Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures in Hungary 9780860540663, 9781407349589
205 77 140MB
English Pages [248] Year 1979
Polecaj historie
![Early Neolithic, Iron Age and Roman Settlement at Monksmoor Farm, Daventry, Northamptonshire [1 ed.]
9781789692112](https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/early-neolithic-iron-age-and-roman-settlement-at-monksmoor-farm-daventry-northamptonshire-1nbsped-9781789692112.jpg)
Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
MAPS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
CHRONOLOGY
ENVIRON MENTAL ANALYSIS
A. CLIMATE
B. VEGETATION
C. HYDROGRAPHY
D. GEOLOGY AND RELIEF
E. SOILS
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ECONOMIC BASE
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A: SITE LIST
APPENDIX B: PERCENTAGE POINT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXPECTED AND OBSERVED PATTERNS OF SETTLEMENT DISTRIBUTION
Citation preview
Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic. KOrOs and Linear Pottery Cultures in Hungary
Krisztina Kosse
BAR International Series 64 1 979
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
B.A.R.,
B.A.R.
122 Banbury Road,
Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., :\I.A., D.Phil.
D. R. Walker, :\l. A.
B. A. R. -S64, 1979: "Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Koros and Linear Pottery Cultures in Hungary". © Krisztina Kosse, 1979. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540663 paperback ISBN 9781407349589 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
CONTENTS
Page ABSTRACT L IST OF F IGURES L IST OF TABLES MAPS AC KNO WLEDGE ME NTS I NTRODUCTION Prev ious I nvest iga t ions
2
Geograph ica l-Eco log ica l Approach
5
METHODS
7
L oca t ion o f S i tes
7
S ta t is t ica l Methods
7
CHRONOLOGY
1 1
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYS IS
1 6
A .
1 6
B .
CLIMATE The i n f luence o f r el ief
1 6
S olar r ad ia t ion
1 8
Te mpera ture
1 8
Precip ita t ion
1 8
Evapo transp ira t ion
1 9
S et t le men t D is tr ibu t ions a nd C l i ma t ic Reg ions
3 0
C l i ma te i n t he A t lan t ic Per iod
3 2
VEGETATION
3 4
S et t le men t D istr ibu t ions a nd V ege ta t ion Z ones
3 5
The P lan t Assoc ia t ion s o f Hungary
4 7
Aqua t ic a nd f loodp la in p lan t a ssoc ia t ions Aqua t ic a nd marshy a ssocia t ions
4 7 4 7
F loodp la in f orest a ssocia t ions
4 7
Grass- moor a ssoc ia t ions
4 8
P lan t a ssoc ia t ions o f t he f orest-steppe
4 8
A ssoc ia t ions o n a lka l i s o ils
4 8
A ssoc ia t ions o n s and
4 8
A ssoc ia t ions o n l oess
4 8
A ssoc ia t ions o f t he d eciduous f orest z one Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 0
Page
C .
Karst f orest a ssoc ia t ions
5 0
Oak f orest a ssoc ia t ion
5 0
Beech f orest a ssoc ia t ions
5 0
S et t le men t D istr ibu t ions a nd Na tura l V egeta t ion
6 2
V ege ta t ion i n t he A t lan t ic Phase
6 3
HYDROGRAPHY
6 8
The Danube a nd i t s t r ibu tar ies
6 8
The T isza a nd i t s t r ibu tar ies
6 9
L akes a nd marshes
7 0
Groundwa ter
7 1
S et t le men t D is tr ibu t ion i n Rela t ion t o R ivers a nd Lakes
7 1
S et t le men t D istr ibu t ions a nd F loodp la ins
7 5
F loodp la in morpho logy
D .
E .
7 5
Na tura l l evees
7 6
Bas ins a nd b ackswamps
7 6
S et t le men t L oca t ion a nd F loodp la in Morpho logy
7 6
The Evo lu t ion o ft he Dra inage N etwork i n Hungary
7 8
GEOLOGY AND REL IEF
8 1
S e t t le men t D istr ibu t ions a nd S ubsurface Geo logy
8 4
S et t le men t D istr ibu t ions a nd Rel ief
9 2
SO ILS
9 3
The S o i l Groups o f Hungary
9 4
S ke leta l s o ils
9 4
L i tho morphous s o i ls
9 4
Brown f orest s o ils
9 4
Ac id-non p odzo l ic
9 5
Podzo l ic
9 5
Brown f orest s o ils w i th c lay i l luv iu m
9 5
P seudog ley
9 5
Ra mann 's b rown e ar th
9 6
K ovärväny
9 6
Chernoze m-brown
9 6
Chernoze m s o ils
9 7
A lka l i s o ils
9 7
Meadow s o ils
9 9
Bog s o i ls
9 9
S e t t le men t D istr ibu t ions a nd S o il Type
9 9
S et t le men t D istr ibu t ion i n t he Marca l Bas in
14
S e t t le men t D is tr ibu t ion i nt he T iszazug Reg ion
1 16
S o il Changes s ince t he A t lan t ic Per iod
1 21
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BARCT Publishing, R EC ON STRU ION1979, OFhttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. THE EC ONOMIC BASE Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 25
Page Körös Cu l ture
1 25
A l fö ld L inear Po t tery Cu lture
1 32
Early ALP
1 32
Midd le ALP
1 33
La te ALP
1 34
Transdanub ian L inear Po t tery Cu l ture
1 38
Early T LP
1 39
Midd le T LP
1 39
La te TLP
1 42
SUM MARY AND CONC LUSIONS
1 47
Env ironmen ta l Ana lysis
1 47
Changes i n Land U se
1 48
Man 's E f fect o n t he Env ironmen t
1 54
Conclus ions
1 55
REFERE NCES
1 57
APPE NDIX A .
S ITE L IST
APPEND IX B .
PERCENTAGE PO I NT D IFFERE NCE BET WEEN
1 79
EXPECTED AND OBSERVED PATTERNS OF SETTLE ME NT D ISTR IBUTION
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 31
L IST OF F IGURES
Page F IGURE 1 .
H istogra ms s how ing t he d istr ibu t ion o f s et t le men ts i n r ela t ion t o c l i ma t ic r eg ions
2 .
2 2
H istogra ms s how ing t he d istr ibu t ion o f s et t le men ts i n r ela t ion t o v egeta t ion z ones
3 8
3 .
Cross s ect ion o f at yp ica l r iver-s ide s uccession
4 9
4 .
Cross s ect ion o f s teppe v egeta t ion o n l oess a nd s and
4 9
5 .
V egeta t ion z ona t ion o n at yp ica l l ow moun ta in i n Hungary
5 1
6 .
Forest z ones o n s ou thern s lopes o f d if feren t g rad ien ts
5 1
7 .
H istogra ms s how ing t he d istr ibu t ion o f s et t le men ts
8 . 9 .
i n r ela t ion t o p lan t a ssoc ia t ions
5 4
L oca t ion o f p o l len p rof i les i n Hungary
6 5
V egeta t ion a nd c l i ma te z ones i n t he N or thern Moun ta ins a nd t he A lfö ld i n t he A t lan t ic
1 0.
The d ra inage n e twork o f Hungary i n t he l ast I n terg lac ia l o f t he P le is tocene
1 1.
1 3.
7 9
H istogra ms s how ing t he d istr ibu t ion o f s e t t le men ts i n r ela t ion t o s o i l t ypes
1 2.
6 7
1 02
D istr ibu t ion o f T LP s et t le men ts i n r ela t ion t o s o i l t ypes i nt he Marca l r eg ion
1 12
D istr ibu t ion o f K ört is a nd ALP s et t le men ts i n r ela t ion t o s o il t ypes i n t he T iszazug
1 18
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
L IST OF TABLES
Page TABLE 1 .
Mon th ly a nd a nnua l t ota ls o f s unsh ine h ours i n Hungary
1 7
2 .
Mon th ly a nd a nnua l a verage t e mpera tures
1 7
3 .
Mon th ly a nd a nnua l s ums o f p rec ip ita t ion
1 7
4 .
Percen tage p o in t d iference b etween e xpected a nd o bserved d is tr ibu t ions o f s e t t le men ts i n r ela t ion t o c l i ma t ic r eg ions
5 .
P ercen tage p o in t d iference
2 8 b etween e xpected a nd
o bserved d istr ibu t ions i n r ela t ion t o v ege ta t ion z ones 6 .
P ercen tage p o in t d if ference b etween e xpected a nd o bserved d is tr ibu t ions i n r ela t ion t o v egeta t ion
7 .
15
D is tr ibu t ion o f l a irds s et t le men ts i n t he T iszazug a ccord ing t o s o il t ype
1.
1 07
D istr ibu t ion o f TLP s et t le men ts i n t he Marca l r eg ion a ccord ing t o s o il t ype
1 0.
8 6
Percen tage p o in t d iference b etween e xpected a nd o bserved d istr ibu t ions i n r ela t ion t o s o il t ype
9 .
6 0
Percen tage p o in t d if ference b e tween e xpected a nd o bserved d is tr ibu t ions i n r ela t ion t o g eo logy
8 .
4 4
1 20
D istr ibu t ion o f S zaka lha t s et t le men ts i n t he T iszazug a ccord ing t o s o i l t ype
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 20
MAPS
MAP 1 .
Page D istr ibu t ion o f t he l a irds a nd L inear Po t tery s et t le men ts i n Hungary
2 .
8
Chrono logy o f t he ALP a nd TLP s et t le men ts i n Hungary
1 3
3 .
S et t le men t d istr ibu t ions a nd c l i ma t ic r eg ions
2 0
4 .
S et t le men t d istr ibu t ions a nd v ege ta t ion z ones
3 6
5 .
S et t le men t d istr ibu t ions a nd n a tura l v egeta t ion
5 2
6 .
S et t le men t d istr ibu t ions a nd h ydrography
7 2
7 .
S et t le men t d istr ibu t ions a nd g eo logy
8 2
8 .
S et t le men t d istr ibu t ions a nd s o il t ypes
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 00
AC KNO W T DGE ME NTS
This s tudy was o rig ina lly p resen ted a s at hesis f or t he d egree o f Ph .D . t o t he Un iversi ty o f L ondon , I nsti tu te o f Archaeo logy .
Wi th minor modi f ica t ions
t he t ex t a nd i l lustra t ions a re e ssen tia l ly t hose o f t he t hesis.
The c o mp le tion o f
t he t hesis wou ld h ave b een i mpossib le w i thou t t he h e lp o f many p eop le, b o th i n Eng land a nd Hungary .
T o t he m Iwou ld l ike t o e xpress my g ra t i tude .
Iwou ld l ike t o t hank Dr . Nändor K a licz a nd Dr . J a "n o s Makkay , I nsti tu te o f A rchaeo logy , B udapest , f or d evo t ing s o much o f t heir t ime t o h e lp me l oca te t he s i tes, f or s how ing me s i tes t hey h ave e xcava ted o r s urveyed , a nd f or t he l ong d i scussions we h ad o n t he a rchaeo logy a nd e co logy o f t he K örös a nd L inear Po tt ery c u ltures.
Iam e spec ia l ly g ra tefu l t o Dr . J änos Makkay f or r ead ing t he
c o mp le ted t hesis a nd f or t he c orrect ions h e h as s uggested . Ia lso r eceived h e lp f ro m a rchaeo logists o f many r egiona l museu ms i n H ungary :
Dr . G äbor B änd i ( Museu m o f S zo mba the ly ) , I s tvän E csedy ( Museu m
o f P ecs) , G yörgy G o ldman ( Museu m o f B ekescsaba ) , Ka ta lin Heged t ls ( Museu m o fS zen tes) , F erenc H orvä th ( Museu m o fS zeged ) , L äszlö Horvä th ( Museu m o f N agykan izsa ) , Dr . J özsef K orek ( Na tiona l Museu m o f H ungary ) a nd Dr . O t to Trog mayer ( Museu m o fS zeged ) . F or i nfor ma tion f ro m o ther d i scip lines, Iwou ld l ike t o t hank Dr . Z o l tän B orsy ( Dep t . o f Geography , U n iversi ty o f D ebrecen ) , Dr . Mik lös D azes ( Museu m o f K eszthe ly ) , Dr . B orbä la Har tyänyi a nd Dr . Gyu la Noväk i ( Agricul tura l Museu m , B udapest ) , Dr . Magda J arai-Ko m löd i ( Dep t . o f P lan t Taxono my a nd G eography , E ö tvös L öränd Un iversi ty, Budapest ) , Dr . Mär ton Pecsi ( Hungar ian A cade my o fS ciences) , Dr . S ändor S o mogyi a nd Dr . S ändor Marosi ( I nsti tu te o f G eography , B udapest ) , Dr . J a "n o s S t ieber ( I nst i tu te o f App lied Botany , Budapest ) , Dr . L a jos Takäcs ( Ethnographica l Museu m , B udapest ) , Dr . György Vära l lyay ( I nst i tu te o f Agroche mistry a nd S oi l S cience , B udapest ) a nd Dr . Bä l in t Z ö lyo mi ( Bo tan ica l R esearch I nsti tute , V a Tcrä to t ) . I n Eng land , Iam e specia l ly g ra tefu l t o Prof . J . D .
Evans, Un iversi ty o f
L ondon , I nst i tu te o f Archaeo logy , f or h is h e lp , a dvice a nd e ncourage men t d ur ing t he p repara tion o f t he t hesis.
Iwou ld a lso l i ke t o t hank Dr . J . G . Nandris,
U n iversi ty o f L ondon , I nst i tu te o f Archaeo logy , f or h elp , a dvice a nd d i scussions c oncern ing t he work . Iam a lso g ra tefu l t o Prof . M . S tone , Universi ty Col lege , L ondon , f or a dvice a nd h e lp w i th s ta tistica l t echn iques a nd i n terpreta tion . Iam i ndebted t o t he Nea le a nd Eve leth G if t F ounda tion f or f i nancia l s uppor t f or f our y ears, a nd t o t he Bri t ish C ounci l , whose Cu l tura l Exchange Progra m me e nab led me t o s pend t wo mon ths i n Hungary . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. i38.67.221.43 na l ly , Iwou ld l i ke t o t hank my h usband , A lan , Downloaded on behalf F of
who , when h e c ou ld l east
a f ford i t , t ook t i me o f ft o t rave l t o Hungary t o c o l lect s o me a ddi tiona l i nfor ma t ion
f or my t hesis.
Iam a lso g ra tefu l f or t he many r eferences h e h as g iven me ,
f or t he l ong a nd u sefu l d iscussions we h ad , a nd f or e ncourage men t a nd s uppor t d ur ing t he work .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
I NTRODUCT ION
A gr icu l ture b ased o n w hea t a nd b ar ley c u l t iva t ion a nd s heep/goa t h usb andry was a ccord ing t o t he e v idence o f b o th a rchaeo logy a nd t he n a tura l s c iences i n troduced t o Europe f ro m t he N ear East.
There i s i ncreas ing r eason
t o b e l ieve t ha t man ipu la t ion o f l oca l r esources r esu l t ing i n s o me Measure o f c rop a nd h erd c on tro l was a w idespread p heno menon i n l a te Postg lac ia l Europe ( Clarke , 1 976 ).
N onethe less, c erea l a gr icu l ture w i th i t s h igh y ie ld ing a nd
e as i ly s torab le a nnua ls t oge ther w ith s heep a nd g oa t h usbandry p roved more p roduct ive a nd r ep laced o r a bsorbed t he o ld p ract ices i n to t he n ew e cono my . Rad iocarbon d a tes i nd ica te t ha t b y 6 000 b c,
c erea l a gr icu l ture h ad b eco me
w e l l e stabl ished i n Greece , where we a lso h ave t he e ar l iest e v idence f or t he d o mest ica t ion o f c a t t le ( Boessneck , 1 962; H iggs , 1 962 ).
By a bou t 5 000 b e,
a gr icu l tura l s e t t le men ts h ad e x isted i n Europe a s f ar n or th a s t he Grea t H ungar ian P lain , a nd b y 4 000 b e a gricu lture h ad r eached Ho l land ( Clark , 1 965) . B y 3 000 b e , c erea lc u lt iva t ion a ndsheep/goa t h usbandry a ug men ted w i th s o me n ew l oca l d o mestica tes h ad b eco me t he d ominan t f ood p roducing s yste m i n most a reas o f t e mpera te Europe. A l though N ear Eastern a gr icu lture was p o ten t ial ly more p roduct ive t han h un t ing a nd g a ther ing o r o ther f or ms o f i nd igenous r esource man ipu la tion , i t was a lso i n i tia l ly i l l-adap ted t o t he e nviron men ta l c ondi tions o f t e mpera te Europe . The N ear Eastern n uc lear a rea , i nclud ing t he h abi ta ts o f w i ld c erea ls a nithe a rea o f e ar ly a gr icu l tura l s et t le men ts, l i es i n t he s ubtrop ica l z one .
The c li ma te
i s c haracter ised b y aw in ter p recipi ta tion maxi mu m , h o t a nd d ry s um mers a nd ah igh p ercen tage o f t he p ossible s un sh ine f or t he y ear ( Trewar tha , 1 954 ).
The
g row ing s eason o f t he c erea ls a nd a l l e ar ly N ear Eastern c rops i s aw in ter o ne ( Bu tzer , 1 971;
Oa tes a nd Oa tes, 1 976 ).
The amoun t o f r a in fa l l v ar ies a ccord-
i ng t o a l t itude , b u t i n a reas more s u i table f or a gr icu l ture , i ti s l ow a nd o f ten u npred ictable.
W a ter i s ac r it ica l r esource f or a gr icu l ture.
Van Z e ist ( 1969 ),
o n t he b as is o f p o l len e v idence , s uggests t ha t s u m mers were p robably d r ier t han t oday i n t he N ear East d ur ing t he e arly s pread o f a gr icu lture , a l though h e s ees l i t t le d if ference i n t he amoun t o f a nnua l p rec ip ita t ion .
The h ighest c oncen tra-
t ion o f e arly f ar m ing s e t t le men ts i nb o th t he l ow land s teppe a nd t he o ak-p is tach io b el t i s f ound i n a reas o f h igh wa ter t able , of ten a t swa mp marg ins ( Flannery , 1 971 ).
The f irst f ar m ing s e t t le men ts o u tside t he N ear Eastern n uclear a rea
a re f ound i n Greece , wh ich i s s t il l i n t he w in ter r a in fa l l b e l t .
The i n troduc t ion
o f a gr icu l ture f ur ther n or th n ecess i ta ted t he a dap ta t ion o f t he o r ig ina l w estern As ia t ic d o mest ica tes t o t he e nv ironmen ta l c ond it ions o f an ew c l i ma t ic z one. The f i rst i n troduc t ion o f a gr icu l ture t o t e mpera te Europe i s a ssoc ia ted w ith t he Karanovo-Stareevo-Cr i9-Kör e is c o mp lex a nd t he L inear Po t tery c u ltur The d istr ibu t ion a rea o f t he Karanovo c o mp lex i nc ludes much o f Bu lgar ia , e astern a nd c en tra l Y ugoslav ia , Ru man ia a nd s outheastern Hungary .
A l though
t he max i mu m p rec ip i ta t ion i s i n s u m mer a nd w in ters a re c o ld , s ou theast Europe d ue t o i t s l ow l a t i tude e n joys a c l i ma te i n ter med ia te b etween t he Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1
Med iterranean a nd t he Te mpera te ( Ch ilde , 19 57 ) . Much o f t he Ba lkan p en insu la i s s t il l s ubhum id ; t he c l i ma te i s c haracter ised b y a bundan t s unsh ine , al ong g row ing s eason a nd a l arge a verage r a in fa l l d ef ic i t i n s um mer ( Trewartha , 19 54; Thran a nd Broekhu izen , 19 65 ). Desp ite t he p resence o f s ome n ew f eat ures s uch a s t he g abled r oof , t he u se o f wood i n h ouse c onstruct ion a nd t he d e tached h ouse , t he ma ter ia l c ul ture o ft he f i rst f arm ing c ommun it ies o f s ou the ast Europe was s im ilar t o t ha t o f w estern A s ia . S ou theast Europe was s t il l e ssen t ia l ly a western p rov ince o ft he N ear Eastern c u l ture a rea ( P iggo t t , 19 65; Tr ingham , 19 71 ). The a dap ta t ion o f a gr icu l ture t o t he we t ter f orested e nv iro nmen ts o f m id la t itude t e mpera te Europe was t he a ch ievemen t o f t he L inear Po t tery c u l ture ( Clark a nd P iggo t t , 19 65;
Nandr is , 19 72 ).
The a va i lable e v idence p laces t he e ar l iest a ppearance o f t he L inear Po t tery c u l ture i n t he a rea o f modern Hungary , t he n or thernmost e x tens ion o ft he s ou theast European c u l ture a rea . Qu i t ta ( 19 64 ) s ugges ted t ha t t he o r ig ins o ft he Bandkeram ik s hould b e s ough t i nt he f ert ile v a l leys o fh il ly Transdam ib ia , a nd Wa terbo lk ( 19 71, 3 47 ) c ons idered t he Hungar ian P la in a s t he d om inan t c en tre ' wh ich h ad i ncorpora ted a l l t he ma jor a ch ieve men ts o f t he n uclear a rea i nt he N ear East , a nd wh ich h ad a dded t o t hese a n a dap ta t ion t o t he European d ec iduous f orest '. The d iscovery o ft he s o c a l led S za t mgr g roup i n t he G rea t Hungar ian P la in w h ich p rov ides a ma ter ia l l ink b e tween t he K örös c u l ture a nd t he A lfö ld L inear Pot tery c u l ture , a nd t ha t o f t he Med ina g roup wh ich c onst it u tes a s im ilar l ink b e tween t he S tarCevo a nd Transdanub ian L inear Po t tery c u l tures w ou ld i nd ica te t ha t b oth t hese a reas were i mpor tan t i n t he g enesis o f t he L inear P o t tery c ul ture ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 19 72a ;
19 72b ).
Wh ile i ti s
n o t e xpected t ha t Hungary wou ld r ef lec t a l l t he e co log ica l c hanges t ha t a ccomp an ied t he i n troduc t ion o f a gr icu lture t o Europe , i t s p os it ion a s at rans i t iona l z one s uggests t ha t ad eta iled s tudy o f t he K örös a nd Hungar ian L inear Po t tery a dap ta t ions wou ld t hrow much l i gh t o n h ow c erea l f ar m ing a nd a r ü ma l h usbandry were a dap ted t o t e mpera te Europe. I n t h is s tudy , a n a t te mp t i s made t o i den t ify t he c hanges t ha t o ccurred i n man-land r e la t ionsh ips i n Hungary d ur ing t he s pread o f a gr icul ture t hrough a n e xam ina t ion o f t he s e t t le men t e co log ies o f t he K örös, A lfö ld- a nd Transdanub ian L inear Po ttery c u l tures. Archaeo log ica l e v idence b y i t s n a ture i s o f o n ly l im i ted u sefu lness i n d iscover ing p reh is tor ic man-land r ela t ionsh ips; b u t , a s s ome r ecen t e co log ica l-archaeo log ica l s tud ies c onduc ted i n d if feren t p arts o f t he wor ld h ave d e monstra ted , w hen i n for ma t ion f ro m t he e nv ironmen ta l s c iences i s u sed i n c on junc t ion w i th t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence , at en ta t ive r econ struct ion o f p ast l and u se p a t terns s hou ld b e p oss ible.
I n t he f o l low ing
s tudy , t he e nv ironmen ta l i n for ma t ion i s o bta ined f rom t wo ma in s ources : 1 ) p lan ts a nd a n i ma l r e ma ins f rom t he s i tes; a nd 2 ) t he a na lys is o f s e t t lemen t d istr ibu t ions i n r e la t ion t o c l i ma t ic a reas, v ege ta t ion , h ydrography , g eo logy a nd s o i ls. Prev ious I nvest iga t ions The g eograph ica l a pproach i n a rchaeo logy h as a l ong t rad it ion i n Europe. D istr ibu t ion maps s how ing t he p rovenance o f a n t iqu i t ies b egan t o b e p ub l ished a round t he m idd le o ft he l as t c en tury , a nd a s e ar ly a s 18 74 t he I n terna t iona l Congress a t S tockho lm a dop ted a s tandard s e t o f i n terna t iona l s ymbo ls t o b e u sed i n a rchaeo log ica l mapp ing ( Dan ie l , 19 50 ).
I t was n o t , h owever , u n t il t he
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. 2 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
emergence o f t he a n thropogeograph ica l a nd , s o mewha t l a ter , Ku turkre is s choo ls i n G ermany a nd Austr ia t ha t t he c arefu l mapp ing o f a r t ifact a nd t ra it d istr ibut i ons b ecame a n i mpor tan t f ea ture o f a rchaeo log ica l me thodo logy .
S et t le men t
g eography , c losely r e la ted t o t he a n thropogeograph ica l s choo l , emerged a s a s ubd isc ip l ine o f c u l tura l g eography a round t he b eg inn ing o f t h is c en tury ( Sauer , 1 962 ). I t s t wo l ead ing e xponen ts , Gradmann a nd S ch l t i ter , a dvoca ted n o t o n ly t he s tudy o f s e t t le men t d istr ibu t ions i n r e la t ion t o t he e ar th s urface , b ut a lso t he r econstruct ion o f f or mer c ond it ions o f s e t t le men t a nd l and u se. I nh is ' S teppenhe ide ' t heory , Gradmann ( 1906;
19 33 ) p u t f orward t he g en-
e ra lt hes is t ha t n eo l ith ic a nd b ronze a ge s e t t le men t i n Cen tra l Europe was o r ig ina l ly c on f ined t o o pen c oun try o f s teppe- o r h ea th-l ike c haracter. The b as is f or t he t heory was p ar tly t he o bserva t ion o f ac lose c orrespondence b et ween p reh istor ic s e t t le men t a nd t he r ecen t d istr ibu t ion o f s teppe- a nd h ea thl i ke v ege ta t ion , a nd p ar t ly t he a ssu mp t ion t ha t e ar ly f ar m ing man was i ncapable o f c lear ing t he f orest. S ince t hen , p o l len s tud ies h ave e f fect ive ly d isproved Gradmann 's t heory . They h ave s hown , t ha t c on trary t o h is o p in ion , t he l oess l ands a t t he t ime o f e ar ly n eo l ith ic s e t t le men t w ere most ly c overed b y f orest v ege ta t ion ( Garne t t , 1 945 ; F irbas , 1 949-52 ). Exper i men ts w ith n eo l ith ic s tone a xes h ave p roved t ha t n eo l ith ic man h ad t he t echno logy w h ich wou ld h ave e nabled h im t o f e l l t rees a nd c lear f orests ( I versen , 1 956 ). The i mpor tance o f Gradmann 's work l i es n o t i nt he v a l id i ty o f h is h ypo thes is , b u t i nt he i mpact i th ad o n p reh istor ic a rchaeo logy. By s t i mu la t ing i n terest i n t he e nv ironmen ta l s e t t ing o f a rchaeo log ica l s e t t le men ts, h e o pened u p an ew f i eld o f e nqu iry . S e tt le men t g eography , a s u sed b y Gradmann a nd h is s choo l , a lso p rov ided a me thod o f a na lys is. S ince t he war , t here h as b een a n umber o f s tud ies a i med a t e luc ida t ing t he p hysica l e nv ironmen t o ft he L inear Pot tery a nd t he Karanovo-Körds s e t t lemen ts. The a pproach h as g enera l ly b een t o a na lyse t he d istr ibu t ion o f s e t t lemen ts i n r e la t ion t o o ne ma jor e nv ironmen ta l v ar iable. I n 19 48 , S chwarz u sed Gradmann 's e co log ica l-d istr ibu t iona l me thod t o d isprove t he ' S teppenhe ide ' t heory . S chwarz e xam ined t he d istr ibu t ion o f t he L inear Po ttery s et t le men ts a ga inst t he d istr ibu t ion o f c hernoze m s o ils i n c ent ra l Ger many . I n a nswer t o t he q uest ion s e t o u t i n t he t i t le o f h is work , ' Lagen d ie S ied lungen d er l inearbandkeram ischen K u l turs M it te ldeutsch lands i n wa ldf re ien o der b ewa lde ten L anschaf ten? ' ,S chwarz h as s hown t ha t t he Bandkeram ik s et t lers i n stead o f s eek ing t he c hernoze m a reas w ith t he ir o pen g rassy v egetat i on , s ee med t o h ave a vo ided t hem.
Wilhe lmy ( 1950 ) c o mes t o t he s ame c on-
c lus ion i n r egards t o t he d istr ibu t ion o f Bu lgar ian p reh istor ic s e tt lemen ts. Wi lhe lmy 's a r t icle , whose ma in c oncern i s t he a ge o f t he c en tra l a nd e as tern European c hernoze m s o ils , i s as k il l fu l t rea tmen t o f a rchaeo log ica l e v idence i n a n e nv ironmen ta l s tudy. Ano ther f i e ld o f i n terest h as b een t he e v iden t c orrela t ion o f Bandkeram ik s e t t le men ts w ith t he l oess a reas o f Europe. Narr ( 1956 ) u sed t he d istr ibu t iona l me thod t o d iscover w hy c er ta in l oess d epos its i n t he n or thern Rh ine land a t tract ed Bandkeram ik s et t le men ts, w h i le o thers r e ma ined emp ty . He d e monstra ted t ha t w here t he Danub ians s e tt led t he l oess c over was l ess t h ick a nd t he b rown e ar th h ad a h igher d egree o fb asa l s a tura t ion .
Modder man ( 19 58-59 ) p osed t he
s ame q uest ion i n r ela t ion t o t he Du tch Bandkeram ik s i tes. Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3
H is f ind ings a re
s l igh t ly d i f feren t f ro m t hose o f Narr ' S .
T he s i tes a long t he Maas a re f ound
o n t he s econd t errace o f t he r iver , where t he l oess c over i s e specia l ly t h ick . Modder man a t tr ibutes t h is t o d i f ferences i n d ra inage c ond i t ions.
I n H o l land
a nd B e lg iu m , t hose l oess a reas were s e lected f or s et t le men t where t he g round wa ter t ab le l ay s uf f icien t ly d eep u nder a t h ick l oess c over t o e nsure g ood n at ura l d ra inage a nd where c onsequen t ly t he s oi ls were a lso e asy t o work .
Mod-
d erman d escr ibes t he i dea l a rea o f Bandkera mik s et t le men t i n western Europe a s l e in f lacher , e ntwässer ter L assboden i n u nm i t te lbarer Nahe d es Wassers '. A ccord ing t o Qu it ta ( 1970) , most Bandkeramik s e t t le men ts i n t he L e ipz ig r eg ion a re a lso l oca ted o n we l l d ra ined s oi ls.
H ere , h owever , t he s e t t lers
p referred t he l ower t erraces, where g ood d ra inage i s p rovided b y mora in ic s and o r g rave l u nder a r e la t ive ly t h in l oess c over .
Qu it ta , s i mi lar ly t o
S chwarz a nd Wi lhe l my , n otes t he a bsence o f B andkera mik s e t t le men ts f ro m t he d r ier l oess p la teaus; t he s i tes a re f ound a long t he e dge o f t he c hernoze m z one , most ly o n b ase r ich p arabraunerden . Nandr is ( 1970 :
1 972) h as emphas ised t he i mpor tance o f g ood d ra inage
i n t he s e lect ion o f t he K örös s i tes.
The s e t t le men ts a long t he K 8rb ' s a nd T isza
r ivers a re l ocated i n t hose a reas where t he g round wa ter t ab le l i es d eep u nder t he s ur face .
I n s ou theast Europe , h owever , a s S herra t t ( 1972 ;
s hown , s o i l moisture was, o n t he who le , s t i l l ac r i t ica l f actor .
1 973 ) h as Ear ly n eo l i th ic
s i tes i n Bu lgar ia a nd Yugoslav ia , a s i n G reece a nd Turkey , a re l oca ted i n f ert i le a l luv ia l b asins o r r iver v a l leys i n o r a d jacen t t o a reas o f h igh g round wa ter t ab le . I n r ecen t y ears, t here h as b een a g row ing n u mber o f s tud ies a i med a t a more t o ta l r econstruc t ion o f p ast h u man e co log ies.
Most o f t hese h ave b een
u nder taken i n a reas o f p r imary d o mest ica t ion , i n t he Near East a nd Mesoa .mer ica . Never the less, t wo s tud ies h ave d ea l t d irect ly w i th t he L inear Pot tery c u l ture . T he f irst o ne , b y S ie l mann, h as b een c oncerned w i th L inear Pot tery a dap ta t ion i n G ermany, a nd t he s econd , b y Kruk , w i th L inear Pot tery a dapta t ion i n Po land . B o th s tud ies a re b ased o n a n a na lysis o f s et t le men t d istr ibu t ions. S ie l mann ( 1971 ;
1 972 ) e xa m ined t he d istr ibu t ion o f L inear Pot tery s et t le-
men ts i n r e la t ion t o p aren t ma ter ia l a nd c l i ma te .
He c onc luded t ha t f ro m t he
b eg inn ing o f t he Bandkera m ik d eve lop men t t here h ad b een t wo s et t le men t z ones. E co logy a rea A , c o mpr is ing c en tra l G ermany , t he L ower Ma in r eg ion , t he n or thern R hen ish p la in , t he a rea e ast o f Mannhe im a nd t he c en tra l Rh ine r egion , i s c haracter ised b y r e la tive ly l ow r ain fa ll , h igh t e mperature a nd c onsequen t ly b y h igher a r idi ty .
E co logy a rea B , wh ich c o mpri ses t he B avar ian l oess r eg ion ,
c en tra l N ecker land a nd t he H eide lberg a rea , i s c haracter ised b y e i ther h igh r a infa ll a nd h igh t e mpera tures o r b y a verage r a in fa l l a nd l ower t e mpera tures, a nd c onsequen t ly b y l ower a ridi ty .
S ie l mann s uggested t ha t t hese t wo e co logy
a reas were t he r esu lts o ft wo waves o f c o loni sa tion :
E co logy a rea A was
c o lon ised b y s et t lers c om ing f ro m a d r ier p ar t o f t he S tar6evo-Körös a rea , a nd E co logy a rea B b y s e t t lers f ro m a we t ter r egion o f t he S tar evo c u l ture . T he t wo s e t t le men t z ones d if fered s o mewha t i n t heir e cono m ies a nd a lso i n t heir ma teria l c u ltures.
I n t he wet ter a reas, c at t le were f ar more f requen t
among t he d o mestica ted a n ima ls a nd S ie l mann a ssu mes t ha t s tockbreed ing wou ld h ave b een more i mpor tan t t han c erea l a gr icu lture .
S ie l mann 's s tudy
i s i n terest ing n o t o n ly b ecause h e d e monstra tes h i s f ind ings b y q uan ti ta t ive d a ta , b u t a lso b ecause h e u ses c li ma te a s a n i ndependen t v ar iab le . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 4
On the other hand, there is little attempt at an overall ecological analysis; the relationship of settlements to vegetation, hydrography and soils is mentioned, but not elaborated in detail. Kruk' s (1971; 1972-73) study is an analysis of the interdependence of neolithic settlement, soil types and vegetation in the loess region of the Nida basin in Poland. He shows that the areas occupied by the Linear Pottery cul ture were covered by brown-loessic soils and carried a dense forest cover. In this, his findings are similar to Schwarz' s and Wilhelmy' s. Settlements �ere m��tly situated in lower lying areas, near rivers: the loess uplands
were only sporadically utilised. Kruk emphasises man's influence on the landscape. In the genesis of chernozem soils, in contrast to Wilhelmy, he considers anthropogenic influence a major factor. He attributes the develop ment of these soils in Poland to the slash and burn agriculture and large scale pastoral activities of the TRB and Corded Ware cultures. He thinks, even so, that the Danubian economy had not seriously disturbed the ecological balance of the area. Kruk's study is a careful evaluation of the mutual effects that existed between man and the environment. However, while the relationships discovered in Poland might, as claimed by Kruk, apply to most of the Middle European loess zone, the same assumption cannot automatically be made for the loess zones of southeast Europe.. In the following study, it will be suggested that in H ungary, at least, it is unlikely that anthropogenic influence was the sole factor in the creation of chernozem soils. Geographical-Ecological ApProach The study of man-land relationships is, by its nature, an essentially ecological problem. Ecology may be defined as the interrelationships between living organisms and their biotic and physical environments (Ford, 1972). T�e biotic environment comprises the whole complex of living organisms-plants, animals and men, and the physical environment-the soil, lithology and climate (Clark, 1 952; Eyre, 1963). When dealing with human communities 1 however, man's cultural environment need also be considered. The relevant or effective environment will in fact depend upon the culture. As Steward (1 955, 4 0) points out: 'The simpler cultures are more directly conditioned by the environment than advanced ones. In general, climate, topography, soils, hydrography, vegetation cover, and fauna are crucial, but some features may be more im portant than others. The spacing of water holes in the desert may be vital to a nomadic seed-gathering people, the habits of game will affect the way hunting is done, and the kinds and seasons of fish runs will determine the habits of riverine and coastal tribes'. Soil fertility will be of little direct consequence for hunter-fishers, but will be a major consideration for agriculturalists. Changes in technology or some other aspect of the culture can alter the effect ive environment without any change in the physical environment. The recons truction of past man-land relationship requires both an analysis, the discovery of the relevant environmental features, and a synthesis, the integration of 'natural' and 'cultural' data.
In the first part of the following study, an attempt is made to delineate the natural environment which was deemed optimal by the peoples of the KBrBs ···and Linear cultures for functioning of their economies. To achieve Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology ofPottery the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and the Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. this the distributions of the KBrBs and Linear Pottery settlements are Downloaded on behalfend, of 38.67.221.43 5
e xam ined i n r e la t ion t o b as ic e le men ts o ft he e nv ironmen t . g eograph ica l me thod o ft he p rev ious s tud ies.
The me thod i s t he
An a l terna t ive a pproach , u s ing
t he s i te a s t he f oca l p o in t o f i nvest iga t ions h as b een a dvanced r ecen t ly b y V itaF inzi a nd H iggs ( 1970 ; H iggs a nd V i ta-F inzi, 19 72 ).
Bu t wh ile t he me thod o f
s i te-ca tchmen t a na lys is i s u sefu l f or t he s tudy o f man 's c hang ing r e la t ionsh ip w ith h is i mmed ia te l oca l e nv ironmen t , i ti s l ess s u ited f or t he s tudy o f l arger r eg iona l p a t tern s, w ith wh ich t h is t hes is i s c oncerned. Ap ropos it ion w h ich i s b as ic t o b o th a pproaches i s t ha t s i tes were l oca ted s o a s t o m in im ise t he e f for t n eeded f or a cqu ir ing c r it ica l r esources.
The ' l aw
o f m in i mu m efor t ' f i rst d eve loped b y L ösch ( c f . 1 954 ) a nd t ransla ted i n to t he c oncep t o f ' l east move men t ' h as b ecome a n i mpor tan t e xp lana tory mode l i n l oca t iona l g eography . A s Hagget t ( 1965 , 3 3 ) s uggests t he a ctua l p a ths w i l lt end t o f luctua te a bou t t he o p t i mu m i n ar andom way ' b u t t hey w il l t end t o g ive a d istr ibu t ion a round t he l east e f fort p a th. I nb ehav ioura l t er ms, i ts eems a r easonab le a ssu mp t ion , a nd i s a lso b orne o u t b y emp ir ica l d a ta , t ha t p eop le r are ly c hoose t o d o more work t han i s n ecessary ( Ch isho lm , 19 68 ).
Wh ile
s o me o ft he r a t iona le o fp reh istor ic p eop les may e scape u s, i ti s u n l ike ly t ha t p ract ica l c on s idera t ions wou ld h ave b een t o ta l ly i rre levan t. S tud ies o n ' na tura l r eg ions ' s uggest t ha t a l though a n u ndoubted ly c lose c orrela t ion e x is ts b e tween e le men ts o f t he e nv ironmen t , t he b oundar ies o f s o il , c l i ma te a nd v ege ta t ion d o n o t a lways c o incide ( Gr if f , 19 67 ). Because o f t h is, t he r e la t ionsh ips o ft he s e t t le men ts t o c l i ma te , v ege ta t ion , h ydrography , g eo logy a nd s o ils w il l b e e xam ined s epara tely . The s econd p ar t o ft he s tudy i s a n a t te mp t a t i n tegra t ion : t he e nv ironmen ta l e v idence , i t s l im ita t ions a nd p o ten t ia l i t ies, a re c orre la ted w ith t he a va ilable a rchaeo log ica l e v idence , e spec ia l ly f l oral a nd f auna l d a ta , i n ar ec on s truct ion o ft he K örös a nd L inear Po t tery e cono m ies.
I n t he i n terpre ta t ion ,
c ons iderable u se i s made o f e thnoh is tor ica l p ara l le ls f rom t he a rea .
Wh ile
t he i nd iscr im ina te u se o f e thnoh istor ic e v idence i s j ust ly c ons idered m isleadi ng , i t s c arefu l u se c an p rov ide i mportan t i ns igh ts i n to a spec ts o f p reh is tor ic l i fe f or w h ich n o o ther e v idence e x is ts ( Clark , 19 52 ).
I n Hungary , w here e thno-
h istorica l r esearch h as h ad a l ong t rad i t ion a nd where i ndustr ia l isa tion h as b een r ela t ive ly l a te , t here i s al arge b ody o f c areful ly c o l lec ted d a ta p rov id ing a v a luab le s ource o f i n for ma t ion a bou t p ast l and u se p ract ices.
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6
METHODS
Th is s ect ion d escr ibes t he p rocedures emp loyed i n mapp ing t he s i tes, a nd t he s ta t ist ica l t ests u sed t o c heck t he a ssoc ia t ions b e tween s e t t le men ts a nd e nv iron men ta l v ar iab les. The s i tes i nc luded i n t he a na lys is , a s t he a rcha eo log ica l e v idence wou ld s uggest , a re a l l h ab i ta t ion s i tes ( Trog mayer , 1 968; K al icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ). Because o f t he l ack o f a dequa te d a ta , i n t he i n it ia l a na lys is n o d ist inc t ion i s made b e tween t he s e t t le men ts a ccord ing t o s ize o r t he l eng th o ft he o ccupa t ion . These q uest ions w il l , h owever, b e d iscussed i n t he s econd p ar t o f t he s tudy . L oca t ion o fS ites S ites were f irst l oca ted o n s hee ts o f t he 1 :200 0 00 G enera lkar te v on M it teleuropa s er ies.
Because o f t he o bv ious n eed f or p rec is ion , o n ly s i tes
t ha t c ou ld b e l oca ted a t t h is s ca le w ere i ncluded i n t he s ubsequen t a na lys is. Th is mean t 1 31 K örös, 3 85 A lfd ld L inear Po t tery , a nd 2 12 Transdanub ian L inear Po t tery s i tes. A s r egards t he r est o f t he s i tes , i n s o me c ases t he l oca t ion was e n t ire ly u nknown ; i n o thers, t he i n for ma t ion was i nadequa te f or a ccura te l oca t ion . The s i te l i st g iven i n Append ix A i nc ludes a l l t he s i tes; Map 1 s hows t he s i tes i ncluded i n t he a na lys is. The n umbers o n t he map r efer t o t he n umbers g iven t o t he s i tes i n t he Append ix . The a na lysis was c arr ied o u t o n 1 :500 0 00 maps.
I t was f ound t ha t a t
t h is s ca le t he maps p rov ided e nough d e ta il f or t he p urposes o f t he i nvest iga t ion , a nd t ha t t he s i tes c ou ld b e p lo tted w i thou t t oo much o ver lapp ing. A l l t he maps , w ith t he e xcep t ion o f t ha t o n h ydrography , w ere o bta ined f ro m t he N a t iona l A t las o f Hungary ( 1967 ). The h ydrography map i s ac ompos ite o f s evera l o lder maps p repared b y t he Hydrography I nst i tu te o f t he Min istry o f A gr icu lture , B udapest ( 1938 ) .
The maps i nc luded h ere a re a pproxima tely 1 : 4 o f t he
1 : 500 0 00 b ase maps. S ta t ist ica l Methods Before d escr ib ing t he t ests u sed i n t he a na lys is , i ts hou ld b e emphas ised t ha t t he s amp le i s an on-rando m o ne : t he s i tes s e lected were t hose w h ich c ou ld b e a ccura te ly l oca ted.
I n a dd i t ion , s i te d iscovery i t se lf i s an on-rando m p ro-
c ess , a s c erta in a reas w il l b e l ess w el l r epresen ted t han o thers ( Clarke , 1 968 ). Because o f t hese i nheren t l im ita t ions i nt he s amp le , t he r esu l ts s hou ld b e r egarded more i nt he n a ture o f t en ta t ive s uggest ions r a ther t han d ef in it ive s ta te men ts. I nt he t hes is , s ta t ist ica l methods were u sed t o e xpress a spects o f t he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween s e t t le men ts a nd t he e nv ironmen t wh ich wou ld n o t h ave b een e xp l ic it f ro m t he i nspect ion o f t he d a ta . Two t ests were i nvo lved i n c heck ing t he a ssoc ia t ions.
The f i rst o ne ,
c h i-square , was emp loyed t o d eter m ine w he ther t he o bserved d istr ibu t ions d if fered s ign if ican t ly f rom d istr ibu tions b y c hance a lone.
wh ich m igh t h ave b een e xpec ted
The s econd o ne , ' percen tage
p o in t d if ference ' , was
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. u sed t o a ssess t he r e la t ive impor tance o f t he d if feren t E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7
v ar iables.
S e t t le men ts o f t he K örös c u lture E leva tion a bove s ea l eve l
D istr ibut ion o f t he K örös a nd L inear Po t tery S e t t le men ts i n Hungary
•
f › !
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 8
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Th is l a t ter me thod i s as i mp le s ta t ist ic , i n w h ich t he p roport ion o f t he v ar iable i nt he u n iverse i s c o mpared w ith t he p ropor t ion o bserved i n t he s amp le ( P log a nd H il l , 1 971 ). I ft he v ar iable h ad n o e f fect o n s i te d istr ibu t ion , t he p ercen tage i n t he s amp le wou ld b e s im ilar t o t he p ercen tage o f t he v ar iable i nt he u n iverse.
The d iference b e tween t he t wo p roport ions measures t he
efect o f t he v ar iable. The p ercen tages o f t he v ar iables i n t he u n iverse ( i n t h is c ase Hungary ) w ere c a lcu la ted w ith t he h e lp o f ag r id s yste m , a l though o ther me thods c an a lso b e u sed . A 5mm s quare g r id was s uper i mposed o n e ach e nv ironmen ta l map a t as ca le o f 1 : 1 0 00 0 00 , a nd t he v ar iable i n t he c en tre o f t he s quare was r ecorded.
The p ercen tage o f e ach v ar iab le i n Hungary was c a lcula ted o n t he
b as is o f 3 681 r ead ings ( t he n umber o f s quares i n t he g r id ). T o c heck w he ther t he mesh w as f ine e nough , t he s ame c a lcu la t ion w as p erformed u sing ag r id o f 1m m s quares. The d if ference b e tween t he r esu l ts o bta ined b y t he t wo g r ids was l ess t han a f ract ion o f o ne p ercen t. To d iscover t he e f fec t o f c l i ma te , s o il , e tc. o n s e t t le men t d istr ibu t ion , t he importance o f e ach c lass o f v ar iables was c a lcu la ted s epara tely . A s , h owe ver , t he j o in t e f fect o f s evera l v ar iables may b e e xpected t o b e g rea ter t han t he ir i ndependen t a ct ions ( Plog , 1 971 ), t he c omb ined e fect o f t he e nv ironmen ta l e le men ts was a lso measured.
To a ch ieve t h is e nd , t he v ar iables u sed i n t he
s epara te a na lyses were r educed t o 1 4 ( Append ix B ).
The n u mber o f p oss ible
c o mb ina t ions f or t he f i ve c lasses ( geo logy , c l i ma te , s o i ls , v ege ta t ion , a nd d istance f rom r ivers ) o f 1 4 v ar iables i s 1 20. a t ion o ccurr ing i n Hungary was c a lcu la ted
The p ercen tage o f e ach c omb in-
a s b efore , u sing t he g r id me thod ,
e xcep t t ha t i nstead o f o ne v ar iable 5 d if feren t t ypes o f v ar iab les were r ecorded f or e ach s quare. The p ercen tages f or e ach c omb ina t ion i n t he u n iverse were t hen c ompared w ith t he p ercen tages o bta ined f or t he s i tes. The me thod i s a s i mp le o ne , a l though i ti nvo lves a l arge n u mber o f c a lcu la t ions. The u se o f ac o mpu ter c ou ld r educe t he t ime s pen t o n t he a na lysis, a nd a t t he s a me t ime b y a l low ing a n i ncrease i n t he n umber o f t he v ar iab les , i tc ou ld a lso e x tend t he e xp lana tory p o ten t ia l o ft he me thod. The i dea o f u sing r egression a na lys is t o measure t he s i mu l taneous e f fect o f t he v ar iables was c ons idered , e spec ia l ly a s t he me thod h as a lready b een u sed i n as im ilar a rchaeo log ica l s tudy ( Green , 1 973 ). However , s ome o f t he v ar iables would h ave b een d if icu l t t o q uan t ify , a nd , f ur ther more , t he s ta tist -! a l i n terpre ta t ion o f t he r esu l ts w ou ld h ave r a ised a n umber o f p roble ms ( Prof . S tone , p ers. c o m m.). The u se o f as i mp ler , t hough l ess p owerfu l me thod , s ee med more s u itable i n v iew o ft he n a ture o f t he d a ta .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 0
CHRONOLOGY
The f i rst i n troduc t ion o f f ar m ing t o Hungary i s a ssoc ia ted w ith t he K örds c u l ture , t he n or thern most e x tension o f t he Karanovo-Cr i c o mp lex . I n 1 944, K u tz ign a lready r ecogn ised t ha tt he K drds c u l ture was g ene t ica l ly l inked w ith t he S tareevo c u l ture o fS erb ia a nd a lso s uggested t ha t b o th c u l tures a ppeared t o b e i n trus ive i nt he ir r espect ive a reas. Research s ince t hen h as c on f ir med h er v iew ; i th as a lso e x tended t he r e la t ionsh ip t o i nclude t he K aranovo a nd K rem ikovc i c u l tures o f Bu lgar ia a nd t he Cr i
c u l ture o f Ro man ia .
The ma ter ia l
a t tr ibu tes o ft he c o mp lex h ave b een d escr ibed b y Tr ingham ( 1971 ). The d istr ibu t ion a rea o f t he K örds c u l ture , marked i nt he n orth b y t he T isza r iver , t he t owns o f K unhegyes, K arcag a nd Bere t tydu jfa lu , i ncludes t he s ou thern p ar t o f t he A lfd ld . The l argest c oncen tra t ion o f s i tes i s i n modern Hungary , b u t t hey a re a lso f ound i n n orthern Y ugoslav ia a nd p arts o f n or thwestern Ro man ia .
Wh i le t he a rea l e x ten t o f t he K drds c u l ture i s r e la t ive ly
sma l l , i td oes i nclude a l arge n u mber o f s i tes. A s Nandr is ( 1970 ) h as p o in ted o u t ,about at h ird o ft he k nown s i tes i nt he Karanovo c o mp lex , a re i n t he ' Orbs a rea .
A t p resen t , t he n umber o f k nown K drds s i tes i n Hungary i s a round 1 69
( Append ix A ), b u t t he i nd ica t ions a re t ha t t h is n umber w il l b e s ubs tan t ia l ly i ncreased when t he i n tens ive a rchaeo log ica l s urvey o f Hungary , wh ich i s c urr en t ly b e ing c arr ied o u tb y t he I nst itu te o f Archaeo logy o f Budapes t , i s f ina l ly a ccomp l ished ( Makkay , p ers. c o m m.). F or p rac t ica l r easons, t he emphas is i nt h is t hes is w il l b e o nt he Hungar ian s i tes -, a l though r eferences w il l b e made t o s i tes s ou th o f t he b order. The f i rst d e ta iled c hrono logy o f t he S tar6evo c u l ture was d ev ised b y Mi lo je iC ( 1949 ; 1 950 ). Bas ing h is s che me o n t he ma ter ia l o ft he e pony mous s i te , h e d iv ided t he S tareevo c u l ture i n to f our d eve lopmen ta l p hases a nd s ugg ested t ha t t he K drds c u l ture was p ara l le l w i th t he l ast p hase. S ubsequen t r esearch h as c ons iderably r ev ised Milo jä lg 's c hronology . Hungar ian a rchaeo log ists c ons ider t he K örös c u l ture t o h ave b een c on te mporaneous w i th most o ft he S tar6evo d eve lopmen t ( Trog mayer , 1 968 ; Makkay , 1 969a ).
Rad iocarbon
d a tes wou ld t end t o c on f ir m t h is v iew : t he e ar l iest K örds s i te i s d a ted t o 5 140 b c a nd t he l a test o ne t o 4 420 b e ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ).
Th is wou ld
i nd ica te s o me 7 00 y ears o f l oca l e vo lu t ion , a nd t herefore a l onger c hrono logy t han t ha t e nv isaged b y M i lo g iC .
The d a tes a re c omparable t o t hose o bta ined
f or t he Karanovo a nd S ta r6evo c u l tures ( Tr ingham , 19 68 ) a nd s eem t o b e a ccep table i n t er ms o f t he ma ter ia l e v idence t o most a rchaeo log ists. S o me o ft he e arly m isunderstand ing o ver c hrono logy h as a r isen f ro m t he b e l ief t ha t t he K drds c u l ture e n t ire ly l acked p a in ted p o t tery .
The e rroneous n a ture o f
t h is c oncep t ion h as b een d iscussed i n d eta il b y Makkay a nd Trog mayer ( 1966 ). I ti s n ow k nown t ha t t he p a in ted ware o f t he Weds c u l ture i ncludes wh i te , r ed a nd b lack p a in ted d ecora t ion .
N onethe less , i n t he a bsence o ft el l s e t tle men ts
i n Hungary , t he i n terna l c hrono logy o ft he K drds c u l ture i s s t il l s o mewha t p roble ma t ic. Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 1
Recen t ly , Trog mayer ( 1968a) h as a t te mp ted t o e stab l ish a t e mpora l s equence f or t he K örös s i tes o n t he b as is o f t he p ropor t ion o fb arbot ine d ec ora t ion . T he e ar l iest p hase , r epresen ted b y G ya-l are t a nd R öszke-Ludvär , i s c haracter ised b y a n a bsence o fb arbo t ine d ecora t ion . I n t he f o l low ing p hases, G yä lare t p it 8 , Maros le le-Pana p i t 4 , Deszk p its 1 3 , 8 , a nd 7 , t he p ropor t ion o fb arbo t ine ware g radua l ly i ncreases t o r each a max i mu m i n t he l ast p hase : Pana p it 3 a nd Deszk p it 1 5 . The y oungest p hase i s a lso d ist ing uished b y t he a ppearance o f c er ta in V in6a t ra its s uch a s b icon ica l b ow ls a nd f l uted d ecora t ion . Accord ing t o Trogmayer , t he s ame s uccess ion c an b e o bserved a t Vrgn ik , where c hrono logy i s s uppor ted b y s tra t igraph ica l e v idence . T he h igh p ercen tage o fb arbot ine ware wh ich c harac ter ises a l l t he f i nds a t S tardevo 2wou ld s uggest t ha t t he s i te o n wh ich M i lo jd ic- b ased h is c hrono logy was o ccup ied o n ly d ur ing t he y oungest p hase o f t he c u lture ' sd eve lop men t .
T he
v a l id ity o f Trogmayer ' sc hrono logy s ee ms t o b e b orne o ut n o t o n ly b y t he p ara l le l e vo lut ion s hown a t Vrgn ik , b ut a lso t o s o me e x ten t b y r ad iocarbon d a tes . H owever , h is s cheme o n ly i nc ludes a v ery f ew s i tes : t he c hronol og ica l p os it ion o f t he ma jor ity o f t he s e t t le men ts h as s t i l l t o b e d e term ined . I n c on trast t o t he K örös c u lture , t he i n terna l c hrono logy o f t he A lfö ld L inear P ot tery c u lture ( ALP) i s r e la t ive ly we l l e stabl ished .
T he e ar l iest
p hase , r eferred t o a s t he S za t rnär g roup , i s e ssen t ia l ly a p hase o f t rans it ion f ro m t he K örös t o t he L inear P ot tery c u lture .
I n S za tmär I , K örös e lemen ts
a re s t i l l p reponderan t , b u t i n S za t mär I , t he ir n u mber d ecreases. T he s i tes a re f ound o u tside t he K örös a rea , most ly a t t he n or thern a nd e astern e dge o f t he A lfö ld .
O u ts ide H ungary , M icha lovce-Hrädok i n s ou theastern S lovak ia
a nd C lu meet i-Berea I X i n R o man ia b e long t o t h is p hase . L ichardus ( 1 972) r efers t o t h is e ar l iest p hase a s t he Pro tobandkeram ik H or izon . An i n teresti ng r ecen t ly e xcava ted s i te i n H ungary i s Me-h te lek . I t s ma ter ia l i s s o mewha t a typ ica l , a s i ts hows c onnect ions w ith t he e ar l iest n eo l i th ic o f Transy lv an ia r a ther t han t he A lfö ld . T he d a te f or Meh te lek , 4 675 b c ( Kal icz a nd Makkay , 1 974) , a lso g ives a n a pprox i mate d ate f or t he S za tmar g roup . K a l icz a nd Makkay c ons ider t he S za tmär g roup t o h ave b een p ara l le l w i th t he l ast p hase o ft he K örös c u lture .
T he i nc ised s herds f ound a t G ya-l are t a nd R öszke t hey
r egard a s a typ ica l a nd n o t r epresen ta tive o f t he L inear P ot tery c u l ture . The s econd p hase o ft he ALP i s c haracter ised b y d eve loped L inear P ot tery f orms a nd d ecora t ions :
K örös t ra its a re e n t ire ly a bsen t .
T he s i tes a re s t i l l
c oncen tra ted i n t he n or thern a nd e astern p ar ts, a l though s o me a re a lready i n t he K örös d istr ibut ion a rea . T he l ast p hase i s d ist ingu ished b y t he d eve lopmen t o f l oca l g roups. The e ar l iest o ne i s T iszadob ( L ichardus ' sG e mör g roup ) , wh ich i s t he f orerunner o f t he B t lkk c u lture .
The T iszadob g roup i s d iv ided
i n to t wo la nd t he B t ikk c u lture i n to t hree d eve lop men ta l p hases .
B t ikk H o r
C lass ica l Bf ikk marks t he h ighest s tage o f t he L inear Pot tery c u lture i n t he A lfö ld , w ith e x tens ive c onnect ions o uts ide Hungary . The o ther g roups a re : L a te AVK , E sztär , S z i l meg a nd S zakä lhä t .
The S zakä lhä t g roup , wh ich o c-
c up ies t he o ld a rea o ft he K örös c u lture , s hows s trong l i nks w ith V inda i n Yugos lav ia . T he g roups were l arge ly c on te mporaneous a s s uggested b y t he ir s herds o n e ach o ther ' ss i tes . G ood c ross d a t ing a lso e x ists w ith t he Transd anub ian N o tenkopf a nd Z se l iz p hases.
I n t erms o f t he V inCa d eve lopmen t ,
t he ALP may b e e qua ted w ith V im & A a nd B I-B2 . v ery f ew : t hey r ange f ro m 4 670 t o 4 130 b c .
Rad iocarbon d a tes a re s t i l l
The ma ter ia l c u lture o f t he ALP
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. h as Oxford, b eenUK:d e sc r ibed1979, i nhttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. d e ta i l b y K a l icz a nd Makkay ( 1977) . E-book, BAR Publishing, Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 2
CHRONO LOGY
O F
L INEAR
P OTTERY
S ETTLE MENTS
I N
H UNGARY
I .T he L i nea r P o t tery c u l tu re i n E a s te rn H unga ry •
S e t t lemen t s o f : he E a r ly * E ar ly . ^He ld
• A
S e t t lemen t s o f T i szadob
O •
P hase : S zo tne i r g roup ( S) a nd
L i n . P o t te ry
S e t t lemen ts o f
t h e M idd le P hase : A lfö ld L i n . P o t t . t h e L a te
P ha se :
*L a te .
E s z tö r I E), S z i lmeg
S a to ra l joa iRe ly I S c i) . a nd
B ükk
A l fö ld
L T BA
F e t t . ( L),
L il l .
4 , L TB
( St) . S zokä lhä t ( Sh),
A T
( I S) g roup s
S e t t lemen ts o ccup ied i n t he E o r ly+Lo te p hase s
T BSoA
S e t t lemen ts o ccup ied i r t he M idd le+ L ate P hos.
I .The T ron sdonub ion L i neo r P o t te ry c u l tu re f b
S e t t lemen t s o f t h e E o r ly P hase ; Med ina H o r izon V e ry
E a r ly . T ran saanub ion
•
S e t t lemen ts
o f t h e M idd le
O
S e t t lemen t s
t e l t h e
Z se l iz
n groups
AL TB
TT B
&B
(s) , t e ed
no se
L a te P ha se :
•N o ten lo pp f•
( e ) ,
" V iA B
A LT
L in . P o t t . a nd
L TBA. V: A LT
O
S e t t lemen t s
o ccup ied i t t he
E a r ly+ L a te p ha se s
M I
S e t t lemen t s
o ccup ied i n t h e
M idd le+ L a te
L T
p hase s
A T
A B .
L TB 4e4
A LB A LTB
' i-'-' . 1.
L B
4
E a
'
•
L T
. , J1 4 4 A9 _ L T T B4 . •
e g. AA . A- 0 T B T ag ,2 ,1 3 di
e
ea
A ES:
•
L T
A S
L TBA
LI S
S t.t
St
,
•
A B
•
E e . 1 3 a k S
•
. -•
r
L E TA
E it i
e ß
A T
T B
L E TA
E A
• L A
OZ
L t
e t•
S hA
N e t )
z e J
Fa
'
" 38 g
NN Z
•
• •
L
,s za
sB BA
t A ' S
t. 4 1
•
•
•
A S
ONZ
/
-
1r 11 . E
e z A SI L
ON
2 0
•
ONZ * Sh
ON
.
t ' S h
ASh
•
N
I ZZ
*Sh
A Sh
L Sh , S h4 A A
S h
•\ 4 Sh US
S hA
e e lt ; ASH
S h
• -
4 Sh , ASh S hA ,
Sh A
—
•
[ >.
f . ' KS • -
1 , 5
2 1 .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
L Sh 1 . 5h
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
The i n terna l c hrono logy o f t he Transdanub ian L inear Pot tery c u lture ( TLP) i s s o mewha t l ess s ecure .
T he e ar l iest p hase , r eferred t o a s t he
Med ina g roup , s ee ms t o b e a n e qu iva len t o f t he S za t mär g roup ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 972 ;
1 972b) .
I th as a v ery s trong S tarCevo c onnect ions a nd may
i n f act b e r egarded a s al oca l v ar ian t o f t he S tarCevo-Körös g roup .
T he n ex t
p hase , Very Ear ly TLP, i s r epresen ted s o f ar b y o n ly a v ery f ew s i tes : B icske , Rev f i l löp , Vonyarc-Vashegy , e tc. ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , p ers. c omm . ) . O u tside Hungary i ti s f ound a t B ir ia i n s ou thwest S lovak ia . b icon ica l b ow ls a nd f l uted d ecorat ion a t
On t he b as is o f
Pavu-k ( 1973) e qua tes t h is p hase
w ith t he Pro tov inCia h or izon o f t he L ate S tar6evo-Körös c u lture .
T he f lu ted
d ecora t ion o n l i near p ot tery i s n o t f ound o uts ide t he C arpa th ian b asin . The n ex t p hase , O lder TLP, h as a much w ider d istr ibut ion . O u tside t he C arpa th ian b as in , i to ccurs i n G er many , Austr ia , a nd a ccord ing t o n ew r es earch , i n P o land ( Ku lczycka-Lec ie jew iczowa , 1 968) . Q u it ta ' s map ( 1 960) mos t ly b e long t o t h is p hase .
T he s ites s hown o n
T he l ast p hase i n t he C en tra l
r eg ion o f t he L inear Pot tery c u lture i s c haracter ised b y t he d eve lop men t o f t he N o tenkop f d ecora t ion a nd l a ter o n b y t he a ppearance o f t he Z se l iz s ty le . N otenkop f a nd Z se l iz s i tes i n H ungary a re most ly f ound i n t he n or th , i nc lud ing b oth Transdanub ia a nd t he f ooth i l ls o f t he N or thern Moun ta ins i n e astern H ungary .
I ti s n o t u n l ike ly t ha t t hey r epresen t o n ly a l oca l d eve lop men t , a nd
f urther s outh t he O lder L inear Pot tery c u lture may h ave s urv ived i n to t he l a test p hase .
T h is, h owever , s t i l l n eeds c on f ir ma t ion b y f ur ther r esearch .
R ad iocarbon d a tes a re a ga in f ew a nd c o me o n ly f ro m t he o lder a nd l a ter p hases: t hey r ange f ro m 4 230 t o 3 485 b c. T he ma ter ia l c u lture o f t he C en tra l L inear P ot tery a rea h as b een d escr ibed b y Tr ingha m ( 1971) . F or t he s ake o f s i mp l ic ity , t he L inear Pot tery d eve lop men t -o f H ungary w i l l b e d ivided i nthe f o llow ing s tudy i n to o n ly t hree h orizon . _ ..
The Ear ly p hase ,
wh ich i nc ludes t he S za tma-r g roup a nd t he Very Ear ly A lfö ld L inear Pot tery i n t he e ast , a nd t he Med ina g roup a nd t he Very Ear ly Transdanub ian s i tes i n t he wes t ;
t he M idd le p hase , wh ich c o mpr ises t he s i tes o f t he d eve loped ALP, a nd
t he O lder TLP ;
a nd f ina l ly , t he L a te p hase , w h ich i nc ludes t he v ar ious l oca l
g roups i n t he A lfö ld a nd t he N otenkop f a nd Z se l iz g roups i n Transdanub ia .
The
c hrono log ica l p os it ion o f t he s i tes i s s hown i n Append ix A , a nd t he s i tes a re i nd ica ted s epara te ly i n Map 2 .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. 1 5 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
ENV IRON MENTAL ANA LYSIS
A .
CL I MATE
H ungary , s itua ted b e tween l a t itudes 4 5°48 ' a nd 4 8° 3 5 ' N , l i es i n t he t e mpera te c l i ma t ic z one . I n K öppen ' ss yste m o f w or ld c l i ma tes, t he c l ima te o f e astern H ungary ( Alfö ld) i s c lassif ied a s C fa a nd t he r e ma inder o f t he c oun try a s C fb ( Trewar tha , 1 954) . 'C ' d esigna tes war m t e mpera te r a iny c l i ma tes, where t he a verage t e mperature o f t he c o ldest mon th i s b e low 1 8° b u t a bove 3°C a nd t he a verage t e mperature o f t he war mest mon th i s o ver 1 0°C. 'f ' s tands f or n o d ist inct d ry s eason ; a ' f or h ot s um mers w i th t he a verage t e mperature o ft he war mest mon th o ver 2 2°C; a nd b ' f or c oo l s u mmers w ith t he a verage t e mpera ture o f t he warmest mon th u nder 2 2°C. I n K öppen ' sc lassif ica t ion , t he s im i lar ity o f western H ungary ' sc l i ma te t o t ha t o f western Europe i s emphas ised a s T ransdanub ia i s g rouped t oge ther w ith western Europe i n o ne c l i ma t ic r eg ion . I n Trewar tha ' s( 1 954) mod if ied K öppen s ystem , most o f H ungary b e longs t o t he Daf c l i ma t ic r eg ion . 'Da ' i s d ef ined a s h um id c on t inen ta l w ith w arm s u mmers .
'f ' i s t he s a me a s i n K öppen ' s :
o n s u mmer .
r a in i n a l l s easons w ith a ccen t
Wh i le K öppen u ses t he c o ldest mon th i sotherm o f 3°C a s a
b oundary b e tween C a nd D ( meso- a nd m icrotherma l) c l i ma tes, Trewar tha p u ts t he b oundary a t 0 °C . Dc l i ma tes a s o pposed t o Cc l i ma tes h ave more p ronounced w in ters a nd l onger l ast ing s now c over . T he g reater s ever i ty o f t he c l i ma te i s p ar t ly d ue t o t he f act t ha t D c l i ma tes o ccupy more i n ter ior a nd l eeward l oca t ions o n t he g rea t l and masses a nd t he ir c l i ma te i s l andcon tro l led t o a much g rea ter e x ten t . I n Trewar tha ' sc lass if ica t ion , t he c on t inen ta l c hara cter o f H ungary i s emphas ised , a nd H ungary i s c lassed t oge ther w i th t he ma jor p ar t o f Yugoslav ia , R o man ia a nd t he n or th-western h a lf o f Bu lgar ia i n o ne c l i ma t ic r eg ion . The d if ferences b e tween t he t wo c lassif ica t ions a re r e la t ive ly minor ; n one the less ,they s erve t o c a l l a t ten t ion t o t he t rans it iona l n a ture o f H ungary ' s c l i mate .
Beside t he c oun try ' sp osi t ion i n t he m idla t itudes, t he c l ima te o f
H ungary i s i n f luenced b y t hree ma in f actors : 1 ) t he c oun try ' sr e la t ive ly g rea t d istance ( 1200 km) f ro m t he A t lan t ic O cean ; 2 ) i t s p rox im i ty t o t he Med iterr anean a nd Adr iat ic S eas ( 300 a nd 7 00 km ) ; a nd 3 ) r e l ief . T he i n f luence o f t he f irst t wo f actors w i l l b e a pparen t f ro m t he d e ta i led d escr ip t ion o f t he ma in c l i ma t ic e le men ts. T he i n f luence o f r e l ief : T he c on t inen ta l c haracter o f H ungary ' sc l i ma te i s p ar t ly d ue t o t he c oun try ' sp os it ion i n t he m idd le o f a n e nc losed b as in . H ungary i s s urrounded o n t hree s ides b y t he moun ta in r anges o f t he A lps a nd t he Carpa th ians . T he A lps o n t he western b order o f ten d iver t o r s uppress t he mo isture l aden wester ly w inds o r c ause t he m t o l ose much o f t he ir mo ist ure c on ten tb efore r each ing t he b as in ( Pecs i a nd S a-r fa lv i, 1 964) . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. 1 6 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
T he
C • 2
C
0 . 4
U P
C Z
0
c . 0 • •
C V C O C P
C V 0
e t e
00
0 0 C O 0
C P C P
I n 0 G • i
Cq
C P e
C P
U P
0 i n
c f )
i n
G O
t -
o o
C P
N
c e C -
0 ▪
1 . 0
c o C O
1 -1
G O
U P
b . 1 X
. 4 I n
t- , . 1
C D c q
C . 0
C O
U P
C O
L O
L r z
N r z
L . r )
0 0
0 0
r -
C D C \ I U P G O C P •-1 e l
c o
0
•1
•
e
0
C . 0
C O t-
•
c o
•
•
e i
•
e
•
cq
•
0 C V I I
0 0 r z
e
U P
C D i n
e b -
N u o
. 4 i n
C D c . 0
" C S t -
t " "
,,
c m
.
c o. a z• . . i . N. i n e l o
e
L C e i • . 4
0 $ . 4
c q
e d
L n c o
L I Z e l
C i n • 4
t " . . c o
• 0" u ) 0
e ' e l
X
m in o co c z a z .1 . • • • . • • a z . 4 . i o • I C n CM -
C e
4 e
C D
ö
U P 0 0 •
C P C- Ce i n CV G O G O C D C D 0 • • I .A C V
0 0 0 0
o
C D G O
, . . . . ▪.
91
. . . . 1
e
N
c o
L t o
c o
a z
L i o
t -
c o
up
t -
L o
•4
•I
•I
• 4
9 . 4
,r I
•I
•I
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
U P C O C V
0 0 N C V
C D C C V
0 0 0 C V
i n C O C V
C V c . r ) C V
C e C V
G >
> i t . . ,
. 4 •
c t
; , >
. i
•
•
•
c n . , C
. 1
C V
C V
•
C V
•
•
. 1 m i n
C V
. i
; .
C V
e " 4 1 C D N N C V
• e C V
c \ I e C V
N e l C V
e I n C V
C -
G O b -
0 0 t • -
C V
c X )
o o
C D
e C D
c . 0
C V
L O UD C V
C V
0 c . 0 C V
N C C V
C V
c o 0 0
c o G O
C G O
G O G O
0-z
C O C . 0 C n Cl
0 e
C D
C . 0 C )
( . 7 ' ) e i
N i n
e 0 0
O P I n
C D
0 C . 0
c q C P
C e C r )
n . . C d
C ) ' V
g i
C l ) c . )
C V
b 0 0
C D " r . 4
c a *
1 7 3 E t i )
C -
. = 3 bn
, a) N
c i ) ; i
m C . D " r n
9 ,
•4
. . r g
>
MD
r n Z
C L o
0 0
C V
. N C l )
e l C C V
C . , 0 0 0 L I P C V C \ 1 C V
e C D
c )
4 1 G
c d . e + . 3 › , t z c eo
e l
e C \ 1
. ce %0
C D C > C e
*
Mon th ly a nd a nnua l a verage t e mpera tures i n c en t igrades :
C . 0
0
e L o
C O e l
" 1 1 ,
7 1 i ' n
e t n i
C . °
. 1 • d
s
C l ) C . )
.I
e c . z )
c m
o
g . , c . 4 i
, , iD 0 O 0 D U › .
U P
i n
? .
C O, U P
e 7 14 e
O D e
O D 10 c o t-
i n
e l
U Z
O D c .5D I. -
a )
C D
C D
U P
I n
C r P
N
o e i
c q e i
. 1 e i
. i C V
c q C V
0 C V
•
>
•
.
•
•
•
L • i n . I
e ; .
a )
C e ; 4
c r J
0 0 i n c n C D N C V . • • • . . •
C . -
c z
c z
o z CD
O D
c p
•I
•I
. 91
•I
. 1 » . 4
•4
c \ I
e N OD 0 0 e . . • • • • • U P C . 0 C .0 CD CZ D C •I
•
•
• •4
•
e i •
e
• C O
C• • C D e l
V P C Y P I n C V • • • • ▪ C M " e l 0
• i •
•
• N • •
• •
C > • C q
•
C ) •
• . 7 1 4
c d G 1 71 N 0
1 ,›
N
e l
o D
C D
O D
l f ) C . .0
C . C )
VD
C .0
N
C r )
C . C O
C D C O
I n
C O -
C M
G O
C Z
e l
C Y D
C • I
s -i e rm i c " )
0 0 C Z
e e
e
C P
G O
C e P
› '
1 7
C \ I c e
C O c o
C • 1 c o
C P C Y P
C Z C \ I
e
0 C e P
C M C Y Z
C D C V
C 9 V P
C Z C V
C n C I
( 1 a C l ) C r ) •0 g l
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
c c
g i > Y. ) % 1 C e
Table 2 .
C C M C N
N C P C V
M
e
C l )
c o › , I
1 3-year a verage f or 1 932-1944
N U P C V
0 0 C V
a z
V\ ,
P : 1
e . . ,L c( x )w et e
N C V
14
C r i
( I )
C D I n C V
. . . . . . . • I
L c r 3
r i )
C D C D
4 1 4
I L I
•I
Mo n th ly a nd a nnua l s u ms o f p rec ip ita t ion ( mm ):
P1. 1
0
U P
a n . i
( 1 )
c Z
N .. I.
P eg U
N-
SC )
0 0 a d 1 . 2 C l t C l ) I t i C . ) Z 0
p q
Qk . , › , t 2 0 1 ) )
M
12 4 ( 1 ) . I
( 1 )
( / ) . 2
N
c f ) Z
C arpa th ians, o n t he o ther h and , o f ten s erve a s a modera t ing i n f luence . T hey p rov ide s o me p rotect ion a ga inst t he i nvasion o f c o ld a ir masses f ro m t he Arct ic i n w in ter a nd a ga inst t he h o t a nd d ry e ast w ind f ro m Russia a nd Ro man ia i n s u mmer . T e mpera ture c ond i t ions a re i n c onsequence l ess e xt re me t han f ur ther e ast .
H owever , c o ld d ry a ir masses t rapped b y t he moun-
t a in c ha in may s et t le o ver t he b asin f or c ons iderab le p er iods o f t ime . With in H ungary , s o me o ft he l oca l c l i ma t ic d i f ferences a re a lso d ue t o r e l ief , a l though o n t he a verage o n ly a c hange o f 0 .5°C c an b e a t tr ibu ted t o o rograph ic d if ferences ( Bacso-, 1 971) . L oca l m icroc l i ma t ic e f fects a re , h owe ver , i mpor tan t , e spec ia l ly o n s outh f ac ing s lopes.
The amoun ts o f h ea t a bs-
o rbed b y t hese s lopes a pprox i ma te t hose measured i n t he p la ins o f n or th S ic i ly a nd s outhern S pa in ( S tefanov its, 1 971) . S o lar r ad ia t ion : Due t o i t s more c on t inen ta l c l i ma te , H ungary r ece ives much more a bundan t s o lar r ad ia t ion t han t he c oun tr ies o f t he s a me l a t itudes i n t he west .
T he a nnua l t o ta l o f s unsh ine h ours v ar ies b e tween 2 050 a nd 1 700 .
A s s hown i n T ab le 1 , t he max i mum amoun t o f s unsh ine i s r ece ived b y t he a rea b e tween t he D anube a nd t he T isza , wh i le t he p oorest i n s unsh ine a re t he wester np ar ts o f t he c oun try . T he a bundance o f s o lar r ad ia t ion , e spec ia l ly i n t he s u m mer h a lf-year , i s f avourab le f or 'P p roduct ion o f c rops w ith h igh s unsh ine r equ ire men ts . Or ig ina l ly med iterran E a n p lan ts, t he v ine , f i g , c hestnut , q u ince , l avendar , p each a nd a l mond g row we l l i n H ungary ( S tefanov its, 1 971) . T e mperature :
Dt ype c l i ma tes h ave r e la t ive ly s evere s easons w ith l arge
v ar iat ions i n a nnua l r anges. T he a nnua l a bso lute t e mperature v ar ia t ion i n H ungary i s 7 0°C i n g enera l , b u t c an b e a s h igh a s 7 5 °C ( Pe-c s i a nd S a-r fa lv i , 1 964) 1 964) . T he a nnua l mean t e mperatures v ary a ccord ing t o g eograph ica l l ocat i on i n t he c oun try f ro m b e low 8° t o a bove 1 1 °C . A s s een i n T able 2 , t he s outher np art o f t he c oun try i s o n t he a verage 3 °C warmer t han t he n or th . The c o ldest mon th i s J anuary ( 0-4 ° C ) , a nd t he c o ldest p ar t o f t he c oun try i st he n or theastern r eg ion . T he warmest mon th i s J u ly ( 10-23 °C ) , a nd t he h ott est p ar t i s t he s ou theast . T he l ong t erm mean a nnua l v ar ia t ion o f mon th ly means i s g rea test i n t he A lfö ld ( 25 °C ) . An i mpor tan t f igure f or a gr icu lture , t he l eng th o f t he g row ing s eason v ar ies b e tween more t han 2 10 a nd l ess t han 1 60 d ays p er y ear . The f rost f ree p er iod i s l ongest i n t he s outh a nd g radua l ly d ecreases t oward t he n or th . I n c o mpar ison w ith western Europe , H ungary h as a h igher a nnua l mean t e mp era ture a nd , e specia l ly i nt he A lfö ld , a lso a h igher s u mmer mean t e mpera ture ( S ie l mann , 1 972) . Prec ip ita t ion :
I n Dc l i ma tes, s u m mer i s n orma l ly t he s eason o f max i mum
p rec ip ita t ion . T he p ressure s yste m a nd w indbe l t o fb oth s um mer a nd w in ter a re c haracter ised b y t he d om inance o f wester l ies. I n w in ter , h owever , c ont inen ta l a n t icyc lones, wh ich d eve lop o ver t he c o lder p ar ts o f t he l andmasses, t end t o r epe l o r d iver t t he c yc lon ic ( mo isture-bear ing ) s torms. I n s um mer , a l though t he c yc lones a re f ewer a nd weaker , t hey c an p ene tra te d eeper i n to t he c on t inen ts ( Trewar tha , 1 954) . Add it iona l r easons f or h igher p rec ip ita t ion i n s u m mer a re : 1 )t he s pec if ic h um id ity o f wa ter v apour i n t he a t mosphere i s much l ess o ver t he c on t inen t d ur ing t he c o ld w in ter ;
2 ) i n w in ter t he s ubs id ing
a ir i n t he c on t inen ta l a n t icyc lone i s l i kew ise c onduc ive t o l ow s pec if ic h um id ity ; Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 8
3 ) c onvect ion i s a t a max i mu m i n t he s um mer ; a nd 4 ) at endency t oward a monsoon s yste m o f w inds d eve lops d ue t o s easona l e x tre mes o f t e mperatures a nd p ressures. I n t he more s ubhu m id i n ter ior l oca t ions, t he p er iod o f max i mum r a in fa ll i s e ar ly s u mmer a nd l a te s pr ing .
A ccord ing t o T rewar tha , t h is i s d ue t o t he
r ap id warm ing u p o f t he e ar th s ur face u nder s trong I nso la t ion , wh ich l eads t o a t mospher ic i nstab i l ity a nd c onsequen t ly t o c onvect iona l o ver turn ing . I n H ungary , t he ma in max i mu m o f p rec ip ita t ion i s i n May , J une a nd J u ly . There i s a lso a s econd max i mum o f p rec ip i ta t ion i n a utu mn , wh ich i s e spec ia l ly p ron ounced i n t he s outhwestern p ar t o ft he c oun try . Accord ing t o K öppen ( Köppen a nd G e iger , 1 932) , t here i s at rans it iona l z one b e tween t he med i terra .nean w in ter a nd c on t inen ta l s u mmer r a in fa l l b e lts . T h is s o-ca l led ' sub med i terranean o r e qu inoct ia l ' b e l t i s c haracter ised b y a d oub le max i ma o f p rec ip ita t ion , i n s pr ing a nd a utu mn .
The a utu mn max i mu m
i s p robab ly d ue t o t he e qua torward c reep o f t he c yc lone b e lt , wh i le i t s p o leward move men t e ar ly i n t he y ear may b e a n a dd it iona l r eason f or t he s pr ing max i mu m o f r a in fa ll a t l ower l a t itudes . Z ö lyo m i ( 1 964) h as a na lysed t he p rec ip ita t ion d a ta o f Budapest a nd f ound t ha t 2 7% o f t he 8 0 y ears f or wh ich r ecords were k ep t h ad a ' sub med iterranean ' c haracter , wh i le t he s a me f i gure f or T ransdanub ia , e spec ia l ly i n t he s outhwest , was 6 1% .
M idsum mer i n t he P annon ian b asin i s a s d ry a s m idw in ter .
Due t o g rea ter d istance t o t he A t lan t ic p lus t he r a inshadow e f fec t o f t he A lps, p rec ip ita t ion i n H ungary i s much more i rregu lar a nd i n frequen t t han i n western Europe . T he a nnua l p rec ip ita t ion v ar ies b e tween l ess t han 5 00 a nd more t han 9 00 m m .
R eg iona l v ar ia t ions a re c onsiderab le , a nd t he most n o-
t i ceab le f eature i s t he s teady d ecrease o f p rec ip ita t ion f ro m west t o e ast ( Tab le 3 ) .
T he p rec ip ita t ion i s h ighest a long t he s lopes o f t he A lps o n t he
western f ron t ier ( 1000 m m) .
I n t he A lfö ld , a nnua l means a re l ower t han 6 00
mm , a nd i n t he c en tra l p arts o f t he p la in t he mean i s b e low 4 80 m m . I n t he h i l ly a nd moun ta inous r eg ions o f Transdanubia a nd n or thern H ungary , t he p rec ip ita t ion i s b e tween 6 00-800 m m . T he n u mber o f s nowy d ays i s 3 0-60 . t ween 4 a nd 1 0 cm ( Pe-c ze ly , 1 967 ) .
T he t h ickness o f t he s now v ar ies b e-
I n s ome y ears, t he A lfö ld , e spec ia l ly i t s
s ou theastern p ar t , may b e c o mp le te ly w ithout s now c over a l l t hrough t he y ear . Evapo transp ira t ion : Evapo transp ira t ion , a n i mpor tan tf actor f or a gr icu lt ure , i s af unct ion o f p rec ip ita t ion a nd t e mperature c ond i t ions. P oten t ia l e vapo transp ira tion i s g rea test i n t he s ou theast ( 700 m m ) a nd g radua l ly d ecreases t oward t he n or th a nd west ( 580 m m) ( Na t iona l A t las o f H ungary , 1 967 ) . Year ly mo isture d ef ic ienc ies v ary b e tween 1 75 a nd 2 5 mm . c en tra l p ar t o f t he A lfö ld .
I ti s t he g rea test i n t hc
The amoun t o f e xcess wa ter v ar ies b etween z erG
( Al fö ld ) a nd 1 00-150 m m i n t he western p ar t o f Transdanub ia ( Pecze ly , 1 967) Drough ts i n t he A lfö ld s how a f a ir d egree o f p er iod ic ity ; t hey o ccur o n t he a verage e very 3t o 5y ears when a nnua l p rec ip ita t ion c an b e a s l ow a s 4 005 00 m m .
Years w ith a n e xcess o f p rec ip i ta t ion ( 700-900 m m) a re e qua l ly f re-
q uen t ( Pecs i a nd S a-r fa lv i , 1 964) . T he c o mposite e f fec t o f t he v ar ious c l i ma t ic e lemen ts h ave b een s ummar ised i n t h e ' C l i Early ma t i cMiddle R eg ions ' ap o fPottery H un gary ( Na t iona l A t las o f H ungary , Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the and Neolithic Körösm and Linear Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 9
5
C . ) " Cr 5
h um id r eg ion w i th mi ld w in ters
T T T
( o cean ic i n f luence p reponderan t )
c a t a )
c o
modera te ly h um id , mi ld w in ter
War m t o modera te r egion
S e t t le men t D istr ibut ions a nd C l i ma t ic Reg ions
e 3
h um id , m i ld w in ters
0
( moun ta in c l ima te )
b o
t i )
• 0
C • 1
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 0
•
• •
„ I • . s , *
% . % .7
•
•
•
•
•
\le
/
\' '
''
•
••' • • • _
_
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
71
F ig. 1
H istograms s how ing t he d istr ibu t ion o f s e t t le men ts i n r e la t ion t o c l i ma t ic r eg ions.
A )
War m r eg ion :
c on t inen ta l i n f luence p reponderan t
A l ., i nsuf f ic ien t h um id ity o ver e n t ire y ear , d ry ( severe d rought ), h o t s u m mers; A 2, i nsu ff ic ien t h um id i ty o ver e n t ire y ear , d ry ( severe d rough t ), modera te ly h o t s u m mers;
A 3, i nsuf f ic ien t
h um id ity i ng row ing s eason , modera te ly d ry , h o t s u m mers;
A 4,
i nsuf f ic ien t h um id ity i n g row ing s eason , modera te ly d ry , modera te ly h o t s u m mers; A 5 , i nsuf f ic ien t h um id ity i n g row ing s eason , modera te ly d ry , c o ld w in ters;
A6 , modera tely h um id , m ild
w in ters. B )
War m t o modera te r eg ion :
o cean ic i n f luence p reponderan t
B I, i n su f f ic ien t h um id ity o ver e n t ire y ear , d ry , m ild w in ters; B2 , i nsuf f ic ien t h um id ity o ver e n t ire y ear , d ry , c o ld w in ters; B 3, i nsu f f ic ien t h um id ity i n g row ing s eason , modera te ly d ry , m ild w in ters;
B 4, i nsu f f ic ien t h um id ity i ng row ing s eason , modera tely
d ry , c o ld w in ters; B5 , modera te ly h um id , l eve l r eg ion , m ild w in ters w ith f requen t f og ;
B6 , modera te ly h um id , h il ly r eg ion w i th
m ild w in ters; B7 , modera te ly h um id , c o ld w in ters;
B8 , h um id
r eg ion , m ild w in ters. C )
Coo l r eg ion :
moun ta in c l i ma te
C l, modera tely h um id , m ild w in ters; C 2 , modera te ly h um id , c o ld w in ters;
C 3, h um id , m ild w in ters; C 4, h um id , c o ld w i
—reg ion a bove 5 00 m s ea l eve l .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. 2 2 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
rs
%o f s i tes 5 0-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
0
A3
Aa
A5
A l
A2
a )
K örös c u l ture
A6
B I
B 2
B 3
B 2
B 3
B 4
1B 5
B 6
B 7
B 8
C I
B 8
C l
I
C2
C3
C2
C 3
C4
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
A l
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
I
B I
f
I
B 4
I
B 5
I
B 6
B 7
Ca
b ) A lfö ld L inear Po t tery c u lture
5 0-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
A l
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
B 1
B 2
8 3
8 4
8 5
B 6
8 7
c ) Transdanub ian L inear Pot tery c u lture
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 3
I I 8 8
C l
C2
C3
I ,Ca
%o f s i tes 4 0
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
0 A l
A2
A3
Aa
t
B I
B 2
B 3
B4
B 5
B 6
B 7
88
C I
C2
A6
B I
B 2
B 3
B 4
1 3 5
1 6
B 7
B 8
C I
A6
B I
8 2
B 3
8 4
B 5
B 6
B7
C I
A5
A6
A5
C3
C4
C2
'C 3
'C 4
C2
C3
C4
d ) Ear ly ALP
5 0-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
A l
A2
A3
A4
t
e ) Midd le ALP
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
A l
A2
•A 3
A4
AS
f ) L a te ALP
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. 2 4 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1
%o f s i tes 5 0 -
4 0 -
3 0 -
2 0 -
1 0-
A I
A2
h )
Ear ly TLP
I
A3
A4
AS
A6
82
8 3
84
8 2
8 3
8 4
85
6
87
88
C l
'C 2
'C 3
IC 4
1C 4
4 0
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
A l
A2
4 A3
I I A4
AS
A6
8 1
8 5
86
B7
8 8
C l
C2
C 3
B 5
86
8 7
8 8
CI
C 2
C3
i ) Midd le TLP
8 0-
7 0-
6 0-
5 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
A l
j )
A2
A3
A 4
AS
T A6
BI
8 2
8 3
8 4
L a te TLP
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. 2 5 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
C4
I
%o f s i tes 3 0 -
2 0-
1 0-
A l
A2
k )
L a te AVK
A3
A4
A5
A6
'
8 1
'
B 2
B 3
B a
8 5 ' B 6
1 3 7
B 8 'C l
C2
C3
C4
5 0-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
0
A l
1
A2 f
A3
Aa
A5
1
A6
B I
I
8 2
I
B 3
8 4
B 5
I
B 6
B 7
E
B 8 rC l
I
C2
C3 f Ca
1
1 ) T iszadob
5 0-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
0
A l
I
A2
A3
A4
AS
A6
I
8 1
I
8 2
I
8 3
8 4
6 5
I
86
1
87
I
8 8
I
m) E szta 'r
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 6
C I
I
C2
I
C3
1C 4
I
%o f s i tes 5 0-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
1
BI 1 B 2
1
B 3
A5
A6
1
B I
I
B 3
B 5
B6
B 7
B 8
C l
C2
C3
C 4
Bb
8 7
1 3 8 'C 1
C2
C3
C 4
n ) S zi l meg 5 0
-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
0
A l
T
A 2
1
A3
A4
1
B 2
B 4
8 5
I
o ) B t Ikk 8 0-
7 0-
6 0-
5 0-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
1
A6
i
B 11 8 2
I83I
B 4
t85 rB6 I87
p ) S zakä lhä t
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 7
1
B 8
1
C l
1
C 2
1
C3 ' C4
I
Table 4 .
