Stone Age Living Spaces in Western Norway 9781841711393, 9781407351933

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acknowledgements
1. Introduction
2. Perspectives on analysis and interpretation
3. The culture-historical setting
4. The function of stone tools-experimental and use-wear analyses
5. Site structure-distributional analysis of site organisation
6. Recent site investigations
7. Spatial organisation of activities and division of labour in the Mesolithic and Neolithic
References
Appendices
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
Appendix IV

Citation preview

Stone Age Living Spaces in Westem Norway

Arne Johan Nrer0y

BAR International Series 857 2000

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 857

Stone Age Living Spaces in Western Norway © Arne Johan Nærøy and the Publisher 2000 Total distribution of artefacts and all tools at site 16 Budalen, Kollsnes, western Norway. COVER IMAGE

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841711393 paperback ISBN 9781407351933 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841711393 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2000. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

BAR PUBLISHING BAR titles are available from: BAR Publishing 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK E MAIL [email protected] P HONE +44 (0)1865 310431 F AX +44 (0)1865 316916 www.barpublishing.com

C on ten t s

L i s to ff i gu re s

A r chaeo log ica lv i s ib i l i ty o fp rocu remen t ,

L i s to ft a b le s

p roce s s ing a nd ma in tenance t a sk s Q ua r tz Q ua r tz t e chno logy

4 . 2 4 . 2 .1

A cknow ledgemen t s

1

I n troduc t ion

1 . 1 1 . 2

R e sea rch b ackg round S i te ma te r ia l

1 . 3

A rea d e sc r ip t ion P re sen t -day e nv i ronmen t P reh i s tor i ce nv i ronmen ta nd r e sou rce

2

P er spec t ives o na na ly s i sa nd i n terpre ta t ion

1 4

2 . 1

I n t roduc t ion

1 4

2 . 2

An a n th ropo log ica lp e r spec t ive o ns oc ia l i n te rac t ion a nd f o rm R e sea rch p roce ss a nd t h eo re t ica l p o s i t ion ing

1 4

2 . 4

4 . 4 4 .4 .1

4 .4 .2 1 8

4 .4 .3

p e r spec t ive U se o fa na logy a nd t h ed i v i s ion o fl a bou r 2 . 5

G ende ra nd d iv i s ion o fl a bou r F em in i s tc r i t ique so fs c ience T he g ende rc oncep t Af unc t iona ll i nk b e tween t h er o le o ft h e i nd iv idua lb e ing sa nd ag ende r

2 1

4 . 5

2 . 6

p e r spec t ive C omp l imen ta r i ty o f mode l sa nd c on tex t s

2 2

2 . 7

C onc lu s ion

2 3

3

T he c u l ture -h i s tor ica ls e t t ing

2 4

3 . 1 3 . 2

2 4 2 4

3 . 3

I n t roduc t ion T he E a r ly Meso l i th ic c on tex t S ub s i s tence S e t t lemen ts y s tem T he N eo l i th ic c on tex t

3 . 4

S ub s i s tence S e t t lemen ts y s tem C onc lu s ion

4

4 . 1

T he f unc t ion o fs t one t oo l se xper imen ta la nd u se -wear a na ly se s

3 1

I n t roduc t ion a nd a im so fs t udy

3 1

F unc t iona le va lua t ion o fs i te a s semb lage s E a r ly Me so l i th ic s i te s B -14625 - S i te 1 4B uda len

6 0 6 3 6 4

B -14352 - S i te 3Knappskog E a r ly Meso l i th ic s i te f unc t ion s E a r ly N eo l i th ic s i tes B -14613 - S i te 1Ko l l snesda len B -14617 - S i te 5R eva rv ika B -14767 - S i te 3 3 B uda len E a r ly N eo l i th ic s i te f unc t ion s M idd le N eo l i th ic s i te s B -14627 - S i te 1 6B uda len U se -wea ra na ly s i so fq ua r tz a s semb lage D i scu ss ion o fu se -wea ra na ly s i s B -14628 - S i te 1 7 B uda len M idd le N eo l it h ic s i te f unc t ion s C onc lu s ion

6 9

7 2

8 7

S i te s t ruc ture -d i s tr ibu t iona l a na ly s is o fs i te o rgan isa t ion

9 0

5 . 1 5 . 2

I n troduc t ion Mode l l ing o fh un te r -ga the re rc amp s pace I nd iv idua lb ehav iou ra nd l i th ic t oo l p roduc t ion a nd u se P re sen t ing f l ake s ca t te r s E xpe r imen ta la nd e t hnoa rchaeo log ica l s pa t ia lp a t ter n s T he k nappe r -a ccu racy o fi d en t if ica t ion

9 0 9 0

5 . 3 5 . 3 .1 5 . 3 .2

1

Q ua r tz u se -wea rf e a tu re s I n te rp re ta t ion o fu se -wea rd a ta F un c t iona le va lua t ion o ft oo l so fo the r r aw ma te r ia l s

5

2 7

3 0

3 4 3 7

B -14768 - S i te 3 4B uda len B -14770 - S i te 4 0S lä t tev ikane B -14773 - S i te 4 3 H id la ren

1 6

P roce ssua la r chaeo logy a nd m idd le r ange p e r spec t ive E xpan s ion o ft h em idd le r ange

E xpe r imen ta lt oo lu se U se -wea ra na ly s i so fq ua r tz Q ua r tz s u r face f e a tu re s A mode lo fw ea rf o rma t ion o nq ua r tz

4 . 3

2

S t ruc tu re o fs c ien t if i ci nqu i ry « An a r chaeo log ica lp rocedu re o f d i scove ry» Ana log ica lr ea son ing

4 . 2 .2 4 . 2 .3

5

e xp lo i ta t ion

2 . 3

T he s t ruc tu re a nd p rope r t ie so fq ua r tz T echno logy a nd e xpe r imen ta lq ua r tz r e duc t ion

1 1

C h rono logy R ep re sen ta t iv i ty a nd r eg iona l i ty

3 2 3 3

o fs e a t ing p o s i t ion Mu l t ip le u se r s H u t sa nd h ou se s S t ruc tu re o fs i te p resen ta t ion s S i te s t ruc tu re A r tef ac td i s t r ibu t ion Wo rk a c t iv i t ie s C on tex to fd epo s i t ion Wo rk a c t iv i t ie s

9 7 9 7 9 9

5 . 3 .3 5 . 4

S pa t ia lc o r re la t ion o fa c t iv i t ies D i s t r ibu t iona la na ly s i so fs i tes

5 . 4 .1

E a r ly Meso l i th ic s i te s S i te s t ruc tu re s i te 1 4B uda len -B -14625

1 00

7 . 3 .1

1 00

7 .4

S i te c a tego r i sa t ion s I nd iv idua l se ngaged i nl i th ic r educ t ion , t oo lp roduc t ion a nd u se R e la t ion b e tween s i te a r ea s Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic s e t t lemen t

1 97

7 .4 .1 7 .4 .2

p a t ter n sa nd d i v i s ion o fl a bou r E ngende r ed s i te mode l s Ac ompa ra t ive p e r spec t ive

1 97 1 98

B -1 4770 S i te s t ruc tu re s i te 4 3H id la ren -B -14773 S i te s t ruc tu re s i te 3K napp skog -

5 . 4 .2

5 . 4 .3

S i te s t ruc tu re s i te 5R eva rv ika -B -146 17 S i te s t ruc tu re s i te 3 3B uda len -B -14767 E a r ly N eo l i th ic s i te o r gan i sa t ion M idd le N eo l i th ic s i te s S i te s t ruc tu re s i te 1 6B uda len -B -14627

a cqu i s i t ion 7 . 5

1 53

1 78

6

R ecen ts i te i nve s t iga t ions

1 81

6 . 1

T he E a r ly Meso l i th ic

1 81

6 . 1 .1 6 . 1 .2 6 . 2 6 . 2 .1 6 . 2 .2

R ecen ts i te i nve s t iga t ion s S pa t ia lp a t ter n s T he E a r ly a nd M idd le N eo l i th ic R ecen ts i te i nve s t iga t ion s S pa t ia lp a t te rn s

1 81 1 83 1 83

7 . 2 .1 7 . 2 .2

7 . 5 .1

O rgan i sa t iona lf e a tu re so ft h ed i v is ion o f t a sk s I n t roduc t ion T a sk g roup o rgan i sa t ion a nd r e s iden t ia l

2 01

2 02

mob i l i ty S i te d epo s i t s -e x ten s ion , s t ruc tu ra l

5 . 5

7 . 1 7 . 2

Ag ende rp e r spec t ive o nl ong te rm d eve lopmen t so fl i th ic t e chno logy L i th ic t e chno logy a nd r aw ma te r ia l

1 30

S i te s t ruc tu re s i te 1 7B uda len -B -14628 M idd le N eo l i th ic s i te o rgan i sa t ion C onc lu s ion

7

1 93

p a t ter n s

S i te s t ruc tu re s i te 3 4B uda len -B -14768 S i te s t ruc ture s i te 4 0S l ä t tev ikane -

B -14352 E a r ly Meso l i th ic s i te o rgan i sa t ion E a r ly N eo l i th ic s i te s S i te s t ruc tu re s i te 1K o l l sne sda len B -14613

S i te s t ruc tu re a nd i nd iv idua la c t iv i ty

1 00

1 83 1 88

S pa t ia lo rgan i sa t ion o fa c t iv i t ie s a nd d iv i s ion o fl a bour i nt he Meso l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic

1 90

I n t roduc t ion D iv is ion o fl a bou ri nh un te r -ga the re r s oc ie t ie s D iv i s ion o fl a bou r -ad ef uü t ion

1 90 1 90

f e a tu re sa nd s e t t lemen ts t ab i l i ty O s teo log ica la nd p a lyno log ica le v idence a nd s e t t lemen ts t ab i l i ty

7 .6

T a sk g roup o rgan i sa t ion P a t ter n so f Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic r e s iden t ia l mob i l i ty S oc ia la nd e conom ic t r an sfo rma t ion so f S tone Age s oc ie ty -t r an s i t ion t o as e t t led w ay o fl i f e

R ef erences Append ice s A ppend ix I C a ta logue so ff i nd sf r om Meso l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic s i te s .

A ppend ix I 1 90 1 91

7 . 2 .3 7 . 2 .4

B io log ica lc on s t ra in t sa nd c u l tu ra l s o lu t ion s A rchaeo log ica li n v i s ib i l i ty T a sk d i f f e ren t ia t ion ,a c t iv i ty s ynd rome

7 . 2 .5

a nd p roduc t ion s equence P roduc t ion ,u se , s ha r ing a nd d i sca rd o f

1 92

7 . 3

t oo l s -i mp l ica t ion sf o rs i te a na lyse s S i te s pace a nd a c t iv i t ie s

1 93

1 91 1 92

i v

D ocumen ta t ion o fe xpe r imen ta la nd u se w ear a na ly s i so nq uar tz .

A ppend ix i f i U se -wea ra na ly s i so fq ua r tz t oo l sa ts i te 1 6B uda len -d a ta a nd i n te rp re ta t ion s hee t sf o re ach a r tefac t .

A ppend ix I V C la ss if i ca t ion o fn on -qua r tz t oo l s

2 07

L i s to ff i gure s F ig . 1 . 1

Map o fN o rway w i th t h ea r ea o f

F ig . 1 . 2

i nve s t iga t ion a t Ko l l sne s , O yga rden c ommune , Ho rda land c oun ty i nd ica ted . Map o fK o l l snes w i th s i te si nd ica ted .

F ig . 2 . 1 F ig . 3 . 1

An « a r chaeo log ica lp rocedure o f d i scove ry» a dap ted t os pa t ia la na ly s i s . Map o fs ou ther n Norway w i th Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic s i te s men t ioned i nt h et e x t .

F ig .4 . 1

F ig .4 . 2 F ig . 4 . 3 F ig .4 . 4 F ig .4 . 5

F ig . 4 . 6 F ig .4 . 7 F ig .4 . 8

Mode li lu s t ra t ing t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween c e r ta in wo rked ma te r ia l sa nd w ea rf e a tu re s . Mode lo f Meso l i th ic a nd E a r ly N eo l i th ic l i th ic r e duc t ion s y s tem s ,M idd le Sweden . F rac tu re t ype sa f te re xpe r imen ta lq ua r tz r educ t ion . F rac tu re p l ane f e a tu re so nf r esh ly k napped q ua r tz . E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu res -f l ake s ca r s , s moo th ing ,b road p l a s t ic d efo rma t ion a nd d eep s u r face c rack ing . E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu res -f l ake s ca r sa nd b locky s t ruc tu re s . E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu res -d eep i r regu la rs t r ia t ion s . E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu res -f l ake

s c a r sa nd a dhe r ing ma te r ia l . E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu res -f l ake s ca r s ,s moo th ing a nd b road p la s t ic d efo rma t ion . F ig .4 . 10 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu res a b ra s ion a r ea a nd f l ake s ca r s . F ig .4 . 11 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu res -f l ake

F ig . 4 . 9

s ca r s ,s moo th ing ,s moo thed /f i l led i n i mpa c tp i t s ,s t r ia t ion sa nd b road d efo rma t ion s . F ig .4 . 12 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tures s moo th ing , s t r ia t ion s ,i mpac tp i t s ,f i l led i ns t r ia t ion s / impac tp i t sa nd d eep s u r face c rack ing . F ig .4 . 13 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu res s moo th ing ,b road p la s t ic d efo rma t ion , s t r ia t ion s ,i mpac tp i t sa nd f l ake s c a r s . F ig .4 . 14 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wear f e a tu res s moo th ing a nd b road p l a s t ic d efo rma t ion . F ig .4 . 15 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu res s o lu t ion p i t s . F ig .4 . 16 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu res s moo th ing ,b road d efo rma t ion s , s moo thed f l ake s ca r sa nd f i l led i n s t r ia t ion sa nd i mpac tp i t s . F ig .4 . 17 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tur es -

s c a r s , s t ra igh t -s ided s t r ia t ion s , i mpac t p i t sa nd s moo th ing . F ig .4 . 19 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu res -f l ake s ca r sa nd b roken u pr i dge . F ig .4 . 20 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu re s -e dge r ound ing , s moo th ing a nd f l ake s c a r s . F ig .4 . 21 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu re ss t ra igh t -s ided s t r ia t ion a nd s moo th ing . F ig .4 . 22 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu re s s ha l low s t ra igh t -s ided s t r ia t ion . F ig .4 . 23 S u r face s t ruc tures o nq ua r tz a r tefac t s b e l ieved t ob ec au sed b yn a tu ra le ro s ion . F ig .4 . 24 A rchaeo log ica lu se -wea rf ea tu re sb roken u pr i dges ,i mpac tp i t s ,s moo th ing a nd s t r ia t ion s . F ig .4 . 25 A rchaeo log ica lu se -wea rf ea tu re s n a r row p la s t ic d efo rma t ion s ,e dge r ound ing , s moo th ing ,a b ra s ion a r ea a nd s t ra igh t -s ided s t r ia t ion s . F ig .4 . 26 A rchaeo log ica lu se -wea rf ea tu re s -e dge r ound ing / smoo th ing ,f l ake s ca r s ,n a r row p la s t ic d efo rma t ion sa nd s ha l low i r regu la rs t r ia t ion s . F ig .4 .27 A rchaeo log ica lu se -wea rf ea tu re s -f l ake s c a r s ,b roken u pr i dge s ,s t ra igh t -s ided s t r ia t ion s ,i mpac tp i t sa nd s l igh te dge r ound ing . F ig .4 .28 A rchaeo log ica lu se -wea rf ea tu re s -f l ake s c a r s ,b roken u pr i dge s , s t ra igh t -s ided s t r ia t ion s ,i mpac tp i t sa nd s l igh te dge r ound ing . F ig .4 . 29 A rchaeo log ica lu se -wea rf ea tu re ss ha l low i r regu la rs t r ia t ion s , s ha l low r egu la rs t r ia t ion s ,w eak e dge r ound ing / smoo th ing a nd f l ake s c a r s . F ig .4 . 30 A rchaeo log ica lu se -wea rf ea tu re ss t ra igh t -s ided s t r ia t ion s ,i mpac tp i t s , w eak e dge r ound ing / smoo th ing a nd f l ake s c a r s . F ig .4 . 31 A rchaeo log ica lu se -wea rf ea tu re sa b ra s ion a r ea , s t ra igh t s ided s t r ia t ion s a nd n a r row p la s t ic d efo rma t ion s . F ig .4 . 32 A rchaeo log ica lu se -wea rf ea tu re sa b ra s ion a r ea , s o lu t ion p i t s , s ha l low F ig . 5 . 1

k napp ing q ua r tz w i th h andhe ld p la tfo rm c o re ,b ipo la rc o re a nd p l a tfo rm c o re o n a nv i l . F ig . 5 . 2

T he L e jre e xpe r imen ti nb lade r educ t ion a nd t h eH a s t rup Vxnge te xpe r imen ti n f l in ta xe manufac tu re .

F ig . 5 . 3

E xper imen ta la nd a r chaeo log ica ld eb r i s p a t te rn ing .

F ig . 5 . 4

A rchaeo log ica le xamp le so fa r tefa c t d i s t r ibu t ion si n s ide h ou se s .

s ha l low i regu la rs t r ia t ion sa nd s moo th ing . F ig .4 . 18 E xpe r imen ta lu se -wea rf e a tu res -f l ake

i r regu la rs t r ia t ion sa nd i mpac tp i t s . F lake d i s t r ibu t ion sa f te re xpe r imen ta l

F ig . 5 . 5

F ig . 5 . 6 F ig . 5 . 7

F ig . 5 . 8

F ig . 5 . 9

d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef a c t s . S i te 4 3 H id la ren ( B -14773 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r rowhead s ( c omp le te a nd

S ymbo l sf o ra r tefac tc a tego r ie s a nd r aw ma ter ia ls u sed o nc on tou red d i s t r ibu t ion

F ig . 5 . 21

p lo t s . S i te 1 4B uda len ( B -14625 ) -t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t so ns i te p lan . S i te 1 4B uda len ( B -14625 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion o fb lade s ,c o re s ,c o re f r agmen t s , af l ake a xe , am icro l i th a nd u sed b l ades a nd f l ake sc ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f

f r agmen ted )a nd r e touched /u sed f l akes a nd b lades c ompa red w i th t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t s . F ig . 5 . 22 S i te 4 3 H id la ren ( B -14773 )d i s t r ibu t ion o ff l in tf l ake s< 10 mm c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 23 S i te 4 3 H id la ren ( B -14773 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o ff l in tf l ake s 1 0 -40 mm

a r tefac t s . S i te 1 4B uda len ( B -14625 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion o ff l in tf l akes < 10 mm , 1 0 -40 mm a nd > 40 mm c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t s . S i te 3 4B uda len ( B -14768 ) -t o ta l

c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 24 S i te 4 3 H id la ren ( B -14773 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o ff l in tf l ake s> 40 mm c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 25 S i te 3Knapp skog ( B -14352 ) -t o ta l

a r tefac td i s t r ibu t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f c o res ,c o re f r agmen t s ,b l ades ,p o in t s , m icro l i th sa nd u sed f l ake so ns i te p lan . F ig . 5 . 10 S i te 3 4B uda len ( B -14768 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion o ff l in tf l ake s< 10 mm a nd 1 0 -40 mm

d i s tr ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t so ns i te p l an . F ig . 5 . 26 S i te 3Knapp skog ( B -14352 ) -

c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 11 S i te 4 0S lä t tev ikane ( B -14770 ) -t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t so ns i te p lan . F ig . 5 . 12 S i te 4 0S lä t tev ikane ( B -14770 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o fc o re sa nd c o re f r agmen t s

d i s t r ibu t ion o ff l in ta nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f q uar tz c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 27 S i te 3Knapp skog ( B -14352 )d i s t r ibu t ion o fc o re s ,c o re f r agmen t sa nd b lade sa nd r e touched /u sed b l ade sa nd f l ake s , ac o re a xe , ab o re ra nd a r rowhead sc ompa red w i th t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t s . F ig . 5 . 28 E a r ly Me so l i th ic s i te sa t Ko l l sne s a nd

a nd a l li d en t if ied t oo l sc ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t s . F ig . 5 . 13 S i te 4 0S lä t tev ikane ( B -14770 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o fb l ade sc ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 14 S i te 4 0S lä t tev ikane ( B -14770 ) , -

Knapp skog -s i te p l an sa nd a r tef a c t d i s t r ibu t ion s . F ig . 5 . 29 S i te 1Ko l l sne sda len ( B -14613 ) -t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t sa nd d i s t r ibu t ion o fb lades ,c o re s ,a r rowhead sa nd

d i s t r ibu t ion o ff r agmen ted a nd c omp le te a r rowhead s ,b ur in s , ab u r in s pa l la nd a h amme r s tone c ompa red w i th t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 15 S i te 4 0S lä t tev ikane ( B -14770 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o fr e touched /u sed -a nd

r e touched /used f l ake sa nd b l ade s c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 30 S i te 1Kol snesda len ( B -14613 )d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t so fr hyo l i te a nd r hyo l i te f l ake s< 10 mm a nd 1 0 -40 mm

p o ss ib ly r e touched /u sed f l ake sa nd b lades c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 16 S i te 4 0S lä t tev ikane ( B -14770 ) d i s tr ibu t ion o ff l in tf l ake s< 10 mm

c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f r hyo l i te . F ig . 5 . 31 S i te 1Ko l l sne sda len ( B -14613 )-

c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 17 S i te 4 0S lä t tev ikane ( B -14770 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o ff l in tf l ake s 1 0 -40 mm

d i s tr ibu t ion o fa r tefac t so fq ua r t za nd f l in tc ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 32 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) -s i te p lan

c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 18 S i te 4 0S lä t tev ikane ( B -14770 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o ff l in tf l ake s> 40 mm

w i th s t ruc tu ra lf e a tu re s . F ig . 5 . 33 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) -t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t so ns imp l if ied s i te p lan . F ig . 5 . 34 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) -

c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 19 S i te 4 3H id la ren ( B -14773 ) -t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t so ns i te p lan .

d i s t r ibu t ion o fr hyo l i te a nd f l in tf l ake s c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s .

F ig . 5 . 20 S i te 4 3 H id la ren ( B -14773 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o fc o re s ,c o re f r agmen t s , b lades a nd a l lt oo l sc ompa red w i th t o ta l

v i

F ig . 5 . 35 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) -

F ig . 5 . 49 S i te 3 3 B uda len ( B -14767 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion o fq ua r tz a nd q ua r tz i te . F ig . 5 . 50 S i te 3 3 B uda len ( B -14767 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion

d i s t r ibu t ion o fq ua r tz a nd my lon i te f l akes c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tef ac t s . F ig .5 . 36 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o fs l a te a nd r ock c rys ta l

o fr hyo l i te f l akes < 10 mm a nd 1 0 -40 mm c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f r hyo l i te . F ig . 5 . 51 S i te 1 6B uda len ( B -14627 ) -t o ta l

f l ake sa nd u n iden t if ied r aw ma te r ia l s c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s .

d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t so ns imp l if ied s i te p lan .

F ig . 5 . 37 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o fc o res a nd c o re f r agmen t s

F ig . 5 . 52 S i te 1 6B uda len ( B -14627 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion o fq ua r tz a nd f l in tc ompa red w i th t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s .

c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 38 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) -

F ig . 5 . 53 S i te 1 6B uda len ( B -14627 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion o fr ock c ry s ta l ,q ua r tz i te ,r hyo l i te a nd s l a te a nd c o re sa nd h amme r s tone s c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f

d i s t r ibu t ion o fr hyo l i te a nd f l in tb lade s c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s .

a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 54 S i te 1 6B uda len ( B -14627 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion

F ig . 5 . 39 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o fE ar ly N eo l i th ic t oo l s c on tou red d i s t r ibu t ion a nd n umbe ro f

o ft oo l sa nd b u rn tf l in tc ompared w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s .

a r tef ac t sp r . 5 0x50 cm c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t s . F ig .5 . 40 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) -

F ig . 5 . 55 S i te 1 6B uda len ( B -14627 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion o fq ua r tz f l akes < 10 mm c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fq ua r tz . F ig . 5 . 56 S i te 1 6B uda len ( B -14627 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion

d i s t r ibu t ion o fE ar ly N eo l i th ic a r rowhead sa nd s c rape r st ype A

o fq ua r tz f l akes 1 0 -40 mm a nd q ua r tz

c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tef ac t s . F ig .5 . 41 S i te 5R evarv ika ( B -14617 ) -

a nd q ua r tz i te f l akes > 40 mm c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fq ua r tz . F ig . 5 . 57 S i te 1 6B uda len ( B -14627 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion

d i s t r ibu t ion o fs c rape r st ype B a nd C c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 42 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o fs c rape r st ype D a nd E a nd

o ff l in tf l ake s< 10 mm a nd 1 0 -40 mm c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o ff l in t . F ig . 5 . 58 S i te 1 6B uda len ( B -14627 ) -a c ompa r i son o ft h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fq ua r tz t oo l sd i scove red b yu se -wea ra na ly s i s a nd t h er e s to ft h et oo la s semb lage . F ig . 5 . 59 S i te 1 6B uda len ( B -14627 ) -t o ta l

f l ake su sed a ss c rape r sc ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t s . F ig . 5 . 43 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o fc u t t ing ,i n c i s ion a nd b o r ing t oo l sa nd c omp le te a nd f r agmen t s o fg round s t one a xe sc ompa red w i th t o ta l

d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t sa nd t oo l su sed f o ri n c is ion , s hav ing /p lan ing ,c u t t ing , s c rap ing ,p ro jec t i le s ,h amme r s tones , p um ice sw i th a b rad ing t r aces a nd a g r ind ing s l ab . F ig . 5 . 60 S i te 1 7 B uda len ( B -14628 ) -s i te p lan w i th s t ruc tu ra lf ea tu re s .

d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s . F ig .5 . 44 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o fv a r iou st oo l sa nd b u rn t f l in tc ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tef ac t s . F ig . 5 . 45 S i te 5R evarv ika ( B -14617 ) d i s t r ibu t ion o fr hyo l i te f l akes < 10 mm

F ig . 5 . 61

S i te 1 7 B uda len ( B -14628 ) -s imp l if ied t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s ,o u t l ine o f h ouse a nd s ugge s t ion f o rr oom p a r t i t ion ing .

a nd 1 0 -40 mm c ompa red w i th t h et o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 46 S i te 5R eva rv ika ( B -14617 ) -

F ig .5 . 62 S i te 1 7 B uda len ( B -14628 ) -t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t si nc on tou rl i nes a nd n umbe rp r . 5 0x50 cm o ns i te p lan . F ig . 5 . 63 S i te 1 7B uda len ( B -14628 ) -d i s tr ibu t ion o fq ua r tz a nd f l in tc ompa red w i th t o ta l d i s tr ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t s . F ig . 5 . 64 S i te 1 7 B uda len ( B -14628 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion

d i s t r ibu t ion o fr hyo l i te f l akes > 40 mm c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tef ac t s . F ig . 5 . 47 S i te 3 3 B uda len ( B -14767 ) -t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t sa nd b lades ,

o fa r tefac t so fr ock c rys ta la nd q ua r tz i te c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 65 S i te 1 7 B uda len ( B -14628 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion

c o re s ,r e touched f l akes a nd b lades , p um ice w i th a b rad ing t r a ce sa nd n umbe r o fa r tefac t sp r . 5 0x50 cm . F ig . 5 . 48 S i te 3 3 B uda len ( B-14767 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion

o fb ipo la rc o re sc ompa red w i th t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s .

o fr hyo l i te a nd f l in t . v i i

F ig . 5 . 66 S i te 1 7B uda len ( B -14628 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion o fc o re so the rt han b ipo la r ,c o re f r agmen t sa nd b lade sc ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s . F ig . 5 . 67 S i te 1 7B uda len ( B -14628 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion o f Meso l i th ic t oo l sc ompa red w i th t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s ( exc lud ing r e touched b l ade sa nd f l ake s ) . F ig . 5 . 68 S i te 1 7B uda len ( B -14628 ) -d i s tr ibu t ion o fN eol i th ic t o o l sc ompa red w i th t o ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t s( exc lud ing r e touched b l ade sa nd f l ake s ) . F ig . 5 . 69 S i te 1 7B uda len ( B -14628 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion o fr e touched /used b l ades a nd f l ake s c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o f a r tefac t s .

F ig . 5 . 70 S i te 1 7B uda len ( B -14628 ) -d i s t r ibu t ion o fq ua r tz f l ake s 1 0 -40 mm ,< 10 mm a nd > 40 mm c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o fq ua r tz . F ig . 5 . 71

S i te 1 7 B uda len ( B -14628 ) -d i s tr ibu t ion o ff l in tf l ake s 1 0 -40 mm ,< 10 mm a nd

> 40 mm c ompa red w i th t o ta ld i s t r ibu t ion o ff l in t . F ig . 5 . 72 E a r ly a nd M idd le N eo l i th ic s i tes a t

F ig . 6 . 1 F ig . 7 . 1

K o l l sne s -s i te p lan sa nd a r tefac t d i st r ibu t ion s . M idd le N eo l i th ic h ou se si nw es te rn No rway C a tego r ie so ft h e Ko l l sne s s i te s .

L i s to ft ab le s T ab . 1 . 1

T ab . 1 . 2

S i te sf r om Ko l lsne s ,O yga rden c ommune a nd K napp skog ,F je l lc ommune H o rda land c oun ty ,N orway . 1 4 c -dates f r om s i tes a t Ko l lsne s ,

s i te si nw e s ter n No rway -p e rcen tage d i s t r ibu t ion s . T ab .4 . 15 S imp l if ied t oo li n ven tory f o rE a r ly Meso l i th ic s i te s ,w e s ter nN orway n umbe r sa nd p e r cen tage d i s t r ibu t ion s .

O yga rden c ommune H o rda land c oun ty , N orway . T ab . 1 . 3

I d en t if ied f i sh s pec ie sf r om s e cu re e xcava t ion u n i t s a tt h eK o teda len s i te , H o rda land ,w e s ter nN o rway .

T ab . 1 . 4

I den t i f ied b i rd s pec ie sf r om s e cu re e xcava t ion u n i ts a tt h eK o teda len s i te , H o rda land ,w e s ter nN o rway .

T ab . 1 . 5

T ab . 1 . 6

T ab .4 . 1 T ab .4 . 2

c o re . E xpe r imen tF 06 ,h andhe ld p la t fo rm

T ab .4 . 3

c o re . E xpe r imen tF 03 ,p la t fo rm c o re o na nv i l .

T ab .4 . 5 T ab .4 . 6

E xpe r imen tF 07 ,p la t fo rm c o re o na nv i l a nd h andhe ld . E xpe r imen tF 07 ,p la t fo rm c o re o na nv i l . E xpe r imen tF 07 ,h andhe ld p l a t fo rm

T ab . T ab . T ab . T ab .

c o re . E xpe r imen tF 04 ,b ipo la rc o re . E xpe r imen tF 05 ,b ipo la rc o re . Q ua r tz f l akes u sed a se xper imen ta lt oo l s . U se -wea rf ea tu re si d en t if ied o n

4 . 7 4 . 8 4 . 9 4 . 10

N eo l i th ic s i te si n Wes ter nN orway n umbe r sa nd p e r cen tage d i s t r ibu t ion s . T ab .4 . 18 U se -wea ra na ly s i so fs i te 1 6B uda len , r e su l t sf r om s c ann ing f o ru sed a r tefac t s . T ab .4 . 19 S t a tu sf o ru se -wea ra na ly s i so fq ua r tz

I d en t if ied mamma l ian s pec ie sf r om s e cu r ee xcava t ion u n i t sa t Ko teda len , H o rda land ,w e s ter nN o rway . A mode lo fs pa t ia la nd s ea sona l d i s t r ibu t ion o f ma jo rr e sour ce s , Ho rda land c oun ty ,w e s ter n Norway E xpe r imen tF 02 ,h andhe ld p la t fo rm

T ab .4 . 4

T ab .4 . 16 A r tefac ti nven to ry f o rE a r ly N eo l i th ic s i te si nw e s te rn N orway . T ab .4 . 17 S imp l if ied t oo li n ven to ry f o rE a r ly

a r tefac t sf r om s i te 1 6B uda len . T ab . 4 . 20 A r tefac ti nven to ry f o rM idd le N eo l i th ic s i te si nw e s ter n No rway -n umbe r sa nd p e r cen tage d i s t r ibu t ion s . T ab . 4 . 21 S imp l if ied a r tef ac ti nven to ry f o rM idd le N eo l i th ic s i te si nw e s ter n No rway n umbe r sa nd p e rcen tage d i s t r ibu t ion s . T ab .4 . 22 T oo l mo t ion so n Meso l i th ic a nd

T ab . 5 . 1 T ab . 5 . 2

N eo l i th ic s i te sa t Ko l lsnes ,w es te r n N o rway . L i s to fs i te s s e lec ted f o rs pa t ia la na ly s i s . K napp ing f l oo rs i zes f r om e xper imen ta l

T ab . 5 . 3

a nd a r chaeo log ica l s i te s . S i ze o fa r ea c l ea red o fl a rge rs t one so n

T ab . 5 . 4

T ab . 6 . 1 T ab . 6 . 2

e xpe r imen ta lt oo l s . T ab .4 . 11 C a lcu la t ion o fu se -wea rv a lue s a cco rd ing t o wo rked ma ter ia l . T ab .4 . 12 U se -wea rf ea tu re ss o r ted a cco rd ing t o t h es um o fu se -wea rf e a tu re v a lue sa nd

T ab . 6 . 3 T ab . 7 . 1

a moun to fu se -wear t ypes . T ab .4 . 13 A r tef ac ti nven to ry f o rE a r ly Me so l i th ic

T ab . 7 . 2

s i te si nw es te rn Norway . T ab .4 . 14 A r tef ac ti nven tory f o rE a r ly Me so l i th ic

i x

E a r ly Meso l i th ic s i te s . T oo l mo t ion sr e la ted t os i te a r ea so n Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic s i te so n K o l l sne s ,w e s ter n No rway . E a r ly Meso l i th ic s i tes i n Norway . D a ta f r om e xcava ted E a r ly Me so l i th ic s i tes i nw e s te rn N o rway . E a r ly a nd M idd le N eo l i th ic s i tes i n s ou the r n No rway . D i s t r ibu t ion o ff o rma lv e r su si n fo rma l t o o l sa tt h eK o l lsnes s i te s . S ea sona li nd ica to r si nt h eo s teo log ica l a s semb lage f r om Ko teda len , Ho rda land , w es ter n Norway .

A cknow ledgemen t s My a dv i so rh a sb een D r . R and iH ä land ,D epa r tmen t o fA rchaeo logy , Un ive r s i ty o fB e rgen . S he h a s e n thus ia s t ica l ly s uppo r ted t h ep ro jec tf r om i t si n i t ia l p lann ing a nd t h roughou t my p e r iod a sD r . A r t s t uden t .T he p ro jec ta nd t h e s i sh ave b enef i t ted g rea t ly f r om h e re xpe r ience a nd a dv ice . T he u se -wea ra na ly s i sc ou ld n o th ave b een p e r fo rmed w i thou tt h eh e lp o fD r . K je l Knu t s son , Un ive r s i ty o f Upp sa la a se x ter na la dv iso r . K nu t sson a l so c ommen ted o na ne a r ly m anu sc r ip t . Iwou ld a l so l i ke t ot hank K je la nd H e lena f o rt he i r h o sp i ta l i ty d u r ing my s t ay si nU pp sa la . D r . C h r is tophe rP re sco t ta nd D r . S iv K r i s tof f e r sen h ave c ommen ted o nt h e manu sc r ip ta nd o ne a r l ie r a r t ic les r e la ted t ot h i sp ro jec t . D r .L a r sF o r sbe rg a l so c ommen ted o na ne a r ly v e r s ion o ft h i st h e s is . Iwou ld l i ke t ot h ank D r . H e l le J ue lJ en sen f o r a dv ice o nu se -wea ro nf l in td u r ing ab r ief s t ay a t Moe sgaa rd , Un ive r s i ty o fA a rhu s . Iwou ld a l so l i ke t ot h ank s t ud . D r . a r t . Knu tA nd rea sB e rg sv ik , D av id S impson M .A . , s t ud . D r . a r t . E va Wa lde rhaug a nd E l izabe th J an Wa r ren M .A .f o r d i scu ss ion sc once rn ing t h ea na ly s i sa nd u nde r s tand ing o fS tone Age w e s te rn Norway . Ih ave

t hank E l l ino r Hof ff o rh e lp w i th d raw ing sa nd f i gu re sa nd S ve in S ka re w i th p ho to sa nd s cann ing , b o th a tB e rgen Museum . T he e xcava t ion so ft h es i te sa t Ko l lsne si n Oyga rden w e re c a r r ied o u ta s ar e scue e xcava t ion f i nanced b yA /S N o r ske S he l l . T he r e scue e xcava t ion w a sh eaded b y Mag .a r tK je r s t iR ande r s a nd Iw ou ld l i ke t ot h ank h e rf o rh e rc o -ope ra t ion d u r ing t h ey ea r st h ep ro jec tl a s ted . T he p ro jec tw a s c a r r ied o u tw i th h e lpfu l lne s sa nd e n thu s ia sm b y many f i e ldwo rke r st o whom Iwou ld l i ke t oe xp re ss my a pp rec ia t ion . T he a r chaeo log ica lp a r to ft h eT ro l lp ro jec tw a s i n i t ia ted l a te i nt h ea u tum 1 989 w i th as u rvey o ft h e a r ea , a nd w i th s ub sequen ts urvey sa nd e xcava t ion s f r om 1 990 t h rough 1 992 .T he r epo r tw a sw r i t ten i n 1 993 a nd p ub l i shed i n1 994 . A /S No r ske S he l la l so f i nanced a nO lympu sm ic ro scope wh ich made t h e q uar tz u se -wea ra na ly s i sp o s s ib le . T oge the rw i th t h e H is to r ica l mu sem , Un ive r s i ty o fB e rgen a nd Oyga rden c ommune ,t h ey a l so f i nanc ia l ly s uppo r ted a ne xh ib i t ion made o nt h eb a s i so ft h eK o l l sne s e xcava t ion sa nd i nc o -ope ra t ion w i th B jo rg C h r is tophe r sen a t« Oyga rd smu see t» .

f u r the rmo re a pp rec ia ted a nd b enef i t ted f r om t h ec o o pe ra t ion a nd d i scu ss ion sw i th s t ud .c and .p h i l .

T he s i te a t Knapp skog w a se xcava ted b o th a sa r e scue e xcava t ion a nd a sp a r to f af i e ld -cou r se f o r

Mo r ten Ku tche ra a nd s t ud .c and .p h i l . T o rA rne Wa raa sc once rn ing E a r ly Me so l i th ic l i th ic t e chno logy .

u nderg radua te s t uden t sa tt h eD epar tmen to f A rchaeo logy , Un ive r s i ty o fB e rgen . Iw ou ld l i ke t o t hank t h ep a r t ic ipan t so ft h e se e xcava t ions f o rt h e i r e f for t s .

Iwou ld a l so l i ke t ot hank E g i lS eve r in E r ich sen a t t h eL abo ra to ry f o re l ec t ron m ic ro scopy a tt h e F acu l ty o f Na tu ra lS c ience s , Un ive r s i ty o fB e rgen , f o rt e ach ing me h ow t oo pe ra te t h es cann ing e l ec t ron m ic roscope ,a nd h i sh e lpfu lne ss d u r ing t h e p e r iod o fa na lys is . T he s t a f fa tt h eC on se rva t ion D epa r tmen ta tB e rgen Mu sem a l so of e red me wo rk ing s pace a nd h e lp d u r ing t h ep e r iod o f a na ly s ing t h eq ua r tz . I na dd i t ion , Iwou ld l i ke t o

T he No rweg ian R e sea rch C ounc i lf o rt h e h uman i t ie si n1 992 g ran ted me at h ree -yea rD r . a r t . s cho la r sh ip a s ac on t inua t ion o ft h eT ro l lp ro jec t . I n a dd i t ion ,t h eF acu l ty f o rH uman i t ie s , Un ive r s i ty o f B e rgen g ran ted af i ve mon th e x ten s ion o ft h eD r .a r t . s co la r sh ip .T hese a dd i t iona l mon th s made i t p o ss ib le t oc onc lude t h ep resen tp ro jec t .

A rne J ohan Nx roy Novembe r 1 998

T h i sd i sse r ta t ion wa s s ubm i t ted i np a r t ia lf u lf i lmen t o ft h er equ i remen t sf o rt h eD r .A r t .d eg ree a tt h e Un ive r s i ty o fB e rgen , a nd d ef ended i n Ap r i l 1 999 . I

Un ive r s i ty o fB e rgen f o rt h e i rv a luab le c ommen t s

wou ld l i ke t ot hank t h ec omm i t tee e va lua t ing t h e D r .A r t . t h es is c on s is t ing o fD r .D ebo rah O lau sson , Un ive r s i ty o fL und , D r .P e te rR ow ley -Conwy ,

a nd p o s i t ive r e spon se st ot h ep resen tp ro jec t . On ly m ino rc o r rec t ion sh ave b een made t ot h ea c tua l c on ten to ft h et ex tf r om t h eo r ig ina lv e r s ion o ft h e t h es is .H oweve r , my e ng l i sh h a sb een c o r rec ted a nd c on s ide rab ly i mp roved b yD r . s c ien t . S y lv ia P eg la r ,

Un ive r s i ty o fD u rham a nd D r .R and i Hä land ,

B o tan ica lI n s t i tu te , Un ive r s i ty o fB e rgen .

A rne J ohan Nx r0y Ma rch 2 000

1

I n troduc t ion T he p r esen tc hap te ri n t roduces b r ie f ly t h et h eme s a nd p rob lem so ft h et h e s i s .I tof e r sa p re sen ta t ion o ft h ee xcava t ion p ro jec t wh ich h ave p roduced t h es i te s .F ur the rmo re , c ha rac te r i s t ic f e a ture so fp re sen td ay a nd p reh is to r ic e nv i ronmen t sa r ep re sen ted .

1 . 1

R e search b ackground

F unc t iona la spec t si nt h ea r chaeo log ica ls i te ma te r ia lb o th i nt e rm so ft h el i th ic a s semb lages a nd

Ic on s ide rt h ei n te rp re ta t iona lp o ten t ia lo fS tone Age s i te si n No rway i nr e la t ion t os oc io -cu l tu ra l

s i te s t ruc tu ra lf e a tu re s ,r a i sed a no ppo r tun i ty t o d i scu ss f ea tu res o fp r eh i s to r ic d iv i s ion o fl a bou r . T h i si nvo lves t h ee mp loymen to fa r chaeo log ica l

b ehav iou ra sc on s ide rab le a l though i ti sc ommon t o s t res st h el a ck sa nd w eakne s se si no u r ma te r ia l : f o r i n s tance ,t h ef a c tt h a tp re serva t ion o fo rgan ic

me thod s s uch a ss pa t ia la nd l i th ic s t ud ie s . T he p re sen ta na ly s i si st h e r efo re a na t temp tt oe l abo ra te o nt h e se « func t iona l» a spec t so ft h ea r chaeo log ica l

ma te r ia li sp oo r . Norweg ian S tone Age r e sea rch h a s t h roughou ti t sh i s to ry f ocu sed o n an umbe ro fi s sue s f r om t h ee s tab l i shmen to fc h rono typo log ica lt o l o ca lc u l tu r e -h i s to r ica ls equence si nr e la t ion t ot h e i r

ma te r ia li na na na ly s i so fp reh i s to r ic a c t iv i t ies a nd s oc ia li n te rac t ion .I no rde rt od os o ,t h et h e s is a t temp t st od eve lop ap e r spec t ive a pp rop r ia te t ot h e

S cand inav ian a nd E u ropean c on tex t( Brogge r 1 909 , 1 925 ; S he te l ig 1 922 ; B 0e & Numeda l 1 936 ;

a na lys i sa nd i n te rp re ta t ion o f ma te r ia lr ema in sf r om s pa t ia l ly o rgan i sed b ehav iou ro np reh is to r ic s i te s .

G je s s ing 1 945 ; I nd re l id 1 975 ; Odne r 1 966 ;P resco t t 1 995a ; P resco t t & Wa lde rhaug 1 995 ; H agen 1 967 ) . F u r the rmo re ,i s sue so fr eg iona ls ub s i s tence p rac t ice s , s i te d i f f e ren t ia t ion sa nd s e t t lemen t

T he p r ima ry o b jec t ive t h en ,i st os t udy a c t iv i t ie si n t e rm so ft h e i rc ha rac te ra nd s pa t ia lo rgan isa t ion a s r e f lec ted b yl i th ic w a s te a nd s t ruc tu ra lr ema in s . How h ave wo rk a c t iv i t ie sb een o rgan i sed s pa t ia l ly ,

s y s tem sw e re d eba ted t o al a rge e x ten td u r ing t h e

a nd c an s pa t ia lo rgan i sa t ion o fa c t iv i t ies ,a s r e f lec ted b ys t ruc tu re sa nd l i th ic w a s te ,b ee va lua ted i nt e rms o fi nd iv idua la nd g ende rb ehav iou r?

d ecade so ft h e «New A rcha eo logy» ( I nd re l id 1 975 , 1 978 ; J ohan sen 1 969 , 1 978 ) . T he f o cu so ft h i st h e s i si st h es pa t ia la nd s oc ia l r e la t ion sb e tween p eop le p e r fo rm ing t h e i rd a i ly a c t iv i t ie so nv a r iou sk ind so fs i tes w i th in ag i ven

T he se o b jec t ives i n vo lve ,a si na ny a r chaeo log ica l s t udy ,t he p rob lema t ic a spec to fi n teg ra t ion b e tween d a ta , me thodo logy a nd t h eo ry . As t udy o ft h is k ind i mp l ie st h eu se o f ar ange o fa r chaeo log ica l

l o ca la r ea . T he s t udy t h e refo re p r ima r i ly d ea l sw i th t h em ic ro leve lo fs oc ia li n teg ra t ion -t h e s i te l e ve l .

me thod s . One o ft h e se i sl i th ic s t ud ie sd eve loped l a rge ly d u r ing t h el a s tt h ree d ecade si n c lud ing u se w ear a na ly s i sa nd r ef i t t ing o fl i th ic a r tefac t s .A sh a s

An i n te re s ti ns pa t ia lp henomena o nS tone A ge s i tes i s al ong -s tand ing i s sue b o th i ni n te rna t iona la nd Norweg ian a r chaeo logy .A rcha eo log ica l

b een p o in ted o u t ,h oweve r ,t h ed eve lopmen to f

i nve s t iga t ion si ns ou the rn No rway f ocus ing s pec if ica l ly o nt h eu se o fs i te s pace o nS tone Age s i te s ,h a sb een as omewha tn eg lec ted r e sea rch a r ea a l though e a r ly e xamp les e x i s t( Bang -Ande r sen 1 981 ; B raa then 1 985 ; M ikke lsen 1 975 ; S ka r&

t h eo re t ica lp e r spec t ive so nt h ei n teg ra t ion o fd a ta p roduced b yt h e se m e thod si nt h ea na lys i so fs oc io c u l tu ra lb ehav iou rh a sl a gged b eh ind ( Knu t sson 1 990 ) . T he c u r ren ts t udy a t temp t st ot a ke t h is p rob lem a so ne o fd i scu ss ion i s sue sa nd a t temp t st o

C ou l son 1 986 , 1 987 , 1 990 ) . R ecen t ly ,t h e re h a s b een a ni n c rea sed i n te re s ti nt h i sf i e ld ( Ba l lM &

i n teg ra te f unc t iona la nd s pa t ia lm e thod sw i th in a p e r spec t ive d i rec ted a tt h e s t udy o ft h es pa t ia l o rgan i sa t ion o ft a sk sa nd a c t iv i t ie s .

J en sen 1 995 ; B ang -Ande r sen 1 989 , 1 990 ; B oaz 1 997 , 1 998 ; F ug le s tved t 1 995 ; G lO r s tad 1 996 ; K r i s tof f e r sen ,K .K . 1 995 ; K r i s tof f e r sen , S .1 990 , 1 995 ; Nx r0y 1 994 , 1 995a , 1 995b , 1 997 ; S imp son 1 992 ; T rone s 1 996 ; Wa r ren 1 994 ) .

An a na ly s i so f ac o l lec t ion o fS tone Age s i tes mu s t b ef ounded o ns eve ra ll i ne so fe v idence . I nt h e

T h i sa r ea o fs t udy i n vo lve st h ei s sue o fh ow

a r chaeo log ica lm e thod sa nd mode l s .F u r the rmo re , t h ea na lys i sa l so r e l ie sh eav i ly ,a tb o th f unc t iona l

p resen tc on tex tt h i si n c ludes r ea son ing b a sed o nt h e a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia la pp ly ing s pec if i c

a c t iv i t ies h ave b een o rgan ised b e tween membe r so f h un te r -ga the re rg roup si nt h ep re sen ta nd p a s t . J udg ing f r om e t hnog raph ic a nd a n th ropo log ica l

a nd b ehav iou ra ll e ve l s ,o n mode l sa nd c oncep t s d e r ived f r om e xp e r imen ta l -a nd e t hnoa rchaeo logy . T he se mode ls a nd c oncep t s a r ec r i t ica lf o rt h e

l i t e ra tu re ,t h ed iv i s ion o fl a bou rb e tween t h es exes i s ac en t ra lf ea tu re o fh un te r -ga the re rs oc ie t ie s ( Bu r ton e ta l . 1 977 ; D ah lbe rg 1 981 ; Ha lpe r in 1 980 ; H aa land 1 995a ; Mu rdock & P rovo s t 1 973 ) .

u nde r s tand ing o fp r eh i s to r ic f o rma t ion p roces se s . Howeve r ,t h e ma in t h eo r e t ica ls e t t ing f o rt h e i n te rp re ta t ion o fs o c ia lb ehav iou r mu s tc ome f r om 1

t h es oc ia ls c iences i ng ene ra l . T he c r i t ica la nd d if i cu l ta spec to ft h i si s , o fc ou r se ,t h el i nk ing o r b r idg ing a r gumen t sb e tween t h e se l e ve l so fa na ly s i s a nd d if e ren t« sub -b ranche s» o fa r chaeo logy a nd

i nd iv idua ls i te b ehav iou r ,g ende r mode l l ing o fs i te

a n th ropo logy .

