Sobotta Tables of Muscles, Joints and Nerves, English/Latin: Tables to 16th ed. of the Sobotta Atlas [2 ed.] 0702052728, 9780702052729

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
Table of Content
1 Facial muscles
2 Muscles of the tongue
3 Muscles of the palate
4 Masticatory muscles
5 Muscles of the Pharynx
6 Muscles of the Larynx
7 Branches and innervation areas of the Plexus cervicalis
8 Lateral muscle of the neck
9 Suprahyoid muscles
10 lnfrahyoid muscles
11 Scalene muscles
12 Prevertebral muscles
13 Muscles of the thoracic wall
14 Ventral muscles of the abdominal wall
15 Lateral muscles of the abdominal wall
16 Dorsal muscles of the abdominal wall
17 Spinocostal muscles
18 Autochthonous muscles of the back
19 Diaphragm
20 Pelvic floor and perineal muscles
21 Joints of the upper limb, Articulationes membri superioris
22 Branches and innervation areas of the Plexus brachialis
23 Segmental innervation of the muscles of the upper limb, diagnostically relevant indicator muscles
24 Ventral muscles of the shoulder girdle
25 Ventral muscles of the shoulder
26 Lateral muscles of the shoulder
27 Dorsal muscles of the shoulder girdle
28 Dorsal muscles of the shoulder
29 Ventral muscles of the upper arm
30 Dorsal muscles of the upper arm
31 Ventral superficial muscles of the foreann
32 Ventral deep muscles of the foreann
33 Lateral (radial) muscles of the forearm
34 Dorsal superficial muscles of the foreann
35 Dorsal deep muscles of the forearm
36 Thenar muscles
37 Palmar muscles
38 Hypothenar muscles
39 Joints of the lower limb, Articulationes membri inferioris
40 Branches and Innervation areas of the Plexus lumbosacralls
41 Segmental innenation of muscles of the lower limb, diagnostically relevant indicator muscles
42 Ventral muscles of the hip
43 Dorsolateral muscles of the hip
44 Pelvitrochanteric muscles of the hip
45 Ventral muscles of the thigh
46 Medial muscles of the thigh (adductors)
47 Dorsal muscles of the thigh (ischiocrural muscles)
48 Ventral muscles of the lag
49 Lateral (fibular) muscles of the lag
50 Dorsal superficial muscles of the leg
51 Dorsal deep muscles of the lag
52 Muscles of the dorsum of the foot
53 Medial muscles of the sole of the foot
54 Muscles in the midregion of the sole of the foot
55 Lateral muscles of the sole of the foot
56 Cranial nerves, overview
57 Cranial nerves, functions (fibre qualities)
58 Cranial nerves
59 Functional organisation of the isocortex: primary and secondary cortical areas
60 Nuclei of the Thalamus (selection)
Index

Citation preview

2 nd

Edition

Edited by Friedrich Paulsen and Jens Wasch ke

Tables of Muscles, Joints and Nerves

ELSEVIER

Atlas of Anatomy Tables of Muscles, Joints and Nerves

2"d Edition Edited by F. Paulsen und J. Waschke

ELSEVIER

ELSEVIER Hackerbrucke 6, 80335 Munich, Germany All business correspondence should be made with: [email protected]

Original Publication Sobotta Atlas der Anatomie © Elsevier GmbH, 2017. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-3-437-440144

This translation of Sobotta Atlas der Anatomie, 24"' edition by Friedrich Paulsen and Jens Waschke was undertaken by Elsevier GmbH. This booklet is a supplement to Sobotta, Atlas of Anatomy, volumes 1 to 3, 16'" edition. The cross-references refer to the figure numbers in the Atlas. Apart from this, the tables are also useful for an independent systematic learning and revision of subject matter. Abbreviations: 0 =origin; I= insertion; F =function

ISBN 978-0-7020-5272-9

Adresses of the editors: Prof. Dr. Friedrich Paulsen Institute of Anatomy, Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nurnberg Universitatsstr. 19 91054 Erlangen Germany

Prof. Dr. Jens Waschke Institute of Anatomy Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) Pettenkoferstr. 11 80336 Munich Germany All rights reserved

2"d edition 201 8

© Elsevier GmbH, Munich, Germany Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsch en Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://www.d-nb.de/.

18 19 20 21

22

5 4 3 2 1

All rights, including translation, are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical. including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing by the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organisations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found on our website: www.e lsevier.de/rechte und lizenzen/

Content Strategist: Dr Konstanze Knies, Susanne Szczepanek Content Project Management: Dr Andrea Beilmann, Sibylle Hartl Translation: Lingo24 Ltd., Edinburgh, United Kingdom Production Management: Dr Andrea Beilmann, Sibylle Hartl Layout: Nicola Kerber, Olching, Germany Composed by: abavo GmbH, Buchloe, Germany Printed and bound by: Druk:arnia Dimograf Sp. z o. o., Bielsko-Biata, Poland Cover Design: Stefan Hilden, hilden_design, Munich, Germany; Spiesz Design, Neu-Uim, Germany

More information at www.elsevier.de

Table of Content Tables of Muscles, Joints and Nerves 1 Facial muscles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a b c d e f

1

Forehead, vertex, temple Auricle Palpebral fissure Nose Mouth Neck

2 Muscles of the tongue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

a Intrinsic muscles of the tongue (internal muscles) b Extrinsic muscles of the tongue {external muscles)

3 Muscles of the palate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4 Masticatory muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5 Muscles of the Pharynx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 a Pharyngeal constrictor muscles b Pharyngeal levator muscles

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Muscles of the Larynx............................................................... Branches and innervation areas of the Plexus cervicalis................................... Lateral muscle of the neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suprahyoid muscles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lnfrahyoid muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scalene muscles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prevertebral muscles................................................................ Muscles of the thoracic wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ventral muscles of the abdominal wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lateral muscles of the abdominal wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dorsal muscles of the abdominal wall.................................................. Spinocostal muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Autochthonous muscles of the back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Lateral tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a b c d

12 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 20 21 21 22 22

Sacrospinal system lntertransversal system Spinotransversal system Mm. levatores costarum

II Medial tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 a Spinal system b Transversospinal system

Ill Autochthonous deep muscles of the neck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 19 Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 20 Pelvic floor and perineal muscles...................................................... 32 a Diaphragma pelvis b Perineal muscles

21 Joints of the upper limb,Articulationes membri superioris................................. 34 a Joints of the shoulder girdle, Articulationes cinguli pectoralis b Joints of the free upper limb, Articulationes membri superioris liberi c Planes and axes of movements of joints of the upper limb

22 Branches and innervation areas of the Plexus brachialis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Segmental innervation of the muscles of the upper limb, diagnostically relevant indicator muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Ventral muscles of the shoulder girdle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Ventral muscles of the shoulder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Lateral muscles of the shoulder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Dorsal muscles of the shoulder girdle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36 37 37 38 38 39

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Dorsal muscles of the shoulder . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . Ventral muscles of the upper arm . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . Dorsal muscles of the upper arm . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . Ventral superficial muscles of the forearm . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . Ventral deep muscles of the forearm . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . Lateral (radial) muscles of the forearm • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . Dorsal superftcial muscles of the forearm . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . Dorsal deep muscles of the forearm. . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . Thenar muscles . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . Palmar muscles . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . Hypothenar muscles . • . . • . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . . • . . . • . Joints of the lower limb. Articulationes membri inferioris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

a Bony connections of the pelvic girdle, Juncturae cinguli pelvici b Joints of the free lower limb, Articulationes membri inferioris liberi c Planes and axes of movements of the joints of the lower limb

40 Branches and innervation areas of the Plexus lumbosacralis............................... 41 Segmental innervation of muscles of the lower limb. diagnostically relevant indicator muscles............................................... 42 Ventral muscles of the hip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Dorsolateral muscles of the hip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Pelvitrochanteric muscles of the hip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Ventral muscles of the thigh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Medial muscles of the thigh (adductors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Dorsal muscles of the thigh (ischiocrural muscles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Ventral muscles of the leg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Lateral (fibular) muscles of the leg.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Dorsal superHcial muscles of the leg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Dorsal deep muscles of the leg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Muscles of the dorsum of the foot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Medial muscles of the sole of the foot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Muscles in the midregion of the sole of the foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Lateral muscles of the sole of the foot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Cranial nerves. overview............................................................. 57 Cranial nerves. functions (fibre qualities) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Cranial nerves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a b c d e

f g h j k I

54 56 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 63 64 65 65 66 67 68 68 69

N. olfactorius [I] N. opticus [Ill N. oculomotorius [1111 N. trochlearis [IV] N. trigeminus [VI - N. ophthalmicus [V/11 - N. maxillaris [V/21 - N. mandibularis [V/31 N. abducens [VII N. facialis [VII] N. vestibulocochlearis [VIII] N. glossopharyngeus [lXI N. vagus [X] N. accessorius [XI] N. hypoglossus [XIII

59 Functional organisation of the isocortex: primary and secondary cortical areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 60 Nuclei of the Thalamus (selection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Index ............................................................................. 74

-+Table 1

"'0

co

1 Facial muscles (.... Figs. 8.76-8.78, .... Fig. 11.2, .... Fig. 11.14)

Q)

::I:

The facial (mimic) muscles only partially originate from defined bony structures but all insert in the skin.

• Forehead, vertex. temple M. occlpltofrontalla N. fscislis /VIII M. occipitofrontalis and M. temporoparietalis are collectively named M. epicranius. 0: Venter fTontalis: skin of the forehead Vem.r occipitalis: Linea nuchalis suprema

1: Galea aponeurotica

0: skin of the temple. Fascia temporalis

1: Galea aponeurotica

F: moves the skin of the head downwards, tenses the Galea aponeurotica; this is, however, not a very distinct function

0: Fascia temporal is

1: anterior to the auricle

F: moves the auricle in a superior and anterior direction

1: superior to the auricle

F: moves the auricle in a superior and posterior direction

F: forehead

Venter frontalis: wrinkling of the forehead (expression of surprise) Ve...., occipitalis: smoothens wrinkles of the forehead

M. tllmporoparietalis N. facia/is /VIII

b .Auricle M. auricularis am.rior N. facia/is /VIII

M. auricularis auperior N. facia/is /VIII 0: Galea aponeurotica

M. auricularia poatertor N. facia/is /VIII 0: Proc. mastoideus

1: posterior to the auricle

F: moves the auricle in a posterior direction

1

~Table

1

1 Facial muscles (continued)

M. orblcularla oculi (surrounds the Aditus orbitae like a sphincter) N. facia/is IV/11 0: Pars orbltella: Crista lacrimalis anterior, Proc. frontalis of the maxilla. Os lacrimale. Lig. palpebral& mediale Para pelpebralle: Lig. palpebrale mediale Parslacrimalia (HORNER's muscle): Crista lacrimalis posterior of the Os lacrimala

1: Pars orbltalla: Lig. palpebrale laterala Pars palpebralia: Lig. palpebrele laterala Parslacdmalls: lacrimal duct. palpebral fissures, posterior part of the Septum lacrimale

F: Pars orbltella: powerful eyelid closure Plrs pelpebralia: gentle eyelid closure. stabilises the lower eyelid; participates in blinking Plra lacrlmell•: induces a not yet fully understood pressure-suction mecha· nism. driving the lacrimal fluid via the Canaliculi lacrimales into the Saccus lacrimalis ~ enhances the outflow of tears

M. depreaor •upercllll (separation of the Pars orbitalis of theM. orbicularis oculi)

N. facia/is IV/11 0: Pars nasalis of the Os frontala, dorsum of the nose

1: medial third of the skin of the eyebrow

F: depresses the skin of the eyebrow

0: Pars nasalis of the Os frontale

1: middle third of the skin of the eyebrow

F: pulls the skin of the forehead and eyebrows towards the root of nose, creates a vertical fold above the root of nose (anger. thinking); supports the powerful eyelid closure

O:Os nasale

1: skin of the Glabella

F: pulls the medial part of the~ brow downwards. thereby inducing horizontal folds on the dorsum of nose (wrinkling of the nose)

M. conuptor •upercllll N. facia/is IV/11

M.proce.ua N. facia/is [VII}

2

~Table

1

1 Facial muscles (continued} d Nose

M. naaalla N. facia/is Mil 0: Pars alalia: Maxilla at the level of the lateral incisor Part transversa: Maxilla at the level of the canine

1: Pars alarls: nasal wing, rim of the nasal opening

Pars transversa: tendinous plate of the dorsum of the nose

F: moves the nasal wings and the nose Part eleris: dilates the nasal opening Part transverse: narrows the nasal opening (amazement, serenity)

M. deprHsor septi nasi N. facia/is Mil

0: Maxilla at the level of the medial incisor

1: Cartilago septi nasi

F: moves the nose downwards, dilates the nostrils

0: Pars ma19inalis and Pars labia· lis: lateral of the Angulus oris

1: skin of the lip

F: closes the lips, creates labial tension (of the lips) Part marglnalls: pulls red margin of the lips inwards Pan lablalla: pursing (bulging) of the lips ~ Muscles of upper and lower lip can act independently. ~The muscle serves for food ingestion. articulation and facial expression.

