Slot Machines: A Pictorial History of the First 100 Years [First ed.] 0913814-53-9

Table of contents :
Copyright......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 9
Why It Happened Here......Page 10
1. San Francisco, Cradle of the Slot Machine (Inception - poker and wheel machines)......Page 15
San Francisco: A Haven for Slots......Page 21
At First, Slots Migrate from the East......Page 22
One of the Early Pioneers......Page 26
Poker is King......Page 28
Royal Flush - 100 Cigars!......Page 29
Legal and Licensed......Page 30
Impotent Patents......Page 32
Poker Thriving "Along the Line"......Page 33
The Floor Machine Invasion......Page 34
Electrics......Page 36
Vying for the S.F. Market......Page 37
2. Charlie Feyand the Liberty Bell (Birth of the bell slot machine)......Page 39
The Man and The Machine......Page 45
Germanic Destiny......Page 46
Birth of the Bell......Page 47
3. A Shaking for the Slot Industry (San Francisco earthquake and fire)......Page 49
Reminescence of Eddie Fey......Page 53
4. Renaissance to Reform (Rebuilding from fire - slots outlawed)......Page 55
Rising from the Ashes......Page 59
Dice......Page 60
5 Slot Machine Innovator (Numerous machines by Charlie Fey)......Page 67
REVAMPING......Page 71
Wheels......Page 72
Arrows......Page 73
Roulette......Page 74
Dice......Page 75
Poker......Page 78
Pocket Machines......Page 80
Scales......Page 82
Charles Fey Machines......Page 83
Accolades for a Pioneer......Page 84
6. Hitting the Jackpot by Larceny (Mills, Caille, Watling bell families)......Page 87
Caille Cashes in on the Liberty Bell......Page 90
Thomas W. B. Watling, the Colorful Entrepreneur.......Page 92
The Beginning of a Dynasty......Page 93
Admiral Dewey and Miss Chicago......Page 94
A Second Bell Family......Page 96
Still Another Bell Family......Page 98
CAILLE'S LIBERTY BELL GUM VENDER......Page 99
A Fourth Bell Family......Page 100
7. The Gum Age: 1910 - 1922 (Slots vend gum - Prohibition)......Page 103
Temperance and Abstinance Lead to Prohibition : Speakeasys Become a Refuge for Slot Machines......Page 104
Why Plums, Bells and Bars?......Page 108
A Fifth Bell Family......Page 109
Gum Keeps 'em Going......Page 110
"Gum Gambling Slot Machines Declared Illegal"......Page 112
8. The Roaring Twenties: Mints and Jackpots (Aluminum - mints - jackpots - speakeasys)......Page 115
Honest Abe and Dishonest Bugs......Page 118
Jackpot Genesis......Page 120
9. The Golden Age: Opulence and Glamour ( Depression - classic designs - raids )......Page 123
Golden Age of Slots Succumbs to Reform......Page 126
Victoria Family......Page 127
Despite Depression - Sales Soared......Page 128
Mills Bell Machines, 1931 - 1942......Page 129
O.D. Jennings......Page 130
The Cream of 32 Years of Coin-machine Experience......Page 131
Watling Classics......Page 132
Watling Bell Machines 1931 -1941......Page 133
End of the Line......Page 134
Caille Bell Machines 1932-1939......Page 135
Bally's Beginnings......Page 137
San Francisco, 1933......Page 138
New York City, 1934......Page 139
Oakland, 1935......Page 140
Los Angeles, 1939 -1946......Page 141
10. Munitions to Annihilation (War - post-war boom - new laws)......Page 143
Buy a Bond and Reserve a Machine !......Page 144
Jennings Capitalizes on Post War Boom......Page 147
Mills Bell Machines 1945 -1950......Page 148
Warren and Johnson Death Sentences......Page 149
11. Circumventing Innovations (Ruses - disguises - substitutes)......Page 151
A Winner Every Time......Page 152
Invention of Check Separator......Page 155
Gum Makes it Legal......Page 157
A Sweet Disguise......Page 158
CIGA-ROLA......Page 159
Put Another Nickel In .........Page 160
Music, Music, Music......Page 161
Fortune Tellers......Page 162
Pay Ya Later......Page 163
Money Back Guarantee......Page 164
Free Play......Page 165
A Game of Skill???......Page 166
Diggers......Page 167
For Duffers and Accountants......Page 168
Play Ball!......Page 169
Hayburners......Page 170
The Basic Art of Camouflage......Page 172
Gambling Guns......Page 173
Baby Bells......Page 174
Pin Game or Slot?......Page 175
Prohibition Against Gaming and Ultimate Repeal......Page 177
Reno : Nevada's Initial Gambling Center......Page 179
From Bordertowns to Cow Counties......Page 185
Atlantic City: Today's Beauty Queens are Resort Hotel Casinos......Page 187
Gambling Bill Passes Nevada Senate by Vote Of Thirteen to Three......Page 189
Reno......Page 190
Downtown......Page 192
Las Vegas......Page 193
Border Towns & Cow Counties......Page 194
Atlantic City Hotel Casinos 1978-1981......Page 195
13. Adopting Slot Machines for Casino Play (New generation of machines and manufacturers)......Page 197
Bally Revolutionizes the Casino Slot......Page 201
From TJM to OTX to Mills Jennings......Page 204
Jennings Bucks Ahead......Page 205
Significant Bally Slot Machines 1963 - 1981......Page 207
The Big Win......Page 208
Microprocessors......Page 210
14. The Electronic Age and Video Slots (TV bells - poker - electronic games)......Page 213
First TV Slot......Page 216
Poker Mania......Page 217
Electronic Casino Games......Page 218
15. Edmund Fey and the Liberty Belle......Page 221
Inventions by Edmund Fey......Page 225
Restoration • • •......Page 228
and Collecting......Page 229
Liberty Belle Collection......Page 230
"Group Gambles on Putting Tribute to Slot Machine"......Page 231
Consoles......Page 233
How the Darn Things Work......Page 234
Mathematics: The Heart of the Machine......Page 235
Index......Page 236
A Century of Slot Machines......Page 244

