Roman Coins and Their Values: Volume 4 9781907427077, 1907427074

Table of contents :
Introduction
Glossary
Legend Abbreviations
The Denominations of the Roman Coinage
The Reverse Types of the Imperial Coinage
Roman Mints
Roman Imperial Coinage, 27 BC - AD 491
Books and Monographs on Roman Coins
Index to Volume IV

Citation preview

Also published by Spink in this series by David R. Sear Roman Coins and Their Values, 5th Millennium Edition Volume I – The Republic and the twelve Caesars 280 BC – AD 96 Volume II – The Accession of Nerva to the overthrow of the Severan Dynasty AD 96 – AD 235 Volume III – The Accession of Maximinus I to the death of Carinus AD 235 – AD 285 Forthcoming:

T

he most comprehensive catalogue of the series ever produced for the coin collector, this five volume work spans almost eight centuries of Roman currency, from its republican beginnings in the early 3rd century BC down to the barbarian conquest of the western provinces and the commencement of the sole eastern (Byzantine) empire in the late 5th century AD. In addition to detailed descriptions of over 4400 coins this fourth volume contains a wealth of biographical and detailed numismatic information, as well as notes on the historical significance of many of the individual types. Valuations are provided in a range of grades and in two currencies (British pounds and US dollars) and the work is fully illustrated throughout with high quality photographic images.

DAVID R SEAR

ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES VOLUME FOUR THE TETRARCHIES AND THE RISE OF THE HOUSE OF CONSTANTINE: THE COLLAPSE OF PAGANISM AND THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY, DIOCLETIAN TO CONSTANTINE I, AD 284-337

Volume V – The Accession of Constantine II to the extinction of the Western Empire in AD 476 and the death of the Eastern Emperor Zeno in AD 491.

DAVID R SEAR

Front cover illustrations:

AND THEIR VALUES IV

AND THEIR VALUES IV

Maximinus II. Gold aureus (no. 14807 in the catalogue) Constantine I. Gold multiple of 1.5 solidi (see page 362 in the catalogue) Diocletian. Gold aureus (no. 12964 in the catalogue) Back cover illustrations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Rev. of gold aureus of Constantius I as Caesar (13925) Rev. of gold aureus of Constantius I as Augustus (14165A) Rev. of gold solidus of Crispus (16655) Rev. of gold aureus of Maximian (13070) Rev. of gold aureus of Constantius I as Caesar (13909) Rev. of gold aureas of Galerius as Caesar (14210) Rev. of silver miliarensis of Crispus (16675)

1 6 2

7 5 3 4

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ISBN: 978-1-907427-07-7

9 781907 427077

DAVID R SEAR VOLUME FOUR THE TETRARCHIES AND THE RISE OF THE HOUSE OF CONSTANTINE: THE COLLAPSE OF PAGANISM AND THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY, DIOCLETIAN TO CONSTANTINE I, AD 284-337

The current revision of this popular work marks a radical departure from the envisaged aims of the previous edition. This fourth volume contains a comprehensive listing of the Roman coinage of the period AD 284-337 together with background information on the history of each reign and the principal characteristics of its coinage. The catalogue is organized primarily by ruler with the issues then subdivided by denomination and by reverse legend and type. This arrangement combines the alphabetical ease of reference of Cohen’s work with the scholarship of RIC and other modern studies which are based on classification by mint. The introduction of explicit mint marks as a regular feature of the coinage under Diocletian and his colleagues greatly facilitates attributions and enables the establishment of a much firmer chronological framework. This is reflected in the coin listings where mints and the sequences of mint marks are now dealt with in greater detail. The half-century covered by this volume (accession of Diocletian to the death of Constantine the Great) saw enormous political and religious changes in the Roman Empire. Diocletian, in addition to his comprehensive reform of the coinage which swept away the remnants of the Augustan currency system, introduced far-reaching changes in the government of the state and in the organization of the military. Constantine oversaw further changes in the reformed currency system but his most celebrated achievement was in the realm of religion. His abandonment of the worship of the old pagan deities in favour of Christianity changed the course of history, an event which is clearly reflected on the imperial coinage where purely pagan types disappeared after the defeat of the co-emperor Licinius in AD 324. The fifth and final volume in this series will complete the detailed survey of the Roman coinage down to the extinction of the Western Empire in 476 and to the death of the Eastern Emperor Zeno in 491. In a professional career spanning fifty-two years, David Sear has worked in London, Norwich, Bury St. Edmunds, and, over the past twenty-eight years, in Los Angeles, both as a commercial numismatist and a full-time author. Since his first publication on Roman coinage in 1964 he has produced a steady stream of handbooks intended specifically for the collector covering all aspects of ancient numismatics, from the beginnings of Greek coinage in the late 7th century BC to the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. David Sear’s future plans include a thorough revision of the two-volume ‘Greek Coins and Their Values’, a new volume of ‘Roman Silver Coins’ to fill the gap in the series between AD268 and Diocletian’s currency reform, and a simplified single-volume work intended especially for the beginner in collecting ancient coinage.

ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES

The young Constantine the Great depicted on a silver argenteus minted in Rome in AD 307 (No. 15500 in catalogue; photo by Andrew Daneman)

ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES

DAVID R. SEAR Volume IV The Tetrarchies and the rise of the House of Constantine ad 284–337

LONDON 2011

© 2011 Spink & Son Ltd Reprinted 2014 69 Southampton Row Bloomsbury London, WC1B 4ET ISBN 978-1-907427-07-7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of the publisher in writing.

Set in 8/9pt Times by Design to Print UK Ltd, Forest Row, UK. Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd

INTRODUCTION The original edition of Sear’s Roman Coins and Their Values was published by Seaby in 1964 and subsequently went through four revisions (1970, 1974, 1981 and 1988). However, the publication of Volume I of the ‘Millennium Edition’ in 2000 marked a radical departure from the previous traditions of this popular work. An expansion of the listings and an increase in the number of illustrations (now fully incorporated in the text) necessitated a new multiple-volume format, like the companion work on Greek coins. Originally envisioned as a two-volume work, it soon became apparent that additional volumes would be required if justice were to be done to the enormity of the subject. That number has now expanded to five in order to bring the series down to the death of the eastern emperor Zeno in AD 491. Volume I covered a period of approximately 375 years, from the origins of the Roman coinage in the Republican period in the opening decades of the 3rd century BC down to the violent end of the second Imperial dynasty, the Flavian, in AD 96. Volume II extended coverage of the Imperial series from the accession of Nerva, the ‘thirteenth Caesar’ and first of the ‘Adoptive’ emperors, down to the overthrow of the Severan dynasty in 235. It encompassed what may justifiably be termed the ‘golden age’ of the Roman Imperial coinage. Volume III covered in detail the following half-century, a very different period during which the Empire came perilously close to total disintegration under the pressure of foreign invasions and seemingly interminable civil war. Volume IV commences with the momentous accession of Diocletian following the death of Numerian, son of Carus, late in the year 284. The comprehensive reforms carried out by Diocletian during his two decades of rule brought about radical changes in many aspects of the Empire’s administration and finances. His coinage reform of circa AD 294 saw the last remnants of the Augustan currency system swept away and in its place a restored coinage of pure silver (usually termed argenteus) and a large billon piece (follis or nummus) replacing the hopelessly debased antoninianus which had characterized the coinage of the later 3rd century. In addition, the weight of the aureus was raised to a new standard of 5.40 grams, i.e. 1/60th of a pound of gold. The government of the vast Empire was also fundamentally reformed with the subdivision of many of the provinces into smaller units and, from AD 293, the sharing of responsibility by four rulers (the ‘Tetrarchy’), each accountable for the administration and defence of a specified portion of imperial territory. The two senior Augusti were to abdicate after two decades of rule and their places taken by the two junior Caesars who, now promoted to the senior imperial rank, would appoint their own Caesars to maintain the structure of the tetrarchy. Unfortunately for Diocletian, he was to live long enough to see his elaborate schemes unravel. By the beginning of the 4th century the economy of the Empire was suffering from rampant inflation. Diocletian attempted to remedy this through his Currency Edict (AD 300) and, in the following year, a Price Edict which attempted, in minute detail, to regulate maximum prices and wages. The failure of these measures resulted in the cessation of pure silver coinage and a progressive reduction in the weight standard of the billon follis. Later, Constantine I took the lead in effecting a remedy to this decline in the currency. In 310 he introduced at the Gallic mints then under his control a new standard gold coin, the solidus. This was struck on a lighter standard than the aureus (4.50 grams = 1/72nd of a pound) and, following the downfall of Constantine’s rival Licinius in 324, was issued throughout the Empire. The solidus was to have a long and illustrious history as the principal gold coin of the Christian Byzantine Empire. Between AD 307/8 and 325 Constantine issued virtually no silver coinage, other than a few short-lived experimental denominations. However, in the year following his victory of Licinius regular silver issues were resumed. The principal denomination is usually referred to as a siliqua, though it was in effect a revival of the Diocletianic argenteus. A slightly larger multiple, the miliarensis, was introduced at the same time. Constantine abandoned the follis in 318/19 and replaced it with a slightly lighter billon denomination which appears to have borne the name centenionalis. As in the case of the solidus, all of the imperial mints adopted this denomination after 324. Only about a decade after its introduction, the weight of the centenionalis was reduced from 3 grams to 2.5 grams and a further reduction to 1.7 took place in the final year of Constantine’s reign. This was a clear indication of the volatility which was to characterize the billon and bronze coinage in the later 4th and 5th centuries.

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INTRODUCTION

Diocletian’s painstakingly constructed tetrarchy system of government was also to fail soon after his abdication in 305, an inevitable victim of human ambition. The resulting chaotic situation was temporarily resolved in 313 when, with the downfall of Maximinus II, the government became a diarchy with the western provinces held by Constantine and the eastern by Licinius. This uneasy state of affairs lasted for 11 years until Constantine’s ambitions could tolerate it no longer. He eliminated his rival in a rapid series of campaigns culminating in the battle of Chrysopolis (18 September 324). Constantine was now able to oversee the adoption of Christianity as the new state religion throughout his Empire. His conversion took place in connection with the critical battle of the Milvian Bridge (28 October 312) when he had his famous ‘Vision of the Cross’ to which he attributed his victory over Maxentius. The old pagan gods were thus dealt a deathblow with Licinius’ downfall in 324, as evidenced by their virtual disappearance from the imperial coinage after this date. It is unclear what Constantine’s true intentions were for the imperial succession. His sudden and unexpected death in 337 resulted in an explosive situation which was to lead to the deaths of many members of the imperial family and was ultimately to condemn the dynasty to an early extinction. His elevations of his three surviving sons (Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans) to the rank of Caesar seemed to indicate a triple-division of imperial authority, or triarchy. But in 335 he also promoted his half-nephew Delmatius to the same rank together with Delmatius’ brother Hanniballianus, who received the unconventional title of Rex Regum (“King of Kings”). Despite the abysmal failure of Diocletian’s tetrarchy system it seemed as though Constantine was aiming at some form of a revival, though now comprising members of a single family. Whatever the plan, it had a disastrous outcome following the old emperor’s death. Throughout the catalogue, the current market valuations have been expressed in two currencies, pounds sterling and US dollars. The conversion rate has been complicated during the preparation of this volume by the wild fluctuations occasioned by the global economic crisis. At the time the values were originally being estimated the dollar had slipped to an exchange rate of approximately two to the pound. However, more recently the dollar has strengthened considerably against the British currency and because of this an approximate conversion rate of $1.75 to the pound has been adopted (though the current rate is closer to $1.60). For the majority of entries two grades of preservation, usually ‘VF’ (Very Fine) and ‘EF’ (Extremely Fine) have been provided. For the sake of clarity, these appear under each catalogue entry. This arrangement has the added advantage of allowing more flexibility in expressing valuations for individual types and series which may only occur in lower grades by virtue of their place of mintage or the circumstances of the issue. Another feature not present in earlier editions is the inclusion of the mint and date for each type. Recent scholarship has improved our understanding of the chronology of much of the Roman coinage and it is important that collectors and students should be made aware of the more precise data now available on this important topic. On a similar theme, it will be noticed that a more scientific chronological approach has now been adopted in the presentation of the material, though for ease of reference Cohen’s alphabetical arrangement has generally been retained within each denominational listing. Thus, the coins issued in the names of deified emperors and empresses will be found listed under the reign of their issuer. Use of the index and the extensive cross-references provided in the text should facilitate the easy location of any required type. I have long considered the historical background information to be of prime importance in the presentation of catalogue listings of Greek, Roman, and Byzantine coinage. Accordingly, I have fully revised the biographical sketches at the commencement of each reign and under certain subsidiary headings. Additionally, readers will notice that much information has been added on the significance of individual coin types within the catalogue itself and cross-references provided to similar representations in other series. My invariable aim has been to enhance the enjoyment of the hobby of ancient coin collecting by drawing attention to its potential role as a natural gateway to the study of history. In the case of Roman coins, this can lead to a fuller understanding and appreciation of a truly remarkable civilization which lies at the very foundations of our modern culture. As we stand in the opening years of a new millennium, I believe it is vital not only to look forward to the future — exciting as that may be — but also to be keenly aware of the events of the past which have brought us to where we are today. Rome contributed hugely to that past and still exerts a powerful influence on early 21st century society in Europe and America — on our languages, our basic concepts of law and order, and on our governmental institutions. Indeed, it is hardly overstating the case to quote the words of E.A. Freeman in his Introduction to the English translation of Mommsen’s History of Rome: “The history of Rome is the greatest of all historical subjects, for this simple reason, that the history of Rome is in truth the history of the world”. In conclusion, I should like to express my gratitude to all those individuals who so willingly gave of their time and expertise in order to assist in the success of this ambitious undertaking. Firstly, I should

INTRODUCTION

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like to thank those dealers who bravely responded to my request to participate in the updating of current market values by providing their views on price levels of certain basic types within the series. I am keenly aware that this work must frequently have impinged on other more pressing business commitments, and it should serve as an indication of the unselfish attitude of many professionals in the ancient coin trade that they are prepared to make real sacrifices in the cause of disseminating information to collectors. The following is an alphabetical listing of those who cooperated in this project: Harlan Berk of Chicago, IL.; Giulio Bernardi of Trieste, Italy; Dwayne Bridges of The Roman Connection, Dallas, TX; Tom Cederlind of Portland, OR; Kirk Davis of Claremont, CA; Allan and Marnie Davisson of Cold Spring, MN; Kenneth Dorney of Redding, CA; Matt Geary of Praetorian Numismatics, Philadelphia, PA; Rob Golan of Hillsborough, NC; Ira Goldberg of Beverly Hills, CA; Jonathan Kern of Lexington, KY; Herb Kreindler of Dix Hills, NY; Gavin Manton, formerly of Lennox Gallery Ltd., London; Chris Martin of C.J. Martin (Coins) Ltd., Southgate, London; Michael Marx of M & R Coins, Worth, IL; David Miller of Hemel Hempstead, England; Wayne Phillips of Phillips Ranch, CA; Paul Rabin of Zürich, Switzerland; Steve Rubinger of Antiqua Inc., Woodland Hills, CA; Dr. Arnold R. Saslow of Rare Coins & Classical Arts Ltd., South Orange, NJ; Fred Shore of Schwenksville, PA; Hans Voegtli, formerly of Münzen und Medaillen AG, Basel, Switzerland; and Bill Warden of New Hope, PA. In addition, Rick Ponterio of Ponterio & Associates Inc., San Diego, CA kindly provided many original photographs from his past auctions, and Victor England and Dawn Ahlgren of CNG, Lancaster, PA kindly provided photocopies of articles from their extensive library, as did Andrea Bignasca of Antikenmuseum, Basel, Switzerland. My sincere thanks to them all! Particular mention is due to my good friend Barry Rightman of North Hills, CA, who, over a period of several years, has given unstintingly of his time and numismatic knowledge in categorizing the enormous (but unsorted) photo library from which many of the illustrations for this book have been drawn; and to Andrew Daneman, formerly of Numismatic Fine Arts and now resident in Denmark, whose unparalleled skill as a numismatic photographer has contributed in no small part to the visual impact of these volumes. Special thanks are also due to the staff of the British Museum’s Department of Coins and Medals who gave generously of their time in providing additional illustrations of coins from the National Collection. As always, my gratitude goes out to my wife Margaret for her unfailing support during the protracted creation process of this complex revision; to Heather Dewhurst of Design to Print, for her prompt and accurate work in preparing the text for the printer; and finally to Philip Skingley of Spink & Son’s Book Department for his untiring efforts in nursing this volume through to completion. DAVID R. SEAR Los Angeles

GLOSSARY (For a comprehensive treatment of this subject, see John Melville Jones, ‘A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins’) Abacus Acrostolium Adlocutio Adventus

Aegis

Aes Ancile Aplustre Apex Aquila Aspergillum Biga Billon

Binio Brockage

a wooden tablet with moveable counters used for making arithmetical calculations. It is often identified as the object appearing as an invariable attribute of Liberalitas. the prow-stem of a warship, i.e. the curved decorative extension of the stempost. (or allocutio), the act of addressing or haranguing a gathering of military personnel, the word normally accompanies a scene depicting the emperor atop a low platform. the arrival of an emperor in Rome or in one of the great provincial centres. Usually accompanying a depiction of him on horseback, but on the coinage of the much-travelled Hadrian also showing him as a standing figure, together with a personification of the region or city of his destination (ADVENTVI AVG GALLIAE, ADVENTVI AVG ALEXANDRIAE, etc.). See also Profectio. a small cloak, decorated with a gorgon’s head at the centre, associated in mythology with Zeus (Jupiter) and his daughter Athena (Minerva). It was employed as a decorative feature of the portrait busts of many of the Roman emperors, appearing first on the coinage under Nero. non-precious metal (copper, bronze, brass) used for the production of coinage (hence the abbreviation ‘Æ’). a shield of distinctive form (narrow central section of oval shape with broad curving extensions at top and bottom). It was a particular attribute of Juno Sospita and was associated with the Salian priesthood of Mars. the curved decorative extension of the stern-post of a warship, usually of spread form composed of several frond-like elements. the hat worn by certain Roman priests, originally referring to the rod or spike surmounting the headdress. (see Legionary eagle) a whisk or sprinkler associated with religious rituals, appearing on the coinage as a symbol of the Roman priesthood of the Pontifices (this word was not used by the ancient authors and is of relatively modern derivation). a chariot drawn by a team of two animals, usually horses. an impure alloy containing less than 50% of silver, sometimes declining to less than 5%. It is especially associated with the debased imperial tetradrachms of Alexandria and with the Roman antoninianus denomination in the 3rd century, though it is commonly encountered in the 4th century also. a double unit, a term most commonly applied to the gold multiple aurei of the 3rd century which frequently show the emperor with a radiate crown. a mis-struck piece resulting from the failure of the mint personnel to remove a coin which had stuck in the reverse or upper die after minting. As a result, the next blank to be struck received the impression of the obverse of the previous coin instead of that of the reverse die, thus producing a coin with two obverses (one of them incuse and a mirror version of the other). Brockages are most commonly encountered on denarii of the Roman Republic, but

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY

Caduceus Carpentum

Christogram Cippus Cista Cognomen

Congiarium

Conjoined Contorniate

Cornucopiae

Curule chair

Decastyle Decennalia

Decursio

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occur also on coins of all denominations in the Imperial series. Reverse brockages are much rarer and more difficult to explain as they would require a new blank to be placed on top of an existing piece which had remained in the obverse or lower die after striking. the staff of Mercury, messenger of the gods, usually winged and ornamented with snakes. a two-wheeled enclosed carriage permission to use which in central Rome was initially granted only to married women and, from early Imperial times, was restricted to a very select few. Carpenta appear on coins of a number of empresses in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, drawn by mules and most frequently in connection with posthumous honours. the Christian monogram, consisting of the Greek letters Chi and Rho (CR = [Khr]istos). a squared stone pillar, usually bearing a commemorative inscription and set up as a monument or boundary marker. (or cista mystica), a basket used for housing sacred snakes in connection with the initiation ceremony into the cult of Bacchus (Dionysus). one of the three principal elements of a Roman name (praenomen, nomen, cognomen) it indicated the family name of the individual (e.g. Gaius Julius CAESAR). Usually acquired by an ancestor as a nickname indicating a personal characteristic the cognomen was afterwards inherited, thus becoming a family designation. a ceremony in which the emperor distributed money to the citizenry. On the coinage of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD it is usually commemorated by an elaborate scene depicting the emperor atop a lofty platform, sometimes accompanied by the personification Liberalitas and with the legend CONGIARIVM or an abbreviated form (see also Liberalitas). (see Jugate) late Roman aes medallions which appear to have been produced in Rome in the late 4th and 5th centuries and are characterized by an incised border surrounding the obverse and reverse types. The designs are pagan and clearly betray a close connection with the circus and amphitheatre. They may well be associated with the anti-Christian sympathies of many of the late Roman aristocracy. Their purpose is unknown, though it has been speculated that they were used as entrance tokens, as counters in a board game, or as newyear’s gifts. Like the earlier non-monetary medallions they have been excluded from this catalogue as they do not form part of the Roman coinage. (plural cornuacopiae), the horn of plenty signifying prosperity, it is usually depicted overflowing with fruits and other agricultural produce. Although occasionally shown on its own, it more commonly appears as an attribute of an allegorical personification. a folding stool with curved legs, it was symbolic of the highest or ‘curule’ magistracies in Rome (consulship, praetorship, and curule aedileship). It was said to derive from the seat placed in the royal chariot from which the Etruscan kings dispensed justice. (see Tetrastyle) the tenth anniversary of an emperor’s rule, marked by the redemption of previous vows (vota soluta) and the undertaking of new ones (vota suscepta). It was often commemorated on the coinage by a depiction of the emperor sacrificing at an altar or by an inscription within a votive wreath. The quinquennalia (five years) and vicennalia (twenty years) were similarly celebrated, the latter of course far less frequently (see also Vota). a word used to describe rapid military manoeuvres, especially equestrian. Scenes of Nero galloping on horseback, accompanied by one or more of his soldiers, feature prominently on sestertii of AD 64–7.

10 10 Designatus

Diademed

Die

Distyle Equestrian

Exercitus

Exergue Fasces Field Flan Fourrée

Gens

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY qualifies an individual who has been elected to future office but has not yet taken up the appointment. Most commonly encountered on the Imperial coinage on issues belonging to the end of the year, just prior to the emperor’s assumption of a new consulship on January 1st (e.g. COS II DES III P P). wearing a form of head-dress indicating royalty. An eastern custom adopted by the Greek kings and queens of the Hellenistic age, the diadem is not generally worn by Roman emperors until the late Roman period, commencing with Constantine (though empresses are frequently depicted diademed at a much earlier period). The late Imperial diadem was usually ornamented with pearls and/or rosettes. the stamp from which a coin blank receives its design through the process of striking. Although very few have survived from ancient times, it seems clear that Greek and Roman dies were made of bronze or of iron and bore designs engraved usually in intaglio to produce a coin type in relief. The lower or anvil die would have received the obverse design and was engraved on the flat face of a cylinder which was then inserted into a circular aperture in an anvil block. The reverse die was engraved on the flat face of a cone or wedge. The top of this would have received the hammer blow after it had been placed above the heated blank which was resting on the anvil die. It has been estimated that this simple process could have produced at least ten thousand coins from a single pair of dies, possibly far more in the case of softer precious metals. (see Tetrastyle) relating to horse-riding, the word derives from the Latin equus (‘horse’) . In the Roman social order the Equites formed a class second only to the senators. They originated from men who were selected for their special military abilities and were provided with a horse for the service of the state in wartime. ‘army’. Encountered on Hadrian’s series of coins issued to honour the provincial armies throughout his Empire (EXERCITVS SYRIACVS, EXERC BRITANNICVS, etc.). More general types celebrate the military establishment with inscriptions such as GLORIA EXERCITVS and VIRTVS EXERCITI. Also used in appeals for loyalty during unsettled times (CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM, FIDES EXERCITVVM). the small space (generally on the reverse of a coin) below the principal type, from which it is usually separated by the ‘exergual’ line. On the later Roman coinage it was utilized for the main element of the mint mark. literally ‘faggots’, it was used to describe bundles of rods bound together which, accompanied by an axe, symbolize the authority of the highest Roman magistrates. the area surrounding the principal obverse or reverse type, in which may be placed subsidiary symbols or letters (often elements of the mint mark on coins of the later Empire). (also planchet), the metal blank of correct size and weight which has been prepared for striking between a pair of dies. a plated counterfeit coin with base metal core, usually in imitation of a silver denomination, though occasionally of gold. This normally indicates an unofficial product, though some fourrée appear to have been produced from official dies at the mint. a group of Roman families sharing a common nomen, indicated by the second element of a personal name. Thus, Gaius Julius Caesar and the Republican moneyer Lucius Julius Bursio both belonged to the Gens Julia, whilst Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus was a member of the Gens Pompeia (see also Nomen).

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Graffiti Hexastyle Hybrid Incuse

Janiform Jugate Labarum Laureate Legend Legionary eagle Liberalitas

Lituus Lyre

Manus Dei

Mappa Mint mark Modius

Mule Mural crown Nimbate

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‘scratches’, letters and other marks scratched on the surface of a coin in ancient times to identify its owner. (see Tetrastyle) (also mule), a coin on which the obverse and reverse designs are incorrectly combined. a design which is recessed into the surface of the flan rather than protruding in relief. Although frequently encountered on Greek coins this characteristic is very rare in the Roman series, being confined to the legends on certain quadrigati and denarii of the Republican series. two heads joined back to back in the manner of the god Janus. (also conjoined), two or more heads placed side by side. Not commonly encountered on Roman coins, though it does appear in both the Republican and Imperial series. a late Roman military standard ornamented with the Christian monogram (Christogram). wearing a wreath composed of laurel leaves. Originally associated with the god Apollo, and the standard head-dress of the emperors until the late Roman period. the principal inscription appearing on the obverse and reverse of a coin, as opposed to a mint mark or mark of value. (also aquila), the principal standard of the Roman legion. Normally affixed to a spear, the eagle was usually made of silver, this being the metal visible at the greatest distance. a ceremony in which the emperor distributed money to the citizenry. On the coinage of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD it is usually commemorated by an elaborate scene depicting the emperor atop a lofty platform, accompanied by the personification Liberalitas and with the legend LIBERALITAS or an abbreviated form. Sometimes the figure of Liberalitas appears alone (see also Congiarium). a short curving staff used in religious ceremonies of divination to mark out an area for the observation of birds. It appears on the coinage as a symbol of the Roman priesthood of the Augures. a string instrument with a rounded sound box at the bottom, traditionally made from the shell of a tortoise, and thin curving arms forming the uprights of the frame. It was believed to have been invented by the Greek god Hermes (Roman Mercury). ‘Hand of God’, a Christian image which appears on some coins from the late 4th century onwards in the form of a right hand holding a diadem above the emperor’s head. The symbolism indicates that the temporal ruler of the Empire is receiving divine sanction for his authority. originally the white napkin dropped by an emperor or magistrate as a starting signal at the Circus, in late Roman iconography it came to be a used as one of the principal attributes of the consuls. letters and symbols indicating the place of mintage of a coin and sometimes also the responsible workshop (officina) within the establishment. The precise form of the mark can often be a useful indication of chronology. a measure of wheat, or any dry or solid commodity, containing the third part of an amphora. In form it resembled an inverted bucket standing on three legs. Serapis is usually shown wearing it on his head to denote his portrayal as god of the corn supply. (see Hybrid) (see Turreted) wearing a nimbus or halo surrounding the head. Indicating an aura of glory or power, it was associated with the sun god Sol (Greek Helios) who was sometimes shown with a radiate nimbus in place of the usual radiate crown.

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Nomen

Obverse

Octastyle Officina

Orichalcum

Palladium

Parazonium Patera Petasus Pileus

Planchet Plated Praenomen

Profectio

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Antoninus Pius was the first emperor to appear nimbate (on the reverse of a sestertius) and although seen more frequently in the late Roman period it was never a common iconographic feature. (see also Gens), one of the three principal elements of a Roman name (praenomen, nomen, cognomen) it indicated the clan to which the individual’s family belonged (e.g. Gaius JULIUS Caesar). It was borne also by women (with a feminine ending, e.g. JULIA). from the Latin obversus (‘turned towards’) the obverse is the ‘front’ of a coin bearing what is considered to be the more important of the two designs struck on a flan. The earliest Greek coins bore only a single type engraved on the lower (anvil) die, whilst the upper (punch) die consisted of a simple raised square. This effectively held the flan in place during striking and produced the well known incuse which typifies the reverses of the archaic Greek coinage. The anvil die thus came to be regarded as providing the chief element of a coin’s design. (see Tetrastyle) one of the separate workshops within a mint establishment. From the mid3rd century AD the products of an officina are often identified by a letter or numeral in the reverse field or exergue. Later, they are sometimes combined with the mint name, e.g. R P = 1st officina of Roma; ANT � = 4th officina of Antioch. brass, a yellowish alloy of copper with zinc. It was used extensively for coinage in the Imperial period, principally for the sestertius and dupondius denominations. As the dupondius was not significantly heavier than its half, the copper as, orichalcum was clearly more highly prized, perhaps being officially overvalued to the benefit of the government. a statue of Pallas-Athena (hence the name) reputedly stolen from Troy and subsequently brought to Italy by Aeneas. It was held in great reverence by the Romans who, because of its renowned protective powers, regarded it as the guardian of their city. a short sword or large dagger worn at the waist, it is usually depicted sheathed. a shallow bowl or dish without handles, it was frequently used in religious ceremonies for pouring libations or scattering grain and salt. It also served as a symbol of the priesthood of the Septemviri Epulones. a flat hat, with or without a brim, especially associated with Mercury (Greek Hermes), the messenger of the gods. When depicted on Roman coins the petasus of Mercury is normally winged as an indication of his swiftness. a conical felt hat associated with the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux), twin sons of Jupiter; with Vulcan (Greek Hephaistos), god of iron and fire; and with Ulysses (Greek Odysseus), hero of Homer’s Odyssey. The pileus was also symbolic of freedom, as it was given to former slaves who had been granted their freedom, hence its use as a symbol of Libertas. (see Flan) (see Fourrée) one of the three principal elements of a Roman name (praenomen, nomen, cognomen) it indicated the personal name of the individual within his family (e.g. GAIUS Julius Caesar). It was selected from a relatively small number of recognized praenomina, the most common of which were Aulus (abbreviated A.), Decimus (D.), Gaius (C.), Gnaeus (Cn.), Lucius (L.), Marcus (M.), Publius (P.), Quintus (Q.), Servius (Ser.), Sextus (Sex.), Tiberius (Ti.), and Titus (T.). the departure of an emperor from Rome at the commencement of a journey or military campaign. He is usually shown mounted, though is sometimes on foot (see also Adventus).

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Quadriga Quinquennalia Radiate

Redux

Reverse

Rostrum

Serratus

Signum Simpulum Sistrum Standard

Tetrastyle Thyrsus Togate Trident Triga Tripod

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a chariot drawn by a team of four animals, usually horses. (see Decennalia) decorated with rays, like those of the sun, this term is usually applied to the spiky crown sometimes worn by emperors as an alternative to a wreath. Normally indicating a double denomination (dupondius = two asses, antoninianus = two denarii) it derives from the headdress of the sun-god Sol (Greek Helios) and implies an association of the emperor with the divinity. The equivalent attribute for empresses was a crescent moon behind the shoulders, symbolic of the goddess Luna (Greek Selene). ‘bringing back’, this epithet was often applied to the goddess Fortuna in the sense that she was being invoked to protect the emperor on his return journey to Rome, both by sea and by land (the former represented by Fortuna’s attribute of a rudder, the latter by a wheel placed beneath the seat of her throne or beside her standing figure). from the Latin reversus (‘turned away’) the reverse is the ‘back’ of a coin bearing what is considered to be the subordinate of the two designs struck on a flan. The earliest Greek coins bore only a single type engraved on the lower (anvil) die, whilst the upper (punch) die consisted of a simple raised square. This effectively held the flan in place during striking and produced the well known incuse which typifies the reverses of the archaic Greek coinage. The punch die thus came to be regarded as providing only the secondary element of a coin’s design. the beak or ram of a warship, often with three prongs (rostrum tridens). Those captured by C. Maenius from the fleet of the neighbouring city of Antium in 338 BC were used to adorn the speakers’ platform in the Roman Forum. Thus, this structure acquired the name rostra (‘beaks’), hence the word rostrum in modern English. serrati were Roman Republican denarii with notched or serrated edges, produced by chiselling the blank prior to striking. This practice was confined to specific issues and was especially common in the late 2nd century BC through the early decades of the 1st century. The reason for the contemporaneous production of serrati and regular denarii remains uncertain. (see Standard) an earthenware ladle with long handle used by the Pontifices for pouring wine at sacrifices. It appears on the coinage as a symbol of this important priesthood. a ceremonial rattle which appears as an attribute of the Egyptian goddess Isis. It is also held by the personification of the province Aegyptus on Hadrian’s coinage commemorating his visits to various parts of the Empire. a military ensign (signum) borne by a signifer as an emblem of a cohort within a legion. It took the form of a pole or spear surmounted by a hand and with additional decorations on the shaft, including phalerae (metal discs), wreaths, and emblems commemorating the battle honours won by the unit. used to describe a building (usually a temple) showing four columns along its façade. Also distyle (two columns), hexastyle (six columns), octastyle (eight columns), and decastyle (ten columns). the staff of Bacchus (Greek Dionysos) usually surmounted by a pine cone and wreathed with tendrils of vine or ivy. clad in a toga, the cloak worn by Roman citizens on formal occasions. a three-pronged fishing spear, the regular attribute of Neptune. a chariot drawn by a team of three animals, usually horses. a three-legged stand, usually serving to support a seat or a large bowl (cortina = Greek lebes). It was especially associated with Apollo, because the priestess of the god at Delphi transmitted prophecies while seated on a

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Triskeles

Trophy Turreted Vexillum

Vicennalia Victimarius Vota

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY tripod. At Rome, it also served as a symbol of the priesthood of the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis, who had charge of the Sibylline oracles. (Latin triquetra), ‘three-legs’, a device comprising three human legs joined at the hip and radiating from a central point. On Roman coins it symbolizes Sicily. Because of its shape, the island was sometimes called Trinacria (‘three-cornered’). the arms of a vanquished enemy, attached to a vertical shaft with cross piece, set up to commemorate a notable victory and often appearing on coins with captives at its foot. wearing a crown in the form of a city wall with towers or battlements (normally an attribute of Cybele or a city goddess and often called a mural crown). a military standard consisting of a square-shaped piece of cloth bearing a device suspended from a cross bar attached to a pole. Originally a standard of the legionary cavalry, in Imperial times it was used by auxiliary cavalry units (alae) and was borne by the senior standard-bearer, the vexillarius. It was also used by detached units (vexillatio). Its primary function seems to have been that of a commander’s flag used for signalling. Miniature vexilla were awarded as military decorations. (see Decennalia) an attendant at a ceremonial sacrifice whose task was to slay the sacrificial animal. (plural of votum). A vow made to a god in order to obtain a divine favour stipulated in advance. The granting of the request obliged the vower to fulfil his promise. This usually took the form of a sacrifice to the deity or an offering to his (or her) temple. Public vota in Imperial times were normally for the welfare of the emperor over a stated period of time (five or ten years) and were regularly undertaken (vota suscepta) and hopefully paid (vota soluta). Sometimes they were more specific, relating to the safety of the emperor on a particularly hazardous journey or military campaign, or the current state of his health. The undertaking and fulfillment of these public vows was frequently recorded on the coinage and in the late Empire especially may provide useful evidence for the chronological arrangement of issues (see also Decennalia).

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS Roman coin inscriptions contain numerous abbreviations which are rarely separated by punctuation marks. The following are amongst the commonest forms and collectors should try to familiarize themselves with these before attempting to transcribe legends. AVG

C or CAES

CONOB

COS

DN

DD NN III VIR/IIII VIR

= Augustus, the honorific title bestowed on Octavian by the Senate on 16 January 27 BC and thereafter adopted by all of his successors as an indication of their supreme authority. [On some earlier coins of the Imperatorial period the abbreviation ‘AVG’ may be used to designate membership of the Augures, one of Rome’s four principal priestly colleges]. = Caesar, originally a cognomen of the Julia gens. In 49 BC Gaius Julius Caesar (later dictator) initiated the period of civil conflict which led to the downfall of the Republic and the establishment of autocratic rule under his heir, Octavian (Augustus). After the extinction of the Julio-Claudian dynasty Caesar was adopted as an imperial title by their successors. It was also borne by the heir to the throne prior to his assumption of supreme authority. = Constantinopolis Obryza, ‘Pure Gold of Constantinople’. This form of mint mark, appearing in the exergues of late Roman and Byzantine solidi and fractional gold denominations, had its origins in the second half of the 4th century. ‘Obryza’, a word of obscure derivation, indicated that the gold from which the coin had been struck had been tested and was guaranteed pure. Initially, other mints employed a similar formula (ANTOB for Antioch, MDOB for Mediolanum, etc.) but eventually CONOB came to be utilized universally, without regard to the actual place of mintage. An important variation appearing at a number of western mints was COMOB. This may have had a slightly different meaning, the COM possibly indicating the office of Comes Auri (‘Count of Gold’), the official charged with the responsibility of supervising the Imperial gold supplies in the western provinces of the Empire (see also under MINTS AND MINT MARKS OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE). = Consul, the highest annually elected magistracy of the Roman Republic. From 509 BC until the fall of the Republic two consuls were appointed each year to act as temporary heads of state. Consuls continued to hold office under the Imperial constitution and quite frequently the emperor himself, or his heir, occupied the position (see also under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’). = Dominus Noster, ‘Our Lord’. Introduced under the First Tetrarchy in the early years of the 4th century AD. Common after the middle of the century when it replaced IMP (erator) at the beginning of inscriptions. = Dominorum Nostrorum, the plural of Dominus Noster. = Triumvir/Quattuorvir, ‘One of Three/Four Men’. This title was used to describe the annual mint magistrates (usually three in number, but sometimes four) of the Republic and early Empire. This appointment formed an important step in the progression (cursus honorum) of a public career, possibly leading to an eventual consulate. The full title was Tres Viri/Quattuor Viri Aere Argento Auro Flando Feriundo (‘Three/Four Men for the Casting [and] Striking of Bronze, Silver [and] Gold’). This sometimes appears on the coinage, notably the reformed aes denominations of Augustus where it is rendered as III VIR A A A F F.

16 16 III VIR R P C

IMP

PERP or PP

PF

PM

PP

SC

SPQR

TR P

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS = Triumvir Reipublicae Constituendae, ‘One of Three Men for the Regulation of the Republic’. The title adopted in November of 43 BC by the three Caesarian leaders (Mark Antony, Octavian and Lepidus) when they formed the Second Triumvirate to oppose the tyrannicides Brutus and Cassius. = Imperator, ‘Commander’. Under the Republic it came to designate a victorious general whose success was enthusiastically acclaimed by his troops. For its later development as an Imperial title, see under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’. = Perpetuus, ‘Continuous’. In the early Empire this indicated the holding of a specific office for life, e.g. CENS(or) PERP(petuus) under Domitian. However, from the late 5th century into Byzantine times it replaced the traditional ‘P F’, standing on its own as an Imperial title immediately preceding that of Augustus. = Pius Felix, ‘Dutiful’ (to the gods, the State, and to one’s family) and ‘Happy’ (in good fortune and success). From the mid-3rd to the late 5th centuries AD these titles often immediately preceded that of Augustus, until superseded by ‘PP’ (Perpetuus). = Pontifex Maximus, ‘Greatest of the Pontifices’. The sixteen Pontifices formed one of the four senior colleges of priests in Rome and were charged with the supervision of ceremonies connected with the state religion. The head of the Pontifices was the Pontifex Maximus (a title still borne by the Pope today). Augustus received the title in 13 BC on the death of its last Republican holder, the former Triumvir Lepidus. Thereafter, it was normally assumed by each emperor at the time of his accession (see also under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’). = Pater Patriae, ‘Father of his Country’. Augustus received this title in 2 BC and it was subsequently adopted by most of his successors at the time of their accession (see also under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’). An earlier version (Parens Patriae) had been bestowed on Cicero after his exposure of the Catiline conspiracy in 63 BC and on Caesar in the final months of his life. = Senatus Consulto, ‘by Decree of the Senate’. Sometimes expressed more fully as EX S C. Referring to the authority by which the issue was made. Appears on most Imperial aes until the mid-3rd century, but also occasionally on precious metal issues of the Republic and early Empire. = Senatus Populusque Romanus, ‘The Roman Senate and People’. The traditional formula expressing the joint authority of the conscript fathers and the common citizenry. Although having little meaning in Imperial times it continues to appear quite regularly on the coinage down to the time of Constantine the Great. = Tribunicia Potestas, ‘Tribunician Power’. Established in the early days of the Republic, the office of Tribune of the Plebs ultimately carried with it wide ranging powers and protections, including inviolability of person. On 1 July 23 BC Augustus obtained a lifetime grant of the tribunician power, an important step in the establishment of an autocracy as it gave him the absolute right of veto as well as the authority to convene the Senate. The tribunician power was generally assumed at the commencement of each new reign, though some emperors had already received it during their predecessor’s reign (e.g. Tiberius, Titus, Marcus Aurelius, etc.). It is of special interest when followed by a numeral as this allows a coin to be assigned to its precise year of issue, the tribunician power being renewed annually for the purpose of regnal dating (see also under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’).

THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE The earliest coinage of central Italy, known as Aes Grave, was of bronze, the various pieces being cast and not struck. Previous to the currency of these, irregular lumps of bronze (Aes Rude) and cast bronze bars or ingots bearing designs on both sides (Aes Signatum) were in use, although these may have been used as bullion exchangeable by weight rather than as money. Aes Grave was first issued by the Roman Republic about 280 BC, but the Romans soon realized that in order to facilitate commerce with other Italian and and non-Italian states it was also necessary to have a more convenient coinage comprising silver denominations and struck bronzes. Accordingly, they introduced silver didrachms and bronze double litrae and litrae closely resembling the coinages of the cities of Magna Graecia. Some years later, between the First and Second Punic Wars, the coinage underwent certain modifications. This resulted in the introduction of a new series of Aes Grave, the standardized types of which were subsequently adopted as the norm for most of the later issues of Republican bronze; and a fundamental change in the design of the silver coinage, which saw the large scale production of quadrigatus-didrachms bearing a janiform head of the Dioscuri on obverse and Jupiter in a four-horse chariot (quadriga) on reverse. The following table shows the obverse types and relative values of the various bronze denominations, the common reverse type being the prow of a galley: As Semis Triens Quadrans Sextans Uncia

head of Janus head of Saturn head of Minerva head of Hercules head of Mercury head of Roma

mark of value I mark of value S mark of value 4 pellets mark of value 3 pellets mark of value 2 pellets mark of value pellet

= 12 unciae = 6 unciae = 4 unciae = 3 unciae = 2 unciae

(The mark of value is usually shown on both sides of the coin).

Struck bronze as of 211–206 BC (no. 627) In the closing years of the 3rd century BC the crisis of the Second Punic War was responsible for a complete restructuring of the Roman currency system. The Aes Grave underwent a rapid series of weight reductions and were gradually superseded by lighter struck bronze coins, the transition being complete by circa 211 BC. The same date also saw the abandonment of the silver quadrigatus-didrachm in favour of the denarius, a smaller and lighter piece valued at 10 asses (mark of value X). Seven decades later the denarius was re-tariffed at 16 asses (mark of value XVI), a value

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Aes Grave as of 225–217 BC (no. 570)

Silver didrachm of 280–275 BC (no. 22)

Silver quadrigatus-didrachm of 215–213 BC (No. 32)

Silver denarius of 206–194 BC (no. 54)

Silver victoriatus of 211–206 BC (no. 49)

Silver quinarius of 211–206 BC (no. 44)

Silver sestertius of 211–206 BC (no. 46)

Gold 60-as of 211–208 BC (no. 3)

THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE

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which it retained into the Imperial period. The denarius was destined to be the principal denomination of both the Republican and the Imperial monetary systems until its replacement by the double denarius (antoninianus) in the mid-3rd century AD. At the same time as the inauguration of the denarius (circa 211 BC) two fractional silver pieces were also introduced. However, the quinarius or half denarius (mark of value V = 5 asses) and the sestertius (mark of value IIS = 2 asses and a semis) were struck only for the first few years following the reform of circa 211 BC, though both were to be revived at a much later date. The victoriatus (so-called because of its reverse type of Victory crowning a trophy) was another new denomination resulting from the reform of circa 211 BC. In weight it was the same as the pre-reform drachm or half quadrigatus and was the equivalent of three-quarters of the denarius. Its primary purpose was for circulation amongst Greek communities, principally those of southern Italy, but with the expansion of Rome’s horizons following her victory over the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War the denomination gradually lost its importance and was finally discontinued about 170 BC.

Gold quinarius of Tiberius (no. 1761 var.)

Gold aureus of Brutus, 42 BC (no. 1430)

Gold coins were seldom issued and formed no part of the regular coinage in the Republican period. They were struck usually for military purposes at times of emergency and all types are now rare. In the period of civil strife following the assassination of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March, 44 BC, gold was issued by and for many of the contenders for political power, notably the Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian and the Republican leaders Brutus and Cassius. The gold issues of Octavian (later Augustus) eventually evolved into the first Roman Imperial gold coinage. No regular Republican bronze was issued after about 82 BC, but once Augustus had achieved supreme power and restored peace to the Roman world he resumed the large scale production of aes as part of his re-organization of the currency system (circa 18 BC). Authority for the minting of gold and silver was retained by Augustus, but the orichalcum (brass) and copper coins were issued under the nominal control of the Senate, as evidenced by the ubiquitous formula ‘S C’ (Senatus Consulto). Initially, the names of the responsible moneyers appeared prominently on the Augustan aes (as on the coinage of the Roman Republic), but this practice ceased after about 4 BC. Gold issues now became a regular part of the coinage and the various denominations of the reorganized system are shown in the following table: Gold aureus Gold quinarius Silver denarius Silver quinarius Brass sestertius Brass dupondius Copper as Brass semis Copper quadrans

= = = = = = = =

25 silver denarii 12�� silver denarii 16 copper asses 8 copper asses 4 copper asses 2 copper asses 4 copper quadrantes 2 copper quadrantes

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Copper as of Tiberius (no. 1770)

Copper quadrans of Augustus (no. 1693)

The dupondius and as, though of similar size, could be distinguished by the colour of the metal (yellow brass, red copper), the radiate head of the emperor only coming into use as a regular feature of the former coin at a later date. Other than a small early Augustan issue the silver quinarius was not struck during the Julio-Claudian period. It was revived by Galba in AD 68 and thereafter its production continued under the Flavian emperors and their successors.

Silver cistophorus of Claudius (no. 1838)

Brass semis of Nero (no. 1979)

At certain Asian mints – notably Ephesus and Pergamum – Augustus and some of his successors continued to strike the large silver pieces known as cistophori, equal in value to three denarii. Coins of this size and value, bearing as one of their types the Dionysiac snake-basket or cista mystica, had been the chief currency of the kingdom of Pergamum in Asia Minor (later the Roman province of Asia) from early in the 2nd century BC. Although in the Imperial period the types of the cistophorus were more in accord with the general style of Roman issues the coin was still recognizable to the people of provincia Asia and readily passed current. Nero (AD 54–68), who, with all his faults, was a man of innovation and artistic appreciation, took a keen interest in the Imperial coinage and this led him to institute the experimental issue of an as and a quadrans struck in orichalcum (brass) in addition to those of copper. Whether his ultimate intention was to discard copper altogether is uncertain, but with the exception of a few isolated issues the experiment did not survive his suicide in AD 68 which ended the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Brass sestertii of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD are amongst the most attractive of all the coins in the Roman series. They frequently bear interesting types which, because of the large size of the flan, are rendered in great detail, thus adding to the visual impact of these handsome pieces. When in the finest condition sestertii are much sought-after by collectors and consistently realize high prices. Although their smaller flans do not provide the same scope, the dupondii and asses also are

THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE

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Brass sestertius of Hadrian

Brass dupondius of Vespasian

Silver quinarius of Domitian

often beautiful examples of the Roman engraver’s art. In the 3rd century, however, the weight and the artistic level of the sestertius and its fractions underwent a decline. In fact, by the time the Emperor Trajan Decius (AD 249–51) introduced his experimental double sestertius, showing the emperor wearing a radiate crown, the coin weighed little more than many of the sestertii of the Julio-Claudian era. Although not continued by Decius’ immediate successors, the double sestertius was incorporated into his aes coinage by the Gallic usurper Postumus (AD 260–268).

Brass double sestertius of Trajan Decius

Gold aureus of Nero (no. 1927)

The weight of the aureus and the denarius, as well as the fineness of the latter, were reduced by Nero as part of his currency measures undertaken in AD 64. Successive emperors – always pressed for money – carried on the evil process until, by the reign of Caracalla, the denarius contained barely 40% silver. This emperor further debased the coinage by introducing a new denomination of similar metal which, although only equivalent in weight to about one and a half denarii, was

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THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE

Silver denarius of Trajan

Silver antoninianus of Pupienus

apparently officially tariffed as the equivalent of two. This new piece, which we know as an antoninianus (after Caracalla’s official name Antoninus), always shows the emperor wearing a radiate crown instead of the laurel-wreath of the denarius. In the case of empresses, the larger silver denomination is distinguished by the addition of a crescent placed beneath the bust.

Silver antoninianus of Otacilia Severa

Billon antoninianus of Aurelian

By the middle of the 3rd century the antoninianus had driven the denarius out of circulation. With the acute political and economic crisis which was afflicting the Empire at this time the antoninianus became increasingly debased until, by the latter part of the sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260–68), it was reduced to a mere base metal coin of diminished size with only a tiny silver content. Aurelian, in his reform of the coinage (circa AD 273), restored the antoninianus to something like its original size and fixed the silver content at about 5% (perhaps indicated by the ‘XXI’ mark which it frequently bore in the exergue). He also revived the denarius (struck in the same metal as the antoninianus) and attempted to reintroduce aes, principally asses. Prior to this reform antoniniani of Gallienus’ successor Claudius II Gothicus (AD 268–70) and of the Gallic usurper Tetricus (AD 270–73) had been extensively imitated by unofficial mints in the West, chiefly in Britain and Gaul. Although sometimes reasonably competent copies of the originals, many of these ‘barbarous radiates’ are quite grotesque as well as being much smaller than the officially minted coins. With Aurelian’s reconquest of the Gallic Empire and his subsequent measures to regularize the currency these imitations were demonetized and quickly disappeared from circulation.

Silver argenteus-siliqua of Diocletian

Billon follis of Diocletian

Thus, by the closing decades of the 3rd century, Rome’s Imperial coinage bore little resemblance to the system instituted by Augustus almost three centuries before. The silver coinage had become hopelessly debased; aes production had virtually ceased, despite Aurelian’s attempt to

THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE

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restore it in AD 273; and gold, though still retaining its fineness, was no longer struck on a consistent weight standard. The time was ripe for radical reform and, beginning about AD 294, the Emperor Diocletian undertook a series of measures with the object of restoring confidence in the Imperial coinage. The most important of the changes was the introduction of two new denominations: the siliqua (commonly referred to as the argenteus), a silver coin of approximately the same weight and fineness as the reformed Neronian denarius; and the follis, a large billon coin containing about 5% silver. Production of the antoninianus was now discontinued, though a coin of similar appearance remained in issue for about a decade following the reform. This piece no longer bore the mark ‘XXI’ on the reverse and it contained no trace of silver. It is referred to in this catalogue as a post-reform radiate.

Bronze post-reform radiate of Diocletian

Gold solidus of Constantine I

Constantine the Great (AD 307–37) made further changes to the monetary system. In place of the aureus, which was currently being struck at 60 to the pound of gold (5.4 grams), he introduced into the western provinces a new and lighter coin called the solidus, which was produced at 72 pieces to the pound (4.5 grams). With the defeat of Constantine’s eastern rival Licinius (AD 308–24) production of the solidus became universal throughout the Empire. The aureus was still occasionally struck thereafter, but its issue was generally confined to the celebration of special occasions. Two gold fractional denominations accompanied the solidus, though they were never produced in the same quantities as the larger piece. The semissis was the equivalent of a half solidus, while the 9–siliqua piece (also called the one and a half scripulum) was the equivalent of three-eighths of a solidus. Before the end of the 4th century this curious and seemingly inconvenient denomination was replaced by a one-third solidus or tremissis.

Silver argenteus-siliqua of Constantius II

Silver miliarensis of Constans

In AD 325 Constantine resumed production of the Diocletianic siliqua or argenteus which had lapsed after about AD 310. At the same time he introduced the larger silver miliarensis which was one-third heavier than the siliqua (four scruples instead of three) and the same weight as the gold solidus (4.5 grams). A few years later, after the death of Constantine, a heavier version of the miliarensis was introduced. This ‘heavy miliarensis’ was struck at 60 to the pound, the same weight as the old gold aureus (5.4 grams). Both versions of the miliarensis remained in issue over a considerable period of time, extending even into the Byzantine period. The siliqua, however, soon underwent some fundamental changes. About AD 357 Constantius II, the last surviving son of Constantine I, reduced the weight of the siliqua from 1/96 of a pound (3.375 grams or three

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THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE

scruples) to 1/144 pound (2.25 grams or two scruples). In consequence, the lighter version of the miliarensis now became a double siliqua.

Silver reduced siliqua of Julian II

Billon centenionalis of Constantine II

The late Roman bronze coinage presents many problems. The billon follis denomination, introduced by Diocletian in the final decade of the 3rd century, soon began to decline in size and weight. Its original weight of about 10 grams was, by circa AD 318, down to about one-third of that level and it became clear to Constantine that measures needed to be undertaken to stabilize the situation. Accordingly, a new billon coin, weighing a little over 3 grams, was introduced at this time at the mints under the western emperor’s control. This was extended to all the mints of the Empire after the defeat of Licinius in AD 324. The name of this new coin is not certainly known, though it appears likely that it was called a centenionalis (most cataloguers refer to it simply as ‘Æ 3’). In AD 330 the weight of the centenionalis itself began to decline, just as its predecessor had done, and by AD 336 its weight was down to a mere 1.7 grams. With the political troubles consequent on Constantine’s death in 337 remedial measures were delayed for more than a decade and it was not until about AD 348 that Constantius II and Constans reformed the bronze coinage by introducing

Billon maiorina of Constantius II

Billon half maiorina of Constans

several new denominations to replace the centenionalis – the billon maiorina, struck on two weight standards (5.2 grams and 4.5 grams) and a half maiorina, weighing about 2.6 grams. Once again, the nomenclature is not certain and the maiorina has frequently been referred to in previous catalogues as a centenionalis. Unfortunately, the new arrangement was destined to have the same chequered history as its predecessors, with a rapid decline in size and weight culminating in a tiny billon piece weighing only 1.9 grams by the end of Constantius’ reign in AD 361. The picture was further complicated by the issues of a western usurper Magnentius (AD 350–53) who, in obvious financial straits towards the end of his reign, attempted to replace the billon maiorina with a larger bronze piece. This initially weighed over 8 grams, but underwent a series of rapid reductions as the rebel regime neared its violent end. A final brave attempt to revive the ailing late Roman bronze coinage was made by Julian II late in his reign (AD 363). Interestingly, the introduction of a large billon piece weighing about 8.25 grams looks remarkably like an attempt to restore the Diocletianic follis, inviting speculation that the pagan emperor had the deliberate intention of reverting to the last coinage reform of preChristian times. The experiment was, of course, short-lived and the denomination was soon abandoned by his Christian successors. More lasting was another denomination introduced by Julian – a bronze ‘Æ 3’ weighing just under 3 grams and closely resembling the Constantinian billon centenionalis of AD 318. This revived centenionalis survived into the 5th century and although, like

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Billon restored follis of Julian II

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Bronze restored centenionalis of Julian II

other 4th century bronze denominations, its weight tended to decline with the passage of years there was actually an attempt to restore it to its original level in AD 395. Another bronze denomination which appeared in the closing decades of the 4th century was an ‘Æ 2’ introduced by the western emperor Gratian circa AD 379. Although struck in bronze rather than billon, this piece was otherwise reminiscent of the maiorina introduced three decades before and may be considered a revival of that denomination. It was to last until AD 395 when it was demonetized under the terms of a rescript preserved in the Codex Theodosianus (ix. 232), though there were still a few isolated

Bronze restored maiorina of Theodosius I

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus of Magnus Maximus

issues of ‘Æ 2s’ during the course of the 5th century. Also appearing about AD 379 was a new ‘Æ 4’ denomination, presumably representing the half of the revived centenionalis. This diminutive coin was to have a much longer history, eventually becoming the only bronze denomination in regular issue as the disastrous 5th century progressed. Also known as the nummus, the latest miserable examples of the ‘Æ 4’ frequently weigh less than 1 gram, being almost indistinguishable from imitations produced by the various barbarian tribes who were now invading and occupying former Roman territory. Unofficial ‘barbarous’ copies of late Roman bronze coinage had been produced from Constantinian times onwards, many of them imitated from the post-348 maiorinae of Constantius II with reverse legend FEL TEMP REPARATIO and type soldier spearing fallen horseman.

Gold semissis of Zeno

Gold tremissis of Leo I

In AD 498 the Emperor Anastasius carried out a sweeping reform of the bronze coinage. This introduced a whole new range of denominations, each being a multiple of the old nummus and bearing its mark value conspicuously on the reverse (e.g. M = 40 nummi, K = 20 nummi, I = 10

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nummi, etc.). As the introduction of these novel coins marks an almost complete break with the traditions of the Roman coinage, the Anastasian aes reform has been considered a convenient point at which to commence the Byzantine series, though no adjustments to the precious metal coinage were made at this time.

THE REVERSE TYPES OF THE IMPERIAL COINAGE Although most collectors of Roman Imperial coins begin by attempting to acquire a selection of portraits of the emperors and their families, it is in the remarkable array of reverse types that the unique interest and historical value of the series will be found. Moreover, a sound knowledge of these types will often make it possible to attribute a coin even when the legends are obscure (especially important when coins from excavations are being used as archaeological evidence).

I. DEITIES AND PERSONIFICATIONS In the following notes it is proposed briefly to outline the more important types (the chief deities of the Roman pantheon and a few other divinities which achieved great popularity in the Roman World) and their customary attributes, after which the principal personifications, which constitute the majority of the reverse types, will be dealt with.

As of Caracalla Aesculapius. The god of medicine and healing, he is shown as a man of mature years, holding a staff about which a snake twines. He is often accompanied by a small figure representing his attendant, Telesphorus. His image appears on Roman Provincial (‘Greek Imperial’) coins at a number of mints, including Epidaurus, where the great temple of Asklepios was situated, and Pergamum, where there was a celebrated sanctuary of the god (the Asklepieion) which was greatly embellished during the reign of Hadrian.

Antoninianus of Trebonianus Gallus (Apollo)

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Apollo. The sun-god, Apollo, was also god of music and the arts, of prophecy, and the protector of flocks and herds: he is usually depicted with a lyre. Amongst his titles are CONSERVATOR, PALATINVS (as protector of the imperial residence on the Palatine), and PROPVGNATOR. He appears at intervals on the Imperial coinage from Augustus to Carausius and then, like most pagan types, falls out of use in the 4th century. On Roman Provincial coins Apollo is a frequent type, appearing on the Alexandrian series as Apollo Aktios or Pythios, and on coins of Ephesus with the title Hikesios, indicating his role as protector of suppliants. On colonial bronzes of Apamea he is named APOLLO CLARIVS, after his sanctuary at Clarus near Colophon. More commonly encountered are depictions of the god without name or title.

Denarius of Septimius Severus Bacchus. Under his ancient Italian name of Liber, the god of wine occasionally appears as a coin type. He is generally shown holding a wine-cup and thyrsus and is accompanied by his attendant panther. Sometimes his head only is depicted, crowned with vine or ivy leaves. On a coin of Gallienus the panther appears on its own, with the legend LIBERO P CONS AVG. Few emperors, however, adopted Bacchus as a coin type. In the Roman Provincial series, however, Dionysos was a very popular type and occurs on the coins of many cities.

Dupondius of Claudius Ceres. In the 1st and 2nd centuries AD Ceres appears frequently as a coin type and is generally shown holding ears of corn to symbolize her function as presiding goddess of agriculture. Sometimes she bears a torch to signify her search in the darkness for her lost daughter Proserpina, who had been abducted to Hades by Pluto. The epithet most most commonly applied to her is Frugifera (‘bearing fruits’). On Roman Provincial coins she appears as the goddess Demeter, sometimes accompanied by her daughter Persephone (the Greek name for Proserpina).

Aureus of Julia Domna (Cybele)

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Cybele. Of Asian origin, the Mother of the Gods was not commonly depicted as a Roman coin type, except in the 2nd and early 3rd centuries AD. She is usually shown wearing a turreted crown and holding a tympanum (small drum or tambourine), and is either in a car drawn by lions or enthroned between the animals. The accompanying legend is normally MATER DEVM or MATRI MAGNAE, or a similar variant. Many Greek cities have Kybele on their coins during the Imperial period, her cult being very popular in Asia Minor.

Sestertius of Faustina Junior

Diana. The sister of Apollo, Diana was regarded as the moon-goddess and is sometimes represented with a lunar crescent above her forehead. When given the title of LVCIFERA (‘the lightbringer’) she is depicted holding a long torch, symbolic of moonlight. She was also protectress of the young and deity of the chase. In the latter role she is equipped with bow and arrows and is sometimes accompanied by a hound or deer. Her other titles include CONSERVATRIX and VICTRIX. As DIANA EPHESIA she appears as a cultus-figure on Asian cistophori of the reigns of Claudius and Hadrian. The most famous shrine of Diana (or Artemis as she was called by the Greeks) was the celebrated Artemision at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (19, 27) and some of the local issues of the city show the statue of Artemis Ephesia either alone or within a representation of the famed temple. The cult of Artemis Ephesia was widespread and was honoured on the coinages of many cities, utilizing similar types.

Follis of Maxentius The Dioscuri. The twins Castor and Pollux, sons of Jupiter and Leda, appear frequently on the Republican coinage and their mounted figures galloping side by side was selected as the exclusive type for the denarius during its initial phase of issue and the principal type for the first seven decades. Invariably, their headdress is the conical pileus, often surmounted by a star to denote divinity. In Imperial times, however, the Dioscuri are rarely featured. Castor alone stands beside his horse on gold of Commodus and silver of Geta, whilst both figures make a final appearance on the early 4th century coinage of Maxentius.

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On the Roman Provincial coinage the Dioskouroi appear on the issues of a number of cities, notably the Ionian mint of Phocaea, and sometimes they are represented solely by their pilei surmounted by stars.

Aureus of Carausius Hercules. Son of Jupiter by the mortal Alcmene, Hercules was a popular coin type from the 1st century AD until the time of Constantine the Great. He can always be recognized by his splendid physique and by his constant attributes of club and lion’s skin. Commodus, who regarded Hercules as his tutelary deity and even, in his final years, appears to have believed himself a reincarnation of the demi-god, struck many medallions and coins bearing either the figure of Hercules or types relating to him. At a later date, Postumus issued a series bearing types alluding to the various ‘labours’. The titles of Hercules are many, and include CONSERVATOR, DEFENSOR, ROMANVS, and VICTOR. Many Roman Provincial mints depicted Herakles, especially those named Heraclea after the demi-god. Under Antoninus Pius the mint of Alexandria issued a remarkable series of bronze hemidrachms illustrating the deity’s extraordinary exploits.

Small bronze of the time of Julian II Isis. Of purely Egyptian origin, Isis, the wife of Osiris, became one of the most popular deities with the Romans and even had several temples dedicated to her in the Imperial capital. She rarely appears, however, on the Imperial coinage, though she is sometimes shown in the company of Serapis. Her normal attribute is the sistrum (rattle), but on a coin of Julia Domna she nurses the infant Horus. Isis also appears on a number of Roman Provincial issues, especially, of course, on the coinage of Alexandria. Sometimes her head only is shown, and sometimes she is represented as Isis Pharia, holding a sail billowing in the wind, with or without a representation of the celebrated Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria.

As of Hadrian (Janus)

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Janus. Although the double head of Janus was the regular obverse type of the Republican as throughout almost the entire period of its issue, the deity very seldom appears on any of the issues of the emperors. He was the god of beginnings, looking both to past and future, and the first month of the year was named after him. He appears at infrequent intervals as a reverse type – a full-length figure holding a sceptre – and the Ianus Geminus (‘Twin Janus’) features on an extensive issue of aes under Nero. When there was peace throughout the Empire the doors of this small shrine were ceremonially closed – an event sufficiently rare to warrant commemoration on the coinage.

Aureus of Julia Soaemias Juno. The sister and consort of Jupiter is depicted as a tall matron, either seated or standing, holding a patera and a sceptre. She is frequently accompanied by a peacock and on certain posthumous issues of empresses the bird may appear alone, either standing or in flight, bearing the deceased Augusta to heaven (the same role fulfilled by Jupiter’s eagle in the case of deified emperors). The temple of Juno Moneta on the Capitoline Hill was of special importance from a numismatic standpoint as the Roman mint was established in its vicinity in Republican times. Eventually, this led to the use of the word moneta to mean ‘mint’ and later ‘money’, though its original meaning as an epithet of Juno is unknown. Her titles include REGINA, LVCINA (referring to her role as the presiding deity of childbirth), CONSERVATRIX, and VICTRIX. The representations of Hera on Roman Provincial issues are far less frequent than those of her consort Zeus, though she does appear at Chalcis in Euboea and at the Bithynian mint of Nicomedia. On an Alexandrian tetradrachm of Nero the veiled bust of Hera Argeia (Hera of Argos) is shown, identified by the accompanying legend HRA ARGEIA.

Sestertius of Domitian Jupiter. Jove, or Jupiter, Optimus Maximus (‘the Best and Greatest), is usually depicted as a tall bearded man in the prime of life, nude or semi-nude, holding a thunderbolt in his right hand and a sceptre in his left. Sometimes standing, sometimes enthroned, the figure of the Father of the Gods must have been a familiar sight to every Roman from the numerous statues erected in his honour in Rome and in all the principal cities of the Empire. On some coins he is depicted holding a small figure of Victory, or his attendant eagle, instead of a thunderbolt: often the eagle is shown standing at his feet. He may also be represented by an eagle alone, both on regular issues and on posthumous coins of deified emperors. The titles of Jupiter are numerous: they include CONSERVATOR, CVSTOS (Protector of the emperor), LIBERATOR, PROPVGNATOR, STATOR (the Stayer of armies about to flee), TONANS (the Thunderer), TVTATOR, and VICTOR. One unusual representation of the god is as a child seated on the back of the nymph Amalthea’s goat, with the legend IOVI CRESCENTI, “to the Growing Jupiter”. This appears on a coin of the young Caesar

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Valerian, son of Gallienus, and clearly implies a comparison between the young prince and the young god. On Roman Provincial coins representations of Zeus are legion and often are accompanied by one of his many titles, such as Kapetolios (referring to the Roman Capitoline Jupiter), Kasios (referring to his worship on Mount Casium in Syria), and Olympios (at Alexandria).

Antoninianus of Gallienus Luna. The moon-goddess is usually equated with Diana Lucifera and only appears with her own name on coins of Julia Domna and Gallienus. Her Greek counterpart, Selene, appears rather more frequently on the Roman Provincial coinage and sometimes her head is shown conjoined with that of the sun-god Sol. The crescent-moon, which is symbolic of Luna, sometimes occurs as a type, usually in association with a number of stars. In the 3rd century the crescent of Luna appears at the empress’s shoulders on the obverses of antoniniani and dupondii to indicate the double value of these denominations (cf. also under Sol).

Antoninianus of Elagabalus Mars. The god of war – always a popular deity with the Romans – appears frequently as a coin type down to the time of Constantine the Great. He is usually shown with his spear and shield, or with a trophy instead of the latter indicating success in a military campaign. He is sometimes nude, except for a helmet and cloak, and sometimes in full armour. When given the title of PACIFER he bears the olive-branch of Peace, though in this connection one remembers the words which Tacitus puts into the mouth of a British chieftain who, referring to the Romans, says ‘They make a desert and call it peace’. Amongst the other titles of Mars are CONSERVATOR, PROPVGNATOR (the Champion of Rome), VLTOR (the Avenger), and VICTOR. Mars, known to the Greeks as Ares, appears on a few Roman Provincial issues, but his name or titles are rarely given.

Sestertius of Herennius Etruscus (Mercury)

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Mercury. The messenger of the gods was reverenced as the patron of artists, orators, travellers, merchants and, curiously, thieves. He is one of the least frequent of the major deities to appear as a coin type in Imperial times, though his head had been the standard obverse type for the sextans and semuncia denominations on the Republican coinage. He is generally depicted wearing the winged cap or petasus and carrying a purse and a caduceus. The latter is occasionally used alone as a coin type, notably on the smaller denominations. On Roman Provincial coins the Greek Hermes was only adopted as a type by some half-dozen cities, appearing without name or title.

As of Claudius Minerva. The counterpart in Roman mythology of the Greek Pallas Athene, Minerva frequently appears on coins, particularly those of Domitian who regarded her as his special tutelary deity. A war-like goddess, she usually bears a spear and a shield and is equipped with helmet and aegis. Sometimes she holds a small figure of Victory or is accompanied by her attendant bird, the owl. Minerva guided men in the dangers of war, where victory is gained by prudence, courage, and perseverance. She was also goddess of wisdom and patroness of the arts. Amongst her titles are PACIFERA, bringer of Peace, and VICTRIX. On the Roman Provincial issues she is sometimes named as Athena, with perhaps an additional title such as Areia (at Pergamum), Ilias (at Ilium), and Argeia (at Alexandria).

Denarius of Claudius Nemesis. Originally associated with the concept of rightful apportionment, Nemesis came to be regarded as the avenger of crimes and punisher of wrong-doers. Her complex character led to many local interpretations of her role as a goddess and sometimes she was associated with other deities, such as Aequitas, Pax, and Victory, who appeared to be able to assist her in the fulfillment of her various functions. Nemesis makes comparatively few appearances on the Imperial coinage. When she does, she is depicted winged, holding a caduceus or olive-branch, and sometimes with a snake at her feet. A curious gesture especially associated with this goddess is the drawing out of a fold of drapery from her breast. This has been explained as expressing the idea of aversion by spitting upon her bosom inside the opened garment. It was said that humans could avoid her anger by making this same gesture.

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Depictions of Nemesis on the Roman Provincial coinage are rather more frequent. Here, she is not always winged and is typically shown holding a bridle or cubit-rule with a wheel at her feet. Occasionally, two Nemeses may appear standing face to face. This relates to a legend in which the twin Nemeses of Smyrna appeared in a vision to Alexander the Great commanding him to refound the city.

As of Agrippa Neptune. The god of the sea had appeared only infrequently on the later Republican coinage, the first occasion being on a silver quinarius of the moneyer L. Rubrius Dossenus in 87 BC. In Imperial times his depictions were more varied, though they remained sporadic. He is usually represented holding a dolphin and a trident, but sometimes holds an acrostolium (the prow ornament of a galley) instead of the former. The prow itself may be shown beside him, sometimes with his right foot resting on it. Poseidon, the Greek counterpart of Neptune, is of rare occurrence as a type on the Roman Provincial coinage. However, he does appear at Rhodes, with the name Poseidon Asphaleios (‘bringing safety’), and at Alexandria as Poseidon Isthmios (referring to the Isthmus of Corinth).

Sestertius of Nero Roma. The goddess who personified the city of Rome (and in a wider sense the Empire which she had conquered) is usually represented helmeted and in armour, holding a small figure of Victory, or a wreath, and a parazonium. She is often seated on a pile of arms representing the spoils of war. When the Roman Empire became Christian, the type continued in use as a personification of the city or the state, much as the figure of Britannia is regarded today. Roma also appears on the coinage of Alexandria, identified by the accompanying legend RWMH.

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Alexandrian tetradrachm of Hadrian Serapis. This deity was a creation of Ptolemy I of Egypt who wished to establish a cult in which his native Egyptian subjects and their new Greek rulers could participate together, thereby fostering a spirit of national unity. Thus, the Egyptians would be able to recognize the characteristics of Osiris and the Greeks would see Zeus, Hades, and Asklepios. The idea appears to have been a resounding success, as Serapis quickly became established as a major deity and later achieved enormous popularity in Rome and throughout the Empire, many splendid temples being erected in his honour. He appears intermittently on the Roman Imperial coinage from the time of Hadrian onwards and is usually shown raising his right hand and holding a sceptre. On his head he frequently wears a modius and the triple-headed dog Cerberus, guardian of the infernal regions, sometimes sits at his feet. Late in the 2nd century the Emperor Commodus invoke his special protection on a remarkable series inscribed SERAPIDI CONSERV AVG, and the early Severan emperors also showed great favour to the cult of Serapis, Septimius himself being of African birth. Serapis appears on the coins of a number of Roman Provincial mints, principally, of course, on those of Alexandria. Sometimes his bust is shown conjoined with that of the Egyptian goddess Isis, the consort of Osiris.

Antoninianus of Aurelian Sol. The sun-god frequently appears as a type during the 3rd century and the early decades of the 4th, down to the advent of Christianity under Constantine. He is usually depicted nude, or almost so, wearing a radiate crown and holding a globe or a whip. Sometimes he is shown in his chariot drawn by four lively horses and occasionally his bust only occurs as a type. His titles include COMES (‘Companion’) and INVICTVS (‘Unconquered’). When he is styled ORIENS, a name which properly refers to the eastern or rising sun, it may be taken as alluding to the rising fortunes of the emperor using the type. Helios, the Greek equivalent of Sol, appears in the Roman Provincial series on the coins of a number of Greek cities. Sometimes his head is shown conjoined with that of the moon-goddess Selene (Roman Luna). The radiate crown, which the emperor is usually shown wearing on the dupondius and antoninianus denominations (as well as the rare double sestertius), may be taken as an allusion to his position as the earthly personification of the sun-god. Similarly, from the time of Julia Domna to the end of the 3rd century, the empress is normally depicted on the same denominations with a crescent at her shoulders, this being a reference to the moon-goddess Luna. In both instances these distinctions also indicated the double value of the denomination (two asses, two denarii, and two sestertii respectively).

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Colonial bronze of Deultum in Thrace The Three Graces. The Gratiae, or Charites (Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia), were minor deities who personified the ideals of beauty, gentleness, and friendship. They were attendants of Aphrodite (Roman Venus) and they especially favoured poetry and the arts. Their images, consisting of a standing group of three nude female figures, do not appear on the Imperial coinage. However, the type was used by a number of mints in the Roman Provincial series, including Marcianopolis, Argos, Itanus, Naxos, and Magnesia ad Maeandrum, as well as the colonial mint of Deultum in Thrace. Statues of the Graces were popular throughout the Roman world and the Museum at Cyrene possesses one of the Hadrianic period. The type inspired Italian medallists as late as the 16th century.

Denarius of Julia, daughter of Titus Venus. The goddess of beauty and love was a favourite Roman coin type from Republican times until early in the 4th century. Amongst her titles are CAELESTIS, FELIX, GENETRIX, and VICTRIX, and she is usually depicted fully, or almost fully, clothed. Sometimes she holds an apple, sometimes a helmet and a sceptre, and occasionally she is accompanied by Cupid (Greek Eros). In those instances where she is shown semi-nude she is usually posed with her back modestly turned towards the spectator. Julius Caesar, who claimed descent from the goddess, depicted her on many of his coins, generally holding a small figure of Victory. On Roman Provincial coins the goddess Aphrodite was sometimes adopted as a coin type, often because in or near the issuing city there was an important temple dedicated to the deity. In a few cases, such as at Corinth and Cnidus, the representation of the goddess is known to have been copied from a statue for which the issuing city was famous.

As of Caligula (Vesta)

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Vesta. One of the most honoured deities of the Romans, Vesta was the special protectress of the family hearth and was worshipped as a goddess of the Roman state as well as by individuals as the guardian of family life. Following a number of appearances on the later Republican coinage (including a depiction of her temple in the Forum) she was represented on the coins of many emperors, from Caligula to Gallienus, as a matron holding a patera and a sceptre, or a torch, a simpulum, or the Palladium. The well-known as of Caligula, with a seated figure of the goddess, is perhaps one of the best examples of her image as a coin type. The distinctive circular temple of Vesta also appears from time to time, often in connection with its restoration following some disastrous fire. The titles of Vesta include MATER and SANCTA. Her Greek counterpart Hestia rarely appears on the Roman Provincial coinage, despite the universality of her cult in the Greek world. One of the few possible exceptions is the city of Maeonia in Lydia, where coins were issued depicting both the goddess and her temple (she is not named, however, and the identification has been contested).

Antoninianus of Valerian Vulcan. The Roman god of iron and fire was of Italic origin and was regarded as the chief deity of smiths and ironworkers. He seldom occurs as a coin type, but when featured he wears a conical hat (pileus) and holds attributes appropriate to the blacksmith’s trade, such as a hammer and tongs. His earliest appearance had been on bronze dodrantes of 127–126 BC on which his head was shown as the obverse type, wearing a pileus and with tongs over his shoulder. The last appearance was on antoniniani of the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus, on which the god appears at work within a tetrastyle temple, accompanied by the legend DEO VOLKANO. These coins were minted in Gaul where the cult of Vulcan was especially popular. It was natural that the Roman Vulcan should be equated with the Greek Hephaistos, the son of Hera and Zeus and husband of Aphrodite. He appears at a number of Greek mints in the Roman Provincial series and is sometimes depicted seated on a rock, forging the shield of Achilles, as described by Homer. We can now proceed briefly to summarize the chief allegorical personifications which appear on the Imperial coinage. In the following list, the Latin name of each is given first, followed in brackets by the Greek equivalent (where used on a provincial issue). Then comes the closest English rendering of the name, and finally the attributes normally associated with the personification. Feminine names are listed first, in alphabetical order, followed by the masculine, which are far fewer in number.

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FEMALE

Abundantia (Severus Alexander)

Aequitas (Macrianus)

Aeternitas (Faustina Sr.)

Abundantia (Euthenia). Abundance, Plenty. Holds cornucopiae and corn-ears, or is shown emptying the former. Aequitas (Dikaiosyne). Equity, Fair Dealing. Holds scales and cornucopiae or sceptre. Aeternitas. Eternity, Stability. Holds globe, torch, phoenix, or sceptre, or the heads of the Sun and Moon.

Annona (Antoninus Pius)

Clementia (Hadrian)

Concordia (Julia Paula)

Annona. The Annual Grain Supply of Rome. Holds corn-ears and cornucopiae, usually with modius and ship’s prow beside her. Clementia. Clemency, Mercy. Holds branch and sceptre, and sometimes leans on a column. Concordia (Homonoia). Concord, Harmony. Holds patera and cornucopiae or sceptre. As Concordia Militum, holds two standards.

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Constantia (Claudius)

Fecunditas (Faustina Jr.)

Felicitas (Julia Mamaea)

Constantia. Constancy. Her right hand raised to her face. Sometimes in military attire, also holding spear. [Confined to the coinage of the reign of Claudius]. Fecunditas. Fertility (of an empress). Holds child, or children, and sceptre. Sometimes the children are depicted standing at her feet. Felicitas (Eutycheia). Happiness, Prosperity. Holds caduceus and cornucopiae or sceptre. Sometimes depicted leaning on a column.

Fides Militum (Maximinus I)

Fortuna (Domitian)

Hilaritas (Hadrian)

Fides. Good Faith, Loyalty, Trustworthiness. Holds patera and cornucopiae or corn-ears and basket of fruit. As Fides Militum, holds two standards or standard and sceptre. Fortuna (Tyche). Fortune. Holds rudder, sometimes resting on globe, and cornucopiae; a wheel may be shown beside her. Sometimes her attributes include an olive-branch or a patera. Hilaritas. Rejoicing. Holds long palm and cornucopiae, sceptre or patera; is sometimes accompanied by one or two children.

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Indulgentia (Antoninus Pius)

Justitia (Nerva)

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Laetitia (Gordian III)

Indulgentia. Indulgence, Mercy. Holds patera and sceptre. Justitia. Justice. Holds olive-branch, or patera, and sceptre; rarely (on posthumous coins of Constantine) she holds a pair of scales. Laetitia. Joy, Gladness. Holds wreath and sceptre, or occasionally rudder on globe in place of the latter, or may rest her left hand on an anchor.

Liberalitas (Severus Alexander)

Libertas (Claudius)

Moneta (Domitian)

Liberalitas. Liberality. Holds tessera (or abacus) and cornucopiae. Libertas (Eleutheria). Freedom, Liberty. Holds pileus (conical hat) and sceptre. Moneta. Mint, Money. Holds scales and cornucopiae. Sometimes represented as the Three Monetae (gold, silver and aes), each with a pile of metal (or coins) at her feet.

Nobilitas (Geta)

Ops (Antoninus Pius)

Pax (Severus Alexander)

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Nobilitas. Nobility, High Birth. Holds Palladium and sceptre. Ops. Power, Prosperity, Aid. Holds sceptre or corn-ears. [Confined to the coinages of Antoninus Pius and Pertinax]. Patientia. Endurance, Patience. Holds sceptre. Pax (Eirene). Peace. Holds olive-branch and sceptre, cornucopiae or caduceus.

