Singing of the Source: Nature and God in the Poetry of the Chinese Painter Wu Li 9780824847166

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Singing of the Source

A publication of the SCHOOL OF HAWAIIAN ASIAN & P A C I F I C STUDIES

University of Hawaii

Singing of the Source Nature and God in the Poetry of the Chinese Painter Wu Li Jonathan Chaves

SHAPS Library of Translations University of Hawaii Press / Honolulu

© 1993 School of Hawaiian, Asian & Pacific Studies All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America

98 97 96 95 94 93

5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chaves, Jonathan. Singing of the source : nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li / Jonathan Chaves, p.

cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8248-1485-1 (acid-free) 1. Wu, Li, 1632-1718—Criticism and interpretation. 1632-1718—Religion. PL2732.U2337Z6

2. Wu, Li,

I. Title.

1993

895.1' 148—dc20

93-3878 CIP

University of Hawaii Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources

Designed by Kenneth

Miyamoto

To Ian, Colin, and Rachel

That love, life, and work may be one

For if I should (said he) Bestow this jewel also on my creature, He would adore my gifts instead of me, And rest in Nature, not the God of Nature: So both should losers be. —George Herbert, "The Pulley"

The shelves are full, all other themes are sped; Hackney'd and worn to the last flimsy thread. . . . And 'tis the sad complaint, and almost true, Whate'er we write, we bring forth nothing new. 'Twere new indeed to see a bard all fire, Touch'd with a coal from Heaven, assume the lyre. . . . —William Cowper, "Table Talk"

Contents

Preface

xi

Abbreviations

xiii

The Poet 1. W u Li's Literary World

3

W u Li's Reputation as a Poet

4

W u Li's Early Development as a Poet

10

2. W u Li's Intellectual and Religious World 3. W u Li's Christian Poetry

17

47

The Poems Poems on Traditional Themes

89

Thirty Miscellaneous Poems on M a c a o

139

Poems on Christian Themes in Classical Shih Form

155

Poems on Christian T h e m e s in Ch'ü ("Aria") Form

171

Sample Chinese Texts Notes

183

Bibliography Index

205

Illustrations 81 ix

197

177

Preface

This book has two purposes. It is the first comprehensive study and presentation in any language of the poetry of W u Li, a man famous as one of the orthodox masters of early Ch'ingdynasty painting, but whose very reputation as a painter even in his own lifetime obscured his achievement as a poet. And the book is an attempt to come to grips with the role played by Christianity in seventeenth-century China as embodied in the personal conversion experience of one individual: Wu Li. Increasing attention to poetry of the later era—the Yiian, Ming, and Ch'ing dynasties—is one of the salient developments in recent Chinese poetry studies. I myself have striven to contribute to this exciting new field in a series of articles on individual poets of the M i n g - C h ' i n g transition, which has emerged through recent scholarship as a particularly fascinating period of ferment in both poetry and painting, as well as in my Columbia Book of Later Chinese Poetry (1986). For each of the early Ch'ing poets I have studied— Wu Chia-chi (1618-1684), Ch'ien Ch'ien-i (1582-1664), and now, Ch'ien's pupil in poetry, W u Li (1632—1718)—I have aimed at showing that while the individual poet may have been drawing from aspects of the past, he was unmistakably original in the variations he rang upon some traditional theme. Wu Li is here presented as a participant in the rediscovery of Sung-dynasty poetry and poetics in the early Ch'ing, centering on the publication in 1671 of Sung-shih ch'ao by W u Chih-chen (16401717) and his colleagues. I shall demonstrate that Wu Li was associated, however briefly, with the circle of important poets and scholars who enjoyed first access to this major compilation of Sung xi

Preface

xii

poetry, and that he was influenced by Sung poetry to produce a highly accomplished body of conventional poetry in what might be called a neo-Sung m a n n e r . But his real originality, I argue, lies in the unprecedented boldness of his experimental creation: a Chinese Christian poetry, a poetry utterly traditional in its use of shih and ch'ii forms and such devices as parallelism and allusion, b u t equally ««conventional in being based on orthodox Christian theology. T h e conversion experience which led W u Li to become a m e m ber of the Jesuit society, and eventually to be ordained as one of the first Chinese Catholic priests, is explored here in the context of widespread intellectual and spiritual ferment in the early Ch'ing, as well as considerable conversion activity a m o n g the various religions of China, especially conversions from Confucianism to Buddhism, in the wake of the collapse of the M i n g dynasty. Nevertheless, the conversion of W u Li is ultimately taken to be an authentic non-coerced spiritual experience irreducible to social, economic, or even psychological determinants either singly or in combination. T h e enormous leap by which a Chinese scholar deeply immersed, as will be seen, in Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism would seek to become a Christian, and would then be inspired to compose Christian poetry in classical Chinese poetic forms, is the central mystery which this book hopes, not to explain completely, b u t to elucidate to some degree.

Abbreviations

CKH:

Chou K'ang-hsieh ed. Wu Yii-shanyen-chiu lun-chi ^ i H U W ^ S I n i f c . Hong Kong: Ch'ung-wen Bookstore, 1971.

M C C : Li Ti, S.J. ed. Mo-chìng chi J l # * - Shanghai: Hsuchia-hui if; § K f I 20 (1965):68-92. 34. W u Chih-chen, Huang-yeh-ts'un-chuang chi MM^lfcM (edition of 1878 in Library of Congress), 2 / 5 a - b . 35. For a discussion of tan, see J o n a t h a n Chaves, Mei Yao-ch'en and the Development of Early Sung Poetry (New York: C o l u m b i a University Press, 1976), pp. 114-125. 36. O u - y a n g Hsiu, Liu-i shih-hua, in M a r t i n , Index, p. 158. See the translation in Chaves, Mei Yao-ch'en, p. 110. 37. Lo a n d Schultz, Waiting for the Unicom, pp. 2 1 - 2 2 . 38. W u Chih-chen, Huang-yeh-ts'un-chuang chi, 2/10a. 39. W a n g Mou-lin, Pai-ch'ih-wu-t'ung-ko chi R tH ff] [S ift (Shanghai: K u chi ch'u-pan-she, 1980; photographic reprint in 3 vols, of K ' a n g - h s i period edition), 2:868-869. 40. Lo a n d Schultz, Waiting for the Unicorn, pp. 2 2 - 2 6 . See also Madeline C h u , " I n t e r p l a y Between T r a d i t i o n a n d Innovation: T h e Seventeenth Century T z ' u Revival," Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 9 ( 1 - 2 ) ( J u l y 1987):71—88; a n d David R. M c C r a w , Chinese Lyricists of the Seventeenth Century (Honolulu: University of H a w a i i Press, 1990). 41. W a n g Mou-lin, Pai-ch'ih-wu-t'ung-ko chi, 2:893-894.