O:Maxille. Raphe pterygomandibuleris, Mendibule

1: Angulus oris

F: tenses the lips. increases pressure within the oral cavity, e.g. during blowing end chewing, presses the cheeks against the teeth; prevents biting the cheeks when chewing

0: Maxilla superior to the Foremen infraorbitala

1: upper lip

F: pulls the upper lip laterally upwards, dilates the nostrils

e Mouth M. orbicularis oris N. facia/is /VII]

M. buccinator N. facis/is /VII]

M. levator lebll supellolls N. facis/is /VII]

3

-+Table 1

"'C

ca

CD

:::r:

1 Facial muscles (continued) M. deprw•or l•bii inr.rioris N. facia/is Mil

0: Mandibula inferior to the

1: lower lip

F: pulls the lower lip laterally downwards, bulges the red margin of the lower lip (dislike)

1: skin of the chin

F: creates chin dimple, everts and protrudes the lower lip (together with theM. orbicularis oris; 'to pout')

1: sk:in of the mental protuberance

F: moves the sk:in of the chin

1: Angulus oris

F: moves the angle of the mouth

Foramen mentale

M.mentalls N. facia/is /VIII 0: Mandibula, at the level of the lower lateral incisor

M. transversus mentl N. facia/is Mil 0: transverse separation from the M. mentalis

M. depr-.Aor anguli oris N. facia/is [VII}

0: lower margin of the Mandibula

downwards (discontent, grief)

M. rlsorlua N. facia/is Mil 0: Fascia parotidea. Fascia masseterica

4

1: Angulus oris

F: broadens the mouth (grin). creates dimples

-+Table 1

"'0

co

1 Facial muscles (continued)

Q)

::I: M. lewtor anguli oris N. facia/is lV/11

0: Fossa canine of the Maxilla

1: Angulus oris

F: pulls the angle of the mouth medially upwards

0: Os zygomaticum

1: Angulus oris

F: pulls the angle of the mouth laterally upwards fjoy, muscle of laughter/smile)

0: Os zygometicum

1: Angulus oris

F: pulls the angle of the mouth laterally upwards

0: Proc. frontalis of the maxilla (medial orbital wall)

1: nasal wing, upper lip

F: lifts the lips and nasal wings (breathing through the nostrils; dissatisfaction, arrogance, disdain, 'to put up one's nose')

0: Basis mandibulae, Fascia parotidea

1: skin below the clavicle, Fascia pectoralis

F: tenses the skin of the neck, generates longitudinal folds, pulls the angle of the mouth laterally, promotes venous blood flow in the superficial cervical veins (fright. disgust}

M. zygomaticus major N. facia/is lV/11

M. zygomaticus minor N. facia/is lV/11

M. lewtor labii superioris alaequa nasi N. facislis lV/11

f Neck(-+ Fig. 11.2) Platysma N. facia/is lV/11

5

~Table

2

2 Muscles of the tongue(-+ Fig. 8.188,-+ Fig. 8.170,-+ Figs. 8. 176-8.179) a lntltnslc muscles of the tongue (lntemal musclesJ M.longltudlnalla •uperlor N. hypoglossus 0

1: Tuberositas radii, via the Aponeurosis musculi bicipitis brachii at the Fascia antebrachii

F: Shoulder joint' Caput longum: abduction, anteversion, medial rotation Ceput breve: adduction, anteversion, medial rotation Elbow jojnt: flexion (most important muscle), supination (most important muscle with flexed elbow)

1: medially in the middle of the Humerus

F: Shoulder joint medial rotation, adduction, anteversion

1: Tuberositas ulnae

F: Elbow jojnt: flexion, tenses the joint capsule

tip of the Proc. coracoideus

·-E c. c.

M. bleeps brachll {The tendon of its Caput longum passes freely through the shoulder joint.) N. musculocutsneus (Plexus brachislis, Pars infrscltlviculsris)

0: Caput longum:

..c

M. coracobrachialis (normally pierced by the N. musculocutaneusl N. musculocutsneus (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infrscltlviculsris)

0: Proc. coracoideus

M. brachialis N. musculocutsneus (Plexus brachiBiis, Pars infrsciBviculsris)

0: Facies anterior of the Humerus (lower half)

41

~Table

..c

E

·....J ~

(L)

c. Q. ::>

30

30 Dorsal muscles of the upper arm(-+ Fig. 3.57,-+ Fig. 3.60,-+ Fig. 3.61} The three heads of theM. triceps brachii constitute the muscles at the dorsal side of the upper arm. Further distally. theM. anconeus is located further distally on the ulnar side at the transition to the forearm. and could be considered as fourth head of the triceps muscle.

M. tltceps brachll N. rsdialis (Plexus brschialis. Pars infrsciBvicularis}

0: Caput longum: Tuberculum infraglenoidale Caput medlale: Facies posterior of the Humerus medial and distal of the Sulcus nervi radialis C.put laterale: Facies posterior of the Humerus lateral and proximal of the Sulcus nervi radialis

1: Olecranon

F: Shoulder jojnt

Caput longum: adduction, retroversion Elbowioint extension (most important muscle)

M. anconeus (located adjacent to the lateral part of the Caput mediale of theM. triceps brachiil N. rsdialis (Plexus brschialis. Pars infrsciBvicularis}

0: Epicondylus lateralis humeri

42

1: Facies posterior of the UIna. Olecranon

F: Elbow jojnt: extension

~Table

31

31 Ventral superficial muscles of the foreann (-+Fig. 3.46,-+ Figs. 3.62-3.65,-+ Fig. 3.77) TheM. pronator teres. M. flexor carpi radialis, M. palmaris longus. and theM. flexor carpi ulneris form the superficial layer. TheM. flexor digitorum superficialis constitutes the middle layer.

·-E ....J ~

(1)

c. c.

ll.pntnatorteres N. medisnus (Plexus brschislis, Pars infrscltlviculsris) 0: Caput humerale: Epicondylus medialis of the Humerus Caput ulnal8: Proc. coronoideus

..c

::> 1: middle third of the Facies lateralis of the Radius

F: Elbow joint' pronation (most important muscle), flexion

1: palmar area of the base of the Os metacarpi II

F: Elbow joint: flexion, pronation Car.pal jgjnt: palmar flexion. radial abduction

1: Aponeurosis palmaris

F: Elbow joint: flexion Car.pal jgjnt: palmar flexion. tensing the palmer aponeurosis

II. flexor carpl18dlalla N. medisnus (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicu/aris) 0: Epicondylus medialis of the Humerus, Fascia antebrachii

II. palmaris longus (inconsistent muscle) N. medisnus (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicularis) 0: Epicondylus medialis of the Humerus

II. flexor digitoNm IUperficialis (Shortly before the tendons of this muscle reach their insertion sites, they are pierced by the tendons of the M. flexor digitorum profundus.) N. medisnus (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infrsclsvicu/aris) 0: Caput humentulnare: Epicondylus medialis of the Humerus, Proc. coronoideus Caput radiale: Facies anterior of the Radius

1: with four long tendons at the base of the Phalanx media of the 2"4., fingers

F: Elbow joint: flexion Carpal jgjnt: palmar flexion Fjnqer ioints 111-Vl: flexion (most important flexor of the proximal interphalangeal joints)

1: via the Os pisiforme and the Ligg. pisometacarpale and pisohamatum at the base of the Os metacarpi V and the Os hamatum

F: Elbow jgjnt: flexion Carpal iojnt: palmar flexion, ulnar abduction

j~. II. flexor ca!pl ulnarta N. ulnaris (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicularis) 0: Caput humerale: Epicondylus medialis of the Humerus Caput ulnal8: Olecranon, proximal at the Margo posterior of the UIna

43

~Table

..c

E

·....J

32

32 Ventral deep muscles of the foreann (-+Fig. 3.62,-+ Fig. 3.64,-+ Fig. 3.66,-+ Fig. 3.73,-+ Fig. 3.74, -+Fig. 3.78)

~

(L)

c. Q. ::>

Located medially in the deep muscular layer are the M. flexor digitorum profundus and lateral thereof the M. flexor pollieis longus. The M. pronator quadratus covers the distal quarter of the forearm and represents the deepest layer. M. flexor dlgltoftlm profundus N. ulnsris for the ulnsr psrt, N. interosseus sntebrschii snterior from the N. medisnus for the rsdisl pert (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infrac/avicularis)

0: Facies anterior of the UIna, Membrana interossea

1: distal phalanges of fingers 11-V

F: Cacpal jojnt: palmar flexion Fjngar jojnts 01-Vl: flexion (most important flexor of the distal interpha· langeal joints)

M. flexor polllclslongua N. interosseus antebrachii anterior from the N. medianus (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicularis) 0: Facies anterior of the Radius

1: distal phalanx of the thumb

F: Cacpal jojnt: palmar flexion Carpometacarpal joint Ill: flexion, opposition Interphalangeal jojnt m: flexion

M. pronlltor quadratus N. interosseus antebrschii anterior (N. median us, Plexus brschialis, Pars infrsclavicularis) 0: distal at the Facies anterior of the Ulna

44

1: Facies anterior of the Radius

F: Radioulnar joints: pronation

~Table

33

..c

33 Lateral (radial) muscles of the forearm(-+ Fig. 3.67,-+ Fig. 3.73,-+ Fig. 3.74) The group of radial muscles of the forearm consists of the M. brachioradialis. M. extensor carpi radialis longus and M. extensor carpi radialis brevis (from proximal to distal).

....J ~

(1)

c. c. ::>

M. brachloradlalls N. rsdislis (Plexus brschiB/is, Psrs infrsc/sviculsris)

0: Margo lateralis of the Humerus

·-E

1: proximal of the Proc. styloideus of the Radius

F: Elbow jojnt: flexion (because of the large virtual lever arm, this is particularly effective from a mi~flexed position), pronation or supination (facilitated pronation from the opposite end~-range position, and vice-versa)

1: dorsal area of the Os metacarpi II

F: Elbow jojnt: flexion, small degree of pronation (facilitated from the opposite en~f-range position) Car.pal joint: dorsiflexion, radial abduction

1: dorsal area of the Os metacarpi Ill

F: Elbow jojnt: flexion, small degree of pronation (facilitated from the opposite end-of-range position) Carpal jojnt: dorsiflexion, radial abduction

M. extanMr carpi radialia longua N. radialis (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicu/aris)

0: Crista supraepicondylaris lateralis up to the Epicondylus lateralis

M. extensor carpi radialia brevia N. radialis (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicu/aris)

0: Epicondylus lateralis of the Humerus

45

~Table

..c

E

·....J ~

(L)

c. Q. ::>

34

34 Dorsal superficial muscles of the foreann (-+Fig. 3.68a,-+ Fig. 3.70,-+ Fig. 3.71,-+ Fig. 3.75) The group of dorsal superficial muscles of the forearm is composed of theM. extensor digitorum. theM. extensor digiti minimi. and the M. extensor carpi ulnaris {from radial to ulnar).

M. exten•or dlgltoNm R. profundus of the N. radialis (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclaviculsris) 0: Epicondylus lateralis of the Humerus, Fascia antebrachii

1: dorsal aponeuroses of the 2"'4i111 fingers

F: Elbow jojnt: extension Camal jojnt: dorsiflexion Finger jojnts (1!-Yl: extension {most important extensor of the metacarper phalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints)

M. exten.or digiti mlnlml R. profundus of the N. radialis (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicu/aris) 0: Epicondy!us lateralis of the Humerus, Fascia antebrachii

1: dorsal aponeurosis of the 5111 finger

F: Elbow jojnt: extension Carpal jojnt: dorsiflexion Finger joints M: extension (most important extensor of the metacarpcr phalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints)

M. ext.n.or oarpi ulnaris R. profundus of the N. mdis/is (Plexus bfBChislis, Pars infrBclsvicularis)

0: Caput humeralt: Epicondylus lateralis of the Humerus C.put ulnaN: Olecranon. Facies posterior of the Ulna, Fascia antebrachii

46

1: dorsal area of the Os metacarpi V

F: Elbow joint: extension Carpal jojnt: dorsiflexion, ulnar abduction

~Table

35

35 Dorsal deep muscles of the forearm(-+ Fig. 3.62,-+ Fig. 3.68b, c,-+ Figs. 3.71-3.75) The M. supinator wraps laterally around the upper (proximal) third of the Radius. Following distally (from radial to ulnar) are theM. abductor pollicis longus. M. extensor pollicis brevis. M. extensor pollicis longus and theM. extensor indicis. M. supinator (The R. profundus of the N. radialis pierces this muscle in the longitudinal direction of the forearm. The entrance point of the nerve into the supinator canal is marked by a small tendinous arch (FROHSE-FRANKEt:s arcade].) R. profundus of the N. radialis (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicularis) 0: Epicondylus lateralis humeri, Crista musculi supinatoris of the Ulna, Ligg. collateral& radiale and anulare radii

1: Facies anterior of the Radius (proximal third)

..c

·-E ....J ~

(1)

c. c.