Pietas (Julia Maesa)

Providentia (Caracalla)

Pudicitia (Herennia Etruscilla)

Pietas (Eusebeia). Piety, Dutifulness. Often veiled, holds patera and sceptre; sometimes shown sacrificing at an altar and holding a box of incense. ‘Roman piety unites in one whole, reverence for the gods, devotion to the Emperor, affection between the Augusti or between the Augustus and the people, tenderness of parents to sons, respect or affectionate care of the latter for their parents, and in general, love of one’s neighbour, or in one word Religion’ (Gnecchi). Providentia (Pronoia). Foreseeing. Holds rod, with which she sometimes points to a globe at her feet, and sceptre. In the 3rd century she is often shown holding the globe. The legend may also accompany types which express the concept of providentia in more symbolic ways. Pudicitia. Modesty, Chastity. Holds sceptre and is usually veiled.

Salus (Maximinus I)

Securitas (Antoninus Pius)

Salus (Hygieia). Health, Safety, Welfare. Holds sceptre and patera from which she feeds a snake coiled round an altar; or holds the snake in her arms and feeds it from the patera. Securitas. Security, Confidence. Holds patera or sceptre, and may be depicted leaning on a column, legs crossed; sometimes sits back at ease in a chair.

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Spes (Claudius)

Uberitas (Trajan Decius)

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Victoria (Antoninus Pius)

Spes (Elpis). Hope. Holds flower, and is usually shown walking and slightly raising the drapery of her dress behind. Uberitas or Ubertas. Fruitfulness, Abundance. Holds cornucopiae and purse or bunch of grapes (possibly even a cow’s udder). Victoria (Nike). Victory. Winged, holding a wreath and a palm; may be shown with a shield, which she sometimes inscribes, or erecting a trophy. MALE

Bonus Eventus (Antoninus Pius)

Genius (Hadrian)

Bonus Eventus. Good Outcome. Holds patera over altar, and cornucopiae. Genius. Spirit. Holds patera and cornucopiae, sometimes with altar at feet. Most frequently appears as Genius of the Roman People (GENIVS POPVLI ROMANI), but is represented in a variety of other forms, such as Genius of the Senate (bearded and togate), Genius of the Emperors (and Caesars), and Genius of the Army (with military standard). In the early 4th century he sometimes holds the head of Serapis.

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Honos (Marcus Aurelius)

Virtus (Hadrian)

Honos. Honour. Holds olive-branch or sceptre and cornucopiae. Sometimes appears in association with another male personification, Virtus. Virtus. Valour, Bravery. Usually depicted in complete armour, holding Victory or parazonium and spear, or with spear and shield. Sometimes appears in association with another male personification, Honos. It should be emphasized that the foregoing notes do not pretend to do anything like justice to the subject, about which, indeed, a lengthy book could be written. It is hoped, however, that the information provided, although brief, will be found of interest and may lead collectors of the series to study the subject in more detailed works.

II. REPRESENTATIONS OF THE EMPEROR AND HIS FAMILY In addition to monopolizing the obverses of Roman Imperial coins, the emperors and their families also make frequent appearances as reverse types.

Agrippa as a reverse type of Augustus

Nero on horseback

Augustus set the precedent by authorizing his representation as the victor of Actium and conqueror of Egypt riding in a triumphal quadriga on the reverse of a denarius issued in the autumn of 30 BC. Several other types of Augustus followed during his long reign, including several of 13 BC depicting both the emperor and his trusted friend and colleague, Marcus Agrippa. With the exception of Tiberius, the Julio-Claudian emperors made increasingly frequent appearances on the

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reverses of their coins. Nero, the last representative of the dynasty, is depicted distributing gifts to the people, haranguing his troops, taking part in military exercises on horseback, and even singing to his own accompaniment on a lyre, in the guise of Apollo.

Titus in triumphal procession

Domitian sacrificing during Secular Games

In the Flavian period, Vespasian and Titus appear most frequently in connection with two main themes – the quelling of the Jewish Revolt and the recovery of the Roman State following the Civil Wars of AD 68–69. Vespasian is shown raising a kneeling female figure (the State) on one of his aurei, and both father and son are depicted riding in their chariots in the triumphal procession which celebrated the victory in Judaea. Domitian appears as conqueror of the German tribes on a sestertius which shows him standing in military attire, a personification of the Rhine reclining at his feet. This emperor’s most interesting appearances, however, are in connection with the Secular Games of AD 88, when he is depicted as a participant in various ceremonies, often with the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus as a backdrop.

Hadrian arriving in Mauretania

Antoninus Pius crowning the king of Armenia

The Golden Age of Trajan, Hadrian, and the Antonine emperors produced a great variety of interesting reverse types depicting the emperor. Trajan, the great warrior, is shown at full gallop thrusting his spear at a Dacian enemy, whilst Hadrian’s famous peregrinations spanning his vast Empire are fully documented on the coinage. Antoninus’ stature as a statesmen is suitably illustrated by a sestertius which shows a togate figure of the emperor in the act of creating a new king of Armenia by placing a diadem on the head of the monarch. With the recurrence of bitter frontier wars under Marcus Aurelius, he, and his co-emperor Lucius Verus, are frequently depicted in military scenes. One type shows Aurelius standing amidst four standards, whilst on a coin of Verus the emperor spears a fallen eastern enemy as he gallops past. The first joint reign in the history of the Empire is commemorated by a type showing togate figures of the two emperors clasping right hands. The megalomania of Commodus is quite evident on several of his reverse types, as well as on the obverses which show his head clad in the lion’s skin of Hercules. A type common to both

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sestertius and as feature the emperor dressed as a priest and ploughing with a yoke of two oxen, symbolic of his insane notion to refound the city of Rome and give to it the new name of Colonia Lucia Antoniniana Commodiana.

Elagabalus as priest of the sungod

Severus Alexander in consular procession

The military anarchy which crippled the Empire for a large part of the 3rd century led to a decline in the representation of the emperor in any guise other than as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Septimius Severus is shown togate, as Fundator Pacis (‘Founder of the Peace’), on one type, but he and his sons usually appear in scenes of military significance. Elagabalus, who was far from being a soldier, is often depicted in his role as Chief-Priest of the Syrian Sun-God, providing a brief interlude in this martial period. Elagabalus’ cousin and successor, Severus Alexander, wears the civilian toga while sacrificing over a tripod-altar, but most of his representations are military in character. Over the next few decades the Roman citizen, observing the reverses of the coins he handled, saw his ruler represented only in a few rather stereotyped poses, usually standing in military attire or mounted on horseback. Few other types break the monotony, although Gallienus, the type content of whose coinage is generally more interesting than that of other emperors of the period, is depicted in a greater variety of poses. In one of these, he raises a kneeling figure representing the Gallic provinces. Soon after this type was struck, however, the region was lost by Gallienus to the usurper Postumus and remained independent of the central government for the following fourteen years.

Magnus Maximus and Flavius Victor enthroned

Arcadius trampling on captive

Towards the end of the 3rd century successive emperors were often shown receiving a figure of Victory from the hands of Jupiter and this type continued in use into the early years of the 4th century. With the adoption of Christianity by Constantine and the subsequent slow demise of pagan traditions coin types in general became more limited in number and monotonous in content. The emperor usually appears as the champion of the new faith, holding a labarum (Christian standard) and a figure of Victory (which was now becoming equated with the Christian Angel). The VictoryAngel also appears on a series of later 4th century post-Constantinian gold solidi, hovering

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between two emperors enthroned side by side. By this time the Empire had become more or less permanently divided into eastern and western halves, with at least two emperors reigning simultaneously.

The grandsons of Augustus

The sisters of Caligula

Representations of empresses and princes (and in a few rare instances deceased parents) as reverse types occur throughout most of the period, although there were very few Imperial heirs (as opposed to youthful co-emperors) after the Caesarship of Julian II (AD 355–60). In the early Empire, the emperor’s relatives appeared most often on the reverses of his own coins, as their own coinages were very small, where they existed at all. Thus, we see Gaius and Lucius Caesars standing side by side on the reverse of their grandfather Augustus’ most prolific issue of aurei and denarii, and the Empress Livia seated on the reverse of her son Tiberius’ principal precious metal type (the ‘Tribute Penny’ of the Bible). Caligula, on one of his sestertii, has a most interesting reverse type depicting his three sisters, Agrippina, Drusilla and Julia. On the reverses of some of his aurei and denarii Claudius featured the portraits of his fourth wife, Agrippina, and his step-son, Nero; whilst the brief reign of Vitellius in AD 69 produced several interesting family types depicting the emperor’s young children and his deceased father, the celebrated Lucius Vitellius.

Hostilian as ‘Prince of the Youth’

Faustina Junior as ‘Mother of the Camps’

From the Flavian period, the princes (or ‘Caesars’) began issuing substantial coinages in their own right, and from the early part of the 2nd century the empresses also were given a much larger share of the total output of the mint. The Caesars, where they appear on the reverses of their own coins, are usually represented as ‘Prince of the Youth’ (PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS). The Caesar Marcus Aurelius, who served an unprecedented term of over two decades as heir under Antoninus Pius (AD 139–161) was accorded an extensive coinage of his own, and additionally his head appears as the reverse type on a whole range of denominations of Antoninus himself. Empresses appear in a variety of roles as reverse types, often in the guise of some female deity. Faustina Junior, wife of

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Marcus Aurelius, features on a number of types as ‘Mother of the Camps’ (MATER CASTRORVM), a reference to her devotion to the interests of the soldiers during her husband’s arduous military campaigns, the hardships of many of which she shared. Another reverse type seen frequently on the coinages of empresses, particularly in the early decades of the 3rd century, shows the Augusta and the Augustus clasping hands, often in commemoration of the actual imperial nuptials.

Septimius Severus and his family Before closing this brief survey of imperial representations as reverse types, mention should be made of the uniquely extensive series of ‘dynastic coins’ issued under Septimius Severus (AD 193–211). These depict his wife, Julia Domna, his daughter-in-law, Plautilla, and his two sons, Caracalla and Geta, as well as himself. All these pieces are in the aureus and denarius denominations and all are rare or very rare. The obverses usually show a single bust, though occasionally two are represented, whilst the reverses have one, two, or even three imperial portraits. Perhaps the most celebrated coin in this series is the aureus of Severus issued in AD 201 displaying as its reverse type a remarkable facing portrait of the empress between the confronted busts of her two sons. But despite the seeming promise of continuity, this phase of the Severan dynasty was destined to be extinct within a mere sixteen years of this issue.

III. TYPES OF MILITARY CONQUEST AND VICTORY During the five centuries of its existence the Roman Empire was involved in numerous wars and campaigns, some expansionist, some defensive, and some domestic. Many of these were commemorated on the coinage, one of the earliest instances being a type of Octavian (Augustus) with crocodile reverse and legend AEGYPTO CAPTA. This refers to the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra in 30 BC and the subsequent annexation of the former Ptolemaic kingdom to the Empire of Rome.

Claudius triumphing for his British conquest

Captive Judaea (Vespasian)

Captive Germania (Domitian)

The invasion of Britain in AD 43 was well recorded on the gold and silver coinage of Claudius, with a type depicting the arch erected in Rome to commemorate the conquest. The great Jewish Revolt, which began under Nero in AD 66, was a serious embarrassment to the Romans, coming, as it did, at a time of acute political upheaval in the Empire which saw the rapid succession of four

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emperors during the years AD 68 and 69. The rebellion in Judaea was actually crushed by the general Vespasian and his son Titus who used their success in this campaign to seize the Imperial throne and establish a new dynasty, the Flavian. Vespasian gave great publicity to his victory in the East on a large output of coins in all metals, known collectively as the ‘Judaea Capta’ series. One of the commonest types appears on aurei and denarii and depicts a captive Judaea seated at the foot of a Roman trophy. The German wars of Vespasian’s younger son, Domitian, are also commemorated by a large number of types, one of which shows a female German captive in despair seated upon a shield.

Captive Dacia (Trajan)

Captive Armenia (Lucius Verus)

Pile of Sarmatian arms (Marcus Aurelius)

Trajan’s expansionist policy in the early 2nd century led to prolonged campaigns in several widely separated theatres of war. Undoubtedly, his greatest achievement was the conquest of Dacia. This received considerable publicity on the coinage, with no fewer than twelve main types alluding to the event. The eastern wars of AD 163–5 also received extensive notice on the coinages of the joint emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. A notable type in this series shows captive Armenia seated amidst arms. Much of the final decade of Aurelius’ rule was taken up with warfare on the harsh northern frontier, and a sestertius struck in AD 177 depicts a large pile of arms, symbolic of the successful conclusion of the German and Sarmatian Wars.

Commemoration of victory in northern Britain (Caracalla) and in Germany (Maximinus I) Septimius Severus’ numerous campaigns in both the East and West are well documented on the Imperial coinage, but perhaps the series of greatest interest to British students is the one which commemorates the events of AD 208–11. During this period Severus and his elder son Caracalla campaigned on the northern frontier in Britain and restored Hadrian’s Wall, which appears to have suffered damage in the troubled period more than a decade before. Caracalla’s Parthian ‘war’ received some notice on the coinage, and even Macrinus’ inglorious encounter with Artaban of Parthia was celebrated as a VICTORIA PARTHICA on coins of all metals. More deserving of

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commemoration were Maximinus’ victories in Germany in AD 235 and aes of the following year shows the emperor being crowned by Victory. The second half of the 3rd century was a disastrous period for Roman arms, with large parts of the Empire succumbing to foreign attack and much of what remained being rent by internal rebellion. Miraculously, however, the situation was restored by a succession of short-lived but very strong military rulers, known collectively as the ‘Illyrian’ emperors, foremost amongst whom were Claudius Gothicus (AD 268–70), Aurelian (270–75) and Probus (276–82). A coin of this period struck by Aurelian’s ephemeral successor, Tacitus, celebrates a victory over the Goths with the inscription VICTORIA GOTTHI.

Victory over the Goths (Tacitus)

Captive Alamanni (Crispus)

In the 4th century commemorative reverse types became increasingly rare. One of the last to be issued depicts a personification of the Alamanni (a confederation of Germanic tribes) seated in captivity at the foot of a trophy. This appears on a gold solidus of Crispus Caesar, eldest son of Constantine, issued at Trier in AD 319–20. The young prince had led a successful campaign against the Alamanni in 318. A similar contemporary type bears the legend FRANCIA instead of ALAMANNIA and records success against the Franci (Franks), another Germanic people who were later to conquer Gaul and give it the name of France.

IV. LEGIONARY TYPES, ETC The ‘legionary’ series forms a compact group within the Roman coinage, most of it having being issued by just five rulers over a period of about 325 years, from the battle of Actium to the late 3rd century AD. Those of Mark Antony (issued 32–31 BC) and Septimius Severus (AD 193) are similar in that both have the same basic reverse type – a legionary eagle between two standards. In contrast, the later 3rd century issues of Gallienus, Victorinus and Carausius interestingly bear the actual badges of the various legions, e.g. a lion for the IIII Flavia and a capricorn for the XXII Primigenia. The primary reason for the issue of these exceptional types was to inspire the loyalty of the troops whose legions were being honoured. Curiously, in some cases those troops appear not to have been under the command of the emperor issuing the coins. In such instances it must be assumed that what we are seeing is a very artful use of the propaganda value of the coinage, i.e. an attempt to win over the loyalty of an opponent’s army by means of flattery.

Standards of Legio XIV Gemina (Severus)

Badge of Legio XXII Primigenia (Gallienus)

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Another series of exceptional interest is the ‘Army’ coinage produced by Hadrian (AD 117–38) in the closing years of his reign. This honoured the army comprising the legionary garrison of each military province (EXERC BRITANNICVS, EXERCITVS SYRIACVS, etc.) and was mostly confined to the large sestertius denomination. It was connected with the emperor’s keen interest in the military establishment, and in particular the strengthening of the defences of the frontier regions (the policy which led to the construction of Hadrian’s Wall in Britain and the German limes). These coins, all of which are very rare today, depict the emperor addressing his soldiers from a platform, or saluting them whilst mounted on horseback. Related types of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius refer to military discipline and are inscribed DISCIPLINA AVG. In addition to calls for allegiance and discipline aimed at specific legions and armies there were also pleas for loyalty addressed to the military in general. This sometimes came at times when that loyalty was in doubt. Thus, on coins of Nerva (AD 96–8), whose brief regime was very unpopular with the soldiers, we see clasped hands holding a legionary eagle set on a prow, accompanied by the legend CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM; whilst much later, the short-lived Gallic usurper Marius (AD 268) used a similar type on his coinage, though on this occasion clasped hands only were shown encircled by the legend CONCORDIA MILITVM. The ‘valour of the soldiers’ (VIRTVS MILITVM) was proclaimed on a large issue of silver argentei, or siliquae, issued under the rulers of the First Tetrarchy at the end of the 3rd century; and the ‘renown of the army’ (GLORIA EXERCITVS) was celebrated on an extensive series of small billon centenionales introduced in the closing phase of Constantine’s reign and carried on for some years after his death by his sons.

Appeal for loyalty to the military (Nerva)

Captured German shields (Domitian)

Many other types of military and naval significance may be found amongst the reverses of the Roman coinage. Noteworthy are a denarius of Octavian (Augustus) displaying a naval trophy; a dupondius of Domitian depicting two German shields crossed over a vexillum, trumpets and spears; and a coin of Trajan, of the same denomination, with a fine representation of a cuirass (body-armour). Naval power, in the form of a war-galley, was featured in the later 3rd century on coins of the Gallic usurper Postumus and on those of the British usurpers Carausius and Allectus.

V. GEOGRAPHICAL TYPES The Roman Empire was a unique association of peoples and cultures, such as the Mediterranean World had never seen before and has not witnessed since. What had formerly been a patchwork of Hellenistic monarchies, independent city states and Celtic tribes was miraculously transformed by the genius of Rome and her code of laws into one great political entity, and held together not so much by force of arms as by the Pax Romana. Female personifications of many of the provinces within this vast State were depicted on several coin series during the Imperial period, and even particular cities and rivers receive occasional notice (the latter normally appearing as a bearded male figure in a reclining attitude).

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Denarii of Augustus and Galba featuring the city of Emerita and heads of the ‘Three Gauls’ An early denarius of Augustus’ reign shows the city gate and defensive walls of Emerita in Spain, a colony which was founded in 25 BC and populated by Roman soldiers whose term of service had expired (emeritus). Galba, in AD 68, issued a remarkable type showing three small female heads accompanied by the legend TRES GALLIAE. These represented the three great divisions of the province of Gaul – Narbonensis, Aquitania and Lugdunensis –in recognition of the support which he received from the western provinces during his revolt against Nero’s tyrannical rule. Dacia, the province added to the Empire by Trajan, is commemorated on sestertii and dupondii of that emperor, identified by the legend DACIA AVGVST PROVINCIA. The type shows Dacia seated on a rock, accompanied by two children, symbolic of future generations of Dacians who could now look forward to an era of peace under the protection of omnipotent Rome.

Germany, Cappadocia, Egypt and the Nile, all featured on the coinage of Hadrian The coinage of Hadrian provides us with a far more complete geographical survey of the Roman World than that of any other emperor. His extensive travels all over his vast Empire were commemorated on several remarkable series of coins, mostly issued towards the end of his reign when he had finally returned to Italy. In addition to honouring most of the provinces, two cities (Alexandria and Nicomedia) receive special attention, as does the River Nile (NILVS). The following is a list of the provinces whose personifications appear on Hadrian’s coinage: Britain; Spain; Gaul; Germany; Italy; Sicily; Noricum; Dacia; Macecdonia; Moesia; Thrace; Achaea; Asia; Bithynia; Phrygia; Cilicia; Cappadocia; Judaea; Arabia; Egypt; Africa; Mauretania. Hadrian’s successor, Antoninus Pius, also issued a ‘provincial’ series of coins, in this case to celebrate the remission of half of the aurum coronarium (‘crown-gold’). This was a demand made by the emperor on the communities of the Empire (and sometimes even on foreign states) at the time of his accession and on certain anniversaries of his rule. Antoninus’ remission of half of this burdensome tax at the time he came to the throne was greeted with much enthusiasm and led to the production of an extensive series of aes coinage depicting crown-bearing personifications of various provinces (and even of the Parthian kingdom). The advancement of the Roman frontier in Britain to the line of the new Antonine Wall prompted the issue of several attractive Britannia types on sestertii of AD 143. This was followed more than a decade later by another type (mostly on asses) depicting the personification of the island province in an attitude of dejection and commemorating the quelling of a serious tribal uprising. An elegant personification of Italy, seated on a globe, appeared on a variety of denominations in AD 140, possibly in anticipation of the celebration of Rome’s 900th anniversary in 147.

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Britannia and Asia on sestertii of Antoninus Pius Geographical types are less commonly encountered on coins struck in the second half of the 2nd century. Marcus Aurelius has an as showing a reclining figure of the River Tiber, whilst Commodus issued two sestertius types, one with Italia seated on a large globe, the other a very rare depiction of a standing Britannia. At the very end of the century, Clodius Albinus, in rebellion against Septimius Severus, struck a denarius featuring the Genius of the City of Lugdunum in Gaul.

Genius of Lugdunum (Clodius Albinus)

Dacia and the Pannoniae on sestertii of Trajan Decius

During the course of the 3rd century there was a continued decline in the frequency of geographical references on the Imperial coinage. Septimius Severus makes mention of Italy, Africa and Carthage, and half-way through the century Trajan Decius honours the provinces of Dacia and the two Pannoniae with standing figures of their personifications. Dacia appears again on coins of Claudius Gothicus and Aurelian, and the Pannonian provinces are commemorated by Quintillus, Aurelian and Julian. The city of Siscia receives special notice on antoniniani of both Gallienus and Probus, and a reclining figure of the Rhine is depicted on coins of the Gallic usurper Postumus. Britannia makes her final appearance on the Roman coinage clasping hands with the late 3rd century rebel Carausius, who had succeeded in temporarily detaching the island-province from the rule of the central government. The late Roman coinage of the 4th and 5th centuries contain very few geographical references amongst their reverse types. Africa and Carthage occur on folles of several of the emperors and usurpers in the early years of the century, and one of the last types of any geographical significance is found on the Constantinopolitan silver and billon coinage of the unfortunate young prince Hanniballianus (AD 335–7). This shows a reclining figure of the river-god Euphrates and its appearance at this time is made all the more remarkable by comparison with the general lack of imagination being shown in the selection of reverse types in the closing years of Constantine’s reign.

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Africa (Diocletian)

The Euphrates (Hanniballianus)

VI. ARCHITECTURAL TYPES The Romans were great builders, a fact attested by the many splendid examples of their architecture which are still to be seen in countries all over the Mediterranean World and in northern Europe. Many of the emperors took a special pride in adorning the capital, and other cities, with edifices which were not only functional (such as the great market of Nero and Trajan’s Basilica Ulpia), but often possessed considerable architectural merit as well. Doubtless, Rome’s autocrats were also well aware of the excellent potential for long-term survival of such structures and saw them as a means of perpetuating their prestige in people’s minds. A number of these buildings were displayed on the coins (usually at the time of their construction or renovation) and these reverse types form one of the most sought-after groups within the Roman coinage. Augustus issued a number of architectural types, a very early example being the temple of Divus Julius depicted on aurei and denarii of 36 BC, when the building was still under construction. Also appearing on his pre-27 BC coinage is a representation of the Curia Julia (the Senate House in the Forum) which was dedicated by Augustus on 28 August 29 BC. On the later Augustan coinage a variety of architectural types are featured, mostly on denarii: these include the Arcus Augusti, which replaced the earlier Actian arch; the temples of Jupiter Tonans and of Mars Ultor (both on the Capitol); the Porta Fontinalis and part of Rome’s Servian Wall; and another depiction of a citygate and defensive walls, this time of the colonial foundation of Emerita in Spain. The celebrated Altar of Lugdunum, dedicated by the emperor in 10 BC, forms the sole reverse type of the Lugdunese aes coinage which was produced in considerable quantity in the latter part of the reign.

Temple of Divus Julius (Octavian)

The ‘Twin Janus’ (Nero)

The Colosseum (Titus)

As one of his sestertius types Tiberius has a depiction of the temple of Concord in the Forum. This building was used to house antique sculpture and is shown adorned with a variety of statues. Caligula features an elaborate representation of the temple of Divus Augustus, also on a sestertius; whilst Claudius shows the arch spanning the Via Flaminia which was constructed to commemorate

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his conquest of Britain. Nero, last of the Julio-Claudian emperors, has a number of architectural types which are depicted principally on his handsome aes coinage: the Macellum Magnum, or Great Market, which was completed in AD 59; the celebrated Ianus Geminus (‘Twin Janus’), the doors of which were closed with great ceremony to celebrate peace throughout the Empire; an elaborate arch which has since disappeared without trace, probably the one erected to commemorate Corbulo’s eastern victories; a remarkable aerial view of the harbour of Ostia, improved under Claudius and Nero; and (on precious metal only) the domed temple of Vesta in the Forum, restored by Nero following its destruction in the great fire of AD 64. Later emperors eagerly continued the tradition of architectural reverse types. The great Flavian Amphitheatre, known today as the Colosseum, appears on a sestertius of Titus under whom the famous edifice was completed and dedicated. A cistophorus of Domitian shows the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, together with the legend CAPIT RESTIT, a reference to that emperor’s rebuilding of the famous temple following the devastating fire of AD 80. Domitian also has a rare series of denarii depicting various temples, identified by Hill as those of Serapis, Cybele, Minerva Chalcidica, and Jupiter Victor, in addition to the Capitoline temple itself. Trajan’s coinage has many types of architectural interest, such as the Circus Maximus, restored by Trajan circa AD 103; Trajan’s celebrated Forum and Basilica; Trajan’s Column, erected to commemorate the conquest of Dacia; the ‘Danube’ bridge (in all probability the Pons Sublicius in Rome); a triumphal arch inscribed I o M; and two octastyle temples, one of which may be that of Divus Nerva.

Trajan’s Column (Trajan)

The ‘Danube’ bridge (Trajan)

Temple of Roma (Antoninus Pius)

The great temple of Venus and Roma, designed by Hadrian himself, appears both on the coinage of its architect’s reign and on that of his successor, Antoninus Pius, under whom it was completed. Antoninus also depicts the temple of Divus Augustus, in commemoration of his restoration of the famous edifice (now disappeared without trace). The temple which Antoninus built in honour of his wife Faustina (later dedicated to his memory also) is shown on denarii of the deified empress. The ruins of the shell of this structure, enclosing the church of S. Lorenzo in Miranda, are still to be seen in the Roman Forum. A temple of Mercury, of very unusual form, appears on a sestertius of Marcus Aurelius, accompanied by the legend RELIG AVG; whilst a coin of Commodus of the same denomination features a distyle shrine of Janus. The famous Arch of Severus, which still stands in all its ancient majesty in the Roman Forum, is depicted on the coinages of both Septimius and Caracalla. A representation of the Circus Maximus, very similar to the one of Trajan, occurs also on sestertii of Caracalla struck in AD 213 to commemorate yet another restoration of the structure. Under Severus Alexander several fine architectural types appear, including the Colosseum on an aureus and aes of AD 223; the Nymphaeum (a monumental fountain at the terminal of the Aqua Alexandrina) the ruins of which may still be seen in the Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II; and a very elaborate depiction of the Temple of Jupiter Ultor (or Victor). Throughout the remainder of the 3rd century architectural reverses occur rather less frequently and are confined in the main to conventional representations of temples, often containing a statue

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Temple of Faustina (Faustina Senior)

Circus Maximus (Caracalla)

Temple of Juno Martialis (Volusian)

of Roma. Exceptions to this include a very interesting circular temple dedicated to Juno Martialis, appearing on coins of Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusian; and a triumphal arch on aes of the Gallic usurper Postumus. With the advent of Christianity as the official state religion in the early part of the 4th century pagan temple types disappear entirely from the coinage. The only subsequent reverses which have any claim to be architectural are the ‘camp gate’ types, usually on small billon and bronze denominations of the Constantinian era and later; the plan of a military camp on billon centenionales of Thessalonica; a bridge over a river on a reduced centenionalis of Constantinople; and a distyle shrine with arched roof which occurs on silver miliarenses under a number of emperors from Constantine to Valentinian and Valens.

VII. ANIMALS, ETC For several centuries before the rise of Rome there had been a tradition of featuring animals, birds, fish and insects (as well as various mythological beasts) on the coinages of many of the Greek citystates. Rome inherited this tradition, and although the representation of fauna is less frequent and varied than on coins of the Greek series, they nevertheless form a most appealing group within the Roman coinage.

Crocodile and heifer on the coinage of Augustus

Capricorn (Vespasian)

Eagle (Domitian)

Crocodile, heifer, bull, wild boar, lion attacking stag, eagle, crab and butterfly, capricorn, Pegasus and Sphinx all appear on the coinage of Augustus, who was the inheritor of the late Republican tradition of great diversity in the selection of coin types. However, during the course of his long reign that tradition was gradually superseded by a more conservative approach to the type content of the new Imperial coinage. Accordingly, the coinages of the later Julio-Claudian emperors feature virtually no representations of animals, other than the elephants drawing the car of

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Divus Augustus on a sestertius issued by Tiberius, and the eagle appearing on the reverse of a Divus Augustus as. The Flavian revival of earlier coin types led to a reintroduction of the tradition of animal depiction on the Imperial coinage. A particularly interesting reverse of this period shows a goat being milked by a goat-herd and another has a sow with its young.

Sow (Antoninus Pius) In the 2nd century the Pegasus and the griffin appear on several aes denominations of Hadrian, whilst his successor Antoninus Pius struck asses showing an elephant and a sow suckling its young beneath an oak tree, both types probably having reference to the celebrations connected with the 900th anniversay of the foundation of Rome. An attractive representation of a dove appears on an aureus of Antoninus’ daughter, the younger Faustina, and elephants occur on an as of Commodus and a denarius of Septimius Severus.

Elephant, lion and stag on the coinage of Philip I

Hippopotamus (Otacilia Severa)

The ‘king of beasts’ is depicted on the coinage of Caracalla, wearing a radiate crown and holding a thunderbolt in its jaws, and several decades later the lion reappears as part of the ‘Saeculares’ series of Philip I. Similarly, the elephant was popular as a coin type during the first half of the 3rd century, appearing on pieces of Caracalla, Geta, and Philip I. To celebrate Rome’s thousandth anniversary in AD 247–8 Philip I staged magnificent games in which many wild beasts were exhibited in the arena of the Colosseum. This resulted in a series of coins featuring the hippopotamus, antelope, stag, and goat, in addition to the lion already mentioned. The city’s emblem, the she-wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus, also appears as part of this series. A few years later, during the sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260–68), an extensive series of ‘animal’ reverses was featured on the debased antoninianus denomination. Subsequent to this date such types appear far less frequently and are, in the main, restricted to the ‘legionary badge’ issues of the usurpers Victorinus in Gaul and Carausius in Britain. The charismatic British usurper also has types showing the milking of a cow, a griffin, and the traditional wolf and twins device. In the late Empire, the wolf and twins appear on coins of another usurper, Maxentius (AD 306–12), whose policy was to try to revive the past glories of the Imperial capital; and several decades later on small billon pieces (reduced centenionales) of the time of Constantine and his successors. In the mid-4th century a phoenix is shown on half maiorinae of Constantius II and

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Phoenix (Constans)

Bull (Julian II)

Constans; and a very fine representation of a bull, sometimes accompanied by an eagle, occurs on large billon pieces of Julian II towards the end of his short reign (AD 360–63). One of the last animal representations on the Roman coinage is on a tiny bronze nummus of the eastern Emperor Leo I (AD 457–74) where a lion appears as a punning allusion to the emperor’s name.

VIII. TYPES OF PROPAGANDA There can be little doubt that the emperors of Rome were fully aware of the value of the Imperial coinage as a tool of propaganda, it being one of the most effective means of mass communication available to them. Everyone, from the provincial governor down to the peasant working the land, was likely to take notice of the ever-changing messages appearing as reverse types on the money which they were daily handling. The government of the day was thus able to present itself and its achievements in surprising detail to almost all of the inhabitants of the vast Empire. However, as it was a means of communication on which the government had a complete monopoly, the propaganda sometimes only told half the truth or was even, on occasions, a complete misrepresentation of reality. A very large proportion of reverses could be included under the heading of ‘Types of Propaganda’. Even the ubiquitous personifications were often intended to proclaim the virtues of the emperor or the good fortune of the age which was lucky enough to witness his enlightened rule. In this brief survey, therefore, mention is made only of those types which have a specific message to convey regarding the wisdom, beneficence and achievements of the emperor. Augustus early established the propaganda role for the Imperial coinage when he gave extensive coverage to his victory over Cleopatra’s Egyptian kingdom which left him sole master of the State and provided the financial resources to carry through his program of reforms. A decade later he produced a whole range of types on his precious metal coinage designed to extract the maximum publicity value from his great diplomatic achievement which led to the restoration in 20 BC of the Roman standards of Crassus and Antony captured years before by the Parthians. An elegant sestertius type of Tiberius proclaims the munificence of the emperor in a reference to the restoration, at his own expense, of several cities in western Asia Minor which had been badly damaged by a severe earthquake in AD 17. Nero publicized his care for the annual corn supply from Egypt on a very attractive sestertius type showing an artistic grouping of Annona standing before a seated Ceres, with a ship’s stern in the background. The enlightenment and benevolence of Nerva’s brief rule is amply attested by his choice of coin types. One sestertius shows two mules and a cart, with a legend referring to the measures taken by the emperor to transfer the cost of Imperial posting on the main roads in Italy from the taxpayer to the exchequer. Another represents a distribution scene, or Congiarium, depicting the emperor bestowing gifts on the citizenry; whilst others commemorate a special distribution of corn to the urban poor, and the correction of abuses in the collection of the poll tax levied on Jews (fiscus Iudaicus).

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Restoration of the Roman standards (Augustus)

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Care for Rome’s corn supply (Nero)

Funding of Imperial posting, corn distribution to the poor, and reform of Jewish poll tax, all on sestertii of Nerva A further example of the humanitarianism of this period is to be found on coins of Trajan publicizing the Alimenta system. Under this scheme wealthy philanthropists (including emperors from the time of Nerva) made substantial gifts to communities, both in Italy and the provinces, for the purpose of providing sustenance for needy children through agricultural investment. Trajan’s successor, Hadrian, in an attempt to gain popularity after having come to the throne under somewhat dubious circumstances, made a grand gesture of cancelling all debts due to the state treasury – a sum equivalent to many millions of pounds. Not surprisingly, this extraordinary act of liberality received full publicity on the coinage, with a remarkable sestertius type showing a lictor setting fire to a heap of documents in the presence of three joyful citizens. The notes and bonds were, in fact, publicly destroyed in Trajan’s Forum. The orphanage for girls which Antoninus Pius founded in honour of his deceased wife (Puellae Faustinianae) is recorded on posthumous aurei and denarii of Faustina Senior. Antoninus’ great stature as a statesman is portrayed on a sestertius type where he is shown bestowing a new king on the Quadi, a barbarian tribe who inhabited territory on the left bank of the Danube. In addition to those already mentioned there are so many other examples of propaganda types on the Roman Imperial coinage that it is simply not possible to do justice to the topic in an article of this scope. It is hoped, however, that many readers will be sufficiently stimulated to pursue on their own the study of this fascinating subject. In the later period the types are generally of a less specific nature, as typified by the antoniniani of the joint Emperors Balbinus and Pupienus (AD 238). These all feature clasped right hands accompanied by one of six different forms of legend (e.g. AMOR MVTVVS AVG, CARITAS MVTVA AVGG, etc.) the common aim being to create a public impression of perfect harmony between the ill-matched and, ultimately, ill-fated rulers.

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The Alimenta system (Trajan)

Cancellation of public debts (Hadrian) and appointment of barbarian king (Antoninus Pius)

Harmony of the joint emperors (Balbinus)

IX. POSTHUMOUS TYPES Some of the emperors and empresses were publicly deified following their deaths, i.e. placed among the official gods of the State, and in most cases commemorative coins were produced in their honour by their immediate successors. The reverse types of these issues form a distinctive group within the Imperial coinage, the same basic types often being repeated through many series of posthumous coins.

Divus Augustus asses struck under Tiberius

The honours paid to Rome’s first emperor, Augustus, were of an extraordinary nature and all four of his Julio-Claudian successors struck issues in commemoration of ‘Divus Augustus’ (Nero only on the Alexandrian coinage). The most extensive of these series was produced under Tiberius and has a wide variety of reverse types, including a thunderbolt, an eagle, the shrine of Vesta on the Palatine, and the altar of Providentia. The eagle and the altar were to become popular types on future posthumous issues.

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Aurei and denarii struck under Nero in honour of Divus Claudius show an elaborate funerary vehicle drawn by four horses; whilst an intriguing precious metal type produced in AD 80 for Divus Vespasian has two capricorns back to back supporting a shield inscribed S C, a design recalling one of the sestertius types of Divus Augustus. A rare aureus type of Divus Trajan depicts a radiate phoenix, the fabulous bird which was regarded as a symbol of immortality.

Denarii of Divus Claudius and Divus Vespasian Despite the alleged strained relationship between Hadrian and his wife Sabina, an interesting coinage was produced in her honour following her death and deification in AD 136. A sestertius type shows the new goddess being borne aloft by an eagle. Subsequently, this was to become a popular theme on the posthumous coinages of both emperors and empresses, though in the case of the latter a peacock (symbolic of Juno) usually took the place of Jupiter’s eagle. Another posthumous type which achieved popularity during the course of the 2nd century was the so-called ‘funeral pyre’ (more accurately the crematorium in which the pyre was placed). This pyramidal structure surmounted by a facing quadriga occurs commonly from the time of the coinage of Divus Antoninus Pius onwards. Fragmentary remains of the crematorium of Marcus Aurelius were discovered in the Campus Martius in 1908 and lie below the present Chamber of Deputies.

Denarii of Divus Antoninus Pius and Diva Faustina Senior Antoninus Pius himself had issued an extensive posthumous coinage in honour of his wife, the elder Faustina, who predeceased him by two decades. In many respects this coinage is unique, both in its large volume and in the diversity of reverse types, many of which would seem to be more in keeping with the coinage of a living empress. Ceres, Juno, Venus, Vesta, and Pietas are amongst a surprising variety of goddesses and personifications making their appearance on this series, the later issues of which probably coincide with various anniversaries of Faustina’s deification (fifth, tenth, etc.). The earlier issues are more obviously connected with the apotheosis of the empress, viz a funerary car drawn by elephants, an empty throne with peacock beneath, and a flying Victory carrying Faustina to heaven. The type of an empty throne was revived by Caracalla and Geta on a denarius issued for their deceased and deified father, Septimius Severus, in AD 211. In this case, however, a wreath is shown on the seat to represent the departed Augustus. During the 3rd century the posthumous coinages settled down into a regular and predictable pattern, generally utilizing only a few basic types – an eagle or a large altar for emperors, and a peacock (either standing or bearing the new deity to heaven) for empresses. An intriguing series of antoniniani issued by Trajan Decius in AD 250–51 honours the memories of many of the deified emperors dating back to Augustus, each having two reverse types (eagle and altar). In AD 317–18 Constantine the Great issued from several of his mints a series of small bronzes, probably representing two denominations (reduced folles and half folles),

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Diva Paulina borne aloft to heaven in honour of the deified emperors Claudius II Gothicus (a claimed ancestor), his father Constantius I Chlorus, and father-in-law Maximian. The reverses of these coins exhibit three different types (emperor seated on curule chair, eagle, and lion) and their purpose seems to have been to establish in the public mind Constantine’s superior imperial ‘pedigree’ at a time of intense rivalry with his eastern colleague Licinius.

Antoniniani issued by Trajan Decius in honour of Divus Titus and Divus Nerva With the advent of Christianity the posthumous coinages inevitably cease, the last emperor to be accorded these honours being Constantine himself (died AD 337). His issues, produced under his three sons, were all of the tiny reduced centenionalis denomination (‘Æ 4’) and were of two main types: one showing a standing figure of the emperor, veiled and togate; the other depicting him in a quadriga being borne aloft to heaven, where the hand of God (manus Dei) is extended to greet him.

X. OTHER TYPES The nine categories of reverse types which have been covered in this brief survey certainly comprise the bulk of the Roman Imperial coinage. There are, however, a number of types which do not classify satisfactorily under any of these groups, and these are described under the following five subheadings.

The Julian comet (Augustus)

Star (Faustina Senior)

Crescent moon and star (Hadrian)

1. Heavenly Bodies. Objects such as stars and crescent moons make fairly regular appearances on the Imperial coinage. A more unusual representation, on a denarius of Augustus, shows the sidus

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Iulium, the comet with flaming tail which appeared in the heavens shortly after Caesar’s assassination and was taken as a sign of the late dictator’s divinity. The type depicting a group of stars around a crescent moon was quite popular in the 2nd century and appears on issues of Hadrian, Faustina Senior and Junior, Pescennius Niger, Septimius Severus, and Julia Domna. The type of a single star continued to appear well into the 4th century, the latest example being on silver of Julian II. 2. Inscriptions. It was not unusual, especially in the early Empire, for inscriptions to appear in place of pictorial types on the reverses of coins. The practice was especially common on aes denominations and had its origin in the Augustan currency reform of circa 18 BC, when sestertii and dupondii (and later asses also) were introduced showing the moneyer’s name around a large ‘S C’ as their reverse type. This was later replaced by an Imperial inscription normally giving the name and titles of the emperor, though sometimes of some other member of the Imperial family. The type was used up until the end of the 1st century AD but does not appear after the reign of Nerva. Another form of epigraphic reverse, showing the inscription in several lines across the field (usually enclosed by a wreath), first appeared under Augustus and became popular from the time of

Drusus, son of Tiberius

Trajan, ‘Best of Princes’

Caligula. It continued in use right up until the end of the Roman period in the late 5th century and even extended into early Byzantine times. In the 1st century S P Q R P P OB C S and EX S C OB CIVES SERVATOS are typical examples of the legends shown in this way; and the 2nd century saw the use of inscriptions such as S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, PRIMI DECENNALES COS III, and VOTA PVBLICA. During the 3rd century the legend VOTIS DECENNALIBVS appeared quite regularly, whilst in the Constantinian era the trend was towards inscriptions giving the emperor’s name. Later 4th and 5th

Votive inscription (Trajan Decius)

Votive inscription (Constantius II)

century epigraphic reverses are confined almost exclusively to commemoration of the vows undertaken for various periods of the emperor’s rule, e.g. VOT V, VOT V MVLT X, VOTIS XXX MVLTIS XXXX, etc. This type of reverse extended into early Byzantine times, though ultimately the numerals came to be reproduced mechanically from earlier issues without regard to their true meaning. The latest examples appear on Carthaginian silver coins of Justinian I (AD 527–65).

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3. Mythological Types. These are rare on the Imperial coinage, except for the representations of the she-wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus (this type occurs on the coinages of many of the emperors from Vespasian to Constantine). A denarius of Augustus depicts the fate of Tarpeia, the Roman traitress, who admitted the Sabines to the citadel in return for the promise of gold. Instead of giving her their armlets the enemy soldiers, disgusted at her treachery, cast their shields

Aeneas (Antoninus Pius)

Tarpeia (Augustus)

Wolf and twins (Maxentius) upon her and crushed her to death. An interesting reverse of Antoninus Pius shows a striding figure of the Trojan prince Aeneas, bearing his aged father Anchises on his shoulders and leading his son Ascanius by the hand. This formed part of a series produced in anticipation of the upcoming 900th anniversary of Rome. 4. Nautical Types. Representations of ships are not uncommon on the Roman coinage and there are even two instances of a ‘bird’s-eye’ view of the harbour installations at Ostia (on sestertii of Nero and Trajan). The galley type which appears frequently on the coinage of Hadrian is commemorative of the emperor’s numerous voyages during his Empire-wide travels. Similar depictions, though not always so finely rendered, appear on the coins of many of Hadrian’s successors (Marcus

Ostia harbour (Nero)

Galley (Hadrian)

Aurelius and Lucius Verus, Commodus, Caracalla, Elagabalus, Postumus, etc.). Especially noteworthy are the galleys shown on the coinages of the British usurpers Carausius and Allectus (AD 287–296) whose regimes depended so heavily on naval power. Even as late as the reign of Theodosius the Great (379–95) there is a type on the maiorina (‘Æ 2’) denomination which shows the emperor standing on a galley with Victory at the helm. One other type which has claim to be included under this heading is the ‘dolphin entwined around anchor’ reverse which occurs on aurei and denarii of Titus and Domitian.

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5. Symbolic Types. These appear sporadically throughout the entire period of the Roman Imperial coinage and usually have some religious association. Exceptions to this are types such as the pileus or felt cap, symbolic of liberty, on quadrantes of Caligula; and four young boys at play, representing spring, summer, autumn, and winter, on the coins of several of the emperors from Commodus to Constantine. The thunderbolt, however, which sometimes appears on its own as a reverse type,

Emblems of the priesthoods (Augustus)

Thunderbolt (Antoninus Pius)

does have religious significance, it being symbolic of Jupiter, the chief deity in the Roman pantheon. More obviously of a religious nature are the types which depict various groups of emblems symbolic of the Roman priesthoods, such as the simpulum, lituus, tripod, patera, aspergillum, apex, sacrificial knife, axe, and jug. An early denarius of Nero (under Claudius) shows the first four of these symbols, each one representing one of the priestly colleges (the Pontifices, the Augures, the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis, and the Septemviri Epulones) to which the young Nero was admitted in AD 51. This type of reverse, which appeared quite frequently up to the end of the 3rd century, was superseded from the time of Constantine by types alluding to Christianity, the new state religion of the Roman Empire. The first representation of the labarum (the Christian standard) occurs on Constantinopolitan centenionales of Constantine issued in AD 327, whilst a large Christogram appears in the 350s as the main type on coins of the western usurpers Magnentius and Decentius, and on subsequent issues of Constantius II. The Cross, the supreme symbol of the Christian faith, became popular as a reverse type in the 5th century and occurs most frequenty on the gold tremissis denomination.

Christogram (Magnentius)

Cross (Romulus Augustus)

The foregoing notes can make no claim to completeness in describing the various aspects of Roman Imperial reverse types. The topic is so vast that the author can only hope to have stimulated the reader sufficiently to encourage further study in more detailed works. Collectors may also have found here some challenging new themes for the formation of a collection.

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Before concluding this section of the introductory material brief mention should be made of the typology of the pre-Imperial Republican series which spans the first two and a half centuries of the Roman coinage. Although Republican coins exhibit an enormous variety of imagery, especially in their later stages, there are few consistent themes which can be traced throughout the series as a whole. The reason for this may be sought in the nature of the issuing authority, for under the Republican constitution responsibility for coin production was in the hands of the annually elected mint magistrates, or moneyers. Initially, during the 3rd century BC, there was little originality shown in the selection of types and the entire process would seem to have been under the control of the Senate as a whole, with the moneyers serving merely in an administrative capacity. Soon after the currency reform of circa 211 BC, however, the moneyers’ names began to appear on the coins, initially as monograms but soon evolving into longer forms which make identification easier. At this stage the typology of the standard silver coin (denarius) is monotonous and clearly under rigid control (head of Roma/Dioscuri galloping) with just occasional variations in the standard design, such as the introduction of the ‘Luna in biga’ reverse in the first decade of the 2nd century BC and the ‘Victory in biga’ type in the years before the middle of the century. Around 140 BC, however, there is a clear and dramatic change, with a whole new range of types suddenly appearing. Obviously, some reassessment of the moneyer’s role had taken place and his authority had been expanded to include participation in the selection of the design of the coins being struck in his name. This resulted in an explosion of diversity in the types of the denarius, many of them making reference to the ancestral history of the individual moneyers. Thus, the types produced by the mint in one year frequently bore no resemblance to those that had preceded them or those that were to follow. Although adding immeasurably to the interest of the series as a whole, this development precludes the possibility of any kind of ordered categorization, there being nothing governing the type selection other than the individual whim of the moneyer. This situation continued to the very end of the series, though with the rise of powerful individuals such as Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar in the final decades of the Republic the selection of types often began to serve the political agendas of the Imperators rather than the vanity of the moneyers. With the triumph of the principle of autocratic rule in the person of Caesar’s heir, Octavian, the prerogative of coinage passed under an entirely new authority and one which would certainly not brook interference from any other source. The Imperial coinage was, from first to last, a jealously guarded and vital publicity tool of the emperor. A series closely related to the Roman Imperial coinage is the Roman Provincial coinage, often referred to as ‘Greek Imperial’. Issued from hundreds of mints in Europe, Asia Minor, the Levant, Egypt and North Africa, these coinages served the needs of many local communities, especially in the East, over the first three centuries of the Empire’s existence. They exhibit an extraordinary diversity of reverse types many of which make reference to topics of local interest, such as noted architectural features of the city and local festivals and associated games. The names of civic and provincial officials appear quite frequently on these issues, making the series as a whole an invaluable resource for students of Roman provincial administration. With the notable exception of the Alexandrian coinage of Egypt, these issues fall outside the scope of the present work and the reader is referred to the author’s companion volume Greek Imperial Coins and Their Values as well as to the magisterial new series Roman Provincial Coinage.

COUNTERMARKS ON THE AES COINAGE OF THE EARLY EMPIRE During the Julio-Claudian period and up to the opening months of Vespasian’s reign the practice of countermarking brass and copper coins was quite widespread. These overstrikings served three main purposes: to extend the area in which the coin would be accepted as currency; to prolong the useful life of a coin which had been in circulation over an extended period of time; and to denote that a new authority was converting someone else’s issue into its own. To the first category belong countermarks of the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius which were intended for the use of Roman troops engaged on campaigns, principally in Germany. These

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include overstrikings such as AVG (with AV in monogram form), AV (in monogram), and IMP (in monogram), all of the time of Augustus; and TIB, TIB IMP (IMP in monogram), and TIB AV (AV in monogram) from the reign of Tiberius. Claudius seems to have followed a similar practice at the time of his invasion of Britain in AD 43, applying countermarks such as TI AV (AV in monogram), T C IMP (MP in monogram), and TI CLAV IM (LAV in monogram). Countermarks extending the period of circulation of old coins belong mainly to the early years of Nero’s reign, when no new aes coinage was being produced by the Rome mint. The purpose of this was to withdraw those pieces which had become too worn for continued use and to countermark (usually with ‘NCAPR’) coins which were still in good enough condition to remain in circulation for a few years more. A particularly interesting countermark of this period has been noted on a very worn sestertius. It contains the legend ‘DVP’ thus indicating that the piece was being officially authorized to remain in circulation, though only at half of its original value. In the period of civil strife at the end of Nero’s reign and immediately following his death, countermarks such as SPQR, PR, and VITE (VIT in monogram) were employed. The first two were used by Vindex, leader of the anti-Nero uprising in Gaul, and the third was the mark of the Emperor Vitellius. Vindex countermarked dupondii and asses of Nero, whilst Vitellius used only his sestertii. Vespasian, the ruler who eventually emerged victorious from the chaos of the civil wars and went on to found the Flavian dynasty, also countermarked dupondii and asses of Nero with a monogram of his name. The same emperor was also responsible for a remarkable series of countermarks on silver coins of the Republic and early Empire, possibly applied at the Antioch mint. Being without the facilities to produce a regular coinage to publicize his regime in the early days of his revolt against Vitellius, he adopted the expedient of marking with the legend ‘IMP VESP’ as many denarii as he could lay his hands on. Countermarks were rarely applied on Roman coins after this period, but in the Roman Provincial (‘Greek Imperial’) series they occur quite frequently well into the 3rd century, possibly even as late as the reign of Aurelian (AD 270–75).

ROMAN MINTS FROM AUGUSTUS TO THE REFORM OF DIOCLETIAN The chaotic monetary system which Octavian inherited on gaining supreme power in 30 BC was the result of decades of civil strife and the eclipse of the Senate as the supreme authority in the Roman World. In the days of the Republic the issue of coinage was entirely in the hands of the Senate, who annually appointed the monetary magistrates to superintend the operations of the mint. Rome itself was the principal mint, but sometimes, under special circumstances, establishments were utilized in other locations, not always in Italy, though still under the control of the Roman Senate. In the final half century before the overthrow of the Republican constitution a new minting authority appeared in the Roman World – the Imperator. These powerful military commanders in the field assumed the right to produce coinage, and although at first they applied to the Senate for permission to strike money for the payment of their troops this irksome formality was quickly dispensed with. These ‘military coinages’ gradually started appearing in various parts of the Roman World quite independently of all Senatorial authority. As a final blow, early in 49 BC the Senate was obliged to flee to Greece at the time of the war between Caesar and Pompey, thus leaving control of the mint of Rome entirely in the hands of Caesar. Following the dictator’s assassination on the Ides of March, 44 BC, the Senate looked forward to a restoration of many of the prerogatives it had surrendered during the previous half decade, including its control over the operations of the mint. However, Caesar’s youthful heir, Octavian, quickly took charge of the situation in Rome, thereby putting paid to the Senate’s hopes of a revival of their authority. Coinage from the Capitoline mint ceased altogether in 40 BC and thereafter all the currency needs of the State were provided by military establishments under the control of the Triumvirs Octavian and Mark Antony.

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Once Octavian – now called Augustus – had firmly established his constitutional position, in the years following his victory over Antony and Cleopatra, he turned his attention to the muchneeded reorganization of the coinage. About 19 BC minting of aurei and denarii in Rome was resumed after more than two decades, and soon afterwards aes coinage was instituted as a regular part of the currency system. However, the new precious metal coinage from Rome was destined to be short-lived and ceased altogether after 12 BC. Augustus had other plans for the creation of a new mint establishment to produce his regular gold and silver issues. A number of provincial mints had been active from the mid-twenties down to about 16 BC, notably in Spain, but the city selected was Lugdunum, the provincial capital of Gaul, where a mint was opened in 15 BC. It soon became the only mint striking in the precious metals and was destined to retain this monopoly down to the time of Nero’s currency reform in AD 64. Additionally, the Gallic mint had a substantial output of aes, in various denominations, commencing in 10 BC and extending down to the early years of Tiberius’ reign. These depicted on the reverse the celebrated ‘Altar of Lugdunum’ dedicated by Augustus in 10 BC. Another Gallic mint, Nemausus, was also active at this time (and earlier) in the production of dupondii bearing the heads of Augustus and Agrippa on obverse. In the East, the great Asian cities of Ephesus and Pergamum produced large issues of silver cistophori (= 3 denarii) in the 20s BC, though this coinage ceased after 18 BC and was not revived until the reign of Claudius. The mint system established by Augustus continued with little change down to the time of the reform enacted by Nero in AD 64. A notable addition was the mint of Caesarea in Cappadocia where silver drachms (and later didrachms and hemidrachms also) were produced from the closing years of Tiberius’ reign. Nero’s reform saw the return of precious metal minting to Rome for the first time in three-quarters of a century. Lugdunum continued as an important mint, but now striking aes denominations to supplement the output of Rome. The Civil Wars of AD 68–9 occasioned the opening of many new temporary mints, as the various contestants for power required plentiful supplies of coined money to secure the loyalty of their troops. Tarraco, Narbo, Vienne, Nemausus, Lugdunum, Carthage, and an uncertain location in Lower Germany, are all credited with having been Imperial mints at this time. In the East, the revolt of Vespasian against Vitellius’ regime led to the opening of other temporary mints, such as Alexandria, Tyre, Antioch, Ephesus, and Aquileia, though none of these was destined to survive for long into the Flavian period. Once Vespasian had emerged as the victor from this complicated series of internal conflicts Rome soon resumed its dominant place as the provider of the Empire’s currency. Lugdunum still struck sporadically in aes throughout the reign; Ephesus seems to have had a late output of denarii in AD 76; and Samosata in Commagene produced a series of orichacum denominations (dupondius, as, and semis) spanning most of the reign. With the return to more settled conditions, the coinages of the reigns of Vespasian’s sons, Titus (AD 79–81) and Domitian (81–96), belong almost entirely to Rome, though silver cistophori were produced in Asia, probably at Ephesus. Throughout most of the 2nd century the mint of Rome exercised a virtual monopoly in the production of the regular Roman coinage. Cistophori were still struck at various mints in Asia Minor down to the time of Hadrian, whose output was on an impressive scale, but thereafter production ceases (except for an isolated late issue under Septimius Severus). This period of stability came to an end in the final decade of the century when the Empire was again plunged into civil war through the rivalries of Septimius Severus, Pescennius Niger, and Clodius Albinus. Antioch, the Syrian capital and third city of the Empire, produced coinage for Niger, as did Alexandria and Caesarea; whilst Albinus utilized Lugdunum for his independent coinage between AD 195 and 197. Following the defeat of Niger in 194 or 195 Antioch was disgraced for having served as the seat of opposition to Severus. Accordingly, when coinage was subsequently struck for Severus in Syria this was produced at Emesa, the home of Severus’ wife Julia Domna, and later at Laodicea (Alexandria and other eastern mints may also have participated in this coinage). Laodicea was the last of the temporary mints to cease production of Roman denominations under Severus, following the Imperial family’s return to Rome after an extended absence in the East (AD 203). Rome, meanwhile, was continuing its steady output of all denominations, and after 203 regained its monopoly of production of the Imperial coinage following a decade of turbulence. For the next fifteen years Rome remained the sole mint, but with Elagabalus’ revolt against Macrinus in AD 218 production of aurei and denarii recommenced in Syria. Antioch was the

ROMAN MINTS ROMAN MINTS

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probable mint for these issues which extended intermittently into the early years of Severus Alexander. After this, and until the reign of Gordian III (AD 238–44), Rome again struck alone, but this was to be the final period of mint monopoly which the Imperial capital was destined to enjoy. In addition to striking all denominations at Rome, Gordian issued some of his antoniniani from at least two other mints. Because of his extensive military operations in the East the Syrian capital of Antioch was, undoubtedly, responsible for part of this provincial coinage. The Balkan mint of Viminacium is the other suggested mint-place for a number of types which clearly are of a style distinct from those attributed to Antioch. The Antiochene issues of antoniniani continued under Philip (244–9), Trajan Decius (249–51), and Trebonianus Gallus (251–3); whilst Aemilian (253) issued all of his coins at Rome, with the sole exception of a number of rare antoniniani struck at some unidentified mint in the Balkans. The joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus (AD 253–60) saw some important developments significant of the future move towards total decentralization of the Imperial mint system. A new western mint, probably at Cologne, was opened at this time and another new establishment, located either at Cyzicus in Asia Minor or at Emesa in Syria, commenced operation. Other than the products of Rome, precise mint identification at this time remains problematic because of the lack of explicit mint marks. Antioch certainly seems to have maintained its output of coinage and a Balkan mint, perhaps at Viminacium, seems also to have been active. A notable policy change at this time was the decision to allow provincial mints to strike gold on a regular basis, a precedent which was followed in varying degrees by most of Valerian’s successors. This was by no means the first time that mints other than Rome had produced coinage in gold, but from this point on such issues become a normal feature of the Imperial coinage and serve to emphasize the dwindling importance of the capital as the coining centre of the Empire. During the troubled sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260–68) the beleaguered emperor was forced to revise his father’s mint arrangements, due to considerable losses of territory in both the eastern and western halves of the Empire. In the West, the rebellion of Postumus in Gaul (AD 260) meant that the newly-opened mint at Cologne was lost to the central government and to take its place Gallienus opened a new mint at Siscia (Sisak, Croatia). Mediolanum (Milan) also seems to have become active at this time, producing antoniniani and gold. In the East, the capture of Valerian by Sapor of Persia in AD 260 inaugurated a period of about twelve years during which Rome exercised very little authority in the eastern provinces, the real power being in the hands of Odenathus and Zenobia, rulers of the desert kingdom of Palmyra. During this period Gallienus certainly produced substantial issues of coinage in the East which are generally assigned to Antioch, though given the prevailing political and military situation in the region it would, perhaps, be preferable to attribute them to Cyzicus. It is possible that other subsidiary mints were also operating at this time in western Asia Minor. Claudius II Gothicus (AD 268–70), the successor of Gallienus, continued to use all of the mints already in operation and available to the central government (Rome, Milan, Siscia, and Cyzicus), whilst antoniniani were also struck in his name at Antioch, the Palmyrene rulers having decided to adopt a more conciliatory attitude towards the new regime in Rome. Aurelian (AD 270–75), the great restorer of Rome’s fortunes in the later 3rd century and reformer of the currency, seems to have issued coins from at least eleven mints: Rome; Cologne, Trier, and Lugdunum (the Gallic provinces having been recovered in AD 273); Milan; Ticinum (opened by Aurelian at the time of the currency reform in 273/4 to replace Milan as the northern Italian mint); Siscia; Serdica (another creation of Aurelian); Cyzicus; Antioch (Palmyra having been conquered in 272); and Tripolis in Phoenicia (also opened by Aurelian). Gold was issued at seven of these mints. The Gallic Empire of Postumus had pursued its own policies from AD 260, though Gallienus’ recently created mint at Cologne appears to have been retained as the principal source of coinage throughout the thirteen years of the rebel state’s existence. Postumus (AD 260–68) seems to have used a secondary Gallic mint for some of his extensive aes issues, and a number of antoniniani and aurei may also be attributed to Milan. The rare coinage of the usurper Laelianus (268) was struck in Lower Germany, either at Moguntiacum (Mainz) or Trier. Postumus’ short-lived successor Marius (AD 268) struck most of his coinage at Cologne, though the products of a secondary mint are clearly identifiable and the establishment was probably located at Trier. The final two rulers of the Gallic Empire, Victorinus (268–70) and Tetricus (270–73), would seem to have retained this two-mint system (Cologne and Trier) down to the end of the state’s

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ROMAN MINTS ROMAN MINTS

independent existence. Aurelian assumed control of the ‘rebel’ mints on his defeat of Tetricus in 273, but soon replaced them with a new establishment at Lugdunum. The final two decades of the period covered by this survey (Tacitus to Diocletian’s currency reform, mid-270s to mid-290s) saw few changes in the mint system established by Aurelian. Two new mints appear under Diocletian in the pre-reform period; one of them (Trier) a revival of an establishment utilized by the Gallic usurpers in the late 260s and early 270s; the other (Heraclea in Thrace) an entirely new creation. The independent British Empire of Carausius (AD 287–93) and his successor Allectus (293–6) brought into being several new mints, though only one of these (London) was destined to survive the restoration of the rule of the central government by the Caesar Constantius Chlorus. Camulodunum (Colchester) is usually regarded as the site of the second mint in Britain, though Clausentum (Bitterne) also has its supporters. Products of this mint are usually marked ‘C’ or ‘CL’ and the matter cannot be regarded as having been satisfactorily settled. Certain coins of Carausius show a distinctive style and may represent activity on the part of a mint in northwestern Gaul where the usurper’s naval superiority allowed him to control some territory, at least in the earlier part of his reign. Rotomagus (Rouen) has been postulated on the basis of local finds, but the attribution can only be regarded as conjectural.

MINTS AND MINT MARKS OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE

Carthage: follis of Diocletian from the first officina

Alexandria: follis of Galeria Valeria from the third officina

Siscia: maiorina of Constantius II from the first officina

Treveri: solidus of Valentinian I from the third officina

Roman Imperial coins began to bear mint marks about the middle of the 3rd century, though the practice had occurred much earlier on denarii and aurei of Ephesus issued during the reign of Vespasian (AD 69–79). The marks which began to appear – principally on antoniniani – from the closing years of Philip I’s reign are seldom self-explanatory, normally identifying only the specific workshop or officina within the mint. Presumably, these were placed on the coins so that there

MINT MARKS MINT MARKS

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MINT MARKS MINT MARKS

might be some accountability on the part of mint officials and workers. Coins of less than standard weight or fineness could be traced back to those responsible for their production and the culprits suitably dealt with. With the advent of the monetary reform of Diocletian in the final decade of the 3rd century the name of the mint city itself customarily becomes an integral part of the mint mark, though it is sometimes abbreviated to a single initial letter, e.g. H = Heraclea, N = Nicomedia. A mint mark is normally placed in the exergual space on the reverse side of the coin and may be composed of up to three elements: firstly, a letter or letters indicating Pecunia (P), Sacra Moneta (SM), or simply Moneta (M); secondly, a letter or letters identifying the mint city, such as LON for Londinium; and finally, a letter or letters showing which of the mint’s workshops or officinae had produced the coin. At the western mints the officina letters are usually Latin – P, S, T and Q standing for Prima, Secunda, Tertia and Quarta. In the East, however, the system of Greek letter-numerals prevailed, the comparable officina letters being A, B, G and D. Thus, a coin of Alexandria may may bear the mint mark SMALB showing that it was struck in the second officina. Some eastern mints had many officinae. Antioch, for example, had fifteen (IE) under Constantius II, and Constantinople eleven (IA). Certain mints sometimes omit the prefix letter or letters, an example being Trier where the commonest forms of mint mark are TRP and TRS. Where PTR and STR occur the prefix letters are officina marks placed before instead of after the mint letters. Sometimes the officina letter appears in the field rather than the exergue. A small mint, such as London, may have no indication of officina (presumably because the mint establishment comprised a single workshop only). Many of the London issues of the Constantinian period are signed simply PLN or PLON. Under Valentinian I and Valens the letters PS (on silver) and OB (on gold) make their first appearance. These are abbreviations for pusulatum (‘pure silver’) and obryza (‘pure gold’) and they follow the mint letters, e.g. TRPS and TROB. Eventually, the form CONOB came to be utilized universally, without regard to the place of mintage, the actual mint letters sometimes appearing as a secondary element in the field. An important variation used at a number of western mints was COMOB. This may have had a slightly different meaning, the COM possibly indicating the office of Comes Auri (‘Count of Gold’), the official charged with the responsibility of supervising the Imperial gold supplies in the western provinces of the Empire. In addition to the mint and officina letters, symbols, such as a wreath, a crescent, or a palmbranch, are sometimes found in the exergue or in the reverse field. Of rarer occurrence are letters or symbols appearing in the obverse field, usually behind the ruler’s head. All of these denote the specific issue to which the coin belongs. There follows a list of the mints employed at various times from Diocletian’s reform down to the end of the Roman period about two centuries later. To list all the complex mint signatures would be a task beyond the scope of this work. However, most of the commoner mint marks are included, though all reference to symbols and officina letters has, of necessity, been omitted. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that the details provided will be sufficient to enable collectors to identify the mints of most of the late Roman coins he or she is likely to encounter. Alexandria (Egypt): ALE, SMAL. Operational for Roman currency from ca. AD 294. Finally closed under Leo I (AD 457–74). Ambianum, more correctly Civitas Ambianensium, previously Samarobriva (Amiens, France): AMB. Briefly operational under the usurper Magnentius (a native of the city), AD 350–53. Antioch-on-the-Orontes (Antakyé, Turkey): AN, ANT, ANTOB, SMAN. Operational down to the time of Zeno, the final issues being of the usurper Leontius (AD 484–8). Aquileia (Udine, Veneto, Italy): AQ, AQVIL, AQOB, AQPS, SMAQ. Operational from ca. Finally closed in the early years of Valentinian III, soon after AD 425.

AD

294.

Arelate/Constantina (Arles, France): A, AR, ARL, CON, CONST, KON, KONSTAN. Operational from AD 313 (establishment transferred from Ostia). Finally closed ca. AD 476. (In AD 328 the name of Arelate was changed to Constantina in honour of Constantine II. After his death in 340 the name reverted to Arelate, but in 353 Constantius II changed it back to Constantina. During the 5th century Arelate seems again to have been generally preferred).

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Barcino (Barcelona, Spain): SMBA. Briefly operational under the usurper Maximus, AD 410–11. Camulodunum or Clausentum (Colchester or Bitterne near Southampton): C, CL. Briefly operational under the usurpers Carausius and Allectus, AD 287–96. Carthage (near Tunis, Tunisia): K, PK, KART. Operational AD 296–307 and 308–11. Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey): C, CP, CON, CONS, CONSP, CONOB. Operational from (establishment transferred from Ticinum).

AD

326

Cyzicus (Belkis or Balkiz, Turkey): CM, CVZ, CVZIC, CVZIKEN, K, KV, MK, MKV, SMK. Finally closed under Zeno (AD 474–91). Heraclea (Eregli, Turkey): H, HT, HERAC, HERACL, SMH, SMHT. Operational from ca. Finally closed under Leo I (AD 457–74).

AD

291.

(The old Greek city of Perinthus on the European coast of the Propontis, its name was changed to Heraclea some time during the course of the 3rd century AD). Londinium (London): L, ML, MLL, MLN, MSL, PLN, PLON, AVG, AVGOB, AVGPS. Operational 287–325, and for a brief period under the usurper Magnus Maximus (AD 383–8).

AD

Lugdunum (Lyon, France): LG, LP, LVG, LVGD, LVGPS, PL, PLG. Finally closed under Honorius, ca. 418.

AD

Mediolanum (Milan, Italy): MD, MDOB, MDPS, MED. Operational intermittently from ca. down to the reign of Zeno (AD 474–91). Nicomedia (Ismit, Turkey): MN, NIC, NICO, NIK, SMN. Operational from ca. reign of Zeno (AD 474–91).

AD

AD

352

294 down to the

Ostia (the port of Rome): MOST, POST. Operational under the usurper Maxentius and for a brief period under Constantine, AD 308/9–313. Ravenna (Italy): RV, RVPS. Established by Honorius ca. AD 402 and operational down to the time of Zeno (AD 474–91). Roma: CORMOB, R, RM, RMPS, ROMA, ROMOB, SMR, VRBrROM. Operational down to the time of Zeno (AD 474–91). Serdica (Sophia, Bulgaria): SMSD, SER. Operational briefly ca. AD 303–8 and again in 313–14. Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Yugoslavia): SIRM, SIROB, SM (?). Operational only sporadically, from AD 320–26, 351–64, 379, and possibly also in 393–5. Siscia (Sisak, Croatia, Yugoslavia): SIS, SISC, SISCPS, SM (?). Finally closed in the early 390s, or possibly as late as the reign of Honorius, after the death of Arcadius in AD 408. Thessalonica (Thessaloniki, Greece): CHES, COM, COMOB, CONOB, SMTS, TS, TES, TESA, TESOB, THES, THS, THSOB. Operational from ca. AD 298/9 and finally closed under Zeno (AD 474–91). Ticinum (Pavia, Italy): SMT, T. Finally closed Constantinople).

AD

326 (establishment then transferred to

Treveri, more correctly Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Germany): SMTR, TR, TRE, TRIOB, TRMS, TROB, TROBS, TRPS. Operational from ca. AD 291. Finally closed under Valentinian III in the late 420s. The following mints were reopened in Byzantine times: Alexandria (ca. AD 538); Antioch (ca. AD 498); Carthage (ca. AD 534); Cyzicus (ca. AD 518); Nicomedia (ca. AD 498); Ravenna (ca. AD 555); Rome (ca. AD 552); and Thessalonica (ca. AD 518).

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DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS The ability to date with a surprising degree of precision many of the coins struck under the Roman Empire provides the student of this remarkably varied series yet another theme for the formation of a collection. Many people collect Roman Imperial coins in order to assemble a ‘portrait gallery’ of emperors and empresses; others form their collections on the basis of illustrating the bewildering variety of deities, architectural themes, or commemorations of military campaigns appearing as reverse types; whilst some collectors are attracted by the diversity of mints, scattered throughout the Mediterranean world and northern Europe, at which the Imperial coinage was produced over more than half a millennium. A collection formed on the basis of important dates in Roman history is, however, one theme which most numismatists have probably overlooked and it can be most rewarding. Thus, one might acquire a coin of AD 70, the year of the capture of Jerusalem by Titus; one of AD 79, which saw the famous eruption of Vesuvius which buried Pompeii and Herculaneum; a coin of Hadrian of the year in which construction began on Hadrian’s Wall following the emperor’s visit to the province (AD 122); and a coin of Constantine, the first Christian emperor, struck in the year in which he experienced his celebrated ‘vision of the Cross’ (AD 312). The scope for such a collection is obviously very great, and it has the added advantage of encouraging the collector to undertake his or her own research in order to discover the significance of coins already acquired before pursuing the process further. One reason for the neglect of this approach is that many collectors are unaware of how to set about dating Roman Imperial coins. It is hoped, therefore, that the following notes, together with the tables of ‘Principal Chronological Criteria’ appearing in each of the two volumes in this work, will provide much of the necessary information. Users of this new Millennium Edition will also notice that in the catalogue entries much fuller information has been provided on the place and time of mintage of each individual type, thus increasing the awareness of chronology. Tribunicia Potestas (the tribunician power, usually TR P on the coins). The tribunes of the people were first appointed in the early days of the Republic to protect the rights of the lower classes (plebeians) against the powerful aristocrats (patricians). From these humble beginnings the power of the tribunes gradually increased until, under the pretext of defending the rights of the people, they were able to do virtually anything they pleased. This almost unlimited power was drastically curtailed in later Republican times, notably by Sulla, and although many of the rights and privileges of the tribunes were restored after the dictator’s death, a few decades later they were again deprived of power by Julius Caesar. Augustus, in establishing the constitutional basis for his new Imperial rule, quickly realized the advantages to be gained through possession of the power of the tribunes. An added attraction was its popularity with the people, in sharp contrast to the hated titles of rex and dictator. Accordingly, in 23 BC he had the tribunician power conferred on him for life, thus gathering into his hands many important prerogatives previously enjoyed by the tribunes of the people. He was now empowered to convene and dismiss both the Senate and the Assembly of the People and also to veto any order of the Senate. In addition, the tribunician power rendered his person sacred and inviolable, a valuable asset for an autocrat. As the emperor wished the tribunician power to be regarded as the basis for his authority it was natural that he should introduce the custom of reckoning the years of his reign by the date of its symbolic annual renewal. The precedent having thus been instituted, this became the normal practice of Augustus’ successors and the number of annual renewals of the tribunician power, appearing regularly in the inscriptions on the coinage, provide valuable evidence in establishing the numismatic chronology of each reign. The method employed for selecting the actual date of this annual renewal seems to have varied from reign to reign. Some emperors used the day of its initial conferment (June 27th in the case of Augustus), whilst others preferred the traditional Republican date for the appointment of the tribunes (December 10th). Yet another practice was to renew on January 1st, thus making the tribunician year coincide with the calendar year. Imperator (usually IMP on the coins). This title, originally meaning ‘commander’ and used to

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describe a victorious general, was utilized in several different ways in Imperial times. One use was as a praenomen or personal name of the emperor, by virtue of his supreme command over all the legions, auxiliaries, and naval officers comprising the Empire’s armed forces. From the reign of Vespasian it was normally placed before all the other names and titles of the emperor and at about the same time it replaced princeps as the popular designation of the emperor. Another use of ‘imperator’ was to enumerate the victories of the emperor during the course of his reign. Whenever a Roman army achieved some outstanding military success the emperor received an imperatorial acclamation, regardless of whether or not he was personally in command. The numbers of these acclamations are sometimes included in coin inscriptions and when they are frequent, as in the cases of Domitian, Marcus Aurelius, and the early years of Septimius Severus, they can provide valuable chronological evidence. Consul (usually COS on the coins). The annual office of consul was established immediately after the abolition of the monarchy in Rome in 510 BC and was the highest of the annual magistracies. There were two colleagues in the consulship and during their year of office they wielded an almost regal power over the government of the Republic, only exceeded by that of a dictator appointed on rare occasions in cases of extreme national crisis. Their authority, however, was considerably diminished by the appointment of the tribunes of the people, who were the only magistrates not subject to the consuls. During the final half century of the Republic’s existence their influence was frequently compromised by the authority of the powerful military commanders in the field, the imperators. Nevertheless, being the supreme magistrates of the State, the power of the Consuls remained considerable as long as the Republic endured Under the Empire consuls continued to be appointed. However, although all the grandeur of the office was retained, the holders of the consulship no longer exercised any of the political power of their Republican predecessors. Quite frequently, more than one pair of consuls were appointed for each year and from the reign of Vespasian it was normal for at least five pairs to hold office annually. The emperor himself would sometimes hold the consulship. If he did so frequently, and advertised the fact regularly on his coins, then it can be a useful indicator of date. In this respect the Flavian emperors were especially helpful: Vespasian held the consulship eight times in ten years; Titus eight times in twelve years; and Domitian seventeen times in twenty-seven years. In marked contrast, Hadrian only held the consulship three times, in the first three years of his 21–year reign. In consequence, the inscription COS III for Hadrian covers the long period AD 119–138. Pontifex Maximus (usually P M on the coins). The Pontifex Maximus was the head of the Pontifices, one of the four senior colleges of priests in Rome, who were charged with the supervision of ceremonies connected with the state religion (interestingly, in a remarkable example of long-term continuity this title is still borne by the Pope today). It was a dignity which, once conferred, was held for life and Augustus did not receive it until after the death of Lepidus (Caesar’s successor as Pontifex Maximus) in 13 BC. Thereafter, it became one of the titles normally assumed by the emperors at the time of their accession. Prior to the brief rule of Balbinus and Pupienus in AD 238 the title of Pontifex Maximus always went to the senior emperor in the case of a joint reign, the title of Pontifex going to the junior partner (this lesser designation usually also applied to the Caesar, or heir to the throne). Balbinus and Pupienus set a precedent for succeeding emperors by sharing the office of Pontifex Maximus. Pater Patriae (usually P P on the coins). This title of honour, meaning “Father of his Country”, was conferred on Augustus in 2 BC and was subsequently assumed by most, but not all, of his successors at the time of their accession. Tiberius steadfastly refused the title and some emperors, such as Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius, only accepted it after they had reigned for a number of years. Thus, coins of Hadrian containing P P in their obverse or reverse legends must be dated subsequent to AD 128, at least eleven years after the commencement of his reign. Armeniacus, Britannicus, Germanicus, Parthicus, etc. (usually abbreviated to ARM, BRIT, GERM, PARTH, etc. on the coins). These were titles awarded in commemoration of military victories achieved over foreign enemies. The following will serve as an example in the use of the tables of ‘Principal Chronological Criteria’ appearing in each of the two volumes in this catalogue. A sestertius of Commodus (AD

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DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS

177–192) bears the legends M COMMODVS ANT P FELIX AVG BRIT (on obverse) and P M TR P XI IMP VII COS V P P S C (on reverse). Referring to the tables it will be seen that the eleventh year of Commodus’ tribunician power spanned the years AD 185–186. As Commodus seems to have renewed his tribunician power on December 10th it is obviously more likely that this piece was struck in 186. However, in order to confirm this some title must be found on the coin to verify the attribution. If we look at the obverse legend we will find that the titles Pius (P), Britannicus (BRIT) and Felix were bestowed on Commodus in AD 183, 184 and 185 respectively and thus provide no assistance in confirming the coin to AD 186. Turning to the reverse legend, we see that Commodus bears the title Pontifex Maximus (P M), but according to the table we see that he achieved this status in 180, on the death of his father Marcus Aurelius. His seventh imperatorial acclamation (IMP VII) was in 184 and probably records victories of the Roman governor Ulpius Marcellus in northern Britain; whilst the title of Pater Patriae (P P) had been bestowed on him as early as AD 177. This leaves us with COS V which, on checking, we will find is the only title which can securely attribute our coin to AD 186 – the year which saw the remarkable mutiny instigated by the army deserter Maternus on the Rhine frontier which was to spread throughout Gaul and into Spain. Many issues, of course, do not bear strings of titles enabling them do be dated with great precision, and the coinages of empresses lack all such indications. However, over recent decades much work has been done by scholars on establishing the chronological sequence of issues within specific periods, and in this connection collectors and students are strongly recommended to the works of Dr. Philip V. Hill (‘The Undated Coins of Rome, A.D. 98–148’ and ‘The Coinage of Septimius Severus and his Family of the Mint of Rome, A.D. 193–217’, both published by Spink & Son).

ABBREVIATIONS cuir. diad. dr. ex. gm. hd. l.

= = = = = = =

cuirassed diademed draped exergue grammes head left

laur. mm. Obv. r. rad. Rev. stg.