Notes

188

42. Liang Ch'ing-piao has a farewell poem addressed to Hsii; see his Chiaolin shih-chi J S t t l ^ i i (edition in Library of Congress dated 1678, Ch'iu-pit'ang f A H H ; ) , ch'i-yen lu -fclgflï, 3/7b. K u n g Ting-tzu describes a social gathering at which he and Hsii were both present; see his Ting-shan-t'ang shihchi 111 If % (1883 reprint of K'ang-hsi edition), 4 / 2 8 a - b . (The poem on 26/27b is probably another description of the same event.) K u n g also wrote a colophon, dated 1662, to a calligraphy by Su Shih in the collection of Hsii Chih-chien in which he describes Hsii as "pure and transcendent, cut off from the vulgar"; see his Ting-shan-t'ang wen-chi i l l (1924 reprint of earlier edition), 6/24a. 43. Liang Ch'ing-piao, Chiao-lin shih-chi, ch'i-yen ku - f c W é f , l/9a—b. 44. C h ' e n H u , Ch'ueh-an hsien-sheng shih-ch'ao S t W > , appended to Lu Shih-i W W f k (1611-1672), Fu-t'ing hsien-sheng wen-ch'ao (the whole book alternatively titled Lu Ch'en erh hsien-sheng wen-ch'ao edition in Library of Congress dated 1870, Ho-fei K ' u a i shih £ HEM ft), 4/22a. 45. See J o n a t h a n Chaves, "Moral Action in the Poetry of W u Chia-chi M U l e (1618-84)," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 46(2) (Dec. 1986):387469, especially pp. 4 2 2 - 4 2 3 and the references in n. 75. 46. Kuei C h u a n g , Kuei Chuang chi HI (Shanghai: Ku-chi ch'u-pan-she, 1984), 1:157-161. Kuei C h u a n g wrote poems both to Ch'en H u and to his colleague Lu Shih-i; see Kuei Chuang chi, 1:136 and 145. H e also wrote a eulogy on a portrait o f C h ' i e n Mei-hsien SUSillj dressed in "robes of the W a y " (tao fu iS M) and with an expression on his face of "resentment at Heaven's drunkenness"; Kuei Chuang chi, 2:485. Mei-hsien is Ch'ien K u JK, a disciple of Ch'en H u . 47. Kuei Chuang chi, 2:589. See the discussion of this episode in Frederic Wakeman, J r . , The Great Enterprise (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 2:943, n. 114. W a k e m a n calls the piece a "satirical epic." 48. W a k e m a n , The Great Enterprise, 2:879, n. 85. 49. Luther Carrington Goodrich, The Literary Inquisition of Ch'ien-lung (Baltimore: Waverly Press, 1935), pp. 101-102, 105-106. 50. Ch'ien Ch'ien-i, Yu-hsiieh chi, 4 4 / 6 b - 8 a . 51. W a k e m a n , The Great Enterprise, 2:1093-1094. 52. Ibid., p. 944, n. 118; p. 1001, n. 30. Wei's poems are anthologized in Shen Te-ch'ien et al., Ch'ing-shih pieh-ts'ai chi, 1:59-60; Teng Chih-ch'eng, Ch'ing-shih chi-shih ch'u-pien, 2:619-620; and C h a n g Ying-ch'ang "MIÊ, H (1790-1874), ed., Ch'ing-shih to i f f f f f (Peking: C h u n g - h u a shu-chii, 1983; reprint of 1960 edition), 2:552, 758. 53. J a c q u e s Gernet, "Problèmes d'acclimatation du christianisme dans la Chine d u X V I I e siècle," in Alain Forest and Yoshiharu Tsuboi, eds., Catholicisme et Sociétés Asiatiques (Éditions L ' H a r m a t t a n / S o p h i a University, 1988), pp. 38-40.

Notes

189

54. L u S h i h - i , Fu-t'ing hsien-sheng shih-ch'ao (see n o t e 4 4 ) , 3 / 7 b . 55. Huai-yiin wen-ta, i n Hsiao-shih shan-fang ts'ung-shu, p p . 5 a - b .

56. As translated in William Theodore de Bary et al., Sources of Chinese Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1960), p. 482. 5 7 . Huai-yiin wen-ta, hsü-pien

pp. lOa-b.

58. Ibid., pp. 15aff. 5 9 . Chung-yung,

26.9.

60. Ch'ien Ch'ien-i, Yu-hsueh chi, 2 0 / 1 0 b - l l b . 61. Ch'en Yüan, "Wu Yü-shan," p. 165. 62. Ch'en Hu, Ch'üeh-an hsien-sheng shih-ch'ao, 5/22b (two poems); 6 / 2 a - b (two poems), 3a, 3b, 4a; Wu Li, MCC, 2/19a (the central poem is "echoed" by Ch'en at his 5/22b), 19b, 29b (two poems; the central poem on the page echoed by Ch'en Hu at his 6/2a-b), 30a (two poems echoing Ch'en Hu, 6/2b-3a). 6 3 . Ts'ung-yu chi, i n Ch'iao-fan-lou

ts'ung-shu

^ i R t g S »

( 1 9 1 7 ) , shang _h /

33b-35a. 64. A.C.Graham, trans., TheBookofLieh Tzu (London:JohnMurray, 1960),p. 64, n. 1. 65. Y e n L i n g - f e n g J K S l t , e d . , Lieh Tzu chang-chü hsin-pien

?Î~FÎf/Rj§T]S

(Taipei: Wu-ch'iu-pei-chai 1960), p. 73; Wenhsüan Ü B (Hong Kong: Shang-wu yin-shu-kuan, 1960), 1:27. 6 6 . G r a h a m , Book of Lieh Tzu, p . 6 2 .

67. David R. Knechtges, trans. Wen Xuan, Vol. 1 : Rhapsodies on Metropolises and Capitals (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 185. 68. MCC, 3/57b-58a. 69. Hou Han shu 'fcW-M (Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü, 1982; reprint of 1965 edition in 12 vols.), 8:2299; Lo Kuan-chung H i t "I3 San-kuo chihyen-i H ü l / f , WifS. (Hong Kong: Shang-wu yin-shu-kuan, 1962), vol. 1, ch. 1, p. 2. 70. For the various legends involving Ts'ang Chieh, see Jonathan Chaves, "The Legacy of Ts'ang Chieh: The Written Word as Magic, " Oriental Art, n.s., 23(2) (Summer 1977):200-215. 71. Kuei Chuang, Kuei Chuang chi, 1:157. 72. Ibid., 2:485. 73. C h ' e n H u , ed., Ts'ung-yu chi, shang/33a. 74. S e e Kuei Chuang chi, p p . 5 8 - 5 9 .