::>

F: Radioulnar joints: supination (most important muscle with extended elbow)

M. abductor polllcla longus R. profundus of the N. radialis (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicularis) 0: Facies posterior of Ulna and Radius, Membrana interossea

1: distal phalanx of the thumb

F: Carpal joint: dorsiflexion Car.pometacarpal joint Ill· abduction

M. extanaor pollicis brwvis R. profundus of the N. f8dialis (Plexus bf8chialis, Pars infraclavicularis) 0: Facies posterior of Ulna and Radius. Membrana interossea

1: distal phalanx of the thumb

F: Carpal joint: dorsiflexion Car.pometacarpal jojnt Ill· abduction, reposition Metacamophalanqeal joint (!); extension

M. extanaor pollicis longus R. profundus of the N. radialis (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicularis) 0: distal half of the Facies posterior of the Ulna, Membrana interossea

1: Phalanx distalis of the thumb

F: Caroal joint dorsiflexion Car.pometacamal jojnt Ill: extension, reposition Metaca!J)aphalangeal joint/ jotef: phalangeal jojnt Ill: extension

M. extensor Indicia R. profundus of the N. radialis (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicularis)

0: distal quarter of the Facies posterior of the Ulna, Membrana interossea

1: dorsal aponeurosis of the index finger

F: Carpal joint: dorsiflexion Finger jojnts !Ill: extension, adduction

47

~Table

..c

E

·....J ~

(L)

c. Q. ::>

36

38 Thenar muscles(-+ Fig. 3.77,-+ Fig. 3.78,-+ Fig. 3.81) The thenar eminence is composed of theM. abductor pollic:is brevis, M. flexor pollic:is brevis and M. adductor pollic:is (from radial to ulnar). The M. opponens pollicis lies beneath theM. abductor pollicis brevis.

M. abductor polllcls brevis N. medisnus (PIBXUs brschislis, Psrs infrsclsviculsris)

0: Retinaculum musculorum flexorum, Eminentia carpi radialis

1: radial sesamoid bone of the metacarpophalangeal joint (1), proximal phalanx of the thumb

F: Cacpomatacarpal jojnt fll• abduction, opposition Metacamophalangeal jojnt til: flexion

M. flexor polllcla brevia Caput superficiale: N. medianus; Caput profundum: R. profundus of the N. ulnaris lPIBXUs brachia/is, Pars infraclavicu/aris) 0: Caput auperflclala: Retinaculum musc:ulorum flexorum Caput profundum: Os capitatum, Os trapezium

1: radial sesamoid bone of the metacarpophalangeal joint (1), proximal phalanx of the thumb

F: Cacpomatacarpal jojnt (!); opposition, adduction Met&(!fl[pOpbalangeal jgjot fll: flexion

M. opponens polllcla N. medianus and N. ulnaris (PI8Xus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicularis)

0: Retinaculum musculorum flexorum, Eminentia carpi radialis

1: Os metacarpi I

F: Cacoomatacarpal jojnt (!): opposition

1: ulnar sesamoid bone of the metacarpophalangeal joint (1). proximal phalanx of the thumb

F: Cacpgmetacarpal jgjnt fll: adduction, opposition Meteca[pOphalangaal jojot !U; flexion

M. adductor pollicia R. profundus of the N. ulnaris (Plexus brachia/is, Psrs infrsclaviculsris) 0: Caput obliquum: Os hamatum, Ossa metacarpi II-IV Caput transversum: Os metacarpi Ill

48

-+Table 37

37 Palmar muscles (-+ Fig. 3.76, -+ Fig. 3.77, .... Fig. 3. 78, -+Figs. 3.81-3.83, -+ Fig. 3.86) The Mm. lumbricales originate from the tendons of theM. flexor digitorum profundus. The Mm. interossei palmares and the Mm. interossei dorsales fill the space between the Ossa metacarpi.

..c

E

...J '-

CD

Q. Q.

Mm. lumbricales ~V N. medianus 11. Ill; N. ulnaris (Ill, IV) (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infreclsvicularis)

::::>

0: tendons II-IV of the M. flexor

1: projecting radially into the dorsal

F: Metacarooohalangeal joints !11-VI:

digitorum profundus 11+11 from radial side; Ill+ IV from sides facing each other, two-headed)

aponeurosis (lateral tract) of the fingers 11-V

flexion lnternhalangul joints 111-VI: extension (most important extensors of the distal interphalangeal joints)

1: proximal phalanx and dorsal a~

F: Mewcarnophalangeal joints Cll.lv.Vl: flexion (most important flexors!), adduction (with reference to the axis of the middle finger) Interphalangeal joints Ill IV. Vl: extension

Mm. lnteroual palmeree ~II R. profundus, N. ufnsris (Plexus brachia/is. Pars infrsclsvicu/Bris) 0: ulnar side of the Os metacarpi II, radial side of the Ossa metacarpi IV andV

neurosis (lateral tract) of the fingers II, IVandV

Mm. interoulli dorHI•• I-IV (two-headed) R. profundus, N. ulnaris (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infrsclsvicularis) 0: sides facing each other of the Ossa metacarpi 1-V

1: proximal phalanx and dorsal aponeurosis of the fingers II-IV

F: Metacarooohalangeal joints !11-!Vl: flexion (most important flexors I), abduction lnternhalangul joints 111-!Vl: extension

49

-+Table 38

..c

E

....J I..

Q)

a. a. ::.>

38 Hypothenar muscles(-+ Fig. 3.77,-+ Fig. 3.78, -+ Fig. 3.81) The hypothenar eminence is composed of the M. abductor digiti minimi, M. flexor digiti minimi brevis and theM. opponens digiti minimi (from ulnar to radial). The cutaneous M. palmaris brevis is part of this hypothenar group.

M. palmaris bravil R. superficialis of the N. ulnaris (Plexus brachia/is. Pars infraclavicularis)

0: Aponeurosis palmaris

1: skin of the hypothenar eminence

F: tenses the skin in the area of the hypothenar eminence

1: metacarpophalangeal joint V

F: Caroometacaroal joint M: opposition Metacarpophalangeal joint M· abduction

1: proximal phalanx of fingerV

F: Caroometacaroal jojnt M: opposition Metacarpophalangeal joint M: flexion

1: Os metacarpi V

F: Caroometacaroal jojnt M: opposition

M. abductor digiti mlnlml R. profundus of the N. u/naris (Plexus brachia/is. Pars infraclavicu/aris)

0: Os pisiforme, Retinaculum musculorum flexorum

M. flexor digiti minimI bravls R. profundus of the N. ulnaris (Plexus brachia/is. Pars infraclavicularis)

0: Retinaculum musculorum flexorum. Hamulus ossis hamati

M. opponens digiti mlnlml R. profundus of the N. ulnaris (Plexus brachia/is, Pars infraclavicularis)

0: Retinaculum musculorum flexorum, Hamulus ossis hamati

50

-+Table 39

39 Joints of the lower limb, Articulationes membri inferioris (-+Fig. 4.3)

..c

E ....Q)

...J a Bony connections of the pelvic girdle. Juncturae cinguli pelvici Name

Type of connection

Sacroiliac joint Articulatio sacroiliaca

rigid joint, amphiarthrosis

Movements (possible)

~

0

...J

Ligg. sacroiliacs anteriora Ligg. sacroiliacs posteriors Ligg. sacroiliaca interossea Lig. sacrotuberale Lig. sacrospinale Pubic symphysis Symphysis pubica

flexibility and rotation by a few millimeters as a consequence of pelvic deformations caused by various forces cartilaginous joint, synchondrosis with Discus interpubicus

Lig. pubicum superius Lig. pubicum inferius

b Joints of the free lower limb, Articulationes membrt lnfertorts IIbert Name of joint

Type of joint

Movements (possible)

Hip joint, Articulatio coxae

spheroidaVball and socket joint, Articulatio spheroidea

flexion (anteversion) extension (retroversion) adduction abduction medial rotation lateral rotation

Knee joint. Articulatio genus

pivot (rotary) and ginglymus (hinge) joint, 'trochoging lym us'

flexion extension medial rotation (only possible in a flexed position) lateral rotation (only possible in a flexed position)

Upper tibiofibular joint. Articulatio tibiofibularis

rigid joint, amphiarthrosis

limited sliding movements in transverse and vertical directions as well as limited rotations

Lower tibiofibular connection, Syndesmosis tibiofibularis

syndesmosis, Articulatio fibrosa

embracing of the malleolar mortise; with dorsiflex ion in the ankle joint the malleolar mortise widens slightly

Ankle joint, Articulatio talocruralis

hinge joint, Ginglymus

plantar flexion (depression of the dorsum of the foot), dorsiflexion (elevation of the dorsum of the foot)

Talotarsal joint. Articulatio talotarsalis a) Articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis (= anterior division) b) Articulatio subtalaris (= posterior division)

combined pivot-spheroidal joint

medial rotation of the hindfoot (=inversion) lateral rotation of the hindfoot (= eversion) together with CHOPART's and LISFRANC's joints elevation of the medial margin of the foot(= supination) elevation of the lateral margin of the foot (= pronation)

spheroidal joint pivot joint

Transverse tarsal (midtarsal) joint, Articulatio tarsi transversa !CHOPART's joint) a) Articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis b) Articulatio calcaneocuboidea

rigid joint, amphiarthrosis

torsion of the forefoot limited plantar and dorsal movements, securing the longitudinal plantar arch of the foot (key joint of the flat foot)

lntertarsal joints a) Articulatio cuneonavicularis b) Articulationes intercuneiformes c) Articulatio cuneocuboidea

rigid joints, amphiarthroses

very restricted movements during adaptive changes of the foot while touching the ground, e.g. during walking

Tarsometatarsal joints, Articulationes tarsometatarsales (LIS FRANC's joint)

rigid joints, amphiarthroses

torsion of the forefoot very limited plantar and dorsal movements

lntermetetarsal joints, Articulationes interm etatarsales

rigid joints, amphiarthroses

very limited m ovements during torsion of the forefoot

Metatarsophalangeal joints, Articulationes metatarsopha langeae

functionally restricted spheroidal joints

flex ion, extension, abduction (straddling toes), adduction (squeezing toes together)

lnterphalangaal joints, Articulationes interphalangeae ped is

hinge joints, Ginglymi

flexion, extension of toes

51

~Table

..c

39

E

39 Joints of the lower limb, Articulationes membri inferioris (continued)

~ (L)

c Planes and axes of movements of the Joints of the lower limb

·....J ~

.9 j

Axis longitudinalis

Fig. 8 Hip joint; movement in the sagittal plane.

Fig. 9 Hip joint; movement in the frontal plane.

Fig. 10 Hip joint; movement in the transverse plane.

Ratallo lntama

Fig. 11 Knee )otnt; movement in the sagittal plane. * Due to the uneven curvature of the femoral condyles. the position of this axis changes significantly during movement (instantaneous axis).

52

Fig. 12 Knee Joint; movement in the transverse plane.

~Table

39

39 Joints of the lower limb, Articulationes membri inferioris (continued)

..c

E ·....J

...

(1)

~

0

....J

A* tran1W111111it

Fig. 13 Ankle Joint; movement in the sagittal plane. Flexion and extension movements mainly occur in the talocrural joint.

Pronatlo

Fig. 14 Talocalcaneonavtcular Joint pronation and supination movements of the foot. At maximal plantar flexion. pronation in the Articulatio talocaleaneonavieularis is also referred to as lateral abduction. and supination as medial abduction. *The axis projects in a posterior-inferior direction from the medial aspect of the neck of Talus to the Pro c. lateralis of the Tuber calcanei, and is normally steeper than shown here for didactic reasons.

The plantar flexion in the ankle joint is also referred to as flexion and the dorsiflexion as extension.

53

-+Table 40

..c

E

....J

40 Branches and Innervation areas of the Plexus lumbosacralls (-+Fig. 2.157, -+Fig. 4 .123, -+Fig. 4.124a, -+Figs. 4.125-4.130, -+Fig. 4.134, -+Fig. 4.135, -+Fig. 7.4)

I..