= = = = = = =

laureate millimetres obverse right radiate reverse standing

CONDITIONS OF COINS IN ORDER OF MERIT Abbreviation FDC

English mint state

French fleur-de-coin

German stempelglanz

extremely fine

superbe

vorzüglich

very fine

tres beau

sehr schon

fine

beau

schon

good EF EF nearly EF good VF VF nearly VF good F F nearly F fair

fair

tres bien conservé

sehr gut erhalten

M

mediocre

bien conservé

gut erhalten

ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE, 27 bc-ad 491 (Continued from Vol. III)

Principal references: Askew = G. Askew, The Coinage of Roman Britain. 2nd edition. London, 1980. Baldus = H.R. Baldus, Uranius Antoninus, Münzprägung und Geschichte. Bonn, 1971. Bastien = P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de Bronze de Postume. Wetteren, 1967. P. Bastien, The Iantinum Mint. ANS Museum Notes, vol. 25. New York, 1980. P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon, Dioclétien et ses Corégents avant la Réforme Monétaire (285-294). Wetteren, 1972; also Supplement (P. Bastien, M. Amandry, G. Gauthier), Wetteren, 1989. P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon, De la Réforme Monétaire de Dioclétien à la Fermeture Temporaire de l’Atelier en 316 (294-316). Wetteren, 1980. P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon, De la Réouverture de l’Atelier en 318 à la Mort de Constantin (318-337). Wetteren, 1982. P. Bastien, Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch. Numismatic Chronicle, 7th series, vol. XIII, pp. 87-97. London, 1973. BMCG = R.S. Poole, A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, Alexandria and the Nomes. London, 1892. BMCG/Christiansen = E. Christiansen, Coins of Alexandria and the Nomes, a Supplement to the British Museum Catalogue. London, 1991. BMCRE = H. Mattingly, R.A.G. Carson, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, vols. I-VI. London, 1923-62. BMCRR = H.A. Grueber, Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum. London, 1910. C = H. Cohen, Description Historique des Monnaies Frappées sous l’Empire Romain, vols. I-VIII. 2nd edition. Paris, 1880-92. Calicó = X. Calicó, The Roman Aurei. Barcelona, 2003. CBN = J.-B. Giard, Catalogue des Monnaies de l’Empire Romain, vols. I-III (Augustus to Nerva). Paris, 1976-2001. S. Estiot, Catalogue des Monnaies de l’Empire Romain, vol. XII, part 1 (Aurelian to Florian). Paris, 2004. Cologne = A. Geissen, W. Weiser, Katalog Alexandrinischer Kaisermünzen der Sammlung des Instituts für Altertumskunde der Universitat zu Koln. Opladen, 1974-83. CSS = P.V. Hill, The Coinage of Septimius Severus and his Family of the Mint of Rome, A.D. 193-217. London, 1977. Curtis = J.W. Curtis, The Tetradrachms of Roman Egypt. Chicago, 1957. Dattari = G. Dattari, Numi Augg. Alexandrini. Cairo, 1901. Depeyrot = G. Depeyrot, Les Monnaies d’Or de Diocletien à Constantin I (284-337). Wetteren, 1995. G. Depeyrot, Les Monnaies d’Or de Constantin II à Zenon (337-491). Wetteren, 1996. EMA = G. Depeyrot, Les Emissions Monétaires d’Arles (Quatrième-Cinquième Siècles). Wetteren, 1996. Emmett = K. Emmett, Alexandrian Coins. Lodi, 2001. Gilljam = H.H. Gilljam, Antoniniani und aurei des Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus, Gegenkaiser des Postumus. Cologne, 1982. Gnecchi = F. Gnecchi, I Medaglioni Romani, vols. I-III. Milan, 1912. Göbl = R. Göbl, Regalianus und Dryantilla. Vienna, 1970. Hunter = A.S. Robertson, Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet, University of Glasgow, vols. I-V. Oxford, 1962-82. King = C.E. King, Roman Quinarii from the Republic to Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Oxford, 2007. LRBC = R.A.G. Carson, P.V. Hill, and J.P.C. Kent, Late Roman Bronze Coinage, A.D. 324-498. London, 1972. Metcalf = Wm. E. Metcalf, The Cistophori of Hadrian. New York, 1980. Milne = J.G. Milne, Catalogue of Alexandrian Coins, University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum. Oxford, 1971. MA = R. Paolucci, A. Zub, La Monetazione di Aquileia Romana. Padua, 2000. MIR = W. Szaivert, Moneta Imperii Romani, vol. 18 (Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus and Commodus). Vienna, 1986. M. Alram, Moneta Imperii Romani, vol. 27 (Maximinus I Thrax). Vienna, 1989. R. Göbl, Moneta Imperii Romani, vol. 47 (Aurelian). Vienna, 1995.

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MPN = R.F. Bland, A.M. Burnett, S. Bendall, The Mints of Pescennius Niger. Numismatic Chronicle, vol. 147. London, 1987. Pink = K. Pink, Der Aufbau der römischen Münzprägung in der Kaiserzeit, VI/1 Probus, in Numismatische Zeitschrift, Vol. 73, pp. 13-74. Vienna, 1949. K. Pink, Der Aufbau der römischen Münzprägung in der Kaiserzeit, VI/2 Carus und Söhne, in Numismatische Zeitschrift, Vol. 80, pp. 5-67. Vienna, 1963. RIC = H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, P.H. Webb, J.W.E. Pearce, P.M. Bruun, C.H.V. Sutherland, J.P.C. Kent, The Roman Imperial Coinage, vols. I-X. London, 1923-94. RPC = A. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripolles, I. Carradice, M.S. Butcher, Roman Provincial Coinage, vols. I-II and VII, part 1. London and Paris, 1992-2006. RSC = H.A. Seaby, C.E. King, Roman Silver Coins, vols. I-V. London, 1952-87. Shiel = N. Shiel, The Episode of Carausius and Allectus. Oxford, 1977. Schulte = B. Schulte, Die Goldprägung der gallischen Kaiser von Postumus bis Tetricus. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1983. T = M. Thirion, Le Monnayage d’Elagabale (218-222). Brussels and Amsterdam, 1968. Toynbee = J.M.C. Toynbee, Roman Medallions. New York, 1944. UCR = P.V. Hill, The Dating and Arrangement of the Undated Coins of Rome, A.D. 98-148. London, 1970. Van Heesch = J. Van Heesch, The Last Civic Coinages and the Religious Policy of Maximinus Daza. Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. 153, pp. 65-75. London, 1993. Webb = P.H. Webb, The Reign and Coinage of Carausius. London, 1908. P.H. Webb, The Coinage of Allectus. London, 1906.

The coinage of the Roman Empire extended over a period of more than five hundred years, from the establishment of autocratic rule in the city on the Tiber by Caesar’s heir Octavian, now called Augustus, down to the accession in Constantinople (‘New Rome’) of Anastasius I, whose monetary reforms at the end of the 5th century marked the commencement of what is generally termed ‘Byzantine’ coinage. For the first two and three-quarter centuries of its production the Roman Imperial coinage maintained a remarkable uniformity. Rome remained the principal mint throughout this lengthy period, though from the later years of Augustus to the coinage reform of Nero in AD 64 the Gallic mint of Lugdunum seems to have been responsible for most of the precious metal issues. The same mint was also active in the large scale production of aes from Nero’s later years into early Flavian times. Otherwise, provincial minting centres played a significant role only at times of civil war, such as the years following the downfall of Nero in AD 68 and the assassination of Pertinax in 193. Mint marks were almost unknown before the mid-3rd century, though a few had appeared on eastern issues of aurei and denarii in the initial phase of Vespasian’s reign. With the economic and political collapse of the state in the second half of the 3rd century many of the old traditions of the Augustan monetary system disappeared. Production of the aes denominations virtually ceased, the silver coinage became hopelessly debased, and there was a rapid decentralization of production, with important new minting centres now being permanently established in the Balkans and in the East. As the Imperial residence Rome remained a prominent mint, though it had forever lost its position of pre-eminence. The sweeping reforms of Diocletian and Constantine in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries brought drastic changes not only to the Imperial coinage but also to the way in which the government and defence of the Empire were organized. Being too far removed from the vital frontier regions Rome finally ceased to be the seat of Imperial administration. A whole network of mints was now operating throughout the eastern and western provinces of the Empire, supplying the needs of a population which was frequently ruled by a duality or plurality of emperors based in various strategic centres. But the Empire was never again to enjoy the remarkable stability which had been such a feature of the Augustan currency system. Good quality silver coins were reintroduced by Diocletian in the final decade of the 3rd century, but the experiment was short-lived and it was not until ca. 325 that Constantine succeeded in reintegrating the metal back into the monetary system. The history of the aes denominations in the 4th and 5th centuries was even more unsettled, with a bewildering succession of reforms and weight reductions which must have seemed almost as incomprehensible to the citizens of the time as they do to numismatists today. The only real stability in the late Roman currency system was provided by the gold coinage. About AD 310 Constantine the Great introduced a new lighter-weight standard gold denomination known as the solidus. This coin was to have a long and illustrious history extending deep into the Byzantine period. An even more significant innovation by the first Christian emperor was his establishment two decades later of a new Imperial capital at Constantinople, on the site of old Byzantium, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. This was to mark the beginning of a whole new chapter in Imperial history. The Christian Empire was to endure for more than a millennium, until the Turkish conquest of 1453, ironically ensuring the survival of much of the science and literature of the classical world of Greece and Rome through its meticulous preservation of pagan writings.

THE TETRARCHIES AND THE RISE OF THE HOUSE OF CONSTANTINE: THE COLLAPSE OF PAGANISM AND THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY, DIOCLETIAN TO CONSTANTINE I, AD 284-337

DIOCLETIAN 20 Nov. ad 284-1 May 305 12532 Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, originally named Diocles, was born of humble parentage in Dalmatia on 22 December AD 245. Like so many of his fellow-countrymen he adopted a military career and was eventually appointed to be commander of the domestici (bodyguard) of Numerian, younger son of Carus. In this capacity he accompanied the emperor on the leisurely return journey from the Persian War, but as the army approached Nicomedia in north-western Asia Minor it was discovered that Numerian had died in the closed litter in which he was travelling. Diocles immediately accused the praetorian prefect Arrius Aper of the murder and ordered his execution without delay, leading some historians to suspect that he may himself have been implicated in the young emperor’s sudden and unexpected demise. The enraged soldiers unanimously proclaimed Diocles emperor in Numerian’s place (20 November 284) and, under the Latinized name of Diocletian, he continued the westward advance to challenge Numerian’s brother Carinus for the supreme imperial authority. The two armies joined battle at Margum (modern Dubravica near Belgrade). It was a closely fought contest and Carinus appeared to have the upper hand until, in the heat of the fighting, he fell victim to one of his own officers who bore him a grudge. This left Diocletian in uncontested possession of the imperial throne, an event that was to have profound consequences for the future of the Empire (spring 285). Diocletian was motivated by the desire to save the Empire from a repetition of the political and economic troubles which had afflicted it over the previous half century. To this end he instituted a series of reforms that had the effect of moving the state away from its Augustan traditions, replacing the concept of the emperor as the ‘princeps’ or first citizen with that of the more remote ‘dominus’ or master of the Empire. In government he greatly increased the number of provinces by dividing them into smaller units, e.g. in Britain the provinces of Upper and Lower Britannia were replaced by Maxima Caesariensis (capital London), Flavia Caesariensis (capital Lincoln), Britannia Prima (capital Cirencester), and Britannia Secunda (capital York). The military establishment received considerable attention, groups of provincial armies being put under the command of ‘duces’ or dukes who took over the military duties of the provincial governors. There was also extensive strengthening of the imperial frontiers, clearly evidenced by reconstruction work of this period recorded at many sites along Hadrian’s Wall. In the year following his victory over Carinus Diocletian appointed an imperial colleague, Maximian, to assist him in the government and defence of the Empire. To enhance their status each of the emperors was associated with a deity, a link that was strongly emphasized on the imperial coinage. Diocletian himself was called Jovius after the father of the gods, while Maximian was named Herculius, the heroic achiever of legendary deeds. Seven years later (AD 293) the imperial establishment was increased to four members with the appointment of two junior colleagues, or Caesars, to serve under the senior Augusti. This arrangement

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is called the First Tetrarchy and it provided the Empire with a flexible team of rulers each of whom was assigned a specific geographic area of responsibility. Diocletian himself administered the eastern provinces from his capital at Nicomedia; Maximian ruled Italy, Africa, and Spain and was based in Milan; Constantius, who served as Caesar under Maximian, had responsibility for Gaul and Britain with his headquarters at Trier; and Galerius, Caesar under Diocletian, kept watch in the Balkans and was usually in residence at the Pannonian city of Sirmium. All four were militarily very active, especially Constantius who had to deal with the usurpers Carausius and Allectus who detached Britain from the rule of the central government over an entire decade (AD 286-296). Diocletian also had to contend with a dangerous usurpation when Domitius Domitianus and Aurelius Achilleus rebelled in Egypt, circa AD 296-7. The Caesar Galerius probably instigated a persecution of the Christians late in the reign of Diocletian and although vigorously pursued in the East it received only token support in the West. In 303 Diocletian celebrated his twentieth anniversary of imperial rule and used the occasion to pay his only visit to Rome. As it was not strategically located for the defence of the imperial frontiers the old imperial capital had been largely ignored in Diocletian’s Empire-wide changes. This was greatly resented in the Eternal City and was to have serious political consequences in the years to come. On 1 May 305 Diocletian, now in declining health, and Maximian, a reluctant participant in the arrangement, both abdicated in favour of their respective Caesars and Constantius and Galerius became the new Augusti. In order to maintain the Tetrarchy two new Caesars were appointed, Severus in the West and Maximinus in the East. Diocletian himself retired to the magnificent palace he had built for himself at the Dalmatian city of Salonae, near modern Split in Croatia. Here he tended his gardens in peace and steadfastly avoided being lured back into politics when the elaborate system of government he had created began to collapse. He survived probably until AD 316, thus outliving all of his colleagues in the First Tetrarchy. For the numismatist, the most interesting aspect of Diocletian’s program of reforms is his restructuring of the coinage which is generally dated to AD 294. The gold aureus, struck at a weight of 60 to the pound (5.40 grams), was retained as the highest regular denomination of the monetary system and an impressive array of gold multiples was produced in the final decade of the third century and the opening decade of the fourth. A radical departure from previous practice was the reintroduction of pure silver coinage in the form of the argenteus. The equivalent of Nero’s reformed denarius of AD 64, the argenteus had a theoretical weight of three scripula (3.375 grams) and was struck on a weight standard of 1/96th of a pound. It appears, however, that the government had seriously undervalued this new coin and supplies quickly disappeared from circulation. By the time of Diocletian’s abdication in AD 305 production of the argenteus had declined dramatically and it ceased altogether over the following half decade. Another innovation of the reform of 294 was the replacement of the billon antoninianus by a much larger and heavier laureate billon piece which we call the follis, though its original name is not known. Weighing approximately 10 grams, this piece was issued from mints all across the Empire, the commonest reverse being GENIO POPVLI ROMANI with a standing figure of the Genius of the Roman People. The weight of the follis remained unchanged during the period of the First Tetrarchy, but soon thereafter it began to decline and continued to do so for more than a decade until Constantine replaced it with the smaller centenionalis about AD 318. Other denominations of Diocletian’s reform were a smaller radiate bronze piece resembling the old antoninianus but containing no silver (‘post-reform radiate’), and an even smaller laureate bronze which probably represented the basic unit of reckoning, the denarius communis. The new system thus established seems to have been as follows: 1 gold aureus = 24 silver argentei 1 silver argenteus = 10 billon folles 1 billon follis = 10 denarii communes 1 billon antoninianus = 4 denarii communes 1 post-reform radiate = 2 denarii communes 1 denarius communis = 1/2400th aureus Despite these measures, by the beginning of the fourth century the economy of the Empire was suffering from rampant inflation and in his Currency Edict of 300 Diocletian attempted to retariff the follis at 20 denarii communes. This proved unacceptable to the public and in the following year the government was forced to issue the Price Edict, which attempted in great detail to regulate maximum prices and wages. This was no more successful than the Currency Edict and was in fact an admission

diocletiaN

79

on the part of the government of the failure of its economic policies. The mint system of the Empire was considerably expanded under Diocletian and the First Tetrarchy. In the pre-reform period (AD 284-294) new mints were established at Trier (Augusta Treverorum) in Gaul and Heraclea in Thrace. Another Gallic mint, at Iantinum or Iatinum (modern Meaux, about 45 km. northeast of Paris), had a brief existence early in AD 293, probably in connection with planned military operations against Carausius. On its closure its staff, which probably came from the Lugdunum mint, would have been moved to Trier. Following the reform more new mints were added: London (Londinium), a creation of the usurper Carausius but now incorporated into the imperial minting establishment; Aquileia in northern Italy (possibly opened just prior to the reform); Carthage in North Africa; Thessalonica and Serdica in the Balkans; Nicomedia in north-western Asia Minor; and Alexandria in Egypt, where the Greek tetradrachm coinage was finally discontinued in AD 296. One mint was closed, that of Tripolis in Phoenicia, its limited issues presumably having been made redundant by the output of major eastern mints such as Antioch and Alexandria. The use of explicit mint marks now became the norm, thus simplifying the task of mint attribution. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: a. diocletiaNVs aVG B. diocletiaNVs aVGVstVs c. diocletiaNVs P F aVG d. iMP c c Val diocletiaNVs aVG e. iMP c c Val diocletiaNVs P F aVG F. iMP c diocletiaNVs P F aVG G. iMP diocletiaNVs aVG h. iMP diocletiaNVs P F aVG the following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full: a. rad. and cuir. bust r. b. rad., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r. c. laur. hd. r. d. laur. and cuir. bust r. e. laur., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r.

12501 12501

Gold aureus. ac. rev. COMES AVGG, Mars, naked, stg. facing, hd. l., in arched distyle shrine, resting on spear and holding shield, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 168, 36a. calicó 4419. c –. cf. depeyrot, p. 46, 4/1. [Trier, AD 297]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000) NB initially, coins of this denomination were struck on a standard of 70 pieces to the pound of gold, an average of about 4.6 grams. at antioch these bear the mark of value ‘o’ (= 70). subsequently, the standard was raised to 60 pieces to the pound (circa 5.4 grams, sometimes marked ‘Σ’ = 60). this standard was maintained in the post-reform period, though a few issues appear to have been struck on a heavier standard of about 6.5 grams.

12502

Bc. rev. COMITATVS AVGG, diocletian and Maximian on horseback galloping l., side by side, their r. hands raised, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 350, 1. calicó 4422. c 23. hunter v, 32. depeyrot, p. 84, 11/1. [Rome, AD 294-5]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

80 12503

the tetrarchies Gold aureus. ee. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG, diocletian stg. r., holding short sceptre, presenting globe to Maximian stg. l., resting on spear, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 250, 290. calicó 4423-4. c 24. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot, p. 132, 4/1. [Cyzicus, AD 286]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

12504

12505

12504

cc. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NNNN, concordia seated l., holding patera and double cornucopiae, mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 310, 2a. calicó 4425. cf. c 26. Ma 1. depeyrot, p. 91, 1/2. [Aquileia, AD 297]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

12505

B, laur. hd. l. rev. CONCORDIAE AVGG NN, diocletian and Maximian seated l. on curule chairs, side by side, each holding globe and short sceptre, both crowned by Victory hovering between them in background, no mint mark. cf. ric v, ii, p. 251, 292. calicó 4429. c 38. hunter iv, 59. depeyrot, p. 135, 13/2. [Cyzicus, AD 293]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

12506

de. rev. CONCORDIAE MILITVM, concordia Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark s c (Signata Cyzici?) in ex. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4432a. c –. hunter iv, –. depeyrot – (but cf. p. 133, 5/1-3 of Maximian). [Cyzicus, AD 286-7]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

12507

diocletiaNVs P aVG, c. rev. CONSERVATORES AVGG ET CAESS NN, Jupiter stg. r., holding sceptre, facing hercules stg. l., holding lion’s skin and club, supporting Victory on globe between them, mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 168, 39. calicó 4433. c –. depeyrot, p. 49, 8/1. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

12508

12509

12508

Bc. rev. CONSVL IIII P P PROCOS, diocletian, togate, stg. l., holding globe and sometimes also baton, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 250, 285. calicó 4434. c 46. hunter iv, 58. depeyrot, p. 135, 11/1. [Cyzicus, AD 291]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

12509

B, laur. hd. l. rev. – diocletian seated l. on curule chair, holding Victory on globe and baton, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 250, 286. calicó 4437. c 47. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot, p. 135, 11/4. [Cyzicus, AD 291]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

12510

Bc. rev. CONSVL V P P PROCOS, diocletian, togate, stg. l., holding globe and sometimes also baton, mint and value marks s M a Σ in ex., sometimes with star at end of legend or in r. field. RIC vi, p. 613, 5-6. Calicó 4438-9. C 49. Hunter iv, p. clxxxi. Depeyrot, pp. 139-40, 8/1, 9/1, 10/1. [Antioch, AD 293]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following two, and nos. 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

diocletiaN

81

12511

Gold aureus. Bc. rev. CONSVL VI P P PROCOS, similar, with star at end of legend. ric vi, p. 614, 13. calicó 4440. c 51. depeyrot, p. 140, 12/1. [Antioch, AD 297]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

12512

Bc. rev. CONSVL VII P P PROCOS, similar, with star at end of legend and sometimes with dot or star in left field. RIC vi, p. 615, 20-22. Calicó 4441. C 52. Depeyrot, pp. 14041, 14/1, 15/1, 16/1. [Antioch, AD 299]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

12513

ac. rev. CONSVL VIII P P PRCOS, similar, but with mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 457, 22. calicó 4442. cf. c 53. depeyrot, p. 98, 6/1. [Siscia, AD 303]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

12514

ac. rev. CONSVL VIIII P P PRCOS, as previous. ric vi, p. 457, 24. calicó 4443. c –. depeyrot, p. 98, 7/1. [Siscia, AD 304]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

12515

Bc. rev. COS III, as 12510, but without mint mark. cf. ric v, ii, p. 233, 129 (mint of rome). cf. calicó 4444. c –. cf. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. depeyrot, p. 134, 7/1. [Cyzicus, AD 287]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

12516

12519

12516

Bc. rev. — diocletian on horseback pacing r., his right hand raised, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 250, 287. calicó 4445. c 54. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot, p. 134, 7/2. [Cyzicus, AD 287]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

12517

similar, but with COS IIII on rev. ric v, ii, p. 250, 288. calicó 4446. c 55. hunter iv, 57. depeyrot, p. 134, 9/1. [Cyzicus, AD 290]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

12518

ee. rev. FATIS VICTRICIBVS, the Parcae (three Fates) stg. side by side, holding hands, mint mark s M a in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC v, ii, p. 254, 314. Calicó 4447, 4447a. cf. c 56. hunter iv, p. clxxxii. depeyrot, p. 137, 3/1-2. [Antioch, AD 286]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) This unusual type depicts the Parcae, or Fata, who are identified in the accompanying legend as ‘the victorious Fates’. The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also nos. 12510-12, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 1448081, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

12519

similar, but sometimes with obv. legend d, and on rev. the Parcae hold rudders and cornuacopiae, usually with mint mark s c in ex., sometimes with star following the mint mark or in lower field between the first and second figures on l. RIC v, ii, p. 251, 293-4. Calicó 4447b4449a. c 57-8. hunter iv, p. clxxx. depeyrot, p. 133, 5/4-5, 6/2. [Cyzicus, AD 286-7]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

12520

cc. rev. FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN, africa stg. facing, hd. l., wearing elephant’s skin head-dress, holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion and bull’s hd. at feet, mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 422, 1. calicó 4450. cf. c 66. cf. depeyrot, p. 65, 1/1. [Carthage, AD 297-8]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

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12521

Gold aureus. ea. rev. HERCVLI CONSERVAT AVGG, hercules stg. r., r. hand on hip, resting with l. on club set on rock, lion’s skin on l. arm, mint mark s M t in ex. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4451. c –. hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 67, 2/1. [Ticinum, AD 286]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

12522

diocletiaNVs aVG coNs iii, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagletipped sceptre. rev. HERCVLI CONSERVATORI, as previous, but without mint mark. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4451a. c –. hunter iv, –. depeyrot –. [Ticinum, AD 287]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

12523

ac. rev. HERCVLI DEBELLAT, hercules stg. l., attacking the hydra with club held in raised r. hand, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 457, 25 (dated to ad 302-5). calicó 4452. c 139. depeyrot, p. 98, 5/1. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

12524

obv. as 12507. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules seated facing, hd. turned to r., lion’s skin on l. thigh, hands crossed on lap, l. hand resting on club at his side, quiver and bow on ground to r., mint mark iaN in ex. ric v, ii, –. calicó –. c –. hunter iv, –. Bastien 5. depeyrot, p. 41, 1B/1. [Iantinum, AD 293]. (Unique) The extremely rare products of this temporary mint do not appear in most of the standard works of reference. For a detailed study of the series, cf. Pierre Bastien, “The Iantinum Mint”, in ANS Museum Notes 25, 1980, pp. 77-85 and pls. 9-11 (see also nos. 12590 and 13045).

12525

ac. rev. — hercules stg. l., holding Victory and resting on club, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, –. calicó 4452a. c –. depeyrot –. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

12526

cc. rev. I O M CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark P K in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 423, 6 (ioVi for i o M in error). cf. calicó 4522. c –. depeyrot, p. 66, 2/5. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

12527

cc. rev. IOVI CONSER AVGG, similar, but with mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 165, 15. calicó 4453. c 176. cf. depeyrot, p. 43, 1c/3. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

12528 12528

ac. rev. IOVI CONSER AVςς (sic), similar, but with eagle at feet of Jupiter to l., mint mark ALE in ex., sometimes with star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 660, 4. Calicó 4454. Cf. C 177. cf. depeyrot, pp. 148-9, 2/1, 6/1. [Alexandria, AD 294-5 without star, 297]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

12529

cc. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT, Jupiter seated facing, holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 165, 16. calicó 4455. c 186. depeyrot, p. 43, 1B/4. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

12530

de. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVG, as 12526, but without mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 233, 132. calicó 4456. c 208-9. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. depeyrot, p. 77, 1B/2. [Rome, AD 285]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

diocletiaN

83

12531

Gold aureus. similar, but with obv. type b. ric v, ii, p. 233, 133 var. calicó 4458. c 210 var . hunter iv, p. clxxiv. cf. depeyrot, p. 77, 1B, note (doubting authenticity). [Rome, AD 285]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

12532

ee. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, as 12530. ric v, ii, p. 233, 134. calicó 4463. c 216. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. depeyrot, p. 78, 2c/1. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) Illustrated at reign heading.

12533

similar, but with obv. type a. ric v, ii, p. 234, 137. calicó 4466-7. c 217. hunter iv, 1. depeyrot, p. 78, 2B/1. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

12534

cc. rev. — as 12526, but with mint mark P roM in ex. ric vi, –. calicó 4473. cf. c 221. depeyrot, p. 83, 9/1, 9/3. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

12535

ee. rev. – as 12530, but with eagle at feet of Jupiter to l. ric v, ii, p. 234, 141. calicó 4476. c 241. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. depeyrot, p. 79, 2F/1. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

12536

diocletiaNVs P aVG, c. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN, Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 170, 52. calicó 4478. c –. depeyrot, p. 50, 10B/1. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

12537

ac. rev. IOVI CONSERVATOR, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 455, 4. calicó 4479. c 246. depeyrot, p. 96, 3/4. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

12538 12538

ee. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 251, 295. calicó 4481-2. c 248. hunter iv, 55. depeyrot, p. 132, 2/2. [Cyzicus, AD 284-6]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

12539

similar, but with mint mark s c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 251, 296 var. calicó 4489a. c 254 var. hunter iv, p. clxxx var. depeyrot, p. 133, 5/6. [Cyzicus, AD 286-7]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

12540

de. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark s c sometimes followed by star in ex. ric v, ii, p. 251, 297. calicó 4488 = 4500-01. c –. hunter iv, p. clxxx. depeyrot, p. 133, 5/8, 6/3. [Cyzicus, AD 286-7]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

12541

ac. rev. – as previous, but without mint mark. ric vi, p. 456, 6. calicó 4492. c –. depeyrot, p. 96, 3/5. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

12542

Cc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T • S • in ex. and mark of value Σ in field. RIC vi, p. 510, 5. calicó 4505. c –. depeyrot, p. 110, 1/4. [Thessalonica, AD 302]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also nos. 12545-7 below, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

84

the tetrarchies

12543

12545

12543

Gold aureus. cc. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, as previous, but with mint mark s M N in ex. and no mark of value in field. RIC vi, p. 554, 5a. Calicó 4494 = 4506. C –. Depeyrot, p. 120, 2/4. [Nicomedia, AD 294]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

12544

Fe. rev. – as previous, but with eagle at feet of Jupiter to l. and no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 245, 246. calicó 4495. c 262. hunter iv, p. clxxix. depeyrot, p. 95, 1/1. [Siscia, AD 286]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

12545

Be. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark s M a in ex. and mark of value Σ in field. RIC v, ii, p. 255, 315. calicó 4502, 4502a. c 261. hunter iv, p. clxxxii. depeyrot, p. 138, 6/2-3. [Antioch, AD 290]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) See note following no. 12542.

12546

similar, but with obv. type laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4503, 4503a. c –. hunter iv, 65. depeyrot, p. 139, 6/4. [Antioch, AD 290]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

12547

Cc. Rev. — as 12544, but with mint mark T • S • or • T • S • in ex. and mark of value Σ in field. RIC vi, p. 509, 3. Calicó 4504, 4504a. C 263. Depeyrot, p. 110, 1/3, 3/1. [Thessalonica, AD 302]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

12548

Fe. rev. – Jupiter stg. facing, hd. l., holding sceptre in r. hand and thunderbolt in l., no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 245, 248. calicó 4499. c –. cf. hunter iv, p. clxxix. depeyrot, p. 95, 1/6. [Siscia, AD 286]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

12549

12550

12549

cc. rev. — Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, usually with eagle at feet, mint mark P r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 234, 142a var. calicó 4510. c 265 var. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. depeyrot, p. 82, 6/4-5. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

12550

ac. rev. — laur. hd. of Jupiter r., mint mark tr below. ric vi, p. 170, 54. calicó 4513. c 269. depeyrot, p. 48, 7a/3. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

12551

ee. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark S M A (sometimes followed by star) in ex., mark of value O in field. RIC v, ii, p. 255, 316. calicó 4515-4515b. c 272. hunter iv, 64. depeyrot, p. 137, 1/1, 2/1. [Antioch, AD 284]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) The mark of value O (= 70) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 70 pieces to a pound of metal (see also no. 12584).

diocletiaN

12552

85

12555

12552

Gold aureus. ee. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, as previous, but without mint mark or mark of value. cf. ric v, ii, p. 255, 319. calicó 4518-19. c 278. hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 132, 3/1. [Cyzicus, AD 286]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

12553

similar, but with mint mark s M a in ex. and mark of value Σ in field. RIC v, ii, p. 255, 319. calicó 4519a. c 278. hunter iv, p. clxxxii. cf. depeyrot, p. 138, 3/6. [Antioch, AD 286]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 1448990, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

12554

cd. rev. — Jupiter seated l., as 12549. ric v, ii, –. calicó –. c –. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. depeyrot, p. 81, 5B/1. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

12555

ee. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI ORBIS, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 252, 299. calicó 4523-4. c 283. hunter iv, 56. depeyrot, p. 132, 2/3. [Cyzicus, AD 284-6]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

12556

similar, but Jupiter holds thunderbolt instead of Victory on globe. ric v, ii, p. 252, 299. calicó 4525. c 282. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot –. [Cyzicus, AD 284-6]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

12557

cc. rev. IOVI FVLGERATORI, Jupiter advancing r., hurling thunderbolt at anguipede giant at his feet to r., mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 165, 20. calicó 4526. c –. depeyrot, p. 42, 1a/5. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

12558 12558

ce. rev. — similar, but Jupiter advances l., looking back, mint mark P r in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 235, 146 (FVlGVratori in error). calicó 4531. c 285. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. depeyrot, p. 81, 5a/1-2. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

12559

ac. rev. IOVI PROPVGNAT, Jupiter advancing l., looking back, brandishing thunderbolt held in r. hand and holding eagle in l., mint mark tr in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 170, 58 (rev. type misdescribed). cf. calicó 4536. c –. depeyrot, p. 45, 3B/2. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

86

the tetrarchies

12560

12568

12560

Gold aureus. cc. rev. IOVI TVTAT AVGG, Jupiter stg. facing, hd. r., resting on sceptre and holding thunderbolt, mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 165, 21. calicó 4537. c –. depeyrot, p. 43, 1d/4. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

12561

diocletiaNVs P aVG, c. rev. IOVI VICTORI, Jupiter advancing r., hurling thunderbolt at giant (?) before him. ric vi, p. 456, 7. calicó 4538. cf. c 301. depeyrot, p. 96, 3/7. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

12562

cc. rev. — Jupiter advancing l., as 12559, but with mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 165, 22. calicó 4539. c 303. depeyrot, p. 43, 1d/5. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

12563

Bc. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., as 12555, but with mint mark sis preceded by star. ric vi, p. 457, 16. calicó 4541. c 307. depeyrot, p. 97, 4/6. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

12564

diocletiaNVs aVG cos iiii P P, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. IOVI VLTORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark s M a in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC v, ii, p. 254, 312. calicó 4542. c 309. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot, p. 138, 5/1. [Antioch, AD 290]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 1448990, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

12565

ee. rev. MARS VICTOR, Mars advancing r., carrying spear and trophy. ric v, ii, p. 221, 2. calicó 4543-4. c 313. hunter iv, p. clxxvi. depeyrot, p. 63, 1/1. Bastien 1. [Lugdunum, AD 285-6]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

12566

Fd. rev. MARTI PACIFERO, Mars advancing l., holding olive-branch and transverse spear. ric v, ii, p. 245, 249. calicó 4545. cf. c 318. hunter iv, p. clxxix. cf. depeyrot, p. 95, 1/7. [Siscia, AD 286]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

12567

F, as 12564. rev. MARTI PROPVGNATORI, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield. ric v, ii, p. 245, 250. calicó 4546. c –. hunter iv, p. clxxix. depeyrot, p. 95, 1/9. [Siscia, AD 286]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £6,300 ($11,000)

12568

ee. rev. MARTI VLTORI, similar, but Mars thrusts downwards with the spear. ric v, ii, p. 252, 300. calicó 4547-8. c 319. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot, p. 132, 2/4. [Cyzicus, AD 284-6]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

diocletiaN

87

12569 12569

Gold aureus. de. rev. ORIENS AVG, sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l. ric v, ii, p. 235, 148. calicó 4550-51. c 349. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. depeyrot, p. 76, 1a/2. [Rome, AD 285]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

12570

cc. rev. PACATORES GENTIVM, diocletian, holding branch, in triumphal quadriga facing, led by soldier on r., mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 171, 65a. calicó 4552. c –. cf. depeyrot, p. 46, 4/5. [Trier, AD 297]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

12571

obv. as 12561. rev. PIETAS AVGG, Pietas stg. r. between two children, holding a third child in her arms, mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 172, 70a. calicó 4553. c –. depeyrot, p. 44, 2a/1. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

12572

cc. rev. PIETAS AVGG ET CAESS NN, Pietas stg. facing, hd. r., holding child in her arms, another child stg. at her feet to l., mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 172, 72a. calicó 4554. cf. c 381. depeyrot, p. 51, 10c/1. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

12573

Bc. rev. P M TR P P P, diocletian, in military attire, stg. l. amidst four standards, his r. hand raised, holding sceptre in l., no mint mark ric v, ii, p. 250, 289. calicó 4556. c –. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot, p. 135, 12/1. [Cyzicus, AD 292]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

12574

cc. rev. PRIMI / XX / IOVIAVG / COSVIII in four lines, mint mark Ptr beneath, all within wreath. ric vi, p. 172, 75. calicó 4558. c –. depeyrot, p. 49, 8/4. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

12575

ac. rev. PRIMI XX IOVI AVGVSTI, Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark tr in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 172, 76. calicó 4559. cf. c 393. depeyrot, p. 50, 10a/1. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

12576

cc. rev. PROVIDENTIA AVGG, gateway of military camp, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 350, 5a. calicó 4561. c 413. depeyrot, p. 85, 12a/1. [Rome, AD 294-9]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

12577

ee. rev. ROMAE AETERNAE, roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and spear, shield at her side, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 252, 301. calicó 4562-3. c 431. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot, p. 132, 2/5. [Cyzicus, AD 284-6]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

12578

ac. rev. SALVS AVGG, salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 172, 77. calicó 4564. c –. depeyrot, p. 47, 5/5. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

12579

ac. rev. SECVRITAS ORBIS, securitas stg. facing, hd. r., legs crossed, her r. hand on hd., holding transverse sceptre in l. and resting on column, mint mark tr in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 173, 80. calicó 4565. c 456. depeyrot, p. 47, 5/7. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

88

the tetrarchies

12580

12584

12589 12580

Gold aureus. ee. rev. SOLI INVICTO, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l. ric v, ii, p. 252, 302. calicó 4566. c 457. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot, p. 132, 2/6. [Cyzicus, AD 284-6]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

12581

cc. rev. SOLI INVICT CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN, similar, but with mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 423, 9. calicó 4567. c –. depeyrot, p. 66, 2/9. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

12582

ee. rev. VICTORI AVG, Victory in galloping biga r., holding wreath and palm. ric v, ii, p. 252, 303. calicó 4567a. c 464. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot, p. 131, 1/2. [Cyzicus, AD 284]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

12583

de. rev. VICTORIA AETERNA, Victory advancing r., holding wreath and palm. ric v, ii, p. 235, 150. calicó 4568. c 463. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. depeyrot, p. 77, 1a/4. [Rome, AD 285]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

12584

ee. rev. VICTORIA AVG, similar, but with mint mark s M a in ex. and mark of value O in field. RIC v, ii, p. 255, 316. Calicó 4515-4515b. C 272. Hunter iv, 64. Depeyrot, p. 137, 1/1, 2/1. [Antioch, AD 284]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) The mark of value O (= 70) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 70 pieces to a pound of metal (see also no. 12551).

12585

ee. rev. — Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm. ric v, ii, p. 221, 3. calicó 4572. c 465. hunter iv, p. clxxvi. depeyrot, p. 63, 1/2. Bastien 2. [Lugdunum, AD 285-6]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

12586

ee. rev. – Victory in galloping biga l., holding wreath and palm. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4574, cf. 4567b. c –. hunter iv, –. cf. depeyrot, p. 131, 1/3. [Cyzicus, AD 284]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

12587

ee. rev. VIRTVS AVG, Mars or Virtus stg. l., resting on shield and spear. ric v, ii, p. 252, 304. calicó 4576-7. c 493. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot, p. 131, 1/4. [Cyzicus, AD 284]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

12588

de. rev. – Mars or Virtus stg. l., holding branch and resting on spear, shield at feet to l. ric v, ii, p. 252, 305. calicó 4578. c 498. cf. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot, p. 131, 1/5. [Cyzicus, AD 284]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

12589

ac. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules r., kneeling on the back of the ceryneian stag and holding its antlers with both hands, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 173, 84a. calicó 4579. c 506. depeyrot, p. 45, 3a/1. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

diocletiaN

89

12590

Gold aureus. diocletiaNVs P aVG, c. rev. — hercules facing, lifting from the ground the libyan giant antaeus, son of Poseidon and Gaia, mint mark iaN in ex. ric v, ii, –. calicó –. c –. hunter iv, –. Bastien 4. depeyrot, p. 41, 1a/1. [Iantinum, AD 293]. (Unique) The extremely rare products of this temporary mint do not appear in most of the standard works of reference. For a detailed study of the series, cf. Pierre Bastien, “The Iantinum Mint”, in ANS Museum Notes 25, 1980, pp. 77-85 and pls. 9-11 (see also nos. 12524 and 13045).

12591

ac. rev. VIRTVS AVGG NN, diocletian seated r., resting on sceptre, crowned by Victory stg. r. behind him, captive seated at his feet, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 578, 2. calicó 4580. c –. depeyrot, p. 136, 15/3. [Cyzicus, AD 294]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

12592

ac. rev. VIRTVS ILLVRICI, diocletian galloping right, thrusting downwards with spear, galley r. with rowers below, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 173, 87a. calicó 4581. c 515. depeyrot, p. 46, 4/11. [Trier, AD 297]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

12593

cc. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, gateway of military camp, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 351, 7a. calicó 4582. c 519. depeyrot, p. 85, 12B/1. [Rome, AD 294-9]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

12594

de. rev. VIRTVTI HERCVLIS, hercules stg. r., resting on club wrapped in lion’s skin set on rock, mint mark s c in ex. ric v, ii,–. calicó 4584. c –. hunter iv, –. depeyrot –. [Cyzicus, AD 286-7]. (Unique) This would appear to be a hybrid with a reverse type proper to Maximian.

12595

12598

12595

cc. rev. VOT/ XX /AVGG in three lines within wreath with small eagle at base. ric vi, p. 311, 7a. calicó 4585. cf. c 540. Ma 2. depeyrot, p. 91, 2/1. [Aquileia, AD 296-303]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000) The small eagle on reverse serves as the mint mark of Aquileia.

12596

ac. rev. VOT / XX / AVGG / NN in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 174, 93a. calicó 4586. c –. depeyrot, p. 49, 9/1. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

12597

cc. rev. VOTIS (rarely VOT) / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 174, 96, 98. calicó 4587-8. cf. c 545. depeyrot, pp. 49-50, 9/7 and 9/9. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000) Bc. rev. XX / DIOCL/ETIAN/I AVG in four lines with mint mark s M aQ below, all within wreath. ric vi, p. 312, 12. calicó 4591. c 549. Ma 4. depeyrot, p. 91, 4/2. [Aquileia, AD 303]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000) Coins of similar type were produced also at the mints of Ticinum and Nicomedia.

12598

NB there are also gold multiples, principally of 2.5, 5, and 10 aurei, which were issued from a variety of mints. For the most part the reverses tend to focus on types celebrating Jupiter as the special guardian deity of diocletian.

90 12599

the tetrarchies Gold half aureus (quinarius). cc. rev. GAVDETE ROMANI, two Victories stg. facing each other, supporting between them oblong tablet inscribed sic / XX / sic / XXX in four lines, mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 312, 14a. c —. Ma 5. depeyrot, p. 92, 5/1. [Aquileia, AD 303]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

12600

12605

12600

Ge. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 235, 151. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. depeyrot, p. 77, 1B/3. [Rome, AD 285]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

12601

similar, but with rev. legend IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG. ric v, ii, p. 235, 153. c 235. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. depeyrot, p. 79, 2e/1. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

12602

similar, but with obv. legend h and with mint mark P r in ex. on rev. ric v, ii, p. 235, 152. c 224. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. depeyrot, p. 80, 4a/6. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

12603

iMP c diocletiaNVs aVG, d. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, as 12600. ric v, ii, p. 246, 251. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxix. cf. depeyrot, p. 96, 1/18. [Siscia, AD 286]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

12603a

obv. similar, but type e. rev. MARS VLTOR, Mars advancing r., holding spear and shield, no mint mark. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. depeyrot, p. 96, 1/19. [Siscia, AD 286]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

12603B

Ge. rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm, no mint mark. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. depeyrot, p. 77, 1a/5. [Rome, AD 285]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

12604

cc. rev. VOTIS ROMANORVM, two Victories, as 12599. mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 312, 15. c 530. Ma 6. depeyrot, p. 92, 5/3. [Aquileia, AD 303]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

12605

Silver argenteus. ac. rev. F (or FEL or FELIX) ADVENT AVGG NN, africa stg. facing, hd. l., wearing elephant’s skin head-dress, holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion and bull’s hd. at feet, officina mark P (= 1) in ex. RIC vi, pp. 423-4, 10, 11a, 13a. RSC 64-65b. [Carthage, AD 296-8]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,025 ($1,800) NB this post-reform denomination introduced in ad 294 was issued by about a dozen mints during the second half of the joint reign of diocletian and Maximian. however, the volume of production declined dramatically towards the end of the reign and the denomination survived for only a further half decade following the abdications of the two emperors.

12606

ac. rev. PROVIDENTIA AVGG, the four tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod-altar with military camp in background, sometimes with mint mark R or officina mark Β, Γ, ∆, or Ζ (= 2, 3, 4, or 7) in ex. ric vi, pp. 351-3, 10a, 30a, 34a. rsc 411-412b. [Rome, AD 294 (no mint mark and R), 295-7 (with officina mark)]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Coins of this type were issued also at Siscia (no mint mark) and Cyzicus (C M).

diocletiaN

91

12607

Silver argenteus. ac. rev. PROVIDENTIAE AVGG, as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex., star in l. field, and officina mark ∆ or Η (= 4 or 8) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 616, 31. rsc 427a. [Antioch, AD 294-5]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,100) Coins of this type were issued also at Alexandria (mint mark ALE, officina mark in field).

12608

ac. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, as previous, but with mint mark sis (sometimes preceded by star) in ex. ric vi, pp. 460-61, 49, 51, 56. rsc 483a-b. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

12609

ac or cc. rev. — three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark sis preceded by star. ric vi, p. 462, 63a, 64a. rsc 485a-b. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,100)

12610

similar, but with four-turreted gateway with open doors thrown back, and sometimes without star preceding mint mark. ric vi, p. 462, 68, 72. rsc 484a-b. [Siscia, AD 300 (with star), 303 (no star)]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,100)

12611

ac (sometimes with drapery on l. shoulder). rev. VICTORIA SARM, the four tetrarchs sacrificing, as 12606, no mint or officina mark. RIC vi, p. 352, 14a, 16. RSC 487a-b. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

12612

ac or d. rev. VICTORIA SARMAT, as previous, but sometimes with officina mark d (= 4) or club in ex. ric vi, pp. 175-7, 100, 104a, 114a, 119a. rsc 488a-c, 489a. [Trier, AD 294 (no mint mark), 295-7 (D), 298-9 (club), 300-01 (club with obv. d)]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Coins of this type were issued also at Ticinum (no mint mark), Rome (sometimes with mint mark R or officina mark Α, Β, Γ, ∆, or Ζ), Siscia (no mint mark), and Heraclea (with mint mark Ηε or mint and officina marks H A).

12613

ac. rev. VICTORIA SARMATIC, as 12611. ric vi, p. 459, 39. rsc 490. [Siscia, AD 294-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

12614

similar, but with rev. legend VICTORIA SARMATICA. ric vi, p. 460, 40-41. rsc 490a, 490d. [Siscia, AD 294-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Coins of this type were issued also at Trier (with officina mark C) and at Cyzicus (with mint mark C M).

12615

12616

12615

similar, but with rev. legend VICTORIAE SARMATICAE and with mint and officina marks H A (= 1) in ex. RIC vi, p. 530, 10a. RSC 491b. [Heraclea, AD 296]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Coins of this type were issued also at Nicomedia (with mint and officina marks S M N Γ), Antioch (ANT in ex. with star and officina mark Γ in field), and Alexandria (ALE with officina mark Β or Γ in field).

12616

ac. rev. — four-turreted gateway of military camp with open doors thrown back, sometimes with star above, mint and officina marks S M N Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 556, 22a, 25a. rsc 492a-b. [Nicomedia, AD 295-6]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,100)

92

the tetrarchies

12617(1)

12617(2)

12618 12617

Silver argenteus. ac. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, the four tetrarchs sacrificing, as 12611, sometimes with mint mark sis or * sis in ex. ric vi, pp. 459-61, 32a, 43a, 46a, 52a, 59, 60a. rsc 516h, i, l, m. [Siscia, AD 294-5]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900) Coins of this type were issued also at Trier (sometimes with officina mark C or D, or club), Ticinum (no mint mark), and Rome (sometimes with mint mark R or officina mark Α, Β, Γ, ∆, ε, or Ζ).

12618

Ac. Rev. — three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint and officina marks • S M • SD A • (or officina Β or ∆ = 1, 2, or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 491, 1a. rsc 520b. [Serdica, AD 303/4-5]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,100) Coins of this type were issued also at Siscia (* SIS), Thessalonica (TS Α, Β, or Γ with dots variously interspersed), Antioch (ANT sometimes with star or stars and/or dot and with officina Η in ex. or in field), and Alexandria (ALE with officina Α or Γ in field).

12619

similar, but with four-turreted gateway with open doors thrown back, star above arch, mint mark TS A (or officina Β or Γ = 1, 2, or 3) in ex., sometimes with dots either side of officina mark. RIC vi, p. 510, 6 and 11a. RSC 521a-b. [Thessalonica, AD 298-9 (without dots), AD 302 (with dots)]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,100)

12620

ac. rev. XCVI with mint mark t below, all within wreath. ric vi, p. 282, 20a. rsc 548a. [Ticinum, AD 300]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £800 ($1,400) The numeral on reverse indicates that this denomination was struck on a standard of 96 pieces to a pound of metal. Coins of this type were issued also at Aquileia (AQ) and Rome (no mint mark, XC/VI in two lines).

12621

Silver half argenteus. c (sometimes ends P aVG), c. rev. VOT / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines within laurel-wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 178, 135-6. rsc 545a-b. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,375 ($2,400)

12622

Billon antoninianus. cb. rev. ABVNDANT AVGG, abundantia stg. r., emptying cornucopiae, officina mark A (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 222, 9. Cf. C 4. Hunter iv, p. clxxviii. Bastien 599-600. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) NB the pre-reform billon coinages of diocletian and Maximian followed the same pattern as those of their immediate predecessors. however, in ad 294 production of the antoninianus was discontinued thus bringing to an abrupt end the turbulent eight-decade history of this denomination. it was replaced by a larger billon piece which, in the absence of contemporary evidence, is now commonly known as a ‘follis’, though in all likelihood the romans called it a ‘nummus’. antoniniani doubtless remained in circulation for some years after the reform with a probable value of 1/25th of the silver argenteus.

12623

Gb. rev. ABVNDAT (sic) AVGG, as previous. ric v, ii, p. 222, 8. c 1. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 299. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

diocletiaN

93

12624

Billon antoninianus. Gb. rev. ADVENTVS AVGG, diocletian and Maximian on horseback galloping right, raising r. hands, officina mark P (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 222, 11. Cf. C 8. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 242. [Lugdunum, AD 289-90]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £85 ($150)

12625

Gb. rev. AEQVITAS AVGG, Aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 222, 12. c 10. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 350. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12626

cb. rev. AETERNITAS AVGG, elephant walking l., ridden by mahout who guides it with goad, officina mark A (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 222, 13. C 11. Hunter iv, p. clxxviii. Bastien 664. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £140 ($250) This appears to be a revival of a type issued by Philip I in AD 247 (see Vol. III, no. 8921). See also nos. 12740, 13106, 13215 and 14288.

12627

Gb. rev. ANNONA AVG, annona stg. l., holding corn-ears and cornucopiae, modius at feet, XXI followed by officina mark ∆ (= 4) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 236, 156. c 14. hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12628

Gb. rev. AVSPIC FEL, liberalitas stg. l., holding abacus and caduceus, child at feet, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark D (= officina 4 of Lugdunum) in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 231, 115. c 15. hunter iv, p. clxxviii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £140 ($250) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

12629

cb. rev. CLARITAS AVGG, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., captive at feet to l., mint and officina marks as previous. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 231, 117. C 16. Hunter iv, p. clxxviii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £75 ($130)

12630

eb. rev. CLEMENTIA TEMP, diocletian, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, XXi in ex., officina mark A-Γ (= 1-3) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 246, 252. C 19. Hunter iv, p. clxxix. [Siscia, AD 285-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

12631

Gb. rev. COMES AVGG, Minerva stg. l., holding spear and resting on shield, officina mark c (= 3) in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 223, 15. c 21. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 444. [Lugdunum, AD 292]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12632

iMP diocletiaNVs P aVG, b. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG, two concordiae stg. facing each other, clasping hands and each holding cornucopiae, officina mark II (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 223, 17. c 25 var. hunter iv, p. clxxviii. Bastien 540. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12633

Eb. Rev. — Diocletian receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter, as 12630, XXI in ex., officina mark Z (= 7) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 255, 321. Cf. C 36 (who gives the rev. legend as CONCORDIAE aVGG). hunter iv, p. clxxxii. [Antioch, AD 293]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

12634 var. 12634

Fa. rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, diocletian and concordia stg. facing each other, clasping r. hands, mint mark s P c in ex. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, p. ccix. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £290 ($500) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13157-8, 13165, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

94

the tetrarchies

12635

Billon antoninianus. db (sometimes with dot below). rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, as 12633, XXI (sometimes followed by dot) in ex., officina mark A-S (= 1-6) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 253, 306. c 33. hunter iv, 60-62. [Cyzicus, AD 293-4]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

12636

Eb. Rev. — similar, but with XXI between two dots in ex. and with officina mark A-ε (= 1-5, sometimes preceded by mint mark H) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 249, 284. C 34. Hunter iv, p. clxxx. [Heraclea, AD 293-4]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

12637

Eb. Rev. — similar, but with XXI (sometimes preceded by dot) in ex. and with officina mark Z-I (= 7-10) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 256, 322. C 34. Hunter iv, 66-7. [Antioch, AD 293-4]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

12638

ea or b. rev. CONSERVAT AVG, sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and followed by mint mark T. RIC v, ii, p. 241, 206. c 40. hunter iv, 38. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12639

Fb. rev. CONSERVAT AVGGG, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding three apples or globe, mint mark M L XXI in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 551, 3. C 41. Hunter iv, p. ccix. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13157-8, 13165, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

12640

ea. rev. CONSERVATOR AVGG, diocletian, in military attire, stg. r., facing Jupiter stg. l., each holding sceptre and sacrificing over altar between them, XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) and followed by i, o, or Bi (= ioBi = ioVi). ric v, ii, p. 247, 263. c 42. hunter iv, p. clxxx. [Siscia, AD 288-93]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) The mint mark here incorporates elements of the name of Jupiter, Diocletian’s guardian deity. Sometimes the officina mark follows the XXI and sometimes it appears in the field. A parallel issue in the name of Maximian similarly honours Hercules, whose name is divided HP—KOY—ΛI (see no. 13118).

12641

Gb. rev. FELICIT PVBL, Felicitas stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, resting on column and holding caduceus, officina mark B or reversed C (= 2 or 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 223, 18. C 60. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 354, 425. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12642

eb. rev. FELICITAS AVG, as previous, but with officina mark B, C, or D (= 2, 3, or 4) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 223, 19. C 61. Hunter iv, 30. Bastien 11, 12, 16. [Lugdunum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12643

Db. Rev. — Felicitas stg. l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, XXI followed by officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 236, 157. c 63. hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12644

eb. rev. FIDES MILIT (or MILITVM), Fides Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and followed by mint mark T. RIC v, ii, p. 242, 208. c 72. hunter iv, p. clxxix. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) Coins with this reverse type were issued also at Trier.

12636

12640

diocletiaN

95

12645

Billon antoninianus. eb. rev. FIDES MILITVM, diocletian, in military attire, stg. r., holding sceptre and receiving globe from soldier (?) stg. l., holding sceptre, XXi followed by officina mark B (= 2) in ex., or with officina mark A or Γ (= 1 or 3) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 247, 266. C 73. Hunter iv, pp. clxxix-clxxx. [Siscia, AD 285-8]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12646

iMP c diocletiaNVs aVG, a. rev. — four standards, mint mark s P c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 553, 17. c —. hunter iv, p. 279, 1. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £290 ($500) See note following no. 12639.

12647

eb . rev. FORTVNA RED (or REDVX), Fortuna seated l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3) and followed by mint mark t. ric v, ii, p. 242, 209. c 74, 76. hunter iv, p. clxxix. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12648

ea. rev. HERCVLI CONSERVAT, hercules stg. r., r. hand on hip, resting on club set on rock, lion’s skin on l. arm, XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, T, Q, V, or Vi (= 1-6) and followed by mint mark t. ric v, ii, p. 242, 212. c 136. hunter iv, 39. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12649

iMP c Val diocletiaNVs aVG, a. rev. — hercules stg. l., holding lion’s skin and bow and resting on club, XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and followed by mint mark t. ric v, ii, p. 242, 217. c 137. hunter iv, p. clxxix. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12650

similar, but hercules holds olive-branch, club and lion’s skin. ric v, ii, p. 242, 218. c 138. hunter iv, p. clxxix. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12651

eb. rev. HERCVLI INVICTO AVGG, hercules stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on club, lion’s skin on l. arm, officina mark S (= 2) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 223, 21. c 140. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 170. [Lugdunum, AD 287-9]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12652

as 12650, but with rev. legend HERCVLI PACIF and officina mark S (= 2) only recorded. ric v, ii, p. 242, 219. c —. hunter iv, 47. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

12653

Gb. rev. HERCVLI PACIFERO, as previous, but with XXi in ex. followed by officina mark ∆, ε, or Ζ (= 4, 5, or 7). ric v, ii, p. 236, 159. c 143. hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) Coins with this reverse type were issued also at Lugdunum.

12654 12654

eb. rev. IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG, Jupiter stg. r., holding globe and sceptre, facing hercules stg. l., holding Victory and club, lion’s skin on l. arm, XXi in ex., sometimes followed by dot, officina mark Α-ε∆ (= 1-9) in field, sometimes with crescent above. ric v, ii, p. 256, 323. cf. c 146. hunter iv, 69, 72-4. [Antioch, AD 290-94]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40) Coins with this reverse type were issued also at Tripolis.

96

the tetrarchies

12655 12655

Billon antoninianus. G, rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. IOVI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet, officina mark P or A (= 1) or C (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 224, 28. C 153. Hunter iv, 34. Bastien 248. [Lugdunum, AD 289-90]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £75 ($130)

12656

similar, but with obv. type helmeted and cuir. bust r., wearing rad. crown. ric v, ii, p. 224, 28. c 155. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 317. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

12657

iMP diocletiaNVs P aVG, a. rev. — Jupiter stg. r., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, officina mark P or A (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 224, 31. C 167. Hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 301. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

12658

Gb. Rev. — Jupiter seated l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, officina mark A or C (= 1 or 3) in ex., or with star and crescent in ex. ric v, ii, p. 224, 34. c 169. hunter iv, 35. Bastien 434, 449, 457. [Lugdunum, AD 292-3]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12659

Fa. rev. IOVI CONSER AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, sometimes with mint mark S M L in ex., usually with officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 225, 38. C 178. Hunter iv, p. clxxvi. Bastien 79. [Lugdunum, AD 286-7]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12660

ea. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT, similar, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet, XXi in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, T, Q, V, or VI (= 1-6) and followed by mint mark T. RIC v, ii, p. 243, 222. c 201. hunter iv, 40-41. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12661

Ea. Rev. — as previous, but with small figure of emperor at Jupiter’s feet. RIC v, ii, p. 243, 220. c 206. hunter iv, 42. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12662

iMP c Val diocletiaNVs aVG, a. rev. — Jupiter stg. facing, hd. r., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, sometimes with eagle at feet, XXi followed by mint mark t in ex., officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 244, 232. C 192, 194. Hunter iv, p. clxxix. [Ticinum, AD 293-4]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12663

– – rev. – similar, but with eagle at feet to l. and two standards set in ground on r., XXi in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and followed by mint mark T (sometimes the officina mark is in the field). RIC v, ii, p. 243, 228. C 203. Hunter iv, 50-51. [Ticinum, AD 292-3]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12664

— — rev. — Jupiter seated l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, XXi followed by mint mark T in ex., officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 244, 234. C 189. hunter iv, p. clxxix. [Ticinum, AD 293-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

12665

Gb or a. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, XXI in ex. followed by officina mark Α-Ζ (= 1-7). ric v, ii, p. 236, 161. c 214. hunter iv, 9-13. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) Coins with this reverse type were issued also at Lugdunum.

diocletiaN

97

12666

Billon antoninianus. similar, but with rev. legend IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG. ric v, ii, p. 236, 162. c 228, 237. hunter iv, 14-15, 17-18. [Rome, AD 286-93]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40) Coins with this reverse type were issued also at Lugdunum.

12667

as previous, but Jupiter is stg. facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and thunderbolt, eagle at feet to l., and sometimes with wreath between the XX and the i in ex. ric v, ii, p. 237, 166. c 242. hunter iv, 21-2, 24-5. [Rome, AD 286-93]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

12668

as 12666, but Jupiter holds Victory on globe and sceptre and has eagle at feet to l. ric v, ii, p. 237, 165. c 244. hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 286-93]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12669

eb or a. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, sometimes with eagle at feet, officina mark A, B, C (sometimes reversed), or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 225, 47. Cf. C 259. Hunter iv, p. clxxvi. Bastien 20, 23-4, 26-7. [Lugdunum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) Coins with this reverse type were issued also at Siscia.

12670

eb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG, diocletian, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, XXi in ex., officina mark Α-ε∆ (= 1-9) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 256, 324. C 277. Hunter iv, p. clxxxii. [Antioch, AD 284-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) Coins with this reverse type were issued also at Tripolis.

12671

similar, but with rev. legend IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG and sometimes with star or crescent above the officina mark. RIC v, ii, p. 256, 325. C 280. Hunter iv, 68, 70-71. [Antioch, AD 286-90]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40) Coins with this reverse type were issued also at Tripolis.

12672

db. rev. IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS AVGG, Jupiter r. and hercules l., stg. facing each other, as 12654, XXI in ex., officina mark B (= 2) in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 248, 275. C 284. hunter iv, p. clxxx. [Siscia, AD 286-8]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12673

Gb or a. rev. IOVI FVLGERATORI, Jupiter advancing l., looking back, brandishing thunderbolt, eagle at feet to l., XXI in ex. followed by officina mark B, Γ, ∆, or Z (= 2, 3, 4, or 7). ric v, ii, p. 237, 167. c 289. hunter iv, 26. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

12674

iMP c Val diocletiaNVs aVG, a. rev. IOVI PROPVGNAT, similar, but Jupiter holds the eagle in l. hand and the XXI in ex. is preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and followed by mint mark t. cf. ric v, ii, p. 244, 236. c 290-91 var. hunter iv, p. clxxix. [Ticinum, AD 286]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

12675 12675

Fb. rev. IOVI TVTATORI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., officina mark P (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 226, 53. C 297. hunter iv, 32. Bastien 143. [Lugdunum, AD 287-9]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12676

eb. rev. IOVI VICTORI, Jupiter advancing l., looking back, holding thunderbolt and spear, officina mark P (= 1) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 226, 58 var. C 304. Hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 168. [Lugdunum, AD 287-9]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

98

the tetrarchies

12677

Billon antoninianus. Gb. rev. IOVI VICTORI, Jupiter stg. l., as 12675, but sometimes without eagle, XXI in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC v, ii, p. 237, 169. c 308. hunter iv, 6. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12678

iMP c diocletiaNVs aVG, a. rev. LAETITIA AVGGG, laetitia stg. l., holding wreath and anchor, mint mark M L XXI in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 551, 4. C 310. hunter iv, p. ccix. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13157-8, 13165, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

12679

Gb. rev. LAETITIA FVND, as previous, but with XXI in ex. followed by officina mark Z (= 7). cf. ric v, ii, p. 237, 171. c 311. hunter iv, 4. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12680

eb. rev. MARS VICTOR, Mars advancing r., carrying spear and trophy, XXi in ex. preceded by officina mark VI (= 6) and followed by mint mark T. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 244, 239. c 314. hunter iv, 43. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12681

Gb. rev. MARTI PACIF, Mars stg. l., holding olive-branch and resting on shield, spear resting diagonally behind, XXI in ex. followed by officina mark ε (= 5). ric v, ii, p. 238, 173. c 316. hunter iv, 5. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12682 var. 12682

Fa. rev. MONETA AVGGG, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, —. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccix. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) See note following no. 127678.

12683

Gb. rev. ORIENS AVG, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., XXi in ex. followed by officina mark ς (= 6). ric v, ii, p. 238, 174. c 351. hunter iv, 7. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12684

cb. rev. ORIENS AVGG, similar, but holding whip instead of globe, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 226, 60 var. c 354. hunter iv, p. clxxviii. Bastien 636. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

12685

cb. rev. PAX AETERN, Pax advancing l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, officina mark a (= 1) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 226, 61. c 356. hunter iv, 37. Bastien 604. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

12686

G, helmeted and cuir. bust r., wearing rad. crown. rev. PAX AVGG, Minerva stg. l., holding olive-branch and spear and resting on shield, officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in field or in ex., usually accompanied by star or crescent in field or in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 227, 63. c 362. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 468, 471, 474, 476, 482, 484, 501. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

diocletiaN 12687

99

Billon antoninianus. Gb. rev. — Pax stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, officina mark A, B, or C (= 1, 2, or 3) in field or in ex., sometimes accompanied by star or crescent in field or in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 227, 67. C 366. Hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 363-4, 460, 514. [Lugdunum, AD 290-93]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12688

12690

12688

similar, but with obv. type rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding globe. ric v, ii, p. 227, 67. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 368. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £75 ($130)

12689

Cb. Rev. — Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 227, 70. c 372. hunter iv, p. clxxviii. Bastien 611-12. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12690

Fa. rev. PAX AVGGG, as previous, but with mint mark M l XXi in ex. and s — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 552, 9. C 377. Hunter iv, p. ccix. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £225 ($400) This type and the next were issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13157-8, 13165, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

12691

similar, but with obv. legend iMP c diocletiaNVs aVG, and with mint mark c in ex. and S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 553, 20. C 378. Hunter iv, p. ccix. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £225 ($400)

12692

Ga or b. rev. P M TR P VIII COS IIII P P, lion walking l., holding thunderbolt in its jaws, officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in ex., followed by star. RIC v, ii, p. 222, 5. C 383. Hunter iv, 36. Bastien 463-4, 477. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) This is a revival of a type first issued by Caracalla (see Vol. II, no. 6774). See also no. 13162.

12693

Gb. rev. PRIMIS X MVLTIS XX, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, XXI followed by officina mark B, ∆, or Z (= 2, 4, or 7) in ex., sometimes with mint mark R in field. RIC v, ii, p. 238, 175. C 384. Hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

12694

similar, but with obv. type rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagletipped sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 238, 175. c 386. hunter iv, 8, 27. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £75 ($130)

12695

Gb. rev. — Jupiter stg. facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and thunderbolt, eagle at feet, XXI followed by officina mark ∆ (= 4) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 238, 176. c 387. hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

12696

obv. as 12694. rev. – Victory stg. r., inscribing Vot X on shield attached to palmtree, XXI followed by officina mark B or ∆ (= 2 or 4) in ex., sometimes with mint mark R in field. RIC v, ii, p. 238, 177. C 388. Hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

100

the tetrarchies

12697

Billon antoninianus. obv. as 12694. rev. PRIMIS X MVLTIS XX, two Victories stg. facing each other, attaching shield inscribed Vot X or Vot X Fel to palm-tree between them, XXI followed by officina mark ∆, ε, or Z (= 4, 5, or 7) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 238, 178-9. c 391. hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

12698

eb. rev. PROVIDENT AVG, Providentia stg. l., holding globe and transverse sceptre, XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark V (= 5) and followed by mint mark T. RIC v, ii, p. 244, 240. c 398. hunter iv, 44. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12699

Gb. rev. — Providentia stg. l., holding rod and cornucopiae, globe at feet, XXi followed by officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 238, 181. c 399. hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12700

Gb. rev. PROVIDENT DEOR, similar, but holding sceptre instead of cornucopiae, and with officina mark II (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 228, 74. C 400. Hunter iv, p. clxxviii. Bastien 550. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12701

iMP diocletiaNVs P aVG, b. rev. — similar, but Providentia is seated. ric v, ii, p. 228, 75. c 402. hunter iv, p. clxxviii. Bastien 553. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

12702

eb. rev. PROVIDENTIA AVG, annona stg. l., holding corn-ears and cornucopiae, modius at feet, officina mark C (= 3, sometimes reversed) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 228, 77. C 410. Hunter iv, 31. Bastien 13-14. [Lugdunum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12703

eb. rev. ROMAE AETERN, roma seated l., holding Victory and sceptre, shield at side, XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark VI (= 6) and followed by mint mark T. RIC v, ii, p. 244, 241. c 432. hunter iv, —. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

12704

similar, but with rev. legend ROMAE AETERNAE and with XXi in ex. followed by officina mark Γ (= 3). ric v, ii, p. 248, 276. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxx. [Siscia, AD 285-8]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

12704a

cb. rev. SAECVLARES AVGG, cippus, sometimes inscribed cos X, M XX (= MVltis XX) in ex. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxviii. Bastien 672, 675. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £200 ($350) This appears to be a revival of a type issued by Philip I in AD 248 (see Vol. III, no. 8961). See also nos. 13169, 14000-01 and 14311.

12705

Gb. rev. SAECVRIT PERP, securitas stg. facing, hd. r., legs crossed, her r. hand on hd., her l. arm resting on column, officina mark P (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 228, 83. C 453. Hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 255-6. [Lugdunum, AD 289-90]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12706

eb. rev. SALVS AVG, Salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms, officina mark B (= 2) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 229, 85. C 440. Hunter iv, p. clxxvi. Bastien 10. [Lugdunum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12707

Gb. rev. SALVS AVGG, similar, but with officina mark C (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 229, 89. c 442. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 398. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12708

iMP c Val diocletiaNVs aVG, a. rev. SALVS AVGGG, salus stg. l., feeding snake arising from altar and holding sceptre, mint mark M L XXI in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 552, 13. c —. hunter iv, p. ccix. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13157-8, 13165, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

diocletiaN

101

12709

Billon antoninianus. cb. rev. SECVRIT AVGG, similar to 12705, but hd. of Securitas to l. and with officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 228, 79. Cf. C 450. hunter iv, p. clxxviii. Bastien 646. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12709a

iMP c diocletiaNVs P aVG, a. rev. SPES PVBL, spes advancing l., holding flower and lifting skirt, mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 554, 27. C —. hunter iv, p. ccx. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) See note following 12708.

12710

eb. rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm, officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 229, 91. C 466. Hunter iv, p. clxxvi. Bastien 8 and p. 115, note 2, 17. [Lugdunum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12711

Similar, but Victory advancing l., XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4) and followed by mint mark t. ric v, ii, p. 244, 242. c 470. hunter iv, 45. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12712

similar, but with rev. type Victory stg. r., holding palm and presenting wreath to Diocletian stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, officina mark A-ε∆ (= 1-9) in field, XXI in ex. ric v, ii, p. 256, 326. c 471 var. hunter iv, p. clxxxii. [Antioch, AD 284-6]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80) Coins with this reverse type were issued also at Tripolis.

12713

eb. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, officina mark A (= 1) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 229, 92. C 474. Hunter iv, p. clxxvi. Bastien 49. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12714

ea. rev. — diocletian and Maximian stg. facing each other, holding between them globe surmounted by Victory, officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field, XXI in ex. ric v, ii, p. 249, 277. c 477. hunter iv, p. clxxx. [Siscia, AD 286-8]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12715

similar, but the emperors are clasping r. hands, Victory stg. facing between them resting her hands on their shoulders, XXi in ex. between two dots followed by officina mark A or Γ (= 1 or 3). ric v, ii, p. 249, 280. c 480-81 var. hunter iv, p. clxxx. [Siscia, AD 288]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £75 ($130)

12716

Ga. rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 554, 28. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccx. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13157-8, 13165, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

12717

eb. rev. VIRTVS AVG, Mars or Virtus stg. l., resting on shield and spear, XXi in ex. preceded by officina mark Q (= 4) and followed by mint mark T. RIC v, ii, p. 245, 244. c 494. hunter iv, p. clxxix. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12718

Ga. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., resting on club wrapped in lion’s skin and set on rock, officina mark C (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 230, 97. C 504. Cf. Hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 453. [Lugdunum, AD 292]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

102

the tetrarchies

12719

Billon antoninianus. Gb. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin on l. arm, officina mark III (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 230, 98. Cf. C 503 (misdescribed). hunter iv, pp. clxxvii-clxxviii. Bastien 574. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

12720

eb. rev. — Jupiter stg. r., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, facing hercules stg. l., holding club and lion’s skin, mint mark S M L in ex., officina mark A (= 1) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 229, 93. c 507. hunter iv, p. clxxvi. Bastien 108. [Lugdunum, AD 287]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

12721

Gb. Rev. — Mars stg. l., holding olive-branch and spear, shield at feet, officina mark C (= 3) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 230, 99. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 419. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

12722

Cb. Rev. — Mars or Virtus stg. l., resting on shield and spear, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxviii. Bastien 654, 654 bis. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

12723

Gb. rev. — diocletian stg. l., crowning trophy with two captives seated at base and holding sceptre, mint mark P tr in ex. ric v, ii, p. 232, 124. c 513. hunter iv, p. clxxviii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

12724

diocletiaNVs P aVG, b . rev. — diocletian stg. r., holding spear and parazonium, his foot set on captive, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark C (= officina 3 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 232, 123. C —. Cf. Hunter iv, p. clxxviii (‘Diocletian l.’). [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £60 ($100) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

12725

Fa. rev. VIRTVS AVGGG, Mars, naked, stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark M L XXI in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 552, 15. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccix. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) A similar type was struck also at the mint of Colchester. This type and the next were issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13157-8, 13165, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

12726

Fa. rev. — trophy between two seated captives, mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 552, 16. c —. hunter iv, p. ccix. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £320 ($550)

12727

Gb. rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM, hercules stg. r., as 12719, XXi in ex., followed by officina mark Γ, ∆, ς, or Z (= 3, 4, 6, or 7). ric v, ii, p. 239, 185. c 514. hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 286-93]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

12728 12728

iMP c diocletiaNVs P aVG, a. rev. VIRTVTI AVGG, hercules stg. r., strangling the Nemean lion, his club on ground behind, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 230, 104. c 524. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 210. [Lugdunum, AD 287-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

diocletiaN

103

12729

Billon antoninianus. similar, but with obv. Fb and on rev. hercules is crowned by Victory flying r. behind him. RIC v, ii, p. 230, 107. C 527. Hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 229.[Lugdunum, AD 287-9]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £125 ($220)

12730

cb. rev. VOT X M XX, Victory stg. l. on globe, holding wreath and palm, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark D (= officina 4 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 232, 125. c 536. hunter iv, p. clxxviii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £75 ($130) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

12731

cb. rev. VOT / X M / XX in three lines within laurel-wreath, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 230, 108. c 535. hunter iv, p. clxxviii. Bastien 677. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £75 ($130)

12732

iMP diocletiaNVs P aVG, rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. VOTIS X, diocletian and Maximian stg. facing each other, sacrificing over altar between them, sometimes with officina mark C (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 230, 109. c 532. hunter iv, p. clxxvii. Bastien 526. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £105 ($180)

12733

Billon denarius. G, conjoined busts r. of diocletian, laur., and Jupiter with thunderbolt before. rev. AEQVITAS AVGG, the three Monetae stg. l., each holding scales and cornucopiae and with pile of metal at her feet. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxvi. Bastien 491. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £800 ($1,400)

12733a

cc. rev. AETERNITATI AVGG, sol stg. facing, hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l. ric v, ii, —. cf. c 13 (obv. misdescribed). hunter iv, p. clxxvi. Bastien 583. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

12734

ee. rev. HERCVLI PACIFERO, hercules stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on club, lion’s skin on l. arm. ric v, ii, p. 239, 186. c 145. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 285-94]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

12735

obv. as 12733. rev. IOVI AVGG, Jupiter seated l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre. cf. ric v, ii, p. 231, 112 (obv. misdescribed). c 170. hunter iv, p. clxxvi. Bastien 490. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £320 ($550) / EF £685 ($1,200)

12736

he. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 239, 187. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

12737

ee. rev. MARS VICTOR, Mars advancing r., carrying spear and trophy. ric v, ii, p. 231, 113. c —. cf. hunter iv, 28 (attributed to rome). Bastien 5. [Lugdunum, AD 285-6]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

12738

Ge. rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm. ric v, ii, p. 239, 188. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

12739

similar, but with VICTORIA AVGG and seated captive at feet of Victory. ric v, ii, —. c 476. cf. hunter iv, p. clxxiv (no mention of captive). [Rome, AD 286-94]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

12740

Billon quinarius. ac. rev. AETERNIT AVGG, elephant walking l., ridden by mahout who guides it with goad. ric v, ii, —. cf. c 12. hunter iv, p. clxxvi. Bastien 586. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £520 ($900) See note following no. 12626.

104

the tetrarchies

12741 12741

Billon quinarius. a, conjoined busts l. of diocletian, laur. and cuir. and holding spear and shield, and sol, rad. and holding whip. rev. FELICIA TEMPORA, the four seasons as children at play. ric v, ii, p. 239, 189. c 59. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £320 ($550) / EF £685 ($1,200)

12742

hd. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 240, 190. c 197. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £375 ($650)

12743

a, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVG, similar, but with eagle at Jupiter’s feet. ric v, ii, p. 240, 192. c 195 var. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £520 ($900)

12744 var. 12744

Ge. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, as 12742. ric v, ii, p. 240, 193. c 227. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 286-93]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £375 ($650)

12745

similar, but Jupiter’s head is turned to right and with eagle at his feet. ric v, ii, p. 240, 193. c 243. hunter iv, —. [Rome, AD 286-93]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £400 ($700)

12746

Ge. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, as 12742. ric v, ii, p. 249, 283 var. cf. c 256 (rev. misdescribed). hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £375 ($650)

12747

similar, but with rev. legend IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG. ric v, ii, p. 240, 194. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £375 ($650)

12748

Ge. rev. MARS VICTOR, Mars advancing r., as 12737. ric v, ii, p. 231, 114. c —. cf. hunter iv, 29 (attributed to rome). Bastien 6. [Lugdunum, AD 285-6]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £400 ($700)

12749

Ge. rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm. ric v, ii, p. 240, 195. c 468. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £375 ($650)

12750

G, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, similar, but Victory advancing l. cf. ric v, ii, p. 240, 196 (obv. misdescribed). c 475. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £520 ($900)

12751

Ge. rev. VIRTVS AVG, Mars or Virtus stg. l., resting on shield and spear. cf. ric v, ii, p. 240, 197 (obv. misdescribed). cf. c 496 (incomplete description). hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £375 ($650)

12752

Gd or e. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin on l. arm. ric v, ii, p. 240, 198. c 502. hunter iv, p. clxxiv. [Rome, AD 286-93]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £400 ($700)

diocletiaN 12753

105

Billon follis. hc. rev. FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN, africa stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion holding bull’s hd. at feet to l., Greek officina mark a (= 1) in field, mint mark P K followed by latin officina mark P in ex. ric vi, p. 425, 21a. cf. c 67. [Carthage, AD 297]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) NB in ad 294 production of the billon antoninianus ceased and in its place a larger laureate coin of similar metal was introduced. this new denomination is commonly termed a ‘follis’, though there is no contemporary evidence for this name and it may have been called a ‘nummus’ in roman times. the follis was initially tariffed at 1/10th of the argenteus while the antoninianus, which doubtless remained in circulation for some years after the reform, was probably valued at 1/25th of the silver coin. at alexandria the billon tetradrachm, the sole survivor of the once extensive roman provincial coinage, was also replaced by the follis bringing to an end more than three centuries of romano-egyptian coinage. the mint system of the pre-reform period was augmented by several new establishments for the production of the follis coinage. london was incorporated into the system following the recovery of Britain from the usurper allectus in 296 and new mints were opened at aquileia in northern italy, at carthage in North africa, and at Nicomedia in north-western asia Minor. as already mentioned, alexandria was added to the regular system at this time while the only mint to close was tripolis in Phoenicia, a creation of aurelian which had now been made redundant by the increased output of the great eastern minting centres of antioch and alexandria. late in the joint reign of diocletian and Maximian a new mint was opened at thessalonica in the Balkans (ad 298/9) and, following its temporary closure five years later, the Serdica mint was revived almost a quarter of a century after its closure by Probus.

12754 12754

similar, but with i (= Iovi) instead of Greek officina mark in rev. field, and mint mark P K followed by Greek officina mark a (= 1) in ex. ric vi, p. 426, 25a. cf. c 67. [Carthage, AD 298]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Diocletian and his Caesar Galerius have the letter I in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Maximian and Constantius have the letter H (= Herculi).

12755

hc. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG NN, Fortuna seated l., holding rudder on globe (or wheel) and cornucopiae, sometimes with wheel at side, mint mark tr in ex., officina mark a or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field, star in r. ric vi, p. 185, 230a. c 77. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

12756

similar, but with rev. legend FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG ET CAESS NN. ric vi, p. 185, 240. c —. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

12757

similar, but with rev. type Fortuna stg. l., holding rudder and cornucopiae. ric vi, p. 185, 243a. c —. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

106

the tetrarchies

12758

Billon follis. hc. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI CAESS NN, Fortuna stg. l., holding rudder (or wand) over globe and cornucopiae, sometimes with wheel at side, star in field, officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) followed by mint mark TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 191, 400. c 78. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

12759

Fc. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark loN in ex. ric vi, p. 123, 1a. c 101. [London, AD 297]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

12760 12760

Gd. rev. — similar, but without mint mark. ric vi, p. 124, 13a. c 87. [London, AD 300-03]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12761

Hc. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark TR in ex., officina mark A, B, or C (= 1, 2, or 3) in l. field, Γ in r. ric vi, p. 181, 170a. c 94. [Trier, AD 296-7]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12762

iMP diocletiaNVs P aVG, d. rev. — similar, but Genius is sometimes turreted and with officina mark I or II (= 1 or 2) preceding TR in ex. and S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 196, 505, 519a. c 91, 111. [Trier, AD 302-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12763

Similar (with Genius turreted), but with officina mark P (= 1) instead of I or II preceding tr. ric vi, p. 200, 576a. c 111. [Trier, AD 303-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12764

as previous, but with obv. G, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield. ric vi, p. 200, 587a. c —. [Trier, AD 303-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

12765

As 12759, but with mint mark L followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 242, 2a. c 101. [Lugdunum, AD 295]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12766

similar, but without mint or officina marks in ex. ric vi, p. 243, 14a. c 101. [Lugdunum, AD 296]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12767

iMP c diocletiaNVs P aVG, c. rev. as 12759, but with mint mark l P or P l in ex. and officina mark a or B (= 1 or 2) in field. ric vi, pp. 244-5, 29a, 44a. c 100. [Lugdunum, AD 298]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12768

hd. rev. as 12759, but with altar at feet of Genius to l., and with mint mark P lG in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in field. RIC vi, p. 249, 92a. C 127. [Lugdunum, AD 301-3]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12769

similar, but with obv. iMP c diocletiaNVs aVG, laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield. ric vi, p. 249, 86a. c 130. [Lugdunum, AD 301-3]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £135 ($240)

12770

Gd. Rev. As 12768, but with star instead of officina mark in field. RIC vi, p. 253, 175a. C 119. [Lugdunum, AD 303-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12771

Fc. rev. as 12759, but with mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 283, 23a. c 101. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

diocletiaN

107

12772

Billon follis. Similar, but with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark T which is sometimes followed by dot, sometimes also with star in field. RIC vi, p. 284, 29a, 31a, 33a. c 101. [Ticinum, AD 295-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12773

similar, but with mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 313, 18a. c 101. Ma 8. [Aquileia, AD 294]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12774 12774

Hc. Rev. As previous, but with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) following the mint mark, and sometimes with tripod-altar at feet of Genius to l. ric vi, pp. 314-15, 23a, 25a, 27a. c 94, 117. Ma 10-12. [Aquileia, AD 296-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12775

Fc. Rev. As 12759, but with mint mark R in field and usually with officina mark A-Θ (= 1-9) in ex. ric vi, pp. 355 and 358, 45a, 64a. c 101. [Rome, AD 294-7]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12776

Similar, but with R — S or R — F instead of R in rev. field. RIC vi, pp. 359-60, 71a, 90a. c 101. [Rome, AD 297-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12777

Similar, but nothing in rev. field and with officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) followed by star, thunderbolt, or club in ex. ric vi, p. 361, 94a, 96a. c 101. [Rome, AD 299-300]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12778

Ec. Rev. As 12759, but with mint mark S in l. field and usually with officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 463-4, 74a, 76a. C 106. [Siscia, AD 294]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12779

Fc. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark * SIS in ex. and officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in field. RIC vi, pp. 464-6, 85a, 95a. C 101. [Siscia, AD 295-6]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12780 12780

Hc. Rev. As previous, but without star preceding the mint mark and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. RIC vi, p. 467, 108a. C 94. [Siscia, AD 299]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12781

Fc. rev. as previous, but with mint mark sisc (sometimes between two dots) in ex. ric vi, pp. 466-7, 100a, 104a. c 101. [Siscia, AD 297-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

108

the tetrarchies

12782

Billon follis. hc. rev. as previous, but with mark of value and mint mark XXi sis in ex., L, C, S, or I in l. field, and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ in r. ric vi, pp. 467-8, 110-13. c 94. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) The formula ‘XXI’ refers to the retariffing of the follis at 20 denarii communes (see also nos. 12797, 12803, 13260, 13275, 13282, 14057, 14069, 14076, 14368, 14380 and 14386). The letters L, C, S, and I in rev. field have not yet been satisfactorily explained (cf. RIC vi, pp. 445-6).