1 . 2

Apar tf r om t h es e lec t ion o fs i te sb e ing c o inc iden ta l

T he p re sen tp ro jec to r ig ina tes f r om s ome y ea r so f wo rk ing o ns pa t ia lp a t te r n so fS tone A ge s i tes ( Na e roy 1 993 , 1 994 , 1 995a , 1 995b , 1 997 ) . T he s i te

a c t iv i t ies a nd l ong te rm a nd r eg iona ld eve lopmen t s o fs ub s is tence a nd s e t t lemen tp a t ter n s .

a s ar e su l to f as pec if ic r e sea rch -o r ien ted r e scue e xcava t ion p ro jec t ,t h es i tes f r om b o th t h eE a r ly Meso l i th ic a nd E a r ly /M idd le N eo l i th ic r e p re sen t s ome i n t r igu ing r e sea rch a genda s . T hey a l low f o r

S i te ma ter ia l

ma te r ia li s ma in ly c o l lec ted f r om ar e scue e xcava t ion p ro jec tc a r r ied o u ta tK o l l sne s i n Oyga rden c oun ty , Ho rda land ,w e s te rn N orway b e tween 1 989 a nd 1 992 ,f i gs . 1 . 1 a nd 1 . 2 . T he p ub l ica t ion ( N z erOy 1 994 )f r om t h a tp ro jec tc on ta in s t h eb a s ic d ocumen ta t ion f r om t h es u rvey o ft h ea r ea a nd e xcava t ion o ft h e s i te s .T he i n ve s t iga t ion a t Ko l l sne si n c luded a2 . 5 s qua re k i lome t r el a rge a r ea

p o ss ib le d i scu ss ion o nh ow s pa t ia lb ehav iou rv a r ies i nw ide ly s epa ra ted c u l tu re -h i s to r ica lc on tex t s w i th in t h es ame l o ca la r ea . T he E a r ly Me so l i th ic s oc ie ty h a sb een c ha rac te r ised a sh igh ly mob i le a nd b a sed o n ah un te r -ga the re r -f i she re conomy .T hese f ea tu res h ave f undamen ta li mp l ica t ion sf o rt h e

s urveyed p r io rt ot h ed eve lopmen to f ag a s te rm ina l -t he T ro l lp ro jec t . At o ta lo f3 1 s i te sw i th s e t t lemen tp ha se sf r om t h eS tone a nd B ronze Ages w e re s u rveyed o f wh ich 1 8w e re e xcava ted c omp le te ly o rp ar t ia l ly ,t ab s . 1 . 1 a nd 1 . 2 . Add i t iona l ly , as ma l lE a r ly Me so l i th ic s i te f r om

g ene ra lc ha rac te ro ft h es e t t lemen ts ys tem a sw e l la s s pa t ia lf e a tu res a nd b ehav iou ro ns i tes . C ompa r ing t h eE a r ly Me so l i th ic w i th t h eE a r ly /M idd le N eo l i th ic c on tex t sc r ea tes av a luab le c ompa r i son a s t h e re a r ee v iden tc on t inu i t ies w i th t h ee x i s t ing empha s i so n ah un te r -ga the re r -f i she re conomy ,b u t w i th t h ea dded f e a tu re o fk now ledge o rp rac t ice o f

Knapp skog o nS o t ra ,F je l lc oun ty ,H o rda land wa s i n c luded . A t Knapp skog as ma l lp en in su la w a s s urveyed a nd e i gh tS tone Age s i te sw e re f ound o f wh ich t wo w e re e xcava ted ( N ano ) / 1 988 , 1 995b ) .

b o th h usband ry a nd /o ra g r icu l tu re .T h i sc r ea tes a d if e ren ts oc ia la nd e conom ic c on tex t .I ti se xac t ly t h rough t h i sc on t ra s t ing ,i nt ime ,o fw ide ly s epa ra te t r ad i t ion st h a tc ha ra c te r i s t ic f e a tu re so fe ach t ime

T he s urvey a t Ko l l snes w a sc a r r ied o u tb yd i gg ing

p e r iod may b ee xpo sed .

3 5x35 cm t e s tp i t sf r om wh ich t h em ine rogen ic c on ten tw a sw a te r -s ieved u s ing a4 x4 mm me sh . T hese t e s tp i t sw e re d ug d own t ob ed rock o ra sd eep a sp o s s ib le a nd p laced f r om 5t o1 0ma pa r to r a cco rd ing t ot opog raph ica lc ond i t ion s .T h i si mp l ies t ha tb o th a n " i n tu i t ive "t e s tp i t t ing b a sed o n p rev iou se xpe r ience f r om s im i la rc oa s ta la r ea s ,a nd

T oc onc lude ,t h et h e s i sd i scu sse st h ree i s sues . I n i t ia l ly i ta t temp t st op u tt oge the r at h eo re t ica la nd me thodo log ica lf r amewo rk a imed a ts t udy ing s pa t ia la nd f unc t iona ls i te p a t te rn s .I ts ugge s t s« an a rchaeo log ica lp rocedure o fd i scovery» a k in t ot h e s ugge s t ion s made b yB a r th ( 1994c , 2 3 )i no rde rt o

a" mechan ica l " ,d i s tance -ba sed t e s tp i t t ing w e re c a r r ied o u t . At o ta lo f1 300 t e s tp i t sw e re d ug d u r ing t h et wo s ea son so fs urvey . Add i t iona l ly , e ros iona la r ea sw e re s ea rched f o rl i t lüc d eb r is o n

s t udy p reh i s to r ic s oc ia lp henomena .F u r the rmo re , t h es pa t ia la nd f unc t iona l s i te mode l l ing f o rm sa b a s i sf o rd i scu ss ing s exua ld iv i s ion o fl a bou ri n t h e se h un te r -ga the re rc on tex t sw i th in t h e

t he s u r f ace .As im i la ra pp roach w a su sed a t Knapp skog .

p e r spec t ive d eve loped . F ina l ly ,t h ese f e a tu re sa r e d i scu ssed i nr e la t ion t os ubs i s tence a nd s e t t lemen t p a t ter n s , a st h ey a r ep e rce ived f o rt h et ime p e r iod s i nvo lved .I no rde rt oa ch ieve t h e se o b jec t ive s ,t h e t h e s i si so rgan i sed w i th ab r ief d esc r ip t ion o fs i te ma te r ia la nd p re sen t -day a nd p reh i s to r ic

T he s pec if ic a im o ft he e xcava t ion sa tK o l l sne s wa s t h e s t udy o fs pa t ia lp a t te r n so nS tone A ge s i te sa s p resen ted i nt h ep ub l i shed r epo r t( Nx roy 1 994 ) . S i tes a nd t h e i rs u r round ings w e re i n i t ia l ly t e s tp i t ted b u tw i th a sf ew t e s tp i t sa sp o s s ib le i no rde rn o tt o

e nv i ronmen ta lf e a tu re si nc hap te r 1 .T heo re t ica l c on s ide ra t ion sa r ed eve loped i nc hap te r2 .C hap te r

c omp l ica te e xcava t ion o ft h es i te s . As t ra tegy f o r t he s e lec t ion o f as amp le o fs i te sa nd t h e i r e xcava t ion wa sp u tt oge the r .P r ima r i ly t h i s c once rned s t ra t ig raph ica lc ond i t ion so nt h es i tes .

3p r esen t s a« cu l tu re -h i s to r ica l s e t t ing» a s ab a s i s f o rt h es i te s t ud ie sa nd i n te rp re ta t ion s . C hap te r4 d i scu sse s s t one t oo lf unc t ion si nt h es i te a s semb lage s , whe rea sc hap te r 5p re sen t s d i s t r ibu t iona ld a ta a nd i n i t ia ls i te i n te rp re ta t ion sf o r t h eK o l lsne sa r ea . C hap te r 6d i scu sse st h e mo s t

S i tes w i th p ref e rab ly o n ly o ne o r af ew s e t t lemen t p ha se s ,h o r izon ta ll i th ic d i s t r ibu t ion a r ea sa nd n o s i gn so fs e conda ry d i s tu rbance w e re s e lec ted .

r e cen t ly p ub l i shed s i te e v idence f r om s ou the rn No rway r e levan tt ot h i s s t udy .F ina l ly ,c hap te r7 a t temp t st oi n teg ra te t h e s i te d a ta a nd i n te rp re ta t ion s w i th in t h ef i e ld so fp rob lem sa nd p e r spec t ive s

T he K o l l snes a r ea h a sb een u na f f ec ted b yh uman a c t iv i t ie sc au s ing c on s ide rab le s o i ld i s tu rbance . Howeve r ,p ea tc u t t ing h a sr emoved p ea tf o rmed

o u t l ined i np rev iou sc hap ter si nd i scu ss ing i s sue so f

2

F ig . 1 . 1 Map o f Norway w i th t h e a r ea o fi nve s t iga t ion a t Ko l l sne s , Oyga rden c ommune ,H o rda land c oun ty i nd ica ted .

F ig . 1 . 2 Map o f Ko l lsne sw i th s i tes i nd ica ted . (Map d rawn b y E lM J en sen ) .

3

s i nce t h e S tone Age . S i tes i nt h ea r ea h ave t h e refo re b een o n ly s l igh t ly d i s tu rbed b yl a te rh uman a c t iv i tes e xcep t when r eu sed i nt h e S tone Age .F u r the rmo re , d ue t ot opog raph ica lc ond i t ion s ,t h e i ra r ea le x ten ti s r e la t ive ly e a sy t od ef ine d ue t ot h eo ccu r r ence o f

whe rea st h el a ck o fs ub s tan t ia ls i te a s semb lage si s r ef l ec ted i nt h ec h rono log ica ld efm i t ion s ugges ted

r ock o u tcrops a nd l im i ted e x ten to ff l a t ,h ab i tab le a r ea s . Add i t iona l ly ,t h e s e lec t ion o fs i te sf o r e xcava t ion a l so r e l ied o na ch iev ing as amp le o fs i te s

f e a tu re so ft h el i th ic a s semb lages i nw e s ter n Norway c on tempo raneou sw i th t h es ou th S cand inav ian M idd le N eo l i th ic B . A sf ew s i te sa r e e xcava ted ( Nx r0y 1 994 ,2 9 ; O l sen 1 988 )a nd f ew

b yO lsen ( 1992 , 1 27 ) f o rt h et ime p e r iod 4 000 -3800 BP . L ack o fs ub s tan t ia l s i te a s semb lage sh a s made i td if i cu l tt od ef ine t ypo log ica la nd t e chno log ica l

c ove r ing mos to ft h eS tone Age i n c lud ing b o th t h e Meso l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic a sw e l la st ak ing i n to c on s ide ra t ion t h er ange o fs i te s i zes w i th in t h e se

i mpor ted a r tefac t sf r om t h es ou th S cand inav ian l i t lüc a s semb lage sh ave b een r e cove r ed f r om s i te s , t h eu se o ft h ed i s t inc t ion M idd le N eo l i th ic A a nd B

t ime p e r iods . T he a bove c on s ide ra t ion ss e rved a s t h e ma in g u ide l ine sf o rt h es e lec t ion o fs i te st ob e e xcava ted .

i s om i t ted f r om t h ep re sen td i scus s ion .A st h e e v idence s t and s ,a ccoun t ing f o rt h es i te sw h ich h ave b een e xcava ted ,i ts eems a si ft h eM idd le N eo l i th ic i nven to ry b a sed o nb ipo la rq ua r tz /quar tz i te r educ t ion ,t oge the rw i th t h ep resence o fs ome s l a te a nd r hyo l i te p o in t sa nd p o t te ry ,c on t inue sd own t o t h eM idd le -L a te N eo l i th ic t r an s i t ion .

C h rono logy T he c h rono log ica l emp lacemen to ft h es i te sa nd t h e i ra s semb lage sf o l lows t h et ypo log ica la nd c h rono log ica ld ef in i t ion s made i nt h ep ub l ica t ion f r om t h e Ko l l sne se xcava t ion s( N a e roy 1 994 ) s umma r is ing t h e mo s tr e cen tp ub l ica t ion so n

R ep resen ta t iv i ty a nd r eg iona l i ty

t ypo logy a nd c h rono logy f o rw e s ter n Norway . T he r eade ri sr e f e r red t oO lsen 1 992 a nd Nx r0y 1 993 w i th r e f e rence s ,f o ra dd i t iona ld i scu ss ion so nt h e Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic t ypo logy a nd c h rono logy .

T he s e lec t ion o fs i te sm igh t ,f r om s ome p e r spec t ives ,r ep resen t ap rob lem o fr ep re sen ta t iv i ty a nd c ompa rab i l i ty . One m igh tc on s ide ri ta n ece ss i ty ,i no rde rt oc ompa re s i te sf r om d if e ren t

T he s epa ra t ion o ft h ese c h rono log ica ls t age si s ,i n t h ep resen tc on tex t ,b a sed o nt h ea r tefac tua l

p e r iod s ,t ha tt h ey s hou ld b es i tua ted w i th in t h es ame g eog raph ica la r ea a nd r ep resen ta pp rox ima te ly t h e s ame w i th r e spec tt o ,f o ri n s tance ,f unc t ion w i th in t h es e t t lemen ts y s tem .A tt h eo u t se t Ic on s ide rt h e se

e v idence f r om s i te a s semb lage si nw e s te rn N o rway a nd d oes n o tt a ke i n to a ccoun tc hange si nf e a tu re s s uch a ss ub s i s tence p rac t i se so rs e t t lemen tp a t te rn s . N e i the ri st h el a rge c olec t ion o fs t ray f ound o b jec t s i nw es te rn Norway t a ken i n to c on s ide ra t ion ,d ue t o t h ef a c tt ha ti ndependen td a t ing o ft h e i rf i nd c on tex t si si mpo s s ib le . T h roughou tt h et h e s i s 1 4C

a sa lmos ti mpo ss ib le o b jec t ives t of u lf i lg i ven t h e c ha rac ter o ft h ed a taba se i no u rr eg ion .T h i ss t udy d ea l sw i th p reh i s tor ic p eop les i nhab i t ing c oa s ta l a r ea so fw es ter n No rway : a na r ea c ha ra c te r i sed b y r e la t ive ly s im i la re nv i ronmen ta lf e a tu re s . A l though s ynch ron ic r eg iona lp a t ter n so fv a r iab i l i ty

d a tes p resen ted a sB efo re P re sen tv a lue s ,a r e u nca l ib ra ted d a tes b efo re p re sen ti fn o to the rw i se s t a ted .I nb r ief t h ec h rono logy a pp l ied i nt h ep re sen t

mu s tb ee xpec ted ,p eop le i nhab i t ing t h i sc oa s ta l a r ea a r ea s sumed t oh ave s ha red an umbe ro fs oc ia l a nd c u l tu ra lf e a tu res . Add i t iona l ly ,e ach s i te r ep re sen t ss hor tg l imp se so fp reh i s to r ic t ime a nd a r e

s t udy i sa sf olow s : E a r ly Meso l i th ic M idd le Meso l i th ic L a te Meso l i th ic E a r ly N eo l i th ic M idd le N eo l i th ic L a te N eo l i th icum

1 0000 -8 500 BP 8 500 -7 500 BP 7 500 -5 200 B P

s ca t te red o ve r al ong t imespan f r om t h eE a r ly Meso l i th ic t ot h eM idd le N eo l i th ic . We c anno t ,o f c ou r se ,e xpec tt h em t or ep resen tt h es ame s i tua t ion i nr e la t ion t ot h eo ve ra l ls ub s i s tence a nd s e t t lemen t

5 200 -4 700 B P 4 700 -3 700 B P 3 700 -3 500 B P

p a t ter nf o re a ch p e r iod . Wha tt h ey d or ep r e sen t , h oweve r ,a r e momen t so ft ime a nd p e r iod so f u t i l i sa t ion o ft h es ame , s ma l le co log ica la nd t opog raph ica la r ea o nt h eo u te rc oa s to fw e s ter n Norway ,a nd i ti sp rec i se ly t h rough t h es t udy o f

I ne va lua t ing g ene ra lc u l tu re -h is to r ica l d eve lopmen t si no u rr eg ion i nr e la t ion t ob roade r S cand inav ian a nd E u ropean d eve lopmen t s ,i ti s n ece ssa ry t oa pp ly t h e s ou th S cand inav ian d iv i s ion o fM idd le N eo l i th ic A a nd B a si lus t ra ted b yt h e

t h ese g l imp se st ha t Ib e l ieve s ome o ft h eo b jec t ive s o fs t udy ing p a t ter n so fs oc io -cu l tu ra lb ehav iou ra t a ni n te rpe r sona ll e ve l ,c an b ea ch ieved .

mo s tr e cen ts t ud ies b yP re sco t t( 1996 )a nd Wa lde rhaug ( 1998 ) . T he p re sen tt h e s i sd ea l sw i th s e t t lemen ts i tes o f wh ich t h e re a r ef ew a round 4 000 BP ( s ee d i scu ss ion si nc hap te r s 3 , 6a nd 7 ) . P re sco t t

T he e f f ec t ive s t udy o ft h eo b jec t ive so u t l ined , i n c ludes t h ea s sessmen to fb o th m ic ro -a nd macro s ca le p henomena . T h is i n c lude st h es t udy o f i n te rpe r sona lb ehav iou ra tt h es i te l e ve la nd h ow

& Wa lde rhaug ( 1995 ,2 60 )r e f e r st o a« b lack -box p hase» b e tween 2 800 -2400 BC ( BC ,c a l ib ra ted )

p a t ter n so fs oc ia lb ehav iou r man if e s tt h em se lves a t

4

ar eg iona ls ca le o fs oc ia li n teg ra t ion .T he re i s ,

( f ence o fi s land s )a nd -t ot h es ou th -t h el a rge i s land o fS o t ra , f i g . 1 . 1 . T ot h ee a s tt h e H je l tef jo rden s epa ra te st h i sr ow o fi s land sf r om t h e

h oweve r ,n of undamen ta lo re f f ec t ive m e thod t o d ef ine wha t ar eg iona l s ca le i n c lude s . W i th r e spec t t or eg iona l s e t t lemen ta nd s ub s i s tence p a t te rn s ,i ti s

i n ne rc oa s t ,a nd t h eF ed jeo sen i ss i tua ted t ot h e n or th . H je l tef jo rden i st h e ma in c hanne lo fs eawa rd c ommun ica t ion a l ong t h ec oa s ti nn o r th -sou th

t h e movemen t s made b y s i ng le c o re s iden t ia lg roup s ( i . e . s ome s o r to fb a s ic f am i ly o rc o re s iden tu n i t ) wh ich a r ed i scu ssed i nt h ep r e sen tt h e s i s . Howeve r , r eg iona l i ty c an b et hough to fo nl a rge rg eog raph ica l a nd s oc ia ls ca le s -a se thn ic g roup s ,b and so rt r ibe s .

d i rec t ion . T he t e r ra in o nt h en ume rou ss ma l la nd l a rge i s land s s epa ra ted b ys t ream sa nd s ound si sv e ry r ugged w i th s t re tches o fb og sa nd r ock o u tc rop s . T he r e l ief

T he se u t i l i se l a rge ra r ea st h an i n d iv idua lb e ing so r c o res iden tg roup s ,b u ta r ea r ea s whe re p eop le a ta « l a rge r» l e ve lt h an i n te rpe r sona li n te ra c t ion i d en t ify t h em se lves a s au n i t .A rchaeo log ica l ly ,o ne may

i sl ow w i th t h eh ighe s tt o p ,B lomoyknu ten ,l o ca ted o nt h ei s land o fB lomoy r e ach ing 7 4m .a .s . 1 . .

s ugge s tt h ep resence o fs uch u n i t s ,w ha teve rt h e i r

Nume rous p ond sa nd s ma l ll a ke sa r es ca t te red a c ro ss t he i s land s .T he b ed rock c on s i s t so fh a rd a nd c oa r se -g ra ined P recamb r ian g n e i s se sd efo rmed b y t h er eg iona lm e tamo rpho s i sd u r ing t h eC a ledon ian

s oc ia l s i gn if i cance ,b yt h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fs pec if ic t ype so fa r tefac t so rl i th ic r aw ma te r ia l s . T h i sh a s b een d one i nw e s ter n No rway t h rough t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fr aw ma te r ia l ss uch a sr hyo l i te , g reen s tone a nd d i aba se ( A l sake r 1 987 ; O lsen &

d e fo rma t ion b e ing ap a r to ft h e« Be rgen sbuen» f o rma t ion . T he b ed rock i sh a rd a nd d oe sn o t

A lsake r 1 984 ) .

w ea the re a s i ly . T h i sh a sl e dt os p a r se v ege ta t ion . L a rge g lac ia ld epos i t sa r el a ck ing . T hey a r ep re sen t a ss ma l ld epo s i t s ,r ewo rked b yw ave a c t ion , f o rm ing b o th p resen t -day a nd r a i sed p reh i s to r ic

I na ne nv i ronmen ta lo rt opog raph ic f r amewo rk , r eg iona ls ca les may a l so b ee nv i saged a ss pec if ic g eog raph ica la r ea ss uch a st h ec oa s tb e tween J x ren i ns ou th -wes ter n No rway a nd S t ad ti nn o r th -wes ter n No rway .T h i si s ac oa s ta lz one wh ich c an b e

b eaches . C l ima t ica l ly O yga rden i sc ha ra c te r i sed b yi t s ma r ine l o ca l i ty w i th al ow v a r ia t ion i nt empe ra tu re

u nde r s tood , i ng ene ra lt e rm s , a s ar eg ion a l though l o ca le nv i ronmen ta lv a r ia t ion so ccu r s .I n ev i tab ly ,t o c on s truc t ar eg ion o nt h eb a s i so fe nv i ronmen ta l

t h roughou tt h ey ea rw i th am ean t empe ra tu re o f7 . 6 7 . 8d eg ree sC en t ig rade ( °C ) . Mean t empe ra tu re i n J une / Ju ly i sb e tween 1 4 .1-14 .6 °C a nd i nF ebrua ry

a nd /o rt opog raph ic f ea tu re sb e l ieved t ob e i mpo r tan tt oday may b eh aza rdous i nt e rm so f wha t

1 . 8 -1 .9 °C . Ave rage r a i nfa l li s1 400 mm p e ry ea r . T he l ow r e l ief a nd c oa s ta ll o ca l i ty e xpo se st h ea r ea t ow ind a nd f o r 1 7% o ft h ey ea rw ind f o rce se xceed s t rong b reeze .

i tr ep re sen ted i np reh i s to r ic c on tex t s .I n i t ia l ly i tmay c r ea te ,h oweve r , as ca le o n wh ich t h e a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia lc an b es t ud ied . I nt a k ing s t ock o ft h e« reg iona l» e v idence i nt h i s t h es i s ,n op rec i se d ef in i t ion o fr eg iona l i ty i s p resen ted . I nt e rm so ft he " a rchaeo log ica l "r eg ion s

T he v ege ta t ion i sd om ina ted b yt r ee le s sh ea th o n b o th d ry a r ea so nr ock o u tc rop sa nd i nb og a r ea s . Sma l la r ea so fp lan ted s p ruce ( P icea a b ies ) a nd p ine ( P inu ss y lves t r i s )o ccu r .D efo re s ta t ion o ft h e c oa s ta la r ea sw a sp r ima r i ly d ue t oa c t ive b u rn ing a nd g raz ing c ommenc ing i nt h eN eo l i th ic a nd b e ing

i d en t if i ed ( O l sen & A l sake r 1 984 )t h ep re sen t a na lys i sc an n o ta dd a ny n ew d a ta .F u r the rmo re ,a s f a ra st h ec ompa r i son o fs i te si n ve s t iga ted i ns im i la r w ay st ot h e Ko l l snes s i tes ,t h es c a le o fr eg iona l i ty

ac ha rac te r i s t ic f ea tu r et h roughou tp reh i s to r ic a nd h i s to r ic t ime s( Ka land 1 979 ) . Ad r ama t ic d ecrea se i ng raz ing i nr e cen td ecade sh a sc au sed ag radua l e xpan s ion o ft h et r ee v ege ta t ion . F u r the rmo re ,t h e a r ea ,f o rm ing p a r to ft h eo u t ly ing f i e ld s ,h a sb een e xp lo i ted a s as ou rce o ff u e lt h rough e x ten s ive

h a st ob ew ide ,d ue t os ca rc i ty o fe v idence .I n c onc lu s ion , t h et h e s is t h e refo re d oe sn o ta t temp tt o p inpo in ts pec if i cr eg ion s whe r es ea sona lr e s iden t ia l o rt a sk g roup movemen t sh ave b een p e r fo rmed ,b u t t h rough t h es i te e v idence p re sen tt oday ,d i scu sses s ome g ene ra lf e a tu re so fr e s iden t ia l mob i l i ty a nd m ic ro l e ve li n te rpe r sona lr e la t ion s . 1 . 3

u t i l isa t ion o fp ea ti nh i s to r ic t ime s . S e t t lemen t sh ave b een p r ima r i ly l o ca l ised i na r ea sw i th g ood h a rbour s a nd w i th s ome a g r icu l tu ra lp o ten t ia l . T h roughou th i s to r ic p e r iod ss e t t lemen th a sb een b a sed o n ac omb ina t ion o fa g r icu l tu re ( an ima l

A rea d escr ip t ion P resen t -day e nv i ronmen t

h u sband ry /ag r icu l tu re )a nd t h eu s eo f ma r ine r e sou rces o ff i sh ,f ow la nd s e am amma l s .

T he K o l l snes a r ea i st h e s ou thwes ter np a r to ft h e i s land o f Om i nH o rda land ,w e s ter nN orway . Om i s o ne o ft h ei s land sf o rm ing t h e mo s tw e s ter nr ow o f

T he a bove i sb a sed o nH an s sen -Baue r 1 991 , L undbe rg & H an sen 1 992 a nd M i lne se ta l . 1 995

i s land si nt h e No r th S ea s t re tch ing n o r th -sou th

a nd p e r sona lo b serva t ion s .

a l ong t h e Ho rda land c oa s tc a l led « Oyga rden»

5

T ab . 1 . 1 S i tes f r om Ko l l snes ,O yga rden c ommune a nd K napp skog ,F je l lc ommune , Ho rda land c oun ty ,N orway . L IST OF S ITES FRO M KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN C . AND KNAPPSKOG ,F JELL C . , HORDALAND . S ITE

I

DATE

1 46 13

1K o l lsne sda len

A

EN

1 .0 -12 .0

1

6 93

7

1 4615

3S lä t tev ikane

B

MN

8 . 6 -10 .0

1 ( 10

1 98

4

1 4616

4R eva rv ika

A

MN

1 0 .0 -10 .5

1 46 17

5R eva rv ika

A

EM /EN

1 0 .5 -10 .9

1 50

1 2575

3 59

1 4618

6R eva rv ika

A

LM

1 0 .9 -11 .6

2 5

4 904

7 0

1 4618

6R eva rv ika

A

LM /EN

1 .0 -11 .7

3 0

1 46 19

7K vemepo l len

B

EM -MM

1 4620

8K vemepo l len

B

S TA

M .A .S .L .

F IND AREA

TOOLS

B -NR .

ARTEFACTS

5

6 .0 - 8 .0

1 30

1 3 .0 -14 .0

< 35

5 8

4 5

1 4621

9K ve rnepo l len

A

BA

4 . 7 - 5 . 5

2 9

2 730

1 0K vemepo l len

B

S TA

1 .0 -12 .0

3 5

7 3

1 4624

1 2K o l lsne sva tne t

B

MN

1 2 .8 -13 .7

< 10

2 2

1 4613

1 3 K o l l sne sva tne t

B

BA IA

1 4625

1 4B uda len

A

EM

1 4626

1 5B uda len

B

S TA

r

-

4

1 4622

7 .0 - 7 .4

1

2 9 -

3

-

1 2 .6 -13 .6

1 2

8 94

1

1 3 .0 -13 .6

< 70

2 8

1

1 4627

1 6B uda len

A

MN

9 .0 - 9 . 5

5 9

3 384

3 9

1 4628

1 7B uda len

A

LM /MN

1 .0 -12 .0

2 60

1 2113

1 24

1 4629

1 8 H id la ren

A

MN ;LN -BA / IA

2 2 .2 -22 .6

1 5060

1 9H id la ren

A

EM / IA

1 4761

2 4R eva rv ika

B

S TA

1 4 .0 -15 .0

< 10

1 9

1 4762

2 6R eva rv ika

B

MM

1 0 .0 -11 .0

< 10

1 5

1 4763

2 9B uda len

B

S TA

1 .0 -13 .0

< 10

1 4764

3 0B uda len

A

MN

7 . 5 - 8 . 2

2 7

2 97

1 4765

3 1 B uda len

A

MN /LN

7 . 3 - 8 . 2

2 00

2 448

1 4766

3 2B uda len

B

S TA

8 . 0 -10 .0

< 20

2 5

1 4767

3 3B uda len

A

EN

9 . 7 -10 .5

1 8

6 22

1 4768

3 4B uda len

A

EM

1 4 .0 -15 .0

2 8

4 07

1 3 .3

-

1 77

9

5 99

1 -

9

5

8 3 9 6 6 0 -

1 4769

3 8K o l lsne sda len

B

S TA

1 5 .1

< 10

1 4770

4 0S lä t tev ikane

A

EM

1 8 .0 -18 .5

3 7

6 737

1 4771

4 1 R eva rv ika

A

MM

1 5 .0 -15 .5

3 1

1 444

1 5

1 4772

4 2H id la ren

B

EM

1 6 .5 -17 .0

2 0

7 99

2 0

1 4773

4 3 H id la ren

A

EM

1 4 .5 -15 .2

3 8

1 338

4 5

1 4623

4 4 Ko l l sne s

A

S TA

3 4 .0

A

EM

1 5 .0

1 4352

3Knapp skog

2 4 8

2 70

3 1 032 /24

2 4

B -NR .= S i te museum n umbe r ; I = type o fe xcava t ion whe re A=excava ted , B= te s t -p i t s ; Da te -EM , MM , LM= E a r ly ,M idd le a nd L a te Me so l i th ic ; EN , MN , LN= E a r ly ,M idd le a nd L a te N eol i th ic ; S TA=S tone Age , BA=Bronze Age a nd I A= I ron Age . MN /LN= p ha se f r om M idd le a nd L a te N eol i th ic . F ind a r ea f o rg roup A=a rea o f5 0x50 cm s qua re s w i th f i nd s a nd B=a rea e s t ima ted o nt h eb a s i so ft e s tp i t s .

T ab . 1 . 2

1 4C -da te s

1 4 C DATE S

f r om Ko l lsnes , Oyga rden c ommune ,H o rda land c oun ty , No rway .

FRO M THE KOLLSNES PRO JECT , OYGARDEN C . , HORDALAND C . , WESTERN NOR WAY S ITE

1 4

B -14617

5R eva rv ika

4 850+ / -90

U a -2453

B -14617

5R eva rv ika

4 840+ 1 -80

3 726 -3 532 BC

U a -2454

B -14618

6R eva rv ika

7 600+ / -90

6 535 -6 282 BC

NU MBER

C

UNCAL . BP

CAL IB . BC /AD

MUSEU M NO .

U a -2452

1 4C

1 4

C

3 753 -3 532 BC

U a -2455

B -14618

6R eva rv ika

7 6 10+ / -70

6 534 -6 304 BC

B -4 4258

B -1462 1

9K vemepo l len

2 080+ 1 -80

1 96 BC -0AD

B -44286

B -1462 1

9K vemepo l len

1 710+ / -80

2 33 -4 16 AD

B -44287

B -14628

1 7 B uda len

7 255+ / -65

6 157 -6 000 BC

U a -2457

B -14628

1 7 B uda len

3 920 11 -80

2 545 -2 302 BC

Ua -2456

B -14628

1 7 B uda len

3 700+ / -80

2 247 -1 996 BC

B -44290

rB -14628

1 7 B uda len

3 650+ / -90

2 183 -1 907 BC

U a -2458

B -14628

1 7 B uda len

2 180+ / -80

3 42 - 1 36 BC

U a -3058

B -14628

1 7 B uda len

2 070+ / -75

3 45 -6 5 BC /AD

B -44289

B -14628

1 7 B uda len

1 900+ / -60

2 7 - 1 41 AD

B -4429 1

B -14628

1 7 B uda len

1 870+ / -70

6 5 - 2 28 AD

B -44288

B -14628

1 7 B uda len

1 860+ / -90

5 8 - 2 44 AD

Ua -3059

B -14628

1 7 B uda len

1 835+ / -55

10 - 2 40 AD

Ua -2459

B -14629

1 8 H id la ren

170+ / -50

7 92 - 9 62 AD

U a -2460

B -14628

1 8 H id la ren

4 190+ / -60

2 874 -2 673 BC

U a -2461

B -14773

4 3 H id la ren

4 180+ / -70

2 912 -2 572 BC

U a -3060

B -14628

4 3 H id la ren

3 960+ / -60

2 435 -2 245 BC

6

P reh i s to r ic e nv i ronmen ta nd r e sou rce

a nd i n ten se d eg lac ia t ion p ha se mo s to ft h e moun ta in a r ea si nS cand inav ia w e re i c ef r ee b y9 000 BP (Mangerud 1 976 , 1 28 ) .

e xp lo i ta t ion N a tu ra le nv i ronmen th a sp l ayed a ni mpo r tan tp a r ti n t h eu nde r s tand ing o fp reh i s to r ic h un te r -ga the re r

L a te -a nd p o s t -g lac ia ls ea l e ve lf l uc tua t ion sd ue t o

s e t t lemen tp a t te rn sa nd e conom ie s . I ts e t ss pec if ic p a rame te r sf o rt h eu se o fa na r ea . T he v a r ie ty o ft h e

t h ee xpan s ion a nd r e t ra c t ion o ft h ei c e -shee t , h ave b een s t ud ied i n ten s ive ly i n Norway a nd h ave r evea led c on s ide rab le r eg iona ld i f f e rences i ns ea -

l a te Me so l i th ic e conom ie sa nd s e t t lemen tp a t ter n si n N o rway c an b e ,a sI nd re l id s t a te s : « .a t t r ibu ted v e ry l a rge ly t ot h eg rea tv ar ie ty o fe nv ironmen t sa nd

l e ve ld i sp lacemen t( Haf s ten 1 983 ; M0 1 1e r 1 987 ; S vend sen & Mange rud 1 987 ) . H o locene s ea leve l c hanges i nw es te rn No rway i n vo lved d rama t ic

e co log ica lz ones i nd if eren tp ar t so ft h ec oun t ry .» ( I nd re l id 1 978 , 1 71) . I nd re l id f u r the rmo re s t a tes : «Wh i le p rogress ive c hanges i nc l ima t ic c ond i t ions

t opog raph ica lc hange si nc oa s ta la r ea s . T he se w e re d ue t ot h er ap id d rop i ns ea l e ve li nt h ec ou r se o f

a nd t h ev ege ta t iona lc over d ur ing t h ese p er iod s ( i . e . B o rea la nd A t lan t ic ) mus ti n ev i tab ly h ave

t h eP rebo rea lt oge the rw i th t h ef o l low ing B orea l a nd A t lan t ic T apes t ran sg re ss ion ( Ka land 1 984 ;

r e su l ted i ns ome f l uc tua t ions i nt h ed i s t r ibu t ion a nd r e la t ive a bundance o fc er ta in a n ima ls pec ie s , i ti s

S tabe l l &K ryzw in sk i 1 978 ) . A cco rd ing t ot h e s ho re -d i sp lacemen tc urve f o rF onne si n No rdho rd land ( Ka land 1 984 , 2 40 ,f i g . 2 8 )t h es ea -

u n l ike ly t ha tt h ese c hanges w ere o fs uf ic ien t s i gn if i cance t or equ ire a ny d rama t ic m od if i ca t ions o ft h eh uman e conom ic a nd c u l tura la dap ta t ions .»

l e ve ld ropped f r om a pp rox ima te ly 3 0m .a .s . l . a t 1 0000 BP t o 4m .a .s . l . a t8 700 B P . T h i s c o r respond sr ough ly w i th t h es ea leve lc urve c on s t ruc ted b y S tabe l l&K ryzw in sk i( 1979 , 3 0 ,f i g . 2 )f o rt h eS o t ra a r ea s ou th o fO yga rden .T he

( i b id . , 1 72 ) .I no the r wo rd s ,h ea s cr ibe s t e chno log ica l ,a dap ta t iona la nd c u l tu ra lc hange s f r om t h eP rebo rea li n to t h eB o rea l( f rom « Fo sna» t o «No s tve t» )i n as e t t ing a sr e spon se st oc l ima t ic a nd e nv i ronmen ta ld eve lopmen t s . A l though e nv i ronmen ta lc ond i t ion sa r ev i ta lf o rt h e

Ko l l sne sa r ea i nO yga rden i sl o ca ted s l igh t ly w es t o ft h eS o t ra -F onne si s oba se s , wh ich i n d ica tes t ha t t h eP rebo rea ls ea leve lm in imum w a ss l igh t ly b e low t h eS o t ra c u rve ,b u ta bove t h ec on s t ruc ted c urve f o r F ed je ( Ka land 1 984 ) . T he P rebo rea ld rop i ns ea l e ve lw ou ld , i n Oyga rden ,r ep re sen t ac on s ide rab le i n crea se i na va i lab le l a nd a r ea .F rom a pp rox ima te ly

u nde r s tand ing o fp reh i s to r ic s oc ia la nd s ub s i s tence p a t ter n s ,t h ese c an a l so b es haped b ys pec if ic s oc ia l a nd h i s to r ica ld eve lopmen t st oge the rw i th e x ter na l c u l tu ra li n f luences . Ab r ief d e sc r ip t ion o fg ene ra l f e a tu re so ft h ep reh i s tor ic e nv i ronmen ti sp re sen ted b e low a s ab a s i sf o rt h ef o l low ing d i scu s s ion s .I ti s n o tt h ei n ten t ion t or ende r ad e ta i led a ccoun to f

8 700 BP t h eT ape s t ran sg re ss ion ,h oweve r ,l e dt oa d ec rea se i na va i lab le l a nd a r ea i nO yga rden when s ea l e ve lg radua l ly r o se t oa pp rox ima te ly 1 2m .a .s . l b e tween 6 500 -6000 BP .

s pec if i ce nv i ronmen ta ld eve lopmen t so rr e sou rce d i s t r ibu t ion s ,b u tp resen t ab r ief ,g ene ra lo ve rv iew .

T he u nd i s tu rbed E a r ly Me so l i th ic s e t t lemen tp ha se T he L a te G lac ia lp e r iod so fB 0 1 1 ing ( 1 3000 -12000 BP ) ,O lde rD rya s ( 12000 -11800 BP ) ,A l le rod ( 1 1800 -11000 BP )a nd Younge rD rya s( 1 1000 -

a ts i te 5R evarv ika a t Ko l lsne sl o ca ted a t1 0 .5 m .a .s . l . ( Nxr0y 1 994 ,6 1) i nd ica te st h a tt h eT apes t r an sg re ss ion d id n o tr each h ighe rt h an a pp rox ima te ly 1 0m .a .s . l .i nt h i sa r ea .A f te r6 000

1 0000 BP )i n c luded s eve ra lr e t rea t sa nd a dvance s o ft h ei c es hee td ue t oc l ima t ic f l uc tua t ion s ( Mange rud 1 976 ; S vend sen & Mangerud 1 987 ) .

BP s ea l e ve lg radua l ly r e ceded a ga in t o a pp rox ima te ly 5m .a .s . la t3 000 B P .

T he o u te rmo s tr eg ion so ft h ec oa s tr ema ined i c e f r ee t h roughou tl a rge p a r t so ft h i sp e r iod a l low ing p o ss ib le h uman o ccupa t ion .T he c l a s s ica lB lomväg f md l o ca ted b e low g l ac ia lt i l l ,i n c luded f md so f

T he Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic c ove r mo re t han 6 000 y ea r so fc l ima t ic a nd v ege ta t iona lc hanges d u r ing t h e Ho locene p e r iod sP rebo rea l( 10000 -9000 BP ) ,

v a r iou sf i she s ,b i rd s , s ea a nd l a nd mamma l s .I th a s b een s ugge s ted ,o nt h eb a s i so ft h eb one a s semb lage c ompo s i t ion a nd f r agmen ta t ion p a t ter n s ,t h a tt h ese a r et h er ema in so fa ne a r ly o ccupa t ion p ha se ( J ohan sen & Undä s 1 992 ) .T he f l in ta r tefac t sf r om t h ef i nd a r ea d on o t ,h oweve r ,s e em t ob es t ruck a nd

B o rea l ( 9000 -8000 BP ) ,A t lan t ic ( 8000 -5000 BP ) a nd S ubbo rea l ( 5000 -2500 BP ) . Du r ing t h eL a te G lac ia lA l le rod p e r iod b i rch ( Be tu la )a nd w i l low ( Sa l ix )w e re e s tab l i shed i no u rc oa s ta la r ea s wh ich , t oge the rw i th h e rb ss ugge s ts im i la rb i rch v ege ta t ion t ot ha to ccu r r ing a tt h ep re sen t -day f o re s tl im i ti n t h eh igh moun ta in a r ea s . Du r ing t h eY ounge rD rya s

u sed b yh uman s( B je rck 1 994 ) .T he B lomväg f i nd s t i l ls e em st ob eo pen f o rd i scu s s ion a se v idence o f h uman o ccupa t ion .T he G a l ta f i nd sr e po r ted b y

t h ei c es hee ta dvanced w i th as ub sequen tr e t rea to f t h eb i rch ( Be tu la )a nd w i l low ( Sa l ix ) ,w he rea sh e rb s c ha rac te r i s t ic o ft und ra a r ea se xpanded . T he

H Oges t0 1( 1995 ) , may t h e refo re r ep re sen tt h e e a r l ie s te v idence o fL a te G lac ia lh uman o ccupa t ion o ft h ew es tc oa s to f Norway .T he f i na lr e t rea to ft h e g l ac ie rs t a r ted a round 1 0000 BP a nd d u r ing as ho r t

c l ima t ic ame l io ra t ion a f te rt h eY ounge rD rya sa nd i n to t h eP rebo rea ll e dt o ar ap id e xpan s ion o ft h e b i rch d eve lop ing i n to l a rge e xpan se so fb i rch f o re s t s

7

c omb ined w i th w ilow a nd o pen g ra ss /f lowe r m eadows . C rowbe r ry ( Empe t rum n igrum )w a s

s een a st h ep r ima ry l o ca l is ing f a c to rd ue t ot h e r ange a nd a bundance o f ma r ine s pec ie sp re sen t . T h i sa ccoun t sf o rb o th t h e Meso l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic p ha ses . A tt h es ame t ime t h e re a r en o tab le

d om inan ti nt h eY ounge rD rya s a nd a tt h et r an s i t ion t ot h eP rebo rea l ,b u t wa sg radua l ly r ep laced b y h ea the r( Ca l luna v u lgar is ) .T he c l ima te i ns ou the rn N o rway w a sc on t inen ta lw i th w a rm s umme r sa nd

p resences o ft e r re s t r ia l mamma ls s uch a sw i ld p ig ( Sus s c rof a ) ,r ed d ee r( Cervus e l aphus )a nd o t te r ( Lu t ra l u t ra )c omb ined w i th ar ange o fo the r f u r /mea ta n ima ls s uch a sh a re ( Lepus t i m idus ) , s qu i r re l ( S c iurus v u lgar i s ) , wo lf ( Can i sl u pus ) ,f ox ( Vu lpes v u lpes ) ,p ine ma r ten ( Mar tes m ar te s )a nd d og ( Can i sf am i l iar i s ) . T he t a b le sa l so i lu s t ra te a b roaden ing o ft h er ange o fe xp lo i ted s pec ie sf r om t h e Meso l i th ic t h rough t h eN eo l i th ic ,s pec if ica l ly i n

l ow s now / ra in fa l ld u r ing t h ew in te ra ss ugge s ted f o re a s ter n Norway ( G ja erevo l l 1 992 , 1 71) . A tt h e t r an s i t ion t ot h eB o rea lh aze l( Cory lus a ve l lana ) e xpanded r ap id ly c omb ined w i th amo re g radua l i n c rea se i np ine . H aze lnu t sa r ef ound o na lmo s ta l l s i te si no u ra r ea i lu s t ra t ing t h ec on t inued u se o f h aze l( Cory lus a ve l lana )t h roughou tt h eS tone A ge .

t h ee xp lo i ta t ion o fs eab i rd s pec ie s . I nt e rm so f s ea sona l i ty H uf thamme ri n te rp re t st h ee v idence a sa s u mme r -ba sed Meso l i th ic o ccupa t ion a nd b o th s umme ra nd w in te rh ab i ta t ion d u r ing t h eN eo l i th ic ( Huf thamme r 1 992 ) .T he i s sue o fs ea sona l i ty w i l l

A tt h et r an s i t ion t ot h eA t lan t ic h aze lr e ceded ,a nd a ne xpan s ion o fp ine ( P inus s y lves t r i s )t ook p lace . Wa rm th -demand ing s pec ie ss uch a se lm ( U lmus g l abra )a nd o ak ( Quercus s pp . ) s t ar tt h e i re xpan s ion i n to No rway d u r ing t h eB o rea l . Howeve r ,i ti s p r ima r i ly d u r ing t h ep o s tg lac ia lc l ima t ic o p t imum i n

b ef u r the rd i scu s sed i nc hap te r7 . T he Ko teda len o s teo log ica la s semb lage sc ove rt h e t ime p e r iod f r om 7 400 t o4 400 BP ,f r om t h eL a te Meso l i th ic w e l li n to t h eM idd le N eo l i th ic ( a ve raged

t h eA t lan t ic a nd S ubbo rea lp e r iod st ha tt h ed en se m ixed -dec iduou sf o res t sw e re c ha rac te r is t ic , i n c lud ing e lm ( U lmus g labra ) ,o ak ( Que rcu s s pp . ) , l ime ( T i l ia c orda ta )a nd a sh ( Frax inus e xce l s ior ) .

d a tes f r om O l sen 1 992 ,t a b . 1 ,3 6 ) . T he re i sn o r ea son t oa s sume s i gn if ican tc hanges i nt h ep re sence o ft e r res t r ia la nd ma r ine s pec ie si nt h el a t te rp a r to f

G jx revo l ls t a te st h a tt h ef o res t si nw es ter n No rway w e re d om ina ted b yb i rch ( Be tu la )a nd a l de r ( A /nus ) ( ib id . 1 992 , 1 76 ) . T he p os tg lac ia lc l ima t ic

t h e Younge rS tone Age .L ack o fo s teo log ica l a s semb lage sf r om t h eP rebo rea lh ampe r st h e u nde r s tand ing o ft h is t ime p e r iod a nd t h e i n t roduc t ion o ft h ed if e ren ts pec ie s mu s tb eb a sed

o p t imum i n c luded t empe ra tu res s eve ra ld eg ree s C e l s ius h ighe rt h an t oday r a i s ing t h et r ee l im i t si n moun ta in a r ea sc on s ide rab ly a bove t oday 's t r ee l im i t s( I r id re l id & Moe 1 982 ) . G jxrevo l la rgue st h a t t h ed iv i s ion b e tween t h eA t lan t ic a nd S ubbo rea l

o nd a ta o nc l ima t ic ,t opog raph ica la nd v ege ta t iona l d eve lopmen t s( L ie 1 988 ) . One mus ta s sume t h a ta v a r ie ty o fa r c t ic ma r ine s pec ies -f i she s ,s ea la nd s e a b i rd s -w e re p re sen ta l ong t h eP rebo rea lc oa s t l ine s . T e r res t r ia l mamma l sw e re p robab ly f ewe rd u r ing t h ee a r ly P rebo rea l ,p r ima r i ly t h er e indee r( Rang if er

z one si sp rob lema t ic ,b u tt ha ti ts eem st or ef lec ta d eve lopmen ti n to amo re c on t inen ta lc l ima te t h an t h eA t lan t ic p e r iod .I nw es ter n No rway t h i sw a st h e p e r iod o fp o s tg lac ia lc l ima t ic o p t imum i n c lud ing

t a randus )w h ich w a sp re sen ti nt h eL a te G lac ia l .I n t h ec ou r se o ft h eP rebo rea ls pec ie s s uch a s moo se ( A lces a l ce s ) ,r ed d ee r( Cervus e l aphus ) ,o t te r ( Lu t ra l u t ra ) a nd b eave r( Cas tor f iber ) may h ave i mm ig ra ted . T he N ä rke s ound i nm idd le Sweden

h ighe rs umme rt empe ra tu re s ,b u tw i thou ta c o r re spond ing f a l li nw in te rt empe ra tu re a s o ccu r red i ne a s ter n No rway ( G jx revo l l 1 992 , 1 77 ) . T he e conomy o ft h ec oa s ta lp opu la t ion st h roughou t t h e Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic w a sb a sed o n ab road

wa sn o tc l o sed b efo re t h eB o rea la nd p roh ib i ted t h e i mm ig ra t ion o fs pec ie ss uch a st h ew i ld p ig a nd s ma l le rt e r re s t r ia l s pec ie s s uch a sh a re ( i b id . 1 988 , 2 31) .

r ange o ft e r re s t r ia la nd ma r ine s pec ies .I nd re l id c onc luded i n1 978 ,o nt he b a s is o fa na pp ra isa lo f d a ta o n Meso l i th ic e conomy ,t ha t : « .. t he l a te Meso l i th ic c oas ta la dap ta t ions i ns ou thern Norway i n c luded t h es y s tema t ic e xp lo i ta t ion o fb o th

T he Ko teda len a s semb lage p r ima r i ly r ep re sen t st h e r e sou rce e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h ev i c in i ty o ft h e s e t t lemen ts i te . I tc an b ea rgued t h a ts pec ie s s uch a s t h el a rge mamma ls may h ave b een p u r sued a ts ome

m ar i t ime a nd t e r res t r ia le conom ies .» ( h id re l id 1 978 , 1 66 ) .T he o s teo log ica le v idence f r om t h e K o teda len s i te i nR ad e c . , Ho rda land ( Huf thamme r

d i s tance f r om t h e s e t t lemen ts i te i nt h ec on tex to f t a sk g roup o rgan i sa t ion o rs ea sona lr e s iden t ia l

1 992 )h a si lus t ra ted t h i sp a t ter no fb road -spec trum r e sou rce u t i l isa t ion .Tabs . 1 . 3 t h rough 1 . 5 l i s tt h e i d en t if ied s pec ie sf r om s ecu re c on tex t s wh ich

moves . T he r eg iona ld i s t r ibu t ion o fr e sou rces h a s b een e va lua ted b y Wa r ren ( 1994 )i na na t temp ta t mode l l ing r e g iona lo ccu r rences o fv a r ious s pec ie s . I nt h et opog raph ica lz ona t ion o fh e rr eg ion o fs t udy

i lu s t ra te t h er ange o fs pec ie sp resen ta tt h a ts i te ( Huf thamme r 1 992 ,t a bs . 5 ,1 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 9 ,2 0 ,2 2 , 2 6 ,3 1) . T he t a b le si lu s t ra te t h eb road r ange o f s pec ie su t il i sed b u tw i th ap redom inance o f ma r ine s p ec ies -f i sh ,b i rd sa nd s ea l .T he « Fo sen s t raumen»

-t h e No rdho rd land a r ea -Wa r ren r e f e r st ot h e c u s tomary d i v i s ion o fw e s te rn Norway .T hese a r e t h ef ou rt opog raph ic r eg ion so fo u te ra nd i nne r

s t r eam b y wh ich t h e Ko teda len s i te i sl o ca ted ,i s

8

( Assemb led f r om H uf thamme r 1 992 ,t a b s . 5 ,1 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 2 , 2 6 , 3 1 . )

Ko teda len -i d en t if i ed f i sh s pec ies f r om s e cure e xcava t ion u n i ts .

