e l l , 1 971 . DAT ING EV IDENCE U n f or tuna t e ly ,d ue t ot h er e a son sg i ven a bov e ,t h ed a t ing e v id ence i sm eag r e . T h ep r e sence o ft h e c hann e l r im j a r s ( 5 /a ) a nd t h e n a r row -n e ck ed j a r ( 1 0 /g ) s ugg e s t ac onqu e s tp e r iod d a t e . T h e s i t e

11

a l so p roduced t h e magn i f ic en t g l obu la r b ow l ( 1 / c ) . w h ich h a s m any p a ra l le l s , b o th w i th in t h e a r ea u nde rs t udy , s uch a sD u s ton 3 : 10 , S t anw ick 2 : 17 a nd R u shd en 1 4 :1-3 a nd f a r the ra f i e ld , a t D ragonby , L inco ln sh i re ( May , 1 996 ) . T he D ragonby s p ec im en i sd a ted b yt h ei n c lu s ion o f am id f i r s tc en tu ry t h i s t le b rooch w i th in t h eg roup ( t ot h ee nd o ft h eC laud ian p e r iod c . AD 6 5 ) . QUALITY OF THE EV IDENCE A ss ol i t t le e xcava ted e v id en ce s u rv ive s , t h e r es e em sl i t t le p o in ti nr e v iew ing t h i s a spe c to ft h e s i t e . D ISCUSS ION T he p r e senc eo f al a te I r on A g ek i ln s i t e , s i tua ted o nt h ea l luv ium i nt h ef l ood p l a in o ft h er i ve r N ene , w a s n o d oub t d ue t ot h ec l o se p rox im i ty o ft h e n ece s sa ry r aw m a te r ia l s f o rt h ep rodu c t ion o fp o t t e ry a nd p e rhap st h eu s eo ft h er i v e rt ot r an spo r tt h ef i n i shed p roduc t sb o th u pa nd d own t h e w a t e rway . D a t ing t h e s i t e a nd t h e s ma l l n umbe r o fs he rd s o n s ol i t t le e v iden ce i sd if i cu l t , b u t , w i th t h e T ype 1b ow l i nt h e a s semb lage , t h eb u lk o ft h em a t e r ia l m ay b e o fi mm ed ia te ly p o s t c onque s td a te . CONCLUS IONS B a sed o nt h ew r i te r ' sv i s i t st ot h e s i te i n 1 974 a nd 1 975 , G r endon w ou ld a pp ea r t ob e ap o t te ry p roduc ing s i t e , p e rhap s s e a sona l ly u sed d u r ing t h e s p r ing a nd s umme r , w h i le t h e w in te r w a s u s ed t og a the rs upp l ie sf o rt h ec om ing s e a son .

12

GRENDON ( Nor than t s ) 1 .

U npu l i shed ma ter ia lf rom r e scue e xca va t ions c ar r ied o u ti n t h e G r endon g rav e l p i t sb yL e ice s t er U n iv er s i ty . &J ack son 1 995 , 3 32 . F orm t y pe 1 0 1 : 1

G r ,Q ,C /G .

1 0 /g .

B 117 .

F orm t y pe 5 .2 . 1 : 2

G r ,Q ,C /G . 5 . 2 / c . S u rf ace t r ea tmen t : t h ree s e t so fc o rdon sa nd g roove s . B e tw een t he u ppe rt wo s e t so f c o rdon si s ab u rn i shed l a t t ice d eco ra t ion . c fHa l l &N icke r son , 1 969 . 12 .

1

F ig . 4 6 G rendon : P o t tery 1 .S ca le 1 :4 .

13

HACKLETON -S P 8 12559 U npub l i shed . N o te p ub l i sh ed b yt h ee x cava to rR .H o l lowe l l 1 97 1 .

S ummary a nd c ha rac t er o ft h es i t e : T he r e i sl i t t le e v iden ce a st ow ha tt h i s s i t ea c tua l ly i s . B u ti ti sq u i te n ea rt ot h e P idd ing ton s i te a nd m ay w e l lb e ad ep end en t u pon i t .I ta lmo s t c e r ta in ly i s ar u ra l s e t t lemen t a nd m ay f i ti n to t h ed i tched e nc lo su re t y p e . LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T h es i t ek nown a st h eR i f le B u t t s ,l i e sa bou t2 133f t . ( 6 50m . )n o r th o ft h eH ack le ton b rook o nt h e 3 60f t . ( 1 10m . ) c on tou r . I ti ss i t ed o n as o u th f a c ing s l ope i nu ndu la t ing c oun t ry s ide a nd i so n ly 1 . 5 m i le s( 2 . 1 cm . )n o r th ea s to fP idd ing ton ( Ho l low el , 1 971 1 3s i t e4 ) . H a ck le ton i ss i ted o n w e l l d ra ined b ou ld e r c l ay w i th p a tch e s o f l i gh t e r s o i l . T he u nd e r ly ing g eo logy i st h eG rea t O o l i te l ime s ton e s . DAT ING P o t t e ry a nd m e ta lwo rk d a t ing f r om t h e l a t e I r on A g e t ol a t e i nt h e R oman p e r iod w e r e f ound d u r ing f i e ld w a lk ing o ft h e a r ea s u r round ing t h eH ack le ton s i t e . S ec t ion sw e r e c u tt h rough t wo d i tche sb y Mr H o l low e l li n 1 963 . I nt h eu ppe rl e v e l sw h ich c on ta ined R oman c oa r se w a r e s w e r e ab roo ch s a id t ob eo ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry a nd k i ln b a r s a nd l i n ing . S ea led b en ea th t h e se R omano B r i t i sh l e ve l sw e re l a t eI r on A ge c o rdon ed b ow l sa nd c hann e l r im j a r s . T he p r e sence o f as l a sh ed c hanne lnm j a r( 6 .3 / f )s ugge s t s ac onqu e s tp e r iod d a t ef o rt h e s ed i tche s . QUAL ITY OF THE EV IDENCE T h i si sg ene ra l ly p oo r , a sn o r e co rd ss u r v iv e , b u tt h e g roup o fp o t te ry r e t r iev ed f r om t h ed i tche s i su sef u l , e spec ia l ly b ecau se o ft h ee x i s t en ce o fk i ln m a t e r ia l a l lud ing t ot h ep o s s ib i l i ty o fn ea rby f i r s tc en tu ry k i ln s . D ISCUSS ION H ack le ton i sa no the rs i t ei nt h ed en s e ly o c cup ied a r ea a bov et h eN ene v a l ley , d a t ing m a in ly f r om t h el a te I r on Age a nd c on t inu ing o nt h roughou tt h eR oman p e r iod . CONCLUS IONS T he p rox im i ty o fH a ck le ton t o wha tw a se v id en t ly ah igh - s t a tu sv i l la a tP idd ing ton , s ugg e s t st h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h i s s i t e w a s o n t h e e dg e o f al a t e I r on A g e e s ta te . S o l i t t le o ft h i s s i te w a s i n ve s t iga ted , b u tt h e e v id en ce s ugg e s t st h a tm id f i r s t c en tu ry p o t te ry k i ln s w e re l o ca t ed c l o se b y . I ta ppea r s a s t hough c hanne l r im j a r s o fb o th s l a sh ed ( 5 / f ) a nd p l a in ( 5 /a ) r im v a r i an t s , t o ge the rw i th s t o rage j a r s ,w e re b e ing m anuf ac tu r ed h e r e .

14

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F ig . 4 7 . Hack le ton : l o ca t ion map .

15

HACKLETON -R if l eB u t t sS i te , ( Nor than t s ) 1 .

U npub l i shed m a t er ia le xcava t ed b y R . Ho l low e l ld ur ing t h e l a t e1 950 ' s .N ow l o ca t ed i n N or thamp ton Museum a r ch iv e .

F orm t y p e6 . 3 . 1 : 1

C /G . 6 . 3 / f . ( Po s s ib ly f r om an e a rby k i ln s i te ) . S urf ac ed ecora t ion : ab and o f4 5e m s . o f h o r izon ta ls c o r ing i mmed ia te ly b e low t h er im . B e low t h i sa r eg r oup so fv e r t ic le s c o r ing .

F orm t y p e5 . 1 : 2

C /G . 5/ a. S ur f ac ed ecora t ion :h o r i zon ta lr i l i ng b e low ap l a in b and . w h i ch i nt u rn i sb e low t h er im .

F or mt y p e5 . 1 1 : 3 1 : 4

G r ,Q ,C /G . G r ,Q .

5 . 1/g . 5 . 1/g .

( Po s s ib ly f r om an e a rby k i ln s i te ) .

F orm t y pe 1 4 . 1 : 5

G r ,Q .

1 4 / c .

F orm t y p e6 . 2 1 : 6

C /G .

6 : 2 / r .

F orm t y p e6 . 1 : 7 1 : 8

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F orm t y pe I . 1 : 9 C /G .

1 / a .

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F ig . 4 8 Hack l e ton :P o t tery 1 .S ca le 1 :4 .

17

HARD INGSTONE , Mar t ins Lane -S P 7 04574 Wood s ,P . J . 1 969 .

S ummary a nd c ha rac t er o ft h es i t e : T h i s s i t e i s ama jo r p o t te ry p rodu c ing s i te c on s i s t ing o f p o t t e ry k i ln s , g u l l ie s a nd d i t che s , b u t w i th l i t t le o rn o e v iden ce o fs t ruc tu r e s , s u ch a sb u i ld ing sw h ich m igh tr e la t e t ot h e m anuf a c tu r e o fp o t te ry . LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T h e s i te l i e s o n t h e c r e s t o f as l igh t r i dg e , a tt h e 3 44f t . ( 1 05m . ) c on tou r , b e tween t h e moder n v i l lage so fH a rd ing s tone a nd Woo t ton . N o r thwa rd ,t h eg round s l ope sv e ry s t eep ly d own t ot h e f l ood p l a in o ft h er i v e rN en e , h e r er e la t iv e ly n a r row ,b ef o r et h eg round r i se sa ga in f r om i t s n or th b ank . F in e v i ew s a r e o b ta inab le t o s ou th a nd s ou th ea s t w h e r e t h e g round s l op e s g en t ly d ownwa rd s t owa rd s t h e Woo t ton b rook , b e f o r e r i s ing u p a ga in t owa rd s Q u in ton , 2m i le s ( 3 .5 km . )a nd P idd ing ton s i t e s , 3m i le s( 4 .82 km . ) . T h e s i t e i sl o ca ted o n at h in b ed o fG r ea t O o l i t e l ime s ton e , w h ich o ve r l ie s t h e u pp e r e s tua r ine s e r ie s , t o ge th e rw i th g l a c ia lr emnan t s . F IELDWORK A e r ia l p ho tog raph s , t a k en b y R . H o l low e l l i nt h e e a r ly 1 960 ' s , r e v ea led t h e e x i s t ence o f a n e a r l ie r I r on Age e n c lo su re , i mm ed ia t e ly t ot h ee a s to f Ma r t in s L an e S choo l , b u t d i d n o t s how a ny th ing o ft h el a te I r on A g es i t e . R e s cu e e x cava t ion d u r ing t h eb u i ld ing o fa ny th ing o ft h en ew s choo l i nJ u ly 1 967 r e vea led f ou rk i ln sa nd t r a c e so f af u r th e rt h r e e , t o ge th e r w i th ap a l imp se s t o fg u l l ie sa nd d i tch e s . Mo s to ft h ep o t t e ry f r om t h ee xcava t ion sd e r ived f r om t h e se f e a tu r e s . DAT ING EV IDENCE T he e xcava to rs ugg e s t ed t h a tt h ee a r l ie s tp o t t e ry f r om H a rd ing s ton e ( Wood sG roup 1 )s hou ld b e d a ted 5 0 BC -AD 5 0 . H e s ugg e s ted t h a t h i s s l a sh c hann e l r im j a r s ( G roup H a ) a r e d a ted b y Whee le r & Whee le r( 1 936 , 1 55 & F ig . 2 1 6 4d )t o 5 / 10 -30 / 35 BC a tV eru lam ium . H ow eve r ,t h e e v idence f r om Qu in ton a nd P idd ing ton p o in t st o ad a te b e tw e en AD 4 0 -50 f o r t h eH a rd ing s ton e G roup I l b , o n I r che s t e r a s soc ia t ion s , w h i le Wood s s ugg e s t ed AD 5 0 -70 . T he H a rd ing s tone G roup I l l f i n e w a r e s w e r e m a in ly C laud io -N e ron ian , AD 4 3 -60 . Wood s w en t o n t os a y t h a t " Po t t e ry p roduc t ion w a s ma in ly a c t iv ed u r ing t h e C laud io -N e ron ian p e r iod " ( AD 4 3 -68 ) . As i ng le s t ra t if ied c l a s s I( Ha s e lg rov e 1 988 ) P o t in c o in o c cu r red m idway d own t h ea d ja cen t e a r l ie rI r on A ge e nc lo su r e d i t ch . QUAL ITY OF THE EV IDENCE T he e xcava to r t e nded t or e ly h eav i ly o n r e po r t s w r i t t en m any y ea r s e a r l ie r , s uch a s Ma id en C a s t le ( Whee le r , 1 943 ) a nd V er u lam ium ( Wh e e le r & Wh ee le r , 1 936 ) , a nd I r che s t e r I( Ha l l & N ick e r son , 1 967 ) , w h ich h ad a l so r e l ied h eav i ly o n Whee le r ' sV e ru lam ium r e po r t . I nt h el i gh t o f m o r e r e cen t w o rk ( e .g . T homp son 1 982 ) s om e o f t h e d a t e s c i ted c an n ow b e r ef ined , a s d i s cu s sed a bove .

18

HARDING STO NE

F ig . 4 9 .H a rd ing s tone: l o ca t ion m ap . D ISCUSS ION One o ft he mo s t c ommon f o rm s t ob e m anu f ac tu red a t H a rd ing s tone w a s t h e c hanne l r im j a r , b o th t he s l a shed a nd t h e p l a in r im v e r s ion s . I tw ou ld a ppea r t h a t t h e se f o rm s , e spec ia l ly t he p la in v e r s ion s ,w e re b e ing m ade a ts i te ss u ch a sH a rd ing s tone a nd e l sewhe re i nt h e r eg ion , f r om j u s t b ef o re t h e c onqu e s t . T he r e i sg ood e v idence a tP idd ing ton t os how t h a t c hanne l r im j a r s w e re i nu se w e l lb ef o re t h ec onque s t . T he a pogee o ft he t y pe t h ough w a s m o s t l i ke ly t ob e f r om a bou t AD 4 3 u n t i l cAD 6 0 , p o s s ib ly b ecau se t he l o ca ln a t ive p o t te r sw e re f u lf i l l ing m i l i ta ry c on t rac t s . T he c a r ina ted b ow l f o rm s a l so s t radd le t h e c onqu e s t p e r iod , w i th b o th e a r ly a nd l a te r t r a i t s i n e v idence . T he e a r ly p re -conque s t s qua t f o rm , s uch a s 3 : 2 , i sp re sen t a tH a rd ing s tone , wh i le t he l a te r , mo re e l onga ted f o rm s , a r ea l so s e en i n3 : 1 ,6 a nd 8 . CONCLUS ION Wh i le t h e re i se v idence f o re a r l ie ro ccupa t ion a tH a rd ing s tone , i tw a s i nt h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD t ha t p o t te ry w a s p roduc ed i nq uan t i ty , e spec ia l ly f r om t h e c onque s t , " po s s ib ly a s a r e su l t o ft h e c l o se p rox im i ty o ft h e R oman a rmy " (Wood s , 1 969 1 ) . A c t iv i ty c ea sed a tt h e s i te l a te ri nt h ef i r s tc en tu r y , o rv e ry e a r ly i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry AD .

19

HARD INGSTONE ,( Nor than t s ) -1 .

Wood s ,P . J . ' E xca va t ion sa t Hard ing s tone , N or than t s . , 1 967 -8 ' . P ub l i sh ed b yN o r than t sC oun ty C oun c i l , 1 969 .

F orm t y p e5 . 1 : 1 1 : 2 1 : 3 1 : 4 1 : 5 1 : 6 1 : 7 1 : 8 1 : 9

1 : 10 1 : 11 1 : 12 1 : 13

C /G . 5 / b . U ppe rd i t ch f i l l ing . G r ,Q & C ha lk . 5 / b . U ppe rd i t ch f i l l ing . C /G 5 / b . F rom 4 7 Ma r t in sL ane . G r . 5 / b . T h i st y pe o fr im f r equen t ly a ppea r si n a( i t )g r ogged f a b r ic . Whe rea st h e G r ,Q ,C /G . 5 / b . F 51 .3 . G r ,Q ,C /G . 5 / b . F 51 .t r ue C hann e l r im i su sua l ly i nC /G . C /G 5 / b . D i t ch 2 . C /G . 5 / b . Q ,C /G . 5 / f .l . S urf ac ed ecora t ion :r a ndom s l a sh ing a r ound t h eo u te redge o ft h er im a nd b ru sh t r ea tmen t a r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s se G r ,Q ,C /G . 5 / f .l . Q . 5 / c . P r im a ry f i l l ing o fd i t ch 1 . C /G . 5 / f .1 . F 51 l a y e r3 . G r . 5 / d . D i tch E 3 ,p r ima ry f i l l ing .

1 20

1 4

7 /

2

5

7 / 7

6

1 0

7

9

1

1 3

F ig .5 0 Hard ing s tone : P o t t e ry 1 .S ca le 1 : 4 .

1 21

4 e7 O C CI C , /It «

HARD INGSTONE ,( Nor than t s ) -2 .

F orm t y p e 5c on t . 2 : 1 2 : 2 2 : 3 2 : 4 2 : 5 2 : 6 2 : 7 2 : 8

2 : 9 2 : 10 2 : 11 2 : 12 2 : 13 2 : 14 2 : 15

O r . 5 / f . D i t ch2 . C /G . 5 / f . D i t ch 1-m id t ol ow e rf i l l . C /G . 5 / f . C /G . 5 / f . D i t ch 2 . G r ,Q . C /G . 5 / b .1 . D i t ch 1-m id t ol ow e rf i l l . G r ,Q ,C /G . 5 / b .1 . D i t ch 1 . S ur f ac ed ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lf i l l ing a r ound t h es hou lde r so ft h ev e ss e l . Q ,G r . 5 / b .1 N ea rt ow a s te p i t sf r om k i ln i v . S urf ac ed ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lr u l ing a r ound s hou lde r sa nd p a r t ly d own t h ei d e s ,c u t t ing i n to t h i sw a s ac e r ta in a moun to fd i agona l ' b u rn i sh ing ' . Wh a tl o ok sl i ke at a l ly m a rk h ad b een b u rn ished o rs c ra t ched o n to t h es hou ld e rb ef o re f i r ing . C /G . 5 / b .l . D i tch 2 . S tof ac ed ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lf i l l ing a r ound s h ou lde r s . G r ,Q . 5 / b .l . D i t ch 1 . S urf ac ed ecora t ion :h o r izon ta ll i n ing a r ound t h es hou ld e ra nd p a r t ly d own t h es i de s . C /G . 5 / b . 1. O r . 5 / b . D i t ch 2 . C /G . 5 / e . C /G . D i t ch 1m id t ol owe rf i l l ing . C /G . 5 / b .l . S urf ace t r ea tmen t : s p a r se h o r izon ta ls c ra t ch ing t o ge the rw i th f i nge r t ip d eco ra t ion a r ound t h es hou lde r s .

1 22

1

7

3

4 5

7

9

1 0

1

1 2

1

F ig .5 1 . Ha rd ing s tone :P o t tery 2 .S ca le 1 : 4 .

1 23

15

HARD INGSTONE . ( Nor than t s ) -3 .

F or r nt y p e1 4 . 3 : 1 3 : 2 3 : 3 3 : 4 3 : 5

G r ,Q . 1 4 /g . ( D r .6 9 ) -P r ima ry s c hoo ls i te . G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . ( D r . 7 0 ) -P r ima r ys c hoo ls i t e . F rom t h eu pp e rf i l l ing o fD i t ch 1 . O r ,Q . 1 4 /m . ( D r . 7 6 ) -P r ima ry s c ho o ls i te ,f r om t h eu pp e r 1f i l l ing o f D i t ch G r ,Q . 1 4 /m . 4 7 , Ma r t in sL an e . O r . 1 4 /m . F rom t h eP r ima ry s c hoo ls i te .

F orm t y p e1 3 . 3 : 6 3 : 7

G r ,Q ,C /G . G r ,Q .

1 3 /m . 1 3 /m .

F orm t y p e 7 . 3 : 8

G r ,Q . 7 / c . ( D r . 8 2 ) P r im a ry s c hoo ls i t e . F rom t h eu ppe rf i l l ing o fD i t ch 1 .R ef .A sh ton r : 13 .

F o rm t y pe 5 . 1 . 3 : 9 3 : 10 3 : 11 3 : 12 3 : 13

G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r .Q ,C /G . G r ,Q .

5 . 1/g . 5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/ c 5 . I/ c 5 . I / c .

F 51 .3 3 09 . F l W . D r7 7

5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/ c .

D r7 9 P r im a ry s c hoo ls i te . 4 7 Ma r t in sL ane .

F 79 . L 3 .

F orm t y p e5 . 1 c on t . 3 : 14 G r ,Q . 3 : 15 G r ,Q .

1 24

5

2 7'

F ig . 5 2 . H a rd ing s tone : P o t te ry 3 .S ca le 1 :4 .

1 25

HARDINGSTONE , ( Nor than ts ) -4

F orm t ype 5 . 1 c on t . ) 4 : 1 4 : 2

G r . G rQ .

4 : 3 4 : 4 4 : 5 4 : 6 4 : 7

Q . 5 . 1/ c . ( No p rovenance ) . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/m . F 10 1 L 4 4 7 Ma r t in sL ane . G r ,Q ,C /G . 5 . 1/g . C /G ,Q ,G r . 5 . 1/ c . F 101 I A4 7 Ma r t in sl a ne . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/k . D r . 9 7P r ima ry S choo l s i te . F rom t h e f u rna ce c hambe ro fk i ln i v . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/g . Uppe rf i l l ing o fD i tch 2 . S u rf ace d ecora t ion : b u rn ished z i g -zag a r ound t h en eck . B e low t h is i s ab u rn ished b and

4 : 8

5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/ c .

F 51 .3 .311 . D r . 7 4 P r ima ry s choo ls i te .

a pp rox ima te ly l cm . w ide .

F o rm t y pe 4 . 1 . 4 : 9

G r ,Q .

4 . 1/g .

D r .l .

S u rf ace d ecora t ion : b e tween t wo h o r i zon ta l c o rdon s i s ab road b and o f c r o s s -ha t ch ing . B e low t h e s e cond c o rdon i s as e r ie s o f v e r t ica l ? bru sh s t roke s -t h is ? bru sh mu s t h ave c on ta ined a bou t 5h a i r s . T he re w e re t wo b and so ft h ese b ru sh s t roke sa nd w e re s epa ra ted b y a no th e rc o rdon ,t h is w a sa s so c ia ted w i th as i ng le r ow o fl c no tched r ou le t t ing . Ano the rs i ng le r ow o ft h is k no tched r ou le t t ing w a s p l aced a tt h e f o o t o ft h e s e cond b and o f v er t ica l ly p laced b ru sh s t roke s .

F orm t y pe 4 .c on t . 4 . 10 G r ,Q .

4 . 1/g .

S u rf ace d ecora t ion : as i ng le c o rdon a tt o p wh i le b e low t h is a r et h ree e qu id is tan td eep ly c u t g roove s . 4 . 11 G r ,Q ,C /G ,Cha lk . 4 . 1/ c ,g .

F orm t yp e2 . 4 . 12 Q .

2 /d .

4 . 13 G r ,Q . 4 . 14 Q ,G r .

2 /d . 2 /d .

1 26

4

8

1 2 1 3

1 4

F ig .5 3 . Hard ing s tone : P o t t e ry 4 .S ca le 1 :4

1 27

RARD INGSTONE ,( Nor than t s ) -5

F orm t y pe 9 . 5 : 1 I mpo r t . 9 /Cor n i ce r im ( p o s s ib ly L yon w a r e ) . U nf o r tuna te ly t h i ss h e rd w a sm i s s ing f r om t h es i t ea r ch ive . S urf ac ed ecora t ion :b e low t h ed e l ica te c o rn i ce r im i s ad e ep g r oove ,b e low t h i st h eb ody o f t h ev e s se li sc ove red w i th s ma l lb a rbo t ine s p o t s -t h ough n o tt h et y p i ca lR oman p oppy -head t y p e .

F o rm t y pe 1 6 . 5 : 2

Q ,G r .

1 6 / t .

H 1 . 11 1 .8 1 .L eve l l ing o fd i t ch .

F o rm t y pe 6 . 2 . 5 : 3

Q . I ron s tone C ove rs e a ted r im .

6 . 2 /d

F orm t y pe 6 . 1 . 5 : 4

G r ,Q +s pa r se c ha lk . 6 . 1 /g .

F o rm t y p e6 . 5 : 5 5 . 6

G r ,Q +I r on s tone . 6 / g . G r ,Q .+ s pa r se c ha lk . 6 / g .

F rom t h ef u rna c eo fk i ln 4c hamb e r D r .89 U ppe rf i l l ing o fd i t ch 1

1 28

( 3

4

5

6

F ig . 5 4 . Hard ing s tone :P o t t ery 5 .S ca le 1 :4 .

1 29

HA RD WIC K PARK , W ELLINGBOROUGH . -S P 8 76679 F o s te r ,P . J . , Hame r ,R . , & Wa tk in s , S .1 977 .

S ummary a nd c harac t er o ft h es i t e : A pa r tf r om t he f r agmen ta ry r ema in s o ft wo i s o la ted p o t t e ry k i ln s , t h e re w e re n o s t ruc tu re s o fa ny d a te w h ich m igh tb ec on s trued a sb u i ld ing s , b u tt h e re w e re s e ve ra le nc lo su re sw h ich s e em t od a t e f r om t h ee a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry AD .

F ig . 5 5 . H ardw ick P a rk ; l o ca t ion m ap .

LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T he s i t el i e s c l o se t ot h e3 28f t . ( 100m . ) c on tou r , o n af l a tp l a t f o rm , r ough ly e qu id i s tan tf r om t h e I s eB rook a nd t he R ive rN ene wh ich a r e a pp rox ima te ly 1 . 75 m i le s ( 3 km . ) a way t ot he e a s t a nd s ou th -ea s tr e spec t iv e ly . T he g ene ra la rea a round t he s i te c on s is t so f am ixed b ou lde rc l ay , w i th o u tc rop s o fO o l i te o nt h e s i de o f an ea rby s l op el e ad ing d own t o as ma l l s t ream , wh ich e ven tua l ly f l ow si n to t h e I s eB rook . F IELD WORK T he s i te w a s d i scove red b y Mr P . Sm i th , o f Wes tf ie ld S choo l A r chaeo log ica l C lub . T he f i e ld s s u r round ing t he s i t e w e re e x ten s ive ly f i e ld w a lked , p r inc ipa l ly b y R icha rd H a rpe r . L a rg e q uan t i t ie s o fb o th l a te I r on A ge a nd R oman p o t t e ry w e re r e cove red . A s ma l l e xcava t ion w a s moun ted b y Mr s Gwen B rown f o r t h e t h en M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s . A l though s he e xcava ted s ome d i s t ance a way f r om t h e l a te r e xcava t ion , i ts e rved t o s how t h e e x is tence o fe a r ly f e a tu re s . T he ma in t h rea t t ot he s i te , h oweve r , c am e f r om b u i ld ing a nd a s soc ia ted r oad w o rk s . Membe r s o f t h e We l l ingbo rough A r chaeo log ica l S o c ie ty t h en m oun ted a ne x t ended e xcava t ion , r evea l ing t h e e x is tence o f s eve ra l e nc lo su re s , d a t ing f r om a bou t t h e m idd le y ea r s o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry BC . S ec t ion sw e re c u tt h rough mo s to ft h e d i tche s , i na na t temp tt od a te t h ef e a tu re s .

1 30

DAT ING EV IDENCE A l though t h e p o t te ry r epor t i sd if i cu l t t of o l low , i ti s p o s s ib le t o make a s sump t ion s a s t ot he g ene ra l d a te o ft h e ma t e r ia l . T he f i ne w a re s s e em t of o l low t h e s ame t r end s n o ted e l sewhe re , e spec ia l ly t h e c a r ina ted b ow l s , w i th t h e r a the r e l onga ted n eck s a nd w i th g roup s o f r a ised c o rdon s . T he g ene ra l d a te r ange o ft h e se v e s se l sf i t s i nq u i te w e l l w i th o the r s i te s i nt h e r eg ion , c f . C amp H i l l ( Shaw 1 979 ) . F i r s t c en tu ry b rooche s , t o o , a r e t ob e f ound i n t h e a s semb lage o f f i nd s , s uch a sN auhe im d er iva t ive s , H od H i l l , L ang ton D own a nd aC o lche s te r , a l l o f wh ich a re q u i te a th ome i nt h e s e cond q ua r te ro ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD . QUALITY OF THE EV IDENCE T he amoun t o f l a te I r on A ge m a te r ia l p re sen t i sc on s ide rab le a nd s ugge s t s q u i te i n ten s ive o ccupa t ion o ft h e a r ea . I tw ou ld s e em t ha tt h e a r ea a r ound H a rdw ick P a rk h a s b een af a vou red s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion f r om a bou tt h e m idd le I r on A ge , n o d oub t d ue i np a r t t oi t s p rox im i ty t ot he n ea rby s t ream . A s i nd ica ted b yt h ee xcava to r s , t h e s i te w a s d ug i nr a the r a dve r se c ond i t ion s a nd w a s v e ry much ar e scue s i tua t ion . D e sp i t e t h i s , much e v idence w a s o b ta ined , i n c lud ing al a te I r on A ge /ea r ly R oman p o t te ry k i ln , mak ing j a r sw i th af o rm o f c hanne l -r im . D ISCUSS ION P a ra l le ls f o rt h ep o t te ry f r om H a rdw ick P a rk , e sp ec ia l ly t h e c oa r se a nd f i ne w a r e s , c ome m a in ly f r om s i te s t ot h e e a s t a nd w e s t . T o t h e e a s t , l o ca ted o n h igh g round o n t h e o ppo s i te s i de o ft he N ene v a l ley , i st h e v e ry i mpor tan t s i te o f R u shd en , w h ich h a s p roduced s e ve ra l g ood p a ra l le ls . O fp a r t icu la r n o te i sH a rdw ick P a rk N o . 1 : 8 wh ich i sp a ra l le led

w i th R u shden N o . 9 : 1 . T he

H a rdw ick P a rk v e s se la lmo s t c er ta in ly o r ig ina ted f r om t h eR u shden k i ln s . A par tf r om s am ian , o th e rt y pe s o f i mpor ted p o t te ry w e re t o ta l ly a b sen t . Mo s to ft h e s am ia nw a s p re -F lav ian , t h e e a r l ie s t o fC laud ian -Ne ron ian d a te , wh ich w ou ld make i t c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e b u lk o f t h e n a t ive c oa r se a nd f i ne w a re s . p r e sen t . T he b rooche s o f N auhe im D er iva t ive s , C o lche s te r s , H od H i l ls a nd L ang ton D own s , a r e a l l o f C laud ian t o e a r ly F lav ian i n d a te , s uppor t ing t h e s ugge s ted d a te so ft h ea bove p o t te ry ,b u tt h e re w e r e n oe a r ly c o in s

CONCLUS ION A l though t h e n a t ive c oa r se a nd f i ne w a re s c ompa r eq u i te c l o se ly t ot ho se f r om o the r s i te s i nt h e r eg ion , t h e s ma l l amoun t o f s am ian w a re , t o ge the r w i th t h e t o ta l a b sence o f o the r i mpo r ted p o t te ry ( b o th f r om o the r a r ea s o f B r i ta in a nd t h e C on t inen t ) t h e r a the r p oo r c o l lec t ion o f b rooche sa nd t h e a b sence o f e a r ly c o in s , s ugge s t s ar a the ri mpov er ished f a rm ing c ommun i ty .

1 31

HARD W ICK PARK -WELLINGBOROUGH ( Nor than t s ) I . F o s te r ,P . J . , Ha rpe r , R . , & Wa tk in s , S . , 1 977 , 5-96 . F o rm t y p e5 . 1 : 1 1 : 2 1 : 3

C /G 5 / a C /G 5 / c . G r /Q . 5 / c .

( D . 2 2 ) ( D r . 2 6 ) ( D r . 2 5 )

F o rm t y pe 1 . 1 : 4 1 : 5

G r /Q . l a . G r /Q . 1 /m .

( D r . 1 ) ( D r . 1 3 )

F o rm t y p e1 4 . 1 : 6 G r /Q . 1 4 / c . 1 : 7 G r /Q . 1 4 / c .

( D r . 1 4 ) ( D r . 1 5 )

F o rm t y pe 1 3 . 1 : 8 G r /Q . 1 3 / c .

( D r . 1 6 )

F o rm t y p e1 0 . 1 : 9 G r /Q . 1 0 /m .

( D r . 1 9 )

F o rm t y p e2 . 1 : 10 G /Q . 2 /d . 1 : 11 G r /Q . 2 /d .

( D r . f i g . 1 4 . 9 ) ( D r . " 1 6 . 3 1 )

F orm t y p e1 . 1 : 12 G r /Q . 1 / a .

( D r . " 1 6 .4 5 )

1 1

1 0

1 2

F ig . 5 6 Ha rdw ick P ark 1 .S ca l e 1 :4 .

1 33

HARD WICK PARK -WELLINGBOROUGH ( Nor than t s )2 .

F o rm t y pe 6 :2 . 2 : 1

C /G .

6 : 2 /g .

( D r . f i g . 1 4 . 1 )

6 / g .

( D r . f i g . 1 5 .2 0 )

F orm t y p e6 . 2 : 2

G r /Q+ C /G .

7

1

F ig . 5 7 Harw ick P ark : P o t tery 2 .S ca le 1 :4 .

HARR ING WORTH , S ib leys -S P 9 23962 U npub l ished . E xca va t ed b ya nd i n f orma t ion f rom D . J ack son .

S ummar ya nd c harac t er o ft h es i t e : As hor tl i ved s i te , s t a r t ing j u s tb e f o re t h e C onque s ta nd c ea s ing b ef o re t h ee nd o ft he f i r s tc en tu ry AD . T he p robab le r e a son f o rt h e s i te s e x i s tence i st h e p re sence o ft h e n ea rby e x ten s ive d epo s i t s o fI r on s tone .

F ig . 5 8 . H ar r ingwor th , S i b ley s ; l o ca t ion m ap

LOCAT ION & GEOGRAPHY T he s i te l i e s o n ap l a teau a tt h e 3 28f t . ( 120m . ) c on tou r , o ve r look ing t h e w ide We l land v a l ley t o t h en or th . T he s u rf ace g eo logy s u r round ing t h eH a r r ingwor th -S ib ley s , s i te i so n t h eL inco ln sh ire l ime s tone a nd w a se xcava ted i n a dvance o fe x t en s ive q ua r ry ing wh ich e ven tua l ly d e s t royed t h e s i te . F IELD WORK T he H a r r ingwor th s i te i so ne o f as e r ie so fI r on A ge a nd l a te r s i te s wh ich o ccupy t h e e dge o ft h e We l land v a l ley . T he p re sence o fq uan t i t ie s o fi r on s tone , m o s t ly o u tc ropp ing o n t h e d i p s l ope o f t h e v a l ley , mu s t h av e a t t rac ted s e t t lemen t t o t h e a r ea . Many I r on A ge , R omano -Br i t i sh a nd S axon i r on s me l t ing f u rnace s h av e b een f ound a l ong t h e v a l ley ' s e dge d u r ing t h e r e cen t p a s t , m o s t ly v i ae xcava t ion o rw a tch ing b r ief s ( c fJack son 1 979 , 1 981 ) .

1 35

DAT ING EV IDENCE Mo s t o ft h e p o t t e ry d a t e s t ot h e e a r ly y e a r s a f t e r t h e c onqu e s t a nd , i nde ed , H a r r ing v vo r th h a s p rodu ced o ne o ft h e f ew c en t ra l G au l i sh l e ad g l azed v e s se l s f r om N or thamp ton sh i r e ( 5 /g ) : a v e ry s ma l ld e l ica t eb eak e r ,w i th f i n eb a rbo t in e s po t si np an e l s , d a ted b yt h ee x cava to rt ob e tw een AD 4 0a nd 7 0i s s im i la ri ns t y le t ot h e d e co ra t ion o n t h e l a t e r p oppy -head b eak e r s , t h e s i t e t h e r ef o r ef l ou r i shed b e tween AD 4 0 -60 /70 ,b u tw i th al a ck o fp o t t e ry d a ted t oa f t e rt h e l a t ef i r s t c en tu ry AD , s ugg e s t st h a to ccupa t ion e i th e rc ea sed o rs h if t ed e l s ewhe r e . QUALITY OF EV IDENCE D e sp i te t h ep auc i ty o fp o t t e ry f r om H a r r ingwo r th , i ti sa n i mpo r tan tg roup ,d u et ot h ep r e sen c e o f t h e i mpo r t ed l e ad g l azed j a r ( 1 :11 ) , wh i ch c onf i rm s ap o s t conque s t d a te . A l though t h ev e ss e l w a s u n s t ra t if i ed , i t s m e r e p r e sence , t o g e the r w i th t h e i n te rna l ly s t epped p l a t t e r ( 1 :10 ) , s t rong ly s ugg e s t s ap o s tc onqu e s t d a t e f o rt h i s p o t t e ry . I ti sa l so s i gn if i can tt h a t n o t r u e c hanne l r im j a r s h av ee mana ted f r om t h e s e We l land v a l ley s i t e s . D ISCUSS ION I n a dd i t ion t ot y p ica l c a r ina ted b ow l s i ng rogg ed f a b r ic ( s u ch a st h e i lu s t r a ted e xamp le 1 : 8 1 4 /c ) , 1 : 9 i sa d eg en e ra t e f o rm o f 1 4 / c , w h ich m ay r e p r e s en t al o ca l a t temp t a tp roduc ing a c a r ina ted b ow l . C op ie s o f i n te rna l ly s t epp ed G a l lo -Be lg ic p l a t te r s w i th in t h e g roup , a ga in e mpha s i se t h ep o s tc onque s tn a tu r eo ft h eg r oup . A tt h i s s i t e , t h e e qu iva len t o ft h e c hann e l - r im j a r a ppea r s i n many r im f o rm s , s ome w i th r a th e r a ngu la r p r of i le s t o t h e r im , o th e r s w i th p ronounced o u t tu rn ed r im s . CONCLUS ION T he v e ry e x i s t ence o ft h eH a r r ingwo r th -S ib ley s s i te , o nt h e e dg eo ft h e d i p s l op e , a d ja cen tt oa r e ady s ou r ce o f i r on s tone a nd e x t en s ive f o r e s t s i nt h e u p land s i mm ed ia te ly t o t h e s ou th o nt h e h eavy c l ay s , e n su r ed ar e ady s upp ly o f t imbe r a nd c ha r coa l , e s sen t ia l f o r t h e manu f ac tu r e o f i r on . P o t t e ry k i ln s e x cava ted i nt h e a r ea s ugg e s t ac e r ta in amoun t o fs e lf s u ff i c ien cy a nd i s o la t ion . A ga in , t h e p r e sence o f at imbe r s upp ly i nt h e a r ea w ou ld m ak e t h e s i t ing o f p o t t e ry k i ln s a nd i r on s m e l t ing a t t ra c t iv ep ropo s i t ion s . T he H a r r ingwor th -S ib ley ss i te w ou ld a ppea rt ob eo fp o s t c onqu e s td a te , w i th t h ep r e sen ce o ft h e ( a lbe i t u n s t ra t if ied ) l e ad g l azed j a r i mpo r ted f r om c en t ra l G au l a nd t h e f i n e w a r e c a r ina ted b ow lw i th i t sl o ng n eck ( 1 :8 -1 4 / c ) . A ss t a t ed e l s ewhe r e , t h en e ck f o rm t e nd st ob e al a t ef e a tu r e a nd , t h e r ef o r e , o fp o s tc onque s td a te ,p robab ly i n to t h et h i rd q ua r t e ro ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD .

1 36

HARR ING WORTH -S ib ley s . ( Nor than t s ) -1 . U npub l i shed ,p o t t ery i nN or thamp ton Mu seum a r ch iv e . F orm t y pe 5 . 1 : 1 1 : 2

1 : 3

1 : 4 1 : 5

C /G . 5 / u . D i t ch C . S u rf a ce d e co ra t ion :h o r izon ta lf i l l ing a pp rox . 3 cm s . b e low t h er im . C /G . 5 / g . D i t ch C . S u r f a ce d e co ra t ion :h o r izon ta lr u l ing a pp rox . 3 cm s . b e low t h er im . G r ,Q . 5 / q . D i t ch C . No te :A l so p r esen ti nt h i sf e a tu re w a s aS .G au l i sh s am ian D r .2 9 b ow lt o ge the rw i th as ma l lq uan t i ty o f p l a in s am ian . C /G . 5 / q .u / s G r ,Q . 5 / g .D i t ch C .

F orm t y pe 1 . 1 : 6 1 : 7

C /G . 1 / u . D i t ch C . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lr i f l ing a r ound t h eg i r th o f t h ev e s se l . G r ,Q . 1 / u . D i t ch C .

F o rm t y p e1 4 .

1 : 8

1 : 9

G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . u / s . S u rf ac et r ea tmen t :t wo p a ra l le lg r oove so nd eep c on cav en e ck c r ea t ing w ha ti si ne f ec ta c o rdon . G r . 1 4 / c .

F orm t y p e2 1 : 10 G r ,Q . 2 / d . b u i ld ing ) .

D i t ch C .( Found u nde r ly ing l a te rR om .

F o rm t y pe 5 . 1 : 11 I mp . 5 / g . F in ew h i te f a b r ic w i th ab r igh to l ive g r een l e ad g l aze o v e rb a rbo t in ed o t s . ( Cen t ra lG au 1 ish l e ad g l a zed w a r e -d a t ed cAD 4 0 -70 )

1 37

2

3

5

6

F ig . 5 9 Har r ingwor th : P o t te ry 1 .S ca le 1 :4 .

1 38

M OULTON PARK , NORTHA MPTON -S P778 6 48 W i l l iam s , J .H . , E d . 1 974 .

S ummary a nd c harac t er o ft h es i te : A r u ra l c l ay land d i tched e nc lo su r e s i te , d a ted t o t h e e a r ly

f i r s t c en tu ry AD .

T h i s p robab ly

r e p re sen t s as ma l lf a rm ing c ommun i ty .

LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T he s i te a t Mou l ton P a rk c on s i s t s o f t wo c l o se ly s paced e nc lo su re s , o n ly 6 5 .5 f t . ( 20m . )apa r t , s i ted o n af l a t p l a teau a tt h e 4 10f t . ( 1 25m . ) c on tou r a nd 2m i le s ( 3 .3 km . ) n or th o ft h e r i ve r N ene . B o th e nc lo su re s a r e s i ted o n v e ry h eavy b ou lde r c l ay . S u r round ing t h e t wo e nc lo su re s i sa n e x ten s ive a r ea o fm idd le h a s s i l t sa nd c l ay s .

Km

2

F ig . 6 0 . Mou l ton P a rk ; l o ca t ion m ap . F IELD WORK T he s i te s a t Mou l ton P a rk w e r e d i scove r ed i n 1 970 d u r ing t h e s t r ipp ing o ft o p s o i l , p repara to ry t o r oad c on s truc t ion a nd a f a c to ry e s ta te . Sma l l d i tch e s a nd g u l l ie s w e re f ound a nd a n e xcava t ion w a s m oun ted b y t h e N o r thamp ton D eve lopmen t C o rpo ra t ion A r chaeo log ica l Un i t , b e tween 1 971 a nd 1 972 . DAT ING EV IDENCE A s i ng le m id t o l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . r ound h ou se ( 2 ) a ppea r s t o s t a r t t h e o ccupa t ion a t Mou l ton P a rk , f o l lowed b y t h ree o t he r s u cce s s iv e c i r cu la r r ound h ou se s w i th in b o th e nc lo su re s , a nd s pann ing , a cco rd ing t ot h ee xcava to r , s ome s i x ty y ea r s . T he e a r l ie s t h ou se a nd a d jacen t g u l l ie s c on ta ined c urv i l inea r p o t te ry , s im i la r t ot ha t f r om t h e h i l l f o r t a t Hun sbu ry ( Fe l l 1 937 ) , a nd t h es i te a tH a rd ing s tone (Wood s 1 969 )t o ge the rw i th o the r u ndeco ra ted a nd h and made p o t t e ry , w h ich t h ee xcava to rd a ted n ol a te rt h an 2 0 BC . T he e xcava to rf ound i td if i cu l tt og i ve at e rm ina l d a te t o h i sp o t te ry b ecau se o ft h e g ene ra l l a ck o fg ood d a t ing e v idence .

1 39

H ow ev e r , t h e r ew a s ac omp le te a b s en ce o fi mpo r t ed p o t t e ry , s u ch a ss anüan w a re , G a l lo -Be lg ic i mpo r t s o rt h e i rc op ie s . T h i s m ay i n d ica t e ap r e -Conque s t d a t ef o rt h e c e s sa t ion o f a c t iv i t ie s a t Mou l ton P a rk . QUAL ITY OF THE EV IDENCE A t t h e t ime o ft h e e xcava t ion , v e ry l i t t le a r cha eo log ica l w o rk o n l a te I r on A g e s i te s h ad b een u nde r taken t o mod em s t anda rd s . C on sequ en t ly ,g ood c ompa r a t iv ed a t ing e v id en ce w a s s c a r ce . S eve ra lf e a tu r e so ft h ep o t te ry f r om Mou l ton , c omb in et o s ugg e s t am id f i r s tc en tu ry BC d a t ef o r t h eb eg inn ing o ft h e s i t e . T h e c u rv i l in ea rL aT ene p o t te ry f o und a t Mou l ton , c an b e d a ted t o m id t ol a te f i r s t c en tu ry BC , o n t h e e v idenc e o fD . J a ck son ' s e x cava t ion s a t Week ley w he r e s im i la r ma t e r ia l w a sf o und ( J a ck son 1 987 ) . T h er a the rs qua tn a tu r eo fs ome o ft h eg rog t empe red c o rdon ed b ow l s i s af e a tu r eo ft h ef i r s th a lf o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD f i n e w a r e s , e g . ( 2 :1 ,4 ) . T h i s e a r ly f e a tu r e s ugge s t s a n e l emen t o f c on t inu i ty , s t a r t ing w i th c u rv i l inea r p o t te ry , t o ge th e rw i th t h er o ugh ly c on t empo ra ry s c o r ed w a r e o r A nca s te r -Br eedon p o t te ry ( Cun l if f e 1 991 , 5 62 & May , 1 976 , 1 74 ) a l so s e en a t We ek ley ( J ack son , 1 987 , 7 6 ) . T h es l a sh ing o fs ome o ft h er im so ft h ec hann e l -r im j a r s , wh ich i sa f e a tu r e o f t h e AD 4 0 's t o 5 0 ' s , may b e t h e f i na l f o rm t o f e a tu r e a t Mou l ton P a rk b ef o r e f i na l a bandonmen ta ta bou tt h e C onqu e s to rj u s ta f t e r . D ISCUSS ION Many p a ra l le l sf o r t h ei mmed ia te p r e -a nd p o s t -Conqu e s t Mou l ton P a rk p o t te ry c an b e f o und i nt h es ou ther np a r to f t h e r e g ion , f o re xamp l e , f r om a c ro s st h e N ene a t H a rd ing s ton e ( Wood s 1 969 ) , w he re t h e g l obu la r j a r s w e r e v e ry s im i la r . ( Mou l ton , 3 : 9 -15 ) a nd ( Ha rd ing s ton e , 3 : 13 ,14 ) . T h ec o r ruga ted o rc o rdon ed n eck so ft h eb ow l s ( W i l l iam s , 1 974 f i g . 1 9 , 4 6 &4 8 )a r ec e r ta in ly a f e a tu r eo fe a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD t y p e sf r om Whea thamp s t ead , (Whee le r & Wh ee le r , 1 936 ) a nd S aunde r s & H ave r c rof t ( 1980 /82 ) . S ev e ra l p r e -Conqu e s t f e a tu r e s a t P idd ing ton h ave a l so p roduced t h e se c o r ruga ted n ecked b ow l s . T h e e l onga ted f o rm o f j a r 1 : 3 , f o rm : 5 . 1 / cf . i s v e ry r em in i scen t o f s e v e ra l f o und a t H a rd ing s tone , Wood s ( 1 969 ) e spe c ia l ly f i g . 1 0 , 4 1 . H e r e Wood s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e r e i sa l i nk b e twe en t h i st y pe o fv e s s e l , o nt h eg round so ff a b r ic , a nd h i se a r l ie rg roup h ao ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD a nd h i s g roup I l b , w h ich h e s ugg e s t s d a t e s f r om t h e m id t ol a te r f i r s t c en tu ry AD . T he se j a r sw ou ld s e em t od a t et oa bou tt h e C onque s tp e r iod o rj u s tb e f o r e . O nb a lance , a s s ugge s ted a bove , t h e t e rm ina l d a t e f o r t h e Mou l ton P a rk s i te w ou ld b e t h e m id f i r s tc en tu ry AD , e spec ia l ly a st h e r ea r en oG a l lo -Be lg ic c op i e so ri mpor t si n t h ea s s emb lag e . CONCLUS ION T he s i te a t Mou l ton P a rk w a ss i ted o ne x t en s iv ec l ay sa nd w a sb a s ica l ly ap a s to ra l o r ien t ed s i t e . U nf o r tuna t e ly , t h e a n ima lb one sf r om t h e e xcava t ion r e po r td o n o tc on t r ibu t e ag r ea td ea l a st o w hy t h e s i te w a s l o ca t ed w h e r e i tw a s , a l though t h e s o i l w ou ld h ave b een v e ry h eavy t op l ough a nd t h e re f o r e , i tm ay h ave b een m o r es u i tab le a sg ra s s land . C a t t le b one sc on s t i tu ted t h eg r ea te s t n umbe ro fb one s p r e sen t .

1 40

MOULTON PARK ( Nor thamp ton ) 1 .

W i l l iam s ,J .W . , 1 974 .

F o rm t y p e5 . 1 : 1 1 : 2 1 : 3

C /G . 5 . /f . ( D r .165 ) . -G rp .2 . G r ,Q . 5 : If . ( D r .167 ) . -G rp . 2 . C /G . 5 . / c ,f . ( D r .155 ) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion : s l a sh d e co ra ted b ead r im . ( Pub l i shed d r aw ing g ro s s ly i n a cu ra te ) . 1 : 4 C /G . 5 . /a . ( D r .18 1) . -G rp .2 . S u rf ace d ecora t ion : S l a sh d e co ra t ion b e low r im o ns h ou lde r . 1 : 5 C /G . 5 . /e . ( D r . 6 5 ) . -G rp .2 . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion : s l a sh d eco r a t ion b e low r im . 1 : 6 Q . 5 . 1/d . ( D r .216 ) . (?9 ) . -G rp .l . 1 : 7 C /G . 5 . 1/d . ( D r .157 ) . -G rp 2 . ( Pub l i shed d r aw ing i n ac cu r a te -r im p r of i le i s mu ch s h a rp e r -s e ed r aw ing o ppo s i t e ) . 1 : 8 C /G . 5 . 1/b . ( D r .180 ) . -G rp .2 . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :r i l l ing p re sen ta r ound g i r th o fv e s se l . 1 : 9 C /G . 5 . 1/a . ( D r .166 ) . S ing le g r oov ea r ound t h et o pe dge o ft h er im . 1 : 10 C /G .

5 . 1/ ?u .

( D r . 7 0 ) . -G rp .2 .

1 : 11

C /G .

5 . 1/a .

( D r .163 ) . -G rp .2 . ( A lmo s t as t o rage j a r ) .

1 : 12 C /G .

5 . 1/h .

( D r .156 ) . -G rp . 2 .

( Pub l ished d raw ing v .i n a c cu ra te . 1 : 13 G r ,Q .

5 . 1/ s .

G rp .2 .

( D r . 1 00 ) .

( unu sua li n cu rv ing r im ,? f un c t ion ) .

F o rm t y pe 9 . 1 : 14 Q . 9 / d

( D r 1 96 ) . -G rp 2 .C ou ld b e ac r u c ib le .

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F ig . 6 1 Mou l ton P ark :P o t tery I .S ca l e 1 :4 .

MOULTON PARK ( Nor thamp ton ) -2 .