12783

Ec. Rev. As 12759, but liquid flows from the patera held by Genius, and with mint mark S M • SD • in ex. and officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in field. RIC vi, p. 492, 3a. C 106. [Serdica, AD 303/4-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12784

Similar, but with mint mark TS followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in ex., sometimes between two dots. ric vi, p. 512, 19a, 21a. c 106. [Thessalonica, AD 298-301]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12785

Similar, but with mint mark TS (sometimes between two dots) in ex., and officina mark Γ, ∆, or ε (= 3, 4, or 5) in field. RIC vi, pp. 512-13, 23a, 25a. C 106. [Thessalonica, AD 302-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12786

Ec. Rev. As 12783, but with mint mark H followed by officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in ex. ric vi, p. 530, 12a. c 106. [Heraclea, AD 294]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12787

Similar, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex., rarely between two dots. ric vi, pp. 531-2, 17a, 19a, 23a. c 106. [Heraclea, AD 296-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12788

Ec. Rev. As 12783, but with mint mark S M N in ex. (no officina mark). RIC vi, p. 556, 27a. C 106. [Nicomedia, AD 294-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12789 12789

Similar, but with officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) following the mint mark. RIC vi, p. 557, 29a. c 106. [Nicomedia, AD 303-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12790

Ec. Rev. As 12783, but with mint mark KV in ex. (no officina mark). RIC vi, p. 579, 8a. C 106. [Cyzicus, AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12791

Similar, but with mint mark K followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex. ric vi, p. 580, 10a, 12a. c 106. [Cyzicus, AD 295-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12792

Fc. Rev. As 12783, but with mint mark ANT in ex., star in l. field, and officina mark A, ∆, ε, ς, or Z (= 1, 4, 5, 6, or 7) in r. ric vi, p. 618, 44a. c 101. [Antioch, AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12793

Similar, but the star is in r. field above the officina mark. RIC vi, p. 619, 46a. C 101. [Antioch, AD 296]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12794

Similar, but with officina mark A-Z (= 1-7) in r. field and with crescent instead of star above. ric vi, p. 619, 48a. c 101. [Antioch, AD 297]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12795

Similar, but also with two stars in l. field. RIC vi, p. 619, 50a. C 101. [Antioch, AD 298]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

diocletiaN

109

12796

Billon follis. Similar, but with officina mark A-I (= 1-10) in r. field and nothing in l. RIC vi, p. 620, 52a. c 101. [Antioch, AD 299-300]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80) In this issue, and the two following, officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

12797

Similar, but also with K — V in lower rev. field. RIC vi, p. 620, 54a. C 101. [Antioch, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110) ‘K’ probably refers to the retariffing of the follis at 20 denarii communes (see also nos. 12782, 12803, 13260, 13275, 13282, 14057, 14069, 14076, 14368, 14380 and 14386), while ‘V’ may refer to the revised valuation of the follis at 5 to the silver argenteus.

12798

as 12796, but with star or dot following aNt in ex. ric vi, pp. 620-21, 56a, 58a. c 101. [Antioch, AD 302-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12799

Fc. Rev. As 12759, but liquid sometimes flows from the patera held by Genius, and with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 662, 14a. c 101. [Alexandria, AD 294-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12800

Similar, but also with star or crescent in l. field on rev. RIC vi, p. 663, 16a. C 101. [Alexandria, AD 295-6]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80) The star normally appears on coins from officinae A and B, the crescent on coins from officina Γ.

12801

as 12799, but also with eagle at feet of Genius to l. and sometimes with star in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 663, 18a, 22a. C 114. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180) The variety without star was issued under the usurper Domitius Domitianus who, like Carausius in Britain a few years before, was posing as a legitimate colleague of the official rulers.

12802

As 12799, but with officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., and sometimes with palm branch in field to l. RIC vi, p. 664, 26a, 28a. C 101. [Alexandria, AD 297-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12803

As 12799, but with officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., and with mark of value XXI in field to l. (sometimes divided XX—I across lower field). RIC vi, p. 665, 30a, 32a. c 101. [Alexandria, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110) The formula ‘XXI’ refers to the retariffing of the follis at 20 denarii communes (see also nos. 12782, 12797, 13260, 13275, 13282, 14057, 14069, 14076, 14368, 14380 and 14386).

12804

As 12799, but with officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., and with S—P across lower field (rarely also with wreath in upper field to l.). RIC vi, pp. 665-6, 34a, 36a. C 101. [Alexandria, AD 302-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80) The meaning of ‘S P’ is uncertain, but RIC suggests sacra pecunia as a possible expansion.

12805 12805

Fc. rev. IOVI CONS CAES, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in field to r., S—P across lower field. RIC vi, p. 666, 41. c 173. [Alexandria, AD 304-5]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

110

the tetrarchies

12806

Billon follis. similar, but with obv. type laur. hd. l. ric vi, p. 666, 42. c 174. [Alexandria, AD 304-5]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £135 ($240)

12807

hd. rev. M SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) followed by mint mark TR in ex., star in field. ric vi, p. 193, 462a. c 345. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

12808

ec. rev. MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN, as previous, but with mint mark * sis in ex. and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. ric vi, p. 468, 126a. c —. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

12809

hd. rev. MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN, as 12807, but with officina mark I or II (= 1 or 2) instead of A or B preceding mint mark, and with S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 197, 544a. c 344. [Trier, AD 302-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12810

as 12807, but with rev. legend MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN. ric vi, p. 192, 419a. c 340. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12811 12811

similar, but with obv. legend G. ric vi, p. 192, 424. c —. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12812

Fc. rev. S M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., as 12807, but with mint and officina marks r P (= 1) in ex., and star in field. ric vi, p. 363, 109a. c —. [Rome, AD 302-3]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

12813

similar, but SAC M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN. ric vi, p. 362, 107a. c 433. [Rome, AD 302-3]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

12814

similar, but SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, sometimes without star in field, and sometimes with crescent between mint and officina marks. RIC vi, pp. 362-3, 105a, 111a. c 434. [Rome, AD 302-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12815

similar, but SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, sometimes without star in field, and sometimes with officina mark P (= 1) only in ex. followed by thunderbolt or club. RIC vi, pp. 361-2, 100a, 103a. c 434. [Rome, AD 300-03]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12816

similar, but SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, officina mark P (= 1) in ex. followed by thunderbolt. ric vi, p. 361, 98a. c —. [Rome, AD 300-01]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12817

hc. rev. SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., as 12807, but with mint mark SIS followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., crescent in l. field and V in r. ric vi, p. 470, 142a. c —. [Siscia, AD 304]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

12818

Similar, but with VI instead of V in r. field. RIC vi, p. 470, 144a. C —. [Siscia, AD 305]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

diocletiaN

111

12819

Billon follis. hc. rev. SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta stg. l., as 12807, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex., and V in r. field. RIC vi, p. 315, 33a. c 435. Ma 16. [Aquileia, AD 301]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12820

Similar, but with VI in r. field, and sometimes with star or crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 316, 35a, 37a, 39a. c 435. Ma 17-19. [Aquileia, AD 302-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12821 12821

Fc. rev. SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta stg. l., as 12807, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and followed by dot. ric vi, pp. 285-6, 43a, 45a. c 436. [Ticinum, AD 300-03]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12822

Similar, but without dot following the mint mark T and with star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 286, 47a. c 436. [Ticinum, AD 304-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12822a 12822a

as 12819, but with SACRA instead of SACR on rev. and sometimes without V in field. RIC vi, p. 315, 29a, 31a. C 435. MA 13-15. [Aquileia, AD 300-01]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12823

Hc. Rev. As 12821, but with * SIS in ex. and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 469, 131a. C 435. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12824

Similar, but also with star in l. field and sometimes the star preceding SIS is omitted. ric vi, p. 469, 134a, 136a. c 435. [Siscia, AD 301-2]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12825

as 12823, but with crescent instead of star preceding the mint mark sis. ric vi, p. 469, 138a. c 435. [Siscia, AD 302]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12826

Similar, but the crescent is in l. field instead of preceding the mint mark SIS. RIC vi, p. 470, 140a. c 435. [Siscia, AD 303]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12827

hc. rev. SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS AVCTA KART, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, officina mark A (= 1) in ex. RIC vi, p. 426, 27a. C 437. [Carthage, AD 298-9]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

112

the tetrarchies

12828 12828

Billon follis. similar, but with rev. legend SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART. ric vi, p. 427, 29a, 31a. c 438. [Carthage, AD 298-303]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12829

similar, but also with i (= Iovi) in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 427, 33a. C 438. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Diocletian and his Caesar Galerius have the letter I in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Maximian and Constantius have the letter H (= Herculi).

12830

Bronze reduced sestertius or as. Ge. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre. ric v, ii, pp. 240-41, 199, 202. cf. c 226 (incomplete description). hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 286-7]. F £160 ($280) / VF £375 ($650) NB the rare pre-reform bronze coinage of diocletian and Maximian followed the same pattern as that of their immediate predecessors, comprising in the main laureate pieces of about 24-25 millimetres diameter that should probably be regarded as sestertii of reduced weight. however, it is possible that some of the smaller and lighter specimens may represent a separate denomination — a reduced as or semis.

12831

Gd. rev. PAX AVG, Pax advancing l., holding olive-branch and sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 241, 200. c 359. hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 285-6]. F £185 ($320) / VF £430 ($750)

12832

Gd. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding trophy and lion’s skin. ric v, ii, p. 241, 201. c 499. hunter iv, p. clxxv. [Rome, AD 286-7]. F £185 ($320) / VF £430 ($750)

12833

Bronze post-reform radiate. eb. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, diocletian, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, mint mark H followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in field. Cf. ric vi, pp. 531-2, 13, 21. c 34. [Heraclea, AD 295-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40) NB in the early post-reform period the bronze coinage comprised two principal denominations, a radiate piece resembling the old antoninianus but with no silver content, and a smaller laureate bronze piece that probably represented the basic denarius communis. it seems reasonable to assume that the ‘post-reform radiate’ was valued at 2 denarii communes, i.e. half the value of the billon antoninianus. the mint of cyzicus was unique in striking a double post-reform radiate. specimens of this coin are extremely rare and even though ric (p. 580) records examples in the names of his three colleagues it does not list a double radiate for diocletian himself.

12834

Ea or b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark K followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in field. RIC vi, p. 581, 15a, 16a, 17. C 34. [Cyzicus, AD 295-9]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

12835

Eb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and officina mark A-Z (= 1-7) surmounted by star or crescent in field. Cf. RIC vi, p. 621, 60a, 62a. C 34. [Antioch, AD 296-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £30 ($50)

diocletiaN

113

12836 12836

Bronze post-reform radiate. e or F, b. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field. RIC vi, p. 667, 46a, 47. C 32, 34. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £30 ($50)

12837

eb. rev. CONCORDIAE AVGG, diocletian and Jupiter, as 12833, but with mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 283, 25a. c 36. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

12838

eb. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark r in ex. ric vi, p. 355, 47a. c 36. [Rome, AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

12839

Eb. Rev. — as previous, but usually with mint mark R in field and officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 358, 68a. c 36. [Rome, AD 296-7]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

12840

eb. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 465, 91a. c 36. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

12841

ea or b or rad. hd. r. rev. VOT / XX / officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in three lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 285, 36a, 37a, 38a. c 541. [Ticinum, AD 299]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

12842

E, F, G or H, b. Rev. As previous, but with officina mark A-Θ (= 1-9) below the votive inscription. ric vi, p. 359, 76a, 77a, 79, 83, 85a, 86. c 541-3. [Rome, AD 297-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

12843 12843

Fb. rev. as previous, but with mint mark F K (= Felix Karthago) below the votive inscription. ric vi, p. 427, 37a, 38. c 542. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

12844

Bronze denarius communis. diocletiaNVs P aVG, c. rev. MVL / TIS / XX in three lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 198, 563. c —. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

12845

ac. rev. SIC / X / SIC / XX in four lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 198, 565. c —. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

12846

ac. rev. VOT / X / SIC / XX in four lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 198, 568, 570. c 534. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £125 ($220) On some specimens the VOT is expanded to VO / TIS and the inscription is thus in five lines.

12847

obv. as 12844 or cc. rev. VOT / XX / AVGG in three lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 201, 609, 610a. cf. c 539. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

12848

a or c, c. rev. VOT / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 201, 612, 613a. c 546. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £125 ($220)

114

the tetrarchies

12849

Bronze denarius communis. ac. rev. VTILITAS PVBLICA, Utilitas stg. facing, hd. l., her hands wrapped in the drapery of her dress, mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 283, 27a. c 547. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

12850

similar, but with mint mark r in ex. ric vi, p. 356, 48. c 547. [Rome, AD 294-5]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

Alexandrian Coinage the production of Greek tetradrachms at alexandria extended down to diocletian’s year 12 (= Maximian’s year 11 and year 4 for the caesars constantius and Galerius = ad 295-6). during diocletian’s 8th, 9th, and 10th regnal years (= AD 291/2-293/4) many issues bear officina marks using Greek letter-numerals (normally a for diocletian, B for Maximian, Γ for Galerius, and ∆ for constantius). In August of 296 the Alexandria mint briefly fell into the hands of the usurper Domitius Domitianus who continued the production of tetradrachms (as well as experimental octadrachms) in addition to the reformed roman gold and billon denominations. Following the downfall of domitianus in 297 the tetrarchic government did not resume its Greek tetradrachm coinage, thus ending a tradition that dated back 277 years to the reign of tiberius. there are two principal varieties of obverse legend for diocletian’s tetradrachms: a. a K Γ oVal (or oVa) ∆IOKΛHTIANoc ceB. Β. ∆IOKΛHTIANoc ceB. the obverse type is laur., dr. and/or cuir. bust r. 12851

Billon tetradrachm. a. rev. alexandria, turreted, stg. l., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., L Α (= regnal year 1) before. dattari 5621. BMcG —. cologne 3200. Milne 4759. [AD 284-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

12852

a. rev. dikaiosyne (= aequitas) seated l., holding scales and cornucopiae, l Α (= regnal year 1) before. dattari 5653. cf. BMcG 2492. cologne 3201. Milne 4748. [AD 284-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

12853

a. rev. eusebeia (= Pietas) stg. l., dropping incense on altar and holding acerra in l., l Α (= regnal year 1) before, sometimes with star in field. Dattari 5691-2. Cf. BMCG 2509. cologne 3204. Milne 4752. [AD 284-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12854

12855

12854

a. rev. tyche (= Fortuna) reclining l. on couch, holding rudder, l Α (= regnal year 1) above. dattari 5766. BMcG 2527. cologne 3208. Milne 4756. [AD 284-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12855

a. rev. alexandria, turreted, stg. l., holding head of sarapis and resting on sceptre, L — B (= regnal year 2) in field, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 5622-3. BMcG 2529. cologne 3210. Milne 4781. [AD 285-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12856

a. rev. athena seated l., holding Nike and resting on sceptre, shield at side, l — B (= regnal year 2) in field, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 5638. BMCG 2485. cologne 3211. Milne 4765, 4789. [AD 285-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

diocletiaN

115

12857

Billon tetradrachm. a. rev. Zeus stg. l., holding patera and sceptre, eagle at feet, l B (= regnal year 2) behind, sometimes with star in field. Dattari 5774-5. BMCG 2474. cologne 3222. Milne 4762. [AD 285-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12858

a. rev. dikaiosyne (= aequitas) stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, l — B (= regnal year 2) in field, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 5645-6. Cf. BMcG 2488. BMcG/christiansen 3470. cologne 3212, 3216. Milne 4768, 4790. [AD 285-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

12859

a. rev. eirene (= Pax) stg. l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, l — B (= regnal year 2) in field, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 5654-6. Cf. BMCG 2493, 2494. cologne 3217. Milne 4774, 4792-3. [AD 285-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

12860

a. rev. Nike (= Victory) advancing r., holding wreath and palm, l — B (= regnal year 2) in field or L B before, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 5721-4. BMCG —. cologne 3220-21. Milne 4779, 4805-6. [AD 285-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

12861

a. rev. eagle stg. l., hd. r., holding wreath in beak, l — B (= regnal year 2) in field, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 5792-4. BMCG 2531. Cologne 3209. Milne 4787, 4808. [AD 285-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

12862

a. rev. athena stg. facing, hd. l., resting on spear and shield, L Γ (= regnal year 3) to l. dattari 5626. BMcG 2481. cologne 3225. Milne 4811. [AD 286-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12863

a. rev. sarapis stg. l., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., εtoVc before, Γ (= regnal year 3) behind, star in field. Dattari 5745-6. BMCG 2528. Cologne 3229. Milne 4844. [AD 286-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £30 ($50)

12864

a. rev. Bust of selene l., large lunar crescent before, l Γ (= regnal year 3) behind. dattari 5751. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 286-7]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

12865

a. rev. tyche (= Fortuna) stg. l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, l Γ (= regnal year 3) behind. dattari 5755. BMcG 2524. cologne 3230. Milne 4821. [AD 286-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12866

similar, but the date appears as εtoVc Γ and usually with star in field. Dattari 5756-7, 5759. BMcG 2525. cologne 3232. Milne 4837, 4842-3. [AD 286-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

12867

a. rev. athena stg. l., holding Nike and resting on shield, L ∆ (= regnal year 4) before. dattari 5633. BMcG 2484. cologne 3237. Milne 4851. [AD 287-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12868

a. rev. athena stg. l., holding Nike and transverse spear, shield at feet, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. Dattari 5635. BMCG 2483. Cologne 3238. Milne 4853. [AD 287-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12869

a. rev. homonoia (= concordia) seated l., her r. hand raised, holding double cornucopiae in l., star before, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. Dattari 5708. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 287-8]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £35 ($60)

12870

a. rev. Nike (= Victory) advancing l., holding wreath and palm, l ∆ (= regnal year 4) before. dattari 5715. BMcG 2522. cologne —. Milne 4863. [AD 287-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12871

a. rev. eagle stg. l., hd. r., between two vexilla, holding wreath in beak, l ∆ (= regnal year 4) and star above. dattari 5816-17. BMcG 2539. cologne 3235. Milne 4891. [AD 287-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

116

the tetrarchies

12872

Billon tetradrachm. a. rev. sarapis advancing r., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., palm behind, L ε (= regnal year 5) before. dattari 5749. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 288-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12873

a. rev. Nike (= Victory) facing, hd. l., wings spread, holding wreath and palm, l — ε (= regnal year 5) in field. Dattari 5718. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne 4899. [AD 288-9]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £35 ($60)

12874

a. rev. eagle stg. l., wings open, holding wreath in beak, l — ε (= regnal year 5) in field. dattari 5811. BMcG/christiansen 3491. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 288-9]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £35 ($60)

12875

a. rev. eagle stg. r., holding wreath in beak, palm-branch transversely in background, usually with star behind, l — ε (= regnal year 5) in field. Dattari 5819-20. BMCG 2538. cologne 3241. Milne 4918. [AD 288-9]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

12876

A. Rev. Elpis (= Spes) advancing l., holding flower and lifting skirt, usually with star behind, L — ς (= regnal year 6) in field. Dattari 5670-71. BMCG 2500-01. Cologne 3249. Milne 4931, 4937. [AD 289-90]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

12877

B. rev. Zeus seated l., holding patera and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet, L Z (= regnal year 7) before. dattari 5779. BMcG 2477. cologne 3252. Milne 4968. [AD 290-91]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12878

B. rev. athena stg. with spear and shield, as 12862, but with L — H (= regnal year 8) in field and a or ∆ (= officina 1 or 4) in ex. dattari 5629. BMcG —. cologne 3256. Milne 5036. [AD 291-2]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £30 ($50)

12879

B. Rev. Athena seated, as 12856, but with L — H (= regnal year 8) in field and sometimes with a or ∆ (= officina 1 or 4) in ex. Dattari 5641-3. BMCG 2487. Cologne 3253. Milne 5018, 5037, 5053. [AD 291-2]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12880

B. rev. harpocrates of Pelusium, wearing hemhem crown, stg. facing, hd. r., holding branch and pomegranate, naked pygmy dancing at his feet, l — h (= regnal year 8) in field. Dattari 5696. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne 5021. [AD 291-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

12881

B. rev. sarapis stg. r., hd. l., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., l — h (= regnal year 8) in field and A (= officina 1) in ex. Dattari 5748. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 291-2]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

12882

B. Rev. Zeus seated, as 12877, but with L — H (= regnal year 8) in field and sometimes with a or ∆ (= officina 1 or 4) in ex. Dattari 5780-81, 5783. BMCG 2478-9. Cologne 3255, 3258-9. Milne 5014, 5035, 5051. [AD 291-2]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12883

B. Rev. Elpis advancing, as 12876, but with L — H (= regnal year 8) in field and with A or ∆ (= officina 1 or 4) in ex. Dattari 5672. BMCG 2502. Cologne 3257. Milne 5054. [AD 291-2]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12884

B. Rev. Nike with spread wings, as 12873, but with L — H (= regnal year 8) in field and A (= officina 1) in ex. Dattari 5719. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 291-2]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £35 ($60)

12885

B. rev. athena with Nike and shield, as 12867, but with date L εNATOV (= regnal year 9) and with a (= officina 1) in ex. dattari 5634. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 292-3]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £30 ($50)

diocletiaN 12886

117

Billon tetradrachm. B. rev. Nike (= Victory) stg. r., l. foot resting on cuirass (?), holding with both hands a shield inscribed εNa / toV (= regnal year 9) above column, l before, A (= officina 1) in ex. Dattari 5712. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 292-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12887

12888

12887

similar, but Nike holds rectangular tablet inscribed εNa / toV (= regnal year 9) above the column. dattari 5713. BMcG/christiansen 3481. cologne 3266. Milne (supplement) 5056a. [AD 292-3]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12888

similar, but Nike rests her l. hand on square stele with triangular top inscribed ε / Na / toV (= regnal year 9) and resting on small base, and the l is above. dattari 5714. BMcG 2523. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 292-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12889

B. rev. eagle l., hd. r., as 12861, but with date l εNatoV (= regnal year 9) and usually with a or ∆ (= officina 1 or 4) in ex. Dattari 5803-4. BMCG 2536. Cologne 3260. Milne 5060, 5093. [AD 292-3]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12890

12891

12890

B. rev. l εNatoV (= regnal year 9), diocletian on horseback pacing r., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., A (= officina 1) in ex. Dattari —. BMCG 2540. Cologne 3263 var. (emperor on horseback l.). Milne —. [AD 292-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12891

B. rev. laurel-wreath containing εNa / toV / l (= regnal year 9) in three lines, a or ∆ (= officina 1 or 4) below. dattari 5787-8. BMcG 2541. cologne 3264-5. Milne 5065. [AD 292-3]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £30 ($50)

12892

B. rev. harpocrates, naked, stg. l., r. hand raised to mouth, holding cornucopiae in l., palm-branch and L I (= regnal year 10) before. dattari 5695. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

12893

B. rev. rad. bust of helios r., sometimes with palm-branch before, l i (= regnal year 10) behind. dattari 5697-8. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 293-4]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

12894

B. rev. Bust of heracles r., club behind, l i (= regnal year 10) before. dattari 5700. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 293-4]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

12895

B. rev. Bust of hermanubis r., wearing modius, combined caduceus and palm-branch before, l i (= regnal year 10) behind. dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4059. [AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

118

the tetrarchies

12896

12899

12896

Billon tetradrachm. B. rev. tyche (= Fortuna) stg. l., as 12865, but with palm-branch behind, l i (= regnal year 10) before, and sometimes with a or ∆ (= officina 1 or 4) in ex. dattari 5762-3. BMcG 2526. cologne 3268. Milne 5144-6. [AD 293-4]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12897

B. rev. laurel-wreath containing ΠεΡi / o∆oc / ∆eKa / th (= regnal year 10) in four lines, sometimes with palm-branch beneath. dattari 5789-90. BMcG —. cologne 3269 var. (legend in three lines). Milne —. [AD 293-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £40 ($70)

12898

B. rev. laur. bust of asklepios r., snake-entwined staff before, L IA (= regnal year 11) behind. dattari 5625. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

12899

B. rev. conjoined busts r. of helios, rad., and selene, with crescent on head, l — ia (= regnal year 11) in field. Dattari 5699. BMCG 2480. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

12900

B. rev. sarapis seated l., r. hand extended over Kerberos at his feet and holding sceptre in l., Nike on back of throne, L — IA (= regnal year 11) in field. Dattari 5750. BMcG/christiansen 3487. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12901 12901

B. rev. Bust of selene to front, hd. turned to r., large lunar crescent before, l ia (= regnal year 11) behind. cf. dattari 5752. cf. BMcG/christiansen 3463. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

12902

B. Rev. Bust of Zeus r., wearing taenia, L — IA (= regnal year 11) in field. Dattari 5770. BMcG —. cologne 3273. Milne 5150. [AD 294-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12903

B. rev. Zeus seated l., holding Nike and sceptre, l ia (= regnal year 11) before. dattari 5786. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £35 ($60)

12904

B. rev. homonoia (= concordia) stg. l., raising r. hand and holding doublecornucopiae in l., sometimes with palm-branch behind, l ia (= regnal year 11) before or in field. Dattari 5705, 5707. BMCG 2514. Cologne —. Milne 5168. [AD 294-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

12905

B. rev. diocletian on horseback pacing l., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., IA — L (= regnal year 11) in field. Dattari 5619. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne 5195. [AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

diocletiaN

119

12906

Billon tetradrachm. B. rev. heracles stg. facing, holding club and three apples, lion’s skin on l. arm L / IB (= regnal year 12) to r. dattari 5701. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12907

B. rev. Bust of isis r., wearing disk and plumes, knot on breast, l — iB (= regnal year 12) in field. Dattari 5710. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

12908 12908

B. Rev. Bust of Sarapis r., wearing modius with floral ornaments, usually with palm-branch before, L I — B or L — IB (= regnal year 12) in field or L / IB behind. Dattari 5742-4. BMcG/christiansen 3486. cologne 3275. Milne 5229-30. [AD 295-6]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

12909

B. rev. conjoined busts r. of sarapis, wearing modius, and isis, wearing disk and plumes, knot on breast, L / I — B (= regnal year 12) in field, star before. Dattari —. BMCG —. cologne —. Milne 5231. [AD 295-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

12910

B. rev. eagle stg. l., holding wreath in beak, palm-branch transversely in background, l i — B (= regnal year 12) in field. dattari 5818. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £35 ($60)

12911

B. rev. eagle stg. r., hd. l., supporting on its open wings wreath, within which iB (= regnal year 12), l to l. dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne 5242. [AD 295-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £40 ($70)

12912

B. rev. diocletian stg. l., holding sceptre and clasping r. hands with ares, helmeted, stg. r., holding transverse sceptre, L — I — B (= regnal year 12) in field. Dattari 5620. BMCG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

12913

Uncertain bronze denomination (18 mm. diam., wt. 5-6 gm). B. rev. ICIC, isis stg. l., holding sistrum and resting on sceptre. dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4090. [AD 290-96]. F £85 ($150) / VF £250 ($450) / EF £720 ($1,250) The attribution of this remarkable type to Alexandria has been called into question as all known provenances are from the Balkans. It may be an early example of the coinage of the Festival of Isis (see also nos. 13387-8).

120

the tetrarchies

Post-abdication coinage Following the joint abdications of Diocletian and Maximian on 1 May AD 305 coinages in the names of the two senior Augusti continued over several years. These normally accorded them the title of “Dominus Noster” and frequently the epithets “Felicissimus” and “Beatissimus” were also used. Unlike his colleague, Diocletian never resumed the exercise of imperial power. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: a. d N diocletiaNo BaeatissiMo seN aVG B. d N diocletiaNo FelicissiMo seN aVG c. d N diocletiaNo P F s aVG The normal obverse type is laureate bust of Diocletian right, wearing consular robes and holding branch and mappa. Other varieties are described in full. 12914

Gold aureus. diocletiaNVs Bae aVG. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark ∆ (= 4) in field. RIC vi, p. 668, 51. Calicó 4480. C –. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 149, 9/1. [Alexandria, AD 305-6]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

12915

d N diocletiaNo F s aVG. rev. PROVID DEORVM QVIES AVGG, Providentia stg. r., extending r. hand to Quies stg. l., holding branch and resting on sceptre, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ between the figures, S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 494, 10a. calicó 4560. c 397. depeyrot, p. 108, 3/1. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

12916

B. rev. PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG, Providentia and Quies, as previous, but with mint and value marks s M a Σ in ex., flanked by crescent and star. ric vi, p. 623, 69. calicó 4561b. c –. depeyrot, p. 142, 20/5. [Antioch, AD 305-6]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

12917

B. rev. — similar, but with mint mark ale in ex. ric vi, –. calicó 4561a. c –. depeyrot –. [Alexandria, AD 305-6]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) NB there is also a multiple of 2 aurei issued at alexandria with rev. ioVi coNserVatori, Jupiter stg. with eagle at feet (ric 50).

12918

Billon follis. d N diocletiaNo aeter aVG. rev. GENIO POP ROM, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, altar at feet to l., mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 261, 258. cf. c 84 (imperfectly described). [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £350 ($600)

12919

a (but Baeatiss). rev. PROVIDENT DEOR QVIES AVGG, Providentia stg. r., extending r. hand to Quies stg. l., holding branch and resting on sceptre, mint mark r in ex. followed by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4) and sometimes with wreath between, S — F in field. RIC vi, pp. 364 and 366, 116a, 130a. Cf. C 405. [Rome, AD 305-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

12920

B (but Feliciss). rev. — as previous. ric vi, pp. 365-6, 117a, 131a. c 404. [Rome, AD 305-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

diocletiaN (Post aBdicatioN) 12921

121

Billon follis. d N diocletiaNo Baeatis. rev. PROVIDENTIA DEORVM, Providentia and Quies, as 12919, but with mint mark ALE in ex., and X K and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in field. RIC vi, p. 675, 80. Cf. C 416. [Alexandria, AD 308]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180) Folles of this type and the following three are of reduced weight, ranging from about 7.75 grams down to 5.5 grams.

12922 12922

D N DIOCLETIANO BAEATISS. Rev. — as previous, but with K P instead of X K in field. ric vi, p. 678, 109. c 415. [Alexandria, AD 308-10]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

12923

d N diocletiaNo Baeat (or Beat) seN aVG. rev. — as previous, but also with crescent in l. field and the number of officinae is reduced to three (A, B, and Γ). ric vi, p. 680, 125-8. c 417-18. [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220) On this type and the next the emperor’s mantle is sometimes ornamented with bust of Jupiter or Sol.

12924

— (BEAT). Rev. — as previous, but with K X instead of K R in field. RIC vi, p. 683, 146. c 417-18. [Alexandria, AD 311-12]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

12925

a. rev. PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG, Providentia and Quies, as 12919, but no mint mark. ric vi, p. 128, 76a. c 422, 425. [London, AD 305-7]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

12926 12926

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 128, 77a. c 423, 426. [London, AD 305-7]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

12927

a (sometimes BeatissiMo). rev. — similar, but with mint mark P tr in ex., s — F in field, and sometimes also with Kς in field. RIC vi, p. 208, 671, 673a. C 422, 424-5. [Trier, AD 305-7]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12928

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 208, 676a, 677a. c 423, 426. [Trier, AD 305-7]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12929

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and T — F in field. RIC vi, p. 256, 200a. c 422, 425. [Lugdunum, AD 305-7]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12930

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and sometimes with crescent between, and sometimes with dot and/or a in field. RIC vi, pp. 288 and 290-91, 56a, 61a, 65a, 67a. C 425. [Ticinum, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

122

the tetrarchies

12931 12931

Billon follis. similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, pp. 288 and 290-91, 57a, 62a, 66a, 68a. c 426. [Ticinum, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12932

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex., and with S — F in field. Cf. RIC vi, p. 320, 63a. C 422, 425. MA 20. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12933

similar, but with obv. legend B (sometimes Felicissi or FelicissiM). ric vi, p. 320, 64a. c 423, 426. Ma 21-3. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12934

A (but BAEATISS). Rev. — similar, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4) in ex., and S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 365, 118a. Cf. C 405. [Rome, AD 305]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

12935

similar, but with obv. legend B (but Feliciss). ric vi, p. 365, 119a. c 404. [Rome, AD 305]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

12936

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark P K followed by officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in ex., and S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 428, 41a. C 422, 425. [Carthage, AD 305-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

12937

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 428, 42a. c 423, 426. [Carthage, AD 305-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

12938

B. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark SIS followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., and VI, with or without S — F, in field. RIC vi, p. 474, 159, 161. C 423, 426. [Siscia, AD 305-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

12939 12939

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., and officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) with S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 495, 14a. C 422, 425. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12940

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 495, 15a. c 423, 426. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

diocletiaN (Post aBdicatioN)

123

12941

Billon follis. A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark a-ς (= 1-6) in ex., usually with S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 533, 27a, 29. C 422, 425. [Heraclea, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12942

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 533, 28a. c 423, 426. [Heraclea, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12943

A (but BEATISSIMO). Rev. — similar, but with mint mark K followed by officina mark ∆ or ς (= 4 or 6) in ex., and S — F in field, sometimes with star or crescent between. ric vi, pp. 582 and 584-5, 22a, 28a, 32a. c 424. [Cyzicus, AD 305-7]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12944

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, pp. 582 and 584-5, 23a, 29a, 33a. c 423, 426. [Cyzicus, AD 305-7]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12945

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark ANT • or ANT : in ex. and officina mark A-I (= 1-10) in field, and sometimes also with S — F in field. RIC vi, pp. 624-5, 72a, 76a. C 422, 425. [Antioch, AD 305-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280) Folles of this type and the next are of unreduced weight, ranging from about 11 grams down to 9 grams.

12946

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, pp. 624-5, 73a, 77a. c 423, 426. [Antioch, AD 305-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

12947

a. rev. — (but legend ends AVG instead of AVGG) similar, but with mint mark ANT or ANT • in ex. and with officina mark A or ∆ (= 1 or 4) in field, sometimes with crescent above (no s — F). ric vi, pp. 627-9, 83a, 89, 96. c —. [Antioch, AD 308]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250) Folles of this type and the following five are of reduced weight, ranging from about 7.75 grams down to 5.5 grams.

12948

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, pp. 627-9, 83b, 90, 97. c 421. [Antioch, AD 308]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

12949

A. Rev. As 12947, but with mint mark • ANT O in ex. and without officina mark in field. RIC vi, p. 632, 113. C —. [Antioch, AD 309]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

12950

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 632, 114. c 421. [Antioch, AD 309]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

12951 12951

A. Rev. As 12947, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and with officina mark A or ∆ (= 1 or 4) in field, with star or crescent above. RIC vi, pp. 637 and 639, 136, 149. C —. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

12952

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, pp. 637 and 639, 137, 150. c 421. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

124

the tetrarchies

12953

Billon follis. A. Rev. As 12925, but with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark a-∆ (= 1-4) in field, usually also with S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 670, 57a. C 422, 425. [Alexandria, AD 305-7]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250) Folles of this type and the next are of unreduced weight, ranging from about 11 grams down to 9 grams

12954

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 670, 58a. c 423, 426. [Alexandria, AD 305-7]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

12955 12955

c. rev. QVIES AVGG, Quies stg. l., holding branch and resting on sceptre, sometimes without mint mark or with P lN in ex. ric vi, pp. 129-30, 81, 98. c 428. [London, AD 307]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12956 12956

C. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark P TR in ex. and S — C or S — A in field. RIC vi, pp. 211-12, 712, 736. c 428. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £115 ($200)

12957

C. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and S — C in field. RIC vi, p. 258, 225. c 428. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £115 ($200)

12958

c. rev. QVIES AVGVSTORVM, as previous. ric vi, pp. 210-11, 699, 713. c 430. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12959 12959

C. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and N in field. RIC vi, p. 257, 216. c 430. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

12960

obv. as 12918. rev. SECVRIT PERPET DD NN, securitas stg. facing, hd. l., her r. hand raised to head, holding transverse sceptre in l. and resting l. arm on column, mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 263, 280. c —. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

diocletiaN aNd MaXiMiaN

125

12961 12961

Billon half follis. d N diocletiaNo FelicissiM (or Felicissi or Feliciss or Felicis or Felici). rev. PROVIDENTIA DEORVM, Providentia and Quies, as 12919, but with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field. RIC vi, p. 676, 87a, 89a, 91a, 93a, 94. c 419. [Alexandria, AD 306-7]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

12962

similar, but with obv. legend d N diocletiaNo Baeatiss or Baeatis. ric vi, p. 676, 90a, 92a. cf. c 415-16. [Alexandria, AD 306-7]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

12963

Billon eighth follis. diocletiaNo seN aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. QVIES AVGG, Quies stg. l., holding branch and resting on sceptre, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 209, 681a. c —. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

DIOCLETIAN AND MAXIMIAN 12964 The partnership of Diocletian in the East and Maximian in the West extended over almost two decades and rare joint issues were produced both before and after the currency reform of AD 294. 12964

Gold aureus. iMP c c Val diocletiaNVs P F aVG, laur., dr. and cuir. bust of diocletian r. rev. IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG, laur. bust of Maximian, as hercules, l., his shoulders draped with lion’s skin and holding club over shoulder. ric v, ii, p. 258, 334. calicó 4596. c 5. hunter iv, p. clxxxiii. Bastien 29. depeyrot, p. 64, 2/1. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

12965

diocletiaNVs P F aVG, laur. hd. of diocletian r. rev. MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, laur. hd. of Maximian r. ric vi, p. 280, 6. calicó 4595. c –. depeyrot, p. 68, 5/2. [Ticinum, AD 293 or 294-5]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000) NB there are also gold multiples of 10 and 5 aurei issued in ad 287, obv. iMPP diocletiaNo et MaXiMiaNo aVGG, confronted laur. busts of diocletian and Maximian in consular robess, rev. iMPP diocletiaNo iii et MaXiMiaNo ccss, the two emperors in facing quadriga of elephants (Gnecchi i, p. 12, 1 and 2, cohen 3 and —); and a multiple of 5 aurei (?), obv. diocletiaNVs et MaXiMiaNVs aVGG, confronted laur., dr. and cuir. busts of diocletian and Maximian, rev. ioVio et HERCVLIO, the two emperors sacrificing with figures of Jupiter and Hercules stg. on altar above, s M Vr or s M t in ex. (Gnecchi i, p. 12, 3, cohen 7).

12966

Billon denarius. diocletiaNVs aVG, laur., dr. and cuir. bust of diocletian r. rev. MAXIMIANVS AVG, laur., dr. and cuir. bust of Maximian r. ric v, ii, p. 258, 335. cf. c 12. hunter iv, p. clxxxiii. Bastien —. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200)

126

the tetrarchies

12967

Billon quinarius. similar, but bust of diocletian is laur. and cuir. ric v, ii, p. 258, 336 var. c 9 var. hunter iv, p. 239, 1. Bastien 38. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £520 ($900)

12968

Billon follis. iMP diocletiaNVs aVG et MaXiMiaNVs, conjoined laur. heads r. of diocletian and Maximian. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 179, 144. c —. [Trier, AD 294]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

12969

iMP diocletiaNVs aVG et MaXiMiaNVs aVG, conjoined laur. and cuir. busts r. of Diocletian and Maximian. Rev. — similar, but also with officina mark B (= 2) and star in field. RIC vi, p. 188, 318. C 2. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

12970

Bronze reduced double sestertius or dupondius. diocletiaNVs aVG, rad. hd. of diocletian r. rev. MAXIMIANVS AVG, rad. hd. of Maximian r. cf. ric v, ii, p. 258, 338. c 8. hunter iv, p. clxxxiii. [Siscia (?), AD 286]. F £350 ($600) / VF £850 ($1,500)

12971

Uncertain bronze denomination/s. ∆ioKΛhtiaNoc ceB, laur., dr. and cuir. bust of diocletian r. rev. MAΞIMIANOC CEB, laur. hd. of Maximian r. dattari 5618. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4091. [Alexandria (?), AD 290-96]. F £115 ($200) / VF £290 ($500) / EF £685 ($1,200)

12972

similar, but of larger size and the portraits are rad. dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4092. [Alexandria (?), AD 290-96]. F £115 ($200) / VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

DIOCLETIAN AND CONSTANTIUS I 12973

Gold aureus. diocletiaNVs P F aVG, laur. hd. of diocletian r. rev. CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, laur. hd. of constantius i r. ric vi, p. 279, 2. calicó 4598. c –. depeyrot, p. 68, 5/1. [Ticinum, AD 293 or 294-5]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

12974

Billon quinarius. diocletiaNVs aVG, laur. hd. of diocletian r. rev. CONSTANTIVS NOB C, laur. hd. of constantius i r. ric v, ii, —. c 1. hunter iv, —. King, p. 408, 31. [Lugdunum, AD 293-4]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200)

DIOCLETIAN AND GALERIUS MAXIMIAN 12975

Billon follis. iMP diocletiaNVs et MaXiMiaNVs N c, conjoined laur. and cuir. busts r. of diocletian and Galerius. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark TR in ex., officina mark B (= 2) and star in field. RIC vi, p. 188, 319. C —. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

doMitiUs doMitiaNUs

127

DIOCLETIAN AND GALERIUS MAXIMIAN WITH MAXIMIAN AND CONSTANTIUS I although there are no coins combining the names and portraits of all four members of the First tetrarchy a large gold multiple of 10 aurei has been recorded. the piece bears no mint mark but was assigned by Pink (Numismatische Zeitschrift 1931, p. 30) to trier, an attribution followed by sutherland in ric. the occasion of its issue was the establishment of the tetrarchy in ad 293. obv. diocletiaNVs aVG et MaXiMiaNVs c, laur. busts of diocletian r. and Galerius l., face to face, each wearing consular robes, rev. MaXiMiaNVs aVG et coNstaNtiVs c, similar busts of Maximian r. and constantius l. (ric vi, p. 163, 2).

DOMITIUS DOMITIANUS aug. ad 296-early 297

12980 (officina A) The most dangerous usurpation faced by the tetrarchic government in the East was that of Domitius Domitianus and Aurelius Achilleus in Egypt in the summer of AD 296. Only the former has left a numismatic record of his brief tenure of power and due to the unreliability of the ancient sources for this period details of the entire episode remain shrouded in uncertainty. The numismatic evidence, however, points clearly to a political disruption in Egypt in the latter part of August, 296, and the first mention of Domitianus as emperor occurs on a papyrus dated August 24 of his year 1. The first papyrological mention of Achilleus is on September 5 of Domitianus’ second year. Although the literary sources name only Achilleus in connection with the uprising there can be little doubt that Domitianus was the leader of the movement and it was probably only after his death early in the following year (last mention on a papyrus December 2, year 2) that his lieutenant Achilleus may have taken over the leadership role and resisted Diocletian’s siege of Alexandria well into 297. At the time of the rebellion the tetrarchic government was issuing Greek tetradrachms and reformed Roman denominations at the Egyptian mint. Domitianus continued both series and even experimented with the Greek coinage by introducing a new double-denomination, the octadrachm, in addition to the regular tetradrachms. In the Roman series he issued folles as well as very rare half folles. Like the British usurper Carausius a few years before, Domitianus endeavoured to assert his legitimacy by striking coins in the names of his imperial ‘colleagues’. Following the collapse of the rebellion the tetrarchic government abandoned the striking of the local Greek tetradrachm coinage, perhaps believing that it helped to foster separatist sentiments in Egypt.

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12976 12976

Gold aureus. doMitiaNVs aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. VICTOI (sic) AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm. ric vi, p. 661, 5. calicó 4805. c 3. depeyrot, p. 149, 3/1. [Alexandria, AD 296]. VF £23,000 ($40,000) / EF £68,500 ($120,000)

12977

similar, but Victory advancing r. ric vi, –. calicó –. c –. depeyrot, p. 149, 3/2. [Alexandria, AD 296]. VF £28,500 ($50,000) / EF £74,000 ($130,000)

12978 12978

obv. similar. rev. VICTORI AVG, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark A (= 1) in field. RIC vi, p. 661, 6. Calicó 4806. C –. Depeyrot, p. 149, 4/1. [Alexandria, AD 296]. VF £34,500 ($60,000) / EF £86,000 ($150,000)

12979

Billon follis. iMP c lVciVs doMitiVs doMitiaNVs aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera, from which liquid sometimes flows, and cornucopiae, eagle at feet to l., mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. RIC vi, p. 663, 19. C 2. [Alexandria, AD 296]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

12980 (officina B)

12980 (Officina Γ) 12980

similar, but with obv. legend iMP c l doMitiVs doMitiaNVs aVG. ric vi, p. 663, 20. c 1. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) NB For folles issued by domitius domitianus in the names of the tetrarchs, see nos. 12801 and 13279.

doMitiUs doMitiaNUs 12981

129

Billon half follis. As previous (officina B only recorded). RIC vi, p. 667, 45. C —. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. (Unique)

12982 12982

Billon octadrachm (23 mm. diam.). ∆oMitiaNoc ceB, rad. hd. r. rev. sarapis walking r., raising r. hand and holding transverse sceptre in l., L B (= regnal year 2) before, palm behind. dattari 6187 var. BMcG 2623. cologne 3367. Milne 5245. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

12983

Billon tetradrachm (18-20 mm. diam.). ∆oMitiaNoc ceB, laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. Bust of Sarapis l., wearing modius with floral ornaments, L — B (= regnal year 2) in field. Dattari —. BMCG 2625. Cologne —. Milne —. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,025 ($1,800)

12984

Similar, but the bust of Sarapis is to r., sometimes with L — B (= regnal year 2) in field, sometimes with l B behind and palm before. dattari 6186. BMcG/christiansen 3549. cologne —. Milne —. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,025 ($1,800)

12985

∆oMitiaNoc ceB, laur. hd. r. rev. Nike (= Victory), stg. facing, hd. l., holding wreath and palm, L — B (= regnal year 2) in field. Dattari 6185. BMCG 2626. Cologne 3369. Milne (supplement) 5245a. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200)

12986

obv. similar, but sometimes ∆oMetiaNoc for ∆oMitiaNoc. rev. Nike (= Victory) advancing r., holding wreath and palm, L — B (= regnal year 2) in field. Dattari 6183. BMcG 2627. cologne 3368. Milne —. c 4. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200)

12987 12987

obv. as 12985. rev. Nike (= Victory) advancing l., holding wreath and palm, l B (= regnal year 2) before. dattari 6181. BMcG 2628. cologne —. Milne —. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £850 ($1,500)

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the tetrarchies

MAXIMIAN First reign, 1 apr. ad 286-1 May 305 second reign, late ad 306-Nov. 308 third reign, spring-early summer ad 310 13069 Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus was born of humble parentage near Sirmium about AD 249/50. He joined the ranks of the Roman army as a young man and enjoyed a distinguished career under the soldier-emperors Aurelian (AD 270-75) and Probus (276-82). During this time he established a firm friendship with a fellow-soldier named Diocles who, in AD 285, wrested the imperial throne from Carinus and became emperor under the name of Diocletian. The new emperor recognized and respected the military abilities of his former comrade-in-arms and in the summer of AD 285 elevated him to the rank of Caesar with the task of putting down the Bagaudae, bands of rebellious peasants in Gaul under the leadership of Aelianus and Amandus. Maximian succeeded in this undertaking and also repelled a German invasion of Gaul. At this point, if not before, Diocletian decided that the defence of the Empire required a divided imperial authority and, in consequence, on 1 April 286 Maximian was further promoted to the rank of co-emperor. His special sphere of responsibility lay in the West where the provinces of Spain, Britain, Gaul, Italy, and North Africa came under his authority. His principal residence was at Mediolanum (Milan), Rome being abandoned as the imperial seat in favour of a location closer to the sensitive frontier areas of the north. To enhance their status each of the emperors was associated with a deity, a link that was strongly emphasized on the imperial coinage. Diocletian himself was called Jovius after the father of the gods, while Maximian was named Herculius, the heroic achiever of legendary deeds. Probably within six months of his elevation Maximian faced a serious challenge in the person of Marcus Aurelius Maus(aeus?) Carausius, commander of the Roman fleet that operated along the coast from Britanny to the Rhine. On learning of the emperor’s displeasure at some of his activities and fearing arrest Carausius crossed the Channel and took possession of the province of Britannia, declaring himself an independent ruler. Because of his skill as a naval commander and the loyalty that he inspired in his followers Carausius was able to maintain himself for about seven years, even inflicting a humiliating defeat on Maximian in 289. The independent ‘British Empire’ was only brought to an end when the Western Caesar Constantius (appointed in 293 on the establishment of the Tetrarchy) invaded Britain and defeated Carausius’ successor Allectus in 296. Maximian achieved much greater success in the years 296-8, first campaigning on the Rhine and Danube, then in Spain, and finally crossing into North Africa where he put down the Quinquegentiani, a confederation of Moorish tribes who had invaded the Roman province. It was in connection with this campaign that Maximian created a new mint at Carthage. In 299 he entered Rome and there celebrated a formal triumph for his successes, taking advantage of the opportunity to commence construction of the Baths of Diocletian. Four years later both emperors were in the city on the Tiber to celebrate their vicennalia, or twentieth anniversary of imperial rule. On 1 May 305, in accordance with Diocletian’s tetrarchic plan, Maximian abdicated at Milan in favour of his Caesar Constantius who now became Augustus in the West. Maximian was most reluctant to take this step and only did so out of loyalty to his friend and benefactor. He resumed private life and retired to his villa in Lucania. The death of Constantius less than 15 months later created a crisis in the Second Tetrarchy and was to set into motion a sequence of events that eventually brought about the downfall of Diocletian’s elaborate system of government. Constantius’ subordinate, the Caesar Severus II, was promoted to the rank of Augustus and the late emperor’s son, Constantine, seized the vacant position of Caesar in the West, much to the annoyance of the eastern emperor Galerius. The situation was further complicated when Maximian’s son, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius, rebelled in Rome against Severus II (late October, 306). He invited his father to resume his position as an active Augustus which he was more than happy to do. Severus was defeated and executed (summer, 307) and Galerius also failed in his attempt to put down the rebellion of Maxentius and Maximian. Meanwhile, Constantine bided his time in Gaul and remained aloof from the chaotic situation in Italy, even

MaXiMiaN

131

though he had married Maximian’s daughter Fausta on 31 March 307 and was nominally allied with the rebel regime. In the spring of 308 Maximian attempted to overthrow his son, but, failing in this endeavour, he fled to his son-in-law Constantine in Gaul. In November of the same year a conference was convened by Galerius at Carnuntum with the object of restoring order to the imperial government. Diocletian himself was persuaded to attend though it is clear that Galerius’ will prevailed in the deliberations. Under the terms of the agreement Maxentius was declared a public enemy, Maximian was forced to abdicate for a second time, Licinius (a friend of Galerius) was promoted to be Augustus in the West, while Constantine was supposed to be content with the junior rank of Caesar. Galerius remained Augustus in the East with Maximinus Daia (appointed on Diocletian’s abdication in 305) as his Caesar. It was clear that this arrangement would provide no lasting solution to the problem and, with the exception of Licinius’ elevation, the situation continued more or less as before. Maximian continued to reside with Constantine in Gaul and in 310, during the latter’s absence on the Rhine campaigning against the Franks, he made his final bid for imperial power. The uprising was short-lived and ended in a siege of Massilia where Maximian had taken refuge. On the fall of the city the 60-year-old former emperor probably committed suicide, a sad end to what, other than his final half-decade, had been an illustrious career. Up until Maximian’s first abdication on 1 May 305 his coinage followed a parallel course to that of Diocletian. His early post-abdication issues also mirrored those of his senior colleague, but on his resumption of imperial power in 306 regular types were struck in his name in Maxentius’ territories in Italy and North Africa and in Constantine’s possessions in Gaul and Britain. All such issues had probably ceased well in advance of Maximian’s forced second abdication at the Carnuntum conference in 308. His brief rebellion against Constantine in 310 produced no additional coinage in Maximian’s name. Posthumous coinage was struck for him by Maxentius in 310-11 and by Constantine in 317-18, ironically an honour never accorded to Diocletian, the architect of the late Roman state. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: a. iMP c M a MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG B. iMP c M aVr Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG c. iMP c MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG d. iMP MaXiMiaNVs aVG e. iMP MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG F. MaXiMiaNVs aVG G. MaXiMiaNVs aVGVstVs h. MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full: a. rad. and cuir. bust r. b. rad., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r. c. laur. hd. r. d. laur. and cuir. bust r. e. laur., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r.

First Reign, AD 286-305 12988

Gold aureus. Fc. rev. COMES AVGG, Minerva stg. facing, hd. l., resting on spear and shield, mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 164, 4. calicó 4600. c –. cf. depeyrot, p. 43, 1d/1. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

132

the tetrarchies NB initially, coins of this denomination were struck on a standard of 70 pieces to the pound of gold, an average of about 4.6 grams. at antioch these bear the mark of value ‘o’ (= 70). subsequently, the standard was raised to 60 pieces to the pound (circa 5.4 grams, sometimes marked ‘Σ’ = 60). this standard was maintained in the post-reform period, though a few issues appear to have been struck on a heavier standard of about 6.5 grams.

12989

Gold aureus. Fc. rev. COMES AVGG, Mars, naked, stg. facing, hd. l., in arched distyle shrine, resting on spear and holding shield, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 168, 36b. calicó 4601. c –. cf. depeyrot, p. 46, 4/2. [Trier, AD 297]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

12989a

h, laur. hd. l. rev. COMES AVGGG, Minerva stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, —. shiel, p. 147, 1 and pl. a, 10. calicó —. c —. hunter iv, p. ccx. cf. depeyrot, p. 39, 3/5 (obv. misdescribed). [London, AD 292-3]. (Unique) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13158-9, 13166, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

12990

hc. rev. COMITATVS AVGG, diocletian and Maximian on horseback galloping l., side by side, their r. hands raised, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 350, 2. calicó 4603. c 39. depeyrot, p. 84, 11/2. [Rome, AD 294-5]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

12990 var.

12991

12993 12991

iMP c M aV MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, e. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG, diocletian stg. r., holding spear and presenting globe to Maximian stg. l., resting on sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4610. c 45 var. hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 132, 4/2. [Cyzicus, AD 286]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

12992

hc. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NNNN, concordia seated l., holding patera and double cornucopiae, mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 310, 2b. calicó 4611. c 48. Ma 24. depeyrot, p. 91, 1/3. [Aquileia, AD 297]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

12993

Gc. rev. CONCORDIAE AVGG NN, diocletian and Maximian seated l. on curule chairs, side by side, each holding globe and short sceptre, both crowned by Victory hovering between them in background, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 290, 601. calicó 4612. cf. c 47. hunter iv, p. cxc. depeyrot, p. 135, 13/3. [Cyzicus, AD 293]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

MaXiMiaN

133

12994

Gold aureus. iMP c M a MaXiMiaNVs aVG, e. rev. CONCORDIAE MILITVM, concordia Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark s c (Signata Cyzici?) sometimes followed by star in ex. ric v, ii, p. 291, 603. calicó 4614. c 60. hunter iv, p. cxc. depeyrot, p. 133, 5/2-3, 6/1. [Cyzicus, AD 286-7]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

12995

Fc. rev. CONSERVATORES AVGG ET CAESS NN, Jupiter stg. r., holding sceptre, facing hercules stg. l., holding lion’s skin and club, supporting Victory on globe between them, mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 168, 40. calicó 4619. c –. depeyrot, p. 49, 8/2. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

12996

12997

12996

Gc. rev. CONSVL III P P PROCOS, Maximian, togate, stg. l., holding globe and sometimes also baton, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 290, 596. calicó 4621. c 78. hunter iv, p. cxc. depeyrot, p. 135, 11/5-6. [Cyzicus, AD 291]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

12997

G, laur. hd. l. rev. – Maximian seated l. on curule chair, holding Victory on globe and baton, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 290, 597. calicó 4624. c 79. hunter iv, p. cxc. depeyrot, p. 135, 11/7. [Cyzicus, AD 291]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

12998

Gc. rev. CONSVL IIII P P PROCOS, Maximian stg. l., as 12996, but with mint and value marks s M a Σ in ex., sometimes with star at end of legend. ric vi, p. 613, 3-4. calicó 4625-4626a. c 80. hunter iv, p. cxci. depeyrot, p. 139, 8/2, 9/2-3. [Antioch, AD 293]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the three following and nos. 13003 and 13007 below, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 1447073, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

12999

Gc. rev. CONSVL V P P PROCOS, similar, but with star at end of legend and sometimes with dot in l. field. RIC vi, p. 614, 11-12. Calicó 4627. C 82. Depeyrot, p. 140, 12/2, 13/1. [Antioch, AD 297]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

13000

Gc. rev. CONSVL VI P P PROCOS, similar, with star at end of legend and sometimes with dot or star in l. field. RIC vi, pp. 614-15, 17-19. Calicó 4628. C 83. Depeyrot, pp. 140-41, 14/2, 15/2, 16/2. [Antioch, AD 299]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

13001

Gc. rev. CONSVL VII P P PROCOS, similar, but with crescent at beginning of legend and star at end. ric vi, p. 615, 27. cf. calicó 4629. cf. c 84. depeyrot, p. 141, 18/1. [Antioch, AD 303]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

13002

Fc. rev. CONSVL VII P P PRCOS, similar, but with mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 457, 21. cf. calicó 4630. cf. c 84. depeyrot, p. 98, 6/2. [Siscia, AD 303]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

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the tetrarchies

13003

Gold aureus. as 13001, but with rev. legend CONSVL VIII P P PROCOS. ric vi, p. 616, 30. calicó 4632. cf. c 85. depeyrot, p. 142, 19/1. [Antioch, AD 304]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13004

as 13002, but with rev. legend CONSVL VIII P P PRCOS. ric vi, p. 457, 23. cf. calicó 4631. cf. c 85. depeyrot, p. 98, 7/2. [Siscia, AD 304]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13005

13009

13005

Gc. rev. COS II, Maximian on horseback pacing r., his right hand raised, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 290, 598. calicó 4633. c 86. hunter iv, p. clxxxi. depeyrot, p. 134, 8/1. [Cyzicus, AD 288]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

13006

similar, but with COS III on rev. ric v, ii, p. 290, 599. calicó 4635. c 88. cf. hunter iv, p. cxci (antioch). depeyrot, p. 134, 9/3. [Cyzicus, AD 290]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

13007

Bd. rev. FATIS VICTRICIBVS, the Parcae (three Fates) stg. side by side, holding hands, mint mark s M a in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC v, ii, p. 293, 617. Calicó 4637, 4637a. c 90 var. hunter iv, p. cxci. depeyrot, p. 137, 3/3. [Antioch, AD 286]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) This unusual type depicts the Parcae, or Fata, who are identified in the accompanying legend as ‘the victorious Fates’. For the mark of value, see note following no. 12998.

13008

Fc. rev. HERCVLI COM AVςς (sic), hercules stg. facing, hd. r. (sometimes l.), resting on club and holding three apples (sometimes globe), lion’s skin over l. arm, mint mark ale in ex., star in field. ric vi, p. 660, 3. calicó 4646-7. cf. c 233. depeyrot, p. 149, 5/2. [Alexandria, AD 297]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

13009

hc. rev. HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAESS NN, hercules stg. facing, hd. r., resting on club and holding bow (sometimes globe), lion’s skin over l. arm, mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 422, 3-4. calicó 4648-9. cf. c 231. depeyrot, p. 66, 2/1-2. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

13011

hc. rev. HERCVLI CONSER AVGG ET CAESS NN, hercules stg. facing, hd l., quiver behind shoulder, r. hand resting on club and holding bow in l., lion’s skin over l. shoulder, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 169, 43. calicó 4651. c 234. depeyrot, p. 50, 10B/4. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

13012

iMP M aVr Val MaXiMiaNVs aVG, d. rev. HERCVLI CONSERVAT, hercules stg. r., r. hand on hip, resting with l. on club set on rock, lion’s skin on l. arm, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 282, 538. calicó 4653. c 235. hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. cf. depeyrot, p. 67, 1/1. [Ticinum, AD 286]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

MaXiMiaN

13013

135

13015

13013

Gold aureus. hc. rev. HERCVLI CONSERVATORI, bust of bearded hercules r., wearing lion’s skin, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 169, 46. calicó 4654. c –. depeyrot, p. 48, 7a/1. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

13014

hc. rev. HERCVLI DEBELLAT, hercules stg. r., attacking the hydra with club held in raised r. hand, mint mark P roM in ex. ric vi, –. calicó 4662. c –. depeyrot –. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

13015

similar, but hercules stg. l. ric vi, –. calicó 4660. c 255. depeyrot, p. 83, 9/5. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

13016

similar, but with mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 164, 9. calicó 4658. c 253 var. depeyrot, p. 43, 1c/1. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

13017

13018

13021 var. 13017

similar, but with obv. legend F, and without mint mark on rev. ric vi, p. 455, 2. calicó 4656. c 256. depeyrot, p. 96, 3/2. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

13018

as 13015, but with obv. bust r., wearing lion’s skin headdress. ric vi, –. calicó 4661. c 254. depeyrot, p. 83, 9/6-7. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

13019

Fc. rev. HERCVLI INMORTALI, hercules advancing r., looking back, leading cerberus in chains and holding club and lion’s skin in l., mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 169, 48. calicó 4663. c 259. depeyrot, p. 45, 3B/1. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

13020

hc. rev. HERCVLI PACIFERO, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., holding olive-branch in r. hand and club and lion’s skin in l., mint mark P r in ex. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4666. c 271. hunter iv, p. clxxxiii, note 2. depeyrot, p. 82, 6/1. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

13021

similar, but with obv. legend F and mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 456, 13. calicó 4665. c 272. depeyrot, p. 97, 4/3. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

136

the tetrarchies

13022

Gold aureus. MaXiMiaNVs aVG cos iii P P, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. HERCVLI VLTORI, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., holding club in r. hand and apples in l., lion’s skin on l. arm, mint mark s M a in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC v, ii, –. Calicó 4666a. C –. Hunter iv, –. Depeyrot, p. 138, 5/2. [Antioch, AD 290]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following and no. 13027 below, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

13023

hc. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. facing, hd. r., resting on club held in r. hand and holding apples in l., lion’s skin on l. arm, mint mark T • S • in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC vi, p. 509, 2. Calicó 4667. C –. Depeyrot, p. 110, 2/1. [Thessalonica, AD 302]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

13024

similar, but hercules does not hold apples in his l. hand, and with mint mark s M N in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 553, 3 (rev. type misdescribed). calicó 4667a-4668. c –. depeyrot, p. 119, 2/2. [Nicomedia, AD 294]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

13025

similar, but hercules is stg. facing, hd. l., holding apples in r. hand and resting on club held in l., lion’s skin on r. arm. ric vi, p. 553, 2. calicó 4669. c –. depeyrot, p. 119, 2/1. [Nicomedia, AD 294]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13026

Fc. rev. — hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club held in r. hand, and holding lion’s skin in l., mint mark • SIS in ex. RIC vi, –. Calicó 4679a. C –. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 97, 4/9. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13027 13027

G, laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield. rev. – hercules holding club and apples, all as 13022. cf. ric v, ii, p. 293, 619. calicó 4671. c 299. hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 138, 6/1. [Antioch, AD 290]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

13028

hc. rev. — hercules resting club on rock, as 13012, but with mint mark s M N Vi. cf. ric vi, p. 553, note 4 (rev. type misdescribed). calicó 4670a. cf. c 294 (rev. type misdescribed). depeyrot, p. 119, 1/1. [Nicomedia, AD 294]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) It is uncertain whether the “VI” in the mint mark is a numeral or an abbreviated word.

13029

hd. rev. – hercules holding olive-branch, all as 13020. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4673. cf. c 300 var. hunter iv, p. clxxxiii, note 2. depeyrot, p. 81, 5a/3. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

13030

hc. rev. — hercules stg. facing, hd. l., holding Victory and resting on club, lion’s skin on l. arm, mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 164, 11. calicó 4677. c –. depeyrot, p. 42, 1B/1. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

13031

Fc. rev. — hercules l., attacking the hydra, as 13015, but also with lion’s skin over hercules’ l. shoulder and with mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 456, 14. calicó 4679. cf. c 304 (incomplete description). depeyrot, p. 97, 4/4. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

MaXiMiaN

13032

137

13033

13032

Gold aureus. hc. rev. — hercules seated facing, hd. turned to r., lion’s skin on l. thigh, hands crossed on lap, l. hand resting on club at his side, quiver and bow on ground to r., mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 164, 13. cf. calicó 4680 (mint of rome). c 305. depeyrot, p. 42, 1a/1. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

13033

similar, but with obv. Ge and mint mark P r on rev. ric v, ii, –. cf. calicó 4682 (misattributed to trier). c –. hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 81, 5B/5. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

13034

13037

13034

iMP M aVr Val MaXiMiaNVs aVG, d. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT, Jupiter seated l., holding Victory and sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 282, 539. calicó 4684. cf. c 326 (obv. misdescribed). hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. depeyrot, p. 67, 1/2. [Ticinum, AD 286]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

13035

Bb. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 276, 491. calicó 4691, 4691a. c –. cf. hunter iv, p. clxxxiii. depeyrot, p. 78, 2B/3. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

13036

similar, but with obv. type d or e. ric v, ii, p. 276, 492. calicó 4688-90. c 348. hunter iv, 1. cf. depeyrot, p. 78, 2c/2, p. 79, 2d/3. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

13037

similar, but with obv. type bust r., wearing lion’s skin headdress. ric v, ii, p. 276, 494 var. calicó 4692. c –. hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 79, 2d/5. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

13038

similar, but with obv. iMP c M aVr Val MaXiMiaNVs aVG, a, and mint mark s M t in ex. on rev. ric v, ii, p. 282, 541. calicó 4700. c 346. hunter iv, 44. depeyrot, p. 67, 2/4. [Ticinum, AD 286]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

13039

Gc. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark s M N in ex. ric vi, p. 554, 5b. calicó 4701. c –. depeyrot, p. 120, 3/3. [Nicomedia, AD 294]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

13040

Fc. rev. — Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 170, 55. calicó 4703. c 358. depeyrot, p. 44, 2B/3. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

13041

iMP M aVr MaXiMiaNVs aVG, e. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, as 13039, but without mint mark. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4704. c –. hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 132, 3/2. [Cyzicus, AD 286]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

138

the tetrarchies

13042

Gold aureus. Bd. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, similar, but with mint mark s M a in ex. and mark of value Σ in field. RIC v, ii, p. 293, 620. Calicó 4705. C 369. hunter iv, p. cxci. depeyrot, p. 138, 3/7. [Antioch, AD 286]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 1291516, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

13044

MaXiMiaNVs P aVG, c. rev. IOVI FVLGERATORI, Jupiter advancing r., hurling thunderbolt at anguipede giant at his feet to r., mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 170, 56b. calicó 4707. c 377 var. depeyrot, p. 45, 2B/6. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

13045

similar, but with mint mark iaN in ex. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4708 var. c 376 var. hunter iv, –. Bastien 1-2. depeyrot, p. 41, 1B/2. [Iantinum, AD 293]. (2 known) The extremely rare products of this temporary mint do not appear in most of the standard works of reference. For a detailed study of the series, cf. Pierre Bastien, “The Iantinum Mint”, in ANS Museum Notes 25, 1980, pp. 77-85 and pls. 9-11 (see also nos. 12524 and 12590).

13046

hc. rev. MARTI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN, Mars stg. l., resting on shield and spear, mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 423, 8. calicó 4709. cf. c 392. depeyrot, p. 66, 2/7. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

13047

iMP c Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, e. rev. MARTI PACIFERO, Mars stg. l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 286, 571. calicó 4710. c –. hunter iv, p. clxxxix. depeyrot, p. 95, 1/8. [Siscia, AD 286]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

13048

c, cuir. bust r., wearing laur. helmet. rev. MARTI PROPVGNATORI, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, no mint mark. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4710a var. c –. hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 95, 1/10. [Siscia, AD 286]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

13049

obv. as 13044. rev. — helmeted and cuir. bust of Mars r., mint mark tr below. ric vi, p. 171, 60. calicó 4712. c –. depeyrot, p. 48, 7a/5. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

13050 13050

Fc. rev. PACATORES GENTIVM, Maximian, holding branch, in triumphal quadriga facing, led by soldier on r., mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 171, 66. calicó 4714. c 424 var. depeyrot, p. 46, 4/8. [Trier, AD 297]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

13051

obv. as 13044. rev. PIETAS AVGG, Pietas stg. r. between two children, holding a third child in her arms, mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 172, 70b. calicó 4715. c 464. depeyrot, p. 44, 2a/2. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

MaXiMiaN 13052

139

Gold aureus. — rev. PIETAS AVGG ET CAESS NN, Pietas stg. facing, hd. r., holding child in her arms, another child stg. at her feet to l., mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 172, 72b var. calicó 4716. c –. depeyrot, p. 51, 10c/3 var. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

13054

13053 13053

Gc. rev. P M TR P P P, Maximian, in military attire, stg. l. amidst four standards, his r. hand raised, holding sceptre in l., no mint mark ric v, ii, p. 290, 600. calicó 4717. c 467. hunter iv, p. cxc. depeyrot, p. 135, 12/2. [Cyzicus, AD 292]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

13054

hc. rev. PROVIDENTIA AVGG, gateway of military camp, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 351, 5b. calicó 4720. c 485. depeyrot, p. 85, 12a/2. [Rome, AD 294-9]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13055

iMP c Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, bust r., wearing lion’s skin headdress. rev. SALVS AVGG, salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 260, 340. calicó 4722. c 512. hunter iv, p. clxxxv. depeyrot, p. 64, 2/2. Bastien 30. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

13056

similar, but with obv. d, laur. bust l., holding club, lion’s skin at shoulder. ric v, ii, p. 260, 341. calicó 4721. c –. hunter iv, p. clxxxv. depeyrot, p. 64, 2/3. Bastien 31. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

13057

hd. rev. SALVS AVGGG, similar, but with mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 554, 32. shiel, p. 147, 2-3 and pl. a, 11-12. calicó 4724. cf. c 526. hunter iv, p. ccx. depeyrot, p. 39, 3/6-7. [London, AD 292-3]. (3 known) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13158-9, 13166, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

13058

obv. as 13044. rev. SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, similar, but with mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 172, 77a. calicó 4725. c –. depeyrot, p. 51, 10c/6. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13059

iMP M aVr Val MaXiMiaNVs aVG, e. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., r. hand on hip, resting with l. on club set on rock, lion’s skin on l. arm, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 276, 498. calicó 4728. c 560. hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 79, 3/2. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

13057

140

the tetrarchies

13060

Gold aureus. Be. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin on l. arm, no mint mark. ric v, ii, –. calicó –. c –. hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 79, 3/3. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

13061

hc. rev. – hercules stg. r., carrying the erymanthian boar on his shoulders, mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 165, 24. calicó 4726. c –. depeyrot, p. 43, 1B/5. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

13062

13063

13062

hc. rev. — hercules stg. facing, his hd. and upper body turned to r., strangling the Nemean lion, his club on ground to l., mint mark P r in ex. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4732. c 587. hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 83, 6/12. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

13063

hc. rev. — hercules r., kneeling on the back of the ceryneian stag and holding its antlers with both hands, club behind, mint mark P r in ex. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4736. c 595. hunter iv, p. clxxxiv. depeyrot, p. 82, 6/10. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

13064

Hd. Rev. — Hercules r., fighting centaur with club which he wields with his r. hand, mint mark P r in ex. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4739. cf. c 598 (obv. wrongly described?). hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 82, 5B/8. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

13065

obv. as 13056. rev. – Jupiter stg. r., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, facing hercules stg. l., holding club, lion’s skin on l. arm, no mint mark. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4742. cf. c 600 (incomplete description). hunter iv, p. clxxxv. depeyrot, p. 64, 2/6. Bastien 34. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

13066

Fc. rev. VIRTVS AVGG NN, Maximian galloping r., spearing enemy before him and holding shield, another fallen enemy on ground beneath his horse, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 578, 3. calicó 4743. c 613. cf. depeyrot, p. 136, 15/4 (rev. misdescribed). [Cyzicus, AD 294]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

13067

iMP c M a Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, e. rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin on l. arm, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 286, 573. calicó 4746. c 617. hunter iv, p. clxxxix. depeyrot, p. 95, 1/11. [Siscia, AD 286]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

13068

similar, but with obv. c, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 286, 574. calicó 4751. c –. hunter iv, p. clxxxix. depeyrot, p. 96, 1/16. [Siscia, AD 286]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

13069

similar, but with obv. VirtVs MaXiMiaNi aVG, laur. and cuir., bust r., holding sceptre in r. hand and two spears or arrows in l. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4745. c –. hunter iv, –. depeyrot, p. 96, 1/17. [Siscia, AD 286]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000) Illustrated at reign heading.

MaXiMiaN

141

13070

13071

13075

13076 13070

Gold aureus. Fc. rev. VIRTVS ILLVRICI, Maximian galloping right, thrusting downwards with spear, galley r. with rowers below, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 173, 87b. calicó 4752. c 621. depeyrot, p. 46, 4/12. [Trier, AD 297]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

13071

hc. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, gateway of military camp, mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 280, 8. calicó 4753. c 626 var. depeyrot, p. 68, 6/1. [Ticinum, AD 293]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

13072

similar, but with mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 351, 7b. calicó 4754. c 626. depeyrot, p. 85, 12B/2. [Rome, AD 294-9]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13073

hc. rev. VIRTVTI AVGG, hercules advancing r., brandishing club and carrying the erymanthian boar on his shoulders, mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 165, 25. calicó 4755. c 637. depeyrot, p. 43, 1d/7. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

13074

Fc. rev. — hercules stg. l., attacking the hydra with club held in raised r. hand, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 174, 91. calicó 4757. c 638. depeyrot, p. 45, 3a/4. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

13075

iMP c M a MaXiMiaNVs aVG, e. rev. VIRTVTI HERCVLIS, hercules r., resting on club, as 13059, but with mint mark s c in ex., sometimes followed by star. ric v, ii, p. 291, 605. calicó 4758-9. c 663. hunter iv, p. cxc. depeyrot, pp. 133-4, 5/11-12 and 6/4. [Cyzicus, AD 286-7]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

13076

hc. rev. VOT / XX / AVGG in three lines within wreath with small eagle at base. ric vi, p. 311, 7b. calicó 4763. c 685. Ma 25. depeyrot, p. 91, 2/2. [Aquileia, AD 296-303]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000) The small eagle on reverse serves as the mint mark of Aquileia.

13077

Fc. rev. VOT / XX / AVGG / NN in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 174, 93b. calicó 4764. c 688. depeyrot, p. 49, 9/2. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

142

the tetrarchies

13078

13079

13078

Gold aureus. MaXiMiaNVs P aVG, c. rev. VOT / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 174, 96, 97. calicó 4765. c 689. depeyrot, p. 50, 9/8. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

13079

Gc. rev. XX / MAXI/MIAN/I AVG in four lines with mint mark s M N below, all within wreath, sometimes at top of which is NiK monogram on oval panel. ric vi, p. 555, 14, 16. calicó 4768-9. c 704. depeyrot, p. 121, 7/3, 8/2. [Nicomedia, AD 303]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) Coins of similar type were produced also at the mints of Aquileia and Ticinum. NB there are also gold multiples, principally of 2, 2.5, 4, 5, and 10 aurei, which were issued from a variety of mints. For the most part the reverses tend to focus on types celebrating the joint reign of diocletian and Maximian and their special guardian deities, Jupiter and hercules.

13080

Gold half aureus (quinarius). Fc. rev. CONSVL VII P P PRC, Maximian, togate, stg. l., holding globe and baton, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 458, 29. c —. depeyrot, p. 98, 6/3. [Siscia, AD 303]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13081

hc. rev. GAVDETE ROMANI, two Victories stg. facing each other, supporting between them oblong tablet inscribed sic / XX / sic / XXX in four lines, mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 312, 14b. c 130. Ma 27. depeyrot, p. 92, 5/2. [Aquileia, AD 303]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13082

hc. rev. HERCVLI DEBELLAT, hercules stg. l., attacking the hydra with club held in raised r. hand, no mint mark. ric vi, —. c —. depeyrot, p. 97, 3/11. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13083 13083

ee. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 277, 501. c 353. hunter iv, p. clxxxiii. depeyrot, p. 79, 2e/2. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

13084

Fc. rev. ORIENS AVGG, sol stg. l., his r. hand raised, holding globe in l., mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 458, 30. c —. depeyrot, p. 98, 7/5. [Siscia, AD 304]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13085

ee. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin on l. arm, mint mark P r in ex. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. depeyrot, p. 80, 4a/7. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

MaXiMiaN 13086

143

Silver argenteus. Fc. rev. F (or FEL) ADVENT AVGG NN, africa stg. facing, hd. l., wearing elephant’s skin head-dress, holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion and bull’s hd. at feet, officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 424, 11b, 13b. RSC 91-2. [Carthage, AD 296-8]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,025 ($1,800) NB this post-reform denomination introduced in ad 294 was issued by about a dozen mints during the second half of the joint reign of diocletian and Maximian. however, the volume of production declined dramatically towards the end of the reign and the denomination survived for only a further half decade following the abdications of the two emperors.

13087

Fc. rev. PROVIDENTIA AVGG, the four tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod-altar with military camp in background, sometimes with mint mark R or officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, pp. 352-3, 10b, 30b, 34b. rsc 486a-c. [Rome, AD 294 (no mint mark and R), 295-7 (with officina mark)]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Coins of this type were issued also at Siscia (no mint mark).

13088

similar, but with obv. legend h (no mint mark). ric vi, p. 352, 12. rsc 486e. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13089

Fc. rev. PROVIDENTIAE AVGG, as 13087, but with mint mark ale in ex. and officina mark ∆ (= 4) in field. RIC vi, p. 661, 7b. RSC 486f. [Alexandria, AD 295]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13090

Fc. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, as previous, but with mint mark sis (sometimes preceded by star) in ex. ric vi, p. 461, 50, 55. rsc 547a-b. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13091

Fc or hc. rev. — three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 462, 63b, 64b. rsc 547c-d. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13092

Fc. rev. — similar, but four-turreted gateway with open doors thrown back. ric vi, —. rsc 547. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £685 ($1,200)

13093

Fc. rev. VICTORIA SARM (or SARMA), the four tetrarchs sacrificing, as 13087, no mint or officina mark. RIC vi, pp. 352, 14b, 17. RSC 548A-B. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13094

13097

13094

Fc. rev. VICTORIA SARMAT, as previous. ric vi, pp. 281-2, 12b, 16b. rsc 548d. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Coins of this type were issued also at Trier (sometimes with officina mark D or club in ex. and sometimes with obv. type d), Rome (sometimes with mint mark R or officina mark ε and sometimes with obv. Hc), and Siscia (no mint mark).

13095

Fc. rev. VICTORIA SARMATICA, similar, but with mint mark hε or h followed by officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC vi, pp. 529-30, 3, 7. RSC 551a-b. [Heraclea, AD 294-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Coins of this type were issued also at Cyzicus (with mint mark C M).

144

the tetrarchies

13096

Silver argenteus. similar, but with rev. legend VICTORIAE SARMATICAE and with mint and officina marks H A (= 1) in ex. RIC vi, p. 530, 10b. RSC 552a. [Heraclea, AD 296]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Coins of this type were issued also at Nicomedia (with mint and officina marks S M N Γ).

13097

Fc. rev. — four-turreted gateway of military camp with open doors thrown back, sometimes with star above, mint and officina marks S M N Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 556, 22b, 25b. rsc 553a, c. [Nicomedia, AD 295-6]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,100) Coins of this type were issued also at Thessalonica (with mint and officina marks TS • A • and star above arch).

13098

13100 (rome)

13098

Fc. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, the four tetrarchs sacrificing, as 13087, sometimes with mint mark sis or * sis in ex. ric vi, pp. 459-61, 32b, 43b, 46b, 52b, 60b. rsc 622h, 625f. [Siscia, AD 294-5]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £460 ($800) Coins of this type were issued also at Trier (sometimes with officina mark C or D, or club, and sometimes with obv. type laur. and cuir. bust r. or l., or with obv. legend D), Ticinum (no mint mark), and Rome (sometimes with mint mark R or officina mark Α, Β, Γ, ∆, ε, or ς).

13099

Fc. Rev. — three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint and officina marks • S M • SD B • (or officina Γ or ε = 2, 3, or 5) in ex. ric vi, p. 491, 1b. rsc 627a. [Serdica, AD 303/4-5]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,100) Coins of this type were issued also at Siscia (* SIS), Thessalonica (TS Α, Β, or Γ with dots variously interspersed), Antioch (ANT sometimes with star or stars and/or dot and with officina Η in ex. or in field), and Alexandria (ALE with officina Α or Β in field).