Percen tage p o in t d if ference b etween e xpected a nd o bserved d istr ibut ions o f s et t le men ts i n r e la t ion t o c l i ma t ic r eg ions. Körös c u l ture
C l i ma te
Expected
ALP
Observed
TLP
Observed
z ones
Observed
Ppd
Ppd
Ppd
A l
5 .76
3 9.69
33.93
2 .86
A2
1 4.64
4 7.33
32.69
2 5.97
A3
1 0.65
8 .40
6 .49
A4
1 3.88
4 .58
A5
2 .39
A6
1 .25
0 .94
BI
0 .79
0 .94
- 0 .15
4 3.87
26.97
11.33
1 .89
2 8.57
14.69
3 .30
5 .19
-2 .80
B2
0 .43
B3
1 6.90
1 .56
B4
8 .04
2 2.08
14.04
B5
2 .50
2 1.70
19.20
B6
1 4.24
2 4.53
10.29
B7
2 .15
B8
3 .21
C l
0 .92
C2
1 .47
C3
0 .54
C4
0 .24
4 .94
- 2 .79 1 .42
To ta l Ppd
1 .56
- 0 .09
0 .78
- 0 .54
6 6.62
1 .41
4 6.28
5 6.61
ALP Early C l i ma te
Observed
Midd le Ppd
Observed
La te Ppd
Observed
Ppd
, e
zones
A l
1 .59
A2
2 0.69
A3
1 0.35
A4
3 1.03
17.15
4 8.41
34.53
1 9.44
- 5 .5C
A5
3 .45
- 1 .06
4 .76
- 2 .37
6 .75
-4 .3C
22.99
1 3.49
- 5 .45
2 4.60
16.56
2 .38
- 0 .23
5 .56
- 3 .42
C2
2 .38
- 0 .91
C4
1 .19
- 0 .9Z
B3
3 .45
B4
3 1.03
- 6 .05
- 8 .38
5 .56
4 7.25
2 7.78
13.14
6 .35
0 .79
B7
Tota l Ppd
2 3.02
3 .97
1 .98
5 0.96
PPd =Percen tage p o in t d i fference
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 2 8
4 4,89
Table 4 ( con td. ) TLP Midd le
Early C l i ma te z ones
%
Ppd
A 2 A 4
La te Observed
Observed
Observed
0 .63 2 8.58
14.70
A6
Ppd
Ppd 3 .17
1 .89 1 .26
3 .17 - 0 .01
B 1
1 4.28
13.49
0 .63
B3
4 2.86
25.96
3 5.22
18.32
7 1.43
54.53
2 5.78
23.28
9 .53
- 7 .03
3 0.81
16.57
1 2.70
B5 B6
1 4.28
-0 .04
B8
1 .89
C l
1 .89
To ta l Ppd
- 0 .97
5 4.19
5 9.15
6 1.56
La te ALP T iszadob
La te AVK C l i ma te
O bserved
z ones
Observed Ppd
Ppd 1 .49
Ppd
A 2
2 2.22
A3
2 .47
A A
2 0.99
- 7 .11
1 6.42
-2 .54
4 7.22
33.34
A 5
1 1.11
-8 .72
1 7.91
15.52
8 .33
- 5 .94
B3
1 .23
B4
2 4.69
16.65
4 6.27
38.23
B7
9 .88
-7 .73
1 1.94
- 9 .79
C2
4 .94
-3 .47
4 .48
-3 .01
C4
2 .47
-2 .23
1 .49
- 1 .25
Tota l Ppd
- 7 .58
Esztär Observed
2 .78 2 5.00
14.35
2 .78
5 3.49
1 3.89
7 0.34
- 5 .85
5 9.48
La te ALP S zil meg C l i ma te
Observed
z ones A l A
Observed Ppd
7 .15
Observed Ppd
- 1 .39
A 2
7 .15
A 3
1 0.71
-0 .06
A4
4 6.43
32.55
1 2.82
A5
3 .57
-1 .18
1 2.82
B3 1 0.71
-2 .67
B5
1 0.71
-8 .21
B7
3 .57
-1 .42
Ppd 1 2.19
- 6 .43
7 0.73
56.09
7 .32 8 .54 10.43
2 .56
B4
C2
S za kd lhä t
B i ikk
1 .22
5 0.00
41.96
1 1.54
- 9 .39
6 .41
-4 .94
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Hungary. C4 3 . 85 Cultures -In3 .6 1 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf Tota l Ppdof 38.67.221.43 4 7.48 7 0.33
2 9
6 2.52
1 967 ) .
T he map i s b ased o n K akas ' s( 1960 ) work . I t s mer i t f or t he l oca t iona l
a na lys is o f t he s et t le men ts i s t ha t i nstead o f g iv ing a bso lu te v a lues f or t e mp era ture a nd p rec ip ita t ion , i t emphas ises t he i n teract ion o f t he ma in c l i ma t ic e le men ts. S e t t le men t D istr ibu t ions a nd C l i mat ic R eg ions T he d istr ibut ion o f s et t le men ts i s s hown i n Map 3 .
Percen tage v a lues f or
t he n u mber o f s e t t le men ts i n e ach c l i ma t ic r eg ion h ave b een c a lcu la ted f or t he t hree c u ltures a nd a re s hown i n H istogra ms a , b , a nd c ( F ig . 1 ) . I n t he K örös c u lture , 8 7% o f t he s et t le men ts a re i n a reas where h um id i ty i s i nsuf f ic ien t a l l t hrough t he y ear .
The r e ma in ing 1 3% a re i n a reas where
mo isture i s d ef ic ien t i n t he g row ing s eason . warm r eg ion .
A l l t he s et t le men ts a re i n t he
I n t he ALP, 2 9% o f t he s e t t le men ts a re i n a reas where h um id i ty
i s i nsuf f ic ien t o ver t he e n t ire y ear , a nd 6 4% a re i n a reas where mo isture i s d ef ic ien t i n t he g row ing s eason .
A ltoge ther 9 3% o f t he s et t le ments a re l oca ted
i n a reas wh ich h ave a n ega t ive wa ter b a lance .
3 6% o f t he s i tes a re l oca ted i n
c o ld w in ter r eg ions . I n t he TLP, l ess t han 3% o f t he s i tes a re i n a reas w i th i nsuf f ic ien t h u mi d ity o ver t he e n t ire y ear , a nd 4 7% i n a reas w ith mo isture d ef ic iency i n t he g row ing s eason .
A ltoge ther 5 0% o f t he s i tes a re i n a reas w i th s uf f ic ien t
mo isture t hrough t he y ear .
On ly 1% o f t he s i tes a re i n t he c o ld w in ter a rea .
H istogra ms d , e , f , h , ia nd j ( F ig . 1 ) s how t he p ercen tage r e la t ionsh ips o f s et t le men ts t o c l i ma t ic r eg ions i n t he Ear ly , M idd le a nd L a te p hases o f t he ALP a nd TLP . The p ercen tage o f s e t t le men ts wh ich a re i n a reas o f i nsuf f ic ien t h um id ity o ver t he e n t ire y ear i s 2 1 i n t he Ear ly , 2 5 i n t he M idd le , a nd 3 2 i n t he L ate ALP .
T he p ercen tage f or s et t le men ts i n a reas o f i nsuf f ic ien t h um id ity i h e
g row ing s eason i s 7 9 i n t he Ear ly , 7 3 i n t he M idd le , a nd 5 9 i n t he L a te ALP. A l toge ther t he p ercen tage o f s et t le men ts wh ich a re i n a reas o f mo isture d ef i c iency i s 1 00 , 9 8 a nd 9 1 i n t he Ear ly , M idd le , a nd L a te ALP r espec t ive ly . The p ercen tage o f s et t le men ts i n a reas o f i nsuf f ic ien t h um id ity o ver t he e n t ire y ear i s 1 4 i n t he Ear ly , 1i n t he M idd le , a nd 3 i n t he L a te TLP . Percen tages f or t he s i tes i n a reas o f i nsuf f ic ien t h um id ity i n t he g row ing s eason a re 7 1 i n t he Ear ly , 3 7 i n t he M idd le, a nd 7 1 i n t he L a te TLP.
A lto-
g e ther t he p ercen tages f or s et t le men ts wh ich a re i n a reas o f d ef ic ien t mo ist ure a re 8 5 , 3 8 a nd 7 4 i n t he Ear ly , M idd le a nd L a te p hases, r espective ly . A l l t he s et t le men ts i n a l l t he p hases a re i n mi ld w inter a reas . Percen tage f igures c a lcu la ted f or t he r eg iona l g roups o f t he L a te ALP a re s hown i n H istogra ms k , 1 , m, n , oa nd p ( Fig . 1 ) .
T he p ercen tage o f
s i tes w i th i nsuf f ic ien t h um id i ty o ver t he e n t ire y ear a re : 1i n t he T iszadob ;
3i n t he E sztär ;
1 4 i n t he S z i l meg ;
2 2 i n t he L a te AVK ;
0 i n t he Bükk ;
a nd
8 3 i n t he S zakä lhä t g roup .
T he p ercen tages o f s i tes w i th i nsuf f ic ien t h um id ity
i n t he g row ing s eason a re :
6 0 i n t he L a te AVK ;
E sztär ;
7 1 i n t he S zi l meg ;
7 8 i n t he Bükk ;
8 1 i n t he T iszadob ;
7 7 o n t he
a nd 1 7 i n t he S zakä lhä t g roup .
Ch i-squareva lues c a lcu la ted f or t he K örös, ALP a nd TLP c u l tures a re s ign i f ican ta t a =0 .005 l eve l , s uggest ing t ha t i ti s e x tre me ly u n like ly Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 3 0
t ha t t he d istr ibu tions a re d ue t o c hance. P ercen tage p o in t d i f ference c a lcu lat ed t o measure t he i nf luence o f c lima te t ype a s av ariab le o n s et t le men t d ist r ibu t ion i s q ui te h igh i n a l l t hree c u ltures: 4 ) .
6 6.62 , 4 6.28 a nd 5 6.61 ( Tab le
( I n t he t ab les, s e t t le men t p ercen tages a re s hown t o t wo d ec i ma l p o in ts. )
S o me o f t he r e la t ive ly l ow v a lues ( l ess t han 5 0) i n t he ALP c an b e a t tr ibuted t o t he i n f luence o f r eg iona l a nd c hrono log ica l d i f ferences wh ich a re q u ite p ron ounced i n t he ALP. T he most s tr ik ing f ea ture o f t he o bserved s e t t le men t d istr ibut ion i s t he h igh p ercen tage o f s i tes i n a l l t hree c u ltures wh ich a re f ound i n mo isture d e f ic ien t a reas.
I th as b een s uggested b y S ie l mann ( 1917 ) , among o thers, t hat
a s t he w i ld p ro to types o f t he e ar ly d o mest ica tes p refer a r e la t ive ly d ry h ab it a t i n t he ir o r ig ina l h o me land , s e lect ion f or t he d r ier l ands i n E urope c ou ld b e v iewed a s af orm o f d i f ference m in im is ing s trategy . The e ar ly f armers b y o p t ing f or l ands l east d if feren t f ro m t he o r ig ina l h ab ita t wou ld h ave t o s o me e x ten t r educed t he i mpact o f c hanging c l ima t ic c ondi tions. I ts hou ld b e p o in ted o u t , h owever , t ha t t he r ange o f p rec ip ita t ion a cross t he b e l t o f w i ld c erea ls i s much g rea ter ( 400-1000 m m) ( Zohary , 1 969) t han t ha t s uggested b y S ie l mann ( 500-600 m m) , a nd c onsequen t ly s o me s tra ins more u sed t o g rea ter p rec ip ita t ion c ou ld h ave e x isted a lready i n t he o r ig ina l h ab i ta t .
N ever the less, d rough t must h ave b een a p rob le m i n t hese a reas.
T he h o me land o f t he w i ld c erea ls i s i n t he w in ter r a in fa l l b e l t , where s u m mers a re v ery warm a nd d ry . T he w i ld p rogen itors o f whea t a nd b ar ley e scaped r a ther t han e ndured t he d rough t b y ma tur ing e ar ly . T he ma tura t ion t ime o f a utu mn s own c erea ls i n H ungary i s e ar ly s u m mer a s o pposed t o t he Near E ast
where i ti s u sua l ly e ar ly s pr ing .
F or t he g row th
o f a nnua l c rops w ithou t i rr iga t ion , t he r a t io o f r a in fa l l a nd o pen-wa ter e vepo ra t ion must r e ma in c lose t o 1 .00 ( F lannery , e t a l ., 1 971) . A s we h ave s een , s u mmers a re d ry i n H ungary , a nd most o f t he c oun try , e spec ia l ly t he e astern p ar t , h as a n ega t ive wa ter b udge t .
T he h armfu l e f fect o f i nadequa te mo isture
o n c rop p roduc t ion i s a l lev ia ted s o mewha t b y h av ing t he r a infa l l max i mu m e ar ly i n t he s u mmer , b efore e vapora t ion r eaches i t s max i mu m i n mid-su m mer . I n c onsequence , more mo isture i s a va i lab le f or t he c erea ls i n t he ir t i l ler ing p er iod , wh ich i s a lso t he t ime o f g rea test mo isture r equ ire men t ( Trewar tha , 1 954) .
N one the less, p rec ip ita t ion i n H ungary , e spec ia l ly i n t he A lfö ld , i s
e x tre me ly u npred ictab le .
I n t he s ou theastern p ar t o f t he A lfö ld a nd i n t he T isza
r eg ion , t he p robab i l ity i s t ha t p rec ip ita t ion i n 7 5% o f t he y ears w i l l n ot b e e nough f or most p lan ts t o p roduce e ven med iocre y ie lds ( Enyed i a nd S zabo-,1 955) . T o e nsure r easonab le c rops e very y ear , i rr igat ion i n t he A lfö ld , e spec ia l ly e ast o ft he T isza , i s an ecessity t oday ( Pe-c si a nd S o mogy i, 1 971) . Even w ith l arge s ca le i rr iga t ion , t he p roduct ion o f s pr ing s own c erea ls i s l im ited ,
n o
more t han 2 -3% o f t he t o ta l o utpu t ( Cen tre d 'E tude d e l 'A zo te , 1 960) . The h igh p ercen tage o f e ar ly a gr icu ltura l s e t t le men ts i n t he mo isture d ef ic ien t a reas o f H ungary was p robab ly d ue t o f actors o ther t han p ure ly c l ima t ic o nes, s uch a s n earness t o r ivers, f avourable s o i l t ypes, e tc. S et t ling i n a reas o f i nsuf f ic ien t mo isture wou ld h ave n one the less e f fect ive ly l im ited s uccessfu l c rop p roduct ion u n less s o me s upp le men tary s ource o f mo is ture c ou ld b e a ssured .
A s w i l l b e s hown l a ter , s e t t le men ts i n t he A lfö ld , where
t he d egree o f mo isture d ef ic iency w ou ld h ave b een t he g reatest , were l oca ted Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 3 1
i n mo ister h ab ita ts w i th in t he z ona l f orest s teppe . T h is i s e spec ia l ly t rue f or t he K örös a nd S zakä lha ' t s et t le men ts, wh ich o ccupy t he d r iest r eg ions i n t he A lfö ld .
T he n u mber o f s et t le men ts i n a reas o f i nsuf f ic ien t h um id ity a l l
t hrough t he y ear d ecreases s ign if ican t ly i n t he ALP a nd i s f ur ther r educed i nt he TLP . The amp l itude o f wa ter d ef ic iency measured i n mm i s a lso l ess f or a l arge p ercentage o f t he ALP a nd TLP s i tes . F ur thermore , 5 0% o f t he TLP s i tes a re i n a reas wh ich a re a dequate ly mo ist . T he s ame f igure i nt he ALP i s o n ly 7 % . I ti s i n terest ing t o n ote t ha t t he p ercen tage o f s i tes i n a reas w i th i nsuff i c ien t mo isture i s a l most t w ice a s much i n t he LAte TLP a s i n t he M idd le p hase . Q u it ta ( 1969) s uggests a s im i lar p a t tern i nt he L inear P ot tery a reas o f C zechos lovak ia a nd G ermany . A t t h is p o in t , i ti s h ard t o d ec ide whe ther t h is p at tern i s ar ea l o ne o r n o t . T he c hrono logy o f t he TLP s i tes, a t l east i n H ungary , i s s o mewha t i nsecure . I ti s a lso p ossib le , a s Q u it ta h as s uggested , t ha t many o f t he e ar ly s ites a re b ur ied u nder l a ter a l luv ium a nd a re a s y e t u nde tected .
As s u m mer d rough t c an b e l im it ing f or l a te matur ing p lan ts, s o c an w in ter f rost b e l im it ing f or a u tu mn s own c erea ls . I n H ungary , t he c rops a re u sua l ly p rotected b y s now , a l though f rost d isasters d o o ccur o ccas iona l ly . T hey a re most f requen t i n t he A lfö ld , where t he g round i s s o me t i mes l e f t w itho ut a s nowcover .
T hese o ccurrences a re n o t ,h owever , s uf f ic ien t ly n umerous
o r s evere e nough t o s er ious ly l im it t he p roduct ion o f w in ter c erea ls.
Ag rea ter
p rob le m f or mixed f armers i n t he t e mpera te z one w ou ld h ave b een t he s carc ity o f w in ter f odder f or d o mest ica ted a n i ma ls.
T he e f fect o f t h is l im ita t ion w i l l
b e d iscussed l a ter . Wh i le c o ld w inters a re c haracter ist ic o f H ungary a s a who le , t he s ever ity o f t he w in ter v ar ies f ro m o ne p ar t o f t he c oun try t o t he o ther . I ti s o f i n terest t ha t , whi le a l most a l l t he T LP s et t le men ts a re i n r e lat i ve ly m i ld w in ter a reas, a t l east 3 0% o f t he ALP s i tes a re l oca ted i n a reas o f r ea l ly c o ld w in ters . Transhu mance i s o ne p ossib le e xp lana t ion , wh ich c ou ld a ccoun t f or t he d if feren t p at terns . C l i ma te i n t he A t lan t ic Per iod Agr icu ltura l d ispersa l i n E urope t ook p lace i n t he A t lan t ic c l i ma t ic p hase ( 2 . 6 200-3300 B .C. ) . The a bove a na lys is h as b een made o n t he i mp l ic it a ssu mp t ion t ha t modern c ond i t ions a re s im i lar t o t hose t ha t p reva i led d ur ing t he t ime o f t he f irst a gr icu ltura l ists .
H ow f ar i s t h is a ssu mp t ion j ust if ied?
T he c l i ma te o f a ny o ne r eg ion i s d e term ined b y t wo e ssen t ia l ly d i f feren t f actors: t he p reva len t a t mospher ic c ircu la t ion p a t tern o n t he o ne h and , a nd r e l ief a nd t he d istr ibu t ion o f l and a nd s ea o n t he o ther ( Bu tzer , 1 961) .
I ti s
u n l ike ly t ha t t he s econd f actor wou ld h ave b een d i f feren t i n t he A t lan t ic p hase . C hanges i n t he a t mospher ic c ircu la t ion p a t terns b etween C . 8 000-0 B .C . h ave b een t en ta t ive ly r econstructed b y L a mb e t a l . ( 1966) . The r econstruct ion i s b ased o n s ur face t e mperature d a ta , wh ich i nt he ir t urn a re b ased o n p a leobotan ica l e v idence . T he d istr ibu t ion o f c er ta in w armth l ov ing p lan ts s uggests t ha t s u m mer t e mperatures i n m id-a l t itude Europe were a t l east 2 °C h igher d ur ing t he A t lan t ic ( Bu tzer , 1 971) .
Accord ing t o J a-r a i-
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 3 2
K om
s( 1969) c a lcu la t ions, t he f igures wou ld h ave b een s im i lar i n H ungary .
N eo l ith ic f inds o f A s ia t ic b uf fa lo r e ma ins i n n orthern Yugoslav ia wou ld a lso i nd ica te a c l i ma te warmer t han t oday ' s( Bököny i , 1 957) . Exa m in ing h istor ica l r a in fa l l p a t terns, L a mb o bserves t ha t i n t he western h a lf o f Euras ia , where wester ly w inds p reva i l 'mi ld e pochs t end t o g o w ith h igh p reva lence o f s ou thwester ly w inds a nd t herefore h igh s ea t e mperatures, r esu l t ing i n more mo isture i nput i n to t he a t mosphere a nd mo ister w inds ' . A s t he p reva lence o f wester ly w inds i n m id la t itude Europe d a tes b ack t o t he e nd o f t he T er t iary p er iod ( Schwarzbach , 1 961) , i ti s r easonab le t o a ssu me t ha t t he s a me r e la t ionsh ip wou ld h ave b een t rue a lso f or t he A t lan t ic p er iod , where t he p a lyno log ica l e v idence i s t ha t o f a mi ld b ut mo ist e poch ( Firbas, 1 949-52) . An i n terest ing o bserva t ion a bout t he med ieva l war m e poch ( 1150-1300 A .D . )i s t ha t a l though i th ad a h igher a nnua l r a in fa l l t han t oday 's, t he s u m mer mon ths a ppeared t o h ave b een d r ier t han n ow ' d ue t o t he p reva lence o f a n t icyc lon ic t endenc ies .
h igh
( La mb, e t a l ., 1 966)
I n h is r econstruct ion o f t he
wor ld c ircu la t ion p a t terns, L a mb s ees a s im i lar a n t icyc lon ic t endency i n Europe d ur ing t he A t lan t ic p hase .
Ev idence f or f ormer r iver a nd l ake l eve ls
wou ld a t l east p ar t ia l ly s uppor t t he a rgu men t .
R iver l eve ls s ee m t o h ave b een
s im i lar t o t oday ' so r e ven l ower d ur ing t he A t lan t ic i n s o me p ar ts o f Europe . S u l im irsk i ( 1 961) a rgues t he c ase f or R uss ia , Vada-s z ( 1969) f or H ungary a nd Q u it ta ( 1969) f or G ermany i n c er ta in p er iods o f t he A t lan t ic.
B utzer ( 1971)
q uo tes Aar io, a ccord ing t o who m i ncreased e vapora t ion r educed s trea m d isc harge b y a t l east 3 0% i n n or thern E urope .
Accord ing t o S a-g i ' s( 1968) c a l-
c u la t ions, t he l eve l o f t he L ake Ba la ton i n H ungary was n o h igher i n t he A t lan t ic t han i ti s t oday .
R iver a nd l ake l eve ls, s hou ld , o n t he o ther h and ,
b e t rea ted w i th c au t ion a s c l i ma te i nd ica tors, a s v ar iables o ther t han e vaporat i on a nd r a in fa l l c an a lso a f fect t he ir f l uctua t ion .
A s t o d if ferences b e tween western a nd e astern E urope , L a mb, o n t he b asis o f ap re l im inary a na lysis f or t he a rea o f t he R uss ian p la in b etween K iev a nd L en ingrad , s uggests t ha t d ur ing t he A t lan t ic a verage y ear ly r a in fa l ls were a bou t 9 0% a nd 1 20% o f t he modern v a lues i n R uss ia a nd western Europe r es pec t ive ly .
T h is wou ld a gree w ith t he more c on t inen ta l c haracter o f e astern
E urope , where w in ter p rec ip i ta t ion i s r e la t ive ly l ow i n a ny c ase a nd a s s ugg ested b y L a mb s u m mer r a in fa l l wou ld a lso h ave b een r educed i n t he A t lan t ic . I n s u m mary , t he ' A t lan t ic p er iod was war mer t han n ow a nd w i th a h igher a nnua l r a in fa l l a verage d ue t o t he i ncreased sweep o f t he wester l ies.
But t he
amoun t o f r a in fa l l wou ld h ave s hown a d ecrease t oward t he e ast , a nd i ti s a lso l i ke ly t ha t s u m mers wou ld h ave b een d r ier i n Europe t han t oday d ue t o i ncreased a n t i-cyc lon ic a ct iv ity i n t ha t s eason . F or H ungary , i ncreased a n t icyc lon ic a ct iv ity i n t he s u m mer c oup led w ith t he c oun try ' sr e la t ive ly g rea t d istance f ro m t he A t lan t ic wou ld h ave mean t warm d ry s u m mers, p ossib ly w i th f requen t d rough ts, e spec ia l ly i n t he e astern p ar t o f t he c oun try .
A s, i n a dd i tion , s o me o f t he c l i ma t ic d ryness o f t he
c oun try i s d ue t o t he r a in s hadow e f fect o f t he r e l ie f , i ti s r easonab le t o a ss u me t ha t i nsuf f ic ien t h um id ity was a lready a c l i ma t ic f actor i n s o me p ar ts Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 3
o f H ungary i n t he A t lan t ic . On t he b as is o f w i ld a ss b ones f ound i n K örös a nd L inear Pot tery s et t le men ts, B ököny i ( 1 954 ; 1 957a ; Makkay , 1 970) h as s ugg ested t he e x istence o f ar e la t ive ly d ry s teppe i n H ungary a nd n or thern Yugos lavia i n t he n e ighbourhood o ft he s et t le men ts d ur ing t he n eo l ith ic. The p resence o f w i ld a ss a t L epensk i V ir i s e xcep t iona l , b ut t he g orge may h ave b een u sed a s aw in ter wa ter ing p lace , o r t he a ss c ou ld h ave b een b rough t i n f or o ther r easons.
B ustard b ones a t N osa a nd L udas-Budz-a k a lso s uggest
t he e x istence o f r e la t ive ly o pen c oun try i n t he n e ighbourhood ( Trog rnayer , 1 968 ) . O ther e v idence f or t he e x istence o f f orest s teppe i n H ungary w i l l b e d iscussed i n l a ter c hap ters. I ti s p oss ib le t ha t w in ter c o ld was l ess o f ap rob lem i n H ungary d ur ing t he A t lan t ic . But a s s o me o f t he i ncrease i n c o ld w ou ld h ave b een d ue t o o rog raph ic f actors t hen , a s n ow , t he e x istence o f c o ld w in ters c annot b e e n t ire ly r u led o u t a t l east i n s o me p ar ts o f H ungary . A lthough t he c l i ma te o f t he A t lan t ic p er iod d i f r . ,red i n s o me r espects f ro m t hat o ft he p resen t e ra , t here i s n o e v idence t o s uggest t ha t t he n a ture o f c l i ma t ic r eg ions i n H ungary o r t he ir r e la t ive p os it ion wou ld h ave b een d rast i ca l ly d if feren t .
Accord ing t o Z ö lyo m i ' s( 1958) r econstruct ion , b ased o n
p a leobo tan ica l e v idence , t he A lfö ld h ad a C faxx" ( s ) c l i ma te a nd t he s ou th f ac ing s lopes o f t he H ungar ian Moun ta ins a C fax" ( s ) c l i ma te . ( x s tands f or e ar ly s pr ing p rec ip i tat ion max i mu m ; x " f or d oub le max i mu m o f p rec ip i ta t ion ; a nd s f or s um mer d ryness . ) T he r econstruc t ion s uggests t ha t t he c l i ma te was e ssen t ia l ly s im i lar t o t ha t o f t oday 's , e xcep t t he Med iterranean e lement was p erhaps more p ronounced i n t he A t lan t ic . I n c onc lus ion , i ti s s uggested t ha t t he p resen t c l i ma te r eg ion map o f H ungary i s a ccep table , t hough w i th c er ta in r eserva t ions, a s ar ough g u ide t o A t lan t ic c ond it ions . I ts hou ld h owever a lso b e t aken i n to a ccoun t t ha t s ome c l i ma t ic o sc i l la t ions wou ld h ave o ccurred i n t he c ourse o f t he A t lan tic p eriod ( Frenzel , 1 966 ).Accord ing t o t he
e vidence o f p o l len d iagra ms,
t he midd le a nd t he e nd o f t he p er iod was d r ier i n H ungary ( Borsy , 1 961) ,and Voza-r y ( 1957 ) d ist ingu ishes a s many a s 1 4-15 m inor l oca l o sc i l la t ions. B .
VEGETATION One o ft he b as ic p r inc ip les o fp lan t g eography i s t ha t c l i ma t ic c on tro l i s
ap r i mary f actor d eterm in ing t he g enera l c haracter o f wor ld v egeta t ion ( Butzer , 1 971) .
Ap art icu lar c l i ma t ic b e l t w i l l t end t o f avour a c er ta in a sso-
c ia t ion o fp lan ts, g rasses, s hrubs a nd t rees k nown a s ap lan t f orma t ion o r a s t he c l i ma t ic c l i max v egeta t ion . IThe b asic p re mise i s t ha t i f an a tura l ly we l l-dra ined s ur face i s l ef t c o mp le te ly u nd isturbed f or a p ro tracted p er iod , w ith n o h u man a ct iv ity , c l i ma t ic c hange ,or o ther n a tura l c a tac lys m , a who le s er ies o fp lan t c o m mun it ies, o ne af ter a nother ew i l l o ccupy i tb u t , u l t i ma te ly , ac o mmun ity w i l l e stab l ish i t se lf a nd p ers ist , u nchanged , q u ite i ndef in i te ly . T h is c l i ma t ic c l i max c o m mun ity w i l l b e d om ina ted b y p lan ts, wh ich o f a l l t hose a va i lab le , c an c o mpe te most s uccessfu l ly i n t he e x ist ing p hys ica l c ond it ions ' ( Eyre , 1 963 , 1 0) .
The v ege ta t ion wh ich i s i n a ccordance w i th t he
c l i ma te z one i s c a l led t he z ona l v ege ta t ion . T he v ege ta t ion z ones o f Hungary a re c h ief ly b ased o n i n forma t ion g iven i n t he c l i ma t ic d iagrams o f Wa lter ' sK l i mad iagra mm We lta t las ( Na t iona l A t las Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 4
o f H ungary, 1 967) .
C l i ma te d iagrams a re g raph ic r epresen ta t ions o f t he
c omb ined a nd s i mu ltaneous efect o ft he v ar ious c l i ma t ic e le men ts.
They
s how t he a nnua l mean t e mpera ture a nd p rec ip ita t ion v a lues a t ap ar t icu lar l oca l ity , t he o ccurrence , l eng th a nd i n tens ity o f r e la t ive ly h um id a nd a r id s easons, t he d ura t ion a nd s ever i ty o f c o ld w in ter a nd t he p ossib i l i ty o f l a te l r e ar ly f rosts ( Wa lter , 1 973) . I n a ccordance w i th i t s c l i ma te , Hungary b e longs t o t wo ma in v egeta t ion z ones : t he d ec iduous s u m mer f orest z one a nd t he f orest s teppe ( Nat iona l A t las, 1 967) .
The d ec iduous f orest h ere i s ac l i ma t ic c l i max f orma t ion .
The
e co log ica l s ta tus o f t he f orest-steppe i s s o mewha t d oubt fu l, b ut o n v ege ta t ion maps i ti s u sua l ly t aken a s ap robab le c l i ma t ic-c l i max f orma t ion ( Eyre , 1 963) . When t he c l i ma te z ona l v ege ta t ion map o f Hungary i s c o mpared w ith t he C l i ma t ic Reg ions map d iscussed i n t he p rev ious c hap ter , i ti s s een t ha t c ert a in a reas wh ich a re c haracter ised b y i nsuf f ic ien t moisture i n t he g row ing s eason , n one the less s uppor t f orest g row th . Th is i s d ue t o t he f act t ha t t rees l i ke t he o ak r oot d eep ly i n t he s o i l a nd c onsequen t ly a re a ble t o t ap s ubso i l mo isture.
The amom i t o f mo isture d ef iciency i n t hese a reas i s a lso r e la tive ly
sma l l. S e t t le men t D istr ibu t ion a nd Vege ta t ion Z ones The d istr ibut ion o f s et t le men ts a ccord ing t o v egeta t ion z ones i s s hown o n Map 4 . Percen tage v a lues f or t he o ccupa t ion o f e ach z one a re s hown i n H istog rams a , b , c( F ig . 2 ) . T he s e t t le men ts o ft he K örös c u lture a re a l l l oca ted i n t he f orest s teppe z one . The g rea t ma jor ity o f s i tes, 9 6% , i s i n t he d ry f orest-steppe . T he r ema in ing sma l l p ercen tage o f s i tes i s f ound a long t he marg ins o f t he f orest s teppe .
T h is marg ina l o r t rans it iona l b e lt ( zones I I a nd 12 ) i s c haracter ised
b y l ess s evere d ryness .
T he d egree o f d ryness i s c a lcu la ted a s t he r a t io o f
d ura t ion o f d ry t o we t wea ther ( se m iar id ity i ndex ) . I nt he ALP,
3 5% o ft he s i tes a re i n t he d ry f orest s teppe , a nd 3 7% a re
l oca ted a long t he l ess d ry marg ins ; 2 8% o f t he s et t le men ts a re i n t he f orest z one . I n t he TLP, t he ma jor ity o f t he s i tes, 6 7% , a re i n t he f orest z one ; 3 2% i n t he t rans it iona l f orest-steppe z one .
L ess t han 2% a re l oca ted i n t he
d ry f orest-steppe . T he r e la t ionsh ip o f s et t le men ts t o v ege ta t ion z ones i n t he Ear ly , M id le a nd L a te Phases o f t he ALP a no TLP a re s hown i n H istogra ms d , e , f . h , 1 , a nd j( F ig . 2 ) . The p ercen tage o f s e t t le men ts i n t he d ry f orest-steppe i s 2 8 i n t he Ear ly, 2 9 i n t he M idd le a nd 3 9 i n t he L a te p hase o f t he ALP. The p ercen tage o f s et t le men ts l oca ted i n t he t rans it iona l f orest-steppe z one i s 4 5 i n t he Ear ly , 5 5 i n t he M idd le a nd 2 8 i n t he L a te P hase . T he p ercen tage f igures f or t he o ccupa t ion o f t he f orest z one a re : 2 8 i n t he Ear ly , 1 6 i n t he M idd le , a nd 3 3 i n t he L a te Phase . T he p ercen tage f igures f or t he o ccupa t ion o f t he f orest z one i n t he TLP a re :
2 9 i n t he Ear ly ,
7 7 i n t he M idd le a nd 4 1 i n t he L a te Phase .
The r est
o ft he s i tes i n t he Ear ly a nd M idd le p hases, 7 1 a nd 2 3% r espect ive ly , a re Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. l oca t ed n t h3 t r ans it iona l f orest s teppe z one . I n t he L ate TLP, 5 5% o f t he E-book, Oxford, UK: BARi Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 s i tes a re i n t he t rans it iona l z one a nd 3% i n t he d ry f orest-steppe . 3 5
Z one o f o ak f orests
Dry f orest-steppe w i th p ro longed d rough t p er iod Z one o f h ornbea m o ak f orests
w i th h ornbea m
S e t t le men t D istr ibut ions a nd Vege ta t ion Z ones
H u
C .3
C • 4
.e .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 6
•
I(
•
4
\ , .
•
• •
—
. /N: • • • -
er r s .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 , d 'e ire 9 •
F ig. 2
H istograms s how ing t he d istr ibu t ion o f s e t t le men ts i n r e la t ion t o v ege ta t ion z ones.
I , Dec iduous f orest z one I l, moun ta in b eech f orests;
1 2, l ow- moun ta in b eech f orests w ith
h ornbeam ; 1 3 , h ornbeam-oak f orests; 1 4 , o ak f orests. I , F orest-steppe z one I l, f orest-steppe i n h il ly a reas, a nd a long t he marg ins o f t he p la ins; 1 2, modera te ly d ry f orest-steppe o n t he marg in o f t he Grea t P la in w ith s hor t d rough t p er iod ; 1 3 , d ry f orest-s teppe w ith p ro longed d rough t ; 1 4, d ry f orest-steppe w ith p ro longed s evere d rought.
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 8
%o f s i tes 5 0 ,
f
4 0 -
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
0
1
I
1 2
1
1 3
!
I4
1 1
1 4
1 1
1 2
13
14
13
14
a ) K örös c u l ture
%
3 0-
2 0-
1 0 -
1
1 2
1 3
1 2
b ) A lfö ld L inear Pot tery c u l ture
% 5 0 -
4 0-
3 0
2 0 -
1 0
c ) Transdanubian L inear Pot tery c u l ture Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 9
%o f s i tes 4 0 ,
3 0 -
2 0 -
1 0 -
o
1
I2
1 3
1 4
1 1
12
1 3
14
1 4
I l l
12
13
14
1 4
I l l
12
1 3
14
d ) Ear ly ALP
5 0 «
4 0 -
3 0 -
2 0 -
1 0-
0
1
1 2
I
1 3
e ) Midd le ALP
4 0 -
3 0 -
2 0 -
1 0-
1
1
1 2
1 3
f ) L a te ALP Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 0
%o f s i tes 5 0 4
4 0 -
3 0-
2 0 -
1 0 -
I1
' 1 2
1 3
l a
12
13
12
1 3
v
14
1
h ) Ear ly TLP
6 0 -
5 0 -
4 0 -
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
1
I
1 2
1 3
1 4
I l l
i ) Midd le TLP
4 0 -
3 0 -
2 0-
1 0 -
I1
I
1 2
I
1 3
1 4
I I
12
j ) L a te TLP Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 1
t
14
t
%o f s i tes 3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
1
k )
1 2
1 3
1 4
I l l
12
13
14
L a te AVK
5 0‘
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 1
12
13
1 4
1 1
12
13
14
1 ) T iszadob
4 0-
3 0-
1 0-
1
1 2
1 3
14
m) E sztär
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 2
%o f s i tes 4 0
-
3 0
2 0
1 0
1
1 2
1 3
l a
I l l
12
1 3
1 4
I ll
12
1 3
1 4
I ll
12
13
14
n ) S zi lmeg
5 0-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
1
1 2
o ) D IU
8 0
7 0-
6 0-
5 0-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
0 I
1 2
13
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early Middle Neolithic p ) andS z aka -l hä t Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 3
14
Table 5 .
Percen tage p o in t d iference b etween e xpected a nd o bserved d istr ibut ions o f s e t t le men ts i n r e la t ion t o v egeta t ion z ones. ALP
K t irds c u l ture Vege ta t ion
Expected
Observed
z ones
TLP
Observed
Observed
Ppd
Ppd
I 1
1 .11
0 .26
1 2
4 .62
1 .30
Ppd
0 .94
1 3
9 .05
3 .64
1 8.40
- 9 .35
1 4
3 1.49
2 2.86
4 7.17
15.68
I I
1 1.84
- 3 .48
2 0.75
- 8 .91
2 .29
1 5.32
12
1 1.60
1 .53
2 1.82
10.22
1 1.32
13
1 9.02
4 8,85
29.83
2 8.05
- 9 .03
1 .42
14
1 1.27
4 7.33
36.06
6 .75
Tota l Ppd
6 5.89
2 2.73
3 3.94
Ppd = Percen tage p o in t d if ference ALP Early Vegeta t ion
Midd le
Observed
La te
Observed
z ones
Observed
Ppd
Ppd
Ppd
I
0 .40
1 2
1 .98
1 3
5 .56
1 4
2 7.59
1 5.87
2 5.
D I
1 3.19
- 1 .95
1 4.28
-2 .44
1 7.06
12
3 1.03
19.43
4 0.48
28.88
1 0.71
13
2 0.69
- 1 .67
2 5.40
-6 .38
3 1.75
14
6 .90
3 .97
To ta l Ppd
- 5 .22 12.73
7 .54
2 3.05
3 7.70
1 7.95
T LP Ear ly
Midd le
Observed
La te
Observed Ppd
1 2
Observed Ppd
1 .26
1 3
1 4.28
1 4
1 4.28
I l
4 2.86
12
2 8.58
- 5 .23
2 2.64
13.59
4 .76
5 3.46
21.97
3 6.51
-5 .02
31.02
1 7.61
- 5 .77
3 1.75
19.92
16.98
5 .03
2 3.81
12.21
13 To ta l Ppd
Ppd
3 .17 5 3.23
4 1.33
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 4
3 7.14
( con t inued )
Table 5 ( con td. ) La te ALP La te AVK Vege ta t ion
Observed
z ones
Esztdr
T iszadob Observed
Observed
Ppd
Ppd
Ppd
I
1 .23
1 2
2 .47
1 .49
1 3
8 .65
1 0.45
- 1 .40
1 4
2 2.22
4 1.79
10.30
3 6.11
-4 .62
I l
2 2.22
10.38
3 5.82
23.98
1 9.45
- 7 .61
8 .96
3 3.33
21.73
-6 .91
1 .49
1 1.11
1 2
1 1.11
13
2 5.93
14
6 .17
Tota l Ppd
- 0 .12
1 7.41
3 5.68
3 3.96
La te ALP S zil meg Observed
B i ikk
S zakalhg t
Observed Ppd
1 2 1 3
Observed Ppd
6 .41
- 1 .79
Ppd
1 5.38
- 6 .33
1 4
3 2.14
- 0 .65
4 2.31
10.82
I I
1 4.28
-2 .44
2 6.92
15.08
12
2 1.44
- 9 .84
8 .98
13
1 7.86
7 9.27
60.25
1 4.28
1 8.29
- 7 .02
14 To ta l Ppd
1 .22
-3 .01 1 5.94
3 4.02
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 5
1 .22
6 7.27
Percentage f igures f or t he r eg iona l g roups o f t he L ate ALP a re s hown i n H istogra ms k , 1 , m, n , oa nd p ( F ig . 2 ) . i n t he d ry f orest-steppe a re : t he Esztär ;
The p ercen tages o f s et t le men ts
3 2 i n t he L a te AVK ;
3 2 i n t he S z i l meg ;
0i n t he Bekk ;
1i n t he T iszadob ;
a nd 9 8 i n t he S zakä lhä t G roup .
T he p ercen tages o f s i tes i n t he t rans it iona l f orest-steppe z one a re : L a te AVK ; t he B i lkk ;
4 5 i n t he T iszadob ;
5 3 i n t he Esztär ;
a nd 2 i n t he S zakä lhä t Group .
t he f orest z one :
3 5 i n t he L a te AVK ;
3 2 i n t he S z i l meg ;
6 4 i n t he B i lkk ;
1 1 i n
3 3 i n t he
3 6 i n t he S z i l meg ;
3 6 i n
The r est o f t he s e t t le men ts a re i n
5 4 i n t he T iszadob ;
3 6 i n t he E sztär ;
a nd 0% i n t he S zakä lhä t .
The r esu lts s how c lear ly c on trast ing p at terns f or t he K örös c u lture a nd t he TLP .
Wh i le K örös s i tes a re e n t ire ly a bsen t f ro m t he f orest z one , t he
ma jor ity o f TLP s e t t le men ts a re l ocated t here . at rans it iona l p os it ion i n t h is r espect .
T he ALP s ee ms t o o ccupy
I t s s et t le men ts a re f ound i n b o th z ones .
I n c on trast w ith t he K örös c u lture , f ewer ALP s et t le men ts a re i n t he d ry f orest-steppe , a nd t he ma jor i ty o f t he s i tes a re f ound a long t he s teppe marg ins. I n t he L a te p hase o f t he ALP s trong r eg iona l d if feren t ia t ions a re c lear ly n o t iceab le .
Aga in , i ti s t he S zakä lhä t g roup wh ich i s most s im i lar i n i t s d is-
t r ibut ion t o t he K örös c u lture .
I n t he T T P, s e t t le men ts , w ith t he e xcep t ion o f
av ery f ew s i tes i n t he L a te p hase , a re a bsen t f ro m t he d ry f orest-steppe z one .
I n L a te TLP, t here s ee ms t o h ave b een a s l igh t s h if t f ro m f orest t o
s teppe marg in o ccupa t ion , a lthough t he n u mber o f s i tes i n t he f orest z one i s s t i l l r e la t ive ly h igh .
Th is s h if t t o d r ier a reas was a lready n ot iced when s e t-
t le men t d istr ibu t ions a ccord ing t o c l i ma te r eg ions were e xa m ined . Ch i -square t ests p er formed f or t he t hree c u ltures s uggest t ha t i ti s e xt re me ly u n l ike ly t ha t t he o bserved d istr ibut ions c ou ld h ave a r isen b y c hance ; t he p robab i l ity i s l ess t han 0 .05% .
Percen tage p o in t d if ferences b etween t he
e xpected a nd o bserved p at terns a re s hown i n Tab le 5 . e spec ia l ly t hose f or t he ALP ,a re r e lat ive ly l ow .
S o me o f t he v a lues,
T h is, o n t he o ne h and , i s
d ue t o t he e x istence o f s trong c hrono log ica l a nd r eg iona l d if ferences w i th in t he ALP ;
o n t he o ther , t he l ow v a lues a re a r ef lect ion o f t he t ransi t iona l c harac-
t er o f t h is c u lture . I n t he c ase o f t he ALP, t he z ona l v egeta t ion a pproach i s l im ited i n i t s u sefu lness t o e xp la in s et t le men t d istr ibut ion . Wh i le t he d istr ibut ion o f s et t le men ts a ccord ing t o v egeta t ion z ones i s i n forma t ive a s t o t he d egree o f f orest o ccupa t ion , z ona l v ege ta t ion maps a re t oo g enera l ised t o s how f iner r e la t ionsh ips b etween s et t le men ts a nd l oca l v ege ta t ion .
As h as b een p o in ted o ut b y p lan t e co log ists, v ege ta t ion d eve lop-
men t e ven i n t he n a tura l o r w i ld s ta te, t ha t i s w ithou t a ny h u man i n ter ference, d oes n ot a lways r each t he c l i ma t ic c l i max s tage .
Where n a tura l l ong-term
a rrest ing f actors, s uch a s d ra inage i mpedence o r e x tre me s teepness o f l and , a re p resen t t he p r isere ( ser ies o f p lan t c o m mun it ies wh ich , i n t urn , o ccupy a n o r ig ina l ly f resh u n tenan ted s ur face) i s p reven ted f ro m p roceed ing t o t he c l i ma t ic c l i max .
An a l most p er manen t ly a rrested c o m mun ity i s r eferred t o
a s as ubc l i max ( Eyre , 1 963 ) .
T he
Na tura l
Vege ta t ion Map o f Hungary i n-
c ludes b o th c l i max a nd s ubc l i max c o m mun it ies .
I ta t te mpts t o s how t he 'n a-
t ura l ' p lan t c over o f t he c oun try a s i t wou ld h ave l ooked b efore t he c learance o f f orests, t i ll ing o f t he s o i l, c on tro l o f t he ma jor r ivers, a nd a r t if ic ia l d ra inage a nd r ecla ma t ion o f marsh lands ( Na t iona l A t las o f Hungary , 1 967) . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 6
T he l im ita t ion o f a ny v ege ta t ion map i s t ha t t hey s how o n ly t he f ina l c o mmun it ies i n t he s uccess ion . I n r ea l ity f resh m inera l s ur faces a re c onstan t ly b e ing e xposed w ith in t he g enera l a reas o f a l l t ypes o f c l i ma t ic c l i max ( or s ubc l i max ) v ege ta t ion s o t ha t many t ypes o f p r isera l v ege ta t ion , a t v ar ious s tages o f d eve lop men t , a re t o b e f ound ( Eyre , 1 963 , 1 6) .
I n Hungary , f or i nstance ,
l arge a reas were f l ooded a nnua l ly b efore t he r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers, a nd t hus n ew s ur faces were c rea ted e i ther b y d epos it ion o r e ros ion .
T o s upp le men t
t he i n for ma t ion o ft he map t he p lan t a ssoc ia t ions o f H ungary s how ing t he s ucc ess ive d eve lop men ta l s tages f ro m t he s i mp ler t o t he more a dvanced a re d escr ibed i n s o me d e ta i l . T he P lan t A ssoc ia t ions o f H ungary 1 .
Aqua t ic a nd f l oodp la in p lan t a ssoc ia t ions:
Before t he r egu la t ion o f t he
r ivers a nd d ra inage o f t he marshes ,there were e x tensive a reas o f f l oodp la in a nd s wa mp v ege ta t ion le spec ia l ly i n t he Grea t a nd L it t le P la ins a long t he Danube a nd t he T isza a nd t he ir t r ibutar ies. Marshes were c haracter ist ica l ly f ound a round L akes Ba la ton , F er tö a nd Ve lence . Aqua t ic- marshy a ssoc ia t ions :
The f irst c o mmun ity wh ich i nvades t he
n ear s hore a reas o f s tand ing o r s luggish wa ters i s c o mposed o f f l oa t ing wa terg rasses. T he d om inan t s pec ies a re d uckweeds ( Le mna minor a nd L . g ibba ) , sma l l wa ter f ern a nd f l oa t ing moss ( Sa lv in ia n a tans) . T he n ex t a ssoc ia t ion i s t ha t o f l arge water g rasses ( Pota moge ton ) , wh ich a re r ooted a t t he b ot to m . The more f requen t s pec ies a re t he wa ter b ut tercup ( Ranuncu lus a qua t i l is) , t he wa ter c a l trop ( Trapa n a tans) a nd t he wh ite wa ter l i ly ( Nympha a lba ) . s i l t ing c on t inues ,reeds ( S c irpo-Phragm itetu m) a ppear , t hen t a l l s edges
A s
( Magnocar ic ion ) , a nd f i na l ly t he p lan t a ssoc ia t ions o f swa mpy meadow ( Agros t ion a lbae) , s hrub-w i llows a nd t he f orest a ssoc ia t ions o f t he f l oodp la in . F loodp la in f orest a ssoc ia t ions: T he b anks, o xbows a nd s hoa l i s lands o f t he r ivers a re l i ned w ith w i l low a nd p op lar g roves ( Sa l ice to-Popu letu m ) . Wi l low a nd p op lar g roves a re c haracter ist ica l ly f ound o n t he l ower f l oodp la ins . The f o l iage s tra tu m o f t h is s of t wood a ssoc ia t ion i s c o mposed o f t he wh ite w i l low ( Sa l ix a lba) , t he c rack w i l low ( Sa l ix f rag i l is) a nd t he b lack p op lar ( Popu lus n igra ) .
I n t he s hrub s tratu m )h aw thorn s pec ies d om ina te , a nd t he
most f requen t s pec ies i n t he h erbaceous l ayer i s t he d ewberry ( Rubus c aes ius) . O n t he h igher f l oodp la in , wh ich i s i nunda ted o n ly b y t he l arger f l oods, t he s uccess ion r eaches t he s tage o f e l m-ash-oak g rove f orest ( QuercoU l me tu m h ungar icu m) .
T he f o l iage s tra tu m o f t h is h ardwood a ssoc ia t ion i s
d om ina ted b y t he p eduncu la te o ak ( Quercus r obur ) , t he f i e ld e lm ( U l mus c ampestr is) a nd t he s harp-po in ted a sh ( Frax inus o xycarpa ) .
I n t he s hrub
s tra tu m ,the c haracter ist ic p lan ts a re h aw thorns, d ogwoods a nd o ccas iona l ly t he t ar tar map le ( Acer t a tar icu m) . The w i ld g rape , V it is s i lvestr is, i s a lso f ound a t t h is l eve l .
The more c o m mon s pec ies o f t he h erbaceous l ayer a re
Brachypod iu m s y lva t icu m , Ur t ica d io ica , Coryda l is c ava , G eran iu m r ober t ia nu m , Euphorb ia s tr icta , R u mex s angu ineus, F estuca g igan tea , e tc . They a re c haracter ist ica l ly f ound o n mo ist b u t we l l-dra ined s o i ls wh ich a re h igh i n n it rogenEcology ( Zö l oEarly m iand a n d S i mon , 9 69 ) . Pottery A s che m t ic r epresenta t ion Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement ofy the Middle Neolithic Körös1 and Linear Cultures Ina Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. i s i n g a t y p i c a l r i v e r s i d e s u c c e s s i o n i s s h ow n i n F i g . 3 . Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 4 7
s u m mar-
Grass- moor a ssoc ia t ions:
T hese a ssoc ia t ions a re f ound away f ro m t he
f l oodp la ins i n s tagnan t waters a nd u ndra ined d epressions. i nhab ited b y t ussock a nd t a l l s edge a ssoc ia t ions. c lu mp s edge ( Carex e la ta ) .
L oca l s ha l lows a re
T he d om inan t s pec ies i s
T ussocks a re s ucceeded b y wet g rass- moor a s-
s oc ia t ions f ormed b y f en land s edge ( Carex d ava l liana ) a nd l arge r ush ( Juncus s ubnodu losus) . T h is i s ap ea t f orm ing a ssoc iat ion . T he e nd a ssoc ia t ion i s a lder- moor f orest . T he c haracter ist ic s pec ies a re t he g rey w i l low ( Sa l ix c inerea) , t he r esinous a lder ( A lnus g lut inosa ) a nd t he s harp-po in ted a sh ( Frax inus o xycarpa ) .
T hese f en wood lands o r s hrub lands a re c o mmon ly k nown
a s 'c arr ' . 2 .
P lan t a ssoc ia t ions o f t he f orest-steppe Assoc ia t ions o n a lka l ine s o i ls: A l arge p ar t o f p resen t-day a lka l ine s o i ls
b e longed b efore t he r egu la t ions t o t he f l oodp la in a rea .
Areas o f a lka l ine s o i ls
n one the less e x is ted b efore t he d ra in ing o f t he f l oodp la ins a nd marshes.
T he
p lan t a ssoc ia t ions o ft he a lka l i f l a ts v ary a ccord ing t o t he water s upp ly a nd t he s od iu m c on tent o f t he s o i l . Where s o i l a lka l in ity i s l ow a lka l i p astures a re f ormed . T he d om inan t s pec ies i s s od ic f escue ( Festuca p seudov ina ) . A s a lka l in ity i ncreases ‚ t he s od ic f escue i s r ep laced b y s agebrush ( Arte m isia mar it i ma ) , wh ich i n t urn i s r ep laced b y s a lt- meadow g rass ( Pucc ine l l ia l imosa) .
T he p oorest a ssoc ia t ion
i s t hat o f Camphoros ma o va ta . The f i na l a ssoc ia t ion o n a lka l i s o i ls i s t he t ar tar map le-oak f orest ( la te l lo- Q uercetu m r obor is) .
I ti s u sua l ly f ound o n s l igh t ly h igher e leva t ions
t han t he f l oodp la in , i n ap os it ion wh ich i s t rans it iona l b e tween t he f l oodp la in a nd t he h igher l oess p la teaus. On t he o ne h and , i ta d jo ins t he e l m-ash-oak g rove o f t he f l oodp la in , o n t he o ther t he a lka l i meadow s teppe . I n t h is t ransit i ona l b e l t , s o i l a lka l in ity i s n ot v ery h igh a nd i s u sua l ly a bsen t f ro m t he s urf ace h or izon ( so lone tz p rof i le) .
I th as b een s uggested t ha t a s ar esu l t o f t he
d owncut t ing o f t he T isza i n t he S ubborea l , t he e l m-ash-oak g rove was i n many p laces r ep laced b y a lka l ine f orests ( Z6 1yo m i a nd S i mon , 1 969) . Assoc ia t ions o n s and : Wind b lown s and d unes o ccupy l arge a reas b e tween t he Danube a nd t he T isza , a nd i n t he N yirseg . The f i rst p lan ts t o i nvade =a nchored s and a re b ro me g rass ( Bro mus t ec toru m ) a nd woodrye ( S eca le s i lvestre) . Bes ide t he g rasses l ower o rder p lan ts, mosses a nd l i chen a lso g row o n s and . Par t ia l ly s tab i l ized s lopes a re o ccup ied b y H ungar ian f escue ( Festuca v ag ina ta ) t oge ther w ith Ephedra d istachya . T he n ex t p hase i n t he s uccess ion i s t he c losed meadow s teppe f orma t ion . T he d om inan t s pec ies h ere i st he s tr ia ted f escue ( Festuca s u lca ta ) . I n d epressions, p op lar a nd j un iper a ppear a s p ioneers i n t he s teppe . T he f i na l a ssoc ia t ion c ons ists o f t wo t ypes o f o ak woods . T he f i rst i s t he l ow land o ak ( Festuca-Quercetu m r obor is) wh ich i s d r ier a nd more o pen . T he s econd i s t he o ak w i th t he l i ly o f t he v a l ley ( Conva l lar io-Quercetu m r obor is) .
I to ccurs where t he g round wa ter t ab le i s
h igher , a nd i s o f ten f ound i n t he p rox im ity o f t he e l m-ash-oak g rove f ores t . Assoc ia t ions o n l oess:
A s t he l oess a reas o f H ungary h ave b een c u lt iva-
Kosse, Settlement of Early Middle Neolithic Körös ando Linear Cultures Inl Hungary. t edKrisztina. f or a l ong Ecology t ime ,thet h e and r ec ons truct ion f t hPottery e n atura ' v ege ta t ion E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 8
i s s o mewhat
F ig . 3 . Cross s ect ion o f at yp ica l r iver-side s uccession ( f ro m Pecsi a nd J akucs, 1 971) . 1 , f loa t ing r eed g rass ;
2 , f ixed r eed g rass;
4 , s edge ;
6 , g rove f orest w i th S a l ix a nd
Popu lus;
5 , swa mps;
3 , r eeds;
7 , g rove f orest w i th U l mus, Fraxinus a nd
QuerCUS.
F ig . 4 .
Cross s ect ion o f s teppe v egeta t ion o n l oess a nd s and ( f ro m Pecsi a nd J akucs, 1 971) . 1 , v egeta t ion o n a lka li s o i l ; l oess;
2 , Agropyro-Koch ietu m o n
3 , l oess s teppe ; 4 , s hrub w i th Amygda lus n ana ;
5 , o ak woods w i th t ar tar map le ;
6 , S a lice tu m r os mar ini fo liae ;
7 , s andy s teppe w i th F estuca v ag ina ta ; Festuca s u lca ta ;
8 , s andy s teppe w i th
9 , s parse o ak woods o n s andy s oi l ;
1 0 , c anop ied o ak f orests o n s andy s oi l .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 9
t en ta t ive . T he i n it ia l p lan t a ssoc ia t ion was t he c losed g rass s teppe . T he g rasses i ncluded t he s tr ia ted f escue ( Festuca s u lca ta) a nd t he c ur ly n eed le g rass ( S t ipa c ap i l la ta) . A t t he c on tact o f l oess a nd f orest s teppes ,the s hrub a ssoc ia t ion o f dwar f a l monds ( A mygda letu m n anae) was v ery w idespread . The f ina l a sos ica t ion was t he l oess s teppe f orest o f t ar tar map le a nd o ak ( Acer i t ar tar ico-Querce tu m) . ( Quercus r obur ) a nd h a iry o ak
T he d om inan t t rees were t he p eduncu la te
( . pubescens),
o ccasiona l ly t he t urkey o ak
c err is) , t he f i e ld e lm ( U l mus c ampestr is) a nd t he t ar tar map le ( Acer T ar tar icu m) .
The t yp ica l a ssoc ia t ions o n l oess a nd s and a re s u m mar ised i n
F ig . 4 . 3 .
A ssoc ia t ions o f t he d ec iduous f orest z one Karst f orest a ssociat ion :
A g ood e xamp le o f a rrested p r isere d eve lop-
men t i s f ound o n t he Mezozo ic d o lo m ite b locks o f t he Hungar ian Moun ta ins. On t he s teeper s lopes o n ly r ock g rass a ssoc ia t ions c an s urv ive . Where t he s o i l c over i s t h icker ,the r ock g rass i s r ep laced b y s teppe meadows .
T he
f ina l a ssoc ia t ion i s ak arst s hrub f orest ( Cot ino-Quercetu m o r C erasoQ uercetu m ) .
Th is i s n ot a t rue f orest ;
i ti s r a ther p ark l ike .
T he d om inan t
s pec ies a re t he h a iry o ak ( Quercus p ubescens) , t he f l owery a sh ( Frax inus o rnus) , t he H ungar ian f ust ic ( Cot inus c oggygr ia ) , t he P runus maha leb a nd C ornus mas . O ak f orest a ssoc ia t ions : T he most w idespread f orest a ssoc ia t ion i n Hungary i s t he o ak f orest . O ak f orests a re t yp ica l ly f ound b e low 6 00 m i n e leva t ion , u sua l ly o n t he s unn ier s ou thern s lopes o f t he h i l ls a nd moun ta ins. L i mestone s lopes a re o ccup ied b y c a lc iph i le o ak f orests ( Orno-Quercetum o r C orno-Quercetu m) . f orest a ssoc ia t ion . s ess i le o ak
Th is c losed f orest o f ten a cco mpan ies t he k arst s hr ubThe f o l iage l eve l i s c o mposed o f h a iry o ak L 2 . p ubescens) ,
( . petraea) and t urkey o ak ( . cerris).
The Q uercetu m p etrae-cerr is a ssoc ia t ion i s f ound o ver t he most v ar ied b edrocks i n d eep c layey o r s andy s o i l . Area l ly , t h is i s t he most w idespread f orest a ssoc ia t ion i n Hungary .
T he c a lc ifuge o ak a ssoc ia t ion ( Gen isto t i nctor iae-
Q uerce tu m) i s ma in ly f ound o n v o lcan ic s lopes.
I n t he f o l iage s tra tu m , t he
b irch a cco mpan ies t he s essi le o ak . I n c oo ler , mo ister a reas, u sua l ly b etween t he o ak a nd b eech f orest z one , h ornbea m-oak f orest a re t he t yp ica l a ssoc ia t ions . As t he o ak d oes n ot c ast ar ea l ly h eavy s hade ,oak f orests u sua l ly h ave r ich a nd v ar ied s hrub a nd h erb aceous l ayers . Beech f orest a ssoc ia t ions:
Beech f orests a re r e la t ive ly l im ited i n e x ten t
i n H ungary . The b eech l i kes a c oo l c l i ma te a nd r e la t ive ly a bundan t p rec ip itat i on . Beech f orests a re g enera l ly f ound b e tween 6 00-900 m i n Hungary . The s hrub s tra tu m i s g enera l ly a bsen t ,and t he c arpe t l eve l i s s parse b ecause o f t he h eavy s hade o f t he b eech . Beech f orests w ith woodruf f ( Asperu la ) a re f ound o n c oo ler n or thern s lopes o r h igher l imestone p la teaus. On s outhern r ocky s lopes, t he c haracter ist ic t ype i s t he b eech f orest w ith Me l ica .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 0
L inden-ash
B eech f o res t
K a r st s hrub
S teppe meadow s
Ca lc iph i le o ak f orest
M ixed o ak f o re s t
F ig . 5 .
0 00
Vege ta t ion z ona t ion o n at yp ica l l ow moun ta in i n H ungary ( f ro m Pecsi a nd S a-r fa lvi , 1 964) .
S
9 00 M
1 1 1 1 1
7 00
N Z one
o f b ee ch f o res ts
Z one F ore s t
3 00
( 4 b
I Z one o f o ak -h o rnbeam f o re s ts
5 00
1 00
o f o ak f o re s ts
s teppe
F ig . 6 .
F orest z ones o n s ou thern s lopes o f d i f feren t g radien ts ( f ro m Pecsi a nd J akucs, 1 971) . 1 , s teppe a nd s hrub f orest ;
2 , l oess o ak f orest ;
3 , t urkey
o ak-sessi le o ak f orest ; 4 , c a lc i- a nd t her mophi lous o ak f orest ;
5 , h ornbea m-oak f orest ;
g rad ien t :
6 , b eech f orest .
a ) 0t o 5 ° ; b ) 1 0 t o 2 00 ; c ) 2 0 t o 3 5° .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 1
S lope
7 =7 '
.o .
.7 .
I N
I N
Swamps a nd s wamp f ores ts
H ornbeam-oak f orests ( Querco r obor i-Carp inetum)
t ' =-7 C N
. .
S o lonchak v ege ta t ion
S e t t le men t D istr ibut ions a nd N atura l Vege ta t ion
777 '
I N
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
52
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
F ig. 7
H istograms s how ing t he d istr ibu t ion o f s e t t le men ts i n r e la t ion t o p lan t a ssoc ia t ions.
1 ,
o ak woods o n s and , s andy s teppe ( Festuco, Conva l lar io-Querce tu m
2 ,
r obor is ) o ak woods w i th t ar tar map le o n l oess ( Acer i t a tar ico-Querce tum
3 , 4 ,
p ubescen t i-robor is ) l oess s teppe w ith s hrub l ow land map le-oak woods ( Acer i c ampestr i- Querce tu m p e traae-
5 ,
r obor is ) t ar tar- map le o ak woods o n a lka l i s o i l ( Ga la te l lo- Quercetu m r obor is )
6 ,
s o lone tz v ege ta t ion ( f or mer ly a nd p ar t ly a f l oodp la in v ege ta t ion )
7 ,
s o lonchak v ege ta t ion
8 ,
f l oodp la in f orest ( Frax ino- Querce tu m r obor is ); s wamps
9 ,
h ornbea m-oak f orest ( Querco r obor i-Carp inetum )
1 0, 1 1,
swamps a nd swamp f orests k arst f orest o f I l lyr ian a f f in ity w ith h a iry o ak ( Orno-Quercetu m
1 2,
h a iry o ak f orest o f c on t inen ta l c haracter ( Corno-Querce tu m p ubes-
1 3,
c en t i p e traeae ), s hrub f orests a c id iph il ious o ak f orests ( Querce tu m p e traeae c err is )
1 4 ,
moun ta in h ornbeam-oak f ores t ( Querco p e traeae-Carp ine tum )
1 5 ,
l ow- moun ta in b eech-forest ( Me l ico-Fage tu m )
p ubescen t is ), k arst s hrub ( Co t ino-Querce tum p ubescen t is ), r ockgrass
1 6 ,
moun ta in b eech f orest ( Acon ito-ragetu m )
1 7 ,
b eech f orest o f I l lyr ian a f in i ty ( He l leboro, V ic io o robo id i-Fagetum )
1 8 , 1 9 ,
h ornbeam-oak f orest o f I l lyr ian a f f in ity ( He l leboro-Carp ine tum ) S co tch p ine-oak f orest ( P ino-Querce tu m )
5 4 Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
%o f s i tes 6 0-
5 0 -
4 0-
3 0 -
2 0 -
1 0 -
2
a )
3
, --- N
5
7
8
9 i 1 0 - 1 11 1 2' 1 3'14 ' 1 5
8
9
1 6' 1 7' 1 8'
1 9'
K örös c u lture
%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 0
1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7 ' 18
1 9
'
b ) A lfö ld L inear Pot tery c u l ture
% 3 0 . . .. . ... . .
•
2 0-
-
1 0 -
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 '1 0
1
. . . . . . . . 1 2 1 3
1 4
I
1 5
1 . 1 6 1 7
c ) Transdanubian L inear Pot tery c u lture
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 5
1 8
1 9
I
%o f s i tes 4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
8
9
1 0
1
1 2
1 3
1 4
I
1 5 '1 6
I
1 7
I
1 8 '1 9
I
d ) Ear ly ALP
5 0 -
40
3 0 -
2 0-
1 0 4 , . « •• •• • •/
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
v7 )1 1 ,f1 2
1 3
9 ' 16 ' 17'18 ' 1
1 4
I
e ) Midd le ALP
5 0 1
4 0-
3 0-
2 0 -
1 0-
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
f ) L a te ALP
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 6
1 7 '1 8 '1 9 '
%o f s i tes 5 0 -
4 0-
3 0 -
1 . •
•• • ••... . .
2 0-
1 0 -
2
'4 ' 5 ' 6 ' 7
8
9
8
9
1
1 0
'
1
I
1 2
1 3
1 4
1
1 5
1
1 6
1
1 7
1
1 8
1
1 9
1
h ) Ear ly TLP
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
2
3
I
5
I
6
I
7
r
7- --.
1 0
1
1 2
1 3
1 0
1
1 2
1 3
r- 1 t t 1 4 1 5 1 6 H7
1 8
- .1 1 9
i ) Midd le TLP
4 0-
3 0 -
2 0-
1 0 -
2
7
5 ,6
7
8
9
1 4' 1 5'
j ) La te TLP
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 7
1 6
i 7
r— r i 1 8
1 9
%o f s i tes 4 0 -
3 0 -
2 0-
1 0 -
2
5
3
6
7
8
9
7
8
9
7
8
9
1 0
1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 3
1 4
1 5'16
k ) L a te AVK
5 0-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0 -
1 0-
1
4
2
5
6
I
1 0' 1 ' 12
1 ) T iszadob
5 0 -
4 0
3 0 -
2 0-
2
3
5
6
11 0
1
1 2
i n) E szta 'r
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 8
1
%o f s i tes 4 0 '
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
o
i
2
3
a '5
6
7
8
9
7
8
9
1
1 0
1
I
I
1 2
1 3
1 4
.
1 5
r
1 6
1
n ) S zi l meg
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
1
2
3
u
1 0
1
1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 1 5
—
1 6
o ) B t ikk
6 0 -
4 0 -
3 0-
2 0
-
1 0-
'2
3
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
i
1
1 2
1 : 3
r
1 4 /1 5 '1 6
p ) S zaka lhä t
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 9
1
Table 6 .
Percen tage p o in t d ifference b etween e xpected a nd o bserved d istr ibut i ons o f s et t le men ts i n r e la t ion t o v ege ta t ion ALP
Körds c u l ture Expected Observed Vege ta t ion 1
Observed
Observed
Ppd 1 4.51
2
8 .04
3
1 1.95
4
0 .22
5
TLP
Ppd
3 .06
Ppd
5 .45
3 .77
4 .16
8 .49
1 6.79
-4 .84
8 .84
1 .42
1 .41
2 .29
- 0 .88
5 .45
-4 .04
6
5 .30
1 7.56
12.26
1 6.10
10.80
7
1 .22
0 .76
8
2 3.34
5 8.78
35.44
4 3.63
20.29
9 1 0
0 .05 2 .42
0 .76
0 .47
0 .47 -4 .49
4 .25
- 1 .83
1 5.57
13.72
0 .47
- 0 .01 - 9 .27
1 .30
1 .85
1 2
0 .46
1 3
1 9.50
9 .87
2 8.77
1 4
3 .21
1 .30
0 .47
1 5
0 .98
0 .78
1 6
0 .11
0 .26
1 7
1 .41
1 8
2 .88
7 .55
1 9
0 .84
0 .47
0 .27
2 1
0 .03
2 .86
Tota l Ppd
-0 .25
2 7.83
1 1
2 0
- 0 .45
- 2 .40
- 0 .15
5 3.42
3 7.68
-4 .67
3 4.69
Ppd = Percen tage p o in t d iference ALP Early
Middle
Observed Vege ta t ion
Observed Ppd
1
6 .90
2
1 0.34
3
3 .45
La te Observed Ppd
-2 .30
Ppd
3 .18
5 .95
3 .17
3 .97
6 .35
9 .92
5
3 .45
-2 .04
8 .73
- 7 .32
3 .97
-2 .56
6
2 7.59
22.29
2 1.43
16.13
1 1.90
- 6 .60
8
3 1.03
- 7 .69
5 0.
26.66
4 5.24
21.90
1 0.34
- 7 .92
- 0 .33
3 .57
1 0
1 .59
1 2 1 3
0 .79 6 .90
0 .40
4 .76
1 4
-3 .11
1 1.51 1 .98
1 5
1 .19
- 0 .21
1 6
0 .40
- 0 .29
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. To ta l Pon pd 4 2.24 Downloaded behalf of 38.67.221.43 5 0.44
6 0
3 4.67
Table 6 ( con td.) TLP La te
Midd le
Ear ly Observed
Observed
Observed
Ppd
Vege ta t ion 1
1 4.28
2
4 2.86
Ppd
Ppd
2 .51 34.82
3
3 .17
6 .29
9 .52
0 .63
4 .76
4 8
1 .59
- 1 .37
2 3.90
- 0 .56
3 6.51
13.17
1 0
5 .03
-2 .61
3 .17
- 0 .75
1 1
1 8.87
17.02
1 9.05
17.20
1 2
0 .63
- 0 .17
3 1.45
11.95
2 0.64
- 1 .14
- 6 .55
1 .59
1 3
1 4.28
- 1 .48
2 8.58
- 9 .08
1 4
0 .63
1 8
9 .43
1 9
0 .63
Tota l Ppd
4 3.90
3 8.86
3 5.11
La te ALP La te AVK Observed
T iszadob
.
Observed
%
Ppd
9 ö
1
2 .47
8 .96
2
7 .41
8 .95
3
8 .64
5
7 .41
Ppd
Ppd
1 1.11 1 1.11
1 .49
- 0 .08
1 1.11
- 9 .70
2 2.22
16.92
4 1.67
18.33
6
1 2.35
- 7 .05
2 .99
8
3 7.04
13.70
4 0.30
16.96
12
6 .17
- 5 .71
4 .48
-4 .02
1 3
1 2.34
2 3.88
-4 .38
1 4
2 .47
1 .49
1 5
2 .47
- 1 .49
1 .49
- 0 .51
1 6
1 .23
- 1 .12
1 .49
- 1 .38
Tota l Ppd
%
- 0 .91
4 .48 -6 .
Esztdr Observed
3 5.07
2 .78
2 8.24
4 4.95
L a te ALP
% 1
Observed Ppd
1 4.29
%
Observed Ppd
Ppd
3 .85 1 0.71
5 .13
5
2 .56
1 9.51
- 7 .56
- 1 .15
3 .66
- 2 .25
1 5.85
15.55
5 9.76
36.42
6
3 5.71
30.41
5 .13
8
2 5.
- 1 .66
3 3.33
- 9 .99
1 0.26
- 9 .80
1 2 1 3
%
1 0.25
2 3
Sza kä lh
Bükk
S zil meg Observed
1 4.29
1 9.23
1 .22
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. 4 Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. 5 .13 - 1 .92 E-book, Oxford, UK: 1 BAR Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 5
3 .85
- 2 .87
1 6
1 .28
- 1 .17
Tota l Ppd
3 2.07
2 6.90
6 1.78
The c harac ter ist ic a ssoc ia t ions o n t he s outhern a nd n or thern s lopes o f at yp ica l l ow moun ta in a re s hown i n F ig . 5 , a nd t he f orest z ones o f s outhern s lopes o f d if feren t g rad ien ts a re s u m mar ised i n F ig . 6 . P ine woods i n Hungary a re p resu mab ly n ot i nd igenous, b u t were i n trod uced b y man a f ter a f foresta t ion . s pec ies .
The v egeta t ion o f Hungary i s v ery r ich i n
I ti nc ludes, d ue t o t he c oun try ' sp os it ion a nd c l i ma te , O cean ic ,
Med iterranean a nd Con t inen ta l e le men ts ( Pecs i a nd J ackucs, 1 971) .
T he
r ichness o f t he f l ora i s a lso d ue t o t he f act t ha t H ungary was n ever e n t ire ly c overed b y i ce a nd t hus many Tert iary a nd P le istocene s pec ies h ave s urv ived . S et t le men t D istr ibut ions a nd
Natura l ' Vegeta t ion
The d istr ibut ion o f s et t le men ts a ccord ing t o v ege ta t ion t ypes i s s hown o n Map 5 .
Percen tage v a lues f or t he K örös ALP a nd TLP s et t le men ts a ssoc ia-
t ed w ith e ach t ype a re g iven i n H istogra ms a , b , a nd c ( F ig . 7 ) .
H istogra ms
d , e , f , h , ia nd j ( F ig . 7 ) s how t he p ercen tage d istr ibut ions i n t he Ear ly , M idd le a nd L ate p hasesof t he ALP a nd TLP;
H istogra ms k , 1 , m, n , o , p
( F ig . 7 ) g ive t he p ercen tage f igures f or t he r eg iona l g roups o f t he L a te ALP. The most n ot iceab le f ea ture o f s et t le men t d istr ibut ion a ccord ing t o v eget a t ion t ype i s t he i mpor tance o f t he a zona l g a l lery f orest a ssoc ia t ion f or t he l oca t ion o f t he s ites, e spec ia l ly i n t he K örös a nd ALP c u ltures .
The ma jor ity
o f K örös s i tes ( 59% ) a nd a lso a l arge p ercen tage o f t he ALP s i tes ( 44% ) a re i n t he g a l lery f orest .
I th as b een p o in ted o u t p rev ious ly t ha t s o me o f t he a reas
wh ich a re n ow c harac ter ised b y s o lone tz v ege ta t ion wou ld h ave , p r ior t o t he r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers, c arr ied g a l lery f orests o r swa mp v ege ta t ion .
I ti s
a lso p oss ib le t ha t t he t ar tar- map le woods o n a lka l i s o i ls were g a l lery f orest a reas i n t he A t lan t ic .
I ft he s o lonetz v ege ta t ion a nd t artar- map le woods a re
a lso c oun ted a s g a l lery f orests, t he p ercen tage f igures a re 7 9 f or t he Kb 'rös c u lture a nd 6 5 f or t he ALP .
A s s o me a lka l i v ege ta t ion wou ld h ave b een p re-
s en t e ven b efore t he r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers, t he r ea l f igures f or g a l lery f or est o ccupa t ion a re p robab ly b e tween t he t wo e x tre me v a lues. T o s o me e x ten t , t he a t tract ion o f t he g a l lery f orest f or s et t le men t was t he a t tract ion o f t he r iver o r wa tercourse t o wh ich t h is a zona l e nv ironmen t was d ue .
Bu t b eyond t ha t t he g a l lery f orest a rea i t se lf h ad a n u mber o f
a dvan tages f or s et t le men t .
I n t he d ry f orest s teppe , where mo isture i s l im i-
t ing , t he swa mp e dges a nd g a l lery f orests were a reas w ith a dequa te s o i l mo isture .
The i mpor tance o f t hese a reas f or a gr icu lture w i l l b e d iscussed
l a ter i n g rea ter d e ta i l .
I n a dd it ion , swa mps, b ackswa mps a nd g a l lery f orests
c arr ied r ich w i ld f aunas, b irds a nd ma m ma ls .
T h ird ly , a lthough t he f orest
s teppe was n ot d evo id o f t rees, t he b est s upp ly o f b u i ld ing ma ter ia l a nd f ue l was t he g a l lery f orest .
T here i s g ood a rchaeo log ica l e v idence t o i nd icate t ha t
t he t rees o f t he g a l lery f orests were u t i l ised b y t he K örös a nd ALP p eop le . Macroscop ic a na lys is o f f oss i l wood r e ma ins f ro m t he K örös s i tes o f K opanc s a nd K o tacpar t Va i n t anya a nd t he L inear Pot tery a nd T isza s i te o f K isköre s howed s pec ies t yp ica l o f t he g a l lery f orests :
U l mus a nd Q uercus a t t he K örös
s i tes a nd Q uercus, U l mus a nd Frax inus a t K isköre ( Ho l lendoner , 1 933-34 ; 1 935) .
I n t h e TIT , w hthe er e and t he ma jo r itKörös y o f h e Pottery s i tesCultures i s i n t he f orest z one , t he imKosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of Early Middle Neolithic and t Linear In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. p o r t a n c e o f t h e g a l l e r y f o r e s t i s m u c h l e s s ( 2 8% ) . I n t h e L a t e TL P , h ow ever , Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 6 2
where a s l igh t s h if t t oward s teppe marg in o ccupa t ion h as b een o bserved , t here i s a lso a s l igh t i ncrease i n t he o ccupa t ion o f t he g a l lery f orest ( 37% ) . A r e la t ive ly l arge p ercen tage o f s et t lemen ts i n t he K örös c u lture ( 17% ) a nd i n s o me o ft he r eg iona l g roups o f t he L ate ALP a re f ound o n t he l oess s teppe w ith s hrub v ege ta t ion .
I ts hou ld b e p o in ted o ut , h owever , t ha t n one o f
t he s i tes i s i n t he midd le o ft he s teppe ;
a l l t he s et t le men ts a re l oca ted a t t he
e dge o ft he s teppe , n ex t t o t he f l oodp la in . A more a ccura te t erm f or t he d escr ip t ion o ft he ir l oca t ion wou ld b e t he e cotone z one b etween t he s teppe a nd g a l lery f orest . I n t he f orest z one , t he ma jor i ty o f s et t le men ts, b oth i n t he ALP a nd T U ?, i sf ound i n v ar ious o ak w ood a ssoc ia t ions. I n t he ALP, o n ly 1% o f t he s i tes a re i n t he b eech z one, a nd i n t he TLP s i tes a re a bsen t f ro m t h is z one a ltoge ther . I n t he B t ikk c u lture , t here i s as l igh t i ncrease i n t he o ccupa t ion o fb eech f orests, b ut t he p ercen tage f i gure i s s ti l l v ery sma l l ( 5% ) . The h ighest p ercen tage o f s et t le men ts i n t he o ak z one i s a ssoc ia ted w ith t he a c id iph i lous o ak f orest ( Quercetu m p e trae a nd c err is) : 1 0% i n t he ALP 2 9% i n t he TLP . The p ercen tage o f s et t le men ts i n c a lc iph i le o ak wood a ssociat i ons i s r e la t ive ly h igh i n t he TLP ( 16% ) a nd i n t he B t ikk c u lture ( 10% ) .
The
o ccupa t ion o f t he more mesoph i le h ornbeam-oak f orest i s more marked i n t he TLP ( 8% ) a nd i s v ery s l igh t i n t he ALP ( 1% ) . One i n terest ing p o in t a bout t he l a te g roups o f t he ALP ( w ith t he e xcep t ion o f L a te AVK a nd S zaka-l hä t g roups) i s t he i ncrease o f t he n u mber o f s e t t le men ts i n o akwoods o n s and .
Th is t o-
g ether w ith t he e x tens ion o f s et t le men t i nto t he b eech f orest z one s uggests a n i ncreased i n terest i n more marg ina l a reas. A s l igh t i ncrease i n t he n u mber o f s et t le men ts i n o akwoods o n s and i s a lso n o ticeable i nt he Ear ly p hase o f t he ALP a s c o mpared t o t he K örös c u lture . The p reference o f t he e ar ly a gr icu l tura l ists f or t he o ak wood a ssoc ia t ions i n t he f orest z one i s h ard ly s urpr ising .
Oak f orests o ccupy t he s unn ier s outhern
s lopes a nd a re f ound a t l ower e leva t ions . T hey h ave a much r icher u ndergrow th l ayer a nd c onsequen t ly a b e t ter s upp ly o f w i ld f ood f or man a nd f odder f or a n i ma ls.
They a re a lso f ound o n b et ter s oi ls t han t he b eechwoods i n Hungary.
I ti s p oss ib le t ha t i n t he s e lect ion o f t he o ak f orest a reas
c ons idera t ions s uch
a s s o i l t ype o r s ubso i l p ropert ies were t he d ec id ing f actors, b u t t he n ature o f t he v ege ta t ion c over wou ld n one the less h ave b een a n impor tan t f actor i n i n f lue nc ing b oth f ar m ing a nd g raz ing p ract ices.
The l i ke ly efect o f t he l oca l
v ege ta t ion o n t he e cono my w i l l b e d iscussed l a ter i n g rea ter d eta i l . Ch i -square t ests f or t he d istr ibut ions o f t he t hree c u ltures s uggest t ha t i ti s e x tre me ly u n l ike ly t ha t t he o bserved p a t terns wou ld b e d ue t o c hance a lone ; t he p robab i l ity o f c hance d istr ibut ion i n e i ther c u l ture i s l ess t han 0 .05% . Percen tage p o in t d if ferences b e tween t he e xpected a nd o bserved f i gures a re s hown i n Tab le 6 .
The v a lues f or t he K örös a nd TLP c u ltures a re
s im i lar t o t hose o bta ined b y t he z ona l a pproach . f igures a re g enera l ly h igher .
I n t he c ase o f t he ALP /t he
Vegeta t ion i n t he A t lan t ic Phase On t he n a tura l v ege ta t ion map o f Hungary a n a t te mpt i s made t o s how t he
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: Publishing, p lan t BAR c ov er o f1979, t hehttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. c oun try a s i t wou ld h ave l ooked h ad Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 3
n ot t he c learance o f t he
f orests, t i l l ing o f t he s o i l, c on tro l o f t he r ivers a nd r ec la ma t ion o f marshl ands o ccurred .
The a ssu mp t ion i s t ha t t he c l i ma t ic c on tro ls a re t hose o f
t oday . I n t he f o l low ing p ar t , t he v ege ta t ion i n t he A t lan t ic p hase i s d escr ibed , a nd a n a t te mp t i s made t o a ssess h ow f ar t he r ea l d istr ibut ion wou ld h ave d if fered f ro m t he t heore t ica l o ne t ha t i s s hown o n t he map . T he r econstruct ion o f t he A t lan t ic v ege ta t ion i s b ased c h ief ly o n t he e v id ence o f p o l len d iagra ms a nd t he a na lys is o f macroscop ic p lan t r e ma ins.
The
g eograph ica l l oca t ions where p o l len c ores were t aken i s s hown i n F ig . 8 . Po l len d iagra ms i n Hungary a re a s y e t f ew .
F ur ther more , wh i le c er ta in
r eg ions s uch a s t he Ba la ton a nd Ny irseg a re we l l r epresen ted , i n o thers p o l len d iagra ms a re l ack ing a ltoge ther .
T h is i s p ar t ly d ue t o t he b ad p reserva t ion
o f p o l len i n c er ta in s ed i men ts s uch a s s and a nd l oess.
Ano ther d isadvan tage
i s t ha t n one o f t he p o l len s equences h as a s y e t b een r ad iocarbon d a ted .
Th is
i n troduces s o me e le men t o f u ncerta in ty i n t he c ross d a t ing o f t he s equences . But i n s p i te o f t he s hor tco m ings, t he e v idence i s a dequate t o a l low a t en ta t ive r econstruct ion o f t he A t lan t ic v egeta t ion c over . The p o l len d iagra ms f ro m L ake Ba laton s how t ha t t he r eg ion a round t he l ake h ad a r e la t ive ly o pen m ixed o ak f orest c over ( Zö lyo m i , 1 953 ) .
The
d om inan t s pec ies were t he Q uercus, U l mus, T i l ia a nd Frax inus ( a ltoge ther 4 0% ) .
The p ercen tage o f C ory lus i n t he t ota l AP c oun t i s 1 5% .
I n t he s econd
h a lf o f t he A t lan t ic t he U l mus, T i l ia a nd Frax inus d ecrease , wh i le t he p erc en tage o f F agus a nd Carp inus p o l len b eg ins t o r ise .
K arst s teppe a nd k arst
f orest a ssoc ia t ions ( Bro metu m a nd Q uerceto-Cot inetu m) were a lso p resen t . I n t he Ny irseg r eg ion , a ccord ing t o t he p o l len d iagra ms, t he d om inan t a ssoc ia t ion was a lso t he mixed o ak f orest w i th Frax inus, T i l ia a nd U lmus. I n mo ister a reas, a lder was p redo m inan t .
C ory lus v a lues f l uctuate a nd
s how s evera l minor p eaks d ur ing t he p hase .
I n t he s econd h a lf o f t he A t lan t ic ,
t he p ercen tage o f t he mixed o ak f orest i ncreases t o 5 3 f ro m 2 2 -41 ( Cs ina-d y , 1 959) , b u t among t he i nd iv idua l t rees T i l ia a nd Frax inus s how a d ecrease . I n s o me o f t he d iagra ms,Fagus a nd Carp inus a re a lready p resen t i n t he f irst p hase ( Cs inädy , 1 969-60 ;
Borsy a nd Borsy , 1 955) , b u t i n g enera l t hey a ppear
o n ly i n t he s econd p hase .
I n a l l t he p o l len p rof i les, NAP v a lues ( as a p er-
c en tage o f t he t o ta l AP) a re r e la t ive ly h igh : 3 8% a t C saroda ( Csinädy , 1 959) ; 5 8-66% a t K okad i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he A t lan t ic ( Cs inädy , 1 959-60) ; 3 4-40 a t Döge ; 2 0-65% a t K iskä l lo ' ( Borsy a nd Borsy , 1 955) ; a nd 1 4-54 a t Bätor l ige t ( Cs inädy , 1 954) . a qua t ic p lan ts
S o me o f t he h igh v a lues f or NAP a re d ue t o t he i ncrease i n
a s b og f or ma t ion a cce lera ted .
A t Ö csa a nd Dunakesz i , t he A t lan t ic p hase i s a ga in c haracter ised b y t he d om inance o f t he mixed o ak f orest ( Jära l-Ko m löd i , 1 966) . a lder a re s im i lar ly h igh ( 48% a t Dunakeszi) .
The v a lues f or
C ory lus s hows t wo max i ma
d ur ing t he p hase . I l ex , Hedera a nd V it is a ppear f or t he f irst t ime i n H ungary . NAP v a lues f l uctua te b e tween 7 a nd 1 7% . T he p o l len d iagra m f ro m A lpär i nc ludes o n ly t he l ast p hase o f t he A t lan t ic ( Jära i-Ko m löd i, 1 966) .
M ixed f orests w ith Q uercus a nd U l mus a re d o minan t .
A lder i s a ga in s trong ly r epresen ted . p resen t .
V it is, Hedera a nd V iscu m a re a lso
T he AP c oun t i s 7 4% .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 4
F ig . 8 .
L oca tions o fp o l len p rof i les i n H ungary .
( On ly p rof i les wh ich c on ta in
t he A t lan t ic s equence a re i ncluded . ) 1 , L ake Ba la ton ;
2 , C saroda a nd C saroda-Ny irestö ;
Bä tor l ige t ; 4 , K okad ; 8 , Dunakeszi ;
5 , K iskä l lö ;
9 , Ö csa ;
1 0, A lpär ;
6 , N yiregyhi za-U jfeher tö ; 1 1, Tokär te ta .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 5
3 , Nyirbä tor7 , D ee ;
The swamp a t T okär te a i s i n t he b eech z one t oday .
T he p o l len d iagram
s hows t ha t t he d om inan t f orest h ere i n t he A t lan t ic was t he mixed o ak w i th Q uercus, C ory lus a nd U l mus. s en t .
( Jära i-Ko m löd i, 1 971. ) Beech was a lso p re-
I n s p ite o f t he c losed n a ture o f t he f orest ( AP :
6 0-90% ) ,po l lens o f
h e l ioph i lous s pec ies t yp ica l o f as teppe v egeta t ion ( Ar te m is ia , He l ian the mu m , Ephedra ,etc . )a re a lso p resen t .
Accord ing t o J ära i-Ko m löd i , they r epresen t
r ock g rass a ssoc ia t ions wh ich must h ave b een p resen t o n t he s lopes b y t he H ernäd a nd t he s teppes o f t he Hegya l ja . T okär te to " was a sma l l S phagnu m b og d ur ing t he A t lan t ic . F oss i l wood r e ma ins f ro m N eo l ith ic s i tes i n t he A lfö ld h ave b een i den t if ied a s Q uercus ( most ly 2 . r obur b ut a lso s o me
2 .
c err is) , U l mus, Frax inus,
Acer , S a l ix , Betu la a nd C ory lus (Z ö lyo m i, 1 958 ) .
A t Bekas megyer , n ear
Budapest , Q uercus h as b een f ound i n t he Neo l ith ic l ayer ( Ho l lendoner , 1 935) , a nd i n t he H i l lebrand c ave i n t he B i l l& moun ta ins, Q uercus, Frax inus a nd Popu lus h ave b een i den t if ied a lso f ro m t he Neo l ith ic d epos i t ( S t ieber , 1 956) . On t he b as is o fp o l len d iagrams a nd macroscop ic i den t if ica t ions, ( Zö lyo mi , ( 1958) h as a t te mpted t o r econstruct t he A t lan t ic v egeta t ion o f t he N or thern H ungar ian Moun ta ins a nd t he A lfö ld . T he r econstruct ion i s s hown i n F ig . 9 . The c ross s ect ion g ives t he c haracter ist ic a ssoc ia t ions o f s evera l microenv ir on men ts : n or thern a nd s ou thern s lopes, f oo th i l ls , l oess s teppe , s anddune a nd f l oodp la in . F or c o mpar ison , t he c ross s ect ions o f t he p reced ing ( Borea l) a nd s ubsequen t ( Subborea l) p er iods a re a lso i nc luded . The r econstruct ion o ft he v egeta t ion o f t he f orest z one i s r e la t ive ly s ecure . The v ege ta t ion c over h ere was n o t g rea t ly d if feren t f ro m t ha t s hown o n t he Na tura l V egeta tion Map . M ixed o ak f orests w i th H edera a nd I l ex i n p laces p redo m ina ted . K arst s teppe a nd f orest a ssoc ia t ions were c haracter ist ic o f r ocky s lopes .