. E

C z c .

. e., 7 1r -

Z,

o c -

r n

N 4 N I

-

Mak r e l l L ak sef am .

B ro sme

S a lmo s pec . A ngu i l la a ngu i l la B ro sme b ro sme

, , e n

N I

7 t

r . " ) N A

,

N I , , N I . , . • e e

e n

-

. — -

N . -

r 9

( 9

-

, -

r n

L ab t -u sb erggy l ta

S i , .

L abrus b imacu la tus

; . e

A narh ichas

. c z c

S ebas te sm ar inus

c . .

L ange

B e rggy l t

, .• -,

C C 0 0

N I

N I

N I -

f n r n

t r )

-

-

-

e n

P o l lach ius p o l lach ius P o l lach iu s v i rens P o l lach ius

G ad idae s p .

C Z 0 0 t n , 0 ( ^ A t 0 , " e t 0

i n

D C r n

- e

-

.

I n

e N . -

r 9 e

7 1, 0

' ' c c

-

-

r n -

D C N I -

-

i e

, .

e n

71-

( 1 )

c n M . . 0

U

=

e n C D C D C

,

.

-

X

C . ,

_ _ .

, 0 . 1 -

r n -

D C

e

T o r skef am .

H y se

Me lanogrammus a eg lef inus

k n ,e 1 "

e -

M

‘ 7 1- N

a

-

? -

Sp .

F lynd ref iske r

e n e n e l. • i

T o r sk

Z e

H e te ro soma ta

,

G adus m or rhua

. , .

c G I .

p op

r n

r n

7 1- . r )

IC oa lf ish ( Sa i the )

( 9 r n ,c -

: D u l

J : . , 4 0 7 , 1 0

IP o l lack

c e , -. 4 r 4 00 o i , i s )

>

. e „ . , e

D O

IH addock

N

S a l im s o lar

C 7 2

IF la t f ish

,

. . j C T

I C uckoo w ra sse I B a l lan w ra s se I C uckoo /Ba l lan w ra sse

V Z

. c e

IWo lff i sh

N I

S comber s combrus

, c • , . _

IR edf ish

. . 0

I Macke re l I S a lmon I S a lmon s pec . I C ommon e l I C onge re l

C lupea h arengus

T ab . 1 . 3 I d en t if ied f i sh s pec ie s f r om s e cu re e xcava t ion u n i t s a tt h eK o teda len s i te , H o rda land c oun ty , w es te rn N o rway .

J D . 0 . 1 C

, . .. _, .

U

L e

c 5

i n

, ,

r . A , ,

,

i n • c i - a t n e t n ( 9 - N e N I

n . . N I

D C 7 1- r i N I ,• 0 , 0 kr) ' 4

, . 1

r n e n r n ( 9 N I . e C h

L e ) r n

e e ( 9 e C • 1 1-N I

. ,

r 2 . . 0 , ,

i n D C V ' ) e n

7 1- " e t

, Z e

, . _ ,• .

o f 9 t r )

c f 2 -

e - s e a e n

N I

7 I.

-

e 4

e n

2 -

—, n—

_ ,

, . : C O

S tokkand A ndef am i l ien S to r ska rv T opp ska rv

P ha lacrocorax c arbo P ha locrocorax a r is to te l i s

C langu la h yema l i s

Make

[ R amn

L omv i

--

U r ia l omv ia

i r . › .

A lke /Lomv i

-.

U r ia a a lge

cn

A lkef am i l ien

> V " ) DO e . 1 2, . . 2, . N 00 N rn r q l N OC t r 1

en N -. ,0 N r " ) 2, rn 7 1 ' . t ," ,

, . 1 —, c ,— r-- DC r r , 06 N VD d-

,C

z N N

-, , .

e

e e . ) - - - - -

a,

-.

-

.= ' '

a

r q Q . ) C O . = a CA

.= CA ,C

t i ) rn

-

a —

, e.

en

N——

. 3 2

o

E

o

= CZ

. : .




F ra tercu la a rc t ica

N

e

[ Lomv i /Po la r lomv i

7 5

, V C • • , r 1 2, .7 1VC C, CO

2 r n • O C e N -•

, t, 0 C s 1 00 7 1CA

a, N

i n

e

r n

, 1 . 5

. , , r . : , ,

— go " < . • , ' ‘ . > = 7 , ,z s

, ,

T e is te /Lunde

3

C . g ry l le lF . a rc t ic ( '

-

g u i l lemon t /B . mur re

— rn -,

A lc idae

— N -,

A . t o rda l U . a a lge

-,

A na t idae

, . te C

E o

B lack g u i l lemon t

N ( . . D

I B runn ich ' s mur re

.

A nas p la tyrhyncos

Z .

• i r . ) V

' Common g u i l lemon t

, — < • . , . . : pe 71

' Razo rb i l l

a

Z . , ,

' L i t t le a uk

7 t, . .

t >

' G rea t a uk

. ‚

I l a l iaee tus a lb ic i l la

9 ,

r_ 12 .

' Duck f am .

. 2 a . m t

' Co rmo ran t

N

z

I Long ta i led d uck

C orvus c orone ` : • : .

I R ed -b re s ted m e rgan se r

.

' Sea e ag le

' Sea g u l l

' Raven

( Assemb led f r om H uf thamme r 1 992 , t a b s . 5 ,1 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 2 ,2 6 , 3 1 . )

Ko teda len -i den t if ied b ird s pec ies f rom s ecure e xcava t ion u n i t s .

T ab . 1 . 4 I den t if ied b i rd s pec ie sf r om s e cu re e xcava t ion u n i t sa tt h eK o teda len s i te , H o rda land c oun ty ,w es te r n Norway .

" _ = a . 2 = F .

>

N

: 1 . >

r •-, o c

C O .c

i n V C O . c 0 .

— r e i

,I -

M 0 0 .

en

9

,

.

-

o,

—

z —

c W: . • . . .

e 0

.

E a >

• cc

v )

1

1

( A ssemb led f r om H uf thamme r 1 992 , t a b s 5 ,1 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 2 , 2 6 , 3 1 . )

Ko teda len -i d en t i f ied mamma l ian s pec ies f r om s e cure e xcava t ion u n i t s .

=

7 )

Cn

—

k 2 -3

e

—

e

r. , I

, ,

.

, .

c 3

.

.. r .

0

• t ur j3 ou l

t o

-( 1

_ _ ,

, r )

, . _ , , t " ,

_ ,

—

— ,,—, . e .

e.

r n

r q

rn

N

,

. .

V-) ,r 1

Mu s te l idae

L u tra l u tra

, e ,

—

7 i " •— •

c , f )

2 i n o o e n , — , , 4 : ,

, — , C Z . — ,

r e " ) t r , — c -, v a

rn

e r i s , — ,

—

.

•.

, r )

e u r 2 , . = a, N N

—

N

' P hoca v i tu l ina

A r t iodac ty la

A lces a l ce s

C ervus e l aphus

Z . ) ,

R ovdy r

H undef am i l ien

Mä r f am i l ien H jo r t

2

,c )

" e l . , — ,

' S te inkobbe

, . .

c , . ,

P .

C %

a .

%

, C N

0 ,

e

— . .Z . . ., , . .

.i .. ,

, . .

, . o

—

P hoc idae

1 3 jO rn

• r c > > r 4 ) a

DC , . . .

e "e

—

C• I

7 1 '

' Sea l f am .

M

Mar tes m ar tes

C an idae

C an i sf am i l iar is

V u lpes v u lpes

C an is l u pus

C a rn ivo ra

F e / i s l y nx

G nage re

1

— ,

' G ray s e a l

r v ,

L I : j

[ Ha rbo rs e a l

( N I , — , e

I C loven -foo ted s p .

— — e l . ) , r 2 o o e n 0

. — > C / D

' Moo se

_ , — , . — . , .

2

2

' Red d ee r

—

U r sus a rc tos

2 c e : s

'W i ld b oa r

-, A 5w= =

' Ma r ten f am .

N , — , t ,

' O t te r

N I — , : l .

"

' P ine ma r ten

r e " ) , , e n z e L D

' Red f ox

a . r s i c u

' P reda to r s

M g L e

[ Lynx

• i • . . . .

R oden t ia

r e , . 2 X L U

[ B r o w n bear

c

' Roden t s

L epus t i m id ius

T ab . 1 . 5 I d en t if ied mamma l ian s pec ie sf r om s e cu re e xcava t ion u n i t s a tt h eK o teda len s i te , H o rda land , w e s ter nN o rway .

—

' . ct e u >

mv p

r e T j

,

r • A e n o o , , e l 0 0

e n

, 9 1 )

a.

a . , 1 r e-, , . c C ., — . , . 0 e r)

r q z o r s i e n r e-, , c, 7 1 -

c-, — e \ J D , — , e n 7 1- " e i • e t .

N — , e

— , k r ,

, — i

c h

r e i I I

1 " =4 0 : 1

, -1

d-

r -

a,

? a j '

2

Myd land 1 995 ) . As ma l lr ange o fe d ib le p l an t sh ave

c oa s t ,t h ef j o rd a nd v a l ley , a nd ,f i na l ly ,t h eh igh moun ta in s ( Nygaa rd 1 990 ; O lsen 1 992 ) . T he se

b een d ocumen ted . T he se i n c lude h aze lnu ts he l l f r agmen t s( Co ry lus a ve l lana ) , s e ed so fr a spbe r ry ( Rubus i d aeus ) ,w i ld p ea s ( Fabaceae -V ic ia & L a thyrus )a nd b ed s t raw ( Ga l ium s p . )i d en t if ied i n

a r ea sr ep resen td ive r se e nv i ronmen t st ha tb o th s t ruc tu red b u ta l so r a ised p o ss ib i l i t ies f o r av a r ied s e to fs e t t lemen tp a t ter n s . Mode l l ing o ft h er e sou rce d i s t r ibu t ion d u r ing t h eA t lan t ic p e r iod r e la ted t ot h i s t opog raph ica lz ona t ion w a s made b y Wa r ren ( 1994 ,

b o th Meso l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic c on tex t s ,w he r ea s

3 9 -88 ) ,b a sed o nb o th r e cen ta nd p reh is to r ic p l an t a nd a n ima l s pec ie sd i s t r ibu t ion ,r evea led ar ange o f

c rowbe r ry ( Empe t rum s p . )h a sb een i d en t if ied a t o ne Meso l i th ic s i te . B ug le ( A juga p yr im ida l i s ) , wh ich i s ap o s s ib le med ic ina lp lan t ,h a sb een

p o ss ib le p a t ter n so fu t i l isa t ion ,t a b . 1 . 6 . S he c onc luded t h a tt h er e sou rce d i s t r ibu t ion « . . .a l lowed

i d en t if ied i nt h e Meso l i th ic p ha ses a tK o teda len .A s ma l lr ange o fw eed s ,p o ss ib ly a l so e d ib le p l an t s ,

f or av ar ie ty o fs e t t lemen tp a t terns i n c lud ing y ear r ound s eden tary o ccupa t ions a long t h eo u ter a nd i nner c oas t , o r amore s easona l ly mob i le o ne .» ( i b id . 1 994 , 8 8 ) . T he c oa s ta lr eg ion o fw es ter n No rway r ep re sen ted ,t h roughou t mos to ft h eS tone Age ,a ne nv i ronmen tw i th as t ab le a nd s ea sona l ly d ive r se s e to fr e sou rces e xp lo i tab le o n ay ea r round b a s i s ,w i thou ti mp l ica t ing t h en ece ss i ty o fl ong

h ave b een c o l lec ted o nN eo l i th ic s i te sa nd p a r t icu la r ly L a te N eo l i th ic s i te s . T he se i n c lude C h ickweed ( S te l lar ia m ed ia ) ,B i t te rv e t ch ( La thyrus mon tana ) ,F a th en ( Chenopod ium a lbum ) , B indweed ( pa le? ) ( Po lygonum s p . ) ,B la ck b indweed ( Po lygonum c onvo lvu lus ) ,H emp n e t t le ( Ga leops i ss p . ) , S pu r rey ( Spergu la a r vens i s ) , S o r re l ( Rumex s p . ) ,T o rmen t i l( Po ten t i l la e r ec ta ) ,

r ange s ea sona l movemen t sa ss ugges ted b yO l sen ( 1992 ,2 55 ) .

R ibwo r th p lan ta in ( P lan tago l anceo la ta ) ,L ady 's man t le ( A lchem i l la v u lgar i s -g roup )a nd N e t t le

A l though S tone Age p opu la t ion si n Norway w e re f o rt h e mo s tp a r th un te r -ga the re r s ,t h ec olec t ion o f

( U r t ica u rens ) .I mpo r tan t ly i ti so n ly f r om L a te N eol i th ic s i te st h a tB a r ley ( Hordeum v u lgare I v u lgare n udum ) a nd Whea t( T r i t icum m onococcum Id icoccum ) Em rne ra nd T r i t icum h ave b een

d a ta c onnec ted t og a the r ing a c t iv i t ie sh a sn o tb een empha s ised .T h is may b ed ue t os eve ra lr ea son s , s uch a sl a ck o fc on tex t sw i th p re served p lan t

i d en t if ied .T hese o ccu r rences g ive as pa r se g l imp se o f wha t mus th ave b een ar ange o fe xp lo i tab le p lan t sb o th f o rn u t r i t iona l , med ic ina la nd o t he ru se .

r ema in s ,o rp r io r i t ie sb e ing g iven t ot h ec o l lec t ion

P r ima r i ly ,t h e se a r ep robab ly p reserved d ue t ot h e d u rab i l i ty o ft h e i rs eed sa nd c ond i t ion sf o r p re serva t ion .I t may a l so i nd ica te t h ep r e sence o fa g roup o fp lan t su t i l i sed t h roughou tt h e Me so l i th ic

o fo the rt ype so fd a ta d u r ing e xcava t ion p ro jec t s ( P resco t t 1 995 , 8 2 ) .I ti s ,h oweve r ,i mpor tan tt o p u r sue t h i sl i ne o fe v idence ,a l though t h is wou ld i nvo lve ac on s ide rab le amoun to f wo rk i nc on tex t s whe re t h eo ccu r rence o fp lan tr ema in si sr a re .T h i s a spec to fp reh i s to r ic e conom ies i so fg rea ti n te re s t

a nd N eo l i th ic . T he a bove p resen t s s ome o ft h ep re sen t -day a nd

w i th r e spec tt ot h ed iv i s ion o fl a bou rb e tween t h e s exes ,b u ta l so i nt e rm so fo u ru nde r s tand ing o ft h e e conomy o ft h e se p reh i s to r ic p eop le s .

p reh i s to r ic b ackg round f o rt h ea r ea u nde rs t udy . B efo re b eg inn ing t op resen ta nd d i scu s st h e a r chaeo log ica ld a ta , i ti sn eces sa ry t or e f lec to nt h e t h eo re t ica la nd me thodo log ica lf ounda t ion o ft h e

I nw e s te rn No rway i ti sp r ima r i ly E .C . S o l tved tw ho h a sp ub l i shed d a ta o na nd d i scu s sed p lan tg a the r ing

a na lys i s .T he se i s sue sw i l lb eo u t l ined i nt h en ex t c hap te r .

( So l tved t 1 991 , 1 992 , 1 994 , 1 995 ; S o l tved t&

1 2

T ab . 1 . 6 A mode lo fs pa t ia la nd s e a sona ld i s t r ibu t ion o f ma jo rr e sour ce s , Ho rda land c oun ty ,w e s te rn Norway . A MODEL OF S PAT IAL AND S EASONAL D ISTR IBUTION OF MAJOR RESOURCES Adap ted f r om Wa r ren 1 994 ,f i g . 5 ,p .8 2 . OUTER COAST

I NNER COAST

F JORD -VALLEY

MOUNTA INS

S PR ING Ma rch

S ea ls S eab i rd s

S ea ls

F u r mamma ls , l a rge Anad romou s f i sh

Ap r i l

G ame b i rd s

A nad romou sf i sh S eab i rd s

F u rm amma l s , l a rge Sma l l m amma l s

Game b i rd s

G ame b i rd s

May

C odf ish

G ame b i rd s

Sma l l mamma l s

C odf i sh Sma l lm amma ls

SUM MER J une

S ea ls

S ea l s A nad romou sf i sh

Anad romou s f i sh B e r r ie s

Sma l l m amma l s

S eab i rd s

J u ly

C odf i sh

S eab i rd s

Augu s t

Sma l l mamma l s

C odf i sh Sma l l mamma l s

AUTU MN

S ea ls D ee r /boa r C odf i sh

D ee r /boa r Anad romou sf i sh

Dee r /boa r

S ep tembe r

R e inde e r G ame b i rd s

F u rm amma l s ,l a rge C odf i sh

Game b i rds F u r mamma ls ,l a rge

Sma l l mamma l s S eab i rd s

B e r r ie s

O c tobe r

Sma l l mamma l s Nu t s B e r r ie s

Anad romou s f i sh

G ame b i rd s B e r r ie s

Sma l lm amma l s

Sma l l mamma l s

N u t s B e r r ie s WINTER

D ee r /boa r

N ovembe r

Sma l l mamma l s C odf i sh

D ecembe r J anua ry F eb rua ry

S eab i rd s

D ee r /boa r Sma l l mamma l s

Dee r /boa r F u r mamma l s , l a rge Game b i rd s Sma l l mamma l s

G ame b i rd s F u r mamma l s ,l a rge C odf i sh

1 3

G ame b i rd s F u r mamma l s ,l a rge Sma l lm amma l s

2

P er spec t ives o na na lys is a nd i n terpre ta t ion T h i sc hap te rp resen t s ad i scu ss ion o f ap e r spec t ive s ugges ted a pp l icab le f o rt h es t udy o fs pa t ia l p a t te r n so nS tone Age s i tes . E s sen t ia l ly i ta t temp t st oc omb ine e l emen t so fv ar ious p er spec t ive s b e l ieved t ob e s u i ted f o rt h is k ind o fa na ly s i s . I n i t ia l ly ,a na n th ropo log ica lp e r spec t ive o nt h e s t udy o fs oc ia lf o rm f r om F .B a r th p l ac ing empha s i so nt h em ic ro leve lo fs oc ia lb ehav iou ri s p resen ted .F ur the rmo re , me thodo log ie sa nd mode ls f r om « proce ssua l» h un te r -ga the r e rs t ud ie s a sr ep resen ted b yL . B in fo rd ,a r es e en a sr e levan tf o rt h ese k ind so fs t ud ie s .F em in i s ts t ud ies h ave e xpo sed t h ea nd rocen t r ic b i a se so f much w es te rn r e sea rch a l ong w i th n ew ,f undamen ta l i n s igh t si n to t h ei s sue o fg ende rc on s truc t ion s a nd r e la t ion s . B o th a r ev a luab le i n s igh ts f o rt h e p resen ts t udy . F ina l ly ,A . Wy l ie 's d e sc r ip t ion o ft h er e sea rch p roce ss a nd i t sp os i t ion ing « beyond» p o s i t iv i sm a nd r e la t iv i sm o f f e r s av a luab le f r ame o fr e f e rence f o rt h ec u r ren ts t udy .

2 . 1

a nd a rgumen t si n to ap e r spec t ive r e la ted t ot h e s t udy o fs pa t ia lp a t te rn ing i ns i te c on tex t s . W i th

I n troduc t ion

T he p rev iou sc hap te rb r ief ly i n t roduced t h et h eme s a nd a r ea su nde rs t udy . T he f o l low ing p re sen t sa d i scu ss ion o ft h eo re t ica la s sump t ion sb a s ic t ot h e s t udy . T he i s sue a dd ressed i s , a so u t l ined ,t h e s pa t ia lb ehav iou ro f Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic

r e spec tt ot h i s , Ih o ld ap ragma t ic p o s i t ion i nt e rm s o fo u rs ub jec t ma t te r -t h ea na lys i sa nd mode l l ing o f p a s ts oc ia lb ehav iou r -i nt h es en se t h a ti ti so pen t o d i scu ss ion f r om d if e ren tp er spec t ives , wh ich may

h un te r -ga the re r si nw e s ter n No rway . T he i n te rp re ta t ion o fs pa t ia lp a t te rn si ni n t ra -s i te a r chaeo log ica la na lys i si s al ong -s tand ing i s sue .

wou ld a l so a rgue t ha tt h ec omb ina t ion a nd mod if i ca t ion o fp e r spec t ives m igh to pen u pn ew a venue so fr e sea rch . A s Wy l ie ( 1991 ,48 )r ema rk s , w ea l lk now t ha tt h ep o s i t ion so fb o th B in fo rd a nd h i sc on tex tua l i s tc oun te rpa r t sa r e« i nheren t ly l im i ted» . S he t h e refo re a rgue sf o r ame thodo log ica l

r ende rp re sen ta t ion so ft h ep a s ti nv a r iou s w ay s . I

K ro l la nd P r ice ( 1991 , 1 5 )o u t l ine t h ree s t ages i n t h ed eve lopmen to ft h i sf i e ld o fr e sea rch -f r om v i sua li n spec t ion so fs i te p a t ter n st h rough t h e d eve lopmen to fq uan t i ta t ive t e chn iques f o rs pa t ia l

a nd t h eo re t ica lp lu ra l i sm .

a na ly s i sa nd ,f ma l ly ,f o rma t ion s t ud ie sf ocu s ing o n t h ef a c to r si n f luenc ing t h ec ha rac te ro f

Howeve r ,O l sen wa sc o r rec ti ns t a t ing t h a t Id i dn o t q u i te manage t og e ta c ro ss wha t my i n ten t ion sw i th

a r chaeo log ica ld epo s i t s . T h i ss equence i si n t ima te ly r e la ted t ot h eo re t ica ld eve lopmen t sw i th in a r chaeo logy -as equence f r om « t rad i t iona l» c h rono log ica la nd t ypo log ica lo r ien ted r e sea rch t o

t h ep ro jec tw e re ,a nd t h ec ommen t sh ave ,h opefu l ly , made i tp o s s ib le t oi mp rove t h ea rgumen t sp u t f o rwa rd .I nt h ef o l low ing Iw i l la t temp tt or e i te ra te

t h e« New A rchaeo logy» e r aw i th i t sa t temp ta t d eve lop ing as c ien t if ic a pp roach l i nked t ot h e

a nd e xpand o ns ome o ft h e ma in p o in t sr a i sed i nt h e a r t ic le ( Nx r0y 1 997 ) . T h i si nvo lve sa na r gumen t s ugge s t ing h ow a nd why t h es pec if ic c omb ina t ion

h ypo the t ico -deduc t ive me thod a nd a im ing t o d eve lop g ene ra ll aws f o rt h ei n te rp re ta t ion o f a r chaeo log ica ld a ta . Wi th in i n t ra -s i te s pa t ia l a na lyse sr e sea rche r sa r en ow t r y ing t od eve lop t h eo r ie st oi n te rp re t av a r ie ty o fh igh ly s pec ia l i sed

o fi s sue sa nd p e r spec t ive s may s e rve a s ap o in to f d epa r tu re f o rt h ea na ly s i so ft h ep reh i s to r ic s oc ia l p henomena u nde rs t udy . Wi th r ega rd t ot h e p rope r t ie so f my s ub jec t ma t te r -t h es pa t ia l c onf igu ra t ion o fa c t iv i t ies a sr e f lec ted b yl i th ic d eb r is a nd s t ruc tu ra lf e a tu res -my i n ten t ion i s t h e refo re t os ugges ts ome l i nes o ft hough tw h ich o n

d a ta g a ined b yt h eu se o fi n c rea s ing ly mo re s oph i s t ica ted me thod s ( Knu t sson 1 990 ) .T hey a r e a l so a pp roach ing t h e se d a ta f r om n ew t h eo re t ica l p e r spec t ive s ( Ha s to rf 1 991) .

b o th t h eo re t ica la nd me thodo log ica ll e ve l s may b e o fv a lue when mode l l ing s oc ia la spec t so ft h e se

I n ap rev ious p ape r( Nx roy 1 997 ) Ia t temp ted t o

p reh is to r ic momen t so ft ime .

o u t l ine s ome g ene ra ln o t ion so nh ow Iwan ted t o p roceed w i th t h is k ind o fa na lys is . I ti nvo lved a

2 .2

d i scu ss ion o fp os s ib le l i nk sb e tween t h eo ry , me thod

An a n thropo log ica lp erspec t ive o n s oc ia li n terac t ion a nd f orm

a nd d a ta a nd s ugge s ted wha t It h en t e rmed a n « ana ly t ica lf r amewo rk» .T he p ape rw as c ommen ted o nb yB ende r( 1997 ) ,F ug les tved t( 1997 ) a nd O l sen

T h is s t udy d ea ls w i th t h e s i te l e ve lt ha ti sa r guab ly t h eb a s ic l o ca t ion f o rs oc ia li n te rac t ion a nd i n te r -

( 1997 ) . None o ft h e se s eemed t ot ake i n to c on s ide ra t ion ab a s ic i s sue i nvo lved i nt h ep ape r-

p er sona lr e la t ion sh ip si nh un te r -ga the re rs oc ie t ie s . I nt h ep reh i s tor ic h un te r -ga the re rc on tex t si n vo lved

t h e mod i f ica t ion o f ar ange o ft h eo re t ica lp o s i t ion s

i nt h is s t udy t h i s wou ld p r ima r i ly c oncer n« f am i ly 1 4

u n i t s» ( i . e . s i ng le c o res iden tg roup s )o rt a sk g roup s o fv a r iab le s oc ia lc ompos i t ion b o th o fr e la t ive ly

c onveyed p rev ious ly ( Ba r th 1 981 ,9 7 -102 ) . My r ead ing o fB a r th 's d ef in i t ion a nd a pp l ica t ion o ft h e

s ma l ls i zes .T he s t udy t h e refo r ec oncer n si n te r p e r sona lr e la t ion sh ip si nt e rms o fh ow p eop le a c t

c oncep t max im i sa t ion d oe sn o tf olow F ug le s tved t 's c onno ta t ion st o as pec if i c « we s ter n» mode o f t hough t . E x i s t ing a s as oc ia lb e ing i n as o c ie ty

o u ta nd man ipu la te t h e i rs oc ia li d en t i t ie sa nd a c t iv i t ie si nt h e se c on tex t s . T h i s« ba s ic l e ve l» o f i n te rpe r sona l s oc ia li n te rac t ion i sf undamen ta lf o r t h ef o rma t ion o fs oc ia lf o rm s . A spec t so fF .B a r th 's

r equ i res c on s tan tn ego t ia t ion b e tween c on fo rm ing w i th c u l tu ra ln o rm sa nd p u r su ing o ne 's o wn i n te re s t . Id on o tt h ink t h a tt h en o t ion o fs e lf in te re s td id n o t e x i s ti np reh i s to ry ,n e i the rd o It h ink t h a tw ha tw e s hou ld b el ook ing f o ra r ei nd iv idua l sw ho

g ene ra t ive p roce ssua la na ly s i s ( Ba r th 1 961 , 1 966 , 1 981 , 1 987 , 1 994a ) , a s ap e r spec t ive f o rt h e a na lys i so fs oc ia lf o rm ,r ep r esen t s ac ha l lenge t o a r chaeo logy . H i sa rgumen t sf o ri nd iv idua lb e ing si n

c omp le te ly i d en t if ied t h em se lve sw i th a nd a c ted o u t ac o l lec t ive n o rm .

i n te rac t ion w i th in as oc ia lg roup a s ak ey e l emen ti n t h ep rocess o fs hap ing s oc ia lf o rm ,i s at h eo ry w i th in wh ich ,i ts e em st om e ,t h ea na ly s i so fs pa t ia l

On t h i s i s sue ,F ug les tved tr e f e r st oB a r th ( 1 994b , 1 3 ) whe re h e ,a s Ir ead h im , s t a te ss ome th ing q u i te t h eo ppo s i te o fF ug les tved t 's i n te rp re ta t ion .L e t me q uo te ,« Bu ti tw i l lb ea ga ins ta l la n thropo log ica l e xper ience t oc onc lud et ha tt h el i f eo fh uman

p a t ter n si ns i te c on tex t sc an b ef r amed .I nt h e i n t roduc t ion t o «Man if es ta s jon o gp ro se ss» ( Man if es ta t ion a nd p roces s , my t r an s la t ion ) (Ba r th 1 994b , at r an s la ted a nd e d i ted v e r s ion o fB a r th 1 981) B ar th p o in ts t ot wo b a s ic t e ne t so fh i s p e r spec t ive -w eh ave t ot h ink g ene ra t ive ly a nd w e

b e ings a re s haped o n af ree b as i sa nd t h a tt h ey c ons t ruc tt h e ir r ea l i ty a nd s oc ie ty o nt h e ir o wn . E ven t h e mos ts k i lf u la nd i ndependen ti si n e very th ing h ed oes d ependen to n as oc ia l

h ave t ob u i ld b r idge sb e tween t h em ic ro -a nd mac ro l e ve l .

c ommun i ty» .H e re in l i e st h er e cogn i t ion t h a th uman b e ings c anno ts o le ly b ev i ewed a sr a t iona l ,e ve r max im i s ing i nd iv idua l s . B a r th a l so a r gue st h a t p eop le c on s tan t ly r e f lec to nc ho ice sa nd make j udgemen t s ,b u tt h ey a r en o ta lways l ook ing f o r t h e i r own a dvan tage i na no ppo r tun i s t ic s en se ( Ba r th 1 981 , 1 00 ) . I ne s sence ,B a r th mod if ie s

I no rde rt ot h ink g ene ra t ive ly w eh ave t op e rce ive o fs o c ie ty a s a« comp lex p roduc to f many p roce sses» .T h i sc omp lex i ty mus tb e mode l led i na manne ra nd w i th t h eo b jec to fr evea l ing t h e p roces se sa th and ,a nd t h e i rc on sequence sf o rt h e s oc ia lf o rm b e ing s t ud ied . B a r th v i ews s oc ia lf o rm a sp a t ter n so fr egu la r i ty o b se rvab le i nt h eb ehav iou r o fi n d iv idua lb e ings w i th in ap opu la t ion ( Ba r th 1 981 , 3 2 ) .T he p o in to fd epa r tu re f o ra na na lys i so f s oc ia lf o rm i st h ei n te rac t ion b e tween a c to r si n

c oncep t sa nd t h eo r ies ( e x . max im i sa t ion a nd t h e t h eo ry o fg ame s ,c f . B a r th 1 981 ,9 7 -102 )a nd t r an sfo rm st h em i n to h i st h eo re t ica lp e r spec t ive .

t r an sac t ion b a sed o nr e c ip roca lr e la t ion s .I nd iv idua l b e ing s make c ho ice sb a sed o nt h e i ro wn b e l ief sa nd

a rgued r epea ted ly i nh i sp ub l ica t ion si no ppo s i t ion t os t ruc tu ra l i s tp e r spec t ive s ( Ba r th 1 994b , 1 3 ) . S t ruc tu ra l i s tp e r spec t ive s -i . e . v a r iou sf o rm so f me thodo log ica lc o l lec t iv i sm -e xp la in i nd iv idua l a c t ion a nd s oc ia li n te rac t ion a st h ee nac tmen to f s oc ia ll aws g ove rn ing s oc ia lp henomena e x i s t ing a s « ove r ind iv idua l» e n t i t ie s . Add i t iona l ly ,e xp lana t ion i sa ch ieved t h rough d e scr ip t ion o ft h ep o s i t ion sa nd

B a r th 's p o s i t ion a s ame thodo log ica li n d iv idua l i s ti s

v a lues . T he c ho ice s a nd a c t ion so fi nd iv idua lb e ing s a r ec on s t ra ined b yc ommon ly h e ld v a lue sa nd t h e s pec if i cs i tua t ion : as i tua t ion t h a tr ep re sen t sa d i ve r se s e to fe co log ica l ,t e chno log ica la nd s oc ia l c on s t ra in t s .I nd iv idua la nd a gg rega ted c ho ice s may i n ten t iona l ly o ru n in ten t iona l ly a f f ec tt h ec ond i t ion s

F ug le s tved t( 1997 , 1 2 )e choes s ome o ft h e c r i t ic i sm s B a r th h a s me ti nt e rm so ft h ei s sue o n

f unc t ion s wh ich i nd iv idua lb e ing so ccupy w i th in s oc ia ls ys tem s .T h i si st h eo ppo s i te d i rec t ion o f e xp lana t ion wh ich t he p o s i t ion a sm e thodo log ica l i nd iv idua l i s tt a ken b yB a r th i mp ly . Me thodo log ica l

«max im i sa t ion» o rt h ew es ter nn o t ion o fr a t iona l i ty wh ich i ss ugge s ted a sb e ing i mp l ic i ti nh i s p e r spec t ive o ni nd iv idua l i ty . Ic anno ta g reew i th F ug les tved t when s he a rgue st h a tB a r th 's v i ew o f « soc ie ty i su nder s tood a s ag ame b e tween max im is ing ,s t ra teg ic i nd iv idua l s» b a sed o nt h e w e s ter nn o t ion o ft h er a t iona lh uman b e ing . And I t h ink s he d oe sn o tg ive B a r th e nough c r ed i ti n

i nd iv idua l i sm r equ i res t h a ts oc ia lp henomena mus t b ee xp la ined t h rough b o th t h ep r inc ip le st h a tg ove r n t h ea c t ion so fi nd iv idua ls a nd ad e sc r ip t ion o ft h e s oc ia li n te rac t ion ( G i l je & G rünen 1 993 , 1 79 -180 ) . F ug le s tved ta r gue sw i th r e spec tt ot h i st h a t ,« 1d oub t i fmo s to ffe m in i s tt h eory w ou ld s uppor tt h e i nd iv idua l i s t ic v i ew a dvoca ted b yt h e m e thodo log ica li nd iv idua l ism .» ( Fug le s tved t 1 997 ,

r e spec tt o amo re n uanced p e r spec t ive o nt h er o le o f t h ei n d iv idua li nr e la t ion t ot h ec o l lec t ive .I nt h i s

1 3 ) . Wha ti se s sen t ia l i nt h i sc on tex t ,i st h a t Id on o t c on s ide r my p re sen ta t ion a nd a na ly s i st ob ef em in is t t h eo ry . Ih ave a pp rec ia ted t h ef undamen ta li n s igh t s p roduced b yf em in i s tr e sea rch i nt e rm so ft h e i d eo log ica lf undamen ta nd s hor tcom ing so f

f o rf u tu re c ho ices .

c on tex t Iwou ld a rgue t ha tB a r th 's u se o ft h et e rm max im i sa t ion c a r r ie s mean ing b eyond t h em e re « Homo e conom icu s» s en se , wh ich Im igh th ave 1 5

1 994c ,2 3 ) .T h i si sa ni mpo r tan te l emen to fB a r th 's

p o s i t iv i sm . Id on o ta sp i re t ot h ep o l i t ica li d eo logy i nhe ren ti n much f em in i s tr e sea rch i nt h ec on tex to f t h ep re sen tt h es is ( a l though i th a so bv iou s ly p l ayed ap a r ti nt h ed eve lopmen to fp e r spec t ives o np a s t a nd p re sen td ay s oc ia l ,p o l i t ica lr e la t ion s ) . N e i the r

p o s i t ion -h i sc on s i s ten ta rgumen t sc oun te rt h e f unc t iona la nd s t ruc tu ra l s choo ls o ft hough t . B a r th s um st h i su pb ys t a t ing t ha th i sp e r spec t ive i sc on t ra t o as t ruc tu ra l mode o fa na ly s i s ,a nd t h a ti n d escr ib ing as pec if ic s oc ie ty h ea vo id st r an sfo rm ing

d o Iv a lue t h er e la t iv is tp o s i t ion r e f lec ted i np a r t so f f em in i s tt h eo r ies a s ac on s t ruc t ive t h eo re t ica l

h i so b serva t ion st oc ohe ren ta bs t rac t ion si nt h ef o rm o f« cu l ture s» wh ich a r e« . in terna l ly h omogenous

p o s i t ion . Howeve r , Ih ave a pp rec ia ted t h e a cknow ledgemen to fg ende ra sa ni mpo r tan ts oc ia l

a nd s hared ,a nd e x terna l ly b ounded» ( Ba r th 1 987 , 8 4 ) .

f e a tu re i nt e rms o ft h ea na ly s i sa nd u nde r s tand ing o f b o th p re sen ta nd p a s ts oc ia lp roce ss . Ih ave

2 . 3

t h e refo re a t temp ted t oi n co rpo ra te t h i s i n to t h e s pec if i ct h eo re t ica la nd me thodo log ica lc on tex tI a ms ugges t ing i nt e rm so fs pa t ia la nd f unc t iona l a na ly se s .

R esearch p rocess a nd t heore t ica l p o s i t ion ing

I n «Mode l sr e con s ide red» B ar th ( 1981 ,7 6 -77 ) s t a te s ,« . t h a to ur r epresen ta t ions o fr egu lar i t ies s hou ld t ake t h ef orm o fs how ing t h er e levan t c ond i t ions ,f ac tor so rm echan i sms w h ich af ec tt h e s t a tes o ft h ew or ld w eo b ser ve . S uch mode l sh ave v ar ious ly b een c a l led s imu la t ion o rg enera t ive m ode l s .» . An a r chaeo log ica la na lys is c anno t a ch ieve t h eg oa ls o fp resen t ing g ene ra t ive o r s imu la t ive mode ls i nt h es ca le , manne ra nd

B a r th 's s e cond p o in t , wh ich i n vo lve sb r idg ing t h e g ap b e tween m ic ro -a nd mac ro leve l s ,r e la te st ot h e f a c tt h a tp roce sses o fc hange a r ei n i t ia ted a tt h e m ic ro l e ve lt h rough t h ea gg rega ted p a t te r n so f b ehav iou ro fi nd iv idua lb e ings ,w he the ri n ten t iona l o rn o ti n ten t iona l . A c t ion so nt h em icro leve lo f s oc ia li n te rac t ion may a f f ec tt h e mac ro -sca le o f i n te rac t ion , wh ich a ga in may r e su l ti nr epe rcus s ion s a tt h em ic ro -sca le . I ti st h e refo re n ece ssa ry t o empha s i se t h ed ia lec t ic a nd d ynam ic r e la t ion sh ip b e tween m ic ro -sca le a c t ion a nd t h ea gg rega ted p a t te rn o fs oc ia lb ehav iou r . An a na logy w i th a r chaeo log ica l s pa t ia ls t ud ie s wou ld r e la te t om ic ro -

p rec i s ion i nt e rm so fs oc ia lb ehav iou ra so u t l ined b y B a r th f o ra na n th ropo log ica la na ly s is .I mp l ic i ti n

s ca le i nd iv idua la c t ion sa sr ep re sen ted b yl i th ic s ca t te r sa nd s t ruc tu ra lf e a tu res a tt h es i te l e ve l , whe rea s mac ro -sca le p henomena wou ld b et h e e va lua t ion o f many s i te mode l sw i th in ag i ven r eg ion .T he re i s as t ruc tu re t ot h i sk ind o f p e r spec t ive wh ich c an b ee xp lo i ted i nt e rm so ft h e c ompa r i son a nd e va lua t ion o f many s uch

a r chaeo log ica ld eb r i sp a t te rn ing i n to c o r re la t ion s b e tween h uman b ehav iou ra nd ma te r ia lp a t te rn ing . I td oe sn o t ,h oweve r ,e xp la in t h eb ehav iou ri na s oc ia lc on tex t .T h is i s sue w i l lb ef ur the ro u t l ined

t h ea r chaeo log ica la na lys i si st h ed i ff i cu l td i s tance b e tween t h ep resen ta nd p a s t . I ti si nt h i sc on tex t t h a tt h em idd le range p e r spec t ive ( un ifo rm i ta r ian a na log ica lr e a son ing )p lay si t sr o le -i tt r an sfo rm s

b e low . B a r th 's c a l lf o r« ap rocedure o fd i scovery» i s

a gg rega ted p reh is to r ic p hys ica lp a t te rn s r ep re sen t ing « f rozen momen t so ft ime a nd s oc ia l i n te rac t ion» .

n o tab le ,a nd i n sp i red b yi tIw i l ls ugge s t af r ame o f r e f e rence o rs t ruc tu re o fa na lys is a pp roach ing a n « a rchaeo log ica lp rocedu re o fd i scove ry» . I ti sa n a t temp tt oe l abo ra te o na n« idea l» s t ruc tu r eo f my

S oc ia lf o rm a nd p a t ter n sa r ec on t inua l ly c r ea ted o r

i nqu i ry i n to t h es oc ia la nd s pa t ia lo rgan isa t ion o f t a sk so ns i te s pace s . T h i si sr equ i red a st h e re i sa n eed t os t ruc tu re t h ep roce s so fi nqu i ry when a pp roa ch ing ac omp lex o fr e sea rch i s sues ,d a ta ,

r e c r ea ted . B a r th v iew sp roce ss a s« . . .a g enera l i zab le s e to fl i nked e ven t sw h ich k eep r ecurr ing , t h en ecessary i n terconnec t ions o fw h ich , a nd t h ec onsequences o fw h ich , c an b ec l ear ly d escr ibed .» ( Ba r th 1 981c ,7 8 ) . B a r th a rgue st ha tw e

me thod sa nd t h eo r ie si nvo lved i ns uch ar e sea rch p ro jec t .T he r e la t ion b e tween t h er e sea r ch p roce s s , t h eo re t ica lp e r spec t ives a nd me thodo log ie sw i th r e spec tt oa r chaeo logy h a sb een d ea l tw i th b y Wy l ie

n eed ap rocedu re o fd i scovery t od e scr ibe t h e p roces so fi n te rac t ion whe reby s oc ia ls t ruc tu res a r e c on so l ida ted o rc hanged . I no rde rt od ot h is ,e ach

( 1989 , 1 993 ) .H e rp os i t ion w i l lb eo u t l ined b e low . I nt h i sc on tex ti ti si mpo r tan tt os t re ss t h a tt h e r e sea r ch p roces sh a s ap rofound i n f luence o nh ow

s y s tem a nd i t sc on tex t mus tb es pec if ied a nd d e scr ibed t od ep ic tt h ei nhe ren tp a t ter n sa nd r e la t ion s .A tt h eb eg inn ing o fs uch a na na lys is ,i ti s i mpo ss ib le t ok now a nd i d en t ify t h er e levan ts ca le

t ov i ew o u rs ub jec ta nd i t st h eo re t ica l u nde rp inn ing s .

o ru n i t so fc ompa r i son -t h e refo re i ti su nw i se t o mechan ica l ly a pp ly ap rede te rm ined mode lt os uch as i tua t ion -i . e . t oa dop t as t ruc tu ra l is tp o in to f v i ew .T he p o in to fd epa r tu re ,h oweve r , mu s tb et o

Wy l ie ( i b id . )d i scu sses a na l te rna t ive a pp roach t oo r

s t ar tf r om t h eb o t tom -w i th t h ei nd iv idua lb e ing s , a nd t r ace t h e i ra c t iv i t ies a nd s oc ia ln e two rk ( Ba r th

ap o s i t ion ing r e la t ive t ot h eo b jec t iv is t / re la t iv is t p o s i t ion s . S he d escr ibes r e sea rch a s ad ia lec t ic a nd

S t ruc tu re o fs c ien t if ic i nqu i ry

1 6

i n te rp re ta t ive c oncep t st ot h eo b servab le , ma te r ia l c on sequences o fp a s ta c t iv i t ie s . Wy l ie ma in ta in s

r e f lex ive p rac t ice ,w i th r e f e rence t oa nd a sa d eve lopmen to fB er n s te in 's ( 1983 )a nd G eer tz 's ( 1979 )a n th ropo log ica la rgumen t s . D eve lop ing B e rn s te in 's a nd G eer tz 's a r gumen t s s he (Wy l ie

t h a tt h i sa r ea o ft a ck ing r ep resen t s a« l ocus o f c ons t ra in t» whe re a na lys is i sp e r fo rmed o na n i n f e ren t ia lb a s is a nd wh ich t e s t so u rc oncep t s . I t

1 989 ,8 f f )d esc r ibe sr e sea rch a s af ou rd imen s iona l « t ack ing» b e tween « exper ience -near» a nd

a dd i t iona l ly t e s t so u rc oncep t sd ue t ot h ef a c tt h a t p reh i s to r ic e xpe r ience -nea ra nd d is tan tc oncep t s a r ee qua l ly i n acce ss ib le .I nu t i l i s ing a na logue sb u i l t

« exper ience -d i s tan t» c oncep t so ft h e s oc ie ty u nde r s t udy a nd o ft h er e sea rche r( i b id . , 1 0 ) ,f i g . 2 . 1 . T ack ing i n vo lves t h e movemen tb ack a nd f o r th

i nt h es ou rce s i de c on tex ta nd a pp l ied i nt h es ou r ce c on tex tt h er e levance o fs im i la r i t ie sa r ee va lua ted a nd e xp lo i ted .T ha ti ti sr e levan t , Wy l ie a r gue s , «

b e tween t h ese a r ea so fs t udy .

r equ i re s .t ha tt h e i n f erence o ffu r ther s im i lar i t ie s

I n i t ia l ly , B er n s te in s t a te sa cco rd ing t o Wy l ie « .an thropo log i s t sm us tg rasp t h es y s tem o f « exper ience -near» c oncep t si nt e rms o fw h ich

b eb ased o na n u nder s tand ing t ha tt h ea ssoc ia t ion o fk nown a nd i n f erred a t t r ibu tes i sn on -acc iden ta li ti s af unc t ion o fu nder ly ing « de term in ing s t ruc tures»» ( i b id . , 1 3 ) .R e levancy i na na log ica l

m ember so f ac u l ture o rd inar i ly u nder s tand a nd r epresen tt h e ir o wn a c t ions , b e l ief s ,a nd f ee l ings ,

r ea son ing i ss ubs tan t ia ted b yd eve lop ing t h eo r ie s f r om t wo p e r spec t ive s . T h i s i n vo lve st h ea pp l ica t ion o ft h eo r ie sf r om r e la ted d i sc ip l ine sw i th in t h e s oc ia l

t h ese mus tb eb a lanced b yt h ea ppropr ia te e xper ience -d i s tan tc oncep t s [ i . e . g ene ra lt h eo re t ica l c oncep t sd eve loped b yt h er e sea rche ri nh i s /he r c on tex t , my c ommen t ] , c oncep t st ha ta re n o t

a nd n a tu ra ls c iences . Add i t iona l ly ,a r chaeo logy h a s i n c rea s ing ly e ngaged i nt h ed eve lopmen to f me thod sa nd t h eo r ies i nt h er ea lm o fe t hno -a nd

n ecessar i ly f am i l iar t ot h ep eop le b e ing s t ud ied b u t t h a t. . make i n te l l ig ib le t h es ymbo l ic f orms [ of t h e ir c u l ture ] . ( Berns te in 1 983 , 9 5 )» . (Wy l ie 1 989 , 8 ) .

e xpe r imen ta la r chaeo logy w i th t h e «.a im o f e s tab l i sh ing e xac t ly w ha tr anges o fd e term in ing s t ruc tures , u nder w ha tc ond i t ions ,p roduce s pec if i c t y pe so f ma ter ia lc u l ture .» F u r the rmo re , Wyl i e a rgue st h a t ,« . . t h i s « source -s ide» w ork c an s e rve ,

Wy l ie a rgues t h a tt h ep roces so ft a ck ing i s mo re c omp lex t h an t h i sd i agona lt a ck .V er t ica lt a ck s o ccu r sb o th i nt h es ou rce c on tex t( s ub jec tu nde r s t udy )a nd t h es ou rce s i de ( r esea rche r 's c on tex t ) .I n t h er ea lm o ft h es ub jec tu nde rs t udy i n vo lv ing s o c ia l i n te ra c t ion a nd p roce sses ,i tc oncer n st h ef o rma t ion a nd n ego t ia t ion o fa b s t rac tc oncep t sa bou tt h e i r wo r ld « . .«An thropo log ica ls ub j ec t s» c an b e

n o tj us tt ow iden t h er ange o fa na logs o nw h ich i n terpre ta t ion c an d raw , b u ta l so s harp ly l i m i t t h em ,p rov id ing a n i mpor tan tb as is f or t h ec r i t ica l a sses smen to ft h e ir c red ib i l i ty .» ( i b id . , 1 3 . )

e xpec ted t oh ave t h e ir o wn c oncep tua ls cheme st h a t o rder a nd e xp la in c u l tura lp rac t i se a tv ar ious l e ve l s o fa bs t rac t ion . .» ( i b id . ,9 ) .I nt h er e sea rche r 's c on tex t( s ou rce s i de ) ,t h ev e r t ica lt a ck ing i n vo lve s t h ed eve lopmen to fe xper ience -d i s tan tc oncep t si . e . g ene ra lt h eo r ie sf o rs oc ia lp rocesses -b u tt h e se

Wha te vo lve so u to ft h i sd i scuss ion i sa ni n s igh t i n to t h er e sea rch p rocess -i t ss t ruc tu re a nd c on s t ra in t s .I tp o s i t ion st h er e sea r che r« beyond» o b jec t iv i sm a nd r e la t iv i sm i n ap o s i t ion wh ich ,f r om my p o in to fv i ew , s e ems ap roduc t ive l i ne o f r ea son ing f o ra r chaeo log ica lr e sea rch . I ta l low s n e i the r ac omp le te r e sor tt o ar e la t iv i s tp o s i t ion whe re « any th ing g oe s» n o ri si tl im i ted w i th in t h e h ypo thes is t e s t ing ,p o s i t iv i s t mode lr educ ing t h e p o s s ib i l i t ies o fa l ter na t ive i n te rp re ta t ion s .

a r eb a sed a nd d eve loped i no u r« own» e xpe r ience n ea rc on tex t . T he se a rgumen t sa r ed eve loped f r om a n a n th ropo log ica lp o in to fv i ew . Wy l ie a r gue si t s p a r t icu la rr e levance t oa r chaeo logy s i nce t h e c ha rac te ro ft h ea r chaeo log ica ld a ta e xpo se st h e c on s t ra in ing p roces si nvo lved . D ue t oo u ri n ab i l i ty t oo b serve s oc ia li n te rac t ion ,a r chaeo log ica l i n te rp re ta t ion « . d epend so nb ackground k now ledge o fc on tempora ry c on tex t s . .» ( i b id . , 1 ) . Ana log ie sa r ed eve loped f r om e t hnog raph ic s t ud ie s . T he se i nvo lve wha ts he h a sd ef ined a s av er t ica l

Add i t iona l ly ,i ti st h ec on s t ra in ing s t ruc tu re o f me thod sa nd t h eo r ies d eve loped i ni ndependen t c on tex t sa nd b rough tt oge the ri na na r chaeo log ica l e va lua t ion o fd a ta a nd mode l s ,t ha ts ugges t st h a t i n s igh t si n to p reh is to r ic s oc ia lp rocesse sa r e p o ss ib le .T he i n ve s t iga t ion o fa r chaeo log ica l emp i r ica lr e la t ion st h rough s pec if i c me thod sa nd t h eo r ie si no rde rt od eve lop i n s igh t si n to p r eh i s to r ic s oc ia lp roce sses ,b ecomes ,i nt h i sc on tex t , av iab le p ro jec t . An a ccumu la t ion o fk now ledge s e em s o b ta inab le t h rough t h e s ha red mechan i sm so f c r i te r ia o fr e levance f o rt h ea na logue sb e ing u t i l i sed

t a ck i nt h er e sea rche r 's s ou rce s ide c on tex t .I n a r chaeo logy t h i sw ou ld c oncer nm idd le range me thodo log ie s s uch a se thnoa r chaeo logy a nd e xpe r imen ta ls t ud ie s .I th a st h ea b i l i ty t op roduce b o th e xpe r ience -d i s tan ta nd e xpe r ience -nea r c oncep t s . T he e xpe r ience -d i s tan tc oncep t s a r chaeo log i s t si n vo lve i n ad i agona lt a ck f r om o u r

a nd ac on s t ra in ing s t ruc tu re o ft h ea r gumen t sa nd a na ly se sb e ing made .