75. J . C. Yang and T. Numata, entry on Ch'ü Shih-ssu in Hummel, Eminent Chinese, pp. 199-201. For a Marxist perspective on Ch'ü as patriotic hero, completely ignoring his Christianity, see Ch'ü Shih-ssu chi Dl, prepared by the Department of History of Chiang-su Normal College and the Chiang-su Regional History Research Institute (Shanghai: Ku-chi ch'u-pan-she, 1981), foreword, pp. 1-4. 76. L u S h i h - i , Fu-t'ing hsien-sheng shih-ch'ao,

7/14a-b.

77. Shih-yung fo-hsäeh tz'u-tien U f f i f i S P f S Ä (Hong Kong: Fo-ching liu-

Notes

190

t ' u n g - c h ' u , 1959 reprint), 2:1395-1396. See the translation by Leon H u r v i t z , Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma (New York: C o l u m b i a U n i v e r sity Press, 1976), p. 30. 78. P ' a n Lei, Sui-ch'u-t'ang chi W1Ê j|- (edition d a t e d 1710 in L i b r a r y of Congress), Shao-yu ts'ao ']/' M ? , shangl9a. 79. C h ' e n H u , Ch'iieh-an hsien-sheng shih-ch'ao, 6/22b. 80. C h ' e n H u , Ch'iieh-an hsien-sheng wen-chi, 3 / 3 9 a - 4 0 a . 81. C h ' e n H u , Ch'iieh-an wen-kao edited by Sun Yen î ^ ë , p p . 2 1 a - b (the M S is u n p a g i n a t e d ) . 82. Ibid., p. 12a. 83. Huai-yiin wen-ta, hsii-pien, pp. 3 2 a - 3 3 b . 84. See T e n g C h i h - c h ' e n g , Ch'ing-shih chi-shih, 1:59. 85. C h ' ù T a - c h u n , Weng-shan wen-wai m LU '£(edition d a t e d 1920, W u hsing Liu-shih C h i a - y e h - t ' a n g i ^ H f l J f t Ï S H ^ ) , 5 / 2 b - 3 b . See also the account in H u m m e l , Eminent Chinese, p. 201. 86. Gernet, " P r o b l è m e s d ' a c c l i m a t a t i o n , " p. 45. 87. D a v i d E. Mungello, " T h e S e v e n t e e n t h - C e n t u r y J e s u i t T r a n s l a t i o n Project of the C o n f u c i a n F o u r Books," in C h a r l e s E. R o n a n , S.J., a n d Bonnie B. C . O h , eds., East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1582-1773 (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1988), p. 266. See also M u n g e l l o ' s Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology (Honolulu: University of H a w a i i Press, 1989). 88. W a k e m a n , The Great Enterprise, 2:1082, n. 19; 1084, n. 25. See also L y n n e A. Struve, " A m b i v a l e n c e and Action: Some F r u s t r a t e d Scholars of the K ' a n g - h s i Period," in J o n a t h a n D. Spence a n d J o h n E. Wills, J r . , eds., From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China (New H a v e n a n d L o n d o n : Yale University Press, 1979), pp. 3 2 1 - 3 6 5 . 89. Lin X i a o p i n g , " W u Li's Religious Belief a n d A Lake in Spring," in Archives of Asian Art 40 (1987):29. 90. Ibid., p. 32. For the poem by W u Li, see F a n g H a o , ed., " W u Y u - s h a n hsien-sheng 'San-yii chi' chiao-shih," ÏÉ ill ¿É r H i & H j f t f f as reprinted i n C K H , pp. 101-102. 91. Lin X i a o p i n g , " W u Li's Religious Belief," p p . 3 3 - 3 4 . 92. See W u Chih-chen, Huang-yeh-ts'un-chuang chi, opposite p. l a of preface. 93. Lu Lung-chi, Lu Tzu ch'iian shu l ^ - p ^ K ( K ' a n g - h s i period edition in L i b r a r y of Congress), jih-chi 0 12, 3/10a. 94. L u Lung-chi, jih-chi, 3/13b. 95. F o r m o r e on this theory, see J o n a t h a n C h a v e s , " ' N o t the W a y of Poetry': T h e Poetics of Experience in the S u n g D y n a s t y , " Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 4(2) ( J u l y 1982): 199-212. 96. Willard J . Peterson, " W h y Did T h e y Become C h r i s t i a n s ? — Y a n g T ' i n g - y u n , Li Chih-tsao, a n d H s u K u a n g - c h ' i , " in R o n a n a n d O h , East Meets West, p. 129. For Y a n g T ' i n g - y u n , see also Nicholas S t a n d a e r t , Yang Tingyun, Confucian and Christian in Late Ming China (Leiden: E. J . Brill, 1987), a n d the