F o rm t y pe 1 4 . 2 : 1 2 : 2 2 : 3 2 : 4 2 : 5 2 : 6

G r /Q . 1 4 /m . ( D r . 17 ) -G rp 2 . G r /Q . 1 4 /m . ( D r . 15 ) -G rp 2 . G r /Q . 1 4 /m . ( D r . 5 3 ) -G rp 2 . G r /Q . 1 4 / c . ( D r . 16 ) -C r rp 2 . G r /Q . 1 4 / c . ( D r . 1 20 ) -G rp 2 . G r /Q . 1 4 / c . ( D r . 5 2 ) -G rp 2 . ( Pub l i shed d raw ing v e ry i n ac cu ra te -t h et h icknes so ft h ep ub l i shed d raw ing i sf a r t o ot h ick ) . 2 :7 G r /Q 1 4 / c . ( D r . 5 9 ) -G rp . 2 . 2 : 8 G r /Q 1 4 /m . ( D r . 1 89 ) -G rp . 2 . 2 : 9 G r /Q 1 4 / c . ( D r . 6 0 ) -G rp .2 . 2 : 10 G r /Q 1 4 / c . ( D r . 14 ) -G rp . 2 . T he f o rm t y pe so fN o 's 2 : 8 ,2 : 9a nd 2 : 10 a r eu n ce r ta in ,a st h e r ei si n suf i c ien to ft h em a va i lab le f o rs t udy .

7

8

9

1 0 mr-^

F ig . 6 2 Mou l ton P a rk : P o t t ery 2 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

1 44

M OULTON PARK ( Nor thamp ton ) -3 .

F orm t y pe 5 . 2 . 3 : 1 3 : 2 3 : 3 3 : 4 3 : 5 3 : 6 3 : 7 3 : 8 3 : 9 3 : 10 3 : 11 3 : 12 3 : 13 3 : 14 3 : 15 3 : 16

G r /Q . G r /Q .

G r /Q . G r /Q . G r /Q . G r /Q . G r /Q . G r /Q . G r /Q . G r /Q G r /Q . G r /Q . G r /Q . G r /Q . G r /Q . G r /Q .

5 . 1/m . 5 . 1/m . 5 . 1/k ? 5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/m . 5 . 1/c . 5 . 1/c . 5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/m . 5 . 1/m . ? 5 .1/ c .

( D r . 1 46 ) ( Unpub ) ( D r . 1 84 ) ( D r . 1 45 ) ( D r . 1 48 ) ( D r . 5 1 ) ( D r . 5 8 ) ( D r . 1 43 ) ( D r . 1 42 ) ( Unpub ) ( D r . 6 3 ) ( DR . 1 39 ) ( Unpub ) ( Unpub ) ( D r . 1 49 ) ( D r . 1 77 )

G rp 2 . G rp 2 . G rp 2 . G rp . 2 . G rp .2 . G rp . 2 . G rp . 2 . G rp .2 . G rp . 2 . G rp . 2 . G rp 2 . G rp .2 . G rp . 2 . G rp 2 . G rp . 2 . -B a se t y pe : ' P . B a se t y pe : ` L ' .

4

5

1 4

1 6

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F ig . 6 3 Mou l ton P ark : P o t tery 3 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

1 46

MOULTON PARK ( Nor thamp ton ) -4 . F o rm t y p e1 0 . 4 : 1

G r /Q .

1 0 /m .

( D r . 2 02 ) -G rp 2 .

F o rm t y p e6 . 4 : 2 4 : 3 4 : 4 4 : 5 4 : 6 4 : 7 4 : 8

G r / . 6 / 1 . ( D r . 8 6 ) -G rp .2 . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :H o r izon ta lt i l l ing a r ound t h e s h ou lde r so ft h ev e s se l . G r /Q . 6 / g . ( D r . 7 6 ) -G rp .2 . C /G . 6 / 1 . ( D r . 7 5 ) -G rp . 2 . G r /Q . 6 / g . ( D r . 1 67 ) -G rp .2 . C /G . 6 / g . ( D r . 7 7 )- G rp . 2 . G r / . 6 / g . ( D r . 7 8 )- G rp .2 . C /G . 6 / j . ( D r . 7 4 )-G rp . 2 .

F o rm t y p e6 . 2 . 4 : 9 4 : 10 4 : 11 4 : 12

C /G . C /G . C /G . C /G .

6 . 2 (5 :1) /k . 6 . 2 (5 :1) /h . 6 . 2 (5 :1) /b . 6 . 2 (5 :1) /d .

( D r . ( D r . ( D r . ( D r .

6 9 ) -G rp 2 . 1 83 ) -G rp 2 . 10 ) -G rp 2 . 1 6 1) -C r rp 2 .

I

2

3

4

5

6

7

9.

1 0

1

1 2

F ig . 6 4 Mou l ton P a rk : P o t te ry 4 .S ca le 1 : 4 .

P IDD INGTON -S P . 7 97558 F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r ,R .M . &D .E . 1 989 . F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r ,R .M . &D .E . 1 994 .

S umma ry a nd c ha rac t er o ft h es i t e : B ecau se 1 8 th c en tu ry q ua r ry ing h a sd e s t royed mu ch o ft h ep e r iph e ry o ft h e s i t e , i ti sd if i cu l t t o c ha rac t e r i se t h i s s i te c omp le t e ly . F o r much o f t h e s i t e s e a r l ie r h i s to ry , i tw ou ld s e em t oh ave b e en o fc ompa ra t iv e ly h igh s t a tu s , a l though i fo n e h a s t oc ompa r e t h e s t ruc tu re s a tP idd ing ton w i th t ho se o f o t h e r s i te s w i thou t l o ok ing a t t h e a s so c ia t ed m a t e r ia l r ema in s , d if e r en t c onc lu s ion sm igh tb ea r r ived a t . I tw ou ld h ave b een i nar u ra l s e t t ing , p e rhap sa tt h ec en t re o fa l a rge e s ta te . LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY P idd ing ton l i e s 6m i le s ( 9 .65 km ) s ou th -ea s t o fD u s ton i n g en t ly u ndu la t ing c oun t ry s ide . I ti s s i tua t ed o nt h es i d eo f as ha l low n o r th sou th v a l ley o na ne a s tf a c ing s l op e , b e twe en t h e 3 12 & 3 28f t . ( 9 5 &1 00m . ) c on tou ri n a2 00 a c re ( 8 1 h a . ) f i e ld c a l led H o ley f i e ld . As ma l l s t ream , n ow d ry f o r mo s to f t h ey ea r , d ue m a in ly t om od er nd ra inag e m e thod s , r un s a l ong t h ev a l ley f l oo r , e v en tua l ly f l ow ing i n to t h e N en e s om e 6m i le s ( 9 .65 km . ) d own s t r eam , i nt h e s hadow o ft h e h i l lf o r ta t Hun sbu ry a nd t h en ea rby D u s ton s e t t l emen t . T he s t ream wh ich p a s se st h rough t h eP idd ing ton s i t e , d ebauche sf r om as p r ing l ine a ta bou t t h e 3 61f t . ( 1 10 m . ) c on tou rt ot h es ou th o ft h es i t e . L a te rv i l la o wne r su s ed t h i ss ame s p r ing t ot a k e w a te r t ot h e v i l la i n at imbe r p i p e . P idd ing ton l i e s o n w e l l d ra ined b ou lde r c l ay , a nd i np l ac e s t h eu nde r ly ing O o l i t ic l im e s ton ei so n ly 6 . 5t o1 0f t . ( 2t o 3 m . )b e low t h e s u rf ace . L im e s tone h a s b een q ua r r ied f r om t h ea r ea i mmed ia te ly t ot h en o r th o ft h e s i te i nH o ley f i e ld ( h en ce i t s n ame ) s i n ce a tl e a s t t h e 1 780 ' s u n t i l a bou t 1 922 . I nd e ed , s om e o ft h e se l a t e r w o rk ing s m ay w e l l h ave ma sk ed much e a r l ie rq ua r ry ing a c t iv i t ie sd a t ing b ack t oa tl e a s tt h e R oman p e r iod . E v idence o fi r on s m e l t ing d a t ing f r om t h eR oman p e r iod i s a t t e s ted a tP idd ing ton , t h e s i t e o f w h ich h a sb e en f ound a bou t 1 640f t . ( 5 00m . )n o r th o ft h eP idd ing ton v i l la . H ow ev e r , t h en ea r e s t s ou r ce o f i r on s tone i st h e a r e a s u r round ing H un sbu ry H il a nd D u s ton . A r e ady s ou rce o f m a te r ia l s s u i tab le f o r p o t t ing , s u ch a s s and a nd c l ay , i st ob e f ound i n t h e a r ea s u r round ing P idd ing ton , H a ck le ton a nd H a rd ing s tone . A tH a rd ing s ton e f o r e xamp le , t h e r e i sa n a bundan t s upp ly o ff i ne q ua r tz s and , h e r e Wood s( 1 969 ) e x cava ted am id -f i r s tc en tu ry k i ln c omp lex . T h i s s i te m ay h ave b e en c ho sen t oe xp lo i t t h e s and a nd t h e n ea rby c l ay s ou rc e s . As i ng le k i ln w a s f ound a t Qu in ton a bou t2 . 5 m i le s ( 4 km . ) s ou th ea s to fH a rd ing s tone a nd 1 . 4 m i le s ( 2 km ) e a s t o fP idd ing ton , a nd 2 m i le s ( 3 .5 km . ) n o r th ea s t o fP idd ing ton i st h e s i te o fH a ck le ton , a l so l o ca ted o n b ou lde r c l ay . As ma l l s e c t ion w a s c u t a c ro s s ad i t ch w h ich y i e ld ed e v id ence f o r n ea rby k i ln s , s uch a sk i ln b a r sa nd k i ln l i n ing t o g e the rw i th as ma l lq uan t i ty o fm id f i r s tc en tu ry p o t te ry . ( Ho l lowe l l 1 971 ) ( s ee a l so t h i sp ap e ru nd e rH ack le ton ) . C lay , s u i tab le f o rp o t t ing t h en i s a va i lab le i na bundan ce i n t h ea r ea s u r round ing P idd ing ton ,a l though a tP idd ing ton t h e e v idence f o rp o t t ing i ss l igh t ,w i th f r agm en t so fp o s s ib le k i ln l i n ing h av ing b e en f ound t h e re . F IELD WORK E x ten s ive f i e ld w a lk ing b y t h e a u tho r , c ov e r ing a n a r ea o f u p t o am i le ( 1 .5 km . ) r ad iu s s u r round ing t h eP idd ing ton v i l la h a s r e vea led a na lmo s tt o ta l l a ck o fl a te I r on A g ea nd R oman s i te s . T h i ss ugge s t st h ep o s s ib i l i ty o f al a te I r on A g e a nd R oman e s ta t e ,c en t red o nP idd ing ton .

1 49

Km

F ig . 6 5 .P idd ing ton : l o ca t ion m ap . DAT ING EV IDENCE Ac on s iderab le q uan t i ty o f m id f i r s t c en tu ry p o t te ry h a s b een f ound a tP idd ing ton . O f s p ec ia l i mpor tance i st h e amoun t o fi mpor ted p o t te ry f r om v a r iou s c on t inen ta l s ou r ce s t ha t a r r ived a t P idd ing ton f r om t he e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD t ot h e F lav ian p e r iod . I tw a s p a r t icu la r ly p ro l if i c a t t h et ime o f t h eR oman C onque s t . T he amoun t o fi mpor ted p re -Conque s tp o t te ry i sa dm i t ted ly s ma l l , b u t o the r s i te s o fc ompa rab le d a te i n my a r ea o f s t udy h ave s o f a r p roduced l i t t le i mpor ted p o t te ry , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f D u s ton a nd Week ley . Q uan t i t ie s o fp o t te ry , w i th t y pe s s uch a st e r ra n ig ra a nd t e r ra r ubra , a r e b o th r ep re sen ted a t P idd ing ton i n f a r

g rea te r q uan t i t ie s t h an a ta ny o the r s i te i n t h e N ene a nd

We l land v a l ley s .

S eve ra lj o in ing s herd s f r om at e r ra r ubra p l a t te r , d a ted n o l a te r t han AD 2 5 ( V . R igby p er s . c omm . ) w a s f ound i nd i tch F 181 ( P id . 2 : 12 ) . T h i s d i tch w a s i nt u rn c u t b y a no the r d i tch F 180 , c on ta in ing al a rge g roup o fC laud ian a nd C laud io /Ne ron ian p o t te ry i n c lud ing s anüan w a re . Many e a r ly a nd m id f i r s t c en tur y b rooch t y pe s , f r om v a r iou s p r e -v i l la f e a tured c on tex t s , a l so c onf i rm t he e a r ly d a t ing o f t h es i te . Two I r on A ge c o in s ,b o th o fC unobe l in h ave b een f ound .

1 50

QUALITY OF THE EV IDENCE A s d i scu s sed a bove , t h e q ua l i ty o ft h e e v idence f r om P idd ing ton i sg ood . I n p a r t icu la r t h e t wo i n te r sec t ing d i tche s F 181 a nd F 180 p rov ide e xce l len t d a t ing e v idence , w i th b o th c l o se ly d a ted p o t te ry a nd o the ra r t if a c t s . A l so , t h e u ppe rf i l l a nd t h e m id f i r s t c en tu ry R oman p e r iod l e ve l l ing o fd i t ch F 530 h a s p roduced much C laud ian i mpor ted p o t te ry , t o ge the rw i th a n a s soc ia ted g roup o fb o th l o ca lc oa r se a nd f i ne w a re s .

D ISCUSS ION G ood p a ra l le ls f r om t h eN ene v a l ley , n or th B uck ingham sh i re a nd n or th B ed f o rd sh i re h ave b een f ound , much o fi td a t ing t o t h e i mmed ia te ly p re a nd p o s t -conque s t p er iod s . A l so , f r om f a r the r a f ie ld , o the r p a ra l le l s h ave c ome f r om t h e l a rg e a nd e x t reme ly i mpor tan t s i te a t B a ldock , H e r t f o rd sh i re , ( S tead & R igby , 1 986 ) . P o t te ry , s uch a st h e l a rge c e ram ic c au ld ron ( P id : 7 . 1 ) h a s a ne xac tp a ra l le l i nt h eB a ldo ck e xamp le ( f ig . 12 ,107 ) . CONCLUS ION P idd ing ton o bv iou s ly p l ayed a n i mpor tan t r o le i n t h e r eg ion a r ound t h e c en t ra l N ene v a l ley , n or th B uck ingham sh i re a nd n or th B edf o rd sh i r e , a t t rac t ing i mpor t ed g ood s f r om b o th t h e c on t inen t a nd p a r t s o fs ou th a nd e a s t ern E ng land , s uch a s t h e o bv iou s ly c l o se c onnec t ion w i th i mpor tan t s i te sa tB a ldock , ( S tead & R igby 1 986 ) a nd S ke le ton G reen ( Pa r t r idge 1 981 ) , b o th i n H er tf o rd sh i re . Ano the ri mpor tan tf a c to rt oc on s ide r , i st h e d i scove ry a t P idd ing ton o ft h e p o s s ib le f am i ly n ame o ft he v i l la 's o wne r s , f r om t h e m id f i r s t t ot h e s e cond c en tu ry : t h e n ame o fT IE . C L . S EVER I ( T iber iu s C laud iu s S everu s ) w a s s t amped o n t wo t i l e s , f r om t h e b a th -hou se a nd d eb r i s i n t h e c our tya rd , t h e se w e r ed a ted t ot h e l a t e r s e cond c en tu ry , b u tt h e n ame o fT ibe r iu s C laud iu s a ugh t t og ob ack t o t h eC onqu e s tp e r iod . I tm ay a l so h e lp t oe xp la in w hy P idd ing ton w a s ah igh s t a tu s s i te wh ich h a s many s i gn s o f w ea l th a tt h is t ime , i mpor t ing m o re g ood s t han o th e r c ompa rab le s i te si nt h e r eg ion a nd i st h e r ef o r es omewha ta na t yp ica l s i te .

1 51

P IDD INGTON ( Nor than t s ) 1 .

F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , R .M . &D .E . 1 989 . &1 992 .

F orm t y pe 5 . 1 : 1 1 : 2 1 : 3

C /G . 5 / a . ( F253 ) S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lf r om s h ou lde r sd ownw a rd s . C /G . 5 / a . ( F253 ) S u rf ace d ecora t ion :a s1 : 1 . C /G . 5 / b . ( F253 ) S u rf ace d ecora t ion :a s1 : 1 .

F o rm t y p e6 . 3 . 1 : 4

C /G . 6 . 3 /b ,a . ( F253 ) S u rf ace d ecora t ion :t i l l ing a r ound t h es h ou lde r .

F orm t y pe 1 . 1 : 5

G r ,Q .

1 / a .

( F253 )

F orm t y p e5 . 1 1 : 6 1 : 7 1 : 8

G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q .

5 . 1/d . 5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/m .

( F253 ) ( F253 ) ( F253 )

F orm t y p e9 . ( F253 ) . 1 : 9 G r .Q . 9 . -R im n o tp r e sen t .? l a rge g l obu la rj a r .

1 52

3

6

7 _

9

F ig . 6 6P idd ing ton :P o t t ery . S ca l e 1 : 4 .

1 53

P IDD INGTON ( Nor than t s ) 2 .

F or r n t y pe 1 4 . 2 : 1

G r ,Q .

1 4 /m .

( F253 ) .

( F 18 1) .

F orm t y pe 5 . 2 : 2

C /G .

5 / f .

2 : 3

C /G .

5 / f .

S uf ace d eco ra t ion :f i ne h o r izon ta lr i l l ing a r ound t h e g i r th o ft h ev esse l . 2 : 4

C /G .

5 / b / 1 .

( F18 1) .

S u rf ace d eco ra t ion : f i ne h o r izon ta lr u l ing a r ound t h e g i r th o ft h ev esse l .

F o rm t y pe 1 4 . 2 : 5

G r ,Q .

1 4 / c .

( F181) .

Sma l lh o le d r i l led i nn e ck o fv e sse l ,a f t e rf i r ing 2 : 6

G r ,Q .

1 4 /c .

( F 181) .

2 : 7

G r ,Q .

1 4 / c .

( F 18 1) .

F or mt y pe 5 . 1 . 2 : 8

G r ,Q .

5 . 1/m .

( F 181) .

2 : 9

G r ,Q .

5 . 1/n .

( F 181) .

2 : 10 G r ,Q .

5 . 1/m .

( F 181) .

2 : 11 G r ,Q .

5 . 1/m .

( F 181) .

F o rm t y pe 2 . 2 : 12 TR .

2 /k .

( F 18 1) .

R igby i n P a r t r idge , 1 98 1 F ab r ic TR 2( t ype 1 7 )p . 17 1 .

C am . t y pe 8 .

4

8

-

1

1 0

4 / 1 1 2

F ig . 6 7P idd ing ton :P o t t ery 2S ca l e 1 :4 .

1 55

P IDD INGTON ( Nor than t s ) -3 .

F o rm t y pe 5 . 2 . 3 : 1 3 : 2

C /G . 5 . 2 /b . ( F 180 ) . ( F 180 ) . C /G . 5 . 2 /a . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :r a ndom g r oove sa r ound t h eb ody o ft h ev e s s e l .

F orm t y p e5 . 3 : 3 3 : 4

3 : 5 3 : 6

C /G . 5 / a . ( F 180 ) . C /G . 5 / a . ( F 180 ) . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :h o r i zon ta lt i l l ing b e low t h es hou lde ra s ab and s ome 3 4cm s . d eep , b e low w h ich , r a the rr a ndom d i agona lm u l t ip le s c ra t ch ing s ,p o s s ib ly e xecu ted w i th as t if b ru sh o rs im i l a ro b je c t . Q . 5/ a. ( F 180 ) . C /G . 5 / a . ( F 180 ) .

F o rm t y p e5 . 1 3 : 7 3 : 8 3 : 9 3 : 10

G r .Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . Q .

5 . 1/g . 5 . 1/g . 5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/ c .

( F 180 ) . ( F 180 ) . ( F 180 ) . ( F 180 ) .

F o rm t y pe 1 4 . 3 : 11 G r ,C /G . 1 4 /m . ( F 180 ) . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :b u rn i shed z i g -zag s e tb e tw een t wo h o r izon ta lc o rdon s .

F orm t y pe 1 3 . 3 : 12 G r ,Q .

1 3 / c .

( F 180 ) .

F o rm t y pe 4 . 1 . 3 : 13 3 : 14

G r ,Q . 4 . 1/ i ( F 180 ) . G r ,Q . 4 . 1/ i ( F 180 ) . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :F ine h o r izon ta lr ou le t t ing o ns h ou ld e rb e low as i ng le h o r izon ta lc o rdon . 3 : 15 0 /Sw . 4 . 1/ i ( F 180 ) . ( Impo r t ) . 3 : 16 G r ,Q . 4 . 1/ i ( F 180 ) . R im n o tq u i te as t anda rd B u t tB eak e rr im ,b u ti sg ene ra l ly s im i la ri ns h ape . 3 : 17 G r ,Q ? 4 .1 B a se t y pe ' A ' .

1 56

8

1 4

)

1 5

F ig . 6 8P idd ing ton :P o t t ery 3 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

PIDDINGTON (Northants) - 4.

Fomz type 2.

4: 1 4:2 4:3 4:4 4:5 4:6

4:7

2. 2. 2. 2. Gr,Q. 2/n.2. Gallo belgic imitation. Gr. 2/c. Gallo belgic imitation.

(Import)- 'IN. (Import)-1N. (Import)-1N. (Import)-1N. (Fl80).

(Fl80). Cam 2C (Fl80). Cam 16A (Fl80). Cam 13 (F180). Carn 14

(F180).

(Fl80). Gr,Q. 2/g. Gallo belgic imitation. - see also Weekley 3: 17

Fomz type 1.

4:8

1.

(Import)- ?1N. (F180). Carn 56C

Fomz type 1

4:9 Gr,Q. lie. 4: 10 Gr,Q. 1/h.

(F180). (F180).

Fomz type 4.

4:1 1 4. (Import)- TR. (F180). Rigby TR 3 (AD 50 -70. 4:12 4. (Import)-? (Fl80).Possibly from the Rhineland. Cream coloured fabric with either a polished or a slipped surface, together with applied knobs around the girth of the vessel. cf Gose, 1976. Tafel 16, 236.. 4:13 4. (?Import) (Fl80). Possibly an Import. Surface decoration: broad thick brush stroke in brown paint below a band of verticle close set scratch decoration which in tum is set between two shallow grooves. 4:14 Gr,Q. ?4.(no rim present). (F180). Surface decoration: highly burnished external surface. Base type 'C'.

158

5

6

1

3

7

4

8

9

1 2

F ig .6 9P idd ing ton :P o t t ery 4 .S ca l e 1 :4 .

1 59

J

P IDD INGTON ( Nor than t s ) -5 .

F orm t y pe 1 2 . 5 : 1

1 2 . -D re s se l2 0 .

( F 180 ) .

F o rm t y pe 8 . 5 : 2

0 /Sw . ( Impo r t ) -? Ho fhe im f l agon .( F 180 ) .

F o rm t y pe 1 9 . 5 : 3

G r ,Q . 1 9 / . T r ipod v e ss e l . ( F 180 ) .

B a s et y pe s . 5 : 4 5 : 5 5 : 6 5 : 7 5 : 8

( I ) ( A ) ( 0 ) ( L ) ( L )

( F 180 ) . ( P 180 ) . ( F 180 ) . ( F 180 ) . ( F 180 ) .

F orm t y p e1 0 . 5 : 9

G r ,Q . 1 0 . ( F 180 ) . S urf ace d ecora t ion :b u rn i shed l a t t ice d eco ra t ion s e tb e tw een t wo g r oove so ns hou lde rb e low n eck . 5 : 10 G r ,Q 1 0 . ( F 180 ) . S i nf ace d ecora t ion :b u rn ished l a t t ice d e co ra t ion s e tb e tw een t wo d eep ly c u tg roove sl ow d own o nt h es h ou ld e ro f t h ev e s s e l . 5 : 11 O r . 1 0 /g . ( F 180 ) .

1 60

3

9

1 0

F ig . 7 0P idd ing ton :P o t t ery 5 .S ca le 1 :4 .

1 61

P IDD INGTON ( Nor than t s ) -6 .

FO P 7 7 1 t y p e6 .

6 : 1 6 : 2

G r ,Q ,C /G , G r ,Q .

6 : 3 6 : 4

F l .

6 / g . 6 / g .

( F 180 ) . ( F 180 ) .

G r .

6 / g .

( F 180 ) .

G r ,Q .

6 / - R im n o tp r e sen t . ( F 180 ) .

2

i N

F ig 7 1P idd ing ton :P o t tery 6 .S ca le 1 :4 .

1 62

3

P IDD INGTON ( Nor than t s ) -7 .

F orm t y p e9 .( Buck e t ) . 7 : 1

C /G . 9 / a . ( F 177 ) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion : b r u sh s c r a t ch d e co r a t ion i nh a lf a r c s . A lso j u s tb e low t h er im i s ad eep g r oove r unn ing a r ound t h e o u te r s u r f a ce o f t h e r im , t h i s g r oove a l so r un s a r ound t h e s u spen s ion l o op a nd w ou ld n o th ave a ny f u n c t ion a sf o re xamp le t os e a t al i d .

F orm t y pe 4 . 1 . 7 : 2

G r ,Q . 4 . 1/ -n or im p r e sen t . ( F 177 ) . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :b u rn i shed b and sa bove a nd b e low t h r ee r a i sed c o rdon sw i t h af u r the r i s o la ted b and o fb u rn i sh ing j u s ta bov et h eb a se .

F orm t y p e 1 . 7 : 3

G r ,Q .

V t .

( F 180 ) .

2 /k . -( Impor t ) -TR .

( F 177 ) .

F o rm t y p e2 . 7 : 4

2

3

4

F ig . 7 2P idd ing ton :P o t tery 7 .S ca le 1 :4 . 1 63

QU INTON -S P 7 75537 F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , RM . , 1 974 . ,F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , RM . , 1 979 . F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r ,R .M . , F o r thcom ing .