Citation preview

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Marshall Fey

240pp.; 400 photographs, 218 in full color; line drawings; maps; index. The free-wheeling gambling atmosphere of old San Francisco in the 1890's set the stage for the birth of the three-reel bell slot machine, and within a decade a ready market developed throughout the world. Although the slot's destiny rose and fell with the changing moods of the nation, reform movements constantly caused the industry to introduce innovations circumventing the law. The Roaring Twenties brought the notori­ ous speakeasys, a logical home for the ubiqui­ tous slots, while the Depression years of the 1930's saw record productions and the most beautiful and brilliant machines ever designed, now highly collectible. The Golden Age of slots ended in 1950 with the passing of far-reaching federal legislation confining their use. But the growth of Nevada casinos and re­ cently Atlantic City resulted in a huge demand for multiple coin, high denomination machines, microprocessor circuitry and TV video machi'nes in the early 1980's. The alluring slot machine has been a part of America's culture for nearly a century. Through these stages of growth - from crude beginnings to the modern sophisticated video slots � author Marshall Fey relates the machine's impact on our changing nation. Every important slot machine is carefully re­ presented both in the text and by more than 400 photographs and newspaper articles, all serving to chronicle this colorful segment of Americana.

Editorial Staff Douglas McDonald Stanley W. Paher Cartoonist Click Slocum Cartographer Dan Heath Book Design K. C. DenDooven Layout Dan Mast Typographers Nevada Typesetting Las Vegas Typesetting Color Separations Color Masters Printing Inter-Collegiate Press Index Douglas McDonald

Copyright© 1983 by Marshall Fey All rights reserved. No part of this book may be produced without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. ISBN Number 0913814-53-9 First Edition

by Marshall Fey

An Illustrated History of America's Most Popular Coin-Operated Gaming Device.

Published by Stanley Paher

Nevada Publications Box 15444 Las Vegas, Nev. 89114

Dedication "History has its great and near great warriors, its statesmen and its moral leaders. Coin machines too, have their great, near great and even legendary characters from whence came our coin machines in the first place. They were Charles Fey, H.S. Mills, Adolph Cai/le and Thomas Watling. Each gave to posterity the benefits of a life of study and sacrifice in the field they· liked best." Coin Machine Journal July 1949 It is to these men and Edmund Fey that this book is dedicated.