Q)

~

0

....J

Motor function

Sensory function

Plexus lumbalis T12-L4 Rr. musc:ularesT12-L4

M. iliopsoas, M. quadratus lumborum

N.lliohypogastricus [N. iliopubicus] (T12), L1 R. cutaneus lateralis R. cutaneus anterior

Mm. rectus abdominis, obliquus internus abdominis, transversus abdominis, pyramidalis and cremaster

skin above the hip skin above the iliac crest, the inguinal ligament, and the Mons pubis

N. ilioinguinalis (T12), L 1 Nn. scrotales anteriores/ Nn. labiales anteriores

Mm. rectus abdominis, obliquus internus abdominis, transversus abdominis, pyramidalis and cremaster

skin in the inguinal region, the root of the Penis, the Scrotum, or the Labia majora

N. genltofemoralis L1, L2 R. genitalis R. femoralis

scrotal layers (including the Tunica dartos). skin above the Hiatus saphenus

N. cutaneus femoris lateralis L2, L3

skin on the lateral and anterior side of the thigh down to the knee

N. obturatorius L2-L4 R. anterior R. cutaneus R. posterior Rr. musculares

Mm. obturatorius externus, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus and gracilis

capsule of the hip joint skin at the medial aspect of the thigh above the knee, capsule of the hip joint. periosteum at the posterior side of the thigh

N. femoralls L2-L4 Rr. musculares Rr. cutanei anteriores

Mm. iliopsoas, pectineus, sartorius and quadriceps femoris

capsule of the hip joint skin of the anterior and medial sides of the thigh down to the knee, periosteum of the anterior side of the thigh skin of the medial and anterior sides of the knee and on the medial side of the leg and the foot

N. saphenus R. infrapatellaris Rr. cutanei cruris mediales Plexus sacralls L4-S5. Co1 N. m. obturatorii inteml L5-S2

M. obturatorius internus, M. gemellus superior

N. m. pirifonnis S1, S2

M. piriformis

N. m. quadrati femoris L4-S1

M. quadratus femoris, M. gemellus inferior

N. gluteus superior L4-S1

Mm. glutei medius and minimus, M. tensor fasciae latae

N. gluteus inferior L5-S2

M. gluteus maximus

N. cutaneus femoris posterior S1-53 Nn. clunium inferiores Nn. perineales

54

skin on the posterior side of the thigh and the proximal leg skin of the gluteal region perineum, scrotal skin or s kin of the Labia majora

N. lschladlcus L4-S3

ischiocrural (hamstring) muscles, all muscles of the leg and foot

N. fibularis communis L4-S2 N. cutaneus surae lateralis R. communicans fibularis

M. biceps femoris, Caput breve

caps ule of the knee joint skin of the ca lf up to the lateral malleolus connecting branch to the N. s uralis

-+Table 40

40 Branches and Innervation areas of the Plexus lumbosacralls (continued) Motor function N. flbularis superficialis L4-l2 Rr. musculares

Mm. fibulares [peronei] longus and brevis

N. cutaneus dorsalis intermedius Nn. digitales dorsales pedis

Rr. musculares

Mm. tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum brevis. and extensor hallucis brevis

Rr. musculares N. interosseus cruris N. cutaneus surae medialis

Mm. triceps surae, plantaris, popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus

N. suralis N. cutaneus dorsalis lateralis Rr. calcanei laterales Rr. calcanei mediales N. plantaris medialis

Mm. abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis (medial head) and lumbricales pedis I (II)

skin of the leg and dorsum of the foot up to the 1sLJ'd toes

~

0

...J

periosteum ofthe leg bones and capsule of the talocrural joint

capsule of the knee joint

periosteum of the leg bones and capsule of the talocrural joint skin of the calf up to the medial malleolus joins the N. cutaneus surae lateral is to form the N. suralis skin of the the 51h toe skin of the skin of the skin of the

lateral margin of the foot up to the lateral aspect of heel, lateral aspect heel, medial aspect medial margin of the foot

skin of the plantar side of the medial 31h toes and their nail areas

Nn. digitales plantares communes Nn. digitales plantares proprii N. plantaris lateralis R. superficialis Nn. digitales plantares communes Nn. digitales plantares proprii R. profundus

.....

skin of the 1"1 interdigital space

Nn. digitales dorsales pedis

N. tibialis l4-S3

E

...J

Q)

skin of the leg and dorsum of the foot between the 3n:J and 51h toes (medial side) skin of the dorsum of the toes with the exception of the 1"1 interdigital space and the lateral side of the 51h toe

N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis

N. flbularis profundus L4-l2

Sensory function

..c

Mm. abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae Mm. flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi and interossei Mm. lumbricales pedis II-IV and adductor hallucis (Caput transversum)

N. cutaneus perforans S2-s3

skin on the plantar side of the lateral 11h toes and their nail areas

pierces the Lig. sacrotuberale and innervates the overlying skin area

N. pudendus S2-S4 skin of the anal region and the perineum

Nn. rectales [anales] inferiores

S3,S4 Nn. perineales Nn. scrotales posteriores/ Nn. labiales posteriores Rr. musculares

mucosa of the Urethra, dorsal scrotal skin or posterior areas of the labia majora and minora, Vestibulum vaginae Mm. transversi perinei superficialis and profundus. bulbospongiosus. ischiocavernosus and sphincter ani extern us skin of the penis, glans/clitoris, prepuce

N. dorsalis penis/ N. dorsalis clitoridis

Rr. musculares S3, S4

N. anococcygeus S5-Co1

M. levator ani, M. ischiococcygeus skin above the coccyx and the region between coccyx and anus

55

~Tables

..c

E

·....J ~

(L)

~

.9

41-42

41 Segmental innenation of muscles of the lower limb, diagnostically relevant indicator muscles The muscles printed in bold are used clinically as indicator muscles for specific segments.

M. iliopsoas: L1, L2 M. tensor fasciae latae M. gluteus medius M. gluteus minimus M. gluteus maximus M. obturatorius internus M. piriformis M. sartorius M. pectineus M. adductor longus M. quadriceps r.moris: U M. gracilis M. adductor brevis M. obturatorius externus M. adductor magnus M. semitendinosus M. semimembranosus M. biceps femoris

T12-L3 L4-L5 L4-S1 L4-51 L4-52 LS-51 LS-51 L2-L3 L2-L3 L2-L3 L2-L4 L2-L4 L2-L4 L3-L4 L3-L4 L4-51 L4-51 L4-S2

M. tibialis anterior. L4 M. extensor hallucls longus: L5 M. popliteus M. extensor dlgltorum longus: L5 M.soleus } 51 M.pstroc:nemius M. fibularis longus M. fibularis brevis M. dblalls posterior: S1 M. flexor digitorum longus M. flexor hallucis longus M. extensor hallucis brevis M. extensor digitorum brevis M. flexor digitorum brevis M. abductor hallucis M. flexor hallucis brevis M. adductor hallucis

L4-L5 L4-S1 L4-S1 L4-S1 L4-S2 L5-S1 L5-S1 L5-S2 L5-S3 L5-S3 L4-S1 L4-S1 L5-S1 L5-S1 L5-S3 S1-52

42 Ventral muscles of the hip(-+ Fig. 2.93,-+ Fig. 2.96, -+Fig. 4.92, -+Fig. 4.95, -+Fig. 4.96a,-+ Figs. 4.974.99) The M. iliopsoas composed of theM. iliacus and M. psoas major is the single muscle in this group, because it is the only one of the ventral muscles of the lower limb which crosses the hip joint exclusively. All other muscles located in front of the hip joint also span across the knee joint and are therefo· re collectively referred to as muscles of the thigh.

M.lllac:us (part of the M. iliopsoas) Rr. museu/ares (Plexus lumbalis) 0: Fossa iliaca

1: Trochanter minor

F: Lumbar vertebral column: lateroflexion HiD joint: flexion (most important muscle). lateral rotation from a medial rotational position

1: Trochanter minor and adjacent area of the Labium mediale of the Linea aspers

F: Lumbar vertebral column: lateroflexion

M. pso•s major (part of theM. iliopsoas) Rr. museu/ares (Plexus lumbalis) 0: superfic:.ll•yer: lateral surface of the bodies of the thoracic to lumbar vertebrae T12 to L4, Disci intervertebrales deep layer: Proc. costalis of the lumbar vertebrae L1-L4

Hjo jojnt:

flexion (most important muscle). lateral rotation from a medial rotational position

M. psoes minor (pert of theM. iliopsoas; inconsistent; often ends in along flat tendon) Rr. museu/ares (Plexus lumbslis) 0: lateral surface of the bodies of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae T12 and L1

56

1: fascia of theM. iliopsoas. Arcus iliopectineus

F: Lumbar vertebral column: lateroflexion

~Table

43

43 Dorsolateral muscles of the hip(-+ Fig. 4.93, -+Fig. 4.95, -+Fig. 4.98b, -+Fig. 4.101, -+Figs. 4.103-4.105) TheM. gluteus maximus shapes the relief of the gluteal region significantly and covers the other muscle$ of this group almost completely. Ventrocranially the M. gluteus medius is visible, which in turn covers the M. gluteus minimus. caudally and deep inside follow the M. piriformis, M. gemellus superior. M. obturatorius intemus. M. gemellus inferior. M. quadratus femoris and M. obturutorius extemus. M. obturatorius internus, M. gemellus superior and M. gemellus inferior are collectively named M. triceps coxae. The most laterally located M. tensor fasciae latae with its short muscle belly projects into the Tractus iliotibialis.

..c

E ·....J

...

(1)

~

0

....J

M.gluteus muimus N. gluteus inferior (Plexus S8Cralis)

0: Facies glutea of the Os ilium dor·

1: cranial part: Tractus iliotibialis

sal to the Linea glutea posterior, Facies posterior of the Os sacrum. Fascia thoracolumbalis. Lig. sacrotuberale

caudal part: Tuberositas glutea

F: Hjp jojnt: extension (most important muscle). lateral rotation (most important muscle). cranial part: abduction. caudal part: adduction Knee joint: stabilisation in the extended position, tension band effect on the Femur

M.gluteus medius N. gluteus superior (Plexus sacra/is)

0: Facies glutea of the Os ilium between lineae gluteee anterior and posterior

1: tip of the Trochanter major

F: Hjp joint' abduction (most important muscle) ventral part: flexion, medial rotation (most important muscle); dorsal part: extension, lateral rotation

1: tip of the Trochanter major

F: Hjp jojnt: abduction ventral part: flexion, medial rotation dorsal part: extension, lateral rotation

1: via Tractus iliotibialis, at the libia

F: Hjp jojnt: flexion, abduction, medial rotation Knee jojnt: stabilisation in the extended position, tension band effect on the Femur

M.gluteue mlnlmue N. gluteus superior (Plexus sacra/is}

0: Facies glutea of the Os ilium between lineae gluteae anterior and inferior

M. tensor fucleelme N. gluteus superior (Plexus lumbosBCnJiis)

0: Spina iliaca anterior superior

below the Condylus lateralis

57

~Table

44

·....J ~

(L)

~

.9

M. pirifonnia (Rr. muscul8res) Plexus sacmlis 0: Facies pelvica of the Os sacrum

1: tip of the Trochanter major

F: Hjp jojnt: lateral rotation, abduction

1: tip of the Trochanter major

F: Hip joint: lateral rotation

1: tendon of the M. obturatorius intemus

F: Hjp joint-

1: tendon of the M. obturatorius intemus

F: Hjp jojnt: lateral rotation

1: Crista intertrochanterica

F: Hjp jojnt: lateral rotation, adduction

M. obturatorius intemus (Rr. muscul8res) Plexus sacm/is

0: bony rim of the Foremen obturatum, medial eree of the Membrane obturatoria

M.gemellus superior (Rr. muscul8res) Plexus sacmlis

0: Spina ischiedica

lateral rotation

M.gemellue Inferior (Rr. muscul8res) Plexus sacmlis

0: Tuber ischiadicum

M. quadratus femoris (Rr. muscul8res) Plexus sacmlis

0: Tuber ischiadicum

58

~Tables

44-45

..c

44 Pelvitrochanteric muscles of the hip (continued}

E ·....J

...

M. obturatoriua extemua N. obtumtorius (Plexus lumb81is) 0: bony rim of the Foramen obturetum, lateral area of the Membrane obturetorie

(1)

1: Fossa trochanterica

F: Hjp jojot: lateral rotation, adduction

~

0

....J

4& Ventral muscles of the thigh (-+Fig. 4.92, -+Fig. 4.95, -+Fig. 4.96b, c, -+ Figs. 4.97-4.100, -+Fig. 4.1 06a, b) TheM. sartorius crosses the thigh in an oblique direction from proximal and lateral to distal and medial. TheM. quadriceps femoris constitutes the largest part of the muscles located ventrally on the thigh. M. quadrlce1141 famorla

N. femora/is (Plexus lumbalis)

0: M. ractua femoris: Spina iliaca anterior inferior, cranial rim of the Acetabulum M. vutua medialis: Labium mediaIs of the Linea aspere M. vutus laterella: Trochanter major, Labium laterale of the Linea aspers M. vutus intennedius: Facies anterior of the Femur

1: Patella, Tuberositas tibiae via Lig. patellae, areas to both sides of the Tubenr sites tibiae via Retinacula patellae

F: Hjp jojot: (only M. rectus femoris): flexion Knee joint: extension (unique extensor!)

1: Condylus medialis of the libia (superficial Pes anserinusl

F: Hjp jojot: flexion, lateral rotation, abduction Knee joint: flexion, medial rotation

M. sartorius N. femomlis (Plexus lumbalis) 0: Spina iliaca anterior superior

59

~Table

..c

E

·....J ~

(L)

~

.9

46

46 Medial muscles of the thigh (adductors) (-+Fig. 4.92, -+Fig. 4.96, -+Figs. 4.96d-4.100, -+Figs. 4.103b-4.106b) TheM. gracilis is positioned farthest medially. TheM. pectineus, M. adductor brevis, M. adductor longus and M. adductor magnus are arranged from proximal to distal.