Notes

191

reviews of this book by J o h n W . Witek, S.J., in Theological Studies 50(2) ( J u n e 1989):369—371 ; a n d myself, in Crisis 8(2) (Feb. 1990):55-56. For the relationship between C o n f u c i a n i s m a n d Christianity in general, see J u l i a C h i n g , Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study (Tokyo: K o d a n s h a , 1977); a n d H a n s K u n g a n d J u l i a Ching, Christianity and Chinese Religions (New York: D o u b l e d a y , 1989). Also valuable for the p r o b l e m of w h e t h e r certain C o n fucian practices were idolatrous is George M i n a m i k i , S J . , The Chinese Rites Controversy (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1985). 97. Peterson, " W h y D i d T h e y Become Christians?", p p . 134-136. 98. For the M S in W u Li's own calligraphy, see T a r n , catalog item 36, p. 355. For a p r i n t e d version with a n n o t a t i o n s , see F a n g H a o , "San-yii chi," p. 88. For C h ' e n Yiian's discussion of the m a t t e r , see his Nien-p'u of W u Li, p. 17. O n p. 16, T ' a n g Pin's measures a r e described in some detail. 99. See the entry on T ' a n g in H u m m e l , Eminent Chinese, pp. 7 0 9 - 7 1 0 ; Shen T e - c h ' i e n et al., Ch'ing-shih pieh-ts'ai chi, 1:107-108; T e n g C h i h - c h ' e n g , Ch'ingshih chi-shih, 2:905-906. See also Strassberg, The World of K'ung Shang-jen, pp. 120-121, 3 5 2 - 3 5 3 . 100. T ' a n g Pin, T'ang Tzu i-shu / J s i x&lS (edition of 1870 in L i b r a r y of Congress), Chiang-nan kung-tu i l î ^ & W , 9 / 3 8 b - 3 9 a . 101. For Lii Liu-liang, see his Lu Wan-ts'un hsien-sheng shih wen chi S S ( e d i t i o n of 1869 in L i b r a r y of Congress), l / 2 0 a - 2 1 b . For W a n g Shih-chen, see his Ch'ih-pei ou-t'an /fe^tfSiic (Peking: C h u n g - h u a shuchii, 1982), 1:79-80. For Yu T ' u n g , see his Yu T'ai-shih hsi-t'ang yii-chi Î^ÎIÊS Jft (edition of 1694 in L i b r a r y of Congress), Ken-chai chiian-kao S i f f l é , wen iC, l/10b—13b (especially p. 12a). For Lu Lung-chi, see his diary entry for the twenty-third d a y of the intercalary m o n t h (after the fourth) for the year ping-yin ¡^¡H ( J u n e 13, 1686), in his jih-chi (see note 93 above), 9/14b. 102. W a n g Shih-chen, Ch'ih-pei ou-t'an, 1:79-80. 103. T ' a n g Pin, T'ang Tzu i-shu, Chiang-hsi kung-tu tLW{ïkWÎ, 8 / 9 a - 1 0 b . 104. T ' a n g Shao-tsu l i ^ p f f i . et al., comp., Ta Ch'ing lii-li j ^ ï n f ê f f l , 16/6a. 105. Gernet, " P r o b l è m e s d ' a c c l i m a t a t i o n , " p. 40. 106. C h ' e n Yiian, Nien-p'u, p. 17. 107. F a n g H a o , "'San-yii chi'," p. 89. 108. C h ' e n Yiian, " W u Yii-shan chih C h ' a n y u , " ^ j & U j £ in Ch'en Yiian shih-hsiieh lun-chu hsiian, p p . 4 0 5 - 4 0 8 . For a n o t h e r p a i n t i n g by W u Li dedicated to M o - j u n g a n d b e a r i n g inscriptions by W a n g Shih-min, H s u Chih-chien, a n d W u Wei-yeh, see note 21. 109. P ' a n g Yiian-chi, Hsii-chai ming-hua lu (1909), 1 4 / " W u Yii-shan," p p . laff. 110. Ibid., p p . 3 a - b . 111. T h e first f o r m of the title was a p p a r e n t l y a d o p t e d by Li Ti, the editor of M C C , where the text constitutes ch. 5. T h e second form is given by Albert C h a n , S.J., in his article, " L a t e M i n g Society a n d the J e s u i t Missionaries," in

Notes

192

Ronan and O h , East Meets West, p. 171. T h e third form is given by Louis Pfister, S.J. (1833-1891), Notices Biographiques et Bibliographiques sur les Jesuites de l'Ancienne Mission de Chine, vol. 1 (Kraus reprint, 1971, of 1932 Shanghai publication), p. 396. 112. See Pfister, Notices, p. 396; and M C C , 5/80b. 113. For Yeh, see L. Carrington Goodrich and Chaoying Fang, eds., Dictionary of Ming Biography (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 2:1567-1570. 114. M C C , 5 / 9 4 a - b . 115. G. K . Chesterton, " T h e Dagger with Wings" (1926), in The Complete Father Brown (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1981), p. 418. For a recent study of yü-lu format, see Daniel K . Gardner, "Modes of Thinking and Modes of Discourse in the Sung: Some Thoughts on the Yü-lu ('Recorded Conversations') T e x t s , " Journal of Asian Studies 50(3) (Aug. 1991):574—603. 116. M C C , 5/76b. 117. M C C , 3 / 5 3 b - 5 4 a , 5 4 b - 5 7 a . 118. M C C , 3/61a. 119. Feifel renders this line, " T h e old record (O.T.) once spoke of fidelity, wisdom, justification." See Ch'en Yüan, " W u Yü-shan," p. 167. It seems more likely that W u Li has in mind here a classic Confucian text such as the Ta hsüeh Z^ip in which ch 'eng 1®, ming , and shan all appear. 120. Han shu (Peking: C h u n g - h u a shu-chii, 1983; reprint of 1962 edition in 12 vols.), 4:964. 121. See Kenneth J . DeWoskin, A Song for One or Two: Music and the Concept of Art in Early China (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1982), p. 46. 122. See Fung Yu-lan, A History of Chinese Philosophy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), 2:434ff. 123. T h o m a s Molnar, The Pagan Temptation (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1987), pp. 4 4 - 4 5 . 124. Lin Xiaoping, " W u Li's Religious Belief," pp. 24-25. See also C h ' e n Yüan, Nien-p'u, p. 12 top. 125. Ch'en Wei-sung, Chia-ling ch'iian chi M&Z^t-M (K'ang-hsi period edition in Library of Congress), Chia-ling tz'u ch'iian chi, 12/4b. See C h ' e n Yüan, Nien-p'u, p. 12; Lin Xiaoping, " W u Li's Religious Belief," p. 29. For C h ' e n ' s role in the tz'u revival, see C h u , "Interplay," and M c C r a w , Chinese Lyricists, pp. 6 3 - 8 6 . For Rougemont, see also George H . Dunne, S.J., Generation of Giants (Notre Dame: University of Notre D a m e Press, 1962), pp. 174, 348, 352. For more on Couplet, see J e r o m e Heyndrickx, ed., Philippe Couplet, S.J. (1623-1693)—The Man Who Brought China to Europe (Nettetal: Steyler Verlag, 1990). 126. Vincent Cronin, The Wise Man from the West (London: Readers Union, Rupert Hart-Davis, 1956). 127. M C C , 5/89b.