1 7

SOURCE S IDE ( «SUBJECT OF

EXPER IENCE -D ISTANT

EXPER IENCE -NEAR CONCEPTS

CONCEPTS

STUDY» ) (WYLIE 1 989 ) S ITE S TRUCTURE DESCR IPT ION AND I NTERPRETAT ION

D IRECT ION OF TACK ING (WYLIE 1 989 )

METHODOLOGY AND THEORY

*S t ruc tu ra lr ema in s *C oncen t ra t ion so f

ACT IV IT IES *C on tex to fd epo s i t ion

S PAT IAL CORRELAT ION OF ACT IV IT IES

MODEL OF SOC IAL RELAT IONS

*Wo rk a c t iv i t ie s

*I nd iv idua l a c t iv i ty a r ea s *F unc t iona l s i te p a t te rn s

*G ende r *D iv is ion o fl a bou r

a r tefac t s

e

e

4 ,

e

DESCR IPT ION

ANALYS IS

ANALOGY

*D e sc r ip t ion o f s t ruc tu re s

*U se w ea ra na ly s i s *R ef i t t ing

*S i te f o rma t ion mode l s *E thno -a rchaeo log ica l mode l s

*A r tef ac td i s t r ibu t ion s

SOURCE CONTEXT ( «RESEARCH

4 ,

›

GENERAT IVE ANALYS IS MICRO - MACRO RELAT IONS GENDER / ACT IV ITY SYNDROME

MIDDLE RANGE THEORY

GENERAL THEORY

EXPER IENCE -NEAR

EXPER IENCE -D ISTANT

CONCEPTS

CONCEPTS

CO M MUNITY» ) (WYLIE 1 989 )

F ig . 2 . 1 A n« a rchaeo log ica lp rocedu re o fd i scovery» a dap ted t os pa t ia la na ly s i s .

b ef ound i nb o th c hap te r s 4a nd 5a nd i nt h ef ma l c hap te r7 .T he f i na lp ar ti nvo lves t h e mode l l ing o f a spec t so fs oc ia lf o rm i nt h ep reh i s to r ic s oc ie t ies a na ly sed i nt h ep resen tr e sea rch c on tex ta nd b a sed

« An a r chaeo log ica lp rocedu re o f d i scove ry» T he a r gumen t s made b y Wy l ie r e f e r red t oa bove , d o ,t o my m ind ,e nhance a nd s t reng then my a r gumen t sc once rn ing « an a na ly t ica lf r amewo rk» made p rev iou s ly .I nB a r th ian t e rm s Iw ou ld s ugges t

o nt h ea ccumu la ted d a ta a nd i n te rp re ta t ion sa s p r ima r i ly p re sen ted i nc hap te r7 .

t h i st ob e« an a r chaeo log ica lp rocedu re o f d i scove ry» i n c lud ing t h es equence o fa rgumen t sa s

T h is s ugge s ted « a rchaeo log ica lp rocedu re o f d i scove ry» i sa na t temp ta ts t ruc tu r ing t h ea na ly s i s i no rde rt of a c i l i ta te i n te rp re ta t ion o f ag iven

s chema t ica l ly i lus t ra ted i nf i g .2 . 1 . Wy l ie 's a rgumen t sa dd b o th t h ef e a tu re o fc on s t ra in t so n

a r chaeo log ica ld a ta se ta nd s t r ive f o r me thodo log ica l a nd t h eo re t ica lc on s is tency . T he e s sen t ia lq ue s t ion t h en b ecomes ,h ow d ow ef u r the rd raw t oge the r

i n te rp re ta t ion s ugges t ing t ha ta na ccumu la t ion o f k now ledge i sf ea s ib le , a nd t h ep roces so fc on s tan t t a ck ing o rf e edback b e tween t h ed i f f e ren tl e ve l so r

a spec t so f me thodo log ica la nd t h eo re t ica lp o s i t ion s a sd ive r se a sp roces sua l -a nd g ende ra r chaeo logy? Wha ta r et h el i nk ing a r gumen t sf o rs ugges t ing t h i s

s t ep so fa na ly s i s .

f r ame o fr e f e rence f o rs pa t ia la na lys i s? S ome o ft h e l i nk sb e tween t h e se p o s i t ion sa r et h ema t ica l ly r e la ted t o , 1 / Ana log ica lr e a son ing ,2 /A« func t iona l l i nk» b e tween t h er o le o ft h ei nd iv idua lb e ing a nd t h eg ende rp e r spec t ive a nd , 3 /T he c omp l imen ta r i ty o f mode l sa nd c on tex t sa nd t h en eed f o r« r ich ly

T he s ugge s ted « a rchaeo log ica lp rocedu re o f d i scove ry» i n c lude sf ou rs e c t ion s .I n i t ia l ly , a d e sc r ip t ive b a s i si sp roduced wh ich i n co rpo ra tes me thod ss u ch a ss pa t ia la na ly se s ( v isua lo r s t a t i s t ica l )a nd a r tefac ta na lyse s( t echno logy , r e f i t t ing a nd u se -wea ra na lys i s ) . T he se a r e c on s ide red a st oo ls t oa na ly se a nd p resen tt h e a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia la nd a r ec ommon t oi n t ra -

emp i r ica ls t ud ie s» .

s i te s pa t ia la na lyses . D i scu ss ion so nt h e se me thod s a r et ob ef ound i nt h ef o l low ing c hap te r s 4a nd 5 . Add i t iona l ly i tp roduce sd a ta t ha tc an b ea na lysed a nd i n te rp re ted w i th r e spec tt ob o th t h ec on tex to f

2 . 4

Ana log ica lr ea son ing P roce ssua la r chaeo logy a nd m idd le r ange p e r spec t ive

i nd iv idua l si nc o -ope ra t ion a nd aw ide rs oc ie ta l c on tex t .F rom t h is f o l lows t h ei n te rp re ta t ion o fd a ta

S pa t ia la na ly ses o fS tone Age s i te su t i l i se a c omp lex o f me thod sa nd t h eo r ie sd eve loped d u r ing

t h rough a na log ica lr ea son ing a nd b r idg ing a r gumen t sb e tween e t hnoa r chaeo logy ,a n th ropo logy a nd a r cha eo logy .A spec t so ft h ese a rgumen t sa r et o

t h el a s td ecade s .T h rough t h e wo rk so fB in fo rd , a mong many ,t h ese h ave b een c en t ra lt ot h e

1 8

d eve lopmen to f a« p roces sua l a r chaeo logy» . A st h e p r e sen tt h e s i su t i l i ses me thod sa nd p e r spec t ive s ,

T h i s may b eo ne o ft h er ea son s why t h ei nd iv idua l ,

a l be i tb o th mod if ied a nd i n ad i f f e ren tc on tex t , s ome o ft h e ma in t h eo re t ica lp o s i t ion so ft h e « New

s oc ie t ies ,d i sappea r s when B in fo rd a rgue st h a tt h e t hough t s ,b e l ief so ro p in ion so fp a r t ic ipan t si n p reh is to r ic s oc ie t ies c anno th e lp h im s o lve a p rob lem s t ud ied f r om at o ta l ly d if e ren tp e r spec t ive .

a sc r ea to ra nd d e term ina to ro ft h ed eve lopmen to f

A r chaeo logy» , a sa r gued b yB in fo rd , w i l lb e p r e sen ted .

T h i si s ap e r spec t ive p reh is to r ic i nd iv idua l sc ou ld n o te xpe r ience o rr e la te t oa st h ey w e re w i thou tt h i s k now ledge ( B in fo rd 1 986a , 1 989 ,4 9 ) .

L ew i sB in fo rd i s ama jo rc on t r ibu to rt o Ame r ican p roce ssua la r chaeo logy o r« New A rchaeo logy» a nd t om idd le r ange b a sed e thno -a rchaeo log ica ls t ud ie s o ft h eu se o fs pace .I n as e r ie so fp ape r sa nd p ubl i ca t ion s (M i l fo rd 1 962 , 1 977 , 1 978 , 1 980 ,

B info rd o pe ra te sw i th in t h ef r amewo rk o fl ow l e ve l ,m idd le leve l ( m idd le r ange i nB in fo rd 's

1 982 , 1 983a , 1 983b , 1 986a , 1 986b , 1 989 ) ,h eh a s a r gued f o r as c ien t if i ca r chaeo logy , a sh ev i ews i t ,

t e rm s ) -a nd g ene ra lt h eo ry ( T r igge r 1 989 , 1 9 -24 ) . A cco rd ing t oT r igge r( i b id . , 1 9 -25 )l ow leve l t h eo r ies i na r chaeo logy c oncer n emp i r ica lr e sea r ch

i no ppo s i t ion t ob o th t r ad i t iona l emp i r ica ls t ud ie s a nd n ew t h eo re t ica lp e r spec t ive s -r e cen t ly f i r s ta nd

d eve lop ing g ene ra l i sa t ion sr e la ted t os pace ,t ime a nd f o rm -g ene ra l isa t ion st ha tn eve rr e f e rt oh uman

f o remo s t Hodde r 's « con tex tua l -s truc tura l i sm» a s M i l fo rd d eno te si t( B info rd 1 986a ,4 3 ; Hodde r

b ehav iou r . M idd le leve lt h eo ry a t temp t st oa ccoun t

1 982 ) . Ap rom inen tf e a tu re o fe a r ly p roce ssua l t h ink ing i st h ev i ew o fs oc ie ty a s as y s tem o f

f o rr e cu r ren tc o r re la t ion sb e tween s e t so fv a r iab le s . S pec if i ct oa r chaeo logy i sm idd ler ange t h eo ry t h a t

i n te r re la ted s e t so fs ub sy s tem s ( T r igge r 1 978 , 1 0 1 ; B in fo rd 1 962 ) . B in fo rd ( 1986 )d e scr ibed s o c ie ty a s« t hermodynam ic s y s tems» . T he c u l tu ra l s y s tem sa r e ,t oc i te M i lfo rd ,« depend en to n t h ef l ow o fe nergy t h rough t h em» i n ad ynam ic r e la t ion sh ip

t r ie st oa ccoun tf o ro b servab le a r chaeo log ica l p henomena i nt e rm so fh uman b ehav iou rt h rough t h eu se o fe t hnog raph ic d a ta . G ene ra lt h eo ry

w i th n a tu re .T he d eve lopmen to ft h es y s tem i s d ependen to nh ow i ta r t icu la tes w i th a nd i sr e la ted t ot h es ou rce so fe ne rgy -t h en a tu re t ha ts u r round s u s .P roce sse so fc hange a r ec on tro l led b yf a c to r s b eyond t h ec on t ro lo fe ach i nd iv idua l . T h i sv i ew o f s o c ie ty a sp r ima r i ly g over n ed b ye x ter na lf a c to r s , h a sc on t r ibu ted t ot h ep rom inence o ft h ee co -

s c ience s ( i b id . , 3 62 ) .

r ep re sen t sg ene ra lp e r spec t ives t h a tt r yt oe xp la in h uman b ehav iou ra nd a r ec ommon t oa l ls oc ia l

M idd le -range t h eo ry i sb a sed o nt h ep r inc ip le o f u n ifo rm i ty a nd i n c lude sb o th e t hnoa rchaeo log ica l , e xpe r imen ta la nd s i te f o rma t ion s t ud ie s .T he i n ten t ion i st oe s tab l i sh c o r re la t ion sb e tween b ehav iou ra nd o bse rved ma ter ia lp a t te rn sr e su l t ing f r om t h i s s pec if ic b ehav iou r . T he p rem ise i st h a t ma te r ia lp a t te rn so b served e t hnoa rchaeo log ica l ly o r p roduced e xpe r imen ta l ly ,a r ec r ea ted b ya na log ica l

f unc t iona lp e r spec t ive . E co logy i na ni n t ima te i n te rp lay w i th e conom ic a dap ta t ion h a sb een v i ewed a sa ne s sen t ia lf a c to rf o rc ho ice s made w i th in t h e c u l tu ra ls y s tem s .

p roces se si np reh i s to r ic s oc ie t ies . I nt h is c on tex t M i l fo rd a rgue st ha t« Archaeo log i s t s .d on o ts t ud y t h ep as t , t h ey c r ea te i t . Wha tt h ey s t udy i st h e a rchaeo log ica lr ecord . T he c rea ted p as ti so n ly a s c orrec ta st h eu nder s tand ing o ft h ep roper t ies o f t h ea rchaeo log ica lr ecord ,a nd t h ep roces ses t h a t b rough tt h ese p roper t ie si n to b e ing . T he d eve lopmen to ft h eore t ica l ly g u ided m idd le -range

T he c ha rac te ro fo u rs ource ma te r ia lh a ss pec if ic i mp l ica t ion sf o rh ow a r chaeo logy i sr e la ted t oo the r s o c ia ls c ience s ,a nd h ow B in fo rd p e rce ive sc u l tu ra l s y s tem s .A rchaeo log is t sc anno ts t udy p reh i s to r ic s o c ie t ies t h rough « par t ic ipan to bserva t ion» i na manne rs im i la rt oa n th ropo logy i ni t ss t udy o f c on tempo ra ry s oc ie t ies . B in fo rd a rgues ,h oweve r , t h a ta r chaeo logy h a sa no ppo r tun i ty t ou nde r s tand

r e search i st h ek ey t ot h ei n f eren t ia lp rob lem» ( B in fo rd 1 986a ,5 1) .

h umank ind i n aw ay t ha ts oc ia ls c ience st h a ts t udy « t he q u ick t ime e ven t so fd i rec ts oc ia le xper ience» o n ly c an « d ream» o f .A cco rd ing t oB in fo rd ,w e

T h i s may s uf i ce a sa no u t l ine o fs ome o ft h e ma in i d ea so f« p roce s sua l» a r chaeo logy , a tl e a s ti nt e rm s o f« S tone Age» s t ud ie s .T he i s sue o ft h em idd le r ange t h eo ry i s ,h oweve r ,o fp ar t icu la rr e levance f o r

h ave t or e cogn i se t h ep o ten t ia li n ap e r spec t ive w h ich s t ud ie st h e macrofo rce st ha td e te rm ine a nd mod ify w ay so fl i v ing ,a nd wh ich w a sn o t

t h ep re sen ts t udy .I ti s ame thod t h a ta l lows t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o fp roduc ing mode ls a pp l icab le f o rt h e i n te rp re ta t ion o fp reh i s to r ic r ema in s . Howeve r , t h e re a r es eve ra lp rob lema t ic a r ea st h a t mus tb e a dd res sed .T he se i n c lude t h e a s sumed g ene ra l a pp l icab i l i ty o f mode l sd e r ived f r om t h e se s t ud ie s , a nd t h ed if e ren ta r ea so rl e ve ls o fm idd le range s t ud ie s .

u nde r s tood b yp a r t ic ipan t si nc omp lex ,p reh i s to r ic t h e rmodynam ic s y s tem s (M i l fo rd 1 986a , 1 989 ,5 2 ) . A cco rd ing t oB in fo rd as pec if ic f ea tu re o f a r chaeo logy i st h a tw ec an s t udy l ong te rm s oc ia l p roce sses a nd t h ef a c to r si n f luenc ing t h e se i na manne rt h a tw a sn o te v iden to rp o s s ib le f o r i n d iv idua lb e ings i np reh is to r ic s oc ie t ies t oc on t ro l .

1 9

r e la t ion sh ip .T hese p a t te rn s mus tb ei n te rp re ted

E xpan s ion o ft h em idd le range p e r spec t ive

w i th in t h eg ene ra lt heo re t ica lp e r spec t ive sd e r ived f r om s o c ia ls c ience s .

B ruce T r igge r( 1995 )h a s , i n ar e cen tp ape r ,a r gued T od Wh i te law ( 1994 )a r gue sa l ong t h e s ame l i ne s . H e ma in ta in st h a tp roce s sua l «m idd le range» s t ud ie sc an g i ve u s ab a s i sa nd mechan ica l s t ruc tu re , wh ich w ec an c ompa re w i th a r chaeo log ica lp a t ter n s ,

f o rc omb in ing p rocessua la nd p o s t -p rocessua l a r chaeo logy i n ad i scuss ion o ft h ei n te rp re ta t iona l p o ss ib i l i t ie so ft h em idd le range p e r spec t ive . T r igge rm a in ta in st h a tt h ee co -func t iona ld i rec t ion i n wh ich p rocessua la r chaeo logy h a sd eve loped ,h a s

a l though a tt h es ame t ime t hey a r eo n ly p a r t ia l mode l so fb ehav iou r . Why s pec if ic a c t iv i t ie sw e re

t a ken t h ea t ten t ion a way f r om p o ss ib i l i t ies o f d eve lop ing t h em idd le range p e r spec t ive i nr e la t ion t os ymbo l ic b ehav iou r . E ssen t ia l ly ,t h ep resen t

p e r fo rmed i ns pec if ic p l aces ,i sn o te xp la ined . «M idd le range» r e search r ep resen t s ,w i th i t s s e to f t e rm sa nd n o ted r e serva t ion so r mod if ica t ion s , a n e x tendab le m e thodo logy a nd t h eo ry a pp l icab le

p ro jec ta t temp t st op u r sue t h i sl i ne o fr e a son ing . T h i sa ppea r st ob et h ei s sue t h a t ,a cco rd ing t os ome o ft h ec ommen ta to r s ( Bende r 1 997 ; O l sen 1 997 )o f my p rev iou sp ape r( Nx roy 1 997 ) , s e em sh igh ly p rob lema t ic d ue t ot h ei n commen su rab i l i ty o ft h e p e r spec t ives . T r igge r 's ( 1995 ,4 49 )a rgumen tt h a t , « . aj ud ic ious c omb ina t ion o fp rocessua la nd p os t -

w i th in d i f f e ren tp e r spec t ives . U se o fa na logy a nd t he d iv i s ion o fl a bou r C onkey a nd G e ro ( 1991) h ave a rgued t h a ta ny h ypo the s i so ng ende ri np reh is to ry mus tb eb a sed

p rocessua la pproaches c an s i gn if i can t ly e nhance t h ea na ly t ica lp ower o fa rchaeo logy .» i sh igh ly a pp rop r ia te i nt h i sc on tex ta nd may s e rve a s ap o in t

o ns ome f o rm o fa na logy .P resen t ly t h e re s eem s , h oweve r ,t ob e ac on sen su st ha tn od i rec ta na logy b e tween moder na nd p reh i s to r ic h un te r -ga the re r s

o fd epa r tu re f o rt h ee l abo ra t ion o ft h i sp o s i t ion .

e x i s t s( S ta rk 1 993 , 9 4 ) .A l lk nown h un te r -ga the re r s oc ie t ie sh ave b een mo re o rl e ss i n f luenced b y

I nt h ep re sen tc on tex tt h e« jud ic ious c omb ina t ion» i mp l ie st h a tt h eu n ive r sa la pp l icab i l i ty o fm idd le -

c on tac tw i th moder ns oc ie t ies ( Ke l ly 1 995 , 2 4 -28 ) . C on sequen t ly n or ea son st oa s sume t h a td i rec t

r ange mode l si nt h e s en se s ugge s ted b yB in fo rd ,c an n o tb ea ccep ted . A sT r igge rc au t ion s , « . .h uman b ehav iour i sc ons iderab ly l e ss u n if orm t h an

a na log ica lr e a son ing c an b ea pp l ied i n a r chaeo log ica li n te rp re ta t ion e x i s t . Iwou ld , h oweve r ,a rgue t ha tt h ea im o fu ncove r ing

B inf ord ,a s an eo -evo lu t ion i s t , c on t inues t ob e l ieve . Much more e t hnograph ic d ocumen ta t ion i sn eeded b ef ore w ec an a gree w i th h i sa s ser t ion t ha ta l l h un ter -ga therer s u se t h e ir c amp s pace i n much t h e s ame w ay . .» ( T r igge r 1 989 , 3 64 -365 ) . Ia g ree w i th

i nd iv idua la c t iv i ty s phe re s ,a nd mapp ing t he a c t iv i t ie sp r e sen ta t as i te ,o pen su pp o s s ib i l i t ies f o r d i scu s s ing d i v i s ion o fl a bou rb yd raw ing o n e thnog raph ic a nd c ros s -cu l tu ra lk now ledge i nt h e manne rR and iH aa land h a sa dvoca ted ( Haa land 1 981 , 1 987 , 1 995a , 1 995b ; C onkey & G ero 1 991) . H aa land ( 1995a , 1 64 )a r gues , i nh e rs t udy o ft h e

t h ep o s i t ion t h a tt h ese mode l sc an n o tb ec l a imed t o c on s t i tu te u n ive r sa l s . Iwou ld t h e refo re a pp ly t h em a s mode l sw i th wh ich t oc on f ron ta r chaeo log ica l p a t ter n sa tt h es ame t ime a se va lua t ing t h e a r chaeo log ica ld a ta i n ac on tex tua lp e r spec t ive . T h i sa r gumen ti sf u r the rc on s ide red b e low i nt e rm s

Me so l i th ic o fS udan ,t h a t 1 /g ende r wa sa n i mpo r tan tp r inc ip le f o rt h ed iv is ion o fl a bou ri n t h e se p r eh i s to r ic s oc ie t ie s ; 2 / as pec if ic s e to f a c t iv i t ie s -a na c t iv i ty s ynd rome -w a sp robab ly a s soc ia ted w i th e ach s ex ; a nd 3 /c ro ss -cu l tura l k now ledge o nd iv is ion o fl a bou r mu s tp r inc ipa l ly f unc t ion a s as ou rce o fr e f lec t ion f o ri n te rp re ta t ion s ,

o f mode l -con tex tua lb a sed a na lyses a sd i scu s sed b y C a r r( 1991 ) . T r igge ra r gue sf o r al i nk ing o fb e l ief sa nd ma te r ia l c u l tu re t h rough am idd le range t h eo ry t h a t« . .mus t t a ke t h ef orm o fd emons t ra t ions t ha tc er ta in k i nd s

a nd n o ta s am ean so fd i rec ta pp l ica t ion f o rt h e i n te rp re ta t ion o fa r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l .

o fb e l ief sa nd s ymbo l sc orre la te s i gn if ican t ly w i th s pec if i cs oc ie t ies .» ( T r igge r 1 995 ,4 52 ) .R e la ted t o

Mu rdock a nd P rovo s t 's ( 1973 )p ape r« Fac to r si n t h eD iv i s ion o fl a bou rb yS ex , AC ro s s -Cu l tu ra l a na ly s i s .» h a sr ep resen ted as ou rce o fc ompa ra t ive

i n t ra s i te a na ly s is a nd s pa t ia lb ehav iou r , whe re b o th f unc t iona la nd s ymbo l ic a spec t sa r ei n vo lved ,s uch

d a ta o nc r o s s -cu l tu ra lp a t te r n sc once rn ing t h el i nk

a ne x ten s ion o ft h em idd le -range p e r spec t ive s eem s v a luab le .A tt h eo u t se to f as pa t ia la na ly s i sa f unc t iona l mapp ing o fs pace mus tb eu nde r taken b efo re s ymbo l ic a spec t so fc u l tu re s uch a sg ende r r o le s ,i n vo lv ing among o the r sd i v i s ion o fl a bou r ,

b e tween g ende ra nd t a sk sf o r many r e sea rche r s . Mu rdock a nd P rovo s t 's p aper d oe sh ave a ppa ren t d ef i c ienc ie sw i th r e spec tt o ag ende rp e r spec t ive . G e rd J ohanne V a len ,i nh e ra na lys i so ft h eu se o f a na logy i nN orweg ian a r chaeo logy ,p o in t so u tt ha t

c an b ed i scu ssed . H oweve r ,t h em idd le range me thod a t temp t st oe s tab l i sh l i nk s ( ma te r ia l

Mu rdock a nd P rovo s t 's p e r spec t ive o fe x t rac t ing u n ive r sa ll aw si nt h ed i v i s ion o fl a bou ra r e

c o r re la te s )b e tween a r chaeo log ica ld eb r i sp a t te rn ing a nd b ehav iou r ,b u ti td oe sn o te xp la in t h i s

p rob lema t ic p rec ise ly b ecau se o ft h ec r i t ic i sm

2 0

f em in i s tt h eory c an u ncover t h e T ru th o ft h ew ho le o nce a nd f or a l l .» ( i b id . , 6 33 ) . A cco rd ing t o f em in i s tt h ink ing ,k now ledge i ss oc ia l ly c on s t i tu ted

r a i sed a ga in s tt h eu n ive r sa l i s ing p e r spec t ive .I n a dd i t ion ,t h er ep re sen ta t iv i ty o ft h es oc ie t ie sf r om w h ich Mu rdock a nd P rovo s tc o l lec ted t h e i rd a ta i s p rob lema t ic . Mos to ft h em a r e « l ow techno log ica l

a nd d epend so ns oc ia lp rac t ice sa nd c on tex to f a c t ion , a nd d ue t o ma le d om ina t ion i ns oc ie ty a nd t h es c iences ,t h eo b jec t ify ing a nd u n ive r sa l i s ing

a gr icu l tura ls oc ie t ies» a nd mo s to ft h et a sk s r e p resen ted o ccu ro n ly w i th in as ma l ls e lec t ion o f t h es oc ie t ies ( Va len 1 995 ,2 7 ) . T he r e levance i n r e spec tt ov a r iou s a r chaeo log ica lc on tex t si s

p e r spec t ive d om ina tes . S ince f em in is t sa t tack t h i s p o s i t ion ,F lax v i ews i ta so fl i t t le v a lue f o rf em in i s t

c on sequen t ly l im i ted .

t h eo ry t oh o ld t h es ame s c ien t if ic o b jec t ive -f i nd ing t h eo ne o b jec t ive t r u th -a l be i ta na l ter na t ive

Mu rdock a nd P rovo s t 's s t udy h a s ,d esp i te t h ese

« t ru th» . How c an t h i sc on t rad ic t ion b e s o lved? A n umbe ro fr e sea rche r sh ave a dap ted ap lu ra l i s t ic a t t i tude i nr e spon se t ot h is .A l ison Wy l ie ( 1991 ,4 8 ) u nde r l ine st h ev a lue o fa ccep t ing d i f f e ren t

p rob lem s , s e rved a s ap o in to fd epa r tu re f o r many a r chaeo log i s t s ,b o th f o rt ho se w i th s im i la ro r d i f f e ren tp e r spec t ives t h an Mu rdock a nd P rovos t . I n

p e r spec t ive sa nd a l low ing t h ed eve lopmen ta nd r e su l t sf r om t h e se t os o lve t h eq ues t ion o f wh ich

ad if e ren tt h eo re t ica l s e t t ing R and iH aa land ( 1987 , 2 12 )h a sd rawn a t ten t ion t o Mu rdock a nd P rovo s t 's c onc lu s ion t ha t whoeve rp roduces t oo ls a l so s e em s

p e r spec t ive i s mo s ts ucce ssfu lo rs u i tab le f o r a na ly s ing as pec if ic ma te r ia l . Me thodo log ica la nd

t ou se t h em . I na na r chaeo log ica lc on tex tt h i sh a s t h ep o ten t ia lo fb e ing u sefu li na na na ly s i so fs pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tefac t sa nd a c t iv i t ie s when t r y ing t o

t h eo re t ica lc on s i s tency i na na lys i si s ,d e sp i te t h i s r e la t iv i sm , empha s i sed b y Wy l ie . S he c onc lude sb y s a y ing t ha ts ome me thodo log ica la nd t h eo re t ica l p lu ra l i sm i sn ece ssa ry f o r a« gende ra r chaeo logy»

e s tab l i sh l i nk sf r om a r tefac t st oi n d iv idua lb e ing s . A tt h es ame t ime Iw ou ld b ec au t iou su s ing t h el i nk s Mu rdock a nd P rovo s tp ropo se b e tween t a sk a nd g ende r ,a nd empha s ise s pec if ic i n te rp re ta t iona l

t ob ee s tab l i shed . T he g ende rc oncep t

p o s s ib i l i t ie sw i th in t h ea r chaeo log ica lc on tex t . 2 . 5

Wha ti sg ende r ? C onkey a nd G e ro ( 1991 , 8 )d ef ine g ende ra sf o l low s , 1 /g ende ri s as oc ia lc on s t ruc t ion a nd n o t ab io log ica ln ece ss i ty ; 2 /g ende ri s

Gender a nd d iv is ion o fl abour F em in i s tc r i t ique so fs c ience

h i s to r ica l ly a nd c u l tu ra l ly c on t ingen t ,b u ti sg iven m ean ing i n as pec if ic h i s to r ica la nd c u l tu ra lc on tex t ; a nd 3 /g ende ra s ab a s ic e l emen tf o rs oc ia lr e la t ion s i st h ee xp re ss ion o fc u l tu ra l ly d e te rm ined d if e rence sb e tween men a nd women .

F em in i s ts cho la r sh ave c r i t i sed t h ep o s i t iv i s ta nd a nd rocen t r ic b a s is o fw e s ter ns c ience d u r ing t h el a s t d ecade s .J ane F lax ( 1987 ) ,r e f e r red t oi n an umbe r o fa r chaeo log ica lp ub l ica t ion s , ma in ta in ing t h a t t h ree t y pes o ft h ink ing b es tr e f lec to u rt ime p sychoana lys is ,f em in i s tt h eo ry a nd p o s t -mode rn p h i lo sophy -b ecau se t h ey a na lyse c en tra lq ues t ion s c once rn ing h ow w ea r et ou nde r s tand g ende r , s oc ia l r e la t ion sa nd c u l tu re w i thou tr e so r t ing t ol i nea r , h i e ra rch ica l ,h o l i s t ic a nd b ina ry w ay so ft h ink ing ( i b id . ,6 22 ) . F lax a l so a rgue st h a tf em in i sm h a s

G ende ra nd g ende rr o les a r eo b jec t ives f o rf em in i s t a na lys i s -h ow g ende ri sc on s truc ted a nd e xpe r ienced ,a nd h ow w et h ink o rd on o tt h ink a bou tg ende r . S ince g ende rr e la t ion sa r e ap ar to fa l l h uman e xpe r ience ,i tb ecomes a ni mpo r tan tf i e ld o f r e sea rch . T he e xpe r ience so fe ach i nd iv idua lb e ing o fv a r iou s g ende rr e la t ion s ,a nd t he s t ruc tu re o f g ende ra s as oc ia lc a tego ry ,a r ef o rmed t h rough t h e i n f luence b e tween g ende rr e la t ions a nd o the rs oc ia l

c au sed af undamen ta lc hange i ns oc ia lt h eo ry b ecau se t h eg ende rp e r spec t ive h a sb een p rob lema t ised ( i b id . ,6 26 ) . F em in i s tc r i t ique i s g ene ra l ly d i rec ted a ga in s t as c ience d om ina ted b y ma le p e r spec t ive sa nd t h es c ien t if ic p e r spec t ive o f t h ew e s ter n wo r ld , wh ich i sf o rmu la ted w i th in t h e f r ame so fa no b jec t ive a nd u n ive r sa l i s ing s c ience . I nt h i sc on tex t Iw i l lb r ief ly d i scu ss t h ep rob lem o f r e la t iv i sm wh ich f o l lows f r om t h ef em in i s tc r i t ique a nd t h et e rm g ende r .

r e la t ion s s uch a sc l a ss a nd r a ce . G ende ra s as oc ia l c a tego ry t h e refo re h a sn op rede te rm ined s ubs tance ; i tv a r ies b o th o ve rt ime a nd s ynch ronou s ly ( F lax 1 987 ,6 24 ) . A cco rd ing t ot h is ,t h e re a r en o r e gu la r i t ies i nt h ec on s t i tu t ion a nd d eve lopmen to f g ende ri np reh is to r ic s oc ie t ie s ,a nd a sc r ib ing g ene ra lg ende rp a t ter n st op reh is to r ic c on tex t si s d if i cu l t .T h i sn eces s i ta tes ad i f f e ren tp e r spec t ive t h an d i rec ta pp l ica t ion o fg ene ra l i sa t ion so r a na logues b e tween p reh i s to r ic a nd modem s oc ie t ie s ( Conkey & G e ro 1 991 ; 1 3 ,H aa land 1 995a , 1 64 ) .

A cco rd ing t oF lax , ap rob lem c on f ron t sf em in i s t t h ink ing a s ar e su l to fi t sc r i t ique o rr e jec t ion o ft h e u n ive r sa l i s ing a nd o b jec t ify ing s c ience . S he ma in ta in st h a tf em in i sm c anno ta r gue b o th , « ( 1) t ha t t h em ind , t h es e lf ,a nd k now ledge a re s oc ia l ly c ons t i tu ted a nd t ha tw ha tw ec an k now d epend s

An umbe ro fr e sea rche r s wou ld a rgue t h a tt h es i te ma te r ia lp re sen ted a nd a na lysed i nt h ep resen t p ro jec tr ep re sen t s av ery l im i ted d a taba se w i th

u pon s oc ia lp rac t i ses a nd c on tex t sa nd ( 2 )t h a t

2 1

s pa t ia lp a t ter n so fv a r iou sk ind so fs e t t lemen ts i tes

r e spec tt oi s sue so f« soc ia lr e la t ion s» o ft h ep a s t -o f g ende rr e la t ion si np r eh is to r ic p opu la t ion s . I ndeed t h ey w ou ld p robab ly d eem t h em i mpo ss ib le a spec t s

i s ,a tb e s t ,d if i cu l t . H oweve r ,a ss e t t lemen ts i te s c er ta in ly w e re i mpo r tan ta r ena sf o rt h en ego t ia t ion o fd iv i s ion o fl a bou ri np reh is to r ic h un te r -ga the re r

o fp reh i s to r ic c u l tu re st os t udy ,g i ven t he s pec if ic k ind a nd q ua l i ty o fa r chaeo log ica ld a ta a th and .I n

s oc ie t ie s ,c on f ron t ing s uch a na ly t ica lt a sk si so f u ndoub ted v a lue ( Conkey & S pec to r 1 984 ; S pec to r

t h i sc on tex ti ti st h e refo re i mpo r tan tt oa rgue why « gende rr e la t ion s» i nt h eS tone Age c ommun i t ie s

1 983 ) . C onkey a nd S pec to r( 1984 , 2 8 )a rgue t h a ti t i sn ece s sa ry f o ru st ou nde r s tand g ende rb ehav iou r

c an b ed i scussed b ya na ly s ing l i th ic d i s t r ibu t ion s a nd f unc t iona lc onf i -a t ion si nc omb ina t ion w i th s i te s t ruc tu ra lf e a tu re . - t he re a r ea tl e a s tt wo a spec t st h a tn eed c on s ide ra t ion w i th r e spec tt ot h i s -

a nd d ynam ic si no rde rt os t udy a spec t so f p reh i s to r ic c u l tu re ss uch a ss i te f unc t ion sa nd u se s , s ub s i s tence s y s tem sa nd i n t ra - a nd i n te r s i te p henomena .

t h ed ef in i t ion o fg ende ri t se lf a nd h ow w er e la te t h e t e rm g ende rt ot h ea r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia la nd t h e me thod sa pp l ied i nt h es t udy .

T he « a r cha eo log ica lp rocedure o fd i scove ry» ,I p ropo se ( f ig . 2 . 1) ,t r ie st ol a y af ounda t ion f o ra d i scu s s ion o fi n d iv idua l i ty a nd g ende rb y

Wi th r e spec tt ot h et e rm g ende r ,t h ei n i t ia l d ef in i t ion o fg ende rp r ev iou s ly c i ted f r om C onkey a nd S pec to r( 1984 ) ,h a sb een c r i t ic i sed a nd f u r the r

i n t roduc ing t h es t age o fs pa t ia l mapp ing o f i nd iv idua lb e ing so ri nd iv idua l si nc o -opera t ion t oge the rw i th t h ed e l inea t ion o fa c t iv i ty s phe res o n

d eve loped i nr e la t ion t o an umbe ro fa spec t s ( Le s ick 1 997 , 3 4 ) .I ti sa r guab le t h a tt h ec oncep to fg ende r

t h es i te .T h el i nk ing a rgumen t sr o ta te a round s pace , f unc t ion a nd a c t iv i ty p a t te r n sf ocu s ing o nt h e a c t ion so fi n d iv idua l sw i th in t h el im i t so f as pec if ic

a s ac u l tu ra lc on s t ruc t may i nvo lve mo re c omp lex s t ruc tu re st han t h em a le -f ema le d i cho tomy -t ha ti t may s i gn ify ar ange o fs oc ia li d en t i t ie s . Iwou ld , h oweve r ,a rgue t h a tt h e re h a st ob ec on s is tency a nd

s oc ia l ,p hy s ica la nd f unc t iona lc on tex t . T h i sl i ne o f t h ink ing i si n sp i red b yC onkey a nd S pec to r 's ( 1984 ) e a r ly a t temp tt oe s tab l i sh af r amewo rk f o rg ende r a r chaeo logy .C onkey a nd S pec to r 's

o pe ra t iona l i ty i nt h er e la t ion b e tween t he c oncep t s a nd p e r spec t ive u t i l i sed a nd t h ea r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia la th and . T h i si mp l ie st h a tt h e re h a st ob e

e thnoa rcha eo log ica lp ro jec t« ta sk d i f f e ren t ia t ion» i n c luded m app ing o fa c t iv i t ie s ,t h e s oc ia l ,t ime ,a nd s pa t ia ld imen s ion so ft h e se

s ome s en se o f« r ea l i sm» ,s ome s en se o f c o r re spondence w i th r e spec tt ot h i sr e la t ion sh ip .I c anno ts e et ha ts i te f unc t iona la nd d i s t r ibu t iona l

a c t iv i t ie s ,t o ge the rw i th i den t if i ca t ion o fr aw ma te r ia l sa nd t h e i ru se a s soc ia ted w i th a c t iv i ty a nd g ende r .A l though S pec to rl a te rc r i t ic i sed t h i s

d a ta r ende ra na lyse sp o ss ib le t ha tl e ad t ov a luab le a nd i n te re s t ing d i scu ss ion so np reh i s to r ic g ende r s t ruc tu re si nr e la t ion t og ende rd ef in i t ion ss im i la rt o t hose r e f e r red b yL e s ick ( i b id . ) . T he se a r e d ef in i t ion st ha tt r an scend t h e ma le -f ema le g ende r d i cho tomy . Iwou ld t h e refo re c onc lude , a tl e a s ta t

a pp roach ,o nt h eg rounds t ha ti td raws a t ten t ion t o « gender» b u td oe sn o tc hange t h ef undamen ta lw ay w ep re sen tp reh i s to ry ( Spec to r 1 991 , 3 93 ) ,i ti s my o p in ion t h a tt h i sl i ne o fr ea son ing c an b eu sed a sa

t h ep re sen tl e ve lo fd i scu ss ion ,t h a ta na pp l ica t ion o ft h et e rm g ende rb eyond t h e mean ing o fs oc ia l ly

p o in to fd epa r tu re ( c f . P resco t t 1 995a , 1 22 ) . B o th i d en t if ica t ion o fa c t iv i t ie sa nd mapp ing o fs pa t ia l

c on s t ruc ted c onven t ion so nt h ed if e rence b e tween t h eb io log ica ls exe si nt e rms o ft h e i ra scr ibed a c t iv i ty p a t te rn s( a c t iv i ty s ynd rome s ) ,s eem s d if i cu l t .

a nd ma te r ia ld imen s ion so fa c t iv i t ie s( w i th s ome mod if i ca t ion )a r ea spec t s wh ich l e nd t h em se lve st o a r chaeo log ica la na lys i s .F ur the rmo re ,t h ey c an ,i n c omb ina t ion w i th e t hnog raph ic a nd e thnoa rcha eo log ica la na log ies ,« i l lum ina te t h e s oc ia ld imen s ion» .

Af unc t iona ll i nk b e tween t h er o le o ft h e i nd iv idua lb e ing sa nd ag ende rp e r spec t ive

2 .6 T he re a r es eve ra la r gumen t st ob e made o nt h e i mpor tance o f mapp ing i nd iv idua la c t iv i t ies w i th in t h e s i te s pace .T he se c oncer nf undamen ta l a spec t s

C omp l imen tar i ty o f mode l sa nd c on tex t s

C h r i s tophe rC a r r( 1991) c omb ine s mode l -ba sed a r chaeo logy w i th ac on tex tua la pp roach when d ea l ing w i th i n t ra -s i te a na lyse s . H ei lu s t ra te st h e se

o fB a r th 's p e r spec t ive s e en i nc omb ina t ion w i th a g ende rp e r spec t ive . B a r th i si n s i s ten ta bou tt h en eed t op ay a t ten t ion t om ic ro leve li n te rac t ion . H es e e s

i d ea so nt h ei n te rp re ta t ion o ft h ec l a ss ica lP inceven t s i te i nF rance ( Le ro i -Gourhan & B r6z i l lon 1 966 ) . H e ma in ta in st h e i rc omp l imen ta r i ty i ns c ien t i f ic a na lyse sa nd t h ec on sequen ts t reng th o fa na ly se s b a sed o ns e ve ra l ,a l ter na t ive mode ls a nd a pp roache s . H is a rgumen t sf o ru s ing c on tex tua l

t h i sa s ak ey t o mapp ing a nd u nde r s tand ing s oc ia l r e la t ion sb e tween i nd iv idua ls a nd g roup so fp eop le . Wi th r e spec tt oa r chaeo logy , Iwou ld ma in ta in t h a t o ne o ft h e mo re v a luab le a r chaeo log ica ls i tua t ion s ,

s pa t ia ld a ta r e vo lve a round f ou r ma in p o in t s .I na

a tl e a s ti nt h e mapp ing o fi n te rpe r sona lr e la t ion sh ip s i nh un te r -ga the re rc on tex t s ,i st h ed omes t ic a r ena .

mode l -ba sed a pp roach o n ly al im i ted s e to f p a rame te r sa r ec on s ide red a nd i mpo r tan tc on tex tua l

T oi d en t ify g ende rf r om a r chaeo log ica l ly d ef ined

2 2

d a ta m ay b eo ve r looked . T h i sr educe st h ea ccu racy o fo b se rva t ion a nd p a t ter nr e cogn i t ion a nd i td oes n o t «. encourage t h ea ccura te i d en t if ica t ion o f

a ss he d escr ibes i ti nt e rms o fb o th t h ec on s t ra in ing s t ruc tu re a nd s i tua t ion s whe re t h ed a ta « fo r ces» u s t oa cknow ledge t ha to u ri n te rp re ta t ion sa r ew rong .

o b ser va t ions lpa t terns» .F u r the rmo re ,t h ed ive r s i ty o fd a ta a va i lab le f o rr e con s t ruc t ion i sg rea t ly r educed , wh ich i nt u rn r educes t h ep l aus ib i l i ty o f t h ea r gumen t( Ca r r 1 991 ,2 4 -25 ) . Iwou ld a r gue t h a t

2 . 7

C onc lus ion

I nt h i sc hap te r Ih ave a t temp ted t op u tf o rward s ome

t h ei s sue o fc on s t ra in t so na na lys i sa nd

i d ea so na n« idea l» s t ruc tu re o fa na lys i sa s ab a s i s f o r my o wn a na lys i s .I t se s sen t ia la rgumen ti st h a t

i n te rp re ta t ion d i scussed p r ev iou s ly a dd st oC a r r 's a r gumen t s . A na na lys i sa pp roach ing t h ed a ta t h rough t h eu se o fb o th mode l sa nd c on tex tua l

t h ec omb ina t ion a nd mod if ica t ion o fs eve ra l t h eo re t ica lp os i t ion sa nd me thodo log ies may s e rve a s ab a s i sf o rt h ek ind o fs pa t ia la na lys i sb e ing

e va lua t ion sa dd st o ,o r may b e s een a s , a n a spec to f t h ec on s t ra in ing p roce s so fr e sea rch d e sc r ibed b y Wy l ie ( 1 989 ) .

p e r fo rmed .A tt h eo u t se tB in fo rd i nh i s« pu re» p o s i t iv i s tf o rm a nd f em in i s tt h eo ry a r en o t

F rom o t he ra nd d if e ren tp e r spec t ive ss eve ra l

« commen su rab le» . Howeve r ,b yt ak ing i s sues a nd c oncep t sf r om t h e se , mod ify ing t h ep e r spec t ive s ,

a r chaeo log i s t sh ave a r gued f o rt h en ece ss i ty o f d e ta i led e mp i r ica ls t ud ie si nc omb ina t ion w i th s pec i f ic t h eo re t ica lp o s i t ion so ra r gumen t s , a si n p ape r si nN o rweg ian A rchaeo log ica lR ev iew n o . 1 ,

a nd c omb in ing t h em i n an ew s t ruc tu re o fa na lys i s , a na t temp tc an b e made t oa rgue a sT r igge r( 1995 , 4 49 )t h a t , « . aj ud ic ious c omb ina t ion o fp roces sua l a nd p os t -processua la pproaches c an s i gn if ican t ly e nhance t h ea na ly t ica lp ower o fa rchaeo logy .»