M. pectineus N. femora/is snd N. obturstorius (Plexus lumbslis)

0: Pecten ossis pubis

1: Trochanter minor and Linea pectinee of the Femur

F: Hjo joint

adduction, flexion, lateral rotation

M.greclll• N. obturatorius (Plexus lumbalis) 0: Corpus ossis pubis, Ramus inferior ossis pubis

1: Condylus medialis of the Tibia (superficial Pes anserinus)

F: Hjp jojot:

adduction, flexion, lateral rotation Knee joint: flexion, medial rotation

M. adductor bnwl• N. obturatorius (Plexus lumbalis) 0: Ramus inferior ossis pubis

1: proximal third of the Labium mediale of the Linea aspers

F: Hjp jojot:

adduction, flexion, lateral rotation

M. adductor longus N. obturatorius (Plexus lumbalis) 0: Os pubis up to the Symphysis pubica

1: middle third of the Labium mediale of the Linea aspers

F: Hjo jojot:

adduction, flexion, lateral rotation

M. adductor megnu• (An incomplete proximal separation of the M. adductor magnus is named the M. adductor minimus.) Main part: N. obturstorius (Plexus lumbalis}; dorsal part: tibial division of the N. ischiadicus (Plexus seers/is}

0: main pert: Ramus inferior ossis pubis, Ramus ossis ischii doreal pert: Tuber ischiadicum

60

1: proximal two-thirds of the Labium mediale of the Linea aspers, Epicondylus medialis of the Femur, Septum intermusculare vastoadductorium

F: Hjpjpjnt

adduction, lateral rotation main pert: flexion donal pert: extension

~Table

47

..c

47 Dorsal muscles of the thigh (ischiocrural muscles)

E ·....J

(-+Fig. 4.93, -+Fig. 4.96, -+Fig. 4.102, -+Fig. 4.103b-4.106b) TheM. biceps femoris, M. semitendinosus, and M. semimembranosus (from lateral to medial) constitute the dorsal muscles of the thigh.

(1)

~

M. biceps t'wmoris (Caput longum: crossing two joints, Caput breve: crossing one joint) Ceput longum: N. ischiadicus. tibial division (Plexus sacralis) Ceput breve: N. ischiadicus, fibular division (Plexus saCislis) 0: Caput longum: Tuber ischiadicum Caput breve: middle third of the Labium laterals of the Unea aspera

... 0

....J

1: Caput fibulae

F: Hjp jojnt" extension. lateral rotation, adduction Knee joint: flexion, lateral rotation (most important muscle)

1: Condylus medialis of the Tibia (superficial Pes anserinus)

F: Hjp joint: extension, medial rotation Knee joint: flexion, medial rotation

1: Condylus medialis of the Tibia (deep Pes anserinusl

F: Hjp joint: extension, medial rotation Knee jojnt: flexion (most important muscle), medial rotation (most impo~ tent muscle)

M. aemltandlnoeua N. ischiadicus, tibial division (Plexus sacralis) 0: Tuber ischiadicum

M. aemlmembranoaua N. ischiadicus, tibial division (Plexus sacralis) 0: Tuber ischiadicum

61

~Table

..c

E

·....J ~

(L)

~

.9

48

48 Ventral muscles of the lag(-+ Fig. 4.92,-+ Fig. 4.107a,-+ Fig. 4.108,-+ Fig. 4. 109) Most superficially and medially of all muscles courses the M. tibialis anterior. Laterally follows the M. extensor digitorum longus. which frequently generates the M. fibularis tertius at its lateral margin. The M. extensor hallucis longus is located farthest distally.

M. tibialis antellor N. fibulsris profundus (N. ischisdicus) 0: Facies lateralis of the Tibia, Fascia cruris, Membrana interossea

1: Os metatarsi I, Os cuneiforme mediale

F: Talocrural joint' dorsiflexion (most important muscle) Talocalcaneonayjcular jojnt: supination (weak)

1: Phalanx distalis of the Hallux

F: Talocrural jojnt: dorsiflexion Talocalcaneonavicular joint: pronation (weak) Jojnts of the Hallux: extension

1: dorsal aponeuroses of the 2"d..5" toes

F: Talocrural jojnt: dorsiflexion Talocalcaneonayjcylar joint: pronation lnterohalangeal jojnts: extension

1: Os metatarsi V

F: Talocrural joint: dorsiflexion Talocalcaneonayjcylar jojnt: pronation

M. extenaor hallucla longue N. fibularis profundus (N. ischisdicus) 0: Facies medialis of the Fibula, Membrana interossea, Fascia cruris

M. extensor dlgltoiUm longus N. fibularis profundus (N. ischiBdicus) 0: Condylus lateralis of the Tibia, Margo anterior of the Fibula, Membrana interossea cruris, Fascia cruris

M. fibularia [peroneus] tertius (inconsistent muscle) N. fibulsris profundus (N. ischiBdicus) 0: distal separation of the M. extensor digitorum longus

62

~Tables

49-50

49 Lateral (fibular) muscles of the lag{-+ Fig. 4.92, -+Fig. 4. 107b, -+Fig. 4.108, -+Fig. 4.109)

..c

E ·....J

...

TheM. fibularislongus is located superficially and laterally, distally thereof lies theM. fibularis brevis.

(1)

M. fibularis [peroneus] longus N. fibularis superficislis (N. ischiadicus)

~

0

0: caput fibulae, proximal ~thirds of the Fibula, Fascia cruris

1: Tuberositas ossis metatarsi I, Os cuneiform& mediale

F: Talocrural joint plantar flexion Talocalcaneonavicular jojnt: pronation (most important muscle)

1: Tuberositas ossis metatarsi V

F: Talocrural jojnt: plantar flexion Talocalcaneonavicular jojnt: pronation

....J

M. ftbulalls [peroneus] bNVIs N. fibularis superficia/is (N. ischiadicus) 0: distal half of the Fibula

50 Dorsal superficial muscles of the leg {-+Fig. 4.93, -+ 4.107c, -+ 4.110, -+ 4.111) The relief of the calf is shaped by the heads of the M. gastrocnemius. This muscle is located superficially to the M. soleus and together they constitute theM. triceps surae. The very small M. plantaris can be considered as the fourth head of this muscle. M. biceps surae (The broad tendon of theM. triceps surae is known as Achilles tendon.) N. tibialis (N. ischiBdicus)

0: M. gastrocnemius, Caput medlale: Condylus medialis of the Femur M.gutrocnemius, Caput latan~le: Condylus lateralis of the Femur M. soleus: proximal third of the Fibula, Facies posterior of the Tibia (Linea musculi solei), Arcus tendineus musculi solei

1: Tuber calcanei (via Tendo calcaneus)

F: Knee jojnt (only M. gastrocnemius and M. plantaris): flexion Talocrural jojnt: plantar flexion (most important muscle) Talocalcaneonavicular jojnt: supination (most important muscle)

0: Condylus lateralis of the Femur

1: Tuber calcanei

F: Knee joint: flexion Talocrural jojnt: plantar flexion Talocalcaneonavicular jojnt: supination

M. plantaris N. tibialis (N. ischisdicus)

63

~Table

..c

51

E

51 Dorsal deep muscles of the lag (-+ Fig. 4.107c, d, -+ Fig. 4.11 2, -+ Fig. 4.1 13)

~

The M. popliteus is the most proximal muscle and courses in a lateral oblique direction to the knee joint. The M. tibialis posterior lies in the middle of the muscles running to the foot. accompanied by theM. flexor digitorum longus on its medial side and theM. flexor hallucis longus on its lateral side.

·....J

(L)

~

.9

M. popliteus N. tibialis (N. ischiBdicus) 0: Condylus lateralis of the Femur, posterior horn of the lateral meniscus

1: Facies posterior of the Tibia superior to the Linea musculi solei

F: Knee jojnt: medial rotation, prevents entrapment of the meniscus

0: Membrana interossea, Tibia and Fibula

1: Tuberositas ossis navicularis, plantar surface of the Ossa cuneifoP. mia 1-111, Ossa metatarsi II-IV

F: Talocryral jojnt: plantar flexion Talocalcaneonavicular joint: supination (second most important muscle)

0: Facies posterior of the Tibia

1: Phalanx distalis of the 2nct.5th toes

F: Talocrural jojnt: plantar flexion Talocalcaneonavicular joint: supination Metatarsophalangeal and jntemhalangeal joints of the tges: flexion

0: distal Facies posterior of the Fibula, Membrana interossea

1: Phalanx distalis of the Hallux

F: Talocrural joint: plantar flexion Talocalcanegnayjcular jgjnt" supination Metatarsophalangeal and jntemhalangeal joints of the Hallux: flexion

M. tlblalla postertor N. tibialis (N. ischiadicus) ~l

M. flexor dlgltorum longus N. tibialis (N. ischiadicus)

M. flexor h•llucis longus N. tibialis (N. ischisdicus)

64

-.Tables 52-53

..c

52 Muscles of the dorsum of the foot (-+ Fig. 4.1 09, -+ Fig. 4.1 16, -+ Fig. 4.11 7) The two muscles are not very prominent under the skin of the dorsum of foot. The M. extensor hallueis brevis courses to the Hallux (1 *~toe), the M. extensor digitorum brevis courses to the other toes.

...

(1)

~

M. exteMOr dlgltoftlm brevis N. fibularis profundus (N. ischisdicus)

0: dorsal aspect of the Calcaneus

E ·....J 0

....J 1: dorsal aponeurosis of the 2"d....4.,toes

F: lntemhalangaal jojnts of the toes

ill=M.: extension

M. extan.or halluc!• brevia N. fibularis profundus (N. ischisdicus) 0: dorsal aspect of the Calcaneus

1: Phalanx proximalis of the Hallux (1 11 toe)

F: Metatarsophalangeal jojnt of the J::IAlWx; extension

53 Medial muscles of the sole of the foot(-+ Figs. 4.119-4.121) TheM. abductor hallucis is mainly responsible for the relief of the medial margin of the foot. Adjacent lies theM. flexor ha!lucis brevis, and laterally follows theM. adductor hallucis. M. abductor hallucls N. plantaris medialis (N. tibialis)

0: Proc. medialis of the Tuber calcanei, Aponeurosis plantaris, Retinaculum musculorum flexorum

1: medial sesamoid bone of the metatarsophalangeal joint I, Phalanx distalis of the Hallux

F: Metatarsophalangeal jojnt of the J::IAlWx; abduction, flexion, bracing of the medial longitudinal plantar arch

M. flexor hallucll brevis Caput mediale: N. plantaris medialis (N. tibialis) Caput laterale: N. plant8ris latemlis (N. tibialis) 0: plantar aspect of the Ossa cuneiformia, plantar ligaments

1: Caput madiala: medial sesamoid bone of the metatarsophalangeal joint I, Phalanx proximalis of the Hallux Caput lllterale: lateral sesamoid bone of the metatarsophalangeal joint I, Phalanx proximalis of the Hallux

F: Metatarsophalangeal joint of the

.l::iallux: flexion, bracing of the longitudinal plantar arch

65

~Tables

..c

E

·....J ~

(L)

~

53-54

&3 Medial muscles of the sole of the foot (continued) M. adductor hallucis N. p/8nt8ris IBterelis (N. tibialis) 0: Caput obliquum: Os cuboideum, Os cuneiforme. planter ligaments Caput transvenum: capsules of the metatarsophalangeal joints of the 3rd....O., toes, Lig. metatarsals transversum profundum

.9

1: lateral sesamoid bone and capsule of the metatarsophalangeal joint I, Phalanx proximalis of the Hallux

&4 Muscles in the midregion of the sole of the foot (-+ Fig. 4.116, -+ Fig. 4.117,

F: Metatarsophalangeal joint of the ~

adduction towards the 2•d toe. flexion, bracing of the longitudinal and transverse plantar arches

-+ Figs.

4.119-4.122)

In its proximal part, the M. flexor digitorum brevis is firmly attached to the plantar aponeurosis. Beneath this muscle. theM. quadratus plantae connects with the main tendon of the M. flexor digitorum longus. The Mm. lumbricales pedis I-IV originate from its four tendinous branches. The Mm. interossei plantares I-III and the Mm. interossei dorsales pedis I-IV fill the spaces between the Ossa metatarsi. M. fi811Dr digitorum brwis (Shortly before their insertion point, the tendons of this muscle are pierced by the tendons of the M. flexor digitorum longus.) N. plsnt8ris medialis (N. tibiB/is) 0: planter aspect of the Tuber calcanei, Aponeurosis plantaris

1: Phalanx media of the 2"4th toes

F: Matatarsoohalangeal and proxjmal joterphalangeal jojnts of the toes: flexion, bracing of the longitudinal plantar arch

1: lateral margin of the tendon of the M. flexor digitorum longus

F: supports theM. flexor digitorum longus

1: medial side of the Phalanx proximalis of the 211L5111 toes

F: Metatarsophalangeal jojots of the lQH: flexion, adduction

1: medial side of the Phalanx proximalis of the 3nL5., toes

F: Metatarsophalangeal jojots of the lQH: flexion, adduction towards the 2"d toe

M. quadratua plantae

N. plantaris latera/is (N. tibialis) 0: plantar aspect of the Calcaneus, Lig. plantare longum

Mm. lumbllcalae pecllai-IV Nn. plantares medialis (IJ and laterelis (11-IVJ (N. tibialis) 0: M. lumbllcalls pedis: tendons of the M. flexor digitorum longus 1: single headed 11-IV: ~headed

Mm. intero...i plantai'H pedis 1-111

N. plantaris lsterelis (N. tibialis} 0: plantar aspect of the Ossa metatarsi 111-V. Lig. plantar& longum

66

~Tables

54-55

..c

&4 Muscles in the midregion of the sole of the foot (continued)

E ·....J

...

Mm. intero...i donaiH pedis I-IV (tw&headed muscles) N. plantaris IBtertJiis (N. tibialis)

(1)

0: adjacent sides of the Ossa

1: Phalanx proximalis of the

metatarsi 1-V facing each other. Lig. plantara longum

2"d....4"' toes (2nd toe bilateral, Jtd and 4"' toes from lateral)

F: Metatarsophalangeal joints of the

mn:

~

0

....J

flexion, medial abduction of the 2"11 toe. lateral abduction of the Jtd and 4'htoes

66 Lateral muscles of the sole of the foot (-+ Figs. 4.119-4.121 ) TheM. abductor digiti minimi runs along the lateral margin of the foot. Beneath its plantar surface lie theM. flexor digiti minimi brevis and the M. opponens digiti minimi.