Notes

193

128. For a useful a c c o u n t of the scientific teachings of the J e s u i t s , see Willard J .

Peterson,

"Western N a t u r a l

Philosophy

P u b l i s h e d in L a t e

Ming

C h i n a , " Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 117(4) ( A u g . 1973):295— 322. 129. T h e p o e m s will be found in M C C , 5 / 9 6 b a n d 2 / 3 2 a . 130. S e e F a n g H a o , " W u Y i i - s h a n h s i e n - s h e n g 'San-pa chi' chiao-shih," in C K H , pp. 1 0 3 - 1 1 6 ; W a n g T s u n g - y e n ' s further a n n o t a t i o n s to these p o e m s in C K H , pp. 1 4 1 - 1 4 6 ; a n d the San-yii chi w i t h a n n o t a t i o n s by F a n g H a o in C K H , pp. 8 5 - 1 0 2 . Li I - k a n g

(under the

n a m e "I-kang") has recently p u b l i s h e d a n a n t h o l o g y of p o e m s a b o u t M a c a o entitled Ao-men ssu-pai nien shih hsiian ftHEHW ^ITTSB ( M a c a o : A o - m e n ch'up a n - s h e , 1990). T h i s a n t h o l o g y presents t w o of W u Li's p o e m s o n M a c a o , as well as o n e by Ch'ii T a - c h i i n (pp. 1 2 - 1 6 ) . T h e o n l y earlier p o e m s o n the subj e c t g i v e n by Li I-kang are a g r o u p of four by T ' a n g H s i e n - t s u M M M (1550— 1616), four by the B u d d h i s t m o n k C h i - s h a n

ftH

(b. 1 5 7 7 ) — w h i c h h a v e also

been called to m y attention by Pei-yi W u — a n d o n e by a certain C h a n g M u 3ft 81 ( 1 6 0 6 - 1 6 8 7 ) , pp. 3 - 1 2 . Incredibly, Li accepts w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n as historical fact the r u m o r of W u Li's trip to the W e s t , "several tens of t h o u s a n d s of li a w a y " (p. 13). 131. Pfister, Notices, p. 396. 132. See the reprint in C K H , pp. 6 9 - 8 4 . T h e p u b l i s h i n g history is g i v e n o n p. 84; F a n g ' s o w n a c c o u n t of h o w he discovered the M S is o n p. 86. 133. I h a v e d i s c u s s e d e l s e w h e r e the e q u i v o c a l reputation of s u c h p o e m s in the traditional C h i n e s e critical literature: see J o n a t h a n C h a v e s ,

'"Meaning

B e y o n d the P a i n t i n g ' — t h e C h i n e s e Painter as Poet," in Alfreda M u r c k a n d W e n F o n g , eds., Words and Images: Chinese Poetry, Calligraphy,

and Painting

(New

York: M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of Art a n d Princeton U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1991). 134. M C C , 3 / 4 9 b . I follow F a n g H a o ' s e m e n d a t i o n of chi chiu I t X to hsii ting l i AEI ; see C K H , p. 114. Pfister's c l a i m — d e r i v e d from "a little Life in M S of this saintly m a n written in C h i n e s e in the last c e n t u r y " — t h a t W u a t t e m p ted to burn all his preconversion p o e m s a n d paintings s e e m s i n a d e q u a t e l y f o u n d e d a n d m a y in fact h a v e b e e n based o n a m i s r e a d i n g of the very p o e m translated here. See Pfister, Notices, p. 396. 135. M C C , 3 / 4 2 a - 4 3 a . 136. S e e also Y u T ' u n g , Yu T'ai-shih hsi-t'ang yii-chi,

Ken-chai chuan-kao, wen,

7 / 6 a - b . C l a r a Y u C u a d r a d o gives a g o o d a c c o u n t of Y u as a literary

figure,

w i t h bibliography, in her entry o n h i m in N i e n h a u s e r , Indiana Companion, pp. 939-940. 137. For Y u T ' u n g ' s a s s i g n m e n t as assistant c o m p i l e r of the Ming

History,

see the entry o n h i m in H u m m e l , Eminent Chinese, p p . 9 3 5 - 9 3 6 . 138. For Y u T ' u n g ' s " B a m b o o B r a n c h S o n g s o n Foreign C o u n t r i e s , " see the c o m p l e t e set in Y u T ' u n g , Hsi-t'ang

ch'iian chi

ffi^Jikil

( K ' a n g - h s i period

edition in Library o f C o n g r e s s ) . 139. T h i s alludes to Y a n g H s i u n g H i t (53 B.C.-A.D. 18), the putative au-

Notes

194

thor of a book called Fang yen f i IT, "Languages of the Localities." T h e expression chiyu su H jttj W; comes from Yang's letter to Liu Hsin §>l| IX, in which he writes, "I have often taken my little three-inch brush, prepared writing silk four feet in length, and gone off to inquire about different languages [or dialects]" (emphasis added). T h e passage is cited under "yu su" in Morohashi Tetsuji K f f i t S ^ , Daikanwa jiten ^ ¡ S l i O S S f t (Tokyo: Taishukan shoten, 1957-1960), 12:13568, col. 2. 140. C h ' e n Yuan, Nien-p'u, p. 17. 141. For Yu T ' u n g ' s poems on France and Holland, see his "Bamboo Branch Songs on Foreign Countries" (see note 138), pp. 1 l b and 12a. 142. Yen Ling-fen, pp. 72-73; G r a h a m , Book of Lieh Tzu, pp. 6 1 - 6 2 . (See notes 64 and 65.) 143. Francis A. Rouleau, S.J., " T h e First Chinese Priest of the Society of J e s u s — E m m a n u e l de Siqueira ( 1 6 3 3 - 7 3 ) , " Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu 28 (1959) :3—50. T h e entire account of de Siqueira is based on this article. For Couplet's acquaintanceship with him (or with his story), see p. 16, n. 38. See also George H . Dunne, Generation of Giants, p. 174. W u Li's own baptismal name was Simon-Xavier a C u n h a . Recent research has demonstrated that W u Li was one of five men initially chosen to accompany Couplet to Rome, but the newly appointed Jesuit vice-provincial in China, Giandomenico Gabiani, forbade W u Li to take the trip on the grounds of his relative old age. Only one Chinese convert, a certain Shen Fu-tsung jifc IS TT; , or Michael Shen, ended u p going all the way to Europe with Couplet. While there, Shen and Couplet would have audiences with Louis X I V of France, J a m e s II of England, and Pope Innocent X I . For these facts, see the relevant comments by Albert C h a n , S.J., and Theodore Nicholas Foss in J e r o m e Heyndrickx, ed., Philippe Couplet, S.J. (1623-1693)—the Man Who Brought China to Europe (Nettetal: Steyler Verlag, 1990), pp. 71-72, 75, 122-123, 126-127; and Foss's entire contribution, " T h e European Sojourn of Philippe Couplet and Michael Shen Fuzong—1683-1692," pp. 121-142. As Albert C h a n suggests, Couplet may have been introduced to W u Li by de Rougemont and may well have served as W u Li's spiritual director. See C h a n ' s essay in the Heyndrickx volume, "Towards a Chinese Church: T h e Contribution of Philippe Couplet, S.J.," p. 72n. Given such a relationship, Couplet may eventually be shown to have been the m a n who actually baptized W u Li. (I am indebted to J o h n Witek, S.J., for his suggestion of this possibility.) 144. J o n a t h a n Spence, The Question of Hu (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988). 145. See J o n a t h a n Chaves, "Yellow Mountain Poems," pp. 4 7 5 - 4 7 6 and passim. 146. C. R. Boxer, " M a c a o T h r e e H u n d r e d Years Ago, as Described by Antonio Bocarro in 1635," T'ien Hsia Monthly 6(4) (April 1938):281-316. T h e following account of M a c a o is based on this article. 147. Ch'ii Ta-chiin, Weng-shan shih-wai m LU>?[ (edition dated 1910,