Acknowledgments Much of the first hand material about the coin machine industry could not have been obtained with­ out the information furnished by my father, Edmund Fey, who grew up among his father's slots and knew most of the pioneers. Fortunately, he began preserving this history two decades ago by compiling many pages of material with the intent of publishing this history. Special appreciation is also extended to accomplished historical authors Stanley Paher and Douglas McDonald for their endless hours of editing , numerous contributions and ideas for the book's content, and to K.C. DenDooven and Dan Mast for an exciting book design. Also making major contributions were Bob and Kelly Peccole, A&P Slot Machine Co.; Dave Armstrong; Jerry Ayliffe, Coin Operated Machines; Bob Weiss and especially Tom Mulligan, Bally Distributing of Nevada; Richard Bueschel; Ben Coleman, Ben's Coin Machine Service; Coin Slot and its publications; Roger Gash; Donna Johnson, Fred Putnam and Marty Shumsky, International Game Technology; Loose Change and Mead Co. publications; the venerable Bill Gersh and Market Place; Norbe Michaels; long fime friend Tony Mills, Mills Novelty; Virginia Bear and Ken Moberly, Mills-Jennings; Stuart Curtis, the Nevada Gaming Com­ mission; Post-Era Books; Ken Rubin, Drop Coin Here; Bill Whelan; and many libraries, historical societies and various government agencies. Important photography tips came from Dan Mead, Marilyn Newton and Jerry Vanlaningham.

Table of Contents Chapter Why It Happened Here............................................... 6 1. San Francisco, Cradle of the Slot Machine................................. 13 Inception - poker and wheel machines 2. Charlie Fey and the Liberty Bell ..........................................37 Birth of the bell slot machine 3. A Shaking for the Slot Industry .......................................... 47 San Francisco earthquake and fire 4. Renaissance to Reform............................................... 53 · Rebuilding from fire - slots outlawed 5. Slot Machine Innovator........................ . ...................... 65 Numerous machines by Charlie Fey 6. Hitting the Jackpot by Larceny ... . ...... . ............................... 85 Mills, Caille, Watling bell families 7. The Gum Age: 1910-1922 .............................................101 Slots vend gum - Prohibition 8. The Roaring Twenties: Mints and Jackpots ................................ 113 Aluminum -- mints - jackpots - speakeasys 9. The Golden Age: Opulence and Glamour .................................121 Depression - classic designs - raids 10. Munitions to Annihilation ............................................. 141 War - post-war boom - new laws 11. Circumventing Innovations ............................................149 Ruses - disguises - substitutes 12. Nevada and Atlantic City: A Legal Approach...............................175 Reno - Las Vegas - New Jersey - cow counties 13. Adopting Slot Machines for Casino Play .................................. 195 New generation of machines and manufacturers 14. The Electronic Age and Video Slots......................................213 TV bells - poker - electronic games 15. Edmund Fey and the Liberty Belle.......................................221 Father and sons - restoration - collecting How The Darn Things Work ...........................................234 Mathematics .......................................................235 Picture credits .................... . .......... ........... ............236 Index ............................................................ 236

Why It Happened Here as baseball and apple pie. From the ubiquitous slots have Unparalleled in world history is the explosion of inven­ come such household phrases as "it's a lemon," indicative of tions during the American industrial revolution, 1875-1900. a bad product, and "jackpot," representing a big win or Emerging during this creative period were Thomas Edison abundance. The ready reception of players of every stripe, and his electric light bulb, the phonograph and moving pic­ manufacturers, and businesses where they were operated ture machine, Bell's telephone, Eastman's dry plate photog­ was nevertheless challenged by equally strong bands of raphy, and the first automobiles ··attributed to American in­ crusading reformers which sought to stamp out the devices. genuity. These consequential items were joined by another The breadth of these movements, together with the state of major group of inventions consisting of coin-operated the national economy and the seriousness of enforcing gam­ machines designed for amusement, public weighing and ing control laws, shaped the destiny of coin-operated gaming. vending. After 1890 this new field had nurtured a notorious The early 20th century's strong tem­ sibling - the slot machine. 1909 San Francisco Morning Call perance movement which culminated in Still gambling on new frontiers, Prohibition briefly had a negative effect on rapidly growing America provided an ; the slot population. But the tremendous ideal place for the development of coin­ Thf' dE"sire ,if ever�·1)ocly to take Prohibition backlash which soon devel­ controlled gambling. The earliest devices ,·hanc-es 1s thnt ,,·hkh !earls t" E"nter­ oped ushered in the Golden Age of Slots, spread from the east coast throughout the pri,;e and lends \?..riE"t�· to li!E". �n man, woman or c-hild I!! therE" that 1923-1950. During the Depression of the nation, but it was San Francisco which d0e: r,J z