13099a

similar, but with four-turreted gateway with open doors thrown back and mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 462, 70. rsc 631a. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,100) Coins of this type were issued also at Thessalonica (with mint and officina marks TS • Γ • and star above arch).

13100

Fc. rev. XCVI with mint mark t below, all within wreath. ric vi, p. 282, 20b. rsc 698. [Ticinum, AD 300]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £800 ($1,400) The numeral on reverse indicates that this denomination was struck on a standard of 96 pieces to a pound of metal. Coins of this type were issued also at Aquileia (AQ) and Rome (P R or no mint mark, XC/VI in two lines).

13101

Silver half argenteus. hc. rev. VOT / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines within laurel-wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, —. rsc 689a. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,375 ($2,400)

13102

Billon antoninianus. ha. rev. ABVNDANT AVGG, abundantia stg. r., emptying cornucopiae, officina mark A or Γ (= 1 or 3) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 261, 346. c 1. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 601, 661. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) A rarer variety of obverse type shows the emperor wearing a radiate helmet. NB the pre-reform billon coinages of diocletian and Maximian followed the same pattern as those of their immediate predecessors. however, in ad 294 production of the antoninianus was discontinued thus bringing to an abrupt end the turbulent eight-decade history of this denomination. it was replaced by a larger billon piece which, in the absence of contemporary evidence, is now commonly known as a ‘follis’, though in all likelihood the romans called it a ‘nummus’. antoniniani doubtless remained in circulation for some years after the reform with a probable value of 1/25th of the silver argenteus.

MaXiMiaN

145

13103

Billon antoninianus. da. rev. ADVENTVS AVGG, diocletian and Maximian on horseback galloping right, raising r. hands, officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 261, 347. C 6. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 266. [Lugdunum, AD 289-90]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £85 ($150)

13104

da. rev. AEQVITAS AVGG, Aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, officina mark B or c (= 2 or 3) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 261, 348. c 11. hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 351, 391. [Lugdunum, AD 290-93]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) A rarer variety of obverse type shows the emperor’s bust to left, wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre.

13105

iMP c M a Val MaXiMiaNVs aVG, b. rev. AETERNITAS AVGG, aeternitas stg. l., holding globe surmounted by phoenix in r. hand and sash in l., XXi in ex. preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3) and followed by mint mark T. RIC v, ii, p. 282, 542. C 21. hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Ticinum, AD 292-3]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £85 ($150)

13106

Ha. Rev. — elephant walking l., ridden by mahout who guides it with goad, officina mark a (= 1) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 261, 349. c 22. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 665. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £140 ($250) This appears to be a revival of a type issued by Philip I in AD 247 (see Vol. III, no. 8921). See also nos. 12626, 12740, 13215 and 14288. A rarer variety of obverse type shows the emperor wearing a radiate helmet.

13107

MaXiMiaNVs P aVG, a. rev. AVSPIC FEL, liberalitas stg. l., holding abacus and caduceus, child at feet, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark D (= officina 4 of Lugdunum) in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 274, 470. C 25. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £140 ($250) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from lugdunum.

13108

da. rev. CLARITAS AVGG, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., captive at feet to l., mint and officina marks as previous, or without officina mark in field and sometimes with mint mark P t in ex. ric v, ii, p. 274, 472. c 28. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £75 ($130) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

13109

iMP c M a Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, b. rev. CLEMENTIA TEMP, Maximian, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, XXI in ex., officina mark A-Γ (= 1-3) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 286, 575. C 32. hunter iv, p. clxxxix. [Siscia, AD 285-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

13110

da. rev. COMES AVGG, Minerva stg. l., holding spear and resting on shield, officina mark c (= 3) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 262, 353. c 34. hunter iv, 29. Bastien 448. [Lugdunum, AD 292]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13111

ca. rev. COMES AVGGG, similar, but with mint mark M l XXi in ex. and s — P in field. RIC v, ii, —. Cf. C 38. Cf. Hunter iv, p. ccx (Minerva holding olive-branch, spear and shield). [London, AD 292-3]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £290 ($500) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13133, 13150, 13158-9, 13166, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

13112

da. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG, two concordiae stg. facing each other, clasping hands and each holding cornucopiae, officina mark II or III (= 2 or 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 262, 355. c 43. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 542, 562. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £50 ($90)

146

the tetrarchies

13113

Billon antoninianus. da. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG, diocletian and Maximian stg. facing each other, clasping r. hands, mint mark P t in ex. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii and note 4. [Trier, AD 293]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

13114

Ab. Rev. — Maximian receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter, as 13109, XXI in ex., officina mark Z (= 7) in field. RIC v, ii, —. Cf. C 59 (who gives the rev. legend as CONCORDIAE aVGG). hunter iv, —. [Antioch, AD 293]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13115

13118

13115

iMP c M a MaXiMiaNVs aVG, b. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, similar, but sometimes with dot following the XXI in ex., and officina mark A-S (= 1-6) in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 291, 607. c 53. hunter iv, 53-4. [Cyzicus, AD 293-4]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

13116

Ab. Rev. — similar, but with XXI between two dots in ex., and officina mark A-ε (= 1-5, sometimes preceded by mint mark H) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 289, 595. C 54. Hunter iv, 50-51. [Heraclea, AD 293-4]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

13117

Aa. Rev. — similar, but with XXI (sometimes preceded by dot) in ex., and officina mark Z-I (= 7-10) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 294, 621. C 54. Hunter iv, p. cxci. [Antioch, AD 293-4]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

13118

iMP c M a Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, a. rev. CONSERVATOR AVGG, Maximian, in military attire, stg. r., facing hercules stg. l., the emperor holding sceptre, the hero resting on club, each sacrificing over altar between them, XXI in ex. preceded or followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) and followed by hP, KoY, or Λi (= hPKoYΛI), the officina mark sometimes in field. RIC v, ii, p. 287, 580. C 71. hunter iv, 48-9. [Siscia, AD 288-93]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) The mint mark here incorporates elements of the name of Hercules, Maximian’s guardian deity. A parallel issue in the name of Diocletian similarly honours Jupiter, whose name is divided I—O—BI (see no. 12640).

13119

da. rev. FELICIT PERP, Felicitas stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, resting on column and holding caduceus, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 262, 358. C 94 var. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 360. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

13120

da. rev. FELICIT PVBL, similar, but with officina mark B or C (= 2 or 3) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 262, 360. c 95. hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 357, 392, 426. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13121

da. rev. FELICITAS SAEC, Felicitas stg. l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 262, 362. C 103. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 273. [Lugdunum, AD 289-90]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

13122

da. rev. FIDES MILIT, Fides Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P tr in ex., sometimes with officina mark D (= officina 4 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 274, 475. c 111 var. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

MaXiMiaN

147

13123

Billon antoninianus. obv. as 13109. rev. FIDES MILITVM, Maximian, in military attire, stg. r., holding sceptre and receiving globe from soldier (?) stg. l., holding sceptre, XXi followed by officina mark B (= 2) in ex., or with officina mark A (= 1) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 288, 583. Cf. c 118-19. hunter iv, p. clxxxix. [Siscia, AD 285-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

13124

iMP MaXiMiaNVs P aVG, b. rev. HERC PACIFERO, hercules stg. l., holding olivebranch, club and lion’s skin, officina mark C (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, —. C 227. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 394. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

13125

iMP c M a Val MaXiMiaNVs aVG, a. rev. HERCVLI CONSERVAT, hercules stg. r., r. hand on hip, resting on club set on rock, lion’s skin on l. arm, XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark P, s, t, Q, V, or Vi (= 1-6) and followed by mint mark t. ric v, ii, p. 283, 545. c 238 var. hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13126

iMP c M Val MaXiMiaNVs aVG, b. rev. — hercules stg. l., holding lion’s skin and bow and resting on club, XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and followed by mint mark t. ric v, ii, p. 283, 551. c 241. hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13127

similar, but hercules holds olive-branch, club and lion’s skin, and with XXi followed by mint mark T in ex. and officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 284, 552. c 245. hunter iv, p. clxxxix. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13128

cb. rev. HERCVLI INVICTO AVGG, hercules stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on club, lion’s skin on l. arm, officina mark S (= 2) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 263, 365. C 266. Hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 176-8. [Lugdunum, AD 287-9]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13129

similar, but with obv. iMP c MaXiMiaNVs P aVG, rad. and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield. ric v, ii, p. 263, 369. c 264. hunter iv, p. clxxxv, note 10. Bastien 184. [Lugdunum, AD 287-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13130

iMP c M a Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, b. rev. HERCVLI PACIF, hercules l., holding olive-branch, as 13124, but with XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and followed by mint mark t. ric v, ii, p. 284, 553. c 270 var. hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Ticinum, AD 285-6]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

13131

iMP c Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, b. rev. HERCVLI PACIFERO, hercules l., as previous, but with officina mark B, Γ, or ∆ (= 2, 3, or 4) in field and usually with mint mark s M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 263, 371. c 282. hunter iv, 27. Bastien 92, 95, 116, 135. [Lugdunum, AD 286-7]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) Coins with this reverse type were issued also at Rome.

13132 13132

similar, but with obv. iMP c MaXiMiaNVs P aVG, rad. bust l., holding club over r. shoulder, lion’s skin on l. shoulder. ric v, ii, p. 264, 380. c 277. hunter iv, p. clxxxv, note 6. Bastien 127. [Lugdunum, AD 287]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

148

the tetrarchies

13133

Billon antoninianus. cb. rev. HILARITAS AVGGG, hilaritas stg. l., holding palm and cornucopiae, mint mark M L XXI in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 555, 33. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccx. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12707, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13150, 13158-9, 13166, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

13134

Ba. rev. IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG, Jupiter stg. r., holding globe and sceptre, facing hercules stg. l., holding Victory and club, lion’s skin on l. arm, XXi in ex., sometimes followed by dot, officina mark Α-ε∆ (= 1-9) in field, sometimes with dot, star, or crescent above. ric v, ii, p. 294, 622. c 311. hunter iv, 56-61. [Antioch, AD 290-94]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

13135

13141

13135

Similar, but with mint mark TR in field and XXI with branch in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 294, 624. c 311. hunter iv, 63. [Tripolis, AD 290-94]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13136

da. rev. IOVI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet, officina mark P or A (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 265, 384. C 313. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 253, 331. [Lugdunum, AD 289-91]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13137

similar, but with obv. type rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 265, 384. c 316. hunter iv, 30. Bastien 254, 338. [Lugdunum, AD 289-91]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

13138

Da. Rev. — Jupiter seated l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, officina mark A or I (= 1) or c (= 3) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 265, 386. c 323. hunter iv, pp. clxxxvi-clxxxvii. Bastien 440, 451, 536. [Lugdunum, AD 292-3]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13139

cb. rev. IOVI CONSER AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, officina mark A (= 1) in field, mint mark S M L in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 265, 387. C —. hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 107. [Lugdunum, AD 287]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

13140

obv. as 13130. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT, similar, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet, XXI in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and followed by mint mark t. ric v, ii, p. 284, 558. c 333. hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Ticinum, AD 292-3]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13141

iMP c M Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, b. rev. — Jupiter stg. facing, hd. r, resting on sceptre and holding thunderbolt, XXI followed by mint mark T in ex., officina mark a, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 285, 563 var. C 336 var. Hunter iv, p. clxxxix var. [Ticinum, AD 293-4]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13142

iMP c M a Val MaXiMiaNVs aVG, b. rev. — Jupiter stg, facing, hd. r., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., two standards set in ground on r., XXi in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and followed by mint mark T, or sometimes with officina mark in field. RIC v, ii, p. 284, 560. C 338. Hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Ticinum, AD 292-3]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

MaXiMiaN

149

13143

Billon antoninianus. eb. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, sometimes with eagle or globe at feet, XXi in ex. followed by officina mark A-Z (= 1-7). RIC v, ii, p. 278, 506. C 355. Hunter iv, 4-5, 8. [Rome, AD 286-93]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

13144

Ba. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, diocletian, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, XXi in ex., officina mark Α-ε∆ (= 1-9) in field, sometimes with crescent above. RIC v, ii, p. 294, 623. c 371. hunter iv, 55. [Antioch, AD 286-90]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40) Coins with this reverse type were issued also at Tripolis.

13145

Ba. rev. — Victory advancing r., holding palm and presenting wreath to Maximian stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, mint mark TR in field and XXI, sometimes with branch, in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 295, 625. cf. c 366. hunter iv, p. cxcii. [Tripolis, AD 290-94]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £50 ($90)

13146

iMP c M a Val MaXiMiaNVs aVG, b. rev. IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS AVGG, Jupiter stg. r., holding globe and sceptre, facing hercules stg. l., holding Victory and club, lion’s skin on l. arm, XXI in ex., officina mark Γ (= 3) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 288, 584. c —. hunter iv, p. cxc. [Siscia, AD 286-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

13147

eb. rev. IOVI FVLGERATORI, Jupiter advancing l., looking back, brandishing thunderbolt, eagle at feet to l., XXI in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, ∆, or ε (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). ric v, ii, p. 278, 510. c 379. hunter iv, p. clxxxiv. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

13148

obv. as 13145. rev. IOVI PROPVGNAT, similar, but Jupiter holds the eagle in l. hand and the XXI in ex. is preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and followed by mint mark t. cf. ric v, ii, p. 285, 564. cf. c 381. cf. hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Ticinum, AD 286]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

13149

ca. rev. IOVI TVTATORI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., officina mark P (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 266, 390. C 386. hunter iv, 28. Bastien 155. [Lugdunum, AD 287-9]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13150

ca. rev. MONETA AVGGG, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 555, 40. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccx. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13158-9, 13166, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

13151

ha. rev. ORIENS AVGG, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, —. C 422. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 639. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

13152

da. rev. — sol advancing l. between two seated captives, raising r. hand and holding globe in l., officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 266, 394a. Cf. C 423 (imperfect description). hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 594. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

13153

ha. rev. PAX AETERN, Pax advancing l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, officina mark a (= 1) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 266, 395. c 425. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 609. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

150

the tetrarchies

13154

13156

13158

13159

13154

Billon antoninianus. d, helmeted and cuir. bust r., wearing rad. crown. rev. PAX AVGG, Minerva stg. l., holding olive-branch and spear and resting on shield, officina mark A, B or C (= 1, 2 or 3) in field or in ex., usually accompanied by star, crescent or thunderbolt in field or in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 267, 404. C 427. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 469, 473, 483, 496, 503. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13155

da. rev. — Pax stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 267, 399. c 438. hunter iv, 31. Bastien 380. [Lugdunum, AD 290-92]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13156

similar, but with obv. c, rad. bust r., wearing consular robes and holding eagletipped sceptre; and with officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 266, 396. C 456 var. hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 278. [Lugdunum, AD 289-90]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

13157

Ha. Rev. — Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, officina mark A (= 1) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 268, 408. c 436 var. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 613. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

13158

ca. rev. PAX AVGGG, as previous, but with mint mark M l XXi in ex. and s — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 555, 34. C 462. Hunter iv, 1. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £225 ($400) This type and the next were issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 1269091, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13166, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

13159

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex. and S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 555, 42. C —. cf. hunter iv, p. ccx. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £225 ($400)

13160

ha. rev. PIETAS AVGG, Maximian, in military attire, stg. r., raising turreted female figure kneeling l., holding cornucopiae and resting on sceptre, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark C (= officina 3 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 274, 478. C 463. hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £140 ($250) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

MaXiMiaN

151

13161

Billon antoninianus. iMP MaXiMiaNVs P aVG, a. rev. – Pietas stg. r., raising both hands, altar at feet, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 268, 410. C 465. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 389. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

13162

— — rev. P M TR P VIII COS IIII P P, lion walking l., holding thunderbolt in its jaws, officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in ex., preceded or followed by star. RIC v, ii, p. 261, 344. c 471. hunter iv, 35. Bastien 465, 478, 480. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) This is a revival of a type first issued by Caracalla (see Vol. II, no. 6774). See also no. 12692.

13163

e, rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. PRIMIS X MVLTIS XX, hercules stg. facing, hd. r., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin on l. arm, XXI followed by officina mark A, Γ, ε, s, or Z (= 1, 3, 5, 6, or 7) in ex., sometimes with mint mark R in field. RIC v, ii, p. 278, 511. C 472. hunter iv, p. clxxxiv. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120) In this case the completion of the decennial vows clearly refers to Diocletian’s elevation to imperial power in AD 284.

13164

eb. rev. — Victory stg. r., inscribing Vot X on shield attached to palm-tree, XXi followed by officina mark A, ε, s, or Z (= 1, 5, 6, or 7) in ex., sometimes with mint mark R in field. RIC v, ii, p. 279, 513. C 475. Hunter iv, p. clxxxiv. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £50 ($90)

13165

obv. as 13163. rev. — two Victories stg. facing each other, attaching shield inscribed VOT X to palm-tree between them, XXI followed by officina mark ε or s (= 5 or 6) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 279, 514. cf. c 477 (incomplete description). hunter iv, p. clxxxiv. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

13166

ca. rev. PROVID AVGGG, Providentia stg. l., holding rod and cornucopiae, globe at feet, mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 556, 49. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccx. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13158-9, 13168, 13173, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

13167

da. rev. PROVIDENT DEOR, Providentia seated l., holding rod and sceptre, globe at feet, officina mark II (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 268, 413 var. C 480. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 556. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13168

ca. rev. PROVIDENTIA AVGGG, Providentia stg. l., holding rod and cornucopiae, mint mark M L XXI in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 555, 37. C —. Hunter iv, ccx. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) See note following no. 13166.

13169

ha. rev. SAECVLARES AVGG, cippus, sometimes inscribed cos X, M XX (= MVltis XX) in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 268, 415. c 507. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 673, 676. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £200 ($350) This appears to be a revival of a type issued by Philip I in AD 248 (see Vol. III, no. 8961). See also nos. 12704A, 14000-01 and 14311.

13170

da. rev. SAECVLI FELICIT, Felicitas stg. facing, hd. r., legs crossed, her r. hand on hd., her l. arm resting on column, officina mark III (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 268, 416. c 508. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 571. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

152

the tetrarchies

13171

Billon antoninianus. da. rev. SAECVRIT (or SECVRIT) PERP, securitas stg. facing, hd. r., legs crossed, her r. hand on hd., her l. arm resting on column, officina mark P (= 1) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 269, 429. c 531. hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 258, 264. [Lugdunum, AD 289-90]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13172

eb. rev. SALVS AVGG, Salus stg. r., holding snake held in her arms, officina mark c (= 3) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 269, 420. c 514. hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 403-4. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13173

ca. rev. SALVS AVGGG, as previous, but with mint mark M l XXi in ex. and s — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 555, 38. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccx. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13158-9, 13166, 13168, 13175-6, 13181 and 13195).

13174

ha. rev. SECVRIT AVGG, securitas resting on column, as 13171, but her hd. l. and with officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 269, 426. C 527. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 648. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13175

13176 var.

13175

ca. rev. SPES AVGGG, Spes advancing l., holding flower and lifting skirt, mint mark M L XXI in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, —. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccx. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) See note following no. 13173.

13176

similar, but with rev. legend SPES PVBL and mint mark C in ex. and S — P in field. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, p. ccx. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450)

13177

ha. rev. TEMPOR FELICIT, Genius, turreted, seated l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P TR in ex., sometimes with officina mark C (= officina 3 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 275, 481. C 537. Hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £43 ($75) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

13177a

ha. rev. VNDIQVE VICTORES, Maximian, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 270, 431. C 665. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 651. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) This unusual legend describes the emperor as “everywhere victorious”, a justifiable claim in the light of Maximian’s numerous military successes.

13178

ca. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, officina mark s (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 269, 430. c 540. hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 291. [Lugdunum, AD 289-90]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

MaXiMiaN

153

13179

Billon antoninianus. Bb (or the bust sometimes bare). rev. — diocletian and Maximian stg. facing each other, holding between them globe surmounted by Victory, officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field, XXI in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 288, 585. C 545. hunter iv, p. clxxxix. [Siscia, AD 286-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

13180

similar, but the emperors are clasping r. hands, Victory stg. facing between them resting her hands on their shoulders, XXI in ex. between two dots followed by officina mark a, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3). ric v, ii, p. 288, 588. c 546. hunter iv, p. clxxxix. [Siscia, AD 288]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £75 ($130)

13181

ca. rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, —. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccx. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13158-9, 13166, 13168, 13173, 13175-6 and 13195).

13182

iMP c Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, b. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., resting on club wrapped in lion’s skin and set on rock, officina mark C or D (= 3 or 4) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 270, 437. C 565. Hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 59, 67. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13183

da. rev. — hercules stg. r., drawing bow, officina mark c (= 3) in field, club in ex. ric v, ii, p. 271, 450. c 580. hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 499. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

13184

da. rev. — hercules stg. r., resting r. hand on club and holding bow and lion’s skin in l., officina mark III (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 271, 453. C 575. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 577. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13185

ca. rev. — hercules stg. r., strangling the Nemean lion, his club on ground behind, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 271, 444. c 590. cf. hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 236. [Lugdunum, AD 287-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13186

ha. rev. — hercules stg. r. in the Garden of the hesperides beneath apple-tree around which serpent is entwined, holding club, apple and lion’s skin, XXi followed by mint mark t in ex. ric v, ii, p. 285, 569. c 585. hunter iv, p. clxxxix. [Ticinum, AD 293-4]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

13187

eb. rev. — hercules stg. facing, hd. l., holding club and trophy, lion’s skin over l. arm, XXI followed by officina mark Α, Γ, ε, or ς (= 1, 3, 5, or 6) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 279, 515. c 582. hunter iv, 12-13. [Rome, AD 286-93]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13188

similar, but hercules advancing r. ric v, ii, p. 279, 515. c 583. hunter iv, p. clxxxiv. [Rome, AD 286-93]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13189

iMP c Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, b. rev. — Jupiter stg. r., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, facing hercules stg. l., holding club and lion’s skin, mint mark s M l in ex., officina mark C or D (= 3 or 4) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 270, 432. C 604. Hunter iv, 26. Bastien 62, 71. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

13190

eb. rev. — Victory stg. r. on globe, holding palm in l. hand, crowning hercules stg. r., resting on club wrapped in lion’s skin and set on rock, XXI followed by officina mark a (= 1) and mint mark t in ex. ric v, ii, p. 285, 566. c 599. hunter iv, p. clxxxix. [Ticinum, AD 293-4]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

154

the tetrarchies

13191

Billon antoninianus. da. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, Mars stg. l., holding branch and spear, shield at feet, officina mark C (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 271, 447. C 555. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 424. [Lugdunum, AD 290-91]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13192

Ha. Rev. — Mars or Virtus stg. l., resting on shield and spear, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 271, 449. c 558. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 655. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13193

MaXiMiaNVs P aVG, a. rev. — Maximian, in military attire, stg. r., holding spear and parazonium, his foot set on captive, mint mark P TR in ex., sometimes with officina mark C (= officina 3 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 275, 483. C 607. Hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

13194

da. rev. — Maximian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., crowning trophy with two captives at base and holding spear, mint mark P tr in ex. ric v, ii, p. 275, 484. c 608. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

13195

13197

13198

13195

ca. rev. VIRTVS AVGGG, Mars, naked, stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark M L XXI in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 555, 39. C 612. Hunter iv, p. ccx. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £250 ($450) This type was issued by the British usurper Carausius (AD 286-293) who was claiming to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 12634, 12639, 12646, 12678, 12682, 12690-91, 12708, 12709A, 12716, 12725-6, 12989A, 13057, 13111, 13133, 13150, 13158-9, 13166, 13168, 13173, 13175-6 and 13181).

13196

eb. rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM, hercules stg. r., resting r. hand on club and holding bow and lion’s skin in l., XXI followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 279, 516. c 618. hunter iv, 14. [Rome, AD 286-93]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

13197

c, helmeted and cuir. bust r., wearing rad. crown. rev. VIRTVTI AVGG, hercules stg. r., strangling the Nemean lion, his club on ground behind, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 272, 454. c 651. hunter iv, 40. Bastien 215. [Lugdunum, AD 287-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13198

similar, but with obv. legend iMP c MaXiMiaNVs P aVG and on reverse hercules is crowned by Victory flying r. behind him. RIC v, ii, p. 273, 462. C 654. Hunter iv, 41. Bastien 233. [Lugdunum, AD 287-9]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

MaXiMiaN

155

13199 13199

Billon antoninianus. cb. rev. — hercules stg. r., resting on club wrapped in lion’s skin and set on rock, officina mark S (= 2) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 273, 464 var. C 660 var. Cf. Hunter iv, p. clxxxvi. Bastien 195. [Lugdunum, AD 287-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £35 ($60)

13200

Fa. rev. VOT X M XX, Victory stg. l. on globe, holding wreath and palm, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark D (= officina 4 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 275, 487. c 677. hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Trier, AD 294]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £75 ($130) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

13201

ha. rev. VOT / X M / XX in three lines within laurel-wreath, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 273, 468. c 678. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 678. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £75 ($130)

13202

ha. rev. VOTIS AVGG, Diocletian and Maximian stg. facing each other, sacrificing over altar between them, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark C (= officina 3 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 275, 485. C —. Hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Trier, AD 294]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

13203 13203

d, rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. VOTIS X, as previous, but without mint mark and with officina mark C (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 273, 467. c 670. hunter iv, p. clxxxvii. Bastien 531. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

13204

Fa. Rev. — Maximian stg. l., sacrificing over altar, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark D (= officina 4 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 275, 486. C —. Hunter iv, p. clxxxviii. [Trier, AD 294]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

13205

Billon denarius. d, conjoined laur. busts r. of Maximian, wearing cuir., and hercules with club before. rev. AEQVITAS AVGG, the three Monetae stg. l., each holding scales and cornucopiae and with pile of metal at her feet. ric v, ii, —. c 12. hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 492. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £800 ($1,400)

13206

ee. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. r., resting r. hand on club and holding bow and lion’s skin in l. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, 16. [Rome, AD 286-94]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £480 ($850)

156

the tetrarchies

13207

Billon denarius. ee. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 279, 517. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxxiii. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

13208

F, laur., dr. and cuir. bust facing. rev. SAECVLARES AVGG, elephant walking l., ridden by mahout who guides it with goad. ric v, ii, —. c 506. hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 584. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

13209

obv. similar. rev. SALVS AVGG, salus seated l., feeding snake arising from altar at her feet. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 585. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

13210

dd. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 36. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

13211

d, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding globe. rev. — Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, resting shield inscribed Vo/tis / X on l. knee. ric v, ii, —. c 541. hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 522. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200)

13212

d, laur. bust l., lion’s skin over shoulder and holding club. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., resting on club wrapped in lion’s skin and set on rock, ric v, ii, —. c 568. hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 35. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200)

13213

de. rev. — hercules stg. r., resting r. hand on club and holding bow and lion’s skin in l. ric v, ii, p. 279, 518 var. c 576. cf. hunter iv, p. clxxxiii. [Rome, AD 286-94]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

13214

obv. as 13211. rev. VOTIS DECENNALIBVS, diocletian and Maximian, togate, stg. facing each other, each holding sceptre and sacrificing over tripod-altar between them. ric v, ii, —. c 668. hunter iv, —. Bastien 523. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200)

13215

Billon quinarius. Fc. rev. AETERNIT AVGG, elephant walking l., ridden by mahout who guides it with goad. ric v, ii, —. c 20. hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 587. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £520 ($900) See note following no. 13106.

13216

dd. rev. HERCVLI AVGG, hercules stg. r. in the Garden of the hesperides, holding club and lion’s skin in l. hand and with r. picking apple from tree around which serpent is entwined. ric v, ii, —. c 228. hunter iv, —. Bastien 48. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £520 ($900)

13217

ee. rev. HERCVLI PACIFERO, hercules stg. l., holding branch and trophy. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, 17. [Rome, AD 287]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

13218

dd. rev. IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG, bust of Maximian l., as obv. of 13212. ric v, ii, —. c 310. hunter iv, —. Bastien 39. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £520 ($900)

13219

ee. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT (or CONSERVATORI) AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre. ric v, ii, pp. 279-80, 519, 521. c 351, 354. hunter iv, p. clxxxiii. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £375 ($650)

13220

ee. rev. IOVI FVLGERATORI, Jupiter advancing l., brandishing thunderbolt, eagle at feet to l. ric v, ii, p. 280, 522. c 380. hunter iv, 18. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £400 ($700)

13221

dd (or e). rev. PAX AVGG, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and transverse sceptre. ric v, ii, —. cf. c 432 (incomplete description). hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 43-4. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £375 ($650)

MaXiMiaN

157

13222

Billon quinarius. dd. rev. SALVS AVGG, salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 40. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £375 ($650)

13223

Fc. rev. SECVRIT AVGG, securitas stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, holding sceptre in r. hand and resting l. arm on column. cf. ric v, ii, p. 280, 524 (rome, obv. misdescribed). c —. cf. hunter iv, pp. clxxxiii (rome) and clxxxv. Bastien 589. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £375 ($650)

13224

Fc. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory stg. r., as 13211, but the inscription on shield is abbreviated to V / X. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxxv. Bastien 590. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

13225

dd (or e). rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., r. hand on hip, resting with l. on club set on rock, lion’s skin on l. arm. cf. ric v, ii, p. 280, 531 (rome). c 570. cf. hunter iv, pp clxxxiv (rome) and clxxxv. Bastien 41-2. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £375 ($650)

13226

de. rev. — hercules stg. r., strangling the Nemean lion, his club on ground at his feet. cf. ric v, ii, p. 280, 529 (rome). c 594 var. hunter iv, —. Bastien 45. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £400 ($700)

13227

similar, but with obv. legend e and without club on rev. ric v, ii, p. 280, 528. c 593. hunter iv, 19. [Rome, AD 286]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £375 ($650)

13228

dd. rev. — hercules stg. facing, hd. r., lifting from the ground the libyan giant antaeus, son of Poseidon and Gaia. ric v, ii, —. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. clxxxiv (rome). Bastien 47. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £520 ($900)

13229

de. rev. — hercules r., kneeling on the back of the ceryneian stag and holding its antlers with both hands. cf. ric v, ii, p. 280, 530 (rome). c 597. cf. hunter iv, p. clxxxiv (rome). Bastien 46. [Lugdunum, AD 286]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £520 ($900)

13230

d, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. — Maximian, in military attire, galloping r., prostrate enemy beneath horse. ric v, ii, —. c 609. hunter iv, —. [Rome or Siscia, AD 293-4]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £520 ($900)

13231 13231

Billon follis. ec. rev. FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN, africa stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion holding bull’s hd. at feet to l., Greek officina mark B (= 2) in field, mint mark P K followed by Latin officina mark S in ex. RIC vi, p. 425, 21b. C 106. [Carthage, AD 297]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) NB in ad 294 production of the billon antoninianus ceased and in its place a larger laureate coin of similar metal was introduced. this new denomination is commonly termed a ‘follis’, though there is no contemporary evidence for this name and it may have been called a ‘nummus’ in roman times. the follis was initially tariffed at 1/10th of the argenteus while the antoninianus, which doubtless remained in circulation for some years after the reform,

158

the tetrarchies was probably valued at 1/25th of the silver coin. at alexandria the billon tetradrachm, the sole survivor of the once extensive roman provincial coinage, was also replaced by the follis bringing to an end more than three centuries of romano-egyptian coinage. the mint system of the pre-reform period was augmented by several new establishments for the production of the follis coinage. london was incorporated into the system following the recovery of Britain from the usurper allectus in 296 and new mints were opened at aquileia in northern italy, at carthage in North africa, and at Nicomedia in north-western asia Minor. as already mentioned, alexandria was added to the regular system at this time while the only mint to close was tripolis in Phoenicia, a creation of aurelian which had now been made redundant by the increased output of the great eastern minting centres of antioch and alexandria. late in the joint reign of diocletian and Maximian a new mint was opened at thessalonica in the Balkans (AD 298/9) and, following its temporary closure five years later, the Serdica mint was revived almost a quarter of a century after its closure by Probus.

13232

Billon follis. similar, but with h (= Herculi) instead of Greek officina mark in rev. field, and mint mark P K followed by Greek officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 426, 25b. C 106. [Carthage, AD 298]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Diocletian and his Caesar Galerius have the letter I in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Maximian and Constantius have the letter H (= Herculi).

13233

ec. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG NN, Fortuna seated l., holding rudder on globe (or wheel) and cornucopiae, sometimes with wheel at side, mint mark tr in ex., officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field, star in r. RIC vi, p. 185, 230b. C 126 var. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

13234

similar, but with rev. legend FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG ET CAESS NN and type Fortuna stg. l., holding rudder and cornucopiae. ric vi, p. 185, 243b. c —. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

13235

iMP MaXiMiaNVs PiVs F aVG, c. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI CAESS NN, Fortuna stg. l., holding rudder (or wand) over globe and cornucopiae, sometimes with wheel at side, star in field, officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) followed by mint mark TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 191, 397. c 128 var. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

13236

cc. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark loN in ex. ric vi, p. 123, 1b. c 179. [London, AD 297]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13237 13237

ee. rev. — similar, but without mint mark. ric vi, p. 125, 25. cf. c 162. [London, AD 303-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13238

Ec. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark TR in ex., officina mark A, B, or C (= 1, 2, or 3) in l. field, Γ in r. ric vi, p. 181, 170b. c 159. [Trier, AD 296-7]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13239

d, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield. rev. — similar, but with officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field and star instead of Γ in r. ric vi, p. 188, 316b. c 155. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

MaXiMiaN

159

13240

Billon follis. similar, but with obv. e, conjoined laur. and cuir. busts r. of Maximian and hercules, the latter holding club. ric vi, p. 186, 276. cf. c 168. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

13241

Ed. Rev. — as 13236, but Genius is sometimes turreted and with officina mark I or II (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark TR in ex. and S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 196, 504, 515b. C 162, 192. [Trier, AD 302-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13242

Dd. Rev. — similar (with Genius turreted), but with officina mark P (= 1) instead of I or II preceding tr. ric vi, p. 200, 582b. c 189. [Trier, AD 303-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13243

As 13236, but with mint mark L followed by officina mark A (= 1) in ex. RIC vi, p. 242, 2b. c 179. [Lugdunum, AD 295]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13244

Similar, but without mint or officina marks in ex. RIC vi, p. 243, 14b. C 179. [Lugdunum, AD 296]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13245

iMP c MaXiMiaNVs P aVG, c. rev. as 13236, but with mint mark l P or P l in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in field. RIC vi, pp. 244-5, 29b, 44b. C 176. [Lugdunum, AD 298]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13246

ed. rev. as 13236, but with altar at feet of Genius to l., and with mint mark P lG in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in field. RIC vi, p. 249, 92b. C 212. [Lugdunum, AD 301-3]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13247 13247

similar, but with obv. iMP MaXiMiaNVs P aVG, laur. and cuir. bust l., holding sceptre over shoulder. ric vi, p. 249, 95 var. (P F aVG). c 205. [Lugdunum, AD 301-3]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13248 13248

D, laur. and cuir. bust l. Rev. As 13246, but with star instead of officina mark in field. RIC vi, p. 253, 177b. c 199. [Lugdunum, AD 303-5]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

13249

cc. rev. as 13236, but with mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 283, 23b. c 179. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

160

the tetrarchies

13250 13250

Billon follis. Similar, but with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark T which is sometimes followed by dot, sometimes also with star in field. RIC vi, p. 284, 29b, 31b, 33b. c 179. [Ticinum, AD 295-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13251

Similar, but with mint mark AQ in ex. rarely followed by A (= officina 1?). RIC vi, p. 313, 18b, 20. c 179. Ma 29-30. [Aquileia, AD 294-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

13252

Ec. Rev. As previous, but with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) following the mint mark, and sometimes with tripod-altar at feet of Genius to l. ric vi, pp. 314-15, 23b, 25b, 27b. c 159, 197. Ma 32-34. [Aquileia, AD 296-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13253

Cc. Rev. As 13236, but with mint mark R in field and usually with officina mark A-Θ (= 1-9) in ex. ric vi, pp. 355 and 358, 45b, 64b. c 179. [Rome, AD 294-7]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13254

Similar, but sometimes with obv. Ac and with R — S or R — F instead of R in rev. field. RIC vi, pp. 359-60, 71b, 90b. c 179, 184. [Rome, AD 297-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13255

Cc. Rev. As previous, but nothing in rev. field and with officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) followed by star, thunderbolt, or club in ex. ric vi, p. 361, 94b, 96b. c 179. [Rome, AD 299-300]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13256

Ac. Rev. As 13236, but with mint mark S in l. field and usually with officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. (nothing in ex.). ric vi, pp. 463-4, 74b, 76b. c 184. [Siscia, AD 294]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13257

Similar, but sometimes with obv. Cc and with mint mark * SIS in ex. and officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in field. RIC vi, pp. 464-6, 83b, 95b. C 179, 184. [Siscia, AD 295-6]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13258

Ec. Rev. As previous, but without star preceding the mint mark and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. RIC vi, p. 467, 108b. C 159. [Siscia, AD 299]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13259

cc. rev. as previous, but with mint mark sisc (sometimes between two dots) in ex. ric vi, pp. 466-7, 100b, 104b. c 179. [Siscia, AD 297-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13260

ec. rev. as previous, but with mark of value and mint mark XXi sis in ex., l, c, s, or i in l. field, and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ in r. ric vi, p. 468, 114-17. c 159. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110) The formula ‘XXI’ refers to the retariffing of the follis at 20 denarii communes (see also nos. 12782, 12797, 12803, 13275, 13282, 14057, 14069, 14076, 14368, 14380 and 14386). The letters L, C, S, and I in rev. field have not yet been satisfactorily explained (cf. RIC vi, pp. 445-6).

MaXiMiaN

161

13261

Billon follis. Ac. Rev. As 13236, but liquid flows from the patera held by Genius, and with mint mark S M • SD • in ex. and officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in field. RIC vi, p. 492, 3b. C 184. [Serdica, AD 303/4-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13262

similar, but with mint mark ts followed by officina mark a or B (= 1 or 2) in ex., sometimes between two dots. ric vi, p. 512, 19b, 21b. c 184. [Thessalonica, AD 298-301]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13263

similar, but with mint mark ts (sometimes between two dots) in ex., and officina mark Γ, ∆, or ε (= 3, 4, or 5) in field. ric vi, pp. 512-13, 23b, 25b. c 184. [Thessalonica, AD 302-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13264

ac. rev. as 13261, but with mint mark h followed by officina mark a-ε (= 1-5) in ex., nothing in field. cf. ric vi, p. 530, 12b (wrong obv. legend). c 184. [Heraclea, AD 294]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13265

Similar, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex., rarely between two dots. cf. ric vi, pp. 531-2, 17b, 19b, 23b (wrong obv. legend). c 184. [Heraclea, AD 296-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13266

Ac. Rev. As 13261, but with mint mark S M N in ex. (no officina mark). RIC vi, p. 556, 27b. c 184. [Nicomedia, AD 294-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13267 13267

Similar, but with officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) following the mint mark. RIC vi, p. 557, 29b. c 184. [Nicomedia, AD 303-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13268

Ac. Rev. As 13261, but with mint mark KV in ex. (no officina mark). RIC vi, p. 579, 8b. C 184. [Cyzicus, AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13269

Similar, but with mint mark K followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex. ric vi, p. 580, 10b, 12b. c 184. [Cyzicus, AD 295-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13270

Ac. Rev. As 13261, but with mint mark ANT in ex., star in l. field, and officina mark A, ∆, ε, ς, or Z (= 1, 4, 5, 6, or 7) in r. ric vi, p. 618, 44b. c 184. [Antioch, AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13271

Similar, but the star is in r. field above the officina mark. RIC vi, p. 619, 46b. C 184. [Antioch, AD 296]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13272

Similar, but with officina mark A-Z (= 1-7) in r. field and with crescent instead of star above. ric vi, p. 619, 48b. c 184. [Antioch, AD 297]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

162

the tetrarchies

13273 13273

Billon follis. Similar, but also with two stars in l. field. RIC vi, p. 619, 50b. C 184. [Antioch, AD 298]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13274

Similar, but with officina mark A-I (= 1-10) in r. field and nothing in l. RIC vi, p. 620, 52b. c 184. [Antioch, AD 299-300]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80) In this issue, and the two following, officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

13275 13275

Similar, but also with K — V in lower rev. field. RIC vi, p. 620, 54b. C 184. [Antioch, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110) ‘K’ probably refers to the retariffing of the follis at 20 denarii communes (see also nos. 12782, 12797, 12803, 13260, 13282, 14057, 14069, 14076, 14368, 14380 and 14386), while ‘V’ may refer to the revised valuation of the follis at 5 to the silver argenteus.

13276

as 13274, but with star or dot following aNt in ex. ric vi, pp. 620-21, 56b, 58b. c 184. [Antioch, AD 302-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13277

Ac. Rev. As 13236, but liquid sometimes flows from the patera held by Genius, and with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 662, 14b. c 184. [Alexandria, AD 294-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13278

Similar, but also with star or crescent in l. field on rev. RIC vi, p. 663, 16b. C 184. [Alexandria, AD 295-6]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80) The star normally appears on coins from officinae A and B, the crescent on coins from officina Γ.

13279

As 13277, but also with eagle at feet of Genius to l. and sometimes with star in rev. field to l. ric vi, p. 663, 18b, 22b. c 196. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180) The variety without star was issued under the usurper Domitius Domitianus who, like Carausius in Britain a few years before, was posing as a legitimate colleague of the official rulers.

13280

As 13277, but with officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., and sometimes with palm branch in field to l. RIC vi, p. 664, 26b, 28b. C 184. [Alexandria, AD 297-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

MaXiMiaN

163

13281

Billon follis. As 13277, but with Greek regnal date L IB (= year 12) in rev. field to l. and officina mark A (= 1) to r. RIC vi, p. 664, 24. C 184. [Alexandria, AD 297]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) Following the suppression of the revolt of Domitius Domitianus and Achilleus in AD 297 there was a resumption at Alexandria of the issue of Roman folles in the names of the tetrarchic rulers. However, the local Greek tetradrachm coinage was finally abandoned at this time, possibly because of the suspicion that it might encourage separatist sentiments in Egypt. Initially, there was confusion over whether the Greek regnal dates, traditional on the tetradrachms, should now be transferred to the follis denomination, hence this brief and very rare issue dated ‘year 12’ (L IB) of Maximian. The idea was quickly abandoned and the only other known type in this series is a follis of the Caesar Constantius dated ‘year 5’ (see no. 14075).

13282

As 13277, but with officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., and with mark of value XXI in field to l. (sometimes divided XX—I across lower field). RIC vi, p. 665, 30b, 32b. c 184. [Alexandria, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110) The formula ‘XXI’ refers to the retariffing of the follis at 20 denarii communes (see also nos. 12782, 12797, 12803, 13260, 13275, 14057, 14069, 14076, 14368, 14380 and 14386).

13283

As 13277, but with officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., and with S—P across lower field (rarely also with wreath in upper field to l.). RIC vi, pp. 665-6, 34b, 36b. C 184. [Alexandria, AD 302-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80) The meaning of ‘S P’ is uncertain, but RIC suggests sacra pecunia as a possible expansion.

13284 13284

ac. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding apples, lion’s skin hanging from l. shoulder, mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field (usually to r.), S P across field or to l. RIC vi, p. 666, 38. C 296. [Alexandria, AD 304-5]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

13285

ed. rev. M SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) followed by mint mark TR in ex., star in field. ric vi, p. 193, 462b. c 421. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

13286

ac. rev. MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN, as previous, but with mint mark * sis in ex. and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. RIC vi, p. 468, 126b. Cf. C 411 var. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

13287

ed. rev. MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN, as 13285, but with officina mark I or II (= 1 or 2) instead of A or B preceding mint mark, and with S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 197, 544b. c 418. [Trier, AD 302-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13288

as 13285, but with rev. legend MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN. ric vi, p. 192, 419b. c 415 var. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13289

cc. rev. rev. S M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., as 13285, but with mint and officina marks R S (= 2) in ex., and star in field. RIC vi, p. 363, 109b. C 534. [Rome, AD 302-3]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

164

the tetrarchies

13290

Billon follis. similar, but SAC M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN. ric vi, p. 362, 107b. c —. [Rome, AD 302-3]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

13291

similar, but SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, sometimes without star in field, and sometimes with crescent between mint and officina marks. RIC vi, pp. 362-3, 105b, 111b. c 502. [Rome, AD 302-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13292

similar, but SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN and sometimes with officina mark s (= 2) only in ex. followed by thunderbolt or club. ric vi, pp. 361-2, 100b, 103b. c 505. [Rome, AD 300-03]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13293

similar, but SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, officina mark S (= 2) in ex. followed by club. ric vi, p. 361, 98b. c —. [Rome, AD 300-01]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13294

ac. rev. SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., as 13285, but with mint mark SIS followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., crescent in l. field and V in r. ric vi, p. 470, 142b. c —. [Siscia, AD 304]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

13295

Similar, but with VI instead of V in r. field. RIC vi, p. 470, 144b. C —. [Siscia, AD 305]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

13296

ec. rev. SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta stg. l., as 13285, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex., and V in r. field. RIC vi, p. 315, 33b. c 504. Ma 38. [Aquileia, AD 301]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13297

Similar, but with VI in r. field, and sometimes with star or crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 316, 35b, 37b, 39b. c 504. Ma 39-41. [Aquileia, AD 302-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13298 13298

cc. rev. SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta stg. l., as 13285, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and followed by dot. RIC vi, pp. 285-6, 43b, 45b. c 503. [Ticinum, AD 300-03]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13299

Similar, but without dot following the mint mark T and with star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 286, 47b. c 503. [Ticinum, AD 304-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13300 13300

as 13296, but with SACRA instead of SACR on rev. and sometimes without V in field. ric vi, p. 315, 29b, 31b. c 504. Ma 35-7. [Aquileia, AD 300-01]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

MaXiMiaN

165

13301

Billon follis. Ec. Rev. As 13298, but with * SIS in ex. and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 469, 131b. C 504. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13302

Similar, but also with star in l. field and sometimes the star preceding SIS is omitted. RIC vi, p. 469, 134b, 136b. c 504. [Siscia, AD 301-2]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13303

as 13301, but with crescent instead of star preceding the mint mark sis. ric vi, p. 469, 138b. c 504. [Siscia, AD 302]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13304

Similar, but the crescent is in l. field instead of preceding the mint mark SIS. RIC vi, p. 470, 140b. c 504. [Siscia, AD 303]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13305

ec. rev. SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS AVCTA KART, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 426, 27b. C 509. [Carthage, AD 298-9]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

13306

similar, but with rev. legend SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART. ric vi, p. 427, 29b, 31b. c 510. [Carthage, AD 298-303]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13307 13307

similar, but also with h (= Herculi) in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 427, 33b. C 510. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Diocletian and his Caesar Galerius have the letter I (= Iovi) in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Maximian and Constantius have the letter H.

13307a

Billon quarter follis. a (sometimes without P F), c. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 471, 146-7. c 185. [Siscia, AD 305]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

13308

Bronze reduced sestertius or as. de. rev. HERCVLI PACIFERO, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., holding olive-branch, club and lion’s skin. ric v, ii, p. 281, 532. c 273 var. (obv. bust l.). hunter iv, p. clxxxiv. [Rome, AD 286-7]. F £185 ($320) / VF £430 ($750) NB the rare pre-reform bronze coinage of diocletian and Maximian followed the same pattern as that of their immediate predecessors, comprising in the main laureate pieces of about 24-25 millimetres diameter that should probably be regarded as sestertii of reduced weight. however, it is possible that some of the smaller and lighter specimens may represent a separate denomination — a reduced as or semis.

166

the tetrarchies

13309 13309

Bronze reduced sestertius or as. ee. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 281, 533, 535. cf. c 350 (‘P.B.’). hunter iv, p. clxxxiv. [Rome, AD 286-7]. F £160 ($280) / VF £375 ($650)

13310

de. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., holding club, bow and lion’s skin. ric v, ii, p. 281, 534. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxxiv. [Rome, AD 286-7]. F £185 ($320) / VF £430 ($750)

13311

similar, but with obv. legend c. ric v, ii, p. 281, 537. cf. c 572 (obv. hd. laur. r.), 579 (hd. of hercules l.). hunter iv, p. clxxxiv. [Rome, AD 286-7]. F £185 ($320) / VF £430 ($750)

13312

ed. rev. — hercules stg. facing, hd. l., holding club and trophy, lion’s skin over l. arm. ric v, ii, p. 281, 536. c —. hunter iv, p. clxxxiv. [Rome, AD 286-7]. F £185 ($320) / VF £430 ($750)

13313

Bronze double post-reform radiate. ab. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, Maximian, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, mint mark K followed by officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field, dot in ex. ric vi, p. 580, 13. cf. c 50 (obv. legend c, in error). [Cyzicus, AD 295-6]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £575 ($1,000) NB in the early post-reform period the bronze coinage comprised two principal denominations, a radiate piece resembling the old antoninianus but with no silver content, and a smaller laureate bronze piece that probably represented the basic denarius communis. it seems reasonable to assume that the ‘post-reform radiate’ was valued at 2 denarii communes, i.e. half the value of the billon antoninianus. the mint of cyzicus was unique in striking a double post-reform radiate. specimens of this coin are extremely rare and even though ric records examples in the names of diocletian’s three colleagues none are known for the senior emperor himself.

13314 13314

Bronze post-reform radiate. aa. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark h followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in field. Cf. RIC vi, pp. 531-2, 14, 22 (misdescribed). C 54 var. [Heraclea, AD 295-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

13315

Aa or b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark K followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in field. RIC vi, p. 581, 15b, 16b. C 54. [Cyzicus, AD 295-9]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £22 ($40)

13316

Ba. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark aNt in ex. and officina mark a-Z (= 1-7) surmounted by star or crescent in field. ric vi, pp. 621-2, 60b, 62b. c 57. [Antioch, AD 296-7]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

MaXiMiaN

167

13317

Bronze post-reform radiate. ab. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ale in ex. and officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field. RIC vi, p. 667, 46b. C 54. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

13318

ab. rev. CONCORDIAE AVGG, Maximian and Jupiter, as 13313, but with mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 283, 25b. c 59. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

13319

ab. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark r in ex. ric vi, p. 355, 47b. c 59. [Rome, AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13320

Ab. Rev. — as previous, but usually with mint mark R in field and officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 358, 68b. c 59. [Rome, AD 296-7]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13321

ab. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 465, 91b. c 59. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £45 ($80)

13322

aa or b or rad. hd. r. rev. VOT / XX / officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in three lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 285, 36b, 37b, 38b. c 682-3. [Ticinum, AD 299]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

13323 13323

A, B, C, D or E, b or rad. hd. r. Rev. As previous, but with officina mark A-Θ (= 1-9) below the votive inscription. ric vi, p. 359, 74-5, 76b, 77b, 78, 82, 85b. c 680-83. [Rome, AD 297-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

13324

cb. rev. as previous, but with mint mark F K (= Felix Karthago) below the votive inscription. ric vi, p. 427, 37b. cf. c 675. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

13325

Bronze denarius communis. Fc. rev. MVL / TIS / XX in three lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 198, 564. c —. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

13326

Fc. rev. MVL / TIS / XXX in three lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 201, 608. c —. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

13327

Fc. rev. SIC / X / SIC / XX in four lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 198, 566. c 533. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £125 ($220)

13328

Fc. rev. VOT / XX / AVGG in three lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 201, 610b. c 687. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £125 ($220)

13329

Fc. rev. VOT / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 201, 613b. c —. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

13330

Fc. rev. VTILITAS PVBLICA, Utilitas stg. facing, hd. l., her hands wrapped in the drapery of her dress, mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 283, 27b. c 695 var. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

13331

similar, but without mint mark or with r in ex. ric vi, p. 357, 62. c 695. [Rome, AD 294-5]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

168

the tetrarchies

Alexandrian Coinage the production of Greek tetradrachms at alexandria extended down to Maximian’s year 11 (= diocletian’s year 12 and year 4 for the caesars constantius and Galerius = ad 295-6). during Maximian’s 7th, 8th, and 9th regnal years (= AD 291/2-293/4) many issues bear officina marks using Greek letter-numerals (normally a for diocletian, B for Maximian, Γ for Galerius, and ∆ for Constantius). In August of 296 the Alexandria mint briefly fell into the hands of the usurper domitius domitianus who continued the production of tetradrachms (as well as experimental octadrachms) in addition to the reformed roman gold and billon denominations. Following the downfall of domitianus in 297 the tetrarchic government did not resume its Greek tetradrachm coinage, thus ending a tradition that dated back 277 years to the reign of tiberius. there are three principal varieties of obverse legend for Maximian’s tetradrachms: a. a K M A oVa MAΞIMIANoc ceB. B. a K M oVa MAΞIMIANoc ceB. C. MAΞIMIANoc ceB. the obverse type is laur., dr. and/or cuir. bust r., or hd. laur. r. on some later issues. 13332

Billon tetradrachm. a. rev. Zeus stg. l., holding patera and sceptre, eagle at feet, L A (= regnal year 1) behind. dattari 5997. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 286]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

13333

a or B. rev. eirene (= Pax) stg. l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, l — A (= regnal year 1) in field, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 5859-61. BMCG 2551-3. Cologne 3278-9. Milne 4795-6. [AD 286]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

13334

B. rev. diocletian and Maximian, togate, stg. facing each other, clasping r. hands, l — A (= regnal year 1) in field. Dattari 5823. BMCG —. Cologne 3281. Milne —. [AD 286]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13335

a or B. rev. eagle stg. l., hd. r., holding wreath in beak, l — A (= regnal year 1) in field, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 6002-3. BMCG 2594. Cologne —. Milne 4810. [AD 286]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

13336

B. rev. athena seated l., holding Nike and resting on sceptre, shield at side, L — B (= regnal year 2) in field, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 5843-5. BMCG/Christiansen 3494. cologne 3283-4. Milne 4813, 4827. [AD 286-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

13337

B. rev. confronted busts of sarapis r., wearing modius, and helios l., rad., l B (= regnal year 2) above, star in field to l. dattari 5983. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 286-7]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

13338 13338

A or B. Rev. Elpis (= Spes) advancing l., holding flower and lifting skirt, L — B (= regnal year 2) in field, usually also with star in field. Dattari 5873-5. BMCG 2555-6. Cologne 3285-6. Milne 4814, 4828. [AD 286-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

MaXiMiaN 13339

169

Billon tetradrachm. B. rev. eusebeia (= Pietas) stg. l., dropping incense on altar and holding acerra in l., L — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field, usually also with star in field. Dattari 5893. BMcG —. cologne 3291. Milne 4869. [AD 287-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

13340

13345

13340

a or B. rev. Nike (= Victory) advancing r., holding wreath and palm, l — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 5957-8. BMCG 2573-4. Cologne 3295-6. Milne 4860, 4881-2. [AD 287-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

13341

B. rev. eagle stg. l., hd. r., wings open, holding wreath in beak, l — Γ (= regnal year 3) and star in field. Cf. Dattari 6019. BMCG 2599. Cologne 3290. Milne 4887. [AD 287-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

13342

a. rev. alexandria, turreted, stg. l., holding head of sarapis and resting on sceptre, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 5833. BMCG 2596. cologne 3299. Milne 4904. [AD 288-9]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

13343

B. rev. eagle stg. l. between two vexilla, hd. r., wings open, holding wreath in beak, L ∆ (= regnal year 4) above. dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4110. [AD 288-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

13344

a. rev. similar to 13337, but bust of sarapis is to l. and helios to r., l ∆ (= regnal year 4) above, star in field to r. Dattari 5984. BMCG —. Cologne 3304. Milne —. [AD 288-9]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

13345

a. rev. dikaiosyne (= aequitas) stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, L ε (= regnal year 5) before. dattari 5849. BMcG 2550. cologne 3305. Milne 4922. [AD 289-90]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

13346

a. rev. homonoia (= concordia) stg. l., her r. hand raised, holding double cornucopiae in l., l ε (= regnal year 5) before, usually also with star in field. Dattari 5929-31. BMCG 2564-5. cologne —. Milne 4939-40. [AD 289-90]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

13347

a. rev. tyche (= Fortuna) stg. l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, l ε (= regnal year 5) before, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 5989-90. BMCG 2588. Cologne 3307. Milne 4932, 4942. [AD 289-90]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

13348 13348

c. rev. heracles stg. l., holding Nike and club, lion’s skin over left arm, L — ς (= regnal year 6) in field, usually also with star in field. Dattari 5904-6. BMCG 2544. Cologne 3311. Milne 4977. [AD 290-91]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

170

the tetrarchies

13349

Billon tetradrachm. c. rev. heracles stg. facing, hd. r., resting on club and holding three apples, lion’s skin over l. arm, l — ς (= regnal year 6) in field, star behind. Dattari 5910. BMcG —. cologne 3308. cf. Milne 4983. [AD 290-91]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

13350

c. rev. heracles, stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand behind back, holding under l. arm club which rests on rock, l — ς (= regnal year 6) in field, star behind. Dattari 5902. BMCG —. cologne —. Milne 4976. [AD 290-91]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

13351

c. rev. Nike (= Victory) advancing l., holding wreath and palm, l / ς (= regnal year 6) before, star behind. dattari 5964. BMcG 2577. cologne 3313. Milne 4988. [AD 290-91]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

13352

c. rev. heracles with club and apples, as 13349, but hd. l., L — Z (= regnal year 7) in field, B (= officina 2) in ex. dattari 5918. BMcG 2548. cologne 3322. Milne 5039. [AD 291-2]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

13353

c. rev. heracles seated facing, hd. l., on rock draped with lion’s skin, resting r. hand on club set on cuirass and holding Nike in l., L — Z (= regnal year 7) in field, B (= officina 2) in ex. Dattari 5919. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 291-2]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

13354

c. rev. Zeus seated l., holding patera and sceptre, eagle at feet, l — Z (= regnal year 7) in field, B (= officina 2) in ex. Dattari 5998. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 291-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

13355

c. rev. sarapis stg. l., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., L — H (= regnal year 8) in field. dattari 5982. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 292-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

13356 13356

C. Rev. Tyche (= Fortuna) stg. l., as 13347, but L — H (= regnal year 8) in field and Γ (= officina 3) in ex., sometimes with star in field. Dattari 5993-4. BMCG 2589. Cologne 3331. Milne 5078-81. [AD 292-3]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £22 ($40)

13357

c. rev. Maximian on horseback galloping r., brandishing spear at enemy beneath horse, l — h (= regnal year 8) in field. dattari 5827. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 292-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

13358

c. rev. Maximian, in military attire, stg. r., receiving Victory from heracles stg. l., holding club in l., L H (= regnal year 8) in field to l. Dattari 5829. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 292-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

13359

c. rev. eagle stg. r., palm-branch transversely in background, no wreath in beak, l — h (= regnal year 8) in field, B (= officina 2) in ex. Dattari 6024. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 292-3]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

13360

Similar, but eagle stg. l. and no officina mark in ex. Dattari —. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4107. [AD 292-3]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

13361

c. rev. laurel-wreath containing ε/ toVc / h (= regnal year 8) in three lines, B (= officina 2) below. Dattari 5999. Cf. BMCG/Christiansen 3527. Cologne 3330. Milne —. [AD 292-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

MaXiMiaN 13362

171

Billon tetradrachm. c. rev. L εNATOV (= regnal year 9), alexandria, turreted, stg. l., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., B (= officina 2) in ex. Dattari 5831. BMCG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 293-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

13363

13366

13363

c. rev. laurel-wreath containing εNa/ toV / l (= regnal year 9) in three lines, B. dattari 6000. BMcG 2601. cologne 3334. Milne 5118. [AD 293-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

13364

c. rev. helmeted and cuir. bust of ares (?) l., holding spear and shield before him, L — I (= regnal year 10) in field. Dattari —. BMCG —. Cologne 3339 (‘bust of emperor’). Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

13365

c. rev. asklepios stg. l., holding patera and snake-entwined staff, altar at feet, l i (= regnal year 10) before. dattari 5837. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

13366

c. rev. rad. bust of helios r., l i (= regnal year 10) before. dattari 5896. BMcG 2542. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13367

c. rev. Bare hd. of bearded heracles r., club before, l i (= regnal year 10) behind. dattari 5901. BMcG —. cologne 3336. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

13368

c. rev. Bust of beardless heracles r., clad in lion’s skin, l i (= regnal year 10) before. dattari 5899. BMcG —. cologne 3337. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

13369 13369

c. rev. Bust of hermanubis r., wearing modius, combined caduceus and palm-branch before, l i (= regnal year 10) behind. dattari 5920. BMcG/christiansen 3521. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

13370

c. rev. Bust of hermes r., wearing winged cap decorated with petals, l — i (= regnal year 10) in field. Dattari 5921. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

13371

c. rev. Bust of selene r., large lunar crescent before, l i (= regnal year 10) behind. dattari 5987. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13372

C. Rev. Laur. bust of Zeus r., L — I (= regnal year 10) in field. Dattari 5996. BMCG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

13373

c. rev. Maximian on horseback pacing r., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., l — i (= regnal year 10) in field. Dattari 5826. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

172

the tetrarchies

13374

Billon tetradrachm. c. rev. eagle stg. r., hd. l., wings spread, holding wreath in talons, L — I (= regnal year 10) in field. Dattari 6028. Cf. BMCG 2600. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

13375

c. rev. laurel-wreath containing ΠεΡio / ∆oc ∆e / Kath (= regnal year 10) in three lines. dattari 6001. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

13376

c. rev. athena stg. facing, hd. l., resting on spear and shield, L I — A (= regnal year 11) in field, sometimes also with star in field. Dattari 5841. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne 5197-8. [AD 295-6]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

13377

c. rev. conjoined busts l. of helios, rad., and selene, with crescent on head, l ia (= regnal year 11) before. dattari 5898. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

13378

c. rev. hermes seated l. on rock, holding purse and caduceus, l i — a (= regnal year 11) in field. Dattari 5922. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

13379

13380

13381 13379

c. rev. Bust of isis r., wearing disk and plumes, knot on breast, l — ia (= regnal year 11) in field. Dattari 5943. BMCG/Christiansen 3520. Cologne 3343. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

13380

c. rev. roma or athena seated l. on cuirass, hd. r., resting on sceptre and holding parazonium, l. arm resting on large shield with wolf and twins device, l— ia (retrograde = regnal year 11) in field. Dattari 5975. BMCG/Christiansen 3495. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

13381

c. rev. Bust of sarapis r., wearing modius adorned with branches, sometimes with palmbranch or star before, L I — A (= regnal year 11) in field or L / IA behind. Dattari 5979-81. BMcG/christiansen 3519. cologne 3345. Milne (supplement) 5230a. [AD 295-6]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

13382

c. rev. B. rev. conjoined busts r. of sarapis, wearing modius, and isis, wearing disk and plumes, knot on breast, l / ia (= regnal year 11) behind. dattari 5986. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne 5232. [AD 295-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

13383

c. rev. homonoia (= concordia) seated l., raising r, hand and holding double cornucopiae in l., L — IA (= regnal year 11) in field. Dattari 5942. BMCG/Christiansen 3512. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

MaXiMiaN

173

13384

Billon tetradrachm. c. rev. Maximian, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, L I — A (= regnal year 11) in field. Dattari 5825. BMCG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

13385

c. rev. Maximian, in military attire, stg. facing hd. r., resting on sceptre, facing Nike stg. l., holding wreath and palm, L I — A (= regnal year 11) in field. Dattari 5830. BMCG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

13386 13386

c. rev. eagle stg. r., holding wreath in beak, palm-branch transversely in background, l I — A (= regnal year 11) in field. Dattari 6026. BMCG/Christiansen 3526. Cologne —. Milne 5235. [AD 295-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

13387

Uncertain bronze denomination/s. c. rev. ICIC, isis stg. l., holding sistrum and resting on sceptre. dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4166. [AD 290-96]. F £85 ($150) / VF £250 ($450) / EF £720 ($1,250)

13388

c. rev. CEΡAΠIC CωTHΡ, bust of sarapis r., wearing modius. dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4167. [AD 290-96]. F £105 ($180) / VF £290 ($500) / EF £775 ($1,350) See note following no. 12913.

Post-abdication coinage Following the joint abdications of Diocletian and Maximian on 1 May AD 305 coinages in the names of the two senior Augusti continued over several years. These normally accorded them the title of “Dominus Noster” and frequently the epithets “Felicissimus” and “Beatissimus” were also used. Unlike his colleague, Maximian resumed the exercise of imperial power late in AD 306 when his son Maxentius raised the standard of rebellion in Rome. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: a. d N MaXiMiaNo BaeatissiMo seN aVG B. d N MaXiMiaNo FelicissiMo seN aVG The normal obverse type is laureate bust of Maximian right, wearing consular robes and holding branch and mappa. Other varieties are described in full. 13389

Gold aureus. d N MaXiMiaNo B s aVG. rev. PROVID DEORVM QVIES AVGG, Providentia stg. r., extending r. hand to Quies stg. l., holding branch and resting on sceptre, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ between the figures, s — F in field. ric vi, p. 494, 10b. calicó 4719. c 478. depeyrot, p. 108, 3/2. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

174

the tetrarchies

13390 13390

Billon follis. a (sometimes Baeatiss for BaeatissiMo). rev. PROVIDENT DEOR QVIES AVGG, as previous, but mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3) and sometimes with wreath between, S — F in field. RIC vi, pp. 364 and 366, 116b, 130b. c 484. [Rome, AD 305-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13391

B (but Feliciss). rev. — as previous. ric vi, pp. 365-6, 117b, 131b. c 483. [Rome, AD 305-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13392

a. rev. PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG, as previous, but without mint mark. ric vi, p. 128, 76b. c 490-91. [London, AD 305-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13393

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 128, 77b. c 489/493. [London, AD 305-7]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13394

a (sometimes BeatissiMo). rev. — similar, but with mint mark P tr in ex., s — F in field, and sometimes also with K∆ in field. RIC vi, p. 208, 672, 673b, 675. C 490-92. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13395 13395

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 208, 676b, 678. c 489/493. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13396

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and T — F in field. RIC vi, p. 256, 200b. c 490-91. [Lugdunum, AD 305-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13397 13397

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 256, 201. c 489/493. [Lugdunum, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

MaXiMiaN (Post aBdicatioN)

175

13398

Billon follis. A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, s, or t (= 1, 2, or 3) and sometimes with crescent between, and sometimes with dot and/or A in field. RIC vi, pp. 288 and 290-91, 56b, 61b, 65b, 67b. C 491. [Ticinum, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13399

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, pp. 288 and 290-91, 57b, 62b, 66b, 68b. c 489/493 var. [Ticinum, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13400

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex., and with S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 320, 63b. C 490-91. MA 42. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13401

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 320, 64b. c 489/493. Ma 43. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13402

A (but BAEATISS). Rev. — similar, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3) in ex., and S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 365, 118b. C —. [Rome, AD 305]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13403

similar, but with obv. legend B (but Feliciss). ric vi, p. 365, 119b. c —. [Rome, AD 305]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13404

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark P K followed by officina mark Γ or ∆ (= 3 or 4) in ex., and S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 428, 41b. C 490-91. [Carthage, AD 305-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13405

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 428, 42b. c 489/493. [Carthage, AD 305-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13406

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark SIS followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., and VI, with or without S — F, in field. RIC vi, p. 474, 158, 160. C 490-91. [Siscia, AD 305-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13407

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., and officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) with S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 495, 14b. C 490-91. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13408 13408

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 495, 15b. c 489/493. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13409

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex., and S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 533, 27b. C 490-91. [Heraclea, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

176

the tetrarchies

13410 13410

Billon follis. similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 533, 28b. c 489/493. [Heraclea, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13411

A (but BEATISSIMO). Rev. — similar, but with mint mark K followed by officina mark ∆ or ς (= 4 or 6) in ex., and S — F in field, sometimes with star or crescent between. RIC vi, pp. 582 and 584-5, 22b, 28b, 32b. c 492. [Cyzicus, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13412

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, pp. 582 and 584-5, 23b, 29b, 33b. c 489/493. [Cyzicus, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13413

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark ANT • or ANT : in ex. and officina mark A-I (= 1-10) in field, and sometimes also with S — F in field. RIC vi, pp. 624-5, 72b, 76b. C 490-91. [Antioch, AD 305-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13414

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, pp. 624-5, 73b, 77b. c 489/493. [Antioch, AD 305-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13415

A. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field, usually also with S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 670, 57b. C 490-91. [Alexandria, AD 305-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13416

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric vi, p. 670, 58b. c 489/493. [Alexandria, AD 305-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13417

MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, laur. and cuir. bust r. rev. QVIES AVG, Quies stg. l., holding branch and resting on sceptre, mint mark P TR in ex., S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 218, 788. c 494. [Trier, AD 308]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220) This issue may reflect the decision taken at the Carnuntum conference to force Maximian to abdicate for a second time (November 308).

13418

Billon half follis. d N MaXiMiaNo BaeatissiM (or Baeatissi or Baeatiss or Baeatis). rev. PROVIDENTIA DEORVM, Providentia and Quies, as 13389, but with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field. RIC vi, p. 676, 86, 88, 90b, 92b. c 487. [Alexandria, AD 306]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

13419

similar, but with obv. legend d N MaXiMiaNo FelicissiM (or Felicissi or Feliciss or Felicis). ric vi, p. 676, 87b, 89b, 91b, 93b. c 488. [Alexandria, AD 306]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

13420

Billon eighth follis. MaXiMiaNo seN aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. QVIES AVGG, Quies stg. l., holding branch and resting on sceptre, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 209, 681b. c —. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

MaXiMiaN

177

Second Reign, AD 306-308

13421 13421

Gold aureus. MaXiMiaNVs seN P F aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. CONCORD MILIT FELIC ROMANOR, concordia stg. r., resting with l. hand on sceptre and clasping r. hands with Hercules stg. l., resting on club, E (= officina 5?) in field, mint mark P R in ex. ric vi, p. 367, 134. calicó 4609. c 42. depeyrot, p. 87, 15/1. [Rome, AD 306-7]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13422

similar, but with obv. legend MaXiMiaNVs (or iMP MaXiMiaNVs) P F aVG and without E in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 373, 175-6. Calicó 4607-8. C –. Depeyrot, pp. 86-7, 14/1, 16/1. [Rome, AD 307-8]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

13423

MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. FELIX KARTHAGO, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 430, 46. calicó 4640. c 108. depeyrot, p. 66, 3/1. [Rome, AD 306-7]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

13424

13429

13424

obv. as 13421. rev. FELIX INGRESS SEN AVG, roma seated l., holding shield inscribed VOT / XXX on r. knee and resting on sceptre held in l., another shield at side, E (= officina 5?) in field, mint mark P R in ex. RIC vi, p. 367, 136. Calicó 4641. C –. Depeyrot, p. 87, 15/3. [Rome, AD 306-7]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000) This issue marks the only use of the word ingressus (‘entry’) on the Roman coinage. It commemorates the senior emperor’s joyous entry into the city following the uprising of his son Maxentius against Severus II.

13425

similar, but with INGRESSVS instead of INGRESS, without E in rev. field, and sometimes with obv. legend MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG. ric vi, p. 369, 145-6. calicó 4642-3. c 109. depeyrot, p. 86, 14/4-5. [Rome, AD 307-8]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000) NB there is also a multiple of 4 aurei from carthage (ric 45) with reverse Marti coNserV aVGG et caes N, Mars advancing right.

13426

Silver argenteus. MaXiMiaNVs aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, threeturreted gateway of military camp, mint and officina marks AQ P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 322, 75. rsc 627b. Ma 44. [Aquileia, AD 307]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

13427

Similar, but with mint and officina marks R S (= 2) and sometimes with obv. legend IMP MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG. ric vi, p. 375, 192-3. rsc 627c, 629. [Rome, AD 307-8]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

178

the tetrarchies

13428

Silver argenteus. obv. as 13421. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, four-turreted gateway of military camp, sometimes with open doors thrown back, mint and officina marks as previous. ric vi, p. 370, 156-7. rsc 631b, 636. [Rome, AD 306-7]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

13429

similar, but with obv. legend MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG and mint mark P tr in ex. on rev. ric vi, p. 205, 635, 637. rsc 631, 632. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,025 ($1,800)

13430

Silver half argenteus. iMP MaXiMiaNVs P F s aVG, laur. and cuir. bust r. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, four-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 216, 761. rsc 634. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £320 ($550) / EF £925 ($1,600)

13431

similar, but with obv. legend MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG. ric vi, p. 216, 762. rsc 633. VF £320 ($550) / EF £925 ($1,600) [Trier, AD 307-8].

13432

Billon follis. iMP c Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, laur. and cuir. bust r. rev. CONCORDIA FELIX DD NN, two emperors (Maximian and constantine?) stg. facing each other, clasping r. hands and each resting on sceptre held in l., mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 260, 246. cf. c 49 (incomplete description). [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13433

similar, but with rev. legend CONCORDIA PERPET DD NN. ric vi, p. 261, 249. c 58. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13434

iMP c MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. CONSERV VRB SVAE, hexastyle temple containing roma seated facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, mint mark t preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 294, 92. C 64. [Ticinum, AD 307-8]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £80 ($140)

13435 13435

obv. similar. rev. — as previous, but roma has shield at side and with wreath in pediment of temple, mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P, S, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 325, 118. c 64. Ma 46. [Aquileia, AD 307]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £80 ($140)

13436

— rev. — as previous, but with star, crescent or cross in pediment of temple. ric vi, p. 326, 121b. c 64. Ma 47. [Aquileia, AD 307-8]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £80 ($140)

13437

— Rev. — as 13435, but with mint and officina marks R P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. and H in l. field. RIC vi, p. 377, 202b. C 64. [Rome, AD 307-8]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £90 ($160)

13438

M aVr MaXiMiaNVs seN aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. CONSERVATOR AFRICAE SVAE, africa stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion holding bull’s hd. at feet to l., officina mark A (= 1) in ex., H—ER (= Herculi) in field. RIC vi, p. 432, 52. C 66. [Carthage, AD 306-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13439

similar, but with obv. legend iMP MaXiMiaNVs seN aVG and with se — F instead of H—ER in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 432, 56. C 65. [Carthage, AD 307]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250) The meaning of the letters in reverse field is unclear; one suggestion is ‘Senior Felicissimus’ though this seems unconvincing (cf. RIC vi, p. 419 and note 1). See also nos. 14998 and 15510.

MaXiMiaN (secoNd reiGN)

179

13440

Billon follis. obv. as previous. rev. CONSERVATORES KART SVAE, hexastyle temple containing carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, mint mark P K followed by officina mark A (= 1) in ex. RIC vi, p. 432, 59. C 74. [Carthage, AD 307]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £125 ($220)

13441

obv. as 13434. rev. CONSERVATORES VRB SVAE, as 13434, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 371, 165. C 75. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £90 ($160)

13442

— rev. — as previous, but sometimes with shield at roma’s side, sometimes with wreath in pediment of temple, and with star between the mint and officina marks. RIC vi, p. 376, 194b, 198b. c 75. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £80 ($140)

13443

d N MaXiMiaNo seN iNV aVG, laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. rev. FIDES MILITVM, Fides Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P (= 1) in ex. ric vi, p. 324, 105. c 116 var. Ma 45. [Aquileia, AD 307]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13443a

iMP c M aVr Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. rev. GENIO IMPERATORIS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera, from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae, mint mark ANT (preceded or followed by dot) in ex., officina mark ε (= 5) with O above in r. field. RIC vi, p. 632, 112c. C 137. [Antioch, AD 309]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) The remarkable issues represented by this and the following type were made by Maximinus in the period following the Carnuntum Congress (November, 308). The Eastern Caesar was clearly outraged at the promotion of Licinius over his and Constantine’s heads and his anger with Galerius found expression in this brief issue of coinage in the name of the former western emperor who had been deposed at Carnuntum but might yet have a political future.

13443B

iMP c MaXiMiaNVs P F seN (or eN) aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ale in ex., Κ — Ρ across lower field, and officina mark Β (= 2) in upper r. field. RIC vi, p. 678, 102. C 136. [Alexandria, AD 309]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13444 13444

d N MaXiMiaNo P F s aVG, laur. and cuir. bust r. rev. GENIO POP ROM, Genius, turreted or wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P lN in ex. ric vi, p. 129, 85, 90. c 142, 147. [London, AD 307]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13445

similar, but sometimes laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. and with mint mark P tr in ex. and s — C in field (Genius always turreted). RIC vi, p. 211, 704-5. C 142. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

13446

Similar, but with S — A instead of S — C in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 212, 721-2. C 142. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £155 ($200)

13447

similar, but with obv. legend iMP c MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG. ric vi, p. 212, 723. c —. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £155 ($200)

180

the tetrarchies

13448

Billon follis. similar, but with obv. legend iMP c M aVrel Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG. ric vi, p. 217, 766-7. c 141. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

13449

similar, but with obv. legend iMP c Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG. ric vi, p. 217, 768-9. c 140. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

13450

As 13444, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and T — F in field (Genius wearing modius). ric vi, p. 258, 219. c 142 var. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

13451

Similar, but with S — C instead of T — F in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 258, 224. C 142 var. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

13452

13460

13452

Obv. As 13445. Rev. As previous, but with N instead of S — C in rev. field, and sometimes with altar at feet of Genius to l. ric vi, p. 259, 228-9, 234. c 147. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

13453

similar, but with obv. type laur. and cuir. bust l. ric vi, p. 259, 230. c 149. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13454

obv. as 13449. rev. as 13444 (Genius wearing modius), but with altar at feet of Genius to l. and with mint mark P LG in ex., N in field. RIC vi, p. 260, 237. C 146. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

13455

Similar, but without N in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 261, 253. C 146. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

13456

Similar, but C I — H / S in rev. field and Genius is sometimes turreted. RIC vi, p. 264, 288, 290. c 146. [Lugdunum, AD 308]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220) The letters C I H S in reverse field probably relate to Constantine’s weight reduction of the follis, though their precise meaning remains unclear. The formula appears to contain as its elements the numeral 101 (CI) and the sign of the sestertius (HS) — cf. RIC vi, p. 104 and note 6 (see also nos. 13467, 15887, 15922, 16005, 16011, 16013, 16016, 16028-9, 16141-2 and 16422).

13457

obv. as 13445. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, turreted, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P TR in ex., S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 210, 696-7. C 195. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13458

Similar, but with S — C instead of S — A in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 211, 710-11. C 195. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

13459

d N MaXiMiaNo P F s aVG, laur. bust right, wearing consular robes and holding branch and mappa. rev. as 13442. ric vi, p. 210, 698. c —. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13460

obv. as 13445. rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, altar at feet, mint mark P LG in ex., N in field. RIC vi, p. 257, 206-7. C 223. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

MaXiMiaN (secoNd reiGN)

181

13461

Billon follis. similar, but with obv. d N MaXiMiaNo P F s aVG, laur. and cuir. bust l., holding globe (surmounted by Victory?) and sceptre. cf. ric vi, p. 257, 208. cf. c 225. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13462

similar, but with obv. type laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding sceptre (and mappa?). cf. ric vi, p. 257, 209. c —. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13463

obv. as 13444. rev. HERCVLI CONSERVATORI, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin over l. shoulder, mint mark P lN in ex. ric vi, p. 130, 91. c 251. [London, AD 307]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13464

— rev. MARS VICTOR, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over l. shoulder, mint mark P lN in ex. ric vi, p. 130, 93. c 389. [London, AD 307]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13465

obv. as 13449. rev. MARTI PATR SEMP VICTORI, as previous, but Mars’ hd. is turned to l., mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 261, 262. c 393. [Lugdunum, VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400) AD 307-8].

13466

iMP MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, laur. and cuir. bust r. rev. MARTI PATRI CONSERVATORI, Mars stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark P tr in ex., S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 217, 772b. C —. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13467

obv. as 13449. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark P lG in ex. and c i — h / S in field. RIC vi, p. 264, 292. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 308]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280) See note following no. 13456.

13468

obv. as 13444. rev. MARTI PATRI PROPVGNATORI, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark P lN in ex. ric vi, p. 130, 96. c —. [London, AD 307]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13469

— rev. ROMAE AETER, hexastyle temple containing roma seated facing, hd. l., mint mark P lN in ex. ric vi, p. 130, 100. c 501. [London, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13470

iMP c MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint and officina marks R P or S (= 1 or 2) with wreath between in ex., crescent in r. field. RIC vi, p. 371, 161. C 502. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13471

iMP MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART, Carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, officina mark A or Γ (= 1 or 3) in ex., h (= Herculi) in left field. RIC vi, p. 431, 50. C 510. [Carthage, AD 306]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220) In this issue the folles of the ‘Herculian’ rulers Maximian, Maxentius, and Constantine have the letter H (= Herculi) in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Jovian’ Maximinus have the letter I (= Iovi). Galerius and Severus are ignored. See also nos. 14764A and 14944.

13472

obv. as 13449. rev. SECVRIT PERPET DD NN, securitas stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, her r. hand on hd., holding transverse sceptre in l. and resting on column, mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 263, 276. c —. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

182 13473

the tetrarchies Billon follis. obv. as 13449. rev. TEMPORVM FELICITAS, Felicitas stg. l., holding long caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark as previous. ric vi, p. 263, 281. c 538. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13474 13474

Billon half follis. iMP MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, laur. and cuir. bust r. rev. GENIO POP ROM, Genius, turreted, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P tr in ex., s — a in field. RIC vi, p. 213, 738. C 138. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13475

Billon quarter follis or bronze denarius communis. MaXiMiaNVs aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. PLVR / NATAL / FEL in three lines within wreath (no mint mark). ric vi, p. 213, 747. c 466. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) The anniversary being celebrated is undoubtedly that of Constantine’s initial assumption of imperial power following the death of his father Constantius on 25 July 306. His birthday was on 27 February which is clearly too early for this issue (see also nos. 15503 and 15572-3).