Notes

195

Shanghai Kuo-hsüeh fu-lun-she), 9 / 3 2 b - 3 3 a . T h e poems in this work are arranged chronologically. O n pp. 5 b - 6 a is found a p o e m on N e w Year's day, the year wu-ch'en ÖciK (1688); this p o e m contains the line, "Next year I will be sixty \sui: fifty-nine by Western reckoning]." Ch'ü was born in 1630. T h e M a c a o poems are followed closely (on pp. 3 3 a - b ) by a p o e m dating from the last month of chi-ssu S E , or 1689. 148. Ch'ü Ta-chün, Kuang-tung hsin-yii US shu-chü, 1974), pp. 3 6 - 3 8 .

S t In ( H o n g Kong: Chung-hua

149. See Fang H a o , "'San-yü chi,'" p. 102. For W u Li's holograph see T a m , Six Masters, p. 361. 150. M C C , 2 / 3 8 a - b . 151. T o m i o k a Masutarö Ä [SI g icB[3, Shi-0 Go Un E 3 3 E - ^ t l (Osaka: Hakubundö, 1919), pi. 32. 152. J o h n N . Wall, Jr., ed., George Herbert: The Country Parson, The Temple ( N e w York: Paulist Press, Classics of Western Spirituality, 1981), pp. 2 8 4 285. 153. Ibid., pp. 2 7 8 - 2 7 9 . 154. C. S. Lewis, Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, n.d., Harvest Books edition of 1955 publication), p. 56. 155. M C C , 3 / 5 3 a - b . 156. M C C , 3 / 5 7 a - 5 8 b and 5 9 a - 6 1 a . 157. Holy Image, Holy Space: Icons and Frescoes from Greece (Greek Ministry of Culture, Byzantine M u s e u m of Athens, and Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, 1988); see the illustration on p. 156 and the entry by Myrtali AcheimastouPotamianou, pp. 2 2 4 - 2 2 7 . 158. 159. 160. Books,

Gernet, China and the Christian Impact, p. 223. Li Sao, in Wen Hsiian, 2:718. D a v i d Hawkes, The Songs of the South (Harmondsworth: 1985), p. 74.

161. Ch'u tz'upu-chu

Penguin

(in Ssu-pu pei-yao), 17/12b.

162. Hawkes, Songs of the South, p. 315. 163. Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy Princeton University Press, Bollingen Series, 1964), pp. 4 8 7 - 4 9 4 .

(Princeton:

164. Ibid., p. 489. 165. J o s e p h P. Smith, S.J., trans., St. Irenaeus: Proof of the Apostolic Preaching ( N e w York and Ramsey: N e w m a n Press, 1952), p. 77. 166. See the English translation by C o l m Luibheid and N o r m a n Russell in the Classics of Western Spirituality series ( N e w York: Paulist Press, 1982). 167. Ibid., introduction by Bishop Kallistos Ware, pp. 6 7 - 6 8 . 168. C. J . deCatanzaro, trans., St. Symeon the New Theologian: The Discourses ( N e w York: Paulist Press, Classics of Western Spirituality, 1980), p. 333. For illustrations of the Ladder, see J . R. Martin, The Illustration of the Heavenly Ladder ofJohn Climacus (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974).

Notes

196

169. Anne Ridder, ed., Thomas Traherne: Poems, Centuries and Three Thanksgivings (London: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 191. 170. For a good color photograph of the façade, see Free China Review 40(3) (March 1990):54-55. 171. Karlgren, Book of Odes, pp. 185-187. 172. Waley, Book of Songs, p. 250. 173. Su Shih, Tung-p'o chi ï f î f t i K , in Tung-p'o ch'i-chi -fcifc (in Ssu-pu peiyao), 1/la. 174. Gernet, China and the Christian Impact, pp. 142, 277-278, n. 8. 175. D. C. Lau, trans., Confucius: The Analects (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1979), p. 112. 176. Honan Ch'eng-shih i-shu ' M M ë J Î S * (edition of 1871 in Library of Congress; Nanking: Liu-an-ch'iu-wo-chai 7 \ I f f ), wen-chi i l f e , 8 / 1 0 b 11b. 177. See Ishikawa Jôzan hitsuboku E Jll 3t U - l ü f i (Kyoto Mingeikan [Kyoto Folk Art Museum], 1974), pp. 18-20. 178. MCC, 3/61b-62b. 179. John Eudes Bamberger, O.C.S.O., trans., Evagrius Ponticus: The Praktikos; Chapters on Prayer (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1981), p. 20. 180. Colm Luibheid, trans., John Cassian: Conferences (New York and Mahwah: Paulist Press, Classics ofWestern Spirituality, 1985), pp. 134-135. 181. See C K H , p. 69. The manual in question would have been an incomplete translation of the Roman Missal by Buglio, published in Peking in 1670. See Albert Chan, S.J., "Towards a Chinese Church," in Jerome Heyndrickx, ed., Philippe Couplet, pp. 73-74. O f course, future research may well reveal that certain phrases in other of Wu Li's religious poems may have derived from Jesuit translations of Catholic literature. At the same time, it should be kept in mind that Wu Li knew Latin, and indeed the very first poem in the sequence of ch'ii on the mass includes the line, "The rituals are annotated in Western Ch'in," where "Western Ch'in," if Fang Hao is right, means "Latin" (see C K H , p. 69). Wu Li may have mined the Jesuit translations for certain phrases in his Chinese poems, while employing the original Latin in the actual performance of the mass and in consulting the Missal itself. 182. C K H , pp. 70-71. I am indebted to John Witek, S.J., for his help with this poem as well as for many valuable suggestions and references. 183. CKH, p. 73. 184. CKH, pp. 76, 79. 185. CKH, pp. 80ff. 186. CKH, p. 81. 187. Fang Hao liu-shih tzu-ting-kao ÎÎSR/N"hÊiÎÉÎÂ (Taipei: Ching-yin shukuan, 1969), 2:1626. I am indebted to Albert Chan, S.J., for this and other references. 188. Personal communication, July 11, 1989. See Chan's related comments in the New Catholic Encyclopedia (see note 7).