1 992 t h a th ave g ende ra r chaeo logy a st h e i r ma in t h eme . Ma r ie L ou i se S t ig S O ren sen ( 1992 ) i s c oncer n ed w i th u ncove r ing c on tex t st ha ta r e i mpo r tan tf o rs i gna l l ing g ende r . S he o u t l ine st wo

T he a n th ropo log ica lp e r spec t ive o fB a r th r e p re sen t s ,i nt h i sc on tex t , ac ha l lenge t o a r chaeo logy . H i s empha s is o nm ic ro -sca le

d i rec t ion so fg ende rr e sea rch i nD an i sh B ronze Age a r chaeo logy . S ome r e sea rche r sa pp ly ac ro s scu l tu ra l p e r spec t ive wh ich a im sa td educ ing u n ive r sa l s t ruc tu re s ,t ot r ace women i np reh i s to r ic c on tex t s , s t udy d i v i s ion so fl a bou ro ra na ly se c u l tu ra l

i n te rac t ion a nd t h ep roce ssua lv i ew o ft h ef o rma t ion o fs oc ia lf o rm i si mpo r tan t .I ti s ,h oweve r , r e cogn i sed t ha tt h ea ccu racy o fi d en t if ica t ion o f s o c ia lp rocesses d esc r ibed b yB ar th f o r a n th ropo log ica ls t ud ie si si n ev i tab ly s ma l le rw i th

d if e rence sb e tween men a nd women . S o ren sen h e r se lf ,h oweve r , wou ld a dvoca te a na r chaeo logy

r e spec tt oa r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l .H i si d ea sa r e ,i n t h i ss en se ,n o td i rec t ly t r an sf e rab le t oa n

t h a te mpha s i se s ac on tex tua la pp roach t h a tt r ie st o a na ly se h ow g ende ri sc on s truc ted t h rough t h eu se o f ma te r ia lc u l tu re .I no rde rt od ot h i s , s he a rgues t h a tc a r efu lc on tex tua ls t ud ie sc omb ined w i th t h e c au t iou su se o f« un ive r sa l s» ( c ro ss -cu l tu ra l

a r chaeo log ica ls e t t ing ,b u ta dd v a luab le i n s igh t s i n to t h ec on tex to ft h e« a rchaeo log ica lp rocedu re o f d i scove ry» a ss ugge s ted .

k now ledge )a r er equ i red . S he e spec ia l ly empha s i se s t h a td e ta i led k now ledge f r om emp i r ica ls t ud ie sw i l l

A ss t a ted a bove ,t h e« idea l» r e sea rch s t ruc tu re o u t l ined may n o tb et o ta l ly o pe ra t ionab le i nt h e c u r ren ta na lys is . I tc r ea tes ,h oweve r , as t ruc tu re f o r t h er e sea rch p roces s . I nl i ne w i th t h ea rgumen t s

r a i se t h ep o s s ib i l i t ie so fs epa ra t ing f unc t iona la nd s ymbo l ic a spec t so f ma te r ia li t em sa nd c on tex t s wh ich s i gna lg ende r . A l i son Wy l ie a l so ma in ta in s , when a r gu ing f o r an ew k ind o f« p roce ssua l» a r chaeo logy ,t h a ta ga in w e mus tp ay a t ten t ion t o d e ta i led e mp i r ica ls t ud ie s . Wy l ie s ee s ,i np a r t so f t h ep o s t -p roce s sua lt h eo ry , ar e tu rn t o «. t he a n ima t ing i n s igh t so ft h ee ar ly N ew A rchaeo logy» (Wy l ie 1 992 ,6 5 ) . S he f e e l st h a t ar enewed

made b y Wy l ie ( 1989 )o nt h er e sea rch p rocess ,I w ou ld a r gue t ha tt h ed i scus s ion a bove p resen t st h e p e r spec t ive i n wh ich my r e sea rch p ro jec th a s r e su l ted . T he p e r spec t ive o u t l ined i st h e refo re p a r t o f ap roce s so fc on t inua l ly d i scu ss ing o r mod ify ing m e thodo log ica la nd t h eo re t ica li s sue s . An i mpo r tan t a spec to ft h i si st h el im i t ing e f f ec t at h es i so ft h e

c omm i tmen tt os y s tema t ic ,d e ta i led emp i r ica l a na ly se so fo u rs ub jec t ma t te ri sr equ i red .A tt h e s ame t ime ,w e mu s tb eo pen t ot h ep o ss ib i l i ty t ha t s ome o fo u r« p reconcep t ion s» o ft h et ype a nd s ca le o ff a c to r sw h ich l e ad t oc u l tu ra ld ynam ics a tt h e s y s tem l e ve l , may b ei n co r rec t( i b id . ,6 5 ) . T h is i s a ch ieved t h rough t h ee f f ec t so ft h er e sea rch p roce ss

p r e sen tk ind r ep resen t s .I ti ss t ruc tu red a round a t r ad i t iona lp a t ter na nd t h e refo re l a ck st h ee s sen t ia l a b i l i ty t op resen tt h er e sea rch p roces sa so u t l ined b y Wy l ie ( i b id . ) . I ti si nhe ren t ly d if i cu l tt op re sen tt h e « t ack ing» movemen t sb e tween t h ed if e ren ta r ea so f s t udy a nd d o ing r e sea rch , s i nce i ti sa no ngo ing , c on t inuou sp roces s .

2 3

3

The c u l ture -h is tor ica ls e t t ing T he i n ten t ion o ft h ep re sen tc hap te ri st os urvey ma in i n te rp re ta t ion sc once rn ing t h eE a r ly Meso l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic s ub s i s tence a nd s e t t lemen tp a t ter n s .

3 . 1

f ounda t ion o ft h e se p eop le w a st hough tt ob e t h e r e indee r . H oweve r ,a sr e cen tr e sea rch h a s

I n troduc t ion

T he p rev iou sc hap te ra t temp ted t oo u t l ine a

s ugges ted ,E a r ly Me so l i th ic a dap ta t ion w a s p r ima r i ly ac oa s ta la dap ta t ion ( B je rck 1 994 ; I nd re l id 1 975 , 1 978 ; N ygaa rd 1 989 , 1 990 )a l though e v idence o fi n land ( B je rck 1 983 ,9 8 , 1 995 , 1 39 ; Gus ta f son 1 988 ,5 3 , )a nd h igh -moun ta in ( Bang Ande r sen 1 988 , 1 990 , 1 996a )u se h a sb een

p e r spec t ive a imed a tf unc t iona l a nd s pa t ia l s t ud ies o fS tone Age s i tes w i th t h ei n ten to f mode l l ing s pa t ia l ,g ende ra c t iv i ty p a t ter n s . T he p resen tc hap te r d i scu s se sb r ie f ly h ow w ep e rce ive a nd mode lt h e Meso l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic i ns ou ther n Norway . T he p u rpo se o ft h ep re sen ta t ion i st os e rve a sa

d ocumen ted . I na ni n i t ia lp ha se ,b efo r et h e moun ta in a r ea sw e re d eg lac ia ted i nt h ec ou r se o ft h e P rebo rea l ,r e indee r mu s ts t i l lh ave p l ayed ar o le i n

b ackg round f o rt h e s i te a na lyses i nc hap te r s 4a nd 5 a nd t h ed i scu ss ion si nt h ef i na lc hap te r7 .T he ma in o b jec t ive o ft h et h e s i si st od i scu s st h ea c t iv i t ie so f t h es oc ia lg roup su s ing t h es i tes a t Ko l lsnes . S oc ia l c ompo s i t ion i sa ne s sen t ia lf e a tu re o ft h ea c t iv i ty

t h ee conomy i nc oa s ta la r ea s ( I nd re l id 1 975 , 1 5 ) . T ha ti tc on t inued t op l ay ar o le i ns ea sona l m ig ra t ion s y s tem sh a sb een s hown b ye v idence f r om t h e Myrva tn s i te si ns ou thwe s te rn No rway

d ife ren t ia t ion . V e ry f ew s t ud ie sp er ta in ing t ot h e g ende red , s oc ia lc ompo s i t ion sr ep re sen ted b yo u r

( Bang Ande r sen 1 988 , 1 990 ) .

s i tes h ave b een made i n No rway ( Enge ls tad 1 991 ; P resco t t 1 995a , 1 995b ) . T h i si s sue h a sp r ima r i ly b een r e f e r red t oi ng ene ra lt e rm si n mo s ts t ud ie sb y r e la t ing s i te st ot a sk g roup s ,s pec if ic a c t iv i ty l o ca t ion s ,s eden ta ry s e t t lemen t sa nd s of o r th , i mp l ic i t ly a rgu ing t h a ts oc ia ld i f f e ren t ia t ion e x is ted .

T he re s eem st ob ea na g reemen ta tp re sen tt ha t c oa s ta l ma r ine r e sou r ce sw e re a l ready o fp r ima ry i mpo r tance i nt h ee a r ly s t age so ft h em ig ra t ion t o Norway . B je r ck ( 1994 , 1 995 )p re sen t s amode l , t h rough a na s se s smen to fe x i s t ing e v idence ,o fa « de layed» i mm ig ra t ion t o No rway i nt h eP rebo rea l

L ack o fs uch s t ud ie s ,b u t an eed f o r ag ene ra l u nde r s tand ing o ft h et ime p e r iod si nvo lved ,c en t res t h ed i scuss ion i nt h ep r esen tc hap te ra round o u r g ene ra lu nde r s tand ing o fs ub s i s tence a nd s e t t lemen t s y s tem s . 3 .2

a l though f a vou rab le c ond i t ion sf o rh ab i ta t ion a l ready e x i s ted i nt h eL a te G lac ia l . M ig ra t ion i n to Norway d id n o ts t a r t ,h es ugge s t s ,b efo r et h eL a te G lac ia li nhab i tan t so ft h e Nor th S ea c on t inen th ad d eve loped a na r c t ic m a r ine t e chno logy a nd s ub s i s tence p a t ter nm ak ing as ucces sfu le xp lo i ta t ion

The E ar ly Meso l i th ic c on tex t

o ft h e No rweg ian c oa s tp o ss ib le . B je rck s ugges t s t ha tc ond i t ion sf o rt h ed eve lopmen to fs uch aw ay o fl i f e ,s e em t oh ave e x i s ted o nt h en or ther nf r inge s

T he E a r ly Meso l i th ic h a s ,a st h ep ionee rp o s t g lac ia ls e t t lemen tp ha se i n No rway ,a t t rac ted c on s ide rab le a t ten t ion a nd b een t h e s ub jec to f e x ten s ive a r chaeo log ica li n ve s t iga t ion sd u r ing t h e l a s td ecades ( Bang -Ande r sen 1 988 , 1 990 , 1 995a ,

o ft h eE u ropean c on t inen ti n wha ti sn ow t h e No r th S ea b a s in ( c f .N ygaa rd 1 987 , 1 50 ) . B je rck s ee st h e c l ima t ic c hange s ,w i th aw a rme r , mo re d en se ly t r ee c ove red n o r ther nE u rope , a s mak ing t h et r ad i t iona l

1 995b , 1 996a , 1 996b ; B e rg sv ik 1 995 ; B je rck 1 986 , 1 994 , 1 995 ; Haug l id 1 993 ; H es jeda le ta l . 1 996 ; Hoge s to l 1 995 ; I nd re l id 1 975 , 1 978 ; Nygaa rd 1 987 , 1 989 , 1 990 ; N ano ) / 1 994 , 1 995a a nd b ;O lsen ,A .B . 1 992 ; P ro sch -Dan ie l sen & H oges to l 1 995 ;

l i f es ty le b a sed o nr e indee rp opu la t ion sg radua l ly mo re d if i cu l t ,a nd a so ne o ft h e «mo t iva t ing» f a c to r sf o rt h e movemen to fp eop le n or thwa rd s .T he c hanged f o cu sf r om t h e «mechan ica l» mode lo f p eop le f o l low ing t h er e indee rn o r thwa rd ,t o as e to f i n te r re la ted p roce sse sb o th i nt h el o ca la r ea ( change si nc l ima te ,c u l tu re a nd s ub s i s tence p a t ter n ) a nd i nt h ea r ea t ow h ich t h ey moved ( imp roved

S chanche 1 988 ; S andmo 1 986 ; T homme sen 1 996 ; Woodman 1 993 ) . S ub s i s tence

c l ima t ic a nd r e sou r ce c ond i t ion s ) ,s e em s much mo re p lau s ib le t han t h et r ad i t iona li n te rp re ta t ion .

T he t r ad i t iona li n te rp re ta t ion s ugge s ted t ha tt h e e a r l ies ti nhab i tan t so fs ou the rn Norway w e re r emnan t so ft h eL a te P a laeo l i th ic p eop le so f No r th

E ven i ft h es i te sa tG a l ta ( HOges t0 1 1 995 ; P rO sch -

E u rope m ig ra t ing n o r thwa rd s . T hey w e re f olow ing t h er e indee rp opu la t ion a si tf o l lowed t h er e t rea to f t h e i c ec ap ( I nd re l id 1 975 ,140 . T he e conom ic

D an ie l sen & H Oge s t0 11995 )d ocumen t al a te L a te G lac ia lu se o ft h es ou th -we s ter nc oa s to f Norway , t h ey d on o ts e em t oc on t rad ic tt h e mode lp resen ted 2 4

b yB je rck ,i nt h es en se t ha th e i sd escr ib ing a

b a sed f o rage r s ( Be rg sv ik 1 995 , 1 22 -123 )h ave b een made f o rt h eE a r ly Meso l i th ic . Oppo r tun is t ic i nt h e

p roce s st ak ing p l ace . F i sche r 's ( 1996 ) s urvey o ft h e L a te G lac ia la nd P rebo rea le v idence c o r robo ra tes B je r ck 's mode lf o rt h ep rocess o fc o lon isa t ion o f

s en se t h a ts ma l lf am i ly -ba sed g roups h ave moved o f t en a s ar e spon se t of l uc tua t ion s i nt h er e sou rce

t h eN orweg ian c oa s t . F i sche ra g ree s w i th B je rck t h a tt h eL a te G lac ia l i nhab i tan t so ft h e No r th E u ropean c on t inen td id n o tc o lon i se t h ed eg lac ia ted

b a se . T h i si so ppo sed t o mo re l og i s t ica l ly b a sed s ea sona lm ig ra t ion s whe re s ma l le rt a sk g roup sl e ave

a r ea st ot h en or th f o r al ong p e r iod o ft ime ,b u t a r ound 1 0 ,000 B P ar ap id e xpan s ion t ook p l ace b ya

l a rge rb a se c amp s mo re o f t en a nd s ys tema t ica l ly . B o th N ygaa rd ( 1995 , 1 6 )a nd B e rgsv ik ( Be rgsv ik 1 995 , 1 22 -123 ) a dm i tt h a tb o th p o ss ib i l i t ie sc an b e

g roup o fp eop le t h a th ad d eve loped a na r c t ic -ma r ine t e chno logy .

v a l id a s ac h rono log ica ls equence d ue t oe co log ica l a nd c u l tu ra lc hanges t h roughou tt h eE a r ly Meso l i th ic .

Un fo r tuna te ly ,n oo s teo log ica lr ema in sf r om a r chaeo log ica ls i te c on tex t s , wh ich c an g ive amo re

T he i n te rp r e ta t ion c once r n ing s e t t lemen tp a t ter n s

d i rec ti n fo rma t ion o nt h ee conomy ,a r ed ocumen ted f r om t h eP rebo rea l( I nd re l id 1 978 , 1 51) . I nh e r

d epend st o al a rge e x ten to n wha tk ind so fs i te sa r e p re sen t ,t h e i rl o ca l i sa t ion ,s i ze sa nd c on ten t s .T he n umbe ro fE a r ly Meso l i th ic s i tes e xcava ted a nd

i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h ee a r ly L a te Me so l i th ic s e t t lemen tp ha se sa t Ko teda len ,H uf thamme r( 1992 ) d raw ss ome c onc lus ion s wh ich c an t h row s ome l i gh t o nt h ee a r l ie rP rebo rea le conomy .I ti sa ppa ren tt ha t

p ub l i shed i nN orway i ss l ow ly i n c rea s ing wh ich make s amo re d e ta i led u nde r s tand ing p o ss ib le . S ome o ft h e se a r ed i scu ssed i nc hap te r 6a nd a r e l i s ted i nt a b . 6 . 1 . Nygaa rd s t a ted i n 1 990 t ha tf i f t een s i te si nH o rda land , S ogn o gF jo rdane a nd S unnmo re c ou ld s a f e ly b ed a ted t ot h eF o sna Ip ha se . S he a dd s

t h eo s teo log ica la s semb lage sf r om t h eL a te Me so l i th ic p ha se sa t Ko teda len a r es im i la r ,a nd t ha t t h es ame t e r re s t r ia la nd ma r ine s pec ies t ha th ave b een e xp lo i ted .T hey a r e s i gn if i can t ly d om ina ted b y

t ha tt h e se a r e s ma l ls i tes r ang ing b e tween 2 0a nd 5 0 s q .m . i ne x ten t( Nygaa rd 1 990 ,2 31) . B ang Ande r sen ( 1988 , 1 995 )h a sr ev iewed t h eR oga land e v idence a nd r epo r t sa ni n c rea s ing r a te o fs i te s b e ing s u rveyed a nd e xcava ted . T hese a r e mos t ly s ma l le rs i te sa l though l a rge s i tes d oe x i s ts uch a s t ha ta tD yr n es ( F loo r 1 986 ) .I ti s ,h oweve r , i mpo ss ib le t oe va lua te t h e se « l a rge» s i te si nt e rm s

ma r ine s pec ies -f i shes a nd b i rd s .H uf thamme ra l so i n te rp re t st h es e t t lemen t sa se v idence o fs umme r e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h eF o sn s t raumen r e sou rce a r ea . H e r i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h ec on tex to ft h ed epos i ted b ones i s ,f u r the rmo re ,a sl a rge amoun t so fb one sd epo s i ted w i th in as ho r tp e r iod o ft ime a nd i nc oncen t ra ted a ccumu la t ion s( Huf thamme r 1 992 ,6 1-62 ) . H e r i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e Meso l i th ic o s teo log ica l a s semb lage s ,i fc on s ide red v a l id f o rt h eE a r ly Meso l i th ic ,f i t sw i th t h ei n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e

o f whe the rt h ey r ep resen to ne s i ng le s e t t lemen t p ha se o rs e ve ra lo ccupa t ion s ( Bang -Ande r sen 1 996a ,2 28 ) . T h i sm ake si td if i cu l tt oe va lua te wha t t h ey r ep re sen ta sp a r t so fs ea sona lm ig ra t ion s y s tem s .

Me so l i th ic e conomy a sb e ing ma r ine o r ien ted . S e t t lemen ts y s tem

I nt e rm so ft h ec ha rac te ro ft h e s oc ia lg roup ,t h e T he P rebo r ea ls e t t lemen tp a t ter nh a sb een d e sc r ibed a s ah i gh ly mob i le w ay o fl i v ing b o th i ns ou ther n a nd n o r ther nN orway i nr e spon se t os ea sona l

a r chaeo log ica ld a ta h ave l e d mo s ta u tho r st o c onc lude t h a tE a r ly Meso l i th ic g roup sw e re o fs ma l l s i ze ,p robab ly b a sed o nt h ef am i ly u n i tb u tw i th a n e x ten s ive s o c ia ln e two rk s pann ing l a rge g eog raph ica la r ea s( Nygaa rd 1 990 , 2 32 ) .A l though f unc t iona ld i f f e rence sb e tween s i te sh ave b een s ugges ted i nt e rm so fs ea sona lm ig ra t ion s a nd a ta

f l uc tua t ion si nt h er e sou rce b a se ( Bang -Ande r sen 1 996b ,4 36 ; B e rg sv ik 1 995 , 1 22 -123 ; B je rck 1 995 , 1 40 ; Nygaa rd 1 990 , 2 32 ) . T he re a r e s eve ra ll i ne so f e v idence wh ich s ugges tt h i s s uch a st he s i ze s , l o ca l i sa t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h es i tes . T he

v e ry g ene ra ll e ve l ,n oa t temp t sh ave b een made t o r e la te t h e se t og ende rd if e rence so fa ny c ha rac te r .

mob i l i ty o ft h e se p eop le i si lu s t ra ted b yt h ev e ry r ap id m ig ra t ion a l ong t h ec oa s to f Norway wh ich t h ee a r ly 1 4C d a te sa nd t ypo log ica ls im i la r i t ie sf r om b o th c oa s ta ls ou the r na nd n o r the rn Norway i lus t ra te ( B je rck 1 995 , 1 38 ; Nygaa rd 1 990 ,2 32 ) . S ea sona lm ig ra t ion sh ave b een r e la ted t ob o th movemen t sb e tween o u te rc oa s ta nd i nne rf j o rd

One i mp l ic i ta s sump t ion made ,h oweve r ,o nt h e s oc ia la nd g ende rc ompos i t ion o fs oc ia lg roup s s eem st ob et h ei mage o fh un t ing g roup s( i . e . ma le h un t ing e xped i t ion s ) mov ing i n to t h e moun ta in a r ea s .

a r ea s( Odne r 1 964 ) , a nd c oa s t ,i n te r io rl ow land a nd h igh moun ta in a r ea s ( Bang -Ande r sen 1 989 , 1 990 ; O lsen 1 992 ) .

I nc onc lu s ion ,t h eE a r ly Me so l i th ic w ay o fl i v ing c an b ed e sc r ibed i nt e rm so f ah igh ly mob i le s ea sona ls e t t lemen ts y s tem b ys ma l lf am i ly -ba sed

I n te rp re ta t ion so fb o th o ppo r tun i s t ica l ly ( Nygaa rd 1 990 ,2 32 ; S chanche 1 988 , 1 64 )a nd l og i s t ica l ly

g roup sw ho d u r ing ay ea r ly s ea sona lc yc le u se s eve ra lr e s iden t ia lb a se c amp s . I ti sp os s ib le t h a t t h i sh a sb een c omb ined w i th t h eu t i l i sa t ion o f

2 5

. 2 0 C 3

EARLY MESOL ITH IC S ITES

. . . . . . .

• c z

0 . • •

" . •• -

-

• " . .

, . ,

: = . „ . . . f . .

K o teda len K o l lsnes

. . . .

K nappskog

i t . \ . / ( . "

. . '

•

) i Mo ldv ika D ymes Ga le 4 A— R e rmy r My rva tn

0 10

5 0

1 00 .

..

NEOL ITH IC S ITES

z b a

c z 0

•

K o teda len o g R am s n iksnese S tu re K o l lsnes T o rs te insv ik F le a }, B jon sy

A us tv ik o gT o rge t T je mage l

N ygä rd N o tehe ia E ige rey

L undevägen 0 10

5 0

1 00km

F ig . 3 . 1 Map o fs ou ther n Norway w i th Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic s i te sm en t ioned i nt h et e x t .

2 6

r e la t ion sh ip ,f o re xamp le ,t h ev a r iou sp ropo sed

s p ec ia l i sed s i te s whe re o n ly p a r t so ft h eg roup h ave b een p r esen ta way f r om t h eb a se c amp . S ome s i te

d a te sa nd c u l tu ra lc onnec t ion sw e re b a sed o nt h e o ccu r rences o fd if e ren tt ype so fp o t te ry o n

d i f f e ren t ia t ion i sa ppa ren t ,b u ti n d ica t ion so fa s eden ta ry w ay o fl i f e whe r et h eg roup s pend mos to f

s ou ther n No rweg ian N eo l i th ic s i tes ( Bakka 1 964 ,

t h ey ea ra to ne s i te , a r en o tp re sen t . « La rge rs i te s» i nt e rm so fe x ten ta nd a s semb lage s i ze d oe x i s t ,b u t i ti sd i f f icu l tt oi n te rp re tt h e i rm ean ing i nt e rm so f t h ec ha rac te ro ft h es e t t lemen ta pa r tf r om t h ef a c t

1 993 ; G lo r s tad 1 996 ; I ngs tad 1 970 ; M ikke l sen 1 984 , 1 989 ; Nx r0y 1 993 ; O l sen 1 992 ; S k jo lsvo ld 1 977 ; O s tmo 1 993 ) . S ub s i s tence

t h a tt h ey i n d ica te l onge rs t ay sb yl a rge rg roup st h an t h e« sma l l» s i tes . 3 . 3

F o rs ou ther nN orway s eve ra la l ter na t ive mode ls h ave b een s ugge s ted f o rt h es ubs is tence b a s i so ft h e

The N eo l i th ic c on tex t

N eo l i th ic s oc ie t ies p r ima r i ly r e la t ing t ot h ei mpa c t T he a na lys i sa nd d i scus s ion r e la t ing t ot h eN eo l i th ic s e t t lemen to f Norway i ss e ti n av e ry d i f f e ren t

o ft h en eo l i th i sa t ion o nt h ev a r iou sr eg ion so f s ou ther n Norway . T he se mode l s a r ec l o se ly l i nked

c on tex tt ot ha to ft h e Meso l i th ic .A l though b road ly r e la ted t oh i s to r ica ld eve lopmen t sb o th i n No rway ,

t ot h ee va lua t ion a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h et ype a nd c on tex to fa r chaeo log ica l ,o s teo log ica la nd

S cand inav ia a nd t h eE u ropean c on tex t ,t h e r e g iona l isa t ion , a se v idenced b yt h ea r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia li n Norway ,i sb o th d i s t inc ty e tp ar t ly a

b o tan ica le v idence .T hey a r ei nt e rm so f when a n ima lh u sband ry a nd c e rea lg row ing w e re i n t roduced ,a nd i n wha tk ind o fs oc io -econom ic

c on t inua t ion o ft h e Me so l i th ic d eve lopmen t .I n t e rm so ft h ew es ter n No rweg ian e v idence ,t h ee f ec t o nt h el o ca ld eve lopmen to fc u l tu ra li n f luence sf r om b o th n o r ther na nd s ou ther nS cand inav ia s e em s

c on tex tt h i se v idence c an b ep laced .

p a r t icu la r ly i n t r igu ing . T he f o l low ing d i scu s s ion w i l l ,a so ppo sed t ot h ed i scu s s ion o ft h eE a r ly Me so l i th ic ,p r ima r i ly d ea lw i th t h es ou the rn

a n ima lh u sband ry a nd c e rea la g r icu l tu re ,a l though d if e r ing p o in t so fv i ew d oe x i s t . S e r iou sc r i t ic ism s a nd a l ter na t ive v i ewpo in t sh ave b een r a i sed o nb o th

N o rweg ian d eve lopmen t s .T he re a r es ome c ommen t s Iw ou ld l i ke t o make i nr e la t ion t ot h i s

t h ec on tex tua le va lua t ion a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e d a ta t oge the rw i th t h e me thodo log ica lb a s i sf o r t h ese i n te rp re ta t ion s( B je rck ,L .G .B . 1 988 ; Nygaa rd 1 995 ;P re sco t t 1 996 ;R ow ley -Conwy 1 995 ) .I n wha t

B a s ica l ly t h e re s e em st ob e ab road c on sen su so n t h et im ing a nd c ha rac te ro ft h ei n t roduc t ion o f

b e fo re d i scu ss ing t h ea r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia la nd i n te rp re ta t ion s .

c an b et e rmed t h e« t rad i t iona l» i n te rp re ta t ion ( H in sch 1 955 ; M ikke l sen 1 984 ; O s tmo 1 986 ; O l sen

D ue p r ima r i ly t ol a ck o fr e sea r ch ,t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween s ou ther na nd m idd le /no r ther n Norway i n t h eN eo l i th ic h a sb een l e ss d i scu ssed t han f o rt h e Me so l i th ic ,d esp i te e v idence e x i s t ing f o r ac l o se

1 992 ; H je l le e ta l . 1 992 ) ,i th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a t a g r icu l tu re ( an ima lh usband ry a nd c e rea l a g r icu l tu re )w a si n t roduced i n to ap redom inan t ly

r e la t ion sh ip w i th n o r ther np a r t so f No rway ( Bakka 1 976 ; N ygaa rd 1 995 ,2 1f ) . B u ti ti sa l so e v iden tt h a t

h un te r -ga the re r -f i she rs ub s i s tence b a s i si ns ou the rn N orway d u r ing t h eE a r ly a nd M idd le N eo l i th ic .I n

t h eh i s to r ica ld eve lopmen ti nn o r the rn No rway i s d i s t inc ta nd d i f fe ren tf r om t h a to fs ou ther n No rway , f o re xamp le ,i ni t ' sr e la t ion sh ip w i th a r ea so f n o r thea s te rn Sweden ,F in land a nd R u ss ia .T o i n co rpo ra te t h i se v idence a nd d eve lopmen t si n to t h e p r e sen ta na lys i s wou ld b et oo f a r reach ing .T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween s ou ther na nd n o r ther n Norway w i l lt h e refo re n o tb ed i scu ssed , a l though t h i s

e a s ter n No rway i mm ig ra t ion o fF unne lB eake r p opu la t ion ss eem st oh ave t a ken p lace i nt h eE a r ly N eo l i th ic ( H in sch 1 955 ; O s tmo 1 986 ) . I th a sa l so b een s ugges ted t h a tl o ca ld eve lopmen t s among t h e L a te Meso l i th ic /Ea r ly N eo l i th ic h un te r -ga the re r f i she rp opu la t ion sl e dt ot h ei n teg ra t ion o f a g r icu l tu re a nd a n ima lh u sband ry i n to t h e i r s ub s i s tence b a s i s ( M ikke l sen 1 984 ) .

r e p re sen t so ne o ft h e mo re i mpo r tan ta nd i n t r igu ing d i scu ss ion sf o rS tone Age a r cha eo logy i nN orway

T he re a l so s e em st ob ea na g reemen tt h a tt h i sE a r ly N eo l i th ic /ea r ly M idd le N eo l i th ic F unne lB eake r

( Nygaa rd 1 995 ) .

( TRB )a g r icu l tu re u nde rwen t wha tH in sch ( 1955 ) t e rmed ap roce s so f« de -neo l i th if ica t ion» ,i n wh ich a g r icu l tu ra la c t iv i t ie sg radua l ly l o s tt h e i r i mpo r tance w i th in t h es ub s i s tence b a s i s . O s tmo

F u r the rmo re ,i na dd i t ion t ob e ing o r ien ted t owa rd s t h ei d en t if ica t ion o ft h ee a r l ie s ta n ima lh u sband ry a nd /o rc e rea lg row ing ,t h ed i scu s s ion i n Norway h a s a l so b een h igh ly s t ruc tu red b yt h ec u l tu ra l c omp lexe si ns ou the rn S cand inav ia -t h eF unne l B eake r ,t h eB a t t le Axe ,t h eP i t ted - Wa re -a nd L a te

a r gue sf o rt h is p o in to fv i ew i n c lud ing t h e o b serva t ion t h a ts i tes f r om t h el a te M idd le N eo l i th ic s e em t ob ep redom inan t ly o r ien ted t owa rd sc oa s ta l ma r ine r e sou r ces . Ag r icu l tu re a ga in b ecame t h e ma in s ub s i s tence b a s i sa tt h ee nd o ft h eM idd le

N eo l i th ic c u l tu res . B efo re t h ea dven to fr ad iocarbon d a t ing ,d a t ing a nd c u l tu ra li mp l ica t ion ss ugge s ted f o ro u rl o ca l ma te r ia lw e re c ha ra c te r i sed b yt h i s

N eo l i th ic a nd a tt h et r an s i t ion t ot h eL a te N eo l i th ic

2 7

d ue t oi n f luences f r om t h eB a t t le Axe c u l tu re ( O s tmo 1 988a , 1 988b ) . I nw es ter n Norway aTRB

i nd ica to r sh ave b een d a ted t o4 700 -4600 BP ( Ka land 1 992 , 8 8 ) . J udg ing f r om p o l len b o tan ica l

i mm ig ra t ion h a sn eve rb een s e r iou s ly d i scussed . T he e v idence h a sb een i n te rp re ted a sa ni n teg ra t ion

e v idence ,i th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a tt h e re i s at ime l a gb e tween t h ee a r l ies ti n t roduc t ion o fa n ima l h u sband ry i nt h eE a r ly N eo l i th ic a nd t h el a te r M idd le N eo l i th ic o ccu r rences o fc e rea lg row ing i n w es ter nN orway ( Bakka & K a land 1 971 ; H je l le e t

o fa n ima lh u sband ry a nd a g r icu l tu re i n to t h el o ca l , s em i seden ta ry o rs eden ta ry h un te r -ga the re r -f ishe r p opu la t ion t h roughou tt h eE a r ly a nd M idd le N eo l i th ic ( Bakka & K a land 1 971 ; O l sen 1 992 ; H je l le e ta l . 1 992 ) .

a l . 1 992 ; P rO sch -Dan ie lsen 1 993 , 3 4 ) . An i n te re s t ing c on t rad ic t ion t ot h eb o tan ica le v idence i s t h eo s teo log ica ld a ta f r om t h e Ko teda len s i te . D esp i te e x ten s ive s amp l ing o ft h es i te d epo s i t sa nd a na lys i so ft h eo s teo log ica le v idence ,n ob one sf r om c a t t le o rs h eep /goa t sw e re i d en t if ied f r om t h e N eo l i th ic d epo s i t s .I tw a st h e refo re c onc luded t h a t « . . if t h ere w ere c a t t le p resen ti nK o teda len t h en

L .B je rck ( 1988 )o f f e r ed a na l ter na t ive v i ewpo in t o nt h ee a s ter nN o rweg ian d eve lopmen t . S he i n te rp re ted t h ep o l len b o tan ica le v idence a s i nd ica t ive o fa g r icu l tu ra li n ten s if ica t ion a so ppo sed t ot h ep ropo sed « de -neo l i th if ica t ion» . A l though

t r ad i t iona lg raz ing a nd c e rea li nd ica to r si nt h e p o l len b o tan ica le v idence . S he a ccep t st h e

t h ey w ere n o t many .» ( Au tho r s t r an s la t ion ) (Huf thamme r 1 992 ,6 4 ) . L ack o f s ubs tan t ia li d en t if ica t ion sa nd s e cu re ly d a ted b ones o fc a t t le a nd s heep /goa t sf r om t h eE a r ly /M idd le

i n t roduc t ion o fa n ima lh u sband ry a nd c e rea l a g r icu l tu re i nt h eE a r ly a nd M idd le N eo l i th ic ,b u t

N eo l i th ic t h roughou t No rway ( P re sco t t 1 996 )i s t h erefo re a ni mpo r tan ta spec to ft h ee va lua t ion o f

i n te rp re t st h eM idd le N eo l i th ic e v idence a sa n i n ten s if ica t ion o fa g r icu l tu ra le xp lo i ta t ion o ft h e i n land f o res ta r ea si nt e rm so fg raz ing ,c opp ic ing a nd w ood land a g r icu l tu re . B je rck a l so q ues t ion st h e

t h et ime o fi n t roduc t ion o fa n ima lh usband ry .

p re sen t ing n ew i n te rp re ta t ion so ft h ea r chaeo log ica l a nd b o tan ica le v idence , s he d oe sn o tq ue s t ion t h e

P o t te ry p l ay sa ni mpor tan tp a r ti nt h eu nde r s tand ing o ft h ec u l tu ra lr e la t ion sa nd s ub s i s tence p rac t i sed b y t h eN eo l i th ic p opu la t ion i ns ou ther n No rway .T he

« func t iona l» a r gumen t s made i nt e rm so fl i nk ing s t ray f i nd so f TRB a r tefa c t sa nd « ag r icu l tu ra l» s e t t lemen ts i te so fp oo rc on tex tua lc r ed ib il i ty ( s u r face c o l lec t ion s , s ma l le xcava t ion s )a s i nd ica t ive o fa g r icu l tu ra ls e t t lemen ta nd s ub s i s tence .

l o ca lp o t te ry t r ad i t ion h a sa l so b een c o r re la ted t o t h ei n t roduc t ion o fc e rea l si nt h ed i e t( O lsen 1 992 , 2 34 ) .I tc an ,h oweve r ,b ea rgued t ha tt h ec o r re la t ion b e tween t h eu se o fp o t te ry a nd c e rea l si sn o to ne o f n ece ss i ty .E xamp les o f «Meso l i th ic» p o t te ry

T he r e cen ti n ve s t iga t ion o ft h eK o teda len s i te i n

t r ad i t ion se x i s ta st h ee a r ly p o t te ry t r ad i t ion si n n o r ther nN o rway . An i n te re s t ing p e r spec t ive r e la ted t ot h is i sp re sen ted b yG lo r s tad ( 1996 )o nt h eb a s is o ft h ev e ry e a r ly d i rec td a t ing o ft h ep o t te ry f r om t h eS le t tabo a nd Auve s i tes ( 5305+ / -80 BP a nd 5 080+ / -65 BP f o rS le t tabo a nd 4 980+ / -120 BP a nd 4 975+ / -245 B Po n Auve ) . G lO r s tad s ugge s t sa n

Ho rda land ( O l sen 1 992 )p lays a ni mpor tan tp ar ti n t h i sd eba te s i nce i ti n co rpo ra te sb o th b o tan ica l , o s teo log ica la nd a r chaeo log ica le v idence . T he o b jec t ive f o rt h ep ro jec tw a st od e scr ibe t h e e conom ic b a s i so ft h e Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic s oc ie t ie sw i th as pec if ic e mpha s i so nt h e i n t roduc t ion o fa g r icu l tu re a nd a n ima lh u sband ry i n Wes ter n Norway . H je l le e ta l . ( 1992 )i n te rp re tt h e

i n t roduc t ion o fp o t te ry i nt h el a te rp a r to ft h eL a te Meso l i th ic a nd a tt h et r an s i t ion b e tween t h eL a te Meso l i th ic a nd E a r ly N eo l i th ic .I nG lo r s tad 's mode l

e v idence f r om K o teda len a si nd ica t ive o ft h e p resence o fb o th a n ima lh u sband ry a nd c e rea l g row ing i nt h et wo l a te s tM idd le N eo l i th ic

t h i s s e em st os ugge s t as t il e a r l ie ri n t roduc t ion o f c e rea ls i ns ou ther n No rway o u t s ide t h e TRB a r ea o f e a s ter nN o rway t h an h a sb een s ugge s ted b y b o tan ica le v idence ( i b id . , 1 5 ) .T h i s ,h oweve r ,a l so o pen su p ap e r spec t ive o fp o t te ry b e ing k nown a nd

s e t t lemen tp ha se sd a ted t o4 700 -4500 BP a nd 4 500 4 200 BP r e spec t ive ly .T h i si n te rp re ta t ion i s p r ima r i ly made o nt h eb a s i so ft h eb o tan ica l

u sed b yt h eh un te r -ga the re rp opu la t ion sf o rt h e s t o rage o rp r epa ra t ion o fg a the red p l an tr ema in si na b road ly s im i la rc on tex ta st h eE r tebo l le c u l tu re ( The c ha r red l a ye ro nt h ei n s ide o fs ome v e s se l sh a sb een d e te rm ined a sd e r iv ing f r om t e r res t r ia l ma ter ia lb y

e v idence f r om t h ep o l len a na ly s i so fs amp les f r om b og d epos i t sc l o se t ot h es i te a nd s i te d epo s i t sa nd h ear th so nt h e .s i te . T he b o tan ica le v idence r e la te st o t h et r ad i t iona lg raz ing i n d ica to r si nt h ep o l len s pec t ra a nd t h eo ccu r rence o fc e rea lp o l len i n h ea r th so nt h ea r chaeo log ica ls i te . S amp l ing f o r

"C a na ly s i s( i b id . ,4 3 ) ) . I ti sc on sp icuous ,a s P resco t tn o te s( 1996 , 8 1) ,t ha tn os e cu re ly i d en t if ied c e rea li mp re s s ion sh ave b een f ound o nE a r ly o r M idd le N eo l i th ic p o t te ry f r om Norway .

mac rofos s i le v idence d i dn o tr e su l ti nt h e d ocumen ta t ion o fc e rea l s . T he K o teda len s i te d ev ia te si nt e rm so ft h et im ing o ft h es ugges ted i n t roduc t ion o fa n ima lh u sband ry p roposed a se a r ly a s5 200 BP f o rt h i sr eg ion ( Bakka

P re sco t t( i b id . )p re sen t st h e mo s tr e cen ts u rvey o f a r chaeo log ica l ,b o tan ica la nd o s teo log ica ld a ta r e levan tt ot h ei n te rp re ta t ion o ft h ei n t roduc t ion o f

&K a land 1 971) .I nK o teda len t h ee a r l ies tg raz ing

2 8

a g ro -pa s to ra l mode so fp roduc t ion i n No rway . H e c r i t ic i se st h ei n te rp re ta t ion so ft h ep resence o fe a r ly a g r icu l tu re a nd a n ima lh u sband ry f o rb e ing b a sed

a nd N eo l i th ic . S i te 1 7 B uda len p rov ided ,i na dd i t ion t op l an tr ema in s ,o ne o ft h ef ew d i rec tl i nes o f e v idence o fe a r ly a n ima lh u sband ry i nt h ef o rm o f

o n an umbe ro fu n re l iab le d a ta w h ich ,o nc l ose r s c ru t iny ,d on o ts uppo r tt h ei n te rp re ta t ion o fE a r ly o rM idd le N eo l i th ic a g r icu l tu re a nd a n ima l

s amp le so fs heep f a eces f r om t wo p o s tho le si nt h e N eo l i th ic h ouse a tt h es i te . One c op ro l i te w e re d i rec t ly d a ted t o3 700+ 1 -80 BP ( Nx roy 1 994 ; S o l tved t 1 994 ) .

h u sband ry . S im i la rc r i t ic i sm sh ave b een r a i sed b y R ow ley -Conwy ( 1995 )t ot h e i n te rp re ta t ion so fb o th t h eN o r ther nE u ropean a nd Med i te r ranean

S e t t lemen ts y s tem

e v idence . B o th P resco t ta nd R ow ley -Conwy a r gue f o r a« de layed» i n t roduc t ion o f af a rm ing e conomy i nN o rway t a k ing p lace a tt h eM idd le -La te

Ad i ve r se s e to fr eg iona ls c a le so fs e t t lemen t s y s tem sh ave b een s ugge s ted a nd s t ruc tu red a l ong g eog raph ica la nd t opog raph ica lf e a tu re s s uch a st h e

N eo l i th ic t r an s i t ion .

o u te r , -i n ne r -coa s t ,f jo rd , -i n land a nd h igh moun ta in a sw e l la s mo re l im i ted s e t t lemen tr eg ion s s uch a st h ec oa s tw i th i t sd i f f e ren te co log ica lz one s o rc oa s t -f j o rd / in land ( M ikke l sen 1 989 ; Nygaa rd

T he d i scu s s ion a bove i lu s t ra te st ha ta tl e a s tt wo mode l sc an b ea pp l ied t ot h ea r chaeo log ica ld a ta i n We s te rn N orway . One i n wh ich a g r icu l tu re a nd a n ima lh u sband ry w e re p a r to ft h es ubs i s tence b a s i s

1 987 ; O l sen 1 992 ) . I nt e rms o fr e sou rce a va i lab i l i ty ,p a t ter n so fb o th s em i seden ta ry a nd s eden ta ry s e t t lemen ts t ruc tu res s e em t oh ave b een p o s s ib le i nt h ec oa s ta la r ea so fH o rda land (Wa r ren 1 994 ) . T h i si mp l ie st h a ti nt h eB o rea la nd A t lan t ic a

o ft h eE a r ly a nd M idd le N eo l i th ic p opu la t ion , a l though a td if e ren tp o in t si nt ime ( H je l le e ta l . 1 992 ) .H un te r -ga the re r -f i she rs ub s is tence ,h oweve r , s t i l lr ema ined t h e mo s ti mpo r tan tp ar to ft h e e conomy .T he s e cond a l te rna t ive i st h a tt h eh un te r -

n umbe ro fd if e ren ts e t t lemen ts t ruc tu re sw e re p o s s ib le .

g a the r e r -f i she re conomy p reva i led t h roughou tt h e E a r ly a nd M idd le N eo l i th ic ( P re sco t t 1 996 ) . T he i n t roduc t ion o fa n ima lh u sband ry a nd c e rea l a g r icu l tu r ea s as ub s tan t ia lp a r to ft he e conomy t ook p l a ce i nt h el a te M idd le N eo l i th ic o ra tt h e t r an s i t ion b e tween t h eM idd le a nd L a te N eo l i th ic .I t

T he re t h e refo re s eem st ob ea g reemen tt ha t s e t t lemen ts ys tem sd eve lop ing f r om t h eL a te Me so l i th ic t h roughou tt h eN eo l i th ic w e re c ha rac te r i sed b yi n c rea s ing s eden ta r ines s , e v idenced b yb o th a ni n c rea se i ns i te s i zes a nd c omp lex i ty ( Be rgsv ik 1 995 ; O l sen 1 992 ; Nygaa rd 1 989 ) . T he o s teo log ica ld a ta c o l lec ted f r om t h e

i ss ugge s ted t h a tt h e re w a sk now ledge o fa g r icu l tu re a nd a n ima lh u sband ry ,b u tt h ese s ub s i s tence p rac t i se sw e re n o ti n co rpo ra ted i n to t h ee conomy o f t h eh un te r -ga the re rp opu la t ion . P re sence o fc e rea l p o l len i nt h eM idd le N eo l i th ic c on tex t sa t

Ko teda len s i te h a s ,f o ri n s tance ,b een i n te rp re ted i n t e rm so ft h ep resence o f ap opu la t ion t h roughou tt h e y ea ri nt h eN eo l i th ic ( H je l le e ta l . 1 992 , 1 49 ) .

K o teda len may b ei n te rp re tab le a se v idence o f« g if t e xchange» a s soc ia t ion sw i th a g r icu l tu ra ls oc ie t ie si n s ou ther nS cand inav ia ( i b id . ) . O bv iou s ly t h e

H oweve r , a st h e Ko l l sne ss i te sr ead i ly d emon s t ra te , s ome k ind o f mob il i ty o rs e a sona le xp lo i ta t ion o f d if e ren te co log ica la nd g eog raph ica lr eg ion s mu s t h ave t a ken p lace .T he u t i l i sa t ion o fs ea sona l

d if e rence b e tween t h e se mode l sh ave i mp l ica t ion s f o rt h es t ruc tu r ing o ft h ed a i ly l i f eo ft h ep reh i s to r ic p eop le i n vo lved a nd t h e i rs pa t ia lo rgan i sa t ion o ft h e s i te s .T he d i scus s ion a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h es i te s t ruc tu r e so ft h eN eo l i th ic s i tes a t Ko l l snes mu s t

r e sou rce si nd i spa ra te g eog raph ica lr eg ion sh a s ,i n t h eL a te Meso l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic ,b een a sc r ibed t o a ni n c r ea sed u se o fs pec ia l i sed t a sk g roups l e av ing t h ey ea r round s e t t lemen t ,i nc on t ra s tt ot h e s e a sona l move so fs e t t lemen ts i te sa nd b a s ic g roup s i nt h eE a r ly Meso l i th ic ( Be rg sv ik 1 995 ) .T he b a s ic s oc ia la nd e conom ic u n i ts t i l ls e em st oh ave b een

t h e refo re b ec a r r ied o u tb ea r ing i nm ind t h ese t wo mode l s . T he a r chaeo log ica li n ve s t iga t ion sa t Ko l l sne sw e re n o tp r ima r i ly d i rec ted a tc on t r ibu t ing d a ta a nd

t h ef am i ly u n i t ,a l though n oa na ly se sh ave b een made t os t udy t h i sa spec to fs oc ia ls t ruc tu re .T he i n c rea s ing s eden ta r ine s so ft h ep opu la t ion a r gue s , i n t h i sc on tex t ,f o ra ni n c rea se i nt h ep opu la t ion a nd

e v idence t ot h ed eba te o nt h et im ing o ft h e i n troduc t ion o fa g r icu l tu re o ra n ima lh u sband ry . T he f o cu sw a so ns i te s t ruc tu re a nd a c t iv i ty p a t te rn ing wh ich a r e ,h oweve r ,o bv iou s ly c l o se ly r e la ted t os ub s i s tence p a t te rn ing . B o tan ica l

t h es i ze o ft h es ma l les ts oc ia la nd e conom ic u n i t si . e . c o r e s iden tu n i t s .

mac rofo s s i le v idence w a ss een a si mpo r tan td a ta f o r i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h ea c t iv i ty a tt h ese s i te s ,d e sp i te

T he r e su l t su nde r l ine ,t o my m ind ,t h ei mpo r tance

An i n te re s t ing c ompa r i son f o rt h ew e s ter n Norweg ian e v idence i st h ec l u s te r ing o fs i te si n n or ther n Norway , wh ich h ave b een i n te rp re ted a s s ea sona la gg rega t ion so f many f am i ly u n i t s

o f ma c rofo s s i la na lys i si no rde rt oa ch ieve ab roade r p i c tu re o ft h es ub s i s tence b a s i so ft h e Me so l i th ic

( Schanche 1 988 ) . Ap os s ib le p re sence o fs uch N eo l i th ic « v i l lages» i s amuch mo re e l us ive s ub jec t

t h es t ruc tu ra lr ema in sa nd d epo s i t sb e ing s c an ta nd l o ok ing u np rom i s ing f o r mac rofoss i lp reserva t ion .

2 9

i nw e s ter nN orway . T h i si ss pec if ica l ly d ue t ot h e l a ck o fc l ea r ly d efmed h ou se sa nd t h et opog raph ica l

3 .4

C onc lu s ion

c ond i t ion sp reva i l ing i nw e s te rn No rway c ompa red t ot h e s i te a r ea si nn o r ther n No rway . A rea s s uch a s

T he e v idence a nd i n te rp re ta t ion sp re sen ted a bove i lu s t ra te t h a tg r ea ts o c ia l ,c u l tu ra l ,s ub s i s tence , s e t t lemen ta nd d emog raph ic c hange st ook p l ace d u r ing t h e Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic p e r iod si n Norway . T h is i si nc on t ra s tt ot h eu su sa l empha s i s

t h eF o sn s t raumen ,r ep re sen tt h e mo s tl i ke ly t ype o f a r ea whe re s im i la rs e t t lemen t sa si nn o r ther n No rway may h ave e x i s ted . A l though s ome o ft h ese s i tes may w e l lh ave b een i nu se s imu l taneou s ly ,t h i s

o ns t ab i l i ty d u r ing t h e se p e r iod si nt e rm so fb o th e nv i ronmen ta lf e a tu re sw i th t h e i rc on sequence sf o r s ubs i s tence p a t ter n s( I nd re l id 1 978 )a nd c u l tu ra l

s t i l ls e em sa s av e ry d i f f icu l tp rob lem t or e so lve . T he Ko l lsnes a r ea a nd i t ss i te sd on o tp rov ide a ny e v idence o fs e t t lemen tc oncen t ra t ion s s im i la rt o No r the rn Norway -o nt h ec on t ra ry t h ese a r es i ng le

c on t inu i t ie sa si lu s t ra ted b yt h e Me so l i th ic N eo l i th ic t r an s i t ion ( O l sen & A l sake r 1 984 ,9 2 ; Nxr0y 1 993 ,9 2 ) . E ssen t ia l ly ,f ew i n te rp re ta t ion s

s i te s ,p r ima r i ly w i th s hor to rr e la t ive ly s ho r t s e t t lemen te p isode s .

a r ea va i lab le o nt h eg ende red o rs oc ia lc ompo s i t ion o ft h eg roup si n hab i t ing t h e s i te s( bu ts e eP re sco t t

I nc onc lus ion ,t h eE a r ly a nd M idd le N eo l i th ic a r e

1 995a , 1 995b ; T rone s 1 996 ) . D i scu ss ion s c once rn ing t h e se i s sue sh ave b een s e en i nc on tex t

a rgued t ob ep e r iod so fc on s ide rab le s e t t lemen t s t ab i l i ty . R esou rce u t i l i sa t ion w a sd ependen to nt h e u se o fs pec ia l i sed t a sk g roup s , wh ich i mp l ied t ha t membe r so ft h ec o re s iden tg roups w e re s en to u t f r om r e s iden t ia ls i te s wh ich w e re i nhab i ted

w i th s e t t lemen t mode l l ing r e f e r r ing t oc oncep t s s uch a st a sk g roup s ,s pec ia l i sed g roup s ,s eden ta ry s e t t lemen t si mp l ic i t ly s ugge s t ing s oc ia la nd g ende red d if e ren t ia t ion so ft h e se g roup s( Be rg sv ik 1 995 ; Nygaa rd 1 990 ; O lsen 1 992 ) .T he t ime t h erefo re s e em sr i pe t os t a r t ad i scu ss ion o ft h ese

t h roughou tt h ey ea r .

i s sue si nr e la t ion t oo u r Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic s i tes i no rde rt oo pen u pn ew a venue so fr e sea rch . T he f o l low ing c hap te r s 4a nd 5a t temp tt oa na ly se a nd o u t l ine s i te f e a tu re sa nd c ha rac te r i s t ics p er t inen tt os uch ad i scus s ion .