M. abductor digiti mlnlml N. plantaris IBtertJiis (N. tibialis)

0: Proc. lateralis of the Tuber calcanei, Aponeurosis plantaris

1: Tuberositas ossis metatarsi V,

F: Metatarsophalangeal joint of the

Phalanx proximalis of the 5111 toe

~

abduction, flexion, bracing of the longitudinal plantar arch

M. flexor digiti mlnlml bnw'la N. plantaris IBtertJiis (N. tibialis)

0: base of the Os metatarsi V, Lig. plantare longum

1: Phalanx proximalis of the 5'h toe

F: Metatarsophalangeal joint of the ~:

flexion, bracing of the longitudinal plantar arch

M. opponens digiti minimi (inconsistent muscle) N. plantaris lstertJiis (N. tibialis) 0: base of the Os metatarsi V. Lig. plantara longum

1: Os metatarsi V

F: Metatarsophalangeal jpjot pf the ~

opposition, bracing of the longitudinal plantar arch

67

-+Tables 56-57

en

g! Q)

56 Cranial nerves, overview (-+Fig. 9.52, -+Fig. 9.57, -+Fig. 9.58, -+Figs. 12.123-12.177)

z ·-coc::

a

N. olfaetorius [I]

b

N. opticus [II]

u

c

N. oculomotorius [Ill]

d

N. trochlearis [IV]

e

N. trigeminus [V] - No ophthalmicus [V/11 - No maxillaris IV/21 - No mandibularis [V(J]

f

N. abducens [VI]

g

N. facia lis [VII]

h

N. vestibulocochlearis [VIII]

co ~

N. glossopharyngeus [IX] N. vagus [X] k

N. accessorius [XI] N. hypoglossus [XII]

57 Cranial nerves, functions (fibre qualities) (-+Fig. 9.49, -+Figs. 12.127-12.177) (GSE)

General somatic-efferent: innervation of the skeletal muscles (Ill, IV, VI, XII)

(GVE)

General visceral-efferent: innervation of visceral and vascular smooth muscles, and glands (Ill, VII, IX. X)

(SVE)

Special visceral-efferent: innervation of the facial muscles, masticatory muscles, Larynx, Pharynx, Oesophagus, M ste rnocle idomastoide us, M trapezius (V, VII, IX. X. XI) 0

68

0

(GVA)

General visceral-afferent: information from viscera and blood vessels (IX, XI

(SVA)

Special visceral-afferent: taste (VII, IX, X)

(GSA)

General somatic-afferent: pain, temperature, information via mechanoreceptors of the skin and musculoskeletal system (V, VII, IX. X)

(SSA)

Special somatic-afferent: smell, vision, hearing, equilibrium/balance (1, I, VIII)

-+Table 58

(/)

58 Cranial nerves(-+ Figs. 12.123-12.177) a N. olfactorlus

01 (..... Fig. 8. 107. ..... Fig. 12.129, ..... Fig. 12.130)

Q)

c:

Q)

z

The Fila olfactoria are collectively named as N. olfactorius. They constitute the peripheral neuron of the olfactory pathway. Origin

olfactory cells of the Regia olfactoria

Passage through the cranial base

Lamina cribrosa

Passage through the Dura mater

Lamina cribrosa

Entrance into the brain

Bulbus olfactorius

Innervation area

mucosa (olfactory epithelium) at the roof of the nasal cavity, the upper nasal concha and the upper part of the nasal septum

b N. optlcus [II]( ..... Fig. 9.84, ..... Fig. 12.131, ..... Fig. 12.132) The N. opticus is not a peripheral nerve but a part of the diencephalon. Origin

Stratum ganglionare of the Retina

Course in the Dura mater

Vagina nervi optici

Passage through the cranial base

Canalis opticus

Other visible course

Chiasma opticum. continuation of fibres in the Tractus opticus. Corpus geniculatum laterals

Innervation area

Retina

c N. oculomotorlus [Ill](..... Fig. 12.133, ..... Fig. 12.134) Nuclei (quality)

• Nucleus nervi oculomotorii (paired main and unpaired accessory nucleus) (GSE) • Nucleus accessorius nervi oculomotorii (GVE) 7 Ganglion ciliare

Ex it from the brain

Fossa interpeduncularis of the mesencephalon

Location in the subarachnoid space

Cisterna basalis, Cisterna interpeduncularis

Entrance into the Dura mater

roof of the Sinus cavernosus

Exit from the Dura mater

Fissura orbitalis superior

Passage through the cranial base

Fissura orbitalis superior (medial part, within the Anulus tendineus)

Innervation areas

motor: M. levator palpebrae superioris, Mm. recti superior. medialis and inferior. M. obliquus inferior parasympathetic: M. ciliaris, M. sphincter pupillae (via Ganglion ciliare)

Adjunct nerves

sensory fibres of the N. nasociliaris N/1) sympathetic fibres of the Plexus ophthalmicus

d N. trochlearis [IV](-+ Fig. 12.133, -+ Fig. 12. 134) Nuclei (quality)

• Nucleus nervi trochlearis (GSE)

Exit from the brain

dorsal, caudal of the Colliculus inferior (Tectum mesencephali)

Location in the subarachnoid space

Cisterna ambiens, Cisterna basalis

Entrance into the Dura mater

gap between the Plicae petroclinoideae anterior and posterior

Course within the Dura mater

lateral wall of the Sinus cavernosus

Ex it from the Dura mater

Fissura orbitalis superior

Passage through the cranial base

Fissura orbitalis superior (lateral part)

Innervation area

motor: M. obliquus superior

69

-+Table 58

en

Q)

> ~

Q)

z ·-coc:: co ~

u

e N. trigeminus [V] (-+Fig. 12.143, -+Fig. 12.144, -+Fig. 12.146, -+Fig. 12.147) Nuclei (quality)

• • • •

Exit from the brain

lateral margin of the Pons

Location in "the subarachnoid space

Cisterna basalis, Cavum trigeminale

Entrance into the Dura mater

as Ganglion trigeminale in the lateral wall of the Sinus cavernosus

Division into three branches

- N. ophthalmicus [V/11 - N. maxillaris [V/2] - N. mandibularis [V/3[

Nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini (GSA) Nucleus pontinus nervi trigemini (Nucleus principalis nervi trigemini) !GSA! Nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini (GSA) Nucleus motorius nervi trigemini (SVE)

- N. ophthalmicus [V/1] Course in the Dura mater

lateral wall of the Sinus cavernosus

Exit from the Dura mater

Fissura orbitalis superior

Exit from the cranial base

Fissura orbitalis superior - N. nasociliaris: medial part - N. frontalis: lateral part - N. lacrimalis: lateral part

Innervation area

sensory: Dura mater of the anterior cranial fossa, Falx cerebri, Tentorium cerebelli, forehead, upper eyelid, dorsum of the nose, Sclera. Cornea, Cellulae ethmoidales anteriores, Sinus sphenoidalis, nasal cavity (anterior part)

- N. maxllaris [V/2] Course in the Dura mater

lateral wall of the Sinus cavernosus

Exit from the Dura mater

Foramen rotundum

Exit from the cranial base

Foramen rotundum

Innervation area

sensory: Dura mater of the Fossa cranii media, cheek, lower eyelid, lateral surface of the nose, upper lip, teeth and gingiva of the maxilla, Cellulae ethmoidales posteriores, Sinus sphenoidal is, Sinus maxillaris, Conchae nasales superior and media, Palatum, Tonsil Ia palatine, Pharynx (roof)

Adjunct nerves

parasympathetic (secretory) fibres to divergent Rr. nasales for the Glandulae nasales the Nn. palatini for the Glandulae palatinae as well as to theN. zygomaticus for the Glandula lacrimal is (derived from the Nucleus salivatorius superior via N. facialis, N. petrosus major, and Rr. ganglionares to the Ganglion pterygopalatinum, N. zygomaticus, R. communicans cum nervo zygomatico, N. lacrimal is)

- N. mandibularis [V/3]

70

Course in the Dura mater

lateral wall of the Sinus cavernosus

Exit from the Dura mater

Foramen ovale

Exit from the cranial base

Foramen ovale

Innervation areas

motor: masticatory muscles, M. tensor veli palatini, M. mylohyoideus. M. digastricus (Venter anterior). M. tensor tympani sensory: Dura mater of the Fossa cranii media, Cellulae mastoideae, skin of the mandible, temple, cheek, auricle (upper part), external acoustic meatus, Membrana tympanica (outer surface). teeth and gingiva of the mandible, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, Isthmus faucium, temporomandibular joint

Adjunct nerves

sensory: anterior two-thirds of the tongue (from N. facialis [VIII via Chorda tympani toN. lingualisl parasympathetic (secretory) fibres a) to the N. lingualis for the Glandulae submandjbularjs and sub[jngualjs {from Nucleus salivatorius superior via N. facialis and Chorda tympani to the Ganglion submandibulare) b) to theN. auriculotemporalis for the Glandula parotidea (from Nucleus salivatorius inferior via N. glossopharyngeus, N. tympanicus, Plexus tympanicus, and N. petrosus minor to the Ganglion oticum)

-+Table 58

f N. abducens [VI](-+ Fig. 12.133,-+ Fig. 12.134) Nuclei (quality)

• Nucleus nervi abducentis (GSE)

Exit from the brain

between Pons and Pyramis

Location in the subarachnoid space

Cisterna basalis

Entrance into the Dura mater

upper third of the Clivus

Course in the Dura mater

freely passing through the Sinus cavernosus. lateral to the A. carotis interna

Exit from the Dura mater

Fissura orbitalis superior

Passage through the cranial base

Fissura orbitalis superior, medial part (within the Anulus tendineus)

Innervation area

motor: M. rectus lateralis

(/)

Q)

c:

Q)

z

g N. facialis [VII] (-+Figs. 12.151-12.153, -+Fig. 12.155, -+Fig 12.156) Nuclei (quality)

• Nucleus nervi facialis !SVEJ • Nucleus salivatorius superior (GVEJ -+ Ganglion pterygopalatinum -+Ganglion submandibulare • Nucleus solitarius (SVA) • Nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini (GSA)

Exit from the brain

cerebellopontine angle

Location in the subarachnoid space

Cisterna basalis, Cisterna pontocerebellaris

Entrance into the cranial base

Porus -+ Meatus acusticus internus

Passage through the Dura mater

Fundus meatus acustici interni

Course inside the cranial base

Canalis nervi facia lis

Exit from the cranial base

Foramen stylomastoideum

Innervation areas

motor: facial (mimic) muscles, Mm. auriculares, M. digastricus (Venter posterior), M. stylohyoideus, M. stapedius sensory: anterior two-thirds of the tongue (via Chorda tympani to the N. lingual is) parasympathetic: Glandula lacrimalis, Glandulae nasales, Glandulae palatinae (via Ganglion pterygopalatinum),

Glandula submandibularis, Glandula sublingualis (via Ganglion submandibulare) Adjunct nerves

sensory Iibras of the N. trigeminus to the facial branches of theN. facia lis

h N. vestibulocochlearis [VIII](-+ Fig. 12.159,-+ Fig 12.160) Nuclei (quality)

• Nuclei cochleares anterior and posterior (SSA} • Nuclei vestibulares medialis, lateral is, superior and inferior (SSA)

Exit from the brain

cerebellopontine angle

Location in the subarachnoid space

Cisterna basalis, Cisterna pontocerebellaris

Entrance into the cranial base

Porus -+ Meatus acusticus internus

Exit from the Dura mater

Fundus meatus acustici interni

Course inside the cranial base

directly to the labyrinth within the petrous part of the temporal bone

Innervation areas

sensory: N. cochlearis: acoustic organ(= CORTI's organ) sensory: N. vestibularis: equilibrium/balance organ

71

-+Table 58

en

Q)

> ~

Q)

z ·-coc:: co ~

u

i N. gloasopharyngeus [IX](-+ Fig. 12.162,-+ Fig. 12.163) Nuclei (quality)

• • • •

Exit from the brain

Medulla oblongata: Sulcus retroolivaris

Location in "the subarachnoid space

Cisterna basalis

Passage through the Dura mater

Foramen jugulare

Passage through the cranial base

Foramen jugulare

Innervation areas

motor: pharyngeal muscles (cranial part), M. levator veli palatini. M. palatoglossus. M. palatopharyngeus. M. stylopharyngeus sensory: mucosa of the pharynx (cranial part), Tons ilia palatina, posterior third of the tongue, Plexus tympanicus, Membrana tympanica (inner surface}, Sinus caroticus special sensory: tongue (posterior third) parasympathetic: Glandula parotidea (via Ganglion oticum), Glandulae linguales (posterior)

Nucleus Nucleus Nucleus Nucleus

ambiguus (SVE) solitarius !SVA and GVAJ salivatorius inferior (GVE) .... Ganglion oticum spinalis nervi trigemini (GSA)