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Index

Note: There is no entry for Wu Li; for his individual works, see the Bibliography under Chou K'ang-hsieh and Li Ti, S . J . Adam and Eve, 36, 77, 175 Aleni, Giulio, S . J . , 2 8 , 41 Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 35-36 Baptism, 62-63, 158 Basil the Great, Saint, 72 Bocarro, Antonio, 53, 194n. 146 Buddhism, 18, 29ff., 35, 39-42, 69-70, 135 Buglio, Ludovicus, S.J., 35-36 Cassian, Saint John, 74 Chan, Albert, S.J., 4, 9, 80, 183n. 7, 191n. I l l , 194n. 143, 196n. 181 Chang Heng, 25 Chang Yün-chang, 3, 9-10, 183n.4 Chao Meng-fu, 111 Ch'en Hu, 9, 15-21, 25-26, 28-34, 39, 42,50-51, 111-113, 188n. 44, 189nn. 62, 73, 190nn. 79, 80, 81 Ch'en Wei-sung, 45-46, 192n. 125 Ch'en Yü-chi, 7-8, 10, 58, 185n.20 Ch'en Yüan, 3, 5, 11, 37, 39-40, 44-45, 50, 183n. 1, 184n. 11, 185 nn. 12, 17, 187nn. 27,29, 189n.61, 191 nn. 106, 108, 192n. 125, 194n. 140 Cheng Wei-hsin. See Siqueira, Emmanuel de Ch'eng I, 73; as leader of Ch'eng-Chu (also Ch'eng-Zhu) school, 17, 34; as one of "Ch'eng brothers," 33, 40 Ch'eng K'o-tse, 11, 187 n. 28 205

Ch'i ("material energy"), 20, 43 Ch'ien Ch'ien-i, 3, 6-7, 9-11, 13, 1617, 21, 28, 53, 83 (Plate 1), 185nn. 13, 14, 186n. 25, 189n.60 Ch'in (musical instrument), 104; Wu Li as master of, 9 Ching, Julia, 42, 190n.96 Chou Tun-i, 44 Christmas, 55, 153 Chu Hsi, 19-20, 26, 33, 40, 69 CA'a("aria," "play"), 14-16, 48, 75ff., 17 Iff. Ch'ii Shih-ssu, 28, 189n. 75 Ch'ù Ta-chun, 33-34, 57-58, 190n.85, 193n. 130, 194n. 147, 195n. 148 Ch'utz'u, 66-67, 75, 195n. 161 Ch'u Yu-chung, 21-29, 51, 72, 76, 78 Climacus, Saint John, 67, 195 n. 168 Confucius, 73, 175 Conversion, 29ff., 35, 62 Couplet, Philippe, S.J., 44, 50-52, 5657, 144, 154, 192n. 125, 194n. 143, 196n. 181 Cronin, Vincent, 46, 192 n. 126 Cross, the, 65-67, 75, 160, 172 Devil, the, 76-77, 173-174 DeWoskin, Kenneth, 44, 192 n. 121 Easter, 54 Eliade, Mircea, 44, 66, 195n. 163 Eucharist, the, 63, 65, 71-72, 158 Evagrius Ponticus, 74, 196n. 179

Index

206

Fall, the, 76. See also A d a m and Eve Fan Ch'eng-ta, 103 F a n g H a o , 3, 37, 40, 48, 75, 79, 135, 147, 154, 183n. 2, 190n.90, 191 n. 107, 193n. 130, 195n. 149, 196n. 187 Father Brown (fictional detective), 41, 192n. 115 Fisherman theme, 59-62 Fu I (anti-Buddhist polemicist), 135 Gate (to Heaven), 63, 65-67. See also Heaven Gernet, Jacques, 18, 34, 39, 42, 65, 73, 184n. 11, 188n. 53, 190n.86, 191 n. 105, 195n. 158, 196n. 174 H a n Y i i , 30, 135 Hawkes, David, 66, 195n. 162 Hayashi Razan, 73 Heaven, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 77, 158-159, 162, 164, 169. See also Gate; T'ien Hell, 57, 69-70, 164 Herbert, George, 61-62, 195n. 152 Hopkins, Gerard Manley, S.J., 49 Hsieh Ling-yun, 11 H s u Chih-chien, 5, 7, 11, 15, 40, 100, 184n. 11, 185n. 12, 188n.42, 191n. 108 H s u Kuang-ch'i, 34, 36, 73, 190n.96 Huai-yiin wen-ta ("Questions and Answers A m o n g the Clouds of the River H u a i " ) , 18-19, 189n.57 H u a n g Kung-wang, 6, 106-107, 124 Hui ("associations"), 18, 39 Incarnation, the, 65, 69, 76, 78, 162, 173-175 Irenaeus, Saint, 66-67, 195n. 165 Isaiah, 71 IshikawaJozan, 73, 196n. 177 Jesus Christ: specifically referred to by W u Li, 65-66, 76-77, 153, 160, 166. See also Incarnation Karlgren, Bernhard, 68-69, 165, 184n. 10, 196n. 171

K u a n Yü, 38, 42 K u e i C h u a n g , 16, 28-29, 188nn. 46, 47, 189nn. 71, 72, 74 K u n g T i n g - t z u , 15, 188 n. 42 Kung-an School, 8, 10, 13, 36, 53 Ladder, 65-68, 195 n. 168 Latin, 56, 67, 134, 152, 196n. 181 Lewis, C. S . , 2 5 , 62, 195n. 154 ¿ ¿ ( " p r i n c i p l e " ) , 19-20, 69 LiChih-tsao, 34, 36, 190n.96 Li P'an-lung, 13 L i P o , 12 Li sao. See Ch 'u T'zu Li Shang-yin, 147 Li Ti, S.J., xiii, 63 L i a n g C h ' i n g - p i a o , 15, 188nn. 42, 43 Lieh Tzu, 25, 51, 76, 189n.64, 194n. 142 Lin Pu, 100, 136 Lin Xiaoping, 35, 44-45, 190nn. 89, 90, 91, 192n. 124 Liu, J a m e s J . Y., 10, 12, 187n.31 Liu Tsung-yüan, 122 Lo, Irving Yucheng and William Schultz, 10, 13-15, 186n. 26, 187nn. 32,37,40 Lo Wen-tsao. See Lopez Lopez, Gregory, 52 Lotus Sutra, 30, 189n.77 L ü Liu-liang, 12, 38-39, 191 n. 101 L u Lung-chi (also Lu Lung-ch'i), 3536, 39, 77, 190nn. 93, 94, 191 n. 101 L u Shih-i, 17-19, 29-31, 39, 42, 58, 88, 189nn. 54, 76 Macao (also Macau), 14, 35, 44, 48, 4 9 59passim, 68, 193n. 130, 194nn. 146, 147; complete set ofpoems on, 139-154 Mass, the, 75, 172, 196n. 181 Mei Yao-ch'en, 5, 13 M i Fu, 59, 126 M i Y u - j e n , 59, 124, 126 Microscope, 58. See also Telescope Mo-jung, 40, 186n. 21, 191 n. 108 Molnar, Thomas, 44, 192n. 123 Moses, 78, 176 Mundy, Peter, 145