3 0

4

T he f unc t ion o fs t one t oo l s -e xper imen ta la nd u se -wear a na lyse s T he a im o ft h ep resen tc hap te ri st oi nve s t iga te l i th ic t o o lu se a tK o l lsnes d u r ing t h e Meso l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic .T he i n ten t ion i st oa ch ieve ag ene ra lu nde r s tand ing o ft h ef unc t iona l c onf igu ra t ion o ft h e s i te s . T he i nves t iga t ion f ocu se so nt wo a im s : t h eu se o fq ua r tz o n aM idd le N eo l i th ic s i te a nd a ni n ve s t iga t ion i n to t h eu se o ft o o l so na l l s i tes .T he p o in to fd epar tu re f o r t h eq ua r tz a na ly s is i st h eu se -wea r me thodo logy d eve loped b y Knu t sson ( 1988a ,b ) , a nd f o rt h e o the rr aw ma te r ia l s ag ene ra la pp roach b a sed o nr e touch a nd mac ro u se d amage si su sed .

4 . 1

I n troduc t ion a nd a im so fs tudy

r e f lec ts ome o ft h eg ene ra lf unc t iona lc onf igu ra t ion o ft h es i te s . Me thodo log ica la nd i n f e ren t ia l

T he p reced ing c hap te ri n t roduced a« cu l tu re -

p rob lem sr e la ted t ob o th « h igh -a nd l ow -powe r

h i s to r ica l» f r amewo rk f o rt h eK o l l snes s i tes , whe rea st h i sa nd t h en ex tc hap te ri nvo lve s i te a na ly se sa tK o l l sne s .T he p re sen tc hap te rd i scu sse s t h ef unc t iona lc onf igu ra t ion o ft h es i te sa nd c hap te r

a pp roache s» ( J ue lJ en sen 1 988 ,5 3 ) ,a r ed i scus sed b e low .

5t h es pa t ia lo rgan i sa t ion o fa c t iv i t ie s . T he

s pa t ia la na ly s i sa nd p o in t st oc on s ide ra t ion s wh ich s hou ld b e made i no rde rt ou t i l i se t h ep o ten t ia lf o r

K ee ley ( 1991) a dd re s se st h ei s sue o ft oo lu se a nd

u nde r s tand ing o ft h eE a r ly Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic s ub s i s tence a nd s e t t lemen tp a t te rn sc onveyed i n c hap te r3 ,s ugge s t st h a te s sen t ia ld i f f e rences i ns i te f unc t ion sa nd o rgan i sa t ion se x i s ted . T he i n ten t ion

s i te a c t iv i ty s t ud ie sp re sen ti nd i sca rded l i th ic w a s te . S uch s t ud ie ss hou ld f o cu so nt h eg ene ra lc on tex to f t h et oo lu se ,a nd d i s t inc t ion s s hou ld b e made b e tween o nce -ha f ted a nd u nhaf t ed t oo l s . F u r the rmo r e ,t h ed eg ree o fc u ra t ion /exped iency o f

o ft h i sc hap te ri st ot r yt oa ch ieve ag ene ra l u nde r s tand ing o fs i te f unc t ion s ,a sr e f lec ted b y d i sca rded t oo l s ,i no rde rt oe va lua te t h e se c hanges .

t h et oo l s ,t o o ls i ze sa nd t h el e ng th o ft oo l -u se l i f e s hou ld b ee va lua ted ( i b id . , 2 59 -260 ) . S eve ra lo f

Add i t iona l ly , s i te f unc t iona le va lua t ion sa r e i mpo r tan tf o rs ynch ron ic a nd d i ach ron ic mode l l ing

t h ese i s sue sw i l lb ed i scu ssed b e low . T he g ene ra l s i te c on tex tw i l lb ep re sen ted a nd d i scu s sed i n c hap te r s 5a nd 7 .T he i s sue o fc u ra t ion a nd e xped iency w i l lb ed i scu ssed i nc hap te r7 .T he i s sue

o fa c t iv i ty d i f f e ren t ia t ion sw i th r e spec tt og ende red a c t iv i ty p a t ter n s .T he a s semb lage sw i l lt h e refo re b e d i scu ssed i nt e rm so f whe the rt h ey w e re f unc t iona l ly s pec ia l i sed o rt h er e su l to f ab roade r r ange o fa c t iv i t ie s . An e s sen t ia le l emen ti nt h e s pa t ia lo rgan i sa t ion o ft a sk si st h e i rc ha ra c te rwhe the rt h ey c an b ea s soc ia ted w i th p rocu remen t , p roce ss ing o r ma in tenance a c t iv i t ie s . Ab r ief e va lua t ion o ft h e se a spec t so ft oo lf unc t ion w i l l

o fh af t ing -n on -ha f t ing c anno tb ee va lua ted b eyond

t h e refo re b e made .T hese e va lua t ion sw i l lb e i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h ed i scuss ion si nc hap te r7 .

U se -wea ra na ly s i sh a sp r ev ious ly n o tb een p e r fo rmed o nw es te rn N orweg ian S tone Age

Af undamen ta lp rob lem o ft h is c hap te ri st h eb road

ma te r ia le xcep tf o rt h ef l in tt oo ls o n as ma l lB ronze Age s i te o nK o l l snes , O yga rden b yR . G race ( 1992 , 1 996 ) .I nv i ew o fb o th t h e me thodo log ica l

o bv iou se xamp les s uch a sh a f ted a r rowhead sa nd a dze s . Af u r the ri nqu i ry i n to t h i si s sue a nd t h et oo l 's u se l i f e ,w ou ld r equ i re f u r the ru se -wea ra na lyse s , wh ich c anno tb e made a tp resen t .

s cope a nd m e thodo log ica li mp l ica t ion si nr e spec tt o b o th t h ec omp lex i ty a nd t ime -con sum ing e f fo r to f l i th ic a na ly s i s .I no rde rt ol im i tt h i ss cope t o

d eve lopmen to fu se -wea ra na ly s i sa ch ieved d u r ing t h el a s td ecade s ,a nd t h ep oss ib i l i t ies o ff unc t iona l i n te rp re ta t ion so ft oo l sa nd s i tes , Iwou ld s ugge s t

s ome th ing manageab le ,a na ly s i sw a sc a r r ied o u ti n t wo p a r t s .I nt h ef i r s t ,t he M idd le N eo l i th ic u se o f q uar tz w i l lb ed i scu ssed t h rough au se -wea ra na lys i s

t h a t mo re a na ly ses o ft h i sk ind s hou ld b e made t oa l a rge re x ten to no u rl i th ic a s semb lage s .I n te rp re t ing t h ef unc t iona lc onf igu ra t ion o ft h es i te sr equ i re s a t ten t ion t oi s sues o fr ep re sen ta t iv i ty , wh ich mu s tb e b o rne i nm ind t h roughou tt h ea na ly s i s .I n i t ia l ly ,t h e l a ck o fp re served o rgan ic ma te r ia lr educe st h et oo l i nven to ry c on s ide rab ly .B one a s semb lage sf r om

o ft h eq ua r tz d eb i tage d epos i ted a ts i te 1 6B uda len . I no rde rt ob ea b le t oc ompa re e xpe r imen ta l ly p roduced u se -wea rw i th u se -wea ro no r ig ina lt oo ls i tw a sn ece s sa ry t oc a r ry o u te xpe r imen ta lw o rk . S econd ly ,t h ei n ten t ion wa st oi n ve s t iga te t h eu se o f t oo l so fo the rr aw ma te r ia ls a tt h e s i tes . T h i s f o l lowed ag ene ra la pp roach i n c lud ing a ne va lua t ion o f mac ro u se -wea rf e a tu res .T h i sp a r to ft h ea na lys i s d oes n o t ,h oweve r ,r ender a na ccu ra te f unc t iona l i n te rp re ta t ion p o s s ib le ( van G i jn 1 990 ,4 ; Ode l l&

s i te si nw e s te rn Norway c on ta in i mp lemen t ss uch a s f i sh -hook s ,h a rpoon sa nd s pea rhead s .T hese s i tes a s w e l la sr o ck she l te rs i te sw i th p re se rved b one a s semb lage s ,s ugges tt h a t al a rge a moun to fb one t oo l sw e re u t i l i sed b o th i nt h e Meso l i th ic a nd

Ode l l -Ve reecken 1 980 , 19 ) .I ts hou ld ,h oweve r ,

N eo l i th ic ( O l sen 1 992 , 1 58 ) .T oo ls s uch a sf i sh 3 1

i nq ues t ion .F ina l ly ,i tmu s tb es t a ted ,w i th r e f e rence t ot he Ko l l sne ss i te s ,t h a ti ti sr ea sonab le t oa s sume

h ook sa nd h a rpoon sr e la ted t o ma r ine r e sou rce a cqu i s i t ion d om ina te ( i b id . , 1 89 ) . T hey u nde r l ine t h ei mpo r tance o f ma r ine r e sou rce si nb o th t h e Meso l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic r e f lec ted b yt h e o s teo log ica la s semb lage s( Huf thamme r 1 992 ) .

t ha tp rocu remen ta c t iv i t ie sp r ima r i ly t ook p l ace a t o the rl o ca t ion st h an t h es i te o fr e cove ry f o rt h e d i sca rded t oo l s .A cco rd ing ly , wha ti so b served , i s p ar t ly t h er e su l to f ma in tenance a c t iv i t ie so f t oo ls /weapon sa nd e qu ipmen tr e la ted t o

Add i t iona l ly ,b one a r rowhead sw i th a nd w i thou t f l in tb l ade i n ser t si lus t ra te t e r r e s t r ia lr e sou rce u t i l isa t ion . Wi th r e spec tt os i te a nd a c t iv i ty o rgan i sa t ion i ti st h e refo re o bv iou st ha t ag rea td ea l

p rocu remen t .

o fi n fo rma t ion o na c t iv i ty p a t te rn ing i sl o s t . I n a dd i t ion ,t h e a s semb lage sr ef lec td if e rence so f

T hese g ene ra lf e a tu re so ft h eo rgan isa t ion a nd « a rchaeo log ica lv i s ib i l i ty» mode l led f o rt h ev a r iou s a spec t so fh un t ing b yB rumbach a nd J a rvenpa

r ep resen ta t iv i ty s i nce t h ee x ten to ft h ee xcava ted p a r t so ft h es i tes v a r ie sc on s ide rab ly . I nt h ec a se o f

wou ld , Is ugge s t ,a l so a pp ly t oo the rt ype so f a c t iv i t ie s .I dea l ly ,a na s se s smen to fh ow a n a s semb lage i sr e la ted t ot h e se c a tego r ie so f a c t iv i t ie sr equ i res i n ten s ive u se -wea ra nd

c l o se t ot o ta lr e cove ry o ft h ea r tefac ta s semb lage a t as i te o ne mu s ta l so b ea ri nm ind t h ef a c tt h a tt oo ls a nd r aw ma te r ia ls a r e moved b o th w i th in a nd b e tween s i te s . T he i s sue o ft o o l movemen to ns i tes

t e chno log ica la na ly se s .I nt e rm so ft h ea s semb lage s p resen ted t h i s wou ld i nvo lve ac on s ide rab le a moun t o fl abo ra to ry w o rk . An e for tt oi n te rp re tt h ep resen t

i s ,w i thou t al a rge a moun to fr e f i t t ing ,d i ff i cu l tt o d i scu ss o rc on t ro l . Howeve r ,i ti si mpo r tan tt ob ea r i nm ind when d i scu s s ing t h ea s semb lage si nt e rm s

a s semb lage si nt e rm so ft h e se g ene ra lc a tego r ie so f a c t iv i t ie si sn o te a sy . T he i n fo rma t ion d e r ived f r om t he l i th ic a s semb lage si so f ag ene ra ln a tu re .

o ft h e i rf unc t iona lc onf igu ra t ion .

S pec if i cc r i te r ia f o ri n te rp re ta t ion a r et h e refo re d if i cu l tt os ugge s t . Iw ou ld s ugge s tt ha tt h e e va lua t ion s hou ld ,i na dd i t ion t og ene ra lf e a tu res o f f unc t iona la s semb lage c ha rac te r i s t ics , a l so t a ke t h e c on tex tua la s soc ia t ion so ft o o l s ,d eb i tage a nd

A rchaeo log ica lv i s ib i l i ty o fp rocu remen t , p roce ss ing a nd ma in tenance t a sk s E ach s i te r ep re sen t s an umbe ro ft a sk so f wh ich o n ly af ew a r ev i s ib le i nt h ea r chaeo log ica l c on tex t s ,d ue t o , among s to the rf a c to r s ,t h e d ecompos i t ion o fo rgan ic ma te r ia l s . On ag ene ra l

s t ruc tu re si n to c on s ide ra t ion . 4 .2

l e ve lo ne c an r e f e rt op rocu r emen t ,p roce ss ing a nd ma in tenance t a sk s .I na na r chaeo log ica lc on tex t n a tu ra la nd c u l tu ra lp roce s se so fs i te f o rma t ion

Quar tz

Qua r tz w a sc ho sen a s as ub jec tf o ru se -wea r a na ly s i sf o rs eve ra lr ea son s . I tr ep re sen t s al a rge p ropo r t ion o ft h el i th ic a s semb lages i nw e s ter n Norway t h roughou t mo s to ft h eS tone Age . Due t o d if i cu l t ie si ni d en t ify ing q ua r tz t oo ls

a f ec tt h er ange o fc onc lu s ion s wh ich may b ed rawn w i th r e f e rence t ot h e se a c t iv i t ie s . T he a ppea rance o f v a r iou sc a tego r ies o fl i th ic t o o l s ,a nd i mp l ic i t ly t h e e xecu t ion o fd i f f e ren tt a sk sa tt h es i tes ,w a r ran t sa d i scu ss ion o f wha tB rumba ch & J a rvenpa ( 1997 ,

mac ro scop ica l ly ,i ts e emed i mpor tan tt op e r fo rm a n e va lua t ion o n as i te i nt e rm so fb o th t h ef unc t iona l

4 30 )t e rmed « archaeo log ica lv i s ib i l i ty» .

p rope r t ie so fi d en t if ied q ua r tz t oo l sa nd t h e amoun t o ft oo l st h a th ad n o tb een i d en t if ied .F u r the rmo re , t h eE a r ly Meso l i th ic a s semb lages a r eh eav i ly

B rumbach & J a rvenpa s t ud ied moo se h un t ing p rac t ises o ft h eC anad ian i n te r io rC h ipewyan

d amaged b ys o i le ro s ion ( Nx roy 1 995b ) , s ot ha ta c ompa r i son o ff l in tt oo l st h roughou tt h e Meso l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic o n ad e ta i led u se -wea rl e ve li s i mpos s ib le t oc a r ry o u t . T he s t udy o fr aw ma te r ia ls s uch a sf l in t ,q ua r tz i te a nd r hyo l i te ,i st h e refo re

I nd ian si nt e rm so ft a sk a nd g ende r re la ted d i spo sa l p rac t ice so nd if e ren ts i te c a tego r ies . T hey f ound a g rea tv a r iab i l i ty i nt e rm so fa r chaeo log ica lv i s ib i l i ty ( i . e . amoun ta nd c ha rac te ro fd epo s i ted w a s te ) c aused b yd if e ren tp a t te rn so fd i sposa l ,r a the rt han t h eg ene ra ln a tu re o ft h es ub s i s tence . I nt h ef i r s t

b a sed p r ima r i ly o nt ype so f mac ro u se d amage s , r e touch a nd , when p o s s ib le t oi d en t ify ,t h ep re sence o fu se -wea rp o l i sh .

p lace ,t h e amoun to fd eb r i sw a sg r ea t ly i n c rea sed b y o rr e la ted t op roce ss ing a c t iv i t ie sr a the rt han t h e h un ti t se lf .F u r the rmo re ,t h el o ca t ion o ft h e p roce ss ing w a si mpo r tan t -w he the ri tw a ss i tua ted c l o se t ot h eh un t ing l o ca t ion o rp e r fo rmed i na c en t ra ls e t t lemen ts i te .T he l a t te ra l te r na t ive g rea t ly

Qua r tz t e chno logy a nd t h ef o rma t ion o fu se -wea ro n q uar tz a r e amp ly d e sc r ibed i n Knu t sson 1 983 , 1 985 , 1 988a , 1 988b ; C a l lahan 1 987 a nd C a l lahan e ta l .

i n c rea sed t h ea r chaeo log ica lv i s ib i l i ty , s i nce i t e n ta i led a na gg rega t ion o fa c t iv i t ie sa ts pec if i c l o ca t ion s . I nt h i sc on tex ti tb ecame a ppa ren tt ha tt h e d eg ree o fa r chaeo log ica lv i s ib i l i ty o ft a sk sw a s

1 992 , wh ich d ef ines t h em e thodo logy a nd s t a r t ing p o in tf o rt h ep resen ta na lys i s . I no rde rt ou nde r s tand p reh is to r ic q ua r tz t e chno logy b eyond ame re t ypo log ica lc l a ss if i ca t ion ,e xpe r imen ta ls imu la t ion

d i rec t ly l i nked t og ende r re la ted p roces s -o ft h e c ha rac te ro ft h et a sk d i f f e ren t ia t ion o ft h es oc ie t ies

o fr educ t ion t e chn ique s s hou ld b ep e r fo rmed . T h i s h a sb een c a r r ied o u to ns eve ra lo cca s ion so nq ua r tz

3 2

c omb ined w i th t h ed eve lopmen to f at e chno log ica l

4 .2 .1

c l a ss if ica t ion s y s tem f o rq ua r tz ( Ca l lahan 1 987 ; C a l lahan e ta l . 1 992 ) .I no rde rt ou nde r s tand t h e

T he s t ruc tu re a nd p rope r t ies o fq ua r tz

t e chno log ica la nd k napp ing c ha rac ter is t ics o ft h e l o ca lq ua r tz , s i xk napp ing e xpe r imen t sw e re p e r fo rmed b yt h ea u tho ra nd t h ed eb i tage c l a ss if i ed a cco rd ing t ot h ea bove c l a s s if ica t ion s y s tem .

T he q ua r tz m ine ra li s at e c tos i l ica te w i th a f r amewo rk o ft e t rahed ron shaped c rys ta ls .I nt h e c av i t ie so fm ine ra lv e in s ,q ua r tz c an b ef ound a s c l ea r ,t r an spa ren tp r i sms ,e ach w i th s i xs i de sa nd e ach t e rm ina ted b y ap y ram id w i th s i xf a ce s ( Ho lme s 1 978 ,4 6 ) . Q ua r tz h a s as pec if ic g rav i ty o f

T he i n ten t ion so ft h ep r e sen te xpe r imen ta l wo rk w e re t wofo ld .I n i t ia l ly i tw a st og a in e xper ience i n i d en t ify ing u se -wea rf e a tu r es o nq ua r tz ,f ea tu re s d ef ined b y Knu t s son a nd o rgan i sed w i th in h i su se -

2 . 65 ,h a rdne s so f7 ,n o mac roscop ica l ly v i s ib le c l eavage a nd ac oncho ida lf r ac tu re . I ti sc ommon ly c o lou r les so r wh i te ,b u to ccu r si n many v a r ie t ie s .

w ea rf o rma t ion mode l ,f i g . 4 . 1 .The i n ten t ion wa st o e va lua te i ft h em e thod a nd r e su l t sa ch ieved b y

T he l u s t re i sv i t reou s( Ham i l ton , Wo l ley a nd B ishop 1 981 , 1 28 ) . T he b ed rock o fO yga rden

Knu t s son ( Knu t s son 1 988a ,c h .5 ,f i g .7 6 ) a r e a pp l icab le t ow e s ter nN orweg ian q uar tz , a nd t o a pp ly t h e me thod i n as t udy o f as i te a s semb lage f r om Ko l l sne s . I no rde rt ot e s tt h ea pp l icab i l i ty o f

c on s i s t so fq ua r tzo -f e l spa th ic g ne i sse sb e long ing t o t h e Oyga rden Gne i ss C omp lex , ap a r to ft h e « Be rgen sbuen» f o rma t ion .T he g ne i s se sa r e p resumed t oh ave f o rmed d u r ing t h eC a ledon ian

t h eu se -wea rm e thodo logy ,e xpe r imen ta lt oo lu se o n v a r iou sr aw ma te r ia l sw a sp e r fo rmed f o l lowed b ya u se -wea ra na ly s i so ft h er ep l ica ted q ua r tz t oo ls .T he e xpe r imen t sw e re l im i ted t or ep roduc ing t h e ma in

o rogeny f r om aP recamb r ian b a semen tc omp lex s im i la rt ot h a tf ound i ns ou the rn No rway t oday (M i lne se ta l . 1 995 ,2 ) . Ap rom inen tf e a tu re o ft h e b ed rock i nO yga rden i sv e in so f« qua r tz» .I no rde r t oa s se s sw he the rq ua r tz f ound o nt h ep reh i s to r ic s i tes i sl o ca l ,s amp les f r om 4b ed rock v e in sw e re c ompa red w i th q ua r tz u sed a ts i te s5 ,6 ,1 6a nd 1 7

u se -wea rf e a tu re sd ef ined . T od ot h i s , as ma l l s e lec t ion o fr aw ma te r ia l sw e re p i cked o u tt ob e w o rked b yt h er ep l ica ted q ua r tz t oo l s .T h i sr educed t h en umbe ro fe xpe r imen t st o am in imum .

H ARD D RY

S OFT W ET F RESH P LANT

F RESH H IDE F RESH W OOD

D RY P LANT D RY W OOD

C HARRED W OOD D RY H IDE

P RESH ANTLER

Quar tz t e chno logy

B ONE

S HELL

M ATERIAL R EMOVAL T ROUGH M ICROFRACTURING

L INEAR F RACTURING O N F LAT A REAS

C OND ITION

R AW M ATERIAL

A BRASION A REAS. I MPACT P ITS B ROKEN U P R IDGES

R EGULAR S TRIATIONS

F RACTURING O N F LAT A REAS

I RREGULAR S TRIATIONS

F ILLED I N S TRIATIONS

P RECIP

M ATER I A L F AT IGUE

S ILICA P RECIP ITAT ION

S ILICA P RECIPITAT ION

C A

P REFERENTIAL S ILICA S OLUT ION

.
.

t › .

t > .

- , c

• — •

N t O

N

7 t -

S t ra igh t

z c

D C O A

7 , . .

( i-) -

• — •

. g*

c l

S c rape

SU M C I 1

8 .

C ) = =

U U

P o in t

A dze

Sma l l f r agmen to fe dge . Sma l l s po t s o fp o l i sh o nv en t ra l /d o r sa le dge . F lake s c a r so nb o th e dge f a ce s .

IA b roken m ic ro l i th w i th d i s t inc t p o l ish w i th s t r ia t ion s o nt h et i p .

Af l ake a xe w i th e dge r emoved w i th r e sha rpen ing f l ake ,n ot r ace so ff u r the ru se .

IP o in t

E dge r e sha rpen ing f l ake f r om f l ake a xe , n op o l ish . Two « no tche s» o no ne e dge s e em st ob e u sed . N o tche sb o th 0 . 6c m w ide .

A dze

IE dge r e sha rpen ing f l ake f r om f l ake a xe ,e dge h eav i ly d u l led , s ma l l s po t so fp o l i sh .

A dze

A dze

P o in t

V e ry s ma l l a r tef a c tw i th as ma l l , c onvex e dge -u sed?

S c rap e?

C onvex

( 7 )

Y e s

C o lou ro ff l ake s c a r s b r igh te rg r ey t h an r e s t o fs u r face ,c au sed b ye xcava t ion ?

S c rape ?

S t ra igh t

-

F l ake w i th s ma l l « no tch» o n o ne e dge . N o tch 0 . 7 c m w ide .

S c rape

C onvex

S ma l l s po t s o fp o l i sh o nv en t ra l e dge , l a rge rs po t so nd o r sa l f a ce .

COM MENTS

MOT ION / USE

EDGE S HAPE

( 7 )( 7 5

N o

t > .

2

IN o

t >

3• 3

e l )

1 2 .1 .2

> .

,C u t

v : I . ) > .

5 U

S t ra igh t

Y e s

C.

Y e s

> '

I3 5

› .

1 2 .1 .2

ON

i ,

1 93

POL ISH

o N

Z U

ON

ARTEFACT B 14627 /

B -14625 S ITE 1 4 BUDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCHED /USED F LAKES ,F LAKE AXE AND M ICROL ITH

Wa te r ro l led f l in tf l ake

F l in tn odu le

P um ice

R e touched f l ake 1 0 -40 mm

R e touched f l ake > 40 mm

M ic ro l i th

F lake a xe

O the rc o re

O ne -s ided c o re w i th t wo p l a t fo rm

O ne s i ded c o re w i th o ne p l a tfo rm

C o re f r agmen t

B lade 8 12 mm

F lakes 1 0 -40 mm

B lade > 12 mm

MORPHOLOG ICAL TYPE

F lake s > 40 mm

ICODE

( N m-0 3 71994 , P .1 30 ) .

B -14625 S ITE 1 4 BUDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -L IST OF F INDS

, — z ,

I

ICODE

E E e q

A 1 . ) 0

o ,

. 1 : 8

R e touched f l ake 1 0 -40 mm

,

P ro jec t i le

, ,

O the rc o re

2 74 I X

O ne s i ded c o re w i th o ne p l a tfo rm

F l akes 40 mm

r ) f . , . 0 t

C o re f r agmen t

B lade < 8 mm

B lade 8 12 mm

C I Z > r •-• f q

r l N r n I . r -. r • ;. i. , r ' ,. , r i. . 7 ,i L . . • .r .r - e q• t . V " )

4 ' .

Z

. 2 m

0 =

E -

1

EDGE S HAPE . a ' . C O • 3

c . i 5 '

C

C . •

o Z

( 2 E . > , Z

< a 2 . g . : 4 .

2w Z . Z

—

C

rn

, t i . ) › -

. › . >

c q •

= o . -

= . -

C: . : : —

C

rn —.

f , 1 ,t

4 -I r .

DC DC

. E. • E S , o .

0 Z

>

Z

o Z

T U

a . , -

r,

= . — i r .

i n

o •

; ' : . 1 ' '

C . 4

SU M

P o in t

. 5• U

S c rape ?

c • -

P o in t

P o in t

P o in t

P o in t

P o in t

5

! Po in t

, Y u

P o in t

S t ra igh t

U SE

MOT ION /

C I . , •

ON

L . 0 a .

12 7-

POL ISH

o N

ARTEFACT B 14768 /

v en t ra l /d o r sa l s u r f ace .

P o in t w i th s eve re ly d amaged t i p , s eve ra l f l ake s c a r se x tend ing f r om t i po nb o th f a ce s . S po t so fw e l l d eve loped s o i l e r o s ion o n

a l ong c u t t ing e dge .

M ic ro l i th w i th b roken b a se . As ma l l f l ake s ca ra tt i pv en t ra l f a ce . S o i le ro s ion o nv en t ra l /do r sa l s u r f ace s . Sma l lf l ake s ca r s /s nap s

d eve lopmen t a tt h e t i p . Sma l l s nap f r ac tu re s a l ong l e f tl a te ra le dge .

Sma l l m ic ro l i th w i th s ma l l s po t s o fs o i l e r o s ion o nb o th f a ce s . N op o l ish o b se rved . B roken s ma l l m ic ro l i th w i th s po t s o fs o i l e ro s ion ,b u tp o ss ib le p o l ish o nv en t ra l /d o r sa l s u r face w i th p o s s ib le l i nea rp o l ish

f a ce s .

B roken f l ake w i th w eak ly d eve loped f l ake s ca r s a l ong l e f t l a te ra l e dge ,i fu sed t h en v e ry b r ief ly . Sma l l s po t s o fs o i l e r o s ion b o th

Sma l l f l ake w i th s po t s o fs o i l e ro s ion o n v en t ra l s u r fa ce ,p robab ly a c c iden ta l r e touch .

COM MENTS

I B -14768 S ITE 3 4 BUDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCHED /USED F LAKES AND P RO JECT ILES

S UM

MORPHOLOG ICAL TYPE

( Nxroy 1 994 ,p . 1 83 ) .

B 14768 S ITE 3 4 BUDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -L IST OF F INDS

I 2 c . I . > , j -

MORPHOLOG ICAL TYPE

L ) _ __

• — .

. — .

. — . .— ,

. — ,

—

—.

r ‘ i

CV

r • I

f,i C • 1

C,

L I .

—

N

Z '

Z '

^ ' '

t -

—

^ ' '

N i

.

.

—

N i

R e touched b l ade > 12 mm

. —.

N i

N i

. N

N i

' ' ) N

r ' ;

7 1-

r ' ;

. N

' r

2 21

—

Wa ter ro l led f l in t f l ake

—,

H amme r s tone f o rk napp ing

.1-

F l in t n odu le

N

B lade b ur in

, . c D

F lake b u r in

• 1 4- z , , . r . -

B ur in s pa l l

. . )

R e touched b l ade 8 12 mm

r -- r i,

R e touched f l ake < 10 mm

— — .

R e touched f l ake 1 0 -40 mm

M ic robu r in

r . , .i r z ,

R e touched f l ake > 40 mm

M icro l i th

2 3 I

. 1 -

T ransve r se a r rowhead

. .

S ing le -edged a r rowhead

. — ,

A r rowhead , f r agmen t a nd i r regu la rp o in t

. 4

O the rc o re

. —

B ipo la rc o re

, . C )

One -s ided c o re w i th t wo p la tform

2 832 I

N

O the rc o re w i th o ne p la tfo rm

N rn

( 1 ,4 : D N

One s i ded c o re w i th o ne p la tform

,r )

F lake < 10 mm

N

F lake 1 0 -40 mm

Z C

F lake > 40 mm

k r )

C o re f r agmen t

N —,

C res ted b l ade

B lade < 8 mm

— N

B lade 8 12 mm

B lade > 12 mm

NU MBER I

B -14770 S ITE 4 0S LÄTTEV IKANE , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -L IST OF F INDS

( Nxroy 1 994 , p . 1 04 ) .

c ( r )

r .-1 r- so

Il

11

Il

1 .. 1

• • • • 1

Il

1 .. 1

11

C ' i

es i

r4

CS 1

r,i

r s i

r s i

C, i C, I Cs. 1

k f l

,. 0

S

0 0

0 0

0 0

11

D O S

Y D C N

N

C oncave

Wavy

C A

C A

0, e o o s

V D 0

rn

S

O

C oncave

C onvex

C A

W

W

. 4 4

. 4 4

r f l

M

>4 3z r z .zr za :a .n .r z mi zz

' to o c f 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 a . ) Z Z Z Z Z Z> .

z

Z

. a . ) . c e

b e b o

C A

W

o c o 0 0 S 0 0 N C T W I c Ao N oc 0 0 0 00 0

0 0

C A

0 \

' 5

v )

C A

0 \

o n

C A

, ,

' F i l O A

C I )

C A

.

m •

Il

, .

C oncave

S have

C / 2

P o in t

S c rape

c n

C onvex

C I )

S t ra igh t

c • -c . -

. e.1 A v ) 8 c o

Il

Il

41

.1

• • • 1

Il

es i

Cs '

r s i

C\ i

ei

rs i

e N 0 0

O N c e t

O A

b C l )

M

« 1

. e* g J 2 e C I ) C l ) O G

W

O G

W

0 ,

s

0 0 C A U

F A

C l )

S t ra igh t

M

C l )

C oncave

. a ,

C l )

o Z

o Z

Z

C A

W

1 / 1

O N O D

. 1 z i

li

, ,

c , ic , ic , ie , ie s i e N i( 4

li

O A

b

li

.. ,c ,. . go ,

o u I

, . S , —, 0 0

W

ml

W

Il

e r i l

W

v •I

S r n

Sma l ld i s ta lf l ake f r agmen tw i th l a te ra lr e touch .

c —, . .

U

C A

t i

W

1 .4

0 0 c + 1 " 0

g

U sed ?

" i e

W

W

li

o o « I " n 0

9

Z

C A

c , ic ,ic N ic , ic , ic s ic s i

p.

0 O N e

U sed

,

W

.1

c 0

C A

Sma l lf l ake f r agmen t ,u sed ? B lade l i ke f l ake ,w i th r e touch d i s ta le nd ( f o rh o ld ing -c u t t ing e dge o ppo s i te ? ) ,h eav i ly d eve lop ed s o i l e ro s ion b o th f a ce s .

U sed ? U sed ?

9

Sma l lf l ake f r agm en t ,u sed

Z

U sed ?

Sma l lf r agmen tw i th t r a ce so fr e touch .

Sma l lf r agmen tw i th t r a ce so fr e touch .

Sma l lf r agmen tw i th t r a ce so fr e touch .

F ro s ts ha t te red f l ake w i th i r regu la rr e touch /u se -wea r ?o nr i gh ts i de ,s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

C on cave r e touch o nb roken f l ake .

F lake w i th b a sa lp o in tr e touch a td i s ta le nd ,s po t so fs o i le ro s ion .

U sed ?

9 ' 1 0

C oncave

m Z b '

P rox ima lp a r to fb roken f l ake w i th s ma l ls t ra igh tr e touch /u se -wea r ?o nr i gh ts i de ,s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

8 ,c • •. c ,

U sed ?

Sma l lp rox ima lf r agmen tw i th s t ra igh tr e touch o nr i gh ts i de -b a se f r agm .p o in t /p la t f .r e juv .f l ake ?

F ragmen ted f l ake w i th s nap s/f la ke si r regu la r ly d i s t r ibu ted o nl ef tl a t e ra le dge .

L a rge f l ake w i th a« no t ch» o nt h el e f ts i de ,s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

Sma l lf r agm en ted f l ake w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea r ?o no ne e dge ,s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

I r r egu la r ly s haped f l ake w i th s ma l lc on cave r e touch ,w e l ld eve loped s o i le ro s ion .

L a rge f l ake w i th s ma l lr e touch ed /u sed ?d i s ta lr i gh tl a t e ra lp a r t , mode rn e dge d amage ,s ma l ls po t so fs o i le ro s ion .

F ragmen ted p i ece w i th p a r to fr e touch ed e dge ,s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

Sma l lp rox ima lf r agmen tw i th w eak s t ra igh tu se -wea r ?o nr i gh ts i de ,s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

Sma l lf l ake w i th w eak ,s ma l lr e touch c l o se t op l a t fo rm ,s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

F lake w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea ro nd i s ta lt i p ,p o s s ib le p o l i sh p r e sen to nv en t ra le dge ( t ip ) ,s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

B lade l ike f l ake w i th u se -wea ro nl e f ts i de ,p o l i sh p o s s ib ly p re sen t ,b u ta l so w e l ld eve loped s o i le ro s ion .

S l igh t ly f r o s t sha t t e r ed f l ak ew i th w eak d i s ta lr e touch /u se -wea r ,w eak ly d eve loped p o l i sh p r e sen t?

T h ick f l ake w i th w eak ly d eve loped r e touch /u se -wea ro nr i gh ts i de ,s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

L a rge f l ake w i th s t ra igh t ,d i s ta lr e touch /u se -wea r ,s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

B lade l ike f l ake w i th r e touch /u se -wea ro nr i gh ts i de ,w e l ld eve loped s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

F lak ew i th d i s ta lr e touch /u se -wea r ,s ma l ls po t so fs o i le ro s ion .

F lake w i th f r agmen to fs t ra igh te dge ,p o s s ib le p o l i sh o nv en t ra le dge a spec t ,b u ta l so w e l l d eve loped s o i le ro s ion o nb o th f a ce s .

F ragmen to fe dge w i th r ound ing ,s po t so fs o i le ro s ion .

L a rge f l ake w i th i r regu la rr e touch /u se -wea rp rox ima l( ? )p a r t ,s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

B roken f l ake w i th r i gh ts i de c on cave r e touch /u se -wea r ,s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

C onvex r e touch /u se -wea ro nl a rge f l ake ,s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t

B u rn t ,s ma l lf l ake f r agmen tw i th s t ra igh t ,u se -wea ro no ne s i de ,s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

F lake w i th w eak u se -wea r /r e touch o nl ef ts i de ,w e l ld eve loped s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

B roken f l ake w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea ro nd i s ta le nd ,s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

L a rge f l ake w i th r e touch ed /u sed d i s ta lp a r t ,s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

S t ra igh tr e touch /u se -wea ro nd i s ta lp a r t ,s po t so fs o i le ro s ion o nb o th f a ce s . F ro s ts ha t te r ed f l ake w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea ro nd i s ta le nd ,s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

CO MMENTS

F lake w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea r ?l ef tp rox ima lp a r t .

C A

S c rape ?

z z e 00 0 ut ut u 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z Z Z> .> .> . Z Z Z Z Z Z

S c rape ?

c l

S t ra igh t

u c A

C on cave

S c rape ?

88 , c ,

ON

Il

C, i rs i

C s i

e

i 4 . ; , C l ) . .

2 .1 .2 1 1

r n

5 › , b e r f 2 e c t

--

r e

c n c n e l

I‘ 1

c n

C l ) C l ) c o

1 8 7 7

0

. e m . t c o

ON

1.

r s i

r s i

l )C C l ) C I )v ) c o

ON

n.

r s i

e

S c rap e

1 4

ON

v.

C, 1 r s i

o

0 . 4 4

c o

ON

, — ,, — ,, —. , — ,

‘4

Z Z c e t

1 32

l )C l ) 4 3C l ) C c z t

7 3

v 4 3 Z : A z i f a « t o b e

C onvex

MOT ION / USE

l ) C l )C e z t

1

c o i c t

1 2 52 1 3 2 7

POL ISH

Z

ON

ARTEFACT B 14768 /

= U .Z c e

ON

e .

ON

I

I B 14770 LOC .4 0S LÄTTEV IKANE , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCHED /USED F LAKES 0

b i ) : 4

C l ) C I )

e u 4 2 O a

W

1 .•

• • • • 1

a , e e vl

, C )

r s )

K t 1

C A

.4

,1

e n

0 0 S i n

, 0

i n

W

› d

zzmT F .mr zca .mr .r z zmi z i zmzm7 i .z r z z4 1 .z zr , .r zm

I

1

i n

, a c z . - D c z -

N

e )

i ' - N

a . )

e . )

4 . )

1 )

e u

a )

5

5

5

5

5

n e n CA ns l n • 1 en e . . . . . .

r - N

r n. ( -1 .

N i

N i

N i

N i

N i

N i

N I

N i

. 1

r.. I

, — I

, 1

m .

e .. . I

, .-. 1

, — I

, v z r - z o — c x a r - o

r -

r -

L 6LI

r -

1 . )

c l . )

4 . )

e . )

1 . )

. 5

5

5

5

5

5

N

N

N

N

, 1

, ... 1

• 1

1 . 1

/ — I

N I

N i

N I

N i

N i

, ... .

• I

, 1

1 . .

e

— , —

2 c

N

x

o c

, 0 o c

.

i n

: : , —

N

1 2 .1 .2

O . )

I1 026

I . )

1 2 .1 .2

4 )

1 2 .1 .2

a )

Z

« j

1 . )

. 5

. . .

1 .1

,.. 1

N i

N I

N i

,

• — I

, 1

, 1

e n a z e n

. . . C

0 z

0 z

( )

a L )

5

5

‘ ) , , fq n • • •

C

r i

r i e r ,

r i

, 1

• 1

, — I

• • • • •4

N o

Y e s

5 .—

N e a 3 7 1 ( , 2 g. ' . ,N g; ( 5 — , c r , — s —

+

'

. — ,

• — •

F l in t

e • •

U sed ?

U sed ?

1 . )

'g 0

Y e s ?

USE

MOT ION /

L a rge f l ake w i th t wo n o tche s ,p refo rm ?

Sma l l f r agmen tw i th s ha rp r e touch /u se -wea r?

D i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th i regu la rr e touch ? ,s o i le ro s ion p r esen t .

F ragmen ted f l ake w i th s l igh tr e touch .

F ragmen ted f l ake w i th s l igh tr e touch .

F lake f r agmen t w i th r e touch .

F ragmen ted f l ake w i th s l igh tr e touch .

F ragmen ted f l ake w i th s l igh tr e touch .

F ragmen ted f l ake w i th s l igh tr e touch .

F ragmen ted f l ake w i th s l igh tr e touch .

F ragmen ted f l ake w i th w eak , s l igh tr e touch o np rox ima l l e f tp a r t .

F ragmen ted f l ake w i th w eak , s l igh tr e touch o np rox ima l l e f tp a r t .

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch .

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch .

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch .

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch .

Sma l l f l ake w i th r e touch .

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen tw i th r e touch .

P rox ima l p a r to ff l ake w i th r e touch o n r i gh t s i de , s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

B u r in o nf l ake , l a rge p a r to fv en t ra l s u r f ace c ove red w i th u se -wea rp o l i sh ? ,s po t so fs o i le r o s ion p re sen t .

B u r in o nl a rge p l a tfo rm r e juvena t ion f l ake , s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

B roken f l ake w i th f l ake s c a r s ,r ound ing a te dge .

B u r in w i th n o v i s ib le m ac rof lak ing ,t r ace s o fp o s s ib le p o l ish o nv en t ra le dge a spec t , s o i le r os ion p r e sen t .

COM MENTS

U sed ?

( )

.r j 0

F l in t

F l in t

en

. — I

N o

en

—,

5:

F l in t

F l in t

c, 4

>"

o N

L . 0 C l .

E a l >.

ON

POL ISH

, —

C u t?

•4 , .

S c rape ?

c e ) 00

RE TOUCH

S c rape • — •

MATER IAL

U sed ?

,

B 14770 /

,0

ARTEFACT

00

SU M

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

• — ,

B 14770 S ITE . 4 0 SLÄTTEV IKANE , KOLLSNES , « GARDEN -BUR INS

( 7 ) C oncave

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed 7

U sed ?

U sed ?

N

1

I

_.

' z g .2 " g . ., =0

nq

V Z

,- I

C

, C )

c , iN N ( , iN ( , i r . i r , i ( , i

-

1 2 .2 .1

— — N N . i r N ir

r— , , . o c ) c v

. . . . f n k r , r - 1 . o ,. o r , — — , , c v

N N c ‘ i( , 1

CT

r r l

. 1 L i )

- ,

-

A - c v , . o .1-

( , i( , ir ‘ i, ir . ir . ir . i NN N N N N N

-

-

, '

7t

a — , —, C A

-

-

.

-

. 1

• 1

,0

c v

r n

• I

•• 1

• • 1

, ... I

1 2 .2 .1

v — — r ‘ ir r . ir . ir ‘ ir , i r . i c,i r i c ,i

, / -

, .

CA

v " ,

i n

i . 0

1137

S t ra igh t C . ; '5 F c l '

, o

U sed ?

U sed ?

[U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

Q . )

.

c • -•

. > Z > . >.> ,

E d

, . -

— ,

r ‘ i

c , i

, 1

S c rape ? c ••

U

U sed ?

d-

S c rape

SU M

U sed ? U sed ?

C onvex

0 Z

C onvex

U sed ?

.00

U sed ?

N o

_j

U sed ?

U sed ?

7 1 -

19 48

Q . )

b.3 1 C . 1 3 -

19 37

I ) 7Z c .

1 2 .2 .1

>, >, >- > - >- Z Z Z >

Q . ) .00 .0 4 )

13 37

C A ' F r i

N o

, € , .

C onvex

.OA

N o

C ' ?

C onvex

2

13 25

-• c -- c

Q . ) .0 .0

12 92

c o c o Z Z Z Z

N o

( 7 ) ' -'

S t ra igh t

tu

h --

12 73

, • , g . • 7 , 3

N o

S t ra igh t

( I D

N o

IC u t ?

C )0

N o

N o

C u rved

: . E -.

12 63

, Z - >- Z >› . >

I

' .

1 2 .2 .1

C onvex

0 Z

16 48

x U C . % 5

N o

N o

S c rape

C onvex e i . D ' . C I ! " ) 00

I

I

S c rape

aG ic . c . ,

1 2 .2 .2

C

N o

S c rape

[S t ra igh t C ;

, . , ;, • : • • 7 4 c ••

ON

( 7 , 1

N o

N o

0 Z

. E c . . o U U

,

ON

= 1

USE

S HAPE c 7 ) ' .

• 2

, .,

o N

1 7

MOT ION /

EDGE

7 , 7 1 ' c n r n C A c A U

0 0 0 0 =

ON

-8 47 , /

POL ISH : E. o u r c • -•c . --

a .a .a .M . , .

ON

E c n

u ,

ON

a

f z .

ON

B 14770 / , u

ON

ARTEFACT

I B -14770 S ITE 4 0 S LÄTTEV IKANE , KOLLSNES , OYGAR DEN -RETOUCHED /USED BLADES

i f , P rox ima l p ar t o fb l ade w i th « no tch» o nl e f te dge .

P rox ima l , m ed ia l p a r t o fb l ade w i th t wo s ma l l « no tche s» o ne i the rs i de .

Med ia l f r agmen t o ff l ake w i th i regu la r ly d i s t r ibu ted f l ake s , s nap s o nb o th e dges .

Sma l l m ed ia l f r agmen t w i th w eak r e touch ( ? ) .

P rox ima lf r agmen t o fb l ade w i th w eak r e touch ( ? ) o nl e f t /r i gh t s i de , s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

Med ia l /d i s ta l f r agmen to fb l ade w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea ro n b o th e dge s , i regu la r ly d i s t r ibu ted , s o i l e r o s ion p resen t .

C omp le te b l ade w i th i regu la r ly l o ca ted s nap s /f l akes o nb o th e dge s , s o i le ro s ion p r esen t .

Med ia l f r agmen to fb l ade w i th w eak u se -wea rf l ake s ( ? )o nr i gh t s i de , s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen to fb l ade w i th s ma l l « no tch» o nr i gh ts i de , s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

Sma l l m ed ia l f r agmen t o fb l ade w i th w eak l a te ra l r e touch , s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

Sma l l « no tch» o n l e f tp rox ima l p a r to nc omp le te f l ake ,s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t ,p refo rm?

D i s ta lf r agmen to ff l ake w i th t r an sve r se r e touch , w e l ld eve loped s o i l e r os ion p r esen t ,p r efo rm p o in t ?

I

p r e sen t . Med ia l f r agmen to fb road b l ade w i th r e touch /u se -wea ro nt r unca ted ( ? )e dge , w e l l d eve loped s o i le ro s ion . P refo rm p o in t ?I

P rox ima l f r agmen t w i th s ma l l a nd f ew f l ake s c a r s o n b o th e dge s n o ti n ten t iona lr e touch ,w e l l d eve loped s o i l e ro s ion

Med ia l f r agmen to fb l ade w i th w eak u se -wea r( ? )o nr i gh ts i de .

L a rge c omp le te b l ade w i th w eak u se -wea r( ? ) -f l akes , s nap so n b o th e dge s .

C omp le te b l ade w i th w eak u s e -wea r( ? )o nl e f t s i de , s o i le r o s ion p re sen t .

s o i l e ro s ion p r esen t .

Med ia l /d i s ta l f r agmen to fb l ade w i th r e touch /u se -wea ro n l e f t s i de a nd p robab le u se -wea rf l ake s /s nap s o nr i gh ts i de ,

C omp le te b l ade w i th s ho r tr e touch o n d i s ta le dge .

C omp le te b l ade w i th w eak u se -wea r( ? )o nl e f te dge p rox ima l p a r t .

Med ia l f r agmen t o fb l ade w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea r( ? )o n b o th s i de s , s o i le ro s ion p r esen t .

B roken b l ade w i th r e touch /u s e -wea r a l ong b o th e dge s . S o i le ro s ion p r esen t .

D i s ta l f r agmen to fb l ade w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea ra tl i ne o fb r eakage .

F ragmen ted l a rge ,b road b l ade w i th r e touch /u se -wea ro nr i gh te dge ,s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

L a rge , b road b l ade w i th w eak u se -wea r( ? )o n l e f te dge .

C omp le te b l ade ( b roken ) w i th s ha rp r e touch o nd i s ta l p a r t . Med ia l p a r tr e touched o n l e f te dge .

COM MENTS

> , , z

, e c 0 r • - , r1r n 7 1 - 7 1 -

. .. , ,zzz,

,v . ,,

, A

C O I

[ I ,

,

,,,

a n

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

' -'

-

OC . 4-,

e 2 ,

o c •

i n , . 0

.