T he ma in d if ference s ee ms t o h ave b een t he r estr icted r o le
t ha t Carp inus a nd Fagus p layed i n t hese a ssoc ia t ions .
M ixed o ak f orests p rob-
a b ly e x tended b eyond t he ir p resen t d ay l im it o f 5 00-600 m ,a nd t he o ccurrence o f t he h ornbea m a nd b eech was r a ther s porad ic . There i s l i t t le d oubt t ha t f l oodp la in a nd a lder c arr a ssoc ia t ions were a lso w idespread d ur ing t he A t lan t ic .
O n t he h igher f l oodp la in , i n t he o ak-e l m-ash
f orest g rove V i t is s i lvestr is was a lready p resen t . A l though t here i s n o d irect p o l len e v idence f or t he p resence o f a lka l i v ege ta t ion i n t he A t lan t ic , t he ir e xi s tence , t hough l im ited , i s a ssu med o n o ther g rounds ( So mogy i , 1 965) . On s and , t he s uccess ion , a t l east i n p laces, r eached t he s tage o f C onva ll ar io-Querce tu m r obor is a ssoc ia t ion . Haze l was a bundan t i n t he s hrub l ayer ( Jara i-Ko m löd i, 1 966) . The a ppearance o f s and d unes i n t he A lfö ld i s d a ted t o t he Preborea l ( Zö lyo m i, 1 958 ) . T he e co log ica l s ta tus o ft he l oess a reas o f t he A lfö ld h as b een t he s ub ject o f l ong d eba te among e co log ists ( Soö , 1 931 ;
1 959) .
Accord ing t o t he p resen t
c onsensus o f o p in ion , t he A lfö ld was a f orest -steppe i n terspersed w i th t ree less meadows o n t he l oess u p lands d ur ing t he A t lan t ic p hase ( Jära i-Ko m löd i , 1 966) . P o l len d iagra ms s how t he e x istence o fv ery e x tens ive s teppe v egeta t ion i n t he p reced ing Borea l p hase ; t he p ercen tage o f n onarborea l p o l len r eaches 9 0% i n t he Ba la ton d iagrams ( Zö lyo m i, 1 953) . Wh i le t he r a te o f c o lon isa t ion b y t rees Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. was n o d oubt g rea t ly a cce lera ted b y t he mo ister c l i ma te o f E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 6
t he A t lan t ic, p o l len
BS k
D fb lx l
Borea l p hase V C fax O s /
C fa As /
A t lan t ic p hase V I-VI I C f
C fb x • cl i\
•
S ub-Borea l p hase V I I IIX h a iry a nd t urkey o ak S ub-A lp ine g rass land
c o ld-con t inen ta l s teppe
p ine ( P inus s i lvestris)
9
b irch ( Betu la )
p ubescens, c err is)
h ornbeam a nd b eech ( Carp inus, F agus)
a sh ( Frax inus) , warm-con t inen ta l s teppe
l ime ( Ti lia ) , e lm ( U l mus) p eduncu la te a nd
S ub- Med i terranean
s essi le o ak ( Quercus
k arst g rassland
r obur ,
F ig . 9 .
p e trae )
Vege ta tion a nd c l i ma te z ones i n t he N or thern Moun ta ins a nd t he A lfö ld ( af ter Z ö lyo m i , 1 958 ) .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 7
d iagrams d o n o t s uggest t he e x istence o fd ense f orests i nt he A l fö ld a t t h is t ime. Po l len p rof iles f ro m t he marg ins o ft he A lfö ld u sua l ly i nclude p o l lens o ft yp ica l s teppe v ege ta t ion , s uch a s A rte m isia , G ram ineae , C henopod iaceae. Ev idence f rom o ther d iscip l ines a lso s uggests t he e x is tence o f ar ela t ive ly o pen f orest s teppe v ege ta t ion ,a t l east i n p ar ts o f t he A l fö ld . r eady b een men t ioned.
The f auna l e v idence h as a l-
S o i l s tud ies, d iscussed l a ter , wou ld t end t o s uppor t
t he s ame v iew. I n c on trast t o P o land , where a ccord ing t o K ruk ( 1971 ) t he l oess a reas c arr ied c losed f orest v ege ta t ion , o r t he western p art o f Hungary where t he l oess was a lso w e l l wooded , t he A l fö ld i sb est c harac terised a s a mosa ic o f f orest-steppe a nd f loodp la in a nd marsh f orest v ege ta t ion . An a dd it iona l f actor i n s low ing d own t he r eforesta t ion o f t he A l fö ld was t he a ppearance o f a gr icu l tura l man . Wh ile man 's i n f luence a t t h is t ime was s t il l r e la t ive ly sma l l , t he i mpact o f h is a ct iv i t ies may h ave b een more p ronounced i n a n e co log ica l ly t ransi t iona l a rea , s uch a s t he f orest -steppe o f t he A l fö ld. L oiek ( 1967 ) a t tr ibu tes a s im ilar r o le t o man i nt he d r ies t l ow-ly ing a reas o f C zechoslovak ia . He s ugges ts t ha t t he c hernoze m s teppe i nt hese a reas c anno t b e r egarded a s ar esu l t o f d eforest a t ion c aused b y h u man i n terference ;
man 's i n f luence was more i nt he n a ture
o f p ro tec t ing a lready e x ist ing f orest-steppe e nclaves f ro m t he i nvas ion o ft he f orest . Most o f t he p o l len d iagra ms i n Hungary s how s o me e v idence o f t he p resence o f man . P o l lens o f c u l t iva ted c erea ls a ppea r f or t he f i rst t ime , t hough t hey a re s t i l l sma l l i n q uan t ity. Weeds o f c u l t iva t ion a re a lso p resen t i n s o me o f t he d iagrams : P lan tago l ance lo ta , P l. ma jor-med ia , Po lygonum a v ic t ip ., a nd Ru mex a t A lpär ; P o lygonu m a vic t ip . a t ö csa a nd Dunakeszi ( Jarai-Ko m lödi , 1 966) . I ti s p ossib le t ha t t he i ncrease o f B etu la a nd l a ter o f p ine p ol len t og ether w i th t he i ncrease o f P teridiophy ta s pecies i n s o me o ft he Nyirseg d iag ra ms ( Csinädy , 1 954 , 1 959 ) may h ave b een a t l east i n p ar t d ue t o t he a ctivit i es o f man . The A t lan t ic was a lso t he p er iod when t he imm igra t ion o f Med it erranean s pec ies r eached i t s max i mu m i n Hungary ( Zölyo m i , 1 958 ). A l though c l i ma t ic ,f ac tors w ere ma in ly r esponsible , i ti s n o t u n l ike ly t ha t man 's a gency p robably p ar t ly u n in ten t iona l ly , a lso p layed a p ar t i n t he d ispersa l o f c erta in w ild s pec ies b eyond t he Med iterranean . C .
HYDROGRAPHY
Hungary b elongs t o t he d ra inage a rea o ft he Danube. The Danube i s t he l argest r iver i nC en tra l Europe w ith a c a tch men t a rea e x tend ing o ver 9 c ount r ies. The s econd l argest r iver i n Hungary i s t he T isza , wh ich h av ing r un most o f i t s c ourse i nt h is c oun try , jo ins t he Danube a tT i te l , Yugoslav ia . The Danube a nd i t s t r ibu tar ies The Danube e n ters Hungary i nt he n or thwest a nd ma in ta ins a n e asterly c ourse t i l l i tr eaches Väc. A round V ac , t he r iver t urns t o t he s ou th a nd f l ows i n as ou ther ly d irec t ion t i l l i tl eaves t he c oun try b e low Mohg cs.
When t he
Danube e n ters Hungary3i th as n o we l l d ef ined v a l ley ; i tf l ows i n ab ra ided p a t tern a cross i t s a l luv ia l f an , t he L i t tle P la in .
F rom K omä ro m t he Danube
h as a s ing le c hanne l a nd a w e l l d ef ined t erraced v a l ley . Be tween Budapest a nd Mohacs t he v a l ley b eco mes much w ider ; i n t he e ast i ti sb ordered b y a n e ar l ier a l luv ia l f an o ft he Danube , t he Danube-Tisza I n terf luve ,and i nt he west Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. t oward t he Mezö fö ld p la in b y f au l t-con tro l led a nd s teep ly E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 8
u ndercu t b lu f fs
( Pecs i , 1 959 ). The Danube c an b e d escr ibed a s ag raded r iver , a l though t here a re s ome s ec t ions where a ggrada t ion a nd a ga in o thers where d egrada t ion i s d om inan t . The d ischarge o ft he Danube i n Hungary i s d e ter m ined b y t he f l ow o f t he U pper Danube , wh ich i s l arge ly d ependen t o nt he d ischarge o f i t s r igh t b ank t r ibu tar ies f ro m t he A lps. The a nnua l p rec ip ita t ion o ver t he c a tch men t a reas o f t hese A lp ine r ivers i s v ery h igh : 1 200-2000 m m ( Pecs i a nd Särfa lv i , 1 964 ). The l argest v o lu me o f wa ter i s c on tr ibu ted b y t he I nn . Depend ing o n t he f luctuat i on o fA lp ine p rec ip ita t ion , t he t ime a nd i n tens i ty o f s nowme l t i n t he moun ta ins , t he Danube i n Hungary h as t wo r egu lar f l oods e ach y ear : o ne i n e ar ly s pr ing , t he o ther i n e ar ly s u m mer. The e ar ly s pr ing f l ood o f Apr il o r May i s d ue t o t he mel t ing o f t he s now i n t he u pper r eaches o f t he r iver a nd i t s t r ibu tar ies.
The v ehe mence o f t he
e ar l ier f l ood i s u sua l ly l ess t han t ha t o ft he l a ter s u m mer f l ood , e ven t hough t he wa ter r ecedes o n ly s low ly a s t here i s c onstan t r echarge f rom t he mel t ing s now .
The i ce o n t he Hungar ian s ect ion o f t he Danube i s u sua l ly b roken u p b y
t he s pr ing f l ood. The e ar ly s u mmer o r' green f l ood ' i s d ue t o t he l a te s pr ing o r e ar ly s u m mer p rec ip i ta t ion max i mu m i n t he c a tch men t a rea o ft he Upper Danube.
I n a dd i t ion ,
t he mel t ing o ft he s now i nt he h igher A lp ine g lac iers a lso s tar ts a t t h is t ime a nd c on tr ibu tes t o s o me e x ten t t o t he d ischarge o f t he r ivers. The Danube r eaches i t s h ighest wa ter l eve l i n Hungary i n J une.
The max i mum d ischarge
a t Budapest i s 1 0 0 00 c ub ic m/sec a nd t he m in i mu m i s 6 00 ( Pecs i a nd S ärfa lv i , 1 964 ). The d iference b e tween t he h ighest a nd l owest l eve ls c an b e a s much a s 8 m.
The Danube i s l owest t owards t he e nd o ft he s ummer a nd i n e arly
a u tumn . Win ter l evels a re a lso r e la t ive ly l ow. The r igh tb ank t r ibu tar ies o ft he Danube i n Hungary a re t he La jta , Raba , Repce a nd t he Marca l i nt he L it t le P la in a nd t he S ärv iz i nt he Mezt l fö ld . Bef ore t he Serv iz j o ins t he Danube i tt akes u p t he wa ters o f t he S id a nd t he Kapos. A l lt hese r ivers a re c haracter ised b y r e la t ive ly sma l l d ischarge.
The o n ly
r igh tb ank t r ibu tary o f a pprec iable d ischarge i s t he Drdva , wh ich j o ins t he Danube i n Yugoslav ia . The Dräva h as 3 f l oods; i n a dd it ion t o t he e ar ly s pr ing a nd e ar ly s um mer f loods , wh ich a re a lso c haracter ist ic o f t he o ther t r ibut ar ies , t here i s a lso a t h ird f l ood i n e ar ly a u tumn
d ue t o as econd max i mu m
o f p rec ip i ta t ion o ver i t s c a tch men t a rea . The l ef t b ank t r ibu tar ies a re l ess s ign if ican t ; t heir d ischarge i s sma l ler. The l argest r iver i s t he I po ly , wh ich emp t ies i n to t he Danube a t t he b order w ith C zechoslovak ia . The T isza a nd i t s t r ibu tar ies The T isza i s a lso a r iver a t g rade , t ha t i s e ros ion a nd d epos i t ion a re i n b a lance. The c ourse o ft he T isza t hrough t he Grea t Hüngar ian P la in i s a meander ing o ne ; t he c hanne l i s a cco mpan ied b y c u tof fs, c u tof f l akes o r o xbows a nd s i l ted u p f ens. The s ect ion o ft he r iver b e tween t he Ro man ian b order a nd t he mou th o f t he Bodrog i s u sua l ly r eferred t o a s t he Upper T isza R iver ine. I tc ons ists o f t wo marg ina l s ubs ided b as in s : t he S za t md r-Bereg p la in a nd t he BodrogközKosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. R e ; tköz . BARF ro m T oka j t o t he c on f luence w i th t he K t irds t he E-book, Oxford, UK: Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 9
f loodp la ins o f t he
T isza a nd i t s t r ibu tar ies f or m t he Midd le T isza R iver ine.
The L ower T isza
R iver ine i s t he l owest l y ing s urface i n t he Grea t P la in ; t he e leva t ion o ft h is a rea d oes n o t e xceed 7 8-80 m m a .s.l . ( Pecs i , S o mogy i a nd J akucs , 1 971). The v a l ley o f t he l ower T isza i s at rough-l ike d epression , wh ich i s b ordered b y s harp b luf fs.
I n t he s ou th , an arrow f l ood-free t errace s tr ip f o l lows t he
western marg in o ft he f loodp la in . The T isza a lso h as t wo f l oods : o ne i n e ar ly s pr ing , t he o ther e ar ly s u mmer. The e ar ly s u m mer f lood , a s o n t he Danube , i s h igher a nd more v ehe men t . The e arly s pr ing f l ood i s d ue t o t he me l t ing o f t he s now i n t he Carpa th ian a nd Trans ilvan ian moun ta ins.
The f lood ing o f t he t r ibu tar ies, wh ich o ccurs a t t he
s ame t ime , c on tr ibu tes t o t he i ncrease i n t he d ischarge o f t he T isza .
The
e ar ly s pr ing f l oods o f t he Danube a nd t he T isza a lso f requen t ly c o inc ide.
A s
t he T isza c anno t d ischarge i n to t he Danube , d isastrous f loods o ccur f ur ther u pstream.
The i ce o n t he T isza u sua l ly d isappears b efore t he e ar ly f l ood
a rr ives. The e ar ly s u m mer f lood i s d ue t o t he l a te S pr ing-ear ly s u m mer p recip it a t ion max i mu m o ver t he c a tch men t a rea o ft he T isza .
The f l oods o f t he T isza
a nd i t s t r ibu tar ies g enera l ly c o inc ide b u t p recede t he e ar ly s u mmer f l ood o n t he Danube. The h ighest s tage i s u sua l ly r eached b y t he e nd o f May .
The
max i mu m d ischa rge a t S zolnok i s 38 00 c ub ic m/sec a nd t he m in i mu m i s 7 2 ( P4cs i a nd S o mogy i , 1 971). I ti s c harac ter ist ic o f t he e x tre me r eg i me o ft he T isza t ha t t he f luctua t ion i n wa ter l eve l i s 3t o 4 me ters g rea ter t han i ti s o n t he Danube.
East o f Toka j t he T isza u sua l ly h a s at h ird f lood d ue t o as econd
max i mu m i n p rec ip ita t ion i n O ctober. The r igh t b ank t r ibu tar ies o f t he T isza i n Hungary a re t he Bodrog , S a jp , Eger a nd Z agyva .
The most impor tan t i s t he Bodrog , wh ich i s t he u n ion o f
f ive sma l ler r ivers. Körös a nd Maro
The l ef tb ank t r ibu tar ies a re t he K raszna , S za mos ,
The Maros i s t he l argest , b u t o n ly a s hor t s ect ion o f i t
f lows t hrough Hungary .
The K örös , a f ter wh ich t he l a irds c u l ture was n amed ,
c arr ies t he wa ters o f f ive sma l ler r ivers i n to t he T isza .
L ike t he T isza , i t
i s ag raded r iver ; i th as a meander ing c ourse a nd h as of ten c hanged i t s b ed . The d ra inage n etwork o f Hungary o n t he who le i s n o t v ery d ense.
Cer ta in
a reas , s uch a s t he s and d une a reas o f t he Grea t P la in , h ave i nsuf f ic ien t d ra ina ge.
I n Transdanub ia a nd i n t he Hungar ian moun ta ins, t here i s af air n u mber
o f sma l ler wa ter c ourses , b u t many o f t hese a re i n ter m it ten t a nd d ry o u t d ur ing p er iods o f d rought . Lakes a nd marshes The l argest l ake i n Hungary i s L ake Ba la ton . The g raben d epress ion t he l ake o ccup ies i s r e la t ive ly y oung ; i t was f or med a t t he e nd o f t he P le istocene ( P ks i a nd S o mogy i , 1 971).
The n or thern s hore i s n arrow a nd r ocky , wh ile
t he s hore l ine i n t he s ou th i s f or med b y aw ide f la t s andy b each. The wa ter s urface o f t he l ake i s a pprox i ma te ly 6 00 s q km. l eng th i s 7 7 km ;
i t s g rea test w id th 1 4 km.
The f l uctua t ion o ft he wa ter l eve l i s n o more t han 2 me ters; Apr il o r May a nd l owest i n O ctober o r N ove mber . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 0
I t s g rea test
The a verage d ep th i s 3 -4 me tres. i ti s h ighest i n
The Ba la ton i s t oo sma l l t o afect t he c l i ma te o f more t han i t s im med ia te e nv ironmen t.
The i n f luence i s most n o t iceable o n t he s ou thern s lopes o f t he
n or th s hore , where t he r ef lect ion o f s unsh ine f ro m t he wa ter i ncreases i nso lat ion . The t h ird l argest l ake i s Lake V elence ; t he s econd l argest i s L ake F er td , b u t most o f t he l ake l i es o u tside H ungary. 2 6 s q k in.
The s urface o f L ake V e lence i s o n ly — Before d ra inage , h owever , t he l ake a lso i ncluded e x tensive
marshes t o t he s ou thwest . Bes ide t he t hree l arger l akes t here a re s evera l sma l ler o nes i n Hungary. A ccord ing t o t he c adaster o f t he S c ien t if ic Research I nst itu te f or Wa ter Conserv a t ion , t he c oun try h as a bou t 1 20 0 s tand ing wa ters h av ing a s urface g rea ter t han 0 .5 h ectare ( Pdcs i a nd S o mogy i , 19 71). Before t he r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers a nd t he d ra inage works o f t he l ast c ent ury , t here were s everal e x ten sive marshes i n p oor ly d ra ined a reas.
The
l argest o nes were t he Ecsed Swa mp a nd t he Bodrogköz i n t he Upper T isza R iver ine ; t he Sma l l—and Grea t S ärrd t b e tween t he Beret tyd a nd t he t hree K drds r ivers ; t he l üsba la ton b y t he r iver Z a la ; a nd t he Hansgg i n t he L it t le A lfd ld. These marshes o nce s uppor ted r ich w ild l ife. p laces f or m igra t ing b irds
They a lso s erved a s r est ing
s ince Hungary l i es a long t he r ou te o f t he a nnua l
s pr ing a nd a u tu mn m igra t ion o f n or thern a nd e ast European b irds ( Pecs i a nd S o mogy i , 19 71 ). Ground Wa ter O f t he s ubterranean wa ters o n ly g round wa ter i s men t ioned h ere.
As a
r u le , t he d ep th o f t he g round wa ter t able i n l oess a reas c orresponds t o t he t h ickness o f t he l oess l ayer. 6t o 1 2 me ters o r e ven more.
I n t he Grea t P la in o r i n t he MezdfU ld ,it c an b e I n a reas o f a eo l ian s and a nd i n r iver v a l leys ,
t he g round wa ter table i s u sua l ly f ound b etween 2 t o 5 metres. f l oodpla ins i ti s u sua l ly e ven n earer t he s urface.
I n l ower l y ing
The f luctua t ion i n t he l eve l
o f t he g round wa ter t able i s u sua l ly sma l l u nder t he l oess u p lands ( 1-1.5 m ) a nd l arge n ear t he r ivers ( 6-7 m ) ( R6na i, 19 61). I n t he Grea t P la in , where t he g round wa ter moves mostly i n f ine g ra ined c a lcareous s ed i men ts, t he water i s h ard a nd u sua l ly c a lcareous. q uence , i ti s h ard ly s u i table f or d r ink ing.
I n c onse-
Because o f t he l arge amoun t o f
s o luble s a l ts i n i t , t he g round wa ter h as b een a n impor tan t a gen t i n t he f or mat ion o f a lka l i s o i ls o ver l arge a reas i n t he A lfd ld ( Szabo lcs, 19 61). The r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers a nd d ra in ing o ft he marshes i n t he l ast c en tury h ad t he e ffect o f l ower ing t he g round wa ter t able o ver l arge a reas.
Accord ing
t o s o i l i nvest iga t ions i n t he A lfö ld , t he d rop i nt he wa ter t able was 0 .4-1.5 m i nt he S grre t , 0 .5-0.8 m i n t he Hor tobägy , 0 .1-1 m a round S zeged a nd 0 .30 .5 min t he K iskunsig ( So mogy i , 1 965 ).
The magn itude o f t he c hange i s n o t
v ery g rea t , b u t i th ad impor tan t c onsequences f or s o il f or ma tion . S e t t le men t D istr ibu t ions i n Rela t ion t o R ivers a nd L akes Wa ter h as t rad it iona l ly b een a n importan t f actor i n s e t t le men t l oca t ion ; emp ir ica l d a ta c o l lected b y Ch isho lm ( 1968 ) s uggest t ha t n earness t o wa ter Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 1
Area i nunda ted a t t imes o f f l ood
Area i nunda ted f or most o f t he y ear
S e t t le men t D istr ibu tion a nd Hydrography Pr ior t o R iver C on tro l
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 2
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
u sua l ly o verr ides o ther c ons idera t ions i nt he p lacemen t o f s e t t lemen ts. R ivers a nd l akes i n a dd i t ion t o s upp ly ing wa ter f or man a nd b east a re a lso i mpor tan t a s f ood r esources a nd means o ft ranspor t a nd c ommun ica t ion . B ef ore t he i nven t ion o ft he w hee l t he a t trac t ion o ft he r iver r ou te was n o d oubt e ver,g rea ter. To e st i ma te t he i mpor tance o f r ivers a nd l akes i nt he l oca t ion o ft he l a irds a nd L inear Pot tery s i tes , t he a verage d is tance t o t he n eares t r iver o r l ake was c a lcu la ted f or e ach c u l ture , a nd t he r esu l ts w ere c ompared w i th t he mean d ist ance c a lcu la ted f or Hungary a s a who le. The mean f or e ach c u l ture was c a lc u la ted b y measur ing t he d istance o f e ach s i te t o t he n earest r iver o r l ake a nd t hen b y t o ta l l ing a nd d iv id ing t he r esu l ts b y t he n umber o f s i tes. To c a lc u la te t he mean v a lue f or Hungary , t he who le c oun try was d iv ided i n to 5 km s quares , a nd t he d is tance f rom t he c en tre o f e ach s quare was t hen measured t o t he n eares t r iver o r l ake . The r esu l ts t hus o b ta ined were t o ta l led a nd d iv ided b y t he n umber o f s quares. I fn earness t o r ivers was a n impor tan t f actor i nt he s e lect ion o f s i tes, t he means f or t he t hree c u ltures wou ld b e e xp ected t o d i f fer s ign if ican t ly f rom t he mean o bta ined f or t he w ho le o f Hungary . To t est w he ther t he d iference b e tween t he means c ou ld b e d ue t o c hance t t es ts were p erformed. The mean v a lues f or t he t hree c u l tures a re a s f o l lows : 0 .83 km i nt he K dr t is c u l ture ; 0. 97 km i nt he ALP ; a nd 1 .22 i nt he TLP. The mean v a lue f or Hungary i s 2 .32 km. t tests s how t ha t t he d if ference b etween t he means o ft he t hree c u l tures a nd t he mean f or Hungary i s h igh ly s ign i f ican t ; i ti s e xt reme ly u n l ike ly t ha t t he l oca t ion o ft he s et t lemen ts n ear r ivers a nd l akes c ou ld b e t he r esu l t o f c hance d istr ibu t ion . A l though t he mean v a lues c a lcu la ted f or t he t hree c u l tures s how t ha t t he s e t t le men ts were l oca ted n ear r ivers , t he f i gures a re r e la t ive ly h igh a nd g ive a n o veres t i ma t ion o f t he r ea l d istances i nvo lved .
Th is i s d ue t ot he f act t ha t ,
f or p rac t ica l p urposes , t he measuremen ts were t aken o n ar e la t ive ly sma l l s ca le ( 1 :1 0 00 0 00 ) map , f rom w h ich t he sma l ler r ivers h ad n a tura l ly b een om i t ted .
I f a sma l ler a rea i s e xam ined i ng rea ter d e ta il , t he c orrespondence
b etween s i te l oca t ion a nd r iver c ourses i s much c loser. K a l icz ( 1957 ) i nh is s urvey o f t he T iszazug r eg ion h as n oted t ha t t he K ört is s i tes a re , w i thou t e xcep t ion , f ound i mmed ia te ly b y t he r ivers. The s i tes f o l low t he c ourse o ft he r iver a long a n arrow s tr ip ; t he w id th o ft he s e t t lemen ts i s u sua l ly v ery smal l i n r e la t ion t o t he ir l eng th. I n c on trast , L inear P o t tery s i tes i nt he s ame a rea a re f ound b o th b y a nd a l i t t le f ur ther a way f rom t he r ivers , e ven i ft he d istance ( 1 50 m ) i s s t i l l v ery sma l l . Ad if feren t emphas is o n r esources o r ad i f ference i nt he f unc t ion o f t he s e t t le men ts c ou ld a ccoun t f or t he s l igh t s h if t i n s i te l oca t ion , a l though t he d egree o fd iference i s sma l l a nd s hou ld n o t p erhaps b e o veremphas ised . The r egu la t ion w orks o ft he l ast c en tury h ave s hor tened a nd c hanged many o ft he r iver c ourses; t he l eng th o ft he T isza , f or e xamp le , was c u t b y 3 8% ( Lä szl6fy , 1 969 ), a nd t he o ther r ivers , e spec ia l ly o nt he Grea t a nd L it t le p la ins , s uf fered a s im ilar f a te.
Because o ft he d ra st ic n a ture o ft he c hanges ,
t he d istances measured w ere t hose t o t he p re-regu la t ion r iver c ourses ( Map 6 ) . Krisztina. A s s e en o nEcology t heof m p , and t hMiddle e s e t t le m en t sLinear f o l l ow Cultures v eryIn Hungary. c lose ly t he o ld p reKosse, Settlement thea Early Neolithic Körös and Pottery E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 4
r egu la t ion c ourses.
Th is w ou ld s uggest t ha t t he modern d ra inage p a t tern , sma l l
d if ferences n o tw ithstand ing , was a lready i n e x istence i nt he A t lan t ic p er iod . S et t lemen t D istr ibu t ions a nd F loodp la ins I th as b een men t ioned t ha t most r ivers i n Hungary h ave t wo r egu lar f l oods e ach y ear. Be fore t he r egu la t ions , l arge p or t ions o ft he c oun try were i nundat ed b y t he f l oods : o ne m i l l ion h ectares a long t he Danube a nd o ver t wo m i l l ion a long t he T isza w ere t emporar ily o r p ermanen t ly u nder wa ter ( Pecs i a nd S o mogy i , 1 971 ).
Twoth irds o f t he G rea t a nd L i t t le P la in s w ere o ccup ied b y f l oodp la ins.
The d is tr ibu t ion o f t he s e t t le men ts i n r e la t ion t o t he f l oodp la in i s s hown o n Map 6 . To p rov ide a r e la t ive measure o ft he i mpor tance t ha t f l oodp la ins p layed i n s e t t lemen t l oca t ion , t he p ercen tage o f i nunda ted l and was c a lcu la ted a round e ach s et t lemen t w ith in a 5 km s quare a rea . The f i gures o b ta ined f or t he i nd iv idua l s i tes w ere t o ta l led a nd d iv ided b yt he n umber o f s e t t le men ts. A ccord ing t o t he c a lcu la t ions ‚ 70% o f t he l and i nt he i mmed ia te v ic in ity o ft he K ört is s i tes was i nunda ted e very y ear ; t he a verage f i gure i n t he ALP i s 5 6% ; a nd i nt he T LP 2 6% . The h igh p ropor t ion o f i nunda ted l and a round t he ALP a nd e spec ia l ly t he K örös s i tes s uggests a l arge d egree o f r e l iance o nt he r esources o ft he f l oodp la in , among w h ich wa ter i s p erhaps t he most v a luab le. I th as b een men t ioned i nt he s ect ion o n c l i ma te t ha t al arge p ercen tage o ft he ALP a nd a l l K i irds s i tes a re l oca ted i n a reas wh ich a re c l i ma t ical ly d ef ic ien t i n mo isture.
Wh ile r a in-
f a l l may h ave b een l im i ted i nt hese a reas , t he i mmed ia te e nv ironmen t o f t he s i tes s eems t o h ave b een f a ir ly r ich i n s urp lus wa ter d ur ing most o ft he y ear . I nadequa te r a in fa l l c ou ld b e s upp lemen ted i nt he f l oodp la in e i ther b y u t il is ing t he r eced ing f l oodwa ters o fe ar ly s pr ing a nd e ar ly s u m mer , o r b y u sing a t h igh wa ter s tage t he e leva ted g round wa ter t ab le n ear t he r ivers f or c rop p roduction . I n t he TLP , where mo isture i s f ar l ess l im i t ing , t he i mpor tance o ft he f l oodp la in i sa lso l ess; o n t he a verage o n ly a sma l l p ercen t o ft he l and i nt he i mmedia te v icin i ty o ft he s i tes i so ccup ied b y f l ood p la in e nvironmen t . The c o mp arab le f i gure i nt he ALP , a s we h ave s een , i st w ice a s much , a nd i nt he K eats c u l ture t hree t imes a s much . Wh i le f l oodwa ters c an b e b ene f ic ia l , t hey c an a lso b e d estruct ive t o s e t t lemen t a nd c rops. To u nderstand more f u l ly t he p o ten t ia l i t ies a nd l im i ta t ions o f t he f l oodp la in e nv ironmen t f or s e t t le men t i ti s n ecessary f i rst t o g ive ab r ief d escr ip t ion o ft he c harac ter ist ic f eatures o f t he f l oodp la in . F loodp la in morpho logy F loodp la ins a re c onstruct ions o f a l luv ia l r ivers. A l luv ia l r ivers a re t hose w ith b eds a nd b anks c o mposed o f s o l ids d epos i ted b y t he r iver , i n c on trast t o t hose w i th c hanne ls a cross s o l id b edrock . A l luv ia l r ivers o f ten c hange t he ir c ourses a nd , a tt imes , a bandon p rev iously u sed c ourses f or c o mp le te ly n ew o nes. A t f l ood s tage , t he a l luv ium i s d epos ited most r ap id ly a long t he i m med ia te s ides o f c hanne ls , w here t he d epos i ts f or m r idges , c a l led n a tura l l evees. ' The t wo mos t s ign if ican t p ar ts o ft he f l oodp la in a re t he n a tura l l evees , a long Kosse,m Krisztina. Ecology Early and Middle Körös Linear Cultures ost Settlement a l luv ia t ingof the c ha nn e ls , Neolithic a nd l o w and a re asPottery b e tw eenIn Hungary. t he m , E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on 1 967 ) .behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 5
b asins.'
( Russe l l,
Na tura l l evees :
L evees v ary i n d i mens ion .
The e leva t ion o ft he ir c rest
i s d e ter m ined b y f l oodstage i nt he a d jacen t c hanne l . The b anks f ac ing t he r iver a re r e la t ive ly s teep , b u t t he b ackslope o fw ide n a tura l l evees i s r e la t ive ly g en t le a nd f or ms ag radua l ly f l a t ten ing s urface t oward t he a d jacen tb as in . A s l evees r ise a bove t he r est o f t he f l oodp la in , t hey a re i nunda ted o n ly b yt he h ighest f l oods. When t he f l oodwa ters b eg in t o r ecede , t he l evees a re immed ia te ly l ef t d ry , w h ile t he l ow l y ing b as ins r e ma in u nder wa ter. I n Hungary s o me o f t he d ra in less b as ins c a rry wa ter a l l t hrough t he y ear ( Map 6 ) . When t he r iver i s i n f l ood t he c oarser a nd h eav ier l oad i s d epos i ted f i rst. Hence t he l evee d epos i ts a re i nvar iably c oarser t han t hose o f t he b as in s. The n a ture o ft he d epos it d epends o nt he l oad o ft he i nd iv idua l r iver. The d epos its o ft he T isza c ons is t o f m idd le t o f i ne g ra ined s ands a nd s i l ts. The Danube c arr ies a l o t o fg rave l when i te n ters Hungary ; mos t o ft he h eavy l oad i sd ep os ited i nt he L it t le P la in . Because l evees a re c oarser i nt ex ture t hey h ave g ood s ubsurface d ra inage . The g round wa ter l eve l i n t he l evees i s l ow d ur ing l ow wa ter s tage a nd r ises when t he l eve l o ft he r iver i s h igh ( Bur ingh , 1 957 ). There i s a lways a n a tura l s ubso il d ra inage o fg round wa ter i n t he l evees i n t he d irect ion o ft he b as in a th igh w ater—and t oward t he r iver a t l ow wa ter s tage. A s ac onsequence , e ven i n s a l ine o r a lka l ine a reas where t he g roundwa ter i s g enera l ly r ich i n d iss o lved s a l ts , t he g round wa ter u nder t he l evees i su sua l ly f resh a nd f ree o f s a l ts. Due t o t he p resence o f t he g round wa ter t ab le w i th in r each o f t rees a nd w oody p lan ts , l evees c an s uppor t t imber g row th e ven i n r e la t ive ly d ry a reas ( Bu tzer , 1 965 ). Basins o r b ack swamps : l ow a nd w e t .
I n c ompar ison w ith t he l evees , t he b as in s a re
I fc overed b y t rees , t hey a re c a l led s wamps a nd , i fb y g rass,
marshes. Th is d ist inct ion i s u sua l ly o ver looked , h owever , a nd a s ar u le t he r e la t ive ly f la t a reas b e tween n a tura l l evee s yste ms a re c o l lec t ively r egarded a s b ackswamps ( Russe l l , 1 967 ). The b as ins a ccumu la te l arge q uan t i t ies o f o rgan ic s ed i men tb ecause o ft he v igorous marsh o r s wamp g row th. A s ar es u l t , t hey u sua l ly b ecome b eds o fp ea t o r p ea ty c lay t ha t a re wa ter logged i n many c ases. These l ayers s om t i mes b ecome i mpregna ted b y s o l ids d er ived f rom s a l ts d isso lved i nb o th s urface a nd g round wa ter. The most f requen t t ree i nt he b ackswamp i st he a lder. S e t t le men t L ocat ion a nd F loodp la in Morpho logy I ti s q u i te c lear f rom t he s hor t d escr ip t ion o f l evee a nd b as in c haracteri s t ics t ha t l evees a nd r e la ted f ea tures ,such a s p o in t b ars a nd a l luv ia l t ongues , ofer n umerous a dvan tages f or s et t le men t i n t he f l oodp la in . Because t hey a re h igher t han t he s urround ing p la in , l evees a re r e la t ive ly s a fe f rom t he d anger o f f l oods. The ir b ackslopes p rov ide f avourable c ond i t ions f or s urface d ra inage ; w hen f l oods o ver top t he m , t he wa ter d ra ins of q u ick ly .
L evees a lso o f fer
s ome p ro tec t ion a ga inst c rop -k il l ing f rosts ‚ wh ich f requen t ly s et t le i n to l owl y ing a reas d ur ing t he w in ter ( MacAdams 1 965 ). C o mposed o f a l luv ia l d epos its, l evee s o i ls a re u sua l ly f er t i le a nd b ecause o ft he ir l i gh ter t ex tures a re a lso e as ier t o work .
They u sua l ly h ave g ood s ubsur face d ra inage a nd a t t he s ame g round w a ter
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. t ime -a reUK:a lBAR soPublishing, we l l 1979, s upp l ied w ith mo isture f rom t he f l uctua t ing E-book, Oxford, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 6
t ab le. f ree.
I n c on trast t o t he d epress ions, t he g round wa ter o f t he l evees i s s a l t F ina l ly , l evees h ave t he i mpor tan t a dvan tage o fb e ing n earest t o t he r iver.
I n v iew o f a l l t he a dvan tages t ha t l evees o ffer f or s e t t le men t , i ti s h ard ly s urpr is ing t ha t most o ft he K drds a nd a lso many o f t he ALP s ites, a t l east i n t he L ower a nd Midd le T isza r iver ines , a re i n f act f ound o n n a tura l l evees. N andr is ( 1970 ) h as o bserved t he a ssocia t ion o f t he K örds s i tes w ith ' i slands o f l ow wa ter t ab le '. I n most c ases, t hese i s lands a re f ormer l evees, a nd t he l ow wa ter b e low t he m i s u sua l ly a r ef lect ion o f s ur face t opography . I n t he s urr ound ing b as ins ,the g round wa ter t able i s a s ar u le n earer t he s urface. Descr ib ing t he l iv in g c ond i t ions o f a nc ien t t imes i n t he L ower Mesopo tam ian P la in , Bur ingh ( 1957 ) h as o bserved t ha t t here a re c erta in d if ferences b e tween a r id a nd h um id r eg ions i n t he l oca t ion o f s et t le men ts i n r iver p la ins. 'The a nc ien t s e t t le men ts i n r iver p la ins o f t he a r id r eg ions a re a l f or med i n o r a tt he b order o ft he r iver b as ins.
I n c on trad ict ion t o t h is, t hose i n t he h um id
r eg ions a re f or med o n t he r iver l evees.
I n h um id a reas u nder n a tura l c ond i-
t i ons ,the b as in s a lways a re t oo w et a nd t herefore u nsu itab le f or l iv ing a nd c u l t iva t ion .
I n a r id r eg ions, h owever, t he l evees a re u nsu itable f or c u l t iva-
t i on a s t hey a re t oo d ry t o g row c rops u nder n a tura l c ond it ions. Anc ien t v i ll ages a re f ound ma in ly i nt he b asins.
Th is i s a lso t he c ase i n t he Adana Del ta
o f Turkey '. Bur ingh 's e xamp le o f ah um id r eg ion i s Ho l land , where s uch a p a t tern o f l evee c rest o ccupa t ion h as f requen t ly b een o bserved i n t he r iver c lay a reas.
S et t le men ts i nt he a r id r eg ions a re s t i l l of ten f ound o n t he l evees
( MacAda ms , 1 965; Bu tzer , 1 965 ), b u t t he ir p osi t ion i n r e la t ion t o t he b asins i s d i f feren t; t hey a re u sua l ly n earer t he b as ins. Cond i t ions i n t he G rea t Hungar ian P la in a re s im ilar t o t hose f ound i n Holl and ; t he b asins a re u sua l ly t oo w e t , a nd s e t t le men ts p refer t he l evee t ops. There i s , h owever , a ni mpor tan t d iference b etween t he t wo c oun tr ies ;
i n Ho l-
l and f l oods o ccur most ly i n w in ter ( Ede lman , 1 950 ), wh ile i n Hungary t he t ime o fh igh wa ter s tage , v ary ing s o mewha t a ccord ing t o t he i nd iv idua l r iver , i s f rom e ar ly s pr ing t o e ar ly o r m id-sum mer.
Wh ile t he h igh wa ter s tage l asts,
t he e leva ted g round wa ter t able o ft he l evees , e i ther d irect ly o r t hrough t he c ap i l lary z one ,is w ith in r each o f t he r oo t z ones o f most p lan ts. Thus , q u ite i ndependen t ly o f r a in fa l l
as teady s upp ly o f mo isture i s a ssured f or t he c rops
f or a l im ited p er iod o ft ime.
The i nf luence o ft he t im ing a nd d ura t ion o f t he
f l oods o n c rop p o l icy a nd t he e f fec t o ft he r e la t ive s hor tage o f s u itable d ry l and o n a gr icu l ture i nt he f l oodp la in w il lb e d iscussed l a ter. The s et t lemen ts o f t he l a irds c u l ture a re f ound , a s men t ioned b efore , i n al ong n arrow s tr ip a long t he c rest o f t he l evees. The ALP s i tes , t hough a lso l oca ted o n l evees, s how g rea ter v ar ia t ion i n t he p os it ion ing o f t he s et t le men ts. I n s o me i ns tances, s i tes o ccur o n v ery s l ight e leva t ions , i n o thers , much n earer t o t he f l ooded d epress ion ( Ka l icz , 1 957 ; K orek , 1 961). Th is g rea ter d ivers ity i nt he l oca t ion o f t he ALP s i tes may h ave b een d ue t o ag rea ter d iff eren t ia t ion i nt he f unct ion o ft he s e t t lemen ts a l though t he e v idence i s a s y e t t oo s l ight t o warran t v ery d ef in ite c onclus ions. L evees, a l though n a tura l ly we l l p ro tec ted f ro m p ro longed i nunda t ions , a re , n onethe less , v u lnerab le t o f l oods. F lood d anger was a n e ver p resen t t hrea t t o t he K drds a nd ALP s i tes i n t he A l fd ld .
I n s o me c ases, t he f l ood may h ave
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: d BAR Publishing, 1979,e https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. b een i sa strous n ough t o l ead t o t he a bandonmen t o f Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 7
t he s et tle men t , a t l east
t e mporar i ly .
Th is s ee ms t o h ave b een t he c ase a t t he K örös s i tes o f
16dmezoväsärhe ly-Kopäncs-Zso ldos t anya , Devavänya-Rehe l i Gä t a nd a t t he l a ter N eo l ith ic s i te o f Höd mezöväsärhe ly-Kökenydomb.
A t t hese , a nd p rob-
a bly a t many o thers , t he s i te was a bandoned a f ter a l ayer o f i nunda t ion s i l t h ad b een d epos ited . When t he f lood was l ess v ehemen t, h owever , t he l evee p os i t ion ofered s o me p ro tect ion . E thnograph ica l e v idence f ro m t he A l fö ld s uggests t ha t t he u sua l wa t t le a nd d aub h ouse c ons truct ion was i n as ense a f orm o f a dap ta t ion t o w i thstand sma l ler f l oods w ithou t h av ing t o a bandon t he s i te ( Szekely , 1 961).
The f l ood washed a way t he d aub b u t u sua l ly l ef tt he
wooden f ramework more o r l ess i n tact . f rame was r ep lastered.
A f ter t he f l ood h ad r eceded , t he
I th as b een men t ioned , t ha t a l luv ia l r ivers o f ten c hange t he ir b eds. Bef ore t he r egu la t ions, t he r ivers i n t he p la ins o f Hungary w ere n o e xcep t ions. The Danube , T isza a nd t he ir t r ibu tar ies of ten c hanged t he ir c ourses a cross t he A lfö ld.
C sa log ( 1941 ) men t ioned t ha t a t Med ina t he s i te , when e xcava ted , was
b e low t he p resen t l evel o ft he g round wa ter t able.
A s a n e xp lana t ion , c l i ma-
t i c c hange h as b een p ostu la ted . Wh i le c l i ma te may h ave b een p art ly r esponsi b le , as h if t i n t he c ourse o ft he S ärv iz c an j ust a s w e l l h ave b rough t a bou t t he c hange.
Ac hange i nt he c ourse o ft he r iver wou ld n a tura l ly b e o f i mpor tance
f or s e t t le men ts.
N o t o n ly wou ld t he d istance t o t he r iver c hange , b u t t he
d ra inage c ond it ions o f t he a rea wou ld a lso b e a l tered.
Papp ( 1960 ) c i tes t he
e xa mp le o ft he Sma l l a nd Grea t SA -1 .6 1s, where c hanges i nt he d ra inage c ond it i ons o ft he Beret ty6 a nd K örös r ivers l ed t o s ign if ican t c hanges i n s e tt le men t p a t terns w i th in r e la t ive ly r ecen t h istor ica l t imes. B e cause o f a l tera t ions i n t he c ourse o f r ivers a nd c onsequen t c hanges i n t he g row th o f s wamps, s evera l v i l lages h ad t o b e a bandoned a nd many h ad t o move t he ir l oca t ion . Be tween K e m nyhäza a nd S zerep , f or e xa mp le , t he c ourse o f t he r iver s h if ted a pprox ima te ly 3 km w ith in 4 c en tur ies. A s ar esul t ,Ke mdny l igza was a bandoned a nd n ever r ebu i l t , wh ile S zerep was moved t o an ew l oca t ion . S im i lar c hanges must h ave o ccurred d ur ing t he A t lan t ic p er iod .
There i s
l i t t le d oub t t ha t t he r e la t ive ly g rea t mob i l ity o f t he K örös a nd ALP s i tes c an b e a t l east p ar t ia l ly a t tr ibu ted t o t he f requen t a l tera t ion s i n t he c ourses o f t he r ivers i nt he A lfö ld .
O ther f ac tors , h owever , were p robably i nvo lved.
The
d egree o fp er manency o f o ccupa t ion d i f fers i nt he K t irös a nd L inear Po ttery c u l tures, wh ich a s t he s i tes o f t he t wo c u l tures a re o f ten f ound i n s im ilar a reas
ca nnot h ave b een e n t irely d ue t o e nv ironmen ta l c ond it ions.
The Evo lu t ion o ft he Dra inage N etwork i n Hungary The p rev ious a na lysis o f s et t le men t d istr ibu t ions was made o nt he a ssumpt i on t ha t t he p re-regu la t ion r iver n e twork d id n o t s ign if ican t ly d ifer f ro m t ha t o f t he A t lan t ic p er iod. The c lose c orrespondence b e tween p re-regu la t ion r iver c ourses a nd t he l oca t ion o ft he K örös a nd L inear Po t tery s i tes s uggests t ha t t he a ssu mp t ion i s t o al arge e x ten t j ust if ied . N one the less , a ccord ing t o g eomorpho log ica l r esearch c er ta in c hanges i n r iver morpho logy d id o ccur a f ter t he A t lan t ic p er iod. I nt he f o l low ing p art , t he e vo lu t ion o f t he Hungar ian d ra inage n e twork i s d escr ibed b r ief ly , a nd a n a t temp t i s made t o a ssess h ow f ar t he c hanges p ostu la ted f or t he p ost-At lan t ic p er iod wou ld h ave a l tered Kosse, Krisztina. Ecology of y the A t la n t ic Settlement h ydrog raph .Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 8
F ig . 1 0. The d ra inage n e twork o f Hungary i n t he l ast I n terg lacia l o ft he P leistocene ( f ro m S o mogyi , 1 967) 1 , P le istocene d ra inage n e twork ;
2 , Presen t-day d ra inage n etwork .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 9
The p resen t d ra inage n e twork b egan t o e vo lve a t t he e nd o f t he P l iocene , when t he Pannon ian-Pon t ian s ea , w h ich h ad p rev iously o ccup ied most o f Hungary f ina l ly d isappeared ( So mogy i , 19 67 ). The a nc ien t Danube f i l led u p t he b as in o ft he r e trea t ing Pannon ian S ea i n t he a rea o f t he L itt le P la in . The r iver t hen t urned s ou th a nd , p roceed ing a long t he v a l ley o f t he p resen t-day Dräva , e nded i n as yste m o f i n land l akes i n t he s ou thern p ar t o f t he G rea t P la in .
L a ter , d ue t o t he t ecton ic u p l if t o f t he c en tra l p or t ion o f Transdanub ia ,
t he c ourse o f t he Danube was d iver ted t oward t he V isegrdd g orge. Emerg ing f ro m t he g orge , t he Danube b u i l t u p av ast a l luv ia l f an a t t he e dge o f t he s ubs id ing b asin o ft he p la ins. The r econstructed d ra inage n e twork o f Hungary i n t he l ast I n terglac ia l o f t he P le istocene i s s hown i n F ig. 1 0. A s s een o n t he map , n e ither t he Danube n or t he T isza f o l lowed i t s p resen t c ourse i nt he Grea t P la in a t t he t ime.
The Danube , b roken u p i n to s evera l
b ranches , f l owed s ou theast t oward S zeged ; t he T isza o ccup ied t he v a l ley o f t he Er-Bere t ty6-Kör d is r ivers a nd f lowed t oward t he p resen t L ower T isza v a l ley . The Danube o ccup ied i t s p resen t n or th-sou th v a l ley a s t he r esu l t o f a sma l l s ubs istence a t t he b order o f Transdanub ia a t t he e nd o f t he P le istocene. The T isza v a l ley b e tween Toka j a nd S zo lnok c ame i n to e x istence d ue t o marg ina l s ubs idences i n t he a rea o f t he U pper T isza R iver ine i n t he e ar ly p ostg lac ia l p er iod . The d ra inage n e twork o f Hungary a cqu ired i t s p resen t s hape e ssen t ia l ly b y t he e nd o f t he Preborea l p er iod . Dur ing t he Borea l t he r ivers were a ggrad ing ( So mogy i , 1 967 ).
A s ar esu l t
al arge amoun t o f a l luv ium was d epos i ted a long t he r iver c hanne ls. I n t he Grea t P la in most o ft he a l luv iu m c ons isted o f f ine g ra ined l oess ic s i l t e roded f rom u ncovered P le istocene s urfaces. C l i ma t ic c hange a nd d enser v ege ta t ion c over i n t he A t lan t ic r esu l ted i n t he r educ t ion o f a ggrad ing a ct iv ity. Dur ing t h is p er iod t he r ivers f or med h uge meander l oops i nt he p la ins. Both p o l len a nd a rchaeo log ica l e v idence d a tes t hese meanders t o t he A t lan t ic p hase. Many o f t he K t irds a nd L inear Po ttery s i tes a re f ound a long t he m . The c l i ma te o f t he f o l low ing S ubborea l p hase i n Hungary was, i n c on trast t o S cand inav ia , wet ter a nd c oo ler ( Zö lyo m i , 1 958 ). Grea ter r a infa l l a nd d ec reased e vapora t ion l ed t o a n i ncrease i n s tream d ischarge a nd f ina l ly t o v a l ley i nc ision ( So mogy i , 1 962 ).
The e x ten t o f t he d own-cu t t ing was r e la t ively
sma l l , 2 -4 m a t t he most ( So mogy i , 19 65 ).
The f or ma t ion o f t he n ew t errace
n onetheless ,resu l ted i n i mpor tan t c hanges i n f l oodp la in morpho logy . A t lan t ic f l oodp la in was n ow 3 -4 m a bove t he l eve l o ft he r ivers.
The
A l though s t il l
r eached b y t he h ighest f loods , i t was n o l onger u nder t he d irect i n f luence o f t he r ivers. Many o ft he p rev ious l arge meanders w ere c u t o f f a nd b ecame d ead c hannels.
Dra inage c ond it ions w ere f urther a l tered b y t he l ower ing o ft he
g round wa ter t able , a l though t h is , t o ac er ta in e x ten t , was c oun tered b y a s l ight r ise d ue t o t he i ncreased r a in fa l l o f t he p er iod .
Dra inage c hanges , i n
t urn , l ed t o i mpor tan t c hanges i n s o il f or ma t ion a nd v egeta t ion c over.
The
a ppearance o f a lka l i f orests a long t he o ld o xbows p robably d a tes f rom t h is p er iod a nd was a d irec t c on sequence o f d ra inage c hanges wh ich f o l lowed t he v a l ley i nc is ion o ft he r ivers.
A s d a t ing f ro m t he A t lan t ic p er iod wou ld b e e xpected t o o ccur a bove t he p resen t f loodp la in , o n
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement of Early and and Pottery Cultures In, Hungary. f ar a sEcology a rc hthe ae o lo g iMiddle ca lNeolithic r ecoKörös ver y Linear i s c once rned s i tes E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
8 0
o r a bove t he S ubborea l t errace.
Th is i ndeed i s t he c ase i n t he T iszazug r eg ion ,
where a l t he K örös a nd L inear Pot tery s i tes a re f ound a bove t he p resen t l evel o ft he f l oodp la in , o n t he s o-ca l led o ld-Ho locene t erraces ( Nagy , 1 954 ). o ft hese t erraces may i nf act b e P le istocene i n a ge ( So mogy i , 1 967 ).
S o me
I n t he
Bereg-Sza t md r P la in , o n t he o ther h and , v a l ley i nc ision d oes n o t s ee m t o h ave b een s ign if ican t . Here t he T isza a nd i t s t r ibu tar ies meander i n r a ised b eds a cross t he ir a l luv ia l c ones. A t S zamossä ly i t he L inear Po t tery s i te was f ound u nder 2 m d eep a l luv iu m ( S te dnov its , 1 969 ). Wh ile t he t errace morpho logy o ft he Danube i n Hungary i s r e la t ive ly we l l u nderstood ( Pecsi , 1 959 ), t he t errace s yste ms o f many o ther r ivers , i nc lud ing c er ta in s ect ions o ft he T isza , h ave n o tb een f u l ly worked o u t y e t . I n many c ases, t he a ge o ft he t erraces i s c on trovers ia l. Un t il t he t erraces a re i den t if i ed a nd more s ecurely d a ted , t he r econs truc t ion o f t he A t lan t ic f l oodp la in s urf ace h as t o r e ma in t en ta t ive , a t l east i n s o me a reas.
I ts hou ld a lso b e r e me m-
b ered t ha t f rom t he A t lan t ic p er iod o nwards, man 's i nf luence h as i ncreas ingly t ob e t aken i n to a ccoun t i n e xp la in ing s ubsequen t c hanges i n r iver d ischarge a nd r esu l tan t a ggrada t ion o r d egrada t ion . The d owncu t t ing i nt he S ubborea l p hase i n Hungary s ee ms h owever t o h ave b een t he r esu l t o f c l i ma t ic a nd t ecton ic c hanges r a ther t han t he o u tco me o f man 's i n terference. D .
GEOLOGY AND RE L IEF D if ferences i n r ock c o mposi t ion a nd s tructure a re i mpor tan t f actors i n
d e ter m in ing t he c haracter o f s urface t opography a nd , t o s o me e x ten t , t he n at ure o ft he s o il man t le o f ar eg ion .
I n Hungary 8 t ypes o f meta morph ic , 1 1
t ypes o f i gneous a nd 6 0 t ypes o f s ed i men tary r ocks h ave b een d ist ingu ished ( Na t iona l A t las o fH l ingary , 1 967 ). c ambr ian t o r ecen t Ho locene.
I n a ge t he f or ma t ions r ange f ro m Pre-
D if ferences i n t he g eo log ica l s tructure o f t he
Transdanub ian Cen tra l Moun ta ins , t he i nse lbergs ( Mecsek , V il läny , B t ikk , S opron a nd K öszeg Moun ta ins) , t he Transdanubian H i l l Coun try a nd t he Grea t a nd L i t t le P la ins a re v ery marked. As a r u le , a reas w h ich a re t opograph ica l ly h igh a re u nder la in b y ' o lder ' a nd ' harder ' r ocks , a nd t hose wh ich a re l ow b y ' younger ' a nd ' weaker ' r ocks. The o ldest f or ma tions i nH ungary , t he g ran i te o utcrops o ft he Ve lence a nd M6rägy H il l a nd t he c rysta l l ine s ch ists o f t he S opron a nd K öszeg Moun ta ins , a re f rag men ts o ft he s o-ca l led T is ia massif , i t se l f ar e mnan t o ft he a nc ien t European a nd A s ian Var iscan moun ta in s yste m ( Pecs i a nd S är fa lv i , 1 964 ). The T is ia a nd s im i lar , mu tua l ly i so la ted s ou th European mass ifs p layed a n impor ta n t r o le i n s hap ing t he A lp ine-Carpa th ian-D inar ic f rame o ft he p resen t b asin . The l imestone a nd d o lo m i te c over o f t he Hungar ian Moun ta ins was f or med d ur ing t he Mezozo ic, when t he p lace o f t he l arge moun ta in c ha ins , t he Carpat h ians , A lps a nd D inar ids , was o ccup ied b y ad eep mar ine t rough , t he Te thys. The Transdanub ian Moun ta ins, h av ing emerged i n t he Cre taceous, b ecame p enep laned d ur ing t he Tert iary. A s t hey were s t il l s i tua ted i n ar ela t ively l ow p os i t ion , s ed i men ts d enuded f ro m t he T is ia mass if were p er iod ica l ly d epos ited o nt he s urface o ft he Mezozo ic b locks. Hungary b egan t o d eve lop i n to t he b as in i ti s t oday d ur ing t he Ter t iary. Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. S i mu l ta nePublishing, ously 1979, w ith t he emergence o ft he Carpa th ians , E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
8 1
t he T is ia b roke u p a nd
• e .• . -•
* o • N .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
• o
8 2
7 777 '
. N .
. 4
c o
c o
Mu lt ico loured s la te
C . 2
: . (r ).
. 4 :.
c o : U . 1 1 11
f r a
0
g : 1 4
N .
^re ',
•c r )
-
1
•N •
Mo t t led mar l
•p.
C a lcareous mar l
:
L i mestone a nd mar l
S i liceous mar l
•
G rave l, s and , c lay
C lay , c layey mar l
•I • .
S and , c lay , g rave l
e e 4 n :.
V
C lay , s and , s andstone
:* 0 : .
S and , s andstone
.
0
F
L oess ic s and
' 7 77 '
• « . 2
C ong lo mera te
• • s o: : e•
L imestone a nd mar l
C lay s ha le a nd s andstone
Q uar tz-m ica s ch ists
t ,
F luv ia l s and
'7 7 7
Q uar tz p orphyry a nd t u f f
E .
A lka l i f l a ts
• . e
S andy c layey mar l
C
B asa l t , b asa l t ic t uf f
:
PL IOCENE
4 . 1
Mar l, l imestone
o
L oessic s i l t
C O ;
: . r c c
Brown a nd r ed e ar ths
C V• o
Meadow c lay
D ac i te , t rachy te
:
C ong lomerate
H aup t d o lom i t
S andstone , c lay s ha le
7 :7
P ea t , muck
•
C layey l oess
7 .7 1 ' C a lcareous mar l
L i mestone , mar l ,
:
C a lcareous mud
L e i thaka lk
CARBON IFEROUS •. 0 ••
F luv ia t i le s and
F luv ia t i le g rave l
HOLOCENE
S e t t le men t D istr ibu t ions a nd G eo logy
7 7 7 ` 3,7 1 7,
• :N . .
" .: 0: '
• • . • •. . .
„
. CN
•0 .
0 1 -r7 . ,0
' : ••••«
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
b egan t o s ubside.
The r esu l tan t b asin was i nunda ted b y t he Miocene-Tor ton ian
S ea . The s ubsidence o f t he T is ia was a cco mpan ied b y v io len t v o lcan ic a c t iv ity , t he r esul t o f wh ich was t he emergence o f t he y oung v o lcan ic b el t o ft he Börzsöny , C serhä t , Mi tra a nd Z e mp len Moun ta ins a t t he e dge o f t he b asin . I nt he P l iocene , t helast p hase o f t he Ter t iary , t he Carpa th ian Bas in was c overed b y t he Pannon ian S ea .
Due t o r enewed t ecton ic u pheava ls, t he T isia
s ubs ided a ga in a nd i n p laces was c overed b y 2 -3000 me ters o ft h ick s andy c layey Pannon ian s ed i men t.
As t he r esu l t o f r epea ted c rusta l move men ts a t t he e nd o f
t he P l iocene , t he Pannon ian S ea was c u t o f f a nd b eca me a f resh wa ter l ake , wh ich was g radua l ly s i l ted u p b y f luv ia t i le s ed i men ts.
S i mu l taneously w i th t he r e la t ive
s ubs idence o f t he p la ins a f ter t he w i thdrawa l o f t he Pannon ian S ea , t he w ho le o f t he Carpa th ian Bas in u nderwen t ag enera l u p l if t .
I n t he h il ly c oun try o f Trans-
d anub ia a nd a long t he f ooth il ls o f t he Hungar ian Moun ta ins , t he Pannon ian s ed imen ts o ccur a t a l t i tudes o f 2 -400 me ters , wh i le i n t he Grea t P la in t hey a re o verl a in b y s evera l me ters o fp ost-Pannon ian d epos i ts. Orogen ies c on t inued i n t he Qua ternary p er iod . The Hungar ian Moun ta ins were a ga in u p l if ted , a nd t here was a f ur ther s ubs idence o f t he b as ins.
The
l owly ing a reas were f i l led u pb y s evera l h undred me ters t h ick f l uv ia t ile s ed imen ts.
I n t he r is ing a reas t he r ivers c u t d eep t erraced v a l leys , wh ile i n t he
t ransit ion z one b e tween t he b asins a nd t he moun ta ins t hey b u il t v ast a l luv ia l f ans.
Wind a ct ion was a lso impor tan t i n s hap ing t he r el ief ; d ur ing t he P le isto-
c ene
e x tensive a reas o f a eo l ian l oess a nd s and were f or med .
The l oess c over i s t h ickest i n Transdanub ia , where i t s t h ickness may b e a s much a s 3 0 t o 4 0 me ters.
I nt he Grea t P la in , t he l oess c ons is ts o f r eworked
f l oodp la in s i l t , t he p ropert ies o f wh ich a re s l igh t ly d iferen t f ro m t hose o f t yp ical l oess.
The l oessl ike s ed i men t t ha t c overs t he s lopes o f t he Hungar ian
Moun ta ins, i s ma in ly s tra t if ied s lopeloess, a p roduct o f g lac ia l s o l if luct ion . The e x tensive a reas o f a eo l ian s and b e tween t he Danube a nd t he T isza a nd i n t he Ny irs k r eg ion were a lso f or med b y w ind a ct ion d ur ing t he Qua ternary p er iod . The s ed i men ts r edepos i ted b y t he r ivers o r b y t he w inds were ma in ly t he p roduc ts o f a cce lera ted wea ther ing a nd e ros ion c aused b y t he v io len t c l i ma t ic f luctua t ions o f t he P le istocene. t he t ime;
A v ast amoun t o f ma ter ia l was r edepos i ted a t
a bou t h a lf ( 54% ) o f Hungary 's p resen t s ur face i s c overed b y P le isto-
c ene s ed i men t. The most r ecen t g eo log ica l f or ma t ions i n Hungary a re t he f l oodp la in a reas. T hese a re s t il l c hang ing t oday .
P le istocene a nd Ho locene d epos i ts t oge ther
c over more t han t hree q uarters o f Hungary 's s urface. S et t le men t D istr ibu t ions a nd S ubsur face Geo logy The d is tr ibu t ion o f s e t t le men ts a ccord ing t o s ubsurface g eo logy i s s hown i n Map 7 . The p ercen tage o f s i tes a ssocia ted w i th t he v ar ious r ock s a re s hown i n Tab le 7 . The r esul ts a re p resen ted i n t ab les r a ther t han h istograms b ecause o ft he l arge n u mber o fg eo log ica l c a tegor ies. The g rea test n u mber o f s i tes i n a l l t hree c u l tures a re f ound o n l oess o r l oessl ike d eposits.
The p ercen tage f igures a re :
ALP a nd 4 2 i n t he T LP.
5 5 i n t he Kbrds , 4 4 i n t he
The r est o f t he s i tes a re o n v ar ious n on-loess ic
d epos its. I n t he Körös c u l ture , 4 0% a re f ound o n Ho locene d eposi ts, most ly Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
8 4
a l luv ia l i n o r ig in , a nd 5 % o n P le is tocene
s and .
I n t he ALP , 3 0% a re o n
Ho locene d epos i ts , 1 2% o n s and; 4% o n v olcan ic t uf fs; 4% o n l imestones a nd d o lo m i tes; 3% o n s andstones; 1 % o nv o lcan ic r ocks; a nd l ess t han 1% o ns ha les. I n t he T LP, 1 2% a re o n Ho locene a l luv iu m , 1 3% o n s and , 1 4% o n P le istocene g ravel , 3% o n v o lcan ic r ocks a nd t uf fs , 8% o n l imestone a nd d o lo m i tes a nd 9% o n s andstones. I nt he Ear ly Phase o f t he ALP, 4 1% o f t he s ites a re o n l oess a nd l oessl ike s ed i men ts;
3 1% a re o n Holocene a l luv iu m ;
a nd a r ela t ive ly h igh , 2 4% o n
s and . The r e ma in ing 3% a re a ssoc ia ted w ith v o lcan ic r ocks.
The s et t le men ts
o f t he Midd le Phase a re s t i l l r e la t ive ly r estr icted i n t he ir d istr ibu t ion ; 4 9% a re o n l oess , 3 7% o n H o locene a l luviu m , a nd 1 0% o n s and . O f t he r e main ing s i tes, 2% a re o n v o lcan ic t uf f s, 2% o n s ha le a nd l ess t han 1% o n s andstone . I n t he L a te P hase , t he s e t t le men ts a re f ound o n a much g rea ter v arie ty o f r ocks, a l though t he h ighest p ercen tage , 4 5, i s s t il l a ssoc ia ted w ith l oess. o f t he s ites s how t he f o l low ing d istr ibu t ion :
The r est
2 7% o n Ho locene a l luv iu m , 1 2% o n
s and , 6 % o n l imestone a nd d o lo m i te , 6 % o n v o lcan ic t u f fs, 3% o n s andstone , 2% o n v o lcan ic r ocks, a nd l ess t han 1 % o n s ha le. I n Ear ly T LP , 4 3% o ft he s i tes a re o n l oess, 2 8% o n a l luv iu m , 1 4% o n s and , a nd 1 4% o n s andstone.
I n t he Midd le P hase , 4 2% a re o n l oess, 8 % o n a l luv iu m ,
1 6% o n P le istocene g rave l , 1 1% o n s and , 1 0% o n s andstone , 9 % o n l imestone a nd d o lo m i te , 4% o n v o lcan ic t u f fs.
I nt he L a te P hase ,38% a re o n l oess, 1 9 o n a l-
l uv iu m , 8% o n g rave l , 1 6% o ns and ,
5% o n s andstone , 1 1% o n l imestone a nd
d olo m i te , a nd 3% o n v olcan ic t u f fs. The l a te g roups o f t he ALP s how s o me v ar ia t ion i n t he ir d istr ibu t ions.
I n
t he E sz ar a nd S zi l meg g roups t he h ighest p ercen tage o f s i tes a re o n Ho locene a l luv iu m. s and .
The s econd h ighest p ercen tage i n t he Eszta 'r g roup i s a ssoc ia ted w i th
I n a l l t he o ther g roups, t he h ighest n u mber o f s i tes i s f ound o n l oess.
Wi th t he e xcep t ion o ft he S za la lha ' t g roup , a l l t he o ther g roups h ave s e tt le men ts o n v o lcan ic t uf fs.
O therw ise , t he d istr ibu t ions o f t he Esztär , S z il meg a nd
S zakS . lhä t g roups a re r e la t ive ly l im ited.
I n c on trast , t he s et t le men ts o f La te
AVK , T iszadob a nd Bükk a re f ound o n a much g rea ter v ar ie ty o f r ock s.
E spe-
c ia l ly n o t iceable i s t he r e la t ively h igh p ercen tage o f s i tes o n l imestone i n L a te AVK , T iszadob a nd Bükk ; S zi l meg g roups.
a nd o n r hyo l ite t u f f i nT iszadob , Bükk a nd
The i ncreased i n terest o f t he L a te Phase s i tes i n s andy r e-
g ions h as a lready b een n o ted . Ch i-square t ests s ugges t t ha t t he p robab il i ty o f c hance d istr ibu t ion i n e ither c u l ture i s l ess t han 0 .05%.
Percen tage p o in t d if ference b etween t he e xpected
a nd o bserved d istr ibu t ions a re s hown i n Table 7 . h igh : t hey r ange f ro m 4 1.24 t o 6 7.92.
A l l t he v a lues a re r ela t ive ly
The l owest v a lues a re a ga in f ound i n
t he ALP, where c hrono log ica l a nd r eg iona l d iferences a re f a ir ly s trong. The impor tance o f t he l oess a reas i n t he s pread o f t he L inear Po t tery c u l ture i n Cen tra l Europe i s wel l k nown a nd h as b een of ten emphas ised b y a rchaeo log ists ( Ch i lde , 1 929 ; C lark , 1 952; Bu tzer , 1 971 ).
One a t tract ion
f or s e t t le men t was t he n a tura l v ege ta t ion c over o f t he l oess.
I n t he A t lan t ic
p er iod l oess a reas c arr ied f orest-steppe i nt he d r ier a nd mixed o ak f orest a ssoc ia t ions i n t he wet ter a reas ( F irbas , 1 949-52 ).
Bo th t he f orest-steppe
a nd Settlement t he m i xedof the o aEarly k f o re s t Neolithic p rov iKörös ded l en t i fu lCultures f oddIn er f or Kosse, Krisztina. Ecology and Middle andp Linear Pottery Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 8 5
d o mest ica ted a n i ma ls.
Table 7 Percen tage p oin t d i fference b etween e xpected a nd o bserved d istr ibut ions o f s et t le men ts i n r ela tion t o s ubsurface g eo logy Körös c u lture Geology
Expected
1
0 .16
2
1 .01
3
2 .17
4
0 .68
5
1 .49
6
3 .50
7
0 .90
Observed
ALP Ppd
Observed
ALP Ppd
1 .04
Ppd
1 .42
0 .77 1 .04
8
3 .80
9 .92
6.12
9 .09
5.29
9
4 .73
9 .92
5.19
8 .31
3 .58
1 2 .36
1 9 .08
6 .72
1 1.17
1 0
Observed
1 0 .85
1 1
2 .47
1 3.68
11 .21
1 2
4 .18
8 .96
-4 .78
1 3
1 1 .95
5 .34
1 0.65
1 . 4
3 .37
0 .77
0 .26
1 5
2 .01
2 .29
1 6
1 5.49
0 .77
1 7
9 .07
1 8
1 .52
2 0
4 .05
2 2
0 .24
2 3
0 .16
2 4
0 .08
2 5
3 .34
2 6
0 .16
2 7
0 .63
2 8
0 .44
2 9
0 .41
3 0
1 .06
2 .36 1 .42
0 .28
3 .64
1.63
4 1 .98
32 .91
2 8 .83
19 .76
9 .16
7 .64
5 .19
3 .67
4 .93
3 7 .26
2 .60
0 .47
0 .26
0 .39
7 .08
3 .74
0 .26
0 .47
0 .26 0 .78
0 .79 0 .52
0 .28
3 4
0 .41
4 .41
4.
0 .52
3 7
0 .92
3 8
1 .77
3 9
0 .27
4 0
0 .19
4 1
0 .16
4 3
0 .11
4 4
0 .03
4 5
0 .03
0 .23
0 .47
0 .24
0 .22
21.77
0 .52
3 3
3 6
0 .35
0 .47
3 1
3 5
2 .36
0 .47
0 .94 2 .08
1 .16 0 .47
0 .26
0 .20
0 .10
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, 4 7 UK: BAR Publishing, 0 .031979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
8 6
0 .72
( con td .)
Table 7 ( con td .) ALP
K örös c u lture G eo logy
4 7
Expected O bserved
Ppd
Observed
TLP Ppd
Observed
Ppd
0 .03
4 9
0 .08
5 0
0 .11
5 1
0 .03
5 3
0 .05
5 4
0 .05
5 5
0 .03
5 6
0 .95
1 .89
0 .94
5 7
0 .35
3 .77
3.42
5 8
0 .11
2 .36
2 .25
5 9
0 .27
0 .26
6 0
0 .14
0 .26
0 .12
6 1
0 .30
3 .12
2 .82
6 2
0 .16
1 .42
1.26
6 3
0 .05
0 .47
0 .42
6 6
0 .03
6 7
0 .03
7 3
0 .05
7 5
0 .03
7 7
0 .03
7 9
0 .03
0 .52
To ta l Ppd
0 .49
4 2 .90
5 8 .86
5 1.68
Ppd = Percen tage p oin t d i fference Geo logy
ALP Midd le
Ear ly
3
C bserved
Ppd
6 .90
4.73
6
Observed
La te Ppd
Observed
0 .79
0 .40
0 .79
1 .19
Ppd
8
1 3 .79
9 .99
1 1.11
7 .31
7 .93
4.13
9
6 .90
2 .17
1 2 .70
7 .97
6 .75
2 .02
1 0
1 0 .34
1 3
1 7 .24
5.29
1 4
3 .45
0 .08
1 1.91
1 0 .71
8 .73
1 1 .11
1 5
5 .56
1 6
3 .17
1 7
3 1.03
1 8 2 0
6 .90
21 .96
3 .55
2 .38
0 .37
6 .35
2 9.37
20 .30
2 8 .97
19 .90
8 .73
7 .21
4 .76
3.24
2 .38
2 .78
2 5 Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. 0 .79 Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 8 7
( con td .)
Table 7 ( con td .)
ALP Ear ly
Observed
Midd le Ppd
Observed
L a te Ppd
Observed
Ppd
2 7
0 .40
2 9
0 .40
3 0
1 .19
0 . 1 3
0 .40
0. 1 6
3 3
3 .45
3 .21
3 4
2 .38
3 7
0 .79
1 .97
5 .55
5.14
1 .98
1 . 0 6
4 1
0 .40
0. 2 4
5 9
0 .40
0. 1 3
6 0
0 .40
0 . 2 6
6 1
4 .76
4.46
6 7
1 .59
To ta l Ppd
4 9. 8 7
4 7 .43
L a te
3
3 .17
5
1 .
1 .26 2 8 .58
16.22
6 .92 1 5.72
13 . 2 5
7 .93
5.46
1 4.28
10 . 1 0
1 0 .06
5.88
6 .35
2 .17
1 11 1 2
4 1.24
T LP Midd le
Ear ly
1 0
1 .56
1 9 .05
6.69
1 3
0 .63
1 4
3 .14
1 .59
1 5
1 .26
4 .76
2 . 7 5
3 1.74
16. 2 5
1 6
4 2 .86
27 .37
6 .35
3 7 .11
21.62
2 0
0 .63
2 2
0 .63
0 .39
2 4
0 .63
0 .55
2 5
8 .18
4.84
2 7
0 .63
3 1 3 6
1 .26
3 .17 1 .59
0 .96
1 .59
0 . 8 0
1 .59
1 .32
1 .04
3 9 5 6
2 .51
1.56
1 .59
0 .64
5 7
4 .40
4.05
6 .35
6.
5 8
3 .14
3 .03
1 .59
1 .48
6 2
1 .89
1. 7 3
1 .59
1 .43
6 3 To ta l Ppd
1 4.28
14 . 2 3 5 7 .94
6 7 .92
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
8 8
4 6.95
( con td .)
Table 7 ( con td .) L a te ALP
Geo logy La te AVK O bserved
Ppd
%
Ti sz adob O bserved
E sztär Ppd
%
8
6 .18
2 .38
2 .49
7 .41
2 .68
7 .46
1 0
9 .88
2 .99
1 3
4 .94
1 6.42
1 5
2 .47
0 .46
1 6
7 .41
1 7
2 5.93
16 . 8 5 5. 8 9
2 . 7 3
2 .78
0 .61
3 0 .56
26. 7 6
8 .33
3 .60
8 .33 4.47
1 .49 1 6.42
O .9 3
1 7 .91
8 . 8 4
5 .97
1.92
1 8
7 .41
2 0
3 .70
2 5
1 .23
2 9
1 .23
O . 8 2
3 0
2 .47
1 .41
3 3
1 .23
0 .99
1 .49
1 . 2 5
3 4
4 .94
4.53
8 .95
8 .54
4 .48
3 .56
8 .95
8 .65
2 5.
13 .0 5
8 .33
6. 3 2
1 3 .89
4. 8 2
2 .78
2 .37
1 .49
3 7
3 .70
2 . 7 8
5 9
1 .23
0 .96
6 1
8 .64
8 .34
To ta l Ppd
Ppd
%
3 9
Observed
2 .99
4 8 .09
1 .93
4 2 .82
5 7 .53
L a te ALP S zi l meg 6
B f ikk
3 .57
0 .07
8
1 4.28
10 .48
1 .28
9
1 7 .86
13 .13
8 .97 1 5.38
1 0
3 .57
1 3
1 7 .86
5.91
1 5
3 .57
1 .56
1 7
2 1.44
12 .37
1 8
3 .57
2 .05
2 0
3 .57
S zakälhä t 3 .66 4. 2 4
6 .41
1 6
1 .28
0 .65
1 .28
0 . 8 7
2 .57
1.51
1 0 .26
9 . 8 5
3 7
3 .85
2 .93
4 1
1 .28
1 . 1 2
10 .3 0
1 4 .63
2 . 2 7
5 0 .
40 .93 9 .45
2 .44
2 7
1 0 .71
2 .59
1 0.97
2 9 3 4
4. 7 4
7 .32
2 .44 7 .60
2 .57
3 0
8 .54
3 .43
1 2 .82 1 6.67
O . 1 6
5 9 Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and 1 .2 8 Pottery Cultures 1 . In 0 1Hungary. Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Linear E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. 6 0 of 38.67.221.43 1 .28 Downloaded on behalf
6 1 To ta l Ppd
1 2 .82 5 5.87
1 . 1 4 12 .52 4 6.87
6 0 .14
The l i ght ly s tocked o ak f orest , e ven b efore t he i n terven t ion o f man , a dm i t ted s uf f icien t l i gh t t o a l low t he g row th o f ar ich u nder layer a nd t hus p rov ided a deq ua te f eed f or c a t t le a nd sw ine ( Clark , 1 952 ). The ma in r easons f or t he o ccupa t ion o f t he l oess a reas, h owever , were h igh s o il f er t il ity , g ood d ra inage a nd e ase o f work ing.
' Loess ica l p aren t ma-
t er ia ls c on ta in l arge amoun ts o f s i l t , a bou t 1 0 t o 2 0% c lay , h ave a h igh c on ten t o f wea therable m inera ls , s how h igh b ase s atura t ion , o r a re c a lcareous. A s t hese p aren t ma ter ia ls a re o n r e la t ive ly y oung l andscapes i n am ild c l i ma te , t hey h ave b een o n ly s l igh t ly mod if ied b y p edochem ica l wea ther ing. Consequen t ly , s o ils f or med f ro m t hese i n i t ia l ma ter ia ls a re s i l ty , h igh i n n u tr ien t r eserve a nd g enera l ly h ave e xce l len t p hys ica l p roper t ies ' ( Buo l , Ho le a nd McCracken , 1 973 , 10 ). N o t a l l l oess a reas a re e qua l ly f er t ile, h owever , o r ofer t he s ame a dv an tages f or s et t le men t . I n t he n or thern Rh ine land , f or e xamp le , t he Bandk eram ik s i tes a re l oca ted i nt he s ou thern p ar t o f t he l oess r eg ion , where t he s o ils h ave a h igher d egree o fb asa l s a tura t ion , w h i le t he n or thern l oess a re d evo id o f s e t t le men t ( Narr , 1 956 ). I n Hungary , o n ly t he T LP s i tes a re f ound o n t yp ica l l oess. Most o f t he K örds a nd ALP s ites a re f ound o n ad if feren t l oess t ype , t he s o -ca l led ' i n fusion ' l oess.
I n fusion l oess i s r ea l ly at rans i t iona l t ype , wh ich c o mbines t he f ea tures
o f r ea l l oess a nd r iver a l luv ium . I t was f or med o nt he o ld f l oodp la ins o ft he ABU ld f ro m l oess ic s i l t r edeposi ted b y r iver a ction . I fe xa m ined i n s ect ion , o n ly i t s u pper most 1 .5-2 meter p ar t e xh ib its t he c haracter ist ic f ea tures o f t rue l oess ( Pecs i , 1 967 ). Be low t ha t i tc ons is ts o f as uccess ion o f a l luv ia l s and , s i l t a nd c lay l ayers. The b ur ied s o il h or izons a re u sua lly o f a l luv ia l o r meadow s o i ls. The s i l t c on ten t o f t he p aren t ma teria l i s u sual ly h igh a nd d ra inage c ond it ions a re g rea t ly i n f luenced b y m icro topography o r t he p os i t ion o f a n imper meable l ayer.
I n c on trast w ith Tran sdanub ia , l oess ic p aren t ma-
t er ia l i nt he A l f t l ld i s n o t n ecessar i ly ag uaran tee o f g ood d ra inage o r as a l tf ree h or izon .
When t he wa ter e cono my i s f avourable , o n t he o ther h and , s o i ls
d eve loped o n i nfus ion l oess c an b e v ery f er t i le. The f er t il ity i s e nhanced b y t he f act t ha t t he g round wa ter t able i s l oca ted a t ad ep th w ith in r each o f a gr ic u l tura l p lan ts ( So mogy i , 1 971). w ith in a s hor t d istance.
S o il c ond i t ions c an c hange r ap id ly , h owever ,
The l oess c over o f Transdanub ia i s c o mposed o f t yp ica l o r o rd inary l oess , wh ich i s t he most w idespread l oess t ype i n western Europe. The mos t f er t ile s o i ls a re f ound o nt he s ou thern s lopes o r f oo th i l ls o ft he h il ls a nd moun ta ins. The l oess l ayer i nt h is p os it ion u sua l ly c on ta ins s evera l o ld b ur ied s o i l h or iz ons , t he n u tr ien t c on ten t o f wh ich , e spec ia l ly when m ixed w i th v o lcan ic wea ther ing p roducts ,is v ery h igh ( Pe cs i , 1 967 ). Eros ion d ue t o t he g rea ter c ohes ion o ft he o ld s urfaces i s u sua l ly l ess o f ah azard t han i n o ther l oess t ypes.
Today , t he b es t v ine a nd f ru i t o rchards a re f ound o n t h is p aren t ma-
t er ia l . Many o ft he L inear Pot tery s i tes a re a lso l oca ted n ear o r o n s uch f or ma t ions. The 4 0-50% f i gures f or t he o ccupa t ion o f t he l oess a reas i n Hungary a re r e la t ively l ow when c o mpared w i th Ger many , where o n t he a verage 8 0% o ft he Bandkeram ik s i tes a re f ound o n l oess ( S ie l man .n , 1 972 ). The l ow v a lues a re , h owever , s o mewha t d ecep t ive. Ho locene t erraces , l evees a nd l ow ly ing b asins Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, BARa Publishing, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. c on t a inUK:a n p prec i1979, ab le amoun t o f l oess, e ven t hough t hese s ur faces a re n o t Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 0
c oun ted a s l oess a reas ( Ba logh , e t a l ., 1 958 ).
I th as a lso t o b e t aken i n to
a ccoun t t ha t s o me o ft he sma l ler l oess a reas h ad t o b e om i tted f ro m t he map b ecause o f s ca le (Maros i , 1 954 ).
I n s p ite o f t hese q ua l if ica t ions a nd t he u n-
d oub ted p reference o ft he e ar ly a gr icultura l ists f or t he l oess a reas i n m idl a t i tude Europe , t he a ssoc ia t ion w i th l oess i s n o t e xclus ive .
S et t le men ts a lso
o ccur w i th s o me f requency o n n on-loess ic d epos i ts. An umber o f ALP a nd T LP s i tes a re l oca ted o n v o lcan ic r ocks a nd t u f fs, l imestones, d o lo m i tes a nd s andstones. As y et n o K örös s i te h as b een f ound o n o ther t han r ecen t Qua ternary f l uv ia t ile o r a eo l ian d eposi ts. The i mpor tance o f t he o lder r ock s was p ar t ly t o p rov ide r aw ma ter ia ls f or t he manu factur ing o f t oo ls . One o f t he most s ough t a f ter r aw ma ter ia ls o f t he p re- me ta l a ge was o bs id ian .
The l argest o bs id ian d epos i ts i n s ou theast a nd c en tra l Europe a re
i nt he Toka j a nd Hegya l ja Moun ta ins o f Hungary . The o bs id ian h ere i s u sua l ly f ound i n a ssocia t ion w ith r hyo l i te , most ly w i th r hyo l i te t uf f ( Varga , p ers. c o m m.). Sma l l q uan t i t ies o f o bsid ian may a lso h ave b een p resen t i n o ther r hyo l ite t uf f o u tcrops a long t he f oo th i l ls o f t he B i ikk a nd Ma tra Moun ta ins , e ven i ft oday t here i s h ard ly a ny o bsid ian t here . I ti s p robab ly n o c o incidence t ha t o bsidian t oo ls c onst itu te a r e la t ively sma l l p ar t o ft he t oo l a sse mblage o f t he K örös c ul ture , b u t a re v ery n umerous i nt he ALP ( Csa log , 1 955 ).
Accord ing t o K a l icz ( pers.
c om m.) ,80% o f t he t oo l k i t o f Meh te lek i s made o f o bsid ian a nd a t T iszacsege , a n Ear ly ALP s i te , o n ly o bs id ian t oo ls h ave b een f ound . o n r hyo l i te t uf f i ncreases c onsiderably i nt he L a te Phase.
The n umber o f s i tes Th is i s a lso t he
p er iod w hen t here i s s ome e v idence f or t he e x istence o f s e t t le men ts s pec ia l ised i nt he manufac ture o f o bs id ian a nd f l in t t oo ls ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ). A l though n earness t o a ma jor o bs id ian s ource was u ndoub ted ly a n import an t f ac tor i nt he l oca t ion o f c erta in ALP s et t le men ts, i ts hou ld n o t b e f orgo t ten t ha t s o i ls f or med o n v o lcan ic t uf fs c an b e v ery f er t ile. V o lcan ic s o ils , e ven w ithou t o bs id ian ,must h ave b een a t trac t ive t o t he e arly a gr icu l tura l ists.
I n t he
Midd le Rh ine r eg ion o f Ger many , t he l argest n umber o f Bandkeram ik s e t t lements a f ter l oess a re l oca ted o n v o lcan ic t u f fs ( S ie lmann , 1 972 ). F l in t a nd c her t f requen t ly u sed f or t oo ls a re f ound most ly i n Mezozo ic l imes tones i n Hungary ( Varga , p ers. c o m m.). Bes ide b e ing s ources o f r aw ma ter ia ls, l imestones a re a lso p referred b y s o me d o mest ic a n i mals; s heep a nd g oa ts , i fa l lowed t o g raze f ree ly , move t o l imestone s o ils a nd v ege ta t ion i n p re ference t o a l l o ther s o ils ( Hughes , 1 958 ).
I nt he B i l l& Moun ta ins t here
i s an umber o f l imestone c aves wh ich were o ccup ied t hrough t he d ura t ion o f t he ALP. I ti s n o t y e t k nown whe ther t he c aves were o ccup ied a l l t he y ear r ound o r u sed o n ly o n as easona l b as is. I nt he c o ld w in ter moun ta in r eg ion , where g ood a gr icu l tura l l and i s r e la t ive ly s carce , i ti s n ot u n l ike ly t ha t t ransh umance was a n e stabl ished p ract ice. Conclus ive e v idence , h owever , i s s t il l m iss ing. The ma in p urpose o ft he TLP s e t t le men ts e stabl ished o n t he d o lom i te b locks o f Transdanub ia may a lso h ave b een t he p astur ing o f a n i ma ls a nd t he p rocure men t o f r aw ma ter ia ls , a l though t he c l i ma te h ere i s more f avourable t o a l l t he y ear o ccupa t ion .
There a re a lso sma l l p ocke ts o f g ood i fl im i ted
a gr icu l tura l l anof dthei n t h e Middle v ic in i ty Körös o f t h eLinear s i te s. Cultures I nb ot h a reas f ur ther s tudy i s Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology Early and Neolithic and Pottery In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. n ece ss ary t o d e ter m ine t he most l ike ly f unct ion o f t he s et t le men ts. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 9 1
S andstones s ee m t o h ave b een more f requen t ly o ccup ied b y T LP t han ALP s et t le men ts.
The Upper Pannon ian s andstone o n w h ich t he s e t t le men ts a re
most f requen tly f ound d oes n o t o ccur i n p ure d eposi ts; i ti s u sua l ly f ound i n terc a lca ted b etween l ayers o f c lay , s and , g rave l a nd marl ( Ba logh e t a l ., 1 958 ). The s andstone i t sel f i s au sefu l ma ter ia l f or t he p roduct ion o f n eo l ith ic a xes , wh ile t he s o i ls d eve loped o nt he m ixed c lay , s and a nd s andstone d epos i ts a re g enera l ly we l l d ra ined a nd r e la t ive ly r ich i n n u tr ien ts. Wh ile r e la t ive ly f ew K örös s i tes a re l oca ted o n s and , o ver 1 0% o ft he s e t t le men ts i nt he ALP a nd TLP c u ltures a re f ound i n s andy a reas. S andy s o ils a re u sua l ly w el l d ra ined b u t o f ten l ow i n f er t il i ty .
A s w il l b e s hown i n
t he n ex t s ect ion , a reas o f v ery l ow f er t il i ty w ere a vo ided b y t he L inear Pot tery s e t t le men ts , a nd o n ly s andy s o ils o f r e la t ive ly h igh f er t il i ty w ere o ccup ied. Over 1 3% o f t he T LP s i tes a re l oca ted o n P le istocene g ravel . Most o f t he s et t le men ts a re i n t he Marca l r eg ion o n t erraces c u t i n to p rev ious a l luv ia l The g rave l h ere i s u sua l ly mixed w i th s and a nd l oess a nd p rov ides v ery g ood d ra inage . I ti s o f i n terest t ha t t he s et t le men ts a re r estr ic ted t o
f ans.
t hose a reas wh ich a re u nder la in b y c a lcareous g rave ls ( Goczä .n , 1 971 ).
The
s o i l c over o f t he Marca l r eg ion w i l l b e d iscussed l a ter i n g rea ter d e ta il . The g eo log ica l s tructure o f Hungary h as c hanged r e la t ively l i t t le s ince t he A t lan t ic p er iod . The g rea test c hanges u ndoubted ly o ccurred i n t he a l luv ia l a reas o ft he r ivers. The d eve lop men t o ft he f l oodp la in r eg ions s ince t he A t lant i c h as a lready b een d escr ibed. b rough t a bou t b y man .
The o ther c hanges t ha t o ccurred were most ly
Maninduced e ros ion , f or e xamp le , h as b een e specia l ly
s trong i n Transdanub ia .
The l oess a reas w h ich h ave a t trac ted a gr icu l tura l ists
f ro m a n e ar ly t ime o nwards , a re v ery v u lnerable t o e ros ion .