S umma ry a nd c ha rac t er o ft h es i t e : Q u in ton i sp robab ly a no the rr u ra l d i t ched e nc lo su r e s i t e a l though n o e nc lo s ing d i tch w a s f o und d u r ing t h ee xcava t ion . O ne c omp le t er ound h ou se w a sf o und t o g e th e rw i th a n a s soc ia ted p o t te ry k i ln . LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY Q u in ton l i e s a bou t 5m i le s ( 8 km . ) s ou th -ea s t o f Du s ton a nd i s 1 . 4 m i le s ( 2 km . ) f r om P idd ing ton a nd o n ly 2m i le s ( 3 .21 k i n s . ) s ou th o ft h e Woo t ton B rook . T he s i te l i e sj u s t b e low t h e 3 62f t . ( 1 10m . ) c on tou r , o n t h e s i d e o f ag en t le n o r th f a c ing s l op e , w i th g ood v i ew s t ot h e n o r th a nd w i th H a rd ing s ton ej u s tv i s ib le . Q u in ton , l i ke P idd ing ton , i ss i t ed o nw e l l d ra ined b ou lde r c l ay , w i th p a t che s o fh eav ie rc l ay t o t h e n o r th , b u t a r ea s o f s andy s o i l o ccu r a r ound t h e a r ea o ft h e s e t t lemen t . L imes ton e d o e s n o t o u t c rop i nt h ei mm ed ia t ev i c in i ty o ft h e s i t e ,b u ti sr e ad i ly a va i lab le n ea rby . C lay j u s t t ot h e n o r th o ft h e s e t t lem en t w a s p robab ly e xp lo i ted d u r ing t h e f i r s t p o t t e ry m ak ing : ap o t t e ry k i ln w a sf ound o ns i t e' A '( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r7 4 ) .

c en tu ry f o r

F IELDWORK T he s i te a tQ u in ton a nd t h e s u r round ing a r ea d o e s n o t r e spond w e l l t oa e r ia l s u rv ey . H ow ev e r , v e r t ica l p ho tog raph s t a ken b y H un t ing A e r ia l S u rvey s , i np r epa ra t ion f o r c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e n ea rby M1 mo to rway c1 958 , s how s t h e f i e ld i n wh ich t h e s i t e i sl o ca ted t oh ave b e en u nd e r p a s tu r e . S eve ra l o t h e r a e r ia l p ho tog raph s t a ken b y K . F i e ld , s how t h e s ame f i e ld t oh av eb e en l a te rp l oughed a nd s own w i th w h ea t , b u t n o a r chaeo log ica l f e a tu r e s w e r e d i sce r n ib le . A s i ng le a e r ia lp ho tog raph t a k en o f as i t e , m id -way b e tween Q u in ton a nd t h e n ea rby v i l lage o f Woo t ton , b y P rof e s so r J .K . S tio seph , s howed a r e c tang u la r e nc lo su r e . B u t , w hen i n spec t ed o n t h e g round , n o a r cha eo log ica l e v iden ce w a s f ound . H ow ev e r , a no the r s i t e , d i scove red b y f i e ld w a lk ing n ea rt ot h ec en t r eo f Qu in ton v i l lag ep roduced s he rd so fl a t e I r on A ge t ype . O th e rw i se , l i t t le o t he re v iden ce h a sc om e f r om t h ea r ea s u r round ing t h ev i l lage .

D AT ING EV IDENCE T he e a r l ie s tm a te r ia lf r om Q u in ton ( G r ea tH o l tf i e ld )w a s as ma l lg roup o fp o t te ry o fm id t ol a te f i r s tc en tu ry BC . ,a s so c ia ted w i th ad i t ch a nd s e v e ra ls ma l l ,c i r cu la r , s ha l low f l a t -bo t tom ed p i t s . A f t e rt h e C onque s t , p o t te ry a nd o t h e r a r t ef ac t sb ecame m o r e n um e rou s , s u ch a s C laud ian a nd C laud io /N e ron ian s am ian w a r e , af ew ampho rae a nd m any n a t iv e c oa r se a nd f i n e w a r e s , t o g e the rw i th b roo ch e s o fH od H i l l , C o lch e s t e ra nd C o lch e s te r d e r iva t ive s , L ang ton D own a nd N auh e im d e r iva t ive t y pe s . T he r e w a sa l so a nI r on A ge c o in o fC unob e l in ( Mack 5 44 ) . F rom t h e a bove e v iden ce , o ccupa t ion b egan a tQ u in ton d u r ing t h e l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry B C a nd a ppea r st ob ef l ou r i sh ing j u s t a f t e rt h eR oman C onque s t ,b e tween AD 4 4 -60 . T he s i t e c on t inued t ob eo ccup ied t h roughou t mo s to ft h eR oman p e r iod .

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Km

F ig . 7 3 . Q u in ton l o ca t ion m ap . QUAL ITY OF THE EV IDENCE Mo s t o ft h e a bove m en t ioned p o t te ry a nd f i nd s c ame f r om b e low l a te r R oman s t one b u i ld ing s , p ar t icu la r ly f r om d i tche s , g u l l ie s a nd i n a s soc ia t ion w i th as i ng le l a rge r ound h ou se ( 1 3 m . i n d i a . ) . O ft he v a r iou s d i tche s a t Qu in ton , t h e e a r l ie s t w a s F 7 /10a S i te ' E ' , Qu in ton p ha se 0 I I ( 50 BC -AD 1 ) . O the r s ma l l g roup s o f t h i s e a r ly p o t t e ry w e re a l so f o und w i th in s eve ra l s ma l l a s soc ia ted f e a tu re s , e spec ia l ly p i t s . A s i ng le f r agmen t o f aB ae t ican S a lazon ampho ra f r om s ou the r n S pa in , d a ted b y ( p er s . c omm . P au l S ea ley .) f r om 5 0 BC -AD 5 0 , c ame f r om t h e e ar ly d i tch ,F 7 . D ISCUSS ION & CONCLUS IONS Q u in ton i sl o ca ted i n a n a r ea w he re l a te I r on A ge s i te s a r e q u i te n ume rou s , s uch a s Du s ton . H a rd ing s tone a nd t h e many s i te s t ha t v i r tua l ly l i n e b o th s i de s o f t h e N ene v a l ley , f r om H a rd ing s tone a nd Du s ton t o We l l ingbo rough a nd b eyond t owa rd s I r che s te r . A l l t h e se s i te s a r e v i r tua l ly c on tempo ra ry a nd t h e p o t te ry , e spec ia l ly t h e c oa r se w a re s u sed a tt h e se s i te s , s im i la r a nd o bv iou s ly c l o se ly r e la ted . T he p o t te ry a s semb lag e s f r om Q u in ton a r e c l o se ly p a ra l le led w i th t ho se o f i t s n ea r n e ighbou r s , e spec ia l ly , b u t n o t u nexpec ted ly w i th

t h e P idd ing ton ma te r ia l .

H oweve r , i td o e s d if e r f r om P idd ing ton i no ne i mpor tan t r e sp ec t i nt ha t i td oe s n o t h ave t h e r ange o f i mpor ted g ood s , e spec ia l ly p o t te ry -Q u in ton h a s o n ly p roduced a s i ng le s he rd o f a

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S pan i sh ampho ra a nd s ome C lau c l ian s am ian w a re . T h i s s e rve s t o e mpha s ise t h e u nde r ly ing i mpor tance o fn ea rby P idd ing ton , wh ich h ad c on s ide rab le q uan t i t ie s o fi mpor ted p o t te ry f r om a v a r ie ty o fs ou rce s . Qu in ton c ou ld h ave b een ad ependen t f a rm o r s e t t lemen t p e rhap s r e ce iv ing o cca s iona l l uxu r ie sf r om P idd ing ton , i fn o td i r ec t ly f r om t h e s ou rce o fs upp ly .

1 66

QU INTON ( Nor than t s ) 1

F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r ,R .M . ( 1 974 ) ,2 59 . F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r ,R .M . ( 1 979 ) , 2 176 .

F o rm t y pe 1 . 1 : 1

C /G

1 / e .

F orm t y p e5 . 1 : 2 1 : 3 1 : 4 1 : 5 1 : 6 1 : 7 1 : 8 1 : 9 1 : 10 1 : 11 1 : 12 1 : 13 1 : 14 1 : 15

1 : 16 1 : 17 1 : 18 1 : 19 1 : 20 1 : 21

C /G 5 / a . 1 /M . C /G 5 1 a . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lc omb ing o n s h ou lde r . C /G 5 / a . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :r a ndom h o rzon ta ls c ra t ch ing . C /G 5 / a . C /G 5 / a . C /G 5 / a . C /G 5 1 a . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lc omb ing o ns h ou lde r . C /G 5 / a . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lc omb ing o ns hou ld e r . C /G . 5 / a C /G 5 / a . C /G 5 1 a . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lc omb ing o ns h ou lde r ,b e low t h i si sd i agona lc omb ing . C /G 5 / a . C /G 5 / f . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion : s l a sh ing a r ound t h eo u te re dge o fr im . C /G ,Q 5 / f . S ur f ace d ecora t ion : s l a sh ing a r ound t h et o pa nd o u te re dge o fr im . S hou ld e ra l so d eep ly s c o red w i th s ho r tr o ugh d i agona ls t roke s . C /G 5 / f . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion : s l a sh ing a r ound t h et o po ft h er im . C /G 5 / f . S u rf ace d ecora t ion : s l a sh ing a r ound t h eo u t e re dge o f r im . C /G 5 / f . C /G 5 / f . S u rf ace d ecora t ion : s l a sh ing c onf ined t os ma l ln i ck sa r ound t h et o po ft h er im . Q ,C /G 5 / f . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion : s l a sh ing a r ound t h et o po ft h er im . Q 5 / f . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :c l o s ley s p a ced s l a sh ing a r ound t h et o po ft h er im .

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F ig . 7 4 Q u in ton :P o t t e ry I .S ca l e1 : 4 .

1 68

QU INTON ( Nor than t s )

F orm t y pe 5 : 1 . 2 : 1 2 : 2

5 : 1/ c . G r

5 : 1/ c .

F orm t y p e6 : 1 . . . 2 : 3

GT

6 : / c .

F orm t y p e1 4 . 2 : 4 2 : 5

O r G r ,G /C

1 4 / c . 1 4 / c .

F orm t y p e1 3 . 2 : 6

G r ,C /G 1 3 / c . S u rf ac et r ea tmen t :B road c o rdon a r ound t h en e ck o ft h ev e s s e l ,b e low t h i si s ag r oove f o l low ed b ya no the rb u ts ma l le rc o rdon a tt h eb a s eo ft h ee x t ended n e ck .

F o rm t y p e1 0 . 2 : 7

G r ,C /G 1 0 / c . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :b and o fb u rn i shed l a t t ice ,a bove as h a l low b u tf me g r oove .

F o rm t y p e6 . 2 : 8 2 : 9

Q ,C /G 6 / n / l . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :b and o fd eep ly s c o r ed d i agon a li n c i sed r ough l a t t ice . Q ,C /G 6 / n / 1

9

F ig . 7 5 Q u in ton : P o t te ry 2 .S ca le 1 : 4 .

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QU INTON ( Nor than t s ) -3 .

F orm t y pe 2 . 3 : 1 3 : 2 3 : 3 3 : 4 3 : 5 3 : 6

C /G 2 /d . C /G ,G 2 /d . G r ,Q 2 /d . -w i th i n t e rna ls t ep . G r ,C /G 2 / d . -w i th i n t e rna ls t ep . O r 2 /d . O r 2 /d . -w i th i n t e rna ls t ep . T he i n te r io ro ft h ev e ss e lc on ta in sa nu n i te l l igab le p o t t e r ss t amp w i th in ar a i sed c i r cu la r c o rdon . 3 : 7 G r ,Q 2 / a . 3 : 8 G r ,Q 2 /d . 3 : 9 G r ,Q 2 /d . 3 : 10 C /G ,G r ,Q 2 /k . 3 : 11 G r ,Q 2 / c . 3 : 12 C /G 2 /k . V e ry c oa r se f a b r ic w i th l a rge f r agm en t so fs h e l la nd f l i n ti n c lu s ion su pt o1 0 cm s . i n d i am e te r .

F o rm t y pe 4 . 1 . 3 : 13

O r 4 . 1/n . S urf ac ed ecora t ion :c o rdon o ns hou lde r ,b e low w h ich i sab and o fb ur n i sh ed l a t t ice d eco ra t ion , b e low t h i sa r et wo f u r the rc o rdon s . B e low t h el a t t ice i s am e ande r ing g r oov e .

F orm t y pe 9 . 3 : 14

O r 9 / c . T h is v e s se lc ou ld a lmo s tb ed e s c r ibed a sf l a sk ,p a ra l le l sa r ed if i cu l tt of i nd .

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1

5

7

8

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F ig . 7 6 Q u in ton :P o t tery 3 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

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RUSHDEN ,B oundary A venue -S P9 43663 . Wood s &H a s t ing s , ( 1 984 ) .

S ummary a nd c ha rac t er o ft h es i te : V a r iou s e nc lo su re s s u r round t r ace s o fr ound h ou se s t ruc tu re s a nd many p o t te ry k i ln s p roduc ing s ome o ft h e mo s t i mpo r tan ta nd u nu sua l l a te I r on A ge p o t te ry i nt h er eg ion .

Km

K i lns

F ig . 7 7 . R ushd en ; l o ca t ion map .

LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T he s i te l i e s a bou t 1 . 5 m i le s ( 2 .42 km . ) f r om t h e l a te I r on

A ge s e t t lemen t a nd l a te r R oman

w a l led t own o fI r che s t e r . I ndeed , t h e s i te a tB ounda ry A venue v i r tua l ly o ve r look s t h e I r che s te r s e t t lemen t s i tua ted n ea rt h e v a l ley b o t tom . I tl i e s j u s t o ft h e 2 95f t . ( 90m . ) c on tou r o n t he n or th f a c ing s l ope o ft h eN en ev a l ley , n o tf a rf r om t h ec on f luence w i th t h eI s e . T he s u r f ace g eo logy i sm a in ly B ou ld e r C lay w i th a r ea s o f s and a nd g rav e l , b e low w h ich i st he G rea tO o l i te s e r ie so f l ime s tone . F IELD WORK T he s i te c ame t ol i gh td u r ing t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f an ew s por t s f i e ld f o r t h e R u shden S econda ry S choo lf o rB oy s . E ar th m ov ing m ach ine ry r e vea led e v idence o fa tl e a s t 1 3 .57 a c re s ( 5 .49 h a . ) o f

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d en se o ccupa t ion , t h e t o ta l e x t en to f wh ich w a s e s t ima ted b y Wood st oh av e c ove red c3 0 a c r e s ( 1 2h a . )a nd o ve r 1 00 f e a tu r e sw e r ei n i t ia l ly r e co rded . U nf o r tuna t e ly , e xcava t ion w a sc a r r ied o u tu nde re x t r eme d if i cu l ty o w ing t ot h e s peed a tw h ich e a r thmov ing a nd l a nd scap ing w a s t a k ing p l ac e . Mu ch w a s a ch ieved , h ow eve r w i th m any f e a tu r e s b e ing e i the r s e c t ion ed , q uadran ted o r t o ta l ly e x cava ted ( s om e t ime s w i th t h e a i d o fa m echan ica le x cava to r ) . S om e2 00 b oxe so fp o t te ry w e r er e t r ieved f r om t h es i t ea l l o f wh ich h a s b een e xam in ed b yt h ew r i te r . B ecau se o ft h eu nde r ly ing g eo logy , a e r ia lp ho tog raphy w a s f o und t ob eo fn op rac t ica lu se .

DAT ING EV IDENCE . Much o ft h el a te rm a te r ia l ( n on G a l lo -Be lg ic ) a nd Wood s ' " I n t ru s iv e G roup P o t te r s" ( Wood sc i i p o t te ry ) f r om R u shd en i s c l o se ly p a ra l le led w i th t h a t f r om s i te s i nt h e u pp e r N ene a nd n or th B uck ingham sh i r e . I n t h i s a r ea b e twe en t h e O u se a nd t h e N en e v a l ley s o ccu r s i te s , s u ch a s H a rd ing s tone , Q u in ton , P idd ing ton , D u s ton , S t oke G o ld ing ton , i nB u ck ingham sh i r e , ( F ie ld & Myna rd 1 979 ) a nd O de l l , i nB ed f o rd sh i r e , ( D ix f o r thcom ing ) h ave a l l p roduced s im i la r f o rm s , s u ch a s c hanne l -r im , c a r ina t ed a nd c o rdoned j a r s , t o g e th e r w i th v a r iou s G a l lo -Be lg ic c op ie s s u ch a si n te rna l ly s t epp ed d i she s . T h i sm a te r ia li sg i v en ag ene ra l d a t eb y Wood s( 1984 ) o f AD 0 -60 , w h ich i sb road ly c ompa rab le w i th m o s t o ft h e s im i la r m a te r ia l a l r eady c i ted f r om t h e r eg ion . O v e r lapp ing i nd a t ew i th t h eg a l lo -be lg ic ' i n f lu en ced 'p o t te ry i st h a t p roduced b yt h es o c a l led " I n t ru s ive G roup p o t t e r s " , w h ich Wood s d a te s t o AD 4 5 -60 . T he w o rk o ft h e se p o t te r s , w a sa l so r e cogn i sed a t Week ley a nd H a r r ingwo r th ,t h ough n o to nt h e s ame s c a le a sa tR u shden . Wood s a nd H a s t ing s d i scu s s ed t h i s u nu sua l p o t t e ry e x t en s iv e ly i n t h e i r p ubl ica t ion o n t h e R u shden p o t te ry ( 1 984 ) . On ly t h r ee c l a s s e s o fb rooch w e r e d e sc r ibed b y Ma c i c r e th i n t h e e xcava t ion r e po r t , C o lch e s te r , N auhe im d e r iva t iv e s a nd H od H i l l t y pe s . H ow ev e r , t h e w r i t e r r e co rded o the r s i n t h e N o r thamp ton a r ch ive , s uch a so n e A uc i s sa , t h r ee o t h e r C o lch e s t e r s , o n e C o lche s te r d e r iva t iv e , s i xm o r eN auhe im d e r iva t iv e s ,o n eR o s e t te ( e a r ly t y p e ) ,o n eL aT ene I Ia nd o n eL ang ton D own b rooch . Wood sa l so a l lud e st oe a r ly c o in s f r om R u shden ,b u tn on ew e r ef o und i nt h ea r ch iv e .

QUALITY OF THE EV IDENCE I ti sr e g r e t tab le t ha t t h e s i t e a tR u shd en w a s n o t k nown i n a dvan ce o fi t s d e s truc t ion , s i n ce a m o r e c a re f u l e xcava t ion m igh t t h en h av e b een p o s s ib le . E x cava t ion o fm any o ft h e f e a tu r e s , s u ch a s d i t ch e s , b y m echan ica l e x cava to r d i d n o t y i e ld mu ch i n f o rma t ion a bou t s t ra t if i ca t ion . Many o ft h e s ma l l f i nd s , a l though m en t ion ed i n n o te s , a r e m i s s ing f r om t h e N o r thamp ton a r ch ive . F o re xamp le , al i s ti nt h el e ve l 3a r ch ive c l ea r ly s t a ted t h a tt h e r ew e r e6 0b rooch e sf r om t h e e x cava t ion s a t R u shden . I n as e cond l i s t d rawn u p b y t h e N o r thamp ton sh i re C oun ty C ounc i l , t h e n umb e r o fb roo che s h ad d im in i shed t o3 5 /40 , p lu s o ne i r on b rooch . T h e w r i t e r c ou ld o n ly t r a ce 2 0b rooch e s , 6o f wh ich w e r ep ub l i shed , a nd n o i r on b roo ch w a st r a ced . I tw a s a l so a l leged t h a tt h e r e w a s ac opp e r a l loy t o r c ; a ga in t h e r e w a s n o s i gn o fi ti nt h e c o l le c t ion . Wood sa l luded t ot h ep re sen c eo fe a r ly c o in s ( p .6 ) -b u tn on e i si nt h ea r ch iv e . T he r e i sa l s o n o s i gn o f Wood s ' e a r l ie s t p o t t e ry ( h i s c i ) i n t h e a r ch ive . T h e r ef o re , t h e q ua l i ty o f s uppo r t ing e v id en ce i sp oo r . B u t , t h e s u rv iv ing p o t t e ry c on s t i tu t e so n eo ft h e mo s t i n t r in s ica l ly i n t e r e s t ing a nd i mpor tan t g roup s o fi t sk ind i nt h e r e g ion , e spe c ia l ly Wood s ' " i n t ru s iv e p o t te ry " , w h i ch i s u n ique a s a g roup , a nd p o s s ib ly r e p r e s en t s i mm ig ran t p o t t e r s a s so c ia t ed w i th t h e i n com ing R oman a rmy i nt h eC onqu e s tp e r iod .

D ISCUSS ION P a ra l le l s f o r t h e R u shden l a t e L a T en e a nd G a l lo -Be lg ic p o t t e ry a r e n um e rou s , e spec ia l ly , a s a l r eady , s t a ted b e tween t h e r i ve r s O u s e a nd N ene . A l though t h e c i r cum s tance s o fi t s r e t r ieva l

1 74

a r e d ub iou s , t h e s he e r q uan t i ty o f t h e p o t t e ry a nd v a r ie ty o f t h e f o rm s a r e o f p a ramoun t i mpo r tance . T h e m a in p rob lem a tR u shd en a r i se s w i th Wood s ' " I n t ru s iv e G roup P o t t e r s " . Wood s s ugg e s t s t h a tt h ef o rm so we mu ch o f t h e i ri n f lu ence t op o t te ry f r om t h e R h in e land . Au n ique f e a tu r e o f t h i sp o t te ry i st h a t much o fi ti sp a in ted i n e i the r r e d o rap a le y e l low / c ream c o lou r , t o ge the r w i th mu ch s u rf ace i n c i sed d eco ra t ion -s e ef o re xamp le 1 5 : 1 , 2 ,4 ,10 ,12 ,13 . F i r s t c en tu ry AD p a in ted p o t t e ry h a sb e en f ound a to th e r s i t e s i nt h e r eg ion , s u ch a s I r ch e s t e r ( Ha l l & N ick e r son , 1 967 ) a nd P idd ing ton , a nd e a r ly p a in t ed p o t te ry h a s a l so b een f ound a t Week ley ( J a ck son & D ix 1 987 ) . A t R u shd en ' p a in ted p o t t e ry ' h ad b een i n t roduced b y t h e s e " I n tru s ive G roup P o t t e r s " a f t e rt h e C onque s t . I tw ou ld a ppea rt h a tt h e r e i sn oe a r ly t r ad i t ion o f p a in ted p o t t e ry i nt h eR h ine land , n o tu n t i la tl e a s tt h es e cond c en tu ry AD . H oweve r , t h e n ea re s t s ou rce o fe a r ly p a in t ed p o t t e ry i sa tR oanne , c en t ra lG au l ,w h e re t h et y p ica ll a dde r ,b and ing a nd g eome t r ic p a t te rn so ccu ri nb o th r e da nd w h i te ( Cabo t se & P e r ichon , 1 966 ) . T he X IV G em ina l e g ion a r r iv ed i nB r i tann ia w i th t h e i n i t ia l i n vad ing a rmy i n AD 4 3 , f r om Ma inz i nU pp e r G e rmany a nd , s ho r t ly a f te r C laud iu s ' t r iumph a l e n t ry i n to C amu lod imum , t h e X IV L eg ion m oved n o r th w e s twa rd s , e v en tua l ly t ob u i ld a f o r t r e s s a t Wrox e t e r ( V i rocon ium ) . T h e l i ke ly i n f luence o f s ome o f t h e m o r e u nu sua l R u shd en f o rm s m ay b e f ound i n t h e R h ine land a nd m ay h av ed e r iv ed f r om t h ep r e s en c eo ft h eR oman a rmy . H oweve r , t h eD CL eg ion H i spana f r om P annon ia w a sp a r t ia l ly b a sed a tL ong tho rpe o nt h e N en e n ea r P e te rbo rough , a s m en t ioned b e low a nd m ay h av e h ad s ome c onn ec t ion w i th t h e u pp e r N ene a nd n o r th B uck ingham sh i r ea tt h i st im ea nd a l so w i th L in co ln c f D a r l ing & J on e s ( 1 988 ) w he re a no th e r e a r ly f o r tc ou ld a wa i t d i s cove ry . T he p r e s enc e o fb o th m i l i ta ry u n i t s i nt h e a r ea m ay w e l l h av e h ad ac on s ide rab le i mpac t o n t h e r e g ion , e s pec ia l ly i nc onnec t ion w i th p o t te ry a nd o the r s upp l ie s .

1 75

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -1 .

Wood s ,P e t e r &H a s t ing s , S t ev e . 1 9 84 .

F orm t y p e5 1 : 1 1 : 2 1 : 3 1 : 4 1 : 5 1 : 7 1 : 8 1 : 9 1 : 10 1 : 11 1 : 12 1 : 13 1 : 14 1 : 15 1 : 16 1 : 17 1 : 18

C /G . 5 / f . ( F 183 ,L 3 ) . O r . 5 / b . ( c i i )( D i t ch e s : 1 20 126 L 1-5 ) . G r ,Q . 5 / b , l . ( c i i ) . C /G . 5 / a . ( D i t che s : 1 20 126 L 1-5 ) . G r ,Q . 5 / a . ( F228 L 3 ) . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :r i l l ing o nt o ph a lf o fv e s se l . 1 : 6 G r ,Q .5 /a . ( c i i )( F229 ( L 1) . C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F 176 L 3 ) . G r ,CH . 5 / a . ( c i i )( D i t ch e s : 1 20 126 L 15 ) . G r ,CH . 5 / e :b / 1 . ( D i t che s 1 20 126 L 1 -5 ) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :r a ndom h o r izon ta lg r oove s . C /G . 5 / a . ( F 114 L 5 ) S u rf ace d ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lf i l l ing a r ound b ody . G r . 5/ a. ( c i i )( F35 L 3a ) . G r ,Q ,C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F 114 L 4 ) . C /G . 5 / a . ( F260 L 3 ) . C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F230 ) . C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F 159 L 3 ) . C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F2 11 L 3 ) . C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F 116 L 3 ) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :t w or andom g r oove sa r ound t h e s hou lde r . C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F2 11 L 3 ) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lt i l l ing a r ound t h es hou lde ro ft h ev e s se l .

2I - -

1

3

4

5

1

6

7

9

1 7 1

1 0

1 5 1 4

1 6

1 8

F ig . 7 8R ushd en : P o t tery I .S ca le 1 :4 .

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s )2 .

F o rm t y pe 5c ont 2 : 1 2 : 2 2 : 3 2 : 4 2 : 5 2 : 6 2 : 7 2 : 8 2 : 9 2 : 10 2 : 11 2 : 12 2 : 13 2 : 14

C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i ) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lr i l l ing a r ound t h es hou lde ro ft h ev e s s e l . C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i ) ( F 113 L 3 ) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lf i l l ing a r ound t h es hou lde ro ft h ev e s se l . C /G . 5 / b , l . ( c i i )( F 113 L 3 ) . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lf i l l ing a r ound t h es h ou ld e ro ft h e v e s se l . C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F 113 L 4 ) . C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F 113 L 4 ) . C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F 149 ( 3 38 )L 3 ) . C /G . 5 / a ,c . ( c i i )( F260 L 3 ) . C /G . 5 / b . ( c i i )( F 14 1 L 1) . C /G . 5 / b . ( c i i )( F2 11 L 3 ) . G r ,C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F203 L 1) . G r ,C /G . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F230 L 1) . G r ,Q . 5 / a . ( c i i )( F230 L 1) . G r ,Q . 5 / k . ( c i ) ( F 114 L 5 ) . C /G . 5 / c . ( c i (? )( F 10 ) .