0 ,O

Z

, n

—,

7t "

' Cr

7t-

L el

. r)

r n e n e

e r n e

e t r ) e

r ., e r --

.

a

c r

a

N o

a

a

S 9L 1

v 7 t- c e , D , - , . c . 1 -- o

r n , c ) ( ,

T ip /m ed ia l f r agmen t , w i th f l ake s c a r s e x tend ing f r om t i po n t h e v en t ra lf a ce .

F lake s c a rd amage s a tt i p a nd c u t t ing e dge . Sma l l s po t s o fs o i le ro s ion .

H eav i ly d amaged t i p w i th f l ake s c a r so nb o th v en t ra l /d o r sa l f a ce . Sma l l s po t so fs o i l e r o s ion .

C omp le te i regu la rp o in tw i th n o t r ace s o fu se , s ma l l s po t s o fs o i l e ro s ion .

C omp le te i regu la rp o in tw i th n o v i s ib le d amage .

T ip /b a se ( ? ) f r agmen t , s ma l l s po t s o fs o i le ro s ion p r esen t .

B a se f r agmen t o fp o in t , b u rn t .

Sma l l p o in t w i th n o v i s ib le d amage s , s o i l e r o s ion o n v en t ra l /d o r sa lf a ce . B a se f r agmen t o fp o in t , s o i l e ro s ion p re sen t .

Sma l l t i p /b a se ( ? ) f r agmen t , s o i l e ro s ion p re sen t .

Med ia l f r agmen t o fp o in t , b u rn t .

B a se f r agmen to fp o in t . S po t s o fs o i l e ro s ion .

Med ia l f r agmen t , f l ake s c a rd amage a tt i p . P o s s ib le l i ne s o fp o l ish o nv en t ra l s u rf ace c l o se t ot i p ,b u t a ta na ng le a tl ong i tud ina l a x is o fp o in t .

B a se f r agmen t ,h inge f r ac tu re o nd o r sa l s i de , s ma l l s po t s o fs o i le ro s ion .

H eavy f l ake s c a rd amage s a tt i p , s po t s o fs o i l e ro s ion .

Sma l l t i pf r agmen t w i th s ma l l f l ake s c a r s e x tend ing o n to b o th v en t ra l a nd d o r sa l s u r f ace , s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

T ip f r agmen t w i th l a rge f l ake s c a r se x tend ing o n to v en t ra l s u r f ace ,r emoved e dge ,s po t so fs o i le ro s ion .

T ip h eav i ly f r agmen ted w i th f l ake s ca r se x tend ing d own t h ev en t ra l s u r f ace ,s o i le ro s ion o n b o th f a ce s .

F l ake s ca rd amage s a tt i p a nd c u t t ing e dge . Sma l l s po t s o fs o i le ro s ion .

B roken b a se , s ma l l f l ake s c a ra l ong c u t t ing e dge . Sma l l s po t s o fs o i l e r o s ion .

T ip f r agmen tw i th f l ake s ca r s o nv en t ra l f a ce , s po t s o fs o i l e ro s ion .

P o in t w i th b o th e dge s r e touched . H eav i ly d amaged a tt i pw i th f l ake s c a r s .

L a te ra l m ed ia l /d i s ta l f r agmen tw i th c h rushed t i p , s po t s o fs o i le ro s ion .

CO M MENTS

C omp le te i r regu la rp o in t w i th f l ake s c a ra tt i p , b u tc an b e r e touch . S po t so fs o i le r o s ion .

,

,

.

.

,

,

v-) 2 r n e

L o t .

< 2 - C

,

-- - - N N N N N N N

z . c ; z ;

... zzz

N o

. .u ttttttuu , h.

c

0 R c r

z •

C C h 2, -

r - o c e e v " )

r n , n I n

i n

2, 0

r n

,

e

, r )

D C ,

, z,

o N

. . . . ,

a

v •-) r -- v) o c r,, 1 C C e e e c : r, c , -, e

C 1 2 h

o t\II

o c

,h

ON

' -.

• h.

o N

, , • - , < " ,

"

. .z C --

o N

L i . a > . . t C.

N o

1 7 1 7 : 3 : 1 " 0 " C I " 2 : 1 ` c , c i c c 1 l c l h

r - N

i t ' )

( 4( 4. „, . . . . ,

©

C : J.

, -0

2 ,

CT\

-4

11 040

•, t

B a se f r agmen t o fp o in t , b u rn t .

h. h.

ON

' -' N r - r • •

t h

C omp le te p o in tw i th n o t r ace s o fu se , b u rn t .

C omp le te p o in t w i th o ne f l ake s ca ra tt i p , s ma l l s po t s o fs o i le r os ion o nb o th f a ce s .

C omp le te p o in tw i th n o t r ace s o fu se , s ma l l s po t s o fs o i l e ro s ion .

C omp le te p o in tw i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

P o in tw i th b a se b roken a nd t i pf r ac tu red w i th f l ake s c a r s e x tend ing d own b o th v en t ra l a nd d o r sa l f a ce s . S po t s o fs o i l e ro s ion o nb o th f a ce s .

Sma l l f l ake s c a r s a tt i pe x tend ing d own t h e v en t ra l s u r face ,w e l ld eve loped s o i le ro s ion .

T ip h eav i ly f r agmen ted w i th f l ake s ca r se x tend ing d own t h ev en t ra l s u r f ace , s o i le r o s ion o nb o th f a ces .

Sma l l f l ake s ca r se x tend ing f r om t i po nb o th f a ce s , s po t s o fs o i le ro s ion o nb o th f a ce s .

Sma l l f l ake s ca r se x tend ing f r om t i p , s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t o nb o th f a ce s .

e

9 . 2

= ( . ) t h.

N o

1

t

Y e s?

( 2

N o ,

. 4 1 c = 0

11 92

POL ISH L 4

o N

B 14768 /

o N

ARTEFACT

B -14768 LOC . 4 0S LÄTTEV IKANE , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -P RO JECT ILES C

-4

c 0

A e q t " - C

e

, -.

e

Sma l l t i pf r agmen t w i th f l ake s c a re x tend ing o n to v en t ra l s u r fa ce ,s o i l e r o s ion p re sen t .

I B a se f r agmen t ,f l ake s ca ro nv en t ra l s u r f ace a tl i ne o fb r eakage .

Sma l l t i p f r agmen tw i th f l ake s ca re x tend ing f r om t i p o n to v en t ra l s u r face , s ma l l s po t s o fs o i le r o s ion .

. -

" 7 : 1 ' 2 7 7 T S e r . , h

C T : .Z Z . Z ZIF . X . Z .Lt , Z . Z . Z . Z Z Z ZLI : LT,Z ZCZ Z Z L ZZ , Z ZLZ EL t Zi7 . - Zr -7 2 ,ü -LT ,7 - Z ZLT, 2(4 «

2 ,

1

1

^

, n

, C

D C

, —

• — ,

c n

a )

, ,

c n

a )

C ) .

c n 4 . )

o o C - o - -

rn

N

O I

. 0

c n e l )

ON

, . . .o -

. 0 . >

.

ON

c n c l

.

ON

— r ‘ i — r ‘ i , c >

^ r ( S . r r r r

M 7 : 1 7 : 3 " e 7 1 7 ' V

Z Z Z Z

c n ( L )

M r

.

. ( )

z e c . ' . -

C . , ,Q 1r

.

c o p 1 . )

. ‘ , 1r

.

c n Q )

17 53

.

ON

c n e l ) c • •

1 : 1

14 27

>.

1 0

' 7 1rn ,

r

.

c n O . ) r

Z Z

.

c n I )

— . X r

c n C I )

- r . Z C r .Z .F . L :a : Z . L T Z L T . Z ZIT

0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -

( N I r A

DO X C O D

r-,

N D C N N

e ' c , r › . .

e

0 1. 5

[ TYPE —

1

T ip f r agmen t ,b u rn t ? M ic ro l i th w i th t i p( ? ) a nd o ne e dge b roken .

N

—

r q

r .-,

C I

, .

• -

—:

N

. ^ . o c

C . , r i

F lake 1 0 -40 mm

r n

F lake > 40 mm

C o re f r agmen t

1

Sma l l t i p /b a se ( ? ) f r agmen t , s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t .

NUMBER I

1 1

F ro s t s ha t te red m ic ro l i th , n o t r ace s o fu se , s po t s o fs o i l e ro s ion .

Med ia l f r agmen t o fp o in t , s po t so fs o i l e ro s ion .

1 1

M ic ro l i th w i th w e l l d eve loped s o i l e ro s ion .

S ing le -edged p o in t , f r agmen ted , s o i le ro s ion p re sen t . T ip b roken , n ot r aces o fu se -wea r . We l l d eve loped s o i l e ro s ion o n b o th s u rf ace s .

1 1

T ip o fs i ng le -edged p o in t , b a se /m ed ia l p a r t b roken o f , s po t so fs o i l e r o s ion o nb o th v en t ra l /do r sa l f a ces .

1

.

N

c

O the rc o re

F ragmen ted a nd i regu la r a r rowhead

fn

CA

( , i e

S ing le -edged a r rowhead

r ‘ l

O ne -s ided c o re w i th t wo p l a t fo rm s

k r i L r i r s 1

F l ake < 10 mm

r -

-

--

r -A

.

Wa te rr o l led f l in t f l ake

F l in t n odu le

R e touched b l ade > 12 mm

R e touched f l ake 1 0 -40 mm

R e touched f l ake > 40 mm

M ic ro l i th

1

M ic ro l i th w i th b a se b roken , n o t r ace s o fu se . S po t s o fs o i l e ro s ion o nb o th f a ce s .

Med ia l f r agmen to fp o in t . S po t s o fs o i l e ro s ion .

Med ia l f r agmen to fp o in t . S po t s o fs o i l e ro s ion .

Med ia l f r agmen t o fp o in t , b u rn t .

C omp le te s ma l l p o in t w i th r e touch a l ong b o th e dge s , s ma l lf l ake s ca r se x tend ing f r om t i po n to v en t ra l s u rf ace ,s po t s o fs o i l e r o s ion .

r -

B lade < 8 mm

B lade 8 12 mm

IB lade > 12 mm

MORPHOLOG ICAL TYPE

( Nx roy 1 994 ,p .8 9 )

B -14773 S ITE 4 3 H IDLAREN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -L IST OF F INDS

. fn IA

1 337 I

r - — — , c ) 4 : ) — —

a ,

12 20

B 14773 /

ARTEFACT

—

'

x 7 t - — x r , e r q L n r A V D

r a .

= C . )

C . a ) Z > .

E E

L I -

H

( N i N

— z c — r , -1 1 -

S c rape ?

a . r i _

c • •

z .z

, —

,

E E . . - . - . r i . , r . 1 . - r i ,

Y es

N N ( N i — ; ‘ i r , i r ,i r —

e r N i

— t r , r n —

o o a ) a ) a ) > . > , > , Z Z Z

,

C u t /Sc rape

S c rape ?

S c rape

SU M

C u t

C u t /Sc rape

S c rape ?

Y e s

S c rape ?

Y e s

c A g . ) > .

Y e s?

V D

F l in t

v )

F l in t

I )

12 74

E . i a . e l

IF l in t

iJ i > - > ' > -

N o

S c rape

Y e s

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

USE

S CARS

Y e s

MOT ION /

F LAKE

0 Z

a ) a .

1 2 .1 .2

0 r Y H r 3 v )

12 62

L 1' .

F l in t

F l in t

ER IAL

MAT -

S eve re d amage b y m echan ica l p o l i sh , b u t a l so p o l ish o ne dge , s ome m ic ro f l ak ing .

V e ry c oa r se g r a ined b r igh tf l in t , s ma l l a r ea s o fm echan ica lp o l i sh . F l ake s /s nap si n terp re ted a sp roduced b y u se .

E ven ly d i s tr ibu ted a r ea s o fs eve re m echan ica l p o l ish . N o m ac ro f l ak ing o u t s ide r e touched p a r t t oi n d ica te u se .

V e ry s ma l lf r agmen t w i th r e touch , i mpo s s ib le t oi n d ica te f unc t ion .

S eve re ly d amaged b y s o i l e ro s ion ,f l ake s c a r a r e u nce r ta in b u ti fu sed -s c rap ing a c t iv i ty .

S ome s o i l e ro s ion . E dge 1p robab ly u sed f o rs c rap ing ,w he rea se dge 2o n ly h a sr e touch c onnec ted t oc o r tex a nd n of l ake s c a r s o n t h e r e s to ft h e e dge .

S ome a r ea s o fs o i l e ro s ion a nd p os s ib ly o ne p o l ished e dge ( e dge 3 ) . F lake s c a r s p robab ly s o i l e r o s ion .

Sma l l a moun t s o fm echan ica l p o l i sh , u se p o l ish i d en t if ied o no ne e dge . F lake s c a r s , s nap s o nt h ee dge sp robab ly a s soc ia ted w i th s o i l movemen t . O ne s ho r t r e touched p a r t .

S ome m echan ica l p o l ish b u t r e touch /u se -wea ro n d i s ta l p a r t .

D amaged b y s o i l e ro s ion , r e touch o n t h ree e dges .

S eve re ly d amaged b y s o i l e r o s ion , f l ake s c a r s a r e r e touch o ru se -wea r .

COM MENTS

B 14773 LOC . 4 3 H IDLAREN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCHED /USED F LAKES AND BLADES

.

I

I

ARTEFACT B 14773 /

I

c c .

2

2

V

2

2

rn

r n N

, C )

V " ) Z, , N r n

2

2

2,

2,

2

2,

2

2

2,

, • 0

r n

In

00

©

• • ,

00

. , t

t r )

r- N . o c , fn ' , 1-

r r n

, J - v D — r , -, • ) ,r ) 7 1- ,1 - ,r

,c,

t r ,

v z .

r — .

C . ,

rn , — • c • • c -

2

• — •

N c o V " )

N

S LS I

2

r n

c J

‚ 7 1 -

F ragmen ted p o in t s w i thou t i mpa c td amage s

, — ,

C omp le te p o in ts w i thou t i mpac t d amage s

IU sed ,

U sed p o in t s ( impac td amage s )

,

U sed

e • •

M ic ro l i th w i th b roken b a se , n o v i s ib le i mpa c td amage s .

U sed

•

Med ia l /d i s ta l f r agm . w i th i mpa c t d amage s a tt i p -f l ake s ca r s .

,

C omp le te b u tf r o s t -sha t te red p o in t , n o i mpac td amage s .

,

Sma l l , c omp le te p o in t ,n o v i s ib le i mpac td amage .

Sma l l ,t h ick p o in t , n o i mpac td amage s .

2

S eve re i mpac td amaged ,f l ake s c a r s /h inged f r ac tu res e x tend ing f r om t i p .

2

C omp le te p o in tw i th f l ake s c a r s a tt i pb o th o nd o r sa l a nd v en t ra l s i de .

>. F-

F l ake s ca r a tt i p .

Sma l lf r agmen t , n o v i s ib le i mpac td amage s .

Sma l l b a se f r agmen t ,f l ake s c a r s o nv en t ra l a nd d o r sa l s i de -u se o rb roken d u r ing manuf ac tu re ?

,•

D is ta l f r agmen t ,n o i mpac td amage s .

F ragmen ted a nd f r o s t s ha t te red ,n o i mpac td amage s .

,

S eve re i mpac td amage s w i th f l ake s c a r s a tt i p .

Med ia l /d i s ta l f r agm . , n o i mpac t d amage .

,

C omp le te i regu la rp o in t w i th s t ra igh tr e touch a tt i p ?N o i mpac td amage s .

Sma l l f r agm . p o in tb roken i nt wo a nd f l ake s c a r s o n b roken e dge ; i mpac t d amage o ri n c iden ta l b r eakage ?

Z

T ip f r agmen t , n o v i s ib le i mpac td amage s .

S t range f r ac tu re o ne dge -n o te a sy t os e ei nw h ich d i rec t ion p o in ti sb roken ? ,S o i le ros ion p r esen t .

GARDEN -P RO JECT ILES

COM MENTS

I B -14773 LOC . 4 3 H IDLAREN , KOLLSNES ,« L I • V ) ' L I ' C c c

I

I

I

ICODE

; N i . — . N ? ' A — • — . —

— — — — • e , ir , ir i r i 2 . ,

,t -

— :

F l in t n odu le

Wa te r ro l led f l in t f l ake

NU MBER I

1 032

r . ) r , — N — • N e e - - N - N N t r -— — — N . 2 ,

B 14352 /

ARTEFACT

1 995b b y R .G race . )

H

,

1 0,

U sed

F l in t

Z,

U sed

9

S c rape S c rape

c : 7 c : r — —

—

F l in t

F l in t

1 2 .2 .1

1 2 .1

i 1 _ ,

F l in t

c u a ,

1 2 .2 .1

F l in t

B o re

Z

F l in t S c rape

L O

F l in t

y ,

F l in t

, l z

1 2 .1

Z '

F l in t

e

F l in t

F l in t

A dze

U SE

MOT ION /

F l in t

MATER IAL

B 14352 S ITE 3KNAPPSKOG , F JELL -F LAKE AXE ,P RO JECT ILES AND RETOUCHED F LAKES AND BLADES ( Ba sed o nf unc t iona le va lua t ion i n Nx roy

! r n 7 N

S tone a nv i l /h amme r s tone

R e touched b l ade

R e touched f l ake

T anged a r rowhead

A r rowhead ,f r agmen t

C o re a xe

O the rc o re

O ne -s ided c o re w i th t wo p l a t form s

O ne s i ded c o re w i th o ne p l a tform

F l ake

C o re f r agmen t

B lade < 8 mm

B lade 8 12 mm

B lade > 12 mm

MORPHOLOG ICAL TYPE

( Nx roy 1 995b ,p .6 4 ) .

B 14352 S ITE 3KNAPPSKOG ,F JELL , HORDALAND -L IST OF F INDS

v ) &

5

C u t /Sc rape

. I I,

C . . ) U

5 5

Z

r,i

. . z , x . 1 1 2 , x r n 2 , o c r , z N — . — , r n r n 3 c —

CODE

B lade > 12 mm

MORPHOLOG ICAL TYPE

( Nwroy 1 994 ,p . 11)

a . , . 7 1 , c 1 P : 1

D i p

F l ake > 40 mm

M

7 j •

r e ;

n. — , r

' ' ' .

r ' i .

Wa te r ro l led f l in tf l ake

F l in tn odu le

. .

R e touched b l ade 8 12 mm

R e touched f l ake < 10 mm

T anged a r rowhead , A -po in t

O the rc o re

n. —. r N i. —. ( 1. r n n K r ? K ' — : '. t

B ipo la rc o re

N

F lake < 10 mm

. N e, 4 r .

rs)

(N

>

B 14627 /

ARTEFACT

W a > .

r N i c v

= — , K r ) K n

_ 0 • —

i L

2 3 > , . 0

2

o . , CA rn . 7 1 - L n K r ,

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

S c rape

S c rape

USE

MOT ION /

r q —

F l in t

i )

!F l in t

a )

F l in t

( )

11 73

_

0

!F l in t

! F l in t

MATER IAL

P rox ima l /m ed ia lf r agmen t o fw i th n o v i s ib le t r ace s o fu se , s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , s o i l e ro s ion p re sen t .

P rox ima l f r agmen tw i th n o v i s ib le t r ace s o fu se .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen t w i th n o v i s ib le t r ace s o fu se .

Sma l l d i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th p o in ted r e touch , b u rn t .

S c rape ro n b l ade , s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , w e l l d eve loped s o i le ro s ion .

S c rape ro nb l ade , s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , w e l l d eve loped s o i le ro s ion .

COM MENTS

I B -146 17 S ITE 1KOLLSNESDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCHED /USED F LAKES AND BLADES ,P RO JECT ILES

.

E E r q

F lake 1 0 -40 mm

NU MBER 1

B -146 13 S ITE 1KOLLSNESDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -L IST OF F INDS

, ,

e

Z c i ) : 1 0

Z U

a ) a ) a ) a )

fn

N r ' ' " r i r i r e i c r i r ‘ i r ,i r \ i • • • •

N DC

MORPHOLOG ICAL TYPE

u . c

0...( . •( -r i' , -t r i, -i-

7

F lake o fg round r o ck

F lake > 40 mm

i n N 00

r •," .

N

CA

--

, ——— —— — 7 778 I

, . c;, , . ;, .

CV

r c r • '— N i i( N i ' . ' . 1 , 7 . ——, N i, N ir , , ir CV r • I C V CV c r ; 7 1 ' ' 4 4

c n

7 .3

x X C • 1 CV

, .

7 1. t r )

,r 1

e n

Z CV eV

X N

( N I

c c )

. N cc ) ,—

e

S ing le -edged a r rowhead

C c c )

H amme r s tone f o rk napp ing

Wa te r ro l led f l in tf l ake

F l in t n odu le

H aze lnu t ts he l l ,b u rn tf r agmen t

P um ice w i th a b rad ing t r aces

G r ind ing s t one ,u ppe rg r inde r

00

T anged a r rowhead , A -po in t

,c i

r --

P re fo rm a nd f r agmen to fa r rowhead

c, -

O the rf ou r s ided a xe

• I rn , c cA. . . . N N

,

C h ise l so fV e s t land /Ve spe s tad t ype

( " 1

in

V e s t land /Ve spe s tad a dze

CV

en

F l ake a xe

F l ake b ur in

c • I

G r ind ing s t one , f r agmen t

r ‘ l

O the rc o re

R e touched b l ade < 8 mm

,r )

3 3 I

R e touched b l ade 8 12 mm

R e touched b l ade > 12 mm

R e touched f l ake 1 0 -40 mm

R e touched f l ake > 40 mm

M ic ro b u r in

S l a te p o in t , f l aked p r efo rm

S l a te p o in t ,g round p r efo rm

S l a te p o in t ,p i ano -convex s e c t ion

S l a te p o in t ,p o in ted -ova l s e c t ion

,

B ipo la rc o re

—.

O the rc o re s w i th t wo p l a tform s

N

C r,

O ne s ided c o re w i th t wo p l a t fo rms

F l ake b o re r S l a te p o in t ,f r agmen t

: . _ :

C y l ind r ica l c o re

— i n v z r -

—,

O the rc o re w i th o ne p l a t fo rm

n C. -- c

—,

O ne s ided c o re w i th o ne p l a t fo rm

—, c c, —,

F l ake < 10 mm

v z r n — —

2 22 I

_ ,r )

F l ake 1 0 -40 mm

C o re f r agmen t

( 1

C res ted b l ade

C

B lade < 8 mm

0 0

B lade 8 12 mm

( 2

B lade > 12 mm

f i l > rl

o s

B -146 17 S ITE 5REVARV IKA ,KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -L IST OF F INDS ( Nxroy 1 994 , p .6 0 ) .

— = —.

N —

c i r i i n i n i n r - o

—,

e

2

c , z . Z

—

( T

MATER IAL

0 a .

x U

Ce

W

a .

> .

U SE

MOT ION /

CO M MENTS

N

—

N .. . . .. .

— —

—, CV CV N N —. ( V Cl N CV N N N ry CV C V CV N N N N N CV CV N CV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 1 —, , — , —, ty —, , — . —, , —, —, —, ,--1 ,- . , —I • —I , —I m —I 9 -1 . —I * e •—« I 9 1 , — I r ‘ i —, —,

r

r ‘ i

N

CV

N

N

N

• — •

• 1

.—..

,-1

• • 1

1 .

CV

0,

, 0

C . 71 r e l

7 t-

, t -

.

i

=

N

C

—,

,

1

^

( ) L .I

c r , e n 0

, 1

CV

-

r -

N

N

N

N

N

, — I

, • 1

• •• 1

, — ,

, — I

• — •

N

N

CV

rj

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

C V

N

N

c -V

N

N

ej

, — I

1 1

1 1

CV

N

N

. — .

, — I

, — I

, — I

,-4

/ -4

e .. ..

N

N

CV

. -I

•— I

, ,

I

e l . )

e l )

1 )

1 . )

a >

I )

a >

a . )

a )

a ,

a . ,

e l . )

a . )

1 . )

a . )

I )

I )

a )

1 . )

a >

1 . ,

e l . )

a . )

a . )

e u

I )

I >

> ,

›.

> ,

>.

›.

> ,

> ,

> ,

› ,

>.

›.

›.

>.

›.

>"

> ,

› .

>.

> ‚

> .

> .

› ,

> " "

› -

> .

›.

> .

2. 2 : 2:: .

. 2

F l in t

R hyo l i te

F l in t

F l in t

! F l in t

% -%

! F l in t

! F l in t

2 •—

2 •—

2 •—

2 -—

F l in t

F l in t

R hyo l i te

F l in t

H in t

F l in t

2 -—

, C —

.3 >, .=

. — I

• — I

, — I

, — I

,-I

• • •. I

. . .

, 1

, — I

• — I

• — I

•-,

. - 1

, . .. 1

^.

X

0, C

rn X

VZ =

Z —,

0

C

C r,

,

N ,

C r e ,

' ,CD

C r,

V D

2

f.. )

' . 0

.. ,

2, e —,

, N 7 1-

en co r • •

, r ,

0 0

,.

, . 0

X —,

( ,

e n

0 a a a

z

',

en , .

,3

C;

7 I- V Z ,0

ir

,

!S c rape C )

I r -( N 1 e ,. 0 v " ) 7 t- v-1 v-1 i r -X

N N N N N

2 2 .

S c rape

S c rape

e z

o 0 0 0 a > 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z Z Z Z> -, Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z > -, Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

1 )

I )

a )

I . J

e l . )

a . )

e i J

›.

>.

>"

›-

> ,

> .

> ,

% .r . :

r • • r e , v-) r • rn rn

S c rape ro n s ma l l f l ake , s ha rp r e touch o n d o r sa l , d i s ta l f a ce ,w e l ld eve loped s o i l e r o s ion p re sen t .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i l e ro s ion p re sen t .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp t r an sve r se , d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape r w i th s ha rp r e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i l e ro s ion p resen t .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta lr e touch /u se -wea r , s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t , t h in f l ake .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i l e ro s ion p r esen t .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r ,r e use o fp a t ina ted f l ake , s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta lr e touch /u se -wea r , s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

F ragmen ted s c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , s ma l l s po t s o fp o l ish o n d o r sa lf a ce .

P a t ina ted f l ake r e used a ss c rape r , s harp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , w e l ld eve loped s o i le ro s ion .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l , r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i l e ro s ion p re sen t .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l , r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i l e ro s ion p re sen t .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l , r e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l ,r e touch /u se -wea r .

Sma l l s c rape r w i th s ha rp d i s ta l ,r e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape rw i th d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , w eak s o i l e ro s ion p resen t .

S c rape rw i th s ha rp , d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape ro n f l ake -d i s ta l a nd l a te ra l r e touch ,p o ss ib le p o l i sh o nd i s ta l , v en t ra l e dge , s o i l e r os ion p re sen t .

S c rape ro nf l ake -d i s ta lr e touch /u se -wea r , w e l l d eve loped s o i le ro s ion .

S c rape r w i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , b u rn t .

S c rape rw i th s harp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , l a te ra l f l ak ing , s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

S c rape ro n s ma l l f l ake , s ha rp r e touch o n d o r sa l , d i s ta l f a ce . S c rape ro n s ma l l f l ake -d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r ,e dge h eav i ly r ounded . Sma l l s c rape r w i th s ha rp d i s ta l , r e touch /u se -wea r . F ragmen ted s c rap e rw i th s ha rp d i s ta l ,r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t . S c rape rw i th s ha rp r e touch /u se -wea r , r e u se o fp a t ina ted f l ake . L a rge c o r e l ike f l ake w i th r e touch c on t inuo s a r ound e dge s , p r efo rm f o rs c rape r?

S c rape S c rape S c rape S c rape S c rape P refo rm

I S CRAPER TYPE B -F LAKES W ITH SHARP ,C IRCULAR RETOUCH /U SE - WEAR

,

a )

F l in t

2 c . ) C l )

S c rape

a )

R hyo l i te

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

a . )

F l in t

1 . )

S c rape

; 2 -7 2 2 '

F l in t

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

— e u

F l in t

C ' )

2

F l in t

C l ) , L >

F l in t

r g 7

F l in t

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

I S c rape

S c rape

( )

IF l in t

7 :-

I2 204B

.

S c rape

" c : z 2 , '

I2 204A

I )

>^

F l in t

a )

I 7 42

,

I 2 72

S c rape

S CRAPER TYPE A -F LAKE / BLADE WITH SHARP D ISTAL RETOUCH /U SE - WEAR

B 146 17 /

ARTEFACT

I B 146 17 S ITE 5REVARV IKA , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCHED /USED F LAKES AND BLADES

= c / D c s N

0

0

0

0

0

0

Z Z Z Z Z Z

N

m 0,

0

1

MATER IAL

= U

L r .

0

L . 1 . 1

0 .

>.

E —

U SE

MOT ION /

.

NN

, .

r 1 - ,, rN 7 e , ,. c C e n

.

,

C I

R hyo l i te

R hyo l i te

. Z -

e n

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

R hyo l i te

R hyo l i te

R hyo l i te

R hyo l i te

, ,

,

. -

, .

, .

, ,

N

N

r • I

r, i

r• I

r,i

C,i

C• i

C,i

( N i ( N i ( N i ( N i ( N i ( N i ( N I ( N i ( N i ( N i r ‘ i ( N i ( N i ( N i r ‘ i ( N i r ,i ( N i ( N i e N i

C D,

C

v . ) - a r - C -

7 1- D C

1172

i f )

D o a -

11 237

C V , ,

( ^ 1 ,

0 • -

= 0 > , . 0

t ' ,1 f ' V , , ,

,

N

V D

, .

. 7 1-

0,

N

i f )

0,

r n

r n

r n

L I D

L I D

C C

7 ,

L . . 1 , o . 0 ( - a ( N ) v ,

-

, C ,

v ,

N

IR hyo l i te

3 > „ . 0

2 0 > ,

f ' ,1 C A , , ,

• •

( N I

r Y )

• 3 > , . 0

• 3 > , . 0

.

. -. . -. . -. 4

1 . 0 -

'X « '


, e . — 5 . .

R hyo l i te

0

Z

13 393

0

Z

I S c rape I S c rape

0

13 706

. L . ,a :

o

I

2 2 -

R hyo l i te

> .

12 527

0

c i p

S c rape

Z

a )

12 420

t : . • E '

F l in t

I S c rape

. c u

i .

D is ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th d i s ta lr e touch /u se -wea r .

Med ia l /d i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th s harp r e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape r w i th s harp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r .

L a rge f l ake w i th l a te ra lr e touch /u se -wea r .

S c rape r o n f l ake w i th s harp r e touch /u se -wea r .

L a rge med ia l f l ake f r agmen tw i th s ha rp p rox ima l r e touch /u se -wea r .

F lake w i th s ha rp l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i l e ros ion p re sen t .

F lake f r agmen t w i th s ha rp r e touch /u se -wea r .

Med ia l f l ake f r agmen tw i th d i s ta l s harp , w eak r e touch /u se -wea r .

F lake w i th s ha rp l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r , b u rn t .

F ragmen ted s c rape rw i th s harp , d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , w e l l d eve loped s o i l e ro s ion .

S c rape rw i th c o r tex , s harp , l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i l e ros ion p resen t .

I S CRAPER TYPE D -F LAKES WITH SHARP , CONCAVE RETOUCH /USE - WEAR

MATER IAL

7 1

B 14617 /

1

ARTEFACT

I B -14617 S ITE 5REVARV IKA , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCHED /USED F LAKES AND BLADES

= V )

o c

• 1 -

e u

V) 7 U 2 V)

0

N. N. N. N.

. -

-

• -I

i n

C

P Z 0

MATER IAL

— 1 0 z .

X U

E •2

12

0

LU

a ,

H

U SE

MOT ION /

11 700

v z

C C

• ,

3 ,

CC

N

N

, .

c e

N

N

, • rN

, r ) 01

N

D o

N

, -

e , i

7 1- I 00 N

, fn

,

< z oc

^ N fn

. . . .

. i . ' i

V

N

N

N

N

2 3 =

CC 7 ten

4 )

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape

S c rape C I D

4 . )

.

N

U

.

0 >, .0 2

.

N

U

C A

< 1 . >

.

N

.

• .

< z sz zo w )

C

, .

0,

r r i

fn

fn

r n

.

S c rape

P rox ima l f l ake f r agmen t w i th s ha rp l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r ,e dge r ounded .

F l ake w i th p rox ima l r e touch /u se -wea r , u se -wea rp o l ish p re sen t .

F l ake w i th d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r .

P rox ima l p a r t o ff l ake w i th s ha rp l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea ro nt wo e dge s , s o i le ro s ion .

Sma l l f l ake w i th d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r .

D i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th l a te ra l , d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r .

F lake w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r a nd d i s ta l a nd p rox ima lr e touch , r ounded e dge .

Sma l l f l ake w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r , w e l l d eve loped s o i l e r o s ion .

Sma l l e dge f r agmen tw i th s ha rp r e touch /u se -wea r .

L a rge , t h ick f l ake w i th s ma l l f l ake s c a r s ( f ea the r / s tepped t e rm ina t ion s ) a te dge ,r e touch o n s e ve ra l e dges .

F lake w i th d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , l a te ra l r e touch , s o i l e ro s ion p r esen t .

Med ia l f r agmen to fb l ade w i th r e touch /u se -wea ro n t h e l e f t ,p rox ima l e nd ,s o i l e r o s ion p r e sen t .

F l ake w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r ,t wo e dge s .

F l ake w i th p rox ima l r e touch /u se -wea r .

L a rge f r agmen ted f l ake w i th p rox ima l ?r e touch /u se -wea r , s l igh tr ound ing o fe dge ,s o i le ro s ion p r esen t .

Sma l l f l ake w i th r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t .

Sma l l f l ake w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r .

P rox ima l f l ake f r agmen tw i th s ha rp l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r .

L a rge f l ake w i th d i s ta l , c oncave r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i l e ro s ion p re sen t .

Sma l l , t h in f l ake w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r .

D i s ta l f l ake f r agmen tw i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r .

B lade w i th 0 . 8 c m w ide n o tch o n r i gh te dge , r ound ing p re sen t i nn o tch .

1

S c rape

—

Med ia l f l ake f r agmen t w i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r ,r e u sed p a t ina ted , b urn tf l in tf l ake ,s o i l e ro s ion p r esen t .

F lake w i th s ha rp d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , e dge h eav i ly r ounded , w e l l d eve loped s o i le ro s ion p re sen t .

P a t ina ted , s l igh t ly w a te r ro l led? f l ake w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r , w e l l d eve lop ed s o i le ros ion .

S c rape

c u

R hyo l i te

C A

c n

R hyo l i te

U

Q ua r tz

U

R hyo l i te

U

F l in t

C D

R hyo l i te

U

F l in t

C I ,

u

13 922

N

I )

u

13 787

N

C A

13 493B

N

V : U

13 493A

•^

U

R hyo l i te

U

F l in t

z z ( I )

F l in t

U

R hyo l i te

U

F l in t

F l in t

^.

z z U

12 854

N

U nknown

. . . .

U

( / )

12 798

>,

U

F l in t

U

12 640

N

U

12 530

U

F l in t

z z z

12 4 12

N

F l in t

U

12 077

rq

F l in t

U

R hyo l i te

F l in t

I F LAKES /BLADES W ITH RETOUCH /U SE - WEAR U SED AS S CRAPERS

B 14617 /

ARTEFACT

B -146 17 S ITE 5REVARV IKA , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCHED /USED F LAKES AND BLADES

T U

c o o o o o c o c o o c ) r S o o c o o o o z o c u Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z > -, Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z > .

U

N i c ,i

c . i :

N

1

1

H

MATER IAL]

I BORE -F LAKE U SED FOR BOR ING

U J

B 14617 /

ARTEFACT

W o

2 E .

o

1 . 5 -

c

. =

N N

r n

>

> . > . > . > , > . Z

F l in t

F l in t

. Z Z >

R hyo l i te

0 00

. , 0 0 a

— — —

c v

C V

N

r ',1 rl . • . -

N .

" _ _ ,

X

N

' X k r )

, r )

d r — .

I KN IFES -F LAKES /BLADES U SED FOR CUTT ING

f ` J

17 22

Z c / D : 1 0

R hyo l i te

I I NC IS ION -F LAKES USED FOR I NC IS ION

c v

r ,i

N

N

N

N

13 494

dr n

e ‘ i c ‘ i — r q

13 713

i

N i n

X

f L )

N

, u a ) 1 . ) > . › -

'

N

k r ,

r n

R hyo l i te

c I L

R hyo l i te N a r row d i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th l a te ra l u se -wea r ?

5 5 c . )u

, 1 . 1

B lade w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea r ?o n l e f t e dge .

B lade w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea r ?o n l e f t e dge .

C u t ?

[ Cu t

U

R ock c r y s ta l

B lade w i th d i s ta l t r an sve r se r e touch f o rh and l ing ,f l ake s o n l e f te dge ,p o l ish /s o i le ro s ion p re sen t ,b u rn t . P rox ima l /m ed ia l b l ade f r agmen tw i th f l ake /s nap s a l ong b o th e dge s ,p o l ish p re sen to nb o th e dge s , s o i le r os ion p r esen t .

1

Med ia l /d i s ta l f r agmen to fb l ade w i th d i s ta l r e touch a nd f l ake s c a r se x tend ing o n to v en t ra l /d o r sa l s u r f ace f r om l e f te dge , w eak e dge

IC u t

F lake w i th p o in ted r e touch /u se -wea r , w e l l d eve loped s o i l e r o s ion .

U r ound ing .

1 1

P o in ted f l ake w i th f l ake s c a r s a tt i p -u se -wea r , h a f t ing t r ace s a tp rox ima l e nd .

P o in ted m ed ia l f l ake f r agmen t w i th f l ake s ca r s a nd r ound ing a tt i p -u se -wea r , s o i le r os ion p resen t .

c— —

12 628

U SE

MOT ION /

I B 146 17 S ITE 5REVARV IKA , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCHED /USED F LAKES AND BLADES

, — . C j P a

00 Z Z

0

r--

r n

B 14617 /

ARTEFACT

D C N e n

e r , e n r n

- v z r n r - — . r c 0 r - r - r - 3 e , r , v z s z h

. . e l T, . r . " ) — h -

e n , — ,

D C , .

N o c -

e — 0 , I

I2 525

I2 436

I2 428

I

N N N N N N , — N , , , C A ^ . • — • e n N N , N C N I N N N N N CA N N —, N N N N . 4 . , r . t • • . . r . . . . • t • • , • 4 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — i i N i N i r ‘ i N i N i n i r ‘ i r ‘ i N i N i n i N i N i r ‘ i N i N i N i N i N i N ,i N i n i N i N i N i N i N i N i n n i n i N i N i N i N i N i N i r i r

• •

. . .

Z s d : )

C e N

V J D O N

0, D C N

. , . . 0 , N

" 2

V D 2, N

N

D C • — • r n

e —

D C e n e n

E e .

r - e

Z N e n e n

V Z r t e n

e

S c rape ?

U

R hyo l i te

S c rape ? U

R hyo l i te

R hyo l i te

S c rape ? r i )

,, 2 ,2 .

13 722

E ' E. ' 2 " • ' E— —

S c rap e ?

S c rape ?

S c rape ?

U

I3 578

U

R hyo l i te

u

I3 275

S c rape ? e ) c n e l L

F l in t

F l in t

S c rap e ?

S c rape ?

S c rape ?

S c rap e ?

S c rape ?

S c rape ?

u

I2 863A

I

S c rape ?

S c rap e ?

S c rape ?

S c rape ?

S c rape ?

S c rape

S c rap e ?

S c rape ?

S c rape ?

S c rape ?

S c rape ?

S c rape ?

S c rape ?

c A

I2 710

N

F l in t

F l in t

R hyo l i te

F l in t

F l in t

F l in t

5

I2 425

F l in t

S c rap e ?

S c rape ?

o Z

u

I2 413B

R hyo l i te

R hyo l i te

S c rap e ?

U SE

MOT ION /

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o o o 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

c A

2 405

I2 325

I2 265

R hyo l i te

F l in t

R hyo l i te

F l in t

R hyo l i te

F l in t

R hyo l i te

IF l in t

NNNNN—N 1 . L . 1 — — — — , — — — t s ,

I2 237

Z

I1 293

• E '

My lon i te

,

I1 236

> . [ ,

v p

u

F l in t

M c n ( / ‚ ) c i p

c n

R hyo l i te

= U Z

R hyo l i te

0 z , .

R hyo l i te

F l in t

MATER IAL

F lake w i th p rox ima l r e touch /u se -wea r? ,s o i l e r o s ion p r esen t .

P rox ima l f l ake f r agmen t w i th « no tch» , r e touch /u se -wea r ? ,s l igh t ly w a te r ro l led ?

F lake f r agmen t w i th s ha rp r e touch /u se -wea r?

F lake ( e dge? ) f r agmen tw i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea r?

H eav i ly w o rn f l ake w i th d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r7 ,s o i l e r o s ion p r e sen t .

F lake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r ?

Sma l l ,t h in f l ake w i th d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r .

F ragmen ted e dge ( o rp l a tfo rm? ) r e juvena t ion f l ake w i th r ounded e dge ,s o i le ro s ion .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l b l ade f r agmen t w i th w avy r e touch /u se -wea r ?o nl e f t ,d i s ta l s i de , s o i l e r o s ion p r e sen t .

F lake w i th d i s ta l r e touched /u se -wea r « no tch» , s o i l e r o s ion p r e sen t ,c or tex s u r face .

M ic rob lade w i th s ma l l n o tch o nr i gh tp rox ima le nd ,0 . 6 c mw ide .

I T lake w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r ?,s o i l e r o s ion p r e sen t .

L a rge f l ake w i th l e f t l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r? ,s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

L a rge f l ake w i th d i s ta l a nd l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r 7 ,s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t .

P rox ima l f l ake f r agmen t w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r .

L a rge f l ake w i th d i s ta l , w avy r e touch /u se -wea r?

L a rge f l ake w i th d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r ?,s o i le ro s ion p r esen t .

D i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touched /u se -wea re dge ?

F l ake w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r ?

L a rge f l ake w i th d i s ta l t r an sve r se r e touch /u se -wea r? ,s o i l e r o s ion p re sen t ,p l a t fo rm r e juvena t ion f l ake ?

D i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th s ma l l r e touched /u se -wea re dge ?

D i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th s ma l l r e touched /u se -wea re dge ?

N a r row , p rox ima l f l ake f r agmen tw i th l a te ra lr e touch /u se -wea r .

P rox ima l f l ake f r agmen t w i th s ha rp l a te ra lr e touch /u se -wea r? ,s o i le ro s ion p r esen t .

P rox ima l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r ?o n b o th e dge s .

Sma l l , i regu la rf l ake f r agmen tw i th r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i le r os ion p r e sen t .

I r regu la rf l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r .

F ro s t s ha t te red f l ake w i th r e touch /u se -wea r ? ,s o i l e r o s ion p r esen t .

F lake w i th d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r a s a« no tch» 0 . 8 c m w ide ,w e l ld eve loped s o i le r o s ion p r esen t .

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th s ha rp r e touch /u se -wea r , s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t .

Sma l l f l ake w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r .

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r ? ,s o i l e r os ion p r e sen t .

L a rge m ed ia l /d i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th w eak d i s ta l r e touch /u s e -wea r?

F ragmen ted f l ake d i s ta l p a r t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r7 ,w e l ld eve loped s o i le ro s ion .

F lake w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea r a l ong d i s ta l e dge .

D i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r ? ,s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t .

F lake w i th w eak l a te ra l ( d i s ta l ) u se -wea r ?

F ragmen ted f l ake w i th r e touch /u se -wea r ?o n o ne e dge .

IB -146 17 S ITE 5REVARV 1KA , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCH ED /USED F LAKES AND BLADES

o c r n

, 2 .

C

U

,

r q

1

1

1

1

1

ARTEFACT B 14 .6 17 /

I

1

I r regu la rf l ake w i th w e l l d eve loped s o i l e ro s ion a nd r ounded e dge s ,r e touch /u se -wea r? Sma l l f l ake f r agmen tw i th i regu la rr e touch /u se -wea r ? F ragmen ted f l ake w i th s ome r e touch /u se -wea r? B u rn t , f r o s t s ha t te red f l ake f r agmen t w i th s ome r e touch /u se -wea r? P rox ima l f l ake f r agmen t w i th l a te ra l r e touch / u se -wea r ? Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r ? Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r ? D is ta l f l ake f r agmen tw i th i regu la r ly d i s t r ibu ted l a te ra l f l ake s c a r s , s o i l e r o s ion p r e sen t .

U sed ? U sed ? U sed ? U sed ? U sed ? U sed ? U sed ?

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

t

t

t

t

t

t

• ' 3

7 5 > ,

2

r n ,

( 5

: 2

2

R hyo l i te

> ,

. .

r n

D C

v J . . , 0,

r n

r -

0 , N o c

IF l in t

. E . E Z . ,

N N N N N N f ,

0, ,. o

D C

N • — . z c

2 .

. 2 . 2 . _ ( 5 ,• E ' >, . . E E ' 2 .2 - >

r . n

r n

N I

r n

V D • — • N N I

0, , f 0 r n N

N

N

D C

r n N . . ,

F l in t

N

N

N

r n

I 2 770

R hyo l i te

r -

N

12 739

2 . ( 5 >, " c

N

0,

0,

o c N I

D C N I

IF l in t _

N

N

N I

N

N I

12 974E

13 0 17

C " . _

N

r n

o c

s . 0

7 " ; ": 1

7 1 " r n

R hyo l i te

0

0

0

t

( r I / 3

a l t ü t t t t ' l t t t t t c a ' 3t a l F l ake w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea r ? ,s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t . F lake w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea r7 ,w e l ld eve loped s o i l e r o s ion p re sen t . P rox ima l p a r t f o rf l ake w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r? ,s o i le ro s ion p r e sen t . F lake f r agmen t w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea r? ,s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t . F lake f r agmen t w i th w eak r e touch /u se -wea r? ,s o i l e ro s ion p re sen t .

Sma l l m ic ro -b lade f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r ?/s o i le r o s ion o nb o th e dge s .

U sed ? U sed ? U sed ? U sed ? U sed ? U sed ?

0

0

0

0

0

0

c - c - c - , c -

r i

N I

N

N

N

, . 0

N I

N I

I . n r n

O C r n

C C r n

N

c - ,

C . •

o c o c o c

' E ' 2 E . . 2 . -. . - . - . -

N

U r n N Z . , v z . , o,

N

C • •

C .

N

r n

r n

- N

O C N

C D r n

" 1 " r n

U sed ?

F l ake w i th w eak l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r?

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r?

F l ake w i th w eak l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r ?

U sed ?

0

?

Sma l l f r agmen tw i th r e touch /u se -wea r?

U sed ?

0 IU sed

B u rn t s ma l l f l ake f r agmen tw i th r e touch /u se -wea r ?

U sed ?

0

IR hyo l i te

U sed ?

0

F l in t

U sed ?

0

F l in t

F l ake w i th w eak d i s ta l , l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r ?

U sed ?

0

F l in t

Med ia l f l ake f r agmen t w i th l a te ra l , w eak r e touch /u se -wea r? D i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r ?

U sed ?

0

12 863B

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch ? T h ree s ma l l , i regu la rf l ake s w i th r e touch /u se -wea r?

U sed ?

0

13 925

Sma l l f l ake w i th r e touch ? F lake w i th r i gh tl a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r? ,w e l l d eve loped s o i l e ro s ion .

U sed ?

0

0

F l in t

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r?

U sed ?

0

9

13 572

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch ?

U sed ?

0

D is ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th l a te ra l « no tch» -r e touch /u s e -wea r?

P a t ina ted p rox ima l f l ake f r agmen t w i th l a te ra l r e touch ? ,e x t reme ly w e l l d eve loped s o i l e ro s ion .

U sed ?

0 r 7 2

IF l in t

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch ?

U sed ?

0

c -

I 3 095

R hyo l i te

,

12 974A -C

( 1 r -

. . - C . c . c . _ _ _

I 2 920

D is ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th s ma l l r e touched /u se -wea re dge 7

U sed ?

0

c -

F l in t

D i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th s ma l l r e touched /u se -wea re dge ?

U sed ? U sed ?

0

1 ' ' . ;

F l in t

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen tw i th r e touch /u se -wea r? D is ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th s ma l l r e touched /u se -wea re dge ?

U sed ?

• c - c - , c - c

U sed ?

1

12 593

t

12 536

t

0

1 24 13A

t

0

12 376

MOT ION / U SE

0

c -

12 137

W

U sed ?

JC )

P rox ima l f l ake f r agmen t w i th w eak l a te ra lr e touch /u se -wea r?

= , C ) _ )

U sed ?

Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

U sed ?

I

Z r r r r -

R hyo l i te

MATER IAL

I B -146 17 S ITE 5REVARV IKA , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCHED /USED F LAKES AND BLADES ( c on t inued )

u l : 1 C D

1

—

0

0

C . .

N .

-

N

,• 0

C . , ,

r n

1 B146 17 /

E -, 0,

e V D D C

4 D v D D C

r q

r A

13 46

I

Z,

C,

0,

0,

0,

0,

0,

C r,

r n . C — .

r 7 r r n . ,

v n V Z r ,

r n s , o c ,

Z,

= ,

D C e , N

Z,

u n D C v n N

13 488b

0,

0,

0,

r n r n u n rn

V-Z

C r

- v D . . . . 7 1- D C N c. , 1

C D D C 0 0 N

r D C 0, N

C '

r n r n rn

C '

C '

e C D o c ‚ C

v D r q , 4 D -,

J D C . r q C . ( " 4

Q R

D C r n N

r n . , .

C D V D V D , o c .

5 :

O R

o c C D 7 h

Y e s

Y e s

C r , C D e

Y e s

Y e s

Y es

R hyo l i te

R hyo l i te

R hyo l i te

- - - - -

Z '

V D , t 7 1- I n ‚ C

,C,

C '

C R

0 ;

0.