I ti s u n l ike ly ,
h owever , t ha t e rosion wou ld h ave b een t oo a dvanced a t t he t ime o f t he L inear Po t tery o ccupa t ion . S et t le men t D istr ibu t ions a nd Re l ief Hungary 's t opography i s c haracter ised b y t he p redom inance o f l ow-ly ing p la ins , g en t ly r o l l ing h i l ls a nd b y at o ta l l ack o fh igh moun ta ins. On ly 2% o f t he t otal a rea o ft he c oun try r ises 4 00 metres a bove s ea l eve l ; 1 4% i s h il ly c oun try b e tween 2 00 t o 4 00 me tres i n e leva t ion ; a nd 8 4% i s l ow-ly ing l evel a nd h i l ly t erra in ( Na t iona l A t las o f Hungary , 1 967 ). The d istr ibu t ion o f s e t t le men ts i n r ela t ion t o r e l ief i s s hown i n Map 1 . The s e t t le men ts o ft he K örös c u l ture a re a l l l oca ted i n t he Grea t P la in . A lmost a l l t he s i tes a re i n a reas wh ich a re b elow 1 00 m s .l. Most o f t he ALP a nd T LP s i tes a re a lso l oca ted i n a reas o f l ow e leva t ion , i n l evel p la ins o r l ow f oo th il ls. The s i tes o f Mencshely-Murvagödrök , VöröstoPRagonya a nd H idegk il t i n t he T LP a re e xcep t iona l i nb e ing a t 3 00 m a bove s ea l evel . The r eason f or t he l oca t ion o ft he s i tes a t Mencshe ly a nd Wirdstö i s p robably t he n earby p res ence o f e as i ly a ccess ible f l in t a nd q uarz ite d epos its. S urface ma ter ia l f ound a t t he s i tes s uggests t ha t m in ing a nd manu factur ing were c arr ied o u t b y t he s e t t lers. I n L a te ALP ,of the e sp ec i a l ly Neolithic i nt he l at er B i i kk Cultures p ha se , t here i s at endency t o Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology Early and Middle Körös and Linear Pottery Ins Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. l oca teons e t t le en ts i n n ew ,prev iously a vo ided a reas. The o ccupa t ion o f c ave Downloaded behalf of m 38.67.221.43 9 2
s i tes i ncreases a nd s e t t le men ts a ppear o n h igh , i so la ted h il l tops. The s i te o f Bo ldogköv ' ära l ja-Leänyvär i s a t 3 67 m a .s . 1 . a nd To lcsva- Va-r hegy a t 4 85 m. Bo th s i tes c ou ld e asi ly b e d efended.
The r eason f or t he l oca t ion o f t he n ew
s i tes a re n o t y e t c learly u nderstood .
I t i s p oss ible t ha t i n ters ite e cono m ic
s pec ia l isa t ion
w as o ne r eason , a nd a g row ing p opu la t ion a nother ;
c an a lso b e p ostu la ted . E .
o ther r easons
F u ture r esearch w il l p robably p rov ide t he a nswer.
SO IL S S o ils a re , n ex t t o wa ter , man 's most i mportan t n a tura l r esource.
A s t he
med iu m f ro m wh ich p lan ts g row , s o i ls p rov ide f ood f or man a nd a n i ma ls.
The
i n f luence o f s o i l v ar ia t ion o n t he s ubs istence b ase o f n on-agr icu l tura l s oc iet ies i s ma in ly i nd irect , wh i le i n a gr icu l tura l e cono m ies s o il f er t il ity a nd p roduct iv ity a re n a tura l ly o f p r i mary impor tance. S o i l f or ma t ion i s g eneral ly v iewed a s d ependen t o n f ive ma jor f actors. Accord ing t o J enny 's ( 1941 ) f undamen ta l e qua t ion , So r s = f( 9 1 , o , r , 2 , where S d eno tes t he s o i l , sa ny s o il p roperty , c l c l i ma te , ob io ta o r o rgan is ms , rt opography o r r e l ief ( i nc luding g round wa ter ) , hp aren t ma teria l, a nd tt ime o r d ura tion o f s oi l f or ma t ion . I n t he e qua t ion , t he f i ve s oi l-for m ing f actors a re r egarded a s i ndependen t v ariab les, w i th s oi l o r s oi l p roper t ies t he d ependen t v ar iab le .
A l though t he i ndependence o f t he f i ve f actors i s more t heoretica l
t han a ctua l, t he e qua t ion d oes emphasise t ha t t he r e la tionship b e tween s oi l a nd t he s oi l-for m ing f actors i s af unctiona l o ne :
ac hange i n a ny o f t he f i ve v ari-
a b les w i l l b r ing a c orrespond ing c hange i n t he d ependen t v ariab le .
B ecause
o f t he f unct iona l r e la t ionsh ip b etween s o il a nd t he s o i l f or m ing f actors, t he a na lys is o f s et t le men t d istr ibu t ion a ccord ing t o s o il t ype i s a lso , t o s o me e xt en t , as yn thesis o f t he c l i ma t ic , b io t ic, h ydrograph ic , a nd g eo log ica l c ond it ions a t t he s i tes. The b as is f or t he f o l low ing a na lys is o f s e t t le men t d istr ibu t ions i s t he s o il map o f Hungary ( Na t iona l A t las , 1 967 ). Russ ian , h as a s trong g ene t ic emphasis;
Hungar ian s o il c lass if ica t ion , l ike t he s o il p roper t ies a nd p edogen ic p roces-
s es a re e va lua ted i n r e la t ion t o s o i l-for m ing f actors.
The ma jor u n i t o f c las-
s if ica t ion i s t he s o il t ype , wh ich i s d ef ined a s h av ing ' un i ty o f o r ig in , s ubstance t ransfor ma t ion , m igra t ion a nd a ccu mu la t ion ;
t ha t i s , t hey a re g enera l isa t ions
o f many a ctua l s o ils w h ich h ave a c o m mon o r ig in a nd s im ilar p edogen ic p rocess es ' ( Buo l , Ho le a nd McCracken , 1 973 ).
Because o f t he i n ter med ia te c haracter
o f Hungary 's c l i ma te a nd t he mosa icl ike n a ture o f t he h ydrograph ic , g eo log ica l a nd r e l ief f ea tures, t he n u mber o f s o il t ypes s ize o f t he c oun try
i n s p i te o f t he r ela t ively sma l l
i s q u ite l arge ( Pdcs i a nd Göczän , 1 971).
On t he most
r ecen t s o il map 2 9 s o i l t ypes a nd s ub types h ave b een d ist ingu ished . t ypes a nd s ub types f or m 7 ma jor s o i l g roups :
1 ) s ke leta l s o i ls;
s o i ls ; 3 ) b rown f orest s o i ls ; 4 ) c hernoze m s o ils ; a nd f l oodp la in f orest s o i ls ;
The 2 9
2 ) l i tho morphous
5 ) a lka l i s o i ls;
6 ) meadow
a nd 7 ) b og s o ils.
The f orest a nd c hernoze m s o ils i n Hungary a re z ona l ; t he ir c haracter ist ics a re ma in ly d e ter m ined b y c l i ma te.
A zona l a re t he s ke le ta l s o ils , wh ich
h ave n o h or izon d if feren t ia t ion , wh ile t he r est o f t he s o i l g roups a re t er med Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology Early and Körösi and s Linear Pottery Hungary. a s i n t razon a l . of the I n t raz oMiddle na l Neolithic s o i ls , n p i te o fCultures c l i mIna t e a nd E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 3
v ege ta t ion , r ef lect
t he i nf luence o f s o me l oca l c ond i t ion s uch a s p oor d ra inage o r a lka l in i ty ( Pecsi a nd Göc An , 1 971; Buckman a nd Brady , 1 969 ). Before a t te mp t ing t o e va lua te t he e ffect o f s o il v ar ia t ion o nt he d istr ibu t ion o f t he K ärds a nd L inear Po ttery s e t t le men ts, t he ma in s o il t ypes o f Hungary a nd t he ir p o ten t ia l f or s uccessfu l c rop p roduc t ion a re d escr ibed b r ief ly . The S o i l Groups o f Hungary 1 .
S ke le ta l s o i ls : B lown s ands a nd a l luv ia l s o ils a re t he t wo ma in s o i l t ypes
i n t h is g roup . B lown s ands o ccupy l arge a reas i nt he Grea t P la in .
They c on ta in l i t t le
h u mus a nd h ave p oor ly d eve loped s truc ture. The s ands b e tween t he Danube a nd t he T isza a re c a lcareous , wh ile t hose i n t he N y irseg a re s l ight ly a cid. Unstab il ised s ands a re o f l i t t le a gr icu l tura l v a lue . A l luv ia l s o ils w h ich a re t he r esu l t o f d epos it ion b y r ivers a re a lso v ery e x tens ive i n Hungary , e spec ia l ly i n t he L i t t le a nd Grea t P la in . These s o ils c on ta in v ery l i t t le h umus a s s o il f or ma t ion i s r e tarded b y t he o f ten r ecurr ing f l oods. On t he h igher f l oodp la ins wh ich a re r eached o n ly b y o ccas iona l f loods, h um ic a l luv ia l s o i ls h ave d eveloped.
These i nt he c ourse o ft ime a re t rans-
f or med i n to a l luv ia l c hernoze ms o r a l luv ia l meadow s o ils.
A l luv ia l s o ils c an
b e v ery f er t ile , b u t t he t hrea t o f r epea ted f l ood ing i s s o met i mes a s trong d eterr en t t o r egu lar a gr icu ltura l u t il isa t ion . 2 .
L i tho morphous s o i ls : The c haracter ist ics o f l i thomorphous s o i ls a re t o a
l arge e x ten t d e ter m ined b y t he n a ture o f t he p aren t ma ter ia l .
I n Hungary t he
t wo ma in s o il t ypes t ha tb elong t o t h is g roup a re t he r endz inas a nd t he s o-ca l led i ny irok ' o r e rubase s o ils. Rendz inas a re r a ther t h in g rassland s o i ls d eveloped f ro m s of t l imestone r ock s.
I n Hungary t hey a re f ound o n t he l imestone a nd d o lo m ite p la teaus a nd
s lopes o ft he Hungar ian Moun ta ins u nder r ock g rasses a nd k arst s hrub f orests o r o ccas iona l ly u nder h a iry o ak f orests. A s t hey d ry o u t q u ick ly , t he ir a gr ic u l tura l p roduc t iv ity i s l ow . Erubase s o i ls a re f or med f ro m l avas a nd v o lcan ic t u f fs. They u sua l ly o ccur u nder e x tre me s o il-c l i ma te c ond i t ions , o n s teep r idges a nd d ry s ou thern s lopes.
These s o ils h ave ah igh c lay c on ten t a nd a re u sua l ly v ery h igh i n
h umus.
The ir r eac t ion i s s l igh t ly b as ic o r n eu tra l .
I n s p i te o f t he h igh h u mus
c on ten t , t he p roduc t iv i ty o f e rubase s o ils i s l ow , d ue t o t he e x tre me f l uc tua t ion o ft he microcl i ma te. 3 .
Brown f orest s o ils :
Abou t 3 6% o f Hungary 's s urface i s c overed b y b rown
f orest s o ils ( S te anov i ts , 1 971 ).
F orest s o ils , a s t he n ame i nd ica tes, a re
f or med i n a reas wh ich h ave a dequa te p rec ip i ta t ion f or f orest g row th.
The
ma jor p rocesses t ha t o pera te i nt he f or ma t ion o ff orest s o i ls a re l each ing , p odzo l isa t ion a nd l ess ivage. L each ing i s t he wash ing o u t o f t he s o lub le ma ter ia ls o f t he s o lu m.
I n s o me f orest s o ils , l each ing i s o n ly s u f f ic ien t t o r e move
t he c a lc iu m c arbona te a nd d oes n o t s er iously impa ir t he n a tura l f er t il ity o f t he s o il . I n o thers , l each ing may b e s o s evere a nd c onsequen t ly t he u pper l ayers s o a cid ic t ha t a gr icu l tura l p roduct ion b eco mes marg ina l ( Buckman a nd B rady , 1 969 ). Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 4
L ess ivage i s t he mechan ica l m igra t ion o f c lay p ar t icles f ro m t he A t o t he Bh or izons. P odzo l isa t ion i s t he c he m ica l m igra t ion o f a lum in ium a nd i ron a nd/or o rgan ic ma t ter r esu l t ing i nt he c oncen tra t ion o f s i l ica i n t he e luvia l h or izon ( B_ uo l H o le a nd McCracken , 1 973 ) . P odzo lisa tion a nd l essivage may o r may n o t o pera te s i mu l taneously w ith t he l each ing p rocess. I n Hungary , t he ma in s o i l t ypes o f t he b rown f ores t g roup a re : s trong ly a cid n on-podzo l ic b rown f orest s o i l ; p odzo l ic b rown f orest s o il , b rown f orest s o i l w ith c lay i l luv iu m ( l essiva ted b r. f orest s o il ), p seudoge ly t ype b rown f orest s o i l ; Ra mann 's b rown e ar th , ' kovärvg .ny ' b rown f ores t s o il ;and c hernoze mb rown f orest s o i l . Ac id n on-podzo l ic b rown f orest s o ils :
These s o i ls a re f or med o n a rg il-
l i tes, p hy l l i tes , p orphyr i tes a nd h ydroandezi tes. The l eached h or izon i s r ich i n o rgan ic ma t ter , ma in ly b ecause t he g round v ege ta t ion c ons ists o fh ea ther a nd c ranberry ; t he h umus t ype i s a c id mu l l . a re 3 .5-4 .5 .
The p H v a lues o f t h is h or izon
I n t he i l luv ia l h orizon , a cidi ty i s a lso s igni f ican t ;
pH i s a round
5 . The mo isture r eg i me i s u nfavourable. A s t he s o ils a re most ly s ha l low a nd h ave l ow wa ter h o ld ing c apac i ty , t hey d ry o u t q u ick ly i n s um mer. The n u tr ien t s ta tus i s l ow ; t hey c on ta in l i t t le n i trogen , p hosphorus a nd p o tass iu m. I n western Europe t hese s o ils a re r eferred t o a s ' so ls b runs a c ids '. Podzo l ic b rown f orest s o ils ( podzo l ic l essiva ted h r. f . s o ils ): a re f ound u nder c losed f orests i n a reas o fh ign p rec ip i ta t ion .
These s o ils
They a re e spe-
c ia l ly c harac ter ist ic o ft he h igher r eg ions o f t he N orthern Moun ta ins, where t hey most ly o ccur u nder h um id o ak a nd b eech a ssoc ia t ions.
They a re a lso f ound
u nder p ine f orests i nt he f oo th il ls o ft he A lps. The r eac t ion o ft he w ho le s o i l p rof ile i s a c id ic.
The h u mus l ayer i s v ery
t h in . N u tr ien ts a re i n s hor t s upp ly ; n i trogen d ef ic iency i s p ronounced . P lan ts s o me t i mes s uf fer f ro m d rought i n s u m mer , a s t he mo isture r eg i me o f t he A h or izon f luc tua tes g rea t ly i n s pr ing a nd s ummer. Brown f orest s o ils w i th c lay i l luv iu m ( Lessiva ted b r. f . s o ils ):
O f t he
f orest s o ils t hese a re t he most e x tensive i n Hungary. They a re f ound i n mount a inous a nd h il ly r eg ions , where t he a nnua l p rec ip ita t ion i s o ver 6 50 m m. They u sua l ly o ccur u nder a c id iph ilous o ak o r h ornbeam-oak o r o ccasiona l ly u nder b eech f ores ts. The ir r eac t ion i s modera tely a cid. The mo isture r eg i me i s g ood . The s o i ls h ave g ood wa ter h o ld ing c apac ity a nd t he a va ilable wa ter i s s a t isfac tory f or c rop c u l t iva t ion . The n u tr ien t c on ten t i s g enera l ly modera te.
The s upp ly
o f n i trogen i s l arge ly d ependen t o nh umus c on ten t a nd c onsequen t ly i s g enera l ly p oor.
Phospha te i s i n modera te s upp ly ,a nd p o tass iu m i s a dequa te.
On
t he who le t hese s o ils a re o f modera te f er t il ity . Pseudog ley b rown f orest s o ils: I n Hungary p seudogley s o i ls a re c lose ly r ela ted t ob rown f orest s o i ls , a l though t h is i s n o t n ecessar ily t he c ase i n o ther r eg ions o u tside Hungary. These s o ils o ccur u nder b eech o r h ornbeamo ak f orests o r g rassy meadows w i th p lan ts o fh igh mo isture r equ ire men t. The s o i ls a re s trong ly a c id ic, w ith p H v a lues s e ldo m e xceed ing 6 .0.
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, p hys ic a l c hara ctehttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. r ist ics , e specia l ly t he wa ter r eg i me , Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 5
The
a re v ery u n favourable
t o c rop p roduction . The i l luvia l h orizon a nd t he o ther s ubsurface l ayers h ave at endency t o swe l la nd c on tract ; f or most o ft he y ear t he h or izon i s i n a n e xp anded s ta te a nd t h is makes i tc o mpact a nd l ow i np ore s pace . The n u trien t s ta tus i s a lso u n favourab le ; n i trogen a nd p hospha tes a re i n s hor t s upp ly , a nd p o tassiu m i s of ten l eached o u t . Ra mann 's b rown e ar th : B esides t he c hernoze m-brown f orest s oi ls t hese a re t he most f er ti le f orest s oi ls i n H ungary. B raunerden o ccur o n ly i nt he d r ier p ar ts o ft he c oun try , i np art icu lar w ith in b as ins a nd o n s lopes i n t he n or thern p ar t o f t he b rown f orest s o i l r eg ion a nd i n a reas a d jacen t t o t he c hernoze m r eg ion .
' I ng enera l , where t he t opography i s v ar ied , l essiva ted
b rown f orest s o i ls o ccur i n t he p la ins a nd b raunerden o n t he s lopes' ( S te fänov its , 1 971 ). I n s o me s o i l c lass if ica t ions, b raunerden a re t er med a s i n traz ona l s o ils b ecause o f t he h igh l ime c on ten t o f t he p aren t ma ter ia l ( Buckman a nd Brady , 1 969 ). I n Hungary t he most c o m mon p aren t ma ter ia l i s l oess. When n o t u nder c u l t iva t ion , t he v egeta t ion c over c onsists o f c a lciph ile o ak o r b eech f orests. The A h or izon o fb raunerden h as a g ood ,crumbly o r g ranu lar ,s truc ture. The mo isture r eg i me i s g ood . The s o il i s modera te ly p ermeab le a nd h as a g ood wa ter h o ld ing c apac i ty , t he who le p rof i le p rov id ing wa ter f or p lan t g row th. The r eact ion o f t he s o il i s s l ight ly a c id o r n eu tra l .
The h u mus c on ten t u nder
f orest c an b e a s h igh a s 8 % , b u t t he s ame s o il u nder a rable c u l t iva t ion h as o n ly 2%.
N u tr ien ts a re i ng ood s upp ly i n n on-eroded p rof i les.
Braunerden
a re e asy t o c u l t iva te a nd y ie ld r ich c rops, e spec ia l ly when f ert il ised o ccas iona l ly . K ovärväny b rown f orest s o i ls : When b rown f orest s o ils d eve lop o n s and , t he t ype g enera l ly f or med i n Hungary i s ' kovärväny ' b rown f orest s o il . K ovärv äny a re t h in c lay l a me l lae i nt he a ccu mu la t ion h or izon . The wa ter r eg i me o f t hese s o ils i s much more f avourable t han i s u sua l ly t he c ase w i th s andy s o ils. The i n f il tra t ion r a te o ft he wa ter i s s lowed d own b y t he c lay l ame l lae a nd p lan ts h ave a l onger t ime t o a bsorb t he mo is ture . A lso , t here i s u sua l ly more wa ter s tored b etween t he c lay b ands t han i n o ther s andy s o ils.
The n u tr ien t s ta tus i s q u ite h igh , p ar t ly b ecause o f t he p resence o f t he
c lay l a me l lae , wh ich c an b ind l arger q uan t it ies o f p lan t n u tr ien ts a nd p ar t ly b ecause t here i s more t ime f or t he p lan ts t o a bsorb t he n u tr ien ts.
The f er t il ity
o f k ovärväny b rown f orest s o i ls i s modera te ly h igh. Chernoze m-brown f orest s o ils :
These s o ils a re p redom inan t ly f ound i n
t he z one o f t rans i t ion b e tween p la ins a nd h i l ly o r moun ta inous a reas.
They
h ave c erta in c haracter ist ics wh ich a re t yp ica l o fb rown f orest a nd o thers t yp ica l o f c hernoze m s o ils.
' The s o il p rof ile h as a r ich d eep ly-deve loped
h u mus h or izon wh ich v ery of ten r eaches we l l i n to t he i luvia l h orizon o f t he b rown f orest s oi l , mask ing i t s o r ig ina l c o lour a nd p roper ties. I n t he l ower p ar t o ft he h u mus h or izon , h owever , t he s tructure i s t yp ica l o ft he b rown f orest s oi ls, b lock ly o r e ven p ris ma tic ' ( S tefänovi ts, 1 971 , 9 9 ) .
B esides l each ing ,
i n tensive h u mi f ica t ion , ac haracter istic p rocess i n c hernoze ms, h as a lso b een i nf luen tia l i nthe f or ma t ion o f c hernoze m-brown f orest s oi ls. The mo isture r eg i me i s g ood , a s modera te p ermeab i l ity i s a cco mpan ied Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. b y g oodUK: wa tePublishing, r h o ld i nghttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. c apac i ty . N u tr ien ts a re i ng ood s upp ly , E-book, Oxford, BAR 1979, Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 6
n i trogen , p hos-
p horus a nd p o tassiu m b e ing a dequa te f or most c rops.
A c id ity i s s ligh t ; t he pH
i s r are ly l ess t han 6 .5 . The g enes is o ft hese s o ils i s s o mewha t c on trovers ia l b u t i ti s g enera l ly t hough t t ha t a n thropogen ic i nf luence was p robably r espons ible f or t he d evelopmen t o f c hernoze m c haracter ist ics. 4 .
Chernoze m s o ils :
C hernoze m s o ils o ccur i n a reas o f l ower r a in fa l l u sua l ly
u nder g rassy v egeta t ion . The r a in fa l l i s i nsuf f ic ien t t o l each o u t much o f t he c a lc ium a nd o ther d iva len t c a t ions. Consequen t ly , t hese s o ils h ave h igh b ase s a tura t ion a nd a re m ild ly a c id ic t o b as ic i n r eact ion . The s o luble c onst ituen ts l eached f ro m t he s urface h or izons a re n o t r e moved f rom t he p rof ile; t hey a re o n ly moved t o t he l ower h or izons.
The z one o f c a lciu m c arbona te a ccu mula tion
o ccurs a t t he d ep th o f t he a verage p enetra t ion o f t he r a in wa ters. The v ege ta t ion h as a lso c on tr ibu ted t o t he s o ilfor m ing p rocess. Grasses a re v ery e ffect ive i n r e turn ing b ases t o t he s urface o f t he s o il . The e x tensive r oo t s yste ms o ft hese p lan ts a lso s upp ly l arge amoun ts o f o rgan ic ma t ter. The h u mus t ha t d eve lops s tab i l ises t he s o il c o l lo ids when a dequa te c a lc ium i s p res en t .
Th is p reven ts t he d ownward move men t o f t he f iner m inera ls , ap rocess
c haracter ist ic o ff orest s o ils ( Buckman a nd Brady , 1 969 ). I n Hungary c hernozem s o i ls o ccur i n t he A lfö ld a nd t he Mezöfö ld. They a re a lways f ound o n p aren t ma ter ia ls wh ich c on ta in c a lciu m c arbona te . Most o f t he t yp ica l c hernoze ms a re f ound o n l oess.
The d ep th o f t he g round wa ter
t ab le i s a lways b elow 5 m. Chernoze ms w ith c arbona te c oa t ing h ave g ood c rumbly s truc ture ,and t he h umus l ayer c an r each 1 50 cm i nt h ickness.
These s o i ls a re we l l s upp l ied
w ith m inera l n u tr ien ts a s w el l a s n i trogen a nd s u l fur.
Typ ica l c hernoze ms
a re o ne o ft he most f ert ile s o i l t ypes i n Hungary. Because o f t he l ow a nd u nc er ta in r a in fal l , h owever , t he ir p roduct iv ity i s n o t c ons is ten tly a s h igh a s t ha t o f t he meadow c hernozems. Meadow c hernoze ms a re f ormed w i th in t he c hernozem a rea
where t he
c ap i l lary z one o ft he g round wa ter t able i s i n c on tact w ith t he s o i l p rof ile. Meadow c hernoze ms a re t he most f ert ile s o ils i n Hungary . Chernoze ms w ith a lka l i s ubso ils a re f a ir ly f requen t i n Hungary . The s urf ace h or izons a re s im ilar t o t hose o f t yp ica l c hernoze ms , b u t t he a lka l i s ubs o i l i s more c o mpact a nd l ess p er meable. I n d ry y ears , p lan ts w il l t end t o s uf fer f ro m d rought . The f er t i l ity o ft he s o il i s l arge ly d e ter m ined b y t he d ep th o ft he s a l t f ree u pper h or izons ( Szabo lcs, 1 966 ). 5 . A lka l i s o i ls : ' So ils d eve loped u nder i mperfec t d ra inage c ond it ions i n a r id r eg ions a re o f ten c haracter ised b y a bnor ma l s a l t c oncen tra t ions i n t he u pper h or izons. Because o ft he e f fec ts o f s a l ts o n t he ir p ropert ies , t hese s o ils a re t ermed h a lo morph ic o r a lka l i s o ils ' ( Buckman a nd Brady , 1 969 ). A l though Hungary i s s i tua ted i nt he t e mpera te z one a nd i t s p rec ip ita t ion i s c haracter ised b y as ummer h a l f-year max i mu m , s um mers , e specia l ly i nt he s ou theastern p art o f t he c oun try , a re a r id .
I th as b een o bserved t ha t a lka l i
s o i l s i nH ungofar a r e Middle s tr ic t ly Körös c on f inLinear ed Pottery t o a r easInw here Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology they Early and Neolithic and Cultures Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 9 7
t he r a in fa l l i n t he a r id
h a l f-year i s l ess t han 3 50-400 m m ( So mogy i , 1 964 ).
A lka l i s o ils a re most
w idespread i nt he Grea t P la in , where t hey a re f ound i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th c hernoz em a nd meadow s o i ls. Topograph ical ly , t hey a re u sua l ly s i tua ted b e low t he c hernoze ms a nd a bove t he meadow s o ils. On t he b as is o f d if ferences i n s truct ure a nd s a l t c on ten t 3 ma in t ypes o f a lka l i s o ils h ave b een d ist ingu ished i n Hungary. S olonchak s o ils o ccur where t he s a l ty g round wa ter t able l i es a t l east i n ter m it ten t ly h igher t han 0 .5 m.
The a ccu mu la t ion o f s o lub le s a l ts o f s od iu m ,
c a lc iu m , magnes iu m a nd p o tass iu m o ccurs i n t he u pper most l evel ; t he s a l t c on ten t i s u sua l ly b etween 0 .3-0.5%. The s o i l p rof ile i s u sua lly u nstra t if ied , a nd t he h or izons c an b e d ist ingu ished o n ly w i th d if icu l ty. S o lonchak s o i ls i n Hungary a re n o t v ery w idespread ; t hey a re most ly f ound b e tween t he Danube a nd T isza . Because o f i mpeded d ra inage a nd h igh s a l t c on ten t , s o lonchak s o ils a re o f p oor q ua l ity a s c rop lands. ( Pecs i a nd G6czA .n , 1 971).
Today, t hey a re most ly u t il ised a s meadows
S o lonchak-so lonetz s o ils u sua l ly o ccur where t he g round wa ter t able i s a t ad ep th o f 1 m.
The s o il p rof i le i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f t he s o lonchaks , e xcep t
t here i s a more d eve loped B h or izon . The r eac t ion o f t he u pper h or izon i s s l ight ly b as ic d ue t o t he h igh c oncen tra t ion o f a lka l i s a lts i n t he B2 h or izon . The p er meab il ity o ft he s o lonchak-so lone tz s o i ls i s v ery l ow . The u sefu lness o f t hese s o i ls f or a gr icu ltura l p roduct ion i s l im ited ; r ice i s t he o n ly c rop t ha t c an b e g rown o n t he m w ith a ny s uccess. S o lone tz s o ils a re t he mos t w idespread a lka l i s o ils i n Hungary . They a re f ound where t he s a l ty g round wa ter t able i s b e low 1 m b u t a bove 2 me tres i n d ep th.
S o lonetz s o ils a re c haracter 's ed b y ah igh c oncen tra t ion o f s od iu m i n
a ssoc ia t ion w ith t he s o il c o l lo ids. s tructure.
The s o il p rof i le h as a t yp ica l c o lumnar
S a l t c oncen tra t ion i s h ighest i n t he B i h or izon .
A s t he A h or izon
c on ta ins f ewer wa ter s o luble s a l ts a nd a lso h as ab et ter wa ter h o ld ing c apacity , t he f ert il ity o f t he s o lonetz s o ils i s u sua l ly d eterm ined b y t he d ep th o f t he A h or izon . I n t he b est , s o-ca lled d eep s o lone tzes, t he d ep th o ft he A h or izon i s o ver 1 5 cm ( Szabo lcs , 1 961). Deep o r med iu m s o lone tzes, a lso r eferred t o a s s teppe s o lonetzes c onst i tu te o ne s ubtype o f s o lonetz s o i ls.
The o ther s ubtype i s t he meadow s o lone tz.
Topograph ica l ly , meadow s o lonetzes a re u sua l ly f ound i nt he l owest a reas o f t he t erra in , w h ile s teppe s o lonetzes u sua l ly o ccur h igher u p , i n a n i n ter med ia te p os it ion b e tween meadow s o ils a nd meadow c hernoze ms. S o i ls s tud ies o f a lka l i s o i ls s uggest t ha t t he d evelopmen t o f s o lonetz s o ils h as b een a v ery c o mp lex p rocess.
The e f fect o f t he r iver r egula t ion s o n t he
f or ma t ion o f t he s o lonetz s o ils i s s t il l n o t f u l ly u nderstood.
Genera l ly , s o lo -
n e tz s o ils o ccur i n a reas t ha t h ad b een s easona l ly i nunda ted b efore t he r egu lat ion .
I nt he o p in ion o ft he p edo log ists , most o f t hese s o ils h ad a s o lone tz p ro-
f i le e ven b efore t he r egu la t ion ( M ae , 19 55; S zabo lcs, 19 61 ).
S o me o f t he
s olone tz s o i ls , h owever , may h ave d eve loped f rom s o lonchaks t hrough l eachi ng d ue t o t he g enera l l ower ing o f t he g round wa ter t able ( S zabo lcs , 1 961). I n a dd it ion , s o me s econdary s a l in isa t ion d id o ccur a f ter t he r egu la t ions.
The
q uest ion o f s o i l c hanges, o r a t l east c er ta in a spects o f i tt ha t a re d irec t ly r elevan t t o s et t le men t d istr ibu t ion , w i l l b e d iscussed l a ter i nt h is c hap ter . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 8
6 .
Meadow s o ils :
Meadow s o i ls a re g enera l ly f ound i n a reas o f e xcessive
mo isture a nd r estr ic ted d ra inage.
The p oor d ra inage i s u sua l ly d ue t o l oca-
t ion r a ther t han c lay p an d eve lop men t ( Buckman a nd Brady , 1 969 ). I n Hungary , meadow s o ils a re e x tens ive o n t he f or mer h igher f lood-p la ins o f t he r ivers.
They a lso f requen t ly o ccur i n s il ted u p r iver b eds, i n l arger
d epress ions b e tween t he Danube a nd T isza , a nd among t he s and d unes o f t he N y irseg ; t ha t i s , wherever t he g round wa ter t able i s n ear t he s urface.
The
n a t ive v egeta t ion o f meadow s o ils c ons ists most ly o f g rasses a nd s edges ,bu t t hey a lso o ccur u nder f l oodp la in f orests. ma t ter a nd h ave t h ick h umus l ayers.
Meadow s o ils a re r ich i n o rgan ic
The c a lciu m c arbona te i s u sua l ly l eached
o ut o ft he u pper h or izon , a nd t he r eact ion o f t he s o i l i s s l igh t ly a cid ic.
A l-
t hough t hey may o ccur o n s and o r l oam , most meadow s o i ls a re f ound o n h eavy c lays.
Because o f t he sma l l amoun t o f a va ilable wa ter i n t he c lay , p lan ts
o f ten s u f fer f ro m d rough t i n d r ier y ears ( Nagy , 1 956 ).
The u t il isa t ion o f t he
h eavy meadow s o ils f or a gr icu l ture u sua l ly r equ ires t he u se o f h eavy mach ine ry .
The most f requen t s ubtypes o f meadow s o ils i n Hungary a re t he meadow
s o i ls w ith a lka l i s ubso il a nd meadow s o il o f s teppe c haracter. 7 .
Bog s o ils :
S im ilar ly t o t he meadow s o ils , b og s o ils a re a lso c haracter-
i sed b y a n e xcess o f s o il mo isture a nd p oor d ra inage.
I nb og s o i ls ,the g round
wa ter t ab le i s a t o r v ery n ear t he s urface d ur ing most o f t he y ear. I n Hungary , b og s o ils a re most f requen tly f ound a long l ake s hores c u t-of fo xbows i n t he f l oodp la ins o ft he l argest r ivers.
a nd i n
The h igh o rgan ic ma t ter
c on ten t o ft hese s o ils c o mes f ro m t he d eco mpos it ion o f s edges a nd o ther swa mpy * p lan t a ssoc ia t ions.
A ccord ing t o t he d egree o f h um if ica t ion o f t he o rgan ic
ma t ter , t wo t ypes o fb og s oi ls c an b e d ist inguished :
mucks a nd p ea ts.
I n mucks , t he o rgan ic c onst ituen ts a re c o mp letely h um if ied . s tructure i s v ery l oose , l i gh t a nd f r iable.
The s o i l
The l argest muck s o il a reas a re
l oca ted e ast o f t he T isza , b e tween t he Bere t ty ; a nd Kdrds r ivers , a nd i n t he Re tkdz.
Muck s o ils a re a lso f ound i n t he western p ar t o f t he c oun try ,
i n t he
Hansgg , L it t le Ba la ton , a nd S A .rrd t. Pea ty s o ils a re f ound i nt he s ame r eg ions a s t he muck s o ils.
I n p ea ts ,
o n ly t he u pper l ayer i s h um if ied ; t he l ower l ayers a re c o mposed o f s t i l l r ec ogn isable p lan t r e ma ins.
Pea ts a re mos t ly u t il ised a s f ue l o r a s f er t i l isers.
S et t le men t D istr ibu t ions a nd S o il Types The d istr ibu t ion o f s e t t le ments a ccord ing t o s o il t ype i s s hown o n Map 8 . The p ercen tages o f K drds, ALP a nd T LP s ites a ssoc ia ted w ith t he v ar ious s o i l t ypes a re s hown i n H istograms a , b , a nd c ( F ig. 1).
H istograms d , e ,
f , h , ia nd j ( F ig. 1 1 ) s how t he p ercen tage r ela t ionsh ips i n t he Ear ly , M idd le a nd L a te p hases o f t he ALP a nd TLP.
H istogra ms k , 1 , m , n , oa nd p ( F ig.
1) g ive t he p ercen tage f i gures f or t he r eg iona l g roups o f t he L a te ALP. The ma jor ity o f l a irds s ites a re f ound o n s o il t ypes where wa ter h as b een a n i mpor tan t s o il f or m ing f actor. a re o n a l luv ia l meadow s o ils; s o i ls.
The h ighest p ercen tage ( 44 ) o f s e t t le men ts
1 3% a re o n a lkali s oi ls a nd 1 2% o n h ydro morphic
O f t he r est , ar e la t ively h igh p ercen tage , 2 7 , a re o n meadow c herno-
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement of the Early and Middle Körös Linear Pottery Cultures Ine Hungary. z em s. MEcology eadow c he rn ozeNeolithic ms a re ,anda s we h av e s e n , t ransit iona l E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 9
b etween
P odzo l ic b rown f orest s o i l
1 00
7 . » 0
0
:
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 I n , «
C hernozem-brown f orest s o i l
Brown e ar th , R a mann ' sb rown f orest s o i l
C • 1
P seudog leytype b rown f orest s oi l
C . 4
S trong ly a c id n on-podzo l ic b rown f orest s o i l
E rubase s o i l, b lack ' ny irok '
W ind-b lown s and
Meadow s o lone tz
S o lonchak-so lone tz
A l luv ia l c hernoze m
Meadow c hernozem s a l ty i n i t s d eeper h or izons
Meadow c hernozem
C hernozemtype s and
S e t t lemen t D istr ibu t ions a nd S o i l Types
r . 4
0, M a• M l•
R ecen t r aw a l luv ia l s o i l
S o i ls o f s wamp f orests
Marshy meadow s o i l
A l luv ia l meadow s o i l
Meadow s o i l
S o lone tz l ike meadow s o i l
Meadow s o lone tz i n t rans i t ion t o s teppe s o i l
11
1 1) 3 1 i l b ° N g I
j 0 1 Pi 111( 1 1' rdl * 4n
r
7 t
r ,14 1 . ; , .
•• .
V .
_ . 1 1 1 1 1 19 r ilere d o u si000 " -Z j 1 1 11 1 111 1.t al et t t t i t t ,m e
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
F ig . 1 1
H istogra ms s how ing t he d istr ibu tion o f s e t t le men ts i n r e la t ion t o s oi l t ypes
1 , w ind-b lown s and 2 , r endzina 3 , e rubase s oi l , b lack ' nyirok ' 4 , s trong ly a cid n on-podzo lic b rown f orest s oi l 5 , p odzo lic b rown f orest s oi l 6 , b rown f orest s oi l w i th c lay i l luviu m 7 , p seudog leytype b rown f orest s oi l 8 , b rown e ar th , Ra mann 's b rown f orest s o i l 9 , k ovärväny b rown f orest s oi l 1 0 , c hernoze m-brown f orest s oi l 1 1 , c hernoze mtype s and 1 2 , t yp ica l c hernoze m w i th c arbona te f i l ms 1 3 , l ow land c hernoze m w i th c arbona te f i l ms 1 4, l ow land c hernoze m w i th c arbona te f i l ms, s a lty i n d eeper h or izons 1 5 . meadow c hernoze m 1 6 , meadow c hernoze m s a l ty i n d eeper h or izons 1 7 , a l luvia l c hernoze m 1 8 , s o lonchak 1 9 , s o lonchak-so lone tz 2 0 , meadow s o lone tz 2 1 , meadow s o lone tz i n t ransi t ion t o s teppe s oi l 2 2 , s o lone tzlike meadow s oi l 2 3 , meadow s oi l 2 4 , a l luvia l meadow s oi l 2 5, marshy meadow s oi l 2 6, l ow moor , f en s oi l 2 7 , d ra ined a nd c u l tiva ted f en s oi l 2 8 , s o i ls o f swamp f orests 2 9 , r ecen t a l luvia l s oi l
1 02 Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
%o f s i tes 5 0-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
8
9
1 0
1
1 2 1731 1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
1
1 8' 1 9
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
r- 1 2 7 2 8
2 9
a ) K örös c u l ture
2 0-
1 0-
0
1 r-1 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 0
1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7 ' 18
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
' 1 9
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
1 9
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
1, 2 6
2 7
2 8
2 9
2 6
2 7'28
2 9
b ) A l fö ld L inear Pot tery c ul ture
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1
1 2
1 3
1 8
c ) Transdanub ian L inear Pot tery c u l ture Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 03
%o f s i tes 2 0-
1 0-
0
, .
„2 • 3 , • 4'
5
r -1 6
7
8
9
1 0
1
1 0
1
1
12 I 1 3
I
l a
1 5
1 611 7
1
1 8 ' 19
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
1
1 8 ' 19
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5' 2 6
2 2
t 2 3
2 4
2 5
1
2 6' 2 7' 2 8
2 9
d ) Ear ly ALP
2 0-
1 0-
1
1
2
1
3 '4
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 6
1 7 '1 8
/2 7
2 8
2 9
e ) Midd le ALP
2 0-
1 0-
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
-
1
1
1 2
1 3
-
1 4
1 5
1
1 9
2 0
2 1
f ) L a te ALP
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 04
2 6
2 7
2 8
2 9
%o f s i tes 5 0-
4 0-
3 0-
2 0-
1 0-
2
1
3
5
1
6
1
7
8
7
8
1 0
1
1
1 2
3
1 4 /1 5
1 6
1 7 11 8
1
1 9
1
2 01 - 2 1
1
22 -1
2 3
12 4
2 5
2 6
2 7' 2 8
2 9
1
h ) Ear ly TLP
4 0-
3 0-
1 0-
2
3
4
5
6
9
1 0
1
1 2
1 3
1 4
F
1 7 51 1 6
1 7' 1 8
1
1 9
1
2 0' 2 1 ' 22
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 7
1
2 8
2 9
i ) Midd le TLP
4 0
3
2
1 0-
2
3
4
6
7
8
1 0
1
1 2
1 3 11 4! 1 5
1
1 6 1 17
1
1 8
1 191
2 0
j ) La te TLP Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 05
2 1 ' 22
2 3
F2 4
2 5
2 6 ' 27
1
2 8
2 9
I
%o f s i tes 2 0-
1 0-
0
1
2
k )
3
5
4
6
7
11 8
9
1 0
1 ' 12 ' 13'14
9
1 0
1
9
1 0 ' 1'
1 3
r -
1 2
1 3
1 ' 12
1 3
1 5
1 6'17'18'19
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
1
2 6
2 7
-2 8
2 9
L a te AVK
0 1 0 -
0
1
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 2
1 3
T
1 4'15
1 6
I
1 7'18'19
2 0
2 1' 22
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
2 7'28
2 9
1 76 1 1 7 18 ' 19
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
2 7' 28
2 9
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
2 71 2 8' 29'
2 1
2 2' 23
2 4' 25' 26'27'28
2 2
2 4
1 ) T iszadob
1
2
3
I
4
5
I-6 1
7 c
1 4
m) E sztär
1
2
3
4
7
8
9
1 0
9
1 0
1
1 4
1 5
6 '17'18'
9 2 0
n ) S zi l meg 2 0-
' 0-
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
p
1 4'15 ' 16
1 7'18'19
2 0
2 9
o ) R ekk
3 0-
0
1
2 13 F 4
' 5 '6
7
9'10'11 '12'13'14
1 5
1 6 17'18'19
7 2 1
p ) S zakä lhä t Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 06
2 3
2 5' 26'27' 28' 29
?
Tab le 8
Percen tage p oin t d i f ference b etween e xpected a nd o bserved d istr ibut ions o f s et t le men ts i n r elation t o s oi ls
S oi l
K örös c u lture Expected
1
4 .26
2
2 .36
O bserved
ALP Ppd
O bserved
O .7 6
T LP Ppd
3 .30
0 . 9 4
O .9 5
0 . 7 6
2 2 .64
4. 3 3
3 4.43
24.68
5 .19
7 .08
1 .6 7
1 .30
0 .47
1 .56
3
0 .16 O .3 0
5
0 .19
6
1 8 .31
7
1 .90
8
9 .75
4 .41
9
2 .61
6 .23
1 .30
1. 0 0
7 .53
3 .62
1 0
5 .41
1
3 .01
1 .53
1 2
7 .50
1 .53
1 3
2 .42
O .7 6
1 4
0 .90
1 5
6 .66
1 5.27
8 .61
1 0.65
3 .99
1 6
3 .29
1 1.45
8 . 1 6
3 .64
0 .3 5
0 .41
1 8
O . 1 6
5 .66 1 .56 0 .52
1 9
0 .87
2 0
2 .50
3 .82
1 .32
8 .83
6.33
2 1
2 .91
7 .63
4. 7 2
6 .23
3 .2 2
1 .82
1 .53
2 .08
0 . 2 6
2 3
6 .57
1 1.45
4. 8 8
1 4.55
7 .98
2 4
6 .33
4 3 .51
37 .18
1 5.85
9 .52
2 5
3 .10 1 .03
2 7
0 .90
2 8
O .3 5
2 9
4 .02
Tota l Ppd
2 .83
0 .47
2 2
2 6
Ppd
O . 2 6
4
1 7
Observed
0 .76
2 .83 1 .89
1 .04
1 2 .26
9 . 1 6
0 .26
1 .42
O . 3 9
0 .26 6 .75 6 4. 8 7
2 . 7 3 3 9. 1 0
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 07
3 .77 4 1.93
Table 8 ( con td . )
ALP
S oi ls Midd le
Ear ly O bserved
Ppd
Observed
La te Ppd
Observed
Ppd
1
0 .40
2
2 .38
0 .02
4
1 .98
1 .68
6
3 .45
3 .17
9 .52
8 9
6 .90 6 .90
4. 2 9
3 .17 6 .35
5 .16 5 .95
3.34
6 .90
1.49
3 .97
5 .56
0 . 1 5
1 .59
O .7 9
1 0 1 1 1 3
3 .44
1 .02
3 . 7 4
2 .38
1 .19
1 4 1 5
0 .79 6 .90
O. 2 4
1 2 .70
2 0
1 0.34
7 .84
1 6
6. 0 4
9 .52
1 9.05
16.55
4 .37
1 . 8 7
1.06
7 .14
4 . 2 3
1 .98
O . 1 6
3 .17
2 . 8 6
4 .76
2 1
6 .90
3 .99
3 .97
2 2
6 .90
5.08
1 .59
2 3
1 3 .79
7 .22
1 8 .25
11 .68
1 2 .70
6 .13
2 4
1 7 .24
10 .91
1 4.29
7 .96
1 6.67
10 .34
2 5
1 .59
2 6
0 .40
2 7 2 9
0 .79 1 0 .34
To ta l Ppd
6.32
5 .56
4 8 .40
0 .40 1 .54
6 .75
4 8 .57
2 . 7 3 3 3.51
TLP 2 5
3 .77
1 .41
1 4.28
14. 0 9
0 .63
0 .44
2 5.16
6.85
1 2 .70
1 4.28
4.53
3 6.48
26. 7 3
3 3 .33
23 .58
5 .66
0 . 2 5
1 5.87
10 .46
6 8 1 0 1 1 1 2
4 2 .86
35.36
3 .77 3 .77
2 3
3 .14
2 4
7 .94
25.48
3 .17
1 4.47
11 .37
1 .89
0 . 8 6
2 9 7 9.46
4 7 .91
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 08
0 .44
1 .59
1 .26 2 8 .58
2 6
To ta l Ppd
2 .40
1 .59
1 5
2 5
4 .76
6 .35
3 . 2 5
1 2 .70
8 .68 4 8 .81
( con td .)
Table 8 ( con td .) S o i ls
La te ALP La te AVK Observed
Eszta 'r
T iszadob
Ppd
1
1 .24
2
6 .17
3 . 8 1
4
3 .70
3.40
6
1 4.81
Observed
Ppd
2 .12
2 .99
2 .69
2 2 .39
4.08
2 .78 1 1.11
8 .50
5 .55
3.13
5 .55
4.65
1 1.11
4.45
8
3 .70 4 .94
2 .33
1 3 .43
10 . 8 2
8 .95
9 .88
4.47
1 3 .43
8 . 0 2
1 1
2 .78
1 .49
1 3 1 4 1 5
6 .17
1 6
2 .47
2 .99
2 0
2 .47
2 .99
2 1
6 .17
3 . 2 6
2 2
4 .94
3 .12
2 3
1 2 .35
5. 7 8
1 0 .45
2 4
1 3 .58
7 . 2 5
7 .46
2 5
1 .24
2 .78 0 .49
1 1 .11
8 .61
1 3 .89
10 .98
3 . 8 8
1 3 .89
7 . 3 2
1. 1 3
5 .56
1 .49
2 .78
2 6 2 9
6 .17
To ta l Ppd
2 . 1 5
5 .97
1 .95
3 3 .57 S zi l meg
Blkk
2
6 .41
4.05
4
6 ,41
6. 1 1
6
3 .57
8
1 0 . 7 2
0 .97
7 .69
9
3 .57
0 .96
1 1 .54
8 .93
8 .97
3 .56
3 .57
0 .56
1 3
7 .14
4 . 7 2
1 4
3 .57
2 .67
1 5
3 .57
1 .28
18 .94
5 .13
2 .63
1 8 .29
11 .63
9 .76
6.46
2 .44
14.95
1 3.41 1 .22
2 2
3 .57
1 . 7 5
2 3
7 .14
0 .57
1 4.10
2 4
7 .14
0 . 8 1
2 .57
2 5
3 .57
0 .47
2 .57
2 6
3 .57
2 .54
7 .53
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and 1 Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. 2 9 4.10 10 .0 8 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
To ta l Ppd
5 3. 7 0
1 .22
1 6 2 1.44
4. 3 1
1 7 .95
1 0
2 1
1. 7 5
8 .33
S zakälhä t
1 .28
2 0
2 .78
3 5.18
1
1 1
Ppd
1 .49 4 .48
9 1 0
Observed
5 0.72
4 2 .89
1 09
10 .55
1 4.63
8 .06
3 9.03
32 . 7 0
6 9.41
h ydro morph ic s o ils a nd c hernoze ms , a nd i n s o me c lass if ica t ions a re a ctua l ly r egarded a s h ydro morph ic s o ils ( Szabo lcs , 19 61). The ALP s e t t le men ts a re f ound o n a much g rea ter v ar ie ty o f s o i l t ypes. N ever the less, t he l argest n umber o f s e t t le men ts a re o n t he s ame s o il t ypes a s t he K t irös s i tes : morph ic s o ils.
2 3% o n a l luv ia l s o ils;
1 7% o n a lka l i s o ils;
1 4% a re o n meadow c hernoze ms.
a nd 1 6% o n h ydro-
I n c on trast t o t he l a irds
c ul ture , h owever , 2 5% o f t he ALP s e t t le men ts a re f ound o n f orest s o i ls. r e ma in ing sma l l p ercen tage o f s i tes a re d istr ibuted a s f o l lows:
The
2 % o n c herno-
z e ms, 2% o n r endzinas a nd l ess t han 1 %on w indb lown s and The ma jor ity ( 6 5% ) o f TLP s i tes a re f ound o nf orest s oi ls. The s o i l t ype wh ich h as t he h ighest p ercen tage o f s et t le men ts w ith in t h is g roup i s Ramann 's b rown f orest s o i l ( 34% ).
A s t o t he r est o f t he s i tes :
1 7% a re o n h ydro morph ic
s o ils , 3% o n meadow c hernoze ms, 6% o n c hernoze ms a nd 3% o n r endzinas. The d istr ibu t ion o f s et t lemen ts i n t he Ear ly , M idd le a nd L a te p hases o f t he ALP s hows l i t t le d ev ia t ion f ro m t he o vera l l p a t tern d escr ibed f or t he ALP; t he h ighest p ercen tage o f s i tes i n a l l t hree p hases a re f ound o n a l luv ia l , h ydromorph ic a nd a lka l i s o ils. o nwards.
Forest s o i ls a re o ccup ied f ro m t he Earl iest p hase
The n u mber o f s o il t ypes o ccup ied b y t he s e tt le men ts i s g rea test i n
t he La te p hase. I n t he Ear ly TLP , t he h ighest p ercen tage o f s i tes a re o n c hernoze m s o ils. However , t he n u mber o f s e t t le men ts i n t h is p hase i s v ery sma l l , a nd t he p a t tern i s p robably s o mewha t d istorted.
I n b oth t he Midd le a nd L a te p hases ,the ma jor ity
o f s ites a re f ound o n f orest s o ils; t he s o il t ype most p referred f or s e t t le men t i s Ramann is b rown e ar th. O f t he l a te g roups o f t he ALP , t he s e t t le men t p a t tern o f t he S zakg lhä t g roup i s t he most d ist inct ;
s im ilar it ies t o t he K örös d istr ibu t ion a re v ery n o t iceable.
The d istr ibu t ion p at terns o f t he La te AVK , T iszadob a nd B t i l zk g roups a re s im il ar a nd s how a d ef in i te c on trast t o t he E sztär a nd S z il meg p a t terns. Ch i-square t ests s uggest t ha t t he p robab il ity o f c hance d istr ibu t ion i n e i ther c u l ture i s l ess t han 0 .05%.
Percen tage p o in t d if ferences b e tween t he
e xpected a nd o bserved p a t terns o f d istr ibu t ion a re s hown i n Tab le 8 . o f t he v a lues a re f a ir ly h igh :
t hey r ange f ro m 3 3,51 t o 6 9.41.
v a lue ( 33.51 ) i s o bta ined f or t he La te ALP.
Most
The l owest
When t he r eg iona l g roups a re
a na lysed s epara tely , h owever , t he f igures a re h igher. Co mpar ing t he d istr ibu t ions o f t he s et t le men ts o f t he t hree c ul tures, t he r esul ts s how c lear ly c on trast ing p a t terns f or t he K örds a nd TLP c u ltures , w ith t he ALP o ccupy ing a t rans it iona l p os it ion b e tween t he o ther t wo . s een t he ma jor i ty o f T LP
A s we h ave
s ites a re o n f orest s o ils , wh ile t he ma jor ity o f
K örds s i tes a re f ound o n a l luv ia l a nd h ydro morph ic s o ils.
I nt he ALP, s i tes
a ppear o n f orest s o ils f ro m t he e ar l iest p hase o n , b u t w ith t he e xcep t ion o f t he L a te T iszadob a nd Bükk g roups t hese s e tt le men ts n ever c onst itu te t he ma jor ity. The a l most e xclus ive o ccupa t ion o f a l luv ia l-hydro morph ic s o ils i n t he K örös c u l ture i s ar ef lect ion o f t he l oca t ion o f t he s e t t le men ts i n o r n ear t he f l oodp la ins.
A s men t ioned b efore , t he K örds s i tes a re l oca ted i n c l i ma t ica l ly
d ry a reas, b u t i n r eg ions where t here i s a n amp le s upp ly o f s urface a nd s ubKosse, Ecology Early and Middle andt Linear Pottery Cultures Ind Hungary. s urKrisztina. face Settlement mo istu re.of theA l mo st a l lNeolithic t he Körös s o i l y pes o cc up ie b y t he E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
10
Körds s e t t le men ts
s how e v idence o f h av ing b een f or med u nder t he e f fect o f a t l east p er iod ica l ly e xcess ive mo isture. I n t he TLP c u l ture , w here s et t le men ts a re most ly l oca ted i n h igher r a in fa l l a reas , t he i mportance o f t he a l luv ia l a nd h ydromorph ic s o ils i s much l ess: a bou t 2 5% a re l oca ted o n t hese s o ils.
o n ly
I ts hou ld b e p o in ted o u t , h owever , t ha t
a l though t he ma jor i ty o f t he s e t t le men ts a re o n f orest s o ils , t here i s a lways a c er ta in p ercen tage o f a l luv ia l o r h ydro morph ic s o il i nt he v ic in i ty o f t he s i tes. A s t he L inear Pot tery p eop le p ract iced a m ixed e cono my , t he i nclus ion o f s evera l s o il t ypes i n t he t err i tory o f t he s e t t le men ts i s h ard ly s urpr ising. Poss ible l and u se a nd manage men t p ract ices w il l b e d iscussed i nt he n ex t c hap ter. A s y e t , t he r e la t ionsh ip o f L inear Po t tery s et t le men ts t o s o i l t ype h as b een a na lysed i n v ery f ew a reas o u ts ide Hungary . One s uch a rea , h owever , i s Po land .
K ruk ( 1972-73 ) g ives t he f o l low ing f i gures f or t he Danub ian o ccupa-
t ion o f t he L i t t le Po land H ighland r eg ion : a nd o ther s o i ls o n r iver ;a l luviu m ; c hernoze ms ;
4 0% o f t he s et t le men ts a re o n muds
3 5-38% o n b rown f orest s oi ls;
a nd 8 -10% o n r endzina s.
1 5 %on
-
The f i gures o n t he who le a re s im ilar
t o t hose o bta ined f or t he L inear Pot tery c ul tures i n Hungary.
I n t he TLP a l-
l uv ia l a nd h ydro morph ic s o ils a re o f s o mewha t l ess i mpor tance a nd b rown f orest s o ils o f more.
The ALP f igures d if fer more w ide ly ; t he o ccupa t ion
o f a l luv ia l a nd h ydro morph ic s o ils i s h igher a nd t ha t o f f orest s oi ls i s much l ower. The a t tract ion o f c hernoze m s o ils s ee ms t o h ave b een e ven sma l ler i n Hungary t han i n Po land . These s o ils , a nd meadow c hernoze ms a re e xcep ted , were l arge ly a vo ided n o t o n ly b y t he L inear Pot tery s e t t lers, b u t a lso b y t hose o f t he ' < Zeds c u lture.
When s et t le men ts d o o ccur o n c hernoze ms , t hey a re
a lways a t t he e dge o f t he c hernoze m z one , n ear o t a t t he j unct ion w ith a nother s o il t ype. A s t o t he p ossible u t il isa t ion o f t he s elected s o ils b y t he t hree c u l tures i n Hungary , s o me s uggest ions c an b e made o n t he b as is o f t he i nheren t c haract er ist ics o f t he s o i l t ypes.
The p reference o f t he TLP s e t t lers f or Ramann 's
b rown e ar th a nd ,secondar i ly , f or t he l ess ivated b rown f orest s o ils wou ld i nd ica te t ha t a gr icu l tura l c ons idera t ions were a ma jor f actor i n t he s elect ion o f t he s i tes.
Ramann 's b rown e ar th i s t he most f ert ile f orest s o il i n Hungary ,
a nd t he l ess iva ted b rown f orest s o il , t hough l ess f er t ile t han Ramann 's , i s more p roduct ive t han a ny o ther f orest s o i l.
I n t he c ase o f e i ther s o il , ap er i-
o d ica l r ep len ish men t o f s o il n u tr ien ts i s r equ ired , h owever , f or c on t inuous a gr icu l tura l p roduct ion w ith h igh y ie lds. I n t he ALP , t he s econd most f requen t ly s e lected f orest s o il a f ter t he l ess iva ted b rown f orest i s t he k ovä .rv ny f orest s o il . c ep t iona l ly f er t ile f or s andy s o ils. e asy t o work .
K ova 'rväny s o ils a re e x-
Because t hey a re s andy t hey a re a lso
Con t inuous p roduct ion w i th g ood y ie lds , a s i n t he c ase o f t he
o ther f orest s o ils , r equ ires t he u se o f f er t il izers.
The p odzo l ic , t he s trongly
a c id n on -podzo l ic b rown f orest s o i ls a nd t he r endz inas a re o f l im ited v a lue f or a gr icu l ture.
The ir o ccupa t ion , a lso l im ited , may h ave b een c onnec ted w ith
s easona l p astur ing o r w ith s o me o ther n eed.
The r endzinas wou ld h ave b een
e spec ia l ly f avoured b y s heep a nd g oa ts. Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 11
F ig . 1 2. D istr ibu t ion o f TLP s et t le men ts i n r ela t ion t o s o i l t y_ pes — i n t he Marca lr eg ion . ( Soi l map a f ter Goczan , 1 971. )
a l luv ia l c hernoze m
s tony s ke le ta l s oi l
M a M a lin M I • MI N I M • 1 3 M I I I M O M ) »
s l igh t ly h um ic s and
BO .. OB ..
r endz ina
MO M Mi ll M O M M O. WO M O R. M B O B B.
b lack a nd r ed e rubase
l essiva ted b rown f orest
f l oodp la in f orest s oi l
s oi l l essiva ted b rown f orest
marshy meadow s oi l
k ova Trväny '
k ovirväny ' b rown f orest s o i l
M IN A
b raunerden
•
meadow s oi l
a l luvia l meadow s oi l
s oi l
s o i l w i th
c hernoze m- meadow s oi l
muck s oi l
p ea t
r ust b rown f orest s o i l
p ea ty muck
c hernozem-brown f orest s o i l
c hernozem-type g rave l ly
meadow c hernoze m
a l luviu m
7A
c o l luv iu m o f b rown f orest s o i ls
c hernoze mtype s and
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
12
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
The a l luv ia l a nd h ydromorph ic s o ils p referred b y t he l a irds c u l ture a nd t o s o me e x ten t a lso b y t he ALP a re o fg rea t p o ten t ia l f ert il ity . A l though n ot s tr ict ly ah ydro morph ic s o il , t he meadow c hernoze m i s t he most f er t ile s o il t ype i n Hungary . I n t he c ase o f t he a l luv ia l s o i ls , t he p er iod ica l i nunda t ion o f t he r ivers i n t he A l fö ld i s ag ood s upp l ier o f s o il n u tr ien ts. S o il f er t il ity c an , h owever , v ary ag rea t d ea l e ven w ith in a sma l l a rea i n t he f l oodp la in . M icrot opograph ica l d i f ferences i ns o f ar a s t hey e f fect d ra inage , a re i mpor tan t . To ac er ta in e x ten t s o i l t exture i s a lso c onnec ted w ith m icro topography. S o me meadow s o i ls , e spec ia l ly t hose i n l ow l y ing a reas, a re t oo h eavy f or e asy c ult iva t ion . Impeded d ra inage a nd s a lt a ccu mu la tion a re a lso f requen t o bstacles t o a gr icu l tura lu t il isa t ion . The t hrea t o f f l ood d isasters a s ad e terren t h as a lr eady b een men t ioned. Good a gr icu l tura l l and i n t he z one o f a l luv ia l a nd meadow s o ils i s f rag men tary a nd a lso sma l l i n e x ten t. L arge s ca le a gr icu lt ure h as o n ly b ecome f easible i n t h is r eg ion s ince t he r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers. A l though t he s o il map u sed i n t he a na lys is p rov ides a g enera l p icture o f s et t le men t d istr ibu t ions, i t s r e la t ively sma l l s ca le d oes n o t a l low t he r ecogn i t ion o ff iner d e ta ils.
To s upp le men t t he i n for ma t ion o f t he sma l l s ca le map ,
t he d istr ibu t ion o f s e t t le men ts h as a lso b een e xam ined u s ing l arge s ca le s o il maps i nt wo s e lec ted r eg ions o f Hungary .
The t wo r eg ions a re :
t he Marca l
b as in i n Transdanub ia a nd t he T iszazug i n t he A lfö ld. The f or mer i s i n t he d istr ibu t ion a rea o ft he TLP ,a nd t he l a t ter h as s e t t le men ts o fb o th t he K oros a nd ALP c u l ture. These t wo a reas h ave b een s e lec ted b ecause t hey b o th h ave b een s yste ma t ica l ly s urveyed b y a rchaeo log ists a nd a lso b ecause t he a va ilabi l ity o f r e la t ive ly d e ta iled s o il maps. S et t le men t D istr ibu t ion i nt he M a rea l Bas in The Marca lb asin i s s i tua ted a t t he s ou theastern marg in o f t he L it t le P la in , i nt he f oo th il ls o f t he Bakony Moun ta ins. The i n tra-va l ley r idges r unn ing d own f ro m t he moun ta ins a re c overed b y g rave ls a nd s ands o f o ld a l luv ia l f ans. The ma jor l andfor ms a re t he t erraced a l luv ia l f ans e ast o f t he Marca l , t he f l oodp la ins o ft he Marca l a nd t he b asa l t c apped monadnocks o ft he S om lö a nd S äg. The d e ta iled s o il map o ft he a rea h as b een p repared b y Gocz n ( 1971 ).
I n
g enera l , l ess iva ted b rown f orest s o ils c over t he h igher t erraced p la ins , b raune rden t he l ower l y ing b as ins a nd s lopes a nd a l luv ia l a nd h ydromorph ic s o i ls t he r iver v a l leys a nd l ower l y ing d epress ions.
The d istr ibut ion o f s e t t lemen ts
i s s hown i n F ig. 1 2. The n u mber o f T LP s i tes i n t he a rea i s 4 2. Table 9 s hows t he n umber a nd p ercen tage o f s i tes a ssoc ia ted w i th e ach s o il t ype. On t he s o i l map o f Hungary , most o f t he s i tes i n t h is a rea o ccur o n l ess iv a ted b rown f orest s o i ls , t he o n ly f orest s o il s hown o n t he map.
On Göczdn 's
d eta iled map , o n t he o ther h and , o n ly 2 8.57% o f t he s et t lemen ts a re a ssoc ia ted w i th t h is s o il t ype ; t he ma jor ity ( 54.76% ) o f t he s i tes a re f ound o n v ar ian ts o f Ramann 's b raunerden . A l though i n t he g enera l d istr ibu t ion o f T LP s e t t lemen ts t he p referen t ia l a ssoc ia t ion o f t he s i tes w i th b raunerden i s a lso e v iden t , t he e xamp le o ft he Marca l r eg ion s uggests t ha t t he magn i tude o f t he a ssoc ia t ion i s p robab ly s o mewha t u nderest i ma ted. O ft he 2 3 s i tes f ound o n v ar ian ts o f R a mann ' sb rown f orest s oi ls i n t he Marca l r eg ion , t he l argest n umber o f s i tes o ccur o n c hernozem-brown f orest
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 14
Table 9 .
D istr ibu t ion o f TLP s e t t le men ts i n t he Marca l r eg ion a ccord ing t o s o i l t ype S o il t ype
N u mber o f s i tes
%o f s i tes
l ess iva ted b rown f orest l essiva ted b rown f orest w i th k ovärväny
1 1
2 6.19 2 .38
b rown f orest c hernoze m-brown f orest c o l luv iu m o fb rown f orest
7 1 5
1 6.67 2 6.19 1.90
1 1
2 .38 2 .38
e rubase meadow-chernozem c hernoze m- meadow
1
2 .38
meadow marshy meadow
1 1
2 .38 2 .38
muck
2
4 .76
4 2
i n tergrades.
1 00 .00
The g enes is o ft h is s o il t ype , a s p rev ious ly men t ioned , i s s t il l
imperfec t ly u nderstood . When t he f i rst d eta iled l and u se map o f t he Marca l r eg ion was d rawn u p i n 1 782-84 , t he p resen t c hernoze m-brown f orest s o il a reas were a lready w ithou t f orest c over.
An a na lysis o f t he s e tt le men t h is-
t ory o f t he r eg ion wou ld p robably s how t ha t c u l t iva t ion i nt hese a reas h ad s tarted l ong b efore t he e ighteen th c en tury . Göcz4n i s i nc l ined t o s ee h u man i nf luence a s t he ma jor f actor i n t he t ransfor ma t ion o f t hese s o ils i n t he Marca l r eg ion . Wh ile i ti s u n l ikely t ha t t he t ransfor ma t ion c ou ld a lready h ave o ccurred d ur ing t he l i fet i me o f t he TLP , i ti s o f i n terest t ha t t he TLP s i tes a re , a l most w ithou t e xcep t ion i nt hose a reas w h ich a re s hown a s c u l t iva ted f i elds o n t he e igh teen th c en tury map .At t hi s t ime t he e x ten t o f c ul t iva ted f i elds i n t he Marca l r eg ion i s s t il l v ery sma l l ; most o f t he r eg ion i s c overed b y o ak f orests. The o ccurrence o f TLP s et t le men ts a l most e xc lus ive ly w i th in t he a rea o f d ist r ibu t ion o ft he e ighteen th c en tury f i elds a ga in s uggests t he importance o f a gr icu l tura l c ons idera t ions i n t he s elect ion o ft he s i tes. Un fortuna tely , t he c o mpos it ion o fp lan t r e ma ins f ro m t he s i tes i s n o t y e t k nown . 1 o ft he s i tes a re a ssoc ia ted w ith l ess iva ted b rown f orest s o ils. I n t hose a reas where t he s e t t le men ts a re f ound t he s o il i s u sua l ly f ine t ex tured a nd c on ta ins l ess g rave l t han i n o ther a reas. The d eeper s o il p ro f ile e nsures a b et ter s upp ly o f n u tr ien ts a nd a more f avourable wa ter e conomy f or p lan t g row th. These s o ils a re a lso e as ier t o c u l t iva te a nd g ive h igher a nd more c onsisten t y ie lds t han t he ir g rave l ly v ar ian ts. I n s um mary , t he s e t t le men t p a t tern o bserved i nt he Marca l r eg ion s hows l i t t le d ev ia t ion f ro m t he g enera l p a t tern o f TLP s e t t le men ts i n Hungary . The o verwhelm ing ma jor i ty o ft he s i tes a re l oca ted o n f orest s o ils b u t a lways i n t he p rox im ity o f a l luv ia l o r h ydro morph ic s o ils.
I ti s u sua lly t he most f ert ile
s o i l t ype wh ich i s s e lected f or t he l oca tion o ft he s e t t le men ts. r eg ion
I n t he Marca l
where r a in fa l l i s r ela t ive ly h igh , t he s e t t le men ts g enera l ly o ccur i n
d r ier micro-areas , t ha t i s , i n l ower l y ing p la ins o r o n g en tle s lopes where Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: Publishing, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. c ond i t iBAR ons a re 1979, f avo urab le f or t he d eve lopmen t Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
o f Ramann 's b raunerden .
t he Marca lb as in ,rea l l oess i s l im i ted i n e x ten t. 15
I n
The s e t t le men ts a re l oca ted
o n l oess-l ike s ed i men ts , u sua l ly o n f iner t ex tured c a lcareous p aren t ma ter ia ls. S ha l low g ravel ly s o ils a re a vo ided. S et t le men t D istr ibu t ion i n t he T iszazug Reg ion The T iszazug r eg ion i s s itua ted a t t he c on f luence o f t he T isza a nd Körds r ivers. The T isza b orders t he a rea i n t he west a nd t he n orth ,and t he K drds i n t he s outh.
The p resen t f l oodpla ins o f t he t wo r ivers a re b ordered b y t he
r e mnan ts o ft wo Ho locene t erraces N agykunsäg.
a bove wh ich r ises t he l oess p la teau o f t he
The l oess p la teau i s c apped i n p laces b y sma l ler b lown s and a reas.
Bo th t he u pper a nd l ower t erraces a re d issec ted b y r idges a nd d epress ions a nd a re s urrounded b y c u tof f o xbows.
The s et t le men ts o ft he K örds a nd ALP c u l-
t ures a re u sua l ly l oca ted o n t he t erraces.
Many o f t he p resen t d ay v i l lages
a re a lso f ound o nt he t erraces. The d eta iled s o il map o f t he a rea was c o mp i led b y N agy ( 1954 ).
I n g en-
e ra l , t he f l oodp la ins a nd o xbow c hannels a re c overed b y a l luv ia l a nd meadow s o ils, t he t erraces b y a lka l ine s o i ls a nd t he l oess s urfaces b y meadow c hernoz e ms. The d istr ibu t ion o f s et t le men ts i s s hown i n F ig. 1 3. s ites i s 2 2 ,and t he n u mber o f ALP s ites i n t he a rea i s 3 6.
The n u mber o f K örds 2 9 o f t he 3 6 ALP
s et t le men ts b e long t o t he S zak c ing t g roup . The n u mber a nd p ercen tages o f K drös s i tes a ssoc ia ted w ith e ach s o il t ype i s s hown i n Table 1 0 , a nd t hose o f t he S zakS lh A g roup a re g iven i n Table 1. On t he d e ta i led map o ft he T iszazug r eg ion , 6 3.64% o f t he K örds s ites a re l oca ted o n a lka l ine s o i ls ,and t he r e ma in ing 3 6.36% a re f ound o n meadow-chernoz e ms.
I n c on trast , 6 5.51% o f t he S zakehd t s et t le men ts a re o n meadow c her-
n oze ms, a nd 3 4.49% o n a lka line s oi ls.
The n u mber o f e ar lier ALP s i tes i s t oo
sma l l t o g ive a r e l iable e st i ma te; 6 o f t he 7 s i tes a re , h owever , a lso o n meadow c hernoze ms . Meadow c hernoze ms, a s we h ave s een , a re t he most f ert ile s o i l t ypes n o t o n ly i n t he a rea b u t i n t he who le o f Hungary .
Because t he c ap il lary z one o f
t he g round wa ter t able i s u sua l ly w i th in t he r each o f t he p lan t r oo ts, h igh y ie lds a re a ssured o n t hese s o i ls e ven i n p er iods o f d rough t. The p roduc t iv ity o f t he a lka l ine s o i ls d epends o n s evera l f ac tors. The most f er t ile s o ils i n t he g roup a re t he c hernoze ms w ith a lka l i s ubso ils a nd t he d eep s o lone tzes.
Most o f t he
K örös a nd S zakä lhä t s i tes l oca ted o n a lka l i s o ils a re o n d eep s o lone tzes. The d ep th o f t he s a l t f ree u pper h or izon ,and t hus s o il f ert il ity i s t o al arge e x ten t d ependen t o n t he m icro topograph ica l p os i t ion o f t he s o il. Accord ing t o N agy 's o bserva t ion i n t he T iszazug r eg ion ,even v ery s l igh t d if ferences i n e lev a t ion , a nd s o met i mes t he d i f ference i s n o more t han a f ew c en t i me ters, c an b e d ec is ive. Even when t he s a l t c oncen tra t ion i s t he s ame , c rops t end t o s uf fer more i n t he l ower l y ing a reas.
S zabo lcs ( 1961) a t tr ibu tes t h is t o t he
d e ter iora t ion o f t he p hys ica l p roper t ies o f t he s o i l wh ich i s b rough t a bou t b y f requen t i nunda t ion s. The p os i t ion o f t he K örös a nd ALP s i tes o n f or mer l evees wou ld h ave b een ad e f in ite a dvan tage : t he h igher a nd c oarser t ex tured l evees , e ven when a lka l ine , wou ld b r ing b e t ter y ields t han t he s urround ing l ower l y ing a reas. Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
16
The
l ow s a l t c on ten t a nd t he p resence o f g ood q ua l i ty l and o n t he l evees a t l eas t i n t he T iszazug r eg ion i s i nd ica ted b y p resen t-day l and u se . a re u nder ma ize t oday ( p ers . o bserva t ion ) .
A l mos t a l l t he s i tes
Ma ize i s n o t v ery t o leran t o f
a lka l i c ond i t ions a nd c anno t b e g rown e ven o n med iu m s o lonetz s o i ls i n Hung ary ( S zabo lcs , 1 966 ) .
The ma ize f ie lds wh ich c over t he s i tes a re l oca ted o n
t he r idge t ops a nd s lopes a nd t er m ina te a brup t ly when l ow l y ing g round i s r eached .
I n c onsequence , t he s ize o f t he f i e lds d epends o n t he s ize o f t he
r idges a nd i s o f ten v ery sma l l . S zt ics ( 1 967) i n h is s tudy o f c hernoze m s o i ls i n t he N agykunsäg men t ions t he r egu lar o ccurrence o f meadow c hernoze m s o i ls o n t he b anks o f o ld r iver b eds a nd o xbows . T he c hernoze ms f o l low t he r iver i n an arrow s tr ip : t he ir w id th a cross i s n o more t han 1 00 t o 2 00 m .
B eyond t h is n arrow b el t , a lka l i
s o i ls u sua l ly a re t he d om inan t s o i l t ype . I n s o me a reas o f t he A l fö ld , h owever , more a lka l ine l evees h ave a lso b een o bserved .
I n t hese , t he a lka l in isa t ion i s p robab ly s econdary a nd h as
o ccurred s ince t he t ime o f t he Körös a nd ALP c u l tures .
A t S za mossä ly i , f or
e xamp le , t he s a l ty l ayer l i es a bove t he c u l tura l h or izon , p os tda t ing t he ALP s i te ( S te fänov i ts , 1 953 ) .
Ka l icz h as made s im i lar o bserva t ions a t o ther Kör c i ' s
a nd ALP s i tes n ear 1, 5 d mezöväsärhe ly a nd T iszavasvär i ( pers . c omm .) . A l though t he l evees were p robab ly s a l t f ree a t t he t ime o f t he K8rös a nd L inear P o t tery o ccupa t ion , t he s urround ing l owly ing l and wou ld h ave b een , i fd ra inage was impeded , a lka l ine . A lka l ine s o i ls were p resen t i n t he A l fö ld b e fore t he r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers , a l though t hey were p robably l ess e x tens ive ( S zabo lcs , 1 961 ) . The a na lys is o f s i te d is tr ibu t ion s ugges ts t ha t s o i l a lka l in i ty wou ld h ave b een e specia l ly p rob le ma t ic i n t he c ase o f t he Körös s i tes , t he ma jor i ty o f wh ich a re l oca ted i n a reas o f s a l t a f fec ted s o i ls .
Wh i le t he l evee t ops wou ld
h ave b een s u i table f or c rop p roduc t ion , t he s urround ing a rea wou ld h ave b een o f l im i ted f er t i l i ty e ven when n ot u nder wa ter .
The emphas is o n s heep b reed-
i ng , wh ich i s e v iden t f ro m t he b one r e ma ins , c ou ld h ave b een a r esponse t o t he p reva lence o f a lka l i s o i ls i n t he n e ighbourhood o f t he s et t le men ts .
G ood
q ua l i ty a gr icu l tura l l and d ue t o t he n a ture o f t he t erra in wou ld h ave b een l im i ted i n e x ten t .
The b es t a reas f or t he l oca t ion o f t he f ie lds wou ld h ave
b een o n t he l evee t ops a nd s lopes w i th t heir f er t i le s o i ls a nd f avourable d ra inage . The p os i t ion o f t he S zakä lhä t s e t t le men ts i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f t he Koros s i tes .
There i s , h owever , as l igh t s h i f t i n emphas is a s r egards t o s o i l t ype .
The ma jor i ty o f t he S zakä lhä t s i tes a re l oca ted i n a reas w i th a ccess t o l arger t rac ts o f s a l t f ree s o i ls .
The c hange i s sma l l , a s mos t o f t he s i tes a re s t i l l
l oca ted o n r iver b anks , a l though i n o ne i ns tance t he s i te i s l oca ted f ur ther a way f ro m t he r iver ( Ka l icz , 1 957 ).
The g rea ter o ccupa t ion o f meadow
c hernoze ms may h ave b een c onnec ted w i th e xpand ing a gr icu l tura l p roduc t ion o r w i th s o me c hanges i n h erd c o mpos i t ion .
Un for tuna te ly , n one o f t he S zakä l-
h & s e t t le men ts h as b een e xcava ted y e t , a nd t he c o mpos i t ion o f p lan t a nd a n i ma l r e ma ins i s s t i l l u nknown . I n s u m mary , a ccord ing t o t he d e ta i led a na lys is , more Körös s i tes s ee m t o b e a ssocia ted w i th a lka l i s oi ls a nd more S zakä lhä t s e t t le men ts w i th meadow c herSettlement noze m s t h nEarly ma y Middle h ave b eeKörös n e x pe c te d o n t heIn b as is Kosse, Krisztina. Ecology ofa the and Neolithic and Linear Pottery Cultures Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 17
o ft he sma l l s ca le map .
F ig . 1 3 . D istr ibu t ion o f K örös a nd ALP s et t lemen ts i n r e la t ion t o s oi l t ypes i n t he T iszazug r eg ion .
( Soi l map b y Nagy , 1 954 . )
Non c a lcareous s and
h h :
h umus s and
k h :
/meadow/chernoze m w i th med iu m h u mus l ayer
C a lcareous s and
l h : v h :
• Non c a lcareous l oa m
c oarse s and /meadow/chernoze m w i th s ha l low h u mus l ayer
Ca lcareous l oa m
Non c a lcareous c lay l oa m
h ö:
h u mous a l luvia l s oi l
f e S:
r ecen t a l luv ia l s o i l
r t :
meadow s o i l
k sz:
d eep s o lone tz
msz:
s o lonetz
s z m:
c hernozem, s o lone tz i n
C o mp lex a reas
d eeper l ayers s zr :
meadow s oi l , s o lone tz i n d eeper l ayers
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 18
Csome ,
9
_ , --
r
. --
.
K örös s et t le men ts
A
ALP s et t le men ts
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 19
n
1 km
T ab le 1 0
D istr ibu tion o f K örös s et t le men ts i n t he T iszazug r egion a ccord ing t o s oi l t ype N u mber o f s i tes
S oi l t ype
%o f s i tes
meadow c hernoze ms ( on c a lcareous l oa m )
3
1 3 .63
4
1 8 .18
1
4 .55
2
9 .09
meadow c hernoze ms ( non-ca lcareous l oam ) meadow c hernoze ms ( c lay l oa m ) c hernoze ms, a lka line i n d eeper l ayers d eep s o lone tz s o lone tz
1 1 1 2 2
Table 1 1
5 0 .00 4 .55 1 00 .00
D istr ibu tion o fS zaka-l hät s e t t le men ts i n t he T iszazug r egion a ccord ing t o s o i l t ype
S oi l t ype
Nu mber o f s i tes
%o f s i tes
meadow c hernoze ms ( on c a lcareous l oa m )
1 0
3 4 .48
meadow c hernoze ms ( non-ca lcareous)
9
3 1 .03
2
6 .90
d eep s o lone tz
7
2 4 .14
s o lone tz
1
3 .45
c hernoze ms, a lka line i n d eeper l ayers
2 9
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 20
1 00 .00
The a na lys is a lso s ugges ts t ha t s oi l r ela t ionsh ips i n t he b el t o f t he a l luv ia l a nd meadow s o i ls a re f ar more c o mplex t han t he sma l l s ca le map o f t he c oun try wou ld i nd ica te .
Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f t he l oess u p lands , wh ich a re
u n i for m ly c overed b y c hernoze ms , t he n umber o f s oi l c hanges e ven w i th in a sma l l a rea i n t he A l fö ld i s v ery g rea t . I n c onsequence g ood a gr icu l tura l l and i s g rea t ly c ircumscr ibed .
Microtopography i n t h is a rea i s o f ten a u se-
f u l g u ide t o s o i l c ond i t ions . S o i l C hanges s ince t he A t lan t ic P er iod A s t he a na lys is o f s e t t le men t l oca t ions was b ased o n t he p resen t-day s o i l map o f Hungary , t he e va lua t ion o f t he r esu l ts wou ld b e i nco mple te w i tho u t s o me c ons idera t ion o f t he e x ten t a nd n a ture o f t he s oi l c hanges t ha t may h ave o ccurred s ince t he A t lan t ic p er iod . S ince s oi ls a re p erceived a s t he p roduct o f an u mber o f e nviron men ta l f ac tors, c hanges i nthese f actors may b e e xpected t o p roduce c orrespond ing c hanges i n s oi l f or ma t ion .
I n a ddi tion , f ro m t he A t lan tic p eriod o nward , man
h imse lf h as t o b e c onsidered a s ap o ten tia l s oi l-for ming a gen t .
I n t he c ase
o f s o me o f t he s oi l t ypes i n H ungary , t here i s g enera l a gree men t a s t o t heir a ge a nd d eve lop men t , whi le i n t he c ase o f o thers, t hese i ssues a re s ti l l ma t ters o f c on troversy . I ti s g enera l ly a greed t ha t t he b rown f ores t s o i ls h ave b een t he c l i max s o i l t ypes o f t he mo is ter u plands a nd h i l ly r eg ions s ince p os t-P leis tocene t imes .
A ccord ing t o H ungar ian p edolog is ts , t he o ldes t i s t he l ess iva ted b rown
f ores t s oi l , wh ich h ad d eve loped o n o lder l oess a nd p er ig lac ia l g rave l s ur faces d ur ing t he Preborea l ( Go 'czän , 1 971). Braunerden a re g enera l ly f ound o n y ounger s ur faces a nd a re c ons idered t o d a te f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he A t lan t ic p er iod ( GOczän , 1 972 ) . The r endzinas , l i ke t he b rown f ores t s oi ls , a re p os t-P le is tocene i n a ge . A ccord ing t o S te fgnov i ts ( 1971) , Med i terranean-type o f s oi l f or ma t ion h as p layed a n impor tan t r o le i n t he g enes is o f t he s oi l man t le o f Hungary , e specia l ly i n t he more s ub medi terranean s ou thwes t .
I ts hou ld b e emphas ised , h owever ,
t ha t t he r endzinas a re i n trazona l i n Hungary ,and p aren t ma ter ia l was p robably more impor tan t i n t he ir f or ma t ion t han c l i ma te . The s o i l t ypes whose a ge a nd d eve lop men t a re s t i l l c on trovers ia l a re t he c hernoze m a nd a lka li s o i ls .
I nb o th c ases t he q ues t ion o f a ge i s c lose ly r e-
l a ted t o t he p rob le m o f d e f in ing t he e x ten t o f a n thropogen ic i n f luence o n s o i l f or ma t ion . G rad mann ( 1906 ; 1 933 ) was o ne o f t he f irs t t o o bserve a c onnect ion b e tween t he p resen t d is tr ibu t ion o f s teppe p lan ts a nd c hernoze m s oi ls a nd n eol i th ic a nd b ronze a ge s e t t le men ts i n C en tra l Europe .
H e s ugges ted t ha t t he
c onnec t ion was d ue t o t he p re ference o f p reh is tor ic man t o s e t t le i n a reas where t he p r i meva l f ores t h ad a lready b een d es troyed b y t he war mer a nd d r ier c l i ma te o f t he S ubborea l . G rad mann 's t heory h as b een r e fu ted o n s evera l g rounds .
The e s tab-
l i sh men t o f t he f irs t a gr icu l tura l s et t le men ts t ook p lace i n t he A t lan t ic p er iod when a ccord ing t o p o l len i nves t iga t ions
mos t o f t he c en tra l European l oess
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. l an s we e c overed b y m ixed o ak f ores ts ( Garne t t , 1 945 ). Downloaded ond behalf of r 38.67.221.43
1 21
E ven i n t he S ub-
b orea l many o f t hese a reas were s t i l l c arrying af ores t v ege ta t ion .
A s r egards
e as tern Europe , G r ichuk was a ble t o s how t ha t aS ubborea l x ero ther m ic p er iod h ad n ever e x is ted t here , b u t t ha t t he l as t s teppe c o m mun i t ies i n t he r ecen t f ores t b e l t o f e as tern Europe were a lready d isp laced b y t he e ar ly p os tg lacia l i mm igra t ion o f f ores ts a nd s ince t hen n ever s ucceeded i n c om ing b ack s pont aneous ly ( Frenze l , 1 966 ).
The r e jec t ion o f G rad mann 's t heory d oes n o t ,
h owever , s o lve t he p rob le m o f t he o r ig in o f E uropean c hernoze m s oi ls . T he e v idence mere ly s ugges ts t ha t t he c l i ma t ic c hange o f t he S ubborea l c annot h ave b een t he ma in a gen t i n t heir f or ma t ion . Kruk ( 1 971) , i n h is s tudy o f t he l oess a rea o f t he N ida b as in , P o land , a ss igns t he ma jor r o le t o man .
I n h is v iew , t he e cono m ic p rac t ices o f t he
TRB a nd C orded Ware p eop les r esu l ted i n l arge s ca le d e fores ta t ion a nd t hus l ed t o t he i n i t ia t ion o f c hernoze m f or ma t ion .
I n d irec t o ppos i t ion t o Kruk 's
i s Wi lhe l my 's ( 1950 ) v iew , a ccord ing t o wh ich t he c hernoze m s o i ls o f c en tra l a nd e as tern E urope a re r e l ics o f t he La te-G lac ia l a nd P os t-G lac ia l p er iods a nd p reda te t he a ppearance o f t he f irs t a gr icu l tura l c o m mun i t ies . E xa m in ing t he d is tr ibu t ion o f t he L inear P o t tery s e t t le men ts i n c en tra l G er many a nd t he d is tr ibu t ion o f n eo l i th ic a nd c opper a ge s i tes i n B u lgar ia , h e f inds t ha t t he s e t t le men ts a re a l mos t a lways f ound o n d egraded c hernoze ms , b u t o n ly v ery r arely o n r ea l c hernoze ms .
A s t he t ough s od-cover o f t he c hernoze ms i s
v ery d i f f icu l t t o b reak u p w i th p r im i t ive a gr icu l tura l imple men ts , t he l ack o f s e t t le men ts i n t hese a reas wou ld b e c ons is ten t w i th t he v iew t ha t s o me c hernoz em a reas h ad a lready e x is ted a t t he t ime o f t he e ar l ies t f ar m ing s e t t le men ts . The S t ichbandkera m ik d a te o f s o me c hernoze m s o i ls f ound i n dwe l l ing p i ts i n G er many wou ld s ee m t o s treng then Wi lhe l my 's a rgu men t . v iewing t he e v idence f ro m C zechos lovak ia , c onclus ion :
L özek ( 1967) , r e-
c o mes e ssen t ia l ly t o t he s a me
c hernoze ms were p resen t i n t he d r iest e nclaves b e fore t he S ub-
b orea l . Hungar ian p a leobo tan is ts a nd p edo log is ts c ons ider t he p resen t-day c hernoze ms t o h ave o r ig ina ted i n t he B orea l p hase .
' I t was i n t h is p er iod
t ha t t he c l i ma te a nd v ege ta t ion o f fered t he mos t f avourable c ond i t ions f or t he f or ma t ion o f c l i mazona l c hernoze ms i n t he l ow lands o f Hungary ( So mogyi , 1 964 ,
3 8-39 ) .
The f ac t t ha t t he l eached o r d egraded c hernoze ms a re r es tr ic t-
e d i n t he ir d is tr ibu t ion t o t he marg ins o f t he G rea t P la in ( S te fänov i ts , 1 971 ) s ugges ts t ha t t he c hernoze m s o i ls i n t he d r ies t a reas o f t he A l fö ld a nd Mezj f ö ld were n o t i nvaded b y f ores t v ege ta t ion d ur ing l a ter c l i ma t ic p hases . F ur ther e v idence c o mes f ro m b ur ied c hernoze m s o i ls wh ich h ave b een f ound u nder s evera l Ear ly Bronze a ge k hurgans i n t he A l fö ld ( Borsy , 1 966-67) . The b ur ia l i n o ne o f t hese t u mu l i h as b een d a ted t o 2 370 b e ( Ecsedy , p ers. c omm .). A s , i n B orsy 's o pin ion , t he f u l l d eve lop men t o f t hese s oi ls h ad r equ ired s o me th ing l i ke 2 000 t o 3 000 y ears , ap re-A t lan t ic d a te f or t heir f or ma t ion s ee ms l i ke ly .
The p resence o f c hernoze m s oi ls d ur ing t he A t lan-
t i c i s i nd irec t ly c on f ir med b y t he v ir tua l l ack o f s et t le men ts o n t he h igh l oess p la teaus . A s L oiek h as s ugges ted man 's i n f luence p robably c on tr ibu ted t o t he c on t inued e x is tence o f t he e ar ly c hernoze m-s teppes , b u t c l i ma t ic f ac tors a t l eas t i n e as tern E urope s ee m t o h ave b een more i mpor tan t i n t he ir f or mat ion . Man 's i n f luence o n t he f or ma t ion o f a lka l i s o i ls h as b een t he s ub jec t o f d eb a te Settlement i n HunEcology gary s iEarly nce h e r egu la t ioand n Linear o f t h e r i vers .Hungary. A l though Kosse, Krisztina. of the andt Middle Neolithic Körös Pottery Cultures In E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 22
t he p rec ise
n a ture o f t he c hanges t ha t o ccurred a f ter t he a l tera t ion o f d ra inage c ond i t ions i s s t i l l d ispu ted , i ti s g enera l ly a greed t ha t s a l t a f fected s o i ls h ad a lready e x is ted b e fore t he r egu la t ions .
I th as b een o bserved t ha t t he d is tr ibu t ion o f
s o lone tz s o i ls i s c lose ly c onnec ted w i th t hose a reas wh ich h ad b een t e mpor ar i ly i nunda ted p r ior t o t he r egu la t ions ( Szabo lcs , 1 961) . Ma t
A ccord ing t o
( 1 955 ) , these s oi ls h ad a lready p ossessed a s o lone tz p rof i le i n p reregu-
l a t ion t imes a nd d id n o t e volve f ro m s o lonchaks b y l each ing .
S o me l each ing
d id t ake p lace e ven s o w i th t he g enera l s ink ing o f t he g round wa ter t ab le , b u t s oi l d eve lop men t most ly d epended o n l oca l c ondi tions.
I n a reas o f g ood d ra in-
a ge s oi l f or ma tion l ed t os teppe l ike s oi ls which p reserved t heir a lka lini ty o n ly i n t he d eeper h orizons. Where , o n t he o ther h and , d ra inage was i mpeded b y a n i mpervious l ayer n ear t he s urface s o lonchak-so lone tzes d eve loped .