13476

obv. similar. rev. VOT / XXX / AVGG in three lines within wreath (no mint mark). ric vi, p. 214, 752. c 691. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

13477 13477

similar, but with obv. iMP MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. ric vi, p. 214, 751. c —. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £160 ($280)

13478

— rev. VOT / XXX / AVG / N in four lines within wreath (no mint mark). ric vi, p. 219, 793. c 692. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £160 ($280)

13479

obv. as 13475. rev. VOT / XXX / AVGG / NN in four lines within wreath (no mint mark). ric vi, p. 214, 753. c 693. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £175 ($300)

13480

obv. as 13477. rev. VO / TIS / XXX in three lines within wreath (no mint mark). ric vi, p. 214, 754. c 673. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £125 ($220)

For coins of divus Maximian, see under Maxentius (nos. 15055-61) and constantine i (nos. 16400-413).

183

MAXIMIAN AND GALERIUS MAXIMIAN 13481

Billon quinarius. MaXiMiaNVs P aVG, laur. hd. of Maximian r. rev. MAXIMIANVS N C, laur. hd. of Galerius Maximian l. ric v, ii, —. c 2. hunter iv, —. Bastien 592. Gnecchi iii, p. 83, 1. [Lugdunum, AD 293-4]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

For joint issues of diocletian and Maximian, see nos. 12964-72.

CARAUSIUS Mid-ad 286–spring/early summer 293 13483 The remarkable usurpation in Britain and north-western Gaul of Marcus Aurelius Maus(aeus?) Carausius had its beginnings in the period following Maximian’s elevation to the throne of the western half of the Empire on 1 April AD 286. Little is known of the early history of Carausius, though it is recorded that he was of very humble birth and that he was a native of Menapia in modern Belgium. As a young man he had earned his living as a sailor and when he later joined the Roman army his seafaring skills proved to be a valuable asset. Having risen to high command by the mid-280s he appears to have rendered valuable assistance to Maximian at the time of the uprising of the Bagaudae in Gaul. In recognition of his services the new western emperor gave him command of the Channel fleet with the task of confronting the Frankish and Saxon pirates who were raiding the coasts of northern Gaul and south-eastern Britain. Carausius, however, saw this as an opportunity for personal enrichment and instead of encountering the pirates before they made landfall he delayed his attack until their return journey when they were laden with booty. As soon as news of this reached Maximian he ordered the arrest and execution of his recalcitrant admiral who, having been forewarned, set sail with his fleet from its base at Boulogne (Gesoriacum) and took possession by force of the island-province of Britain. He now became a major thorn in the side of Maximian who tried unsuccessfully in 289 to oust him from his stronghold. It appears that Maximian’s newly constructed fleet met with some kind of disaster and thereafter Carausius was able to extend his rule over the coastal region of northern Gaul, re-establishing his naval base at Boulogne. This situation prevailed until 293 when the newly appointed western Caesar Constantius resumed the offensive against the rebel regime which had now survived for almost seven years. Events at last began to turn in favour of the Roman government. Boulogne was besieged by Constantius who constructed a timber-based mole across the entrance to the harbour, thus preventing the Carausian fleet from delivering supplies and reinforcements. The fall of Boulogne and the subsequent military activities of Constantius in the area had the effect of undermining the authority of Carausius in Britain. Shortly thereafter he was struck down by the hand of the assassin, the victim of his chief minister Allectus who ascended the rebel throne in his place. The mint attribution and precise dating of the extensive coinage of Carausius has exercised the minds of numerous scholars over the years. Even today there remains considerable disagreement and while I have drawn heavily on the work of numismatists such as Robert Carson, Norman Shiel, John Casey, and Kenneth Elks in many cases I have come to my own conclusions on the basis of the evidence provided by the coinage itself. Carausius utilized at least three mints, two in Britain (London and Colchester), the other in Gaul (Rouen). None of these had operated as Roman mints prior to the revolt of Carausius, though one of them (London) remained in use following the downfall of the rebel regime and became part of the Empire-wide minting establish-

184

the British eMPire

ment under the Tetrarchies and during the earlier part of the Constantinian period. London was the administrative centre of Roman Britain and after 287 its coins are clearly marked ‘L’ or ‘M L’ to distinguish them from the products of the newly-opened second British mint. Prior to this coins of the London mint were generally unmarked or have the rare mint mark ‘BRI’ for Britannia. Gold and silver sometimes bear the enigmatic mark ‘r s r’ recently explained by Guy de la Bédoyère (“Carausius, Virgil and the marks RSR and INPCDA”) as redeunt saturnia regna, meaning “The Saturnian Kingdoms return”, i.e. “The Golden Age returns”. Many ‘barbarous’ copies of Carausian antoniniani were produced while the rebel regime was endeavouring to establish its authority over the island-province and these have tended to confuse the picture when trying to reconstruct the early issues of Carausius. The mint signing itself ‘C’, ‘M C’, or ‘S M C’ has normally been identified as Colchester (Camulodunum) and despite its closeness to London this remains the most likely attribution. The principal argument against this identification rests on the evidence of the scarce antoniniani of Allectus marked ‘CL’. However, as Colchester was the first colony of Roman Britain, as well as the religious centre of the province centring around the Temple of Claudius, its special status may well have qualified it to be the second mint after London, commencing its issues in AD 287. In this case the ‘CL’ mark could perhaps be explained as a contraction of Colonia (Casey, “Carausius and Allectus: the British Usurpers”, p. 84) or even refer directly to the imperial cult of Claudius itself. Other suggestions for the identification of the ‘C’ mint are Clausentum (Bitterne, favoured because of the ‘CL’ mark), Calleva (Silchester), Corinium (Cirencester), and even Glevum (Gloucester). Though its products are usually unmarked the Continental mint has been identified as Rotomagus (Rouen). This attribution rests principally on hoard evidence, though a few pieces do bear the marks ‘R’ or ‘OP R’ which provides some corroboration. The coinage of Rouen, comprising aurei and antoniniani, is of distinctive style with portraits which seem to be inspired by the contemporary issues of the Lugdunum (Lyon) mint. Rouen operated only in the opening phase of Carausius’ reign and probably supplied his currency needs until he had established himself in the more secure environment of Britain. One of the most remarkable innovations of the rebel regime was the introduction of a high quality silver coinage eight years before the central government took the same step. However, this may have been a question of necessity at a time when Carausius needed precious metal currency to pay donatives. His access to supplies of gold would have been strictly limited but he was probably already in possession of large quantities of silver from the booty which he had captured from the German pirates. The experiment was short-lived and it is unlikely that silver coins were issued in any quantity after AD 287. Carausius also displayed his innovation through the use of a complex system of issue marks on many of the antoniniani struck in Britain. Like his introduction of good quality silver coins this idea was later adopted by the central government following Diocletian’s currency reform of 294. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: a. iMP c caraVsiVs aVG B. iMP c caraVsiVs P aVG c. iMP c caraVsiVs P F aVG d. iMP caraVsiVs aVG e. iMP caraVsiVs P aVG F. iMP caraVsiVs P F aVG The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full: a. rad. and cuir. bust r. b. rad., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r. c. laur. and cuir. bust r. d. laur., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r.

caraUsiUs

13482 13482

185

13486

Gold aureus. dd. rev. CONCORDIA MILITV (extending into ex.), concordia Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand. ric v, ii, p. 516, 621. calicó 4771. c –. hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 681. shiel, p. 148, 2. cf. depeyrot, p. 41, 1/1. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000) NB coins of this denomination were probably intended to conform to diocletian’s initial standard of 70 pieces to the pound of gold, an average of about 4.6 grams. Most specimens, however, fall short of this weight and the actual average is closer to 4.4 grams.

13483

dd. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM (the VM in ex.), carausius, togate, stg. r., clasping r. hands with concordia stg. l. ric v, ii, p. 517, 624. calicó 4772. c 38. hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 682. shiel, pp. 148-9, 4-5. depeyrot, p. 41, 1/2. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

13484

similar, but with obv. c, laur. and cuir. bust l., wearing consular robes. ric v, ii, p. 517, 623. calicó 4774. c 39. Webb 684. shiel, pp. 149, 6. depeyrot, p. 41, 1/3. [Rouen, AD 287]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000)

13485

13487

13485

caraVsiVs P F aVG, c. rev. CONSERVAT AVG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 463, 1. calicó 4775. c 46. hunter iv, p. cxcix. Webb 1. shiel, p. 146, 1. depeyrot, p. 39, 3/1. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

13486

obv. similar. rev. CONSERVATORI AVGGG, similar, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet. ric v, ii, –. calicó –. c –. hunter iv, –. Webb –. shiel –. depeyrot, p. 39, 3/2. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000) The triple endings of the reverse legends on this type and the next refer to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13495, 13561-3, 13568, 13597, 13606, 13630, 13665-7, 13675, 13683-6, 13693, 13697, 13716-7 and 13756-8).

13487

— rev. — hercules stg. r., quiver at shoulder, resting on club and holding bow, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 463, 2. calicó 4776. c 49. hunter iv, 1. Webb 2. shiel, pp. 146-7, 2-3. depeyrot, p. 39, 3/3. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

13488

a (but ends aV), d. rev. LETITIA IVI AVG NOS C, galley travelling r. over waves. ric v, ii, –. calicó –. c –. hunter iv, –. Webb –. shiel, p. 149, 8. depeyrot, p. 41, 2/1. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £16,000 ($28,000) / EF £37,500 ($65,000) On this type and the next the IVI on reverse is probably a blundered version of INVI = invicti.

186 13489

the British eMPire Gold aureus. obv. similar. rev. OPES IVI AVG, ops stg. l., holding grapes and cornucopiae. ric v, ii, –. cf. calicó 4778. c –. hunter iv, p. ccix. Webb –. shiel, p. 149, 9. depeyrot, p. 41, 2/2. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £14,300 ($25,000) / EF £34,500 ($60,000)

13490 13490

VirtVs caraVsi, cuir. bust l., wearing crested helmet. rev. ORIES or ORINS (= orieNs) AVG, sol stg. l., holding globe in raised r. hand and whip in l., captive seated l. at feet. ric v, ii, –. calicó 4779 (uncertain mint). c –. hunter iv, –. Webb –. shiel –. depeyrot, p. 39, 2/1 (london). [Rouen (?), AD 286-7]. VF £14,300 ($25,000) / EF £34,500 ($60,000)

13491

Fd. rev. PAX AVG, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and vertical sceptre, VOT V in ex. ric v, ii, p. 463, 3. calicó 4780. c –. hunter iv, p. cxcix. Webb 3. shiel, p. 145, 1. depeyrot, p. 39, 2/2. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

13492

similar, but with obv. legend c, and with MVLT X instead of VOT V in ex. ric v, ii, p. 463, 4. calicó 4781a. cf. c 189 (obv. misdescribed). hunter iv, p. cxcix. Webb 4. shiel, p. 145, 2. depeyrot, p. 39, 2/3. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

13492a

similar, but with obv. VirtVs caraVsi, helmeted bust l. in imperial mantle, and with nothing in ex. British Museum, ex Ashbourne hoard, 2008. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000)

13493

Fd. rev. PAX CARAVSI AVG, Pax stg. l., as 13491 (no mint mark). ric v, ii, p. 463, 5. calicó 4782. c –. hunter iv, p. cxcix. Webb 5. shiel, pp. 145-6, 3-4. depeyrot, p. 39, 2/5-6. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

13494

VirtVs caraVsi, bust l., wearing helmet and holding spear and shield. rev. ROMANO RENoVa, she-wolf stg. r., suckling the twins romulus and remus, r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 508, 534. calicó 4784. c 302. hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 584. shiel, p. 146, 5. depeyrot, p. 39, 1/1. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £16,000 ($28,000) / EF £37,500 ($65,000)

13495

obv. as 13485. rev. SALVS AVGGG, salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms, mint mark M l in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 463, 6 (rev. misdescribed). cf. calicó 4785. c –. hunter iv, cxcix. Webb –. shiel, p. 147, 4. depeyrot, p. 39, 3/4. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000) The triple ending of the reverse legend refers to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13561-3, 13568, 13597, 13606, 13630, 13665-7, 13675, 13683-6, 13693, 13697, 13716-7 and 13756-8).

13496

Silver denarius. F (but sometimes ends aV), d. rev. ADVENTVS AVG, carausius on horseback pacing l., his r. hand raised, holding sceptre in l., usually with captive on ground before horse, usually with r s r in ex. ric v, ii, pp. 508-9, 535-6 and p. 524, 707. rsc 5, 8-10. c 7. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb —. shiel, pp. 98-100, 2, 4-6 and 8, and p. 118, 1. [London, AD 286-7]. F £225 ($400) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

13492a

13493

caraUsiUs

187

NB Whatever the original name of this remarkable denomination may have been, its similarity in size and weight to the denarius of the first half of the 3rd century makes it convenient to refer to it by that name. 13497

Silver denarius. similar, but with obv. type laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 508, 535. rsc 7. cf. c 8 (misdescribed). hunter iv, 159. Webb 585. shiel, p. 99, 7. [London, AD 287]. F £375 ($650) / VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

13498

13503

13498

Fd. rev. ADVENTVS AVG (or AVGG), carausius on horseback galloping r., brandishing spear held aloft in r. hand, prostrate enemy beneath horse, r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 509, 540-41. rsc 11. c 11. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 590. shiel, p. 100, 9. [London, AD 286-7]. F £320 ($550) / VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

13499

iMP caraVsiVs P F a, bust l. in mantle, as 13497. rev. CLARIT CARAVSI AV, rad. and dr. bust of sol r., no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 508, 542. rsc 12. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 591. cf. shiel, p. 119, 6. [London, AD 287]. F £575 ($1,000) / VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

13500

obv. as 13497. rev. CONCORD MILIT, concordia Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 509, 544. rsc 21. cf. c 33. hunter iv, 160. Webb 592. shiel, p. 103, 25. [London, AD 287]. F £350 ($600) / VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

13501

ed. rev. CONCORDIA AVG, clasped r. hands, r s r below. ric v, ii, p. 509, 546. rsc 15. c —. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 593. shiel, p. 100, 11. [London, AD 286-7]. F £225 ($400) / VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,600 ($2,800)

13502

Fd. rev. CONCORDIA MILIT, carausius, togate, stg. r., clasping r. hands with concordia stg. l., r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 510, 551. rsc 13. c —. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 596. shiel, p. 103, 27. [London, AD 286-7]. F £320 ($550) / VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

13503

F (but sometimes ends aV), d. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM (sometimes blundered or abbreviated), as 13501. ric v, ii, p. 510, 548-9. rsc 18, 22-4, 27, 30-31. c 36. hunter iv, 161. Webb 598. shiel, pp. 101-2, 12, 14-19, 21-4. [London, AD 286-7]. F £200 ($350) / VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

13504

similar, but with obv. as 13497. ric v, ii, p. 510, 548. rsc 26. c 42. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 599. shiel, p. 102, 20. [London, AD 287]. F £350 ($600) / VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

13505

as 13503, but with mint mark c below the clasped hands instead of r s r. ric v, ii, p. 480, 186. rsc 25. cf. c 41 (obv. misdescribed). hunter iv, 85. Webb 226-7. shiel, p. 97, 1. [Colchester, AD 287]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

13506

obv. as 13503. rev. CONSER AVG (sometimes abbreviated), Neptune reclining l. on rock (?), holding anchor and trident, r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 510, 552-3. rsc 32, 34. c 45. hunter iv, 162. Webb 601-2. shiel, p. 103, 28-9. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

188 13507

the British eMPire Silver denarius. similar, but with obv. legend e and without mint mark on rev. ric v, ii, p. 524, 709. rsc 33. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb —. shiel, p. 119, 8. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

13510

13508

13512 13508

obv. as 13503 (but sometimes P e or P i for P F). rev. EXPECTATE VENI (sometimes blundered), Britannia stg. r., holding standard or trident (?) in l. hand and clasping r. hands with carausius, in military attire, stg. l., holding sceptre in l., usually with r s r in ex. ric v, ii, pp. 510, 554-7 and cf. p. 524, 715. rsc 37-9, 41-3. cf. c 56-8. hunter iv, 163. Webb 603-7. shiel, pp. 104-5, 30-40, and p. 120, 10-11. [London, AD 286-7]. F £225 ($400) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) This remarkable reverse legend, with the meaning “Come, long-awaited one”, appears to be based on a quotation from Virgil’s Aeneid (ii.283) in which Aeneas asks Hector the question Quibus hector ab oris exspectate venis? — “From what shores do you come Hector, the long-awaited one?”. This is one of several instances of Virgilian quotations on the coinage of Carausius (see also the mark r s r on gold, silver and billon coins and the unique bronze medallion, no. 13765, and i N P c d a on the other unique medallion, no. 13766). See also no. 13573.

13509

Fd. rev. FEDES MILITVM, Fides Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 511, 559. rsc 44. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 609. shiel, p. 106, 43. [London, AD 286-7]. F £225 ($400) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

13510

obv. as 13503 (but sometimes ends P e aG). rev. FELICITA (or FELICITAS), galley travelling r. (or l.) over waves, r s r below. ric v, ii, p. 511, 560. rsc 46-7, 53. c 66. hunter iv, 165. Webb 612-14. shiel, pp. 106 and 108-9, 44 and 55-7, and p. 120, 13. [London, AD 286-7]. F £225 ($400) / VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,600 ($2,800)

13511

obv. as 13503 (but sometimes P i for P F). rev. FELICITA (or FELICITAS) AVG (or AV), as previous. ric v, ii, p. 511, 560. rsc 48-51, 54. c 65. hunter iv, 166. Webb 610. shiel, pp. 107-8, 45-52, 59. [London, AD 286-7]. F £225 ($400) / VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,600 ($2,800)

13512

similar, but with obv. as 13497. ric v, ii, p. 511, 560. rsc 52, 55. c —. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 611, 615. shiel, pp. 108-9, 53-4, 58. [London, AD 287]. F £350 ($600) / VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

13513

iMP caraVsiVs P F a, d. rev. FIDE MI AV, Fides Militum stg. r., holding standard in l. hand and clasping r. hands with carausius stg. l. in military attire, no mint mark. cf. ric v, ii, p. 511, 562 (r s r in ex.). rsc 60. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 616. shiel, p. 121, 17. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

caraUsiUs

189

13514

Silver denarius. iMP caraVsiVs P i aV, d. rev. FIDEM MILITVM [NN?], aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, no mint mark. cf. ric v, ii, p. 524, 711 (obv. incorrectly recorded). rsc 61. cf. c 78. cf. hunter iv, p. ccviii. cf. Webb 617. shiel, p. 121, 18. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

13515

dd. rev. FIDES EXERC, Fides seated l., holding patera and cornucopiae, no mint mark. ric v. ii, —. rsc 62. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb —. shiel —. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

13516

Fd. rev. FIDES MILIT (or MILITVM), Fides Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 511, 564. rsc 63-4. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 618. shiel, p. 109, 60. [London, AD 286-7]. F £225 ($400) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

13517

F (but possibly ends aV or aG), d. rev. FORTVNA AVG, small bust of Fortuna r. within wreath, holding branch, flower behind, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 511, 565. rsc 65. c 86. hunter iv, p. ccviii. cf. Webb, pp. 70-72. shiel, p. 121, 19. [London, AD 286-7]. F £575 ($1,000) / VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) This remarkable type prompted William Stukeley, in his “Medallic History of Carausius” (1757-9), to identify the reverse bust as that of the Empress Oriuna whom he imagined to be the otherwise unknown wife of the British usurper. Almost equally fanciful is the suggestion in a footnote in Cohen’s second edition that the bust may be that of the Emperor Maximian.

13518

c (but ends aV), d. rev. FORTVNA AVG, Fortuna seated l. on wheel, holding rudder and cornucopiae, r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 511, 567. rsc 66. c 87. hunter iv, 172. Webb 620. shiel, p. 109, 61. [London, AD 286-7]. F £225 ($400) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

13518a

13519

13520 13518a

Fd. rev. LAE CARAVSI AVG, bust of oceanus r., looking upwards, wearing crab claws for horns and holding trident. British Museum, acquired 1998. [London, AD 286-7]. F £575 ($1,000) / VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

13519

Fd. rev. LEG IIII FL, centaur stg. l., holding club with both hands, mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 480, 187. rsc 69. cf. c 143. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 228. shiel, p. 97, 2. [Colchester, AD 287]. F £480 ($850) / VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) This type and the following belong to the Carausian ‘legionary’ series honouring various units of the Roman army. Legio IV Flavia Felix, reconstituted by Vespasian in AD 70 from the disgraced Legio IV Macedonica, had been stationed at Singidunum (Belgrade) in Moesia from the time of Hadrian. However, there may have been a detachment serving in Britain at the time of Carausius’ revolt (see also nos. 13556 and 13607-20, especially nos. 13611-13).

13520

Fd. rev. — lion walking l., holding thunderbolt in mouth, r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 511, 568. rsc 70. cf. c 140. hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 621. shiel, p. 110, 62. [London, AD 286-7]. F £460 ($800) / VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

190

the British eMPire

13521

13525

13521

Silver denarius. F (but sometimes ends aV), d. rev. MONETA AVG, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, usually without mint mark but sometimes with X in ex. ric v, ii, p. 525, 717 and p. 547, 1073. rsc 71-3. cf. c 171 (obv. misdescribed). hunter iv, —. Webb —. shiel, p. 122, 20-24. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

13522

Fd. rev. ORIENS AVG, sol stg. facing, hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 512, 570. rsc 74. cf. c 183 (obv. misdescribed). hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 622. shiel, p. 109, 64. [London, AD 286-7]. F £225 ($400) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

13523

F (but sometimes ends a), d. rev. PAX AVG, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, no mint mark. ric v. ii, p. 525, 719. rsc 75-6. c —. hunter iv, 180 var. Webb 807. shiel, p. 123, 25-6, 28. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

13524

obv. as 13497. rev. — similar, but Pax holds cornucopiae instead of sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 525, 720. rsc 77. c 221. hunter iv, 179. Webb 810. shiel, p. 123, 27. [London, AD 287]. F £350 ($600) / VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

13525

Fd. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENT, youth in military attire stg. l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 525, 721. rsc 78. c 249. hunter iv, —. Webb 811. shiel, p. 123, 29. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

13526

Fd. rev. PROVID AVG, Providentia stg. l., holding rod and cornucopiae, globe at feet, mint mark C in field. RIC v, ii, —. RSC 79. C —. Hunter iv, —. Webb —. Shiel, p. 97, 1. [Colchester, AD 287]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

13527 13527

F (sometimes P e for P F), d. rev. RENOVAT ROMA (or ROMAN, or ROMANO), she-wolf stg. r., suckling the twins romulus and remus, r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 512, 571. rsc 80-83. c 291, 293. cf. hunter iv, 167. Webb 626-30. shiel, pp. 110-12, 65-72. [London, AD 286-7]. F £200 ($350) / VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

13528

F (sometimes P e for P F or aV for aVG, or sometimes ends P e aG), d. rev. ROMANO RENA (or RENO, or RENOV, or RENOVA), as previous. ric v, ii, p. 512, 572-3, 575-6. rsc 84-8, 90-91. c 300. cf. hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 633-4, 636-7. shiel, pp. 112-13, 73-8, 80, 80a, 82. [London, AD 286-7]. F £200 ($350) / VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

13529

similar, but obv. legend ends P aV, and with a X a or r X r instead of r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 512, 574. rsc 92. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 632. shiel, p. 113, 81. [London, AD 286-7]. F £225 ($400) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

caraUsiUs 13530

191

Silver denarius. as 13528, but with obv. VirtVs caraVsi, bust l., wearing crested helmet and holding spear and shield. ric v, ii, p. 512, 577. rsc 89. c 301. hunter iv, 171. Webb 635. shiel, p. 113, 79. [London, AD 286-7]. F £430 ($750) / VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

13531

13532

13533 13531

Fd. rev. ROME AET. . . . . , hexastyle temple containing roma seated facing, r s r in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 512, 578-9. rsc 94. cf. c 304. cf. hunter iv, p. ccviii. cf. Webb 631, 638. shiel, p. 113, 83. [London, AD 286-7]. F £460 ($800) / VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

13532

Fd. rev. SALVS AVG, salus stg. l., holding short standard in r. hand and long one in l., no mint mark. ric v. ii, p. 525, 722. rsc 97. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 812. shiel, p. 124, 31. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

13533

F (but sometimes aV for aVG), d. rev. — salus seated l., feeding snake arising from altar, Bri (?) in ex. cf. ric v. ii, p. 525, 723. rsc 95. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb —. shiel, p. 124, 32. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) This very rare mint mark, doubtless an abbreviation for BRITANNIA, was employed briefly by the London mint during the early phase of the usurper’s coinage (see also nos. 13647 and 13711).

13534

Fd. rev. TEMPORVM FEL (blundered according to rsc), Felicitas stg. l., holding caduceus or rod and cornucopiae, r s r in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 513, 580. rsc 100. c —. hunter iv, p. ccviii. cf. Webb 1284. shiel, p. 114, 84. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

13535

Fd. rev. TEMPORVM FELICTA, Felicitas stg. l., holding globe and cornucopiae, no mint mark. cf. ric v. ii, p. 525, 724. cf. rsc 98. cf. c 350. hunter iv, 181. cf. Webb 813. shiel, p. 123, 30. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

13536

F (but aVG omitted?), laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding globe. rev. VBERITAS AVG, Uberitas stg. r., holding cow’s udders (?), facing carausius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre, r s r in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 513, 590. cf. rsc 102. cf. c 367. cf. hunter iv, p. ccviii. cf. Webb 643. cf. shiel, p. 114, 88. [London, AD 287]. F £375 ($650) / VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) The reverse on this type and the next has consistently been described as Uberitas and soldier (i.e. Carausius) clasping right hands. However, a close examination of the illustrations in Hunter and Webb seem to support the alternative description given here.

192

the British eMPire

13537

Silver denarius. similar, but on obv. the legend ends P F a and the emperor holds eagletipped sceptre instead of globe. cf. ric v, ii, p. 513, 589. cf. rsc 101. cf. c 368. cf. hunter iv, 168. cf. Webb 642. cf. shiel, p. 115, 89. [London, AD 287]. F £375 ($650) / VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

13538

dd. rev. VBERTA AVG, cow stg. r., being milked by woman seated on stool, r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 513, 585. rsc 103. c 371. cf. hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 645. shiel, p. 115, 90. [London, AD 286-7]. F £320 ($550) / VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

13539

obv. as 13536. rev. VBERVTA AVG, as previous. cf. ric v, ii, p. 513, 587. rsc 105. cf. c 365. cf. hunter iv, p. ccviii. cf. Webb 647. shiel, p. 114, 87. [London, AD 287]. F £375 ($650) / VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

13540

similar, but with obv. as 13537. cf. ric v, ii, p. 513, 583. rsc 104. cf. c 364. cf. hunter iv, p. ccviii. cf. Webb 641. shiel, p. 114, 86. [London, AD 287]. F £375 ($650) / VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

13541

Fd. rev. VLTO PAX AVG, Pax or Britannia (?) stg. r., holding wreath or patera in l. hand and clasping r. hands with carausius, in military attire, stg. l., resting on spear or sceptre held in l., altar between them, no mint mark. cf. ric v. ii, p. 526, 729. rsc 106. cf. c 406. hunter iv, —. cf. Webb 817. shiel, p. 124, 33. [London, AD 286-7]. F £320 ($550) / VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

13542

13546

13542

F (but sometimes P i for P F), d. rev. VICTORIA AVG, carausius, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, holding palm, no mint mark. ric v. ii, p. 525, 727. rsc 107-8. cf. c 375. hunter iv, —. cf. Webb 816. shiel, p. 124, 34-5. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,200 ($3,800)

13543

F (but sometimes the P omitted and aV for aVG), d. rev. VIRTVS AVG, lion, sometimes rad., walking or running l., holding thunderbolt in jaws, r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 514, 591-2. rsc 110-11. c 390. hunter iv, p. ccviii. cf. Webb 648-9. shiel, p. 115, 91-3. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,200 ($3,800) This type was inspired by the coinage of Caracalla issued seventy years before (see Volume II, nos. 6719 and 6726).

13544

iMP caraVsiVs P F iN aVG, d. rev. VIRTVS INV AVG, carausius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark [M ?] l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 464, 9. rsc 109. cf. c 401. hunter iv, p. cxcix. Webb 13. shiel, p. 95, 2. [London, AD 287]. F £320 ($550) / VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

13545

Fd. rev. [VIRTVS?] AVGG, Jupiter stg. r., holding sceptre and presenting thunderbolt to hercules stg. l., holding club and lion’s skin, [+] + + in ex. ric v, ii, p. 547, 1074. rsc 112. c 411. hunter iv, —. Webb 1209. shiel, p. 125, 36. [London, AD 286-7]. F £320 ($550) / VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) This reverse type clearly alludes to Diocletian and Maximian and it may be speculated that this issue represents an early attempt by Carausius to obtain recognition from the central government.

13546

Fd. rev. VOTO PVBLICO around wreath containing MVL / TIS / XX / IMP in four lines, r s r beneath. ric v, ii, p. 514, 596. rsc 113. c 407. hunter iv, 169. Webb 654. shiel, p. 117, 102-3. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,200 ($3,800)

caraUsiUs 13547

193

Silver denarius. similar, but the MVL / TIS / XX / IMP is inscribed on square lighted altar instead of within wreath, and sometimes it is divided MVL / TIS XX / IMP in three lines. ric v, ii, p. 514, 595. rsc 114. c 408. hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 652-3. shiel, pp. 116-17, 98-100. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,200 ($3,800)

13548

13549

13551 13548

similar, but with VOTVM PVBLIC or PVBLICVM instead of VOTO PVBLICO. ric v, ii, p. 514, 595 = 597. rsc 116-17. c 409-10. hunter iv, 170. Webb 655-6. shiel, p. 116, 94-7. [London, AD 286-7]. F £290 ($500) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,200 ($3,800)

13549

Billon antoninianus. Bb. rev. ABVNDANTIA AVG, abundantia stg. l., emptying cornucopiae into modius, mint mark C in ex., S — C in field. RIC v, ii, p. 481, 189. C 1. hunter iv, p. ccv. Webb 229. askew 209. [Colchester, AD 291]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13550

eb. rev. ADIVTRIX AVG, half-length dr. bust of Victory r., holding wreath and palm, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 526, 731. c 2. hunter iv, 193. Webb 819. askew —. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

13551

Fb. rev. ADVENTVS AVG, carausius on horseback pacing l., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., captive seated on ground before horse, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 464, 10. c 56. hunter iv, 18. cf. Webb 17. askew 107. [London, AD 287-8]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13552

Fb. rev. — Felicitas stg. l., holding long caduceus and cornucopiae, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 526, 733. c 12. hunter iv, —. Webb 823. askew —. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13553

ab. rev. ADVENTVS CARAVSI, carausius on horseback pacing l., holding globe in each hand (hunter says globe and short sceptre), no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 526, 734. c 13. cf. hunter iv, 208. Webb 824. askew —. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500)

13554

VirtVs caraVsi, cuir. bust l., wearing rad. helmet and holding spear and shield. rev. — as 13551, but without mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 526, 735. c 14. hunter iv, —. Webb 825. askew —. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13555

Fb. rev. AEQVITAS AVG, aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 526, 736. c 15. hunter iv, 182. Webb 827. askew —. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13555a

eb. rev. APOLLINI CO AV, griffin walking l., mint mark M S C in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 481, 194. c 17. hunter iv, 107. Webb 239. askew 211. [Colchester, AD 289-90]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) This reverse type is copied from the coinage of Gallienus (see Vol. III, no. 10180).

194

the British eMPire

13556

13559

13556

Billon antoninianus. Fb. rev. COHR (or COHRT) PRAET, four standards, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 464, 12. c 21. hunter iv, 2. Webb 18. askew 108. [London, AD 287-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) This type belongs to the Carausian ‘legionary’ series honouring various units of the Roman army. It commemorates the praetorian guard which was stationed in Rome and thus had no connection with the activities of the British usurper (see also nos. 13519-20 and 13607-20).

13557

Fb. rev. COMES AVG, Minerva stg. l., holding olive-branch and resting on shield, spear propped against l. arm, mint mark M L XXI in ex., B — E in field. RIC v, ii, p. 464, 13. C 22. Hunter iv, 42. Webb 19 var. askew 109. [London, AD 290-91]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13558

ab. rev. — Neptune stg. l., r. foot on prow, holding dolphin and trident, another dolphin at feet to r., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 501, 446. C 23. Hunter iv, 127. Webb 495. Askew 291. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13559

Fb. Rev. — Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark C in field or in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 481, 199. c 25. hunter iv, 86. Webb 243-4. askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13560

similar, but Victory stg. r. ric v, ii, p. 481, 199. c —. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 242. cf. askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13561

cb. rev. COMES AVGGG, Minerva holding olive-branch, as 13557, mint mark M l XXi in ex., S — P in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 465, 20. C —. Hunter iv, p. cci. Webb —. Cf. Askew 113. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400) The triple endings of the reverse legends on this and the following two types refer to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13495, 13568, 13597, 13606, 13630, 13665-7, 13675, 13683-6, 13693, 13697, 13716-7 and 13756-8).

13562

cb. rev. — similar, but Minerva holds spear and rests on shield. ric v, ii, p. 465, 21. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 24. askew 114. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13563 13563

cb. rev. — Victory advancing r., holding wreath and palm, mint mark c in ex., s — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 482, 202. C 27 var. Hunter iv, 140 var. Webb 247. Askew —. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13564

Fb. rev. CONCORDIA AVG, clasped r. hands, r s r below. ric v, ii, p. 515, 602. c —. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 662. askew 358. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

caraUsiUs

13565

195

13567

13565

Billon antoninianus. Fb. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM (often abbreviated), as previous. ric v, ii, p. 515, 604. c 35. hunter iv, 175. Webb 661, 663-5. cf. askew, p. 41. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13566

Fb. rev. — carausius, togate, stg. r., clasping r. hands with concordia stg. l., mint mark M l in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 465, 23. c 37. hunter iv, 22. Webb —. cf. askew 116. [London, AD 287-8]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13567

eb. rev. — similar, but with mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 482, 207. c 37 var. hunter iv, 87. Webb 250. cf. askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13568

iMP c caraVsiVs P F i aVG, b. rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, two emperors (carausius and Maximian?), togate, stg. facing each other, clasping r. hands, mint mark s P c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 482, 204. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb —. askew 213. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500) The triple ending of the reverse legend refers to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13495, 13561-3, 13597, 13606, 13630, 13665-7, 13675, 13683-6, 13693, 13697, 13716-7 and 13756-8).

13569

eb. rev. CONSERVAT AVG (or AV), hercules stg. l., lion’s skin on shoulder, r. hand raised, holding club in l., mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 482, 212. c —. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 259. askew 214. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13570

cb. rev. — Neptune seated l., holding anchor and trident, mint mark c in ex., s — c in field. RIC v, ii, p. 482, 213. C 47 var. Hunter iv, p. ccv. Webb 261. Askew 215. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13571

cb. rev. — Jupiter stg. r., his r. hand sometimes lowered, sometimes outstretched, and holding spear in l., S — C in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 502, 448. C 48. Hunter iv, 116. cf. Webb 497-8. askew 293. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13572

db. rev. DIANAE CONS, stag walking l., XX[i?] in ex. ric v, ii, —. cf. c 52. hunter iv, 202. cf. Webb 1213. askew —. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500) This reverse type is copied from the coinage of Gallienus (see Vol. III, no. 10201).

13573

Fb. rev. EXPECTATE VENI, Britannia stg. r., holding standard or trident (?) in l. hand and clasping r. hands with carausius, in military attire, stg. l., holding sceptre in l., mint mark M s c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 483, 216. c 59. hunter iv, p. cciv. Webb 264. askew 218. [Colchester, AD 289-90]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) See note following no. 13508.

196

the british empire

13574 13574

Billon antoninianus. F (but AV for AVG), b. rev. FELICIT PVPLI (sic), Felicitas stg. l., holding caduceus and resting on column, mint mark C in ex. riC v, ii, p. 483, 220. C 63 var. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 270. Askew 220. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13575

Fa or b. rev. FELICIT TEMP, Felicitas stg. l., holding caduceus and sceptre, mint mark M L XXI in ex., B — E in field. RIC v, ii, p. 466, 30 var. C 64. Hunter iv, 43. Webb 33. Askew 122. [London, AD 290-91]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13576

Fb. rev. FELICITAS AVG, galley, with mast and rowers, travelling l. over waves, mint mark C XXi in ex. riC v, ii, p. 483, 221. Cf. C 69. hunter iv, p. cciv. Webb 271. Askew 221. [Colchester, AD 290-91]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £375 ($650)

13577

Ca. rev. FELICITAS SAECVL, Carausius, in military attire, walking r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark C in ex., S — C or S — P (?) in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 483, 222. C —. Cf. hunter iv, p. ccv. Cf. Webb 272. Cf. Askew 222. [Colchester, AD 291-3]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13578

Ab. rev. FIDES EXERCIT, four standards, mint mark s p C in ex. riC v, ii, p. 483, 223. C —. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 273. Askew 223. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13579

Fb. rev. FIDEM MILIT, Fides militum stg. l., holding two standards, mint mark m L in ex. riC v, ii, p. 466, 32. Cf. C 79. hunter iv, p. cc. Webb 35. Askew 124. [London, AD 287-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13580 var.

13582

13580

Ab. rev. FIDES MIL (or MILIT), similar, but with mint mark C in ex. and s — p in field. RIC v, ii, p. 484, 225. C 72. Hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 274, 277. Cf. Askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13581

Fb. rev. FIDES MILIT, Fides militum seated l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark C XXi in ex. riC v, ii, p. 484, 230. C —. Cf. hunter iv, p. cciv. Webb 279. Askew 225. [Colchester, AD 290-91]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13582

Ab. rev. — (or MILITV), four standards, mint mark s p C in ex. riC v, ii, p. 484, 229. C 74. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 278. Askew 224. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

caraUsiUs

197

13583 13583

Billon antoninianus. eb. rev. FIDES MILITVM, clasped r. hands, mint mark c below. ric v, ii, p. 484, 231. c —. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 282. askew 226. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13584

eb. rev. FORT REDVX, Fortuna seated l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, wheel below seat, no mint mark. cf. ric v, ii, p. 529, 784. cf. c 80. hunter iv, 155. cf. Webb 880. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13585

iNVicto et caraVsio aVG, conjoined rad. busts l. of carausius and sol. rev. FORTVNA, as previous, but with mint mark M c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 484, 234. c 81. hunter iv, p. cciv, note 3. Webb 284. askew 227. [Colchester, AD 288-9]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

13586

Fb. rev. FORTVNA AVG, Fortuna stg. l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 485, 235. c —. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 287. cf. askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13587

Fb. rev. — similar, but Fortuna holds staff instead of rudder in r. hand and with mint mark M L in ex., L in l. field. RIC v, ii, p. 466, 37. C —. Hunter iv, p. cc. Webb 40. Askew 129. [London, AD 288-9]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13588

cb. rev. FORTVNA RAEDVX, Fortuna seated l., as 13584, but with mint mark s P c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 485, 237. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 290. askew 228. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13589

eb. rev. GENIO BRITANNI, Genius stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, altar at feet, mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 485, 240. c —. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 293. askew 229. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13590

Fb. rev. GENIVS AVG, Genius stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, standard to r., mint mark M L in ex., L in l. field. RIC v, ii, p. 466, 38. C —. Hunter iv, p. cc. Webb 41. askew 130. [London, AD 288-9]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13591

Fb. rev. GENIVS EXERCIT, as 13589, but without altar and also with S — C in field. ric v, ii, p. 485, 242. c —. hunter iv, p. ccvi, note 1. Webb 294. askew 230. [Colchester, AD 291]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13592 13592

F, cuir. bust l., wearing rad. helmet and holding spear and shield. rev. GERMANICVS MAX V, two captives seated at foot of trophy, mint mark M L in ex., L in l. field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 466, 40. c —. hunter iv, p. cc. Webb 42 var. askew 131. [London, AD 288-9]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) This reverse type is copied from the coinage of Gallienus (see Vol. III, no. 10224-5).

198

the British eMPire

13593

Billon antoninianus. ab. rev. HERC DEVSENIENSI (sic, retrograde), hercules stg. r., resting on club and pouring libation from bowl, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 530, 800. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 899. askew 398. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500) This is an inaccurate copy of an antoninianus type of Postumus (see Vol. III, no. 10944).

13594

Fb. rev. HERCVLI INVICT, hercules stg. l., resting on club and holding lion’s skin, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 530, 801. cf. c 100. hunter iv, 184. Webb 900. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13595 13595

cb. rev. HERCVLI PACIF, hercules stg. l., holding olive-branch and club, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 530, 802. c 101. hunter iv, —. Webb 901. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13596

Fb. rev. HILARITAS AVG, hilaritas stg. l., holding long palm and cornucopiae, mint mark M L in ex., F — O in field. RIC v, ii, p. 467, 41. C 102. Hunter iv, p. cci. Webb 45. askew 132. [London, AD 289-90]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13597

ca. rev. HILARITAS AVGGG, similar, but with mint mark M l XXi in ex. and s — P in field. ric v, ii, p. 467, 42. c 104. hunter iv, 49. Webb 48. askew 133. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400) The triple ending of the reverse legend refers to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13495, 13561-3, 13568, 13606, 13630, 13665-7, 13675, 13683-6, 13693, 13697, 13716-7 and 13756-8).

13598

Fb. rev. INVICTVS AVG, sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 531, 807. cf. c 106. hunter iv, —. Webb 906. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13599

cb. rev. IOVI AVG, Jupiter stg. r., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark M l in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 467, 44. C 107. Hunter iv, 56. Webb 49. Cf. Askew 134. [London, AD 293]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13600 13600

cb. rev. IOVI CONSERV (or CONSERVA or CONSERVAT), similar, but Jupiter stg. l. and no mint mark in ex. ric v, ii, p. 502, 453. c 110. hunter iv, 128. Webb 503. askew 296. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13601

db. rev. IOVI CONSERVA, carausius, in military attire, stg. r., holding globe in r. hand and short sceptre in l., facing Jupiter stg. l., also holding globe in r. hand and resting on sceptre held in l., P in ex. ric v, ii, —. cf. c 111. cf. hunter iv, 203. cf. Webb 1214. askew —. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

carausius 13602

199

Billon antoninianus. Db. rev. IOVI STATORI, Jupiter stg. facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and thunderbolt, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 531, 815. c 112. Hunter iv, 204. Webb 1271 and cf. 908. cf. askew 399. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13602a 13602a

iMP c M caraVsiVs P F aVG, b. r. LaETiT aVG, Laetitia stg. l., holding wreath and anchor, mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, —. c —. cf. Hunter iv, p. ccv, note 2. Webb —. cf. askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 287-9]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13603

13607

13603

a (but iVG for aVG), a. rev. LAETITIA, galley with rowers travelling r. over waves, mint mark O P a in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 519, 648-9. c 119. Hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 709. askew 375. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

13604

cb. rev. LAETITIA AVG, Laetitia stg. l., as 13602A, mint mark M L in ex., S — P in field. ric v, ii, p. 467, 49. c 125. Hunter iv, 57. Webb 56. askew 139. [London, AD 293]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13605

Bb. Rev. — similar, but without mint mark and with S — C in field. RIC v, ii, p. 502, 457. c 124. Hunter iv, 118. Webb 509. cf. askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13606

ab. rev. LAETITIA AVGGG, similar, but with mint mark c in ex. and s — P in field. ric v, ii, p. 487, 267. c 129. Hunter iv, 141. Webb 317. askew 234. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500) The triple ending of the reverse legend refers to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13495, 13561-3, 13568, 13597, 13630, 13665-7, 13675, 13683-6, 13693, 13697, 13716-7 and 13756-8).

13607

Fb. rev. LEG I MIN, ram stg. l., mint mark M L in ex. ric v, ii, p. 468, 56 var. cf. c 131 var. Hunter iv, p. cxcix. Webb 61 var. askew 142 var. [London, AD 287-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) This and the following thirteen types comprise the main element of the final legionary series of the Roman coinage (see also nos. 13519-20 and 13556). Carausius honoured at least ten military units, including several over which he exercised no direct control. Legio I Minervia was formed by Domitian in AD 83 and was normally stationed at Bonna (Bonn) in Lower Germany. There may have been a detachment serving in Britain in the late 3rd century.

200

THE briTisH EMPirE

13608 13608

Billon antoninianus. Fb. rev. LEG II AVG, capricorn left, mint mark M L below. ric v, ii, p. 468, 58. cf. c 132 (obv. misdescribed). Hunter iv, 4. Webb 63. askew 143. [London, AD 287-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) Legio II Augusta took part in Claudius’ invasion of Britain in AD 43 and thereafter was permanently based in the province. From AD 74/5 it was stationed at Isca (Caerleon) in south Wales.

13609

Fb. rev. LEG II PARTH, centaur walking l. (sometimes r.), holding various attributes (club, globe, lyre, rudder, sceptre, or trophy), mint mark M L in ex. ric v, ii, p. 468, 62. cf. c 134 (obv. misdescribed). Hunter iv, 6-7. Webb 70-72, 78. askew 145. [London, AD 287-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) Raised by Septimius Severus for his Parthian war commencing in AD 197, Legio II Parthica later became the first legion in the imperial period to be based in Italy (at Albanum). There may have been a detachment serving in Britain in the late 3rd century. See also the following.

13610 13610

Fb. rev. — (sometimes PARTHICA for PARTH), boar walking right (sometimes l.), mint mark M L in ex. ric v, ii, p. 468, 65. c —. Hunter iv, p. cxcix. Webb 79-82. askew 146. [London, AD 287-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13611 13611

Fb. rev. LEG IIII FL, lion walking r., sometimes with mint mark M L in ex. ric v, ii, p. 469, 69. c 141 var. Hunter iv, p. cxcix. Webb 87-8. askew 147. [London, AD 286-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) Legio IV Flavia Felix, reconstituted by Vespasian in AD 70 from the disgraced Legio IV Macedonica, had been stationed at Singidunum (Belgrade) in Moesia from the time of Hadrian. However, there may have been a detachment serving in Britain at the time of Carausius’ revolt (see also nos. 13519-20).

caraUsiUs

201

13612

Billon antoninianus. Fb. rev. LEG IIII FLAVIA, centaur walking l., r. arm outstretched, holding short sceptre in l., mint mark c XXi in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 487, 273. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 324. askew 236. [Colchester, AD 290-91]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) Another variety shows the centaur walking right.

13613

db. rev. — young diad. hd. r. above two confronted lions, sometimes with mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 469, 72. cf. c 142. hunter iv, 8. Webb 89. askew 148. [London, AD 286-8]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900) NB the absence of coins honouring legio Vi Victrix stationed at eburacum (York) is curious. it is possible that it may initially have opposed carausius’ revolt and in consequence was in disgrace during the period of the usurper’s rule.

13614

Fb. rev. LEG VII CL (or CLA), bull stg. r., sometimes with mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 469, 75. c —. hunter iv, p. cxcix. Webb 92-3. 96. askew 149. [London, AD 286-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) Legio VII received the title Claudia pia fidelis for its loyalty during the revolt of Scribonianus in AD 42. Its base was at Viminacium in Moesia Superior but there may have been a detachment serving in Britain at the time of Carausius’ revolt.

13615

db. rev. — similar, but with D X in field above bull. RIC v, ii, p. 469, 76. Cf. C 144. Hunter iv, 9. Webb 95. askew 149. [London, AD 286-8]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £460 ($800)

13616

Fb. rev. LEG VIII AVG, bull stg. r., sometimes with mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 469, 77. c 145. hunter iv, 10-11. Webb 97-9. askew 150. [London, AD 286-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) Legio VIII Augusta received its title for an unidentified victory won under Augustus. After occupying several different stations in Julio-Claudian times it eventually moved to Upper Germany in AD 70 where it was based at Argentorate (Strasburg). There may have been a detachment serving in Britain at the time of Carausius’ revolt.

13617

Fb. rev. LEG XX V V, boar stg. r., sometimes with mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 470, 82. c 148. hunter iv, 13. Webb 109. askew 151. [London, AD 286-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) Legio XX Valeria Victrix was raised by Octavian (Augustus) during the period of the Second Triumvirate and in its early decades served in Spain, Illyricum and Germany. Like Legio II Augusta it took part in Claudius’ invasion of Britain in AD 43 and thereafter was permanently based in the province. The legion played a prominent role in the Boudiccan uprising of AD 60-61 and in the late 1st century AD its station was established at Deva (Chester) where it stayed for the remainder of its history.

13618

Fb. rev. LEG IIXX PRIMIG, capricorn l., mint mark M l below. ric v, ii, p. 469, 80. c 147. hunter iv, 12. Webb 106-7. askew 149. [London, AD 287-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) Legio XXII Primigenia was probably raised by Caligula in AD 39 for his projected German campaign. It had several different stations during Julio-Claudian and Flavian times but from the reign of Domitian it was based in Mogontiacum (Mainz). There may have been a detachment serving in Britain at the time of Carausius’ revolt.

13619

Fb. rev. LEG XXX VLPIA, Neptune stg. l., holding dolphin and trident, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 470, 84. c 149. hunter iv, 14. cf. Webb 104, 111. askew 153. [London, AD 287-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix was formed by Trajan about AD 105 and was so numbered as it was the thirtieth legion in the imperial army at that time. Originally stationed at Brigetio in Upper Pannonia, it was transferred early in Hadrian’s reign to Vetera (Xanten) in Lower Germany. There may have been a detachment serving in Britain at the time of Carausius’ revolt.

202 13620

the British eMPire Billon antoninianus. Fb. rev. LEG XXX VLPIA, Neptune seated l., holding anchor and trident, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 470, 86. c —. hunter iv, p. cc. Webb 112. askew 153. [London, AD 287-8]. VF £160 ($280) / EF £460 ($800)

13621 13621

obv. as 13554. rev. LIBERALITAS AVG, carausius seated l. on curule chair atop platform, holding olive-branch, accompanied by officer stg. behind, Liberalitas stg. l. before him, holding abacus cornucopiae, citizen mounting steps of platform about to receive largess, mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 488, 278. c 152. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 326. askew 238. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

13622

cb. rev. MARS VICTOR, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over l. shoulder, S — C in field. RIC v, ii, p. 503, 462. C 163. Hunter iv, 119. Webb 513. Cf. askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13623

eb. rev. — Mars stg. r., resting on spear and shield, no mint mark. cf. ric v, ii, p. 533, 842. cf. c 160. hunter iv, 195. cf. Webb 939. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13624

Fa. rev. MARS VLTOR, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark M L XXI in ex., B — E in field. RIC v, ii, p. 470, 89. C 166. Hunter iv, p. cci. Webb 115. askew 155. [London, AD 290-91]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13625 var. 13625

Bb. rev. MARTI PACIFERO, Mars stg. or advancing l., holding olive-branch and spear, shield on l. arm, mint mark C in ex., S — C in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 488, 281. Cf. C 169. hunter iv, 135. cf. Webb 329. askew 239. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13626

Fb. rev. MARTI PROPVGN, type as 13624, but no mint mark in ex. and with s — C in field. RIC v, ii, p. 503, 467. C —. Hunter iv, —. Cf. Webb 518, 948. Askew —. [Colchester, AD 291]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13627

Bb. rev. MERC CON AVG, Mercury stg. l., holding purse and caduceus, s — c in field. RIC v, ii, p. 503, 468. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccv. Cf. Webb 950. Askew 298. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500)

13628

cb. rev. MONET AVG, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, S — C in field. ric v, ii, p. 503, 469. c 175 var. hunter iv, 120. Webb 519. askew 299. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

caraUsiUs

203

13629 13629

Billon antoninianus. Fb. rev. MONETA AVG, similar, but with mint mark c XXi in ex. and nothing in field. RIC v, ii, p. 489, 287. C 174. Hunter iv, p. cciv. Webb —. Cf. Askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 290-91]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13630

iMP c caraVsiVs P F iN aVG, b. rev. MONETA AVGGG, similar, but with mint mark C in ex. and S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 489, 291. C 177. Hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 342. askew 240. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500) The triple ending of the reverse legend refers to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13495, 13561-3, 13568, 13597, 13606, 13665-7, 13675, 13683-6, 13693, 13697, 13716-7 and 13756-8).

13631

Bb. rev. NEPTVNO REDVCI, Neptune stg. l., holding dolphin and trident, s — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 503, 472. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccv. Webb 522. Askew 300. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £250 ($450)

13632 var. 13632

iMP c M caraVsiVs P aVG, b. rev. ORIENS AVG, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 489, 297. c —. hunter iv, p. ccv. Webb 348. cf. askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13633

Fb. rev. — similar, but sol stands between two seated captives. ric v, ii, p. 489, 299. c —. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 352. askew — [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13634

F (but ends aV), b. rev. — sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 489, 294. cf. c 180. hunter iv, 90. cf. Webb 344. cf. askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13635 13635

Fb. rev. PACATOR ORBIS, rad. and dr. bust of sol r., no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 471, 97 and p. 535, 873. c 187 var. hunter iv, 83-4 var. Webb 969-71 var. askew 161. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

204

the British eMPire

13636

Billon antoninianus. VirtVs caraVsi, helmeted and cuir. bust l. rev. PACATRIX AV, galley travelling l., three soldiers visible on deck, the superstructure at the stern surmounted by eagle, c a N followed by mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb —. askew 400a. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. (Unique) This remarkable coin was found at Magna Castra Farm, Kenchester in Herefordshire (the Roman Magnis) and is now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. It was published by Dr. C. H. V. Sutherland (Numismatic Chronicle, 1937, pp. 306-9) who suggested that ‘Pacatrix’ was the name of Carausius’ flagship. Guy de la Bédoyère has tentatively proposed that the exergual abbreviation c a N could represent yet another Virgilian quotation, as in the cases of eXPectate VeNi, r s r and i N P c d a, in this instance concordes animae Nunc (“souls harmonious now”) from Aeneid vi. 827.

13637

F (but aV for aVG), b. rev. PAX AET, Pax (or Fides Militum) stg. l., holding standard in each hand, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 535, 876. c 188. hunter iv, —. Webb 972. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13638

Fb. rev. PAX AETERN AVG, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and vertical sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 535, 877. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 973. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13639 13639

13639a

Fb. rev. PAX AVG, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and vertical sceptre, mint mark M L XXI in ex., B — E in field. RIC v, ii, p. 472, 101. C 193 var. Hunter iv, 44. Webb 128. askew 162. [London, AD 290-91]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250) Numerous London mint marks occur with this type and no. 13640. NB the ‘PaX aVG’ types of carausius (nos. 13639-13663) account for a very large proportion of the usurper’s entire output of coinage, probably exceeding all other types combined. some of the issues without mint mark, or with unusual forms of mint mark, may be irregular rather than early types of the london mint.

13639A

Similar, but with mint mark M L in ex. and F — O in field. RIC v, ii, p. 472, 101. C 193 var. hunter iv, 36. Webb 131. askew 162. [London, AD 289-90]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13640 13640

Cb. Rev. — as 13639, but with transverse sceptre and S — P instead of B — E in field. RIC v, ii, p. 474, 118. c 215. hunter iv, 54-5. Webb 149. askew 163. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13641

Fb. rev. — Pax with vertical sceptre, as 13639, but with mint mark c XXi in ex. and nothing in field. RIC v, ii, p. 490, 303. C 193 var. Hunter iv, 108. Webb 357-8. Cf. Askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 290-91]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

carausius 13642

205

Billon antoninianus. similar, but with obv. type conjoined rad. busts l. of carausius, wearing consular robes and with his r. hand raised, and sol holding whip. ric v, ii, p. 490, 304. c —. Hunter iv, 109. Webb 380. cf. askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 290-91]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

13643 13643

similar, but with obv. iMP caraVsiVs a, half-length rad. and cuir. bust r., holding spear and shield, and with mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 491, 317. c 198 var. Hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 379 var. cf. askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13644

cb. rev. — Pax with transverse sceptre, as 13640, but with mint mark c in ex. and s — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 491, 319. C 215. Hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 375. Cf. Askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13645

Similar, but with S — C or S — P in field, nothing in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 504, 484. C 215. Hunter iv, p. ccv. Webb 540. cf. askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13646

13647

13646

similar, but Pax with vertical sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 504, 475. c 194. Hunter iv, 131. Webb 531. cf. askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13647

Fb. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark BRI in ex., nothing in field. RIC v, ii, p. 548, 1087 var. c —. Hunter iv, p. ccviii var. Webb —. cf. askew, p. 32, mint mark 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) This very rare mint mark, doubtless an abbreviation for BRITANNIA, was employed briefly by the London mint during the early phase of the usurper’s coinage (see also nos. 13533 and 13711).

13648 var. 13648

Db. rev. — similar, but no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 535, 883. c 197. Hunter iv, 216. Webb 977. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

206

the British eMPire

13649 13649

Billon antoninianus. Fb. rev. PAX AVG, similar, but Pax with transverse sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 536, 895. c 209. hunter iv, —. Webb 996. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13650

Fa. rev. — Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and cornucopiae, mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 492, 331. c 222. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 386. cf. askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13651

Db. Rev. — Pax stg. l., holding rod downwards and vertical sceptre, X in l. field, nothing in ex. ric v, ii, p. 548, 1088. c 219 var. hunter iv, 206. Webb 1217. askew —. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13652

obv. as 13632. rev. — Pax advancing l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, mint mark M c XXi in ex. ric v, ii, p. 492, 327. c 224. hunter iv, 113. cf. Webb 387. askew 243. [Colchester, AD 290-91]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13653

cb. rev. — Minerva stg. l., holding spear and Victory on globe, mint mark M l XXi in ex., S — P in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 475, 133 (obv. legend F in error?). C —. Hunter iv, —. Webb —. askew 171. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

13654

Fb. rev. — aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae or vertical sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 537, 920. cf. c 226, 228. hunter iv, —. Webb 1025, 1027. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13655

Fb. rev. — concordia seated l., holding patera and cornucopiae, XXX in ex. ric v, ii, p. 548, 1089. c 229. hunter iv, —. Webb 1218. askew —. [London (?), AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13656

Cb. Rev. — Felicitas stg. l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, S — C in field, nothing in ex. ric v, ii, p. 505, 491. c —. hunter iv, p. ccv. Webb 544. cf. askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13657

Fb. rev. — laetitia stg. l., holding wreath and sceptre, mint mark M l in ex., F — o in field. ric v, ii, p. 475, 127. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb —. askew 165. [London, AD 289-90]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13658

IMP CARAVSIVS P F I AV, b. Rev. — Pietas or Fortuna stg. l., sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopiae and rudder, S — C in field, nothing in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 505, 492. Cf. c 235. hunter iv, p. ccv. Webb 545. askew 301. [Colchester, AD 291]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13659

iMP c M caraVsiVs P F aVG, b. rev. — Providentia stg. l., holding globe and transverse sceptre, mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 505, 490. c —. hunter iv, p. ccv. Webb 543. cf. askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13660

cb. rev. — Providentia stg. l., holding rod and cornucopiae, globe at feet, mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 505, 493. c —. hunter iv, p. ccv. Webb —. askew 302. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

caraUsiUs

207

13661

Billon antoninianus. eb. rev. — salus stg. l., feeding snake arising from altar and holding sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 538, 930. c 233. hunter iv, —. Webb 1031. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13662

Fb. Rev. — Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm, F — S in field, nothing in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 475, 137. c 232. hunter iv, —. Webb 221. askew —. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13663

cb. rev. — Virtus stg. r., wearing petasus (?) and holding spear, shield on l. arm, mint mark M L in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 475, 134. C 236. Hunter iv, p. ccii. Webb 158. askew 172. [London, AD 293]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

13664

iMP c caraVsiVs P F i aVG, b. rev. PAX AVGG, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and sceptre (sometimes vertical, sometimes transverse), no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 538, 936. c 237. hunter iv, —. Webb 1045. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13665 13665

ca or b. rev. PAX AVGGG, as previous, but with mint mark M l XXi in ex. and s — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 476, 141, 143. C 239, 241. Hunter iv, 50-51. Webb 167-8, 170-72. askew 176-7. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400) The triple endings of the reverse legends on this and the following two types refer to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13495, 13561-3, 13568, 13597, 13606, 13630, 13675, 13683-6, 13693, 13697, 13716-7 and 13756-8).

13666 13666

Bb. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 493, 335, 339. c 238, 240. hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 391, 397. cf. askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13667

cb. rev. — as 13665, but Pax holds Victory on globe instead of olive-branch in r. hand. ric v, ii, p. 476, 145. c —. hunter iv, p. ccii. Webb —. askew 178. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500)

13668

F, conjoined busts l. of carausius and sol, as 13642. PAX AVGVSTI, Pax advancing l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, mint mark c XXi in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 493, 341. c 243. hunter iv, 110. Webb 398. askew 246. [Colchester, AD 290-91]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

13669

F (but aV for aVG), b. rev. PAX CARAVSI AVG, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and transverse sceptre, mint mark M L in ex., F — O in field. RIC v, ii, p. 476, 146. C —. Hunter iv, p. cci. Webb 172*. askew 179. [London, AD 289-90]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

208

the British eMPire

13670

Billon antoninianus. ca. rev. PIAETAS AVG, Pietas stg. l., sacrificing over altar and holding box of incense, mint mark M L in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 476, 147. C 245. Hunter iv, 60. Webb 173. askew 180. [London, AD 293]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13671

IMP C M CARAVSIVS P F AVG, b. Rev. — Pietas stg. l., sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopiae, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 538, 939. c 244 var. hunter iv, —. Webb 1049 var. cf. askew, p. 43. [Colchester, AD 291 (?)]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13672

eb. rev. PIAETAS AVGVSTI, laetitia (?) stg. l., holding wreath and cornucopiae, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 538, 940. c 246. hunter iv, 197. Webb 1050. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13673

as 13671, but with rev. legend PIETAS AVG. ric v, ii, p. 539, 945. c 247. cf. hunter iv, 114 (rev. type misdescribed). Webb 1054. cf. askew, p. 43. [Colchester, AD 291 (?)]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13674

Fb. Rev. — Pietas sacrificing, as 13670, but with mint mark C in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 493, 342. c —. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb —. askew 247. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13675

Bb. rev. PIETAS AVGGG, Mercury stg. l., holding purse and caduceus, mint mark c in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 493, 343. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 400. Askew 248. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500) The triple ending of the reverse legend refers to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13495, 13561-3, 13568, 13597, 13606, 13630, 13665-7, 13683-6, 13693, 13697, 13716-7 and 13756-8).

13676

Fb. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, youthful male figure, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 539, 947. c 250. hunter iv, 187. Webb 1057. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £250 ($450)

13677

Similar, but the male figure holds olive-branch and spear. RIC v, ii, p. 539, 948. C —. Hunter iv, —. Webb 1281. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £250 ($450)

13678

ab. rev. PROVI AVG, Providentia stg. l., holding rod and cornucopiae, mint mark c in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 493, 344. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 401. Askew 249. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13679

13680

13679

similar, but with PROVID AVG and a globe at feet of Providentia. ric v, ii, p. 494, 347. c 254 var. cf. hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 405 var. askew 250. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13680

Cb. Rev. — Providentia stg. l., holding globe and cornucopiae, S — C or S — P in field, mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 494, 353. c 262 var. hunter iv, pp. ccvi, ccvii. Webb 414. cf. askew 251. [Colchester, AD 291-3]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13681

iMP c M caraVsiVs P F aVG, b. rev. – Providentia stg. l., holding globe and transverse sceptre, S — C in field, nothing in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 506, 507. C 261. Hunter iv, 122. Webb 558. askew —. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

caraUsiUs

209

13682

Billon antoninianus. Bb. rev. PROVID AVGG, Providentia with globe at feet, as 13679, mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 506, 509. c 265. hunter iv, —. Webb 559. cf. askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13683

ab. rev. PROVID AVGGG, as previous, but with mint mark C in ex. and S — P in field. ric v, ii, p. 495, 364. c 267 var. cf. hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 420. askew —. [Colchester, AD 291]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400) The triple endings of the reverse legends on this and the following three types refer to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13495, 13561-3, 13568, 13597, 13606, 13630, 13665-7, 13675, 13693, 13697, 13716-7 and 13756-8). A similar issue was made from the London mint (cf. RIC 148).

13684

similar, but with obv. legend iMP c M aV M caraVsiVs P F aVG. ric v, ii, p. 495, 365. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 426. askew —. [Colchester, AD 291]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

13685

Bb. rev. — Providentia holding globe and cornucopiae, all as 13680, but without mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 506, 511. c 270. cf. hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 561. cf. askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13686

Bb. rev. — Providentia holding globe and transverse sceptre, as 13681, but with mint mark C in exergue and S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 495, 371. C 269. Hunter iv, 146. Webb 430. askew 256. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13687

ca. rev. PROVID DE, Fides Militum stg. r., holding standard in each hand, facing sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark C in ex., S P in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 496, 379. c —. hunter iv, p. ccvi. cf. Webb 432. askew 261. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £375 ($650) The reverse on this type and the next is copied from the coinage of Aurelian (see Vol. III, no. 11587).

13688

Fb. rev. PROVID DEOR, similar, but with mint mark M S C in ex., nothing in field. RIC v, ii, p. 496, 380. c —. hunter iv, p. cciv. Webb —. askew 262. [Colchester, AD 289-90]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £375 ($650)

13689

Bb. rev. PROVIDE AVG, Providentia with globe at feet, as 13679, but with s — P in field and nothing in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 506, 515. C 274. Hunter iv, 132. Webb 563. Cf. Askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13690 var. 13690

Bb. Rev. — Providentia holding globe and cornucopiae, as 13680, S — C in field, nothing in ex. ric v, ii, p. 506, 511. c 273. hunter iv, 123. cf. Webb 564. cf. askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13691

aa. rev. — Providentia holding globe and transverse sceptre, as 13681, but with s — P in field, nothing in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 506, 516. C 275. Hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 565. Askew —. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

210 13692

the British eMPire Billon antoninianus. e or Fb. rev. PROVIDEN AVG, Providentia with globe at feet, all as 13679. cf. ric v, ii, p. 496, 377. c 276. hunter iv, 92. Webb 435. askew 259. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13693 var.

13694

13693

cb. rev. PROVIDEN (sometimes PROVID) AVGGG, Providentia holding globe and cornucopiae, as 13680, but with mint mark C in ex. and S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 496, 378. c 280. cf. hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 437. askew 260. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) The triple ending of the reverse legend refers to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13495, 13561-3, 13568, 13597, 13606, 13630, 13665-7, 13675, 13683-6, 13697, 13716-7 and 13756-8).

13694

Fb. rev. PROVIDENT AVG, Providentia holding globe and transverse sceptre, as 13681, but with mint mark M L XXI in ex. and B — E in field. RIC v, ii, p. 476, 149. C 282. hunter iv, p. cci. Webb 175-6. askew 182. [London, AD 290-91]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13695

similar, but with obv. VirtVs caraVsi aVG, rad. and cuir bust l., holding spear and shield. ric v, ii, p. 477, 150. c —. hunter iv, p. cci. Webb 177. askew 182. [London, AD 290-91]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13696

Fb. rev. — PROVDENTIA (sic) AVG, Fides Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, no mint mark. cf. ric v, ii, p. 540, 966. cf. c 287. hunter iv, 73. cf. Webb 1075. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13697

cb. rev. PROVIDENTIA AVGGG, Providentia with globe at feet, as 13679, but with mint mark M L XXI in ex. and S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 477, 152. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccii. Cf. Webb 178. askew 184. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) The triple ending of the reverse legend refers to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13495, 13561-3, 13568, 13597, 13606, 13630, 13665-7, 13675, 13683-6, 13693, 13716-7 and 13756-8).

13698

Fb. rev. RENOVAT ROM (or ROMA), she-wolf stg. r., suckling the twins romulus and remus, mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 496, 382. c 292. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 438-9. askew 264. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £375 ($650)

13699

Fb. rev. RESTIT ORB, carausius, in military attire, stg. r., his r. hand outstretched and in l. holding spear which is also held by Victory stg. l. before him, holding palm, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 540, 970. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 1080. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13700

Fb. rev. RESTIT SAEC, Victory advancing r., holding palm in l. hand and presenting wreath to carausius, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and spear, mint mark c XXi (or XXi c) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 496, 384. c —. hunter iv, p. cciv. Webb 440. askew —. [Colchester, AD 290-91]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

carausius

13701

211

13705

13701

Billon antoninianus. Fb. rev. RESTIT SAECVL, carausius, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him and holding palm, mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 496, 385. cf. c 294. Hunter iv, 93. Webb 442. askew 265. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13702

cb. rev. ROMAE AETER, roma seated l., holding Victory and resting on sceptre, shield at side, mint mark s P c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 497, 387. cf. c 296 (misdescribed). Hunter iv, —. Webb 443. askew 266. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £375 ($650)

13703

Bb. rev. — hexastyle temple containing roma seated facing, holding sceptre, mint mark s P c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 497, 389. c 298. Hunter iv, 152. Webb 444. askew 267. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13704

Fb. rev. ROMAEAETERNAE, carausius, togate, stg. r., receiving Victory on globe from roma seated l. before him, shield at side, resting on sceptre, mint mark c XXi in ex. ric v, ii, p. 497, 390. c 299. Hunter iv, 111. Webb 445. askew 268. [Colchester, AD 290-91]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13705

Fb. rev. ROMANO RENOV, she-wolf stg. r., suckling the twins romulus and remus, r s r in ex. ric v, ii, p. 516, 615. c —. Hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 676. cf. askew, p. 41. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £375 ($650)

13706

Fb. rev. SAECVLARES AVG, lion walking r., mint mark M c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 497, 392. c 305. Hunter iv, 102-3. Webb 446. askew 269. [Colchester, AD 288-9]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13707

13708

13707

Eb. rev. — cippus inscribed cOs iiii, mint mark not visible. ric v, ii, p. 497, 393. c —. Hunter iv, —. Webb —. askew 270. [Colchester, AD 288-9?]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £685 ($1,200)

13708

cb. rev. SAECVLI FELICITAS, carausius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, S — C in field, nothing in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 506, 517. C 309. Hunter iv, 124. Webb 567. cf. askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

212

the british empire

13709

13710

13709

Billon antoninianus. Cb. rev. SALVS AVG, salus stg. l., feeding snake arising from altar and holding sceptre, S — C in field, nothing in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 497, 396 var. C 314. Hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 451 var. Askew —. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13710

F, bare-headed, dr. and cuir. bust facing. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark C in ex., nothing in field. RIC v, ii, p. 498, 400. C 311. Hunter iv, —. Webb 452. Askew —. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

13711

13714

13711

Fb. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark BRI in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 549, 1093. C 310. Hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb —. Cf. Askew, p. 32, mint mark 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) This very rare mint mark, doubtless an abbreviation for BRITANNIA, was employed briefly by the London mint during the early phase of the usurper’s coinage (see also nos. 13533 and 13647).

13712

Ca or b. Rev. — Salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms, mint mark M L XXI in ex., S – P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 478, 161. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccii. Cf. Webb 187-8. Askew 189. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13713

Fb. rev. — salus seated l., feeding snake arising from altar and resting l. arm on throne, no mint mark. RIC v, ii, p. 542, 994. C 321. Hunter iv, 78. Webb 1117. Cf. Askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13714

Fb. Rev. — Aesculapius stg. facing, hd. l., holding snake-entwined staff, globe at feet to r., no mint mark. RIC v, ii, p. 542, 999. C 322. Hunter iv, 74. Webb 1120. Cf. Askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500)

13715

A (but IVG for AVG), a. Rev. — Salus stg. l., altar at feet, feeding from large patera a snake which arises from ground to l. of altar and holding cornucopiae in l., mint mark R in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 520, 663. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccviii. Webb 738. Cf. Askew 382. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13716

Ca or b. Rev. SALVS AVGGG, Salus stg. r., holding snake, all as 13712. RIC v, ii, p. 478, 164. C 325. Hunter iv, 52. Webb 192-4. Askew 192. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400) The triple endings of the reverse legends on this type and the next refer to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13495, 13561-3, 13568, 13597, 13606, 13630, 13665-7, 13675, 13683-6, 13693, 13697 and 13756-8).

caraUsiUs

13717

213

13720 var.

13717

Billon antoninianus. Bb. rev. — salus seated l., as 13713, but mint mark s P c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 498, 404. c —. hunter iv, p. ccvii. cf. Webb 455. askew 274. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13718

Fb. rev. SALVS PVBLICA, salus stg. r., holding snake, as 13712, but with B — e instead of S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 478, 165. C 327. Hunter iv, p. cci. Webb 195. Askew 193. [London, AD 290-91]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13719

eb. rev. SECVRIT ORBIS, securitas seated l., at ease, her hd. propped on l. hand and holding short sceptre in r., no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 542, 1003. cf. c 330 (obv. misdescribed). hunter iv, 199. Webb 1124. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13720

eb. rev. SECVRIT PERP, securitas stg. l., her legs crossed, r. hand on hd., l. arm resting on column, mint mark M L in ex., L in l. field. RIC v, ii, p. 478, 169. C 331 var. Hunter iv, p. cc. Webb 198. askew 194. [London, AD 288-9]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13721

F (but aV for aVG), b. rev. SOLI INVI, sol advancing r. between two captives, r. hand raised, holding globe in l., mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 498, 407. c —. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 1282. askew 276. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13722 13722

Fb. rev. SOLI INVICT, sol in galloping quadriga l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 478, 170. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. cc. Webb 200. askew 195. [London, AD 287-8]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £320 ($550)

13723

d, half-length rad. and cuir. bust r., holding spear and shield. rev. SOLI INVICTO, as previous, but with mint mark M c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 498, 409. c 335. hunter iv, 104. Webb 457. askew 277. [Colchester, AD 288-9]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £460 ($800)

13724

Fb. rev. SPES AVG, Spes stg. or advancing l., holding flower and lifting skirt, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 542, 1007. c 337. hunter iv, —. Webb 1129. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13725

e (but aV for aVG), b. rev. — Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 498, 410. c —. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb — (but cf. 1130). askew 278. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13726

iMP c caraVsiVs P F i aVG, b. rev. SPES PVBL, spes stg. or advancing, as 13724, but with S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 507, 522 var. Cf. C 338. Hunter iv, 133. Webb 571 var. cf. askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

214 13727

the British eMPire Billon antoninianus. Bb. rev. SPES PVBLIC, similar, but also with mint mark c in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 499, 412. cf. c 336. hunter iv, p. ccvii. cf. Webb 459. askew 279. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13728

13729 var.

13728

iMP c caraVsiVs P F iN aVG, b. rev. SPES PVBLICA, as previous. ric v, ii, p. 499, 416. c 341. hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 460. askew 279. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13729

ab. rev. TEMPORVM F (or FEL), Felicitas stg. l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 521, 679. c 342, 344. hunter iv, —. Webb 751, 754. askew 388. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13730

Fb. rev. TEMPORVM FEL, similar, but with mint mark c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 499, 419. c 344 var. hunter iv, p. cciii. Webb 465. askew 281. [Colchester, AD 287-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13731

ab. rev. TEMPORVM FELI, similar, but also with S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 499, 420. c 347. hunter iv, 150. Webb 466. askew 281. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13732

Fb. rev. TEMPORVM FELICITAS, similar, but with mint mark M l XXi in ex. and B — E in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 479, 172. C —. Hunter iv, p. cci. Cf. Webb 201. Askew 197. [London, AD 290-91]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13733

B, rad. and cuir. bust l. rev. — similar, but with mint mark as 13731. ric v, ii, p. 499, 423. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 469. askew 281. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £375 ($650)

13734

13735 var.

13734

cb. rev. — the Four seasons as children at play, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 543, 1016. c 352. hunter iv, —. Webb 1143. askew 400. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

13735

Fb. rev. TVTELA, tutela stg. l., holding patera or wreath and cornucopiae, altar at feet, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 522, 685. c 355. hunter iv, —. Webb 760. askew 389. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £110 ($190) / EF £320 ($550)

13736

ab . rev. TVTELA AVG, as previous, but sometimes with ioi in ex. ric v, ii, p. 521, 684. c 360. hunter iv, 209-10. Webb 767-8. askew 389. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £110 ($190) / EF £320 ($550)

caraUsiUs

215

13737

Billon antoninianus. eb. rev. — as 13735, but tutela holds anchor with broken shaft instead of cornucopiae. ric v, ii, p. 522, 690. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 776. askew 390. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £110 ($190) / EF £320 ($550)

13738

cb. rev. TVTELA DIVI AVG, as 13735. ric v, ii, p. 522, 691. cf. c 362 (description incomplete). hunter iv, —. Webb 778. askew 391. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £110 ($190) / EF £320 ($550)

13739

ab. rev. TVTELA P, Tutela stg. l., holding flower and cornucopiae, no mint mark. RIC v, ii, p. 522, 693. c 363. hunter iv, —. Webb 780. askew 392. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £110 ($190) / EF £320 ($550)

13740

Fb. rev. VBERITAS AVG, cow stg. r., being milked by woman seated on stool, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 543, 1017. c 370. hunter iv, —. Webb 1145. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

13741

cb. rev. VICT AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 543, 1019. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 1147. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13742

Fb. rev. VICT GERM, trophy with two captives seated at base, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 544, 1030. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 1148. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13743

ca. rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory advancing r., holding wreath and palm, mint mark M L in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 479, 175. C 379 var. Hunter iv, p. ccii. Webb 205. askew 200. [London, AD 293]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13744

13747

13744

ab. rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark c in ex., s — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 500, 428. C 378. Hunter iv, p. ccvii. Webb 475. Askew 283. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13745

Fa. rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, captive seated at feet to l., mint mark M L XXI in ex., B * — E in field. RIC v, ii, p. 479, 174. C 381. Hunter iv, 46. Webb 204. askew 199. [London, AD 290-91]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13746

Fb. rev. — Victory stg. l. on globe between two seated captives, holding wreath and palm, mint mark M L XXI in ex., B — E in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 479, 177. C 382. hunter iv, p. cci. cf. Webb 225. askew 201. [London, AD 290-91]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13747

Fb. rev. — similar, but Victory stands r. on globe and no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 544, 1027. c 383. hunter iv, —. Webb 1154. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13748

F (but aV for aVG), b. rev. — Mars, nude, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 543, 1025. c 387. hunter iv, —. Webb 1153. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

216

the British eMPire

13749

Billon antoninianus. Bb. rev. VICTORIA GERMA, trophy with two captives seated at base, mint mark C in ex., S — C in field. RIC v, ii, p. 500, 432. C 386. Hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 482. askew 285. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £375 ($650)

13750

aa or b. rev. VIRT (or VIRTV) AVG, hercules, wearing lion’s skin, stg. r., clasping hands with female figure stg. l., holding cornucopiae in l., altar between them, sometimes with XX or Λ in ex. ric v, ii, p. 522, 695. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 784-6. askew 393. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £320 ($550)

13751

ab. rev. VIRTVS AVG, Mars, semi-nude, stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark c in ex., S — C in field. RIC v, ii, p. 500, 436. C 392. Hunter iv, 139. Webb 489. Cf. Askew, p. 37. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13752 13752

cb. rev. — Mars, in military attire, stg. l., resting on shield and spear, no mint mark. cf. ric v, ii, p. 522, 696. c 393. hunter iv, —. Webb 790. cf. askew 394. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13753

cb. rev. — Mars, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on shield, spear propped against l. arm, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 522, 696. c 395. hunter iv, —. Webb 788. askew 394. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13754

Fb. rev. — Mars, semi-nude, advancing r., holding shield and trophy, mint mark M l in ex., F — O in field. RIC v, ii, p. 479, 181. C —. Hunter iv, p. cci. Webb 207. Cf. Askew 205. [London, AD 289-90]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13755

c, conjoined rad. busts l. of carausius, wearing consular robes, and sol, holding whip. Rev. — as previous, but with S — C in field, nothing in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 507, 527. C —. hunter iv, —. Webb 580. cf. askew, p. 39. [Colchester, AD 291-2]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

13756

cb. rev. VIRTVS AVGGG, Mars, naked, stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark M L XXI in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 479, 182. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccii. Cf. Webb 208. askew 206. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) The triple endings of the reverse legends on this and the following two types refer to Carausius’ claim to be a legitimate colleague of Diocletian and Maximian in the government of the Empire (see also nos. 13486-7, 13495, 13561-3, 13568, 13597, 13606, 13630, 13665-7, 13675, 13683-6, 13693, 13697 and 13716-7).