F orm t y pe I . 2 : 15

G r .

1 / c .

( c i ) ( F 10 ) .

F orm t y p e 5c o te 2 : 16 2 : 17 2 : 18 2 : 19 2 : 20 2 : 21 2 : 22 2 : 23

G r ,Q . 5 / g . ( F79 L A ) . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :b u rn i shed o ve ra l l . C /G . 5 / g . ( F 114 L 5 ) HM . G r ,Q ,C /G . 5 / c . ( F79 L 4 ) HM . C /G . 5 / k . ( F79 L A ) HM . C r . 5 1 c . ( D i t ch 1 20 L 1) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :e x t e rna lf i l l ing a r ound t h es hou lde ro ft h ev e s se l . G r ,Q . 5 / c . ( F229 )( B /G 32 ) . G r ,Q ,CH . 5 / j . ( F 2 18 -D 14 ) . C /G . 5 / g . ( c i i )( F260 L 3 )

1

2

3

5

6

8

7

1 0

9

1 3

1 2

1 8

1 6

S i b , " i i ra

1 9

2 1

F ig . 7 9R ushd en : P o t t ery 2S ca le 1 :4 .

1 79

20

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -3 .

F orm t y p e 5c on t . 3 : 1 3 : 2

C /G . 5 / g . ( c i i )( F 159 L 5 ) HM . C /G . 5 / c . ( c i i )( F 159 L 4 ) . S ur f ace d ecora t ion :h eavy e x te rna lr u l ing .

F orm t y p e1 . 3 : 3

G r ,Q ,F 1 .

1 / g

( c i i )( F79 L 4 ) .

F o rm t y p e 5c on t . 3 : 4

3 : 5 3 : 6 3 : 7 3 : 8 3 : 9 3 : 10 3 : 11 3 : 12 3 : 13 3 : 14 3 : 15 3 : 16 3 : 17 3 : 18 3 : 19 3 : 20

G r . 5 : 1/ c . ( F 183 L 3 ) . S urf ace d ecora t ion :t wo h eav i ly t o o led r a ndom g roove sa r ound n e ck t o ge the r w i th l i gh t e rg roove sa r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s s e l . C /G . 5 / g . ( c i i )( F 113 L 4 ) . C /G . 5 / g . ( c i i )( F 139 L 3 ) . S urf ace d ecora t ion :f me ,b u tr a ndom t i l l ing G r ,Q ,C /G . 5 / g ( c i i )( F92 L 2 ) . C /G ,G r . 5 / g . ( c i i )( F 134 L 2 ) . C /G . 5 / g . ( c i i ) -e a r ly ( F2 11 L 3 ) . C /G . 5 / h . ( c i i )( F 114 ) . C /G . 5 / k . ( c i i )( F 134 L 2 ) . C /G . 5 / g . ( c i i )( F 113L4 ) . C /G . 5 / h . ( c i i )( F200 L 3 ) . C /G . 5 / h . ( c i i )( F 113 L 3 ) . S ur f ace d ecora t ion :h eavy e x t e rna lg r oov e sc u ti n to t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s se l . C /G . 5 / h . ( c i i )( F 113 L 5 ) . S ur f ace d ecora t ion :F ine h o r i zon ta ll i n ing a r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s se l . C /G . 5 / h . ( c i i )( F 113 L 5 ) . C /G . 5 / k . ( c i i )( F 113 L 3 ) . C /G . 5 / c . ( c i i ) -e a r ly ( P211 L 2 ) . C /G . 5 / h . ( U /S ) . S z af ace d ecora t ion : f me h o r izon ta lr u l ing a r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s s e l . C /G . 5 / c . ( c i i )( F 134 L 2 ) .

F orm t y p e1 3 : 21 3 : 22 3 : 23

G r ,Q ,C /G . G r ,Q . C /G .

5 / k . ( c i ) 1 / d . 1 / s .

( F93 L 3 ) . ( c i ) ( F93 L 3 ) HM . ( c i ) ( F64 L 4 ) HM .

2 F

1

3

1

5

6

7

8

un

1

1 1

1 3

1 4

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 2

2 1

F ig .8 0R u shd en : P o t t ery 3 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

1 8 1

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -4 .

F orm t y pe 5 . 1 . 4 : 1 4 : 2 4 : 3 4 : 4 4 : 5 4 : 6 4 :7 4 : 8 4 : 9 4 : 10 4 : 11 4 : 12

G r . O r . O r . O r .

5 . 1/q . 5 . 1/q . 5 . 1/q . 5 . 1/q .

G r ,Q . G r ,Q .

5 : 1/g . 5 : 1/g .

( c i i )( F 114 L 3 ) . ( c i i )( F 114 L 3 ) .

1 / g .

( c i i )( U /S ) .

( c i i )( F79 L A ) . ( c i i )( D i t che s 1 20 126 ,L 1-5 ) . ( c i i )( F260 L 3 ) . ( c i i )( D i tches 1 20 -126 . L 1-5 ) . S ur f ace f ea tur e :c o rdon i nc en t re o fn e ck . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/g . ( c i i )( F230 L 1) . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/g . ( c i i )( F230 L 2 ) . G r ,Q . 5 : 1/g . ( c i i )( F230 L 1) . G r ,Q ,C /G . 5 : 1/g . ( c i i )( F229 L 1) . G r ,Q . 5 : 1/q , r . ( c i i )( F 19 1 L 1) . G r ,C /G . 5 : 1/k . ( c i i )( F 146 L 3 ) . S urf ace f ea tur e : c o rdon a r ound n e ck .

F orm t y pe 1 . 4 : 13

G r ,Q .

F o rm t y pe 5 : 1 c on t . 4 : 14

G r ,Q .

5 : 1/g ,c .

( c i i )( F 114 L 1) .

4 : 15

C /G .

5 : 1/g .

( c i i )( F 139 L 3 ) .

4 : 16

C /G .

5 : 1/g .

( c i i )( 1 49 ( 388 )L 3) .

4 : 17

G r ,C /G .

5 : 1/g .

( c i i )( F 153 ( 323 ,342 )L 4 ) .

4 : 18

G r ,Q .

5 : 1/g .

( c i i )( F 114 L 3 ) .

4 : 19

G r ,Q .

5 : 1/k .

( c i i )( F 114 L 3 ) .

4 : 20

O r .

5 : 1/n .

( c i i )( F231 L 1/2 ) .

4 : 21

O r .

5 : 1/ c .

( c i i )( F 196 ( 336 ) ) .

4 : 22

C /G .

5 : 1/ c .

( c i i )( F 173 ( 3 18 ) ) .

4 : 23

G r ,Q .

5 : 11 c .

( c i i )( F 114 L 1) .

4 : 24

G r ,Q ,C /G .

5 : 1/e .

( c i i )( F286 L 3) .

4 : 25

C /G .

5 : /k .

( c i i )( F 134 ( 92 ) ) .

4 : 26

O r .

5 : 1/n .

( c i i )( F 149 ( 338 )L 3 ) .

4 : 27

G r ,Q .

5 : 1/ c .

( c i i )( F 113 L 4 ) .

1 82

1

1

3

1

2

4

5

7

1 0

9

1 8

1 9

20

1 2 3

2 7

F ig . 8 1R ushd en : P o t tery 4 .S ca le 1 :4

1 83

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -5 .

F o rm t y pe 6 . 5 : 1 5 : 2

Q ,G r ,C /G . 6 / c . ( c i i )( F230 L 1) . O r . 6 / g . ( c i i )( F228 L i) . S ur f ac ed ecora t ion : as i ng le r ow o ff i nge rn a i li mp re s s ion sw i th in ad eep h o r izon ta lg r oove .

F orm t y p e6 . 2 . 5 : 3

C /G . 6 . 2 / f . ( c i i )( F230 L 3 ) . R im t r ea tmen t : s l a sh d eco ra ted a r ound t h et o po ft h er im . 5 : 4 O r . 6 . 2 /g . ( c i i )( F228 L i) . S urf ace d ecora t ion : as i ng le r ow o ff i nge rn a i li mp re s s ion sa r ound t h es hou lde r o ft h ev e s se l . 5 : 5 O r . 6 . 2 /h . ( c i i )( F74 I A ) . S u r f ace d e co ra t ion : as i ng le r ow o ff i nge rn a i li mp re s s ion sa r ound t h e s hou ld e r -s im i la rt o 5 : 1 & 2a bove . 5 : 6 G r ,Q . 6 . 2 /h . ( c i i )( F 114 I A ) . S ur f ac ed ecora t ion :b e low t h er im i s ab u rn i shed b and o fd oub le c hev ron si nb e tw een t wo d eep g roove s . B e low t h i s ,a nd p r e sumab ly o ve rt h eb u lk o ft h eb ody a r e c u rved b ru sh s t roke si ni n te r lo ck ing a r c s . 5 : 7 Q ,G r ,C /G . 6 . 2 /g . ( c i i )( F228 L 2 ) .

1 84

( 7 3

4

t 1

5

( 1 9

eKJ e )c r ,( 9( . _ )te ,( 9 e ie

6

\ i V AVA \ O eVe

0 00000t0C000000DO

7

F ig . 8 2R ushd en : P o t t ery 5 .S ca le 1 :4

1 85

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s )6 .

F orm t y pe 6 . 2 . 6 : 1 6 : 2 6 : 3 6 : 4 6 : 5 6 : 6 6 : 7

G r ,Q ,C /G . C /G . C /G . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . C /G .

6 . 2 /q . 6 . 2 / j . 6 . 2 / c . 6 . 2 /m . 6 . 2 /q . 6 . 2 / j .

( c i i )( F228 L 2 ) . ( c i i )( F 116 U /S ) . ( c i i )( F 139 L 3 ) . ( c i i )( F 134 L 2 ) ( c i i )( F270 U /S ) . ( d i )( F 134 L 2 ) . C /G . 6 . 2 /e . ( c i i ) -e a r ly ( F 192 L 2 ) . S urf ace d ecora t ion : d i agona lb u rn i shed s t roke sa r ound t h eo u te re dge o ft h er im

F orm t y pe 6 . 6 : 8

G r .

6 /m .

( c i i )( U /S ) .

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

F ig . 8 3R ushd en : P o t t e ty 6 .S ca le 1 :4 .

1 87

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -7 . F orm t y pe 6c on t . 7 : 1 7 : 2 7 : 3 7 : 4 7 : 5 7 : 6

G r ,Q . G r ,C /G . G r ,Q . C /G . G r ,Q . G r ,Q .

6 /m . 6 / g . 6 /m . 6 / g . 6 / n :l . 6 / 1 .

( c i i ) ( c i i ) ( c i i ) ( c i i ) ( c i i ) ( c i i )

( F 149 ( 3 88 )L 3 ) . ( F 196 ( D336 )L 3 ) . ( F286 U /S ) . ( F 114 L 1) . ( 391 ( 103 ) . ( F 114 L 1) .

1 0 /g . 1 0 /g . 1 0 /g . 1 0 /g .

( c i i ) ( c i i ) ( c i i ) ( c i i )

( U /S ) . ( U /S ) . ( F 19 1 L 3) . ( F211 L 3 ) .

F orm t y pe 1 0 . 7 : 7 7 : 8 7 : 9 7 : 10

G r ,C /G . G r ,Q . C /G ,G r ,Q . C /G .

1 88

2

3

4

5

F ig . 8 4R ushd en : P o t t e ry 7 .S ca le 1 :4 .

1 89

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -8 .

F o rm t y pe 1 0c on t . 8 : 1 8 : 2 8 : 3 8 : 4 8 : 5 8 : 6 8 : 7 8 : 8

G r ,Q . C /G . C /G . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . C /G ,G r ,Q . Q ,G r . G r ,Q .

1 0 /q . 1 0 /g . 1 0 /g . 1 0 /e . 1 0 /a . 1 0 / 1 1 0 /g . 1 0 /a .

( c i i )( F260 L 3 ) . ( c i i )( F 194 L 3 ) . ( c ü )( F 194 ( 388 )U /S ) . ( c i i )( F 192 L 3) . ( c i i )( F 19 1 L 2 ) . ( c i i )( U /S ) . ( c i i )( D 14 ) . ( c i i )( F 146 ( 2056 )L 3 ) .

F orm t y pe 1 4 . 8 : 9

G r . 1 4 /u . ( c i i )( F79 U /S ) . S urf ace t r ea tmen t : t wo h o les d r i l led i n to s i de o ft h en e ck a f t e rf i r ing , t o ge the rw i th s eve ra l i nt h eb a se ( a lso a f t e rf i r ing )c onve r ted as t anda rd c a r ina ted b ow li n to ac o l lande r .

8 : 10

D ecora t ion : ab and o fb u rn ished z i g -zag d e co ra t ion a r ound t h el ow e rs i de o ft h ev es se l . O r . 1 4 /q . ( c i i )( F 183 ( B39 )L 3) .

8 : 11

Swf ace d ecora t ion : ab and o fc r o s sh a t ch ing b e tween two h and -d rawn g roove sa nd b e low a d eep c a r ina t ion o nt h en eck . B e low t h ec r o sse si s ab and o fd i agona lb u rn i shed s t roke s . Q ,G r . 1 4 /q . ( c i i )( F 114 L 5 ) .

8 : 12 8 : 13

O r . 1 4 /q . ( c i i )( F 113 ( D502 /505 )L l) . S urf ace d ecora t ion : b and o fv e r t ica l ly s c ra tched s t roke sm ade w i th at o o lw i th 6t e e th . G r ,CH . 1 4 /g ,c . ( c i i )( F24 L 4 ) .

8 : 14

O r .

1 4 / -

( c i i )( F226 L 2 ) . N or im o rb a se p resen t .

8 : 15 8 : 16 8 : 17 8 : 18 8 : 19

G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q ,C /G .

1 4 /g ,c . 1 4 /g ,c . 1 4 /g ,c . 1 4 /g ,c . 1 4 /g ,c .

( c i i )( F 114 ( 1915 )3 b ) . ( c i i )( F228 L 1) . ( c i i )( U /S ) . ( c i i )( F 10 U /S ) . ( ? c i )( F 10 U /S ) .

1 9 0

/

8 •

1 2

F ig . 8 5R ushd en : P o t t ery 8 .S ca le 1 : 4 .

1 91

1• 1 1. 1 1

M 1 1 10. 1 1• 1 1 1,

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -9 .

F orm t y pe 1 4 . 9 : 1 9 : 2 9 : 3 9 : 4 9 : 5 9 : 6 9 : 7 9 : 8

G r . 1 4 /k . ( c i i )( F4 1 ( 3 36 )I A ) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :g r oup so fv er t ica ls c r a t ch m a rk ss e tb e tw een h o r izon ta lc o rdons . G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . ( c i i )( F 139 L 3 ) . G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . ( c i i )( F 199 ( D297 1 /D564 )L 3 . G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . ( c i i )( F 114 L 3 ) . G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . ( c i i )( F 149 ( 3 88 )L 3 ) . G r . 1 4 / c . ( c i i )( F 158 L 3 ) . G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . ( c i i )( F 114 L 3 ) . G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . ( c i i )( F 143 ( 7 04 )L 3 ) .

F o rm t y p e1 3 . 9 : 9

9 : 10 9 : 11 9 : 12 9 : 13 9 : 14 9 : 15 9 : 16

G r ,Q . 1 3 / c . ( c i i )( F 143 ( 7 04 )L 3 ) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :b e low t h er im i s ap l a in u nbu rn i shed b and , b e low t h i s ,t h er ema inde ro ft h e b ody i sb u rn i shed . G r ,C /G . 1 4 / c . ( c i i )( F 149 ( 3 88 )L 3 ) . G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . ( c i i )( F 114 L 3 ) . G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . ( c i i )( F 116 U /S ) . G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . ( c i i )( F506 U /S ) . G r ,Q ,C /G . 1 4 /d . ( c i i ) -e a r ly ( F 286 L 3 ) . Q . 1 4 / c . ( c i i )( F 114 L 3 ) . C /G . 1 4 / e . ( c i i )( F 196 ( 3 36 L 3 ) .

F o rm t y pe 3 . 9 : 17

O r .

3 / a .

( c i i )( U /S ) .

3 / a . 3 / d . 3 / d .

( c i i )( F 147 ( 2 054 )I A ) . ( c i i )( D i t ch e s : 1 2 0 -6 L 1-5 ) . ( c i i )( F 390 ( 9 5 )I A ) .

F orm t y pe 3c on t . 9 : 18 9 : 19 9 : 20

G r ,C /G . O r . C /G .

1 2

1 1

20

1 9

F ig .8 6R u shd en :P o t t ery 9 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

1 93

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -1 0 .

F orm 1 0 : 1 1 0 :2 1 0 :3 1 0 :4 1 0 :5 1 0 :6 1 0 :7

t y pe 3 . C /G ,G r . G r ,Q . C /G . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r .

3 / d . 3 / c . 3 / k . 3 / d . 3 / d . 3 / d . 3 / d .

( d i . )( F 147 ( 2 054 )L 4 ) . ( c i i )( U /S ) . ( c i i )( F 114 L 3 ) . ( c i i )( F 114 L 3 ) . ( c i i )( F 147 L 3 ) . ( c i i )( F 147 ( 2 054 )L A ) . ( c i i )( F229 L 1) .

F orm t y pe 1 . 1 0 :8 1 0 :9 1 0 : 10 1 0 : 11 1 0 : 12

G r ,Q ,C /G . 1 / c . G r ,Q . 1 / e . G r ,C /G . 1 / d ,g . C /G . 1 k . G r ,Q . 1 / c .

( d i ) ( c i i ) ( c i i ) ( c i i ) ( c i i )

( F 145 ( N702 /2059 )L 2b / 3a ) . ( F 114 L 1) . ( F 145 ( N702 /2059 )L 2b / 3a ) . ( F 114 L 3 ) . ( F230 1 U /S ) .

1

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5

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8

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F ig .8 7R ushd en :P o t t ery 1 0 . S ca l e 1 :4 .

1 95

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -1 .

F o rm t y p e 1c on t . 1 1 :1

Or .

1k .

1 :2 1 :3 1 :4 1 :5 1 :6 1 :7

G r ,Q . O r . G r . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q .

1 / c . 1 / c . ? l / c . 1 / n . 1 / r . 1 / n .

( c i i )( F 145 ( N702 /2059 )L 2b / 3a ) . ( c i i )( F39 1 ( 1 03 )L 3 ) . ( c i i )( F23 1 ( D543 L 1-2 ) . ( c i i )( F 143 ( N704 )L 3 ) . ( c i i )( F 147 ( 2 054 )I A . ( c i i )( D i t ch e s 1 20 126 L 1-5 ) ( c i i )( F231 ( D543 )L 1-2 ) .

F orm t y pe 1 7 . 1 :8

O r . 1 7 /d . ( c i i )( F 143 L 3 ) . S u rf ace t r ea tmen t :t wo s e t so f mu l t ip le g r oove sw i th p l a in a r ea i nb e tween . 1 :9 G r ,Q . 1 7 /d . ( c i i i )( c fPub D rg .N o .33 N o c o lou rv i s ib le ) . ( En c lo su re ' E 'D i t ch 2 29 L 2 ) . 1 : 10 G r ,Q . 1 7 /d . ( c i i i )( En c lo su re ' E 'D i t ch 2 30 L 2 ) . S ur f ace d ecora t ion :t h ree r e dp a in t ed b and so fv a ry ing w id th ,t o ge the rw i th a ni n c ised z i g zag b and b e tw een t wo h o r izon ta lg r oove sa nd p l a ced b e low t h eu ppe rp a in ted b and . 1 : 11 G r ,Q . 1 7 /d . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' E ' D i t ch 2 28 L 1) . S u tf ac ed ecora t ion :i n c ised ' b a sk e t 'w o rk t h rough b l a ck p ol i shed s u rf a ce .

F o rm t y pe 2 . 1 : 12 G r ,Q . 2 / a . ( c i i i )( P i t2 36 L 3 ) . 1 :13 G r /Q . 2 / . ( ci i )( D i t ch 4 96 L 1) . I l i te ra te s t amp s ;a tl e a s tt wo d if e r en td i e so nt o ps u rf a ce a nd at h i rd d i e o nt h eu nde r s ide o ft h eb a se . I m i ta t ion TN -n op a in tv i s ib le . S u r f a ce h eav i ly b u rn ished . 1 :14 G r ,Q . 2 / , ( c i i i )( D i t ch 4 53 L 5 ) . I l i te ra te s t amp o ni n s ide s u r f a ce .I m i ta t ion TN -n op a in tv i s ib le . S u rf a ce h eav i ly b u rn i shed . 1 :15 G r ,Q . 2 / d . ( c i i i )( D i t ch496 L 2 ) . 1 :16 O r . 2 / k . ( c i i ) ( F 147 ( 2 054 )I A ) . P o s s ib le c opy o f TR o r TN f o rm . 1 :17 G r ,Q . 2 / d . ( c i i i )( K i ln V I I I -f u rnace L 6 ) . N o te :t wo c l ose ly s pa ced l i ne so nt h ei n te r io ri np ubl i shed d r aw ing -t h i sw ou ld i n d ica te a g r oove ,o f w h ich t h e r ew a sn os i gn . 1 :18 O r . 2 /k . ( c i i ) ( F 147 ( 2 054 )I A ) . 1 :19 G r ,Q . 2 /d . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' E ' ( F230 L 2 ) ) . 1 :20 G r ,Q . 2 /d . ( c i i ) ( F 147 ( 2 054 )I A ) . 1 :21 G r ,Q ,C /G . 2 / d . ( c i i ) ( F 147 ( 2 054 )I A ) . 1 :22 O r . 2 /d . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' D 'D i t ch 4 92 I A ) . 1 :23 G r ,Q . 2 /d . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' E 'D i t ch 2 30 L 2 ) . 1 :24 G r ,Q . 2 /d . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r ed i t ch 5 44 L 3 ) . 1 :25 O r . 2 /d . ( c i i ) ( F 147 ( 2 054 )L 4 ) . 1 :26 G r ,Q . 2 /d . ( c i i i )( K i ln X -f u rnace L 1) .

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F ig . 8 8R ushd en : P o t tery 1 . S ca le 1 :4 .

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RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -1 2 .

F o rm t y pe 2c on t .

1 2 :1 1 2 :2 1 2 :3

G r ,Q . 2 /d . ( c i i ) ( F 147 ( 2054 )L 4 ) . G r ,Q . 2 /d . ( c i i ) ( F 155 U /S ) . -s e eb e low . G r ,Q . 2 /d . ( c i i i )( P i t2 49 L 1) . No te :t h i sv e sse lp robab ly h ad af o o t r ing b ase . c f . Wood s &H a s t ings ' 8 4 f i g . 9 . 1 ,4 . 1 2 :4 G r ,Q . 2 /d . ( c i i i )( Enc lo su re ' D ' F 453 L 8 ) . 1 2 :5 G r ,Q . 2 /d . 2 /d ,a . ( c i i ) ( F 147 ( 2054 )I A ) . ( c i i ) ( D i t che s 1 20 126 L 1-5 ) . 1 2 :6 G r ,Q . 2 /d . ( c i i ) ( F 147 ( 2 054 )I A ) . 1 2 :7 G r ,Q . 2 /d . ( c i i i )( K i ln V I -f u rna ce L 2 ) . S u rf ace t r ea tmen t : e x te rna l s u rf ace w a sc omp le te ly c o lou rw a shed i nr ed . 1 2 :8 ( j r . 2 /k . ( c i i ) ( F 114 L 2 ) . 1 2 :9 Q ,G r . 1 2 :10 G r ,Q . 2 /d . ( c i i i )( D i tch 4 98 L 2 ) . No te :t h e ,f i g .9 .2 ,20 . a ng le o ft h ep ub l ished d r aw ing w ou ld a ppea rt ob ei n a ccu ra te . c f . Wood s &H a s t ing s ' 8 4 1 2 :11 G r ,Q . 2 /d ,a . ( c i i ) ( F 147 ( 2054 )L 4 ) . P o s s ib ly ac opy o f aTN o r TR f o rm s .

F orm t y pe 1 . 1 2 :12 G r ,Q . l i t . ( c i i ) ( F 147 ( 2054 )L 4 ) No te :t h es i ze o ft h ev e sse lw ou ld i nd ica te ad i sh ,b u tt h ef o rm i sm o re b ow l l ike i ns hape . 1 2 :13 O r .

l i t .

( c i i ) ( F 191 L 1) .

F o rm t y pe 1 5 . 1 2 :14

O r .

1 5 /d .

( c i i ) ( F211 L 3 ) .

No te : a tf i r s tg l ance i tl o ok sa si ft h is v e sse lm ay h ave b een c u t -down f r om al a rge r v e s se l . B u to nc l o se i n spec t ion t h i ss e em su n l ike ly a s t h ev e s se la ppea r st ob ec omp le te i n i t se lf .

F o rm t y pe 4 . 1 . 1 2 :15

G r ,Q . 4 . 1/ i . ( c i i ) ( F 113 L 1) . B u t tB eake rc opy . S u rf ace d eco ra t ion : t wo b and so f r ou le t t ing c on ta ined w i th in t wo h o r izon ta l g roove s . T he u ppe r b and o fr ou le t t ing i sl o ca ted o nt h es hou lde r . 1 2 :16 G r ,Q . 4 . 1/ i . ( c i i ) ( F 149 ( 388 )L 3) . 1 2 :17 G r ,Q ,C /G . 4 . 1/ i . ( c i i ) ( F229 L 1) .

F o rm t y pe 4 . 1 1 2 :18 1 2 :19 1 2 :20 1 2 :21

G r ,Q . G r . G r ,Q . G r ,Q .

4 . 1/ i . 4 . 1/ . 4 . 1/ i . 4 . 1/ 1 .

( c i i i )( U /S ) . ( c i i i )( Enc lo su re ` E ' D i tch 2 29 L 1) . ( c i i ) ( F 146 ( 2 056 )L 3 ) . ( c i i ) ( F 19 1 L 1) .

1 98

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) 1 2 c on t .

F orm t y p e4 . 1 2 :22

G r ,Q . 4 / a . ( c i i )( F 146 ( 2056 )L 3 ) . S urf ac et r ea tmen t : ac o rdon c r ea ted b yt wo d eep g r oove sb o th a bove a nd b e low t h ec o rdon . 1 2 :23 G r ,C /G , 4 / n . ( ? ) ( U /S ) . S ur f ac ed ecor a t ion :t h eu pp e rp o r t ion o ft h eb ody h a st w os h a l low h o r i zon ta l g r oove so f 3b u rn i sh ed s t roke s -t h en ab road b and o fk no t ched r ou le t t ing , f o l lowed b ym o r eh o r izon ta lg r oove s .