I nt he
Hor toba Tgy , f or i nstance , l arge s ca le i rriga tion h as r esul ted i n t he f or ma tion o f s econdary s o lonchaks o ver l arge a reas. A l though t he r egu la t ions u ndoub ted ly a dded t o t he e x ten t o f a lka l i s o i ls i n t he A l fö ld , n o t a l l s a l t a f fec ted s o i ls were c rea ted b y t he m ; i n t he o p in ion o f p edo log is ts a nd p a leobo tan is ts a lka l i s oi ls i n H ungary h ave e x is ted s ince t he B orea l p er iod .
A ccord ing t o S o6 ( 1959 ) , mos t o f t he s o lonchak s o i ls o f t he
A l fö ld a re d escendan ts o f t he s o lonchak s o i ls t ha t were f or med d ur ing t he s teppe c l i ma te o f t he B orea l .
B e fore t he S ubborea l d owncu t t ing o f t he r ivers ,
t he a rea l e x ten t o f t hose s o i ls wh ich were a nnua l ly i nunda ted o r were u nder t he i n f luence o f t he f luctua t ions o f ah igh g round wa ter t ab le was much g rea ter . S o lonchak s o i ls o ccup ied t he d ra in less d epress ions , a nd a ll t hose a reas where t he g round wa ter t ab le i s a bove 5 o r 6m t oday were c overed b y s o lone tz s o i ls d ur ing t he B orea l p er iod ( So mogyi , 1 965 ). I n t he A t lan t ic p hase , t he mo is ter c l i ma te p resu mably l ed t o af ur ther e leva t ion i n t he l eve l o f t he g round wa ter t able .
Where d ra inage was n o l onger
i mpeded l each ing o r p ar t ia l l each ing r esu l ted i n t he t rans for ma t ion o f s o me s o lonchaks i n to s o lone tzes .
A ccord ing t o N agy ( 1954 ), t h is was t he p er iod
when s o me o f t he d eep s o lone tzes o f t he T iszazug r eg ion were f or med .
Wh i le
s o me s o lone tzes were e nt ire ly f reed f ro m t he ir s a l t c on ten t d ur ing t h is p er iod , t he p oss ib i l i ty f or t he f or ma t ion o f n ew s o lone tz s o i ls a lso e x is ted d ue t o t he e leva t ion o f t he g round wa ter t able ( So mogyi , 1 965 ) . T he S ubborea l p hase b rough t an umber o f c hanges i n t he d eve lop men t o f a lka l i s o i ls .
Wi th i ncreased p recip i ta t ion a nd t he d owncu t t ing o f t he r ivers ,
a lka l i s o i ls d isappeared e n t ire ly i n s o me a reas .
I n o ther a reas , h owever ,
e spec ia l ly n ear t he n ew ly c u t o f f o xbows ,a lka l i s o i ls b egan t o d eve lop .
The
c hanges t ha t o ccurred i n t he v ege ta t ion c over o f t hese a reas d ue t o i ncreased s a l t c oncen tra t ion i n t he s o i l h ave a lready b een men t ioned .
The f or ma t ion
o f a lka l i s o i ls o n s o me o f t he a rchaeo log ica l s i tes may h ave t aken p lace i n t h is o r t he s ubsequen t S uba t lan t ic p hase . One s o i l t ype whose e x ten t was p robab ly much sma l ler i n t he A t lan t ic p er iod t han i ti s t oday i s t he meadow c hernoze m .
S o i l i nves t iga t ions h ave
s hown t ha t mos t o f t hese s oi ls were s t i l l meadow s o i ls b e fore t he r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers ( S zabo lcs , 1 961 ).
Bu t e ven b e fore t he s ink ing o f t he g round
wa ter t ab le h ad t rans formed t he m i n to meadow c hernoze ms , t hese s o i ls d i f fered i n many r espec ts f ro m t oday 's meadow c lays . They were l oa my r a the r t haEcology n c la ey n e x tu re ; Körös h adandb e t tePottery r p h ys icIn a l p roper t ies a nd g rea ter Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement ofy the Earlyi and t Middle Neolithic Linear Cultures Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 23
p oten t ia l f er t i l i ty.
B ecause t hey were l i gh ter , t hey were e as ier t o work .
I ti s p robab le t ha t t hese s o-ca l lvtd meadowb ar ns c overed many o f t he l evees wh ich were o ccup ied b y t he Köro s a nd ALP s e t t le men ts ( Vära l lyay , p ers . c o mm .) . Man 's d irec t o r i nd irec t i n f luence o n t he f or ma t ion o f c hernoze m a nd a lka l i s o i ls h as a lready b een men t ioned .
I n a dd i t ion , man 's a gr icu l tura l
a c t iv i ty was p robab ly r espons ible f or t he f or ma t ion o f s o me o f t he c hernoze mb rown f ores t s o i l i n tergrades .
On s o me d o lo m i te a nd l imes tone s lopes g razing
h as p robably b een a f ac tor i n t he a cce lera ted d eve lop men t o f t he r endzinas ( Göczän , 1 971) .
I ti s a lso p oss ible t ha t l ong t erm l evee o ccupa t ion h as c on tr i-
b u te d t o t he t rans for ma t ion o f s o me meadow s o i ls i n to meadow c hernoze ms we l l b e fore t he r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers .
A l l t hese c hanges , h owever , s ugges t
l ong t er m i n ter ference , a nd a l though s o me o f t he m may h ave b een i n i t ia ted i n t he A t lan t ic p er iod , i t s ee ms u n l ike ly t ha t t he e f fec t o f Körös a nd L inear P o t tery o ccupa t ion wou ld h ave r esu l ted i n d ras t ic s o i l c hanges .
The e f fec t
was p robably l oca l a nd sma l l s ca le i n c on tras t t o l a ter d eve lop men ts .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 24
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ECONO M IC BASE
I n t he p rev ious s ec t ion , t he s e t t le men t d istr ibu tions o f t he K örös, ALP a nd TLP c u l tures h ave b een a na lysed i n r e la t ion t o t he ' na tura l ' e nv iron men t . I n t h is c hap ter , t he o bserved p a t terns o f s i te l oca t ion a re u sed i n a n a t te mp t t o r econs truc t t he s ubs is tence a nd l and u se p a t terns o f t he t hree c u l tures . The r econs truc t ion i s e ssen t ia l ly a n i n terpre ta t ion o f t he e nv iron men ta l p o tent ia l i t ies a nd l im i ta t ions o f t he im med ia te v icin i ty o f t he s i tes t oge ther w i th a n e va lua t ion o f t he a rchaeo log ica l r e ma ins , e spec ia l ly o f f ood r e ma ins , f ound o n t he s i tes . K örös Cu l ture The s e t t le men ts o f t he Körös c u l ture a re l oca ted i n t he A lfö ld , wh ich c l i ma t ica l ly i s t he h o t tes t a nd d r ies t r eg ion i n Hungary .
The z ona l v ege ta-
t i on i n t he d r ies t p ar ts i s t he s teppe o r f ores t s teppe , a nd t he z ona l s o i l t ype i s t he c hernoze m .
Wh i le 8 7% , t ha t i s t he o verwhe lm ing ma jor i ty o f t he Körös
s i tes , a re i n a reas where h um id i ty i s i nsu f f ic ien t o ver t he e n t ire y ear , l ess t han 4% o f t he s i tes a re f ound i n t he c hernoze m s teppes . The ma jor i ty o f t he s et t le men ts a re l oca ted i n a zona l s i tua tions, mos t ly i n o r a t t he e dge o f t he f loodp la in . I th as b een c a lcu la ted t ha t o n t he a verage 7 0% o f t he l and w i th in a r ad ius o f 2 .5 km o f t he s i tes f a l ls w i thin t he f loodp la in .
E ven i n t he r e ma in ing 30%
o f t he a rea wa ter s ee ms t o h ave b een a n impor tan t f actor i n s hap ing t he s oi l a nd v ege ta t ion c over ;
9 5% o f t he Körös s i tes a re l oca ted o n s o i l t ypes where
wa ter h as b een d irec t ly o r i nd irect ly a n a gen t o f s o i l f or ma t ion .
The s o i l map
i n t h is c ase i s as ens i t ive i nd ica tor o f p as t e nv iron men ta l c ond i t ions .
The
9 5% f igure i nc ludes n o t o n ly t he p resen t f loodp la in , b u t a lso t hose a reas wh ich h ad a h igh g round wa ter t able b e fore t he r egu la t ions o f t he r ivers ( meadow c hernoze ms ) a nd wh ich h ad o r ig ina l ly , i n t he v iew o f t he g eo morpho log is ts , b elonged t o t he f loodp la in p roper b efore t he S ubborea l d owncu t t ing o f t he r ivers . The s i tes a re l oca ted im med ia te ly b y t he r ivers , u sua l ly o n l evees o r d unes . The s e t t le men ts a re g enera l ly v ery l ong a nd n arrow . I n s o me c ases t he l eng th o f t he s i te i s 3 00 t o 4 00 m , wh i le i t s w id th d oes n o t e xceed 3 0 o r 4 0 me ters ( Ka l icz , 1 957) . E ven more e x tre me i n t h is r espec t i s t he Körös s i te a t D 6vavänya-Ka tonafö ldek , where t he s e t t le men t i s s o me 8 00 m l ong b u t o n ly 5 0-100 m w ide ( Ecsedy , 1 972 ) . The l oca t ion o f t he s i tes i n an arrow b end a long t he r iver i s ac harac ter is t ic f ea ture o f t he Körös c u l ture a nd i s p robab ly c onnec ted a t l eas t i np ar t w i th t he impor tance o f t he r iver i n t he l i fe o f t he I tI Koros p eop le . The c o mpos i t ion o f f ood r e ma inefro m t he s i tes s hows a l arge d egree o f r e l iance o n t he r esources o f t he r iver a nd f loodp la in .
O f t he t hree e ar l ies t
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. f arm ngofc u l tures i n H ungary , t he u se o f a qua t ic r esources Downloaded on i behalf 38.67.221.43
1 25
s ee ms t o h ave b een
t he g rea tes t i n t he Körös c u l ture .
One way o f e xp lo i t ing t he r iver ine a nd
f loodp la in e nv ironmen t was b y f ish ing a nd t he g a ther ing o f f reshwa ter s he l lf ish , wa ter t ur t le a nd s na i ls . Where d a ta a re a va i lab le , t he p ercen tage o f f ishbones i n t he t o ta l a n i ma l b one ma ter ia l i s f a ir ly h igh . A t Maros le le-Pana i ti s 1 2.6% ( Bököny i , 1 964 ) , a t C eä lar a-Szi lägyi ma jor 1 4.5 ( Bökönyi , 1 974 ) , a t D eszk-O la jkü t 1 6 .7% ( Trog mayer , 1 968 ) , a nd a t R öszke-Ludvär 1 9 .26% ( Bököny i , 1 974 ). C a t f ish ( S i lurus g lan is L .) a nd p ike ( Esox l uc ius ) a re t he o n ly t wo s pec ies wh ich c ou ld b e i den t i f ied s o f ar .
V ery l arge c a t f ish b ones a re n o t i n frequen t ,and a ccord ing
t o Bököny i s o me i nd iv idua ls mus t h ave we ighed n ear 2 00 k g . B es ides f ishbones l arge q uan t i t ies o f f ishsca les h ave a lso b een f ound a t t he s i tes .
A t R öszke-Ludvär t here were s evera l 2 -3 cm t h ick f ish s ca le l ayers .
A ccord ing t o T rog mayer 's ( 1968 ) c a lcu la t ions t he p roduc t ion o f o ne s uch l ayer r equ ired t he s i mu l taneous p rocess ing o f s o meth ing l i ke 8 00 3 0 cm l ong i nd iv idua l f ish .
H e t h inks i tu n l ike ly t ha t a l l t he mea t was c onsumed i m med ia te ly ;
s o me o f i t was p robab ly d r ied a nd s tored f or l a ter u se . A s t o t he me thod b y wh ich t he Körös p eop le c augh t mos t o f t he ir f i sh , n e t-f ish ing h as b een s ugges ted .
Large q uan t i t ies o f mos t ly t o ma to-shaped
o b jects i n terpre ted a s n e t-we igh ts h ave b een f ound o n t he s i tes ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ). A t S zarvas-Szappanos , f or e xa mp le , 1 70 s uch ' ne t-we igh ts ' were c oun ted b y Krecs mä ,r ik ( 1915 ) , t he e xcava tor o f t he s i te .
T he n e t-we igh ts were f ound a t
d i f feren t p o in ts o f t he s e t t le men t , u sua l ly i n g roups o f 4 0 o r 5 0 .
A l though
t he i n terpreta t ion o f t hese c lay o b jec ts i s s t i l l o pen t o d oub t ( Nepper , 1 968 ) , i ti s n o t u n l ike ly t ha t t he Körös p eop le d id i n f ac t p rac t ice s o me s or t o f n etf ish ing . N e t-f ish ing i s u sua l ly a c o m muna l e n terpr ise i n wh ich t he ma le me mbers o f s evera l h ouseho lds wou ld j oin t oge ther . ( Banner , 1 937a ). Ano ther me thod o f o b ta in ing l arge q uan t i t ies o f f ish wou ld h ave b een s i mp ly t o g a ther t he f ish wh ich were l e f t s tranded a f ter t he f loodwa ters h ad r eceded .
A ccord ing t o as ix teen th c en tury d escr ip t ion o f t he L ower T isza
r eg ion , t here a re s o many s tranded a nd r o t t ing f i sh a round a f ter i nunda t ions , t ha t e ven t he a ir i s p o l lu ted b y t he sme l l ( O lah q uo ted b y Trog mayer , 1 968 ). I n t he v i l lage o f S ara i n t he B odrogköz , t hey u sed t o s ay h a l fjok ing ly t ha t b e fore t he r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers t he v i l lagers h ad o n ly t o o pen t he c hurch d oors b e fore t he f l ood c ame a nd c o l lec t t he f ish wh ich h ad f i l led t he c hurch a f ter t he wa ters h ad g one ( Ebner , 1 925 ) .
There i s l i t t le d oubt t ha t t he K t itös
s e t t lers a lso t ook a dvan tage o f t he a bundan t ly a va i lab le f ish a f ter i nunda t ions . B one imp le men ts r ese mbl ing d oub le-po in ted g orges h ave a lso b een f ound o n t he s i tes a nd may h ave b een u sed f or f ish ing ( Trog mayer , 1 968 ). F ishh ooks a re v ir tua l ly u nknown , a l though o ne h as r ecen t ly b een f ound a t t he s i te o f Dö 'vavänya-Ka tona fö ldek ( Ecsedy , 1 972) . I n v iew o f t he z oo log ica l a nd a rc haeo log ica l e v idence ,i t s ee ms l ike ly t ha t t he me thods mos t f avoured b y t he Körös p eop le were t hose wh ich c ou ld b e r el ied o n t o b r ing i n l arge q uan t i t ies o f f ish . I ts hou ld b e p o in ted o u t , h owever , t ha t f i sh ing may n o t h ave b een o f e qua l impor tance a t e very s i te . A t T isza jenö-Szäraztrpar t , f or e xamp le , n o f ish b ones were f ound
a l though t here were s o me n e t-weigh ts .
On t he o ther
h and , o n ly a sma l l p or t ion o f t he s i te h as a s y e t b een e xcava ted ( Se l mec i , 1 969 ) . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 26
B esides f i sh ing t he g a ther ing o f f reshwa ter s he llf ish a nd s nai ls was a lso a n i mpor tan t e le men t i n t he K örös s ubsistence p a t tern .
Banner ( 1931 ) , t he e x-
c ava tor o f s evera l K örös a nd l a ter s i tes, h as o bserved t ha t whi le f reshwa ter s he l lf ish a nd s nai l s hel ls a re g enera l ly p resen t a t t he s e t t le men ts o f t he T isza c u lture , t he s he l ls n ever o ccur i n s uch e nor mous q uan ti ties a s t hey d o a tt he K örös s i tes.
A t Ho 'd mezöväsärhe ly-Kopäncs t anya , t he s hel l r efuse was
m
t h ick , a nd o n t he n eighbour ing T isza s i te o f K ökenydo mb t he s he l ls were f ar l ess n u merous. S i mi lar ly l arge s he l l d u mps were a lso f ound a t o ther K örös s i tes: ö bessenyo , ö szen t ivan ,Nagy jaksorpar t , Endrod ( Banner , 1 931 ) , S zarvas-Szappanos ( Krecs märik , 1 915) , Marosle le-Pana , Gyä lare t-Szi lägi ma jor , Röszke-Ludvar a nd Deszk-O la jkü t ( Trog mayer , 1 968 ) . Mos t o f t he s he l ls h ave b een i den ti f ied a s b elong ing t o t he s pec ies Un io p ictorum .
L ess f requen t , though u sua l ly p resen t ,are t he s he l ls o f U . c rassus ,
U . t im idus a nd Anodon ta c ygnea .
The U . p ic toru m a nd A . c ygnea l i ve i n t he
c a lm s ha l low wa ters o f t he f loodp la in , wh i le t he U . c rassus p re fers t he s w i f ter r iver c urren ts ( Cz6g ler , 1 933-34 ).
The s na i l s pec ies mos t c o mmon ly f ound
o n t he s i tes a re V iv iparus h ungaricus Haz. a nd L y mnaea s tagna l is L .
A s
mos t o f t he s he l ls c o me f ro m t he n e ighborhood o f h ear ths a nd a re u sua l ly f ound mixed w i th o ther f ood r e ma ins ,i t s ee ms l ike ly t ha t t hey h ad b een c o l lec te d mos t ly f or t heir f ood c on ten t .
Un for tuna te ly , t he amoun t o f f ood t ha t e ach
s he l l d u mp o r l ayer r epresen ts h as n o t y e t b een c a lcu la ted . The a qua tic e nvironmen t o f t he s i tes was a lso v ery r ich i n b irds a nd l arge ma m ma ls. The a na lysis o ft he b one r e ma ins f ro m t he s i tes s uggests t ha t h un t ing , s i mi lar ly t o f i sh ing a nd t he g a ther ing o f s he l lf ish , was a lso a n i mp or tan t e le men t i n t he K örös s ubsistence p a t tern .
A t Röszke-Ludvär , 3 4.07%
a t G yä lare t-Szi lägyi ma jor 2 7 .73% , a t Marosle le-Pana 1 9 .26% a nd a t DeszkO la jkü i 6 .30% o f t he a nima l b ones c o me f ro m h un ted ma m ma ls a nd b irds ( Bökönyi , 1 964 ; 1 974) .
A t t he Yugoslav K örös s i tes o f Nosa-Biserna O ba la
a nd L udas-Budiak , t he f i gures a re 6 2 .7% a nd 1 7 .67% , r espective ly ( Bökönyi , 1 974 ) . The p ercen tage o f b ird b ones i n t he t o ta l a n i ma l b one ma ter ia l v ar ies f ro m s et t le men t t o s e t t le men t . A t Maros le le-Pana i ti s 1 0% , wh i le a t D eszk i ti s o n ly 2 .6% . A t R öszke-Ludvär , G ye largt a nd Ludas-Budeak t he b ird b ones c ons t i tu te a pprox i ma te ly 7 % o f t he t o ta l .
I n a l l c ases t he o verwhe lm ing
ma jor i ty o f t he b ird b ones b elongs t o wa terbirds . s pec ies h ave b een i den t i f ied b y B ökönyi .
A t Maros le le-Pana ,15
Mos t o f t he b irds a re f ishea ters
a nd w i th o ne e xcep t ion t hey a l l p re fer wa ter-r ich h abi ta ts . mos t ly i nd igenous t o t he r eg ion .
The s pec ies a re
S o me o f t he b irds , h owever , may o n ly h ave
s pen t t he w in ter i n Hungary ( Bökönyi , 1 964 ) .
A s h as b een men t ioned b e fore ,
H ungary l i es o n t he a nnua l migra t ion r ou te o f many n or thern a nd e as tern E uropean b irds . O f t he l arger ma mma ls , t he mos t f requen t ly h un ted a n i ma ls were t he a urochs , t he r oe a nd r ed d eer , t he w i ld s w ine , a nd i n s o me c ases t he w i ld a ss .
Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f t he a urochs a nd t he w i ld a ss , wh ich p re fer t he
more o pen h ab i ta t o f t he f ores t s teppe , mos t o f t he o ther a n i ma ls wou ld h ave b een f ound i n t he n eighbour ing g a l ler y f ores ts .
A t N osa a nd t o al esser e x-
t en t a t L udas-Budiak , t he w i ld a ss b ones a re f a ir ly n u merous , s ugges t ing p erha ps aEcology l arge d egand ree o fNeolithic d epe nde nc e o n t hCultures e r es urces o f t he f ores t-s teppe Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement ofr the Early Middle Körös and Linear Pottery Ino Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. t han wasoft h e c ase a t mos t o ther Körös s i tes . A t R o"s zke-Ludvär t he mos t Downloaded on behalf 38.67.221.43 1 27
f requen t ly h un ted s pec ies was t he r ed d eer , a t G yg larg t t he w i ld s wine . t h is s tage , h owever ,
A t
s ince t he t o ta l b one ma teria l h as b een c o l lected a nd
e xa m ined a t o n ly a v ery f ew s i tes , t he e x ten t a nd n a ture o f v ar iab i l i ty i n t he h un t ing p a t tern o f t he Körös c u l ture c anno t y e t b e f u l ly e s t i ma ted .
T here i s
a lso l i t t le i nd ica t ion o f t he methods o f h un t ing emp loyed b y t he Körös p eop le . A rrowheads a nd o ther p ro jec t i le weapons a re r are ly f ound o n t he s i tes .
I t
i s p oss ible t ha t mos t o f t he Kö 'rös h un t ing e qu ip men t was made f ro m l ess d urab le ma ter ia ls o r t ha t me thods n o t r equ ir ing p ro jec t i le weapons were u sed ( Tr ingha m , 1 971) .
The d o mes t ica ted d og i s p resen t a t mos t s i tes ,and o ne o f
i t s u ses may h ave b een f or h un t ing . On t he b as is o f a vi fauna r e ma ins a nd t he a ge d is tr ibu t ion o f t he ma m ma li an b ones , B ököny i ( 1972 ) h as b een a b le t o d e mons tra te t ha t o ccupa t ion a t t he s i tes o f L udas-Budeak , Maros le le-Pana , R öszke-Ludvär a nd D eszk- O la jkü t was u n in terrup ted a l l t hrough t he y ear .
A lthough t here i s n o f ur ther d e ta i led
e v idence , b y a na logy i t may b e s upposed t ha t mos t o f t he o ther Körös s i tes were a lso o ccup ied a l l t he y ear r ound .
A s t o t he s easona l p a t tern o f e xp lo i t-
a t ion , i th as b een s ugges ted t ha t f ish ing was mos t ly p ract iced i n s u mmer , t he h un t ing o f f ores t a n i ma ls i n a u tumn a nd w in ter , a nd t he g a ther ing o f s he l l f ish i n s pr ing .
Th is s ugges t ion i s b ased o n t he e v idence o f ap i t e xcava ted a t
L udvär wh ich c on ta ined s tra t i f ied d epos i ts o f s he l ls , b ones o f f ores t a n i ma ls a nd f i shbones ( Trog mayer , 1 968 ; T r ingha m , 1 971 ). E v idence f or t he e xp lo i ta t ion o f w i ld p lan t r esources i s a s y e t l im i ted . A corns a nd b eechnu ts were f ound i n s torage p i ts a t N osa a nd Ludas a nd h ad p robab ly b een u sed t o s upp le men t t he d ie t ( Garagan in , 1 961 ) .
A t t he more
r ecen t ly e xcava ted s i te o f Meh te lek , c harred h azelnu ts were f ound i n ap i t ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 974 ). o ther u ses .
p eop l .e i n mak ing p ot tery . s urv ived .
A par t f ro m p rov id ing f ood ,
w i ld p lan ts a lso h ad
Vege table ma t ter was u sua l ly mixed w i th t he c lay b y t he K örös They a lso made r ush ma ts , impr in ts o f wh ich h ave
The t rees o f t he g a l lery f ores t were u sed f or h ouse c ons truc t ion
a nd p robab ly a lso f or f ue l . F or a l ong t ime t he Kd i r ös c u l ture was r egarded a s b as ica l ly h un t ingg a ther ing a nd s tockbreed ing c u l ture ( Banner , 1 931;
1 937 ;
Ku tziän , 1 944 ) .
I n r ecen t y ears , h owever , r e ma ins o f c u l t iva ted p lan ts h ave b een r ecogn ised a t s evera l s i tes . A t o thers , t he e x is tence o f c u l t iva ted p lan ts h as b een c onf ir med t hrough t he i den t i f ica t ion o f t he ir impr in ts i n p o t tery . Whea t r e ma ins h ave b een f ound a t 1 6d mez8väsärhe ly-Gorzsa-Kovgcs t anya , b ar ley r e ma ins a t T isza jenö-Szäraz rpar t ( Se l meczi , 1 969 ) , a nd whea t a nd b ar ley r e ma ins a t S zarvas-Szappanos ( Har tyäny i , N oväk i a nd P a tay , 1 9684 . f ound i n s torage p i ts a t N osa ( Garagan in , 1 961) .
M i l le t h as b een
I mpr in ts o f e inkorn a nd
em mer whea t h ave b een i den t i f ied i n p o t tery s herds a t R öszke-Lud 3 .4r
a nd
G yä larg t-Szi lggy i ma jor . A t t he l a t ter s i te , impr in ts o f B ro mus a nd _ L at hyrus s p ., wh ich u sua l ly o ccur a s weeds o f c u l t iva t ion , h ave a lso b een i dent i f ied ( Har tyänyi a nd N ovgk i , 1 971 ).
I ti s p oss ib le t ha t f lax may a lso h ave
b een c u l t iva ted ( Trogmayer , 1 968 ) .
I n c on tras t w i th t he e ar l ir v iew , t oday
t here s ee ms t o b e l i t t le d oubt t ha t t he Körös s e t t lers were a lso a gr icu l tura li s ts. F ro m t he l oca t ion o f t he s e t t le men ts i ti s p oss ible t o d raw c er ta in p ract ices
Kosse, Krisztina. Ecology ofo the Earlya and Middle Neolithic Körös Linear Pottery In Hungary. t en ta t ivSettlement e c onc lus i ns b ou t t h e l an d and u se p a t terCultures n a nd a gr icu l tura l E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 28
o f t he Körös p eop le .
A s we h ave s een , mos t o f t he s i tes were l oca ted o n l evees
immed ia tely b y t he r ivers .
The b as ins wh ich s urrounded t he l evees were i nun-
d a ted t hrough mos t o f t he y ear .
Wi th t heir h eavy , b ad ly d ra ined a nd o f ten
a lka line s oi ls , t hey wou ld h ave b een u nsu i table f or c u l t iva t ion .
The mos t
l i ke ly a rea f or t he l oca t ion o f t he f ie lds was o n t he l evee t ops a nd s lopes . E thnograph ica l e v idence c on f ir ms t h is h ypo thes is . fad
I n t hose a reas o f t he A l-
where f lood ing was a p rob le m b efore t he r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers , t he
f ie lds were u sua l ly l oca ted a bove t he f loodp la in o n e leva ted g round ( Maksay , 1 971;
Ha l mos , 1 956 ; 1 957 ) .
L evees a s a reas o f c rop p roduc t ion h ad a n u m-
b er o f a dvan tages o ver t he b as ins .
They were u sua l ly s a fe f ro m f lood ing ;
h ad l igh t e as i ly worked s o i ls a nd f avourable d ra inage c ond i t ions .
H igh g round
wa ter t able d ur ing t he c r i t ica l v ege ta t ive p er iod wou ld h ave e nsured g ood c rops e ven i np er iods o f d rough t . v ery f er t i le .
B esides b eing e asi ly worked , l evee s oi ls were a lso
I ti s p oss ible t ha t t he l oca t ion o f t he Körös s i tes i n al ong n arrow
s tre tch a long t he r ivers was c onnec ted n ot o n ly w i th t he p resence o f t he r ivers , b u t a lso w i th t ha t n arrow s tr ip o f f er t i le s o i ls wh ich t oday a re r ecogn isable a s meadow c hernoze ms o r c hernoze ms , a nd wh ich f o l low t he r ivers a s d o t he s et t le men ts i n an arrow r ibbon l ike f or ma t ion .
The w id th o f t hese c hernoze m
b ands i s u sua l ly n o more t han 1 00 t o 2 00 m a cross , d epend ing ma in ly o n t he s ize o f t he l evee .
The l oca t ion o f t he s et t le men ts o n l evees i n t he f loodp la in
mean t t ha t g ood a gr icu l tura l l and i n t he im med ia te n e ighbourhood o f t he s i tes was r e la t ive ly l im i ted i n e x ten t . E thnograph ic d a ta s ugges ts t ha t u nder s im i lar c ircu ms tances , t ha t i s when g ood d ry l and i s l im i ted , f ie lds t end t o b e r e la t ive ly p er manen t .
I n t he
B odrogköz , b efore t he r egu la t ions , n o t o n ly were t he c u l t iva ted p lo ts a lways l oca ted i n t he s a me p lace , o n r e la t ive ly sma l l e xpanses o f h igher g round , b u t e ven t he c rops g rown i n t he m were a lways t he s ame .
The n ame o f t he c rop
b eca me a ssoc ia ted w i th t he l and i t was a lways g rown o n : f ie ld n a mes s uch a s Whea t F ie ld , H e mp F ie ld , Mi l le t F ie ld , e tc ., a re c o m mon i n t he Bodrogk h a nd a lso i n t he Raköz ( tbner , 1 925 ; K iss , 1 929 ) .
There i s a Kör8s s i te
l oca ted i n ap lace c a l led Buzäs-szige t ( Whea t I s land ) n ear T isza inoka , i n t he T iszazug , a nd s im i lar n a mes , p reserv ing t he me mory o f o ld p rac t ices , a re n o d oubt n umerous i n mos t r eg ions o f t he A l f8 1d . Wh i le t here i s n o d irect e v idence f or t he p er manence o f t he Körös p lo ts , t he d ep th o f t he c u l tura l l ayer a t most Körös s i tes s ugges ts s o me p er manence o f o ccupa t ion .
The d ep th o f t he K8rös s et t le men ts i s i n marked c on tras t t o
t he s ha l lowness o f mos t ALP s i tes .
T he t h ickness o f t he o ccupa t ion d epos i t
a t 1 6d mez8väserhely-Va ta t anya i s 0 .75 m ( Banner , 1 935 ) ,
a t S zelevtny-
K isasszonypar t Ia bou t 1 .5 m ( Ka l icz , 1 957 ) , a nd a t H öd mezöväsärhe ly-Zso ldos t anya b etween 1 .32 a nd 3 me ters ( Banner , 1 932 ) . I ti s p erhaps o f s o me i nt eres t t ha t a t t he med ieva l s i te o f Mör ic a lso i n t he A l fö ld , where t he s a me b u i ld ing ma ter ia l was u sed , t he t h ickness o f t he o ccupa t ion l ayer i s a pprox ima te ly 0 .5-1 m , a nd t he l i fespan o f t he v i l lage was a ccord ing t o d ocumen tary e v idence o ver 7 5 y ears ( Men, 1 954 ) . B y a na logy i t may b e s upposed t ha t t he Kör8s s i tes were o ccup ied f or a s im i lar ly l ong p er iod o f t ime . P er manence o f s et t le men t imp l ies a t l east t he p oss ib il i ty o f t he e x is tence o f p er manen t ' f ie lds '.
I n t he c ase o f t he Körös c u l ture ,heavy r e l iance o n t he
r ich a qua t ic r esources o f t he a rea may h ave c on tr ibu ted t o t he s tabi l i ty o f t he Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. s et t l eBAR mePublishing, n ts . 1979, N ev er the less , a gr icu l tura l p roduc t ion mus t E-book, Oxford, UK: https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 29
a lso h ave b een
s u f f ic ien t ly p ro f i tab le t o s uppor t o ccupa t ion i n t he s a me p lace f or a r e la t ively l ong p er iod o f t ime . a ble p rob le m .
L oca l s o i l e xhaus t ion n eed n o t h ave b een a n i nsur moun t-
L evee s o i ls , o ccas iona l ly c oa ted b y i nunda t ion s i l ts were
n a tura l ly f er t i le .
There were a lso o ther methods o f r ep len ish ing s o i l n u tr i-
e n ts wh ich were w i th in t he t echn ica l c apab i l i ty o f t he Körös p eop le . C lark ( 1947 ) n o tes t he i ncrease o f s heep i n impor tance i n B ronze a nd I ron A ge E urope a s s e t t led a gr icu l ture w i th f ixed f i e lds b eca me t he u sua l p rac t ice .
T he f a l low
p rov ided a n i dea l f eed ing g round f or t he s heep , wh i le t he s heep p rov ided manure f or t he f ie lds .
I n H ungary , e ven t oday , s heep a re f o lded n o t o n ly o n t he f a l low ,
b u t a lso o n t he c u l t iva ted f ie lds ( Go mbäs , 1 960 ).
F ro m e ar ly s pr ing u n t i l t he
e nd o f A pr i l t he s heep a re t urned o u t o n to t he f ie lds t o t h in o u t t he s prou t ing c rops t o p reven t t he p lan ts r unn ing w i ld ly t o l ea f . h arves t t he s heep a re g razed o n t he s tubb le .
I n a u tu mn , f o l low ing t he
E ven i n w in ter , t hey a re o cca-
s iona l ly l e t o u t o n to t he f ie lds t o b reak u p t he i ce .
S im i lar p ract ices h ave b een
d escr ibed f ro m G reece , where n o o ther manure t han t ha t f ro m s heep g razing o ver t he s prou t ing c rops a nd s tubb le i s u sed ( Ren frew , J . M., 1 972 ) .
The
a n t iqui ty o f s uch p rac t ices i s p robably g rea t a nd i t may e ven r each b ack i n to p reh is tor ic t imes .
I t may b e r e me mbered t ha t i n t he Körös c u l ture s heep
were t he mos t impor tan t d o mes t ica ted a n i ma l . The s et t le men ts o f t he Körös c u l ture were n o t , h owever , o ccup ied more t han o nce;
t here a re n o K örös t e l l s i tes .
One r eason why t he s i tes were n o t
r eoccup ied may h ave b een t he i ncrease i n t he d anger o f f lood ing .
E ven sma l l
c hanges i n t he d ra inage p a t tern o f t he a rea c ou ld h ave b een d isas trous i n t he l i fe o f t he s e t t le men t . N ever the less , i ti s more l i ke ly t ha t c u l tura l f actors were a s o r more impor tan t i n t he mob i l i ty o f t he s i tes t han p ure ly e nv ironmen ta l o nes .
A s y et t here a re n o r e liab le f igures o n Körös o r l a ter p opu la t ion
d ens i t ies f ro m t he a rea :
t he l ack o f t e l l s i tes s ugges ts t ha t d ur ing t he l i fe o f
t he K8r8s c u l ture t here was n o s hor tage o f s u i tab le l and where n ew s e t t le men ts c ou ld b e f ounded i ft he o ld s i tes b ecame u ndes irab le . The s easona l i ty a nd v ehe mence o f t he f loods mus t , o n t he o ther h and , h ave b een impor tan t i n i n f luenc ing d ec is ions o n c rop p o l icy.
Due t o t he l oca-
t i on o f t he s i tes , d es truc t ion o f t he c rops b y f loods was a n e ver p resen t d ang er .
B ecause o f t he r isk i nvo lved , i t i s u n l ike ly t ha t t he Körots f ar mers wou ld
h ave r el ied o n as ing le c rop o r e ven a s ing le a rea o f c ropp ing .
Af lex ib le c rop
p o l icy r e ly ing o n av ar ie ty o f c u l t iva ted p lan ts wou ld a t l eas t e nsure t ha t s o me c rops were h arves ted e ach y ear .
E inkorn whea t , wh ich i s p oor ly s u i ted t o
i rr iga t ion a gr icu l ture ( Bu tzer , 1 965 ) , was p robab ly mos t ly g rown o n t he l evee t ops . Em mer a nd b ar ley may h ave b een g rown o nb o th l ow a nd M O l y ing g round . I ti s n o t y e t k nown whe ther t he c erea ls c u l t iva ted b y t he Körös p eop le were a u tu mn o r s pr ing s own .
I ft he Bro mus s pecies f ound a t Gyä-l are t was
B ro mus s eca l inus , i t wou ld s ugges t a u tu mn-sow ing .
Bro mus s eca l inus i s a
c o m mon weed o f c u l t iva t ion , o ccurr ing mos t ly w i th w in ter whea t ( Te mp ir , t 1 964 ) . B es ide whea t a nd b ar ley , mi l let was a lso g rown b y t he Kor o s t p eop le . M i l let h as a v ery s hor t g row ing s eason a nd i s t here fore we l l a dap ted t o f lood p lain a gr icu l ture ( K iss , 1 929 ).
I n t he A l fö ld , i ti s u sua l ly s own i n l a te s pr ing
o r e ar ly s u m mer af ter t he f l oodwa ters h ave r eceded .
Thus, i fa l lo ther c rops .
f a i led , mi l le t c ou ld s t i l l b e r e l ied o n t o b r ing i n ah arves t .
Körös a gr icu l ture
may h ave b een p recar ious , b u t i tc ou ld p roduce a t l eas t o ne c rop a y ear . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 30
B es ide f ar m ing , s tockbreed ing was a lso p ract ised i n t he Körös c u l ture . Wh i le g ood a gr icu l tura l l and was r ela t ive ly l im i ted i n t he n e ighbourhood o f t he s i tes , l and s u i tab le f or s tock r ear ing was more p len ti fu l .
I n t he a n i ma l
b one ma ter ia l f ound o n t he s i tes , s heep i s r epresen ted b y t he h ighes t p ercen ta ge among t he d o mes t ica ted a n i ma ls .
C a lcu la ted a s p ercen tages c f t he t o ta l
n umber o f a n i ma l b ones , t he f igures f or s heep/goa ts v ary b etween 3 0 a nd 6 8% ( Bökönyi , 1 974 ) .
C a t t le s ee ms t o h ave b een t he s econd mos t impor tan t d o mes-
t i ca ted a n i ma l i n a l l t he K örös s i tes . t o ta l b one ma ter ia l .
o f r e la t ive ly l i t t le i mpor tance . t han 3% .
C a t t le b ones c ons t i tu te 7 t o 2 2% o f t he
The d o mes t ica ted p ig , t hough p resen t a t mos t s i tes , was The p ropor t ion o f p ig b ones i s u sua l ly l ess
The d o mes t ica ted d og i s r epresen ted i n s im i lar ly sma l l n u mbers .
B ököny i a t tr ibu tes t he p redo m inance o f c aprov ines t o t he i n f luence o f N ear Eas tern c u l tura l t rad i t ion .
I ti s p oss ib le , h owever , t ha t t he ir impor tance
was a t l eas t i np ar t d ue t o l oca l c ond i t ions o f a lka l i s o i ls a nd v egeta t ion i n t he v ic in i ty o f t he s i tes .
The ma jor i ty o f t he l a irds d o mes t ica ted a n i ma ls s ee ms
t o h ave c o me f ro m f ore ign s tock , a l though t here i s a lso s o me e v idence f or t he l oca l d o mes t ica t ion o f t he i nd igenous a urochs p opu la t ion ( Bököny i , 1 964 ). I n t e mpera te Europe , i n c on tras t t o t he Med i terranean , a n impor tan t l im i t ing f ac tor t o s tock b reed ing was t he s carc i ty o f t he w in ter f odder .
C on-
d i t ions i n t he . A l fö ld r ese mb led i n t h is r espec t t he Med i terranean r a ther t han mid la t i tude E urope .
E x tens ive f loodp la ins a nd s wa mps p rov ided u n t i l r e-
c en t ly a dequa te w in ter p as ture f or t he d o mes t ica ted s tock o f t he r eg ion . Wh i le Kruk ( 1971) a rgues t ha t e x tens ive meadows d id n o t e x is t i n r iver v a l leys i n t e mpera te E urope i n t he A t lan t ic p er iod , t he e x is tence o f many t ypes o f p r isera l v ege ta t ion i n t he f loodp la ins c anno t b e d ispu ted .
I mpr in ts o f r eeds
a nd s edges , f or e xa mple , h ave b een f ound i n Körös a nd ALP p o t tery .
A ccord-
i ng t o t he e thnograph ica l e v idence , r eeds a nd s edges were e spec ia l ly impor tan t i n t he w in ter ing o f c a t t le .
A s t hese t a l l p lan ts were n o t c overed b y s now ,
c a t t le c ou ld e as i ly b rowse o n t he m .
F or s heep t hey were l ess s u i tab le b ecause
o f t he d anger o f l i ver f luke ( Jankov i ts , 1 967).
H owever , o ther g reen p as ture
was a lso a va i lab le i n t he f loodp la ins a nd s wa mps ( G laser , 1 939 ).
F loa t ing
marshes a nd sma l l i s lands were f avoured p laces f or w in ter ing s tock ( Danke , 1 962-63 ) .
B efore t he r egu la t ions , l arge f locks o f s heep f ro m Transy lvan ia
were o f ten w in tered i n t he A IM ld ( Go mbäs , 1 960 ) . B esides p rovid ing w in ter f odder , t he f loodp la ins w ere a lso u sed a s s um mer p as tures . B y mid-Ju ly , j us t a s t he e f fec t o f d rough t was b eg inn ing t o b e f e l t o n t he h igher l oess p lat eaus , t he l as t o f t he f l oods h ad r eceded f ro m t he f loodp la ins , l eav ing r ich• p as tures b eh ind ( G laser , 1 939 ) . G razing s chedu les i n t he A l fö Id f o l lowed t he s ame p a t tern : was k ep t
l i ves tock
n ear t he v i l lages t i l l e ar ly s pr ing , when p as tures o n t he h igh l oess
p la teaus b eca me a va i lab le .
F ro m a bou t mid-Ju ly t i l l a f ter t he h arves t , t he
h erds were g razed o n t he f loodp la in , a nd a f ter t he h arves t o n t he s tubble . I n w in ter , p as ture was a va i lab le o n ly i n t he f loodp la ins ( G laser 1 939 ) .
Wh i le
n o e v idence o f t he a c tua l Körös o r ALP g razing p rac t ices h as s urv ived , i t may b e s upposed t ha t t he a nnua l c yc le f o l lowed a s im i lar s chedu le . Ev idence a va i lab le a t p resen t s ugges ts t ha t t he s e t t le men ts o f t he Körds c u l ture were more o r l ess s e l f-su f f ic ien t .
There s ee ms t o h ave b een n o
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. d ev e lBAR opPublishing, men t t owa rds a f unc t iona l h ierarchy o f s et t le men ts . E-book, Oxford, UK: 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
s hows l ess v ar ia t ion i n t he Körös c u l ture t han i n t he ALP . 1 31
S e t t le men t s ize Mos t Körös s i tes
a re l arge i n c o mpar ison . t he s i tes ;
There i s a lso a c er ta in r egu lar i ty i n t he s pac ing o f
d is tances b e tween s e t t le men ts t end t o b e u n i for m ( Ka l icz , 1 957) .
A l though t here was s o me t rade i n r aw ma ter ia ls , f or e xa mp le i n o bs id ian a nd o ther r ocks , t he v o lume o f t rade was r e la t ive ly sma l l .
O bs idian a nd o ther
s tone t oo ls o ccur o n ly i n sma l l q uan t i t ies o n t he K örös s i tes ( Ka l icz , p ers . c omm .) .
A t t he r ecen t ly d iscovered s i te o f Meh te lek , o bs id ian t oo ls , o n t he
o ther h and , c ons t i tu te o ver 8 0% o f t he c h ipped s tone a sse mblage ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 974) . A longside t he f inished t oo ls, t here i s a lso a l arge q uan ti ty o f u nworked o bsidian o n t he s i te .
Meh telek i s i n many ways a ne xcep t iona l s i te .
Cu l tura l ly i th as more a f f in i ties w i th t he K eats g roup o f Transy lvania t han w i th t he K örös g roup o f H ungary , t he ma in d istr ibu tion a rea o f which l i es more t han 1 50 km s ou thwest o f Meh te lek .
F ur ther more , t he ma teria l c u lture o f t he
s i te h as a n u mber o ft ra i ts wh ich r epresen t ad epar ture f ro m t he K örts c ult ura l t radi tion a l toge ther a nd c onnect Meh te lek w i th t he emergen t g roup o ft he Ear ly ALP . A l fö ld L inear P o t tery C u l ture Much o f wha t h as b een s a id a bou t t he Körös e co logy i s a lso v a l id f or t he ALP .
The d is tr ibu t ion a reas o f t he t wo c u l tures o ver lap , a nd a l arge p ercen t-
a ge o f t he ALP s i tes a re f ound i n microenv ironmen ts s im i lar t o o r i den t ica l w i th t hose o f t he l a irds s i tes .
Over 9 0% o f t he ALP s i tes a re l oca ted i n a reas
o f i nsu f f ic ien t h um id i ty , a nd o ver 5 0% o f t he s i tes a re o n s o i l t ypes where wa ter h ad b een a n a gen t o f s o i l f or ma t ion .
The s a me e nv ironmen ta l l im i t ing f ac tors
-i nsu f f ic ien t mo is ture i n t he g rowing s eason , d anger o f f loods a nd s carci ty o f g ood d ry l and - wh ich a pp l ied w i th in t he Körös c u l tura l a rea
were a lso i n-
f luen t ia l w i th in a l arge s egmen t o f t he ALP d is tr ibu t ion a rea . d i f ferences , h owever .
There were
S o me o f t hese were d ue t o e nv ironmen ta l c hanges a s
t he d is tr ibu t ion a rea o f t he Körös c u l ture was e x tended n or thwards b y t he ALP c u l ture , wh i le o thers were p robably d ue t o c hanges i n t he p a t tern o f e xp lo i tat ion . E ar ly ALP I n c on tras t t o t he Körös c u l ture , where a l l t he s e t t le men ts a re l oca ted i n t he f ores t-s teppe z one , i n t he ALP s e t t le men ts f ro m t he e ar l ies t p hase a ppear a lso i n t he f ores t z one .
The a ssoc ia t ions mos t p re ferred b y e ar ly ALP
o e t t lers were o akwood o n s and a nd l oess .
There was a lso s o me s et t le men t
i n a c id iph i lous o ak f ores ts . A l l t hese a ssoc ia t ions a re c haracter ised b y a r e lat ive ly l ow d ens i ty o f f ores t c over : d ense ly wooded a reas were a vo ided . I t may b e r e me mbered t ha t a l l t he s et t le men ts a t t h is s tage a re s t i l l l oca ted i n a reas o f l im i ted mois ture i n t he g row ing s eason . The s e t t le men ts i n t he f ores t z one , j us t l i ke t hose f ur ther s ou th , a re o n sma l l e xpanses o f h igher g round i n t he f loodp la in .
I n t he Ear ly P hase , a
r e la t ive ly l arge p ercen tage ( 24% ) o f t he s i tes a re f ound o n s and .
A lthough
mos t o f t he s and i n t he a rea i s w indb lown s and , i ti s wor th n o t ing t ha t i n t he n e ighbourhood o f t he s i tes t he s and u sua l ly c on ta ins s o me amoun t o f l oess ( Borsy , 1 953 ) . A l though a s y e t t here i s n o d irec t e v idence t o s how whe ther t he Ear ly ALP s e t t l ers p rac t i ed gr i cu l t ure Körös i n and t heLinear f or es tCultures z one , t he n a ture o f t he s oi l Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology ofs the Earlya and Middle Neolithic Pottery In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. t ypes o c up ie i s s o me i nd ica t ion t ha t a gr icu l tura l Downloaded onc behalf ofd 38.67.221.43
1 32
c ons idera t ions were a t
l eas t af ac tor i n d e term in ing t he l oca t ion o f t he s i tes .
S e t t le men ts were
g enera l ly l oca ted o n t he mos t f er t i le s o i l t ypes o f t he a rea .
I n t he f ores t
z one ,86% o f t he s i tes a re f ound o nb rown f ores t , c hernoze m-brown f ores t a nd k ovä rväny b rown f ores t s o i ls .
A s we h ave s een , t he b rown f ores t a nd
c hernoze m-brown f ores t s o i ls a re t he mos t f er t i le o f a l l f ores t s o i ls i n H ungary .
K ovärväny s oi ls, t hough l ess f er t i le , a re e xcep tiona l ly p roductive
f or s andy s oi ls.
They a lso h ad t he a dded a dvan tage o fb e ing e asy t o work .
The o ccasiona l r ise o fb irch p o l len i n t he d iagra ms o ft he Nyirseg may b e i nt erpre ted a s f ur ther e vidence f or t he p resence o f a gricul tura l man i n t he a rea . B irch i s u sua l ly t he f i rst t ree t o a ppear af ter t he f orest h ad b een b urn t , a nd r egenera t ion i s a l lowed t o t ake p lace ( I versen , 1 956 ) . The p o l len d iagra ms a lso s how t he p resence o f c u ltiva ted p lan ts i n t he a rea i n t he A t lan tic p eriod , b u t i n t he a bsence o f r ad iocarbon d a tes i ti s d i f f icu l t t o k now w i th wh ich p hase o ft he ALP t heir f i rst a ppearance may b e c orrela ted .
I t i s n o t k nown e i ther
h ow p er manen t a gricu l ture was a t t his s tage : t he sma ll s ize o ft he s et t le men ts a nd t he s ha l lowness o f t heir c u l ture l ayer wou ld s uggest t ha t o ccupa tion a t t he s i tes was r e la t ively s hor t l i ved .
I t i s p erhaps o f s o me r e levance t ha t t he
v ehe mence o ft he f l oods a long t he Upper T isza a nd S za mos r ivers, where most o ft he e ar ly s i tes a re l oca ted , i s g enera l ly much g rea ter t han a long t he l ower r eaches o f t he T isza ( Ando- a nd Vaiäs, 1 972 ) .
Before t he r egu la tion o f t he
r ivers, most c erea ls were s pr ing s own i n t he a rea , p ar t ly t o a void f l ood d a ma ge , a nd p ar t ly b ecause w in ter whea t wou ld h ave b een d eci ma ted b y r ust ( K iss, 1 929 ) . E v idence a bou t E ar ly ALP s tockbreed ing i s a lso v ery s can t .
A t t he
S za t mär s i te o f T iszacsege ,sheep i s s t i l l t he mos t impor tan t d o mes t ica ted a n i ma l ( 65% ) .
C a t t le b ones c ons t i tu te 1 5% o f t he d o mes t ica ted a n i ma l r e-
ma ins ;and p igs 1 0% ( Ka l icz , p ers . c o mm .).
The c o mpos i t ion o f t he h erds
i n t he f ores t z one was p robab ly s o mewha t d i f feren t
a l though a lready a t
T iszacsege t he s l igh t r ise i n t he impor tance o f t he d o mes t ica ted s w ine wou ld i nd ica te a g row ing d ependence o n wood land r esources . One f ea ture t ha t i s s hared b y a l l t he e ar ly s i tes i s t he g rea t a bundance o f o bs id ian i n t he l i th ic ma ter ia l .
A t T iszacsege , f or e xa mp le , a l l t he t oo ls
a re made o f o bs id ian ( Ka l icz , p ers . c omm .) ;
a t Meh te lek 80 % .
A s o bs id ian
was v ery h igh ly v a lued i n t he n eo l i th ic , t he d epos i ts i n t he Toka j Moun ta ins , o ne o f t he r iches t s ources o f o bs id ian i n s ou theas t Europe , mus t h ave e xer ted ag rea t i n f luence o n t he l oca tion o ft he s i tes. The a t traction o ft he o bsidian s ource a nd t he p resence o f o ther r aw ma ter ia ls i n t he moun ta ins may i n f ac t h ave b een t he r eason why t he d is tr ibu t ion a rea o f t he ALP was e x tended i n to t he f ores t z one i n t he f irs t p lace . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t s o me o f t he e ar ly s e t t lemen ts f unct ioned p r i mar i ly a s ' t rade-pos ts ' whose ma in t ask was t o o b ta in a nd t rans m i t v a luable r aw ma ter ia ls t o s i tes f ur ther s ou th . Midd le ALP There a re n o marked c hanges i n t he s e t t le men t p a t tern:
s e t t le men ts
o ccur b o th i n t he f ores t-s teppe a nd t he f ores t z one . A s i n t he e ar l ier p hases , t he ma jor i ty o f t he s i tes a re l oca ted i n a zona l s i tua t ions , i n o r n ear t he e dge o f t he f loodp la in .
A t mos t o f t he s i tes , h um id i ty i s s t i l l i nsu f f ic ien t i n t he
g row ing s eason , a l though t he moisture d ef ic iency i s l ess ' s evere t han i n t he
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: Publishing, Kd ir t i sBAR c u l ture .1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 33
The c u l ture l ayer a t t he s et t le men ts i s u sua l ly t h in a nd c ons is ts o f n o more t han o ne h ab i ta t ion l eve l , s ugges t ing t ha t o ccupa t ion a t a ny o ne s i te was o f r e la t ive ly s hor t d ura t ion .
I ti s p oss ib le t ha t s o me o f t he s i tes , e spec ia l ly
i n t he moun ta ins , were o ccup ied o n ly o n as easona l b as is . g ä t , K orek ( 1961) e xcava ted t wo c ircu lar h u t s tructures .
A t U ppony- Ma lo mThe c ircu lar h ouse
f or m i s u nusua l i n t he ALP , where , j us t a s i n t he Körös c u l ture , t he t yp ica l h ouse i s r ec tangu lar .
The s i te a t U ppony may h ave s erved a s at e mporary
s he l ter f or s easona l h erds men ( c f . F lannery , 1 972 ) .
The c o lder w in ter a nd
s hor ter g rowing s eason may h ave d iscouraged y ear r ound s e t t le men t i n t he moun ta ins
a l though t he N or thern Moun ta ins i n H ungary a re n o t h igh e nough
t o b e r ea l ly i nhosp i table .
I ts hou ld a lso b e p o in ted o u t t ha t t here i s u sua l ly
s o me g ood , i1 l im i ted ,agr icu l tura l l and i n t he r iver v a l leys i n t he v ic in i ty o f mos t s i tes,so t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t a gr icu l ture was a lso p rac t iced c anno t b e e xc luded . S e t t le men ts i n t he Midd le P hase a re a ga in mos t ly sma l l .
The sma l ler
s ize a nd g rea ter mob i l i ty o f t he e ar ly a nd midd le ALP s i tes a re i n c on tras t w i th t he l arger s ize a nd g rea ter p er manence o f t he K örös s i tes . A s many o f t he ALP s i tes a re f ound i n t he s a me microenv ironmen ts a s t he Körds s i tes , e nv ironmen ta l c hange a lone c anno t b e h e ld r espons ib le f or t he d i f ference . I ti s more l i ke ly t ha t t he d i f ference i n s e t t le men t s ize a nd p er manence was d ue t o c hanges i n t he p a t tern o f e xp lo i ta t ion o f t he e nv ironmen t . I ncreased r e l iance o n c a t t le a nd s wine may h ave b een p ar t o f t he c hange .
Un for tuna te-
l y , v ery f ew ALP s i tes h ave b een e xcava ted s o f ar , a nd t he f auna l a nd b o tan ic a l e v idence i s s t i l l v ery f ragmen tary .
The impress ion i s t ha t t he M idd le
Phase was s t i l l l arge ly a p hase o f e xper i men ta t ion w i th l oca l r esources a nd w i th d i f feren t ways o f e xp lo i t ing t hese r esources . L a te ALP The L a te P hase i s c harac ter ised b y t he d evelop men t o f an umber o f r eg iona l g roups .
These g roups h ave b een d is t inguished o n t he b as is o f
p o t tery s ty les , b u t t he e nv ironmen ta l a na lys is o f t he s i tes s ugges ts t ha t t he ir e co log ies were a lso d i f feren t . O ver 5 0% o f t he s i tes i n t he T iszadob g roup , a nd o ver 6 0% i n t he B t ikk g roup a re l oca ted i n t he f ores t z one ; t he ma jor i ty o f t he s i tes i nb o th g roups a re f ound o n f ores t s o i ls .
I n t he E sztär g roup ,
t he l arges t p ercen tage o f t he s i tes a re f ound i n t he modera te ly d ry f ores ts teppe ;
t he ma jor i ty o f t he s i tes o n s o i l t ypes where wa ter h ad a f fec ted s o i l
f or ma t ion . The l eas t h o mogenous o f t he g roups a re t he L a te AVK a nd S zi lmeg : s e t t le men ts o ccur i n more o r l ess e qua l p ropor t ions i n t he d ry a nd modera te ly d ry f ores t-s teppes a nd i n t he f ores t z one .
The S zakä lhä t g roup ,
whose s i tes a re a l mos t e xc lus ive ly i n t he d ry f ores t-s teppe , s ee ms t o h ave more i n c o m mon w i th t he Körös c u l ture a s f ar a s r e la t ionsh ip t o t he e nv ironmen t i s c oncerned t han w i th t he r es t o f t he ALP g roups . Wi th t he emergence o f r eg iona l g roups c a me a n ew d eve lop men t t oward g rea ter f unc t iona l d ivers i ty i n e as tern Hungary . s e t t le men ts a ppear i n Hungary f or t he f irs t t ime .
S pec ia l ized s i tes a nd t e l l A lso , f or t he f i rst t ime
t here a re i nd ica t ions o f t he d eve lop men t o f a n i nc ip ien t s et t le men t h ierarchy i n t h is a rea . A cco mpanying t hese a dvances , were c hanges i n t he p a t tern o f f ar m ing a nd s tockbreed ing . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 34
S pec ia l ized s e t t le men ts a re mos t ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t he S zi l meg , T iszadob a nd B t ikk g roups .
A t B o ldogkövära l ja-Tekeres Pa tak ( B t ikk I ) 6 sma l l r ec t-
a ngu lar h ouses a nd a d jo in ing t he h ouses 4 work f loors were u ncovered ( Ke menc zei , 1 964 ) .
The work f l oors were l i t tered w i th r aw ma ter ia ls , h a l f f in ished
a nd f in ished t oo ls .
F ro m b es ide o ne o f t he h ouses c ame a sma l l p o t c on ta in-
i ng 5 67 f l in t b lades . A t t he S zi l meg s i te o f Eger-K iseged 3 00 p o l ished s tone a xes were f ound ( Ga lvän , 1 958 ). A t t he s i tes o f Onga ( T iszadob , B t Ikk ) , Megyaszö ( Tiszadob ) a nd E de leny-Borsod ( B t ikk I I ) , t here were a lso l arge q uan t i t ies o f s tone t oo ls , s ugges t ing i n tens ive manu fac ture ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) . I ti s u n l ikely t ha t s uch l arge q uan t i t ies o f t oo ls wou ld h ave b een p roduced f or h o me u se o n ly .
A ccord ing t o Ver tes ( 1965 ) t he f l in t b lades f ound a t Bo ldog-
k övära l ja a re r e markab ly h o mogenous ,bo th t ypo log ica l ly a nd f unc t iona l ly. s ugges ts t ha t t hey were p robab ly i n tended f or s a le o r b ar ter .
H e
I ncreased p ro-
d uc t ion i s n o t t he o n ly e v idence t ha t t he v o lume o f t rade was i ncreas ing .
Ob-
s id ian , wh ich mus t h ave c o me f ro m t he Toka j Moun ta ins , was b eco m ing more a bundan t a t mos t ALP s i tes a nd a lso o u ts ide t he ALP d is tr ibu t ion a rea . A t V in6a , o bs id ian i s i ns ign i f ican t i n t he e ar ly A p hase , b u t i s f a ir ly c o m mon i n t he La ter B p hase ( Csa log , 1 955 ) 1wh ich p ara l le ls t he L a te ALP .
T iszadob ,
B t ikk a nd S zakä lhä t s herds h ave b een f ound a s f ar n or th a s P o land a nd a s f ar s ou th a s Thessa ly ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) .
S zakä lhä t s herds a re e spec ia l-
l y n u merous i n t he Morava v a l ley o f Yugos lav ia .
One i t em o f e xchange wh ich
was c arr ied n or th f ro m t he Med i terranean was S pondylus .
S pondy lus b eads
h ave b een f ound a t I s tä l loskö a nd N agykä l lö among o ther s i tes .
Wha t o ther
s ubs tances were t raded b es ide o bs id ian , f l in t a nd S pondylus i s n ot k nown . N or d o we k now h ow t he t rade was o rgan ised o r wha t t he mode o r modes o f e xchange were .
I t wou ld b e i n teres t ing t o k now , a nd h ope fu l ly f ur ther r e-
s earch w i l l b e a ble t o s how , whe ther t he S pondy lus f ound o n t he TLP s i tes c a me d irec t ly f ro m t he s ou th o r v ia t he ALP c u l ture;
o r wha t s ubs tance o r
c o m mod i ty was t raded i n t hose N o tenkopf a nd Z se l iz p o ts wh ich were f ound o n t he ALP s i tes . B es ide e x terna l t rade , i n terna l t rade was a lso i ncreas ing . o f o ne g roup a re o f ten f ound o n s i tes o f a no ther g roup .
P o t s herds
I ti s p oss ib le t ha t
s o me o f t he p o ts c on ta ined f oods tu f fs wh ich wou ld imp ly t ha t f ood p roduc t ion h ad r eached a h igher t han mere s el f-su f f ic iency l eve l . I t may a lso b e a ssu med t ha t t he e xchange o f f ood p roduc ts wou ld b e p ara l leled b y ag rea ter r eg iona l d ivers i ty i nf ood p roduc t ion .
A l though t here i s s o me f auna l e v idence , d is-
c ussed l a ter , t o s uppor t t h is v iew , t he d a ta i s t oo f ragmen tary t o a l low a p os i t ive c onc lus ion . A l though n o t n ecessar i ly c onc lus ive b y i t sel f , t he a ppearance o f t e l ll ike s e t t le men ts i n t he S zakä lhä t g roup i s a lso s ugges t ive o f more i n tens ive a gr icu l tura l p roduc t ion . A t B a t tonya-Gödrösök , t he s i te h as 2 b u i ld ing h or izons . A t Täpe-Lebö-Fe lsöha lo m , t here a re p robab ly 3 S zakahä t l eve ls ;
t he ir t h ickness i s 2 m.
The s i te o f D evavänya-Sär tö was a lso p ro-
b ably r ebu i l t more t han o nce d ur ing S zakä lhä t t imes ; t he t h ickness o f t he c u l tura l d eposi t i s 1 40 cm . The a rgumen t f or more a dvanced a gr icu l tura l p roduct ion i s s treng thened l eas t t wo ma jor c hanges
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, BAR a Publishing, 1979, b y UK: t he va i labl e https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. b o tan ica l e v idence . I ts ee ms t ha t a t Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 35
o ccurred i n t he f arm ing p a t tern a t t h is t ime . i mpor tance o fb ar ley .
One was t he i ncrease i n t he
As izeab le q uan ti ty ( . 1 000 c l ) o f s ix-row h ul led b ar ley
h as b een f ound , f or e xa mp le , a t t he S zakä lhä t s i te o f Devavänya-Rehe ligä t ( Har tyänyi a nd Noväk i , i n p ress) . The f i nd c o mes f ro m t wo c o l lapsed h ouses, f ro m among t he r e ma ins o f l arge p ot tery s torage j ars. The R ehe li g a t f i nd i s t he f i rst e vidence o f s ix-row b ar ley i n Hungary .
The s econd c hange was i n
c rop p ur i ty . A tR ehe li Gä t , i n House I , o ne s torage j ar c on ta ined 2 0 c l s ixr ow b ar ley , a no ther o ne 2 50 c l b ar ley a nd a t hird o ne , a lso i n t he s a me h ouse , a pproxima te ly 1 500 c l em mer whea t .
M ixed w i th t he em mer , t here were a lso
t hree g ra ins o f e inkorn whea t , 5g rains o f l en ti l a nd a v ery sma ll n u mber o f weed g ra ins . The b ar ley f i nds were c o mp le te ly p ure . The s epara te s torage o f whea t a nd b ar ley s uggests t ha t t hey h ad b een s own a nd h arvested s epara te ly ( Har tyänyi a nd Noväk i , i n p ress) .
The sma l l q uan ti ty o f weed g ra i ns f ound
w i th t he c erea ls a rgues f or g ood weed c on tro l .
' Increasing c rop p uri ty r epre-
s en ts i ncreasing s pecia liza tion a nd av ast ly i mproved a gricu l tura l c o mpetence . I to pens u p p ossibi l i ties o ff ur ther s ophistica ted a dvances s uch a s t he r o ta tion o f c rops ( eg . c erea ls t hen p u lses) t o r egenera te t he l and 2 76) .
( Renfrew , 1 972 ,
Whe ther c rop r o ta tion was a n e stab l ished p ractice i n Hungary a t t h is
t ime i s n o t k nown . A s a t l east o ne o f t he p ulses was k nown t o t he S zakä lhä t p eop le , t he p ossibi li ty t ha t s o me f or m o f c rop r o ta tion was p ractised c anno t b e e xc luded . Wha t i s i n teres t ing a bou t t he a dvances t ha t were made b y t he S zakä lhä t p eop le i s t ha t t hey were n o t a n i so la ted p heno menon .
They , i n f ac t , c losely
p ara l le l d eve lop men ts i n L a te N eo l i th ic G reece ( Ren frew , J .M ., 1 973 ) . A l though t he b o tan ica l e v idence i s l im i ted , s im i lar c hanges t oward g rea ter a gr icu l tura l c o mpe tence may b e i n ferred o n a rchaeo log ica l g rounds i n mos t o ther a reas o f s ou theas t Europe . The e v idence o f s oi l t ypes a lso s uppor ts t he a rgu men t f or i ncreased a gr icu l tura l p roduct ion i n t he S zakä lhä t g roup . A l though t he S zakä lhä t s e t t lemen ts a re f ound o n t he s a me s o i l t ypes a s t he Körös s i tes , ah igher p ercen tage o f t he S zakä lhä t s i tes a re l oca ted n ex t t o l arger t rac ts o f f er t i le meadow 3 hernoze m s o i ls . I ti s n o t imposs ible t ha t t he p lough was a lready k nown a t t h is s tage . The s ame s ugges t ion h as b een made f or L a te N eo l i th ic/Cha lco l i th ic G reece ( Ren frew , 1 972 ). The i ncrease i n t he i mpor tance o f c a t t le i n Hungary a t t h is t ime a nd t he a gr icu l tura l d eve lop men ts o u t l ined a bove wou ld b e c ons is ten t w i th t he u se o f t he p lough . A l though t here i s n o d irec t e v idence t ha t t he p lough was k nown i n n eo l i th ic E urope , t here i s e v idence f or t he p resence o f o xen i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture ( Murray , 1 970 ) . The o xen wou ld h ave p rov ided t he n ecessary d raugh t p ower f or p u l l ing t he p lough . Z oo log ica l e v idence a t t wo s i tes i n t he Vädastra c u l ture o f s ou thwes t R uman ia a nd n or thwes t Bu lg ar ia i nd ica tes t ha t c a t t le were i n f ac t u sed f or t rac t ion ( Ghet ie a nd Ma teescu , 1 973 ) .
The s i tes a re l oca ted n ear l arge e xpanses o f s l igh t ly l eached c herno-
z em s o i ls .
The l arge q uan t i t ies o f c erea l r e ma ins wh ich were f ound o n t he
s i tes wou ld s ugges t i n tens ive a gr icu l tura l p roduc t ion : 1 600 k g
whea t .
o ne p i t a lone c on ta ined
The Vädas tra c u l ture was p ar t ly c on te mporaneous w i th t he
L a te P hase o f t he ALP . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 36
Wh i le t here a re n o t e l l s e t t le men ts o u ts ide t he S zakä lhä t g roup i n Hung ary , s tra t i f ied s i tes w i th t h ick o ccupa t ion d epos i ts o ccur i n o ther L a te g roups . A t Bo ldogkövära l ja-Tekeres p a tak , f or e xa mp le , t he s e t t le men t c ons is ts o f 2h ab i ta t ion l eve ls a nd t he o ccupa t ion l ayer i s 1 60 cm t h ick .
A t t he T iszadob
s i te o f S a jt ekeresztur-Ho mokbänya , t he c u l tura l d epos i t i s 7 0-80 cm d eep , a nd a t B orsodbö ta t he d ep th o f t he B t ikk o ccupa t ion l ayer i s 1 50 cm . I n s tockbreed ing , the d eve lop men t was t oward i ncreased r e l iance o n l oca l ly a va i lab le s pec ies . ma ins .
C a t t le b ones c ons t i tu te 4 0 t o 5 0% o f t he b one r e-
A longs ide w i th c a t t le , p igs a lso r ose i n impor tance .
I n c on tras t t o
t he Körös s i tes , where p igs were a l mos t n eg l ig ib le , o n t he La te ALP s i tes t hey r epresen t 1 0 t o 3 0% o f t he t o ta l b one f inds .
C a t t le a re we l l s u i ted t o
t he f ores t-s teppe a nd p igs t o wood land e nv ironmen ts .
Wi ld s pecies o f b o th
a n i ma ls a re p resen t i n H ungary . R e l iance o n t hree ( ca t t le , s heep , p igs ) i ns tead o f t wo s pec ies ( sheep , c a t t le ) a s was t he c ase i n t he Körös c u l ture mean t more f lex ibi l i ty a nd a l lowed f or g rea ter d ivers i ty b e tween s i tes i n t he c o mpos i t ion o f t he d o mes t ic a ted s tock . Wh i le a t T iszavasvär i-Kereszt fa l s heep was t he s econd mos t impor tan t d o mes t ica ted a n i ma l , a t P o lgär-Fo lyäs-Szi l meg p igs were more impor tan t t han s heep . A t E de lgny-Borsod , T äpb-Lebö-Fe lsöha lo m a nd D6vavänya-Sär t6 s heep a nd p igs were o f more o r l ess e qua l impor tance . The d i f ferences t o s o me e x ten t r e f lec t t he im med ia te e nv iron men ts o f t he s i tes :
T iszavasvär i i s l oca ted n ear t he l oess s teppe o f Ha jdusäg , wh i le t he
o ther s i tes a re s urrounded b y e x tens ive g a l lery f ores ts . A l though s heep a nd p igs were b o th impor tan t i n t he s tockbreed ing o f t he ALP , c a t t le was i nvar iably t he most i mpor tan t d o mes t ica ted a n i ma l o n t he s i tes .
Un l ike s heep o r p igs , c a t t le r equ ire c ons iderab le p asturage .
A ccord-
i ng t o e thnograph ica l d a ta f ro m t he A l fö ld t he p as ture r equ ire men t o f 1b ov id e qua ls t ha t o f 5s heep o r 5p igs ( Györ f fy a nd V isk i , n o d a te ). I f we a ssume t ha t t he t o ta l n u mber o f d o mes t ica ted a n i ma ls were t he s a me o n t he Körös a nd ALP s i tes a nd t ha t d i f feren t a reas were u sed t o p as ture t he d i f feren t s pecies , t he s ize o f p as ture n eeded t o f eed t he d o mes t ica ted a n i ma ls o f t he ALP wou ld h ave b een a l mos t t hree t imes a s g rea t a s t ha t n eeded f or t he a n ima ls o f t he Körös s i tes .
( The c a lcu la t ion i s b ased o n t he p ercen tages o f
i nd iv idua l a n i ma ls f ound a t t he K örbs s i tes o f G yä larb t , Röszke a nd Ludas , a nd a t t he ALP s i tes o f E de llny-Borsod , F o lyäs-Szi l meg a nd T iszavasvär iKereszt fa l ) . The ALP s o lu t ion s ee ms t o h ave b een t o r educe t he s ize o f t he s e t t le men t u n i t a nd t hus p resumab ly t he n u mber o f a n i ma ls wh ich n eeded t o b e p as tured .
Al arge p ercen tage o f t he ALP s i tes a re s o sma l l t ha t t hey
c ou ld n o t h ave a cco m moda ted more t han a v ery f ew f am i l ies ( Ka l icz , 1 957) . I t may a lso b e a rgued t ha t t he i ncrease i n p as turage r equ ire men ts c onsequen t o n t he c hange i n t he c o mpos i t ion o f t he s tock was a t l eas t i n p ar t r espons ible f or t he g rea ter mobi l i ty o f t he ALP s i tes .
Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f t he t e l ls a nd
s tra ti f ied s e t t le men ts o f t he L a te p hase , t he ALP s i tes a re g enera l ly s ha l lowe r t han t he Körös s i tes , wh ich s ugges ts t ha t o ccupa t ion o n t he m was s hor t l i ved . Hun ted a n i ma ls c ons t i tu te o n t he a verage 2 0% o f t he f auna l r e ma ins . A t L ebe t he p ercen tage i s much h igher , b u t t here n o s epara t ion h as b een Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. made e tw een t he https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Körös a nd S zakä lhä t ma ter ia l . I ti s E-book, Oxford, UK: b BAR Publishing, 1979, Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 37
i n teres t ing t o n o te
t ha t t he n u mber o f f i shbones i s u sua l ly v ery sma l l o n t he ALP s i tes .
A s
c a t t le s upp l ies more mea t t han s heep p er a n i ma l , i ti s p oss ib le t ha t w i th i nc reased r e l iance o n c a t t le ,f ish b eca me l ess i mpor tan t a s as ource o f p rote in . H owever , i ts hou ld b e r e me mbered t ha t t he b one ma ter ia l , a t p resen t , c o mes f ro m o n ly a v ery f ew s i tes . Ka l icz ( 1957 ) , i n h is s urvey o f t he T iszazug r eg ion , c a l ls a t ten t ion t o a n u mber o f i n teres t ing c on tras ts b e tween t he s e t t le men t p a t terns o f t he Körös a nd ALP c u l tures :
1 ) The n u mber o f ALP s i tes most ly (Szakä lh.t ) i s much
l arger ,and t he s ize o f t he s e t t le men ts i s much sma l ler t han i n t he Körös c u lt ure . 2 ) No ta l l t he ALP s i tes a re o f e qua l s ize. Wh i le t he ma jor i ty o f t he s et t le men ts i s sma l l , t here a re a lso 4 s i tes whose d i mens ions a re c o mparab le t o t hose o f t he Körös s i tes .
3 ) The s i tes a re n o t e ven ly s paced ; t here a re
g enera l ly 3 o r 4 sma l ler s i tes n ex t t o o ne a no ther i n ag roup .
S im i lar p a t-
t erns o f d is tr ibu t ion h ave a lso b een o bserved n ear H 6d mezöväsärhe ly . L oca t iona l s tud ies o f modern s e t t le men ts s ugges t ap os i t ive c orrela t ion b e tween s et t le men t s ize a nd f unct iona l r ange ( Hagge t t , 1 965 ) .
B y a na logy ,
i t may b e s upposed t ha t t he s a me r e la t ionsh ip a lso o b ta ined f or t he S zakä lhä t s et t le men ts .
Un for tuna te ly , n one o f t he s i tes h ad b een e xcava ted y e t , s o t he
h ypo thes is i s u nsuppor ted b y a rchaeo log ica l e v idence .
Bu t t ogether w i th
o ther d evelop men ts ,such a s t he a ppearance o f t e l l s i tes , i ncreased t rade a nd more i n tens ive a gr icu l ture , t he e x is tence o f as i mp le f or m o f s e t t le men t h ierarchy d oes n o t s ee m u nrea l is t ic .
I ts hou ld n o t b e f orgo t ten t ha t t he S za-
k ä lhä t g roup i s t he s ou thernmos t g roup o f t he ALP w i th s trong t ies w i th t he V inCa c u l ture , where s im i lar d eve lop men ts were p resu mab ly t ak ing p lace a t t he s a me t ime . The mu l t ip l ica t ion o f s e t t le men t u n i ts , t he a ppearance o f t e l ls a nd i nc reased s pec ia l iza t ion wou ld s ugges t t ha t p opu la t ion i ncreased d ur ing t he La te p hase .
H owever , p opu la t ion e s t i ma tes a re n o tor ious ly d i f f icu l t , a nd a s we
h ave s een , t he ma jor i ty o f t he s i tes i s sma l ler t han t he a verage Körös s i te . N ever the less , i ti s i n teres t ing t o n o te t ha t t oward t he e nd o f t he La te p hase s e t t le men ts f or t he f irs t t ime a ppear o n h i l l tops i n d e fens ib le p os i t ion .
S im i-
l ar d eve lop men ts h ave b een o bserved i n o ther p ar ts o f s ou theas t Europe , where i ncreased p opu la t ion d ens i ty a nd c onsequen t ly g rea ter c o mpe t i t ion f or g ood a gr icu l tura l l and h ave b een c i ted a s t he ma in r eason f or t he s hi f t i n s e t t le men t p a t tern ( Trbuhov i6 , 1 968 ;
S herra t t , 1 972 ) .
I t may b e r e me mbered
t ha t t he n or thern moun ta in r eg ion i n H ungary was a lso a s ource o f v a luab le r aw ma ter ia ls;
c o mpe t i t ion h ere may h ave b een j us t a s much f or a ccess t o
r aw ma ter ia ls a s f or g ood a rab le l and . Transdanubian L inear P o t tery Cu l ture A lthough i n t he ALP a l mos t 3 0% o f t he s i tes a re l oca te d i n t he f ores t z one , o ver 9 0% a re s t i l l i n a reas where c l i ma t ic mo is ture i s l im i ted i n t he g rowing s eason .
I n t he TLP , o n t he o ther h and , 5 0% o f t he s i tes a re i n a reas
where r a in fa l l e xceeds e vapotransp ira t ion .
I n v iew o f t h is , i ti s h ard ly s ur-
p r is ing t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f t he TLP s e t t le men ts ( 6 7% ) a re f ound i n t he f ores t z one .
Wi th i ncreased s e t t le men t i n more h um id r eg ions , t he impor tance o f
t he f loodp la in i n t he e co logy o f t he TLP s i tes d ecreases .
Wi th in a 2 .5 km
r ad ius o f t he s i tes o n ly 2 5% o f t he l and i s f loodpla in o r marsh .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, Publishing, word s , UK: i n BAR t he TLP1979, t hehttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. re i s as h i f t t oward i ncreased e xp lo i ta t ion Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 38
I n o ther o f t he z ona l
wood lands .
The e cono m ies o f t he Körös a nd t he ALP c u l tures were , a s we
h ave s een , l arge ly d ependen t o n t he a zona l e nv ironmen t o f t he f loodp la ins . Na tura l ly , t here i s af a ir d egree o f v ar ia t ion i n t he e co log ica l p a t tern o f t he TLP s i tes ;
s o me s et t le men ts r e l ied more o n t he r esources o f t he f loodp la ins
a nd marshes t han d id o thers . E ar ly TLP The l oca t iona l p a t tern o f t he E ar ly P hase d i f fers i n s o me r espects f ro m t ha t o f t he f u l ly d eve loped TLP .
I t may b e r e me mbered t ha t t he p o t tery s ty les
o f t he Med ina H or izon h ave c loser l inks w i th t he S tar Uvo c u l ture t han w i th t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture .
I n t he e co logy o f t he s i tes ,there a re c er ta in s im i-
l ar i t ies t o t he Kör t is c u l ture
a l though d i f ferences e x is t e ven a t t h is e ar ly
s tage i n t he d eve lop men t o f t he TLP . The Körös s i tes a re , a s we h ave s een , l oca ted i n t he A l fö ld , where mo is ture i s d e f ic ien t t hrough mos t o f t he y ear .
Wh i le t he ma jor i ty ( 8 6% ) o f
t he e ar ly TLP s i tes a re a lso i n a reas o f i nsu f f ic ien t mo is ture , s o me s e t t lemen t o ccurs i n more h um id r eg ions . much l ess s evere i n Transdanub ia
Moreover , t he d egree o f a r id i ty i s
t han i ti s i n t he A l fö ld .
Wh i le t he e ar ly TLP s i tes a re , s im i lar ly t o t he Körds s i tes , l oca ted o n l evees o r l oess c overed d unes i n t he f loodp la ins o r o n l ake s hores , a qua t ic r esources s ee m t o h ave b een o f much l ess i mpor tance t han i n t he Körös c u lt ure .
A t A ba 4ngyihegy , f or e xamp le , f ish a nd wa ter b irds a re v ery r are i n
t he b one ma ter ia l , a l though t he s i te i s s i tua ted o n al evee i n t he midd le o f a 6 -7 km w ide f loodp la in ( Makkay , 1 970 ).
On t ypo log ica l g rounds , t he s i te o f
A ba-Ängyihegy i s s o mewha t l a ter i n d a te t han t he o ther e ar ly s i tes . The e ar ly TLP s i tes a re u sua l ly sma l ler a nd h ave s ha l lower c u l tura l d epos i ts t han t he Körös s i tes .
I ti s i n teres t ing t o n o te t ha t s o f ar o n ly c ir-
c u lar h u t s truc tures h ave b een f ound o n t he s i tes o f t he e ar ly p hase .
Sma l l
c ircu lar h u ts h ave b een u ncovered a t B icske ( Makkay a nd Ka l icz , 1 972 ) , Med ina a nd t he s o mewha t l a ter s i te o f K iskänya ( Csa log , 1 941) . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t s o me o f t he s i tes were o ccup ied o n ly s easona l ly .
Bu t whe ther o ccupa t ion
was o n as easona l b as is o r a l l t he y ear r ound , i tl as ted o n ly f or a s hor t p er iod o f t ime a t a ny o ne s i te .
Un for tuna te ly , i n t he a bsence o f b o tan ica l a nd f auna l
d a ta , n o r ea l a t te mp t c an b e made a t t he r econs truct ion o f t he e ar ly a gr icu lt ura l a nd s tockbreed ing p a t terns .
A t p resen t , t he n u mber o f e ar ly s i tes i s
s o sma l l t ha t t he l oca t iona l p a t tern i t sel f i s r a ther t en ta t ive . Midd le TLP The M idd le Phase may b e d is t ingu ished a s t he f irs t p hase o f t he f u l ly d eve loped L inear P o t tery c u l ture . S e t t le men ts o f t h is p hase a re f ound t hrougho u t t he l oess l ands o f c en tra l a nd a lso p ar ts o f e as tern a nd wes tern E urope . S o f ar , n o s e t t le men ts b e long ing t o t h is p hase h ave b een f ound i n F rance , H o l land , Be lg ium a nd t he U kra ine ( Pav t ik , 1 973 ) .
P o t tery s tyles s how a
marked u n i for m i ty f ro m o ne e nd o f t he d is tr ibu t ion a rea t o t he o ther . E col og ica l c ond i t ions a re a lso a pparen t ly s im i lar a t mos t L inear P o t tery s i tes ( Tr ingha m , 1 971 ).
The s e t t le men ts a re l oca ted o n l oess i n l igh t mixed o ak
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. ores t s . E-book, f Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 39
I n Transdanubia , 7 7% o f t he s i tes a re i n t he f ores t z one ; t he r es t o f t he s i tes a re i n t he modera tely d ry f ores t-s teppe .
The p referred a ssoc ia t ions
i n wes tern Hungary a re a lso o ak f ores ts : a c id iph i lous a nd h ornbea m-oak . ( The h ornbeam was p robably r arer i n t he o ak f ores ts o f t he A t lan t ic p er iod t han i ti s t oday.)
The Hungar ian p a t tern d i f fers s l igh t ly f ro m t he g enera l
o ne i n t ha t f ewer s i tes ( 4 2% ) a re l oca ted o n l oess . The ma jor i ty o f t he s e t t lemen ts a re , h owever , o n we l l d ra ined p aren t ma ter ia ls . B otan ica l a nd f auna l e v idence i s a ga in l im i ted .
N onethe less , f ro m t he
p re feren t ia l l oca t ion o f t he s i tes o n t he more f er t i le s o i l t ypes , i t may b e i n ferred t ha t a gr icu l ture was a n impor tan t c o mponen t o f t he e cono my o f t he TLP .
A s we h ave s een , t he mos t f requen t ly o ccup ied s o i l t ype i s t he b rown
f ores t s o i l , t he mos t p roduc t ive s o i l t ype among t he f ores t s o i ls .
The s et t le-
men ts a re g enera l ly l oca ted a t t he j unc t ion o f t wo o r more e colog ica l z ones ; mos t c o m mon ly , t hey a re s i tua ted o n wooded h i l ls ides a bove t he we t f loodp la in o r marshy l akeshore .
I n G er many , S ie l mann ( 1 972 ) o bserved t he s a me
r e la t ionsh ip b e tween s i te l oca t ion a nd t opography ;
t he ma jor i ty o f e ar ly Band-
k era m ik s i tes a re f ound o n h igh g round , u sua l ly o n t he u pper p ar t o f t he s lope wh ich r ises a bove t he r iver . E thnograph ica l d a ta s ugges t t ha t t he mos t l i ke ly l oca t ion f or t he c erea l f ie lds o f t he TLP wou ld h ave b een o n t he s lopes . H orvä th ( 1908 ) , d escr ibing t he s e t t le men t g eography o f t he Z a lavö lgy , o bserves t ha t t he v i l lage whea t f i e lds a re g enera l ly l oca ted o n t he s lopes a nd t he v ege table g ardens o n t he a l luv iu m .
The s a me p a t tern o f l and u se h as b een n o ted b y Wa l lner ( 1 926 ) i n
t he r eg ion o f F e lsbör , b y K irä ly ( 1963 ) i n t he Kapos v a l ley a nd b y G ä l los ( 1960 ) i n t he Mecsek r eg ion .
The o bserva t ions r efer t o b o th r ela t ive ly r ecen t
a nd o lder med ieva l p rac t ices . H i l ls ides i n Transdanubia , where mo is ture i s l ess l im i t ing t han i n t he A l fö ld , o f fer a n u mber o f a dvan tages f or a gr icu l ture . The s lopes , e spec ia l ly when f ac ing s ou th , r ece ive more i nso la t ion t han t he l ower l y ing r iver v a l leys o r l ake s hores .
A s men t ioned b efore , where t he t opography i s v ar ied , b raun-
e rden a re u sua l ly f ound o n t he s lopes , wh i le t he h igher p la ins a re c overed b y l ess f er t i le l ess iva ted b rown f ores t s o i ls . The s oi ls i n t he r iver v a l leys a re g enera l ly t oo h eavy f or e asy c u l t iva t ion .
I n t he l oess r eg ions , t he s o-ca l led
' s lopeloess ' o f ten c on ta ins b ur ied s o i l h or izons .
S o i ls d eve loped o n s uch
d epos i ts a re more p roduct ive d ue p erhaps t o b e t ter p hys ica l p roper t ies .
I n
a dd i t ion , d ra inage c ond i t ions a re u sua l ly more f avourab le o n t he s lopes .
A s
ar u le , t he u pper s lopes a re d r ier , a nd t he f oo th i l ls where t he r un-of f c o l lec ts mo ister .
B y c u l t iva t ing t he whole f ace o f t he s lope , TLP f ar mers wou ld h ave
b een a b le t o r educe t he r isk o f c rop f a i lure c aused b y minor f luctua t ions i n p recip i ta t ion .
Wh i le i n d ry y ears , c rops may h ave f a i led o n t he u pper s lopes ,
t he mo is ter f oo th i l ls wou ld h ave e nsured a r easonab ly g ood h arves t .
C onverse-
l y , i n we t y ears , c rops may h ave b een d es troyed b y r us t a nd r ot a t t he b o t to ms , b u t b e t ter y ie lds o n t he u pper s lopes wou ld h ave c o mpensa ted f or t he l oss ( Boros , 1 971) .
I fl and o n t he s lope was i nsu f f icien t t o s upp ly t he n eeds o f t he
v i l lage , t he a rable c ou ld b e e x tended t o i nc lude t he l ess f er t i le s o i ls o f t he i n ter f luve .
I ti s p oss ible t ha t c orrespond ing t o t he d i f ference i n s o i l f er t i l i ty
t here were t wo t ypes o f l and u se .
T he s lopes a nd,where c ond i t ions p er m i t ted ,
p ar ts o fSettlement t he a l luv i mand ayMiddle h av e b ee n and c u l t iva tedCultures c on t i uous ly a nd t he h igher Kosse, Krisztina. Ecology ofum the Early Neolithic Körös Linear Pottery Inn Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. p la insono n ly oft e mporar i ly . The e x is tence o f Downloaded behalf 38.67.221.43
1 40
c on t inuous ly c u l t iva ted p lo ts d oes
n o t n ecessar i ly imply p er manen t s et t le men t .
I n t ropica l r eg ions , where e thno-
g raph ica l d a ta a re more r ead i ly a va i lab le , as h i f t ing s e t t le men t p a t tern i s o f ten a ssoc ia ted w i th c on t inuous ly c u l t iva ted f i e lds .near t he s e t t le men t a nd l ess i n tens ive l and u se f ur ther a way f ro m t he h abi ta t ion .
The q ues t ion o f
s h i f t ing c u l t iva t ion i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture w i l l b e d iscussed l a ter i n g rea ter d eta i l . F ores t c learance a t t he t echno log ica l l eve l o f t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture mus t h ave b een b y s lash-and-burn ( C lark , 1 952 ) .
A f ter c learance , t he f irs t
c rop s own was p robab ly mi l le t . I n t he e thnohistorica l l i tera ture o f c en tra l E urope ,m i l le t , wh ich h as a s hor t g rowing s eason a nd g ives e xcep t iona l ly h igh y ie lds o n n ew ly c leared l and , i s u sua l ly r e ferred t o a s a' c learance-crop ' ( Takäcs , 1 967) .
The impr in t o f ag ra in o f P an icum mi l iaceu m L . h as b een
i den t i f ied b y F t izes o n ap o t tery s herd f ound a t t he s i te o f A dor jänhäza ( Bakay , e t a l ., 1 970 ) .
Whea t s ee ms t o h ave b een t he ma in c rop , h owever .
A t t he
s i te o f P är i-A l tacker , o ne L inear P o t tery p i t c on ta ined a bou t 5l i tres o f whea t ( Tor ma , 1 970 ) .
The f ind c ons is ted mos t ly o f em mer whea t , a l though e inkorn
was a lso r epresen ted b y af ew g ra ins ( Har tyänyi a nd N oväk i , p ers . c o mm .). B read whea t a nd b ar ley were f ound a t Z änka ( Har tyänyi , Noväk i a nd Pa tay , 1 968 ) .
The p resence o f A gros te m ma g i thago L . a t Z änka i nd ica tes t ha t s o me
o f t he whea t g rown b y t he TLP p eop le was a u tu mn s own ( Te mpir , 1 964 ). The o n ly s i te where f auna l r e ma ins h ave b een i den t i f ied i s Z a lavär ( Bökönyi , 1 974 ). mestica ted o nes .
H ere t he n u mber o f w i ld a n i ma ls o u tweighs t ha t o f t he d oA urochs a nd r oe d eer s ee m t o h ave b een t he mos t impor t-
a n t among t he h un ted a n i ma ls ; p ig .
t he o n ly d o mes t ica ted s pecies were c a t t le a nd
O f t he t wo , c a t t le i s t he more f requen t .
I ti s p robab le t ha t c a t t le was
t he mos t impor tan t d o mes t ica ted a n i ma l a t mos t TLP s i tes , w i th p igs c om ing s econd a t l eas t i n t he more h um id f ores t r eg ion .
On t he o ther h and , i ti s
more l i ke ly t ha t o n t he d o lo m i te h i l ls o f t he Bakony Moun ta ins o r a t t he marg ins o f t he f ores t-s teppe
s heep wou ld h ave b een more n u merous t han p igs .
Wha t t he t yp ica l h ouse t ype was i n t h is p hase i s n ot y e t c er ta in .
The
c ircu lar h u t f or m h as s urv ived f ro m t he e ar ly p hase , a s t he ir p resence a t t he s i tes o f Ba la tonend Hd a nd B onyhäd wou ld i nd ica te .