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J3efore seleutl.ng any machine you 11hould think over the matter, and decide on what kfnd would suit your eustomers best. .AB an entertainer you want something th&t wlil be popular and lasting, and we want to help all our oustomers r.o make their illvestment a success, so wlll gladly give any information desired, by mall on

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le the LATl!8T MACHI NI! OUT. It 1s a Four Jack Pot machine with large nickel plated wheel ill center; whioh revolves and throws the nickels from side to side every time machine 1s operated, and when a nioket goes 1n one of the four little slots, it opens the pot below, which will hold up to eight dolla.rs to nickels. The back groDDd ot the ma.chine ts flniehed to colored metallic bronze, making a very dazzling ell'ect. The machine has an ov'orliow so that 1f the pockets get ftlled the nickels will l'llD back illto the rake-011' box, and ma.chine will not get olOlll!OO up, and can not pt out of order In an, other way.! Nl!IEDe NO CARL This machlne can be left a week without opening, as it feeds ttAelt, and with the large rake-011' box, 1s perfectly sate, Tbf'se points make it very desirable tor agents to handle. Elewantly enru..ieed ill a highly poll!lhed oak case with nickel trimming, making it cert&Wy the most 1,ttraotlve machine OD the market, Barrels of money oa.n be made with this, aa it 1s one of the latest lnftntlons and 1s provtllg a great favorite wherever pla.oed. C. 0. D. with privilege of full enmin1ot1on at Express office on receipt ot 15.00oragua.rant.ee trom Express Agentotcha.rges both 1r1oys. You oan fully examine and 1t you do not 11,od this machine eu.ctly as represented and equal to other makes sold for double our prtoe you can re�urn to us. Ca.eh to full orders to advance eithf>r to us or through the purchasing depart. ment of any Express Co., wilt be allowed our oash discount ot 3 per cent. (3 cents on ea.oh dollar.) Cor­ -pond with ua 1f 7011 w1.sh any t�er tntonDlotioD on thia machlne.or •�7 otlu!r noU.lated.

Our Liberal Terms

No. 2270; PRICE EACH 1 1 5.00

The Kernan Company, purveyors of saloon supplies, advertised the 1894 Clawson CARLO in its 1901 catalog. This cash paying pocket machine features a wheel which rotates from the weight of a falling nickel. After passing through the wheel, the nickel continues to drop down the playing field in a manner similar to its sister, the 1893 THREE JACKPOT (opposite page).

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from the East The Clawson Machine Company of Newark, New Jersey was the first factory to manufacture coin machines. Founder Clement C. Clawson was issued more than two dozen patents on a wide variety of machines , receiving the first one in 1879 for a tobacco packer. After 1885 he ob­ tained patents on automatic weighing machines which in­ cluded three unusual coin controlled scales-one with music, another which printed a weight ticket and a third which also measured height. He also built a colorful coin operated kaleidoscope with a Swiss music accompaniment for arcade use . In 189 1 Clawson built his first chance machine dub­ bed AUTOMATIC DICE (p . 23) . A trade stimulator that mechanically shook the dice and paid awards in cigars and drinks . Two years later he made his first cash payout machine, THREE JACKPOTS , which was followed in 1894 by the CARLO , a four-pocket machine. An electric money paying floor machine, the 1898 TRADE CHECK, was also manufactured (p. 34) . He continued inventing and manufacturing, receiving his last three patents in 1912, all on coin operated vending machines.The com­ pany still survives in Boonton , New Jersey producing ice equipment, a field in which Clawson garnered a patent for an ice shaving machine a centu:cy ago.

Clawson 1893 THREE JACKPOT

Patented in 1891, the Clawson THREE JACKPOT was the forerunner of many pocket slots built by a variety of manufacturers as late as the 1930's. Pocket machines derived their name from the money compartments at the base of the playing field. These devices were played by dropping a coin in the slot at the top of the cabinet. The player then pushed the lever down, allowing the falling coin to bounce through the pins. If the nickel fortunately landed on one of the three cups in the center of the machine, the player received the corresponding pot of accumulated coins directly below.

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SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE, !,!ONDAY, JULY 10, 1893.

A NF�'T OF LOITERIES. Fifteen Hundred City.