13757

iMP c M aVr M caraVsiVs P aVG, b. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark c instead of M l XXi in ex. ric v, ii, p. 501, 443. c —. hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 491. askew 288. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

13758

similar, but Mars stands l., resting on shield and spear. ric v, ii, p. 501, 443. c —. hunter iv, p. ccvi. Webb 492. askew 288. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

13759

cb. rev. VIRTVS IV AVG, Mars l., with shield and spear, all as 13752. ric v, ii, p. 523, 700. c 402. hunter iv, —. Webb 793. askew 396. [Rouen, AD 286-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) In RIC it is suggested that the “IV” is in error for “INV”.

caraUsiUs

217

13760

Billon antoninianus. ab. rev. VIRTVTI AVG, hercules stg. r., wrestling with lion, club on ground behind, mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 501, 444. C 404. Hunter iv, 151. Webb 493. askew 289. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500)

13761

e (but aV for aVG), b. rev. — hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding bow, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 545, 1057. cf. c 403. hunter iv, 200. Webb 1189. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13762

d or F, b. rev. OOOOO (or OOOO), Female figure stg. r., holding cornucopiae and resting l. hand on trunk of tree (?) to r. of which stands a second female figure l., resting her r. hand on the trunk and holding patera in l., no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 546, 1061-2. c 412. hunter iv, —. Webb 1191-3. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

13763

Fb. rev. No legend, three female figures stg. r., their r. hands upraised, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 546, 1063. c 413. hunter iv, —. Webb 1194. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

13764

Fb. rev. — Mars, in military attire, stg. r., resting on spear and shield, facing carausius, similarly attired, stg. l., holding spear or sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 546, 1064. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 1195. cf. askew, p. 43. [London, AD 286-7]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

13765 13765

Bronze medallion (35-36 mm. diam.). iMP c M aVr M caraVsiVs P F aVG Ger, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. VICTOR CARAVSIVS AVG GERM MAX, carausius, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, holding palm in l., r s r in ex. Guy de la Bédoyère (“carausius, Virgil and the marks rsr and iNPcda” in Image, Craft and the Classical World. Essays in honour of Donald Bailey and Catherine Johns. Montagnac, 2005, pp. 187-95) p. 189, fig. 3. Shiel, p. 162 and pl. X, 2. [London, AD 287]. (Unique) This medallion and the two following, all presently unique, are included here because they illustrate the remarkable propensity of Carausius’ moneyers (presumably on the emperor’s personal instructions) to incorporate Virgilian quotations in some of his coin legends. Thus we find eXPectate VeNi, “Come, long-awaited one”, R S R = Redeunt Saturnia Regna, meaning “The Saturnian Kingdoms return”, and the continuation of the same quotation from the Fourth Eclogue i N P c d a = Iam Nova Progenies Caelo Demittitur Alto, meaning “now a new generation is let down from heaven above”. See also no. 13636.

13766

iMP c M aV caraVsiVs P F aVG, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. VICTORIA CARAVSI AVG, Victory in galloping biga r., I N P C D A in ex. De la Bédoyère, p. 189, fig. 2. Shiel, p. 162 and pl. X, 1. Askew 97a. [London, AD 287]. (Unique)

13766a

obv. similar. rev. VICTOR ORBIS, Victory crowning emperor, as 13765. acquired by the British Museum in 1997. [London, AD 287]. (Unique)

218

the british empire

CARAUSIUS AND HIS BROTHERS 13767 This extraordinary coinage, struck in AD 292-3, is usually interpreted as part of Carausius’ attempt to gain recognition from Diocletian and Maximian as an equal partner in the government of the Empire. It should be viewed in combination with the series of coins, mostly antoniniani with a few extremely rare aurei, issued by Carausius in the individual names of his two ‘colleagues’. These are characterized by the triple ending AVGGG of the reverse legends (see the listings of Diocletian and Maximian). After six years of rule it must have been obvious to the British usurper that recognition from the central government was unlikely ever to occur and the true purpose of these coins was probably to boost Carausius’ own faltering position within his territories by stressing his importance as an imperial colleague of Diocletian and Maximian. 13767

Billon antoninianus. CArAVsiVs et FrAtres sVi, conjoined rad. and cuir. busts l. of the three emperors, maximian nearest, Diocletian in centre, Carausius furthest, their r. hands raised. rev. COMES AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. Carson (“Carausius et Fratres Sui: a Reconsideration” in Studia Paulo Naster Oblata I, Numismatica Antiqua, pp. 245-61) 2(b) 1. RIC v, ii, —. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccix. Webb —. Askew —. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13768

Obv. similar, but without raised hands. rev. — as previous, but Victory advancing r. Carson 2(b) 2. RIC v, ii, —. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccix. Webb —. Askew —. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13769

13772

13769

Obv. As 13767. rev. MONETA AVGGG, moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark as 13767. Carson 2(b) 3. RIC v, ii, —. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccix. Webb —. Askew —. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13770

— rev. PAX AVGGG, pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and vertical sceptre, mint mark as 13767. Carson 2(b) 4. RIC v, ii, p. 550, 1. C, p. 43, 1 var. Hunter iv, p. ccix. Webb 1227. Askew 401. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

13771

AVGGG C V A DiO . . . . . , conjoined rad., dr. and cuir. busts r. of the three emperors, Carausius nearest, Diocletian in centre, maximian furthest. rev. — as previous. Carson 2(b) 8. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 551, 2. C —. Cf. Hunter iv, p. ccix. Webb —. Cf. Askew 402. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £4,850 ($8,500)

13772

Obv. 13768. Rev. — as previous, but the sceptre is sometimes transverse. Carson 2(b) 5-6. RIC v, ii, p. 550, 1. C, p. 43, 1. Hunter iv, p. ccix. Webb 1226, 1228. Askew 401. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

allectUs

219

13773

Billon antoninianus. — rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing r., holding wreath and palm, mint mark as 13767. carson 2(b) 7. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb —. askew —. [Colchester, AD 292-3]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13774

caraVsiVs et Fratres sVi, conjoined rad. and cuir. busts r. of the three emperors, carausius nearest, diocletian in centre, Maximian furthest. rev. VIRTVS AVGGG, the three emperors stg. l., side by side, each holding globe and baton, mint mark M l XXi in ex. carson 2(a). ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb —. askew —. [London, AD 292-3]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

ALLECTUS spring/early summer ad 293 – early 296 13782 History is for the most part silent on the origins and career of Carausius’ successor, Allectus. Even his full name has gone unrecorded, a deficiency that, surprisingly, is not made good by the numismatic testimony. Hopefully, at some future date the discovery of an accession issue will reveal more information on this point. The few facts that have come down to us are generally hostile to Allectus’ memory. This is hardly surprising when the main purpose of the chroniclers of this period was to laud the achievements of the Caesar Constantius Chlorus, the conqueror of Allectus and the restorer of Britain to the blessings of Roman rule. It would seem that Allectus held an important post in Carausius’ government, though its precise nature remains elusive. He appears to have had experience in the realms of finance, possibly accounting for the interesting innovations exhibited by the Carausian coinage and that of Allectus’ own reign. The scant archaeological evidence appears to contradict the generally accepted view of Allectus as a weak and ineffective replacement for the bold Carausius who was merely waiting for the inevitable intervention of the forces of the central government which would rapidly sweep him from power. In the south-west portion of the Roman city of London, along the banks of the Thames, massive foundations have been discovered dating from the period of Allectus’ rule. In all likelihood this was an important new administrative complex which belies the view that he was simply waiting for the inevitable overthrow of his regime. The western Caesar Constantius clearly did not underestimate the strength of his opponent. Fresh from his capture of Boulogne in 293 he might have been expected to strike quickly to end the rebel regime in Britain. Instead, he spent the next two and a half years constructing a new fleet which was large enough for him to launch a two-pronged attack on the island. The end seems to have come early in the year 296 when the praetorian prefect Asclepiodotus crossed the Channel from the mouth of the Seine and made landfall on the Hampshire coast, having narrowly eluded part of the Allectan fleet in fog off the Isle of Wight (Vectis). Constantius set sail from Boulogne and crossed to Kent from whence he made his way up the coast and entered the Thames estuary en route to the capital. Allectus awaited the attack in London and, on receipt of intelligence regarding the landing in Hampshire, hurriedly led his army to the south-west. He probably thought the entire invasion force had made landfall on the south coast as London was left virtually unprotected. The two armies met in battle at some still unidentified location and the result was a disastrous defeat for Allectus who perished on the field of battle. The remnants of his army fled back to London with the intention of looting the city but the situation was saved by Constantius who arrived by river at this critical juncture. The Caesar made a triumphal entry into the city, a scene graphically illustrated by the celebrated Arras 10-aureus medallion struck at Trier. Now without a leader the rebel regime immediately collapsed and Britain was restored to full Roman rule, forming part of the domain of the Caesar Constantius.

220

the British eMPire

The coinage of Allectus is generally well produced and compares favourably with the products of the mints operating for the central government. London and Colchester were the sole mints striking for the usurper and the latter produced billon coinage only, gold issues being confined to the capital. Gold was more abundant than it had been under Carausius and was probably issued in appreciable quantity, its rarity today being the result of an effective recall of the usurper’s coinage by the central government following his downfall in 296. There was no revival of the Carausian silver coinage and Allectus did not chose to emulate the currency reform of Diocletian by introducing billon folles at the two mints under his control. However, he did produce an unprecedented billon half antoninianus at both mints. These are often referred to as ‘quinarii’ because of the letter ‘Q’ which precedes the mint letter in the exergue. However, the true meaning must surely have been a ‘half’ of the standard billon denomination, just as the traditional silver quinarius had represented a half of the denarius. The new coin would thus have represented 2 denarii communes and would have been the equivalent of the bronze ‘post-reform radiate’ of Diocletian’s new monetary system with which it shared a radiate imperial portrait. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: a. iMP c allectVs P aVG B. iMP c allectVs P F aVG c. iMP c allectVs P F i aVG The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full: a. rad. and cuir. bust r. b. rad., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r. c. laur. and cuir. bust r. d. laur., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r. 13775

Gold aureus. Bd or laur. bust r., undraped. rev. ADVENTVS AVG, allectus on horseback pacing l., his r. hand raised, holding sceptre in l., captive on ground before, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 558, 1. calicó 4786. c –. hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 1. shiel, p. 155, 1-2. depeyrot, p. 40, 4/1. [London, AD 293]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000) NB allectus continued his predecessor’s standard of 70 pieces to the pound of gold, an average of c. 4.6 grams, even though the aurei of the central empire were now being struck on the heavier standard of 60 to the pound (c. 5.4 grams).

13776

Bc or d. rev. COMES AVG, Minerva stg. l., holding olive-branch and spear and resting l. hand on shield, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 558, 2. calicó 4787. c 3. hunter iv, 1. Webb 2. shiel, pp. 155-6, 3-4. depeyrot, p. 40, 4/2. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

13777

Bd. rev. — Victory stg. facing, hd. r., body inclined to r., holding wreath and long palm, mint mark M l in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 558, 3. cf. calicó 4788. cf. c 4. cf. hunter iv, p. ccxi. cf. Webb 3. cf. shiel, p. 156, 5 (but see pl. c, 3). depeyrot, p. 40, 4/3. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000) The reference works all describe this type as “Victory walking right” but Shiel’s plate C, 3 clearly shows that Victory is standing facing, as described here.

13778

Bd. rev. ORIENS AVG, sol stg. facing, hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 558, 4. calicó 4789. c 26. hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 4. shiel, p. 156, 7. depeyrot, p. 40, 4/5. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

13779

Similar, but with obv. type c and with D in rev. field to l. RIC v, ii, p. 558, 4. Calicó 4789. c 26 var. hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 4. shiel, p. 159, 17. depeyrot, p. 40, 5/1. [London, AD 295]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

allectUs

221

13780

Gold aureus. as 13778, but sol stands between two seated captives on rev. ric v, ii, p. 558, 4. calicó 4790. cf. c 28 (rev. type misdescribed). hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 6. shiel, p. 156, 6. depeyrot, p. 40, 4/4. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

13781

B (but aV ligatured), c. rev. PAX AVG, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and vertical sceptre, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 558, 5. calicó 4793. cf. c 30. hunter iv, p. ccxi. cf. Webb 9 (mint mark misdescribed). shiel, p. 157, 8. depeyrot, p. 40, 4/6. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

13782

13783

13787 13782

Bc or d. rev. — as previous, but also with d in rev. field to l. ric v, ii, p. 558, 5 var. calicó 4792. c 30 var. hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 9 var. shiel, p. 159, 18-19. depeyrot, p. 40, 5/2-3. [London, AD 295]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

13783

obv. as 13781, but aV sometimes not ligatured. rev. — as 13781, but with transverse sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 558, 6. calicó 4794. c —. hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 10. shiel, p. 157, 9-10. depeyrot, p. 40, 4/7. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

13784

allectVs P F aVG, d. rev. — as previous. ric v, ii, p. 558, 7. calicó 4795. c —. hunter iv, p. ccxi, note 1. Webb 8. shiel — (but cf. note to p. 158, 16). depeyrot, p. 40, 4/12. [London, AD 293]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

13785

Bc. rev. — Pax in galloping biga l., holding olive-branch in raised r. hand, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 559, 8. calicó 4797. cf. c 42 (obv. misdescribed). hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 11. shiel, p. 157, 11. depeyrot, p. 40, 4/8. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

13786

Bc. rev. PROVID AVG, Providentia stg. l., holding rod and cornucopiae, globe at feet, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, —. calicó —. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb —. shiel, pp. 157-8, 12. depeyrot, p. 40, 4/9. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

13787

Bc. rev. SALVS AVG, salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 559, 9. calicó 4798. c 62. hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 13. shiel, p. 158, 13-14. depeyrot, p. 40, 4/10. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000) Webb 19 lists a “base silver” coin of similar type, though with obv. legend A, in the collection of the Bodleian Library, Oxford. It seems unlikely that this was intended to be a denarius and it is probably better to regard it as a pattern for an aureus.

222

the british empire

13788

Gold aureus. bc. rev. SPES AVG, Spes advancing l., holding flower and lifting skirt, mint mark M L in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 559, 10. Calicó 4800. Cf. C 67 (obv. misdescribed). Hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 15. Shiel, p. 158, 15. Depeyrot, p. 40, 4/11. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

13789

Obv. As 13784. Rev. — as previous. RIC v, ii, p. 558, 11. Calicó 4801. C 66. Hunter iv, —. Webb 14. Shiel, p. 158, 16. Depeyrot, p. 40, 4/13. [London, AD 293]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

13790

Bc. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory advancing r. (?), holding wreath and palm, captive at feet, mint mark A (?) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 559, 12. Calicó 4802. C 75. Hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 16. Shiel, p. 160, 22. Depeyrot —. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000) The only known specimen of this type was stolen and presumably destroyed in the robbery of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in 1831. Only an imperfect description of it exists and the accuracy of the mint mark may be doubted. The direction in which Victory is moving is also unrecorded so the type could be to left.

13791 13791

Cc. Rev. VIRTVS AVG, Mars, in military attire, stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark M S L in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 559, 13. Calicó 4803. Cf. C 77. Hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 17. Shiel, p. 159, 21. Depeyrot, p. 41, 7/1. [London, AD 295-6]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

13792

Bc. Rev. — Allectus, in military attire, on horseback galloping r., about to spear fallen enemy beneath his horse, D in field to l. RIC v, ii, p. 559, 14. Calicó 4804. C 80. Hunter iv, 2. Webb 18. Shiel, p. 159, 20. Depeyrot, p. 41, 6/1. [London, AD 295]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

13793

Billon antoninianus. Ca. Rev. ABVND AVG, Abundantia stg. l., emptying cornucopiae into modius at her feet, mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 564, 60. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb —. Askew 509. [Colchester, AD 295]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400) NB Surprisingly, Allectus continued the production of antoniniani after they had been abandoned by the central government in AD 294. The issues of Allectus are thus the last coins of this denomination to be struck at the end of a turbulent eight-decade history following their introduction by Caracalla in AD 215. No examples of the new follis denomination are known for Allectus and it is highly unlikely that any were ever struck. However, the so-called ‘quinarius’ of Allectus probably equates to Diocletian’s new ‘postreform radiate’ and is thus a half-antoninianus.

13794 13794

Similar, but with obv. Bb and rev. legend ABVNDANT or ABVNDANTIA AVG. RIC v, ii, p. 564, 61. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 97-8. Askew 510. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

ALLECTUS

223

13795 13795

Billon antoninianus. Ba. Rev. ADVENTVS AVG, Allectus on horseback pacing l., his r. hand raised, holding sceptre in l., captive on ground before horse, mint mark S P C in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 564, 62. C 1. Hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 99. Askew 511. [Colchester, AD 293]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13796

Ba. Rev. AEQVITAS AVG, Aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark M L in ex., S — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 559, 16. C 2. Hunter iv, 12. Webb 20. Askew 465. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13797

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 564, 63. C 2. Hunter iv, 39. Webb 100. Askew 512. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13798

Bb. Rev. COMES AVG, Minerva stg. l., as 13776, but with mint mark M S L in ex., S — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 560, 17. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 21. Askew 466. [London, AD 295-6]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13799

Similar, but with obv. type a and mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 564, 64. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 101. Askew 513. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13800

Ba. Rev. DIANAE REDVCI, Diana advancing r., looking back, holding bow and leading stag, mint mark S P C in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 564, 65. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 102. Askew 514. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13801

— Rev. FELICITAS SAECVLI, Felicitas stg. l., sacrificing from patera over lighted altar and holding cornucopiae, mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 564, 66. Cf. C 5. Hunter iv, 40. Webb 103. Askew 515. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13802

13803

13802

— Rev. FELICITAS SEC, Felicitas stg. l., holding long caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark M L in ex., S — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 560, 18. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb —. Askew 467. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13803

B or C, b. Rev. FIDES EXERCI (or EXERCIT or EXERCITVS), four standards, mint mark S P C in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 564, 67-8. Cf. C 6. Hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 104-5. Askew 516. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

224

the British eMPire

13804

13813

13804

Billon antoninianus. Ba. rev. FIDES MILITVM, Fides Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 565, 69. Cf. C 8. Hunter iv, 42. Webb 109. askew 517. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13805

similar, but with mint mark cl instead of c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 565, 69. cf. c 8. hunter iv, p. ccxiv. Webb 109. askew 517. [Colchester, AD 295-6]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £220 ($380)

13806

Bb. rev. FORTVNA AVG, Fortuna seated l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, wheel at feet, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 560, 19. c —. hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 22. askew 468. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400) This appears to be an imperfect description as there are probably also letters (S P or S A) in the field.

13807 var.

13810

13811 13807

Ba. rev. HILARITAS AVG, hilaritas stg. l., holding long palm and cornucopiae, mint mark M S L in ex., S — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 560, 20. Cf. C 9. Hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 23. askew 469. [London, AD 295-6]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13808

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 565, 71. Cf. C 9. Hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 110. askew 519. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13809

ca. rev. IOVI CONSER, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 565, 72. c 10 var. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 111. askew 520. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13810

Ba. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, similar, but with mint mark M l in ex. and s — a in field. ric v, ii, p. 560, 21. cf. c 11. hunter iv, 5. Webb —. askew 470. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13811

Ba or b. rev. LAETIT (or LAETITI or LAETITIA) AVG, laetitia stg. l., holding wreath and anchor, mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 560, 22. c 12, 15. hunter iv, 13, 16. Webb 24-8. askew 471. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

allectUs

225

13812

Billon antoninianus. similar, but with obv. type rad. and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield. ric v, ii, p. 560, 22. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 29. askew 471. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13813

as 13811, but sometimes AVGVSTI for AVG on rev., and with mint mark c in ex., s — P in field. RIC v, ii, pp. 565-6, 76-7, 79, 81. C 12, 15, 23. Hunter iv, 43-5. Webb 114, 116, 119, 131. askew 524-5, 527, 529. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13814 13814

13815

Ba. rev. MONETA AVG, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark M L in ex., S — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 560, 25. C 25. Hunter iv, 17. Webb 31. Askew 474. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13816

13818

13815

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 566, 83. C 25. Hunter iv, 46. Webb 133. askew 531. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13816

Ba or b. rev. ORIENS AVG, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark M L in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 560, 26. C 27. Hunter iv, 6. Cf. Webb 33. Askew 475. [London, AD 293-4]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13817

similar, but with obv. type a and mint mark c instead of M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 566, 84. c 27 var. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb —. askew 532. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13818

Ba or b. rev. PAX AVG, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and vertical sceptre, mint mark M L in ex., S — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 561, 28. C 31. Hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 37-9. askew 477. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13819

similar, but with obv. type as 13812. ric v, ii, p. 561, 28. c —. hunter iv, —. Webb 41. askew 477. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13820

similar, but with obv. legend VirtVs allecti aVG and allectus also wears helmet. ric v, ii, p. 561, 31. c —. hunter iv, p. ccxii, note 3. Webb —. askew 480. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £480 ($850)

13821

as 13818, but with obv. legend iMP c allectVs PiVs FeliX aVG and s — P instead of S — A in rev. field. RIC v, ii, p. 561, 29. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccxii, note 2. Webb 40. askew 478. [London, AD 293-4]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

226

the British eMPire

13822 13822

Billon antoninianus. As 13818, but with mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 566, 86. cf. c 31. hunter iv, 47. Webb 137-8. askew 534. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13823

as 13821, but with mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 566, 88. c —. hunter iv, p. ccxiii, note 1. Webb 141. askew 536. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13824

iMP c allectVs P F iN (or iNV) aVG, b. rev. as 13822. ric v, ii, p. 566, 89. c 34-5. hunter iv, —. Webb 141. askew 537. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13825 13825

Ba or b. rev. PAX AVG, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and transverse sceptre, mint mark M L in ex., S — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 561, 33. C 37. Hunter iv, 18. Webb 42-4. askew 482. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13826

similar, but with obv. type as 13812. ric v, ii, p. 561, 33. c 39. hunter iv, 22. Webb 46. askew 482. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

13827

similar, but with obv. type rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagletipped sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 561, 33. c 38. hunter iv, 23. Webb 45. askew 482. [London, AD 294]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

13828

as 13825, but with mint mark M s l instead of M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 561, 33. c 37. hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 43-4. askew 482. [London, AD 295-6]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($320)

13829 13829

As 13825, but with mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 566, 91. C 37. Hunter iv, 49. Webb 142-4. askew 539. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13830

cb. rev. as previous. ric v, ii, p. 566, 90. c 40. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 145-6. askew 538. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($320)

allectUs

13831

227

13832

13831

Billon antoninianus. Ba or b. rev. PIETAS (or PIAETAS) AVG, Pietas stg. l., holding patera and box of incense, altar at feet, mint mark M l or M s l in ex., s — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 561, 34. Cf. C 43. Hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 47. Askew 483. [London, AD 294-5 or 295-6]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13832

— rev. PROVI (or PROVID or PROVIDENTIA) AVG, Providentia stg. l., holding rod and cornucopiae, globe at feet, mint mark M L in ex., S — P or S — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 561, 35. cf. c 46, 55. hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 51-2, 61. askew 484. [London, AD 293-4 or 294-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13833

— rev. PROVID (or PROVIT (sic) or PROVIDENTIA) AVG, Providentia stg. l., holding globe and cornucopiae, mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 561, 36. cf. c 44, 51, 58. hunter iv, 24. Webb 48-9, 57-8, 64. askew 485. [London, AD 293-4 or 294-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13834 13834

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, pp. 566-7, 94, 108. Cf. C 44, 51. hunter iv, 50, 52. Webb 149-50, 163-4. askew 542, 556. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13835

as 13832, but with mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 567, 97, 111. cf. c 46, 55. hunter iv, 51. Webb 153-4, 168. askew 546, 559. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13836

similar, but with obv. legend iMP c allectVs PiV Fel aVG. ric v, ii, p. 567, 99. cf. c 47. hunter iv, p. ccxiii, note 1. Webb 156. askew 547. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13837

Ba or b. rev. PROVID ( or PROVIDE or PROVIDENTIA) AVG, Providentia stg. l., holding globe and transverse sceptre, mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 567, 102-3, 105. c 50, 56. hunter iv, 53. Webb 151, 158, 160. askew 550-51, 553. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($320)

13838

similar, but with mint mark cl instead of c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 567, 105. c 56. hunter iv, p. ccxiv. Webb 160. askew 553. [Colchester, AD 295-6]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13839

Ba. rev. PROVID DEOR, as 13832 (S — P in rev. field). RIC v, ii, p. 562, 39. C —. hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 53 (no mention of globe at Providentia’s feet). askew 488. [London, AD 293-4]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

228

the British eMPire

13840

13846

13840

Billon antoninianus. Ba. rev. ROMAE AETER, hexastyle temple containing statue of Roma, mint mark M L in ex., S — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 562, 40. C 60 var. Hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 65. askew 489. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500)

13841

similar, but with AETERN for AETER, and mint s P c in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 568, 113 (mint mark M s c after Webb). c 60. hunter iv, 56. cf. Webb 170. cf. askew 561. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500)

13842

Bb. rev. SAECVLI FELICITAS, allectus, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark M L in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 562, 41. c 61. hunter iv, 10. Webb 66. askew 490. [London, AD 293-4]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13843

Ba. rev. SALVS AVG, salus stg. l., feeding snake arising from altar and holding sceptre, mint mark M L in ex., S — A in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 562, 43 (no mention of snake, after Webb 69). cf. c 64-5. hunter iv, 26. cf. Webb 69, 201. cf. askew 492. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($320)

13844

Bb. rev. — salus seated l., feeding snake arising from altar, mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 562, 44. c —. hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 70. askew 493. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13845

Ba or b. rev. — salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms, mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 562, 42. c 63. hunter iv, 25. Webb 67-8. askew 491. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13846

Bb. Rev. — as 13843, but with mint mark C in ex. and S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 568, 114. c 64 var. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 171. askew 562. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($320)

13847

13848

13847

Ba or b. rev. SPES AVG, Spes advancing l., holding flower and lifting skirt, mint mark M L in ex., S — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 562, 45. C 68. Hunter iv, 28. Webb 71. askew 494. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13848

B or c, a or b. rev. SPES PVBL (or PVBLIC or PVBLICA), as previous, but with mint mark C in ex. and S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 568, 115. C 69. Hunter iv, 54. Webb 172-4. askew 563. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

allectUs

229

13849

Billon antoninianus. similar, but with mint mark M l in ex. and s — P or s — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 562, 46. C 69 var. Hunter iv, 11. Webb 72. Askew 495. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13850

Ba. rev. TEMPOR (or TEMPORVM) FELICI (or FELICITAS), Felicitas stg. l., holding long caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 562, 47. cf. c 70-72. hunter iv, 29. Webb 73-5. askew 496. [London, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13851

similar, but Felicitas holds short caduceus and double cornucopiae, and with mint mark M S L in ex., S — A in field. Cf. RIC v, ii, p. 562, 47. C —. Cf. Hunter iv, p. ccxiii. cf. Webb 76 and pl. Xii, 9. askew 496 (see illustration). [London, AD 295-6]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13852 13852

Ba. rev. TEMPORVM FELIC (or FELICI or FELICIT or FELICITAS), as 13850, but with mint mark C in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 568, 117. C 72. Hunter iv, 55. Webb 177-9. askew 565. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13853

similar, but with mint mark cl instead of c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 568, 117. c 72. hunter iv, 61. cf. Webb 179-180. askew 565. [Colchester, AD 295-6]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £220 ($380)

13854

Bb. rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory stg. or advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark M L in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 563, 48. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 77-8, 80. askew 497. [London, AD 293-4]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13855

similar, but Victory advancing r. ric v, ii, p. 563, 48. c 76 var. hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 79. askew 497. [London, AD 293-4]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13855a

13856

13855a

Ba. rev. — Victory stg. r., holding trophy with both hands, mint mark M l in ex., s — A in field. RIC v, ii, —. C —. Hunter iv, —. Webb —. Askew —. (Elveden hoard). [London, AD 294-5]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500)

13856

similar to 13855, but with obv. legend c and mint mark c instead of M l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 568, 119. c 76. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 181. askew 567. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

230

the British eMPire

13857 13857

Billon antoninianus. Ba or b. rev. VIRTVS AVG, Mars or Virtus stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark M L in ex., S — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 563, 49. C 78. Hunter iv, 30. Webb 82-3. askew 498. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13858

similar, but with mint mark c in ex. and s — P in field. ric v, ii, p. 568, 121. c 78. hunter iv, 56. Webb 183. askew 568. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13859

13859a

13859

Ba. rev. — similar, but Mars or Virtus standing l., resting on shield and spear, and with mint mark M L in ex., S — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 563, 49. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb 81. cf. askew 498. [London, AD 293-4]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £220 ($380)

13859a

Ba. rev. — Mars or Virtus stg. r. within temple, resting on spear and shield, mint mark M l in ex. ric v, ii, —. hunter iv, —. Webb —. askew —. (Elveden hoard). [London, AD 293-5]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £375 ($650)

13860 13860

Ba. rev. — allectus, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, M l in ex., S — A in field. RIC v, ii, p. 563, 50. C 79. Hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 84. Askew 499. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

13861

Ba. rev. — hercules stg. l., lion’s skin on shoulder, r. hand resting on club, l. on hip, mint mark as previous. ric v, ii, p. 563, 51. c —. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 85. askew 500. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13862

Bb. rev. — hercules stg. l. within temple, holding club, mint mark M l in ex., s — P in field. RIC v, ii, p. 563, 52. C —. Hunter iv, p. ccxii. Webb —. Askew 501. [London, AD 293-4]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £320 ($550)

13863

Ba. Rev. — trophy between two seated captives, mint mark M L in ex., S — A in field. ric v, ii, p. 563, 53. c —. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 86. askew 502. [London, AD 294-5]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

allectUs

231

13864

Billon antoninianus. Bb. rev. VIRTVS EXERCIT, four standards, mint mark s P c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 569, 123. c —. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 193. askew 570. [Colchester, AD 293-5]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13865

Billon half antoninianus or ‘quinarius’. iMP c allectVs aVG, a or b. rev. LAETITIA AVG, galley r. or l., with mast and rigging and varying number of rowers, sometimes with steersman in stern, mint mark Q c in ex. ric v, ii, p. 569, 126. c 19, 22. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 120-22. askew 573. [Colchester, AD 294-6]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300) NB the equivalent of the bronze ‘post-reform radiate’ of diocletian’s new monetary system, these half antoniniani, or 2 denarii communes, are often referred to as ‘quinarii’ because of the ‘Q’ which precedes the mint letter in the exergue. however, the true meaning must surely have been a ‘half’ of the current standard billon denomination, i.e. the antoninianus. the basic reverse type of this denomination is always a galley, representing the naval power upon which the usurper’s regime depended, though the details of the design vary considerably. at london the accompanying legend is always VirtVs aVG, but at colchester laetitia aVG also occurs.

13866 13866

similar, but with obv. legend a. ric v, ii, p. 569, 125. c 20. hunter iv, 63. Webb 123-4. askew 572. [Colchester, AD 294-6]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13867

similar, but with obv. legend B. ric v, ii, p. 569, 124. c 15, 17. hunter iv, 62. Webb 125-6, 130. askew 571. [Colchester, AD 294-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13868

13870 (without mast)

13868

similar, but with obv. legend c. ric v, ii, —. c 18. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 127. askew —. [Colchester, AD 294-6]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

13869

similar, but with obv. legend iMP c allectVs Pi Fe aVG. ric v, ii, p. 569, 127. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. ccxiii, note 1. Webb 129. askew 574. [Colchester, AD 294-6]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($320)

13870

Ba or b. rev. VIRTVS AVG, galley r. or l., usually with mast and rigging and with varying number of rowers, sometimes with bird on mast, sometimes with oars uplifted on one side, mint mark Q l in ex. ric v, ii, p. 563, 55, 57. c 81, 85. hunter iv, 36. Webb 88-9, 91-3. askew 504, 506. [London, AD 294-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250) The varieties with bird on mast, without mast, and with oars uplifted are rare and worth more than the values given.

232

the British eMPire

13871

Billon half antoninianus or ‘quinarius’. similar, but with obv. type rad. and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield. ric v, ii, p. 563, 56. c —. hunter iv, 35. Webb 90. askew 505. [London, AD 294-6]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

13872

as 13870, but with Victory stg. l. on the galley, holding wreath and palm. ric v, ii, p. 563, 58. cf. c 84. hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 94-5. askew 507. [London, AD 294-6]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13873

similar, but with Neptune or river-god seated l. on the galley, holding anchor. ric v, ii, p. 564, 59. c —. hunter iv, p. ccxi. Webb 96. askew 508. [London, AD 294-6]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

13874 13874

as 13870, but with mint mark Q c instead of Q l. ric v, ii, p. 569, 128. c 81, 85. hunter iv, 64-6. Webb 186, 188-9. askew 575. [Colchester, AD 294-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

13875

similar, but with obv. legend a and sometimes with steersman stg. aft. ric v, ii, p. 569, 130. c 82. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 185, 187. askew 577. [Colchester, AD 294-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13876

similar, but with obv. legend iMP c allectVs aVG. ric v, ii, p. 569, 129. c 83. hunter iv, 67. Webb 184. askew 576. [Colchester, AD 294-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £160 ($280)

13877

as 13874, but with tower surmounted by standard on bows. cf. ric v, ii, p. 569, 128. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 190. cf. askew 575. [Colchester, AD 294-6]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13878

similar but with Victory stg. l. on the galley, holding wreath and palm. ric v, ii, — (omitted in error). cf. c 84. cf. hunter iv, 68. Webb 191. askew — (omitted in error). [Colchester, AD 294-6]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

13879

similar, but with Neptune or river-god seated l. on the galley, holding anchor. ric v, ii, p. 569, 131. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. ccxiii. Webb 192. askew 578. [Colchester, AD 294-6]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

233

CONSTANTIUS I 1 May ad 305–25 Jul. 306 13906 Flavius Valerius Constantius was born of humble Illyrian stock, most likely during the reign of Philip I but certainly no later than AD 250. His birthday was 31 March but the year is unknown. Like many of his background he adopted a military career in which he achieved considerable success, rising to become governor of Dalmatia and probably even praetorian prefect under Diocletian’s coemperor Maximian. In 293 he was chosen to become one of the junior partners in Diocletian’s new Tetrarchy system of government and at Milan on 1 March the western Augustus Maximian invested him with the rank of Caesar. His area of responsibility was Gaul and Britain (Spain was not added until he became emperor twelve years later). This meant that he had inherited the problem of disposing of the usurper Carausius who had held Britain since AD 286. From his base in Trier Constantius planned an immediate attack on Carausius’ mainland possessions. The new western Caesar’s success in capturing the vital naval base of Gesoriacum (Boulogne) seriously weakened Carausius’ position and shortly afterwards he fell victim to his chief minister Allectus who succeeded him on the rebel throne. Constantius spent the next two and a half years planning the reconquest of Britain and restoring the province to the rule of the central government. By late 295/early 296 everything was ready and a two-pronged invasion was launched under the command of Constantius and his praetorian prefect Asclepiodotus. It was the latter who achieved the actual military victory over Allectus, probably somewhere in Hampshire, while Constantius sailed up the Thames and took possession of the British capital. His military reputation thus enhanced, the western Caesar went on to achieve a brilliant victory over the Alamanni in 302. He later showed his moderation in religious affairs when he refused to fully implement Diocletian’s edicts against the Christians. On 1 May 305, in accordance with Diocletian’s tetrarchic plan, Maximian abdicated at Milan in favour of his Caesar Constantius who now became Augustus in the West and senior emperor in the Second Tetrarchy. All seemed set for a smooth transition of power and a continuation of the efficient system of government devised and implemented by Diocletian. However, Constantius was not in good health and his power was diminished by the influence of his co-Augustus Galerius Maximian who had managed to secure the appointment of two of his friends, Severus and Maximinus, to the vacant Caesarships. Galerius’ position was further strengthened by his detention of Constantius’ eldest son Constantine as a virtual hostage in the East. Constantine was the son of Helena who was either Constantius’ first wife or his concubine. She had been put aside when Constantius married Maximian’s stepdaughter Theodora in the late 280s as part of the advancement of his career. In AD 306 Constantius travelled to Britain, the province he had liberated a decade before, and began campaigning against the Picts beyond the northern frontier. At this time he requested Galerius to allow his son to join him in Britain, an order from the senior Augustus that the eastern emperor could hardly refuse to obey. Like Septimius Severus almost a century before, Constantius’ health finally gave out as a result of the hardships of campaigning in northern Britain and he died at Eburacum (York) on 25 July 306. His premature passing set in motion a chain of events that was to fatally disrupt Diocletian’s elaborately constructed Tetrarchy system and eventually lead to its destruction. The first of these events was Constantine’s proclamation as emperor by the army in Britain in defiance of Severus’ claims to be the new western Augustus. Under the First Tetrarchy (AD 293-305) the coinages of the two Caesars, Constantius and Galerius, followed the same pattern as those of Diocletian and Maximian. Issues were abundant in all metals though the pre-reform coinage is understandably scarce, being limited to a single year (AD 293-4). The coinage of the Second Tetrarchy (AD 305-6) continued much as before with the exception of the silver argenteus, production of which was virtually discontinued and apparently confined to the Balkan mint of Serdica. Billon folles were struck at full weight (c. 10 grams) though the first in the long series of reductions was to take place not long after Constantius’ death. Posthumous coinage was struck in his honour by Constantine and by Maxentius.

234

the tetrarchies The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: As Caesar a. coNstaNtiVs caes B. coNstaNtiVs caesar c. coNstaNtiVs N c d. coNstaNtiVs NoB c e. coNstaNtiVs NoB caes F. coNstaNtiVs NoBil c G. Fl Val coNstaNtiVs NoB c h. Fl Val coNstaNtiVs NoB caes As Augustus i. coNstaNtiVs P F aVG J. iMP coNstaNtiVs P F aVG K. iMP c coNstaNtiVs P F aVG

The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full: a. rad., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r. b. laur. hd. r. c. laur. and cuir. bust r. d. laur., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r.

Issues as Caesar under Maximian, 1 Mar. AD 293-1 May 305 13880

Gold aureus. eb. rev. AVGG above clasped hands, all within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 614, 16. calicó 4807. c —. depeyrot, p. 141, 17/5. [Antioch, AD 299-302]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

13881

db. rev. COMES AVGG, Minerva stg. facing, hd. l., resting on spear and shield, mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 164, 5 var. calicó 4808. c —. depeyrot, p. 43, 1d/3. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

13882

13883

13882

cb. rev. — similar, but hd. of Minerva is turned to r. ric vi, —. calicó 4810. c —. depeyrot, p. 43, 1d/2. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13883

cb. rev. COMITATVS AVGG, diocletian and Maximian on horseback galloping l., side by side, their r. hands raised, the nearer holding sceptre or spear, mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 164, 8. calicó 4811. c 13. depeyrot, p. 44, 1e/4. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

coNstaNtiUs i as caesar

13884

235

13885

13884

Gold aureus. ab. rev. COMITES AVGG ET CAESS NNNN, the dioscuri stg. side by side, their hds. turned to r., each holding staff and with chlamys hanging from l. arm, mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 310, 1. calicó 4812. c 14. Ma 50. depeyrot, p. 90, 1/1. [Aquileia, AD 297]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £9,250 ($16,000)

13885

eb. rev. CONCORDIAE AVGG NN, diocletian and Maximian seated l. on curule chairs, side by side, each holding globe and short sceptre, both crowned by Victory hovering between them in background, no mint mark. ric v, ii, —. calicó 4815. c 25. depeyrot, p. 136, 13/6. [Cyzicus, AD 293]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £6,300 ($11,000)

13886

db. rev. CONSERVATORES AVGG ET CAESS NN, Jupiter stg. r., holding sceptre, facing hercules stg. l., holding lion’s skin and club, supporting Victory on globe between them, mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 169, 41. calicó 4817. c —. depeyrot, p. 49, 8/3. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £9,250 ($16,000)

13887

eb. rev. CONSVL CAESS, constantius, togate, stg. l., holding globe and baton, mint mark T • S • in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC vi, p. 509, 1a. Calicó 4819. Cf. C 31. hunter v, p. 40, 44. depeyrot, p. 110, 1/1. [Thessalonica, AD 302]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also no. 13895 below, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

13888

db. rev. CONSVL V P P PROCOS, similar, but with mint mark sis in ex. (no mark of value). ric vi, p. 457, 20. calicó 4820. c —. depeyrot, p. 99, 8/1. [Siscia, AD 305]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13889

ab. rev. FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN, africa stg. facing, hd. l., wearing elephant’s skin head-dress, holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion and bull’s hd. at feet, mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 422, 2a. calicó 4825. c —. cf. depeyrot, p. 65, 1/2. [Carthage, AD 297-8]. VF £3,900 ($6,800) / EF £9,750 ($17,000)

13890

db. rev. FIDES MILITVM, Fides Militum stg. facing, hd. r., holding two standards, one transverse, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 578, 1. calicó 4826. c —. depeyrot, p. 136, 15/1. [Cyzicus, AD 294]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

13891

Bb. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI, turreted, veiled and draped bust of Fortuna (tyche of antioch) right, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 615, 23a. calicó 4827. c —. cf. depeyrot, p. 141, 17/2. [Antioch, AD 299]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) Coins of this type are more than a gram heavier than regular aurei, i.e. about 6-56.7 grams, and should probably be regarded as small medallions. Their issue may be connected with an imperial visit to Antioch (cf. Bastien, “Monnaie et donativa au BasEmpire”, p. 66). See also nos. 14204 and 14227.

13892

db. rev. HERCVLI AVGG, hercules stg. l., resting on club and holding lion’s skin, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 169, 42. calicó 4828. c —. depeyrot, p. 47, 5/1. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

236

the tetrarchies

13893

Gold aureus. db. rev. HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAESS NN, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding bow and lion’s skin, mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 422, 5. calicó 4829. c —. depeyrot, p. 66, 2/3. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

13894

similar, but hercules holds apples instead of bow. ric vi, —. calicó —. cf. c 143 (rev. type inaccurately described). hunter v, p. 38, 36. depeyrot, p. 66, 2/4. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

13895

13897

13895

eb. rev. HERCVLI CONS CAES, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding apples and lion’s skin, mint and value marks s M a Σ sometimes followed by star in ex. ric vi, p. 613, 7-8. calicó 4831, 4833. c 145. depeyrot, p. 139, 8/3, 9/4. [Antioch, AD 293-5]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) See note following no. 13887.

13896

db. rev. HERCVLI CONSER AVGG ET CAESS NN, similar, but hercules holds bow instead of apples and with quiver at r. shoulder, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 169, 45. calicó 4836. c —. depeyrot, p. 51, 10B/7. [Trier, AD 303-5]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

13897

Bb. rev. HERCVLI CONSERVATORI, hercules stg. l., holding olive-branch in r. hand, club and lion’s skin l., mint mark s M aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 311, 8. calicó 4839. cf. c 147 (rev. type misdescribed). Ma 52. depeyrot, p. 91, 3/1. [Aquileia, AD 303-5]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) A similar type was issued at Ticinum (RIC vi, p. 280, 4).

13898

db. rev. HERCVLI DEBELLAT, hercules stg. l., attacking the hydra with club held in raised r. hand, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 455, 3. calicó 4840. c —. depeyrot, p. 96, 3/3. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

13899

cb, rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules seated facing, hd. turned to r., lion’s skin on l. thigh, hands crossed on lap, l. hand resting on club at his side, quiver and bow on ground to r., mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 170, 51. calicó 4841. c 305. depeyrot, p. 44, 2B/2. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13900 13900

eb. rev. — hercules stg. r., as 13894, but with mint mark s M N (sometimes preceded by dot) in ex. and sometimes with HERC monogram in field. Cf. RIC vi, p. 554, 4, 9 and notes 1 and 2. calicó 4842. cf. c 149 (rev. description incomplete). depeyrot, pp. 119-21, 2/3, 4/1, 6/2. [Nicomedia, AD 294]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

coNstaNtiUs i as caesar 13901

237

Gold aureus. cb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint mark P t in ex. ric vi, p. 165, 19. calicó 4847. c 156. depeyrot, p. 42, 1a/4. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) P T was the first mark used by Trier following the opening of the mint in 293. However, it was soon changed to P TR and then TR to avoid confusion with the signature of Ticinum.

13903

13902 13902

cb. rev. IOVI FVLGERATORI, Jupiter advancing r., hurling thunderbolt at anguipede giant at his feet to r., mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 170, 57. calicó 4851. c 162. depeyrot, p. 45, 2B/7. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

13903

coNstaNtiVs NoB caesar, b. rev. MARTI PATRI, Mars, in military attire, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark s M N in ex. ric vi, —. calicó 4852. c —. depeyrot —. [Nicomedia, AD 305]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13904

eb. rev. MARTI PROPVGNATOR, Mars, in military attire, advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 458, 26. calicó 4853. cf. c 166 (Mars for Marti). depeyrot, p. 98, 5/2. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

13905

cb. rev. MARTI PROPVGNATORI, similar, but with mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 171, 64. calicó 4855. c 168. depeyrot, p. 49, 7B/1. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

13906

cb. rev. — helmeted and cuir. bust of Mars r., mint mark tr below r. shoulder. ric vi, p. 171, 61. calicó 4856. cf. c 167 (incorrectly described). depeyrot, p. 48, 7a/6. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000) Illustrated at reign heading.

13907

db. rev. MARTI VICTORI, Mars stg. facing, hd. l., holding Victory and resting on spear, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 458, 27a. calicó 4857. c —. depeyrot, p. 98, 5/4. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

13908

db. rev. ORIENS AVGG, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 458, 28a. calicó 4858. cf. c 209 (aVG for aVGG). depeyrot, p. 98, 7/3. [Siscia, AD 304]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13909 13909

db. rev. PACATORES GENTIVM, constantius, holding branch, in triumphal quadriga facing, led by soldier on r., mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 171, 68. calicó 4859. c 212. depeyrot, p. 46, 4/10. [Trier, AD 297]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

238 13910

the tetrarchies Gold aureus. db. rev. PAX AETERNA, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 171, 69. calicó 4861. c —. depeyrot, p. 47, 5/4. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13911

13916

13911

cb. rev. PIETAS AVGG, Pietas stg. r. between two children, holding a third child in her arms, mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 172, 71. calicó 4862. c 215. depeyrot, p. 44, 2a/3. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13912

db. rev. PIETAS AVGG ET CAESS NN, Pietas stg. facing, hd. r., holding child in her arms, another child stg. at her feet to l., mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 172, 74a. calicó 4863. cf. c 217 (rev. type misdescribed). depeyrot, p. 51, 10c/4. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13913

cb. rev. PRIMI / DECEN / NALES / COS IIII in four lines within laurel-wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 687 (Addenda). cf. calicó 4864. c —. depeyrot —. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

13914

d N coNstaNtio NoB c, b. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, constantius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P roM in ex. ric vi, —. calicó —. cf. c 228 (iVVeNtVtis for iVVeNtVt). depeyrot —. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13915

db. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, similar, but with mint mark * sis. ric vi, p. 457, 18a. calicó 4868. c —. depeyrot, p. 97, 4/12. [Siscia, AD 293-4]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13916

d N coNstaNtio caes, b. rev. — constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre, mint mark P roM in ex. ric vi, —. calicó 4866. c 233. depeyrot, p. 84, 9/13. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) A scarcer variety has the obverse legend D N CONSTANTIO NOB C (Depeyrot 9/12).

13917

ab. rev. — constantius, in military attire, stg. l. between two standards, touching the one on l. and resting on sceptre, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 456, 10. calicó 4867. c 235. depeyrot, p. 97, 3/10. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13918

ab. rev. PROVIDENTIA AVGG, gateway of military camp, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 351, 6a. calicó 4869. c 239. depeyrot, p. 85, 12a/3. [Rome, AD 294-9]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13919 13919

h (sometimes Fla for Fl), d. rev. PROVIDENTIA DEORVM, Providentia seated l., pointing with rod at globe at her feet and holding sceptre in l., no mint mark. ric vi, p. 280, 7. calicó 4870. c —. depeyrot, p. 68, 5/3. [Ticinum, AD 293]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

coNstaNtiUs i as caesar

239

13920

Gold aureus. db. rev. SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 172, 78a. calicó 4871. c 275. depeyrot, p. 51, 10c/7. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13921

db. rev. SECVRITAS AVGG, securitas stg. facing, hd. r., legs crossed, her r. hand on hd., holding transverse sceptre in l. and resting on column, mint mark tr in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 173, 79. cf. calicó 4873. c —. depeyrot, p. 47, 5/6. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

13922

cb. rev. SECVRITAS ORBIS, as previous. cf. ric vi, p. 173, 81. cf. calicó 4874. c —. depeyrot, p. 47, 5/8. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

13923

db. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, mint mark SIS in ex., star in field. RIC vi, —. Calicó 4876a. c —. depeyrot —. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £6,300 ($11,000)

13924

cb. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules r., kneeling on the back of the ceryneian stag and holding its antlers with both hands, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 173, 85. calicó 4878. c 297. depeyrot, p. 45, 3a/3. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

13925 13925

db. rev. VIRTVS HERCVLI CAESARIS, constantius on horseback pacing r., holding couched spear, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 173, 86. calicó 4879, 4879a. c 306. depeyrot, p. 49, 7B/2. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

13926

cb. rev. VIRTVS ILLVRICI, constantius galloping right, thrusting downwards with spear, galley r. below, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 174, 88. calicó 4880. c 307. depeyrot, p. 46, 4/13. [Trier, AD 297]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

13927 13927

ab. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, gateway of military camp, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 351, 8a. calicó 4882. c 317. depeyrot, p. 85, 12B/3. [Rome, AD 294-9]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13928

eb. rev. — similar, but with mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 280, 9. calicó 4881. c —. depeyrot, p. 68, 6/2. [Rome, AD 293]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13929

cb. rev. VIRTVTI AVGG, hercules stg. l., attacking the hydra with club held in raised r. hand, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 174, 92. calicó 4883. cf. c 323 (aVG for aVGG in error). depeyrot, p. 45, 3a/5. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

13930

ab. rev. VOT / X / CAESS in three lines within wreath with small eagle at base. ric vi, p. 311, 5a. calicó 4885. c 333. Ma 51. depeyrot, p. 91, 2/3. [Aquileia, AD 296-303]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) The small eagle on reverse serves as the mint mark of Aquileia.

240

the tetrarchies

13931

Gold aureus. db. rev. VOT / XX / AVGG / NN in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 174, 94a. calicó 4886. cf. c 338 (obv. legend d N coNstaNtio NoB c). depeyrot, p. 49, 9/3. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

13932

db. rev. VOT / XX / CAESS in three lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 174, 95. calicó 4887. c —. depeyrot, p. 49, 9/5. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) NB there are also gold multiples, principally 2.5, 4, 5, and 10 aurei, most of which were issued from constantius’ headquarters at trier. these include the celebrated 10-aureus piece with reverse redditor lVcis aeterNae, constantius on horseback about to enter the city-gate of london, struck to commemorate his recovery of Britain from the rebel regime of allectus in ad 296.

13933

Gold half aureus (quinarius). db. rev. ORIENS AVGVSTOR, sol stg. l., r. hand raised, holding whip in l., mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 458, 31a. c —. depeyrot, p. 98, 7/6. [Siscia, AD 304]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13934

13941

13934

Gd. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, constantius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, —. c —. cf. depeyrot, p. 84, 10/3 (iVVeNtVtis for iVVeNtVt). [Rome, AD 293]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

13935

Silver argenteus. ab. rev. F (or FEL) ADVENT AVGG NN, africa stg. facing, hd. l., wearing elephant’s skin head-dress, holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion and bull’s hd. at feet, officina mark T (= 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 424, 12a, 14a. RSC 33-4. [Carthage, AD 296-8]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

13936

ab. rev. PROVIDENTIA AVGG, the four tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod-altar with military camp in background, sometimes with officina mark Α, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 3, or 4) in ex. ric vi, pp. 352-3, 11a, 35a. rsc 241a-b. [Rome, AD 294 (no mint mark), 295-7 (with officina mark)]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13937

D N CONSTANTIO NOB C, b. Rev. — similar (no officina mark). RIC vi, p. 352, 13. rsc 241c. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13938

db. rev. — similar, but with mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 461, 54a. rsc 243. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13939

Bb. rev. — similar, but with mint mark hε in ex. ric vi, p. 529, 1. rsc 242a. [Heraclea, AD 294]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13940

Similar, but with mint and officina marks H Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 529, 5. rsc 242b. [Heraclea, AD 295]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13941

similar, but with mint mark c M in ex. ric vi, p. 578, 4. rsc 242c. [Cyzicus, AD 294-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13942

similar, but with rev. legend PROVIDENTIAE AVGG and mint and officina marks S M N Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 555, 18. rsc 245aa. [Nicomedia, AD 295]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

coNstaNtiUs i as caesar

241

13943

Silver argenteus. Similar, but with mint and officina marks H Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 530, 9. rsc 245ab. [Heraclea, AD 296]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13944

as 13942, but with rev. type four-turreted gateway of military camp with open doors thrown back. ric vi, pp. 555-6, 21, 24. rsc 240a-b. [Nicomedia, AD 295-6]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13945

db. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, as 13938. ric vi, p. 461, 57a. rsc 283. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13946

db. rev. — as 13944, but with mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 462, 73. rsc 284a. [Siscia, AD 303]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13947

db. rev. — three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 462, 65a. rsc 284b. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13948

ab. rev. VICTORIA SARM (or SARMA or SARMAT or SARMATI), the four tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod-altar with military camp in background, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 352, 15, 18, 22a, 24. rsc 286aa, 286B, 286c, 291b. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13948a

d N coNstaNtio NoB c, b. rev. as previous (with VICTORIA SARMATI). ric vi, p. 352, 25. rsc 291a. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13949 13949

as 13948, but with obv. Bb and with VICTORIA SARMAT or SARMATICA on rev. ric vi, pp. 459-60, 35a, 38a, 42. rsc 289b, 291a. [Siscia, AD 294-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Coins of this type (with VICTORIA SARMAT) were issued also at Ticinum (RIC 13a, 17a) and at Rome (RIC 21).

13950

similar (with VICTORIA SARMAT), but with officina mark Α, Γ, ε, or Ζ (= 1, 3, 5, or 7) in ex. ric vi, p. 354, 38a. rsc 286d. [Rome, AD 295-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13951

Cb or c. Rev. As previous, but with officina mark C or D (= 3 or 4) or club in ex. RIC vi, pp. 176-8, 106a, 107, 115a, 120a, 127. rsc 287a-d. [Trier, AD 295-301]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13952

Db. Rev. As 13950, but with officina mark C or D (= 3 or 4) or nothing in ex. RIC vi, p. 175, 101, 105a. rsc 288, 289a. [Trier, AD 294-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13953

ab. rev. VICTORIA SARMAT, three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark r — F in field, officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 354, 43. rsc 289c. [Rome, AD 298-9]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

13954

Bb. rev. VICTORIAE SARMATICAE, the four tetrarchs sacrificing, as 13948, but with mint mark ANT in ex., star in l. field, and officina mark B (= 2) in r. RIC vi, p. 616, 33a. rsc 291B. [Antioch, AD 294-5]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

13955

cb or c. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, as previous, but with officina mark C or D (= 3 or 4) or club or nothing in ex. ric vi, pp. 176-8, 112, 117a, 124a, 132. rsc 308-309c. [Trier, AD 295-301]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

242

the tetrarchies

13956

Silver argenteus. similar, but with obv. type laur. hd. l. or laur. and cuir. bust l. ric vi, pp. 176-8, 113, 118, 126. rsc 310-311b. [Trier, AD 295-301]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £800 ($1,400)

13957

similar, but with obv. db. ric vi, pp. 175-6, 103a, 110a. rsc 312a-b. [Trier, AD 294-7]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

13958

similar, but with obv. type laur. hd. l. ric vi, p. 176, 111a. rsc 313. [Trier, AD 295-7]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £800 ($1,400)

13959

13961

13959

Ab. Rev. As 13955, but with officina mark Α, Γ, ∆, ε, or Ζ (= 1, 3, 4, 5, or 7) or nothing in ex. ric vi, pp. 353-4, 29a, 42a. rsc 314a-b. [Rome, AD 295-7]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

13960

Bb. Rev. Similar, but with mint mark R instead of officina mark in ex. RIC vi, pp. 353, 33. rsc 315b. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

13961

as previous, but without mint mark on rev. ric vi, p. 282, 15a, 19a. rsc 315a. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900) Coins of this type were issued also at Siscia (RIC 44a, 47a).

13962

ab. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark r — F in field, officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 355, 44a. rsc 319a. [Rome, AD 298-9]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13963

db. rev. — similar, but with mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 462, 67a. rsc 320a. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13964

Similar, but with mint and officina marks • S M • SD A • (= 1st officina) in ex. RIC vi, p. 491, 2a. rsc 320b. [Serdica, AD 303/4-5]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

13965

Similar, but with mint and officina marks • T • S • B • or TS • B • (= 2nd officina) in ex. RIC vi, p. 511, 14a, 16a. rsc 320c-d. [Thessalonica, AD 302]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

13966

Bb. rev. as13962, but with mint mark aNt in ex. and officina mark H (= 8) in field, sometimes accompanied by star. ric vi, pp. 616-17, 34a, 36. rsc 318a-b. [Antioch, AD 296]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13967

Similar, but the officina mark follows the mint mark which is sometimes preceded by star, sometimes preceded and followed by stars, or sometimes with dot between the mint and officina marks. RIC vi, pp. 617-18, 38a, 40a, 43a. RSC 318c, d, f. [Antioch, AD 297-8]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13968

Similar, but without officina mark and with star and dot before and after mint mark. RIC vi, p. 617, 41a. rsc 318e. [Antioch, AD 297]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

13969

Similar, but with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark B (= 2) in field. RIC vi, p. 662, 11. rsc 318g. [Alexandria, AD 295-6]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

13970

Similar, but with obv. legend A and officina mark A (= 1) instead of B in rev. field (sometimes without officina mark). RIC vi, p. 662, 12, 13a. RSC 319b-c. [Alexandria, AD 295-6]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

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243

13971

Silver argenteus. db. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, four-turreted gateway of military camp with open doors thrown back, mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 462, 71a. rsc 321a. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

13972

Similar, but with mint and officina marks TS A or TS • A (or Γ) • (= officina 1 or 3) in ex., and with star above arch of camp-gate. ric vi, pp. 510-11, 7, 12a. rsc 321b-c. [Thessalonica, AD 298-9 without dots in mint mark, AD 302 with dots]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

13973

ab. rev. XC / VI in two lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 424, 16a (carthage). rsc 345. [Rome, AD 300]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £800 ($1,400) The numeral on reverse indicates that this denomination was struck on a standard of 96 pieces to a pound of metal.

13974

Bb. rev. XCVI with mint mark t below, all within wreath. ric vi, p. 282, 21a. rsc 346a. [Ticinum, AD 300]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £800 ($1,400) Coins of this type were issued also at Aquileia (mint mark AQ).

13975

Silver half argenteus. cb. rev. VOT / X / SIC / XX in four lines within laurel-wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 178, 134. rsc 334. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,250 ($2,200)

13976

Billon antoninianus. da. rev. ABVNDANT AVGG, abundantia stg. r., emptying cornucopiae, officina mark A (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, —. C —. Hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 602. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £105 ($180)

13974

NB the pre-reform billon coinages of the caesars constantius and Galerius were issued only for a very short time, between their appointment to imperial office in March of ad 293 and the implementation of the currency reform the following year. antoniniani doubtless remained in circulation for some years after the reform with a probable value of 1/25th of the silver argenteus. 13977

da. rev. AVSPIC FEL, liberalitas stg. l., holding abacus and caduceus, child at feet, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark D (= officina 4 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 299, 649. c 7. hunter iv, p. cxciii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £140 ($250) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

13978

da. rev. CLARITAS AVGG, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., captive at feet to l., mint and officina marks as previous. RIC v, ii, p. 299, 651. C 8 var. Hunter iv, p. cxciii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

13979

da. rev. COMES AVGG, Minerva stg. l., holding spear and resting on shield, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 297, 627. c 12. hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 629. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

13980

similar, but with obv. type rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 297, 627. cf. c 11 (aVG for aVGG). hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 630. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

13981

Ga. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG, two concordiae stg. facing each other, clasping hands and each holding cornucopiae, officina mark II (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 297, 628. C 15. hunter iv, p. cxcii. Bastien 543. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

244

the tetrarchies

13982

Billon antoninianus. ha. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, constantius, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, XXI (sometimes followed by dot) in ex., officina mark Α or ε (= 1 or 5) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 302, 672. C 20. Cf. Hunter iv, p. cxciv (C for CAES). [Cyzicus, AD 293-4]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

13983

da. rev. FIDES MILIT, Fides Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark D (= officina 4 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 299, 653. C 40 var. hunter iv, p. cxciii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

13984

Ga. rev. IOVI AVGG, Jupiter seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, officina mark I (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 297, 629. C 152. Hunter iv, p. cxcii. Bastien 537. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

13985

13991

13985

G or ha. rev. IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS CAES, Jupiter stg. r., holding globe and sceptre, facing hercules stg. l., holding Victory and club, lion’s skin on l. arm, XXi in ex., sometimes followed by dot, officina mark A or ∆, or S (= 1 or 4, or 6) in field, sometimes with dot above. ric v, ii, p. 302, 673-4. c 163-4. hunter iv, 3. [Antioch, AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

13986

da. rev. LAETITIA AVGG, laetitia stg. l., holding wreath and anchor (or rudder), officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 297, 630. C 165. Hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 634. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

13987

da. rev. ORIENS AVGG, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 297, 631. c 210. hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 640. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

13988

similar, but with obv. type rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 297, 631. c 211. cf. hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 641. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

13989

Ga. rev. PAX AVGG, Pax stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre (usually transverse), officina mark III (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 297, 632. C 214. Hunter iv, p. cxcii. Bastien 569. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

13990

Da. Rev. — Pax stg. (sometimes advancing) l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, officina mark a (= 1) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 297, 634. c —. hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 614. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

13991

da. rev. PIETAS AVGG, constantius, in military attire, stg. r., holding sceptre and raising turreted female figure who kneels l., holding cornucopiae, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark C (= officina 3 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 299, 654. C 216. Hunter iv, p. cxciii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

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245

13992

Billon antoninianus. Ga. rev. PRAESIDIA REIPVBLIC, constantius and Galerius, in military attire, stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and holding between them Victory on globe, kneeling captive between them, XXI followed by officina mark A (= 1) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 301, 671. c 218. hunter iv, p. cxciv. [Siscia, AD 293-4]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £200 ($350)

13993

Ga. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, constantius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, XXI followed by officina mark A or Γ (= 1 or 3) in ex., sometimes with mint mark R in field. RIC v, ii, p. 300, 659. C 221. Hunter iv, 1. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

13994

ha. rev. — constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre, or two standards, XXI followed by officina mark Z (= 7) in ex., sometimes with mint mark R in field. RIC v, ii, p. 300, 661. C 225. Hunter iv, p. cxcii. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

13995

Ga. rev. PROVIDENT DEOR, Providentia stg. l., holding rod and sceptre, globe at feet, usually with thunderbolt or officina mark A or I, or II (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 297, 635. c 237. hunter iv, p. cxcii. Bastien 493, 506-7, 538, 551. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

13996 13996

Similar, but Providentia is seated l., and with officina mark A or II (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 298, 636. c 238. hunter iv, p. cxcii. Bastien 508, 558. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

13997

similar, but with rev. legend PROVIDENTIA DEORVM and officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 298, 637. c 244. hunter iv, —. Bastien 509. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

13998

da. rev. ROMAE AETERN, roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, shield at side, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 298, 639. C 254. Hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 667. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

13999

similar, but with obv. type rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre, and sometimes AETERNAE for AETERN. ric v, ii, —. c 258. cf. hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 668-9. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £125 ($220)

14000

da. rev. SAECVLARES AVGG, cippus inscribed M, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, —. c —. cf. hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 670. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £225 ($400) This and the following appear to be revivals of a type issued by Philip I in AD 248 (see Vol. III, no. 8961). See also nos. 12704A, 13169 and 14311.

14001

similar, but the cippus is inscribed COS X and with M XX (= MVLTIS XX) instead of officina mark in ex. RIC v, ii, —. C —. Cf. Hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 674. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £200 ($350)

14002

da. rev. SECVRIT AVGG, securitas stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, her r. hand raised to hd. and resting l. arm on column, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 298, 644. C 276. hunter iv, 2. Bastien 649. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

246 14003

the tetrarchies Billon antoninianus. da. rev. TEMPOR FEL, Felicitas stg. l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark C (= officina 3 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 299, 655. C 278. Hunter iv, p. cxciii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

14004

14008

14004

da. rev. TEMPOR FELICIT, Felicitas or Genius, turreted, seated l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark C or D (= officina 3 or 4 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 299, 656. C 279. Hunter iv, p. cxciii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

14005

da. rev. VNDIQVE VICTORES, constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 298, 645. C 324. Hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 652. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £105 ($180) This unusual legend describes the Caesar as “everywhere victorious”, a justifiable claim in the light of Constantius’ successful military career and prescient of his future conquests.

14006

Ga. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin over l. arm, officina mark III (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 298, 646. C 295. Hunter iv, p. cxcii. Bastien 578. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

14007

ha. rev. — hercules stg. r., strangling the Nemean lion, his club on ground behind, XXi followed by mint mark T in ex., officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 301, 669. c 298. hunter iv, p. cxciii. [Ticinum, AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

14008

Ga. rev. — hercules stg. r. in the Garden of the hesperides beneath apple-tree around which serpent is entwined, holding club, apple and lion’s skin, XXi followed by mint mark t in ex. ric v, ii, p. 301, 670. c 299. hunter iv, p. cxciii. [Ticinum, AD 293-4]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £200 ($350)

14009

Da. Rev. — Mars or Virtus stg. l., resting on shield and spear, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 298, 647. c 294. hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 656. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

14010

da. rev. — constantius, in military attire, stg. r., holding spear and parazonium, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark C (= officina 3 of Lugdunum) in field. ric v, ii, p. 299, 657. c 300. hunter iv, p. cxciii. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

14011

Da. Rev. — trophy between two seated captives, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 299, 648. c 302. hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 658. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

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247

14012

Billon antoninianus. similar, but with obv. type rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 299, 648. c 303. cf. hunter iv, p. cxciii. Bastien 659. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £125 ($220)

14013

Billon denarius. dd. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENT (or IVVENTVT), constantius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 300, 663. c —. hunter iv, p. cxcii. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £480 ($850)

14014

Gd. rev. — constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in each hand, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 300, 664. c —. hunter iv, p. cxcii. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £480 ($850)

14015 14015

Billon quinarius. ed. rev. as 14013 (constantius r. with spear and globe). ric v, ii, p. 301, 666. c 224. hunter iv, p. cxcii. King, pp. 420-21, 66, 69. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £400 ($700)

14016

similar, but with obv. legend d. ric v, ii, p. 301, 667. c 220. hunter iv, p. cxcii. King, pp. 420-21, 66a, 70. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £400 ($700)

14017

coNstaNtiVs NoB cae, b. rev. as 14013 (IVVENT), but with mint mark P r in ex. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. cf. King, p. 420, 65. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

14018

Gd. rev. as 14013 (IVVENTVT), but with mint mark aQ in ex. cf. ric v, ii, p. 301, 665 (rQ for aQ). c 222. hunter iv, —. King, p. 422, 5. [Aquileia, AD 294]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

14019

obv. as previous. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, as 14013. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. King, p. 421, 71 [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £400 ($700)

14020

Gd. rev. as 14014 (IVVENTVT, constantius l. with two standards). cf. ric v, ii, p. 301, 668. cf. c 219 (misdescribed). hunter iv, p. cxcii. King, p. 420, 67. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £400 ($700)

14021

similar, but with obv. legend e. cf. ric v, ii, p. 301, 668a. c —. hunter iv, p. cxcii. King, p. 420, 67a. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £400 ($700)

14022

similar, but the obv. legend sometimes ends cae, and on rev. constantius holds sceptre instead of standard in l. hand. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, p. cxcii. King, p. 420, 68. 68a. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £430 ($750)

14023

ed. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. facing, hd. r., resting on club and holding bow and lion’s skin, no mint mark. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. King, p. 421, 72. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £520 ($900)

14024

dc. rev. — constantius, in military attire, galloping r., thrusting spear at prostrate enemy beneath horse, sometimes with mint mark * sis in ex. ric v, ii, —. c 301 var. hunter iv, —. King, p. 424, 12. [Siscia, AD 293-4]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £575 ($1,000) A rarer variety without mint mark (C 301, King 11) has obv. type laureate bust right, wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre.

248 14025

the tetrarchies Billon follis. eb. rev. FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN, africa stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion holding bull’s hd. at feet to l., Greek officina mark Γ (= 3) in field, mint mark P K followed by latin officina mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 425, 22a. cf. c 35. [Carthage, AD 297]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £90 ($160)

14026 14026

similar, but with h (= Herculi) instead of Greek officina mark in rev. field, and mint mark P K followed by Greek officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 426, 26a. cf. c 35. [Carthage, AD 298]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £90 ($160) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Diocletian and his Caesar Galerius have the letter I in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Maximian and Constantius have the letter H (= Herculi).

14027

G (but NoBil for NoB), b. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG NN, Fortuna seated l., holding rudder on globe (or wheel) and cornucopiae, sometimes with wheel at side, mint mark tr in ex., officina mark a or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field, star in r. ric vi, p. 185, 233. c 51. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £110 ($190)

14028

F (but caes for c), b. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG ET CAESS NN, Fortuna seated l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, mint mark TR in ex., officina mark B (= 2) in l. field, star in r. ric vi, p. 185, 241. c 53. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £110 ($190)

14029

G (but NoBil for NoB), c. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI CAESS NN, Fortuna stg. l., holding rudder (or wand) over globe and cornucopiae, sometimes with wheel at side, star in field, officina mark B (= 2) followed by mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 191, 409. c 57 var. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £90 ($160)

14030

similar, but with obv. type cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield. ric vi, p. 191, 411. c 56. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14031

hb. rev. GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (from which liquid flows) and cornucopiae, mint mark KV in ex. (no officina mark). ric vi, p. 579, 7a. c 58. [Cyzicus, AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

14032 14032

Similar, but with mint mark K followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex. ric vi, p. 580, 9a, 11a. c 58. [Cyzicus, AD 295-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

coNstaNtiUs i as caesar 14033

249

Billon follis. Gb. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (without liquid) and cornucopiae, mint mark loN in ex. ric vi, p. 123, 4a. c 83. [London, AD 297]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £225 ($400)

14034 14034

Gc. rev. — similar, but without mint mark. ric vi, p. 124, 14a. c 84. [London, AD 300-03]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14035

Eb. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark TR in ex., officina mark A, B, or C (= 1, 2, or 3) in l. field, Γ in r. ric vi, p. 183, 213a. cf. c 61. [Trier, AD 296-7]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14036

G (but NoBil for NoB), cuir. bust r., wearing laur. helmet. rev. — similar, but with officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field and star instead of Γ in r. ric vi, p. 188, 323. c —. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14037

Fc. Rev. As 14033, but Genius is sometimes turreted and with officina mark I or II (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark TR in ex. and S — F in field. RIC vi, pp. 196-7, 508a, 530a. C 77, 109. [Trier, AD 302-3]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14038 14038

Similar (with Genius turreted), but with obv. legend D and officina mark P (= 1) instead of i or ii preceding tr. ric vi, p. 200, 602a. c 104. [Trier, AD 303-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14039

As 14033, but with mint mark L followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 242, 4a. c 83. [Lugdunum, AD 295]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14040

Similar, but with obv. legend D and without mint or officina marks in ex. RIC vi, p. 243, 20. c 71. [Lugdunum, AD 296]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14041

Eb. Rev. As 14033, but with mint mark L P or P L in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in field. RIC vi, pp. 245-6, 38a, 53a. Cf. C 61. [Lugdunum, AD 298]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14042

ec. rev. as 14033, but with altar at feet of Genius to l., and with mint mark P lG in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in field. RIC vi, p. 251, 129a. C 125. [Lugdunum, AD 301-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

250 14043

the tetrarchies Billon follis. similar, but with obv. type laur. and cuir. bust r., holding spear pointing forward in r. hand and shield on l. arm. ric vi, p. 251, 139. cf. c 128. [Lugdunum, AD 301-3]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14044 14044

similar, but with obv. type laur. bust l., lion’s skin on l. shoulder, holding club over r. shoulder. ric vi, p. 251, 147. c 137. [Lugdunum, AD 301-3]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £225 ($400)

14045

Dc. Rev. As 14042, but with star instead of officina mark in field. RIC vi, p. 253, 178a. C 120. [Lugdunum, AD 303-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14046

eb. rev. as 14033, but with mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 283, 24a. cf. c 61. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14047

Similar, but with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark T which is sometimes followed by dot, sometimes also with star in field. RIC vi, p. 284, 30a, 32a, 35a. cf. c 61. [Ticinum, AD 295-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14048

Similar, but with mint mark AQ in ex. rarely followed by A (= officina 1?). RIC vi, p. 313, 19a, 21. cf. c 61. Ma 54-5. [Aquileia, AD 294-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14049 14049

Similar, but with officina mark P, S, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) following the mint mark, and sometimes with tripod-altar at feet of Genius to l. ric vi, pp. 314-15, 24a, 26a, 28a. cf. c 61, 119. Ma 56-8. [Aquileia, AD 296-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14050

Gb. Rev. As 14033, but with mint mark R in field and usually with officina mark A-Θ (= 1-9) in ex. ric vi, pp. 355 and 358, 46a, 66a. c 83. [Rome, AD 294-7]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14051

Similar, but with obv. Eb and with R — S or R — F instead of R in rev. field. RIC vi, pp. 359-60, 73a, 93a. cf. c 61. [Rome, AD 297-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14052

As previous, but nothing in rev. field and with officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) followed by star, thunderbolt, or club in ex. ric vi, p. 361, 95a, 97a. cf. c 61. [Rome, AD 299-300]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14053

Gb. Rev. As 14033, but with mint mark S in l. field and usually with officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. (nothing in ex.). ric vi, pp. 463-4, 75a, 81a. c 83. [Siscia, AD 294]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

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251

14054

Billon follis. Similar, but with obv. Eb, and mint mark * SIS in ex. and officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in field. RIC vi, pp. 464-6, 90a, 98a. Cf. C 61. [Siscia, AD 295-6]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14055

As previous, but without star preceding the mint mark and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. RIC vi, p. 467, 109a. Cf. C 61. [Siscia, AD 299]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14056

Gb. rev. as previous, but with mint mark sisc (sometimes between two dots) in ex. ric vi, pp. 466-7, 101, 105. c 83. [Siscia, AD 297-8]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14057

eb. rev. as previous, but with mark of value and mint mark XXi sis in ex., l, c, s, or I in l. field, and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ in r. ric vi, p. 468, 118-21. cf. c 61. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130) The formula ‘XXI’ refers to the retariffing of the follis at 20 denarii communes (see also nos. 12782, 12797, 12803, 13260, 13275, 13282, 14069, 14076, 14368, 14380 and 14386). The letters L, C, S, and I in rev. field have not yet been satisfactorily explained (cf. RIC vi, pp. 445-6).

14058

Hb. Rev. As 14033, but liquid flows from the patera held by Genius, and with mint mark S M • SD • in ex. and officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in field. RIC vi, p. 492, 4a. C 89. [Serdica, AD 303/4-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14059

similar, but with mint mark ts followed by officina mark a or B (= 1 or 2) in ex., sometimes between two dots. ric vi, p. 512, 20a, 22a. c 89. [Thessalonica, AD 298-301]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14060

Similar, but with mint mark TS (sometimes between two dots) in ex., and officina mark Γ, ∆, or ε (= 3, 4, or 5) in field. RIC vi, pp. 512-13, 24a, 26a. C 89. [Thessalonica, AD 302-3]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14061

Hb. Rev. As 14058, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex. (nothing in field). RIC vi, p. 531, 18a, 20a. C 89. [Heraclea, AD 296-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14062

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. (no officina mark). RIC vi, p. 556, 28a. C 89. [Nicomedia, AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14063

As previous, but with officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) following the mint mark. RIC vi, p. 557, 30a. c 89. [Nicomedia, AD 303-4]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14064

Hb. Rev. As 14058, but with mint mark ANT in ex., star in l. field, and officina mark A, ∆, ε, ς, or Z (= 1, 4, 5, 6, or 7) in r. ric vi, p. 618, 45a. c 89. [Antioch, AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14065

Similar, but the star is in r. field above the officina mark. RIC vi, p. 619, 47a. C 89. [Antioch, AD 296]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14066

Similar, but with officina mark A-Z (= 1-7) in r. field and with crescent instead of star above. ric vi, p. 619, 49a. c 89. [Antioch, AD 297]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14067

Similar, but also with two stars in l. field. RIC vi, p. 620, 51a. C 89. [Antioch, AD 298]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14068

Similar, but with officina mark A-I (= 1-10) in r. field and nothing in l. RIC vi, p. 620, 53a. c 89. [Antioch, AD 299-300]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) In this issue, and the two following, officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

252

the tetrarchies

14069

Billon follis. similar, but also with K — V in lower rev. field. ric vi, p. 620, 55a. c 89. [Antioch, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) ‘K’ probably refers to the retariffing of the follis at 20 denarii communes (see also nos. 12782, 12797, 12803, 13260, 13275, 13282, 14057, 14076, 14368, 14380 and 14386), while ‘V’ may refer to the revised valuation of the follis at 5 to the silver argenteus.

14070

as 14068, but with star or dot following aNt in ex. ric vi, pp. 620-21, 57a, 59a. c 89. [Antioch, AD 302-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14071

hb. rev. as 14033, but liquid sometimes flows from the patera held by Genius, and with mint mark ale in ex. and officina mark a, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field. ric vi, p. 663, 15a. c 89. [Alexandria, AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14072

similar, but also with star or crescent in l. field on rev. ric vi, p. 663, 17a. c 89. [Alexandria, AD 295-6]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) The star normally appears on coins from officinae A and B, the crescent on coins from officina Γ.

14073 14073

as 14071, but also with eagle at feet of Genius to l. and sometimes with star in rev. field to l. ric vi, pp. 663-4, 21a, 23a. c 118. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200) The variety without star was issued under the usurper Domitius Domitianus who, like Carausius in Britain a few years before, was posing as a legitimate colleague of the official rulers.

14074

as 14071, but with officina mark a-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., and sometimes with palm branch in field to l. ric vi, p. 664, 27a, 29a. c 89. [Alexandria, AD 297-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14075

as 14071, but with Greek regnal date l — ε (= year 5) in rev. field and officina mark B (= 2) in upper l. ric vi, p. 664, 25. c 89. [Alexandria, AD 297]. VF £100 ($170) / EF £290 ($500) Following the suppression of the revolt of Domitius Domitianus and Achilleus in AD 297 there was a resumption at Alexandria of the issue of Roman folles in the names of the tetrarchic rulers. However, the local Greek tetradrachm coinage was finally abandoned at this time, possibly because of the suspicion that it might encourage separatist sentiments in Egypt. Initially, there was confusion over whether the Greek regnal dates, traditional on the tetradrachms, should now be transferred to the follis denomination, hence this brief and very rare issue dated ‘year 5’ (L ε) of Constantius. The idea was quickly abandoned and the only other known type in this series is a follis of Maximian dated ‘year 12’ (see no. 13281).

14076

As 14071, but with officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., and with mark of value XXI in field to l. (sometimes divided XX—I across lower field). RIC vi, p. 665, 31a, 33a. C 89. [Alexandria, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110) The formula ‘XXI’ refers to the retariffing of the follis at 20 denarii communes (see also nos. 12782, 12797, 12803, 13260, 13275, 13282, 14057, 14069, 14368, 14380 and 14386).

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253

14077

Billon follis. As 14071, but with officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., and with S—P across lower field (rarely also with wreath in upper field to l.). RIC vi, pp. 665-6, 35a, 37a. c 89. [Alexandria, AD 302-4]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) The meaning of ‘S P’ is uncertain, but RIC suggests sacra pecunia as a possible expansion.

14078

hb. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding apples, lion’s skin hanging from l. shoulder, mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark a-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field (usually to r.), S P across field or to l. RIC vi, p. 666, 40. c 150. [Alexandria, AD 304-5]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

14079

Gc. rev. M SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) followed by mint mark TR in ex., star in field. RIC vi, p. 193, 480a. C 205. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14080

Gb. rev. MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN, as previous, but with mint mark * sis in ex. and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. RIC vi, p. 468, 129a. C —. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14081 14081

Gd. rev. MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN, as 14079, but with officina mark I or II (= 1 or 2) instead of A or B preceding mint mark, and with S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 197, 553a. c 202 var. [Trier, AD 302-3]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14082

ec. rev. MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN, as14079. ric vi, p. 192, 433a. c 196. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14083

eb. rev. rev. S M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., as 14079, but with mint and officina marks R T (= 3) in ex., and star in field. RIC vi, p. 363, 110a. C 277 var. [Rome, AD 302-3]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

14084

similar, but SAC M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN. ric vi, p. 362, 108a. c —. [Rome, AD 302-3]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

14085

similar, but SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN and sometimes with crescent between mint and officina marks and no star in field. RIC vi, pp. 362-3, 106a, 112a. C 263. [Rome, AD 302-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14086

similar, but SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN and sometimes with officina mark T (= 3) only in ex. followed by thunderbolt or club, no star in field. ric vi, p. 362, 102a, 104a. c 267. [Rome, AD 300-03]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14087

similar, but SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, officina mark T (= 3) in ex. followed by club. ric vi, p. 361, 99a. c —. [Rome, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

254

the tetrarchies

14088

Billon follis. eb. rev. SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., as 14079, but with mint mark SIS followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., crescent in l. field and V in r. RIC vi, p. 470, 143a. C —. [Siscia, AD 304]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

14089

Similar, but with VI instead of V in r. field. RIC vi, p. 470, 145a. C —. [Siscia, AD 305]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

14090

eb. rev. SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta stg. l., as 14079, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex., and V in r. field. RIC vi, p. 315, 34a. c 264. Ma 62. [Aquileia, AD 301]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14091 14091

Similar, but with VI in r. field, and sometimes with star or crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 316, 36a, 38a, 40a. c 264. Ma 63-5. [Aquileia, AD 302-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14092

eb. rev. SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta stg. l., as 14079, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and followed by dot. RIC vi, pp. 285-6, 44a, 46a. c 264. [Ticinum, AD 300-03]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14093

Similar, but without dot following the mint mark T and with star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 286, 48a. c 264. [Ticinum, AD 304-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14094 14094

as 14090, but with SACRA instead of SACR on rev. and sometimes without V in field. ric vi, p. 315, 30a, 32a. c 264. Ma 59-61 [Aquileia, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14095

Eb. Rev. As 14092, but with * SIS in ex. and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 469, 133a. C 264. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14096

Similar, but also with star in l. field and sometimes the star preceding SIS is omitted. RIC vi, p. 469, 135a, 137a. c 264. [Siscia, AD 301-2]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14097

as 14095, but with crescent instead of star preceding the mint mark sis. ric vi, p. 469, 139a. c 264. [Siscia, AD 302]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

14098

Similar, but the crescent is in l. field instead of preceding the mint mark sis. ric vi, p. 470, 141a. c 264. [Siscia, AD 303]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

coNstaNtiUs i as caesar

255

14099

Billon follis. eb. rev. SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS AVCTA KART, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 426, 28a. c 270. [Carthage, AD 298-9]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

14100

similar, but with rev. legend SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART. ric vi, p. 427, 30a, 32a. c 271. [Carthage, AD 298-303]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14101

similar, but also with h (= Herculi) in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 427, 34a. C 271. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Diocletian and his Caesar Galerius have the letter I (= Iovi) in the reverse field, while those of the ’Herculians’ Maximian and Constantius have the letter H.