N. vagus [X](-+ Figs. 12.166-12.168) Nuclei (quality)

• • • •

Exit from the brain

M ed ulla oblongata: Sulcus retroolivaris

Location in "the subarachnoid space

Cisterna basalis

Passage through the Dura mater

Foramen jugulare

Passage through the cranial base

Foramen jugulare

Innervation areas

motor: pharyngeal muscles (caudal part), M. levator veli palatini, M. uvulae, laryngeal muscles sensory: Dura mater of th e Fossa cranii posterior. deep part of the Meatus acusticus externus. M embrana tympanica (outer surface) special sensory: base of the tongue parasympathetic: organs of the neck, thorax, and abdomen up to the CANNON-BOHM's point

Nucleus Nucleus Nucleus Nucleus

ambiguus (SVE) solitarius (SVA, GVAJ dorsalis nervi vagi !GVE, GVAJ spinalis nervi trigemini (GSA)

k N. accessorius [XI](-+ Fig. 12.172,-+ Fig. 12.1 73) Nuclei (quality)

• Nucleus ambiguus (SVEJ • Nucleus nervi accessorii (SVE)

Ex it from the brain

Radices craniales : Medulla oblongata: Sulcus retroolivaris-+ N. vagus Radices spinales: Medulla cervica lis (lateral)

Location in "the subarachnoid space

Cisterna basalis

Entrance into the cranial cavity

Foram en magnum (Radices spinales)

Passage through the Dura mater

Foramen jugulars

Passage through the cranial base

Foramen jugulare

Innervation areas

motor: M. sternocleidomastoideus, M. trapezius (together with the Plexus cervicalisl

IX]

I N. hypoglossus [XII] (-+Fig. 12.175, -+Fig. 12.177)

72

Nuclei (quality)

• Nucleus nervi hypoglossi (GSE)

Exit from the brain

Medulla oblongata: Sulcus anterolat eralis

Location in "the subarachnoid space

Cisterna basalis

Passage through t he Dura mater

Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Passage through the cranial base

Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Innervation areas

motor: intrinsic muscles of the tongue, M. stylogloss us, M. hyoglossus, M. genioglossus

-+Tables 59-60

(/)

59 Functional organisation of the isocortex: primary and secondary cortical areas(-+ Fig. 12.84)

Q)

c:

Q)

Primary cortical area •

BRODMANN's area(s)

Location

z

(employing histological parameters, the cerebral cortex is divided into 52 cortical areas) Primary (somato-)motor cortex (motor cortex)

Gyrus precentralis, frontal lobe

4

Primary somatosensory cortex

Gyrus postcentralis, parietal lobe

1, 2 and 3

Primary gustatory cortex

inferior part of the Gyrus postcentralis (corresponds to the sensory cortical area of the tongue) parts of the Pars opercularis and of the insular cortex

43

Primary visual cortex

parts of the Sulcus calcarinus in the occipital lobe

17

Primary auditory cortex

Gyri temporales transversi (HESCHrs transverse gyri) of the Gyrus temporalis superior in the temporal lobe

41

• Not listed are the primary o~actory area (Cortex prepiriformisl and the numerous vestibular cortical areas of the isocortex.

Secondary cortical area•

BRODMANN's area(s)

Location

(employing histological parameters, the cerebral cortex is divided into 52 cortical areas) Secondary motor cortical areas (pre-motor and supplementary motor cortex)

anterior to the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe

6,8

Secondary somatosensory cortex

posterior part of the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

5

Secondary visual cortex

adjacent to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

18, 19

Secondary auditory cortex

adjacent to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

42

* Only the most important secondary cortical areas are listed.

80 Nuclei oftheThalamus (selection) (-+Fig.12.103) Group

Nucleus

Function

Specific sensory relay nuclei

Nucleus ventralis posterolateralis

sensory input from spinal nerves

Nucleus ventralis posteromedialis

sensory input of the head and gustatory afferences

Nucleus corporis geniculati medialis

part of the auditory pathway

Nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis

part of the visual pathway

Specific motor relay nuclei

Nuclei ventrales anterior et intermedius

coordination of the cerebellum and basal ganglia of the motor system

Association nuclei

Nuclei pulvinares

integration of diverse specific sensory inputs

Nuclei mediales

close relationship to the prefrontal cortex ('personality')

Nuclei anteriores

part of the limbic system

Nuclei intralaminares (centromedianus, parafascicularis)

parts of the reticular system, important functions for arousal and consciousness

Nuclei mediani

sensory integration

Nonspecific relay nuclei

73

Index

The sources refer to the numbers of the tables.

A Abdominal wall - dorsal muscles 16 - lateral muscles 15 -ventral muscles 14 Acromioclavicular joint 21 Ankle joint - inferior 39 - movement planes and axes 39 - superior 39 Ansa cervicalis 10 -profunda 7 Arm - indicator muscles 23 -joints 21 - - planes and axes 21 - muscles 29-38 - segmental innervation, indicator muscles 23 Articulatio(-nes) - acromioclavicularis 21 - calcaneocuboidea 39 - carpometacarpalis(-esl 21 - - pollicis 21 - conoidea 21 -coxae 39 -cubiti 21 - cu neocuboidea 39 - cu neonavicularis 39 - ellipsoidea 21 -genus 39 -humeri 21 - humeroradialis 21 - humeroulnaris 21 - intercuneiformes 39 - intermetatarsales 39 - interphalangeae - - manus 21 - - pedis 3 9 - irregularis 21 - mediocarpalis 21 - membri - - inferioris (liberil 39 - - superioris (liberi) 21 - metacarpophalangeee 21 - metatarsophalangeae 39 -plana 21 - radiocerpelis 21 - radioulneris - - distalis 21 - - proxima lis 21 - sacroiliaca 39 - sellaris 21 - spheroidea 21 , 39 - sternoclevicularis 21 - subtalaris 39 - talocalcaneonaviculari s 39 - talocru ralis 39 - talotarsalis 39 -tarsi transversa (CHOPART's joint) 39 - tarsometatarsales ILlS FRANC's joint) 39 - tibiofibularis 39 - trochoides 21 Association cortex 60 Auditory cortex, primary/secondary 59 Auditory pathway 60 Autochthonous muscles of the back 18 - deep neck muscles 18 - lateral tract 1B - - intertransversal system 18 - - sacrospinal system 18 - - spinotransversal system 18 - medial tract 18 - - spinal system 1B - - tra nsversospinal system 1B

B Back muscles, autochthonous see Autochthonous muscles of the back BRODMANN's areas 60

c

Caput -breve - - (M. biceps brachiil 29 - - (M. biceps femoris! 4 0. 47 - claviculare (M. ste rn ocle idomasto ideusl 8 - humerale - - (M. flexor cerpi ulnaris) 31 - - (M. pronator teres) 31 - humeroulnare (M. f lexor dig itorum superficialisl 31 - inferius (M. pteryg oideus lateralisl 4 - laterale - - (M. flexor hallucis brevis) 53 - - (M. gastrocnemius) 50 - - (M. triceps brachiil 3 0

74

Csput -longum -- I M. biceps brachii) 29 -- IM. biceps femoris) 47 -- IM. triceps brachiil 30 - mediale -- I M. flexor hallucis brevis) 53 -- I M. gastrocnemius! 50 -- I M. triceps brachiil 30 - obliquum (M. adductor pollicis) 36 - profundum (M. flexor pollicis brevis) 36 - radiale IM. flexor digitorum superficialis) 31 - stern ale (M. sternocleidomastoideus) 8 - superficiale (M. flexor pollicis brevis) 36 - superius (M. pterygoideus lateralisl 4 - transversum -- IM. adductor hallucis) 40 -- I M. adductor pollicis) 36 - ulnare -- IM. flexor carpi ulnaris) 31 -- I M. pronator teres) 31 Carpometacarpal joints 21 CHOPART's joint (Art. tarsi transversal 39 Clavicular joint -lateral 21 -medial 21 Cortical field -primary 59 - secondary 59 Cranial nerves 58 - functions/fibre qualities 57 - overview 56 Crus - dextru m (Pars lumbalis, Diaphragmal 19 - sinistrum (Pars lumbalis, Diaphragms) 19

D Diaphragms 7, 19 - innervation 7 - passageways/vulnerable points 19 -pelvis 20 Discus interpubicus 39 Dorsum of the foot. muscles 52

E Elbow joint 21 - planes and axes 21

F Facial muscles 1 Finger joints 21 Foramen venae cavae 19 Forearm - deep muscles --dorsal 35 -- ventral 32 - lateral (radial) muscles 33 - superficial muscles --dorsal 34 -- ventral 31 FROHSE-FRANKEL's arcade 35

G Ginglymus (hinge joint) 39 GSA (general somatic afferent) 57 GSE (general somatic efferent) 57 Gustatory cortex, primary 59 GVA (general viscerae afferent) 57 GVE (general viscerae efferent) 57 Gyri temporales transversi (HESCHL's tran sverse gyri) 59 Gyrus(-i) - postcentralis 59 - precentralis 59 - temporales transversi IHESCHL's transverse gyri) 59 - tern poralis superior 59

H Hiatus - aorticus 19 - oesophageus 19 Hip joint 39 - movement planes and exes 39 Hip muscles - d orsolateral 43 - pelvitrochenteric 4 4 -ventral 42 Humeroradial joint 21 Humeroulnar joint 21 Hyoid muscles - inferior 10 - superio r 9 Hypothenar muscles 38

lntermetatarsal joints 39 Interphalangeal joints 39 lntertarsal joints 39 lschiocrural (hamstring) muscles 40, 47 Isocortex, function aI organisation 60

J Juncturae cingu li pelvici 39

K Knee joint 39 - movement planes end exes 39

L Larynx, muscles 6 Leg -joints 39 - movement planes and axes 39 - muscles 46-53, 55 -segmental innervation, indicator muscles 41 Ligamentum(-a) - pubicum -- inferius 39 -- superius 39 - sacroiliacs -- anteriore 39 -- interossea 39 -- posteriora 39 - secrospinale 39 - sacrotuberal 39 LISFRANC's joint (tarsometatarsal joint! 39 Lower limb 48-51 -dorsal deep muscles 51 - dorsal superficial muscles 50 -joints 39 - lateral (fibular) muscles 49 - ventral muscles 48

M Massete r muscles 4 Metacarpophalangeal joints 21 Metatarsophalangeal joints 39 Motor cortex 59 Motor relay nuclei, specific 60 Musculus(-i) -abductor --digiti minimi --- (Manus) 22-23, 38 --- (Pes) 40, 55 -- hallucis 40-41, 53 -- pollicis --- brevis 22-23, 36 --- longus 23, 35 -adductor -- brevis 40-41, 46 -- hallucis 40-41, 53 -- longus 40-41, 46 -- magnus 40-41, 46 -- po llicis 22-23, 36 - anconeus 22, 30 - arytenoideus -- obliquus 6 -- transversus 6 - auricularis -- anterior 1 -- posterior 1 -- superior 1 -biceps -- brachii 22-23, 29 --femoris 40-41, 47 - brachialis 23, 29 - brachioradialis 22-23, 33 - buccinator 1 - bulbospo ngiosus 20, 40 - constrictor pharyngis -- inferior 5 --medius 5 -- superior 5 - coracobra chialis 22, 29 - corrugator supercilii 1 - cremaster 15, 40 - cricoarytenoideus -- lateral is 6 -- posterior 6 - cricothyroideus 6 - deltoideus 22-23, 26 - depressor -- anguli oris 1 -- lebii inferioris 1 -- septi nasi 1 -- supercilii 1 - digastricus 9

Index

Musculus(-i) - extensor(-es) --carpi --- radialis ---- brevis 22-23, 33 ---- longus 22-23, 33 --- ulnaris 22-23, 34 -- digiti minimi 22-23, 34 -- digitorum --- (Manus) 22-23, 34 --- brevis 40-41, 52 --- longus 40-41, 48 -- hallucis --- brevis 40-41, 52 --- longus 40-41, 48 -- indicis 22-23, 35 -- pollicis --- brevis 22-23, 35 --- longus 22-23, 35 - fibularis (peroneus] -- brevis 40-41, 49 -- longus 40-41, 49 --tertius 48 -flexor --carpi --- radialis 22-23, 31 --- ulnaris 22, 31 -- digiti minimi brevis 22, 38, 40, 55 -- digitorum --- brevis 40-41, 54 --- longus 40-41,51 --- profundus 22-23, 32 --- superficialis 22-23, 31 -- hallucis --- brevis 53 --- longus 51 -- pollicis --- brevis 22-23, 36 --- longus 22-23, 32 - gastrocnemius 41, 50 -gemellus -- inferior 40, 44 -- superior 40, 44 - genioglossus 2 - geniohyoideus 7, 9 -gluteus -- maxim us 40-41, 43 -- medius 40-41, 43 -- minim us 40-41, 43 - gracilis 40-41 , 46 - hyoglossus 2 -iliacus 42 - iliococcygeus 20 - iliocostalis -- cervicis 18 -- lumborum 18 -- thoracis 18 - iliopsoas 40-41 - infraspinatus 22, 28 - intercostales -- external 13 -- interni 13 -- intimi 13 - interossei --dorsales --- (Manus) 22-23, 37 --- (Pes) 40, 54 -- palmares 37 -- plantares 54 - interspinales -- cervicis 18 -- lumborum 18 -- thoracis 18 - intertransversarii -- anteriores cervicis 7, 18 -- laterales lumborum 18 -- mediales lumborum 18 -- posteriores cervicis -- thoraci s 18 - ischiocavernosus 20, 40 - ischiococcygeus 20, 40 - latissimus dorsi 22, 28 - levator(-esl -- anguli oris 1 --ani 20,40 -- costarum --- breves 18 --- longi 18 -- labii superioris --- alaeque nasi 1 -- scapulae 7, 22, 27 -- veli palatini 3 - longissimus -- capitis 18 -- cervicis 18 -- thoracis 18 - longitudinalis -- infe rior 2 -- superior 2 - longus -- capitis 7, 12, 22 -- colli 7, 12, 22