The h ouse f or m a t
S zen t lör inc-Tgg lagyär was r ec tangu lar w i th r ounded c orners .
The c u ltura l
l ayer a t mos t s i tes i s s ha l low , s ugges t ing t ha t o ccupa t ion was r e la t ive ly s hor t l i ved . H owever , t here a re e xcep t ions . A t S är me l lbk , f or e xamp le , P ekäry o bserved s evera l h abi ta t ion l eve ls ( Bakay , e t a l ., 1 966 ) , a nd a t Ba la tons zabad i-Sf i fränyker t t he t h ickness o f t he L inear P o t tery o ccupa t ion was 8 01 00 cm ( Kocztur , 1 964 ) .
The s ize o f t he s e t t le men ts v ar ies .
I ti s p oss ib le
t ha t s o me o f t he sma l ler s i tes , e spec ia l ly t hose i n t he moun ta ins ,were o ccup ied o n as easona l b as is .
The s e t t le men ts were p robab ly s el l-su f f icien t ,
e xcep t p erhaps f or s o me l oca l t rade i n r aw ma ter ia ls .
There i s e v idence f or
s o me min ing a nd manufac tur ing a c t iv i ty b y t he i nhab i tan ts o f t he s i tes o f Mencshe ly- Murvagddrök a nd Vörös t6-Ragonya . c u l tures s ee ms t o h ave b een l im i ted
C on tac t w i th n e ighbour ing
a l though s ea-she l ls a nd s o me V inCa
p o t tery o ccur o ccas iona l ly o n t he s i tes .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 41
L a te TLP I n t he L a te Phase t here i s ad e f in i te s h i f t i n t he s e t t le men t p a t tern . Wh i le i n t he M idd le P hase o ver 6 0% o f t he s i tes were l oca ted i n modera te ly h um id r eg ions , i n t he L a te P hase t he ma jor i ty ( 75% ) o f t he s i tes i s f ound i n a reas o f l im i ted c l i ma t ic mo is ture .
A s may b e e xpec ted , w i th t he i ncreased
o ccupa t ion i n t he d r ier r eg ions t here i s a n i ncrease i n t he n umber o f s et t lemen ts l oca ted o n a l luv ia l d epos i ts . p ronounced :
A s t o s o i l t ypes , t he c hange i s n o t v ery
mos t o f t he s i tes a re s t i l l f ound o n f ores t s o i ls , a l though t he
p ercen tage o f s i tes o n c hernoze m-brown s o i ls i s h igher i n t h is p hase . d r ies t c hernoze m a reas a re o n t he who le a voided .
T he
A ccord ing t o f auna l e v idence , r e l iance o n d o mes t ica ted r esources i nc reased i n t he L a te P hase.
O f t he e ar ly a nd midd le n eo l i th ic c u l tures o f
Hungary , t he L a te TLP h as t he sma l les t p ercen tage o f w i ld a n i ma ls ; o f t he t ota l f auna l r e ma ins .
8t o 1 3%
F ish ing , a s a t tes ted b y t he p resence o f l arge
c a t f ish b ones , was p ar t o f t he s ubs is tence e cono my. h ave we ighed o ver 1 00 k g ( Makkay , 1 970 ) .
S o me o f t he f ish mus t
H owever , i n t he TLP a qua t ic r e-
s ources n ever a t ta ined t he s a me impor tance a s t hey d id i n t he l a irds c u lture . A t N esz m My-Tekeres p a tak ,f ish b ones c ons t i tu te o n ly 4% o f t he t o ta l b one r e ma ins , wh i le a t G yör a nd P o mäz n o f ish r e ma ins a re men t ioned i n t he f auna l a na lyses ( Bököny i , 1 959 ;
1 974 ) .
Among t he d o mes t ica ted a n i ma ls c a t t le was t he mos t impor tan t s pec ies . S heep were s econd i n impor tance ,and p igs t h ird .
Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f t he
Eas t G er man s i tes , o v icapr ids a re a l mos t a bsen t i n t he L inear P o t tery s e t t lemen ts ( Tr ingha m , 1 971) . The r e la t ive ly h igh p ercen tage o f s heep/goa ts i n n or th-wes t H ungary may h ave b een a r esponse t o t he d r ier f ores t s teppe c ond i t ions wh ich e x is ted i n t he n e ighbourhood o f t he s i tes . B o tan ica l e v idence a bou t t he a gr icu l ture o f t he L a te P hase i s l im i ted . S o f ar , o n ly a f ew b ar ley g ra ins f ro m t he s i te o f G yör h ave b een i den t i f ied . N one theless , a rchaeo log ica l e v idence wou ld s ee m t o i nd ica te i ncreased a gr ic u l tura l p roduc t ion . A t S ukor6-Törad t i lö , a t l eas t 8q uerns were f ound i n a n o pen s pace b e tween t wo l ong-houses . A t t he s i te , wh ich c ons is ts o f t wo r ows o f l ong-houses , t here i s s o me e v idence f or s tra ti f ica t ion . o p in ion t he s i te was o ccupied f or a bou t 8 0 t o 1 00 y ears .
I n Makkay 's ( 1970 ) There a re a lso a t
l eas t t wo b u i ld ing p hases a t G yör-Päpa i v äm , a nd p o t tery s ty les i nd ica te a r e la t ively l ong p er iod o f o ccupa t ion a t B icske a nd Mende .
On t he who le , t he
s e t t le men ts o f t he L a te Phase a ppear t o b e more s ubs tan t ia l ,wi th t he ir l ong h ouses a nd t h icker o ccupa t ion h or izons . There a re e xcep t ions , h owever ; a t P o mäz , f or e xa mp le , ac ircu lar h u t h as b een e xcava ted i n ar e la t ive ly t h in c u l ture l ayer .
The c ircu lar h u t f or m i s a lso k nown f ro m B gkäs megyer .
I t may b e r e me mbered t ha t i n t he L a te ALP s e t t le men ts a ppear o n h i l lt ops t oward t he e nd o f t he p hase . I n t he L a te P hase , TLP s i tes a lso b eg in t o o ccur a t h igher e leva t ions .
The h ighes t TLP s i te , S zen t jakab fa-Läzfö ld , i s
s i tua ted 3 40 m a bove t he p resen t d ay v i l lage .
A t B &äs megyer-Vöröshadsereg
u t ja ,the s e t t le men t i s s urrounded b y ad i tch ( Csänk , 1 964 ) . The f unc t ion o f t he d i tch i s n o t k nown , b u t i t s p resence wou ld s ugges t s o me t err i tor ia l a waren ess o n t he p ar t o f t he o ccupan ts o f t he s i te . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 42
N o tenkop f a nd Z se l iz s ty le s herds a re o f ten f ound o n t he s e t t le men ts o f t he L a te ALP , a nd S zakf i lhä t a nd B t ikk s herds o n t he s e t t le men ts o f t he TLP . C on tact w i th t he V inCa c u l ture i s a lso i nd ica ted b y t he p o t tery f inds .
I n
g enera l , i n f luences f ro m t he s ou th a re more a pparen t i n Transdanubia t han i n t he r es t o f t he L inear P o t tery d is tr ibu t ion a rea .
One i ns tance o f s ou thern
i n f luence i s t he p resence o f p a in ted p o t tery i n t he Z se l iz g roup . p ot tery i s g enera l ly a bsen t i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture .
Pa in ted
Ano ther e xa mp le
i s t he o ccurrence o f c lay s p ind le whor ls a nd weigh ts i n Transdanub ia .
These
o b jects , f ound ,for e xamp le ,a t S ukorö , a re mos t ly l ack ing i n t he more n or thern L inear P o t tery a sse mblages .
T he ir p resence i n Hungary may b e a ssoc ia ted
w i th t he g rea ter impor tance o f s heep a nd g oa t b reed ing a s s ugges ted b y t he b one r e ma ins . The L inear P o t tery c u l ture i s c ons idered t o b e t he b es t k nown e xa mp le o f s h i f t ing a gr icu l ture i n n eo l i th ic t imes .
I n C lark 's ( 1952 , 9 6 ) words , t he
v ery r ap id i ty b y wh ich t he s e t t le men ts o f t h is c u l ture a ppeared o ver t he l oess r eg ions o f mid la t i tude E urope ' i s c ons is ten t w i th t he n o t ion o f p easan ts c leari ng sma l l p a tches o f f ores t , t ak ing a f ew e asy c rops , a nd p ass ing o n t o f resh g rounds '.
S e t t le men ts s uch a s K öln-L inden tha l i n G er many , B rzesc K u jaysk i
i n P o land , o r B y lany i n C zechoslovak ia were a bandoned a nd r eoccupied s evera l t imes.
Accord ing t o S oudskY ( Soudsk 3 ; a nd P av lu , 1 972 ) , t here was ad e libera te
p a t tern o f c yc l ic move men t a t B ylany , i n t he v icin i ty o f wh ich 3 t o 4L inear P o t tery s e t t le men ts h ave c o me t o l igh t .
I n S oudskS T 's o pin ion , the i n i t ia l s i te
wou ld b e o ccup ied f or 1 0-15 y ears , a f ter wh ich i t wou ld b e a bandoned t o a l low t he s o i l a nd t he f ores t t o r egenera te . The s e t t le men t wou ld b e moved t o an ew s i te , wh ich wou ld i n t urn b e a bandoned a f ter 1 0-15 y ears .
Every
3 0-50 y ears t he o ld s i te wou ld b e r eoccup ied a nd t hen a ga in a bandoned a f ter 1 5 y ears .
A t t he s e t t le men ts o f E ls loo , S i t tard a nd S te in i n t he N e ther lands ,
o n t he o ther h and , t here s ee ms t o h ave b een n o b reaks i n t he o ccupa t ion . A ccord ing t o Modder man ( 1 970 ) ,these s i tes were o ccup ied c on t inuous ly f or o ver 3 00 y ears . A ccord ing t o Kruk ( 1973 ) a nd Wig lar isk i ( 1970 ) ,the im med ia te v icin i ty o f t he s i tes were more i n tens ively c u l t iva ted wh i le t he s lash-and-burn t echn ique ( imp lying s h i f t ing c u l t iva t ion ) was o f r e la t ive ly l i t t le impor tance . D irec t e v idence f or t he a gr icu l tura l s ys te m o f t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture i s a s y e t l ack ing .
A rchaeo log ica l e v idence wou ld s ee m t o i nd ica te a g ood d ea l
o f v ar ia t ion i n t he p er manence o f t he s e t t le men ts .
The r e la t ive t h inness o f
t he c u l ture l ayer o f mos t L inear P o t tery s i tes t oge ther w i th t he f requen t a band onmen t o f t he s e t t le men t wou ld i nd ica te t ha t s h i f t ing c u l t iva t ion i nvo lv ing a s h i f t ing s e t t le men t p a ttern was t he g enera l r u le .
On t he o ther h and , t he a va i l-
a b le e v idence a lso s ugges ts t he e x is tence o f p er manen t s et t le men ts imp l ica t ion t he p ract ice o f more p er manen t a gr icu l ture .
a nd b y
A l though a s Carne iro
( 1 961 , 5 0 ) h as p o in ted o u t ' t he mere f ac t o f p rac t icing s hi f t ing c u l t iva t ion d oes n o t n ecessar i ly p reven t as oc ie ty f ro m ma in ta in ing a n e ssen t ia l ly s eden tary c o mmun i ty ' , p er manen t s et t le men ts a re o f ten a n i nd ica t ion o f more p er manen t a gr icu l ture.
P er manen t a gr icu l ture i n t he c ase o f t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture
n eed n o t imp ly t he e x is tence o f a n e labora te s ys te m o f f ixed f i e lds .
I ti s more
l ike ly t ha t wh i le t he a rea im med ia te ly s urrounding t he s et t le men ts were more i n tens ive ly c u l t iva ted , t he o u t ly ing ' f ie lds ' were worked o n a more t e mporary b as is .
I t s hou ld b e men t ioned , h owever , t ha t t he p resence o f b ienn ia l weeds
o n s o me o f t he P o l is h Middle s i tes may , and i nLinear Wig lar is ky 'sIn Hungary. o pin ion , Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Neolithic Körös Pottery Cultures E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. o f a r u d i m e n t a r y f o r m o f t h e 2 f i e l d s y s t e m . Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 43
i ndica te t he e x is tence
S o i l e xhaus t ion o f ten c i ted a s t he ma in r eason f or t he a bandonmen t o f t he s e t t le men ts n eed n o t h ave b een i nsur moun tab le p roble m i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture . The l oess l ands o ccup ied b y t he L inear P o t tery p eop le p rov ide o ne o f t he mos t f er t i le s o i ls i n E urope . A l though t he b rown f ores t s o i ls d eveloped o n l oess d o r equ ire s o me r ep len ish men t o f n u tr ien ts a nd minera ls t o p roduce c ons is ten t ly h igh y ie lds u nder c on t inuous c u l t iva t ion , t h is w ou ld n o t h ave b een b eyond t he t echno log ica l c apabi l i ty o f t he L inear P o t tery f ar mers . D o mes tica ted a n i ma ls wou ld h ave b een p as tured o n t he s tubb le , p rov id ing s o me manure f or t he p lo ts .
H ouseho ld r efuse may a lso h ave b een u sed a t
l eas t o n t he f ie lds n eares t t o t he s e t t le men ts .
T he u se o f manure a nd k i tchen
r e fuse o n t he n eares t f ie lds i s q u i te a c o m mon p rac t ice among s hi f t ing c u l t iv a tors ( Ch isho lm , 1 968 ) .
Fur ther more , l egumes were k nown a nd c u l t iva ted
b y t he L inear P o t tery p eop le a nd c ou ld h ave b een u sed t o r es tore d ep le ted n i trogen t o t he s o i l . L egumes a re n o t p ar t icu lar ly c o mpe t i t ive w i th o ther p ro te in f oods i n t er ms o f n u tr i t iona l v a lue ( De lwiche , 1 978 ) .
A l though t hey g enera l ly h ave a
h igh p ro te in c on ten t , t hey d o n o t c on ta in s u f f ic ien t amoun ts o f many o f t he e ssen t ia l am ino a c ids .
I n a dd i t ion , t hey a re o f ten d i f f icu l t t o d iges t , a nd a
s teady d ie t o f p u lses c an l ead t o s er ious d isorders , f av is m .
e .g ., n euro la thyr is m a nd
The impor tance a nd s urv iva l o f l egumes a s c u l t iva ted p lan ts mus t
h ave b een , a s De lw iche s ugges ts , d ue , a t l eas t i np ar t , t o t he ir a b i l i ty t o r e turn n i trogen t o t he s o i l a nd t hus h e lp s us ta in t he a gr icu l tura l e cosys te m . P o l len e v idence s ee ms t o i nd ica te t ha t af or m o f c rop r ota t ion may a c tua l ly h ave b een p rac t iced a t s o me o f t he P o l ish L inear P o t tery s i tes ( W igl af isk i , 1 970 ).
The p ur i ty o f t he g ra in f inds a nd t he p resence o f l en t i l s eeds
i n t he S zakä lhä t g roup wou ld a lso s ugges t c rop r o ta t ion .
B e fore c rop r o ta t ion ,
i n ter-cropp ing was p robab ly u sed a s a means o f r e turn ing n i trogen t o t he s o i l .
Manure a nd h ouseho ld r e fuse wou ld h ave s upp l ied t he o ther e ssen t ia l
n u tr ien ts
a s wel l a s n i trogen .
Weed c on tro l may h ave b een more o f ap rob le m i n t e mpera te Europe t han i n t he Med i terranean .
On t he o ther h and , o n t he d r ier s ou thern s lopes
c o mpe t i t ion b e tween weeds a nd c u l t iva ted p lan ts wou ld h ave b een l ess s er ious t han o n t he we t b o t to m l ands .
A t Pär i-A l tacker , f or e xa mp le , t he g ra in
c ache d id n o t c on ta in a s ing le weed g ra in . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he i ncreased amoun t o f l abour r equ ired f or t he weed ing a nd manur ing o f t he o lder p lo ts may h ave b een a f ac tor i n t he a band onmen t o f t he s e t t le men ts ( c f . C arne iro , 1 961 ) .
I ts hou ld b e emphasised
h owever , t ha t i ft he Danubian p easan ts d id i ndeed p rac t ice s hi f t ing a gr icu l ture i t wou ld h ave b een more o u t o f c ho ice t han o u t o f e co log ica l n ecess i ty .
When
o r where t he e s tab l ish men t o f p er manen t s e t t le men ts b eca me d es irab le o r n ecessary , t he f ar mers o f t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture s ee m t o h ave b een q u i te a b le t o ma in ta in s uch s et t le men ts .
P opu la t ion p ressure t oward t he e nd o f t he
La te P hase may h ave b een i n f luen t ia l i n t he c rea t ion o f p er manen t s et t le men ts , a t l eas t i n c er ta in a reas .
The a va i lable e v idence d oes n o t s ugges t t ha t t h is
s tage was q u i te r eached i n Transdanub ia
a l though i t s ee ms t o h ave b een i n
s o me p ar ts o f t he A l fö ld . N one the less , e ven i n Transdanub ia , t here i s an o t iceab le i ncrease i n Kosse, Settlement ofv the Early Middle Linear Pottery Cultures Hungary. t heKrisztina. amou n t o fEcology c u l t i a t edandg r a inNeolithic s i n Körös t heand p ol len d ia gra In ms o f t he E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 44
Ba la ton t oward
t he e nd o f t he L a te Phase ( Zö lyo m i , 1 971 ).
Th is , t ogether w i th t he a rchaeo-
l og ica l e v idence , wou ld s ugges t a n i ncrease i n a gr icu l tura l p roduc t ion .
The
p o l len e v idence , e ven s o , d oes n o t i nd ica te i n tens ive c erea l o r f i e ld a gr icu l ture u n t i l t he L engye l c u l ture .
One o f t he r easons f or t he d i f ference i n t he d eve lop-
men t o f t he A l fö ld a nd T ransdanubia may h ave b een t ha t t he a rea o f c u l t ivable l and was l ess c ircu mscr ibed i n t he l a t ter r eg ion ( c f . Carne iro , 1 961) .
I n t he
A l fö ld , b e fore t he c hernoze m p la teaus were b rough t i n to c u l t iva t ion , c u l t ivab le l and was r es tr icted t o t hose a reas wh ich were s a fe f ro m f lood ing , b u t a lso h ad e nough mo is ture t o a l lev ia te t he v agar ies o f r a in fa l l .
I n Transdanubia , o n t he
o ther h and , r a in fa l l was more r e l iab le , wh i le t he l oess l ands p rov ided l arge e xpanses o f g ood q ua l i ty , e as i ly worked s o i ls .
When t he n eed f or f ar m p ro-
d uc ts i ncreased , i t wou ld h ave b een e co log ica l ly p oss ib le t o i ncrease a gr ic u l tura l p roduct ion b y t e mporar i ly e x tend ing t he a rable , i nstead ,o f r esor t ing t o more i n tens ive me thods . I n h is tor ica l t imes , Transdanubian p easan ts o f ten a dded l and t o t he ir more i n tens ive ly c u l t iva ted p lo ts b y t e mporary c leari ngs .
The s ize o f t he c learance d epended o n t he s ize a nd i ndus try o f t he
f am i ly ( K isvarga , 1 965 ) . The c hange f ro m t he sma l l h ouse a nd n uclear f am i ly o f t he A l fö ld a nd s ou theas t-Europe t o t he l ong h ouse a nd e x tended f am i ly o f t he L inear Po t tery c u l ture o f t e mpera te Europe was p robab ly a ma t ter o f d i f ference i n t he o rgan is a t ion o f l abour .
The e xa mp le o f t he Ko fyars o f wes t A fr ica i s i n teres t ing a s
i t may h ave r e levance t o t he E uropean s i tua t ion .
' Groups o f f or mer ly i n ten-
s ive c u l t iva tors o n t he p la teau c hanged t o s h i f t ing c u l t iva t ion w i th l onger f a l lows when t he p ressure o f p opu la t ion d ens i ty f orced a b udd ing-o f f o n to t he l ess d ense ly o ccup ied p la ins .
T he f or mer p a t tern o f d ispersed h o mes tead s et t le-
men t , t yp ica l o f t he p la teau h ard ly c hanged w i th t he move , b u t i n c on tras t t here were s ign i f ican t c hanges i n s oc ia l o rgan isa t ion b ecause o f t he n ew c ond it i ons o f l and-use .
On t he much l arger b ush f ar ms o f t he p la ins a l arger r es i-
d en t l abour f orce , s uch a s t he e x tended f am i ly , o f fered a much h igher p roduct ion p o ten t ia l , s o t he p la ins h ouseho lds b eca me l arger w i th more p o lygynous marr iages a nd g rea ter f requency o f e x tended f am i lies , u n l ike t he s i tua t ion o n t he p la teau where t he p a t tern o f sma l l c o-res iden t h ouseho lds was t he r u le ' ( Ne t t ing ,q uo ted b y Sm i th , 1 972 , 4 17 ).
The e x is tence o f t he e x tended f am i ly
i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture o f C en tra l a nd Wes tern Europe
h as n o t , h owever ,
b een s u f f icien t ly p roven y e t b y a rchaeo log ica l e v idence ( Tr ingha m , 1 971). A ccord ing t o t he e v idence o f t he g round p lan o f t he h ouses , t here s ee ms t o h ave b een a c er ta in amoun t o f r eg iona l v ar ia t ion i n t he i n terna l c ons truct ion o f t he L inear P o t tery l ong h ouses .
Wh i le t he l ong h ouse i n e as tern a nd c en-
t ra l E urope may h ave h oused a n e x tended f am i ly , i n wes tern Europe i t may o n ly h ave b een u sed b y an uclear f am i ly . I ti s p oss ible t ha t i n s o me a reas p ar t o f t he l ong h ouse was u sed t o s he l ter l ives tock .
The y ounger a nd more v a luable a n i ma ls may h ave n eeded
s o me p ro tec t ion a ga ins t t he c o lder w in ters o f t e mpera te Europe .
Modder man
( 1970 ) h as i n f act s ugges ted t ha t t he n or thwes t e nd o f t he l ong h ouse was u sed o n t he Du tch s i tes t o s ta l l a n i ma ls . A l though Modder man 's s ugges t ion i s n o t b acked b y a ny d irec t e v idence , i t may b e r e me mbered i nt h is c on tex t t ha t t he L inear P o t tery s et t le men ts o f t he N e ther lands a re t hough t t o h ave b een o ccup ied c on tinuous ly w i thou t ab reak f or s evera l c en tur ies .
The manure f ro m t he
s ta l l s c ou l d h a eEarly b eand en u se d t o Körös s us t a i n l o ngter m c u l t iva t ion . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology ofv the Middle Neolithic and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 45
The s ta l l ing o f a n i ma ls wou ld h ave b een o ne a d jus t men t t o t he e nv ironmen ta l c ond i t ions o f mid la t i tude Europe .
The c hange i n s tock c o mpos i t ion ,
men t ioned e ar l ier , f ro m s heep/goa ts t o c a t t le a nd s wine was a no ther .
I ti s
l ike ly t ha t t here were a lso d i f ferences i n p as tur ing a rrange men ts b e tween t e mpera te E urope a nd t he Med i terranean .
A n i mpor tan t l im i ta t ion i n t he
f or mer a rea was t he s hor tage o f w in ter f odder .
B efore t he i n troduc t ion o f
f odder c rops , l ea f f odder p layed a c ons iderab le p ar t i n t he f eed ing o f l i ves tock ( C lark , 1 952 ). I n t he Mecsek r egion o f H ungary , f or e xa mp le , o xen u sed d a i ly f or h eavy t ranspor t o verw in tered u n t i l q u i te r ecen t ly o n l i t t le more t han t he y oung s hoo ts a nd b ranches o f o ak t rees ( Andräs fa lvy , 1 970 ) .
S um mer
p as ture , o n t he o ther h and , was more a bundan t , a l though n o t u n l im i ted , t han i n t he Med i terranean . On t he l oess p la ins o f m id la t i tude E urope , t ranshu mance wou ld h ave b een n o t o n ly i mprac t ica l b u t a l so l arge ly u nnecessary . The p ast ur ing o f t he l i ves tock c ou ld h ave b een d one b y t he i nd iv idua l f am i l ies . I n t he f ores ted r eg ions o f T ransdanubia , u n t i l c o mpara t ive ly r ecen t ly ,
i t was t he
d u ty o f t he y ounges t a nd o ldes t ma le me mbers o f t he f am i ly t o p as ture t he f am i ly l i ves tock ( Andrgs fa lvy , 1 972 ) .
F am i ly p as tur ing i n wooded a reas was
p robab ly more e f f icien t a s i tc ou ld make u se o f sma l l g lades a nd f ores t c leari ngs .
Moreover , t he mind ing o f l arger h erds wou ld h ave b een a more d i f f i-
c u l t t ask i n t he d enser wood lands . N o d oub t , p as tur ing p rac t ices i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture v ar ied a g rea t d ea l d epend ing o n l oca l c ond i t ions , a s d id p rob ab ly t he c o mpos i t ion o f t he l i ves tock .
I n s u i tab le a reas , t ranshu mance may
h ave b een p rac t iced o n al im i ted s ca le , o ver s hor t d is tances .
Bu t i ti s p ro-
b ab ly t rue t ha t t he c onnec t ion b e tween a n i ma l h usbandry a nd c erea l a gr icu lt ure was more i n t i ma te i n f ores ted , t e mpera te E urope t han i n t he more a r id l ands o f t he Med i terranean .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 46
S U M MARY AND CONCLUS IONS
A ma jor c hange t ha t o ccurred i n Hungary d ur ing t he s pread o f a gr icu lt ure was t he d eve lop men t o f t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture .
The ma ter ia l e v i-
d ence , d e mons tra t ing b o th c on t inu i ty a nd c hange b e tween t he Körös a nd L inear P o t tery c u l tures , h as b een d escr ibed i n d e ta i l b y Tr ingha m ( 1968 , 1 971) a nd Ka l icz a nd Makkay
( 1972a ;
1 972b ;
i np ress) .
The a im o ft his s tudy h as b een
t o s how t he c on t inu i ty a nd c hanges t ha t o ccurred i n l and u se i n t he K t irös a nd L inear Po t tery t rans i t ion . The a pproach i nvo lved t wo b as ic p rocedures . e f fec t ive e nv ironmen ts o f t he c u l tures
F irs t , t o d e l inea te t he
t he d is tr ibu t ions o f t he ir s e t t le men ts
were a na lysed i n r ela t ion t o c l i ma te , v ege ta t ion , h ydrography , g eology a nd s o i ls .
S econd , t he e nv ironmen ta l e v idence t hus o b ta ined was c orre la ted w i th
t he a va i lab le a rchaeo log ica l e v idence i n ar econs truc t ion o f t he e cono mic b ase o f t he K i irös , A l fö ld a nd Transdanub ian L inear P o t tery c u l tures . Env ironmen ta l A na lys is The r esu l ts o f t he a na lys is , s um mar ised i n A ppendix B , s ugges t t ha t o f t he t hree c u l tures t he e nv ironmen ta l r ange o f t he Körös c u l ture was t he mos t l im i ted .
A l l t he s i tes were l oca ted i n t he f ores t-s teppe , i n a reas o f i nsuf f i-
c ien t mo is ture . d epos i ts .
5 5% o f t he s et t le men ts a re f ound o n l oess , a nd 4 0% o n a l luv ia l
A s t o s oi ls , 6 9% a re o n s oi l t ypes i n whose g enes is wa ter h ad b een
ad ec is ive f actor :
a l luv ia l , h ydro morph ic a nd a lka l i s o i ls .
A t c loser i nspec-
t ion , the t ypes o f e nv ironmen ts o ccup ied b y t he Körös c u l ture a re e ven more r es tr ic ted .
O f t he 3 0% o f s i tes t ha t a re f ound o n c hernoze m ic s o i ls , mos t
a re i n f ac t o n meadow c hernoze ms , wh ich s o i l t ype i s r egarded a s a n i n terg rade b e tween h ydro morph ic a nd c hernoze m s o i ls t he f or mer ( S zabo lcs , 1 961) .
i nfusion l oess, i .e ., wa ter-reworked l oess. i ta pprox ima tes a l luvia l d eposi ts. u nderesti ma tes r ea li ty .
a nd i s o f ten c lassed w i th
The l oess t ype o ccup ied b y t he s i tes i s most ly I n many o f i t s c haracteristics,
The 8 0% f i gure i nd ica t ing n earness t o r ivers
On a l arger s ca le map , s how ing o ld o xbows a nd e x-
t inct sma l l wa ter c ourses, t he f i gures wou ld b e much h igher .
A l l K örös s i tes
were l oca ted i m media te ly b y r ivers o r l akes. I n c on tras t t o t he Körös c u l ture , t he r ange o f e nv ironmen ts o ccup ied b y t he A l fö ld L inear P o t tery c u l ture i s much w ider . t he f ores t z one ; i n tergrades . marked .
2 9% o f t he s i tes a re n ow i n
2 1% o n f ores t s o i ls a nd 5% o n c hernoze m-brown f ores t s o i l
N onethe less , t he s im i lar i t ies t o t he Körös c u l ture a re v ery
On ly 7% o f t he s e t t le men ts a re l oca ted i n a reas o f s u f f ic ien t r a in-
f a l l , a nd t he l arges t p ercen tage o f s i tes , a s s hown i n A ppend ix B , a re i n t he s a me t ypes o f e nv ironmen ts a s t he Körös s i tes . The e nv ironmen ta l r ange o f t he Transdanub ian L inear P o t tery c u l ture i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f t he ALP . The p ercen tage f i gures , h owever , i nd ica te a d e fin i t e s h i f t t oof m reandh um id f ore s t and e nv ironm n ts :In Hungary. 6 6% o f t he s i tes a re i n t he Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology theo Early Middle Neolithic Körös Linear Potterye Cultures E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 47
forest zone, and 50% in areas of sufficient climatic moisture. Correspondingly, there is an increase in the number of sites on forest soils= 34% on fertile forest soils, 27% on less fertile forest soils plus lithomorphic soils, and 7% on chernozem-brown forest intergrades. On larger scale soil maps, as indicated by the analysis carried out in the Marcal region, the percentage of sites on fertile brown forest soils and chernozem-brown intergrades would be considerably higher. As regards geological deposits, the highest percent age of sites (41%j are on loess, but most of the settlements are located on well drained parent materials. The majority of both ALP and TLP sites are found near rivers or lakes. The percentage point difference, showing the joint effect of five cate gories of 14 variables on settlement distribution is relatively high for all three cultures: 66. 74% for the K?J rtJs, 48. 96% for the ALP , and 53. 61% for the TLP. Some of the categories are,even so,very general, and it is safe to suggest that if they were further refined, the figures would be higher. In case of the ALP and TLP, the percentage point difference increases consider ably when the calculations are made separately for the sites of each chrono logical phase, suggesting that changes occurred not only in the transition from the KtJrtJs culture · but also during the life-span of the Linear P ottery culture. The most noticeable are the changes that occurred during the last phase of both Linear Pottery cultures. In Late TLP, settlement shifts to drier areas: over 7 5% of the sites are in regions with insufficient moisture. This change is accompanied by a threefold increase in the number of sites located on chernozem-brown forest soils. A similar shift to drier areas has been observed by Quitta (1969) in some parts of Germany in the later phase of the Linear Pottery culture. T_he late phase of the .ALP is characterised by the development of re gional groups, which have been defined mostly on pottery styles. The en vironmental analysis suggests that they also differed in the types of environ ments their settlements occupied. The Tiszadob group and the BUkk culture, of which the former is considered to have teen the predecessor, are in fact very similar. They also differ from the rest of the groups. Perhaps, the least like the other groups is the Szakdlhat, which, in its relationship to the environment, is strongly reminiscent of the KtJrtJs culture. Changes in Land Use The available evidence, both environmental and archaeological, suggests that the KtJrtJs culture was essentially a floodplain adaptation in a fairly dry climatic region. Rainfall in the KtJrtJs distribution area varies between 500600 mm. However, evapotranspiration is very high, resulting in an annual water deficit of 100-17 5 mm. In addition, rainfall is very erratic in the Al Wld. Partly to compensate for the lack oi moisture, settlements were loca ted immediately by rivers, mostly on levees. Along the Tisza, the sit� today are found on the lower and upper Holocene terraces (Nagy, 1954). According to geomorphological studies, the present floodplain is the result of Subboreal downcutting (Somogyi, 1962), which would suggest that the sites in the- Atlantic would have been lower in relation to the river, immediately in the Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. floodplain. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
148
A l though t he Körös p eop le were f ar mers , who c u l t iva ted e inkorn a nd em mer whea t , b ar ley , mi l let a nd p oss ib ly f lax a nd r a ised s heep/goa ts , c a t t le a nd p igs , t he f auna l e v idence a lso i nd ica tes v ery h eavy r el iance o n w i ld r es ources .
I n t he t hree c u l tures , t he p ercen tages o f w i ld a n i ma ls i s h ighes t i n
t he l a irds c u l ture . p la in .
Mos t o f t hese were a n i ma ls o f t he r ivers a nd t he f lood-
F ish , s he l l f ish , wa ter b irds , d eer a nd w i ld s wine f ro m t he g a l lery
f ores ts c ons t i tu ted a n i mpor tan t , p erhaps e ven a ma jor p ar t o f t he Körös d iet . A l though t here i s a s y et l i t t le e v idence f or t he d irect u t i l isa t ion o f w i ld p lan ts , i t may b e a ssumed t ha t t heir s hare i n t he t ota l d ie t wou ld h ave b een s im i lar ly h igh . A ccord ing t o t he e v idence o f a vi fauna l r e ma ins , t he s e t t le men ts were o ccup ied a l l t he y ear r ound ( Bökönyi , 1 972 ) . I n c on tras t t o t he ALP a nd TLP s i tes , t he c u l tura l d epos i ts f ound a t t he Körös s i tes a re r e la t ive ly t h ick , s ugges t ing t ha t o ccupa t ion was o f r e la t ively l ong d ura t ion .
A lthough t here a re
n o K örös t e l ls , a ccord ing t o Ka l icz ( 1 965 ) , t he q uan t i ty o f ma ter ia l r e ma ins i s r em in iscen t o f t e l ll ike s e t t le men ts . I n t ne r e la t ive ly p er manen t n a ture o f t he s e t t le men ts , t he r ichness o f t he r iver a nd f loodp la in r esources u ndoubted ly p layed a d ecis ive r o le . c u l ture , i n c o mpar ison , s ee ms t o h ave b een l ess impor tan t .
Agr i-
E ven s o , t he
p ermanence o f t he s et t le men ts s ugges ts t ha t a gr icu l ture c ou ld b e ma in ta ined i n t he s ame p lace f or a c ons iderab le p er iod o f t ime .
L evee s o i ls , mos t ly
c hernoze ms a nd meadow c hernoze ms t oday , a re among t he mos t f er t i le s o i ls . C er ta in amoun ts o f f er t i l izers c ou ld a lso b e p rov ided b y a n i ma ls g razing o n t he s tubble o r b y t he a dd i t ion o f k i tchen r e fuse . t i on .
The l evees a lso o f fered a n umber o f o ther a dvan tages f or c rop c u l t ivaThey were we l l d ra ined a nd a t t he s ame t ime , d ur ing t he f l oods , u sua l ly
t he c r i t ica l p er iod i n t he g row ing s eason , t he r is ing g round wa ter t able wou ld h ave b een w i th in r each o f t he c rops .
The l evees were c oarser t ex tured t han
t he s urround ing f l oodpla in a nd p rov ided l i gh ter s o i ls , wh ich were e as ier t o work .
B eing n ear t he r ivers , t he ir g roundwa ter was l ess s a l ine ( Vära l lyay ,
p ers . c omm .) .
Due t o t he ir h igher p os i t ion , t hey o f fered s o me d egree o f
p ro tec t ion a ga ins t f ros ts i nw in ter .
They were a lso r e la t ively s a fe f ro m
f l ood ing , wh ich l as t was a n i mportan t c ons idera t ion i n t he A l fö ld b e fore t he r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers .
The Danube a nd t he T isza a nd t he ir t r ibu tar ies
h ave a t l eas t t wo r egu lar a nnua l f l oods : s u m mer .
o ne i n e ar ly s pr ing , t he o ther e ar ly
Wh i ls t i n t he A t lan t ic , b e fore man 's r e mova l o f much o f t he v ege-
t a t ion c over i nt he u pper r eaches o f t he r ivers , t he v ehe mence o f t he f loods may h ave b een l ess , t he d anger was n one the less r ea l . men ts were a bandoned b ecause o f f lood d es truc t ion .
S o me o f t he s et t le-
The s easona l i ty a nd v ehe mence o f t he f loods wou ld h ave b een impor tan t i n i n f luenc ing d ec is ions o n c rop p o l icy .
I ti s u n l ike ly t ha t t he Körös f ar mers
wou ld h ave r e l ied o n as ing le c rop o r e ven a s ing le a rea o f c ropping .
E inkorn ,
wh ich i s p oor ly s u i ted t o i rr iga t ion a gr icu l ture ( Bu tzer , 1 965 ) was p robab ly mos t ly g rown o n t he l evee t ops a nd s lopes . Em mer a nd b ar ley may h ave b een g rown i n b o th l ow a nd h igh l y ing g round .
I n c ase o f f loods a nd e ther d isas ters ,
mi l le t c ou ld b e s own i n t he f loodp la in a f ter t he f l oodwa ters h ad r eceded . M i l let h as a s hor t g row ing s eason ,and i n t he r ecen t p as t i t was o f ten u sed t o s upp l e men t t he ma inandc r op Neolithic ( K iss , 92Linear 9 ). Pottery I nCultures Körö t imes , Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early Middle Körös 1 and Ins Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. r ed ubehalf cedof t h e r isk o f t o ta l c rop f a i lure . Downloaded on 38.67.221.43 1 49
i tc ou ld a lso h ave
Among t he d o mes t ica ted a n i ma ls , s heep i n t he Körös c u l ture were p red om inan t . C a t t le a nd p igs s ee m t o h ave b een l ess i mpor tan t . I n t he p redominance o f s heep , b eside c u ltura l t radi t ion , a s s uggested b y Bökönyi ( 1971 ) , t he p resence o f a lka line p astures n ear t he s et t le men ts may a lso h ave b een a f ac tor .
B o th p a leobo tan is ts a nd p edo log is ts s ugges t t he e x is tence o f s o me
s a l t a f fec ted s o i ls i n t he A l fö ld i n t he A t lan t ic . T he r e la t ive ly p er manen t n a ture o f t he f i e lds may a lso h ave c on tr ibu ted t o t he n u mer ica l impor tance o f s heep ( c f . C lark , 1 947) . B es ide t he ir o ther u ses , t he f loodp la ins were a lso impor tan t i n p rov iding p as turage f or t he d o mes t ica ted s tock .
B efore t he i n troduc t ion o f f odder c rops ,
t he s carc i ty o f w in ter f odder was a ma jor l im i t ing f ac tor i n s tockbreed ing i n t e mpera te E urope . A ccord ing t o e thnoh is tor ica l e v idence , t he f loodp la ins a nd marshes o f t he A l fö ld h ad , b e fore t he r egu la t ion o f t he r ivers , p rov ided a deq ua te f odder f or s izeable h erds i n w in ter ( G laser , 1 939 ) .
I n a dd i t ion , t he
f loodp la ins c ou ld a lso b e u sed f or s u m mer g razing . Un t i l r ecen t ly , l i ves tock i n t he A l fö ld were mos t ly k ep t i n t he o pen a l l t he y ear r ound .
U n t i l t he e nd o f A pr i l , s heep were k ep t n ear t he s e t t le men ts ,
mos t ly i n t he f ie lds , t o t h in o u t t he c rop .
I n s um mer u n t i l mid-Ju ly , t hey were
u sua l ly g razed o nt he h igher l oess p la teaus ;
a f ter J u ly , when t he u pper p as-
t ures b egan t o f ee l t he e f fec t o f d rough t , t he f l ocks were t rans ferred t o t he f l oodp la ins .
I n a u tumn , s heep were a ga in k ep t n ear t he v i l lages , mos t ly o n
t he s tubb le .
Win ter f odder was p rov ided b y t he f l oodp la ins .
I ts ee ms l i ke ly
t ha t t he Körös f ar mers wou ld h ave f o l lowed a s im i lar s chedu le. A rchaeo log ica l a nd b o tan ica l e v idence c an p rov ide s o me i nd ica t ion o f t he s chedu l ing o f s o me o f t he o ther s ubs is tence a c t iv i t ies . e xcava ted a t R dszke-Luvär ,
On t he b as is o f ap i t
i th as b een s ugges ted t ha t f i sh ing was p robab ly
p ract iced i n s um mer , t he h un t ing o f f ores t a nima ls i n a u tu mn a nd w in ter , a nd t he g a ther ing o f s he l lf ish i n s pr ing ( Trogmayer , 1 968 ).
A s r egards c erea l
c u l t iva t ion , t he p resence o f aB ro mus s pec ies among t he weeds a t C eä larg tS zi lägy i ma jor migh t i nd ica te t ha t a t l eas t s o me o f t he whea t was a u tu mn s own . M i l let a nd f lax wou ld h ave b een s own i n l a te s pr ing-ear ly s u m mer . The a va i lab le e v idence i nd ica tes l i t t le t rade o r e xchange b etween t he s i tes i n t he Körös c u l ture . The s et t le men ts were p robab ly l arge ly s e l fs u f f ic ien t , e xcep t f or a l im i ted amoun t o f r aw ma ter ia ls , s uch a s s tone , wh ich mus t h ave c o me f ro m o u ts ide t he A l fö ld . s et t le men ts a re l arge
I n c o mpar ison w i th t he ALP , Körös
a l though t here i s n a tura l ly s o me v ar ia t ion i n s ize .
Ka l icz ( 1957 ) h as o bserved , t he s i tes a re more o r l ess e ven ly s paced .
A s
On t he
who le , t here s ee ms t o h ave b een n o d eve lop men t t oward a h ierarchy o f s e t t lemen ts .
Wh i le i t wou ld b e d i f f icu l t t o g ive a n e s t ima te o f t he Körös p opu la t ion ,
t he l ack o f t e l l s i tes d oes s ugges t ac er ta in mobi l i ty i n s e t t le men t l oca t ion a nd wou ld i nd ica te t ha t c o mpe t i t ion f or l and c ou ld n o t h ave b een t oo s evere .
R ivers
i n t he A l fö ld o f ten c hanged t he ir b eds , wh ich may h ave b een a n a dd i t iona l r eason f or t he f requen t a bandonmen t o f t he s e t t le men ts . I n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture , t he whea t-sheep-aqua t ic/wi ld r esource e cono m ic p a t tern o f t he Körös c u l ture u nderwen t s evera l c hanges,
t he b es t
d ocu men ted o f wh ich i s t he s h i f t t o l oca l ly a va i lab le d o mes t ica ted a n i ma ls . C a t t le r ep laced s heep a s t he mos t impor tan t s pec ies ,and p igs , wh ich h ad b een impor tan t t han
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, BAR Publishing, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. a l mOxford, os t UK: n eg l ig ible 1979, a t t h e Körös s i tes, b eca me e qua l ly o r more Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 50
s heep . A urochs a nd w i ld s w ine a re b o th i nd igenous t o much o f t e mpera te Europe ,and t he i ncrease i n t he n umber o f t he ir d o mes t ica ted c oun terpar ts a t t he L inear P o t tery s i tes was w i thou t d oub t t he r esu l t o f l oca l d o mes t ica t ion . The s h i f t t o c a t t le a nd p igs mean t n o t o n ly a l arger p oo l o f w i ld a n i ma ls a va i lab le f or d o mes t ica t ion ( 1 3ökönyi , 1 974 ) , b u t a lso t he d o mes t ica ted s tock .
more mea t s upp lied b y
C a t t le n eeds 5 t imes a s much p as turage t han s heep
( Györ f fy a nd V isky , n o d a te ) , b u t p rov ides 1 0 t imes a s much u sab le mea t ( F lannery , 1 971 ).
The p as turage r equ ire men ts o f p igs a re r ough ly e qua l t o
t hose o f s heep , wh i le t he u sab le mea t f ro m p igs i s 3t imes g rea ter .
Fauna l
e v idence s ugges ts t ha t h un t ing i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture was l ess import an t t han i n t he 'Orbs c u l ture;
o f t he e ar ly a nd midd le n eol i th ic c u l tures o f
Hungary , t he L a te TLP h as t he sma l les t p ercen tage o f w i ld a n i ma ls .
E v i-
d ence f ro m t he ALP a lso i nd ica tes s o me d ec l ine i n t he i mpor tance o f h un ted a n i ma ls . A longs ide w i th h un ting , f i sh ing a nd t he e xp loi ta tion o f o ther a qua tic r esources a lso d ecreased i nb oth L inear P o t tery c u l tures . The e v iden t ly s uccess fu l d o mes t ica t ion o f p igs a nd c a t t le i n a dd i t ion t o t he c aprov ines mean t g rea ter f lex ibi l i ty a nd a l lowed f or g rea ter d ivers i ty i n t he c o mpos i t ion o f t he d o mes t ica ted s tock .
A l though c a t t le was i nvar iab ly
t he mos t f requen t d o mes t ica ted a n i ma l , t he r a t io o f s heep a nd p igs d id v ary f ro m s et t le men t t o s e t t le men t .
G rea ter d ivers i ty b e tween s et t le men ts o pened
u p t he p oss ib i l i ty o f a t l eas t s o me d egree o f l oca l s pec ia l isa t ion a nd o f i n terc hange o f f ood p roduce . Af ur ther c onsequence o f t he emphas is o n d o mes t ica ted c a t t le was t ha t i ta l lowed e ar ly f ar m ing man t o e xp lo i t t he f ores t -s teppes more p roduc t ively. A t t he t echno log ica l l eve l o f t he ' Orbs a nd L inear P o t tery c u l tures , t he h igh p la ins o f fered l i t t le s u i tab le l and f or c erea l a gr icu l ture .
A l though t he f ar mers
o f t he Wilts c u l ture h ad e xp lo i ted t he s teppes t o s o me e x ten t t hrough h un t ing a nd t he p as tur ing o f s heep , t he e x ten t o f e xp lo i ta t ion was f a ir ly l im i ted . Through h is d o mestica ted c at t le , t he f ores t s teppes b egan t o p rov ide man w i th as ubs tan t ia l p ar t o f h is mea t s upp ly. A l though c a t t le i s r e la t ive ly e f f ic ien t i n t erms o f mea t p roduc t ion/un i t l and a rea , i td oes r equ ire v ery e x tens ive p as turage .
The b reak u p o f t he
l arger Körös s i tes a nd t he a ppearance o f t he n umerous b u t v ery sma l l ALP s e t t le men t p robab ly s uppor t ing n o t more t han 1 o r 2f am i l ies may h ave b een c onnec ted w i th t he c hange t o c a t t le d o mes t ica t ion a nd t he impor tance o f s tockb reed ing .
I n f ores ted Transdanubia , where b o th s u m mer a nd w in ter p as ture
were more l im i ted , c a t t le b reed ing was p robab ly l ess e x tens ive , e ven i f c a t t le was s t i l l t he mos t impor tan t d o mes t ica ted a n i ma l .
On t he o ther h and ,
t he a t tract ion o f t he f ores t -s teppe a s p oten t ia l p as ture may h ave b een a c ons idera t ion i n t he o ccupa t ion o f t he d r ier marg ins b y t he TLP s e t t lers t oward t he e nd o f t he l a te p hase . I n p lan t c u l t iva t ion , t here s ee ms t o h ave b een n o s im i lar s h i f t t o l oca l ly a va i lab le s pecies , a l though r ye may a lready h ave b een d o mes t ica ted a t s o me o f t he P o l ish L inear P o t tery s i tes ( W ig lar isky , 1 970 ).
The e v idence d oes ,
h owever , s ugges t t he c u l t iva t ion o f aw ider r ange o f d o mes t ica ted p lan ts , c erea ls a nd l egu mes , i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture t han i n t he K örös c u l ture . I n a dd i t ion t o e inkorn a nd em mer whea t , t wo-row h u l led b ar ley a nd mi l let , t he Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology Early and Middle Neolithic Körös Linear Pottery L inea r P o t t eryof the f ar me rs c u l t iva t edand b r eadw heCultures a t , In s iHungary. x-row E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 51
h u l led b ar ley a nd l en t i l .
Millet in wooded Transdanubia was probably sown as the first crop after forest clearance. The presence of Agrostemma githago along the weeds at Zanka indicates that at least some of the wheat was autumn sown (cf. Tempir, 1964). Six-row hulled barley is first identified in Hungary in the Szakdlhat group, where it occurs in some quantity. The separately store� barley and wheat finds at Devavanya-R�heli gat would suggest separate sowmg and har vesting for each crop (Hartyanyi and Novaki, in press). The finds, which are remarkably pure, would argue for good weed control. The agricultural developments of the Szak§.lhat group closely parallel developments that occurred further south. Greater diversity in the exploita tion of cereal crops, the growing importance of barley, and crop purity were also characteristic features of late neolithic agriculture in Greece. As Ren frew (1972) has suggested, increasing crop purity opened up new possibilitie� ,. for further sophisticated advances , such as the_!otaJion_ of crops_:" The Szakalhat people did in fact culti�ate lentil, which-could-have been used in crop rotation. Renfrew has also suggested that the plough may have been known in .late neolithic/chalcolithic Greece. According to Ghetie and Mateescu (1973), certain changes in the thoracic vertebrae and long bones of some bovids found at the sites of V§.dastra and Crusovu would indicate that cattle had been yoked and used for traction in the Vadastra culture. The enormous quantities of wheat that were found on the sites would be consistent with the use of the plough. The location of the Szakalhat settlements near larger tracts of fer tile meadow chernozems might also be an indication of the use of the plough. Nonetheless, direct evidence that the plough was actually known in Europe at this time is so far lacking. The appearance of stratified settlements together with the botanical evi dence suggests that agriculture was becoming more intensive in the AlWld during tp.e late phase of the Linear Pottery culture. There is no similar in dication of more intensive land use from Transdanubia before the advent of the Lengyel culture, al though the growing amount of cultivated grains in the pollen diagrams of the Balaton (Zolyomi,, 1971) and the large number of querns found,for example,at Sukor6-T�radUW would seem to suggest increasing reliance on cultivated crops toward the end of the Linear Pottery culture. 1
One reason for the difference in land use between the AlHJld and Trans danubia may have been that good agricultural land was more abundant in the latter region (cf. Carneiro, 1961� In the drier climate of the AWHd, cereal cultiva_!ion was mostly limited to the floodplains, where suitable land was greatly circumscribed. In wooded Transdanubia, where moisture was less limiting and where the forested loess lands provided large expanses of easily worked, well drained soils, cereal agriculture was no longer restricted to the gallery forests; the major resource area, though the floodplains and marshes would still have been exploited, shifted to the zonal forests. When the need for farm produce increased, it would have been possible to increase agricultural pro duction by temporarily extending the arable, instead of re_sorting to more intensive methods. In most systems of shifting cultivation, the fields immediately by the settlement, usually located on the most fertile part of the soil catena, are
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
152
c u l t iva ted c on t inuous ly ( Ch isho lm , 1 968 ) .
S o i l f er t i l i ty i s ma in ta ined b y
a n i ma l manure , where a va i lab le , o r b y t he a dd i t ion o f k i tchen r e fuse.
The
l oca t ion o f t he TLP s i tes o n t he mos t p roduc t ive s o i l a nd l oess t ypes o f t he a rea migh t i nd ica te a s im i lar s ys te m o f c on t inuous ly c u l t iva ted p lo ts b y t he s e t t le men ts .
The l ess f er t i le i n ter f luves , c overed b y l ess iva ted o r p odzo l ised
b rown f ores t s o i ls , c ou ld h ave b een c u l t iva ted o n at e mporary b as is . Land e xhaus t ion , o f ten c i ted a s t he ma in r eason f or t he s h i f t ing p a t tern o f s e t t le men t a nd c u l t iva t ion , n eed n o t h ave b een a l im i t ing f ac tor i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture . O ther c ons idera t ions , among wh ich i ncreased l abour r equ ire men ts n eeded f or weed ing o r ma in ta in ing t he p lo ts may h ave p layed a p ar t , were p robab ly more d ec is ive .
Wh i le l and was a bundan t , s h i f t ing c u l t i-
v a t ion was a p oss ib le a nd a lso e f f ic ien t f or m o f l and u t i l isa t ion ( Carne iro , 1 961; C onk l in , 1 962 ) .
H owever , i t was n o t a n e nv ironmen ta l ly imposed n ecess i ty .
Wh i le s h i f t ing c u l t iva t ion may h ave b een t he g enera l r u le , p er manen t s e t t lemen ts a nd , b y i mp l ica t ion , more p er manen t a gr icu l ture a lso e x is ted i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture .
S o me o f t he Du tch s i tes were o ccup ied c on t inuous ly
f or s o me h undred y ears ( Modder mann , 1 970 ).
I n P o land , o n t he b as is o f
b o tan ica l e v idence , Wig lar isk i ( 1970 ) h as s ugges ted t he p oss ibi l i ty t ha t af or m o f t wo f ie ld r o ta t ion was p rac t iced . The e x tended f am i ly impl ied b y t he a ppearance o f t he l ong h ouse i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture may h ave b een a r esponse t o t he d i f feren t l abour r eq u ire men ts o f t he more e x tens ive f ores t a gr icu l ture o f mid la t i tude Europe . C hanges f ro m t he n uc lear t o t he e x tended f am i ly a s ac onsequence o f c hanges i n l and u se a re k nown t o h ave o ccurred i n o ther p ar ts o f t he wor ld ( Smi th , 1 972) .
The c on trast b e tween t he sma l l h ouse o f t he A l fö ld a nd t he l ong h ouse
o f T ransdanubia i s n o tewor thy i n t h is r espec t
a l though sma l l , o f ten r ound
h ouses a re a lso f ound i nt he l a t ter a rea . More i n tens ive a gr icu l ture i n t he A l fö ld i n t he l a te p hase was p ara l le led b y more i n tens ive e xp lo i ta t ion o f o ther r aw ma ter ia ls , e spec ia l ly o bs id ian . Wh i le o bs id ian h ad b een p resen t a t t he Körös s i tes , i ta lways c ons t i tu ted a sma l l p ercen tage o f t he t o ta l l i th ic a sse mb lage .
The d ra ma t ic i ncrease i n
t he q uan t i ty o f o bs id ian t oo ls a t t he S za t mä .r s i tes wou ld s ugges t d irect e xp lo i ta t ion a t t he s ource b y t he L inear P o t tery p eop le:
mos t e ar ly s i tes a re
l oca ted n ear o r e n r ou te t o t he o bs id ian d epos i ts o f t he Toka j Moun ta ins . E xchange o r t rade was , h owever , mos t ly l oca l ; r e la t ive ly r are .
o bs id ian i n V inea A i s s t i l l
I t was i n V inea B , wh ich p ara l le ls t he L a te p hase ,tha t
o bs id ian b eco mes n umerous f or t he f irs t t ime .
The p resence o f o bs id ian
t oge ther w i th T iszadob a nd B t Ikk s herds a s f ar n or th a s P o land a nd w i th S zak ä lhä t s herds a s f ar s ou th a s Yugos lav ia a nd e ven Thessa ly wou ld i nd ica te a c ons iderably e xpanded e xchange n e twork ,bo th i n v o lu me a nd d is tance i n t he La te p hase . I ncreased p roduc t ion i s f ur ther s ugges ted b y t he a ppearance o f s pecia l ised s e t t le men ts i n t he B t ikk c u l ture . The e xpans ion o f l ong d is tance t rade was p robab ly s trong ly i n f luenced b y d evelop men ts , s im i lar t o t hose o f t he S zakälhä t g roup , t ha t o ccured i n t he V in6a c u lture a nd e lsewhere i n s ou theas t E urope a t t h is t ime . men t o f t he l ands t o t he n or th a lso h e lped i ncrease d e mand . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 53
The s et t le-
A l though l ong d is tance t rade was p robab ly mos t ly c oncerned w i th p rec ious a nd d urab le i t e ms s uch a s o bs id ian a nd S pondy lus s hel ls , l oca l t rade o r e xc hange may a lso h ave i nvo lved s o me f ood p roduce ;
s herds o f o ne r eg iona l
g roup a re c o m mon ly f ound a t t he s i tes o f a no ther i n t he A l fö ld .
C er ta in r egu-
l ar i t ies o bserved i n t he s pac ing a r id s ize o f t he S zakg lhä t s e t t le men ts ( Kal icz , 1 957) c ou ld b e i n terpre ted a s r ef lec t ing t he emergence o f a n i ncip ien t f or m o f s e t t le men t h ierarchy i n t he A l fö ld . f ir med b y a rchaeo log ica l e v idence , i n p lace i n t he L a te p hase
A l though t h is h ypo thes is i s n o t y e t c onv iew o f t he o ther d eve lop men ts t ha t t ook
s o me d i f feren t ia t ion i n t he f unct ion a nd o rgan isa t ion
o f t he s e t t le men ts s ee ms n o t u n l ike ly. Wh i le t he mu l t ip l ica t ion o f s et t le men t u n i ts a nd i ncreased a gr icu l tura l p roduc t ion c lear ly i nd ica te a n e xpand ing p opu la t ion i n b o th t he A l fe ld a nd T ransd anub ia i n t he L inear P o t tery c u l ture , t he a ppearance o f s tra ti f ied s i tes , h i l lt op s e t t le men ts a nd more i n tens ive l and u se i n t he S zakg lhä t a nd B t ikk g roups wou ld s ugges t g rea ter c o mpe t i t ion f or r esources a nd p robab ly a h igher p opu lat i on d ens i ty i n r e la t ion t o u sab le a gr icu l tura l l and i n t he A l fö ld .
I n T rans-
a anub ia , a l though t here were c lose l inks w i th e as tern Hungary a nd V in6a , t he e v idence s o f ar d oes n o t s how a s im i lar d eve lop men t t oward a h ierarchy o f s et t le men ts .
I ts hou ld b e p oin ted o u t , h owever , t ha t t he a va i lable e v idence
i s v ery l im i ted , a nd t he c hrono log ica l p os i t ion o f many o f t he Transdanub ian s i tes i n r e la t ion t o t he N otenkop f a nd Z se l iz g roups i s s o mewha t u ncer ta in . T he s e t t le men t o f t he d r ier f ores t s teppe marg ins i n t he La te TLP wou ld imp ly n o t o n ly a n e xpand ing p opu la t ion
b u t a lso a t l eas t s o me measure o f c o mpe t i-
t ion f or l and a t t he c lose o f t he L inear P ot tery c u l ture. Man 's E f fec t o n t he Env ironmen t A ccord ing t o t he p o l len e v idence , t he i mm igra t ion o f Med i terranean s pecies i n Hungary r eached i t s max i mum i n t he A t lan t ic p hase ( Z6 1yo m i , 1 958 ). Whi le a l tera t ions i n c l i ma t ic c ond i t ions were p robab ly impor tan t o r e ven d ec is ive , s o me o f t he c hanges were u ndoub ted ly a n thropogen ic .
An umber o f
n ew s pec ies , c erea ls , l egumes a nd s heep a nd g oa ts )w ere i n troduced i n ten t iona l ly b y f ar m ing man , a nd t he i n troduc t ion o f s o me o ther s pec ies , weeds , p aras i tes a nd p es ts , t hough u n in ten t iona l , was a lso d ue t o man .
P lan t c u l t iva t ion ,
t he g razing o f a n i ma ls a nd improved c o m mun ica t ion b etween s e t t le men ts a lso h e lped a l ter t he o ld s pec ies c o mpos i t ion . The p er iod ic i ncreases i n t he p ropor t ion o f b irch , p ine a nd P ter id iophyta p o l len o bserved i n t he d iagra ms o f t he N yirseg r eg ion , wh ich h ave b een i n terp re ted a s c l i ma t ic o sc i l la t ions ( Cs inädy , 1 959 ; 1 959-60 ) , may i n f ac t h ave b een a n thropogen ic . T he f luc tua t ions c ou ld h ave b een o ccasioned b y s lasha nd-burn a gr icu l ture ;
b irch a nd p ine a re u sua l ly t he f irs t t rees t o a ppear
a f ter a f ores t f ire ( I versen , 1 956 ).
The N yirseg was we l l s e t t led b y t he
L inear P o t tery c u l ture , a nd t he c u l t iva ted c erea ls wh ich f irs t a ppear i n t he p o l len d iagrams a t t h is t ime a re p os i t ive e v idence f or t he p resence o f f ar ming man i n t he a rea . Nonethe less , man 's a b i l i ty t o c hange t he l andscape i n t he e co log ica l ly l es s f rag i le e nv iro en t sMiddle o f t e mpe ra t e Linear EurPottery opeCultures wasIni t se l f Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of nm the Early and Neolithic Körös and Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 54
l im i ted .
A t t he
and technological level of the early farming communities, plant cultivation and disease cold, stockbreeding, limited by a long dormant season, winter it pests , must have been relatively s mall-scale and often transient. While early that effect the about known must be admitted that relatively little is is, does farming man in Hungary had on his environment, what evidence there of not indicate widespread ecological distu_! :b�nce ._�either on the .e_erip!'iery to the pollen the AlflHd, nor in Transdanubia , is there any evidence according contempo diagrams of large scale permanent deforestation during the period rary with the Kllrlls and Linear Pottery cultures.
As regards soils, man may have been influential in the transformation of some brown forest soils into forest-chernozem intergrades. These soils are located in climatically transitional areas and thus man's influence may have been more decisive. Edaphic conditions would have delayed reforesta tion once the original forest cover had been destroyed. But again it is un likely that this process could have been completed during the neolithic. In the creation of chernozems along the levees, man's removal of the original vegetation cover may also have been a complementary factor. Similarly, in the transformation of some brown forest soils into rendzinas grazing probably played a part (Goczan, 1971). Erosion, however, as much of the forest cover was still intact, was probably not yet a serious problem in the early and middle neolithic, although- some loss of top soil would have occurred with hillslope cultivation. In Hungary, at least, it is unlikely that man was directly responsible for
the creation of chernozem soils which occupy the higher loess plateaus. Buried chernozems have been found under Bronze Age barrows in the AlftHd (Borsy, 1966-67), one of which has been dated to 2370 be. According to Borsy (pers. comm.), the full development of these soils required a minimum of 1500 but more likely 2-3000 years. The chernozems were probably formed in the Boreal period, when the pollen evidence shows extensive steppe vegetation in Hungary. Although the Atlantic phase was wetter, typical forest-steppe and steppe vegetation, according to the pollen evidence, still survived in the Al fllld (Jarai-Koml�di, 1966). The existence of chernozem soils during the Atlantic is indirectly confirmed by the lack of settlement on the high plateaus. As Lo�ek (1967) has suggested, man's role was more to protect the already existing steppe and forest-steppe enclaves from the invasion of the forest than to bring about their existence through direct action. Conclusions Although it was possible to identify a few of the changes that occurred in the land use patterns of the earliest farming cultures of Hungary, tb.is study of Ktlrtls and Linear Pottery environmental relationships is far from complete. The reconstructions presented in the foregoing part are tentative. Floral and faunal data showing how the environment was exploited are only available for a small percentage of the sites. Pollen evidence on the basis of which man's effect on the environment could be assessed is still limited. In attempting to determine the environmental relationships of the Kllrtls and Linear Pottery cultures certain generalisations have been unavoidable: local variations have been to a large extent unexplored. More detailed uncover relationships which on the smaller scale maps went studies Kosse, Krisztina. Settlementcould Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
155
u nde tec ted .
F ina l ly , t o e va lua te t he Hungar ian r esu l ts we n eed t o k now more
a bou t t he c hanges t ha t o ccurred o u ts ide Hungary .
A t p resen t , s im i lar i t ies
a nd d i f ferences w i th o ther a reas o f t he Karanovo-S tar evo-Cr i P o t tery c u l tures a re o n ly v ague ly p erce ived ;
a nd L inear
t he p rob le m o f r eg iona l a nd
t e mpora l v ar ia t ions t ha t mus t h ave o ccurred i n t hese c u l tures a wa i ts f ur ther s tudy .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 56
REFERENCES Andö , M. a nd Vägä .s , I . , 1 972.
AT iszavU lgy 1 970 . g v i n agy ä rv ize.
ldr .
Közl . XX , 1 8-36. Andräs fa lvy , B ., 1 970 .
A mohäcs iak ä l la t tar täsa 1 686- 01 1 848-ig .
Tanu l mänyok a De l-Dunän tu l Tör tgnetebö l I ( 1969 ) , 1 53-191. Andräs fa lvy , B ., 1 972.
Dunän tu l i p ä .sztorkodäs - a l fö ld i p äsztorkodäs , i n
Tä jku ta täs i Tudo mänyos Ü lgsgnek E l t iadäsa i ( 1970 ) , MTA Dunän tu l i Tudo mäny I n tezete , P gcs . Bacs6 , N ., 1 971.
The c l i ma te o f Hungary , i n P gcs i , M., Enyed i , C e. a nd
Maros i , S . ( Eds .) , Hungary -Geograph ica l S tud ies , Budapes t , 6 5-83. Bakay , K ., 1 970 .
Nagy tarcsa , Mi t t . d es A rch . I ns t . d er Ungar ischen Akad .
d er Wissenscha f ten 1 .
Z ehn J ahre A rchäblog ische F orschung ( 1958-1968 ) ,
1 21. Bakay , K ., 1 971.
S zegha lo m , Koväcsha lo m .
Mit t . d es A rch . I ns t . d er Un-
g ar ischen Akad . d er Wissenscha f ten 2 . A rchäo log ische F orschungen 1 969 , 1 35-136. Bakay , K . e t a l ., 1 966.
Veszpre m megye r eggsze t i t opogrä f iä ja .
h e lyi e s t apolca i j äräs .
Ak eszt-
Magyarorszäg R egeszet i Topogrä f iä ja
1 ,
Budapest . Bakay , K ., e t a l ., 1 970 .
Veszpre m megye r gggsze ti t opogrä f iä ja .
c ser i e s s t i meg i j äräs .
Ad eve-
Magyarorszäg R egeszet i Topogräf iä ja
3 ,
Budapes t . Bä lin t , A . a nd S zabö , J ., 1 955 .
L elet men tö ä sa täsok a s 1 953 .
v ben .
Arch .
LXXXI I , 9 5. Ba logh , K . e t a l ., 1 958 . k epehez.
Magyaräz6 Magyarorszäg 1 : 300 0 00-es f ö ld tan i t er-
Magyaro. A l l .
Bänd i , G ., 1 969. Bänk i , Z s ., 1 966.
Fö ld tan i mt . Budapest .
A z 1 968 . g v r ggeszet i k u ta täsa i . Reg . A z 1 965 . g v r eggszet i k u ta täsa i .
Bänk i , Z s ., 1 967-68 .
R egeszet i k u ta täsok .
F t iz. 2 2 , 2 1.
Reg . F t lz., 1 9 , 7 .
A lba Reg ia
V I I I-IX , 1 79-180 .
Bänk i , Z s ., 1 969.
Regeszet i k u ta täsok .
A lba R eg ia X , 1 49-151.
Bänk i , Z s ., 1 970 .
R eggszet i k u ta täsok .
A lba Reg ia X I , 1 63-166.
Banner , J ., 1 928 .
A z ö szen t ivän i ä sa täsok .
Banner , J ., 1 931.
An eo li th iku m S zarvason .
Banner , J ., 1 931a .
Do lgoza tok S zeged Do lgoza tok S zeged
Agyagbö l k eszt i lt l äda a n eol i th ikumbö l .
I V , 1 48-237. V I I , 6 1. .67.
A rch . Lt . XLV ,
2 53-256. Banner , J ., 1 932.
Ak opäncs i e s k otacpar t i n eol i th ikus t e lepek e s at isza i
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. u l tPublishing, ura I I . p er iodusa . Do lgoza tpk S zeged V I I I , E-book, Oxford, UK:k BAR 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 57
1 -32.
Banner , J ., 1 935 .
Ä sa täs a h öd mezöväsärhelyi Kotacpar ton .
Do lgoza tok
S zeged X I , 9 7-120 . Banner , J ., 1 937.
D ie Ausgrabungen d es Museums v om H öd mezöväsärhely
im J ahre 1 935 .
Dolgoza tok S zeged X I I I , 7 0-77.
Banner , J ., 1 937a .
D ie E thno log ie d er Körös Ku l tur .
Do lgoza tok S zeged
X I I I , 3 2-49. Banner , J ., 1 938 .
Ah öd mezöväsärhe lyi v äros i müzeu m ä sa täsa i 1 937-ben .
Do lgoza tok S zeged X IV , 1 91-198 . B anner , J ., 1 940 .
H öd mezöväsärhely Tör ttnete a Hon fog la läs Korä ig I ,
Höd mezöväsärhe ly. Banner , J ., 1 942.
Das T isza, Maros, Körös G eb iet b is z ur En twick lung
d er Bronzezei t . Banner , J ., 1 942a .
S zeged . U jabb ä sa täs a h öd mez t iväsärhelyi Kökgnydo mbon .
Do lgoza tok S zeged XV I I I , 1 38-140 . Banner , J ., 1 943 . o n .
A z u jabbkökor i l aköhäzku ta täs ma i ä l läsa Magyarorszäg-
A rch . L -t .
Banner , J . , 1 951. Arch .
LI .
LXX . 1 -25 .
Ah ar madik ä sa täs a h c id mezöväsärhe lyi Kökenydo mbon . L )0 (VI I I , 2 7-36.
Banner , J . a nd Bä lin t , A ., 1 935 .
A s zakä lhä t i ö skor i t e lep.
Do lgoza tok
S zeged X I , 7 6-88 . Banner , J ., a nd F o l t iny , I . , 1 945 . Kökenydo mbon .
U jabb ä sa täsok a h öd mezöväsärhe lyi
F o l . A rch . V , 8 -34.
Banner , J . a nd Korek , J ., 1 949 . v äsärhely i Kökenydo mbon .
N egyedik e s ö töd ik ä sa täs a h öd mezöArch . Er t . W O W' , 9 -25 .
Banner , J ., a nd Pärducz , M., 1 948 . k t ikorähoz.
U jabb a da tok Del- Magyarorszäg u jabb
A rch . Er t . L )0 (D C , 1 9-41.
Banner , J ., Böna , I . a nd Mär ton , L ., 1 959 . i n Toszeg .
D ie A usgrabungen v on L . Mär ton
A c ta A rch . Hung . X , 1 -140 .
Buck man , H .O . a nd Brady , N .C ., 1 969 .
The Na ture a nd Proper ties o f S oi ls .
N ew Y ork . Buo l , S . W ., H o le , F .D . a nd McCracken , R .J ., 1 973 . C lass i f ica t ion . Bur ingh , P ., 1 957. Ancien t T i mes . Bu tzer , K . W., 1 961.
S o i l G enes is a nd
Ames . L iv ing c ond i t ions i n t he L ower Mesopota mian Pla in i n S u mer 1 3 , 3 0-46. C li ma t ic c hange i n a r id r eg ions s ince t he P l iocene , i n
S ta mp , D . ( ed .) A H istory o f Land Use i n A r id Reg ions UNESCO , 3 1-56. Bu tzer , K .W ., 1 965 .
Phys ica l C ondi t ions i n E as tern Europe , Western A sia
a nd Egyp t b efore t he p er iod o f a gr icu l tura l a nd u rban s et t le men t . C a mbr idge Ancien t H is tory , I . Bu tzer , K .W ., 1 971.
Env ironmen t a nd Archaeology-An E co log ica l A pproach
o Preh is toof ry .Early L on don . Kosse, Krisztina.t Settlement Ecology the and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 58
Carneiro , R . L ., 1 961.
S lash-and-burn c u l t iva t ion among t he Ku ikuru a nd i ts
imp lica t ions f or c u l tura l d evelop men t i n t he Amazon b asin , i n Wi lber t , J ., ( Ed.)
The E vo lu t ion o f Hor t icu l tura l S ys te ms i n Na t ive S ou th Amer ica .
Causes a nd C onsequences .
AS y mpos iu m .
Cas t ig l ione , L . a nd S a lamon , E . F orschung ( 1 958-68 ).
( Eds .)
Caracas , 4 7-67.
1 970 .
Z ehn J ahre A rchäo log ische
Mi t t . d es A rch . I ns t . d er Ungar ischen Akad . d er
Wissenscha f ten 1 . C en tre d 'Etude d e A zo te , 1 960 .
Progress ive Whea t Product ion . No .4 , G eneva .
Ch i lde , V . G ., 1 929.
T he Danube i n Preh is tory.
Ch i lde , V . G ., 1 957.
T he Dawn o f European C iv i l isa t ion .
Ch isho lm , M., 1 968 .
London . N ew York .
Rura l S et t le men t a nd Land Use-An E ssay i n Loca t ion .
L ondon . C lark , J .G . D., 1 947.
S heep a nd s wine i n t he h usbandry o f Preh is tor ic Europe.
An t iqu i ty XX I , 1 22-136. C lark , J .G . D., 1 952.
Preh is tor ic Europe-The E cono m ic Bas is .
C lark , J .G .D., 1 965.
Rad iocarbon d a t ing a nd t he e xpansion o f f ar m ing c u l ture
f ro m t he N ear Eas t o ver Europe. C lark , G ., a nd P iggot t , S ., 1 965 .
London .
Proc . Preh is t . S oc . XXX I , 5 8-73 .
Preh is tor ic S oc ie t ies .
L ondon .
C larke , D . L ., 1 968 .
A na lyt ica l Archaeo logy.
London .
C larke , D . L ., 1 976.
Mesoli thic Europe : t he e cono m ic b asis , i n S ievek ing , G .
d e G ., L ongwor th , I .H ., a nd Wi lson , K .E. ( Eds .)
Prob le ms i n E cono m ic
a nd S ocia l A rchaeo logy , London , 4 49-481. Coe , M.D. a nd F lannery , K .V., 1 971. Preh is tory , i n S truever , S . ( Ed.)
Microenv ironmen ts a nd Mesoa mer ican Preh is tor ic Agr icu l ture , N ew York ,
1 31-142. C onk l in , H .C ., 1 962.
A n e thnoecolog ica l a pproach t o s h i f ting c u l t iva t ion , i n
Wagner , Ph .L . a nd Mikesel l , M. W. ( Eds .)
Readings i n C u l tura l G eo-
g raphy , Ch icago , 4 57-464. Csa l läny , D ., 1 958 .
A z 1 957 , e v r egesze t i k u ta täsa i .
Csa l läny , D ., a nd G o mbäs , A ., 1 963. F t tz.
Reg . F t iz.
1 0 , 3 9 .
A z 1 962. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i . Reg .
1 6 , 4 5 .
Csa l läny , D ., a nd G o mbäs , A ., 1 965 .
A z 1 964. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg .
F i t z. 1 8 , 6 . Csa l läny , G ., 1 939.
G es ich tsdars te l lung a u f G efassen d er The issku l tur .
G er man ia , 2 3 , 1 45-46. Csa log , J ., 1 941.
A magyarorszäg i u jabb-kökor i a gyagra t Ivesseg b t Ikk i e s
t isza i c sopor t ja . Csa log , J ., 1 941a . megyeben .
F o l . A rch .
1 -27.
A Vucedo l-Z6k i t ipusü k erä m ia l e löhelyei To lna v är-
Arch . Er t .
6 8 , 6 -14.
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 59
C sa log , J ., 1 941b .
Köz ekor i f a lus i k ü t Med ina h a täräban .
Do lgoza tok
S zeged XVI I , 1 73-75 . C sa log , J ., 1 942.
B ronzkor i t e me tö t s u jabb-kökor i l aköte lep n yo mok Bony-
h äd h a täräban . C sa log , J ., 1 955 .
A rch . E r t . 6 9 , 1 19-43 .
AT isza i mt tvel ts6g v iszonya a s zo mszbdos d jkökor i m tr-
v e l tsbgekhez .
F o l . A rch . V I I , 2 3-44.
C sa log , J , 1 956 . U jkökor i g ybkbnylenyo ma t Kökbnydo mbr6 1 .
A rch .
r t . 8 3 ,
1 83-85 . C sa log , J ., 1 958 .
A z 1 956. b v r bg sze t i k u ta täsa i .
R bg . F i tz. 9 , 1 0-13.
C sa log , J ., 1 959 .
A z 1 958 . b v r bgbsze t i k u ta täsa i .
R bg . F i tz. 1 1 , 2 1-22.
C sa log , J ., 1 960 .
A z 1 959 . b v r bgbsze t i k u ta tä .sa i .
R ég . F i tz. 1 3 , 2 9 .
C sa log , J ., 1 964.
A z 1 963 . b v r bgbsze t i k u ta täsa i .
R bg . F i tz. 1 7 , 1 7-18 .
C sa log , J ., 1 965 .
A z 1 964 . t v r bgbsze t i k u ta täsa i .
R bg . F i tz. 1 8 , 2 0 .
C sa log , J ., 1 966.
Al egü jabb k ökbnydo mb i f ona t lenyo ma t t anu lsäga i .
AN I6ra F . Mdzeu m E vkönyve
( 1964-65 ) , 1 7-45 .
C sa log , Z s ., 1 961.
A z 1 960 . 6 v r egtsze t i k u ta täsa i .
R bg . F i tz. 1 4 , 2 0 .
C sa log , Z s ., 1 964 .
A z 1 963 . b v r bgbszet i k u ta täsa i .
R bg . F i tz. 1 7 , 4 8 .
C sa log , Z s ., 1 965 .
A z 1 964 . b v rgesze t i k u ta täsa i .
R bg . F i tz. 1 8 , 4 .
C sa logov i ts , J ., 1 930 .
F ö ldra jzi t bnyezök h a täsa Magyarorszäg n eo l i t ikus
k u l turä inak k ia laku läsära e s e l ter jedbstre . C sänk , G .V ., 1 964.
A rch . Er t . XLIV , 2 8-52.
Meg f igye lbsek a b bkäs megyer i ö skor i t e lepen .
A rch .
Er t . 9 1 , 2 01-214. C sänk , G .V ., 1 967. C s inädy , G ., 1 954 . F ö ldr . E r t .
2 0 , 9 .
A Bä tor l ige t i l äp t ör tbne te a p o l lenana l izis t i tkrbben . I I , 6 84-689 .
C s inädy , G ., 1 959 . g ä la ta .
A z 1 966. b v r 6gbsze t i k u ta täsa i . R eg . F i tz.
AC saroda i l äposodo t t f o lyö meder p o l lenana l i t ika i v izs-
A c ta Un iv . Debrecen iens is V ( 1 958 ) , 2 71-77.
C s inädy , G ., 1 959-60 . A Kokad i l ap p a lyno log ia i v izsgä la ta . Debrecen iens is V I , 2 39-51. C zög ler , K ., 1 933-34 .
A c ta Un iv .
d esv izi k agylök s zegedv idbk i r bgbsze t i l e le tekben .
Do lgoza tok S zeged I X-X , 2 98-302. Dan ie l , G .E ., 1 950 . Dank6 , I . , 1 964 .
A Hundred Years o f A rchaeo logy .
Ab odrogközi H osszd-rb t t e lep i t lIse .
L ondon . AH er man O . Mdzeum
k vkönyve ( 1962-63 ) I v , 1 43-63. Darnay , K ., 1 905 . S zegha lm i ä sa täsokrö l . Dax , M .
1 967.
A rch . E r t . ) (XV , 6 6-70 .
A z 1 966. 6 v r 6 üsze t i k u ta täsa i .
R bg . F i lz. 2 0 , 2 2.
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 60
Dax , M. e t a l ., 1 972. z irci j äräs .
V eszprb m megye r bgbsze t i t opogrä f iä ja .
A O pa i e s
Magyarorszäg R6gesze t i Topogräf iä ja 4 , Budapest .
Delwiche , C . C ., 1 978 .
L egu mes-Pas t , Presen t a nd F u ture . B ioScience ,
Vo l . 2 8 , No .9, 5 65-570 . Do mbay , J ., 1 958 .
Körbzkor i e s k ora-vaskor i t elep t i les n yo ma i aP ecs-
v ärad i A ranyhegyen .
AJ an . Pann . Mazeu m Evkönyve , P ecs , 5 3-96.
Dornyay , D ., a nd C sa log , J ., 1 945 .
A z a jabb-kökor i s za lagd iszes a gyag-
mt ive l tsbg em lekei a Ba la ton i Mazeu mban . F o l . A rch . V , 1 -7. Draveczky , B ., 1 966.
N euere Angaben z ur Verbrei tung d er L inearkera m ik
im s t id l ichen Te i l v on Transdanub ien . Draveczky , B ., 1 970 .
A cta An t igua e t A rch . X , 2 7-33.
S o mogy megye r bgbsze t i keeskönyve .
S o mogyi
Müzeu m , Kaposvär , n o . 1 7 . Draveczky , B . a nd G ara m , E .,1967.
A z 1 966. b v r bgeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg .
F t iz. 2 0 , 5 2. Draveczky , B ., a nd S eg i , K ., 1 964. a da t tära .
As o mogy megye i müzeu mok r bgbszeti
S o mogy i Müzeu m , Kaposvär , N o . 2 .
b ner , S ., 1 925.
AB odrogköz l äp i k özsegeinek t e lep t i les f ö ldra jzi v äzla ta .
Fö ld e s Ember V , 6 5-102. E csedy , I . , 1 971.
A z 1 970 . b v r bgbszet i k u ta täsa i .
E csedy , I . , 1 972.
N eo l i t ische S ied lung i n Devavänya-Ka tona fö ldek .
v änya-Rbhelyi g ä t . Wissenscha f ten E csedy , I .
1 972a .
R bg . F t lz.
2 4 , 5 -6. Deva-
Mi t t . d es A rch . I ns t . d er Ungar ischen Akad . d er
3 , 5 9-63 , 1 53-154.
A z 1 971. b v r bgbszet i k u ta täsa i .
E de l mann , C .H ., 1 950 .
R bg . F i tz. 2 5 , 2 0 .
S o me u nusua l a spec ts o f s o i l s cience .
Four th I n t .
C ong . S o i l S cience , Ams terda m . 1 7-25. Enyed i ,
QT . , a nd S zabö , G .M ., 1 955 . Un tözeses g azdä lkodäs a Dblkelet-A l-
f ö ldön .
Fö ldr . Közl . I I , 3 33-347.
Erdbly i , I . , 1 965 . hi , I . ,1 962.
A z 1 964. e v r bgbszet i k u ta tesa i .
A z 1 961. e v r bgb sze t i k u ta täsa i .
En, I . e t a l ., 1 969.
R eg . F t iz. 1 8 , 1 6.
R bg . F t iz. 1 5 , 7 4.
Veszprb m megye r bgb szet i t opogrä f iä ja .
j äräs . Magyarorszäg R bgeszet i Topogra f ie ja En, K . a nd Kösze g i , I . , 1 957.
Av eszprb mi
2 , Budapes t .
L elet men tö ä sa tgsok a z 1 955 . e vben .
A rch .
Er t . 8 4 , 8 5 . E yre , S .R ., 1 963.
Vegeta t ion a nd S o i ls-A Wor ld P ic ture.
F i tz , J ., 1 963-64.
J elen tbs a F e jbr megyei müzeu mok 1 960-62. b v i t evekeny-
s egeröl .
L ondon .
A lba R eg ia I V-V , 1 72-76.
F irbas , F ., 1 949-52. S pä t- u nd Nacheiszei t l iche Wa ldgesch ich te M i t teleuropas Nörd lich der A lpen . 2 Vo ls . J ena . F lannery , K .V ., 1 971.
Or igins a nd e co log ica l e f fec ts o f e ar ly d o mes t ica t ion
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. i n Publishing, I ran a n d t he N ear Eas t , i n S truever , S . ( Ed .) E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 0-79 .
1 61
Preh is tor ic A gr icu l ture ,
F lannery , K .V ., 1 972.
The o r ig ins o f t he v i l lage a s as et t le men t t ype i n
Mesoa mer ica a nd t he N ear East :
Ac o mpara t ive s tudy , i n Ucko , P .,
Tr ingha m , R . a nd D i mb leby , G . W . ( Eds .)
Man , S e t t le men t a nd Urban is m ,
L ondon , 2 3-53 . F lannery , K . V. e t a l ., 1 971.
F ar m ing s ys te ms a nd p o l i t ica l g rowth i n Ancien t
Oaxaca , i n S truever , S . ( Ed .) F o l t iny , I . , 1 941.
Preh is tor ic A gr icu l ture , 1 57-78 .
Korarez e s Bronzkor i t e metö D eszken .
F o l . A rch . I I- W ,
6 9-88 . F ord , R .I . , 1 972. A . ( Ed .)
An e co log ica l p erspec t ive o n t he e as tern p ueb los , i n Or t iz ,
N ew P erspect ive o n t he Pueb los .
F renzel , B ., 1 966.
A lbuquerque .
C li ma tic c hange i n t he A t lan t ic/sub-Borea l t rans i t ion o n
t he N or thern h em isphere : B otan ica l e v idence. t o 0B .C.
Wor ld C [i ma te f ro m 8 000
R oya l Met . S oc. L ondon , 9 9-123 .
Gä l los , F ., 1 960 .
Väzla tok P ecsvärad k ia laku läsänak e s k özepkor i mezö-
v äros i f e jlödgsgnek t ör tenetehez.
AJ an . Pann . Müzeu m Evkönyve
P ecs , 1 59-180 . G a l lus , S ., 1 936.
An agyteteny i n eol i tikus s ir .
Ga lvän , I . , 1 958 .
A z 1 957.
Garasan in , D ., 1 961.
e vr eggszet i
A rch ..Er t . XLIX , 8 5-86.
k u ta täsa i .
Rgg . F t tz. 1 0 , 1 9.
D ie S iedlung d er S tar &vo k u ltur i n N osa b ei S ubot ica
u nd d as Prob le m d er n eol i t ischen L eh mscher men .
F i f th Congress I SPP
Ha mburg 1 956 , 3 03-307. G arnet t , A ., 1 945 .
T he l oess r egions o f C en tra l E urope i n p reh is tor ic t imes .
G eogr . J ourna l 1 06 , 1 32-143. G azdapuszta i , G y ., 1 957. Gorzsän .
A M it ts k u l tura l akb telepe H 6d mezöväsärhely-
A rch . E r t . 8 4 , 3 -13 .
Gazdapuszta i , G y ., 1 959 .
A z 1 958 . g v r eggszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F t iz. 1 ,
A z 1 963. g v r egesze t i k u ta täsa i .
R gg . F t tz. 1 7 ,
G azdapuszta i , G y ., 1 966.
A z 1 965. g v r eggszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F t tz. 1 9 , 9 .
Gazdapuszta i , G y ., 1 967.
A z 1 966. g v r ggesze t i k u ta täsa i .
Rgg . F t iz i . 2 0 , 1 5 .
1 6-17. G azdapuszta i , G y ., 1 964. 1 4.
G azdapuszta i , G y ., a nd Draveczky , B ., 1 967. t äsa i .
R gg . F i tz.
A z 1 966. g v r ggeszet i k u ta-
2 0 , 1 4.
G het ie , B . C . a nd Ma teescu , C . N .
1 973 .
L 'u t i l isa t ion d es b ov ins i fl a t ract ion
d ans l a N eo l i th ique Moyen ( D 'apr s l es n ouve l les o bserva t ions o s teolog igues f a i tes d ans l es s i tes d e Vädas tra e t d e C rusovu , R ou man ie .) E igh t C ongres I SPP B eograd 1 971 , 4 54-461. G laser , L ., 1 939 .
A z A l fd ld r eg i v izra jza e s at e lep t i lgsek .
Fö ldr . Közl .
LXVI I , 2 97-307. Gnand t , K .P ., 1 957.
L e letr r ien tö ä sa täsok a z 1 955 . 6 vben .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 62
Arch . Lt . 8 4 , 8 5.
A Marca l- Medence Ta la jfö ldra jza .
G öczän , L ., 1 971.
Fö ldra jzi Tanu l mänyok
1 2 , Budapes t . S oi l g eography o f t he Marca l b as in .
G bczän , L ., 1 972.
MTA Geograph ica l
R esearch I ns t . A bs trac ts N o. 1 7. G o mbäs , A ., 1 960.
J uh tar täs S zen t mihä lyon ( Tiszavasvär i ).
h äza i J ösa A .
G rad mann , R ., 1 906. g esch ich te.
B eziehungen zwischen P f lanzengeograph ie u nd S ied lungs-
G eogr . Z eit . 1 2 , 3 05-25.
G rad mann , R ., 1 933. G reen , E .L ., 1 973.
D ie S teppenheide t heor ie.
G r igg , D ., 1 967.
Amer ican An t iqu i ty
3 8 , 2 79-293.
R eg ions , models a nd c lasses , i n Chor ley ,
R .J .
a nd Hagget t ,
I n tegra ted Models i n G eography , P ar ts Ia nd I V , London .
Q yör f fy , J . a nd V isky , K ., n o d a te , k odäs .
G eogr . Z ei t . 3 9 , 2 65-78.
L oca t ion a na lys is o f p reh is tor ic Maya s i tes i n N or thern
Br i t ish H onduras .
P . ( Eds .)
A Nyiregy-
Müz. Evk t snyve I I , 2 23-245 .
A Magyarsäg nf t pra jza .
Vo l . I .
Gazdä l-
Budapes t .
Hagget t , P ., 1 965.
L oca t iona l Ana lysis i n Hu man G eography .
Ha l mos , B ., 1 956.
G ondola tok G yu la v äros g s k örnybke t er t i letrender sgvel
k apcso la tban . Ha l mos , B ., 1 957.
ldr . 1r t .
London .
5 , 5 5-69 .
B 6kescsaba e s k örnybke t e lep t i lgsrender sgnek k erdgsei .
l dr . Er t . 6 , 1 81 . .96. Har tyänyi , P . B. a nd N oväk i , G y., 1 971.
Angaben z u m Beg inn d es n eo l it ischen
P f lanzenbaus im S t idos tangar ischen Rau m . Mus es d 'Agr icu l ture
Budapest 1 971, 2 10-11.
Har tyänyi , P . B. a nd N oväk i , QT . , i n p ress . v änyärö l .
Th ird C ongress I n tern . d es
A Möra F . Mdzeu m
Neol i t ikus g abona leletek Dgva-
N r könyve .
Har tyänyi , P .B ., N oväk i , QT .a nd Pa tay , A ., 1 968 .
N öv6nyi mag- g s t er me l-
s leletek Magyarorszägon a z u jkökor töl a XVI I I . s zäzad ig .
Magyar
Mezögazd , Mdz. Közle menyei ( 1967-68 ) , 5 -82. H elbaek , H ., 1 959 .
Do mest ica t ion o f f ood p lan ts i n t he O ld Wor ld.
S cience
1 30 , 3 65-72. H err mann , M. e t a l ., 1 956.
Ausgrabungen i n d er P et & lyi u nd Peskö H öh le
( B t ikk G ebirge ). F o l . Arch . H iggs , E .S ., 1 962.
V I I I , 3 -22.
Excava t ions a t t he e ar ly N eol i th ic s i te a t N ea N iko medeia ,
Greek Macedon ia ( 1961 s ess ion ) Par t I .
The b io log ica l d a ta :
Fauna .
Proc. Preh ist . S oc . 2 8 , 2 71-74. H iggs , E .S . a nd V ita-Finzi , C ., 1 972. a pproach , i n H iggs ., E .S . ( Ed .)
Preh is tor ic e cono m ies :
at err i tor ia l
Papers i n E cono m ic Preh is tory ,
Ca mbr idge , 2 7-36. Ho l lendonner , F ., 1 933-34.
Ak opäncs i e s k otacpar t i t elepek f aszeneinek
a n thrako to m ia i v izsgä la ta .