Index

207

Mungello, David E., 34, 42, 184n. 11, 190n. 87 Natural Philosophy, 152, 193n. 128 Nestorian M o n u m e n t , the, 17 O r g a n (musical instrument), 57 O u - y a n g H s i u , 6, 13, 187n.36 P ' a n K u (mythical creator or cosmic man), 22, 26, 28 P ' a n Lei, 30, 1 9 0 n . 7 8 Pantoja, Diego de, S.J., 73 Paradise, 64-65. See also Heaven Pascal, Blaise, 35 Peterson, Willard J . , 36-37, 46, 190n. 96, 193n. 128 P o C h u - i , 5, 58-59 Portuguese. See Bocarro; Macao; Siqueira Pride, sin of, 74, 169 Reconversion, 33-34, 57 Revelation, 64, 71 Ricci, Matteo, S.J., 34, 46 Rocha, Balthasar-Didacus de, S.J., 147 Rougemont, François de, S.J., 44-46, 192n. 125 Rouleau, Francis A., S.J., 51, 194n. 143 Sacraments. See Baptism; Eucharist Sâo Paulo {"San-pa, " St. Paul's) church in Macao, 53, 57, 68, 140 Shang ti (or ti, " t h e Lord on H i g h " ) , 1920, 65, 68-69, 78-79 Shen Chou, 4, 6, 9 S h e n g C h i n g , 32-33 Shihching (Book of Songs), 68, 129, 163, 165, 184n. 10 Shih Jun-chang, 8, 11, 185 n. 20, 187 n. 28 Sin, 73-74 Siqueira, Emmanuel de, 51, 67, 194n. 143 Spence, J o n a t h a n , 52, 1 9 0 n . 8 8 Standaert, Nicholas, 42, 190n.96 Su Shih, 10, 69-70, 188n.42, 196n. 173

Summa theologica, Chinese translation of, 35-36 Sung Shih-ying, 50 Sung Wan, 11-14, 79 Sung-shih ch'ao, 12, 35, 39. See also Lii Liu-liang; W u Chih-chen Symeon the New Theologian, Saint, 67, 195n. 168 tan ("pale," " b l a n d " ) , 13, 79, 187n.35 T ' a n g P i n , 38-40, 42, 58, 135, 191 nn. 98, 100, 103 T ' a n g Yii-chao, 7, 185n. 15 T a n k a boat people (or Hakka), 53-54, 140-142 T ' a o C h ' i e n , 8, 58, 185n. 19 Taoteching, 26-27, 30 Taoism, 29-30, 33, 58-59, 63 Telescope, 57-58 T i j e n - c h i e h , 135 T'ien ("heaven,"), 19, 69. See also Heaven T'i-hua shih ("poems-inscribed-onpaintings"), 49, 59; set of forty, 116131 Tomioka Tessai, 59, 62 Traherne, Thomas, 67, 196n. 169 Trinity, the, 43-44, 63, 69-71, 167 T s ' a n g Chieh (mythical inventor of written characters), 22, 27, 189n. 70 T u F u , 10, 12, 53, 103 T u n g Ch'i-ch'ang, 107 Tz'u ("lyric"), 14-16 Van Gulik, Robert, 135 Verbiest, Ferdinand, S.J., 36 Virgin Mary, the, 42, 49, 63-65, 76, 159, 162, 168, 173; chapel of, in Macao, 149 Wakeman, Frederic, 17-18, 35, 188n. 48, 190n. 88 Waley, Arthur, 68, 184n. 10, 196n. 172 W a n g Chien, 3 Wang Hui, 3 W a n g M o u - l i n , 11-12, 14-15, 187 nn. 39, 41 Wang Shih-chen (1526-1590), 13

Index

208

Wang Shih-chen(1634-1711), 8, 11-12, 14-16, 39,48, 185 n. 20, 187 n. 28, 191 nn. 101, 102 Wang Shih-min, 3-4, 94, 106-107, 183n. 8, 184n. 11, 191n.l08 Wang Wei, 9, 11-12 Wang Yang-ming, 50 Wen Cheng-ming, 9 Witek, John, S.J., 183n.2, 190n.96, 194n. 143, 196n. 182 Wu Chih-chen, 12-14, 35, 79, 187 n. 34, 190n. 92 Wu Wei-yeh, 8-9, 83 (Plate 1), 109, . 186n. 21, 191n. 108

Xavier, Saint Francis, 54, 141 Yang Kuang-hsien, 5, 11, 184n. 11 Yang T'mg-yiin, 36-37, 40, 73, 190 n. 96 Yang Wan-li, 103 Yeh Hsiang-kao, 41, 192n. 113 Yii Huai, 4, 9, 14, 183n. 6 YuT'ung, 39, 50-51, 55, 191 n. 101, 193 nn. 136, 137, 138, 194n. 141 Yiieh ("covenants"), 18, 39 Yii-lu (dialogue format), 41, 192 n. 115 Yiin Shou-p'ing, 3

About the Author

J o n a t h a n Chaves is professor of Chinese at T h e George Washington University in Washington, D.C. His books and articles have examined various aspects of Chinese poetry and its relation to the arts of calligraphy and painting. Among his publications are Shisendo: The Hall of the Poetry Immortals and Pilgrim of the Clouds: Poems and Essays from Ming China by Yuan Hung-tao and His Brothers, which was nominated for the National Book Award in Translation. Chaves' recent work explores the relation of later Chinese poetry to the philosophies and religions of China, especially Confucianism.

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