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Niekle•ln-the-Slot M�-h ines Tha.t :!fake Enormous Proftts. 1'hffl'e an ftlteen hundred lotterle!! in San Francl11co running in open violation of tb� law. They areof mushroom growth, havi!lg appeared in th e space of only a fu'# m.ontb�

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About month• ago a dcvic. wa.a in­ troduoed in which s man. by rl1\:ing a nickel, had ostensibly t"tfo chances of get­ ting nothing t,.nd a third chance of getting three nickell in return. This 1'&11 the fore­ runner of the many . machines that fol­ lowed. A llketch o' the mach ine Is given. Ha maker 1e A. San Fra::i.ci■can. To , 0BJI01'10LJ: reporter who �ll•d o�trn 11ibly to huy a machine the man in charge sai d : "lt 1 11 a gQOd machine, yon bet. The 1rloninp vary from f/1 to $SO a day ir,. a good position. It' s a dead sure winner and you'll ind It will pay th• bat of. all � m.&Cbhl-." beee machinee arc either �old outright to the soloon man or worked or, percent­ ag� The price is $.�- When worked on pru'Cf!0t&ite ihe Mloon m1m receives one­ tbtrd of the net receipt!!. Of these machi nes there a.re over 300 in varfou11 pbrts of the city. From barkeep­ u-s it ws11 learned that the machines often earned as hip;h as $30 in a single day. If the average was only the_ &!?J?regate dl\ily winnings of this one kind of ma­ chine wonld he $.� monthly. A h igher a verage would put tbe gro·-.s recelpte at a c1Jrrespondingly larger amount. Thertl are two other machines thot re­ t urn niekel11 to the man fortunate enough tn o�tteo me the chanc"':i in favor of the bnk. Thev are !Joth of the same order, lw-ing on t"he pri nciple of the roulette wheel. Tlrny B rC' e,·en more popular than t he box mJJchi ne, since the player sE'es that there i11 no bar to hi! ch:mces of win­ n ing.

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Onll of t1'.em , the •· luck m achine," i� the volve11 thu platform on "hich the cnp rest.a inveJ) t ion OJ o San 1'' rnnci11car:. Upon a 11ink11. I t continue� lowering to a certain circular disc are placed the thi rteen card11 point, when it ii, released and i11 forced of a ,uit arranged so Yiolently upward by a powerful spring. that 1t hij!'h an d :ow In thi� way the throw of the dice i11 made. card altern ate. This On this m achine the pri:ted '!ary from a is true except at one bottlt> of whisky to "one beer'' or a 6-cent place w here two low ci�ar. laced to­ cards arc p Some of the A third devic� comes from tht) temperoonJd contrive it. He e,aid, thongh, thl\t he could decrease tile number of deep cnts and IIO inc::-eace the bank's _pereent.Age. Thi1, he thought, would tJe rn tudiciou-, "I have only five machinf'l11 out, ' be 11&id. "but am making more. My machin'I has 1 twelve � tents. '!'here are others i nfring­ i n p; on tiit:m. Thia I will IOOn stop. The :price i11 $5(). I oan sell all 1 ('4;11 make at that fi.J(UN!, After 11npplying San Vran­ cillco f ...-ill be� work in tbe Eaetem �i�et. " . A machine that ba< "been charac;tenzed a11 aD infrin�rnent npn the "lnc� ml\­ chine" is m&dfl by a Berkeley resident. Thi, is made with twenty-six cards on the rl il'iii� Twelve of theMe hav� home11hoes on them. A t h i rteenth 111 the joker. When �ue horseshoe CArd11 stop under the indl­ oatot' tw'-' niclrel& elip ont cf the m&ehine in to a little pan a.t t.be- baee. When the j,,b!l' is the 'l'rinner. the player get8 a d rink. Tbi11 gives thirt�er, chances of winnin� to thirteen of losmg. Then, rue at l�t six (iiffereut machines t!';at ,u.e Ji to dt-eide whether tbe �•m­ hler wita Of' lOM!6. The most elaborate o! THRl!:I: NTC1tJ:L8 Jl'OII Ol'L tb� if; Jrnown as the "New A utomatic Fortune Teller." H is a handMm e ma­ ance town llf Pasadena. A niukel is obfn� and box. It dro�11 through intenect.­ what the of n ftgurel! give a �Ii,cht indicatio i�g lines of pins bel;imd a p&ne of gloss, wil).nings m:;.st be. The macbim, i11 • box li•ndi ng in one of ni n e compartments at in cue 1lilll a about till'U feet hi.th with the bottom. It entitles the player to aa manv cigars or cigoretteR a11 are indicated front. A nicbl drol"petion clock-work, which cause• nro by tile num ber in tte·compartment. Four of these are nan�hts. red pah1tfld tin cnp& to cover t,ro little , pan11 containing tli� dice .-ch, Thia Cb� Crowff!f nased th.at he had no­ \ then el�wly revolve, once, the, Cil))& raiH tk, llOPPltD IN A DOZEN DIRltCTION S TO THE RESIDENCE PORTIO N!.