Do lgoza tok S zeged
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 63
I X-X , 3 03-05 .
H o l lendonner , F ., 1 935 . A z A l fö ld e f i s tör t nele m k orabel i e rdeinek meghatär, o zasa , a n thrako to m ia i v izsgä la tok a lap jän . Ma th . Ter m . Tud . Er t . 5 9 , 5 9-69 . H orvä th , A ., 1 959 .
A z 1 958 . t v r égészet i k u ta täsa i .
Rég . F t iz. 1 1, 1 6.
Horvä th , A ., 1 972.
A z 1 971. 6 v r g üszet i k u tatäsa i .
Rkg . F t tz. 2 5 , 8 .
Horvä th , K ., 1 908 .
A Z a lavö ly t elep t i lts f ö ldra jza .
F ö ldr . Közl . XXXVI ,
5 0-70 . l i orvä th , L ., 1 970 . Hughes , R .E .
A z 1 969 . 6 v i -gtszet i k u ta täsa i .
1 958 .
Rég . F t iz. 2 3 , 8 .
S heep p opu la t ion a nd e nv ironmen t i n S nowdon ia .
J our .
Eco l . 4 6 , 1 69-90 . Hu tch inson , J ., 1 972. I versen , J ., 1 956.
Far ming a nd F ood S upply .
C a mbr idge .
F ores t c learance i n t he S tone Age .
S cien t . Amer ican
1 94 ( 3 ) , 3 6-41. J ankov ich , M., 1 967.
A magyar s zarvas marha e redete e s h asznos i täsa .
Agr . S ze m le I X , 4 20 . -431. J ära i-Ko m l6d i , M ., 1 966.
Pa l ino log ia i v izsgä la tok a Magyar A l fö ldön a
e s a Holocen k l i ma-
Wt ir m g lacia lis
t s v ege täc iötör t nettre v ona tkozban .
Unpubl ished Ph .D . t hes is , Un ivers i ty o f Budapes t . J ära i-Ko m l6di , M., 1 969. t ör t6ne tthez.
I .
B ot . Közl .
J ära i-Ko m lbd i , M., 1 971. Moun ta ins .
J enny , H ., 1 941. J ösa , A ., 1 915 .
5 6 , 4 3-55.
Pa lyno log ica l s tud ies o n s wa mps o f t he Z e mplen
Ann . Un iv . S cien t . Budapes t .. S ect . B io log . 1 3 , 1 03-13.
J arman , H .N ., 1 972. E .S . ( Ed.)
A da tok a z A l fö ld n egyedkor i k l i ma t s v ege täciö-
The o r ig ins o f whea t a nd b ar ley c u l tiva t ion , i n H iggs ,
Papers i n E cono m ic Preh is tory , C a mbr idge , 1 5-26. F actors o f S o i l For ma t ion .
N ew York .
Ä sa täsok a G äva i Ka ttdo mbon e s k örny6ken .
Arch . Lt .
XXXV , 1 97-210 . Kad ic , 0 ., 1 907. Közl .
A da tok a s zinvavö lgyi d i luv iä l is ember Hrdbs aez.
F ö ld t .
3 7 , 3 33-45 .
Kad ic , 0 ., 1 914.
A z 1 913-ban v .g zet t b ar langku ta täsa im e red mtnyei .
Bar langku ta täs , 2 , 1 89-90 . Kad ic , 0 ., 1 916.
AB t idöspes tben 1 916.
v ben v4zet t ä sa täs e red m &wei .
Bar langku ta tls 4 , 1 36-40 . Kad ic , 0 ., 1 933.
Ac ser efa lu i Musso lin i b ar lang .
Kadic , 0 ., 1 934.
A Ogkor embere Magyarorszägon .
Kakas , J . ( Ed .) Ka l icz , N ., 1 954.
1 960 .
Bar langku ta täs 1 1. Fö ld t . I n t .
Ma uarorszäg Egha jla t i A t lasza .
Kunszen t mär ton , c o . S zo lnok .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 64
Budapes t .
Unpub lished .
S ect ion o f Hungar ian Na t iona l Museu m , n o . 2 117.
3 0 , 6 0 .
I n R ecord
Ka l icz , N ., 1 955 . h ez.
A da tok a h aranga lakü e denyek b udapes tkörnyek i e l ter jedese-
F o l . A rch . V I I , 4 5-60 .
Ka l icz , N ., 1 956.
R egeszet i l eletek e s k u ta täsok S zabo lcs-Sza t mär megye
t er t i le ten 1 945-56 k özö t t . Ka l icz , N ., 1 957. Ka l icz , N ., 1 957a . Ka l icz , N ., 1 958.
S zabo lcs-Sza t mär i S ze m le , 5 1-60 .
T iszazug Öskori t elep t i lgse i .
Reg . F i tz. V I I I .
Le le t men tö ä sa täsok a z 1 955 .
v ben .
A z 1 956. e v r bggszet i k u ta täsa i .
Arch . L -t . 8 4-85.
R gg . F t iz. 9 , 1 4-15 .
Ka l icz , N ., 1 958a .
A z 1 957. 6 v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Ka l icz , N ., 1 958b .
R ggesze t i k u ta täsok e s l e letek B orsod-Abau j-Ze mplgn
megyeben 1 958-b n .
R eg . F t iz. 1 0 , 1 5 .
A Herrn . 0 . Me tzeu m Evkönyve I , 2 4-32.
Ka licz , N ., 1 959 .
A z 1 958 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F t tz.
Ka l icz , N ., 1 960 .
A z 1 959. e v r egesze t i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F t iz. 1 3 , 5 9 .
Ka l icz , N ., 1 961.
A z 1 960 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F t tz. 1 4 , 2 6-27.
Ka l icz , N ., 1 965 .
S ied lungsgesch ich t l iche P rob le me d er Körös- u nd Theiss
Ku l tur .
1 , 2 7.
A cta An tigua e t A rch . V II I , 2 7-40 .
Ka l icz , N ., 1 966.
A z 1 965 . 6 v r egesze t i k u ta täsa i .
R gg . F t tz. 1 9 , 9 .
Ka l icz , N ., 1 967.
Oroshäza e s k örnyeke a z ö skorban , i n Nagy , G y. ( Ed .)
Oroshäza F ö ld jenek Tör tenete , Oroshäza , 9 3-102. Ka l icz , N ., 1 967a . Ka l icz , N ., 1 969.
Kökor i t e lep A sz6don .
. A szSdi Müzeu m i F t izetek , 3 , 3 3-47.
H eves megye r egeszet i em lekei I .
Magyarorszäg MU-
em lgk i Topogrä f iä ja V II , Budapes t . Ka l icz , N ., 1 970.
Tarnazsadäny-Sändorresze ;
T iszavasvär i-Kereszt fa l ;
Zalkod-Csenke , J akabdo mb ; H ev izgyörk-Kaparöhäzi d ü lö .
Mi tt . d es
Arch . I ns t . d er Ungar ischen A kad . d er Wissenscha f ten 1 . Z ehn J ahre Archäo log ische F orschung ( 1958-68 ) , 1 34-35 , 1 37, 1 39 , 1 03-104. Ka l icz , N ., a nd Makkay , J ., 1 966. A l fö ld .
D ie P rob le me d er L inearkera m ik im
A c ta An tigua e t A rch . X , 3 5-47.
Ka l icz , N ., a nd Makkay , J ., 1 972.
A medina i k oraneo li t ikus l e letek .
A S zekszärd i Ba logh . A . Müzeu m F t tze te i 1 0 , 3 -9 . Ka l icz , N . a nd Makkay , J ., 1 972a .
Proble me d es F rühen N eo li th iku ms d er
Nörd l iche T iefebene , i n D ie Ak tue l len F ragen d er Bandkera m ik , Ak ten d er Pannon ia Kon ferenzen I , S zgkes fehervär , 7 7-8 1 . Ka l icz , N . a nd Makkay , J ., 1 972b .
S t id liche E in f lüsse im Frühen u nd Mi t t-
l eren N eo li th ikum Transdanubiens , i n D ie Ak tue l len Fragen d er Bandk era m ik ,
A k ten d er Pannon ia Kon ferenzen I , S z6kes fehervär , 9 3-97.
Ka l icz , N ., a nd Makkay , J ., 1 974.
. A mgh te lek i a gyag istenek .
A N yiregy-
h äzi J 6sa A . Müzeu m i döszak i r eggszet i k iä l l i täsänak v eze tö je. Ka l icz , N . a nd Makkay , J ., 1 974a .
A meh te lek i u jkökor i l ele tek .
Tudo mä .ny , XX IX , 8 38-43 Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 65
E let e s
Ka licz , N . a nd Makkay , J ., 1 977. Ungar ischen T iefebene .
D ie L in ienbandkera m ik i n d er Grossen
Budapest .
Ke le men , M ., a nd Tö th , S ., 1 966.
A z 1 965 . e v r egeszet i k u ta tesa i .
Reg .
F t tz. 1 9 , 4 7. Ke mencze i , T ., 1 964 .
A z 1 963 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F t iz. 1 7 , 2 1.
Ke mencze i , T ., 1 965 .
A z 1 964. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F t iz. 1 8 , 1 0 .
Ke mencze i , T ., 1 966.
A z 1 965 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F t tz. 1 9 , 6 .
Ke mencze i , T ., 1 969.
A z 1 968 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F t iz.
Ke mencze i , T . a nd V egh , K ., 1 964. e s ä sa täsa i a s 1 959-63 e vben .
2 2 , 6 -7.
A Her man O t to Müzeum l e let men tesei A He nn . 0 . Müzeu m Evkönyve I V ( 1962-
6 3 ) , 2 33-42. Ke mencze i , T . a nd V egh , K ., 1 965 . s ze ‹ ,aszon .
R tgesze ti munka a Borsod megyei
Mezeu m i L eve lek S zolnok , 7 -8 , 2 4-25 .
Ke mencze i , T . a nd Vggh , K ., 1 966. e s ä sa täsa i a z 1 965 . g vben .
A Her man O t to Müzeum l e let men tese i
AH errn . 0 . Mezeu m E vkönyve V I , 4 03-07.
Ke mencze i , T . a nd V egh , K ., 1 968 . A Her man O t to Müzeum l e let men tesei e s ä . sa täsa i a z 1 966. e vben . A Herrn 0 . Mezeu m Evkönyve , V I I , 3 91-9 q Ke mencze i , T . a nd Vggh , K ., 1 970 . e s ä sa täsa i a z 1 968 . e vben .
Ke mencze i , T . a nd Vggh , K ., 1 971. e vben .
A Her man O t to Müzeu m l e let men tgsei
AH er m .O . Mf izeu m Evkönyve
L elet men tesek e s ä sa täsok a z 1 969 .
A H er rn . 0 . Müz. kvkönyve
K irä ly , I . , 1 963.
X , 5 07-15 .
As zarvas marha t enyesztes ä ta laku läsa S o mogy megyeben
A gr . S ze m le V , 1 77-207.
1 848-1944 . K iss , A ., 1 956.
L e let men tö ä sa täsok a z 1 954. g vben .
K iss , A ., 1 958 .
A z 1 957. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
K iss , A ., 1 961-62. ä sa täsakrol. K iss , A ., 1 967.
I X , 4 11-14.
Arch . Er t . 8 3 , 9 6.
Reg . F t lz. 1 0 , 8 .
J elen tes a b a linka i a varkor i t e metöben v egze tt l e le t men tö A lba Reg ia
1 62-65 .
At tskevär i r ö ma i t e lep .
AV eszpre m megye i Mezeu mok
Közl . 6 , 3 7-52. K iss , L ., 1 929 . K iss , L . 1 939.
A F ö ld mt ive les a R etközön .
Debrecen .
F ia ta labb k ökor i t e lep e s s irok K enezlön .
F o l . A rch .
7 -12. K isvarga , . L ., 1 965 .
S er mel lek g azdasäg i f e jlödese 1 731-1850 k özö t t .
A Veszpre m Megyei Mezeu mok Közl . 3 , 4 3-68 . Kocztur , E ., 1 964.
S o mogy megye r egeszet i l e le tka tasztere .
Kocztur , E ., 1 970 .
A z 1 969 . e v r eggszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F ie. 2 3 , 1 9.
Köhegy i , M ., 1 961.
A z 1 960 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F t iz. 1 4 , 1 8 .
Köhegy i , M., 1 962.
A z 1 961. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F t tz. 1 5 , 1 8 .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 66
Reg . F t iz. I , 1 3.
Köppen , W. a nd G eiger , R ., 1 932. Korek , J ., 1 951. Korek , J . 1 955 .
Handbuch d er K l i ma to log ie.
B t ikk i k u ltüra t e lepe Oroson .
Ber lin .
Arch . Er t . 7 8 , 6 8-72.
Das n eol i th ische Fund ma ter ia l d er Höh le v on I s tä l o skö .
A cta A rch . Hung . 5 , 1 41-43. Korek , J ., 1 957.
Av adna i n eoli tikus s ir lele t .
AH er rn . 0 . Müzeum Evkönyve
I , 1 4-30 . Korek , J ., 1 959.
A z 1 958 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Korek , J ., 1 959a .
Reg . F t tz. 1 1, 2 2.
Zu d en a n thropo morphen Darstel lungen d er B t ikker Ku l tur .
Fo l . A rch . X I , 1 3-24. Korek , J ., 1 960 .
Av ona ld iszes k erämia k u l türa e l ter jedese a z A l fö ldön .
A M6ra F . Mdzeu m Korek , J ., 1 961.
k v k ön yv e
( 1958-59 ) , 1 9-52.
N eo l i th ikus t elep e s s irok Devavänyän .
Fo l . A rch . X II I ,
9 -26. Korek , J ., 1 962.
A z 1 961. e v r egesze t i k u ta täsa i . Reg . F i tz. 1 5 , 2 4.
Korek , J ., 1 963 .
A z 1 962. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Korek . J . 1 964.
A z 1 963. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F t iz. 1 6 , 1 4. Reg . F i tz. 1 7 , 1 6 , 2 0 .
Korek , J ., 1 965 .
Ä sa täsok K iskören .
Müzeum i L eve lek , S zo lnok , 7 -8 , 5 -15 .
Korek , J ., 1 967.
A z 1 966 . e v r egesze t i k u ta täsa i .
Korek , J ., 1 968 .
D ie L inearkera mik a u f d em A l fö ld .
Reg . F t lz. 2 0 , 1 6. A Mbra F . Mazeu m
Evkönyve , 1 3-20 . Korek , J ., 1 970 .
N yi l tszin i b t ikk i t e lep e s s irok Agg te leken .
Arch . Er t .
9 7 , 3 -22. Korek , J ., 1 971.
A z 1 970 . e v r egesze t i k u ta täsa i .
Korek , J ., a nd Pa tay , P ., 1 956. t elept i lesei .
Reg . F t iz. 2 4 , 1 5.
Ah erpä lyi h a lo m k ökorveg i e s r ezkor i
F ol . A rch . V I I I , 2 3-42.
Korek , J . a nd Pa tay , P ., 1 958 .
Ab t ikk i k u l tura e l ter jedese Magyarorszägon .
R eg . F t iz. I L 2 . Köszeg i , F ., 1 961.
A z 1 960 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Kova lovszk i , J ., 1 957. t ehez.
Reg . F t iz. 1 4 , 2 2.
R egeszet i a da tok S zen tes k örnyeke t elept i les t ör tene-
Reg . F i tz. 5 .
Kova lovszk i , J ., 1 958 .
A z 1 957 e v . r egesze t i k u ta täsa i ,
Reg . F t iz. 1 0 ,
A z 1 963. e v r egesze t i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F t tz. 1 7 , 9 7.
4 3-44. Kova lovszk i , J ., 1 964. Kozäk , E ., 1 964.
A tkär , Magyrede e s G yöngyöspa ta r egesze t i l e löhelyei .
A z Egr i M z. E vkönyve I , 1 41-50 . Kra lovänszky , A ., 1 958 .
A z 1 956. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i . Reg . F i tz. 9 , 1 1.
Kra lovänszky , A ., 1 961-62.
A Ba linka- Mecser p uszta i a varkor i s irok .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement of a the Neolithic Körös A lbaEcology R eg i ,Early and Middle1 6 6-17 2.and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 67
Kra lovänsky , A . a nd Kra lovänsky , J ., 1 960 .
A z 1 959 . e v r egesze t i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . Piz. 1 3 , 1 7. Krecs mAr ik , E ., 1 911.
S zarvas k özgpkor i e s ö skor i l ele te ir i l l .
A rch . Lt .
XXX , 3 78-82. Krecs mär ik , E ., 1 915.
Ab ekesszarvas i ö ste lepek .
Arch . Er t . 2 0 CXV ,
1 1-43 . Krecs mär ik , E ., 1 927.
U jabb k ökor i k a laszra jzok a s zarvasi ö s te leprö l .
Arch . Lt . XLI , 1 85-92. Kruk , J ., 1 961.
P röba r ekonstrukc ji n a tura lnych warunk6w r ozwo ju s poteczef i-
s tw n eol i tycznych n a o bszarze l essow N ieck i N idziaf isk ie j. S prawozdan ia A rch . XXI II , 2 59-84 . Kruk , J ., 1 972-73 . w n eo licie . Kruk , J ., 1 973 .
An tropogen iczne p rze m iany k ra jobrazu wyzyn l essowych
A c ta Arch . Carpa th . X I I , 1 09-29 . S tefy z as ied len ia ie ksploa ta c j i s rodov iska n a o bszarze
z achodn iejczesci wyzyny ma to Po lsk ie j w N ed icie.
P o l ish A rch .
A bs tracts , V o l . I . Ku lczycka-Lecie jewiczowa , A ., 1 968 . ws tegowe j w P o lsce.
Z e s tud iöw n ad k u l tura c era m ik i
A rch . P o lsk i , X I I I , 1 -61.
Ku tziän , I . , 1 944 .
A K örös Ku ltura .
Budapes t .
Ku tziän , I . , 1 946.
U jabb n eo l i t ikus l e letek a Magyar Tör tene lm i Mdzeu mban .
Magyar Muzeum , Budapes t . Ku tziän , I . , 1 958 .
P o mäz Z drav lyak .
Ku tziän , I . , 1 958a .
A z 1 956.
Arch . E r t ., 8 5 , n o te 8 1.
e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i . e v r eggsze ti k u ta täsa i .
Reg . Ftz. Reg F i lz.
9 , 7 .
Ku tziän , I . , 1 959 .
A z 1 958 .
1 1, 2 6-27.
Ku tziän , I . , 1 963.
The C opper Age C e me tery o f T iszapo lgar-Basa tanya .
Budapest . Ku tziän , I . , 1 970 .
S arazsadäny-Akaszt8szer .
Ung . A kad . d er Wissenscha f ten 1 .
Mi t t . d es A rch . I ns t . d er
Z ehn J ahre Archaolog ische F orschung
( 1958-68 ) , 1 29-30 . La mb , H . H . e t a l ., 1 966.
A t mospher ic c ircu la t ion a nd t he ma in c l i ma t ic
v ar iab les b etween 8 000 a nd 0 B .C .: C l i ma te f ro m 8 000 t o 0B . C. Läszlö f fy , W., 1 969 .
meteoro log ica l e v idence.
Wor ld
Roya l Met . S oc . L ondon , 1 74-217.
AT isza , i n AT isza i A l fö ld .
Magyarorszeg t e jß tddra jza
2 , Budapes t , 1 1-26. L ichardus , J ., 1 972.
Z ur En tes tehung d er L inearbandkera m ik .
G er man ia ,
5 0 , 1 -15 . L bsch , A ., 1 954.
The E cono m ics
L oiek , V ., 1 967.
C l i ma t ic z ones o f C zechos lovak ia d ur ing t he Qua ternary ,
o f Loca t ion .
N ew Haven .
i n C ushing , E .J . a nd Wr igh t , H .E . ( Eds .) Qua ternary Pa leoeco logy , New Haven . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 68
Makkay , J ., 1 957.
Ab ihar i Bere ttyövö lgy ö skor i l e le tei .
A Debrecen i Der i
M t izeu m Evkönyve ( 1948-56 ) , 2 1-40 . Makkay , J ., 1 960 .
A z 1 959 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F t iz.
1 3 , 1 5-16.
Makkay , J ., 1 968 .
A z 1 967. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F t iz.
2 1, 5 .
Makkay , j ., 1 969.
A z 1 969 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F t iz. 2 2 , 1 9 .
Makkay , J ., 1 969a .
Z ur G esch ich te d er Er forschung d er Körös-S targevo
Ku l tur u nd e in igen i hrer w ich t igs ten P rob le me .
A cta A rch . Hung . 2 1 ,
1 3-31. Makkay , J ., 1 970 .
Ak ökor 6 s ar ezkor F e jer megyeben .
t ör tene te I / 1 .
F e jer megye
1 4-36.
Makkay , J ., a nd Trog mayer , 0 ., 1 966.
D ie b e ma l te Kera mik d er Körös
G ruppe . A Möra F . Müz. E vkönyve ( 1964-65 ) , 4 7-58 . Maksay , F ., 1 971.
A Magyar Fa lu Közepkor i T elep t i lesrend je .
Maräz , B ., 1 972.
A z 1 971. e v r 6geszet i k u ta täsa i .
Maros i , S ., 1 954.
G eo morfo lög ia i meg f igye lesek a Mezö fö ld Ba la ton töl EK-re
e l ter t i lö r eszen .
F ö ldr . Er t .
R eg . F t iz.
Budapes t . 2 5 , 1 3.
3 , 4 33-43.
Mär ton , L ., 1 909.
Egy s a jä tos k ökor i e denya lak .
Mär ton , L ., 1 912.
D ie w ich t igsten R esu l ta te v or- u nd f rühgesch ich t lichen
F orschung i n Ungarn . Ma te , F ., 1 955 .
A rch . Er t . XXIX , 1 34-58 .
Präh ist . Z ei tsch . 3 , 1 78-91.
A da tok t iszan tü li r et i t a la ja ink g ene t ikä jähoz.
A gr . e s
Ta la .t . 4 , 1 33-43. McAda ms , R ., 1 965 . D iya la P la ins .
Land Beh ind Baghdad -A H is tory o f S et t le men t i n t he Ch icago .
Megay , G ., 1 960 .
A z 1 959 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F t iz.
Megay , G ., 1 962.
A z 1 961. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F t lz. 1 5 , 2 2.
Mer l . , I . , 1 954.
Beszä molö a t isza lök-räzo mpuszta i
ä sa täsok e red menye irö l . Mes terhäzy , K ., 1 966.
ä sa täsokr61 .
A Den iMüzeum r egesze t i t evekenysege 1 962-65 . ( 1965 ) , 1 9-55 .
B eszä molö a z 1 965 . e v i B iharkeresztes-är tänd i
AD ebrecen i Den iMüz. E vkönyve ( 1965 ) , 6 1-67.
Mes terhä .zy , K ., 1 970 .
A Den iMüzeum r egeszet i t evekenysege 1 966-68 .
A Debrecen i Der i Me tz. Evkönyve Miha lek , J ., 1 897.
st ürkeve- mör ici
I . A rch . Er t . 8 1, 1 38-54.
A Debrecen i Den iM z. Evkönyve Mes terhäzy , K ., 1 966a .
1 3.
( 1968 ) , 6 1-77.
Ab o ldogkövära l ja i n eo l i tkor i t e lepek .
A rch . Közle menyek
3 7 Mi lo jCi8 , V ., 1 949 . e uropas .
Chronolog ie d er j t ingeren S teinzei t Mi t tel- u nd &Mos t-
B er lin .
Mi lo j6 1 .8 , V ., 1 950 .
Körös-S tareevo-Vin6a .
R einecke Fes tschr i ft .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement 1 08-Ecology 17. of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 69
Ma inz,
Mi thay , S ., 1 954.
L e let men t t i ä sa täsok a z 1 952.
v ben .
A rch . ]r t .
8 1 , 7 1.
Mi thay , S ., 1 956.
L elet men tö ä sa täsok a z 1 954 . 6 vben .
A rch . Lt .
8 3 , 9 6.
Mi thay , S ., 1 966.
Z sel izi t ipusü l e letek a G yör-Päpa i Vä m ü jabbkökor i
l ak6 te lepen .
A rrabona , C e t ir 5 -41.
Modder man , J .J. R .,
1 958-59 .
D ie g eograph ische Lage d er b andkera m ischen
S ied lungen i n d en N ieder landen . Modder man , J .J .R ., 1 970 .
Pa leoh is t .
V I-VI I , 1 -7.
L inearbandkera m ik a us E ls loo u nd S tein .
Ana lecta Praeh is t . L eidens ia I I . Möra , F ., 1 930 .
I s meret len t ipusa e dgny L ebörö l .
Do lgoza tok S zeged V I ,
1 59-60 . The F irst European Agr icu l ture -A S tudy o f t he Os teo lo-
Murray , J ., 1 970 .
g ica l a nd Bo tan ica l E vidence u n t i l Two Thousand B .C.
E d inburgh .
Nagy , L ., 1 960 .
A z 1 959 . g v r bgbszet i k u ta täsa i ,
Rgg . F t tz. 1 3 , 2 .
Nagy , M ., 1 954.
Ta la jfö ldra jzi meg f igye lgsek a T iszazugban .
Fö ldr . Er t .
3 , 5 07-543 . Nagy , M ., 1 956.
Ta la jfö ldra jzi k u ta tä .sok a k& Körös me l lgken .
F ö 1dr .
Közl . 4 , 1 -20 . Nandr is , J .G ., 1 970 .
G round Wa ter a s aF ac tor i n t he F irs t Te mpera te
N eo li th ic S et t le men t o f t he Körös r eg ion .
Z born ik B elgrade Na t .
Muz. 6 . Nandr is , J .G ., 1 972.
R e la t ions b etween t he Mesol i th ic , t he F irs t Te mpera te
N eo li th ic , a nd t he Bandkera m ik :
t he n a ture o f t he p rob le m .
I n D ie
Ak tue l len Fragen d er Bandkera m ik , A k ten d er Pannon ia Kon ferenzen I , S zgkes fehbrvär , 6 1-69 . Narr , K .J ., 1 956.
Ear ly f ood-produc ing p opu la t ions , i n Tho mas , W. L . ( Ed .)
Man 's Ro le i n C hang ing t he F ace o f t he Ear th . Na t iona l A t las o f Hungary , 1 967. I \ meth , P ., 1 967.
Ch icago , 1 34-51.
Budapes t .
S zabo lcs e s S za t mär megybk A rpäd k or i ( XI-X I I I ) s zäzad i
f ö ldvära i g s monos tara i .
AN yiregyhäza i J ösa A . Wiz. EvkUnyve , X ,
9 1-101. I e meth , P ., 1 972. Nepper , I . , 1 970. l a tähoz.
A z 1 971. g v r gggszet i k u ta täsa i .
Rgg . P iz.
2 5 , 7 4.
Meg jegyz sek a Körös c sopor t e szközkgszletenek v izsgä-
A Debrecen i Den iMüz. Evkinyve ( 1968 ) , 7 9-109 .
N epper , I . , 1 972.
A z 1 971. b v r eggszet i k u ta täsa i .
N epper , I . a nd Mä thg , M., 1 971. t evgkenysgge 1 969-71.
Rgg . F t tz. 2 5 , 1 1.
A Ha jdu-B ihar megye i müzeu mok r . g gszet i
A Debrecen i Dgr i Müz. E vkönyve,
Oa tes , D . a nd Oa tes , J ., 1 976 .
3 5-54.
Ear ly i rr iga t ion a gr icu l ture i n Mesopo ta m ia ,
i n S ievek ing , G d e G ., L ongwor th , I .M . a nd Wi lson , K .E .
E ds .)
Proble ms i n E cono mic a nd S oc ia l A rchaeo logy , L ondon , 1 09-135 . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 70
O lasz , E ., 1 960 .
v r bgeszet i k u ta täsa i . A z 1 959 . e
i tz. 1 3 , 2 8 , 1 14-15 . Reg . F
O lasz , E ., 1 961.
v r bgesze t i k u ta täsa i . A z 1 960 . e
Rbg . F t tz. 1 4 , 1 6-17.
O lasz , E ., 1 962.
v r bgesze t i k u ta täsa i . A z 1 961. e
t lz. 1 5 , 4 2 , 8 9 . Rbg . F
O lasz , E ., 1 963.
v r bgbszet i k u ta täsa i . A z 1 962. e
F t lz. 1 6 , 8 5.
O lasz , E ., 1 965.
v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i . A z 1 964. e
t lz. 1 8 , 4 0 . R bg . F
O lasz , E ., 1 970.
v r bgbszet i k u ta täsa i . A z 1 969. e
t lz. 2 3 , 4 7. R b _g . F
Pa lov , J ., 1 957.
L e le t men tö ä sa täsok a z 1 955 b vben .
Papp , A ., 1 960 .
F ia ta lkor i v izra jzi v ä l tozäsok a T iszän tu l k özeps0 r bszeben
t ör tbne lm i a da tok a lap jän .
Arch .
k r t .
8 4 , 8 4.
A Debrecen i K .L . Tud . Egy. Fö ldr . I n t .
Közle mbnyei , 4 2 , 1 -8 . P app , L ., 1 966.
A z 1 965 . b y r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F i tz. 1 9 , 1 1.
P app , L ., 1 967.
A z 1 966. e v r bgeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F i tz. 2 0 , 1 7.
P app , L ., 1 970 .
Le tkbs-Kereszt fö ldek .
Mi t t . d es A rch . I ns t . d er Ungar ischen
. A kad . d er Wissenscha f ten 1 . Z ehn J ahre A rchäo log ische Forschungen ( 1958-68 ) , 1 10-11. Pärducz , M., 1 949.
s a täsi j e len tbsek 1 949 .
l ang . A rch . Er t .
B t ikk-hegyseg-Kö lyuk I b ar-
7 6 , 1 11-12.
Pärducz , M., 1 963.
A z 1 962. e v r bgbsze t i k u ta täsa i .
Rbg . F t tz. 1 6 , 2 2.
Pärducz , M., 1 964.
A z 1 963 . e v r egesze t i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F t lz. 1 7, 9 .
Pärducz , M., 1 970 .
F e lsö tärkäny-Värhegy .
Mi t t . d es A rch . I ns t . d er
Ungar ischen Akad . d er Wissenscha ften 1 .
Z ehn J ahre A rchäo log ische
Forschung ( 1958-68 ) , 1 00-101. Pa tay , P ., 1 941.
Kapcso la tok a B t tkk i e s k örösi k u l tura k özö t t .
L 4 rch . Er t .
1 -3 . Pa tay , P ., 1 956.
U jabb k ökor i e s k el ta l e letek N ögradkövesden e s an ögräd i
d o mbv idbken . Pa tay , P ., 1 957.
A rch . Er t .
8 3 , 1 86-91.
An eo li thiku m a b odrogkeresztür i Ku tyasoron .
F o l . A rch .
D C , 2 5-37. P a tay , P ., 1 961.
Ab odrogkeresztür i k u l türa t e me tö i .
Pa tay , P ., 1 966-67. h oz.
R eg . F t lz. I , 1 0 .
A da tok Budapes t k örnybkbnek u jkökoräkoz e s r ezkorä-
F o l . Arch . XVI I I , 7 -26.
Pa tay , P ., 1 969.
A z 1 968 . e v r egbsze t i k u ta täsa i .
Pavük , J ., 1 973.
Zur Chrono log ie u nd z u k u l turel len Beziehungen d er ä l teren
L inearkera m ik . P ecs i , M. , 1959 .
Rég . F i tz. 2 2 , 1 8 , 3 3.
E igh t C ongres I SPP B eograd 1 971, 2 73-81.
A Magyarorszäg i Dunavö lgy K ia laku läsa e s F elszina lak tana .
Fö ldra jzi Monogrä fiäk I I , Budapes t . P bcs i , M., 1 967.
Al öszfel täräsok t ledbkeinek g enet ika i o sztä lyozäsa a
Kärpä t- medenceben .
F t i ldr . ]r t .
1 5 , 1 -17.
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 71
P &s i , M. a nd G öczän , L ., 1 971.
The s o i ls o f Hungary , i n P 6cs i , M.,
Enyed i , G y., a nd Maros i , S . ( Eds .) , Hungary-Geograph ica l S tud ies , Budapes t , 1 25-34. P gcs i , M . a nd J akucs , P ., 1 971.
The n a tura l v egeta t ion o f Hungary , i n
1 = 3 c s i , M., Enyedi , G y., a nd Maros i , S . ( Eds .) , Hungary-Geograph ica l S tud ies ,
Budapest , 1 09-24.
Pecs i , M. a nd S lr fa lv i , B ., 1 964.
The G eography o f Hungary. L ondon .
P 6cs i , M. a nd S o mogyi , S ., 1 971.
The h ydrography o f Hungary , i n P gcsi , M.,
Enyed i ,
QT . , a nd Maros i , S . ( Eds .) , Hungary-Geograph ica l S tud ies ,
Budapest , 8 5-107. P gcs i , M., S o mogyi , S . a nd J akucs , P . , 1 971.
Landscape u n i ts a nd t heir t ypes
i n Hungary , i n P 6csi , M ., Enyedi , G y ., a nd Maros i , S . ( Eds .) , Hungary G eograph ica l S tud ies , Budapes t , 1 1-64. P eczely , G y., 1 967.
A z A lfö ld eha jla tänak j e l le mzö i , i n
A Duna i A l föld .
Magyarorszäg t ä jfö ldra jza 1 , Budapes t , 3 4-47. P ekäry , T ., 1 954.
Le let men tö ä sa täsok a z 1 954. 6 vben .
P etres , E ., 1 954.
U jabb k ökor i s frok B icsk & i .
Pe tres , E ., 1 959 .
N eo l ith ic g raves a t B icske.
A rch . Er t . 8 1 , 7 2.
F o l . Arch . V I , 2 2 . -28 . I s tvän K irä ly Müz. Közle-
mgnyei 9 , 5 -14. P etres , E ., 1 962.
A z 1 961. e v re szet i k u ta täsa i .
P e tröczy , J ., 1 945 . P iggo t t , S ., 1 965 .
Korar6zkor i t e metö T iszadobon .
Fo l . A rch .
V , 3 5-43.
Anc ien t E urope f ro m t he B eg inn ings o f Agr icu l ture t o
C lass ica l An tiqu i ty . P log , F ., 1 971.
Re . F t tz. 1 5 , 4 .
E d inburgh .
S o me o pera t iona l c ons idera t ions , i n Gu m mer man , G .J . ( Ed .)
The D is tr ibu t ion o f Preh is tor ic P opu la tion Aggrega tes . P log , F . a nd H i ll , J .N ., 1 971.
Presco t t , 4 5-54.
Exp la in ing v ar iabi l i ty i n t he d istr ibu t ion o f
s i tes , i n Gu m mer man , G . J . ( Ed .) The D istr ibution o f Preh istoric Populat ion A ggrega tes .
Presco t t , 7 -36.
Puszta i , R ., 1 958 .
A z 1 957. e v re6szet i k u ta täsa i .
Re . Fi lz. 1 0 , 4 .
Puszta i , R ., 1 962.
A z 1 961. g v regszet i k u ta täsa i .
Re . F t lz. 1 5 , 4 9 .
Qu i t ta , H ., 1 960.
Z ur Frage d er ä ltes ten Bandkera m ik i n Mi t teleuropa .
Praeh is t . Z e i tschr . 3 8 , 1 -38 , 1 53-88 . Qu i t ta , H ., 1 964.
Zur Herkun f t d es f r t then N eo l i th iku ms i n Mi t te leuropa .
F es tschr i ft H . Unverzag t , B er l in , 1 4-24. Qu i t ta , H ., 1 969.
Z ur Deu tung b andkera m ischer S ied lungsfunde a us Auen
u nd g rundwassernahen S tandor ten .
Deu tsche A kad . d er Wissenscha f ten
z u B er l in , Band 2 5 , 4 2-55 . Qu i t ta , H ., 1 970 .
Zur Lage u nd Verbre i tung d er b andkera m ischen S ied lungen
im L eipziger Land .
Z ei tschr . f t lr A rchäo log ie 4 , 1 55-76.
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 72
Reed , C . A ., 1 969 .
The p a t tern o f a n i ma l d o mes t ica t ion i n t he p reh istor ic
N ear Eas t , i n Ucko , P .J. a nd D i mbleby , G . W . ( Eds .)
The Do mest ica-
t ion a nd Exploi ta t ion o f P lan ts a nd An i ma ls . London , 1 49-72. Ren frew , C ., 1 972.
The Emergence o f C iv i l iza t ion-The C yclades a nd t he
A egean i n t he Th ird Mi l len iu m B .C . Ren frew , J . M., 1 969 . p lan ts :
London .
The a rchaeolog ica l e v idence f or t he d o mes t ica t ion o f
me thods a nd p roble ms , i n Ucko , P .J. a nd D i mbleby , G . W. ( Eds .)
The Do mes t ica t ion a nd Exp loi ta t ion o f P lan ts a nd An i ma ls .
L ondon ,
1 49-72. Ren frew , J .M ., 1 973 .
A gr icu l ture , i n Theochar is , D .R . ( Ed .)
N eo lith ic
Greece . Röna i , A ., 1 961.
A z A l fö ld Tela jv izterkepe .
Russe l l , R .J . ,1 967. S aäd , A ., 1 929.
Budapes t .
R iver a nd De l ta Morpho logy.
Ba ton R ouge .
AB t Ikk h egysegben v egzet t u jabb k u ta täsok e red menyei .
A rch . ]r t . 4 3 , 2 38-47. S aäd , A ., 1 959 . t etön .
U jabb g y t t jtesek e red menyei a Kor la t mel let t i Ravaszlyuk-
F o l . Arch . X I , 3 -12.
S aäd , A . a nd G al l , I . , 1 934. z et t ä sa täsokrö l . S äg i , K ., 1 968 .
E löze tes j elen tgs a d iösgyör i b ar langban v eg-
Bar langku ta täs , 4 , 1 2-19 .
A Ba la ton v izä ll ä .s t endenciä i 1 863-ig a t ör tenet i e s k ar to-
g rä f ia i a da tok t Ikreben .
A Veszpre m Megyei Mazeu mok Közle menyei ,
7 , 4 41-462. S a la mon , A .,1960 .
Funde v on NO-Ungarn a us d er Rö merzei t .
F o l . Arch .
X I I , 1 45-59 . S a la mon , A ., 1 962.
A z 1 961. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F t tz. 1 5 , 5 0 .
S a la mon , A ., 1 963 .
A z 1 962. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F i tz.
S a la mon , A ., 1 966.
A z 1 965. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . F i tz. 1 8 , 3 4 .
S a la mon , A ., 1 970 .
S zi lväsvärad .
Akad . d er Wissenscha f ten 1 .
1 6, 4 6.
Mi t t . d es A rch . I ns t . d er Ungar ischen Z ehn J ahre Archäo log ische F orschung
( 1958-68 ) , 1 42-43. S auer , C .0 ., 1 962. M. W . ( Eds .)
C u l tura l g eography , i n Wagner , Ph .L . a nd Mikesel l , Read ings i n Cu ltura l G eography .
S chup i ter , E . ( sa me a s Z a lo tay , E .) , 1 931. k örnyeken .
Ch icago .
N eo li thikus t elepek S zen tes
Do lgoza tok S zeged V II , 5 4-59 .
S chwarz , K ., 1 948 .
Lagen d ie S ied lungen d er l inearbandkera m ischen Ku l tur
Mi t teldeu tsch lands i n wa ld freien o der i n b ewa lde ten Landscha f ten? S trena Praeh is tor ica , Mar t in J ohn F es tschr . S chwarzbach , M., 1 961, S el meci , L ., 1 969 .
Das K li ma d er Vorzei t .
Ha l le , 1 -28 . S tu t tgar t .
Das Wohnhaus d er Körös G ruppe v on T isza jenö .
Angaben z u d en Haus typen d es F rühneol i th iku ms . Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK:E BAR 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. vkPublishing, önyve , 1 7 -22. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 73
N euere
A Mbra F . Muzeu m
S herra t t , A . G ., 1 972.
S oc io-econo m ic a nd d e mograph ic mode ls f or t he
N eo li th ic a nd Bronze Ages o f Europe , i n C larke , D .L . ( Ed .)
Mode ls
i n A rchaeo logy , London , 4 77-542. S herra t t , A . G ., 1 973.
The i n terpre ta t ion o f c hange i n European p reh is tory ,
i n Ren frew , C ., Preh is tory.
( Ed .)
The Exp lana t ion o f C u l ture Change :
Mode ls i n
L ondon , 4 19-428 .
S iel mann , B ., 1 971.
Der E in f luss d er Umwe l t a u f d ie n eo li thische B es ied lung
S t idwes tdeu tsch lands u n ter b esonderer B erücksich tigung d er V erhä l tn isse am n ördl ichen Oberrhein . S iel mann , B ., 1 972.
A cta Praehis tor ica e t Archaeolog ica 2 , 6 5-197.
D ie f rühneol i t ische
B es ied lung Mi t te leuropas .
Funda-
men ta Re ihe A , Band 3 , Kö ln . Sm i th , P .E. L.,1972. c u l ture :
Land u se , s et t le men t p a t terns a nd s ubs istence a gr i-
ad e mograph ic p erspec t ive , i n U cko , P .J., Tr ingha m , R . a nd
D i mbleby , G . W., Man, S et t le men t a nd Urban is m . S o mogyi , S ., 1 962.
Ah o locen i döszakra v ona tkozö k u ta täsok f ö ldra jzi ( h idro-
mor fo lbg ia i ) e r tekelese . S o mogyi , S ., 1 964 .
London , 4 09-425 .
Fö ldr . Er t . 9 , 1 85-202.
G eograph ica l f actors o f t he f or ma tion o f a lka li s o i ls
( Szik s -soi ls ) i n Hungary , i n P ecs i , M. ( Ed .) A pp l ied G eography , Budap es t , 3 6-57. S o mogyi , S ., 1 965. o rszägon .
A s zikesek e l ter jedesenek i döbel i v ä l tozäsa i Magyar-
F 4 9 ldr . Közl .
S o mogyi , S ., 1 967. I dr . Er t .
X II I , 4 1-55.
Ösfö ldra jzi e s mor fo l k ia i k erdesek a z A l fö ldrö l . 1 6 , 3 19-337.
S o mogyi , S ., 1 971.
Na tura l e ndow men ts o f t he G rea t Hungar ian P la in , i n
S är fa lv i , B . ( Ed.)
The C hang ing F ace o f t he G rea t Hungar ian P la in ,
Budapest , 3 5-77. S oe s , R ., 1 931. Közl.
A magyar p uszta f e jlödes tör tene tenek p rob le mä ja .
S o6 , R ., 1 959.
A z A lfö ld n övenyzete k ia laku läsänak ma i meg i telese e s v i täs
k erdesei .
F ö ldr . Lt .
S öreg i , J ., 1 935 . ä r6 1 .
F ö ldr .
LD C , 1 15.
8 , 1 -18 .
J e len tes a Den iMüzeu m 1 935 . e v i müködeserö l e s ä l lapot-
A Debrecen i Den iMdz. Evkönyve , 3 1 , 6 7-69.
S oudsky , B . a nd P av la , I . , 1 972.
The L inear P o t tery c u l ture s et t le men t
p a t terns o f c en tra l Europe , i n Ucko , P .J ., Tr ingha m , R . a nd D i mb leby , G . W. ( Eds .)
Man , S e t t le men t a nd Urban is m , L ondon 3 17-28 .
S tanczik , I . , 1 969.
A z 1 968 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F t iz. 2 2 , 2 2.
S tanczik , I . , 1 970 .
A z 1 969. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . Füz. 2 3 , 1 7.
S tefanov i ts , P ., 1 953 . 1 9-33.
A s za t mär i s iksäg t a la ja irö l .
S tefanov i ts , P ., 1 969 . Ta la jok , i n AT isza i A l fö ld . 2 , Budapes t , 6 1-66.
A gr . e s Ta la jtan
Magyarorszäg t ädfödra jza
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf S tefano v i ts ,of 38.67.221.43 P ., 1 971. Brown F ores t S oi ls o f HungarE .
1 74
3 ,
Budapes t .
S teward , J .H ., 1 955 .
Theory o f Cu l ture Change-The Methodo logy o f Mu l t i-
l inear Evo lu t ion . S t ieber , J ., 1 956. B o t . Közl .
Urbana .
AH i l lebrand J enö b ar lang u jkökor i c ö löp fa maradvänya i . XLVI , 2 87-90 .
S u l im irsk i , T ., 1 961. Bronze Age .
The c l i ma te o f t he Ukra ine d ur ing t he N eo li th ic a nd
. A rcheo log ia X I I , 1 . -17.
S zabö , J ., 1 962.
A z 1 961. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
S zabö , K ., 1 934.
K isrg ti p ar t .
S zabo lcs , I . , 1 961.
R ég . F t tz. 1 5 , 2 0 , 2 2 , 2 3.
A rch . Er t . XLVI I , 9 -30 .
AVizrendezesek e s Ön tözesek Ha täsa a T iszän tu l i Ta la j-
k epzödes i F o lya ma tokra . S zabo lcs , I . , 1 966.
Budapes t .
A G enet ikus Ü ze m i Ta la jtgrkepezes Mödszer tankönyve .
S zegha l my , G y ., 1 913.
; sa täs a s zegha lm i Koväcs-ha lo mban .
A rch . Er t .,
XXX I II , 1 23-41. S zeke ly , G y., 1 961. s zäzadban .
V idek i t er melöägak e s a s ä rükereskedele m a XV-XVI
Agr . S ze m le I I , 3 09-43.
S zendrei , J ., 1 883 .
Borsod megye ö s telepei .
S zen t le leky , I . , 1 960 .
A rch .
r t . I I , 1 26-27.
A z 1 959 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
S zen tm ihä lyi , I . , 1 954.
Reg . F trz. 1 3 , 1 4.
L elet men tö ä . sa täsok a z 1 952. e vben .
A rch . Lt .
8 1, 7 0 . S z i lcs , L ., 1 967. k epzödesere. Takäcs , L ., 1 967.
A Nag ykunsäg t a la ja i , k t t lönös t ek in tet tel a c sernoz jo mok Agr . e s Ta la jtan 1 6 , 1 -22. A ' I töka farku-kö les 't er me lese a N yuga t Dunän tu lon .
Agr . S ze m le , I X , 2 97-307. T e mp ir , Z ., 1 964. Ungarn .
B ei trage z ur ä l tes ten G esch ich te d es P f lanzenbaus i n
A cta Arch . Hung . XV I , 6 5-98 .
Thornbury , W. D., 1 969 .
Pr incip les o f G eo morpho logy .
Thran , P . a nd Broekhu izen , S ., 1 965 .
Agroeco log ica l a t las o f c erea l g rowing
i n Europe , i n Agroc l i ma t ic A t las o f Europe . c u l t .
N ew York .
Pudoc , Cen tre f or Agr i-
Wagen ingen .
To mpa , F ., 1 929 .
_ Bandkera m ik i n Ungarn .
Budapes t .
T o mpa , F ., 1 937.
2 5 J ahre Urgesch ich t-Forschung i n Ungarn 1 912-36.
B er . Ro m . G er m . Ko m m . XX IV-XXV ( 1934-35 ) , 2 7-115 . To mpa , F ., 1 942.
Budapes t a z Öskorban .
Budapes t .
Tor ma , I . , 1 968 .
A z 1 967. e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
R eg . Piz.
Tor ma , I . , 1 969 .
A z 1 968 . e v r egeszet i k u ta täsa i .
Reg . F t tz. 2 2 , 1 7.
Tor ma , I . , 1 970 .
R egö ly-F t tzfäs , Ta mäsa i .
A kad . d er Wissenscha f ten
2 1 , 1 4.
Mi t t . d es A rch . I ns t . d er UnA .
1 . Z ehn J ahre Arch . F orschung ( 1958-68 ) ,
1 27-29 , 1 33. Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, T Oxford, UK: Publishing, 1979, orm a ,BARI . , 1 970 a . https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. A z 1 969. 6 v r 6ggszet i k u ta täsa i . Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 75
Rég . Fi lz. 2 3 , 1 6.
Tor ma , I . , 1 971.
N eo l i th ische S ied lung u nd G räaber feld , Kupferze i t l iche
S ied lung , Bronzezei t l iche S ied lung i n P är i-Al täcker .
Mi t t . d es A rch .
I ns t . d er Ung . Akad . d er Wissenscha f ten 2 , 2 7-34. Tor ma , I . , 1 971a .
Das G räber feld v on S zakä ly a us d er Mi t t leren Bronzezei t .
Mi t t . d es A rch . I ns t . d er Ung . Akad . d er Wissenscha f ten 2 , Tö th , E ., 1 967.
A z 1 966. e v r eg6szet i k u ta täsa i .
Trbuhov i6 , V ., 1 968 .
Rbg . F i lz.
2 0 , 1 7.
Preg led g us t ine n aselenos t i h roz p ra is tor i ju S rbi je.
S tar inar X IX , 4 6. Trewar tha , G .T ., 1 954. Tr ingha m , R ., 1 968 .
An I n troduct ion t o C li ma te .
N ew York .
Ap re l im inary s tudy o f t he e ar ly n eo l i th ic a nd l a tes t
mesoli th ic b lade i ndus tr ies i n S ou theas t a nd C en tra l Europe , i n C o les , J . M . a nd S i mpson , D . D. A . ( Eds .)
S tud ies i n Ancien t E urope , L eicester ,
4 5-70 . Tringha m , R ., 1 971. 3 000 B . C.
Hun ters , F ishers a nd F ar mers o f Eas tern Europe 6 000-
London .
Trog mayer , 0 ., 1 958 .
A z 1 956. e v r eg szet i k u ta täsa i .
R kg . F t iz. 9 , 1 3-14.
Trog mayer , 0 ., 1 960 .
A z 1 959 . e v 1 - üs zet i k u ta täsa i .
R 6g . F i tz. 1 3 , 1 4.
Trog mayer , 0 ., 1 965 .
Meg jegyz6sek a Kör t is c sopor t r ela t iv i dbrend jehez.
A rch . Lt . 9 1, 6 7-86. Trog mayer , 0 ., 1 965 .
A z 1 964. 6 v r b Oszet i k u ta täsa i .
R 6g . F t iz. 1 8 , 9 , 1 8 .
Trog mayer , 0 ., 1 966 .
A z 1 965. e v r b.g bszet i k u ta täsa i .
f f lg . F t iz. 1 9 .
Trog mayer , 0 ., 1 967.
A z 1 966. e v r t Oszet i k u ta täsa i .
Rgg . F t iz. 2 0 , 1 0 .
Trogmayer , 0 ., 1 968 .
A IMI-Al f t i ld k ora i N eo l i t iku mänak f l ibb kk . c itsei .
Unpubl ished Ph .D . t hes is , S zeged . Trogmayer , 0 ., 1 968a .
AK t irt Is c sopor t b arbot in k erä m iä järö l .
A rch . Er t .
9 5 , 6 -12. Trog mayer , 0 ., 1 971.
Täp6 t er t t le tenek r g üszet i em lbkei .
I n Tä 0 T t ir te-
n ete e s N 4ra jza , 3 1-45 . U zsok i , A . a nd G abler , D ., 1 967.
A z 1 966. & v r 6geszet i k u ta täsa i .
Piz. 2 0 , 2 0 . Vadäsz , E ., 1 969.
Z ur p raeh is tor ischen S ied lungs- u nd K l i magesch ich te d es
B ezirks v on Ka locsa . Vadäsz , E ., 1 972. Va lter , I . , 1 969.
A Möra F . Maz. E vkönyve , 8 3-92.
A z 1 971. 6 / r 6gesze t i k u ta täsa i . A z 1 968 . e v r bg6szet i k u ta täsa i .
Van Z e is t , W., 1 969 .
R6g . F i lz.
R 6g . F i tz. 2 2 , 6 8 .
Re f lec t ions o n p reh is tor ic e nv iron men ts i n t he N ear
Eas t , i n U cko , P .J ., a nd D i mb leby , G .W . ( Eds .) a nd Explo ita t ion o f P lan ts a nd An i ma ls . Vbgh , K ., 1 970 .
2 5 , 3 .
A z 1 969 . e v r Wszet i k u ta täsa i .
R6g . F i lz. 2 3 , 3 .
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 76
The Do mes t ica t ion
L ondon , 3 5-46.
Vegh , K . a nd Ke mencze i , T ., 1 965 .
e s äsatäsai
1 964-ban .
Ver tes , L ., 1 953 .
AH er mann O t tö Müzeu m l e let men tgse i
AH er mann 0 . Maz. E vkönyve ( 1964-65 ) , 4 49-53 .
A z a lsöpa leo,l i t iku m embereinek e lsö b iztos e szközkeszle te
Magyarorszägon . Ver tes , L ., 1 965 .
A rch . Er t . 8 0 , 1 7-26.
Zur T echno log ie G robgera t iger S i lex funde i n N ordungarn .
Fo l . A rch . XVI I , 9 -36. ., 1 907. V isegräd i , J r ö l .
F es te t t c esrepedeny t öredekek a S ä tora l jaa jhe ly ö s telep-
A rch . Er t . XXVI I , 2 79-87.
., 1 912. V isegrgd i , J
AS ä tora l jaü jhe lyi ö s te lep .
V i ta-F inzi , C . a nd H iggs , E . S ., 1 970 . Car mel a rea o f Pa les tine .
A rch . Er t . XXXI I , 2 44-61.
Preh is tor ic e cono my i n t he Moun t
S i te C a tch men t Ana lys is .
Proc. Preh is t .
S oc . 3 6 , 1 -37. Vozäry , E ., 1 957.
Po l lenana lyt ische Un tersuchung d es Tor f moores ' Nyires t6 '
im Nordos ten d er Ungar ischen T iefebene ( Al fö ld ).
A cta Bot a n ica A kad .
S cien t . Hung . I I , 1 23-34. Wa l lner , E ., 1 926.
Af elsöörv idek i magyarsäg t elep t i lese.
ldr . Közl .
L IV , 1 -31. Wa l ter , H ., 1 973 .
Vegeta t ion o f t he Ear th-In r e la t ion t o C li ma te a nd t he
E co-Phys io log ica l C ondi t ions . Wa l terbo lk , H .T ., 1 971. S . ( Ed .)
L ondon .
F ood p roduct ion i n p reh is tor ic Europe , i n S truever ,
Preh istor ic Agr icu l ture , N ew York , 3 35-58 .
Wi lhe l my , H ., 1 950 . Os teuropas .
Das A lter d er S chwarzerde u nd d er S teppen Mi tte l- u nd
Erdkunde 4 , 5 -34.
Wig lar isky , T . ( Ed .) 1 970 . Wos insky , M., 1 896 . Z a lo tay , E ., 1 932.
The N eo l i th ic o f P o land .
To lna Vär megye a z Öskor töl a Hon fog la läs ig . C songräd v är megye ö skor i t e lep t i lese .
Budapes t .
Do lgoza tok S zeged
V I I I , 4 9-102. Z ohäry , D ., 1 969 .
The p rogen i tors o f whea t a nd b ar ley i n r e la t ion t o d o mes t i-
c a t ion a nd a gr icu l tura l d ispersa l i n t he O ld Wor ld , i n Ucko , P .J. a nd D i mb leby , G . W. ( Eds .) a nd An i ma ls , Z o lta i , L ., 1 907.
The Do mes t ica t ion a nd Exp loi ta t ion o f P lan ts
London , 4 7-66. J elen tes a Debrecen i s z. k ir . v äros Müzeuma 1 906. g v i
m i lködeserö l e s ä l lapotäro l . Z o lta i , L ., 1 910 .
J e len tes Debrecen s z. k ir . v äros Müzeu m 1 909. e vi
mt iködesgrö l g s ä l lapotärö l . Z o lta i , L ., 1 911. m i lködeserö l
A Debrecen i Müzeu m K iadvänya 2 4-39 .
A Debrecen i Müzeu m K iadvänya i , 1 5.
J e len tes Debrecen s z. k ir . v äros Müzeu ma 1 910 . b v i ä l lapotär6 1 .
A Debrecen i Müzeu m K iadvänya i , 2 4-25 ;
3 6-48 . Z o lta i , L ., 1 927.
A Toczövö lgyi Läszlö e s S zän tay h a l mok megäsa täsa .
A Debrecen i Müzeu m K iadvänya , 4 7-52. Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 77
Z ölyo mi , B ., 1 953 .
D ie En twick lungsgesch ich t l iche
s e i t d em l e tzten I n terg lazia l , Z e l lyo mi , B ., 1 958 .
d er V egeta t ion Ungarns
A cta B io l . Hung . 4 , 3 67-430 .
An övenytakarötör t net i k ia laku läsa , i n P gcs i , M . ( Ed .)
Budapest Ter m6szet i Kgpe , Budapes t . Zlyo m i, B ., 1 964.
Pannon ische Vege ta t ionprob le me .
Verhand . d er Z oo l .-
Bo t . G ese l lscha f t i n Wien , 1 03 , 1 44-51. Z ö lyo m i , B ., 1 971 .
6 000jt ihr ige G esch ich te d er Agr iku l tur i n d er Umgebung
d es Ba la tonSees a u fgrund v on p o l lens ta t is t ischen Un tersuchungen d er S eesed i men ten .
T hird C ongres I n t . d es Musees d 'Agr icu l ture Budapes t ,
1 94-95 . Z 6 1yo m i , B . a nd S i mon , T ., 1 969. A l fö ld .
Ter m6sze tes n övgnyze t , i n AT i s za i
Magyarorszäg t ä jfö ldra jza 2 , Budapes t , 1 24-31.
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 78
APPEND IX A :
S ITE L IST
*s e t t le men ts i ncluded i n t he a na lysis Körös c u l ture * 1.
A lpär-Tiszapar t , c o . Bäcs-K iskun . ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ; N epper , 1 970 )
2 .
Baks-Szobor i ‚ i t , c o . C songräd ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
3 .
B &6s-Iränyi Dan iel u . i sko la k er t je , c o . Bgk s ( Nepper , 1 970 )
4 .
B gkbs-Köröspar t , c o . Bekes ( Nepper , 1 970 )
5 .
B MSszen tandräs , c o . B gkgs ( Csa log , 1 958 ;
* 6.
N epper , 1 970 )
B gkbsszen tandräs-Körösön t ü l i r gsze , c o . BO s ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977, s a me a s S zarvas I )
* 7.
B ere t työu jfa lu-Leven te u ., c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ku tziän , 1 944;
* 8 .
Makkay , 1 957;
N epper , 1 970 )
B okros-Buzäspar t , c o . C songräd ( Ka l icz , 1 960 )
* 9.
C sänytelek-Täpa i J änos f ö ld je , c o . Bäcs-K iskun ( Ku tziän , 1 944;
Kova lovszk i , 1 957)
* 10. C sä ta l ja , c o . Bäcs-K iskun ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
* 11. C s ea-Cs ipsärpar t I I-Szira t anya , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz , 1 957) * 12. C sk aa-Cs ipsärpar t V -Dancza t anya , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
N epper , 1 970 )
* 13. C songräd , c o . C songräd ( Kova lovszk i , 1 957;
Nepper , 1 970 )
* 14. C songräd-Belväros , c o. C songräd ( Banner , 1 932;
Z a lo tay , 1 932;
Ku tziän , 1 944;
Kova lovszk i , 1 957;
N epper , 1 970 ) * 15 . Derekegyhäza , c o. C songräd ( K ova lovszk i , 1 957;
Nepper , 1 970 )
* 16. Deszk C , c o . Csongräd ( I ro l t iny , 1 941;
Banner , 1 932;
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 79
Trograayer , 1 968 )
1 7.
Deszk G , c o . C songräd ( Nepper , 1 970 )
1 8 .
Deszk I , c o . C songräd ( Nepper , 1 970 )
* 19 .
Deszk-Okapi d t i lö , c o . Csongräd ( Nepper , 1 970 )
* 20 .
Deszk-1 s z. o la jka t , c o . C songräd ( Trogmayer , 1 967;
* 21.
1 968 )
Dgvavänya- Atyaszeg-Ha jasha lo m , c o . B ekes ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 22.
D &avf inya-Ka ta lszeg , c o . B a6s ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 23.
Devavgnya-Ka tona fö ldek , c o . Bek s ( Escedy , 1 971; 1 972)
* 24.
Dk ravgnya-Pusztaecseg , c o . Bek s ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
* 25.
Trogmayer , 1 968 )
Dgvavgnya-Rehel i g ä t , c o. Bekgs ( Gazdapuszta i , 1 959 ;
* 26.
N epper , 1 970 )
Devavänya-Szikha lo m , c o . Bgkes ( Kova lovszk i , 1 957;
* 28 .
E csedy , 1 971; 1 972)
Devavänya-S i masziget , c o. I i0 cs ( Korek , 1 963 ;
* 27.
N epper , 1 970 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
D6c-Sziget d eli r gsze , c o . Bäcs-K iskun ( Trogmayer , p ers . c omm .)
2 9 .
Dusnok , c o. Bäcs-K iskun ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 30 .
Endröd , c o . Bekgs ( Banner , 1 932;
* 31.
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
F elgyö-U j ma jor , c o . C songräd ( Bä l in t a nd S zabt , 1 955 ;
* 32.
N epper , 1 970 )
N epper , 1 970 )
Fur ta-Csg tb-Veresha lo m , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Nepper , 1 970 )
* 33.
Q yä laret-Szi lggyi ma jor , c o. C songräd ( Trogmayer , 1 965 ;
* 34.
1 968 )
G yo ma , c o. 1 3 6kes ( Ku tziän , 1 944 )
* 35 .
G yo ma-Csudaba l la , c o . B &b.s ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
3 6.
Nepper , 1 970 )
Q yo ma-Nagyszir t , c o. Bgk s ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
* 37.
G yu la-Vasu t i h o mokbänya , c o . B e Hs ( Banner , 1 932;
* 38.
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
Nepper , 1 970 )
Ha jös-Cs ipsa p uszta , c o . Bäcs-K iskun ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
3 9 .
Ha jös-H i ld i b ekötöd t , c o . Bäcs-K iskun ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 40 .
Höd mezöväsärhely-Bodzäspar t- Banga Imre t anya , c o . Csongräd ( Banner , 1 940 ;
* 41.
H öd mezöväsärhely-Bodzäspar t-Pap b ognär f ö ld je , c o. Csongräd ( Banner , 1 937;
* 42.
1 938 ;
1 6d mezöväsärhely-Gorzsa-Koväcs I s tvän t anya , c o . Csongräd
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
Banner , 1 937;
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
Nepper , 1 970 )
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
H öd mezöväsärhe ly-Nagysziget-U jhely i t anya , c o . C songräd ( Za lotay , 1 932 ;
* 56.
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
H öd mezöväsärhe ly-Nagyszige t-Gä l Imre t anya , c o. Csongr ' ad ( Banner , 1 938 ;
* 55 .
Nepper , 1 970 )
H öd mezöväsärhely-Kotacpar t-Va ta t anya , c o . Csongräd ( Banner , 1 932;
* 54.
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
1 6d mezöväsf irhe ly-Kopäncsi r bt , c o . Csongräd ( Banner , 1 940 ;
* 53 .
N epper , 1 970 )
Höd mezöväsärhe ly-Kopäncs-Zso ldos t anya , c o . Csongräd ( Banner , 1 932;
* 52.
N epper , 1 970 )
Hed mezöväsärhely-Kopäncs-Tecsy t anya , c o . Csongräd ( Banner , 1 937;
* 51.
N epper , 1 970 )
H bd mezöväsärhely-Kopäncs-Nagy S zab6 Pä l t anya , c o . C songräd ( Banner , 1 937;
* 50 .
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
Höde mzöväsärhely-Kopäncs-Len in TSZ ( Szen t i t anya ) , c o . C songräd ( Gazdapuszta i , 1 966 ;
* 49.
N epper , 1 970 ).
H6d mezöväsärhe ly-Kopäncs-Koväcs t anya , c o . Csongräd ( Banner , 1 932;
4 8.
Nepper , 1 970 )
H öd mezöväsärhely-Hä mszar i tödo mb , c o . Csongräd ( Za lotay , 1 932;
* 47.
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
Höd mezöväsärhely-Gorzsa-Ver mes t anya , c o . Csongräd ( Banner , 1 932;
* 46.
N epper , 1 970 )
H öd mezöväsärhely-Gorzsa-Pöcsy t anya , c o . Csongräd ( Banner , 1 937;
* 45.
N epper , 1 970 )
N epper , 1 970 )
( Gazdapuszta i , 1 957; * 44.
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
Höd mezöväsärhely-Fecsk s Muzsik t anya , c o . Csongräd ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
* 43.
N epper , 1 970 )
Banner , 1 940 ;
Ku tziän , 1 944;
Nepper , 1 970 )
Höd mezöväsärhely-So l t p ä 16 4getö B1 in t f öld je , c o . C songräd
( Bann er ,of the 1 9Early 37;and Middle Ku tz iän ,Körös 1 94 4 ; eppCultures er , In1 9 70 ) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology Neolithic and Linear N Pottery Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 . 81
5 7.
Kardoskd t-480 . t anya , c o . Bekes ( Ka l icz , 1 967;
5 8 .
Kardoskd t-Aranyadha lm i d t il i f , c o . B ekts ( O lasz , 1 962;
5 9 .
* 60 .
Ka l icz , 1 967;
N epper , 1 970 )
KardoskIt-Spor tpä lya , c o . B ekes ( Ka licz , 1 967; Nepper , 1 970 ) Kardoskü t-Szegha l mi t anya , ( Ka l icz , 1 967;
* 61.
Nepper , 1 970 )
c o . Bekes
Nepper , 1 970 )
Kenderes-Ku l is , c o. S zo lnok ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 62.
Kengyelsziget-Del ibäb u ., c o . S zo lnok ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 63 .
Künszen t mär ton-Erpar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954)
* 64.
Kunszen t mär ton-Erpar t V , c o . S zolnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954)
* 65 .
Kunszen t märton-Erpar t V I I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954)
* 66.
Kunszen t mär ton-Erpar t-Bäbocka I , c o . S zolnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954)
* 67.
Kunszen t mär ton-Erpar t-Bäbocka I V , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz , 1 954)
* 68 .
Kunszen t mgr ton-H id fö-Ktkes V I I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957)
* 69.
Kunszen t märton-K is jaksorer I , c o . S zo lnok ( Schupi ter , 1 931; Ka l icz , 1 954;
* 70 .
Banner , 1 932;
Z a lotay , 1 932 ;
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
Nepper , 1 970 )
Kunszen t mär ton-K is jaksorer I , c o . S zolnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954)
* 71.
Kunszen t mär ton-Kökenyzug I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954 )
* 72 .
Kunszen t mär ton-Kungya lu-Kör tvelyes I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 73 .
Nepper , 1 970 )
Kunszen t mär ton-Nagyerpar t , c o . S zolnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954)
* 74.
Kunszen t märton-Nagy jaksorer I , c o . S zo lnok ( Schup i ter , 1 931;
* 75 .
Banner , 1 932 ;
Ka licz , 1 954;
Kunszen t mär ton- Nagy jaksorer I , c o .
N epper , 1 970 )
S zo lnok
( Ka l icz , 1 954 ) * 76.
Kunszen t mär ton-Pgterszt ig , c o . S zo lnok
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. K a l icz , 1 951979, 4) https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. E-book, Oxford,( UK: BAR Publishing, Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 82
* 77.
Magyar tes , c o . C songräd ( Banner , 1 932;
* 78 .
Ku tziän , 1 944;
Maros le le-Pana , c o . C songräd ( Trog mayer , 1 964 ;
* 79 .
N epper , 1 970 )
N epper , 1 970 )
Mär tt ly- Macze lka t anya , c o . C songred ( Banner , 1 937;
8 1.
1 968 ;
Märt ay-Korhäny h a lo m , c o . C songräd ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
* 80 .
N epper , 1 970 )
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
Mär t My-TSZ g p i tkezgs , c o . C songräd ( Trog mayer , 1 968 )
8 2.
Mezöbertny-Tt icsökha lo m , c o . B& s ( Maräz , 1 972)
* 83.
Mezö t t ir-Bere t työgä t , Vasu t i h id , c o . S zolnok ( Banner , 1 942;
* 84 .
Trog mayer , 1 968 )
Mezö t t ir-Koväcsha lo m , c o. S zo lnok ( Banner , 1 931;
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 ;
s a me a s s i te 6 ( Szarvas 1 ) ) 8 5 .
Mindszen t , c o. C songräd ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
* 86.
Nagyrbv-Zs idöha lo m I V , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 87.
N epper , 1 970 )
Nagyr &-Zs id6ha lo m V . c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz , 1 957;
* 88 .
N epper , 1 970 )
N epper , 1 970 )
Öcsöd-Daru , c o . S zo lnok ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 89 .
Öcsöd-H id fö , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 90 .
Öcsöd-Kenderes h a lo m , c o . S zo lnok ( Csa log , 1 959 ;
* 91.
Nepper , 1 970 )
N epper , 1 970 )
t Icsöd-Kgtha lo m , c o . S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 959 )
* 92 .
Öcsöd i t anyäk , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954)
* 93 .
Oroshäza-Bonu m , c o . B ekes ( O lasz , 1 962 )
* 94 .
Oroshäza-C inkus , c o . B 6k s ( Olasz , 1 965 )
9 5 .
Puszta fö ldvär , c o . 1 3M Ks ( Banner , 1 932;
* 96.
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
Puszta fö ldvär-Bag i f éle ma lo m , c o . B6k6s
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. O laPublishing, sz , 1 91979, 62;https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. N epper , 1 970 ) E-book, Oxford, UK:( BAR Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 83
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977,
9 7.
Puszta ft i ldvär-Kunos F erenc t anya , c o . B 6kes ( O lasz , 1 960 ; 1 961;
9 8 .
Ka l icz , 1 967;
N epper , 1 970 )
Puszta fö ldvär-Vör t is mar ty u . 8 3 ., c o Bgk s ( O lasz , 1 961 )
* 99 .
Puszta is tvänhäza , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
1 00 .
Nepper , 1 970 )
Räk t iczi fa lva , c o . S zo lnok ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 101. Röszke-Lädvär , c o . C songräd ( Trogmayer , 1 965 ; * 102.
1 966;
1 968 )
R t iszke-Vasu tä l lo mäs , c o . C songräd ( Nepper , 1 970 )
* 103.
S t iv6nyhäza , c o . C songräd ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ; -
* 104.
S t iv &yhäza-B ib icshä t , c o . C songräd ( Za lotay , 1 932;
* 105.
N epper , 1 970 )
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
S tN6nyhäza-Cson tospar t , c o . Csongräd ( Trogmayer , p ers . c omm .)
* 106.
S t iv nyhäza-Kötör6s , c o . Csongräd ( Banner , 1 932;
1 07.
Za lo tay , 1 932;
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
S zakmär , c o . Bäcs-K iskun ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 108 .
S zakmär- K is t i lgs , c o . Bäcs-K iskun ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 109 .
S zarvas-Ha läszte lek , c o . Bgk s ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
* 110 .
S zarvas-Ha lez t anya , c o . Bekbs ( Banner , 1 931;
1 11.
1 932 ;
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
S zarvas-Pe tt i f i S . u t . 3 1 , c o . B g Hs ( Pa lov , 1 957;
* 112.
N epper , 1 970 )
N epper , 1 970 )
S zarvas-Szappanos , c o . Bgkgs ( Krecs mär ik , 1 915 ;
1 927;
Banner , 1 931; 1 932;
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
Nepper , 1 970 ) * 113 .
S zegvär-Be l ter i l let , c o . Csongräd ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
1 14.
N epper , 1 970 )
S zgkku tas-K isha lo m-Här masha tär , c o . C songräd ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 115 .
S ze lev6ny-Brena , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 116.
N epper , 1 970 )
S ze lev &w-Hosszuhä t , c o . S zo lnok
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. ( Ka l ic z ,Publishing, 1 957; epper , 1 970 ) E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR 1979, N https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 84
* 117.
S zeleveny-K isasszonypar t I , c o. S zolnok ( Ka licz , 1 957;
* 118 .
S zeleveny-K isasszonypar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
1 19 .
N epper , 1 970 )
N epper , 1 970 )
S zeleveny—O tha lo m , c o. S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
N epper , 1 970 )
* 120 . S zeleveny-Pecekpar t , c o. S zo lnok ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ; * 121.
N epper , 1 970 )
S zen tes-Berek , c o . C songräd ( Banner , 1 932;
1 23 .
N epper , 1 970 )
S zeleveny-Vadas-Hot t inger t anya , c o . S zolnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
1 22.
Ka l icz , 1 957 ;
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
Kova lovszk i , 1 957;
N epper , 1 970 )
S zen tes-Bo ldizsär t anya , c o . Csongräd ( Csa log , 1 966; N epper , 1 970 )
* 124 .
S zen tes-Csucs fö ld , c o . C songräd ( Schup i ter , 1 931;
* 125 .
Banner , 1 932;
N epper , 1 970 )
Csa log , 1 961;
1 964 ;
Nepper , 1 970 )
N epper , 1 970 )
S zen tes-K istöke , c o. Csongräd ( Schupi ter , 1 931;
* 129 .
Kova lovszk i , 1 957;
S zen tes-Jä mborha lo m , c o . Csongräd ( Banner , 1 932;
* 128 .
N epper , 1 970 )
S zen tes-I lonapar t , c o. Csongräd ( Kova lovszk i , 1 957;
* 127.
Kova lovszk i , 1 957;
S zen tes-F icsorha lo m , c o . Csongräd ( Schupi ter , 1 931;
* 126.
Banner , 1 932;
Z a lo tay , 1 932;
Ku tziän , 1 944;
Nepper , 1 970 )
S zen tes-K is töke-D innyesha lo m , c o . C songräd ( Nepper , 1 970 )
1 30 .
S zen tes-K iszug i d ü lö , c o . Csongräd ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
* 131.
S zen tes-Kurcapar t , c o . Csongräd ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
* 132.
N epper , 1 970 )
C sa log , 1 960 ;
S zen tes-Nagyhegy-Gyar ma t i f ö ld , c o . C songräd ( Kova lovszk i , 1 957;
* 133 .
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
Kova lovszk i , 1 957)
S zen tes-Nagyhegy-S inöros S zabö f ö ld je , c o . Csongräd ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
1 35 .
Trogmayer , 1 968 )
S zen tes-Nagyhegy- Muza J änos f ö ld je , c o . Csongräd ( Schupi ter , 1 931;
1 34 .
Trogmayer , 1 968 )
Trog mayer , 1 968 )
S zen tes-Nagytöke , c o . C songräd ( Ku tziän , 1 944 )
* 136.
S zen tes-Sgpha lo m , c o . C songräd ( Kova lovszk i , 1 957 ;
Nepper , 1 970 )
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 85
1 37.
S zen tes-Szen t läsz16 , c o . Csongräd ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
* 138 .
Trog mayer , 1 968 )
S zen tes-Töke-Vekerpar t , c o . C songräd ( Kova lovszk i , 1 957;
* 139 .
S zen tes-Tt lzköves , c o . C songräd ( Schupi ter , 1 931;
1 40 .
Nepper , 1 970 )
Banner , 1 932 ;
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
Nepper, 1 970 )
S zen tes-Vekerzug , c o. Csongräd ( Ku tziän , 1 944 )
* 141.
S zere m le-Görönd , c o . Bäcs-K iskun ( Köhegyi , 1 961;
1 42.
1 962;
N epper , 1 970 )
S zo lnok-Tiszapar t , c o . S zolnok ( Ku tziän , 1 944 )
1 43.
S zöreg-Tgg lagyär , c o . Csongräd ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 144.
Täpg-S irhegy , c o. Csongräd ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
1 45 .
Tf ipg-Ve tyehä t , c o. Csongräd ( Trogmayer , 1 971)
1 46.
Te lekpuszta , c o. Btk s ( Nepper , 1 970 )
1 47.
Tenyö i g ä t , c o . S zo lnok ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
1 48 .
T isza fö ldvär , c o . S zolnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 149.
Nepper , 1 970 )
T iszagyenda-Garaha lo m , c o . S zo lnok ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 150 .
T isza inoka-Szigetpar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 151.
T isza inoka-Szölösziget p ar t ja I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 152.
N epper , 1 970 )
T isza inoka-Szö lö l a t , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 153.
Nepper , 1 970 )
N epper , 1 970 )
T isza jenö-Szärazbrpar t , c o . S zo lnok ( Se l meci , 1 969 )
* 154.
T iszak t ir t- M t i f i t me l lbke I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 155.
T iszak t irt-T6par t-Fö ldesbr , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 156.
N epper , 1 970 )
N epper , 1 970 )
T iszasas-Körös i Imre k er t je , c o . S zo lnok
( K a l icz ,Ecology 1 95 ; EarlyNe pp er ,Neolithic 1 97Körös 0 ) and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement of7 the and Middle E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 86
* 157.
T iszasas-Rgv , c o . S zolnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 158 .
N epper , 1 970 )
T iszasziget ( Öszen t ivän ) V II I , c o . C songräd ( Banner , 1 932;
* 159 .
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
N epper , 1 970 )
T iszaszö lös-Asze t anya , c o . S zo lnok ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
* 160 .
T iszaug-Ke ingnytetö I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
* 161.
Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
1 970 )
Ka licz , 1 967;
N epper , 1 970 )
Vesztö-K6 tpuszta A l l . ( Kova lovszk i , 1 958 ;
* 167.
Gazd ., c o . Bgkbs
N epper , 1 970 )
Z a lo ta , c o . Csongräd ( Schupi ter , 1 931;
* 168 .
N epper , 1 970 )
Vaskät-H ies l ker t , c o . Bäcs-K iskun ( Ku tziän , 1 944 ;
* 166.
N epper , 1 970 )
Tako m lbs-V iharsarok TSZ f ö ld je , c o . B e Hs ( O lasz , 1 960 ;
* 165 .
Ku tziän , 1 944;
N epper , 1 970 )
Z säka-Vgrdo mb , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Makkay , 1 957; , Ka l icz , 1 958 ;
* 169 .
N epper , 1 970 )
TStko m lbs-Gyu la mezö , c o . I i gk s ( O lasz, 1 963 ;
1 64 .
Ka l icz , 1 957;
T6szeg-Kucorg6 , c o . S zolnok ( Ku tzdän , 1 944 ;
* 163.
N epper , 1 970 )
T iszaug-Töpar t I I , c o . S zo lnok ( Banner , 1 932;
* 162.
Ka l icz , 1 957;
N epper , 1 970 )
Z seka-Vekerd i u t , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Trogmayer , 1 968 )
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
A l fö ld L inear P ot tery c u l ture Chrono logy
. A bädsza lök-Berei-Rbv , c o . S zo lnok ( Csa log , 1 965 ;
Korek , 1 968 ;
Ear ly
1 970 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 2 .
A baü jdevecser , c o . Borsod ( Korek , 1 957;
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) *3 .
Abaü jkgr.Aranyos p a tak p ar t ja , c o . B orsod
La te AVK ,
( Korek a nd P a tay , 1 958 ;
T iszadob
Korek , 1 960 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 .
A baü jszän tö , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 )
*5 .
6 .
A baü jszän tö- Mezögazd . Techn . D iäko t thona , c o . B .
La te AVK ,
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
T iszadob
A bod , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
7 .
A bony , c o . P es t ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
*8 .
Agg te lek-Barad la bar lang , c o . Borsod ( Mär ton , 1 912;
To mpa , 1 929 ;
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; *9 .
C sa log , 1 941;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
La te AVK , T iszadob , B t ikk I
Agg te lek-Brad la b ar lang e lö tere , c o. Borsod
La te AVK ,
( Korek , 1 970 ;
T iszadob ,
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
B t ikk I * 10 .
A ls6zso lca-Häzgyär , c o . B orsod ( Ke menczei a nd Vggh , 1 968 ;
* 11.
Ear ly
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
A pagy-Peckesr a , c o . S zabo lcs
T iszadob
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 12.
Arnöt-Ho mokbänya , c o . Borsod
T iszadob
( Vggh , 1 970 ;
B l ikk I
Ke menczei a nd Vggh , 1 971;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 13 .
Ar tänd-Lencsgsdo mb , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
1 4.
Bak takgk , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 )
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. 1 5 .Oxford, Ba lm azä jväro s-D aru , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar E-book, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Midd le
* 16 .
Ba l mazd jväros-Hor tobägy-Ärkuspar t , c o . H -B
S zi l meg
( Zo l ta i , 1 910 ; Korek , 1 960 ) * 17.
Ba l mazd jväros-Hor tobägy-Csbcs i Ha las tö , c o . H -B
M idd le
( Mes terhäzy , 1 966a ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 18 .
Ba l mazd jväros-Hor tobägy-Fa luvbgha lo m , c o . H -B ( Gazdapuszta i , 1 964 ;
Ear ly
Mes terhäzy , 1 966a ; Korek , 1 970 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 19 .
Ba l mazd jväros-Hor tobägy-Fe l laponyag , c o . H -B ( Korek , 1 960 ; 1 961; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 20 .
B a l mazd jväros-Hor tobägy-Gyök rkü t , c o . H -B ( Korek , 1 960 ;
* 21.
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
Ba l mazü jväros-Hor tobägy-Kandraha lo m , c o . H -B ( Zo l ta i , 1 910 ;
M idd le
1 911; K orek , 1 960 ;
M idd le
Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977) * 22.
Ba l mazd jväros-Hor tobägy-Papegyhäza , c o . H -B ( Zo l ta i , 1 911;
* 23.
Korek , 1 960 ;
Ba l mazd jväros-Hor tobägy-P ipäsha lo m , c o . H -B ( Zona l . , 1 911;
Korek , 1 960 ;
M idd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
1 968 ;
M idd le
Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977 ) * 24 .
Ba l mazd jväros-Hor tobägy-Szäszte lek , c o . H -B
M idd le
( Nepper , 1 971) * 25 .
Ba l mazd jväros-Hor tobägy-V iztäro16 , c o . H -B ( S t ireg i , 1 935 ;
* 26.
K orek , 1 960 ;
Ba l mazd jväros-Hor tobägy-Zämpuszta , c o . H -B ( Zo l ta i , 1 907 ;
1 910 ;
M idd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
C sa log , 1 955 ;
M idd le
Korek , 1 960 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 27.
* 28 .
Ba lsa-Fecskepar t , c o . S zabo lcs
T iszadob
( Csa l läny a nd G o mbäs , 1 965 ;
B t ikk I
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Ba lsa-Vasu t i h id , c o . S zabo lcs
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 29 .
Ba t tonya-Gödrösök , c o . B 6k6s ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
S zakä lhä t
* 30 .
B 6 I c s-Poväd , c o . BO ces
S zakä lhä t
(Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 3 1.
B 6 1 ( sszen tandräs , c o . B 6k6s ( Ka licz a nd Makka y , 1 977 )
* 32.
B gkbsszen tandräs-Körösdn t ü l i 1 . s ze , c o . B bkes
S zakälhä t
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 , s a me a s S zarvas I ) * 33 .
B ektf ice , c o . H eves ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
T iszadob , Ka l icz , 1 969 ;
Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 89
B t ikk
3 4 .
B6 lapa t fa lva , c o . H eves ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz , 1 969 ;
Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977 ) * 35 .
Berekböször mgny-Korhänyha lo m , c o . H -B
Esztär
( Mes terhäzy , 1 966; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 36.
Beret tyoü jfa lu- Ma lo m , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 37.
Beret tyoe t jfa lu-Dgl i h a tärr sz , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Ear ly
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 38 .
B iharkeresztes-A tand-Nagyfarkasdo mb , c o . H -B ( Mes terhäzy , 1 966;
* 39 .
4 0 .
1 966a ;
Es ztär
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
B iharkeresztes-Vasu tä l lo mäs , c o . H -B
Midd le ,
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Esztär
Bodrogkeresztür-körny &e , c o . Borsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 41.
Bodrogkeresztür-Sz6ch6nyi - Wolkens tein k er t , c o . B .
Ear ly ,
( Pa tay , 1 961 -; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
La te AVK , T iszadob , Bukk
* 42.
* 43.
Bodrogkeresztür-Tgg lagyär , c o . Borsod
La te AVK ,
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
T iszadob
Bogäcs-H in tövö lgy , c o . Borsod
La te AVK
( Korek , 1 960 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 44.
Bogäcs-Kü t ivö lgy , c o . Borsod ( Korek , 1 960 ;
* 45 .
* 46.
Ear ly
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Bogäcs-Pazsag puszta , c o . Borsod
S zakg lhä t ,
( Korek , 1 960 ;
S zi l meg
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Bokros-Buzäsd i l lö , c o. C songräd
Ear ly
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 47.
Bo ldogkövära l ja-Leänyvär , c o . Borsod ( M iha l ik , 1 897;
To mpa , 1 929 ;
B i l l& I I
Korek a nd Pa tay ,
1 958 ; S aä .s , 1 959 ; Vgr tes , 1 965 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay ,
1 977) * 48 .
Boldogkövära l ja-Tekeres p a tak , c o . Borsod
La te AVK ,
( Ke menczei a nd Vbgh , 1 964 ;
T iszadob ,
Ke menczei , 1 964 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 49 .
B i l l& I
Boldva , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 50 .
Borsodbö ta-K iskapud i v asu tä l lo mäs , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
* 51.
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Borsodböta-Rg .kbczi u . 6 , c o . Borsod
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. ( Ke enPublishing, czei , 1979, 1 96https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. 9 ; Ke menczei a nd Vbgh , 1 970 ) E-book, Oxford, UK:m BAR Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 90
La te AVK , B i l l& I
5 2.
Bu j-Csepäny t anya , c o . S zabolcs ( To mpa , 1 929 ;
K orek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 5 3 .
Bu j-K iscsere , c o. S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 54.
B t ikkaranyos-Földvär , c o. B orsod
S zi l meg ,
( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Esztär ,
Ke menczei , 1 966 ;
Ke mencze i a nd Vegh , 1 966; * 55 .
B t tkkszen t läsz16-6hu ta-Nagysänc , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
* 56.
* 58 .
5 9 .
S zakä lhä t
S zakä lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Csgpa-Cs ipsärpar t V I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz , 1 957;
T iszadob
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Csgpa-Csipsärpar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz , 1 957;
B t ikk I I
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
C sepa-Cs ipsärpar t I , c o. S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 57.
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
S zakä lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
C sepa-Cs ipsärpar t V II I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 60 .
C sepa-Ludasd t i lö- S zgl ma lo m , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz , 1 957;
* 61.
C sepa- Meleger , c o. S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 62.
* 63 .
S zakä lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
Csepa-Te lekpar t , c o . S zolnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
* 64.
S zakä lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
C sepa-Teg lahäz , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
S zakä lhä t
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
C serep fa lu-F t izerkö b ar lang , c o . Borsod ( Kadic , 1 933 ;
S zakä lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
B t ikk I I
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 65 .
Cserep fa lu-Hörvö lgy , c o. Borsod
T iszadob
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 6 6.
C serepfa lu- Mgszärnyek , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
* 67.
C sokvao mäny , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
6 8.
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
C songräd-Tür i , c o . C songräd ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 69 .
* 70 .
Debrecen-L6versenyter , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Esztär ,
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
S zi l meg
Debrecen-Nyu las-Transzfor mä tor t elep , c o . H -B
S zi l meg
( KoreEcology k , 1 96 ; Ka l iczNeolithic a nd Körös Mak ka y , Pottery 1 977 ) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement of the0 Early and Middle and Linear Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 91
7 1.
Debrecen-Szabocs u . 4 , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Korek , 1 960 ;
* 72.
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Debrecen-Szepes fa lva , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Esztär
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 73.
Debrecen-T6c6vö lgy-Läszl6ha lo m , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Esztär ,
( Zo lta i , 1 927;
S zi l meg
Pa tay , 1 956 ; * 74.
1 933 ;
T o mpa , 1 929 ;
Korek a nd
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Debrecen-T6c6vO lgy-Szän tay h a lo m , c o . H -B
Esztär ,
( Zo l ta i , 1 927;
S zi l meg
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 956;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 75 .
Dgdes tapo lcsäny-Gerennavär , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
* 76.
* 77.
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
De mecser- Borzsavapuszta , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek , 1 960 ;
Midd le
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
De mecser-Vasu t i ö rhäza , c o . S zabo lcs
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 7 8 .
De m gn , c o. H eves ( Ka licz , 1 969)
* 79 .
Derecske-Bikäs , c o. Ha jdu-B ihar
Middle
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 80 .
Derecske-Lyukasha lo m I , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
La te . AVK
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 81.
Derecske-Lyukasha lo m I , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
La te AVK
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 82.
Derecske- Mo lnärdo mb , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 83.
Derecske-Nagyszö lö-Kä l löpar t , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 84.
Derecske-Nagytanya I , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Middle
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 85 .
Derecske-Nagy tanya I , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 86 .
Derecske-Nya lakodö , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 87.
Derecske-Pa locsa , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 88 .
Derecske-Se mson i d o mb , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 89.
Derecske-Tbg lagyär , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Esztär ,
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
S zi l meg
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 92
9 0.
S zi l meg
Deszk A , c o . Csongräd ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 91.
IAvavänya-Atyaszeg-Ha jasha lo m , c o . B ekes ( Berczk i , 1 958 ;
* 92.
S zakä lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Ear ly
Dgvavänya-B ikaha lo m , c o . B gkbs ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 93.
( Horvä th , 1 959 ; * 94.
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Dgvavänya-Borszeg I , c o. B & s ( Horva th , 1 959 ;
* 95 .
Ear ly
IMvavänya-Borszeg I , c o . B gk s
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Ear ly
Devavänya-K t i lsb-A tyaszeg , c o . B gk s ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 96.
D6vavänya-R hel i g ä t , c o . B ek s
La te AVK ,
( Gazdapuszta i , 1 959 ;
S zi l meg ,
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
S zakä lhä t * 97.
* 98 .
* 99.
IMvavänya-Sär tö , c o . ' Yaks
S zi l meg ,
( Korek , 1 960 ;
S zakä lhä t
1 961;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Dgvavänya-S i maszige t , c o . B 6kbs
S zi l meg ,
( Korek , 1 963 ;
S zakä lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
E bes- Wrvö lgy , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Mes terhäzy , 1 966 ;
S za t mär I
N epper a nd Mä th, 1 971;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 100. Ede lgny-Borsod-Derekegyhäza , c o . Borsod ( To mpa , 1 937;
C sa log , 1 955 ;
N T .r tes , 1 965 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
* 101. Ede lgny-Finke- D iu tca , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
B t Ikk I
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 102. E de lgny-K t ibänya , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
B t Ikk I , I I
La te AVK ,
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 103. Eger-Eger S zä l loda , c o . H eves
T iszadob Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 104. Eger-K iseged-Eged i d t i lt l , c o . H eves ( Ga lvän , 1 958 ;
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
S zi l meg , K a licz , 1 969 ;
B t Ikk I I
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 105 . Eger- K lapka Q y. U ., c o. H eves ( Szabö , 1 962;
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
1 06. Eger- Mak lyän v är , c o . H eves ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 07. E
e k-Rbzsgstelek , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
( Korek , 1 957;
1 960 ;
1 961;
JKa licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology ofa the Early and Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. * 108 . Emö d-N gy ha l oMiddle m , Neolithic c o . B ors od E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf ( Kofo38.67.221.43 rek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
1 93
T iszadob
* 109 . Encs-Kas t Mydo mb , c o . Borsod
La te AVK ,
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
T iszadob
1 10 . Endröd-Cse jt-Köha lo m , c o . B tkks ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 111. Endröd-Nagylapos i Nk ohäz , c o . B 6kbs ( Banner , 1 942;
Korek , 1 960 ;
S zakg lhä t
Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977) * 112. E sztär-Hu l lg m t r- K iserdö , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ku tziän , 1 963 ;
Esztär
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 113. Fancsa l-Hr iczu-Jgnos k er t je , c o . B orsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
T iszadob , B t ikk
* 114. Fancsa l-Koväcs mt thely , c o . B orsod
T iszadob
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 115. Fancsa l-Oszö löhegy , c o . Borsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
T iszadob , B t ikk I
* 116. Fancsa l-Pa tak meder , c o. Borsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
La te AVK , T iszadob
* 117. Fancsa l-Pa tak meder a lsö , c o .