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F ig .8 9R u shd en : P o t tery 1 2 . S ca l e 1 : 4 .

2 00

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F orm t y p e4 . 1

1 3 :1 1 3 :2 1 3 :3

c ont .

G r ,Q . 4 . 1/ i . ( c i i i )( D i t ch 4 97 L 3 ) . N o te i n te rna lg r oove o nt h ei n s id eo ft h er im . Q . ( c i i i )( En c lo su re ' E 'd i t ch 2 28 L 1) . G r ,Q . 4 . 1/n . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' E 'd i t ch 2 30 L 2 ) .

F o rm t y p e5 . 1 . 1 3 :4 1 3 :5 1 3 :6 1 3 :7 1 3 :8 1 3 :9 1 3 :10

1 3 :11

1 3 :12

1 3 :13

1 3 :14

1 3 :15 1 3 :16

G r ,Q . 5 . 1/q . ( c i i ) ( F229 L 1) . G r ,Q ,?C /G . 5 . 1/q . ( c i ) (F95 L 3 ) . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/ c . ( c iXF 1235 ) . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/ . ( c i i ) ( F230 L i) . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/g . ( c iXF 1235 ) . G r ,C /G . 5 . 1 /g . ( c i i ) ( F 113 L 3 ) . G r ,Q ,C /G . 5 . 1/n . ( c i i i )( D i t ch 4 96 L i) . S ur f ace d ecora t ion :t wo h o r izon ta lb and so fz i g zag r o u le t t ing s e tb e twe en t wo s ha l low h o r izon ta lg roove s . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/ t . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' E ' D i t ch 2 30 L l&2 ) . S u tf ac ed ecora t ion :b e low ag r oove o nt h es hou lde ri s ab and o fz i z -zag r ou le t t ing w h ich h ad b een c u tt h rough b y ah o r izon ta lb u rn i shed l i ne .B e low af u r the rt wo g roove sa nd i t se lf s e tb e tw een t wo g r oove si s ab and o fs c r a t ched t h re el i ned c hev ron s . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/ t . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' E 'D i t ch 2 30 L I& 2 ) . S urf ace d ecora t ion :b e low t wo p a ra l le lg r oove so nt h es h ou lde ri s ah o r izon ta lb and o f r ou le t te p a t te rn . O r . 5 . 1 / t . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' E 'D i t ch 2 29 L 1) . S ur f ace d ecora t ion : o nt h es hou lde ro ft h ev e ss e la r et wo p a r a l le lg r oove s ,b o th o fw h ich a r ef i led w i th w i th r ed p a in t .B e low t h i sa nd s e tb e tw een t wo f u r the rg r oove si sa b u rn ished h e r r ingbone p a t te rn . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/ t . ( c i i i )( En c lo su re ' E 'D i t ch 2 30 L i) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion : as i ng le b and o fd i agona lz i g -z ag r o u le t t ing b e tween ac o rdon a bove , a nd ag roove b e low . Q . 5 . 1/ t . ( c i i i )( En c lo su re ' E 'D i t ch 29 L 1) . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/a . ( c i i i )( D i t ch B 1) .

F o rm t y p e6 . 1 . 1 3 :17 Q ,G r . 1 3 :18 O r . 1 3 :19 O r . N o te :t h e

6 . 1/d . 6 . 1/d . 6 . 1/d r im a ppea r st oh ave

( c i i i )( P i t2 36 L 2 -3 ) . ( c i i i )( U /S ) . ( c i i ) ( F 183 L 3 ) . b een t r immed o fa nd s moo thed d own f o rr eu se .

2 01

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F ig . 9 0R ushd en : P o t tery 1 3 . S ca le I :4 .

2 02

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RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -1 4 .

F orm t y p e5 . 2c on t . 1 4 : 1 1 4 :2

C /G . 5 . 2 / c . G r ,Q ,C /G . 5 . / c .

( c i i ) ( F 114 L 3 ) . c f .D u s ton 7 : 8 . ( c i i ) ( F 129 L 2 ) .

F o rm t y p e6 . 2 1 4 :3

G r ,Q .

6 . 2 / c .

( c i i ) ( F 114 L 2 ) . c fHa l l &N icke r son 1 969 , 112 .

F orm t y p e6 . 3 . 1 4 :4

O r .

6 . 3 / c .

( ? c i ) ( No p rov -U /S .

1 4 :5

G r ,Q .

5 . 2 / c .

( c i i ) ( F 114 L 3 ) .

F o rm t y p e1 9 1 4 :6

G r ,Q . 1 9 /h . ( c i i i )( K i ln I VL l&2 ) . S u lf ac ed ecora t ion :r andom v e r t i ca lb u rn i shed g r oove s .P robab ly f r om at r ipod b ow l -s e e b e low .

F o rm t y p e5 . 2 .

1 4 :7

Q ,G r . 1 9 / . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e` E 'D i t ch 2 29 L 1) T r ipod b a se w h ich w ou ld h ave b een a t ta ched t o av e s se ls im i la rt ot h ea bove 1 8 :1 . ( c f Wood s &H a s t ing s' 8 4 , f i g .9 .7 ,4 6 .

B a se s . 1 4 :8 Q ,G r . B a se t y pe ' 0 ' ( c i i ) . 1 4 :9 Q . ' I , ' ( c i i ) . 1 4 :10 G r ,Q . " ' 0 '( c i i i ) . 1 4 :11 G r ,Q . Q ' ( c i i i ) . 1 4 :12 Q ,G r ,C /G . ( c i i i ) . 1 4 :13 G r ,Q ,C /G . 0 ' ( c i i ) . 1 4 :14 Q . ( c i i i ) . 1 4 :15 G r ,Q , I /S t . R ' ( c i i i ) . 1 4 :16 Q ,G r . ` . 1 '( c i i ) . C en t ra lh o le d r i l led t h rough t h eb a se a f te rf i r ing . 1 4 :17 Or . B a se t y pe ` J ' ( c i i ) .A sa bove ,b u tt h eh o le i sd r i l led t oo ne s i de a nd i s c on s ide r ab ly s ma l le r . 4 4

C C

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9

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2 04

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -1 5 .

F orm t y p e9 1 5 :1

O r . ( v . f me )9 / g . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e` E '( d i t ch 2 30 L i . F ragmen t so f as im i la rv e s se lw e r e f o und i nK i ln I V( f u rna ce )L I .Su r f a ce d e co ra t ion : t h i s i sm ad e u p o fz one s , t h e u ppe rz one i sb o rd e r ed b y ag r oove o n t h e s hou ld e r a nd b y a c o rdon l ow e rd own , i nb e tw een i sa ni n c is ed b a ske tp a t te rn . T he c o rdon s how ed t r ace so f r ed p a in t . T h i s t h en i sf o l low ed b y ap l a in b and -n o p a in t v i s ib le ( i n t h e p ub l i shed d r aw ing p a in t ed l a dde r s h ad b een c l a imed . H ow eve r w hen v i ew ed i n 1 988 t h e se w e re n owhe re v i s ib le ) Two f u r the r r e d p a in ted c o rdon s a r e s e pa ra t ed b y a no the r p ane l o f i n c ised b a ske tp a t te rn . T he l ow e rr im h a sa ne x te rna l g r oove a nd w ou ld t h e ref o r e f i ti n to r im c a tegor ye . (When t h eR u shden p o t te ry w a se xam in ed i nD e cembe r 1 988 b yR _ F -T i t w a sf o und i mpo s s ib le t or e con c i le t h e Wood s &H a s t ing sd r aw ing sw i th t h ea c tua l s h e rd s a va i lab le f o r s t udy i n t h e N o r thamp ton Mu s eum a r ch ive . Ih ave t h e r ef o re t r ied t o r e con s tru c t t h e d r aw ing a s n ea r a s p o s s ib le f r om t h e a va i lab le s h e rd s i nt h e d raw ing o ppo s i te ) .

F orm t y pe 8 . 1 5 :2

Q( v . f i n e ) 8 / g

( c i i i )( En c lo su re ` E 'D i t ch 2 30 L 2 ) .

N a r row n ecked h and le s sf l agon t y p eo fv e s se l . S u r f ac ed e co ra t ion :t r a ce so fr ed p a in tw e re j u s tv i s ib le o ve rm o s tp a r t so ft h ev e s s e l .On t h es h ou lde rw e r ev e r t ica lb u rn i shed g roove s t h e se w e r e s e t b e tw een t wo g r oove s . L ow e r d own a nd i nb e tw een t w o c o rdon s i sa n i n c ised d oub le s c ra t ched c hev ron . 1 5 :3

Q . (v . f i ne ) 8 / g . ( c i i i )( En c lo su re ` E 'D i t ch 2 28 L 1) . S im i la rt o1 5 :2 a bov e ,b u tw i th ad if e r en tb a se ,o ft y p e ` 13' ,o t h e rw i se q u i te p l a in , b u tf o r ac o rdon o nt h es h ou lde r .P a in th ad b een c l a im ed i n t h e Wood s &H a s t ing s' 8 4r epo r t , b u t n one w a ss e en b y RMF -T i nD ec . 1 988

F o rm t y p e5 . 1 5 :4

G r ,Q . 5 / d . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e D i t ch 2 29 L 1) . S u rf a ce d eco r a t ion : i n c i sed b a ske td eco r a t ion s e tb e tw een t wo g r oove s .A ga in n op a in t v i s ib le i nD e c . 1 988 .

F o rm t y pe 4 . 1 5 :5

Q ,G r . 4 / d . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e` E 'D i t ch 2 28 L 1) . S u r f a ce d eco r a t ion : Two s pa ced s e t so fn a r re r h o r izon ta l b and so fr ou le t t ing .

F o rm t y p e5 . 2 . 1 5 :6 1 5 :7 1 5 :8

O r . 5 . 2 /n . ( c i i i )( U /S ) . G r ,Q . 5 . 2 /n . ( c i i i )( F 120 -6 L 1 -5 ) . O r . 5 . 2 /n . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' D 'D i tch 5 44 L 2 ) S u rf ace d ecora t ion :b u rn i shed l a t t ic ed e co ra t ion o nt h es hou lde r . 1 5 :9 O r . 5 . 2 /n . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e` E 'D i t ch 2 29 L i) . 1 5 : 10 Q . 5 . 2 /n . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r eI D ' D i t ch 5 44 L 3 ) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion : as i ng le b and o fl i gh t ly b u rn i shed z i g zag g r oov e s p l a ced b e low ad eep g r oove . 1 5 : 11 G r ,Q . 5 . 2 /n . ( c i i i )( P i t2 44 L 2 ) .

2 05

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) . 1 5c on t .

F orm t y p e1 5c ont 1 5 :12 G r ,Q . 5 . 2 /n . ( c i i i )( En c lo su re ' E 'D i t ch 2 29 L 1 ) . Swf ace d ecora t ion : b e low ab and o fg r oove s h a lf w ay d own t h e b ody a nd s e t b e tw een t wo g roov e s i s ab and o fb u rn i shed f e rn l e af m o t if s , B e low t h i s a nd d i v id ed u p ys h a l low g r oove s a r e a tl e a s tt w o b and s o f v e r t ica l ly b u rn i shed s t roke s . 1 5 :13 Q ,G r . 5 . 2 /n . ( c i i i )( En c lo su re ' E 'D i t ch 2 30 1 2 ) . Swf ac ed ecora t ion :t wo b and so fc hev r on sb e tw een p a r a l le lp a i r so fg r oove s .

1

2

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6

3

5

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9

F ig . 9 2R ushd en :P o t t ery 1 5S ca l e 1 : 4 .

2 07

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) -1 6 .

F orm t y p e8 . 1 6 : 1 1 6 :2 1 6 :3 1 6 :4

1 6 :5

G r ,Q . 8 / t . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' E 'D i t ch 2 30 L 1) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :P a in ted r ed a l o ve r . G r . 8 / t ,a . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' E 'D i t ch 2 30 L 1) . ( No p a in tv i s ib le ) , Q . 8 / a . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' E 'D i t ch 2 30 L 1) , S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :c ove r ing t h es i de o ft h i sv e s se li sa ni n c ised b a ske tp a t t e rn . O r . 8 / a . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' E 'D i tch 2 30 L 2 ) . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :a r ound t h es h ou lde ra r ev e r t i ca lp a in ted l i n e s( i nr ed ) . B e low t h i s a r e a l te rna te r ed p a in ted a nd p l a in b and s ,s epa ra ted b ys ha l low g r oov e s . G r ,Q ,C /G . 8 / d ,g . ( c i i ) ( F229 L 1) .

F orm t y p e1 6 . 1 6 :6 O r . 1 6 / t . H o le si nb a se w e re p ea rc ed b ef o re

( c i i i )( En c lo su r e' I D 'D i t ch 4 53 I A ) .

1 6 :7 G r ,Q . 1 6 / c . H o le si nb a se w e re p ea r c ed b ef o re 1 6 :8 G r ,Q . 1 6 /g . H o le i nb a se w e re p ea r ced b ef o r e 1 6 :9 G r ,Q . 1 6 / .

( c i i i )( En c losu r e' E 'D i t ch 2 30 L 3 ) . f i r ing . ( c i i i )( En c lo su r e E 'D i t ch 2 28 I A ) . f i r ing . ( c i i ) ( F 114 L 2 ) .H o le si nb a s ew e r ep ea rc ed b ef o re f i r ing .

F o rm t y p e1 . 1 6 :10 Q . ( v . f me ) 1 / q . ( c i i i )( D i t ch 3 1 ) . S u rf ac ed ecora t ion :K no t ched c omb o rw hee lp a t te rn i nr ow so ff o u r ,f o rm ing ac hev ron p a t te rn a r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s se l . 1 6 :11 G r ,Q . 1 / n . ( c i i ) ( P i t2 14 L 3 ) .

F o rm t y pe 1 5 . 1 6 : 12 1 6 :13 1 6 :14 1 6 :15

O r . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . O r .

1 5 /d . 1 5 /a . 1 5 / c . 1 5 / .

( c i i ) ( c i i ) ( c i i ) ( c i i )

( F 184 ( F 146 ( F228 ( F230

( D 506 )L 3 ) . ( 2 046 )L 3 ) . L 2 ) . L 3 ) .

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F ig . 9 3 .R ushd en : P o t tery 1 6 . S ca le 1 :4 .

2 09

RUSHDEN ( Nor than t s ) 1 6 c on t .

F o rm t y pe 1 3 . 1 6 :16 G r ,Q .

1 3 /c .

( c i i ) ( U /S ) .

1 5 /,

( c i i i ) ( D i tch B 1) .

F orm t y pe 1 5 . 1 6 :17 G r ,Q .

F orm t y pe 6 . 1 6 :18 C /G . 6 / , ( c i i ) ( F114 L 3 ) . S urf ace t r ea tmen t : r andom , a lmo s t u p r igh t d eep ly s c ra tched g r oove st og i ve av e ry o ugh s u rf ace .

2 10

S TAN W ICK -S P 9 72719 E xca va t ions b yD .N ea l -u npub l ished , i n ter im r epor t si nN or thamp tonsh ir eA rchaeo logy 1 985 , 1 987 . B r i tann ia 1 986 , 3 97 . 1 988 , 4 52 . 1 989 , 2 92 . 1 992 , 2 85 .

S ummary a nd c harac ter o ft h es i t e : A l a rge a nd c omp lex l a te I r on A ge s i te s u cceed ed b y t h e e qua l ly l a rge l a te r R omano -Br i t ish s e t t lemen t l o ca ted o nl ow l y ing g round n ea rt ot h e s ou th b ank o ft h e R iv e rN ene . T he s i te may h ave a ne a r ly r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e C row H i l l ' h i l l f or t ' o nt h eh igh g round o ppos i te . K in

F ig . 9 4 . S tanw ick : l o ca t ion m ap LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T he s i te l i e sj u s tb e low t h e 1 25 f t .( 38m . ) c on tou r o n t h e f l ood p la in o ft h e r i ve r N ene , t h e f l ood p l a in h e re b e ing a bou t 2 953f t . ( 900m .) w id e . T o t h e s ou th ea s t , t h e l a nd r i se s s ha rp ly t ot h e mode rn v i l lage o fS tanw ick a tt h e2 00f t . ( 6 1m . )c on tou r . L a te I r on A ge f e a tu r e s a tS t anw ick l a y p a r t ly o n t h e f l ood p la in a nd p a r t ly o n t h e f i r s t g rave l t e r race , s ugge s t ing t ha t t h e w a te r l e ve l w a s l owe r d u r ing t h e l a te r I r on A ge t han s ucceed ing p e r iod s . E x ten s ive d epo s i t s o f g rave l l a y b e low t h e p r eh i s to r ic l e ve ls , w h i le a s ub s tan t ia l d ep th o f a pprox ima te ly 5 f t . ( 1 .5m . )o fa l luv ium l a ym a in ly a bove t h el a te rR oman o ccupa t ion l e ve ls .

F IELD WORK T he e xcava t ion a tS t anw ick i sp a r to f amuch l a rge r mu l t i - d i sc ip l ined l a nd scape s t udy o fa n a r ea o ft h e u ppe r N ene v a l ley , r ang ing f r om t h e e xcava t ion o f e a r ly p reh i s to r ic r i tua l a nd b u r ia l m onumen t st os i te so fR oman a nd S axon p er iod s . T h rough ac omb ina t ion o ff i e ldwo rk a nd a er ia l p ho tog raphy , t h e I r on A ge l ü l l f o r t o f C row H i l l h a s r e cen t ly b een d i scove red i n t h e p a r ish o f I r th l ingbo rough a nd o ve r look s t h e l a te I r on A g e a nd R omano -Br i t i sh s i t e a t S tanw ick s ome 100m . t ot h e e a s t . T he re mu s t h ave b een s ome f o rm o fc onnec t ion b e tw een C row H i l l a nd t h e S tanw ick s e t t lemen tl y ing i nt h ev a l ley b o t tom .

2 11

T he l a te I r on A ge f e a tu re s o fS t anw ick c on s i s ted m a in ly o fd i tch e s , g u l l ie s , s ma l l e nc lo su re s a nd r ound h ou se s , s upe r seded b y al a rg e s e t t lemen t , t oge the r w i th a n i mpor tan t R oman b u i ld ing f u rn i shed w i th mosa ic s , b a th h ou se e t c . A s t h e l a te I r on A ge s e t t lemen t l i e s d i rec t ly b e low t he R omano -Br i t i sh o ccupa t ion , t h i s mu s t s u re ly i mp ly ac e r ta in m ea su re o fc on t inu i ty o fo ccupa t ion a nd , p o s s ib ly , o r ig in . An i mpor tan t i nd ica to r o ft h e s i te ' s s t a tu s i st h e p re sence o fa tl e a s t e l even I r on A ge c o in s , s ome o f wh ich w e r ef ound d u r ing e x ten s ive m e ta ld e tec to rs urvey so ft h ea r ea p r io rt oe xcava t ion . DAT ING EV IDENCE Mo s to ft he I r on A ge ma te r ia lf r om S t anw ick f i t sq u i te c omf or tab ly i n to t h ed a te r ange o f AD 3 0 6 0 , w i th a l l t h e l a te s t I r on A ge f o rm s w e l l r e p re sen ted , s u ch a s g i r th b eake r s , b u t t b eaker s , G a l lo -Be lg ic c op ie so fp l a t te r s , t o ge the rw i th b o th s l a shed a nd p l a in c hanne l -r im j a r s . At ype c ommon t ot h e r eg ion a nd a l so p re sen t a t S t anw ick i st h e g i r th b eake r 2 : 6 ,7 w h ich i s p a ra l le led a tI r che s te r ( Ha l l &N icke r son 1 967 , F ig . 1 2 , 5 3 ) , D u s ton , 2 : 6 , Mou l ton P a rk 1 : 1 . T hey a r e a l so f ound i nt h e O u se v a l ley a tS af f ron G a rden s , B le tch ley (Waugh e ta l 1 974 f i g . 4 , 16 -23) . R ecen t ly , a n i d en t ica l e xamp le w a s u ncove red a tt h e H o lme s G ra in w a rehou se s i te a tL inco ln ( p er s . c omm . M . D a r l ing ) a nd a l so D a r l ing & J one s 1 988 F ig 9 . 1 . T he f a br ic o ft h is v e s se l w a s i d en t ica l t o t ho se f ound i n b o th t h e O u se a nd N ene v a l ley s a nd , p re sumab ly , h ad o r ig ina ted d i rec t ly f r om t he r eg ion . On c l o se e xam ina t ion w i th a m ic ro scop e , t h i s f a b r ic c ompa red s o c l o se ly a st ob e a lmo s ti nd i s t ingu i shab le f r om t h ef a b r ic sf r om N or thamp ton sh i re . T he f o rm w a s d i scu s sed e x ten s ive ly a nd i tw a s c onc luded t h a t i t mu s t h av e b een a n i mpo r t f r om t h e N ene v a l ley /nor th B uck ingham sh i r ea r ea . I tw a s a l so s ugge s ted t h a tt h e g i r th b eake r may h ave a r r ived a t L inco ln v ia t h eR oman a rmy ,w h ich h a sb een d emon s t ra ted h ad many c l o se c onnec t ion s w i th t h e N ene v a l ley . I tm ay b e s i gn if i can tt h a tt h e S af f ron G a rden s s i te i sv e ry c l o se t o t h e r e cen t ly d i scove red a nd p o s s ib le C laud ian f o r t a t F enny S t ra t f o rd ( B le tch ley ) , B uck s . T h is s t rong ly s ugge s t s t ha tt he t y pe i sa tl e a s t c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e R oman C onque s t a nd i s t h e ref o re u sef u l f o r d a t ing o the r c on tempo ra ry g roup s o f p o t te ry . D eep l i d s o rc ove r s w e re a l so p re sen t i nt h e a s semb lage a t S tanw ick 3 : 7 -9 , a l so f ound e l sewhe r e , e spec ia l ly a tR u shden 9 : 17 -20 a nd 1 0 :1-5 . T he se w ou ld f a l l i n to t h er a th e rb road d a t e r ange o f Wood s 1 984 , p er iod I AD 0 -60 . Du s ton t o o p roduced e xamp le ss uch a s4 : 1-2 . QUALITY OF THE EV IDENCE B ecau se o ft he h uge s i ze o ft h e e xcava t ion , as amp l ing s t ra tegy w a s a dop ted b y t h e e xcava to r . L a te I r on Age p o t te ry g roup s f r om S t anw ick t h e ref o re t e nd t ob e q u i te s ma l l a nd d o n o t r e a l ly r e f lec t t he s ca le o f t h e e xcava t ion s . A n a ccu ra te a s se s smen t o f t h e r ange o f f o rms p re sen t i s d if i cu l t , a l though t h er e l iab i l i ty o ft h es t ra t if i ed ma ter ia l i sg ood . D ISCUSS ION P a ra l le ls f o r many o f t h e f o rm s c an b e f ound b o th u p a nd

d own t h e N ene . A t A sh ton , f o r

e xamp le , 1 2 m i le s ( 2 0 km . ) d own r i ve r , t h e o pen b ow l f o rm 5 : 15 i sc l o se ly p a ra l le led w i th S tanw ick 3 : 1 a nd t h e A sh ton 3 : 8 w i th t h a t o fS tanw ick 2 : 8 .Up r i ve r a t Du s ton , a t ad i s tance o f 1 7 .5 m i le s ( 27 .75 km . ) , t h e re a r e f u r the r p a ra l le l s , f o r e xamp le : t h e Du s ton 1 : 4 w i th t ha t o f S tanw ick 1 : 7 , a nd D u s ton 3 : 7w i th t h a to fS t anw ick 2 : 15 . One i n te re s t ing f o rm wh ich a ppea r st o h ave aw ide d i s t r ibu t ion i st h e g i r th b eake r ( Thomp son 1 982 ) , t y p e G 4 ) . (Waugh e ta l . 1 974 F ig . 4 , 1 6 -23 ) c a l ls t h e s ub t y pe " Ho l low C o rdoned B eake r s " . T he se a r e c ompa ra t ive ly f r equen t s i te f i nd s , e spec ia l ly i n n or th B uck s . T hey a l so o ccu r s po rad ica l ly o n s i te s a l ong t h e N ene v a l ley . Two

2 12

s pec imen s ( 2 :6 -7 ) w e r e f ound a tS t anw ick a nd c ompa re w e l l w i th t h e n or th B uck ingham sh i re e xamp le s , e spec ia l ly 2 : 6 . A mo re r ounded a nd s l igh t ly e l onga ted v e r s ion ( Du s ton 1 : 6 ) w a sf ound i nt he 1 9 th c en tu ry D u s ton c o l lec t ion i nN or thamp ton Mu seum . Ar im a nd n eck f r agmen t a l so c ame f r om a t t h e l a t e I r on A ge a nd R oman s e t t lemen t s i te a t Qu in ton , N or thamp ton sh ire , ( F r iend sh ip -Tay lo r , 1 979 F ig . 4 3 , 1 84 ) .

2 13

S TAN W ICK ,( Nor than t s ) -1 .

U npub l i shed i nf orma t ion f rom c ur r en te xca va t ion s , k i nd ly m ad e a va i lab l eb y R ob P er r in o fE ng l i sh H er i tag e . F igur e si np ar en the s i si nd ica t et h es i t ec on t ex tn umber s .

F o rm t y p e5 . 1 : 1 1 : 2 1 : 3 1 : 4 1 : 5 1 : 6 1 : 7 1 : 8 1 : 9

G r ,Q ,C /G . C /G . O r . C /G . C /G . C /G . C /G . C /G . C /G .

5 / a . 5 / a . 5 / a . 5 / a . 5 / a . 5 / a . 5 / b . 5 / k .

S i te f a b .A 3 . f a b . B . f a b .A l . f a b . B . 1 9

I

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I

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( 0990 / 1020 ) . ( 8030 . ( 8006 ) . ( 0980 / 1040 ) . ( 4 503 ) . ( 4043 ) . ( 3822 ) . ( 3 565 ) . ( 80 14 ) .

S ur f ac et r ea tmen t : h or izon ta lr u l ing o ve rt h es h ou lde r a nd s i de s . 1 : 10 C /G . 5 / k . f a b .B . ( 4 18 1) . S ur f ace t r ea tmen t :h o r izon ta ll i n ing o ve rt h es h ou lde rb u tl e av ing ab l ank a r ea o f 2c m s . b e low t h er im . 1 : 11 G r ,Q ,C /G 5 / c . f a b .A . ( 3822 ) . 1 : 12 C /G . 5 / c . f a b .A /B . ( 3822 ) . 1 : 13 C /G . 5 / u . f a b .A 3 . ( 0 970 / 1030 ) . 1 : 14 G r ,Q . 5 / g .