Musculus(-i) - lumbricales -- (Manus) 22, 37 -- (Pesl 40, 54 -masseter 4 -mentalis 1 - multifidus(-i) 18 -- lumborum 18 - mylohyoideus 9 -nasalis 1 - obliquus --capitis --- inferior 18 --- superior 18 -- externusabdominis 15,40 -- internus abdominis 15, 40 - obturatorius -- externus 40-41,44 -- internus 41, 44 - occipitofrontalis 1 - omohyoideus 10 -opponens -- digiti minimi --- (Manus) 22, 38 --- (Pesl 40, 55 -- pollicis 22-23, 36 - orbicularis --oculi 1 --oris 1 - palatoglossus 3 - palatopharyngeus 3, 5 -palmaris -- brevis 22, 38 -- longus 22, 31 - pectineus 40-41, 46 - pectoralis -- major 22, 25 -- minor 22, 24 - piriformis 40-41, 44 - plantaris 40 - popliteus 40-41, 51 - procerus 1 -pronator -- quadratus 22, 32 -- teres 22-23, 31 -psoas --major 42 --minor 42 - pterygoideus -- lateral is 4 -- medialis 4 - pu bococcygeus 20 - pu borectalis 20 -pyramidalis 14, 40 -quadratus -- femoris 40, 44 -- lumborum 16,40 -- plantae 40, 54 - quadriceps femoris 40-41, 45 - rectus -- abdominis 14, 40 --capitis --- anterior 7, 12 --- lateralis 7, 12 --- posterior major/minor 18 -- femoris 45 - rhomboideus -- major 22. 27 -- minor 22, 27 -risorius 1 - rotatores -- cervicis 18 -- lumborum 18 -- thoracis 18 - salpingopharyngeus 5 - sartorius 40-41, 45 - scalenus(-iJ 7 -- anterior 11 --medius 11 --posterior 11 -semimembranosus 41,47 - semispinalis -- capitis 18 -- cervicis 18 -- thoracis 18 - semitendinosus 41, 47 -serratus -- anterior 22, 24 -- posterior --- inferior 17 --- superior 17 - soleus 41,50 -sphincter -- ani extern us 20, 40 -- urethrae extern us 20 - spinalis -- capit is 20 -- cervicis 18 -- tho racis 18 -splenius -- capitis 18 -- cervicis 18

Musculus(-i) - sternocleidomastoideus 8 - starnohyoideus 10 - sternothyroideus 10 - styloglossus 2 - stylohyoideus 9 - stylopharyngeus 5 - subclavius 22, 24 - subcostales 13 - subscapularis 22-23, 28 - supinator 22-23, 35 - supraspinatus 22-23, 26 - temporalis 4 - temporoparietalis 1 -tensor -- fasciae lata a 40-41, 43 -- veli palatini 3 -teres -- major 22-23, 28 -- minor 22-23,28 - thyroarytenoideus 6 - thyrohyoideus 10 -tibialis -- anterior 40-41, 48 -- posterior 40-41. 51 - transversus -- abdominis 15, 40 -- linguae 2 -- menti 1 -- perinei --- profundus 20, 40 --- superficialis 20. 40 -- thoracis 13 - trapezius 7, 27 -triceps -- brachii 22-23, 30 -- surae 40, 50 -uvulae 3 - vastus -- intermedius 45 -- lateralis 45 -- medialis 45 - verticalis linguae 2 - vocalis 6 - zygomaticus -- major 1 -- minor 1

N Neck18 - deep autochthonous m usc las 18 - lateral muscles 8 NervusHJ - abducens IVIl 56, 58 -- fibre qualities 57 -accessorius (XII 8, 27. 56, 58 -- fibre qualities 57 - anococcygeus 40 - auricularis magnus 7 - axillaris 22. 26. 28 - cervicalis 18 - clunium inferiores 40 - coccygeus 40 - cutaneus -- antebrachii medialis 22 -- brachii medialis 22 -- dorsalis --- intermedius 40 --- lateralis 40 -- fem oris --- lateralis 40 --- posterior 40 -- surae --- lateralis 40 --- medialis 40 - digitales -- dorsales pedis 40 -- plantares --- communes 40 --- proprii 40 -dorsalis -- clitoridis 40 -- penis 40 -- scapulae 22, 27 - fa cialis [VII[ 1, 56, 58 -- fibre qualities 57 - femoralis 40, 45-46 - fibularis -- communis 40 -- profundus 40, 48, 52 -- superficialis 40, 49 - genitofemorali s 15, 40 - glossopharyngeus (I X) 56, 58 -- fibre q ualities 57 - gluteus -- inferior 4 0, 43 -- superi or 40, 43 - hypoglossus lXIII 2, 56, 58 -- fibre qualities 57 - iliohypogastricus 15, 40 - ilioinguinalis 15, 40

75

Index

Nervus(-i) - iliopubicus 40 - intercostalas 13-17 - interosseus - - antebrachii anterior 32 - - cruris 40 - ischiadicus 40, 47-52 - labiales - - anteriores 40 - - posteriores 40 - laryngeus - - recurrens 6 - - superior 6 - mandibularis [V/31 58 - massetericus 4 - maxillaris [V/21 58 - medianus 22, 31-32, 36-37 -musculi - - obturatorii interni 40 - - piriformis 40 - - quadrati femoris 40 - - tens oris veli palatini 3 - musculocutaneus 22, 29 - mylohyoideus 9 - obturatorius 40, 46 - occipitalis minor 7 - oculomotorius IIIII 56, 58 - - fibra qualities 57 - olfactorius Ill 56, 58 - - fibre qualities 57 - ophthalmicus IV/1] 58 - opticus 1111 56. 58 - - fibre qualities 57 - pectoralisl-esl 22 - - lateralis 25 - - medialis 25 - perineales 40 - phranicus 7, 19 -plantaris - - lateralis 40, 53-55 - - medialis 40, 53-54 - pterygoideus - - lateralis 4 - - medialis 4 - pudendus 20, 40 - radialis 22, 30, 33 - rectales lanelesl inferiores 40 - sacrales 20 - saphenus 40 - scrotales - - anteriores 40 - - posteriores 40 - subclavius 22, 24 - suboccipitalis 18 - subscapulares 22, 28 - supraclavicularas - - intermedii 7 - - laterales 7 - - mediales 7 - suprascapularis 22, 26, 28 - suralis 40 - temporales profu ndi 4 - thoracicusl-il 13-15, 17-18 - - longus 22. 24 - thoracodorsalis 22, 28 - tibialis 40, 50-51, 53-55 - transversus calli 7 - trigeminus lVI 56. 58 - - fibre qualities 57 - trochlearis [lVI 56, 58 - - fibre qualities 57 - ulnaris 22, 31-32, 36-37 - vagus lXI 56, 58 - - fibre qualities 57 - vestibulococh learis lVIII] 56, 58 - - fibre qualities 57 N ucleusl-il - anteriores 60 - centromedianus 60 - corporis geniculati - - lateralis 60 - - medialis 60 - intralaminares 60 - mediales 60 - mediani 60 - parafascicularis 60 - pulvinares 60 - ventralis 60 - - anterior 60 - - intermedius 60 - - posterolateral is 60 - - posteromedialis 60

76

p Palate muscles 3 Palmar muscles 37 Pars - acromialis (M. deltoideus) 26 - alaris (M. nasalis) 1 - aryepiglottica 6 - buccopharyngea 5 - ceratopharyngea 5 - chondropharyngea 5 - clavicularis IM. deltoideus) 26 - convergens IM. serratus anterior) 24 - costalis (Diaphragms) 19 - cricopharyngea 5-6 - divergens IM. serratus anterior) 24 - extern a (M. thyroarytenoideus) 6 - glossopharyngea 5 - infraclavicularis !Plexus brachialisl 24, 29-30, 32-36, 38 - interne -- (M. cricothyroideus) 6 -- (M. thyroarytenoideus, M. vocalis) 6 - labialis (M. orbicularis oris) 1 - lacrimalis (M. orbicularis oculi) 1 - lumbalis (D iaphragmal 19 - marginalis (M. orbicularis oris) 1 - mylopharyngea 5 - oblique (M. cricothyroidaus) 6 - orbitalis IM. orbicularis oculi) 1 - palpebralis IM. orbicularis oculi) 1 -profunda -- IM. masseter) 4 -- IM. sphincter ani extern us) 20 - pterygopharyngea 5 - recta (M. crcothyroideus) 6 - spinalis IM. deltoideus) 26 - sternalis IDiaphregmal 19 - subcutanea (M. sphincter ani externus) 20 - superficialis -- IM. masseter) 4 -- IM. sphincter ani extern us) 20 - superior (M. serratus anterior) 24 - supraclavicularis (Plexus brach ialis) 24. 27 - thyroepiglottica 6 - thyropharyngea 5-6 - transversa (M. nasalis) 1 Pelvic floor 20 Pelvic girdle, bone connections 39 Pelvitrochanteric muscles 44 Pharyngeal muscles 5 - constrictor muscles 5 - levator muscles 5 Platysma 1 Plexus - brachialis 11, 22, 24, 34-36, 38 -- branches and innervation areas 22 - cervicalis 8, 10-12, 27 -- branches 7 -- muscle innervation 7 -- supply areas 7 - lumbalis 15-16, 40. 45-46 - lumbosacralis 40, 43-44 - pharyngeus -- IN. glossopharyngeus ]lXII 3, 5 -- IN. vagus lXII 3. 5 - sacralis 20, 40, 43-44, 47 Presupplementary motor cortex 60 Prevertebral muscles 12 Primary cortica I areas, isocortex 60 Pubic symphysis 39 Punctum nervosum (nerve point of the neck) 7

R Radioulnar joint, distal 21 Radix - inferior lAnse cervicalisl 7 - superior (Ansa cervicalis) 7 Ramus(-i) -anterior -- IN. obturatorius) 40 -- IN. spinalis) 18 -calcanei -- laterales [N. suralis) 40 -- mediales (N. tibialis) 40 - communicans fibularis 40 - cutaneus(-i) -- IN. femoralisl 40 -- IN. obturatorius) 40 -- anteriores (N. femorelisl 40 -- cruris mediales IN. saphenusl 40 - digastricus IN. facialis [VIlli 9 - femoralis 40 - genitalis 40 - infrapatellaris 40

Ramus(-i)

- musculares -- (N. femoralisl 40 -- (Plexus brachialis) 22 -- I Plexus cervicalisl 7 -- (Plexus sacralis) 44 - pharyngeales -- IN. glossopharyngeus [lXII 3, 5 -- (N. vagus IX]) 3, 5 - posterior{-es) -- (N. cervicalisl 18 -- IN. obturatoriusl 40 -- (Nn. spinales) 18 -- (N n. thoracici) 18 -profundus -- IN. plantaris lateralis) 40 -- (N. radialis) 34-35 -- (N. ulnarisl 36-38 - stylohyoideus IN. facialis I VIlli 9 - superficialis -- (N. plantaris lateralis) 40 -- (N. ulnaris) 38 Relay nuclei - motor/sensory, specific 60 - non-specific 60 Rotator cuff 28

s

Sacroiliac joint 39 Sea lane muscles 11 Secondary cortical areas. isocortex 60 Sensory relay nuclei, specific 60 Shoulder - dorsal muscles 27-28 - lateral muscles 26 - ventral muscles 24-25 Shoulder joint 21 - movement planes and a)(es 21 Sole of the foot - lateral muscles 55 - medial muscles 53 - muscles in the midregion 54 Somatomotoric cortex, primarytsecondary 59 Somatosensory cortex, primaryfsecondary 59 Spinocostal m usc las 17 SSA (specific somatic afferent) 57 Supplementary motor cortex 60 SVA (specific visceral afferent) 57 SVE (specific visceral efferent) 57 Symphysis pubica 39 Syndesmosis tibiofibularis 39

T Tarsal joint(s) 39 Tarsometatarsal joints 39 Thalamic nuclei 60 Thenar muscles 36 Thigh 45-47 - dorsal (ischiocrural) muscles 40, 47 - medial muscles ladductorsl 46 - ventral muscles 45 Thoracic wall, muscles 13 Thumb joint 21 Tibiofibular joint - inferior 39 - superior 39 Toes -joints 39 Tongue, muscles 2 Transverse tarsal joints 39 Trigonum - lumbocostale 19 - sternocostale 19 Trochoginglymus 39

u Upper arm - dorsal muscles 30 - ventral muscles 29 Upper limb, joints 21

v Venter - frontalis 1 - occipitalis 1 Visual cortex. primarytsecondary 59 Visual pathway 60

w Wrist joint(s) 21 - distal 21 - planes and axes 21 - proximal 21