0 , L i n

D C v D ‚ C

. , o c ‚ C

r q r , , , i " : r -

C

. . . . , i a :

j , v n o c

Y e s

, . : c u

R hyo l i te

I

Y es

I

I

C omp le te p o in tw i th o ne e dge s l igh t ly b roken b y r e touch . C omp le te p o in tw i th n o t r ace s o fu se . Sma l l p rox ima l /m ed ia l p a r t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

U sed ? U sed ? U sed ? U sed ?

B a se /m ed ia lf r agmen t , s po t s o fs o i l e r o s ion .

U sed ?

3 e )

U sed ?

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , s o i l e ro s ion p r esen t .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

C omp le te p o in tw i th s ma l l p i ece o ft i p m i s s ing , l e f t b a sa l r e touch n o tm ade ,r e touch o ru s e -wea r ' ? o n b o th e dges .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se a nd s ome r e touch o nb o th e dge sc l o se t ot i p .

U sed ?

U sed ?

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r aces o fu se , b a se s l igh t ly f r agmen ted .

U sed ?

C omp le te p o in tw i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen t . C omp le te p o in tw i th n o t r aces o fu se .

U sed ?

Sma l l c omp le te p o in t , s ma l l p i ece o ft i p m iss ing .

C omp le te , b u t b u rn t a nd s ha t te red p o in t .

B roken a r rowhead w i th n o t r aces o fw ea r .

Sma l l b a se f r agmen t , b u rn t .

C omp le te p o in tw i th f l ake s ca r se x tend ing o n to v en t ra l /d o r sa l s u r f ace s .

C omp le te p o in t w i th f l ake s c a r se x tend ing o n to d o r sa l s u rf ace f r om t i p .

C omp le te p o in tw i th f l ake s c a r s e x tend ing o n to v en t ra l s u r f ace f r om t i p .

C omp le te p o in t w i th f l ake s c a r se x tend ing o n to d o r sa l s u rf ace f r om t i p .

C omp le te p o in t w i th s ma l l f l ake s ca r se x tend ing f r om t i po n to v en t ra l s ur f ace ,s ome f l ake s c a r s a l ong dges . _e

Sma l l p rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen t w i th f l ake s c a r s e x tend ing o n to v en t ra l s u r f ace a nd b u r in l i ke r emova l o n r i gh te dge f r om t i p .

C omp le te s i ng le -edged p o in t , n o t r ace s o fu se .

C omp le te s i ng le -edged p o in t , n o t r ace s o fu se .

Med ia l /d i s ta l f r agmen t , n ot r ace so fu se .

D i s ta l f r agmen t , n o t r ace s o fu se .

C omp le te , i r regu la rs i ng le -edge p o in t , n ot r ace s o fu se .

Sma l l b a se f r agmen t .

B a se f r agmen t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , b u rn t .

Sma l l b a se f r agmen t .

Sma l l b a se f r agmen t .

Sma l l p rox ima l p a r t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

B a se f r agmen t , s l igh t ly p a t ina ted .

Sma l l b a se f r agmen t .

Sma l l b a se f r agmen t .

Sma l l b a se f r agmen t .

Sma l l b a se f r agmen t .

Sma l l f r agmen t .

Sma l l b a se f r agmen t .

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed

U sed

U sed

U sed

U sed

I

,

R hyo l i te

.

R hyo l i te

Y e s

R hyo l i te

Z

9

Y es

Y e s

Y e s

c r 2

R hyo l i te

. —

.

R hyo l i te

.

Y e s

Z

R hyo l i te

Y e s

R hyo l i te

Y e s

Q ua r tz i te

Y e s

Y e s

R hyo l i te

,

F l in t

Y e s

> ,

Y e s

C.

R hyo l i te

Z Z

,R hyo l i te

Y e s

U sed

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

c --

17 24

7 5 5 :

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

P reform

a )

R hyo l i te

F l in t

F l in t

F l in t

Y e s

Y es

MOT ION P refo rm

— .

12 78

t 4 > .

F l in t

Y e s

Y e s

Y es

Y es

a . , Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

j c

16 24

7 5 j

R hyo l i te

F l in t

F l in t

R hyo l i te

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

, 4 , 1 ,C 0 0 . .... , : ,0 0 c , 0 0c

12 995

5 — .. .

= 0 > ,1 5 5 :

12 471

1 g

11 973

2 ,

Y e s

Y e s

Y es

.

F l in t

RETOU d f l

Y e s

J 2J 2 ( ,

R hyo l i te

F l in t

R hyo l i te

F l in t

F l in t

MATER IAL

B -146 17 S ITE 5REVARV IKA , KOLLSNES , QYGARDEN -P RO JECT ILES

g

.

Z

,

C R

7 1- , C D . . " . "

1

1

1

— — e v — —

e . , ,. 1 D C D C e n 7 1 -

2 , , 7 1 - l t " ) , . c s z

o c r - ( N 1 r - — r v c x c

V " ) 2 , 2,

Y e s

R hyo l i te

Y es

3 > , . c 2

0 , c i C N

: . 3 © c v C N

U nknown

2

• E '

5 — 7 ,

• — c

C

N

Y e s

Y es

Y es

R hyo l i te

R hyo l i te

3 > , . = 2

' ,1 -e ' l c A — i n c i . , N N

D C e e n , e n

R hyo l i te

R hyo l i te

2

O C . . , 7 1 ' ,e e n r n

3 > , . = 2

2

w

> 4 e n r n r n e n r n e n e n , e n e n r n r n e n r n r • ; r n r n r n e n e n r n r n e n r n e r 1 e ; r n r n e n r n r n r n

M

r • 1

r n r n r n r n r n r n

i n , o r n

3 , E 2

R hyo l i te

R hyo l i te

, : . , . ,

13 665b

. 2

— 7 . ; — Z

13 665a

Y es

L Y e s

Y es

3 3 . c , . = 2 2

2 2

R hyo l i te

, , . .

Y e s

o Z

Y es

MOT ION U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

[ . J sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

L Used ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

=

o Z

2 , — r e , r e , o C . c c D . , e n r n e n r n

SU M

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

9

R hyo l i te

A

j

i

h

13 605

I Y e s

Y e s

Y es

U nknown

Y e s

R hyo l i te

R hyo l i te

Y e s

Y e s

F l in t

R hyo l i te

Y e s

Y es

U nknown

2

13 593

Y es

R hyo l i te

3 . 4 . • X

o Z

13 370

Y es

3 > , , . z 2

12 379

Y es

2

C — E

,

12 317

Y e s

o > , . = 2

o Z

12 293

2

o Z

12 133

Y e s _

Y es

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

Y es

c > , , . = 2

Y es

I ' . 2 2

2 025

I

c > , . o 2

, . •

R hyo l i te

-

RETOUCH

r7 "7 . 7-

v ) J 0 Z .

11 996 /3149

o > , . = 2

9

11 943

o > , , . c X h

11 652

C > , , . c 2

I -R hy ( 7-

2 2

11 567

C > , , . = 2

R hyo l i te

2

11 255

IR hyo l i te

_MATER IAL

9

11 235

= 1 4 7 7-7

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , s t ray f ound .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , s ma l l f r agmen to ft i pb roken .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu s e , s o i l e ro s ion p r esen t , s ma l lf r agmen to ft i pb roken .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , r e touch /u se -wea r ?o nb o th e dge s .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t , s ma l l f r agmen t o ft i pb roken .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n ot r ace s o fu se , s o i l e r o s ion p re sen t .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , t i pr e touched /b l un ted .

C omp le te p o in t w i th o n ly as ma l l p i ece o ft i p m is s ing .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r aces o fu se , s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

L a rge p rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , s o i l e ro s ion p r esen t .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , s o i l e ro s ion p r esen t .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

Sma l l , i regu la rp o in to fu nknown r aw m a te r ia l .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , r e touch o nr i gh te dge a tt i p .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen t w i th n ot r ace s o fu se .

Med ia l /d i s ta l f r agmen t , f r o s ts ha t te red .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu s e , r e touch o n r i gh te dge a tm ed ia l /d is ta l p a r t .

C omp le te p o in t w i th r e touch a l a l ong e dge c on t inuo s f r om b a se r e touch . T ip t r an sve r se ly r e touched .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , s ome r e touch /u se -wea r ?o n l e f te dge .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen t w i th n o t r ace s o fu s e .

B roken w i th n ot r ace s o fu se .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

P rox ima l f r agmen t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

P rox ima l f r agmen t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n ot r aces o fu se ,t i pr e touched /b l un ted .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu s e , s ma l l p a r t o ft i pf r agmen ted .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r aces o fu se , s ma l l p a r t o ft i pf r agmen ted .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen tw i th n o t r ace s o fu se .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r a ces o fu se .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen tw i th n ot r ace s o fu se .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen t w i th n ot r ace s o fu se , s o i l e ro s ion p r esen t .

P rox ima l /m ed ia l f r agmen t w i th n ot r a ce s o fu se , s o i l e ro s ion p re sen t .

C omp le te p o in t w i th n o t r ace s o fu se , s o i l e r o s ion p re sen t .

O JECT ILES ( c on t inued ) SNES , OYGARDEN -P 1Z 1B 146 17 S ITE 5REVARV IKA , KOL L

[ 7 1 3 , . 2 v-1 i n

9 9

c . -

r i r ,i Z '

.

h h " 0 " 0

9 9

= ,

i n = i n 0

-

( I

2 a.

1

1

1

e q ( A

i n a

— r n

13 278

12 946

13 927

. , _ , — ,

R hyo l i te

G reen s tone

G reen s tone

G reen s tone

G reen s tone

G reen s tone

G reen s tone

B o re

U sed ?

A dze

A dze

A dze

A dze

A dze

A dze

A dze

A dze

U SE

MOT ION /

r --N

, ., .

c — c — ,

, 0 C , .

=

o c c o o c o o c 0 0 0 0 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

= C ) , W O r z 4E—

a . ) t o c c o c c o c a l o o . Z Z > . › . Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z >

1 . 1 .

r n

ARTEFACT

B 14627 /

a , i • e •

, ,

x

. . .

I2 765

I2 281

> ,

18 32 _

r l I n , r ) t r i L r i v ; i r i i r i v i v i t . . .

. .

P um ice w i th f l a t a b raded s u rf ace w i th f u r row ,L =4 .4 c m , W=0 .6 c m , D=0 .2 c m .

P um ice w i th f u r row , L =2 .7 c m , W=0 .6 c m , D=0 .2 cm , n a tu ra l ly f o rmed ?

P um ice w i th f u r row , L =3 .1 c m , W=0 .9 c m , D=0 .4 c m , mode rn d amage?

F ragmen ted p um ice w i th f u r row , L =3 .6 cm , W=0 .7 c m , D=0 .4 c m .

L a rge p um ice w i th 2b road f u r rows , L =5 .2 c m , W=2 .0 cm , D=0 .6 cm a nd L =4 .1 c m , W=1 .4 c m , D=0 .3 c m .

Sma l lp um ice w i th f u r row , L = 1 .4 c m , W=0 .9 c m , D=0 .2 c m , n a tu ra l ly f o rmed ?

P um ice w i th s l igh t ly c u rved f u r row , L engh t=3 .8 cm , W id th=0 .6 c m a nd D ep th=0 .4 c m .

CO M MENTS

I

Med ia l f l ake f r agmen t l a te ra l w i th b ur in r emova l , n o f l ake s c a r s /r ound ing ,b u r in d ue t oa cc iden ta l b r eakage ? ,s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t . B ur in l ike r emova l o n p o in ted f l ake , t i pr ounded , s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t .

B o re rw i th w e l l r ounded t i p .

C omp le te V e s t land sadze , n oe dge w ea r .

V e s t land s -adze , w ea the red a nd s l igh t ly c r ushed e dge ?

V e s t land s -adze w i th c omp le te ly c h ru shed e dge .

V e s t land s -adze w i th c h rushed e dge .

L a rge a dze b roken i nt wo h a lve s , e dge s l igh t ly c r u shed w i th f l ake s ca r so ne i the rs i de .

A dze b roken l ong i tud ina l i nt wo h a lve s ,e dge c r ushed .

L a rge e dge f r agmen t , r e used .

L a rge c omp le te a dze , o nd i sp lay .

F l ake a xe w i th h eav i ly c r u shed e dge , s o i l e ro s ion p r e sen t .

F lake a xe , o ne l a rge h i nged f r ac tu re r emoved 1 / 3 o fe dge , w e l l d eve loped s o i l e r o s ion .

B -14617 S ITE 5REVARV 1KA , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -PU M ICES W ITH ABRAD ING TRACES

12 887

r n

11 339

r n r n r - r - r - r - L n , , . r i r •-i 7 1 ' 7 i 4 z . — i 7 t : . 7 t : 1 : . 1 : 7

e l

G reen s tone

E

13 946

• 1

G reen s tone

F l in t

MATER IAL

a
, >

r . " )

n < N I a r —

8 ' 1

,

S c rape ?

S c rape

0

IS c rap e ?

c / D

Y e s

x

Y e s

S c rape

( .,

IF l in t

U SE

MOT ION /

r:L I

F l in t

1

RE -

TOUCH C A

F l in t

Q ua r tz i te

MATER IAL

r n

r n N

Sma l l p i ece o fp um ice w i th as l igh t ly c oncave s u r face ( d iam . 1 . 8 c m ) w h ich c an h ave b een u sed a sa n a b rade r .

F l ake w i th d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r ?

Sma l l f l ake w i th d i s ta l w eak r e touch /u se -wea r ?

F l ake w i th d i s ta l a nd r i gh t l a te ra l , s ha rp r e touch /u se -wea r .

F l ake w i th d i s ta l c onvex r e touch /u se -wea r .

L a ru f l ake w i th r i gh t /l e f t , s ha rp l a te ra lr e touch /u se -wea r .

I B -14767 S ITE 3 3 BUDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCHED /USED F LAKES AND BLADES

Wa te r ro l led f l in tf l ake

— ,

IF l in tn odu le

, r . ", -

IH aze lnu t s he l l , b u rn tf r agmen t

^

I P um ice w i th a b rad ing t r aces ?

—

R e touched f l ake > 12 mm

^

IR e touched f l ake 8 12 mm

6 7 I N

O the rc o re

IB ipo la rc o re

C y l ind r ica l c o re

2 05

r . , -,

F lake < 10 mm

NU MBER I

. ,

F l ake 1 0 -40 mm

F l ake > 40 mm

B lade < 8 mm

B lade 8 12 m in

B lade > 12 mm

MORPHOLOG ICAL TYPE

( Nx r c sy 1 994 ,p . 1 78 ) .

B -14767 S ITE 3 3 BUDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -L IST OF F INDS

— . N

( 1 › . -

E ' Z . —

f T J

, , — q — A e y r , r

› , E .

,iv i ( N I r , i c N i r N i r

0 .

7 17 1-

.1

i n

E E = 1

a . > . 2

Z L 1 . s

F lake < 10 mm

V D r n — , , • — , r q — , v J

. 1- ,

P res su re -f laked p o in t , t r iangu la r

S l a te p o in t ,f r agmen t

S l a te p o in t , p o in ted -ova l s e c t ion

S l a te p o in t ,t r iangu la rs e c t ion

R e touched f l ake 1 0 -40 mm

R e touched f l ake < 10 mm

R e touched b l ade > 12 mm

, _ ,

N

P re s su re -f laked p o in t , p r efo rm

•-i c t n d- r r ? — ' r r ? t r ? t . r ? t . — . — .

T anged a r rowhead , A type

, ,

O the rc o re

i '

B ipo la rc o re

_ M i sc . c o re w i th o ne p l a t fo rm

,

F lake > 40 mm

, ,

F lake o fg round f l in t

NU MBER] . 1 )

B lade < 8 mm

B lade 8 12 mm

B lade > 12 mm

MORPHOLOG ICAL TYPE

( N my 1 994 , p .4 0 ) .

B -14627 S ITE 1 6 BUDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -L IST OF F INDS

CATALOGUES OF F INDS FRO M M IDDLE NEOL ITH IC S ITES

APPEND IX I C

W .

.

" '

' — '

q v-) ,i — r r ,i c

N

c i

,C )

, _ ,

N

, C ;

, C i : 7 t- r-- i . n

G r ind ing s t one ,f r agmen t

P um ice w i th a b rad ing t r ace s

Wa te r ro l led f l in tf l ake

, ,

F l in tn odu le

I H aze lnu t ts he l l , b u rn tf r agmen t

H amme r s tone f o rk napp ing

.

R e touched b l ade 8 12 mm

— , 7 1- r " . 7 1z o r n

2

ARTEFACT B 14627 /

F l in t

F l in t

[ F l in t

Z C l ) , 1 : l 0 r a .

Z C . ) Z

WO

2 E -

L 1 3

. 8

=

r > t

, s e n

C h 0 0

e . = 8

. .

.

.

› i ' D › e ,

› e ,

› 4 ( )

› ( . ) › i e c — › i c u

.

. . . .

. a . )

z 3

"1. r i

N

' 1

N N N N

F

- ,

,t

, -

1 . .. 1

.1

" 5

=

e n 0 e 2 * = 6. -

i t )

N N i n -c 3

. cU c c i

" E 5 . « . ) ,

6 )

C A C .)

•

a )

• _ ,.

2 . . c i = > ,

I l

. .

c t

> c , ; )

•

r . , ( ) ,

.

a )

( 1 . )

e ,t ) CT i e s o — , r n c r. ,• ,

. t . )

11

V D

e

• •• 4

•• 1

( r ) ,: t

( , ) 0 0

U rn & I ( A U v )

. 0 a ) c - Z › .

0 Z

c —

. V

. V

e

F l in t

* c i c

Q ua r tz i te

MOT ION / U SE

" E l c e

› " ) .

=

S c rape

( 2

c l

N

I l

I l

,• • • 1

e •• I

.. ,

. . . 1 , 1 0 r n

, . 8

F l in t

7 3 .

[ F l in t

r 1 2 ( 2, o a ° . • . ) .


12 mm

R e touched f l ake < 10 mm

R e touched f l ake 1 0 -40 mm

S l a te p o in t , g round p r efo rm

S l a te p o in t ,f r agmen t

F l ake b o re r

P re s su re -f laked p o in t ,p re fo rm

P um ice w i th a b rad ing t r ace s

c -D n r r i i r ; z r n i r ‘ i, ir . , ;,4 ( r ;i r ; v i t

P um ice

, _ ,

f ) C,1 I

O the rc o re

N I

O the rc o re w i th o ne p l a t form

7 1.

B ipo la rc o re

> z

H and le c o re

. r , . • — ,

O ne s i ded c o re w i th o ne p l a t fo rm

F l ake < 10 mm

e n

F lake 1 0 -40 mm

m

F lake > 40 mm

—

F lake o fg round r o ck

eq

C o re f r agmen t

, , , , ; —

IL 6

c

C res ted b l ade

i 0;0;, . . , . ; 0;, , _ , i

B lade < 8 mm

,

B lade 8 12 mm

NU MBER I

- c • , - , c • - , . .,

B lade > 12 mm

en

MORPHOLOG ICAL TYPE

rn

P refo rm s :

rn

F ragmen ted p o in t s w i thou t i mpac td amage s :

C omp le te p o in t s w i thou t i mpac t d amages :

S UM

t a nged a r rowhead -h ow d oe s i tc ompa re w i th o t he rM idd le N eo l i th ic p o in t s ?

B u rn t , s l igh t ly s ha t te red p i ece , n oe v idence o fi mpac t d amage . N o tt yp ica l

Med ia l /d i s ta l f r agmen to fs l a te p o in t .

C omp le te s l a te p o in t .

S l a te

t -.

B -14628 S ITE 1 7 BUDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -L IST OF F INDS ( Nz e roy 1 944 , p . 1 5 1)

-

7

S l a te

c q

V e ry s ma l l f r agmen t , b u tv i s ib le g r ind ing o nt wo e dge a spec t s .

o

B a se f r agmen t o fs l a te p o in t .

C omp le te t r iangu la rp r e ssu r e -f laked p o in t , n o v i s ib le d amage

U SED ?

z

S l a te

P re s su re -f laked p o in t ,p r efo rm

F l in t

CO M MENTS

Q ua r tz

MATER IAL

B -14627 S ITE 1 6 BUDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -P RO JECT ILES

-7

D C —

. ) — c l a a a a i

2

• — .

— — . — — . K r , r , ,7 • — • r ‘,1 rn t . . r ; r ', e rq rn ,c, • r : - ^ ? `r? `ri v i ^ " ^— — , r,i e • i c,i r a a N i r • i 4 4 . 4 4

Yes No

No

Yes

No No Yes

Yes Yes Yes No

Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Flint Rock crystal

Flint Quartz Flint

Rock crystal Flint Flint Rock crystal

Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint

Flint Flint Quartz Flint

Flint Flint Flint Flint Quartzite

Quartzite Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint

Rock crystal

Flint

12.1.2 12.1.2

12.2.1 12.1.2 12.2.1

12.1.2 12.1.2 12.1.2 12.1.2

9.5.1 12.1.3 12.1.2 13.1 12.1.2 12.1.2

12.1.2 12.2.1 12.1.2 12.1.2

12.1.2 12.1.2 12.2.1 12.1.2 12.1.2

12.1.2 12.1.2 12.1.2 12.1.2 12.1.2 12.1.2

12.1.2

12.2.1

849 919 1143b

2188 2787 2905 1624

610 754 2672 319 221 397

765 802 833 874

955 1085 1143a 1277 1848A

1848B 1894 2079a 2079b 2475 2606

2610

2623

Yes

Yes

No

No

No No

Yes?

Yes Yes

No Yes

RETOUCH Yes Yes

MATERIAL

TYPE

ARTEFACT B14628/ 429 772

POLISH

Cut Cut Cut Cut?

Straight Straight Straight Straight

Straight

Convex

Convex Convex Straight Straight Convex Convex

Straight Convex Convex Convex/ wavy Straight Straight Convex Convex Concave

Convex Convex

Scrape

Scrape

Scrape Scrape Scrape Scrape Scrape Scrape

Scrape Scrape Scrape Scrape Scrape

Scrape Scrape Scrape Scrape

Drill? Incise Incise Incise? Scrape Scrape

Cut Cut Cut

Straight Straight Straight

Pointed Pointed Pointed

MOTION/ USE Cut Cut

EDGE SHAPE Straight Convex

2 1

1

8 1

B-14628 SITE 17 BUDALEN, KOLLSNES, 0YGARDEN - RETOUCHED/USED FLAKES AND BLADES

Crested blade fragment with left lateral retouch/ use-wear, soil erosion present, patinated. Flake with weak retouch/ use-wear on right lateral edge, soil erosion present, patinated. Distal blade fragment with distal retouch/ use-wear. Distal flake fragment with uneven, convex/wavy retouch/ use-wear. Prox imal flake fragment with left lateral retouch/ use-wear, striations and smoothing observed on ventral surface. Medial flake fragment with lateral retouch (left/ right)/ use-wear. Small flake with distal, convex retouch/ use-wear, wavy edge outline, soil erosion present. Hinge flake with retouch/ use-wear on right lateral edge, sharp edge angle. Flake with retouch/ use-wear on right lateral edge, sharp edge angle. Frost-shattered flake fragment with distal weak retouch/ use-wear. Distal flake fragment with distal retouch/ use-wear, rounded edge with sharp edge angle, heavily patinated, some «fresh» lateral retouch (reuse ?). Flake with distal retouch/ use-wear, both heavily developed soil erosion and probable striations on dorsal edge. Distal blade fragment with distal retouch/ use-wear, patinated.

Elongated flake with right lateral retouch and left lateral use-wear (snaps)(backed bladelet), patinated. Elongated flake with right lateral retouch/ use-wear and distal/ left lateral retouch/ dulling. Striations, impact pits and smoothing observed. Striations parallel, slightly angled at edge. Small amounts of soil erosion. Large blade with left lateral use-wear ?, small flakes, snaps along edge. Flake without retouch but heavily smoothed right lateral face. Distal blade fragment with right lateral retouch/ use-wear (backing) and left lateral use-wear (snaps/ flakes). Flake with distal use-wear (flaking/ striations) and right lateral retouch. Small amounts of soil erosion. Medial blade fragment with right lateral use-wear (flakes/ polish). Flake with right lateral retouch/ use-wear. Elongated flake with weak occurrences of probable use-wear features - striations - on right lateral edge, soil erosion present. Striations parallel, slightly angled at edge. No visible macro retouch/ use-wear. Flake fragment with retouch/ use-wear ?, pointed. Small retouched, pointed flake, right and left lateral retouch/ use-wear, patinated (reused flake?) Flake with retouched point with distal, lateral retouch/ use-wear, rounded tip. Prox imal flake fragment with several burin detachments from distal part/ fracture plane, sharp edges. Bipolar core with lateral retouch/ use-wear, weak rounding of edge. No soil erosion present. Small flake with continuos circular, convex retouch/ use-wear, sharp edge angle and rounded edge, soil erosion present. Small flake fragment with lateral sharp retouch/ use-wear, slightly rounded edge, slightly patinated. Blade with distal, convex retouch/ use-wear, partly damaged, slightly patinated. Flake with left lateral retouch/ use-wear, occurrences of striations and smoothing, soil erosion present. Flake with sharp retouch/ use-wear on both lateral edges, pointed flake.

12 84 1

2 731

N

5 N

— L t ) r • ,

v s . . . , N . 4 . ,

"N

2 ,

I S

0 3

c e

— : : , : , . . , — : . : .

U . t z DC ' d F . , ix v-) -

5 . -

. L 3 C Z D C D C D C C D C 2 , VZ DC D - v , d - — — z c i r , r n a o — d x — N . — . . x d - C N . 0 z c e — c v N t r i o c a — — — • — , N

F l in t

F l in t

5

Y es

Y e s

Y es

Y es

Y e s

S t ra igh t ?

,

Y es

Y es

Y e s

Q ua r tz i te

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

C onvex , , , ,

F l in t

F l in t

F l in t

F l in t

F l in t

F l in t

Y e s

., , , c • C .

, ; c u

.g . 1

2

m 5

1 N N N r n N c r , N N N N N ( • • • " • ' • ' • ' •—

N — , o r •i

C u t , = . - . . ,

C . ) C Z

I n c ise ,

, E .

U sed ?

U sed

S c rape ?

S c rape

—

SU M

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed ?

U sed

S c rape ?

S c rap e ?

, ; ' 3 c ' , ' 3 n

13 600

N

, a ,

13 4 19

= = =

N

Wavy

c . " )

F l in t

C ' )

C onvex

' E c i

Y e s

. . E '

Y es

C onvex

S c rape ?

S c rape ? , g . ,

R ock c r ys ta l

Y e s

C onvex

2

Q ua r tz i te

o Z

Y es

[ Concave

S c rape

S t ra igh t c ä

Y e s

Y e s

S c rape

C onvex

c onvex

C oncave /

,-

13 055

5 . -

Q ua r tz i te

Y e s

Y e s

Y e s

C onvex c r ape

U SE S c rape

SHAPE C oncave

MOT ION /

EDGE

z . , 2. 1 u u c i ) c n

12 654

NNNNNNNNNNe n , . 4 1N NN 2 . Z . . ;

- — : . : .

! F l in t

Y e s

POL ISH

o Z

14 25

5

! F l in t

E : r

13 736

RE -

TOUCH

. c e : u t ) > • > -

13 04 1

F l in t

F l in t

MATER IAL

c i ) a l

O N

B 14628 /

,

ON

O . e u a .

o N

ARTEFACT

B -14628 S ITE 1 7 BUDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -RETOUCHED /USED F LAKES AND BLADES ( c on t inued )

N c • A , , N — , N , d - a — N , — , t r . , N

F l ake w i th s ha rp r e touch /u se -wea r .

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen tw i th r e touch /u se -wea r? ,p a t ina ted .

F lake w i th r e touch .

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r?

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r?

D is ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th l a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r?

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r?

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r?

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen tw i th l e f t a nd r i gh tl a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r?

B u rn t f l ake f r agmen tw i th r e touch /u se wea r ?o nb o th l a te ra le dge s .

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r?

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen tw i th r e touch .

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch .

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u s e -wea r .

1

1

I

F l ake f r agmen t w i th d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r ,f r agmen to fl a rge re dge ? ,p a t ina ted .

1

F ragmen ted p i ece w i th i regu la rl a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r ?S t r ia t ion s ? ,s o i l e r o s ion o nb o th e dges .

1

Sma l l p rox ima l f l ake f r agmen tw i th r i gh tl a te ra l r e touch /u se -wea r?

Sma l l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch /u se -wea r?

F l ake w i th d i s ta l /l a te ra lr e touch /u se -wea r?

F lake w i th d i s ta l (? ) r e touch /u se wea r? ;c o re ?

P rox ima l f l ake f r agmen tw i th l e f t l a te ra lr e touch /u se -wea r?

Sma l l f r agmen t w i th i regu la rr e touch /u se -wea r ?o n l a te ra le dge , h eavy d eve loped s o i le ro s ion .

F l ake w i th r i gh t l a te ra l , s ha rp r e touch /u se -wea r .

F lake w i th d i s ta l r e touch /u se -wea r , p a t ina ted .

E longa ted f l ake w i th s ha rp r i gh t /l e f t l a te ra lr e touch /u se -wea r .

D i s ta l f l ake f r agmen t w i th r e touch u se -wea r ,s o i le ro s ion p r esen t .

ARTEFACT B -14628 /

1

, . _ , z o

r n

CA

• , 1-

, ,

I 3 067

F l in t

MATER IAL

E ' . 7 -

IF l in t

> .

. 2 . . ) . ? , 1 ' = 0 '

S l a te

U sed ? U sed ? a Z

W

'

r , I

r, , D C

, 4

D C

r . " 1

P res su re f l aked p o in tw i th o ne t a ng b roken o f , n o i mpac t f r ac tu re s .

Sma l l d i s ta l s l a te p o in tf r agmen t , i regu la rr homb ic s e c t ion .

F ragmen t w i th s ma l lp o l ished s u r f ace ,p refo rm .

. ,

r . i( , i, ;Z )r :r s :t :, • r ) , i, i, i, t :i -

—

e .. . . 1

e . .4

o c

, e

G reen s tone j

• •1

. 1

• • 1

ee

P um ice

G reen s tone

G reen s tone

P refo rm t og round o va l a xe ( t r innok s ) .

P refo rm V e spe s tad -adze b roken i nt wo h a lve s a l ong t h e l o nges t a x is .

E dge f r agmen to fV e s t land s /V e spe s tad c h ise l ,e dge s l igh t ly d amaged . P um ice w i th f l a t ,r ound a r ea p o s s ib ly u sed f o rg r ind ing , d i ame te r3 . 2 c m .

Sma l l b u t tf r agmen t o fV e s t land s -/Ve spe s tad c h ise l .

V e spe s tad -adze /c h ise l ,c omp le te w i th s l igh t ly d amaged e dge .

G round o va l a dze ( t r innok s ) w i th s l igh t ly d amaged e dge .

A dze

A dze

A dze

A dze

A dze

B u t tf r agmen to fl a rge g round o va l a xe ( t r innOk s ) .

COM MENTS

U SE

MOT ION /


, H

G r een s tone

G reen s tone

MATER IAL

0 a ,

I -3 0 (71 -

B 14627 /

ARTEFACT

B -14628 LOC . 1 7 , BUDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -ADZES

o,

IS l a te

I Q ua r tz i te

C omp le te p o in t , s o i le ro s ion .

P rox ima l p a r t o ft a nged p o in t ,f l ake s ca re x tend ing o n to v en t ra l s u r face f r om b roken e dge .

Y e s

I mpac t f l ake s c a r se x tend ing f r om e dge o n to v en t ra l s u r fa ce .

. a )

I mpac tf l ake s c a r s e x tend ing f r om e dge o n to v en t ra l s u r f ace , s o i l e r o s ion .

U SED?

COM MENTS

B -14627 S ITE 1 7 BUDALEN , KOLLSNES , OYGARDEN -P RO JECT ILES

. a )

( 1 ) a C .
-, Z Z Z Z Z Z

,f'

N

C

I

I

APPEND IX I DOCUMENTAT ION OF EXPER IMENTAL AND USE - WEAR ANALYS IS ON QUARTZ

T he f o l low ing p resen t ab r ief d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e d a taba se su sed when k napp ing q ua r tz e xpe r imen ta l ly ,u s ing q ua r tz f l ake sa se xpe r imen ta l t oo l sa nd p e r fo rm ing u se -wea ra na ly s i so ft h eu sed

a na lysed . T he d a taba se sw e re o r ig ina l ly w r i t ten i n No rweg ian s ot h ea bb rev ia t ion sf o rt h ev a r iab le sa r e a bb rev ia t ion sf r om No rweg ian .D a taba ses w e re made f o r :

p i eces .T he e xpe r imen ta lw o rk i sb a sed o nt h e Knu t sson 1 988a , 1 988b ; C a l lahan 1 987 a nd C a l lahan ,E . ,L .F o r sbe rg ,K . Knu t s son a nd K . L indg ren 1 992 . T he e xpe r imen ta l wo rk c a r r ied o u ts t a r ted w i th 6 k napp ing e xpe r imen t si no rde rt ou nde r s tand t h e f r ac tur ing a nd f r ac tu re t ype sf r om q ua r tz k napp ing . F rom t h i sc o l lec t ion o fd eb i tage f l ake sw e re

1 / Knapp ing e xpe r imen t s wh ich i n c luded d a taba ses f o rt h ek napp ing s equence a nd c l a s s if i ca t ion o f t h ed eb i tage . 2 /C la ss if ica t ion o fe xpe r imen ta lf l ake su sed a s e xpe r imen ta lt oo l s . 3 /D e scr ip t ion o fe xpe r imen ta lt o o lu se . 4 /C la ss if ica t ion o fu se -wea rf e a tu r e s -t h e

c o l lec ted t op er fo rm as e r ies o fe xpe r imen ta lt oo l

a ppend ix i n c ludes b o th d e sc r ip t ion o f me thod o f d ocumen ta t ion a nd i n f e rence a sw e l la s

u se b u to n ly s ome o ft h eu sed t o o l sw e r eu se -wea r

c a tego r ie so fc l a ss if ica t ion f o rt h ed a taba se .

1 / Da tabase f or k napp ing e xper imen t sa nd a rchaeo log ica ls i te ma ter ia l C a ta logue sf r om e xpe r imen ta lk napp ing a r el i s ted i nt a b . 4 . 1 -4 . 8 . VAR IABLES NOTED I N DATABASE FOR EXPER IMENTAL KNAPP ING V a r iab le

C ode

E xp lana t ion

E xpe r imen t

EXP

E xpe r imen tn umb e r

S i te

LOK

S ou r ce o fr aw ma te r ia l

S ize

S TO

S i ze o fc o re

We igh t

VEK

We igh to fc o re

L a rge s td imen s ion

SD

L a rge s td imen s ion o fc o re

D e sc r ip t ion

BES

V e rba ld e sc r ip t ion o fc o re

Me thod

MET

K napp ing me thod -p la t fo rm ,b ipo la r

C ommen t s

KO M

P unch

S LA

P unch n umbe r

P urpose

BES

P u rpo se ,d e sc r ip t ion o fp unch

R e su l t

RES

D e sc r ip t ion o fr e su l t -n o . /s t a te o ff l ake s

VAR IABLES NOTED I N DATABASE FOR CLASS IF ICAT ION OF F LAKES FRO M EXPER I MENTAL KNAPP ING V a r iab le

C ode

E xp lana t ion

I den t if ica t ion

I D

B 14300 /233 -o r ig ina l a r tef ac t s ; F 0 1 .1 .1 -e xpe r imen ta l ly s t ruck f l ake f r om e xpe r imen tn o . 1 , p unch n o . 1 ,f l ake n o . 1 .

S i te

LOK

A rchaeo log ica l s i te ,q ua r tz s ou rce f o rk napp ing e xpe r imen t s .

T ype

TYPE

F lake c l a ss if ica t ion . E xpe r imen ta l ly s t ruck ma te r ia l a cco rd ing t oc l a s s if ica t ion s y s tem f r om C a l lahan e ta l . 1 992 , whe rea st h ec l a s s if ica t ion o ft h ea r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia lf o l low as imp l if ied v e r s ion o ft h i s ,b o th l i s ted b e low .

T echn ique

T

P unch t e chn ique -p la t fo rm ,h andhe ld ; p la t fo rm , o n s uppo r t _p iece ; b ipo la ro ru nknown .

P la t fo rm

P

P la t fo rm r emnan t -c omp le te o rp a r t ia l ly i n tac t , n op la tfo rm ,p l a t fo rm?

Numbe r

ANT

N umbe ro fe xpe r imen ta lo ra r chaeo log ica l p i eces .

T h ickne s s

TYKK

G rea te s tt h ickne ss

L a rge s td imen s ion

SD

L a rge s td imen s ion

L eng th

LNG

G rea te s tl e ng th when d i rec t ion o ff l ak ing c ou ld b e i d en t if ied

C ommen t s

KO M M

C ommen t s

Da te

DATO

D a te

X

X

X -co -o rd ina te f o ra r chaeo log ica l a r tefac t s

Y

Y

Y -co -o rd ina te f o ra r chaeo log ica l a r tef ac t s

E xcava t ion s p i t

GLAG

E xcava t ion s p i t

Quad ran t

KV

5 0x50 c m e xcava t ion u n i t

CLASSIF ICAT ION OF ARTEFACTS FRO M EXPER I MENTALLY S TRUCK QUARTZ ,C a l lahan e ta l . 1 992 CODE

TYPE

HAV

C omp le te f l ake s

TYPE H e l ta ys lag

HAP

C omp le te f l akes ,p rox ima lf r g .

H e l ta ys lag ,p rox ima l f r g . H e l ta ys lag , med ia l f r g .

HA M

C omp le te f l ake s , med ia l f r g .

HAD

C omp le te f l akes ,d i s ta l f r g .

H e l ta y s lag ,d i s ta l f r g .

HPM

C omp le te f l ake s ,p rox ima l /med ia l f r g

H e l ta y s lag ,p rox ima l /med ia lf r g .

HMD

C omp le te f l ake s , med ia l /d is ta l f r g .

H e l ta y s lag , med ia l /d is ta l f r g .

S IH

L a te ra lf r g . , c omp le te

S idef rg . , h e l t

S IP

L a te ra l f r g . ,p rox ima l p a r t

S idef rg . ,p rox ima lf r g .

S IM

L a te ra lf r g . , med ia lp a r t

S idef rg . ,m ed ia lf r g .

S ID

L a te ra l f r g . ,d i s ta lp a r t

S idef rg . , d i s ta l f r g .

S PM

L a te ra l f r g . ,p rox ima l /med ia lp a r t

S idef rg . ,p rox ima l /med ia l f r g .

SMD

L a te ra l f r g . , med ia l /d is ta lp a r t

S ide f rg . , med ia l /d is ta l f r g .

VHH

L ef t / r igh tf r g . ,c omp le te

V en s t re /h0y re f r g .

VHP

L ef t / r igh tf r g . ,p rox ima lp a r t

V en s t re /h0y re f r g . ,p rox ima lf r g .

VHM

L ef t / r igh tf r g . , med ia lp a r t

V en s t re /h0y re f r g . , med ia lf r g .

VHD

L ef t / r igh tf r g . ,d i s ta l p a r t

V en s t re /h0y re f r g . ,d i s ta lf r g .

VPM

L ef t / r igh tf r g , p rox ima l /med ia l p a r t

V en s t re /h0y re f r g . ,p rox ima l / med ia lf r g .

VMD

L ef t / r igh tf r g . , med ia l /d is ta lp a r t

V en s t re /h0y re f r g . , med ia l /d i s ta l f r g .

MHA

M idd le f r g . ,c omp le te

M id t f rg . ,h e l t

MHP

M idd le f r g . ,p rox ima lp a r t

M id tf rg . ,p rox ima lf r g .

MH M

M idd le f r g . , med ia lp a r t

M id t f rg . ,m ed ia l f r g .

MHD

M idd le f r g . ,d i s ta l p a r t

M id t f rg . ,d i s ta lf r g .

MP M

M idd le f r g . ,p rox ima l /med ia lp a r t

M id t f rg . ,p rox ima l /med ia l f r g . M id t f rg . , m ed ia l /d is ta l f r g .

M MD

M idd le f r g . , med ia l /d is ta lp a r t

S EK

S econda ry h igh -speed f r ac tu re

S ekun di e r th oyha s t ighe t sf rg .

TR I

T r iangu la rh igh -speed f r ac tu re

T r iangu lwr th oyha s t ighe t sf rg .

KON

C one f r ac tu re

Kon f rg .

D IS

D i s ta lf r agmen t s

D is ta l tf r g .

UKT

Un iden t if ied f r agmen t

Uk jen tf r g .t ype

K JE

C o re

K jeme

S PL

S p l i t te r(

0 V D,

% USE - WEAR CALCULATED ON THE BAS IS OF SU M UN ITS WITH USE WEAR

N I n v )« . O

USE - WEAR VALUE ASS IGNE MENT : 1 = 1-10% ; 2 =10 -25% ; 3 =25 -50% ; 4 >50%

o o

m

OBSERVAT ION UN ITS , SU M

e C 3.

SOLUT ION P ITS

0

0 z r • i ‘

DEEP SURFACE CRACK ING

0

BROKEN UP R IDGES

z

ABRAS ION AREAS

F LAKE S CARS IMPACT P ITS

U SE - WEAR ANALYS IS OF B 14627 /55 .2

v‘

g

0 0

r 9

P 0

, -,

0

, , t r l

o cc o o-i 0 0 0 0 0

X

Cr,

X

X

X

X

X

X

X





< >
< X X X

1 1

X

X

XX X

r n e n r n e n et ,0«, c4 r e ; c n ‘ C )

c w n

r 2

X X

X X

X X e

X

X X X

ri

SMOOTH ING

BONE ANTLER

e n e l , , , e n e n e n Ö

n

X

I L


, 2 uc )

< u . ( D ( . 4 Z t r 4 c Z E , - 'C D P 4 X 0 z L ) g ' ' E . < C )

c 4



C g

7 1- O N

4 2 1

ze 4 1 4 < C D 4 n p 4 A Z D < U . 1C D c, W C 2 g . c d 4 M Z D C 2 I Z o 4 ° F3 a l Z h„ Z Zi_ ,

X

X g X e

gX

X

X

m.

< < 9 p 5 ' c z w o 4 4

e n r n

e n e n e n e n

M

m .

X X X

DEEP SURFACE CRACK ING

e n O

X X

ne ,

r fj

e n

X g

O CA

O

n C E7 D

0 0 0

K 5 'E 31K ( 32mc o g c Az a

U C J,

z

5 1

u

g P

c n c n uwo

c eo3op

z

,_x

w p cxp c—

H

r • L' Z e 0

r n m n

e

c q

xp ISP z Q

r i l r 2 n Z 0

, — —

r q

X

c h

Z

o

P

Q

W K , z ,K IK Ii MK%g< C Z G e G e u n G o P 4 u p g . u n u n < f a l P .

X

X

Z z g : ) .

u o , . u l

X

X

> < X

>


u n

DEEP S URFACE CRACK ING

r n v -) Ö Ö

u n c q ( 4

X

>


< X

X

> < >




43

r q

N

r o s l e n

e n

r i e n

X

E z
>

U

.

2 X X < <


X X X X X X 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 U .

Z

i a .

Z

L I .

-•

. . i . . . . i . . . . i .z : . . . . . ;

C •

› •

1

I r l

. 1 1

X < c i .

X < a

✓

v

✓

i . -

X

: P .

U C l ). < . I -.

U v ) < 2 u .

. ..

> A

E -E -, [ — • Z Z Z

C Ö Q . C Q .C 0 . ,P . ›.

Z

Z

t- • t

1 .

L L .

. ..

aZ X Z 0u l 0

. . z C

S

. ,

S

0 P P .

c - :c • •:

.p.

U

u .

z Ö a «

ö Q .

C P ! ) P .

N. .

C

VI

I n

. .

Z 0 P . t

. ..

O Z

. f . -

g

. . . . .; i : . .. , ; . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .

• z i

› . t • I .

i :

V Z, V D

• e 9. e

,

C l )

• •• • • •• • • •• •• • •• ••

c 4 o a l

Z

. e

••

g : c e )

u a a

. 4 .. N

U•

0 Z

= ,zz

Z Z 4

Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

zzz

A

V

Z Z Z Z Z Z Z.,Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z t

+ › . ›

In:

.v.v.v . • •V.V v

.

V

V :

z z

. .

V :

. In

.

• •V

.

IV) .

: V • .9 .

V

z z

: •

V :

.

>

.

.

: :V

I n

• V

V

z z

V.

.

V ' )

V I

V )

V.

V V V V V V

V

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

<
A > A > A > A > A > A > A > A > A

2 Z 2 O F 4 0 A > A

a . C . )

0 0

›.

Z

Z

C . )

-

Z

-

P . ( . ) C A

C ' )

C A

( 2 .

C . • •

C • •. 1

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

w

Z

Z

0

C . )

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

40 / 1

4

m i.

1=

0

• e q

U

( 1 )

( 4 9

•

i n:

r n

M

eq

— 7 9

r s i

r n •

9

•

M I•

C s i

r n

• 11

•

r n

9

m

e .

r n

11

••••

w

r a .

4. rs i

A— e n

•

r n

L e k :

::

0 0

N

e : 0• . ‘

( . ) 0 7 :

U •

: c 3 '

:

.

` 0 .

00 :

U . .

U

e

e n

e t C ) '

e

e

( z r -

.. .

. ..

r s x

r n

e r ; '

e n

▪

‘ . 1 Z

•• • 1

•P•

.

t r .

o

0

U m

o o

0 7 :

: c 5 "

0 0

N

. i.. . ; ••••• ••izi •••••

0 6

c r i

00.

00 r si

e n

H Z

r • ;

H

Z

u .

1 . .

o 0

r s i r s i • o , s o

c s i

r‘i

0 0 C h

t -

r s 3

11

r s i

r s i

t

r s i e

r n

i s m

00

t

• 00

r-

o

r o

c s i et e z ,

•

r s i es'

00

00

r n

e s i

5 o c )

. . .. . . ?. 4 . . ? : ' .

V . . . ...

In

VI

V

.... a . •• • •• •. . . • ....

0 Z
4

f a .

c x

N J 1. 1

c s i t•

L i

0

i n

Z Z

I

" L 2

c r ,

i n

.AV

..

s . 7 .

4 ) .

v l

< 3 .c r .

V

2

CCC

C

I n I

CONCAVE

USE

4 . 4

S ITE 4 3H IDLAREN -B 14773 -CLASS IF ICAT ION OF L ITH IC TOOLS

E -

C . • -

Cs•

0

g .

V

0 0

2

CöC

I


.

V

9

V;

V

I f l

V

V

V

9

9

9

. •

9

•

. A

0

9

9

•

•

0 0

0 0

. .. .

. . . . .

0 0

. .. .

C/2

VI

I n

in

0 Z

9

9

V

0 0

i n

V

in

V.

9

. .. .

r n

-

V I V

0 0 Z Z

b n 2 >

.

0 . 3

r n

C/2

l e n

Z

g t

C/2

•

Z

If l

V

0 0

0 0

. .. .

•

Z

. , .Y 0 Z

0 .

Z Z




EN

0 a

2 a < X U c n

In V

v ) d 4 U .

v 1 V

I n V

V I ✓

c . z

0 Z

c n
> >.

2 P .

2 a

I l i V

.

0 0 Z Z
a › . F .

N e

, 1

0 0 N

v i m r n

: -1 - .▪ •

< 1

. .

N

N ..

c ,i

N

s s I n

e

. .. .. .. .

a i n o

a e C

a e C "

^ '

0 : . C

I n ( 4

CJ , 7

1 /1 . 7

r i . . . .

` . 0.

' . 0

N

i N"

0: .

VD

. 1

N .

0 0

, 4* *i :

/ 1

rA l

. . 7

e j

. . . .. .... . .. . ..

( 1

9. 1

• -7

N . C

0 0

RHYOL ITE

. .. . . ... ... . ..

. 1

C

0

. i RHYOL ITE

C .

a .

VI

. n.

Ö

.1 : .

1. 1

U 1 1 c r.

c . c .

I n C

M

Ö

E -,

z

C > .

.. 1 r ".. ,0

S 0 0 V Z,

•

-

.

, ,

9 .1

. 7

N

, C .

. 7

. .. .. .. .. .• • . . .

N e'

N m 0 › , x Q 4 .

• • I RHYOL ITE

c r

>

e

N -

1 2 .1 .1

F

U

r .

; 1 2 .1 .2 i RHYOL ITE

S ITE 5REVARV IKA -B 14617 -CLASS IF ICAT ION OF L ITH IC TOOLS

0

a

e o s

N

N

. .. . 1

1 .. I

. .1

I l

0 0 r s 1

LA 0 0

• I

I l

e n N 0 0

f i l N 0 0

11

4 1

. .

..

N r n N N

1 .•

Z Z Z Z s s Z .Z .Z .Z s 's 's! s

Z Z Z Z

V I V.

z

Z Z Z

V I V

.

W I V I V V

V.

V.

Z Z Z Z

s 'si Zi Z

› . Z Z

.

V.

.V

V.

VI

.

.

VI

V. .

WI

( A V.

V I .V.

✓

0

a

V ' )

V V. .


,

2 z t .

U

s .

e

•

?

2 r : t .

Z

U

N

C / )

C l )

2 t z < ( 2 4 U C l )

Z

U

o r

w

Z

0 \

ö

S

2 r a .

N

CS

, c 4

t n

V

Z

.9.

U ' 11

› . › .

Z

• •• ••

A

i n

N

( 4

•P

•• • •

Z

X 4 1 > Z 0 U

0

' ' t e r

••

i n

a w

a w

V

› .

e s i

••••

C 4 Z r 2 Z ( 2 Z 2 Z Z r m Z ( 2 Z t Z r 2 Z 1 2 O W O U 2 0 F . 1 2 0 w 0 w 0 I L O O W O W O A > A > A .> A > A > A > A > A

x ,

z . , K>

l ' ‹ )