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Al'T1tR DUICNESS,THOUSANDS OF THE HOMELESS WERE MAKING THEIJ WAY WITH THEIR BLANKETS AN D SCANT PROVISIO NS TO GOLDEN OAn PUIC AJm1TJB 111V,CK TO 7lN1) SHE.LTltJt. THOSE I N THE HOMU O N THE HILLS JUST NORTH OF THE HAYES VALLEY WRE.CKED SECTION PILED THEIR Bit.LONGI N GS I N THE ITR tnl AND :ctn.DI WAtJ. : ONI AND AUTOMOBILU WERE HAULI NG THE THI NOS AWAY T9 THE SPARS_&LY SETTL.ED REGIONS. EVERYBODY IN SAN FRAN CISCO II PJtEPARltD TO LI. AVE TK& an', ,J'OI. 111a Bl:UU IS FIRM THAT SAN FRA NCISCO WILL BE TOTALLY DESTROYED. p()WNTOWN EVERYTHil'IG IS RUI N•. ·NOT A B USINESS HOUII!:. &TANDS, ' THEATRES ARE CRUMBLED INTO HEAPS. FACTORIES AND COK\!IUION HOtlS.U :.tJ: IMOULDDING OM 1111:Dt PORll!R SITES, ALL OF THE NEWSPAPER PLANTS H41(E B EEN RENDERED USELESS, THE "CALL" A ND THE "EXAMI NER" BUILDI NGI, EXCLUDI NG Tlll "CALL'&" :SDITOI.IAL .OOIIS ON ITEVltNSON STRltltT BEI NG ENTIU:LY DESTROYEI>, IT IS lt&TIMATE" THAT THE LOSS IN IAN FR ANCISCO WILL REACH Fil OM St so,000.000 TO 1200,000,000. THESE FIGURES' ARE IN THE JtOUOH AND NOTHYNO CAN B IC TOU> U>!TtL PARTIAL ACCOUNTI NG IS TAKE N. O N EVERY SIDE THERE WAS DEATH AND SUFnRI NG YESTERDAY HU NDl':EDS WERF. INJURED, EITHR BURNED, CRUSHF.D OR ITRUC:IC BY l'ALLH/0. ;l'II!.CU, n o>< nm lNG3, AND ONE OF TEN DIED WHILE ON THE OPOPERATING TAIILE AT MECHANICS' PAVILIO N, IMPROVISED AS A HOSP!".'AL FOR Tlll COIIFOl!T AND CAU OJP ,oo 01' Tim lNJIJltC)= ♦ THI: HUMBER OF DEAD IS N OT K N OWN BUT IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AT LEAST 500 MET '!HEIR fiEA1 ll I N THE H ORROR. AT NINE O'CLOCi., UNDER A SPECIAL MESSI\GE �ROM PRESWENT . ROCSCVELT, THE CITY WAS I'LACI:D U NDER MARTiAI. LAW.' HUNDREDS OF TROOPI PA'I'.ROLLID THI ITurrt AND DROVE THE CROWDS BACZ:, WHILE HUNDREDS MORE WICU: SET AT WORK ASSISTIN G THE FIRE AN D POLICE DEPARTMENTS• . THE &TRICTEST ORDERS WIRE . ISSUIJ), ANtl IN, TRUl: MILITARY SPIRIT THE SOLDIERS OBEYED " DURING THlC Al'TER NOO N THREE THIEVES MET THE!R DEATH B YRIFLE BULLETS WHILE AT WORK I N THE RUIN S. THI Cl.11!10� 0 � DRIVEN BACK AT THE B RltASTS OF THE H:,RSES THAT THlC CAVALRYME� RODE AND ALL THJ:: CROWDS WERE FORCED FROM TH� Lll:VltL DISTRICT TO THE HILLY HCTION IIC, YONtl TO THE NORTH THE WATER IL'PPLY WAS ENTIRELY CUT OFF, AND MAY B E IT WAS JUST AS WELL, FOR THI!' LI NES OF FIRE DEPARTMENT Wc;>ULD HAVE B EEN ABS�LUTltLY USELltSS AT ANY

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