F orm t y p e5 . 1 . 1 : 15 G r ,Q . 1 : 16 G r ,Q ,C /G . 1 : 17 G r ,Q .

5 . 1/g . 5 . 1/q . 5 . 1/q .

f a b .A . „ ‘ C i

( 4002 ) . ( 3822 ) . ( 0 990 / 1040 ) .

4 4

2 14

2

4

6

5

8

1 0

9

1

1 3

1 2

7

1 4

2

1 6

1 7

F ig . 9 5S tanw ick : P o t t e ry I .S ca l e 1 :4 .

2 15

S TAN W ICK , ( Nor than t s ) -2 .

F o rm t y pe , 5 . 1 c on t . 2 : 1 2 : 2 2 : 3

G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q .

5 . 1/ e . 5 . 1 /k . 5 . 1 / c .

f a b .A l . f a b .A . " ,

( 3 53 1) . ( 1 20 ) . ( 4 296 ) .

2 : 4 2 : 5

S u rf ace t r ea tmen t :t wo p a ra l le lg r oov e s ,o n ea tt h eb a se o ft h en e ck a nd t h eo t he rm id w ay d own t h es hou lde r . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/ c . f a b .A . ( 3 822 ) . G r ,Q . 5 . 1/k . ‘ ‘ , ( 8 0 19 ) .

F orm t y pe , 1 3 . 2 : 6 2 : 7 2 : 8

G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q .

1 3 /k . 1 3 /m . 1 3 /m .

f a b .A .

( 4 300 ) . ( 8 005 ) . ( 8 005 ) .

F o rm t y p e4 . 2 : 9 2 : 10 2 : 11 2 : 12

C /G . 4 / g . f a b .B . ( 4 507 ) . G r ,Q . 4 / g . f a b .A . ( 4 233 ) . G r .Q . 4 / g . , ( 1 59 ) . G r . 4 /n . . I ( 4 50 1) . S u rf ace t r ea tmen t :m u l t ip le c o r ruga t ion sa r ound t h en e ck a nd i mmed ia t e ly b e low t h er im .

F o rm t y pe 4 : 1 . 2 : 13 2 : 14

Q ,G r . G r .Q .

4 . 1/ i . 4 . 1/ i .

f a b .A . e t

I

( 8 024 ) . ( 8 024 ) .

F o rm t y pe 5 . 2 . 2 : 15 G r ,Q . 2 : 16 G r ,Q , 2 : 17 G r ,Q .

5 . 2 / c . 5 . 2 /m . 5 . 2 / e .

f a b .A . 1

I

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( 3 858 ) . ( 8 023 ) . ( 4 002 ) .

N o te :Th is v e s se ll o ok sm o r es u i ted t or e c e iv e ac ove rt h an al i d . ( s ee a l so RUSHDEN 1 4 :3 ) .

2 16

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S TAN W ICK , ( Nor than t s ) -3 .

F o rm t y p e1 . 3 : 1

G r ,Q , I ron s tone .

1 / a .

( 4 093 ) .

F orm t y pe 2 . 3 : 2 3 : 3 3 : 4 3 : 5 3 : 6

G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r . C /G . G r .

2 /d . 2 / s . 2 /d . 2 /d . 2 / e .

( 4 144 ) . ( 4098 ) . ( 8 0 11) . ( 4043 ) .

f a b .A f a b .A 3 . f a b .B .

F o rm t y p e :3 . 1 . 3 : 7 3 : 8 3 : 9

G r ,Q . Q ,G r . G r ,Q .

3 . 1/b . 3 . 1/b .1 3 . 1/b .1

f a b .A l . f a b .A . I f

( 8 09 1) . ( 8 024 ) . ( 0 980 / 1020 ) .

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F orm t y pe : 1 5 . 3 : 10 G r ,Q . 1 5 / . c h ee se -p r e s s . F ab .A l . ( 3 107 ) . 3 : 11 G r ,Q . 1 5 / . ( 8 0 12 ) . S ur f ac ed ecora t ion : s ma l ls h e rd o f a?c o rdon ed j a r ,t h eo u te rs u r f a c eh ad b een d eco ra ted w i th i mp re s sed c omb ing .

2 18

1

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8

9

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F ig .9 7S tanw ick :P o t t ery 3 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

W A KERLEY -S P 9 42984

( J ack son , D . A . & Amb ro se , T .M . , 1 978 ) .

S ummary a nd c harac ter o ft h es i te : As e r ie so fl a rge d i tched e nc lo su re s , t oge the rw i th m any r ound h ou se s a nd l a te rR omano -Br i t ish p o t te ry k i ln sa nd I r on s me l t ing f u rna ce so n as i te o v e r look ing t h e We l land v a l ley .

F ig . 9 8 . W ak er ley : l o ca t ion m ap .

LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T he Wake r ley s i te i ss i ted o n t h e n or th f a c ing s l op e o ft h e We l land v a l ley , b e tween t h e 2 62f t . a nd 2 79f t . ( 80 a nd 8 5m . ) c on tou r a nd i s1 / 2 m i le ( . 80km . ) f r om t h e r i ve r We l land . T he re a r e e x ten s ive v i ew s a c ro s st h ev a l ley t ot h en o r th a nd b o th u p r i ve rt ot h ew e s t a nd d own r i ve rt ot h e e a s t . T he s i te i sb ounded o n i t s w e s t s i de b y ad eep d ry g u l ly , p o s s ib ly t h e s e t t lemen t 's ma in w a te rs upp ly . R ecen tl and d ra inage h a ss i nce d i ver ted t h ew a te ra way f r om t h e s i te . T he s i te l i e s o n e x ten s ive s p read s o fl owe r L inco ln sh i re l ime s tone , t o ge the r w i th a m ix tu r e o f c l ay s o f t h e e s tua r ine s e r ie s . Ou tc rop so fN or thamp ton S and a nd i r on s tone o ccu r o n t he l ow e r s l ope s b e low t h es i te .

2 20

F IELD WORK Wo rk b egan o n t h e s i t e a s ar e su l t o fa w a t ch ing b r ief b y D . J a ck son i na dv ance o fi r on s tone q ua r ry ing , wh ich t h rea t ened t h e who le o ft h e s u r round ing a r ea . T he r ei se v iden ce o fo ccupa t ion e x t end ing f r om a bou tt h e s e cond c en tu ry BC w e l l i n to t h eR oman p e r iod . E xcava t ion , c a r r ied o u tf o ra bou tt h r ee y ea r s , r e vea led a nI r on A g e e n c lo su r e , w h ich w a s l a t e r e x t ended a nd a l te red m any t ime s .

DAT ING EV IDENCE E v iden ce f o r l a te I r on A ge L a T ene o c cupa t ion a t Wak e r ley i s al i t t le t h in . A t t h is t im e (Wake r ley p e r iod I I ) , i tw ou ld a ppea rt h a tt h es i te c on s i s ted o f as i ng le e n c lo su r e ' A ' , e nc lo su r e ' B 'h av ing b een f i l led i np r io rt ot h e c on s t ru c t ion o fe n c lo su r e' A ' . As i ng le c i r cu la rb u i ld ing w a s f ound t oc on ta in ' s c rap s ' o fl a t e I r on A ge p o t t e ry w i th in t h e s u r round ing g u l ly . T he u ppe rmo s t ' d a rk ' s o i l ,f i l l ing e n c lo su r e' B ' d i t ch , a l so c on ta ined g roup so fl a te I r on A ge p o t t e ry , s ugg e s t ing t h a ti t sh o l low w a sb e ing u sed a s ad ump f o rd om e s t ic r e f u se . QUALITY OF THE EV IDENCE Wha t e v id ence t h e r e w a s f o r o ccupa t ion i nt h e l a te I r on A g e p e r iod w a s c ompa ra t ive ly g ood , w i th t h ef i l l ing in o fd i t ch ' B 'a nd t h es i ng l ec i r cu la rb u i ld ing y i e ld ing e v id ence f o r t h i sp e r iod . T h i s a ppa r en tc on t rac t ion o fo ccupa t ion h e ra ld ed ac hang ei nt h ee conomy o ft h e s i t e , r e f lec ted i n ac on s ide rab le i n c r ea s ei nt h eq uan t i ty o fa n ima lb on e , t o g e the rw i th c on s ide rab le amoun t so f s l ag . D ISCUSS ION Q uan t i t ie so fl a t eI r on A ge w hee lt h rown f i n ew a r e s , s u ch a sc a r ina t ed a nd c o rdon ed b ow l s , e . g . 2 : 1 , a nd t h e mo r e c o r r uga t ed n ecked b ow l s , 1 : 20 , w e r e f o und . T he s e w e r e i n g rogged /qua r tz f a b r ic si d en t ica lt ot h o se f r om t h eN en ea nd O u s ev a l ley s , w h ich s ugg e s t st h a tt h e se v e s se l sw e re i mpo r t s f r om t h e s ou th . N o t as i ng le c hann e l o r l i d s e a t ed j a r w a s f ound . I ts e em s t ha t t h e i r p l ace h ad b een t a ken b y t h e b ead - r im j a r , c ha r ac te r i s ed b y h o r izon ta l f i l l ing o v e r t h e s hou lde r ( 1 :10 ) . T h e se h ad p r e sumab ly d eve loped o u t o ft h e e a r l ie r ' b a r r e l shaped ' j a r s a l so f ound a t Wake r ley , c f : 1 : 3 . F ab r ic su sed f o rt h e c oa r s ew a r ej a r s , h ow ev e r , r ema in u n ive r sa l , w i th c a lc i t e o rs h e l lg r i t t ing b e ing u sed a lmo s te xc lu s iv e ly ,a si nt h ec hann e l r im j a r sf a r the rs ou th . CONCLUS ION D e sp i te t h e f a c t t h a t Wak e r ley w a s p rodu c ing i r on o n af a i r ly l a rg e s c a le a tt h i s t ime , t h e re i s v e ry l i t t le e v iden ce f o r i mpo r ted m a te r ia l i n to t h e s i t e , e x cep t p e rhap s t h e wh e e l tu rned f i ne w a r e s a nd af ew t r ink e t s , s u ch a st h e e a r ly b r oo che s ( J a ck son & Amb ro s e 1 978 , F ig . 5 6 , 1 , 2 ,3 ) . O th e rw i se , Wak e r ley a pp ea r s t ob e s om ewha t s e lf -con ta ined a t t h i s t im e . I tw a s n o t u n t i l t h e R oman p e r iod p rop e rt h a t Wak e r ley s t a r ted t oe xpand a nd d r aw i nm a te r ia l f r om f a r th e r a f i e ld . F rom t h e a bove e v idenc e , o ccupa t ion b egan a tQ u in ton d u r ing t h e l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry BC a nd a ppea r st ob ef l ou r i sh ing j u s t a f t e rt h eR oman C onque s t ,b e twe en AD 4 4 -60 . T he s i t e c on t inued t ob eo ccup ied t h roughou tm o s to ft h eR oman p e r iod .

21

WAKERLEY ( Nor than t s ) 1 .

J a ck son , DA . , & Ambro se ,T .M . , 1 978 , 15 -242

F o rm t y pe 1 1 : 1 C /G ,Q . 1 / h . Bx iL l . 1 : 2 C /G . 1 / h . v i i iL l . ( Found t o ge the rw i th ` b e lg ic ' f me w a r e s -b u tc ou ld e qua l ly w e l lb er e s idua l ) . 1 : 3 C /G . 1 / h . Bx i i iL l . 1 : 4 C /G ,Q ,FL . 1 / d . T op o fD i tch ' 1 3 ' -e a s to f e n t rance . T r en ch B xL l . 1 : 5 C /G .

1 / e ,h . v i iL 3 .

F o rm t y pe 6 . 2 . 1 : 6 G r ,C /G .

6 . 2 /g . F 270 .

F o r rn 5 . 1 : 7 1 : 8 1 : 9 1 : 10

F L ,Q ,C /G . 5 / c . Q . 5 / c . C /G . 5 / c . C /G . 5 / c . S u rf ace d ecora t ion : 1 : 11 C /G . 5 / c .

Bv i iL 2 . Bv i iL 2 . D i t ch' 1 3 ' Bv iL l . v i iL l . f me h o r izon ta lt i l l ing a r ound t h es hou lde r so ft h ev e s se l . v i iL l .

F o rm t y pe 1 3 . 1 : 12 C /G .

1 3 / c .

Ai L 9 .

V e ry c r ude v e r s ion o f ag i r th b eake r .

F o rm t y pe 1 . 1 : 13 G r ,Q .

1 1 c .

v i iL l .

N o te :t h is v e s se l ,t o ge the rw i th n o 's 1 : 3a nd 2 : 2w e r ef o und t o ge th e rw i th ` b e lg i c"fme w a re s ' . T he f a b r ic o ft h i sv e s se li sv e ry s im i la rt ot h a tf r om R u shden a nd o t he ru ppe rN ene s i te so fs im i la rd a te . F o rm t y pe 1 3 . 1 : 14 G r .

1 3 / .

T op o fd i t ch ' I V ,e a s to fe n t ranc e . ( T r en ch B ,x iL 1) .

2 22

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F ig . 9 9 W ak er ley : P o t tery IS ca le 1 :4 .

2 23

WAKERLEY ( Nor than t s ) 1-1c on t .

F orm t y p e1 4 . 1 : 15 1 : 16 1 : 17 1 : 18

Q ,G r . G r . C /G ,G r ,Q . G r ,C /G .

1 4 / c . 1 4 / c . 1 4 / c . 1 4 / c .

B F 6 11 -p o s th o le o nt h en o r th s i de o ft h ee n t ran ce . Bx i i iL l . T r en ch B , Bx iü .

1 : 19 G r ,Q ,C /G .

1 4 / c .

T op o fd i t ch ' E r e a s to ft h e

1 : 20

1 4 / c .

B

Q ,G r .

e n t rance . Bx iL l .

WAKERLEY ( Nor than t s )2 .

F orm t y pe 1 4c an t . 2 : 1 2 : 2 2 : 3 2 : 4

G r ,Q . 1 4 / c . v i iL I . C /G ,Q . 1 4 /c . Bx iL l G r ,C /G . 1 4 / c . Ai v -D i t ch ' A ' . C /G . 1 4 / c , t . Ai iL 9 . N o te : t h i sr im h a sa ne x te rna lg roove a nd i sv e ry s im i la rt o many e xamp le sf r om R u shden .

B a se t y pe s . 2 : 5 2 : 6 2 : 7

G r ,Q . C /G . F L ,Q ,G r .

B a se t y pe " "

` J ' Bv i iL 2 . ' 0 ' Bi x( En t ran ce L 1) . Gx iL l .

3

F ig . 1 00 Waker ley . P o t tery 2 .S ca le 1 :4 .

2 25

r

(

W EE KLEY -S P 8 86818 -8 81817 ( J ack son , D . , &D ix ,B . 1 987 )

S ummary a nd c harac ter o ft h es i te : As e r ie s o fe nc lo su re s o n ap l a teau o v e r look ing t h e R ive r I s e a nd d a t ing c on t inuou s ly f r om t he l a te I r on Age a nd c u lm ina t ing w i th aR omano -Br i t i sh v i l la . L a te I r on Age s t ruc tu re s i n t he f o rm o fr ound h ou se s w e re f ound w i th in t h e e nc lo su r e s a nd i nt h e t r an s i t iona l p e r iod p o t te ry k i ln s ,

c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e k i ln s a tR u shden h ad b een i n ser ted i n to

s ome o ft h e e nc losu re

d i tche s .

F ig . 1 01 . W eek ley ; l o ca t ion m ap . LOCAT ION & GEOLOGY T he a rea o fI r on Age a nd R omano -Br i t i sh o ccupa t ion i ss i ted b e tween t h e p a r i sh b ounda r ies o f Week ley a nd G edd ing ton , o n al ow s pu ro fl a nd a t9 9m . a bove OD . T he r i ve r I s e w i th i t s s t eep s i ded v a l ley , f l ow s t ot h e n or th a nd e a s t o ft h e s i te , a t ad i s tance o fa pp rox ima te ly 3 / 4 o f am i le ( 1 .2 km ) .

T he g eo logy o ve rt h ea r ea o ft h e l a te rI r on A g e o ccupa t ion o ft he s i te v a r ie sb e tween

ac app ing o fb ou lde r c l ay a tt h e s i te 's w e s t ern e x ten t , t o ma r l b enea th e nc lo su re ' B ' . T he a r ea s u r round ing t h e l a t e r R oman s e t t lemen t , e sp ec ia l ly i t s v i l la h ou se , w a s ma in ly o f G rea t O o l i te l ime s tone a nd t h e b u i lde r sp r e sumab ly h ad e xp lo i ted t h e r e ady s ou rce o f b u i ld ing s t one . O u tc rop s o f u ppe r E s tu r ine c l ay a ppea r t o h ave b een e xp lo i ted f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f p o t te ry , e spec ia l ly d u r ing t h e m id -f i r s tc en tury AD , ma in ly d ur ing t h e s i te ' sp ha se 2 .

DAT ING EV IDENCE O ccupa t ion b egan a t Week ley d u r ing t h es e cond c en tu ry BC a nd c on t inued u n t i lt h e l a te r s e cond c en tu ry AD . T he ma in f e a tu re o ft h eo ccupa t ion c on s i s t ed o f as e r ie s o f e nc lo su r es , A , B , Ca nd E . , t he ma jo rf e a tu re sa s soc ia ted w i th t h e l a te rI r on A g e . E nc lo su re s Ca nd E w e r ep robab ly t he

2 26

l a te s t a nd t h e mo s t i mpor tan t , e spec ia l ly f o r t h e l a te

p r e -Roman I r on A ge . E nc lo su re ' E '

c on s i s ted o f as ma l lb u t w e l l d ef ended e nc lo su re , wh i le e nc lo su r e ' C ' w a s s ur rounded b y ad i tch wh ich a ve raged 3m . i nd ep th a nd a ga in a ppea r s t o b e d ef en s ive . P a in ted p o t tery , s im i la r t ot ha t f ound a t R u shden ( Wood s & H a s t ing s 1 984 f i g s , 9 . 41 , 9 . 42 ) , w a s f ound i n t h e l owe r l a ye r s , d a t ing t h is d i tch t oa bou t AD 6 0 . J a ck son a dm i t s t ha t t h e e a r l ie s t p o t te ry f r om e nc lo su re ' E ' w a s f ound a t ah e igh t o fo ne m e t re a bove t he b o t tom o ft h e d i tch . H et h e r ef o re s ugge s ted t ha tt h ee nc lo su re m ay , i n f a c t , d a te f r om t he c l o se o fp ha se 1 ,p robab ly j u s tp r io rt o t h el a te rI r on A g e ( l a te L a Une ) , p e r iod -p ha se 2 a . L oca l L a Une d eco ra ted p o t te ry , t o ge the r w i th f ou r

G la s tonbu ry t ype v e s se l s , made f r om

g abb ro ic c l ay f r om t h e L iza rd p en in su la ri nC o rnwa l l , i mpor ted i n to t h e a r ea , h ad b een d umped i n to d i tche s i na r ea ' K ' , c l o se t ot h e e n t rance o f ah ou se , s ugge s t ing am id t ol a te f i r s t c en tu ry d a te f o r t h is g roup . ( See t h e d i scu s s ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e L a Une d eco ra ted p o t te ry i n J ack son & D ix 1 986 /7 ,f i g . 3 2 ) . I nc luded w i th in t h es i te 's C P 1g roup o fp o t te ry i s amu l t i g roove r im j a r( J ack son & D ix , 1 986 /7 f i g . 2 9 , 3 ) , d e scr ibed b y J ack son a s a' c hanne l r im 'j a r i n t y p ica l I r on A ge s he l ly f a br ic ( C /G ) . T h is f abr ic i sp rac t ica l ly u n ive r sa l ly u sed i n t h e r eg ion d u r ing t h e l a te I r on Age ; t h e f o rm , h oweve r , i sn o t u n ive r sa l , e spec ia l ly i n p r e -conque s t d epo s i t s . T he re i sn o t o ne e xamp le f r om Week ley o f wha t o ne m igh t d e sc r ibe a s a' t r ue N ene /Ou se v a l ley c hanne l -r im j a r ' , a l though o ne o r t wo d o c ome c l o se t ot h e f o rm , s o c ommon a l i t t le t ot h e s ou th , i n t h e N ene v a l ley , e g a t H a rd ing s tone ( 2 :9 ) . On t h e o the r h and , f i ne w a r e s , s uch a s t h e c o rdoned a nd c a r ina ted b ow l s , a r er ema rkab ly c on s i s ten ta nd q u i te c ompa rab le t ot h eN ene v a l ley t yp e s i nb o th f o rm a nd f a b r ic . QUALITY OF THE EV IDENCE J a ck son & D ix s t a te i nt h e i r d i scu s s ion " t ha t d a t ing f r om Week ley w a s l e s s s p ec if ic " , a l though t h e re a r es ome g ood d a tab le g roup so fp o t te ry w i th s uppo r t ing m e ta lwo rk , f r om t h es i te . T he re i sa l so o ne o ft h el a rge s t g roup so fd eco ra t ed L a Un e p o t t e ry ( CP 1 )i nN or thamp ton sh ire , wh ich t h e e xcava to r s d a te t o t h e l a te r f i r s t c en tu ry BC . I n c luded w i th in t h i s g roup ing w e re s eve ra l i mpor ted v e s se l s made f r om g abb ro ic c l ay . Much o f t h e l a te r I r on A ge a nd e a r ly R oman p o t te ry c ame f r om e nc lo su re s a nd t h e i r s u r round ing d i tche s a nd f r om as e r ie s o f 1 5 p o t te ry k i ln s s c a t te red a bou t t h e a r ea . T he g enera l d a t ing f o r t h i s ma ter ia l i sg i ven a s AD 5 0 -65 . T he re w e r e t wo b rooche s w i th in t he s t oke h o le o f k i ln 1 : aC o lche s te rt y pe a nd aC o lche s te rd er iva t ive , d a ted b yt h ee xcava to r st o AD 5 0 -65 . F rom k i ln 1 0 c ame as ma l l s he rd o fC laud io -Ne ron ian s au r ian w a r e . D ISCUSS ION A l though t he n umbe ro fw e l l d a t ed c on t ex t s f o rt h e l a te r I r on A ge i sl im i ted , i ti sp e rhap s o ne o f t h e mo s t i mpor tan t s i te s o fi t s k ind t oh ave b een e xcava ted i nt h e r eg ion , p ar t icu la r ly b ecau se o f t h e d emon s t ra ted c on t inu i ty o f o ccupa t ion f r om a bou t 2 00 BC u n t i l a tl e a s t t h e m idd le o ft h e s e cond c en tu r y AD . T he a s soc ia ted m e ta lwo rk f r om Week ley f u l ly a mp l i f ie s t h e d a t ing s ugge s ted b y t h e p o t te ry , t o ge the r w i th t h e p re sence o ft h ree I r on A g e c o in s , a l l o fT a sc iovanu s c2 0 BC -AD 1 0 . One c ame f r om D i tch C 5 , a no the r f r om f e a tu re C1 a nd t h e t h i rd f r om t h e r oad s u r f ace o ve r t h e c au seway a c ro s st h e d i tch o fe nc lo su re ' C ' . Two o t he r d a tab le i t em s f r om D i tch ' C ' , i mmed ia te ly a bove t he p r ima ry s i l t , w e re aR oman m i l i ta ry t y p e ' h a rne s s c l ip ' , aC o lche s te rb rooch ( po s t AD 7 0 ) a nd s ome ' Ru shden t ype p a in ted p o t te ry ' . T h e e xac t c on tex t o ft h e C o lche s te r ( ? de r iva t iv e ) b rooch i sn o tc l ea rf r om t h er epor t . U n f or tuna te ly , t h ei n te r sec t ion o fD i tche s C& Ea nd much o f t h eu ppe rf i l l so fD i tch ' C 'w e re l a rge ly e xcava ted b ym ach ine !

27

CONCLUS IONS A l though t he l a rge q uan t i ty o fm a te r ia lf r om t h e s i te a nd e v idence o fa c t iv i ty t h roughou tt h e l a te r I r on A ge c an c l ea r ly d emon s t ra te c on t inu i ty f r om a bou t t h e s e cond c en tu ry BC t o a bou t t he s e cond c en tu ry AD , t h e a c tua l s t ra t ig rap lüc r e la t ion sh ip s l i nk ing s ome o f t h e f e a tu re s w e re s ome t imes l a ck ing , t h e ref o re m ak ing i tad oub t f u l s i te t op l ace t o o much r e l iance u pon . H oweve r , t h e r ew e re s ome i n s tance s when p a r t so ft h es i te d i dp rov ide g ood d a t ing e v idence , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h ec a se o ft he b rooche si nK i ln 1 .a nd t h e f r agmen t o fC laud io /Ne ron ian s anüan w a r e f r om K i ln 1 0 a nd D i tch ' C ' , whe re a m i l i ta ry c oppe r a l loy f i t t ing c ame f r om j u s t a bove t h e p r ima ry s i l t , p r e sumab ly d a ted t ot h e C onque s t p e r iod . Week ley i sa l so n o tab le i np roduc ing s om e i mpor ted f i ne w a re s , s uch a st wo T er ra N ig ra p la t te r s ( Week ley 3 : 16 ,17 ) , a n i mpor ted b u t t b eake r ( J ack son & D ix F ig . 3 9 , 1 52 ) a nd s ome C laud io /Ne ron ian s anüan . Week ley h ad o bv iou s ly b een a c en t re o fs ome i mpo r tance , f r om i t s i n cep t ion i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry BC . T he s i te h a s p roduced o ne o ft h e l a rge s t g roup s o fL a Une c u rv i l inea rp o t te ry i nt h er eg ion . I th ad a l so a t t rac ted a tl e a s tf ou r g abb ro ic v e s se l s ( G la s tonbu ry t yp ew a re ) . I t si mpor tance c on t inued , p re sumab ly i n to t h el a te rI r on A ge a nd o n i n to t h e R oman p e r iod , a se v idenced b yt h e c on s truc t ion o f av i l la n ea rby . On ly t h ree s i te s h ave s o f a rp roduced t e r ra n ig ra i n N or thamp ton sh i re : Week ley ( 2v e s se l s ) , D u s ton ( 1v e s se l ) a nd P idd ing ton ( 20+ v e s se l s ) . T he p o s s ib i l i ty o f aR oman m i l i ta ry p re sence a t Week ley m ay a ccoun t f o r s ome o ft h e i mpo r ted ma ter ia l s f ound t h e re a nd a tt h e o the r t wo s i te s a l ready m en t ioned . B ecau se o ft h e e v idence o fi mpor ted m a t er ia ls a t Week ley , i th a s much i nc ommon w i th P idd ing ton , wh ich h a s a n e ven l a rge r c o l lec t ion o fi mpor ted m a te r ia l , i n c lud ing m i l i ta ry o b jec t s. I ti ss i gn if ican t t ha t t h e Week ley v i l la , wh ich i sl o ca ted s l igh t ly t oo ne s i de o ft h e e a r l ie r I r on A ge s e t t lemen t , i sv e ry s im i la rt ot ha t a tP idd ing ton . T he P idd ing ton v i l la a l so s ucceeded t h e l a te I r on Age o ccupa t ion , b u ti nt h is c a se , w a sb u i l td i rec t ly a bove t h ee a r l ie ro ccupa t ion .