B orsod
La te AVK
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 118 . Fancsa l-Vadkf t ta l ja , c o . Borsod
T iszadob
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 19. Fe lsö tärkäny-Barä tr K c o . H eves ( Korek a nd P a tay , 1 958 ;
Ka licz , 1 969 )
* 120. Fe lsö tärkäny-Pet &y i b ar lang , c o . H eves
La te . AVK
( Her mann e t a l ., 1 956 ; Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 121. F e lsö tärkäny-Värhegy , c o. H eves ( Pgrducz , 1 963 ;
1 964 ;
1 970 ;
B t ikk
Ka licz , 1 969 ;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 122. Fu lf •kgrcs-Fäy d t i lö , c o. Borsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
T iszadob , B t ikk
* 123. F t izesabony-Ke ttösha lo m 2 sz. h o mokd ., c o . H eves ( S zabö , 1 962;
La te AVK
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 124. F t izesabony-Pusztaszikszö , c o . H eves ( Ka l icz , 1 969 ;
Middle ,
S zakg lhä t
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 125. G äbor jän-L6 fogöpar t , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le ,
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
Esztär
* 126. G äbor jän-Vär , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 127. G äva-Do mbsziget , c o . S zabo Ics Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. ( K a l i cz a nd 1979, Mak kay , 1 977 ) E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 94
Midd le , B t ikk
* 128 . G äva-Ka töha lo m , c o . S z 'abolc . ( Jösa , 1 915 ; 1 958 ;
To mpa , 1 929 ;
La te AVK ,
Korek a nd Pa tay ,
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
T iszadob , B t ikk I
* 129 . G ele j-Kanä l is d t I lt i , c o . Borsod
Midd le
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 130 . G ele j-U jszö lök , c o . Borsod
Midd le
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 131. G o lop-V iz mosäs , c o . B orsöd ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
1 32. G yo ma-Pt eha lo m , c o . BM (bs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 33 . G y e ingy e ispa ta-E lt i mä j , c o. H eves ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 134. G yt ingy e ispa ta-Vg .rhegy , c o. H eves
B t Ikk
( Kozak , 1 964 ) * 135. Ha jdub e iször mtny-Kövesha lo m , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Nepper a nd Mg . tht , 1 971) * 136. Ha jdunänäs-Nagy V id i h a lo m , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Nepper a nd Mg . tH , 1 971 ) 1 37. Ha jdusä mson-Ba jinka , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 38 . Ha jdusä mson- Ma jorsäg i f d ldek , c o . H a jdu-B ihar ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 39 . Ha jdusä mson-Ver meshä t , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 140 . Ha jduszöbosz16-T6g lagyär , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Kra lovänszky , 1 958 ;
Midd le
Korek , 1 960 ; 1 961
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 141. Ha l ma j-Vasonca p a tak , c o . B orsod ( Ke menczei , 1 965 ;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
La te AVK , B t ikk I
1 42. H e jce , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
1 43. H e jökeresztür I , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Patay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
1 44. H e jökeresztür a nd Meze icsä t k özö t t , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 145. He jt ikeresztür-Te mplo mker t , c o . Borsod
B t ikk
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 146. H e jt ikeresztür , n ear Osz15 .r , c o . B orsod ) ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 95
Midd le
Ear ly
* 147. H e jösza lon ta-Kav icsgödör , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd P a tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Esztär
* 148 . H encia-Csikos tö , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 49 . Hernädb t id , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) B t ikk
* 150 . Hernädcäce , c o . Borsod ( Megay , 1 960 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 151. H ernädkak , c o . Borsod
B t ikk
( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Korek , 1 960 ) * 152. Hernädn6 met i-Böcs-Vasu tä l lo mäs , c o . Borsod ( Ke menczei , 1 969 ;
Ear ly
Ke menczei a nd V6gh , 1 970 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) La te AVK ,
* 153. Herngdr& met i-Vasu tä l lo mäs , c o . B orsod ( Gnand t , 1 957;
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
T iszadob
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 154. H idasn me ti-Vasu tä l lo mäs , c o . B orsod ( Ke menczei a nd Vggh , 1 968 ;
La te AVK ,
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
T iszadob , B t ikk I
* 155 . Höd mezöväsarhe ly-Barc i r bt , c o . C songräd ( Banner , 1 940 ;
Midd le
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
1 56. H6d mezöväsarhe ly-Gorzsa-Koväcs , c o . C songräd ( Gazdapuszta i , 1 957;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 157. H6d mezöväsärhely-Kökgnydo mb , c o . C songräd
S zaka lhä t
( Banner , 1 931a ; 1 932 ; 1 945 ; 1 951; Banner a nd Korek ,1949 ;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 158 . Höd mezöväsärhely-Szakä lhä t , c o . C songräd ( Banner a nd Ba l in t , 1 935 ;
Korek , 1 960 ;
S zaka lhä t
Ka l icz
a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 1 59 . Ho llbhäza-Fagyos forräs , c o . Borsod ( Ke menczei a nd Vggh , 1 969 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 160 . Hor tobägy-B iva lyha lo m , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
Midd le , S zi l meg
* 161. Hor tobägy-Csarda , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) ' 41 / 1 62. H or tobägy-2 s z. Ha läszlaponyag , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
La te AVK , Esztär
* 163. i bräny-B leier b ir tok , c o . S zabo Ics ( Korek , 1 960 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 64 . Iräny-Bodzäsd t 1 10 I , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 96
S za t mär
1 65 . l br5 .ny-Bodzäsd t 1 10 I , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 66 . l bräny-Derg i tag-Eszak , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 67.
l bräny-Kgthegyd t t lö , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
1 68 . I bräny-K is macskäs , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 69 .
I bräny-Nädastäbla , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
1 70 . L bräny-Nagytanyas i t ag , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 71. I bräny-Szenna i d o mb , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 72 . l bräny-Szö löho mok ,I , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 73 . J äsza lsöszen tgyörgy , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 74 . J äszber ny-Cseröha lo m , c o . S zolnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay ,
1 977)
1 75 . J äszberbny-Disznöszög , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 76. J äszber ny-2 s z. g yär , c o .Szo lnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 177. J äszdözsa-Käpo lna h a lo m , c o. S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 960 ;
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
1 78 . J äszte lek , c o . S zo lnok Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 79 . J 6ke , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 80 . Karcag , c o . S zolnok ( Korek , 1 968 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 181. Karcag-Berekha lo m , c o . S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 960 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
1 82. Karcsa-TSZ s zölt l , c o. Borsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 83 . Kazincbarcika , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 184. Ke mecse-Vastanya , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz , 1 958a ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 97
B t ikk
* 185. Kenderes-Ku l is , c o . S zo lnok
La te AVK
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 186. Kenderes -Telekha lo m . c o . S zo lnok
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 87. Ken zlö-Ba ji h o mok , c o . Borsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 188 . Kentzlö-Fazekaszug , c o . Borsod ( To mpa , 1 929 ; K iss , 1 939 ; Korek a nd P a tay , 1 958 ; Ku tziän , 1 963 ;
T iszadob , B t ikk
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 189. Kentzlö- G icepar t , c o . B orsod
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 190. Ken6z10-Kas t6lykei t , c o . Borsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
T iszadob , BUM (
1 91. Ken6z1ö-Sztr t isker t , c o . Borsod ( K iss , 1 939 ;
Pa tay , 1 957;
Korek a nd Pa tay . , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 1 92. Kengye l-Csöbrösgrpar t , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 193. Kengyel-Csöbröserpar t-Väg yogvetö , c o . S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 960 ;
S zakä lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 194. Kengyel-Te me tö , c o . S zo lnok
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 195 . Kerecsend-Fäcänos , c o . H eves
La te AVK
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 196. Kg tegyhäza-Kb tegyhäzi t anyäk , c o . B ekbs ( Gazdapuszta i , 1 967;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 197. K isköre-Gä t , c o . S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 965 ; 1 967;
Ear ly
1 968 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 198 . K isköre-Räkhä t , c o . S zolnok
La te AVK
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 1 99. K is mar j .a , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 2 00 . K is toka j , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
2 0 1 . K is toka j-Gerenda d t i lö , c o. Borsod ( Korek a nd P atay , 1 958 ;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
2 02. K is toka j-K is toka j t anya , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 203. K isvärda-Daruszige t , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek , 1 960 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 98
E sztär
* 204. K isvarsäny-Tiszapar t , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek , 1 964 ;
E sztär
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
2 05 . Kö lcse , c o. S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 206. Konyär-Papfeneke , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Esztär
( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 956 ; Korek , 1 960 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 207. Konyär-Te lekha tär i g ä t , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
E sztär
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 208 . Konyär-Vasu t men t i v ä lyogvetök , c o. Ha jdu-B ihar
Esztär
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 209 . Kor lä t-Fbnya p a tak v ö lgye , c o . Borsod ( Pa tay , 1 941;
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
La te AVK , T iszadob , B t ikk
2 10 . Körös ladäny , c o . B bk 's ( Korek , 1 960 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
2 11. Körös tarcsa , c o. Bn ces ( Korek , 1 960 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
2 12. Ko ta j-Ker teka l ja , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 213. Kunszen t mgr ton-Bohonya I I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
La te AVK , S zi l meg , S zakä lhä t
* 214. Kunszen t märton-Erpar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 215 . Kunszen t märton 4rpar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 220 . Kunszen t mär ton- rpar t VI I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 221. Kunszen t mAr ton-Erpar t V I II-Bäbocka I , c o . S z. ( Ka l icz , 1 954 ;
S zakg lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 219. Kunszen t mgr ton - 4rpar t V I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz , 1 954;
Midd le
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 218 . Kunszen t märton- rpar t V , c o . S zolnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954;
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 217. Kunszen t mär ton 4rpar t I V , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz , 1 954;
S zakä lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 216. Kunszen t mär ton 4rpar t I I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954;
S zakä lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 222. K t inszen t mär ton-Erpar t I X , c o . S zolnok Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement the5 Early Middle Neolithic Körös Linear Pottery Cultures ( Ka l iEcology cz , of1 9 4 ; andK a licz a nd Mand akk ay , 1 97 7) In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 99
M iddle , S zakg lhä t La te AVK , S zakg lhä t La te AVK , S zakg lhä t La te AVK , S zakg lhä t
* 223. Kunszen t mgr ton-Erpar t-Koväsha lo m , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954 ;
* 224. Kunszen t mär ton-Erpar t-40 . l e leöhe ly , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954 ;
S zakg lhä t
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) S zakg lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 225 . Kun .szen t mär ton-l ekes I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
S zakg lhä t
* 226. Kunszen t mär ton-K6kes I I-T6g labgetö , c o . S zo lnok
La te AVK ,
( Ka l icz , 1 95 T ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 227. Kunszen t mär ton-Kekes I V , c o . S zo lnok
S zakä lhä t S zakg lhä t
( Ka l icz , 1 957; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 228 . Kunszen t mär ton-Ktkes V , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 229 . Kunszen t mär ton-Ket tösha lo m , c o. S zo lnok ( Csa l lany , 1 939 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 231. Kunszen t mär ton-Kungya lu-Kör tve lyes I , c o . S z. ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 232. Kunszen t mär ton-Kungya lu-Kör tv Myes I I , c o . S z . ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay ,
2 35 .
S zakä lhä t L a te AVK , S zakI lhä t S zakä lhä t
M idd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 234 . Kunszen t mär ton-Kungya lu-Kör t f lyes V I , c o . S z. ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
M idd le ,
1 977 )
* 233 . Kunszen t mär ton-Kungya lu-Kör tv ayes I V , c o . S z. ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
S zakg lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 230 . Kunszen t mär ton-Kökenyzug I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 954 ;
S zakä lhä t
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1.9 77 )
L egyes Unye , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd P a tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
2 36. L egyesbenye-Fu töbar lang , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd P a tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 237. Len inväros-Lakk fes tbkgyär , c o . B orsod
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 2 38 . Mgd-Ga la mbos d t f lö , c o . B orsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 2 39 . Mä lyinka , c o . B orsod ( Korek , 1 957; K orek a nd P a tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 2 40 . Mar tony i Bar lang , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 241. Megyaszö-Csgk6 , c o . B orsod
L a te AVK ,
( To mpa , 1 937; Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 242 . Megyaszö-Ko mgro m i d o mb , c o . B orsod
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, BAR 1979, ( KUK: or ekPublishing, a nd P a tahttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. y , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 00
T iszadob
* 243. Megyaszö- Ma joros , c o . B orsod ( To mpa , 1 937;
T iszadob
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
2 44. Meszes-K igyöszög , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 245. Mezdcsä t-Eper jes t anya , c o. B orsod
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 2 46. Mezdcsä t-Erdd igazga tosäg c se mete k er t je , c o . B o . ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 2 47. Mezdcsä t-Harangdo mb , c o . Borsod ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 248 . Mez e icsä t-Hörcsögös , c o. B orsod
Midd le
( Cast ig lione , 1 970 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 249 . Mezöcsä t-Kese ly t iha lo m I -Ho mokbänya , c o . Borsod
Middle
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 250 . Mezdcsä t-Keselyt iha lo m I-Kav icsbänya , c o . Borsod
Middle
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 251. Mezdcsä t-K iszel i t anya , c o . B orsod
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 252. Mezöcsä t-Nagyha tärdo mb , c o . Borsod
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 253. Mezdcsä t-Pes thy d o mb , c o. Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 254. Mezdkeresztes-Hegyesha lo m , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Patay , 1 958 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 255. Mezdkeresztes-Lengye l t anya , c o . B orsod
La te AVK , S zi l meg Ear ly
( Korek a nd P atay , 1 958 ; Korek , 1 960 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 2 56. Mezökövesd-Dg li h a tärr6sz , c o. Borsod ( Ke menczei a nd Vbgh , 1 971; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 257. Mezdnagy mihä ly-Bag lyasdt t lö , c o . B orsod
Midd le
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 258 . Mezdnyaräd-Vörös mar ty u . v bge , c o . Borsod
Middle
( Megay , 1 962; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 259 . Mezdpeterd-Szgchknyi u ., c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Esztär
( Nepper a nd Mä t M , 1 971 ) 2 60 . Mezötärkäny-Ha las tö k örnybke , c o . Borsod ( Korek , 1 960 ;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 261. Mezö tür-Beret työpar t , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Middle , S zake lhä t
* 262. Mezd tür-Beret työpar t-Vasu t i h id , c o. S zolnok
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 01
La te AVK
2 63 . Mezötür-Sznn tö, c o. S zo lnok ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 2 64. Mezö tür h a tära , c o. S zolnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) T iszadob
* 265. Mikbhäza , c o . Borsod ( Ke mencze i a nd N T .g h , 1 969 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) La te AVK ,
* 266. Misko lc-B i ldöspes t b ar lang , c o . Borsod ( Kad ic , 1 916; To mpa , 1 929; Pa tay , 1 958 ;
1 937;
Korek a nd
T iszadob , B t ikk I , I
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
2 67. Misko lc-DiSsgyör i Tapolca b ar lang , c o. B orsod ( Szendrei , 1 883 ;
S and a nd G aä l , 1 934 ;
Korek
a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Midd le ,
* 268 . Miskolc-Ft i töhäz , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Korek , 1 959a ; 1 960 ;
La te AVK ,
1 970 ;
T iszadob ,
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
B t ikk I La te PVK ,
* 269. Misko lc-Häro mku t i b ar lang , c o. B orsod
B t ikk
( Kad ic , 1 914 ; Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 2 70 . Misko lc-He jöcsaba , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; To mpa , 1 929;
Ka licz
a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 271. Misko lc-Her man O t tö b ar lang a nd Kö f t i lke , c o . Bo . ( Kad ic , 1 916;
1 934;
a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
To mpa , 1 929 ; 1 937;
Korek
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 272. Misko lc -H i l lebrand b ar lang , c o . Borsod ( Pärducz , 1 949 ; Korek , 1 957;
1 958 ;
Ka l icz
a nd Makkay , 1 977)
S zi l meg , B t ikk
* 273. Misko lc-Kecskelyuk b ar lang , c o . Borsod ( Kadic , 1 907; 1 934 ;
La te . AVK , T iszadob ,
B t ikk
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 274. Misko lc-K in izs i u ., c o . Borsod
La te AVK ,
( Korek a nd P a tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
T iszadob
2 75 . Misko lc-Lgträs tet t i-Tüskos b ar lang , c o . B orsod ( Ke menczei a nd V6gh , 1 971;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
2 76. Misko lc-Puskaporos k ö ft i lke , c o . Borsod ( Kadic , 1 907;
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 968 ;
Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977) * 277. Misko lc-Rept i lö t r , c o . Borsod ( Ke mencze i a nd Vbgh , 1 966; Pa tay , 1 958 ;
La te AVK ,
1 968 ;
Korek a nd
T iszadob
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology ofe thee Early Neolithic Körös * 27 8 . M isko lc -Sz l t a and b aMiddle r lan g , c o . and BoLinear rsoPottery d Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on( behalf of 38.67.221.43 S and , 1 929 ; To mpa , 1 929; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
2 02
La te AVK , BU i ck
* 279 . Misko lc-Szir ma-Fgsker t , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 280 . Misko lc-Szir ma-Sa j6par t , c o . B orsod
Midd le , T iszadob Midd le
( Korek a nd Patay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 281. Misko lc-Tapo lca-Szen tkereszthe lyi b ar lang , c o . B ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
B t ikk
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 282. Misko lc-Tapolca-Verhegy , c o. B orsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Midd le , S zi l meg
2 83 . Misko lc-Tapo lca-V izesbar lang , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 284. Misko lc-Tt izgr u ., c o . Borsod
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 285. Misko lc-V idröczky b ar lang , c o . B orsod
B t ikk I
( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 286. Misko lc-Zsarnyay t anya , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Patay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977)
Ear ly , La te AVK , B t ikk
* 287. Muh i-Kocs mado mb , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 288 . Nädudvar-Csukgsker t , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Korek , 1 960 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 2 89 . Nädudvar-I l letösgg i f ö ld , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Korek , 1 960 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 290 . Nagyecsed-Pgterzug , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 972a ;
S za t mär I
1 977)
* 291. Nagyecsed-Reck5czi v är , c o .S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Midd le , La te
2 92. Nagyha lesz- Me lghegy , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 293 . Nagyke l lb-S trand f t irdö , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek , 1 957;
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
La te AVK , T iszadob , Esztär
* 294. Nagykör t i-Öregkaräd d t i lö , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
La te AVK , S zakg lhä t
* 295 . Nagykör t t-Tiszapar t-H idashä t , c o. S zo lnok
S zakä lhä t
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 296. Nagyrgv-Sgpipar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz , 1 957;
S zake lhe t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 297. Nagyrgv-Säp ipar t I , c o. S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 03
S zake lhä t
* 298 . Nagyrbv-Säp ipar t I I , c o . S zo lnok
S zakä lhä t
( Ka licz , 1 957; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 299. Nagyr &-Te metöpar t , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 300. Nagyü t-Danka , c o . H eves
S zakä lhä t
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 3 01. Nagyv isny6-0 1yveskö i r öka lyuk , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 302. N yiregyhäza-Bu jtos- Morgo-Te met t i , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
La te AVK , T iszadob , Esztär
3 03. N yiregyhäza-Cs ikökarä m , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 3 04. Nyrr i , c o . Borsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 3 05 . N yirpazony-Igr ice , c o . S zbo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 306. Ocsöd-Daruväsärhä t , c o . S zo lnok
La te AVK
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 307. Ocsöd-Harangd t i lt i , c o . S zo lnok
La te . AVK
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 308 . Ocsöd H id fö I , c o . S zo lnok
Ear ly
( Schupi ter , 1 931; Ka l icz , 1 957; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 309 . Ocsöd H idfö I , c o . S zo lnok
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 310. Ocsöd-Kenderha lo m , c o . S zo lnok
Midd le
( Csa log , 1 959 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 3 11. Ocsöd-Kgtha lo m , c o . S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 959 ;
1 961;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 312. Onga-Vasu t i Örhäz , c o . B orsod ( Korek , 1 957; Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
T iszadob , B t ikk I
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 313. Onod-Ka to likus t e met t i- c o . Borsod
T iszadob
( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 314. Oros-4 s z. mt ia t 7 600-7767 m , c o. S zabo lcs ( Korek , 1 951;
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
T iszadob , S za mos
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 315 . Oros-Fö ldvär , c o . S zabo lcs
B t ikk
( Erd Myi , 1 965 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 316. O zd-Bo lyok I.
k ert i let
La te AVK ,
Kosse, Krisztina.( Settlement Early Middle Neolithic K a l iczEcology a ndof the Ma kkand ay , 1 9 77 ) Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 04
T iszadob
* 317. P ä lhäza-Borzsava p a tak v ö lgye , c o . B orsod
B t ikk I
( Korek , 1 969 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) B t tkk I
* 318 . P aszab-Egha lo m , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek a nd P a tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
a nd I I
3 19 . Paszab-Fe lnb met t ag , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 972a ; 1 977 ) * 320 . P aszab-Görö mbey k er t , c o . S zabo lcs
E sztär
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 321. P aszab-Hordoz6 d ü lö , c o . S zabo lcs ( To mpa , 1 929 ;
1 937 ;
S zi l meg
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
3 22. P aszab- Mede jd t t lö , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek a nd P a tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) B t ikk
* 323 . P aszab-Öved , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek a nd P a tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
3 24 . P aszab-Szan isz16 , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 3 25 . P aszab-Tereb6 lyes , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 326. P aszab-Zädb , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek a nd P a tay , 1 958;
L a te AVK ,
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
T iszadob , B t ikk I I
* 327. P 6cspe tr i-Ercs i v är , c o . S zabo lcs
E sztär
( Ne me th , 1 967 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 328 . P o lgär-Basa tanya , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ku tziän , 1 963 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 329 . P o lgär-Csöszdo mb , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ku tziän , 1 958 ;
La te AVK , S zi l meg , B t tkk Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 330 . P o lgär-Fo lyäs-B iva lyha lo m , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
S zi l meg
( Nepper a nd Mä tH , 1 971 ) * 331. P o lgär-Fo lyäs-Isko la , c o . H a jdu-B ihar
M idd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 332 . P o lgär-Fo lyäs-Szi l meg , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
S zi l meg ,
( Korek a nd P a tay , 1 958 ; Ku tziän , 1 963 ;
E sztär ,
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
B t ikk
* 333 . P o lgär-Kender fö ldek , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
L a te AVK ,
( Nepper a nd Mä tH , 1 971; Ka l icz a nd
T iszadob ,
Makkay , 1 977)
E sztär , B t ikk
3 34 . P o lgär-K is tanya , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Korek , 1 960 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 3 35 . P o lgär-98 . magasäg ipon t , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Nepper a nd Mg tH , 1 971 )
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 05
* 336. P orosz18-Räbo ly p uszta , c o . H eves
Midd le
( Pa tay , 1 969 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 337. Prügy-Tök fö ld , c o . Borsod
La te AVK ,
( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ke mencze i a nd V ggh ,
T is zadob ,
1 969 ;
B t ikk
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 338 . P t ispök ladäny- Mgrgesku t , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Esztär
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 339. P i lspök ladäny-Ür möshä t , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
Midd le , Esztär
* 340 . Raka maz-Ti mär moro tyao m läs , c o . S zabo lcs
La te AVK ,
( To mpa , 1 929 ; Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
T iszadob ,
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
B t ikk
* 341. Raka maz-Vasu tä l lo mäs , c o . S zabo lcs
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 342. Retközberencs-L iget , c o . S zabo lcs
Midd le
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 343. Rgtközberencs-Päro mdo mb , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz , 1 956;
1 958a ;
S za t mär I
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 972a ,
1 977) 3 44. S a jbecseg , c o. Borsod ( To mpa , 1 929 ; Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz
a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 345. S a jökeresztur-Ho mokbänya , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd P atay , 1 958 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
La te AVK , T iszadob , B t ikk I
* 346. S a jökeresztur- Ma lo m , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
B i ikk
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 347. S a jökeresztur H I , c o . B orsod
BUkk
( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ke menczei a nd V ggh , 1 970 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 3 48 . S a jöszen tpe ter , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 3 49 . Sly , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 350 . S äp-Te metö g s v asu tä l lo mäs k özöt t , c o . B orsod
S zi l meg
( Nepper a nd Mä th6 , 1 971 ) * 351. S ärazsadäny-Akasztöszer , c o . Borsod
B t lkk
( Ku tziän , 1 959 ; 1 970 ) * 352. S ärazsadäny- Ma jor , c o . Borsod ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 06
Midd le
* 353. S ärazsadäny-Te mplo mdo mb , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ku tziän , 1 959 ; Ka l icz , 1 958b ;
1 970 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 354. S erospa tak-Räkoczi v är , c o . Borsod ( Kova lovszk i , 1 964 ;
La te AVK , T iszadob , B t tkk B t lkk
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 355 . S ä tora l jau jhely- Ronyvapa tak , c o . Borsod ( V isegräd i , 1 907;
Midd le ,
1 912 ;
To mpa , 1 929 ;
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
T iszadob , B t ikk , S e tora l jau jhely
3 56. S i ma , c o . B orsod ( Ke menczei a nd Vegh , 1 971;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977
* 357. S zabo lcs-Fö ldvär , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ne meth , 1 972 ;
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 358 . S zako ly-Borne missza K . f ö ld je , c o. S zabo lcs
B t ikk I l
( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 359 . S za mosse lyi-Sza mospar t , c o . S zabo lcs
E sztär
( Korek , 1 968 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 3 60 . S zeszberek-A lsg eszeszberek-Bogärzö , c o . S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 960 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 361. S zäszberek-Fe lsöszäszberek-Beren ta I , c o . S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 960 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 362. S zarvas-Erpar t , c o . Bekes ( Krecs mär ik , 1 915 ;
Banner , 1 931;
S zi l meg , S zake lhä t La te AVK
Ka licz a nd
Makkay , 1 977) * 363. S zarvas-Koväcsha lo m , c o . B ekts
Midd le
( Banner , 1 931; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 364. S zarvas-Ö te me tö , c o . B ekes ( Krecs mar ik , 1 915 ;
Banner , 1 931;
L a te AVK Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977) 3 65 . S zarvas-Szappanos , c o . Bekes ( Banner , 1 931; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 366. S zarvas-Vasu t i h id , c o . B 6kes ( Krecs mär ik , 1 911;
Banner , 1 931;
La te AVK Ka l icz a nd
Mt-k kay , 1 977) 3 67. S zeged-S iröha lo m , c o . Csongräd ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 368 . S zegha lo m-DiStr i c sa torna , c o . Btkes
S zake lhä t
( Ecsedy , 1 972a ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 369 . S zegha lo m-Koväcs h a lo m , c o. Beke 's ( Darnay , 1 905 ;
S zegha l my , 1 913 ;
Bakay , 1 971;
S zi l meg , S zake lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) Kosse, Krisztina. Ecology oft the and Middle Neolithic Körös * 370 .Settlement S zegv är-T izEarly köv es , c o. C s onand grLinear äd Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf ofu 38.67.221.43 ( Sch pi ter , 1 931; C sa log , 1 958 ; 1 965 ; Korek ,
1 971;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
S zake lhä t
S zakg lhä t
* 371. S ze lev &w-B iva lyos , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) S zake lhä t
* 372. S ze levbny-Hosszuhä t , c o . S zolnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 373. S ze lev &w-K isasszonypar t I , c o . S zo lnok
S zake lhä t
( Ka l icz , 1 957; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 374. S zelev6ny- Menyasszonypar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) S zake lhä t
* 375. S ze lev ny-Pecekpar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 376. S ze lev &w-Pecekpar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
Midd le
* 377. S ze le ‘Mny-Te lekpar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 378. S ze lev ny-Telekpar t I , c o . S zolnok
S zake lhä t
( Ka l icz , 1 957; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 379. S ze lev& iy-Töközipar t-Vasu t i ä tvägäs , c o . S zo lnok
S zakg lhä t
( Ka l icz , 1 957; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 3 80 . S ze lev &w-Vadas , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 3 81. S ze mere , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 3 82. S zendrö-ördöggä t i C sengöbar lang , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 383. S zen tes-Berekhä t , c o . Csongräd ( Schup i ter , 1 931;
S zake lhä t
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 384. S zen tes-Böktny-Köröspar t , c o . C songräd ( Kova lovszk i , 1 957;
* 385. S zen tes7Erpar t-Szen t i lona , c o . C songräd ( Kova lovszk i , 1 957;
S zakg lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
C salog , 1 964 ;
Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977)
Midd le , S zi l meg , S zakä lhä t
* 386. S zen tes-Jä mborha lo m , c o . Csongräd
S zake lhä t
( Korek , 1 960 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 387. S zen tes-K is töke , c o . Csongräd ( Schupi ter , 1 931;
Csa log , 1 955 ;
S zakä lhä t Ka licz a nd
Makkay , 1 977) * 388 . S zen tes-Nagyhegy , c o. C songräd ( Schupi ter , 1 931;
Csa l läny , 1 939 ;
S zake lhä t Ka licz a nd
Makkay , 1 977) * 389. S zen tes- Megyehäza , c o . C songräd Kosse, Krisztina.( Settlement Ecology Early Middle Neolithic and Linear Pottery Cultures S chupi t er ,of the 1 93 1;and K a l ic z a nKörös d M ak kay , 1 9 77) In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 08
S zake lhä t
3 90 . S zen t is tvän-Feher löi c särda , c o . Borsod ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Midd le ,
* 391. S zerencs-Ha jduret , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
La te AVK , T iszadob , B ig & S za t mgr I
* 392. S zerencs-Ha jduret , c o . Borsod ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 972a ; 1 977) 3 93 . S zerep-Bar azsne h a l ma, c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Mesterhäzy , 1 970 ) * 394 . S zi lväsvärad-Is tä l l6skö i b ar lang , c o . H eves
La te AVK ,
( Sand , 1 929 ; To mpa , 1 929 ; Korek , 1 955 ;
T iszadob ,
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
B t ikk
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 395 . S zi lväsvärad-Sza la jka v ö lgy , c o . H eves ( Sa la mon , 1 960 ;
1 963 ;
La te AVK ,
1 970 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay ,
B t ikk
1 977) * 396. S zir mabesenyt i-Homokbänya I I , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ke mencze i a nd Vegh , 1 968 ;
La te AVK , T iszadob
1 969 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
3 97. S zo lnok-T isza An ta l TSZ , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 3 98 . S zolnok-T iszapar t k öze leben , c o . S zo lnok ( Mär ton , 1 909;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 399 . S zo lnok-Tt izköves, c o . S zo lnok ( S tanczik , 1 969;
1 970 ;
S zakg lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
4 00 . S zo lnok-V i l lanyte lep , c o . S zolnok ( Csa log , 1 955 ;
Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 956;
Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977) 4 01. Täkos-Ho mokbänya , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 02 . Tä l lya-Ha las tö-Szö l t i , c o . Borsod ( Gä l lus , 1 936; 1 958 ;
To mpa , 1 937; Korek a nd Pa tay ,
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 403 . Täpg-Lebö , c o . C songräd
S zakä lhä t
( Mbra , 1 930 ; Trogmayer , 1 958 ; 1 968 ; 1 971; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 04 . Tapitsgg-Zs iger , C o . Pest ( To mpa , 1 937;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 405 . Tarca l-A lla mi G azdasäg Cse mete k er t je , c o . Borsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 06. Tard , c o . B orsod ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 09
Ear ly
Midd le
* 407. Tarnabod-Bäb , c o . H eves ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 408 . Tarnabod-Csörszärok , c o . Heves ( Ka l icz , 1 969;
* 409. Tarnabod-K isberek-Kender fö ldek , c o . Heves ( Ka licz , 1 961; 1 969;
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 410 . Tarnabod-Nagyker t , c o . H eves ( Ka licz , 1 969;
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
La te AVK , S zakä lhä t Midd le
* 411. Tarnabod-Szi lväs , c o . Heves ( Ka l icz , 1 969; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 412. Tarnabod-Te mplo m fö ld , c o . Heves ( Ka licz , 1 961;
1 969 ;
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
Midd le , La te AVK , S zakä lhä t Midd le
* 413. Tarnabod-Ürgehä t , c o . Heves ( Ka l icz , 1 969 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 414. Tarna m ra-Agyagbänya , c o . Heves ( Ka l icz , 1 969;
* 415. Tarna m6ra-Cselöhäzi h o mokbänya , c o . H eves ( S zab e i , 1 962;
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) La te AVK
Ka l icz , 1 969 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 416. Tarna mtra-Tarna mel le t ti h o mokbänya , c o . H eves
La te AVK
( Ka l icz , 1 969 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) Midd le
* 417. Tarna mgra-Uszoda , c o. Heves ( Ka l icz , 1 969 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 18 . Tarna mgra -Zsäka i S ändor g yü mö lcsöse , c o . H eves ( Ka l icz , 1 969 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 419 . Tarnaszadäny-Sändorr sze , c o . Heves ( Ka l icz , 1 964;
1 970 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
Midd le , La te AVK , S zakä lhä t
* 420 . Tgpe-Kä l lo c sa torna p ar t ja , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 421. T iszabäbo lna-Tanya i i sko la , c o . Borsod
Midd le
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 422. T iszabäbolna-Tetves , c o . Borsod
Midd le
( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 423. T iszaberce l- Ker i töpar t , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek , 1 957; Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
T iszadob , B i lkk I
Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 424. T iszabezd M-Serpäva , c o . S zabo lcs
S zl mär I
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 972a ; 1 977) * 425. T iszacsege-Ho mokbänya , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. K a l icz a nd 1979, Mak kay , 1 972a ; 1 977) E-book, Oxford,( UK: BAR Publishing, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 10
S za t mär I
* 426. T iszacsege-Hor tobägy-Nagykecskes p uszta , c o . H -B (r i . a nd Köszeg i , 1 957; Korek , 1 960 ;
Midd le
Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977) 4 27. T iszadada , c o. S zabo lcs ( To mpa , 1 929 ; Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977) 4 28 . T iszadada-Ke lv inhäza , c o. S zabo lcs ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 429. T iszadob-Borzik-Zs idötäbla , c o . S zabo lcs
Midd le ,
( Pe tröczy , 1 945 ; Ka l icz , 1 956; Korek a nd Pa tay ,
T iszadob ,
1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
B t tkk
* 430 . T iszadob-ökenez-Szige t I -I I , c o. S zabo lcs ( Pe tröczy , 1 945 ; C sa l läny , 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd
Midd le , T iszadob
Makkay , 1 977) * 431. T iszadorog ma-Gepä l lo mäs , c o . Borsod
Midd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 4 32. T iszadorog ma-Kövesü t , c o . Borsod ( Ka licz a nd Makka y , 1 977) 4 33 . T iszadorog ma-Veggä t , c o . Borsod ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 34. T iszaeszlär , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 35 . T isza fö ldvär , c o. S zo lnok ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 36. T isza fö ldvär-Sziget-Köszeg i l ege lö , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz , 1 957;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 437. T isza fb l dvär-Teg lagyär , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
S zakä lhä t
* 438 . T isza f t ired-Aso ttha lo m , c o . S zolnok ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 972a ;
Midd le ,
E ar ly
1 977)
* 439 . T iszagyenda- Garaha lo m , c o . S zo lnok
Ear ly
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 440 . T isza igar-Csikos t anya , c o . S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 960 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 44 1 . T isza inoka-Szigetpar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz , 1 957;
S zi l meg, S zakä lhä t La te AVK
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 442. T isza inoka-Szige tpar t I V , c o . S zo lnok
S zake lhä t
( Ka l icz , 1 957; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 443. T iszakaräd-Bäbaho moka , c o . B orsod ( Ka licz a nd Makkay , 1 977) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 11
T iszadob
* 444 . T iszakesz i-Szödado mb, c o . Borsod
M idd le
( To mpa , 1 937 ; Vegh a nd K e mencze i, 1 965 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 445 . T iszakesz i-T iszapar t I , c o . Borsod
M idd le
( Vegh a nd K e mencze i, 1 965 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 446 . T iszakesz i-T iszapar t I I , c o . Borsod ( Vegh a nd K e mencze i, 1 965 ;
Ear ly
K a l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977 ) * 447 . T iszakesz i-U j E le t T SZ, c o . Borsod
M idd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 448 .
T iszaker t- M f t t i t I I , c o . S zo lnok
M idd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 449 . T iszak t ir t-Töpar t , c o . S zo lnok
M idd le ,
( Ka l icz, 1 957 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 450 . T isza ladi . .ny-Dohänyos t anya , c o . B orsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
S zakä lhä t M idd le , Bek
4 51. T iszank-Ciberespar t , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek a nd Patay , 1 958 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 4 52 . T isza lök-K isfästanya-Berec zk i d ü lö, c o . S zabo lcs ( Csa l läny a nd G o mbäs, 1 965 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 53 . T isza lök-Väsärha lo m , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay, 1 977 ) * 454 . T isza l l ic-Vä lyogos, c o . Borsod
L a te AVK
( Ka l icz, 1 961; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 4 55 . T iszanäna , c o . Heves ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 56 . T iszaörveny , c o . S zo lnok ( To mpa , 1 937 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 457 . T iszaörveny-Te me tö ldo mb, c o . S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 960 ;
S za t mär I
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 458 . T iszarof f-Szakadöpar t-Alsöre t , c o . S zo lnok ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 459 . T iszasas-Be l te lek , c o . S zo lnok
M idd le , S zakä lhä t S zakä lhä t
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 460 . T iszasas-Rev I , c o . S zo lnok
La te AVK ,
( Ka l icz, 1 957 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 61. T iszasz iget-K issz ige t I I I I , c o . C songräd ( Banner , 1 928 ; Banner a nd Pärducz, 1 948 ; K a l i cz of a n dEarly Ma kk ay ,Neolithic 1 977 ) and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology the and Middle Körös E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 2 12
S zakä lhä t
4 62 . T iszaszö lös-Csäkänyszeg , c o . S zo lnok ( Csa log , 1 961;
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
4 63 . T iszaszö lös-Csäkänyszeg-10 . l e löhe ly , c o . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 4 64 . T iszaszö lös-Cson tospar t I I , c o . S zo lnok ( Csa log , 1 964 ;
Ka l icz a id Makkay , 1 972a ;
1 977)
4 65 . T iszaszö lös-Te lekpar t , c o . S zolnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 4 66 . T isza te lek-Csöka lapos, c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 4 67 . T isza te lek-Csöka tag , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 468 . T isza tenyö-Sz ige t-Bator t an .ya , c o . S zo lnok
S zakä lhä t
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) S zakä lhä t
* 469 . T iszaug-Töpar t I , c o . S zo lnok ( Szabö, 1 934 ; K a l icz, 1 957 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 470 . T iszava lk-Negyes i h a tär , c o . Borsod
S za tmär I
( Korek , 1 970 ; Pa tay , 1 969 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 972a ;
1 977) L a te AVK
* 471 . T iszava lk-Tetes, c o . B orsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 472 . T iszavärkony-Hugy inpar t , c o . S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 960 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 473 . T iszavärkony-Szö lö , c o . S zolnok
M idd le , S zakä lhä t S zakä lhä t
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 474 . T iszavasvär i-Bad icshä t , c o . S zabo lcs
M idd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 475 . T iszavasvär i-Bereczk i h a lo m , c o . S zabo lcs ( Csa log , 1 955 ; 1 956 ;
K a l icz, 1 956 ;
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
L a te AVK, S z i l meg , B t ikk
* 476 . T iszavasvär i-Fe jersz ik , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
M idd le , B t ikk
4 77 . T iszavasvär i-Isko la d t i lö , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 478 . T iszavasvär i-Jözsefhäza-Teg läs, c o . S zabo lcs
T iszadob
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 479 . T iszavasvär i-Keresztes i p ar tok , c o . S zabo lcs
T iszadob
( Ka l icz, 1 956 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 480 . T iszavasvär i-Kereszt fa l , c o . S zabo lcs Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. ( C sa l län y a nd G o mbäs, 1 963 ; 1 964 ; 1 965 ; E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 966 ; 1 977 ; K al icz, 1 970) 2 13
L a te AVK , T iszadob, Esztär , B t ikk
4 81. T iszavasvär i-K isasszonyd t i lö, c o . S zabo lcs ( Csa l läny a nd G o mbäs, 1 963 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 482 . T iszavasvär i-Pap te lekhä t , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek , 1 957 ; Ka l icz, 1 956 ; 1 958 ; K u tz iän , 1 963 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
M idd le , L ate AVK , T iszadob, B t ikk I
* 483 . T iszavasvär i-U taser i d t i lö , c o . S zabo lcs
B t ikk I
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 484 . T o lcsva-Bänyad t i lö, c o . Borsod ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
L a te AVK , T iszadob , B t ikk I I
* 485 . T o lcsva-Elöhegy , c o . Borsod
L a te AVK , T iszadob ,
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
B t ikk I * 486 . T o lcsva-Penzäsö d t i lö , c o . Borsod
T iszadob
( Ka l icz, 1 959 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 487 . T o lcsva-Räny , c o . Borsod
B t ikk
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 488 . T o lcsva-Värhegy , c o . Borsod
B t lkk I I
( Ka l icz, 1 958 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 489 . T örökszen tm ik lös-Sur jän , c o . S zo lnok
M idd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 490 . T öszeg-Laposha lo m , c o . S zo lnok ( Banner , Böna a nd Mar ton , 1 959 ;
M idd le , T iszadob
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 491. T öszeg-Te lek , c o . S zo lnok ( To mpa , 1 929 ;
S zakä lhä t
Banner , Mina a nd Mär ton ,
1 959 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 92 . T ö tkö m lös-V iharsarok T SZ, c o . Bekes ( Ka l icz, 1 967 ; Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 4 93 . T ürkeve-H i mesa l ja i l apos, c o . S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 960 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 494 . T ürkeve-Lyukasha lo m , c o . S zo lnok ( Korek , 1 960 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 495 . T ürkeve-Turkedd i h a lo m , c o . S zo lnok ( Korek 1 960 ;
M idd le
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 496 . T uzser-Be l ter i l le t , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 497 . U jfeher tö, c o . S zabo lcs
Esztär
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 9 8 . U j szen t mar i ta , and c o . Ha jdu-B ih ar Kosse,4 Krisztina. Settlement Ecology ofg the Early Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of ( Ka l i38.67.221.43 cz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 2 14
* 499 . U jt ikos-De me terk t i t-Agyagbänya , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Kutz iän , 1 946 ;
K orek , 1 960 ;
K a l icz a nd
M idd le , T iszadob
Makkay , 1 977 ) 5 00 . U jt ikos-K isfa lud i e rdö ,c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 501. U jt ikos-Kuhn t anya , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
M idd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 502 . U jt ikos-Nep te lep , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
M idd le
( Korek , 1 960 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) 5 03 . U jt ikos-Rakodöpar t , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Korek , 1 960 ;
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 504 . U jt ikos-T ikos d o mb, c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Korek , 1 959 ;
1 960 ;
K a l icz a nd Makkay ,
1 977)
M idd le , T iszadob, Esztär , B t ikk I
5 05 . Uppony-1. s z . k öf t l lke , c o . Borsod ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 506 . Uppony- Ma lo mgä t , c o . Borsod ( Korek , 1 962 ;
1 970 ;
M idd le
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 507 . Uppony- Mogyorös o lda l, c o . Borsod ( Korek , 1 962 ;
1 970 ;
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
* 508 . Vadna-Agyagbänya , c o . Borsod ( Korek , 1 957 ;
1 960 ;
M idd le
L a te AVK ,
K orek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
B t tk k
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 509 . V äncsod-Beret työpar t , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar
Esztär
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 510 . Varbö-La mbrech t-Kä l män b ar lang , c o . Borsod ( Ver tes, 1 953 ;
B t ikk
K orek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 511. Väsärosna meny-Farönk t e lep , c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek , 1 964 ;
Esztär
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
5 12 . Vas megyer-K isvärm i-Nagyvärm i, c o . S zabo lcs ( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
5 13 . Vas megyer- Megya l ja , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 514 . Vencse l lö-Lönya i c sa torna , c o . S zabo lcs ( Ka l icz, 1 956 ;
1 957a ;
M idd le
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
5 15. Vesztö-H idashä t-Hossz t iha lo m, c o . Bekes ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 516 . Vesztö- Mägorha lo m , c o . Bekes ( Heged f ls, p ers . c omm .) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 15
S zakä lhä t
* 517 . V iss-Csenkeo lda l , c o . S zabo lcs
L ate AVK ,
( Korek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ;
T iszadob,
Ka l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 977 )
B i lkk I
* 518 . V isznek-Kecskedo mb, c o . Heves
S zakä lhä t
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 519 . Z agyvarekäs-Jinos i Imre t anya, c o . S zo lnok
S zakä lhä t
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 5 20 . Z agyvarekäs-Päsku m I , co . S zo lnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) 5 21. Z agyvarekäs-Päsku m I , c o. S zo lnok ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977) * 522 . Z agyvarekäs-Päsku m-Sze l ma lo m , c o . S zo lnok
S zakä lhä t
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 523 . Z a lkod-Csenkeo lda l , c o . Borsod ( Sa la mon , 1 966 ; K a l icz, 1 970 ;
S zi l meg , K a l icz
Bükk I l
a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 524 . Z a lkod-Jakabdo mb, c o . Borsod ( Ka l icz, 1 970 ;
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
M idd le , T iszadob , B t ikk I
* 525 . Z aränk , c o . H eves
M idd le
( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 ) * 526 . Z säka- Markö, c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
Esztär
* 527 . Z säka-Vekerd i i t-Go mbäs e r , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar (Mesterhäzy , 1 966 ;
L ate AVK ,
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977)
* 528 . Z säka-V izes i t anya , c o . Ha jdu-B ihar ( Söreg i , 1 935 ; K u tz iän , 1 963 ; K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 977 )
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 16
M idd le , S z i l meg L a te AVK , Esztär
Transdanub ian L inear Pot tery c u lture Chronology *1 .
Aba-Fe lsoszen t ivän-Ängy ihegy , c o . Fe jer ( Pe tres, 1 962 ; 1 967-68 ;
*2 .
F itz, 1 963-64 ;
Ear ly
Bänk i,
Makkay , 1 970)
Ador jänhäza-no . 3 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) *3 .
Ador jänhäza-no . 5 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) *4 .
Ador jänhi .za-no . 6 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) *5 .
A jka-no . 2 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) *6 .
A l mäsfüz itö-Fok torok , c o . K o märo m
Z se l iz
( Vadasz, 1 972 ) *7 .
A lsöpähok-no . 1 , c o . Veszpre m ( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966)
M idd le
*8 .
A lsöpähok-no . 6 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) *9 .
A lsöpähok-Kä thäna l ja , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 10 .
Andocs-Nagy to ld i p uszta , c o . S o mogy ( Draveczky , 1 966 ;
1 1.
* 13 .
* 14 .
1 970)
Andocs-U jha lastö, c o . S o mogy ( Draveczky , 1 966 ;
* 12 .
M idd le
Draveczky a nd Gara m, 1 967 )
Aszöd , c o. Pest
No tenkopf ,
( Ka l icz, 1 967a )
Z se l iz
Aszöd-T aa lu , c o . Pest
N o tenkop f ,
( Ka l icz, p ers . c omm .)
Z se l iz
Bakonygy in it-Fe lsögyör i f o ld , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972 ) * 15 .
Bakonysäg-Öreg ir täs, c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972) * 16 .
Ba la tonaka l l-Säg p uszta-Teg lagyär , c o . Veszpre m ( tr i e t a l ., 1 969)
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 17
Z se l iz
* 17 .
Ba la tonaka l i-Sös i f ö ldek , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 966) * 18 .
Ba la toneder ics-no . 3 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 19 .
Ba la tonendre d-Vak läp ,u ., c o . S o mogy ( Kocztur , 1 964 ;
Draveczky , 1 966 ;
M idd le
1 970 ;
Draveczky a nd S äg i, 1 964) * 20 .
Ba la ton f t ired-S iske ite mp lo mro m , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 21.
Ba la tongyörök-Becehe ly i ma jor , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 22 .
Ba la tonkenese-Akarat tya I , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Eli e t a l ., 1 969) * 23 .
Ba la tonkenese-Sändorhegy , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 24 .
Ba la tonszabad i-S aränyker t , c o . S o mogy ( Kocztur , 1 964 ;
* 25 .
Dravetzky , 1 966;
M idd le
1 970)
Ba la tonszepezd-no . 8 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 26 .
2 7 .
Barnag-Re me te k er t , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le ,
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969)
Z se l iz
Becsehe ly , c o . Z a la ( To mpa , 1 937 ;
* 28 .
Q u it ta , 1 960 ;
K orek , 1 960)
Becsvö lgye-Barabässzeg , c o . Z a la
M idd le
( Szen tm ihä ly i, 1 954) * 29 .
Bedegker-T aker tö l d e lre , c o . S o mogy ( Kocztur , 1 964 ;
3 0 .
M idd le
Draveczky , 1 970)
Be lavär , c o . S o mogy ( Band i , p ers . c omm .)
* 31.
* 32 .
B icske-Ga lagonyäshegy , c o . Fe jer
Ear ly ,
( Dornyay a nd C sa log , 1 945 ;
N otenkop f
1 959 ;
C sa log , 1 955 ;
1 966 ;
1 970 ;
Pe tres, 1 954 ;
Q u it ta , 1 960 ; Makkay ,
1 972 ; p ers. c omm .)
Boda jk , c o . F e jer ( Pe tres, 1 954 ;
M idd le
Kra lovänszky , 1 961-62 ;
K iss, 1 961-62 ) * 33 .
Bonyhäd , c o . T o lna ( Banner , 1 943 ;
* 34 .
M idd le
C sa log , 1 942 ;
Qu it ta , 1 960)
Budaka läsz, c o . Pest
N otenkopf
( Ka l icz, p ers. c omm .) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 18
* 35 .
Budapest-Bekäs megyer-Vöröshadsereg u ., c o . Pest ( To mpa , 1 937 ; Q u it ta , 1 960 ;
* 36 .
Pe tres, 1 954 ; C sänk , 1 964 ;
Z se l iz
C sa log , 1 955 ;
1 967 )
Budapest-Kossuth L . Udü löpar t , c o . Pest
Z se l iz
( Nagy , 1 960) * 37 .
Budapest-XX I I . Nagy te teny , c o. Pest ( Ga l lus, 1 936 ;
T o mpa , 1 937 ;
Z se l iz
Petres, 1 954 ;
K orek a nd Pa tay , 1 958 ) 3 8 .
Budapest-Öbuda , c o . Pest ( To mpa , 1 942)
* 39.
Budapest -r I I. P f inkösd f ardö ,c o . Pest
Z se l iz
( Nagy , 1 960) * 40 .
Budapest-Tabän , c o . Pest ( To mpa , 1 937 ;
* 41
Z se l iz
Q u i t ta , 1 960)
.B t 1ss1, c o . S o mogy
M idd le
( Bänd i, p ers . c o mm .) * 42 .
C serszeg to ma j-B ikäd te tö , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) 4 3 .
C s ibräk , c o . T o lna ( Bänd i, p ers. c omm .)
* 44 .
C s ikvänd-Cs i l lagtag , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972 ) * 45 .
C s ikvänd-Ka l mär i t ag , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972 ) * 46 .
C sög le-no . 3 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 47 .
Dabronc-no . 2 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 48 .
Dabronc-Re ta l ja d ub , c o . Veszpre m
Midd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 49 .
Dabronc-no . 6 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) 5 0 .
Döbrököz, c o . To lna ( Bänd i, p ers. c omm .)
* 51.
Duna t i jväros-Papsz ige t , c o. Fe jer
Z se l iz
( Makkay , 1 970) * 52 .
Duna t i jväros-Räcdo mb, c o . Fe jer ( Makkay , 1 970)
5 3 .
D l izs, c o . T o lna ( Bänd i, p ers . c o mm .)
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Z se l iz
5 4.
Ecseny , c o . S o mogy ( Draveczky a nd S äg i , 1 964 ;
* 55 .
* 56 .
Draveczky , 1 966)
Egyhäzaskeszö- Mo lnärsz ige t , c o. Veszpre m
M idd le ,
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972 )
Z se l iz
Egyhäzaskeszö-Kurcan t , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972) 5 7 .
Egyhäzaskozär , c o . Baranya ( Bänd i, p ers . c omm .)
5 8 .
r teny , c o . T ol na ( Bänd i, p ers . c o mm .)
5 9 .
Esztergo m , c o . K o märo m ( Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 972b)
* 60
E sztergo m-He le mba s z ige t , c o . K o märo m
Z se l iz
( Trog mayer , 1 960) * 61.
E tyek-Kä lvär ia d o mb, c o . F e jer ( Bänk i, 1 966 ;
* 62 .
Z se l iz
1 967-68 )
Fa jsz-Garado mb, c o . Bäcs-K iskun ( Horvä th , 1 972 )
* 63 .
Fehervärcsurgö-Igarpuszta , c o . F e jer ( Makkay , 1 968 ;
* 64 .
Z se l iz
Bän .k i , 1 969)
Fehervärcsurgö-Igarpuszta-Ho mokbän .ya , c o . F .
Z se l iz
( Makkay , 1 968) 6 5 .
Fe lsönyek , c o . T o lna ( Bänd i, p ers . c omm .)
* 66 .
Fe lsöörs-Änyoshäza , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( ür i e t a l ., 1 969) * 67 .
Fe lsöörs-TSZ ma jor , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 68 .
* 69 .
* 70 .
F önyöd-Bersenypuszta-Tözeg te lep , c o . S o mogy
M idd le ,
( Kocztur , 1 964 ;
Z se l iz
Draveczky , 1 964 ;
1 970)
G a lgahev iz- Monostor i d f i lö , c o . Pest
No tenkop f ,
( Ka l icz, 1 967a )
Z se l iz
G ögän fa-Ny ires, c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) e -7 1.
G öga. nf a-no . 6 , c o . Veszpre m 970) ( Bakay e t a l . ,1
Z se l iz
* 72 .
, c o . Veszpre m G ögänfa-no . 9
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l . ,1 970) * 73 .
G öga 'n fa-no . 1 0 , c o . Veszpre m
970 ) ( Bakay e t a l . ,1 Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 20
M idd le
* 74 .
G ögän fa-no . 1 1, c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 75 .
G ö l le , c o . S o mogy
M idd le
( Puszta i, 1 958 ; K ocztur , 1 964 ; Draveczky a nd S äg i, 1 964) * 76 .
G örge teg-Szö löhegy , c o . S o mogy ( Korek , 1 963 ;
Draveczky , 1 966 ; * 77 .
M idd le
K ocztur , 1 964 ; 1 970)
G yenesd iäs-Las ics F . t e lke , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 78 .
7 9 .
G yör-Pändzsa d t t lö-Päpa i v äm , c o . G yör-Sopron
M idd le ,
( M ithay , 1 954 ; 1 956 ;
Z se l iz
1 966)
G yügy , c o . S o mogy ( Bänd i, p ers. c omm .)
* 80 .
Gyu laf irä töt-TSZ ma jor , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) 8 1.
Gyu la j, c o . T o lna ( Bänd i, p ers . c o mm .)
* 82 .
Harc-Nyanyapuszta , c o . T o lna ( Wos inszky , 1 896 ;
Med ina
K a l icz a nd Makkay , 1 972a ;
1 972b) * 83 .
Ha tvan , c o . Pest ( Ka l icz, p ers. c o mm .)
Notenkop f , Z se l iz
* 84 .
Hev izgyörk-Kaparöhäz i d t i lö , c o . Pest
No tenkop f
( Ka l icz, 1 966; * 85 .
1 970)
H ideg lu it-Vörösfö ldek , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
el e t a l ., 1 969) * 86 .
H idegk i i t-Kö z epd t i lö , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( En t e t a l ., 1 969) * 87 .
H idegk a-L incaker t , c o . Veszp r em
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) 8 8 .
Högyesz, c o . To lna ( Bänd i, p ers. c omm .)
8 9 .
I regsze mcse , c o . T o lna ( Band i, p ers . c o mm .)
* 90 .
Z se l iz
I szkäz-no . 2 , c o . Veszpre m ( Bakay ,e t a l ., 1 970)
* 91 .
I szkäz-no . 3 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 92 .
I szkäz-no . 4 , c o . Veszpre m
Z se l iz
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. ( Ba kayofe t a l ., 1 970) E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 21
* 93 .
I szkäz-no . 6 , c o . Veszpre m
Z se l iz
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 94 .
J uta-Gagar in M R S, c o . S o mogy ( Gazdapuszta i a nd Draveczky , 1 967 ;
M idd le
Draveczky , 1 970) * 95 .
K ädär ta-Länc i d ub , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) 9 6 .
K a jdacs, c o . To lna ( Bänd i, p ers . c omm
* 97 .
K amond-no . 7 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 98 .
K a mond-no . 1 0, c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) 9 9 .
K änya , c o . T o lna ( Bänd i, p ers. c o mm .)
1 00 .
K äpo lnäsnyek , c o . Fe jer ( Bänd i, p ers . c omm .)
1 01.
K aposvär-ö lak i d i t lö, c o . S o mogy ( Csa log , 1 955 ;
Qu it ta , 1 960 ;
K ocztur , 1 964 ;
Draveczky , 1 966 ;
K orek , 1 963 ; 1 970 ;
Draveczky a nd S äg i, 1 964) * 102 .
K aposvär-Teg lagyär-Arany J .u ., c o . S o mogy
M idd le
( Draveczky , 1 966) * 103 .
K aposvär-T i ts kevär-Vasutä l lo mäs, c o . S o mogy
M idd le
( Draveczky , 1 966) * 104 .
Karäd-Berencse , c o . S o mogy ( Draveczky , 1 966 ;
* 105 .
M idd le
1 970)
K armacs-no . 6 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) 1 06 .
K ar ta l, c o . Pest ( Ka l icz, 1 967 )
* 107 .
K er ta-no . 4 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 108 .
K eszthe ly-no . 6 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 109 .
Keszthe ly-Fenekpuszta , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966 ) * 110 .
Keszthe ly-no . 3 2 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 1Krisztina. 11. Settlement KesztEcology he lyof-B la t on i M üzeuKörös m ,andc o . V eszCultures pre m Kosse, the a Early and Middle Neolithic Linear Pottery In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. ( Baof ka y e t a l ., 1 966) Downloaded on behalf 38.67.221.43 2 22
M idd le
* 112 .
M idd le
K eszthe ly- Men te lep , c o . Veszpre m ( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966)
* 113 .
M idd le
K eszthe ly-Värker t , c o . Veszpre m ( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966)
* 114 .
K eszthe ly-Nagy L .u . 5 4, c o . Veszpre m ( Dornyay a nd C sa log , 1 945 ;
M idd le
C sa log , 1 955 ;
Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 115 .
M idd le
K eszthe ly-U jdü lö , c o . Veszpre m ( Bakay e t a l . ,1 966)
* 116 .
Z se l iz
K eszthe ly-Zs id i ü t , c o . Veszpre m ( Horvä th , 1 970)
* 117 .
M idd le
K e the ly-Bag lyashegy , c o . S o mogy ( Kocztur , 1 964 ; Draveczky , 1 966 ; 1 970)
* 118 .
M idd le
K iscsösz-no . 7 , c o . Veszpre m ( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970)
1 19 .
K iskänya , c o . To lna ( Csa log , 1 941b ;
Q u it ta , 1 960 ;
K a l icz a nd
Makkay , 1 972b) 1 20 .
K öröshegy , c o . S o mogy ( Bänd i, p ers. c omm .)
1 21 .
K ö tcse , c o . S o mogy ( Bänd i , p ers. c om m .)
* 122 .
Midd le
K i l lsöva t-Derma H I , c o . Veszpre m ( Dax e t a l ., 1 972)
* 123 .
* 124 .
K ü lsöva t-Gäny i t ö , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le ,
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972 )
Z se l iz
K t i lsöva t-Bänha lm i Äg . g yü mö lcsöse , c o . V .
M idd le
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972) * 125 .
K t i lsöva t-Be lsöbänd , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972 ) * 126 .
K unszen tm ik lös-Közep ta mas, c o . Bäcs-K iskun ( Töth , 1 967)
* 127 .
M idd le
K ustän .szeg , c o . Z a la ( Ka l icz, p ers. c om m .)
* 128 .
* 129 .
L engye ltöt i-Nagy ta tärsänc, c o . S o mogy
M idd le ,
( Kocztur , 1 964 ;
Z se l iz
Draveczky , 1 966 ;
1 970)
L esencefa lu-no . 2 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 130 .
L e tkes-Kereszt fö ldek-V iza fogö , c o . Pest ( Papp , 1 966 ;
1 967 ;
1 970)
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 23
Z se l iz
* 131.
L iter-Kek tö i d ü lö, c o. Veszpre m
M idd le
( ür i e t a l ., 1 969) * 132 .
L ovas- K irä lyk a I , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 133 .
L ovasbereny-Alsöte lek-Gubado mb, c o . F e jer ( Petres, 1 954 ;
1 34 .
Notenkop f
Makkay , 1 970)
Mägocs, c o . Baranya ( To mpa , 1 937 ;
1 35.
Bänk i, 1 969 ;
Qu it ta , 1 960)
Magyarkesz i, c o . To lna ( Band i, p ers. c omm .)
* 136 .
Marca ltö-Gerence i d ülö, c o. Veszpre m
M idd le
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972) * 137 .
Med ina-S iöpar t , c o. T olna ( Banner , 1 943 ;
Med ina
To mpa , 1 937 ;
C sa log , 1 941b ;
Ka l icz a nd Makkay , 1 972) * 138 .
Megyer-Cso mbor , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay, e t a l ., 1 970) * 139 .
Mencshe ly- Murvagödrök , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 140 .
* 141 .
Mende, c o . Pest
Notenkop f ,
( Patay, 1 966-67)
Z se l iz
Mezöko märo m-Alsöhegy, c o . Fe jer
M idd le
(Makkay , 1 970) * 142 .
M ihä lyfa-no . 8 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 143 .
Monosz lö-Boncosdü lö, c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 144 .
Mör-Va ja l d ub , c o . Fe jer
M idd le
(Makkay , 1 970) 1 45 .
Mosonszen t jänos-Hansäg i t anyäk , c o . Gyö r -So. ( Puszta i, 1 962)
* 146 .
Mosonszen tm ik los-Akasztödo mb, c o . Györ-So .
M idd le
( Uzsok i a nd Gäbler , 1 967 ) * 147 .
Mözs, c o. To lna ( Sa la mon , 1 962 ;
* 148 .
M idd le 1 970)
Nagya läsony-no . 5 , c o. Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 149 .
Nagyberk i-Sza lacska , c o.So mogy ( Dornyay a nd C sa log , 1 945 ;
Kocztur , 1 964 ;
Draveczky, 1 966 ; 1 970) Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 24
M idd le
* 150 .
Nagyhörcsök-Törökdo mb, c o . Fe jer
M idd le
( Bänk i, 1 969 ; 1 970) 1 51.
Nagyköny i, c o . T o lna ( Bänd i, p ers . c omm .)
1 52 .
Nagyszako ly , c o . To lna ( Bänd i, p ers. c omm . )
* 153 .
Nagy tarcsa , c o . Pest ( Bakay , 1 970)
* 154 .
Nagyväszony-Barä t i d ü lö, C sapäs I , c o . Ves.
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 155 .
Nagyväzsony-Szerüsker t i d ü lö ,c o . Veszpre m ( tr i, 1 962 ;
* 156 .
t 'r i e t a l ., 1 969)
Ne mesgörzsöny-Sze l mezö
M idd le , Z se l iz
d ü lö, c o . Ves.
M idd le
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972) * 157 .
Ne messza lök-Röv id d ü lö , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972 ) * 158 .
Nesz me ly-Tekeres p a tak , c o . K o märo m ( Makkay , 1 960 ;
* 159 .
Z se l iz
K utziän , 1 963)
ö h id-no . 8 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 160 .
* 161.
örvenyes-Kukor ica f ö ld , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le,
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969)
Z se l iz
ö si-Buh invölgy I , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 162 .
ö s i-Z s ig mondpuszta I , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
ei e t a l ., 1 969) * 163 .
O sztopän-Ba l icska i d ü lö, c o . S o mogy ( Dornyay a nd C sa log , 1 945 ; Draveczky , 1 966 ;
1 64 .
M idd le
K ocztur , 1 964 ;
1 970)
Pa muk , c o . S o mogy ( Kocztur , 1 964 ; Draveczky , 1 966)
* 165 .
Papkesz i- Ma lo m , c o . Veszpre m ( K iss, 1 957 ;
* 166 .
Q u i t ta , 1 960 ;
M idd le
tr i e t a l ., 1 969)
Pär i-A ltacker , c o . To lna
M idd le,
( Tor ma , 1 969 ;
N otenkopf ,
1 971)
Z se l iz 1 67 .
Pece l , c o . Pest ( Korek , 1 960)
1 68 .
Pecs-Közephegy d ü lö, c o. Baranya ( Bänd i, p ers. c omm . )
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 25
* 169 .
* 170 .
1 71.
Pecse ly-Zädorvär , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le,
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969)
Z se l iz
Pecse ly-Bänya , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le ,
( Dax , 1 967 ;
Z se l iz
En e t a l ., 1 969)
Pecs megyer-Re t , c o . Baranya ( Draveczky , 1 966)
* 172 .
Pecsvärad-A r anyhegy ,C O . Baranya ( To mpa , 1 937 ;
* 173 .
M idd le
Do mbay , 1 958)
Penc S t igy i p us z ta ,C o . N ögräd
Z se l iz
( Pa tay , 1 956) * 174 .
P i l is maröt-Szob i r ev , c o . K o märo m ( Kra lovänszky a nd K ova lovszk i, 1 960)
Z se l iz
* 175 .
Po mäz-Posztögyär , c o . Pest
N otenkop f ,
( Ka l icz, p ers . c omm .)
Z se l iz
Po mäz-Zdrav lyäk d ub . , c o . Pest
N otenkop f ,
( Ku tz iän , 1 958a)
Z se l iz
* 176 .
1 77 .
Räks i-Futba l l pä lya , c o . S o mogy ( Draveczky , 1 966 ;
* 178 .
Räks i-Ker teka l ja , c o . S o mogy ( Draveczky , 1 966 ;
1 79 .
* 180 .
1 970) M idd le
1 970)
Regö ly-F i lzfäs, c o . S o mogy ( Torma , 1 968 ; 1 970) Revf t i löp-no . 1 , c o . Veszpre m
Ear ly
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 181.
R igäcs-no . 2 , co . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 182 .
S ägvär-Jabavölgy i U j ma jor , c o . S o mogy ( Kocztur , 1 964 ;
* 183 .
* 184 .
M idd le
Draveczky , 1 970)
S ärkeresztes-Pekma lo m d o mb, c o . F e jer
M idd le ,
( Makkay , 1 969 ;
Notenkop f
1 970 ; Bänk i, 1 970)
S är me lr ek-ügen fö ld , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 185 .
S ärme l lek-Be l ter i l le t , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 186 .
S ärme l lek-no . 5 , c o . Veszpre m
Z se l iz
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 187 .
S är me l lek-La joshäz i ma jor , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 188 .
S är me l lek-Devecser i d t t lö, c o . Veszpre m
( Baka y e tof the a l .Early , and 1 96 6) Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology Middle E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 2 26
M idd le
* 189 .
S är me l lek-no . 1 2 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 190 .
S är me l lek-no . 1 4 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Pekäry , 1 954 ; K orek , 1 968 ; Q u i t ta , 1 960 ; Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) 1 91 .
S i mon tornya , c o . T o lna ( Csa logov i t s, 1 930 ; Wos insky , 1 896)
* 192 .
Sly-Re t me l lek i d i llö , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) 1 93 .
S o mberek , c o . Baranya ( Bänd i, p ers. c omm .)
* 194 .
S om löszö lös-no . 7 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 195 .
S om löväsärhe ly-no . 1 8 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) 1 96 .
S o mogyapä t i, c o . Baranya ( Draveczky , 1 966)
* 197 .
S o mogysä mson , c o . S o mogy
M idd le
( Draveczky , 1 966) * 198 .
S o mogysz i l-Dögk t i t i d ü lö, c o . S o mogy •( Draveczky ,
M idd le
1 970 ; Draveczky a n .d S äg i, 1 964)
1 99 . S o mogyvä mos-Te mp lo mro m , c o . S o mogy ( Va lter , 1 969) 2 00 .
S o mogyvär , c o . S o mogy ( Bä ' .nd i , p ers . c omm .)
* 201.
* 202 .
S ukorö-Törad t t lö , c o . Fe jer
No tenkop f ,
(Makkay , 1 969 ;
Z se l iz
1 970 ; Bänk i , 1 970)
S üt tö-Vasu t i ö rhäz, c o . K o märo m
Z se l iz
( Ka l icz, 1 960) 2 03 .
S zak , c o . K o märo m ( K iss, 1 958)
* 204 .
S zakä ly-TSZ ma jor , c o . T o lna ( Torma , 1 970a ;
2 05 .
M idd le
1 971a )
S zakcs, c o . T o lna ( Band ', p ers. c o mm .)
* 206 .
S zekesfehervär--Szärazre t , c o . To lna
N otenkopf
( Bank i, 1 970) * 207 .
S zekesfehervär-Szekesegyhäz-Arany J .u ., c o . F . ( Bank i, 1 970 ;
Makkay , 1 970)
2 08 .Settlement S zek szäofrthe d ,Earlyc o . Middle T o ln a Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. Kosse, Krisztina. Ecology and Neolithic E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. ( B a n d ' , p e r s . c o m m . ) Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 2 27
Ear ly
* 209 .
* 210 .
* 211.
S zen tendre i s z ige t , c o . Pest
No tenkop f ,
( Ka l icz, p ers. c omm .)
Z se l iz
S zen tendre i s z ige t d e l i c s t icsa , c o . Pest
Notenkop f ,
( Ka l icz, 1 955)
Z se l iz
S zen tgyörgyvär-Betefa , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 212 .
S zen t i mrefa lva-no. 4 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 213 .
S zen t jakabfa-Läzfö ld , c o . Veszpre m
Z se l iz
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 214 .
* 215 .
S zen tk irä lyszabad ja-Ro mk i it , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le ,
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969)
Z se l iz
S zen t lör inc-Teg lagyär , c o . Baranya
M idd le
( Bänd i , 1 969) * 216 .
S zen tm ik lös-Szen tm ik lös i t agosztä ly, c o . P est
Z se l iz
( Ka l icz, p ers . c omm .) * 217 .
S zob-öreg fa lu d i l lö , c o . Pest
Z se l iz
( Pe tres, 1 954) 2 18 .
S zöny , c o . K o märo m ( Csa log , 1 955)
* 219 .
Ta l iändörögd-K lastro md i l lö, c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 220 .
Ta mäs i-VagOh id , c o . T o lna ( Torma , 1 968 ;
* 221.
M idd le
1 970)
Tap iöb icske , c o . Pest
Z se l iz
( Ka l icz, p ers. c omm .) * 222 .
Ta tabä .nya-Ker tväros, c o . K o märo m
Z se l iz
( B irö , 1 961) * 223 .
Tenge l ic-Fe lsötenge l ic p uszta , c o . T o lna
M idd le
( Kocztur , 1 970) 2 24 .
To lnane med i, c o . T o lna ( Bänd i, p ers . c omm .)
2 25 .
Toponär , c o . S o mogy ( Bänd i, p ers . c omm .)
* 226 .
Tö tväzsony-V izteker i l let , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
(r i, e t a l ., 1 969) 2 27 .
T urbek , c o . Baranya ( Bänd i, p ers . c omm .)
* 228 .
T f iskevär-Säsre t i d f i lö, c o . Veszpre m
( K iss, 1 9of6the 7 )Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 2 28
M idd le
T t lskevar-no . 1 0, c o . Veszpre m
Midd le
( 1 3 : 1 1 (ny e t a t . ,1 970) 2 30 .
1. 1r eg , e e . To Ina ( l iand l, p ers. c om m. )
2 3 1.
V : ie-Dunal Ce men t müvek , c o . Pest ( köszeg t, 1 961)
* 232 .
V arpa lotaIlös i emlekm t l, c o . Veszpre m
( PO e t * 233 .
M idd le
a l ., 1 969)
V ar palota-Inota-Te mp lo md t l Iö, c o. Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 23 . 1.
* 235 .
V arpa lota-Hangya los, c o . Veszpre m
M idd le,
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969)
Z se l iz
Vaszar-Töret I , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Dax e t a l ., 1 972 ) * 236 .
Väszo ly-Keretka l ja-K isd t i lö, Buka , c o . Vesz.
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 237 .
Väszo ly-Te metö, c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 238 .
* 239 .
Veszpre m Värhegy, c o . Veszpre m
M idd le,
( Ke le men a nd Töth , 1 966 ;
Z se l iz
tr i e t a l ., 1 969)
Veszpre m-Tiszt i l akäsok , c o . Veszpre m
Z se l iz
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 240 .
Veszpre m-Höv iräg l aköte lep , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le,
( Csa logov its, 1 930 ;
Notenkopf
Dornyay a nd C sa log , 1 945;
tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 241 .
* 242 .
Veszpre m-Jözsef A .u . 2 0, c o . Veszpre m
Midd le,
( Szen t le leky , 1 960 ;
Z se l iz
tr i e t a l ., 1 969)
Veszpre m-Np i lker tek , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
el e t a l ., 1 969) * 243 .
Veszpre m-Sashegy I , c o . Veszpre m
Midd le
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969) * 244 .
Veszpre m-So mos I , c o . Veszpre m ( tr i e t a l ., 1 969)
M idd le
* 245 .
Veszpre m-Juta-D iösd f i lö, c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( tr . ' e t a l ., 1 969) * 246 .
V eszpre mfa jsz-Änyos lu it , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
r l e t a l ., 1 969) *2 17 .
V l lonya-Te mp lo mfö lde, c o . Veszpre m r l e t a l . ,1 969)
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement of Early Neolithic and Linear Pottery In r Hungary. * 248 . V oEcology nyar ethe V asand heMiddle gy-P in teKörös r v i l la , c o . Cultures Veszp em E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 ( f l akay e t a l ., 1 966 ; i a licz, p ers. c omm .)
2 29
Midd le
Ear ly
* 249 .
Vörö s to-Ragonya , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le ,
( tr i e t a l ., 1 969)
Notenkop f , Z se l iz
* 250 .
Vörs, c o . S o mogy ( Kocztur , 1 964 ;
* 251.
M idd le
Draveczky , 1 966 ;
1 970)
Z a lagyö mörö no . 1 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 970) * 252 .
Z a lavär-Ke le t i J . u dvara , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 253 .
Z a lavär-Lan tos H i lär h äza , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 254 .
, Z a lavär-Hosszusz ige t , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 255 .
, Z a lavär-no . 3 6, c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 256 .
Z a lavär-no . 3 8 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 257 .
Z änka-no . 7 , c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 258 .
Z änka-no . 1 0,
c o . Veszpre m
M idd le
( Bakay e t a l ., 1 966) * 259 .
Ze ngö v ärkony ,C o . Baranya
M idd le
( Draveczky , 1 966)
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 30
APPE NDIX B PERCE NTAGE PO INT D IFFERE NCE BET WEE N EXPECTED AND OBSERVED PATTERNS OF SETTLE ME NT D ISTRIBUTION Var iables Geology
A , A l luv iu m B , L oess C , O ther
S o i l
D , S kele ta l , L itho morph , a nd L ess f er t ile f orest s o ils E , Fert ile f orest s o ils F , Chernoze m-brown f orest i n tergrade G , Chernoze m t ype s o ils H , S o ils afected b y wa ter
C l i ma te
I , I nsuf f ic ien t h um id ity o ver e n t ire y ear o r g row ing s eason K , S u f f ic ien t h um id ity L , Dec iduous f orest
V egeta t ion
M, Forest-steppe D is tance f ro m r ivers
0 , Between 0 a nd 1 km P , Over 1 km
Expec ted % Körös % AD ILO
0 .42
AD ILP
0 ,15
AD I MO
0 .12
AD I MP AD KLO
0 .09 0 .64
AD K U
0 .31
Ppd
ALP %
0 .26
Ppd
T LP %
Ppd
0 .47
0.35
1 .89
1.80
0.17
ADKMO ADKMP AEILO
0 .26
AEILP
0 .09
AEI MO
0 .09
AE IMP
0 .06
AE KLO
0 .23
AE KLP
0 .06
AEKMO AE KMP
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book,A Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. FILO 0 .06 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 31
( con td.)
Expected % AFILP
0 .09
AFIMO
0 .09
AFI MP
0 .06
AFICLO
0 .20
AF KLP
0 .12
Körös %
Ppd
ALP %
Ppd
T LP %
Ppd
AF KMO AFICN IP AGILO
0 .15
AGILP
0 .23
AGI MO
1 .45
6 .10
AGI MP
2 .02
1 .53
4.65
2 .33
0.88
0 .47
1 .04
AG KLO AG KLP AG KMO AGIC V IP AHILO
2 .43
AHILP
1 .83
A M MO
7 .83
2 2.14
14.31
1 8.96
9 .92
3.09
5 .71
0 .47
0 .26
2 .36
AHI MP
6 .83
AH KLO
1 .64
AH KLP
0 .47
2 .08
3 .30 11.13
0.87
4 .25 0.72
AH KM° AH KN IP BDILO
0 .17
0 .52
BDILP
0 .55
0 .52
BDIN IO
0 .09
BD I MP
0 .23
1 .04
BD KLO
0 .88
0 .26
BD KLP
2 .35
BD KN IO
0 .06
BDKMP
0 .04
BEILO
0 .20
0 .52
BEILP
0 .64
0 .52
BEI MO
0 .45
0 .52
BEI MP
0.35 0 .47
0.81
1 .42
1.33
0 .47
0.24
1 .42
0.54
2 .36
0.01
0.32
1 .42
1.22
0.07
0 .47
0.02
1 .07
2 .83
1.76
BE KLO
0 .64
1 1.79
11.15
BE KLP
1 .34
5 .19
3.85
0 .94
0.66
0 .47
0.11
BE KMO
0 .12
BE KMP
0 .23
BFILO
0 .28
BFILP
0 .36
BFI MO
0 .55
1 .82
1.27
BFI MP
0 .12
0 .78
0.66
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. BF KLO 0 .23 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 32
0 .47 0 .47
0.35
0 .47
0.24 ( con td.)
Expected % ' Orbs % BF KLP
Ppd
A LP %
Ppd
0 .53
T LP %
Ppd
0 .94
0,41
1 .89
1.66
BF KN IO BFKMP BGILO
0 .06 0 .23
1 .04
BGILP
1 .64
0 .52
BGIN IO
3 .33
1 7.56
BGIMP
9 .74
3 .81
BGKLO
0 .12
BGKLP
0 .17
BGKMO
0 .17
BGKN IP BHILO
0 .09 0 .15
BHILP
0 .12
BHIMO
1 .83
3 1.30
BHIMP
1 .89
2 .29
BH KLO
0 .17
BH KLP
0 .09
14.23
7 .01
0.81
0 .47 3.68
3 .89
1 .89 0 .94
2 .08
1.93
0 .47
0.32
29.47
2 0.00
18.17
1 .89
0.06
0.40
1 .82 1 .89
1.72
1 .89
0.49
2 .83
2.00
BH KM° BHKMP CDILO
1 .40
1 .30
CD ILP CD IMO
3 .43 0 .83
CDIMP
2 .92
CD K W
3 .65
3 .63
1 0.85
CDKLP
9 .27
2 .86
2 .83
0 .26 0 .76
1 .89 7.20
CD KM° CD KN IP
0 .15
CEILO
1 .04
4 .15
3.11
CEILP
2 .26
2 .86
0.60
CEIMO
0 .61
1 .30
0.69
CEIMP
1 .34
0 .52
CEI CL 0
0 .44
CE KLP
1 .26
CE KMO
0 .06
CE KN IP
0 .09
CF ILO
0 .28
CFILP
0 .17
CFI MO
0 .28
2 .08
CFIMP
0 .80
0 .26
CFKLO
0 .12
CF KLP
0 .15
0 .26
1.00
0 .26 1.80
1 .42
0.38
0 .94
0.33
3 .30
1.96
1 .89
1.45
3 .30
2,04
0 .47
0.19
1 .89
1.61
0 .94
0.82
0 .47
0.38
CF KN IO CFKMP
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, CG ILO 0 .01979, 9 https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. 1 .05 0.95 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 33
( con td.)
Expected % CGILP
Kört is %
Ppd
ALP %
Ppd
T LP %
Ppd
0 .58
CGI MO
1 .21
CGI MP
3 .22
1 .53
0.32
0 .52
1 .89
0 .26
0 .94
0.68
CG KLO CG KLP
0 .03
CGKMO CGKMP CHILO
0 .83
2 .34
1.51
1 .89
CHILP
0 .77
0 .78
0.01
0 .47
CHI MO
1 .26
1 .53
1 .30
0.04
0 .94
CHI MP
1 .75
1 .53
CH KLO
0 .61
CH KLP
0 .28
0.27
1.06
0 .47
0 .52
4 .24
3.63
CH KM0 CH KMP To ta l Ppd
4 8.96
6 6.74
5 3.61
ALP Early
Midd le Ppd
La te Ppd
AD I MP
Ppd 0 .40
-0 .31
AGI MO
1 .59
-0 .14
2 .78
- 1 .33
AGIMP
2 .38
- 0 .36
0 .40
16.78
1 7.06
AHILO
2 .38
AHI MO
2 0.68
12.85
2 4.61
AHI MP
1 7.24
10.81
6 .35
2 .38 - 9 .23
3 .97
AH KLO
0 .40
BD ILO
0 .79
- 0 .62
0 .79
- 0 .62
BDILP
0 .79
-0 .24
BD I MP
1 .59
- 1 .36
BDKLO BEILO
0 .40 0 .79
- 0 .59
BEILP
0 .79
- 0 .15
BEI MO
0 .79
- 0 .34
0 .79
- 0 .34
BFIMO
1 .59
- 1 .04
2 .38
- 1 .83
0 .79
0.67
0 .79
- 0 .56
8 .73
- 5 .40
BFIMP BGILO BGILP
1 .59 3 .45
- 1 .81
0 .79
BGIMO
5 .55
BG I MP
6 .35
BHILO
6 .90
-6 .75
-1 .36
0 .40
1 .59
-2 .22
2 .78 - 1 .44
BH I MOSettlement Ecology 2 0.6 18. 85 Körös and 2 4. 61 Pottery Cultures 22In .7 8 Kosse, Krisztina. of8 the Early and Middle Neolithic Linear Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 2 34
1 .98
- 1 .83
1 7.86
16.03 ( con td.)
Early
Midd le Ppd
BHI MP
3 .45
- 1 .56
La te Ppd
2 .38
- 0 .49
Ppd 1 .59
CD ILO
1 .98
CD ILP
0 .40
CDICLO
2 .38
4 .36
CDKLP
- 0 .71
3 .57
CEILO
6 .90
-5 .86
3 .97
CEILP
6 .90
-4 .64
1 .59
CELMO CEIMP
- 0 .58
1 .59 3 .45
-2 .93 - 0 .98
-2 .11
4 .76
-3 .72
2 .78
- 0 .52
0 .79
- 0 .18
0 .40
CEKLP
0 .40
CFILO
0 .40
- 0 .12
1 .98
- 1 .70
CF I MO
3 .45
-3 .17
2 .38
- 2 .10
CFIMP CG ILO
0 .40 3 .45
-3 .36
1 .19
CG I MO
0 .79
CFI MP
0 .79
- 1 .10
0 .40
CHILO
3 .57
-2 .74 - 0 .42
CHILP
3 .45
-2 .19
2 .38
- 1 .12
1 .19
CHIMO
3 .45
-2 .19
2 .38
- 1 .12
1 .19
CHIMP To ta l Ppd
5 4.85
7 3.96
5 2.13
T LP
AD I MO
Midd le %
Ppd
0 .63
-0 ,51
AEI MO
La te % 1 .59
- 1 .47
6 .35
-6 .26 - 7 .09
AHILO
1 .26
9 .52
AHI MO
3 .14
4 .76
AH KLO
3 .14
- 1 .50
BD ILP
0 .63
- 0 .08
BDIMO BD I MP BD KLO
1 .89
- 1 .01
BD KLP
3 .14
-0 .79
BEILO
1 .89
-1 .69
BEIMO BEI MP
Ppd
3 .16
-3 .07
1 .59
- 1 .36
1 .59
- 1 .14 -6 .87
1 .89
- 0 .82
7 .94
BE KLO
1 3.84
13.20
3 .16
-2 .52
BE KLP
6 .92
- 5 .58
1 .59
- 0 .25
BFILO
0 .63
- 0 .35
1 .59
- 1 .31
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 35
( con td.)
Midd le % BFILP
0 .63
Ppd
La te %
Ppd
- 0 .27
BFI MO
1 .59
- 1 .04
BFIMP
1 .59
-
1 .59
- 1 .06
6 .35
-3.02
BF KLO
0 .63
- 0 .40
BF KLP
1 .26
- 0 .73
BG ILO
2 .51
-2 .28
BGILP
0 .63
BG I MO BG I MP
0 .63
BHILO
0 .63
1 .47
1 .59 - 0 .48
BHI MO
1 .26
BH KLO
2 .51
- 2 .34
CD ILO
1 .89
- 0 .49
CD I MO
3 .14
- 2 .31
CDI MP
2 .51
3 .16
- 1 .33
1 .59
- 1 .42
1 .59
- 0 .76
1 .59
CDKLO
1 2.58
CD KLP
3 .14
- 8 .93
CEILO
1 .89
- 0 .85
1 .59
- 0 .55
CEI M O
0 .63
- 0 .02
1 .59
- 0 .98
CEIMP
4 .40
-3 .06
3 .17
-1 .83
CE KLO
2 .51
- 2 .07
CE KLP
3 .77
- 2 .51
6 .35
- 5 .09
1 .59
- 1 .31
6 .35 1 .59
CFILO CFI MO
0 .63
- 0 .35
6 .35
- 6 .07
CF KLO
1 .26
- 1 .14
1 .59
- 1 .47
CG ILO
0 .63
- 0 .54 - 0 .05
1 .59
- 0 .38
- 0 .43
3 .17
- 2 .34
1 .59
- 0 .33
CGI MO
1 .26
CG I MP
1 .26
CHILO
1 .26
CHILP
0 .63
CHI MO
0 .63
CHI MP
0 .63
CH KLO
5 .66
Tota l Ppd
- 5 .05 5 9.83
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 1.79
LATE ALP La te
AD I MP
T is za dob
AVK %
Ppd
1 .23
-1 .14
AG IMO
Esztar Ppd
1 .49
-1 .40
1 .49
- 0 .04
AG IMP AHILO
1 .23
AHI MO
1 8.53
AHIMP
2 .47
BD ILO
1 .23
- 1 .06
1 .49
-1 .32
BD ILP
1 .23
- 0 .68
1 .49
- 0 .94
10.70
8 .96
- 1 .13
1 .49
BD I MP
1 .23
- 1 .00
5 .97
- 5 .74
BDKLO
1 .23
- 0 .35
1 .49
- 0 .61
2 .99
-2 .79
BEILO BEILP
1 .23
- 0 .59
1 .49
-0 .85
BEI MO
2 .47
-2 .02
2 .99
- 2 .54
BFIMO
4 .95
-4 .40
2 .99
-2 .44
BFI MP
1 .23
- 1 ,11
2 .99
- 2 .87
BG IMO
6 .18
-2 .85
1 .49
BG I MP
2 .47
BHILO
1 .23
-1 .08
4 .48
-4 .33
BHIMO
1 7.29
15.46
2 .99
- 1 .16
BG ILO
Ppd
5 .55
-4 .10
2 .78
- 0 .76
8 .33
- 5 .90
2 5.00
17.17
1 1.11
-4 .28
5 .55
- 5 .32
5 .55
- 2 .22
2 .78
- 0 .95
5 .55
-3 .66
-6 .42
5 .56
-4 .52
4 .48
-2 .22
5 .56
-3 .30
1 .49
- 0 .88 2 .78
- 1 .44
1 .49
- 0 .23
CG ILO
5 .56
- 5 .47
CG I MO
2 .78
- 1 .57
5 .56
-4 .79
1 .49
BHIMP
1 .23
CD ILO
3 .71
-2 .31
4 .48
-3 .08
CDKLO
8 .65
- 5 .00
7 .46
-3 .81
CDKLP
7 .41
CEILO
2 .47
CEILP
1 .23
CEIMO
1 .23
1 .49
7 .46 - 1 .43
- 0 .62
7 .46
CEI MP CEKLP CFILO
1 .23
- 0 .95
1 .49
- 1 .21
CF I MO
3 .71
-3 .43
4 .48
-4 .20
CFIMP
CH ILO
1 .49
2 .47
- 1 .64
5 .98
- 5 .15
1 .49
- 0 .23
CH IL I ? CH I MO
1 .23
CHIMP To ta l Ppd
1 .49 5 7.82
5 5.59
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 37
6 5.45
La te ALP S z il meg
B i ikk Ppd
ADIMP AGIMP
S za l e . : 4 1ha t Ppd
1 .28
-1 .19
3 .57
- 1 .55 2 .56
- 0 .13
AHLMO
2 8.57
20.74
8 .97
- 1 .14
AHI MP
7 .15
- 0 .32
2 .57
AHILO
AH KLO
-2 .86
2 3.17
15.34
1 .28 1 .28
- 1 .11
BD I MP
2 .57
-2 .34
BDKLO
1 .28
- 0 .40
BEILO
1 .28
- 1 .08
BETT Y
1 .28
- 0 .64
BFI MO
3 .85
-3 .30
BFI MP
2 .57
-2 .45
7 .15
-6 .92
BG I MO BG I MP
4 .88
6 .10
BDILO
BGILO
Ppd
1 9.51 3 .57
1 .28
BHILO
3 .66
6 .41
- 6 .26
BHLMO
1 0.72
- 8 .89
5 .13
-3 .30
3 9.02
BHIN IP
7 .14
- 5 .25
2 .57
- 0 .68
1 .22
CDILO
5 .13
-3 .73
CDILP
1 .28
C
KLO
1 1.54 3 .57
CEILO
3 .57
-2 .53
8 .97
- 7 .93
CEILP
3 .57
- 1 .31
6 .41
-4 .15
CEI MO
3 .57
-2 .96
CEI MP
3 .57
-2 .23
7 .69
7 .14
- 7 .05
7 .14
-6 .37
CFI MO CHILO CHILP CHIMO
1 .22
- 0 .61
1 .28 2 .57
-2 .29
7 .69
-6 .86
1 .28
0.02
CHI MP To ta l Ppd
37.19
- 7 .89
CDKLP
CGILO
16.18
1 .22 6 6.12
5 6.89
Kosse, Krisztina. Settlement Ecology of the Early and Middle Neolithic Körös and Linear Pottery Cultures In Hungary. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540663. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 38
7 2.18