2 28

WEEKLEY ( Nor than t s ) -1 .

J ack son , D . , &D ix , B . 1 986 /7 , 4 1-93 . F orm t y pe 5 . 1 : 1

1 : 2 1 : 3

C /G ( v e ry C oa r se ) . 5 / k . ( HM ) . S u rf ace t r ea tmen t : r andom t o o l ing m a rk sb e low t h er im , d i agona l s c or ing o ft h ev e sse l . C /G . 5 / d . ( HM ) F 665 ( c i i ) . S u rf ace t r ea tmen t : r andom v e r t ica lg roove s . C /G ,Q . 5 / d . ( HM ) .

a r ound t h eg i r th

1 : 4

C /G . 5 / d . ( HM ) . S u rf ace t r ea tmen t : r a ndom h o r izon ta l s t roke sa r ound t h en eck ,b e low wh ich a r er a ndom v e r t ica l s t rokes a r ound t h eg i r th o ft h ev e s se l . 1 : 5 C /G . 5 / d ,s . ( HM )K i ln 2 . 1 : 6 C /G . 5 / k . ( HM ) . 1 : 7 C /G ( med ) . 5 / c . ( HM )K i ln 2 . 1 : 8 G r ,Q . 5 / c . ( HM ) . 1 : 9 C /G . 5 / h . ( HM )K i ln 2 . -D i t ch ` 1 3 ' 1 : 10 Q ,G r . 5 : 2 / c . ( um )K i ln 2 . -D i t ch ' 1 3 ' S u rf ace t r ea tmen t : h eav i ly b u rn ished o nt h e s hou lde ra nd s i de s .

F orm t y pe 1 . 1 : 11 Q ,G r . 1 / g . ( HM )K i ln 2 . S u rf ace t r ea tmen t : b u rn ish ing a r ound t h en eck a nd t h eu ppe rs hou lde r , b e low t h i sw e re w ide ly s paced b u rn ished g roove s .

F orm t y pe 5 .

1 : 12

C /G . 5 / a . F 66A S u rf ace t r ea tmen t : h o r izon ta lr i l l ing b e low r im . 1 : 13 C /G . 5 / a . B 2 .v i i . S u rf ace t r ea tmen t : p l a in b and b e low r im ,b e low t h is i s hor izon ta lf i l l ing o ve rt h es hou lde r a nd a tl e a s ta s f a ra st h eg i r th .

1 : 14 1 : 15 1 : 16 1 : 17

C /G . C /G . C /G . G r ,Q .

5 / b . 5 / f . 5 / a . 5 / b .

B 2 . iv . B 2 .v i i . B .x -x i i iL i . K i ln 2 ,D i t ch ` 1 3 ' .

S u rf ace t r ea tmen t : h o r izon ta lr i l l ing a r ound t h es hou lde ro f t h ev e s se l -s im i la rt o1 : 13 . 1 : 18 G r ,Q . 5 : 1/g ,a . B ,x i ,K i ln 1 0 . 1 : 19 C /G . 5 / u . B . i i iv L 5 . 1 : 20 C /G . 5 / c . u / s .

1 : 21 1 : 22

S u rf ace d ecora t ion : h o r izon ta lr i l l ing i mmed ia te ly b e low t h eb ead r im . Abou t3 cm s . b e low t h is i s ab and o fd i agona l ly b u rn i shed s t roke s . C /G ( med ) . 5 / k . K i ln 2 . S u rf ac et r ea tmen t :h o r izon ta lm u l t ip le g rove sb e low b e low t h er im . G ene ra ln o te o n ac ommon d eco ra t ive e l emen ts e en o nt h ep o t te ry f r om Week ley : c omb i mp re ssed d eco ra t ion i sf r equen t ly p l aced b e tween t wo h or izon ta lg roove s .( d raw ing n o t t os ca le ) .

2 29

2

6

U1 7

1 2

9

1 3

1 4

1 6

1 7

1 9

20

z

1 8

e l e/ M i li ll

F ig . 1 02 W eek l e ly :P o t t ery 1 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

2 30

2 2

WEEKLEY ( Nor than t s )2 .

F orm t y pe 4 . 2 : 1

G r ,Q . ( ?Bu t tb eake r ) .

4 / a .

K i ln 2 .S t ok eho le .

5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1 /k . 5 . 1/ c . 5 . 1 /g . 5 . 1 /k . 5 . 1/g . 5 . 1/ c .

u / s . B .x -x i i iL l . K i ln 1 3 . K i ln 2-S t okho le ,d i t ch ' W . K i ln 2-D i t ch ' 1 3 ' . B .x -x i i i ,L l . K i ln 2-L l . B .x -x i i i ,L l .

F on t :t y p e5 . 1 2 : 2 2 : 3 2 : 4 2 : 5 2 : 6 2 : 7 2 : 8 2 . 9

G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . C /G . G r ,Q . C /G ( Med ium ) . G r ,Q .

F o rm t y p e6 . 2 : 10 C /G . 6 / g . 2 : 11 G r ,Q . 6 / g . S taf ace d ecora t ion :c omb i mp re ss ed i nt h e 2 : 12 G r ,Q . 6 / g . 2 : 13 G r ,Q ,C /G . 6 / g . 2 : 14 G r ,Q . 6 / g . 2 : 15 C /G ( F ine ) . 6 / g .

F 664 . K i ln 6 . f o rm o f al a t t ice d e co ra t ion . K i ln 1 0 . K i ln 3-F u rna ce . B 2 ,v i iL 3 . B 2 ,v i iL 3 .

F orm t y p e 6c on t . 2 : 16 2 : 17 2 : 18 2 : 19 2 : 20 2 : 21

G r ,Q ,C /G . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q . G r ,Q .

6 / g . 6 / g . 6 / g . 6 / g . 6 / g . 6 / g .

B 2 ,i v L 5 . K i ln 2 .D i t ch ' W . K i ln 1 3 . K i ln 1 . K i ln 1 0 . K i ln 1 .

1

3

e l

61

7

1

' g e .« « ew e

swede

W e e % 0c r eg e . e . %o w ,

1 1

l ie

1 2

ag i b

re i%1 › .

o t i o P

s z

, 0 7

" ,•

1 3

1 9

1 4

20

1 5

2 1

F ig . 1 03

W e ek l e y :P o t t e r y2 .S c a l e1 : 4 .

2 32

4

1 6

1 7

1 8

WEEKLEY ( Nor than t s ) -3 .

F o rm t y pe 6c on t . 3 : 1

G r ,Q . 6 / g .

K i ln 1 3 .

F orm T yp e6 . 2 . 3 : 2 3 : 3 3 : 4 3 : 5

G r ,Q . 6 . 2 /g . B .x -x i i iL I . C /G . ( Coa r se ) 6 . 2 /a . B . i ,L 7 . C /G . ( Med ium )6 . 2 /a . B .x -x iü ,L l . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :h o r izon ta lf i l l ing b e low r im . C /G . 6 / K i ln 1 . B a se t y pe ' A ' .

F o rm t y p e1 . 3 : 6 3 : 7 3 : 8

Q ,G r . Q ,G r . G r ,Q .

1 / g . 1 / c . 1 / c .

K i ln 2 ,L l . K i ln 2 ,L l . B .x -x i i i ,L l .

F o rm t y p e1 . 3 : 9 3 : 10 3 : 11 3 : 12

G r ,Q ,C /G . 1 /a . G r ,Q . 1 /a . G r ,Q . 1 /a . G r ,Q . 1 / a .

B . 1 ,L 7 . B . i i ,L 7 . B . i i -v i i ,L 3 . B . i i -v i i ,L 3 .

F o rm t y pe 3 . 3 : 13 G r ,Q . 3 : 14 Q ,G r .

3 / d . 3 / .

K i ln 1 3 . B .x -x i i iL 2 .

F o rm t y pe -B a se 3 : 15 G rQ B a s et y p e :I B .x -x i i iL l . S u rf ace d ecora t ion :a bove t h eb a se r i ng i s ah o r zon ta lc o rdon a nd a bove t h i sa r eg r oup so f v e r t ica l ly b u rn i shed s t roke s -s e ef i g . 3 ,1 2&1 3 .

F o rm t y p e2 . 3 : 16 TN . 2 / d . B .x i . ( S i te r e po r t -F ab 2 L ) . C am .14 . 3 : 17 TN . 2 / d . B . 14 . ( S i te r epo r t -F ab 2 L ) . C am . 5 6c .

2 33

1

2

3

/

4

9

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 7 1 6

F ig . 1 04 W eek ley : P o t tery 3 .S ca le 1 : 4 .

2 34

N or thamp ton sh ire U np rov enanced p o t t ery i ns t or ea tt h e C en t ra l Mu s eum N or thamp ton F orm t y pe 4 . 1 : 1

G r ,Q .

4 . /g .

Ma rked o nt h ev e s se l :R ev . J .O .H icken s .A l so ,G u i l sbo rough .A c cn o . A 27 / 1927 . F o rm t y p e1 8 . 1 : 2

G r ,Q . 1 8 /g . N op rovenanc e ,b u tg i ven t oN o r thamp ton Mu s eum b yM rG ib son o fH a rd ing s tone . A c c .n o . Y /894 .

F orm t y pe I .

1 : 3

TN .

1 / a . N op rovenance ,( O ld a c c .n o . 9 7 11

N ew a c c . n o .897 . S t amp o nb a se w h i ch a ppea r st or e ad : ' AST ' . C am . 5 8B

C I

F ig . 1 05 U provenanced N or thamp tonsh ire P o t tery . S ca le 1 :4 .

2 35

ODELL ,( Bed f ord sh ire ) -Ou se V a l ley . 1 .

E x cava t ed b yB .D ix f o rt h eB ed f o rd sh i r eC oun ty C ounc i l i n a dvance o fg rave l e x t rac t ion .Unpub l i shed . ( R ef e r enced m a in ly f r om : T homp son 1 982 T he g roup o fp o t tery h er e s hown w a s i n c lud ed o n t h eg round s t h a t i ti so ne o ft h e v ery f ew c o l lec t ions o fp o t tery o b ta ined i nt h e r eg ion , f rom c eme tery s i te .

al a t e I r on Age ( La T ine 3 )

A l though t h e g roup i sf rom B edf ord sh ire , t h ey d er ive f rom t h e O use v a l ley , w h ich i t h as b een s hown , h as c l ose c onnec t ions w i th p o t tery f rom t h e N ene v a l ley , e spec ia l ly f rom t h e m id f i r s t c en tury BC o nwa rd s . H owever , t h e g roup a s aw ho le , i sm arked ly d i f f er en tf rom p o t tery u sed o n b o th t h e O use a nd N ene v a l ley o ccupa t ion s i t es a nd s ugges t st ha t s pec ia lp o t tery w a sm ad ef or f une ry u s e .

F orm t y pe 5 .

1 : 1

C /G

5 / 1 ,a ,e .

F o rm t y pe 5 . 2 1 : 2 1 : 3 1 : 4 1 : 5

G r 5 : 2 / c ( Thomp son t y pe : E3 1) F 127 -B u r ia l . G r+C /G 5 : 2 /m ( Thomp son t y pe : E3 1) F 127 -B u r ia l . G r 5 : 2 /k ,g ( Thomp son t y pe : E3 5 )F 84 -B u r ia l . G r+C /G 5 : 2 / c

S u rf ac ed ecor a t ion :u neven b and so fn o tched r ou le t t ing . ( Thompson t y pe : ? ) F 87 -B u r ia l .

F o rm t y pe 1 3 . 1 : 6

G r

1 3 /m

S u rf ace d ecora t ion : b e tween t h ree s e t so fg r oove sa nd c o rdon sa r ei a gona l g roups o fs c ra tched l i ne s . ( Thomp son t y pe : G 4 )

F 87 -B u r ia l .

F orm t y pe 1 5 . 1 : 7

G r+C /G

1 5 /m

H eav i ly c o r ruga ted e x te rna lt r ea tmen t . (Unpa ra l le led ) F 101 -B u r ia l .

2 36

F ig . 1 06 Od e l l : c eme t ery 1 .S ca l e 1 : 4 .

2 37

ODELL ( Bedf ord sh ire ) -2 .

F orm t y pe 1 4 . 2 : 1 2 : 2 2 : 3 2 : 4 2 : 5 2 : 6

2 : 7

G r+C /G 1 4 / c ( Thomp son t y p e :? ) F 10 1 -B u r ia l . G r+C /G 1 4 / c ( Thomp son t y pe :E ) F 89 -B u r ia l . ( J r 1 4 / c ( Thomp son t y pe :E l) F 85 -B u r ia l . G r+G /G 1 4c ( Thomp son t y pe :? ) F 87 -B u r ia l . G r+C /G 1 4 / c ( Thomp son t y pe :E l) F 89 -B u r ia l . G r+C /G 1 4 / c ( Thompson t y pe :? ) F 89 -B u r ia l . S taf ace d ecora t ion :F ive e x t e rna l ly d eep cu tg roov e sa r ound t h en e ck /w a i s t . G r+C /G 1 4 /g ,c ( Thomp son t y pe :E 11) F 10 1 -B u r ia l .

F ig . 1 07 Od e l l : c eme t e ry 2 .S ca le 1 :4 .

ODELL ( Bedord sh ire ) -3 .

F o rm t y pe 4 . 1 . 3 : 1 3 : 2

G r ,C /G 4 . 1/ i S l igh t ly d if e ren tf r om t h en o rm -much mo re b u lbou s . ( Thompson t ype :B 1-5) . F 127 -B u r ia l . G r 4 . 1/ i N oc o rdon so ra ny f o rm o fd eco ra t ion a ta l l ,j u s t as imp le o u t tu rned r im r em in iscen to f aB u t tB eake rt ype . (Thompson t yp e :B 5 -2 ) F 127 -B ur ia l .

F orm t y pe 4 .2 3 : 3

G r

4 .2 / c ,k U ppe r ,t wo g roove s . L owe rt h ree g roove s .

( Thompson t ype : B 5 -3 ) F 10 1 -B u r ia l . 3 : 4

G r 4 .2 /k Two s e t so fd oub le g rooves p l aced o nt h es hou lde ra nd a round t he g i r th . ( Thompson t yp e : G 5 1)

F ?

-B u r ia l .

3 : 5

G r 4 .2 /k Two s e t so fw ide ly s paced c o rdond st he l owe rc o rdon i sd e l in ia ted b yd eep g r oves a bove a nd b e low . ( Thompson t ype : G 5 ) F 89 B u r ia l . 3 : 6 G r ,C /G 4 .2 /k Two s e t so fw ide ly s paced c o rdon s . ( Thompson t yp e : B 5 -3 o rG 5 1) F 85 B u r ia l . 3 : 7 3 : 8

G r 4 .2 / c Two s e t so fw ide ly s paced c o rdon s . ( Thompson t y pe : B 5 -3 o r G 5 1) F 89 -B u r ia l . G r ,C /G 4 .2 /c Two s e t so fw ide ly s pa ced c o rdon s . ( Thomp son t y pe :

B 5 -3 o rG 5 1) F 10 1 3 : 9

3 : 10

3 : 11

G r

B u r ia l .

4 .2 /( a lmo s t ac o rn ice , b u tp robab ly ` l e)

D eco ra t ion : t wo s e to fc o rdon sb e tween wh ich a r ez i g -z ag b u rn i shed g roove s . ( Thomp son t ype : Q 5 -2 ) F 85 - B u r ia l . G r ,C /G 4 .2 / c T h ree u nequa l ly s paced c o rdon sb e tween wh ich i s a na l l -ove rp a t te r o r ak no t ched whee lo rc omb ep a t te rn . ( Thompson t ype : G 5 -2 ) G r 4 . 2 / j

F 10 1 Bu r ia l

D ecora t ion : t wo s t ep sa round t h es hou lde r s ,n oo t he rd eco ra t ion p resen t . ( Thomp son t ype : B 2 -3 ) C rema t ion p i t5 .

2 40

F ig . 1 08 Od e l l : c eme t ery 3 .S ca l e 1 :4 .

2 41

ODELL ( Bedf ord sh ire ) -4 .

F orm t y pe 8 . 4 : 1

G r ,C /G 8 / h ( Mo r eo f af l a sk t h an p e rhap sa f l agon a st h e re a ppea r st ob en oh and le p re s en t ) . ( Thomp son t y pe :? ) F 127 .

F o rm t y pe 8 .( w i th h and l e s ) 4 : 2 W 8 k L a rge f l agon s im i la rt oC am 1 6 IA . I mpo r ted ,p robab ly f r om t h e Ma s s if C en tra l -c f .R igby & F ree s ton e , 1 986 .

F o rm t y pe 3 . 4 : 3

O r

3 / c H igh ly c o ruga ted o u t e rs u r f a ce t ot h i sl i d .

F o rm t y pe 2 . 4 : 4 G r ,C /G

2 / d V e ry s im i la rt oC am 2 1A . ( Thomp son t y pe :G 1 1) F 127 -B u r ia l .

2 42

/ 4

F ig . 1 09 Od e l l : c eme tery 4 .S ca le 1 :4 .

2 43

Abbrev iat ion s

An t . J .

A n t iqua r ies J ourna l

A rch . J .

A rchaeo log ica lJ ourna l

B .A .R .

B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica lR epor t s

B ed s . A rch . J .

B edf ord sh ire A rchaeo log ica lJ ourna l

B .N .F .A .S .

B u l le t in o ft h eN or thamp ton sh ir e F ed era t ion o fA rchaeo log ica lS oc ie t ies

B uck s . A rch . S oc . Monogaph S e r ie s .

B uck ingham sh ire A rchaeo log ica lS oc ie ty Monog raph S er ie s

C an t . A rch . T ru s t

C an t erbury A rchaeo log ica lT ru s t

C .B .A . R e sea rch R epo r t

C ounc i lf or B r i t ish A rchaeo logy R esearch R epor t

D e rby sh i re A rch . ,J . ,

D erby sh ire A rcha eo log ica l J ourna l .

E .A .A .

E a s tA ng l ian A rcha eo logy

G la sgow A rch . J .

G la sgow A rchaeo log ica lJ ourna l

H er t s . A rch .

H er ord sh ir eA rcha eo log y

J .N .M .

J ourna lo fN or thamp ton Mu seum s

J .N or than t s . N a tH i s t . S oc . & F i e ld C lub

J ourna lo ft h eN or thamp ton sh ire N a t ura lH i s tory S oc ie ty & F ie ld C lub

L .M .A . &R .

L e ice s t er sh ir e Mu seum sA r t s &R ecord s S erv ice

N o r than t s . A rch .

N or thamp ton sh ir eA rchaeo logy

O x . U n i . C omm . f o r A rch . Monog raph .

O xf ord U n iv er s i ty C omm i t t ee f or A rchaeo logy , Monog raph S er ie s

P .P .S .

P roc eed ing so ft h eP r eh i s tor ic S oc ie ty

P roc . D o r se tN a t . H i s t . &A rch . S oc .

P roceed ing so ft h eD or se tN a tura lH i s tory & A rcha eo log ica lS oc ie ty

PHFC

P roc eed ing so ft h e Hamp sh ir eF ie ld C lub a nd A r chaeo log ica lS oc ie ty

R .C .H .M .

R oya lC omm i s s ion o nH i s tor ica l Monumen t s

R ec . o fB uck s .

R eco rd so fB uck ingham sh ir e

T ran s . B 'ham . Wa rk s . A r ch . S oc . Warw ick sh ir e

T ran sac t ion so ft h eB irm ingham a nd A r cha eo log ica lS oc ie ty

U ppe rN en eA r ch . S oc . Monog raph S e r ie s

U pp er N ene A r cha eo log ica lS oc ie ty Monog raph S er ie s

B IBL IOGRAPHY

B idd l e ,M . 1 965 . ' Ex cava t ion sa t W in ch e s t e r 1 964 ' , A n t . J . ,4 6 ( 1 964 )2 30 -264 .

A nnon . 1 997 .T h em e sf o ru rban r e sea rch , c1 00 BC -AD 2 00 . P ub l i shed a s as upp l im en tt o B r i t i sh A r cha eo logy , N ov embe r , CBA ( 1 997 ) .

B i r ch a l l ,A . 1 965 . ' Th eA y le sf o rd S wa r l ing C u l tu r e :t h ep rob lem o ft h e B e lga er e con s id e r ed ' ,P .P .S . 3 1 ( 1 965 )2 41-367 .

A ve ry , M . , S u t ton ,J . E .G . &B ank s , J .W . 1 967 . ` Ra in sbo rough ,N o r than t s . , E ng land : e x cava t ion s 1 96 1-5 ' , P .P .S . 3 ( 1 967 )2 07 -306 .

B lo ck ley ,K . ,B lo ck ley ,M . ,B lock ley ,P . , F r e r e , S . S . &S t ow , S .1 995 . E x ca va t ion si nt h e Mar lowe C a r P a rk a nd s ur round ing a r ea s . P a r t sI &I ,T h eA r cha eo logy o f C an t e rbu ry. C an t .A r ch . ,T ru s t ( 1 995 ) .

B a i ley , E .B . 1 957 . ' Excava t ion sa t B annav en ta , 1 9 56 ' , JN or than t s N a t . H i s t . S oc . &F ie ld C lub . 3 ( 1 957 )2 30 -264 .

B oon ,G . 1 969 . ' Be lg ic a nd R oman S i lch e s t e r :t h ee xcava t ion so f1 954 8w i th a ne xcu r su so nt h ee a r ly h i s to ry o fC a l l eva ' , A rchaeo log ia 1 02 ( 1 969 ) 1 81 .

B eh r en s ,G . & Wer n e r ,J .1 950 . R öm i sch e F ibe ln m i tI n sch r if t .R e ineck e F e s t schr if tz um 7 5 . G ebur t s tag v on P au lR e ineck ea m2 5 . S ep t ember 1 947 . Ma inz 1 9 50 E .S chn e id e r V e r lag 1 12 .

B raund , D . 1 984 .R ome a nd t h eF r iend ly K ing . B eck enham ( 1 984 ) .

B e r su ,G . 1 940 . ' Excava t ion sa tL i t t le Woodbu ry ,W i l t sh i r e . P t 1 :T h e S e t t l em en ta sr e v ea led b y e xcava t ion ' ,P .P .S . 3 1 ( 1 940 )3 0 11 .

B rown ,A .E . & Woodf i e ld C . 1 983 . ' Ex cava t ion sa tT owce s te r , N o r thamp ton sh i r e : T h eA lch e s t e r

2 45

5 00 . O x . U n i . C omm . f o rA rch . Monog raph N o . 1 3( 1 987 )

R oad S ubu rb s ' ,N or than t s . A r ch . 1 8 ( 1983 )4 3140 . B u rnham , B . C . ,e ta l . 1 997 . T heme sf or U rban R e search , c lOOBC t o AD 2 00 . R epo r to f aCBA w o rk ing p a r ty ( 1997 ) .

C un l if f e , B . 1 991 . I r on A g e C ommun i t ie s i nB r i ta in . L ondon 1 992 . ( 3 rd E d i t ion ) . C ur t e i s , M . 1 996 . ' An a na ly s i so ft h e c i rcu la t ion p a t te rn s o ft h eI r on A ge c o in sf r om N o r thamp ton sh i r e ' , B r i tann ia 2 7 ( 1 996 ) 1 7 -42 .

B u she -Fox , J . P . 1 925 .E xcava t ion o ft h e L a t e -C e l t ic U rn -F ie ld a tS war l ing , K en t . R epor t so ft h eR e sea rch C omm i t te eo ft h eS oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie so fL ondon , 5( 1 925 ) .

D am i en ,G .B . , &W i ld , J . P . 1 987 . L ong thorpe H . T he M i l i tary Work s D epo t : a n e p i sod e i nl a nd scape h i s tory . B r i tann ia Monog raph S e r ie s 8( 1 987 ) .

C abo t se , J .e t Nr ichon , R . 1 966 . Te ra rn ique sG au lo i se se tG a l lo R oma ine sd eR oann e( Lo i re ) ' , G a l l ia 2 4( 1 966 )2 9 -75 .

D a r l ing , M .J . &J one s , M .J . 1 988 . ' Ea r ly S e t t lemen t s a tL inco ln ' , B r i tann ia 1 4( 1 988 ) 1 57 .

C la rk , R .M . 1 975 . ' Ac a l ib ra t ion c ur v ef o r r ad ioca rbon d a te s ' , A n t iqu i ty 4 9 2 51-266 .

D ix , B . 1 987 . ` Raund sa r ea P ro jec t : s e cond i n te r im r e po r t ' ,N or than t s . A rch . 2 1 ( 1986 /7 ) 3 29 .

C lay , P . & Me l lo r ,J . E . 1 985 . E xca va t ion s a tB a th L ane , L e ice s t er , L e ic e s t e r A rchaeo log ica lR epor t 1 0( 1 985 ) .

D ix , B . &T ay lo r , S .1 988 . ' Excava t ion s a tB annaven ta ( W lü l ton L odge , N o r than t s ) ,1970 -71 ' , B r i tann ia 1 9( 1 988 ) 2 99 -339 .

C lay , P .& P o l la rd R icha rd . 1 994 .I r on A ge & R oman O ccupa t ion i nt h e W e s tB r idg ea rea , L e ice s t er e xcava t ion s 1 962 -197 1 . L .M .A . & R . S erv ice ( 1 994 ) 7 2 -76 .

E i sdon , S . & May , J .1 987 . T he I r on A ge P o t t ery f rom D ragonby : d raf t r epor t . N o t t ingham ( 1987 ) .

C l if f o rd , E . 1 961 . B ag end on : aB e lg ic o pp idum . C amb r idge ( 1 961 ) .

E t t l inge r , E . 1 975 . ( c i ted b yT ye r si n P a r t r idge , 1 981) . ' P lanche sp ou rl a D e t e rm ina t ion d el ac e ra rn ique

C o l l ingwood , R .G . &R ichmond ,I .1 969 . T he A rchaeo logy o fR oman B r i ta in . L ondon ( 1 969 )

g a l lo roma ine e nS u i sse ' , E burod unum 1( 1 975 ) .

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