14102

Bronze double post-reform radiate. ha. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, constantius, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, mint mark K followed by officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field, dot in ex. ric vi, p. 580, 14a. c —. [Cyzicus, AD 295-6]. VF £320 ($550) / EF £685 ($1,200) NB in the early post-reform period the bronze coinage comprised two principal denominations, a radiate piece resembling the old antoninianus but with no silver content, and a smaller laureate bronze piece that probably represented the basic denarius communis. it seems reasonable to assume that the ‘post-reform radiate’ was valued at 2 denarii communes, i.e. half the value of the billon antoninianus. the mint of cyzicus was unique in striking a double post-reform radiate. specimens of this coin are extremely rare and even though ric records examples in the names of diocletian’s three colleagues none are known for the senior emperor himself.

14103

Bronze post-reform radiate. h, rad. and cuir. bust r. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark H followed by officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in field, nothing in ex. Cf. RIC vi, p. 531, 15 (misdescribed). c 20. [Heraclea, AD 295-6]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

14104

Ha or rad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark K followed by officina mark a-∆ (= 1-4) in field. RIC vi, p. 581, 18a, 19a. C 20. [Cyzicus, AD 295-9]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

14105

ha. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark aNt in ex. and officina mark a-Z (= 1-7) surmounted by star or crescent in field. ric vi, pp. 621-2, 61a, 63a. c 20. [Antioch, AD 296-7]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

14106 14106

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field. RIC vi, p. 667, 48a. c 20. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

14107

ea. rev. CONCORDIAE AVGG, constantius and Jupiter, as 14102, but with mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 283, 26a. c 24. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14108

As previous, but usually with mint mark R in field and officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 358, 70a. c 24. [Rome, AD 296-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14109

as previous, but with mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 465, 92a. c 24. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

256

the tetrarchies

14110

Bronze post-reform radiate. Ga, or rad. and cuir. bust r., or rad. hd. r. rev. VOT / X / officina mark T (= 3) in three lines within wreath. RIC vi, p. 285, 39a, 40a, 41, 42a. C 330. [Ticinum, AD 299]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14111

Ga. rev. as previous, but with F K (= Felix Karthago) instead of officina mark below the votive inscription. ric vi, p. 427, 35a. c 330. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14112

d, e or G, a. rev. VOT / XX / officina mark A-Θ (= 1-9) in three lines within wreath. ric vi, pp. 359-60, 87a, 88a, 89a. c 335-7. [Rome, AD 297-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14113

Bronze denarius communis. cb. rev. VOT / XX / CAESS in three lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 201, 611a. cf. c 341 (caes for caess). [Trier, AD 303]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £160 ($280)

14114

cb. rev. VOT / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 201, 614a. cf. c 343 (inscription in three lines). [Trier, AD 303]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £160 ($280)

14115

cb. rev. VO / TIS / X / SIC / XX in five lines within wreath. RIC vi, p. 198, 571. C 326. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £175 ($300)

14116

coNstaNtiVs c, b. rev. VTILITAS PVBLICA, Utilitas stg. facing, hd. l., her hands wrapped in the drapery of her dress, mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 283, 28a. c 348. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

14117

similar, but with mint mark r in ex. ric vi, p. 356, 49a. c 348. [Rome, AD 294-5]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

Alexandrian Coinage the production of Greek tetradrachms at alexandria extended down to diocletian’s year 12 (= Maximian’s year 11 and year 4 for the caesars constantius and Galerius = ad 295-6). during diocletian’s 8th, 9th, and 10th regnal years (= ad 291/2-293/4) many issues bear officina marks using Greek letter-numerals (normally A for Diocletian, B for Maximian, Γ for Galerius, and ∆ for Constantius). In August of 296 the Alexandria mint briefly fell into the hands of the usurper domitius domitianus who continued the production of tetradrachms (as well as experimental octadrachms) in addition to the reformed roman gold and billon denominations. Following the downfall of domitianus in 297 the tetrarchic government did not resume its Greek tetradrachm coinage, thus ending a tradition that dated back 277 years to the reign of tiberius. there are three principal varieties of obverse legend for constantius’ tetradrachms: a. ΦΛΑ ΚωcΤΑΝΤΙoc Κ. B. ΦΛΑ ΚωΝcΤΑΝΤΙoc Κ. c. ΚωΝcΤΑΝΤΙoc Κ. the obverse type is usually laur., dr. and/or cuir. bust r., occasionally laur. hd. r. 14118

Billon tetradrachm. a. rev. alexandria, turreted, stg. l., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., L — Α (= regnal year 1) in field, sometimes with ∆ (= officina 4) in ex. Dattari 6031-2. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne 5090. [AD 293]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14119

a. rev. alexandria, turreted, stg. l., holding head of sarapis and resting on sceptre, l — Α (= regnal year 1) in field, sometimes with ∆ (= officina 4) in ex. Dattari 6033. BMCG —. cologne —. Milne 5092. [AD 293]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

constantius i as caesar

14120

257

14121

14120

Billon tetradrachm. a. rev. Bust of sarapis r., wearing modius, L — Α (= regnal year 1) in field. Dattari 6081. BMCG/Christiansen 3536. Cologne 3348. Milne 5058. [AD 293]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

14121

a. rev. Laur. bust of Zeus r., L — Α (= regnal year 1) in field. Dattari 6091. BMCG/ Christiansen 3528. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 293]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14122

A. Rev. Eagle stg. r., palm-branch transversely in background, L — Α (= regnal year 1) in field. Dattari 6100. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 293]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14123

14125

14123

A. Rev. Eagle stg. l., hd. r., holding wreath in beak, L — Α (= regnal year 1) in field, sometimes also with star in field and/or with ∆ (= officina 4) in ex. Dattari 6092-3, 6095. BMCG 2612. Cologne 3346. Milne 5095. [AD 293]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14124

A. Rev. Sarapis stg. facing, hd. r., resting on sceptre, sometimes with Kerberos at feet; B — L (= regnal year 2) in field. Dattari 6083. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne (supplement) 5110a. [AD 293-4]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14125

A. Rev. Dikaiosyne (= Aequitas) stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, L B (= regnal year 2) before, sometimes also with star in field and/or with ∆ (= officina 4) in ex. Dattari 6038-40. BMCG/Christiansen 3530. Cologne —. Milne 5097, 5130. [AD 293-4]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14126 14126

A. Rev. Eirene (= Pax) stg. l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, L B (= regnal year 2) before or across field, sometimes also with palm in field and/or with ∆ (= officina 4) in ex. Dattari 6044-7. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne 5101-2, 5140. [AD 293-4]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14127

a (sometimes ΦΛ for ΦΛΑ) or B. Rev. Elpis (= Spes) advancing l., holding flower and lifting skirt, L B (= regnal year 2) before or across field, sometimes also with palm or star in field and/or with ∆ (= officina 4) in ex. Dattari 6050-55. BMCG 2604. Cologne 3349. Milne 5104-5, 5133-5. [AD 293-4]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

258

the tetrarchies

14128

Billon tetradrachm. a or B. rev. tyche (= Fortuna) stg. l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, l B (= regnal year 2) before, sometimes also with palm in field and ∆ (= officina 4) in ex. Dattari 6085, 6087. BMCG/Christiansen 3535. Cologne —. Milne 5108, 5148-9. [AD 293-4]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14129

a. rev. eagle l., hd. r., wings spread, holding wreath in talons, l B (= regnal year 2) before. dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4183. [AD 293-4]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

14130

B. rev. ares stg. facing, hd. l., holding spear and parazonium, L — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field. Dattari 6034. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14131

B. rev. homonoia (= concordia) stg. l., raising r. hand and holding double-cornucopiae (sometimes single) in l., l Γ (= regnal year 3) to l. or across field. Dattari 6069-71. BMCG 2609. cologne —. Milne 5173-4. [AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14131

14132 var. (year 4)

14132

a or B. rev. Nike (= Victory) advancing r., holding wreath and palm, l — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field. Dattari 6074. BMCG 2610. Cologne —. Milne 5183-4. [AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14133

similar, but Nike advancing l. and with l — Γ (= regnal year 3) before. dattari 6080. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne 5186. [AD 294-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14134

B. rev. cuir. bust of constantius l., wearing crested helmet ornamented with Nike, and holding trophy over r. shoulder and shield on l. shoulder, l Γ (= regnal year 3) before. dattari 6030. BMcG —. cologne 3350. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

14135

a. rev. constantius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., between two captives, holding Nike on globe and resting on spear, l / Γ (= regnal year 3) to r. dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne 5194. [AD 294-5]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14136 14136

a or B. rev. constantius on horseback galloping r., brandishing spear at enemy beneath horse, l — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field. Dattari —. BMCG/Christiansen 3538. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £133 ($230)

14137

a or B. rev. constantius stg. l., holding sceptre and clasping r. hands with ares, helmeted, stg. r., holding transverse spear, l — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field. Dattari —. BMCG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4188. [AD 294-5]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £133 ($230)

coNstaNtiUs i as caesar

259

14138

Billon tetradrachm. a. rev. Bust of harpocrates r., crowned with skhent, his r. hand raised to mouth, l — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field. Dattari 6065. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

14139

B. rev. ares stg. facing, hd. l., holding spear and parazonium, Nike stg. r. on short column before him, holding wreath and palm, L — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. Dattari 6035. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne 5199. [AD 295-6]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14140

B. rev. athena stg. facing, hd. l., resting on spear and shield, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. Dattari 6036. Cf. BMCG/Christiansen 3529. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14141

a or B. rev. athena seated l., holding Nike and resting on sceptre, shield at side, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field, star behind. Dattari 6037. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14142

c. rev. dikaiosyne (= aequitas) seated l., holding scales and cornucopiae, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. Dattari 6043. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14143

c. rev. eagle stg. r., holding wreath in beak, palm-branch transversely in background, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. Dattari 6103. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne 5236. [AD 295-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14144

c. rev. eagle stg. r., hd. l., supporting on its open wings wreath, within which l∆ (= regnal year 4). dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4179. [AD 295-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

14145

B. rev. eagle stg. l., hd. r., wings open, holding wreath in beak; l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. Dattari 6099. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne 5241. [AD 295-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14146

c. rev. similar, but eagle’s wings are closed and with palm to l. dattari 6097-8. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne 5239. [AD 295-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14147

c. rev. as 14145, but eagle stands between two vexilla, l∆ (= regnal year 4) above. dattari 6106. BMcG —. cologne 3352. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

14148

B or c. rev. rad. bust of helios r., l ∆ (= regnal year 4) behind or across field, sometimes also with palm or star before. dattari 6066-8. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne 5196. [AD 295-6]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £90 ($160)

14149

B or c. rev. Bust of isis r., wearing disk and plumes, knot on breast, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. Dattari 6072-3. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne 5234. [AD 295-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

14150

B. rev. Bust of selene r., large lunar crescent before, l ∆ (= regnal year 4) behind. dattari 6084. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14151

B or c. rev. triptolemos in car drawn r. by two winged serpents, l ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. Dattari —. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. Emmett 4199. [AD 295-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

260

the tetrarchies

Issues as Augustus, AD 305-306

14152

14153

14152

Gold aureus. ib. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NN, concordia seated l., holding patera and double cornucopiae, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 203, 618a. calicó 4813. c —. depeyrot, p. 51, 11a/1. [Trier]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

14153

ib. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG NOSTR, similar, but with mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 317, 41a. calicó 4814. c 19. Ma 66. depeyrot, p. 92, 6/1. [Aquileia]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

14154

Jb. rev. CONSVL AVGG NN, constantius, togate, stg. l., holding globe and baton, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC vi, p. 492, 5a. Calicó 4818. Cf. C 30 (misdescribed). depeyrot, p. 108, 2/1. [Serdica]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £6,300 ($11,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following and nos. 14160 and 14163 below, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 1448081, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

14155

obv. as 14154. rev. CONSVL V P P PROCOS, as previous, but with mint and value marks s M a Σ between crescent and star in ex. ric vi, p. 622, 65a. calicó 4821. c 32. depeyrot, p. 142, 20/1. [Antioch, AD 305]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

14156

14161

14156

ib. rev. FELICITAS AVGG NOSTR, Felicitas seated l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark s M t sometimes preceded by dot in ex. ric vi, p. 287, 51, 51a. calicó 4823. c 38. depeyrot, p. 69, 8/4, 9/2. [Ticinum]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

14157

ib. rev. FELICITAS SAECVLI AVGG NN, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath containing Vic / aVGG in two lines, mint mark s M aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 318, 51a. calicó 4824. c —. Ma 69. depeyrot, p. 93, 7/1. [Aquileia]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

14158

ib. rev. HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NOSTR, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., holding branch in r. hand, club and lion’s skin in l., crescent in l. field, mint mark AQ in ex. RIC vi, p. 317, 46a. calicó 4830. c —. Ma 67. depeyrot, p. 92, 6/7-8. [Aquileia]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

coNstaNtiUs i as aUGUstUs

261

14159

Gold aureus. ib. rev. HERCVLI CONSER AVGG ET CAESS NN, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin on l. shoulder, quiver behind r. shoulder, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 203, 620a. calicó 4837. c 146. depeyrot, p. 52, 11B/1. [Trier]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

14160

Jb. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding apple/s and lion’s skin, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC vi, p. 493, 6a. Calicó 4844. c —. depeyrot, p. 107, 1/1. [Serdica]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) See note following no 14154.

14161

coNstaNtiVs aVGVstVs, b. rev. — as previous, but with NiK monogram at end of legend and with mint mark S M N in ex. (no mark of value in field). RIC vi, p. 557, 32. Calicó 4845. c —. depeyrot, p. 121, 9/1. [Nicomedia]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

14162

ib. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 318, 48. calicó 4849. c —. Ma 68. depeyrot, p. 93, 6/12. [Aquileia]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

14163

14165a

14163

Jb. rev. IOVIS CONSERVATOR, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ in r. field. RIC vi, p. 493, 7a. Calicó 4846. c —. depeyrot, p. 108, 2/3. [Serdica]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) See note following no. 14154.

14164

ib. rev. SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 204, 628a. calicó 4872. c —. depeyrot, p. 52, 11a/4. [Trier]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

14165

ib. rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, constantius, in military attire, stg. r. between two captives, holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 205, 634a. calicó 4875. c 280. depeyrot, p. 52, 11a/7. [Trier]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £6,300 ($11,000)

14165a

ib. rev. VICT CONSTANT AVG, Victory advancing l. between two seated captives, holding wreath and palm, mint mark s M t in ex. ric vi, —. calicó 4876. c 281. depeyrot —. [Ticinum]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

14166 14166

ib. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, constantius and Galerius galloping r. side by side, attacking fallen enemy beneath their horses’ hooves, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 364, 114. calicó 4877. c—. depeyrot, p. 85, 13/2. [Rome]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

262 14167

the tetrarchies Gold aureus. coNstaNtiVs aVGVstVs, b. rev. X / CONS/TANT/I AVG in four lines with mint mark s M N below, all within wreath with medallion inscribed with NiK monogram at top. ric vi, p. 558, 37. calicó 4888. c —. depeyrot, p. 121, 9/5. [Nicomedia]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) NB there is also a gold multiple of 4 aurei from the siscia mint (ric 148) with obverse bust in consular robes holding eagle-tipped sceptre and reverse coNcordia aVGG et caess, constantius and severus holding globe between them, XX in wreath; and another from trier (ric 617) with similar obverse and reverse teMPorVM FELICITAS, Constantius and Galerius sacrificing before tetrastyle temple with flute player and attendants.

14168

Gold half aureus (quinarius). Jd. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 364, 115. c 154. depeyrot, p. 86, 13/3. [Rome]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

14169

Silver argenteus. coNstaNtiVs aVG, b. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint and officina marks • S M • SD A • (or Γ • or ∆ • = 1, 3, or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 494, 11a. cf. rsc 304a (misdescribed). [Serdica]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) NB Production of silver coinage was drastically reduced following the abdications of diocletian and Maximian in ad 305.

14170

Billon follis. Kb. rev. FIDES MILITVM, Fides Militum seated l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., sometimes with dot in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 288-9, 55a, 59a. C 44. [Ticinum]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

14171

Jb. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. ric vi, p. 319, 59a. c 43. Ma 74. [Aquileia]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

14172

Jb. Rev. — as previous, but Fides Militum is stg. l. (rarely, also with VI in r. field). RIC vi, p. 319, 56, 58a. c 41. Ma 71, 73. [Aquileia]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

14173

Jb. rev. FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN, as previous, but sometimes with officina mark Γ (= 3) following mint mark. ric vi, p. 319, 57a, 60a. c 46. Ma 72, 75. [Aquileia]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

14174

Jb. rev. — Fides Militum seated l., as 14170, but with mint mark aQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 320, 62a. C 48. MA 77. [Aquileia]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

14175

Jc. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (without liquid) and cornucopiae, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 128, 52a. c 95. [London]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14176

Jc. rev. — similar, but Genius is turreted and with mint mark P tr in ex., s — F in field. RIC vi, p. 207, 642a, 652a. C 116. [Trier]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14177

iMP coNstaNtiVs aVG, c. rev. — as 14175, but with altar at feet of Genius to l., and with mint mark P LG in ex., star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 255, 186a. C 141. [Lugdunum]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14178

similar, but with obv. type laur. and cuir. bust l. ric vi, p. 255, 187a. c 142. [Lugdunum]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

coNstaNtiUs i as aUGUstUs

263

14179

Billon follis. iMP c Fl Val coNstaNtiVs P F aVG, b. rev. — as 14175, but liquid flows from the patera held by Genius, and with mint mark • S M • SD • in ex. and officina mark a-ε (= 1-5) in field. ric vi, p. 495, 12a. c 102. [Serdica]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14180

— — Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex. (nothing in field). RIC vi, p. 533, 24a. C 102. [Heraclea]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14181

— — Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in ex. ric vi, p. 559, 39a. c 102. [Nicomedia]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

14182 14182

— — Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark K followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex. ric vi, p. 582, 21a. c 102. [Cyzicus]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14183

iMP c Fl V coNstaNtiVs P F aVG, b. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark aNt • or ANT : in ex., and officina mark A-I (= 1-10) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 624, 70a, 74a. C 103. [Antioch]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

14184

Jb. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding apples in l., lion’s skin over l. arm, mint mark SIS followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., VI in field. RIC vi, pp. 474-6, 163a, 165a, 176a. C 151. [Siscia]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

14185 14185

Kb. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ale in ex., s — P in field, and officina mark a-∆ (= 1-4) usually in upper field to r. ric vi, p. 669, 53. c 151 var. [Alexandria]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

14186

Jb. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark sis followed by officina mark a, B, Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., Vi in field. ric vi, p. 476, 179a. c 153. [Siscia]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

14187

Kb. rev. SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark r in ex. followed by officina mark P or s (= 1 or 2), sometimes with wreath between, sometimes with star in field. ric vi, pp. 365-6, 120a, 132a. c 262. [Rome]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

264

the tetrarchies

14188

Billon follis. Jb. rev. SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, as previous, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P, S, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., crescent in l. field, Vi in r. ric vi, p. 319, 55a. c 265. Ma 70. [Aquileia]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14189

Jb. rev. SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN, as previous, but with mint mark sis followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., crescent in l. field and VI in r. ric vi, p. 473, 156a. c 266 var. [Siscia]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14190

Jb. rev. SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, officina mark a (= 1) in ex., h (= Herculi) in field. ric vi, p. 428, 39a. c 272. [Carthage]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Galerius and his Caesar Maximinus have the letter I (= Iovi) in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Constantius and Severus have the letter H.

14191

J, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding sceptre (or spear) and shield. rev. VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, constantius galloping r., thrusting downwards with spear at fallen enemies below horse and holding shield in l., mint mark aQ followed by officina mark s (= 2) in ex. ric vi, p. 320, 66a. c 305. Ma 78. [Aquileia]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

14192

Billon quarter follis. Kb. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 475, 167. c 101. [Siscia]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

14193

Billon eighth follis. Jd. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark r followed by officina mark P (= 1) in ex. ric vi, p. 365, 126. c —. [Rome]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

14194

coNstaNtiVs aVG, d. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., r. hand on hip, resting on club, lion’s skin on l. arm, mint mark as previous. ric vi, p. 366, 128. c 296. [Rome]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

14195 14195

Bronze post-reform radiate. Ka. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, constantius, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, mint mark ale in ex., officina mark a-∆ (= 1-4) in field. ric vi, p. 670, 59a. c 22. [Alexandria]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

14196

Bronze denarius communis. coNstaNtiVs aVG, b. rev. VOT / XX / AVGG in three lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 209, 682a. c —. [Trier]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

14197

— — rev. VOT / XX / AVGG / NN in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 209, 684. c 339/340. [Trier]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($320)

For coins of divus constantius, see under Maxentius (nos. 15062-9) and under constantine i (nos. 16414-43). For coins struck in the names of constantius’ two wives, helena and theodora, see under constantine i (nos. 16583-16632) and under his immediate successors (see Volume V).

GaleriUs MaXiMiaN

265

CONSTANTIUS AND GALERIUS CAESARS 14198

Billon follis. coNstaNtiVs et MaXiMiaNVs NB c, conjoined laur., dr. and cuir. busts r. of constantius, in foreground, and Galerius Maximian. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark TR in ex., officina mark B (= 2) in l. field, star in r. RIC vi, p. 189, 373. C 1. [Trier]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

For joint issues of diocletian and constantius, see nos. 12973-4.

GALERIUS MAXIMIAN 1 May ad 305–5 May 311

14524 Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus (called Maximinus before rising to imperial rank) was born of peasant stock in a village near Serdica in the AD 250s. His mother was called Romula and he later renamed his birthplace Romulianum in her honour. Having had little formal education he was initially employed as a herdsman before deciding to join the ranks of the Roman army, like so many of his fellow-countrymen in the later 3rd century. His sister was the mother of Maximinus II Daia and his daughter, Valeria Maximilla, later married Maxentius, son of Maximian. He also had a son by the name of Candidianus who was later to fall victim to the emperor Licinius. Galerius rapidly advanced in his military career and by the final decade of the 3rd century he had risen to be Diocletian’s praetorian prefect. When the Tetrarchy was formed, on 1 March 293, he was chosen to be the eastern Caesar under Diocletian with special responsibility for the Balkan area which he governed from his capital at Thessalonica. Soon afterwards he married Diocletian’s daughter, Galeria Valeria, just as the western Caesar Constantius was wedded to Maximian’s daughter, Theodora. Several years later he was summoned by Diocletian to counter the aggression of the Sasanid king Narses who had invaded Armenia, the emperor himself being preoccupied with the suppression of the revolt of Domitius Domitianus and Achilleus in Egypt. Initially, Galerius was worsted in his encounter with the Persians but with the help of reinforcements from the Danubian army he advanced as far as Ctesiphon, gaining total victory over his adversaries (AD 298). His prestige thus enhanced, Galerius became more influential within the tetrarchic government. Further victories in the north over the Marcomanni, the Carpi, and the Sarmatians gave him an even greater influence over Diocletian. He was probably responsible for the formulation of the policy which led to the promulgation of an Empire-wide edict for the persecution of Christians (AD 303). On the joint abdications of Diocletian and Maximian Galerius became Augustus in the East; just fifteen months later he became senior Augustus with the death of his western colleague Constantius (25 July 306). At the time of the establishment of the Second Tetrarchy in 305 Galerius had managed to secure the appointments of two of his close associates, his nephew Maximinus Daia and a former military comrade Severus, to the vacant Caesarships of East and West respectively. This guaranteed Galerius’ dominance of the Second Tetrarchy but was to lead ultimately to the disintegration of the entire system through the alienation of two other legitimate claimants to imperial office — Constantine, son of Constantius, and Maxentius, son of Maximian. On Constantius’ death in York, the army immediately hailed his popular son as his successor and Galerius was obliged to acknowledge Constantine’s elevation to the vacant western Caesarship under the new Augustus Severus. Just three months later there was an uprising in Rome

266

the tetrarchies

against Severus and the citizens proclaimed Maxentius emperor; before the end of the year Maximian had also come out of retirement and joined his son in the revolt. Galerius’ reaction to the chaotic situation in the West was to order Severus to put down the usurpation of Maxentius and Maximian by force of arms. The western Augustus besieged Rome early in 307 but because his troops owed greater loyalty to their former commander Maximian they deserted en masse forcing Severus to withdraw north. He was pursued and captured by the victors and later executed when Galerius himself invaded Italy and tried to put down the uprising. His attempt was no more successful than that of Severus though he did make good his escape by laying waste the countryside as he retreated. Frustrated in his efforts to re-establish order in the Tetrarchy system Galerius now decided to convene a conference at Carnuntum in an attempt to resolve the disputes between the various parties vying for political power (November 308). Even Diocletian himself was persuaded to attend but it was clearly Galerius who was in charge of proceedings. The eastern emperor again blundered by securing the promotion of yet another former military comrade, Licinius, who was raised to the rank of Augustus without ever having held the junior position of Caesar. This infuriated the two Caesars, Constantine and Maximinus, who both felt slighted and were by no means pacified by the granting of the meaningless title filius Augustorum (“son of the Augusti”). Soon afterwards both had to be recognized by Galerius as full Augusti resulting in the division of the Empire between four emperors and one usurper, Maxentius. At Carnuntum Maximian had been compelled to abdicate for a second time, seeking refuge in Gaul with his son-in-law Constantine. Maxentius was declared a public enemy but still continued to rule from Rome, though the loss of Africa just prior to Carnuntum seriously weakened his position. This was the state of affairs when, in 310, Galerius fell seriously ill, the victim of an agonizing disease the slow progress of which was recounted with great relish by the Christian writer Eusebius of Caesarea. He died on 5 May 311 having, just a few days before, issued an edict ending the Christian persecution for which he himself had been largely responsible. Numismatically, the reign of Galerius was significant for the beginning of the long series of reductions in size and weight of the standard billon denomination, the follis. At the time of his accession in AD 305 the coin weighed approximately 10 grams whereas by the time of his death, six years later, it had already fallen to 6-7 grams in the East and only 4-5 grains in the West. The decline was thus uneven which must have added in no small measure to the economic confusion of the times. The production of silver, already much diminished by the end of the First Tetrarchy, had ceased almost entirely by AD 307. Gold continued to be issued in some quantity throughout the period, though in the year prior to Galerius’ death Constantine made a radical change by the introduction of a new and lighter standard gold coin, the solidus. This was struck on a standard of 72 to the pound (4.50 grams) instead of the 60 to the pound (5.40 grams) of the Diocletianic aureus. Although not adopted by Licinius in the East prior to his downfall in AD 324 the solidus was to become the principal denomination of the late Roman coinage and throughout Byzantine times extending over a period of more than a thousand years. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: As Caesar a. Gal Val MaXiMiaNVs NoB c B. Gal Val MaXiMiaNVs NoB caes c. MaXiMiaNVs caesar d. MaXiMiaNVs NoB c e. MaXiMiaNVs NoB caes As Augustus F. iMP c Gal Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG G. iMP c MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG h. iMP MaXiMiaNVs aVG i. iMP MaXiMiaNVs P aVG J. iMP MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG K. MaXiMiaNVs aVGVstVs l. MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG

GaleriUs as caesar

267

The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full: a. rad., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r. b. laur. hd. r. c. laur. and cuir. bust r. d. laur., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r.

Issues as Caesar under Diocletian, 1 Mar. AD 293-1 May 305 14199

Gold aureus. MaXiMiaNVs N c, b. rev. COMES AVGG, Mars, naked, stg. facing, hd. l., in arched distyle shrine, resting on spear and holding shield, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 168, 38. calicó 4889. cf. c 12. cf. depeyrot, p. 46, 4/4. [Trier, AD 297]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

14200

d N MaXiMiaNo caes, b. rev. COMITATVS AVGG, diocletian and Maximian on horseback galloping l., side by side, their r. hands raised, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 350, 4. calicó 4890. c 17. depeyrot, p. 85, 11/5. [Rome, AD 294-5]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

14201

MaXiMiaNVs caes, b. rev. CONSER AVSS (sic), sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark ALE in ex., star in l. field. RIC vi, p. 660, 2. Calicó 4893. c —. depeyrot, p. 149, 5/1. [Alexandria, AD 297]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

14202

14208

14202

eb. rev. CONSVL CAESS, Galerius, togate, stg. l., holding globe and baton, mint mark T • S • in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC vi, p. 509, 1b. Calicó 4895. Cf. C 24. depeyrot, p. 110, 1/2. [Thessalonica, AD 302]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also no. 14208 below, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14470-73, 14477, 1448081, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 1557980, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

14203

obv. as 14201. rev. FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN, africa stg. facing, hd. l., wearing elephant’s skin head-dress, holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion and bull’s hd. at feet, mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 422, 2b. calicó 4902. c —. cf. depeyrot, p. 66, 1/3. [Carthage, AD 297-8]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

268

the tetrarchies

14204

Gold aureus. cb. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI, turreted, veiled and draped bust of Fortuna (tyche of antioch) right, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 615, 23b. calicó 4903. c —. cf. depeyrot, p. 141, 17/3. [Antioch, AD 299]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) Coins of this type are more than a gram heavier than regular aurei, i.e. about 6-56.7 grams, and should probably be regarded as small medallions. Their issue may be connected with an imperial visit to Antioch (cf. Bastien, “Monnaie et donativa au BasEmpire”, p. 66). See also nos. 13891 and 14227.

14205

eb. rev. HERCVLI COMITI CAESS NOSTR, hercules stg. l., holding olive-branch in r. hand, club and lion’s skin l., mint mark s M t in ex. ric vi, p. 280, 3. calicó 4905. c —. depeyrot, p. 68, 4/1. [Ticinum, AD 293]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

14206

obv. as 14199. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. l., holding Victory and resting on club, lion’s skin on l. arm, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 169, 50. calicó 4906. c —. depeyrot, p. 47, 5/3. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

14207

obv. as 14201. rev. I O M CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark P K in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 423, 7 (ioVi for i o M in error). cf. calicó 4908. c —. depeyrot, p. 66, 2/6 var. (obv. legend d). [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

14208

eb. rev. IOVI CONS CAES, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint and value marks s M a Σ in ex., sometimes followed by star (sometimes with another star in field), or flanked by dot and star, or by crescent and star. RIC vi, pp. 613-15, 9-10, 15, 25, 29. calicó 4910. c 118. depeyrot, pp. 139-42, 8/4, 9/5, 11/2, 13/3, 16/4, 18/3. [Antioch, AD 293-303]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) See note following no. 14202.

14209

db. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN, Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 170, 53. calicó 4914. c 121. depeyrot, p. 50, 10B/3. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

14210

14211

14210

cb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark s M aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 311, 9. calicó 4915-15a. c —. Ma 83. Ma 83. depeyrot, p. 91, 3/2. [Aquileia, AD 303]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000) A similar type was issued at Ticinum (RIC vi, p. 280, 5).

14211

eb. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark s M N in ex., sometimes preceded by dot. ric vi, p. 554, 6 and 12. calicó 4916. c 122. depeyrot, p. 120, 2/5, 4/2. [Nicomedia, AD 294-5]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

14212

obv. 14199. rev. IOVI FVLGERATORI, Jupiter advancing r., hurling thunderbolt at anguipede giant at his feet to r., mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, —. calicó 4929a. c —. depeyrot —. [Trier, AD 295]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £6,300 ($11,000)

14213

db. rev. IOVI PROPVGNATORI, Jupiter advancing l., looking back, brandishing thunderbolt at fallen enemy at his feet to r., no mint mark. ric vi, —. calicó 4929b. c —. depeyrot, p. 96, 3/6. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

GaleriUs as caesar

14214

269

14215

14214

Gold aureus. obv. as 14199. rev. MARTI PROPVGNATORI, helmeted and cuir. bust of Mars r., mint mark tr below r. shoulder. ric vi, p. 171, 63. calicó 4931. c 131. depeyrot, p. 48, 7a/8. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

14215

db. rev. — Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 457, 17b. calicó 4932. c 132. depeyrot, p. 97, 4/11. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) A similar type was issued at Trier (Calicó 4933).

14216

db. rev. MARTI VICTORI, Mars stg. l., holding Victory and resting on spear, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 458, 27b. calicó 4934. c —. depeyrot, p. 98, 5/3. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

14217

db. rev. ORIENS AVGG, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe and whip in l., mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 458, 28b. calicó 4935. cf. c 154 (misdescribed). depeyrot, p. 98, 7/4. [Siscia, AD 304]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

14218

14219

14218

db. rev. PIETAS AVGG ET CAESS NN, Pietas stg. facing, hd. r., holding child in her arms, another child stg. at her feet to l., mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 172, 74b. calicó 4937. cf. c 164 (rev. type misdescribed). depeyrot, p. 51, 10c/5. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

14219

d N MaXiMiaNo caes (or NoB c), b. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVT (or IVVENTVTIS), Galerius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P roM in ex. ric vi, —. calicó 4938, 4942. c 176 var. depeyrot, p. 84, 9/9, 9/11. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

14220

d N MaXiMiaNo caes, b. rev. — (or IVVENTVTIS), Galerius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre, mint mark as previous. ric vi, —. calicó 4938a, 4943. cf. c 178. depeyrot, p. 84, 9/14. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

14221

db. rev. — (or IVVENTVTI or IVVENTVTIS), Galerius, in military attire, stg. l. between two standards, touching the one on l. and resting on sceptre, sometimes with mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 456, 8-9. calicó 4937a, 4939-40. c —. depeyrot, p. 97, 3/8-9. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

270

the tetrarchies

14222

14225

14222

Gold aureus. db. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Galerius stg. r., as 14219, but with mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 457, 18b. calicó 4941. c 175. depeyrot, p. 98, 4/13. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

14223

MaXiMiaNVs caes, b. rev. PROVIDENTIA AVGG, gateway of military camp, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 351, 6b. calicó 4945. c 184. depeyrot, p. 85, 12a/4. [Rome, AD 294-9]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

14224

db. rev. SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 172, 78b. calicó 4946. cf. c 193. depeyrot, p. 51, 10c/8. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

14225

db. rev. SIC X / SIC XX / COS IIII in three lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 173, 82. calicó 4947. c —. depeyrot, p. 48, 6/1. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

14226

MaXiMiaNVs NoB caesar, b. rev. SOLI INVICTO, sol stg. l., usually looking r., raising r, hand and holding globe and whip in l., mint mark s M N in ex. ric vi, p. 554, 7. calicó 4948. cf. c 200. depeyrot, p. 120, 3/4-5. [Nicomedia, AD 294]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

14227 14227

cb. rev. — rad. and dr. bust of sol r., no mint mark. ric vi, p. 615, 26. calicó 4949. cf. c 198. cf. depeyrot, p. 141, 17/4. [Antioch, AD 299]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) Coins of this type are more than a gram heavier than regular aurei, i.e. about 6-56.7 grams, and should probably be regarded as small medallions. Their issue may be connected with an imperial visit to Antioch (cf. Bastien, “Monnaie et donativa au BasEmpire”, p. 66). See also nos. 13891 and 14204. A similar type was issued at Nicomedia with mint mark S M N (RIC 17).

14228

MaXiMiaNVs N c, b. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark tr below bust of sol. ric vi, p. 173, 83. calicó 4951. c —. depeyrot, p. 48, 7a/9. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

14229

db. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Galerius stg. l., holding globe, seated captive at feet, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, holding palm, minr mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 457, 19. calicó 4953. c —. depeyrot, p. 98, 4/14. [Siscia, AD 293]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000)

14230

obv. as 14228. rev. VIRTVS ILLVRICI, Galerius galloping right, thrusting downwards with spear, galley r. below, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 174, 89. calicó 4954. c —. depeyrot, p. 46, 4/15. [Trier, AD 297]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

GaleriUs as caesar

271

14231 14231

Gold aureus. db. rev. VIRTVS IOVI CAESARIS, Galerius on horseback pacing r., holding couched spear, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 174, 90. calicó 4955. cf. c 215. depeyrot, p. 49, 7B/3. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £6,300 ($11,000)

14232 14232

obv. as 14223. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, gateway of military camp, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 351, 8b. calicó 4956. c 221-2. depeyrot, p. 85, 12B/4. [Rome, AD 294-9]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) A similar type was issued at Ticinum (RIC vi, p. 280, 10).

14233

— rev. VOT / X / CAESS in three lines within wreath with small eagle at base. ric vi, p. 311, 5b. calicó 4959. c 238. Ma 82. Ma 82. depeyrot, p. 91, 2/4. [Aquileia, AD 296303]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) The small eagle on reverse serves as the mint mark of Aquileia.

14234

db. rev. VOT / XX / AVGG / NN in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 174, 94b. calicó 4960. c —. depeyrot, p. 49, 9/4. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

14235

db. rev. VOT / XX / CAESS in three lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, —. calicó 4961. c —. depeyrot, p. 49, 9/6. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

14236

eb. rev. X / MAXI / MIAN / I CAES in four lines, mint mark s M N below, all within wreath at top of which is medallion with NiK monogram. ric vi, —. calicó 4963. c —. depeyrot —. [Nicomedia, AD 305]. VF £2,750 ($4,800) / EF £6,800 ($12,000) NB there is also a 5-aureus gold multiple of antioch with rev. ioVi coNs caes, Jupiter holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet (ric vi, p. 612, 2).

14237

Gold half aureus (quinarius). db. rev. ORIENS AVGVSTOR, sol stg. l., r. hand raised, holding whip in l., mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 458, 31b. cf. c 160. depeyrot, p. 98, 7/7. [Siscia, AD 304]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

14238

ed. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Galerius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, —. cf. c 167. cf. depeyrot, p. 84, 10/2 (iVVeNtVtis for iVVeNtVt). [Rome, AD 293]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

14239

ed. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. facing, hd. r., resting on club and holding bow and lion’s skin, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 351, 9. c —. depeyrot, p. 84, 10/1. [Rome, AD 293]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

272

the tetrarchies

14240 14240

Gold quarter aureus. MaXiMiaNVs N c, b. rev. VOT / IS X / SIC / XX in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 174, 99. c 236. depeyrot, p. 48, 6/2. [Trier, AD 302]. (Unique)

14241

Silver argenteus. db. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, four-turreted gateway of military camp with open doors thrown back, mint mark TS • A • (or officina B or Γ = 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 510, 8. rsc 22a. [Thessalonica, AD 302]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14242

MaXiMiaNVs caes, b. rev. F (or FEL) ADVENT AVGG NN, africa stg. facing, hd. l., wearing elephant’s skin head-dress, holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion and bull’s hd. at feet, officina mark T (= 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 424, 12b, 14b. RSC 26-7. [Carthage, AD 296-8]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

14243

— — rev. PROVIDENTIA AVGG, the four tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod-altar with military camp in background, sometimes with officina mark Γ or Z (= 3 or 7) in ex. ric vi, pp. 352-3, 11b, 35b. rsc 183a-b. [Rome, AD 294 (no mint mark), 295-7 (with officina mark)]. VF £190 ($325) / EF £550 ($950)

14244

db. rev. — similar, but with mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 461, 54b. rsc 183c. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

14245

db. rev. — as 14241. ric vi, p. 510, 9. rsc 183d. [Thessalonica, AD 302]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14246

db. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, the four tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod-altar with military camp in background, mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 461, 57b. rsc 203a. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

14247

db. rev. — four-turreted gateway of military camp with open doors thrown back, mint mark * sis or sis in ex. ric vi, p. 462, 69. rsc 203a-b. [Siscia, AD 300, 303]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14248

db. rev. — three-turreted gateway of military camp (no doors), mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 462, 65b. rsc 203c. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14249

obv. as 14242. rev. VICTORIA SARM, the four tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod-altar with military camp in background, officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 354, 36b. rsc 206a. [Rome, AD 295-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14250

MaXiMiaNVs N c, b. rev. VICTORIA SARMAT, similar, but with officina mark d (= 4) or club in ex. ric vi, pp. 176-7, 106b, 115b. rsc 206a-b. [Trier, AD 295-7, 298-9]. VF £190 ($325) / EF £550 ($950)

14251

similar, but with obv. type c and with club in ex. on rev. ric vi, p. 177, 120b. rsc 206c. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

14252

Db. Rev. — similar, but with officina mark D (= 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 176, 105b. RSC 207. [Trier, AD 295-7]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

14253

obv. as 14242, but sometimes with drapery on emperor’s l. shoulder. rev. — similar, but no officina mark or with Γ, ς, or Z (= 3, 6, or 7) in ex. ric vi, pp. 352, 354, 22b, 38b, 39. rsc 208a-b, d. [Rome, AD 294, 295-7]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

GaleriUs as caesar

273

14254 14254

Silver argenteus. cb. rev. — similar, but nothing in ex. ric vi, pp. 281-2, 13b, 17b. rsc 208c. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

14255

similar, but the gate and walls of the military camp have eight turrets instead of six. ric vi, pp. 459, 35b, 38b. rsc 208e. [Siscia, AD 294-5]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

14256

db. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 461, 58. rsc 208f. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

14257

obv. as 14242. rev. VICTORIA SARMATICA, the four tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod-altar with military camp in background, nothing in ex. ric vi, p. 352, 26. rsc 208g. [Rome, AD 294]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

14258

cb. rev. VICTORIAE SARMATICAE, as previous, but with mint mark aNt in ex., star in l. field, and officina mark H (= 8) in r. RIC vi, p. 616, 33b. RSC 209. [Antioch, AD 294-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14259

db. rev. — four-turreted gateway of military camp with open doors thrown back, star above arch, mint and officina mark TS • A • (= officina 1) in ex. RIC vi, p. 510, 10. RSC 209†. [Thessalonica, AD 302]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14260

db. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, the four tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod-altar with military camp in background (usually with six turrets), nothing in ex. or with officina mark C or D (= 3 or 4). ric vi, pp. 175-6, 103b, 110b. rsc 216a-b. [Trier, AD 294, 295-7]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

14261

similar, but with obv. type laur. hd. l. ric vi, p. 176, 111b. rsc 216d. [Trier, AD 295-7]. VF £240 ($420) / EF £720 ($1,250)

14262

MaXiMiaNVs N c, b (sometimes with drapery on l. shoulder) or c. rev. — similar, but with club in ex. ric vi, p. 177, 117b, 121, 124b. rsc 217-218†. [Trier, AD 298-9, 300-01]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

14263

14264

14263

cb. rev. — as 14260 (nothing in ex.). ric vi, p. 282, 15b, 19b. rsc 220a. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

14264

MAXIMIANVS CAES, b. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes with officina mark A-Z (= 1-7) in ex. ric vi, pp. 353-4, 29b, 42b. rsc 219a-b. [Rome, AD 294, 295-7]. VF £160 ($280) / EF £480 ($850)

274

the tetrarchies

14265 14265

Silver argenteus. db. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, as 14260, but with mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 461, 61-2. rsc 216c. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

14266

cb. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 461, 53. rsc 220c. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

14267

cb. rev. — as 14260 (nothing in ex.), but the gate and walls of the military camp usually have eight turrets instead of six. ric vi, p. 460, 44b, 45, 47b, 48. rsc 220b, 220g. [Siscia, AD 294-5]. VF £160 ($280) / EF £480 ($850)

14268

cb. rev. — as 14260, but with mint mark hε or mint and officina marks H ∆ (= officina 4) in ex. RIC vi, pp. 529-30, 4, 8. RSC 220d-e. [Heraclea, AD 294-5]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

14269

cb. rev. — as 14260, but with mint mark c M in ex. ric vi, p. 579, 6. rsc 220f. [Cyzicus, AD 294-5]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

14270

obv. as 14264. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark R — F in field, officina mark ∆ (= 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 355, 44b. rsc 224a. [Rome, AD 298-9]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14271

db. rev. — similar, but with mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 462, 67b. rsc 223a. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14272

Db. Rev. — similar, but with mint and officina marks • S M • SD A (or B or ε) • (= officina 1, 2, or 5) in ex. RIC vi, p. 491, 2b. RSC 223b. [Serdica, AD 303/4-5]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

14273

Db. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark TS followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., variously interspersed with dots (sometimes either side of mint mark, sometimes either side of officina mark, and sometimes either side of each letter). ric vi, p. 511, 14b, 16b, 18. rsc 223c-e. [Thessalonica, AD 302]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

14274

Cb. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex., star in l. field, and officina mark h (= 8) in r. ric vi, p. 616, 34b. rsc 225a. [Antioch, AD 296]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14275

Similar, but the officina mark follows the mint mark which is sometimes preceded by star, sometimes preceded and followed by stars, or sometimes with dot between the mint and officina marks (no star in field). RIC vi, pp. 617-18, 38b, 40b, 43b. rsc 225b-c, e. [Antioch, AD 297-8]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14276

obv. as 14264. rev. — similar, but with mint mark ale in ex., sometimes with officina mark Γ (= 3) in field. ric vi, p. 662, 13b. rsc 224b-c. [Alexandria, AD 295-6]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

14277

db. rev. — four-turreted gateway of military camp with open doors thrown back, mint mark * sis in ex. ric vi, p. 462, 71b. rsc 227a. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

GaleriUs as caesar

275

14278

Silver argenteus. Similar, but with mint mark TS followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., with dots either side of officina mark and star above arch of camp-gate. ric vi, p. 511, 12b. rsc 227. [Thessalonica, AD 302]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14279

cb. rev. VIRTVTI MILITVM, the four tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod-altar with military camp in background, mint and officina marks H ∆ (= 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 530, 11. rsc 234aa. [Heraclea, AD 296]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

14280

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks S M N Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 555, 20. rsc 234ab. [Nicomedia, AD 295]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

14281

cb. rev. — four-turreted gateway of military camp with open doors thrown back, each turret surmounted by eagle, mint mark as previous. ric vi, p. 556, 23. rsc 234a. [Nicomedia, AD 295]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

14282 14282

similar, but without eagles on turrets and with star above arch. ric vi, p. 556, 26. rsc 234b. [Nicomedia, AD 295-6]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £625 ($1,100)

14283

obv. as 14264. rev. XC / VI in two lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 424, 16b (carthage). rsc 249a. [Rome, AD 300]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £800 ($1,400) The numeral on reverse indicates that this denomination was struck on a standard of 96 pieces to a pound of metal.

14284

— rev. rev. XCVI with mint mark t below, all within wreath. ric vi, p. 282, 22. rsc 249b. [Ticinum, AD 300]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £800 ($1,400)

14285

cb. rev. as previous. ric vi, p. 282, 21b. rsc 250a. [Ticinum, AD 300]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £800 ($1,400)

14286

similar, but with mint mark aQ instead of t below mark of value on rev. ric vi, p. 313, 17b. rsc 250b. Ma 84. [Aquileia, AD 300]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £800 ($1,400)

14287

Billon antoninianus. da. rev. ABVNDANT AVGG, abundantia stg. r., emptying cornucopiae, officina mark A (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 304, 675. C 1. Hunter iv, p. cxcv. Bastien 603. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £85 ($150) NB the pre-reform billon coinages of the caesars constantius and Galerius were issued only for a very short time, between their appointment to imperial office in March of ad 293 and the implementation of the currency reform the following year. antoniniani doubtless remained in circulation for some years after the reform with a probable value of 1/25th of the silver argenteus.

14288

da. rev. AETERNITAS AVGG, elephant walking l., ridden by mahout who guides it with goad, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 304, 676 var. C 9. Hunter iv, p. cxcv. Bastien 666. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £140 ($250) This appears to be a revival of a type issued by Philip I in AD 247 (see Vol. III, no. 8921). See also nos. 12626, 12740, 13106 and 13215.

276

the tetrarchies

14289

14293

14289

Billon antoninianus. da. rev. AVSPIC FEL, liberalitas stg. l., holding abacus and caduceus, child at feet, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark D (= officina 4 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 306, 693. C —. Hunter iv, p. cxcv. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £140 ($250) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

14290

da. rev. CLARITAS AVGG, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., captive at feet to l., mint and officina marks as previous. RIC v, ii, p. 306, 694. C 11. Hunter iv, p. cxcv. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £80 ($140)

14291

da. rev. COMES AVGG, Minerva stg. l., holding spear and resting on shield, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 304, 677. cf. c 14. hunter iv, p. cxcv. Bastien 631. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

14292

similar, but with obv. type rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. ric v, ii, p. 304, 677. cf. c 15. hunter iv, —. Bastien 632. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

14293

aa. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG, two concordiae stg. facing each other, clasping hands and each holding cornucopiae, officina mark II (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 304, 678. C 19. hunter iv, p. cxciv. Bastien 544. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

14294

14297

14294

Ba. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, Galerius, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, XXi in ex., officina mark Γ or ε (= 3 or 5) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 308, 717. C 22. Hunter iv, 5. [Cyzicus, AD 293-4]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

14295

da. rev. FIDES MILIT, Fides Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark D (= officina 4 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 306, 695. C 29. hunter iv, p. cxcv. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

14296

aa. rev. IOVI AVGG, Jupiter seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, officina mark I (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 304, 679. C 115. Hunter iv, p. cxciv. Bastien, p. 214, note 1. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £80 ($140)

GaleriUs as caesar

277

14297

Billon antoninianus. Ba. rev. IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS CAES, Jupiter stg. r., holding globe and sceptre, facing hercules stg. l., holding Victory and club, lion’s skin on l. arm, XXI in ex., sometimes followed by dot, officina mark Γ (= 3) in field, sometimes with dot above. ric v, ii, p. 309, 719. c 127. hunter iv, p. cxcvi. [Antioch, AD 293-4]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

14298

Ba. rev. IOVI (or IOV) PROPVGNAT, Jupiter hurrying l., looking back, holding thunderbolt and eagle, XXI followed by mint mark T (or T •) in ex., officina mark B (= 2) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 308, 713. C 113. Hunter iv, 4. [Ticinum, AD 293-4]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £85 ($150)

14299

da. rev. LAETITIA AVGG, laetitia stg. l., holding wreath and anchor (or rudder), officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 304, 681. C 130. Hunter iv, p. cxcv. Bastien 635. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

14300 14300

da. rev. ORIENS AVGG, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 305, 684. c 155. hunter iv, p. cxcv. Bastien 642. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

14301

d, rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. — sol advancing l. between two captives, raising r. hand and holding globe in l., officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 304, 683. c 159. hunter iv, —. Bastien 645. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

14302

da. rev. PAX AETERN, Pax advancing l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, officina mark a (= 1) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 305, 686. c —. hunter iv, p. cxcv. Bastien 610. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £75 ($130)

14303

aa. rev. PAX AVGG, Pax stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre (usually transverse), officina mark III (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 305, 687. C 162. Hunter iv, p. cxciv. Bastien 570. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

14304

Da. Rev. — Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and sceptre (sometimes transverse), officina mark a (= 1) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 305, 688. c 161. hunter iv, p. cxcv. Bastien 615, 622. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £75 ($130)

14305

da. rev. PIETAS AVGG, Galerius, in military attire, stg. r., holding sceptre and raising turreted female figure who kneels l., holding cornucopiae, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark C (= officina 3 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 306, 697. C 163 var. Hunter iv, p. cxcv. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

14306

aa. rev. PRAESIDIA REIPVBLIC, constantius and Galerius, in military attire, stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and holding between them Victory on globe, kneeling captive between them, XXI followed by officina mark A (= 1) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 308, 716. C —. hunter iv, p. cxcvi. [Siscia, AD 293-4]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £200 ($350)

278

the tetrarchies

14307

Billon antoninianus. aa. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Galerius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, XXI followed by officina mark ς (= 6) in ex., sometimes with mint mark R in field. RIC v, ii, p. 307, 705. C 168. Hunter iv, p. cxciv. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

14308

aa. rev. — Galerius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre, XXi followed by officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex., sometimes with mint mark R in field. RIC v, ii, p. 307, 707. c 172. hunter iv, p. cxciv. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

14309

aa. rev. PROVIDENT DEOR, Providentia stg. l., holding rod and sceptre, globe at feet, officina mark I or II (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 305, 689. C 181. Hunter iv, p. cxciv. Bastien 539, 552. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £70 ($120)

14310

Similar, but Providentia is seated l., officina mark II (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 305, 690. C 182. hunter iv, p. cxciv. Bastien 559. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

14311

da. rev. SAECVLARES AVGG, cippus, M XX (= MVltis XX) below. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. Bastien 671. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £225 ($400) This appears to be a revival of a type issued by Philip I in AD 248 (see Vol. III, no. 8961). See also nos. 12704A, 13169 and 14000-01.

14312

da. rev. SECVRIT AVGG, securitas stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, her r. hand raised to hd. and resting l. arm on column, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, p. 305, 691. C 194. hunter iv, p. cxcv. Bastien 650. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

14313

da. rev. TEMPOR FEL, Felicitas stg. l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark P TR in ex., sometimes with officina mark C (= officina 3 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 306, 698. c —. hunter iv, p. cxcv. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum.

14314

da. rev. TEMPOR FELICIT, Felicitas or Genius, turreted, seated l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P tr in ex. ric v, ii, p. 306, 700. c 201var. hunter iv, p. cxcv. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £105 ($180)

14315

da. rev. VNDIQVE VICTORES, Galerius, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC v, ii, —. C —. Hunter iv, p. cxcv. Bastien 653. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200) This unusual legend describes the Caesar as “everywhere victorious”, a justifiable claim in the light of Galerius’ successful military career and prescient of his future conquests.

14316

aa. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin over l. arm, officina mark III (= 3) in ex. RIC v, ii, —. C 210. Hunter iv, p. cxciv. Bastien 579. [Lugdunum, AD 293]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £75 ($130)

14317

Da. Rev. — Mars or Virtus stg. l., resting on shield and spear, officina mark B (= 2) in ex. ric v, ii, p. 305, 692. c 211. hunter iv, p. cxcv. Bastien 657. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

14318

da. rev. — Galerius, in military attire, stg. r., holding spear and parazonium, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark C (= officina 3 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 306, 701. c —. hunter iv, p. cxcv. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) The Trier mint was established in 293 with two officinae (C and D = 3 and 4) which had been transferred from Lugdunum. See also the following and no. 14321.

14319

da. rev. VOT X M XX, Victory stg. l. on globe, holding wreath and palm, mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark D (= officina 4 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 306, 703. C 242. hunter iv, p. cxcv. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £105 ($180)

GaleriUs as caesar

279

14320

Billon antoninianus. da. rev. VOT / • X • M • / XX (or • XX •) in three lines within laurelwreath, no mint mark. ric v, ii, —. c 243. hunter iv, p. cxcv. Bastien 679. [Lugdunum, AD 294]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £105 ($180)

14321

da. rev. VOTIS X, Galerius, togate, stg. l., sacrificing over altar, P TR in ex., officina mark D (= officina 4 of Lugdunum) in field. RIC v, ii, p. 306, 702. C 235. Hunter iv, p. cxcv. [Trier, AD 293-4]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £105 ($180)

14322

Billon denarius. ed. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVT (or IVVENTVTI), Galerius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, no mint mark. cf. ric v, ii, p. 307, 708. c —. hunter iv, p. cxciv. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £480 ($850)

14323

ad. rev. — Galerius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in each hand or standard and sceptre, no mint mark. ric v, ii, —. c 172. hunter iv, —. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £480 ($850)

14324

Billon quinarius. d, laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. l., holding Victory and resting on club, lion’s skin over l. arm, no mint mark. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. King, p. 409, 5. [Ticinum, AD 293-4]. VF £240 ($420) / EF £550 ($950)

14325

dc. rev. MARTI PROPVGNATORI, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 465, 93. c —. hunter iv, —. King, p. 423, 9. [Siscia, AD 293-4]. VF £240 ($420) / EF £550 ($950)

14326

MaXiMiaNVs N c, b. rev. PRIMV AVSP, infant hercules kneeling to front, hd. l., strangling two serpents, no mint mark. ric v, ii, —. cf. c 165. hunter iv, —. Bastien (supplement) 590b. King, p. 408, 30. [Lugdunum, AD 293-4]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,025 ($1,800)

14327

14329

14327

d or e, d. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENT (or IVVENTVT or IVVENTVTIS), Galerius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 307, 709-10. c 166, 170. hunter iv, p. cxciv. King, pp. 417-19, 50-51, 53, 56, 58. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £400 ($700)

14328

d or e, d. rev. — — Galerius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in each hand, no mint mark. ric v, ii, p. 307, 711-12. c 171. hunter iv, 1. King, pp. 417-18, 49, 55. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £400 ($700)

14329

ed. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, similar, but Galerius holds sceptre instead of standard in l. ric v, ii, p. 307, 711. cf. c 173. hunter iv, p. cxciv. King, pp. 418, 52, 54. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £400 ($700)

14330

ad. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, as previous. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. King, p. 419, 59. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £460 ($800)

14331

ad. rev. — as 14327. ric v, ii, —. c 177. hunter iv, —. King —. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £460 ($800)

14332

ed. rev. — similar, but with mint mark aQ in ex. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. King, p. 422, 4. [Aquileia, AD 293-4]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £460 ($800)

280

the tetrarchies

14333

Billon quinarius. e (but cae for caes), d. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin over l. arm, no mint mark. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. King, p. 419, 61. [Rome, AD 293-4]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £480 ($850)

14334

d, laur. bust r., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. — Galerius, in military attire, galloping r., thrusting spear at prostrate enemy beneath horse. ric v, ii, —. c —. hunter iv, —. King, p. 424, 10. [Siscia, AD 293-4]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £575 ($1,000)

14335

Billon follis. eb. rev. FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN, africa stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion holding bull’s hd. at feet to l., Greek officina mark ∆ (= 4) in field, mint mark P K followed by Latin officina mark Q in ex. RIC vi, p. 425, 22b. Cf. c 28. [Carthage, AD 297]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £100 ($170)

14336

similar, but with i (= Iovi) instead of Greek officina mark in rev. field, and mint mark P K followed by Greek officina mark ∆ (= 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 426, 26b. cf. c 28. [Carthage, AD 298]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £100 ($170) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Diocletian and his Caesar Galerius have the letter I in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Maximian and Constantius have the letter H (= Herculi).

14337

MaXiMiaNVs NoBil caes, b. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG NN, Fortuna seated l., holding rudder on globe (or wheel) and cornucopiae, sometimes with wheel at side, mint mark TR in ex., officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field, star in r. RIC vi, p. 185, 237b. c 33. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £100 ($170)

14338

eb. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG ET CAESS NN, Fortuna seated l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, mint mark TR in ex., officina mark B (= 2) in l. field, star in r. ric vi, p. 185, 242. c —. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £110 ($190)

14339

Eb. Rev. — similar, but Fortuna stg. l., and with officina mark A (= 1) instead of B in l. field. RIC vi, p. 185, 245. C —. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14340

obv. as 14337. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI CAESS NN, Fortuna stg. l., holding rudder (or wand) over globe and cornucopiae, sometimes with wheel at side, star in field, officina mark a or B (= 1 or 2) followed by mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 192, 414b. c 35. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £100 ($170)

14341

Bb. rev. GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (from which liquid flows) and cornucopiae, mint mark KV in ex. (no officina mark). ric vi, p. 579, 7b. c 39. [Cyzicus, AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

14342 14342

Similar, but with mint mark K followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex. ric vi, p. 580, 9b, 11b. c 39. [Cyzicus, AD 295-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14343

G Val MaXiMiaNVs NoB c, b. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (without liquid) and cornucopiae, mint mark loN in ex. ric vi, p. 123, 4b. c 74. [London, AD 297]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £225 ($400)

GaleriUs as caesar

281

14344

Billon follis. ec. rev. — similar, but without mint mark. ric vi, p. 124, 15. c 57. [London, AD 300-03]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

14345

Eb. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark TR in ex., officina mark A, B, or C (= 1, 2, or 3) in l. field, Γ in r. ric vi, p. 183, 213b. c 56. [Trier, AD 296-7]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14346

E, laur. hd. l. Rev. — similar, but with officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field and star instead of Γ in r. ric vi, p. 189, 362b. c 60. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £100 ($170)

14347

similar, but with obv. type cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield. ric vi, p. 189, 367. cf. c 59, 62. [Trier, AD 298-9]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

14348

MaXiMiaNVs NoBil c, c. rev. as 14343, but Genius is sometimes turreted and with officina mark I or II (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark TR in ex. and S — F in field. RIC vi, pp. 196-7, 508b, 530b. C 65, 83. [Trier, AD 302-3]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14349

Similar (with Genius turreted), but with officina mark P (= 1) instead of I or II preceding tr. ric vi, p. 200, 594b. c 83. [Trier, AD 303-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14350

As 14343, but with mint mark L followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 242, 4b. c 74. [Lugdunum, AD 295]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14351

Similar, but with obv. legend E and without mint or officina marks in ex. RIC vi, p. 243, 19b. c 56. [Lugdunum, AD 296]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14352

Eb. Rev. As 14343, but with mint mark L P or P L in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in field. RIC vi, pp. 245-6, 38b, 53b. C 56. [Lugdunum, AD 298]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14353

ec. rev. as 14343, but with altar at feet of Genius to l., and with mint mark P lG in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in field. RIC vi, p. 251, 129b. C 101. [Lugdunum, AD 301-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14354

similar, but with obv. type laur. and cuir. bust l. ric vi, p. 251, 143b. c 104. [Lugdunum, AD 301-3]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £100 ($170)

14355

similar, but with obv. type laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagletipped sceptre. ric vi, p. 251, 146b. c 106. [Lugdunum, AD 301-3]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £225 ($400)

14356

Dc. Rev. As 14353, but with star instead of officina mark in field. RIC vi, p. 253, 178b. c 92. [Lugdunum, AD 303-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14357

eb. rev. as 14343, but with mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 283, 24b. c 56. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14358

Similar, but with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark T which is sometimes followed by dot, sometimes also with star in field. RIC vi, p. 284, 30b, 32b, 35b. c 56. [Ticinum, AD 295-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14359

similar, but with mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 313, 19b. c 56. Ma 85. [Aquileia, AD 294]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

282

the tetrarchies

14360 14360

Billon follis. Similar, but with officina mark P, S, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) following the mint mark, and sometimes with tripod-altar at feet of Genius to l. ric vi, pp. 314-15, 24b, 26b, 28b. c 56, 91. Ma 86-8. [Aquileia, AD 296-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14361

Ab. Rev. As 14343, but with mint mark R in field and usually with officina mark A-Θ (= 1-9) in ex. ric vi, pp. 355 and 358, 46b, 66b. c 75. [Rome, AD 294-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14362

Similar, but with obv. Eb and with R — S or R — F instead of R in rev. field. RIC vi, pp. 359-60, 73b, 93b. c 56. [Rome, AD 297-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14363

as previous, but nothing in rev. field and with officina mark P, s, t, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) followed by star, thunderbolt, or club in ex. ric vi, p. 361, 95b, 97b. c 56. [Rome, AD 299-300]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14364 14364

ab. rev. as 14343, but with mint mark s in l. field and usually with officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. (nothing in ex.). ric vi, pp. 463-4, 75b, 81b. c 75. [Siscia, AD 294]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14365

Similar, but with obv. Eb, and mint mark * SIS in ex. and officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in field. RIC vi, pp. 464-6, 90b, 98b. C 56. [Siscia, AD 295-6]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14366

As previous, but without star preceding the mint mark and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. RIC vi, p. 467, 109b. C 56. [Siscia, AD 299]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14367

as previous, but with mint mark sisc (sometimes between two dots) in ex. ric vi, pp. 466-7, 102b, 106b. c 56. [Siscia, AD 297-8]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14368

As previous, but with mark of value and mint mark XXI SIS in ex., L, C, S, or I in l. field, and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ in r. ric vi, p. 468, 122-5. c 56. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130) The formula ‘XXI’ refers to the retariffing of the follis at 20 denarii communes (see also nos. 12782, 12797, 12803, 13260, 13275, 13282, 14057, 14069, 14076, 14380 and 14386). The letters L, C, S, and I in rev. field have not yet been satisfactorily explained (cf. RIC vi, pp. 445-6).

GaleriUs as caesar 14369

283

Billon follis. Bb. Rev. As 14343, but liquid flows from the patera held by Genius, and with mint mark S M • SD • in ex. and officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in field. RIC vi, p. 492, 4b. C 78. [Serdica, AD 303/4-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14370 14370

Similar, but with mint mark TS followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in ex., sometimes between two dots. ric vi, p. 512, 20b, 22b. c 78. [Thessalonica, AD 298-301]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14371

Similar, but with mint mark TS (sometimes between two dots) in ex., and officina mark Γ, ∆, or ε (= 3, 4, or 5) in field. RIC vi, pp. 512-13, 24b, 26b. C 78. [Thessalonica, AD 302-3]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14372 14372

Bb. Rev. As 14369, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex. (nothing in field). RIC vi, p. 531, 18b, 20b. C 78. [Heraclea, AD 296-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14373

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. (no officina mark). RIC vi, p. 556, 28b. C 78. [Nicomedia, AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14374

As previous, but with officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) following the mint mark. RIC vi, p. 557, 30b. c 78. [Nicomedia, AD 303-4]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14375

Bb. Rev. As 14369, but with mint mark ANT in ex., star in l. field, and officina mark A, ∆, ε, ς, or Z (= 1, 4, 5, 6, or 7) in r. ric vi, p. 618, 45b. c 78. [Antioch, AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14376

Similar, but the star is in r. field above the officina mark. RIC vi, p. 619, 47b. C 78. [Antioch, AD 296]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14377

Similar, but with officina mark A-Z (= 1-7) in r. field and with crescent instead of star above. ric vi, p. 619, 49b. c 78. [Antioch, AD 297]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

284

the tetrarchies

14378 14378

Billon follis. Similar, but also with two stars in l. field. RIC vi, p. 620, 51b. C 78. [Antioch, AD 298]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14379 14379

Similar, but with officina mark A-I (= 1-10) in r. field and nothing in l. RIC vi, p. 620, 53b. c 78. [Antioch, AD 299-300]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) In this issue, and the two following, officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

14380

Similar, but also with K — V in lower rev. field. RIC vi, p. 620, 55b. C 78. [Antioch, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) ‘K’ probably refers to the retariffing of the follis at 20 denarii communes (see also nos. 12782, 12797, 12803, 13260, 13275, 13282, 14057, 14069, 14076, 14368 and 14386), while ‘V’ may refer to the revised valuation of the follis at 5 to the silver argenteus.

14381

as 14379, but with star or dot following aNt in ex. ric vi, pp. 620-21, 57b, 59b. c 78. [Antioch, AD 302-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14382

Bb. Rev. As 14343, but liquid sometimes flows from the patera held by Genius, and with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 663, 15b. c 78. [Alexandria, AD 294-5]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14383

Similar, but also with star or crescent in l. field on rev. RIC vi, p. 663, 17b. C 78. [Alexandria, AD 295-6]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) The star normally appears on coins from officinae A and B, the crescent on coins from officina Γ.

14384 14384

As 14382, but also with eagle at feet of Genius to l. and sometimes with star in rev. field to l. RIC vi, pp. 663-4, 21b, 23b. c 90. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200) The variety without star was issued under the usurper Domitius Domitianus who, like Carausius in Britain a few years before, was posing as a legitimate colleague of the official rulers.

GaleriUs as caesar

285

14385

Billon follis. As 14382, but with officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., and sometimes with palm branch in field to l. RIC vi, p. 664, 27b, 29b. C 78. [Alexandria, AD 297-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14386

As 14382, but with officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., and with mark of value XXI in field to l. (sometimes divided XX—I across lower field). RIC vi, p. 665, 31b, 33b. c 78. [Alexandria, AD 300-01]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) The formula ‘XXI’ refers to the retariffing of the follis at 20 denarii communes (see also nos. 12782, 12797, 12803, 13260, 13275, 13282, 14057, 14069, 14076, 14368 and 14380).

14387

As 14382, but with officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., and with S—P across lower field (rarely also with wreath in upper field to l.). RIC vi, pp. 665-6, 35b, 37b. C 78. [Alexandria, AD 302-4]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) The meaning of ‘S P’ is uncertain, but RIC suggests sacra pecunia as a possible expansion.

14388 14388

Bb. rev. IOVI CONS CAES, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in rev. field to r., S—P across lower field. ric vi, p. 666, 43. c 120. [Alexandria, AD 304-5]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

14389

similar, but with obv. type laur. hd. l. ric vi, p. 666, 44. c —. [Alexandria, AD 304-5]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £135 ($240)

14390

ec or d. rev. M SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) followed by mint mark TR in ex., star in field. RIC vi, p. 194, 488b, 489-90. C 150. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14391

ab. rev. MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN, as previous, but with mint mark * sis in ex. and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. RIC vi, p. 468, 129b. C —. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14392

ac. rev. MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN, as 14390, but with officina mark I or II (= 1 or 2) instead of A or B preceding mint mark, and with S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 197, 552b. c 148. [Trier, AD 302-3]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14393

ec. rev. MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN, 14390. ric vi, p. 192, 433b. c 141. [Trier, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14394

eb. rev. rev. S M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., as 14390, but with mint and officina marks R Q (= 4) in ex., and star in field. RIC vi, p. 363, 110b. C —. [Rome, AD 302-3]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

14395

similar, but SAC M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN. ric vi, p. 362, 108b. c —. [Rome, AD 302-3]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

286

the tetrarchies

14396

Billon follis. similar, but SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN and sometimes with crescent between mint and officina marks and no star in field. RIC vi, pp. 362-3, 106b, 112b. c 187. [Rome, AD 302-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14397

similar, but SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN and sometimes with officina mark Q (= 4) only in ex. followed by thunderbolt, no star in field. RIC vi, p. 362, 102b, 104b. c 189. [Rome, AD 300-03]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14398

similar, but SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, officina mark Q (= 4) in ex. followed by thunderbolt. ric vi, p. 361, 99b. c —. [Rome, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14399

eb. rev. SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., as 14390, but with mint mark SIS followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., crescent in l. field and V in r. ric vi, p. 470, 143b. c —. [Siscia, AD 304]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

14400

Similar, but with VI instead of V in r. field. RIC vi, p. 470, 145b. C —. [Siscia, AD 305]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

14401

eb. rev. SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta stg. l., as 14390, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex., and V in r. field. RIC vi, p. 315, 34b. c 188. Ma 92. [Aquileia, AD 301]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14402

Similar, but with VI in r. field, and sometimes with star or crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 316, 36b, 38b, 40b. c 188. Ma 93-5. [Aquileia, AD 302-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14403

eb. rev. SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, Moneta stg. l., as 14390, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and followed by dot. ric vi, pp. 285-6, 44b, 46b. c 188. [Ticinum, AD 300-03]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14404

Similar, but without dot following the mint mark T and with star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 286, 48b. c 188. [Ticinum, AD 304-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14405

as 14401, but with SACRA instead of SACR on rev. and sometimes without V in field. ric vi, p. 315, 30b, 32b. c 188. Ma 89-91. [Aquileia, AD 300-01]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14406

Eb. Rev. As 14403, but with * SIS in ex. and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 469, 133b. C 188. [Siscia, AD 300]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14407 14407

Similar, but also with star in l. field and sometimes the star preceding SIS is omitted. RIC vi, p. 469, 135b, 137b. c 188. [Siscia, AD 301-2]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £65 ($110)

14408

as 14406, but with crescent instead of star preceding the mint mark sis. ric vi, p. 469, 139b. c 188. [Siscia, AD 302]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

GaleriUs as caesar

287

14409

Billon follis. Similar, but the crescent is in l. field instead of preceding the mint mark SIS. ric vi, p. 470, 141b. c 188. [Siscia, AD 303]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14410

eb. rev. SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS AVCTA KART, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, officina mark ∆ (= 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 426, 28b. c 190. [Carthage, AD 298-9]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

14411

similar, but with rev. legend SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART. ric vi, p. 427, 30b, 32b. c 191. [Carthage, AD 298-303]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14412

similar, but also with i (= Iovi) in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 427, 34b. C 191. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Diocletian and his Caesar Galerius have the letter I in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Maximian and Constantius have the letter H (= Herculi).

14413

Bronze double post-reform radiate. Ba. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, Galerius, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, mint mark K followed by officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field, dot in ex. ric vi, p. 580, 14b. c —. [Cyzicus, AD 295-6]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £575 ($1,000) NB in the early post-reform period the bronze coinage comprised two principal denominations, a radiate piece resembling the old antoninianus but with no silver content, and a smaller laureate bronze piece that probably represented the basic denarius communis. it seems reasonable to assume that the ‘post-reform radiate’ was valued at 2 denarii communes, i.e. half the value of the billon antoninianus. the mint of cyzicus was unique in striking a double post-reform radiate. specimens of this coin are extremely rare and even though ric records examples in the names of diocletian’s three colleagues none are known for the senior emperor himself.

14414

Bronze post-reform radiate. Ba. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark h followed by officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in field, nothing in ex. Cf. RIC vi, p. 531, 16 (misdescribed). C 22. [Heraclea, AD 295-6]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £26 ($45)

14415 14415

Ba or rad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark K followed by officina mark a-∆ (= 1-4) in field. RIC vi, p. 581, 18b, 19b. C 22. [Cyzicus, AD 295-9]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £26 ($45)

14416

Ba. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark aNt in ex. and officina mark a-Z (= 1-7) surmounted by star or crescent in field. ric vi, pp. 621-2, 61b, 63b. c 22. [Antioch, AD 296-7]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50)

14417

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field. RIC vi, p. 667, 48b. c 22. [Alexandria, AD 296-7]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £26 ($45)

14418

ea. rev. CONCORDIAE AVGG, Galerius and Jupiter, as 14413, but with mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 283, 26b. c 23. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £37 ($65)

14419

As previous, but usually with mint mark R in field and officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 358, 70b. c 23. [Rome, AD 296-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

288

the tetrarchies

14420

Bronze post-reform radiate. as previous, but with mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 465, 92b. c 23. [Siscia, AD 295]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14421

aa, or rad. and cuir. bust r., or rad. hd. r. rev. VOT / X / officina mark T (= 3) in three lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 285, 39b, 40b, 42b. c 239-40. [Ticinum, AD 299]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £37 ($65)

14422

aa. rev. as previous, but with F K (= Felix Karthago) instead of officina mark below the votive inscription. ric vi, p. 427, 35b, 36. c 239. [Carthage, AD 303]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £37 ($65)

14423

a, d or e, a. rev. VOT / XX / officina mark A-Θ (= 1-9) in three lines within wreath. ric vi, pp. 359-60, 87b, 88b, 89b. c 245-7. [Rome, AD 297-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £37 ($65)

14424

Bronze denarius communis. db. rev. MVL / TIS / X in three lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 198, 562. c 153. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

14425

MaXiMiaNVs N c, b. rev. MVL / TIS / XX in three lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 201, 607. c —. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £175 ($300)

14426

d, laur. hd. l. rev. SIC / X / SIC / XX in four lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 198, 567. c 197. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £160 ($280)

14427

obv. as 14425. rev. VOT / X / SIC / XX in four lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 198, 569. c 244. [Trier, AD 302]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £160 ($280)

14428

— rev. VOT / XX / CAESS in three lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 201, 611b. c —. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £160 ($280)

14429

— rev. VOT / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines within wreath. ric vi, p. 201, 614b. c —. [Trier, AD 303]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £175 ($300)

14430

MaXiMiaNVs c, b. rev. VTILITAS PVBLICA, Utilitas stg. facing, hd. l., her hands wrapped in the drapery of her dress, mint mark t in ex. ric vi, p. 283, 28b. c 248. [Ticinum, AD 294-5]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

14431

similar, but with mint mark r in ex. ric vi, p. 356, 49b. c 248. [Rome, AD 294-5]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £160 ($280)

Alexandrian Coinage the production of Greek tetradrachms at alexandria extended down to diocletian’s year 12 (= Maximian’s year 11 and year 4 for the caesars constantius and Galerius = ad 295-6). during diocletian’s 8th, 9th, and 10th regnal years (= AD 291/2-293/4) many issues bear officina marks using Greek letter-numerals (normally a for diocletian, B for Maximian, Γ for Galerius, and ∆ for constantius). in august of 296 the alexandria mint briefly fell into the hands of the usurper Domitius Domitianus who continued the production of tetradrachms (as well as experimental octadrachms) in addition to the reformed roman gold and billon denominations. Following the downfall of domitianus in 297 the tetrarchic government did not resume its Greek tetradrachm coinage, thus ending a tradition that dated back 277 years to the reign of tiberius. there are two principal varieties of obverse legend for Galerius’ tetradrachms: a. ΓΑΛ ΜΑΞΙΜΙΑΝΟc Κ B. ΜΑΞΙΜΙΑΝΟc Κ the obverse type is usually laur., dr. and/or cuir. bust r., occasionally laur. hd. r.

GaleriUs as caesar 14432

289

Billon tetradrachm. a. rev. alexandria, turreted, stg. l., holding head of sarapis and resting on sceptre, L — Α (= regnal year 1) in field, sometimes with Α (= officina 1) in ex. Dattari 6108-9. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 293]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14433

14434

14433

a. rev. athena seated l., holding Nike and resting on sceptre, shield at side, l — Α (= regnal year 1) in field, officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. dattari 6114. BMcG/christiansen 3539. cologne 3356. Milne 5077. [AD 293]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14434

A. Rev. Elpis (= Spes) advancing l., holding flower and lifting skirt, L — Α (= regnal year 1) in field, officina mark Β, Γ or ∆ (= 2, 3 or 4) in ex. dattari 6122-3. BMcG 2614. cologne 3357. Milne 5070. [AD 293]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14435

a. rev. eagle stg. l., palm-branch transversely in background, l — Α (= regnal year 1) in field. Dattari —. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne 5059. [AD 293]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14436

a. rev. eagle stg. l., hd. r., holding wreath in beak, l — Α (= regnal year 1) in field, sometimes with Β or Γ (= officina 2 or 3) in ex. Dattari 6164-6. BMCG —. Cologne 3358. Milne 5062. [AD 293]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14437

a. rev. alexandria, turreted, stg. l., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., L — Β (= regnal year 2) in field, sometimes with Α or Β (= officina 1 or 2) in ex. Dattari 6107. BMCG —. cologne —. Milne (supplement) 5110b. [AD 293-4]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14438 14438

a. rev. eirene (= Pax) stg. l., holding olive-branch and sceptre, l — B (= regnal year 2) in field, sometimes with Β (= officina 2) in ex. Dattari 6120-21. BMCG/Christiansen 3540. cologne —. Milne 5103. [AD 293-4]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14439

a. rev. Nike (= Victory) advancing r., holding wreath and palm, l — B (= regnal year 2) in field, sometimes also with star in field and Γ (= officina 3) in ex. Dattari 6147-8. BMcG —. cologne 3360. Milne 5127. [AD 293-4]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14440

a. rev. eagle stg. r., palm-branch transversely in background, l — B (= regnal year 2) in field. Dattari 6172. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne 5112. [AD 293-4]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14441

a. rev. eagle stg. l. between two vexilla, hd. r., wings open, holding wreath in beak, l B (= regnal year 2) above. dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne 5117. [AD 293-4]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

14442

Billon tetradrachm. a. rev. helios stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., L Γ (= regnal year 3) before. dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4225. [AD 294-5]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

290

the tetrarchies

14443

Billon tetradrachm. a. rev. Bust of hermes l., wearing winged cap decorated with petals, caduceus before, l — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field. Dattari 6137. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14444

a. rev. Bust of sarapis r., wearing modius, l — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field. Dattari 6157. BMcG 2618. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

14445

a. rev. laur. bust of Zeus r., l — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field. Dattari —. BMCG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4240. [AD 294-5]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14446

a. rev. homonoia (= concordia) stg. l., raising r. hand and holding double-cornucopiae (sometimes single) in l., l Γ (= regnal year 3) to l. or across field (sometimes reversed), sometimes with palm behind. dattari 6139-41. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne 5175-7. [AD 294-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14447

a. rev. Nike (= Victory) stg. facing, hd. l., wings open, holding wreath and palm, l — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field. Dattari —. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. Emmett 4232. [AD 294-5]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

14448

a. rev. tyche (= Fortuna) reclining l. on couch, holding rudder, l Γ (= regnal year 3) above. dattari 6163. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

14449

a. rev. eagle stg. r., wings open, l — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field. Dattari 6176. BMCG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 294-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14450

a. rev. eagle stg. l., hd. r., wings open, holding wreath in beak, l — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field. Dattari —. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. Emmett 4216. [AD 294-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

14451

a. rev. Galerius on horseback galloping r., brandishing spear at enemy beneath horse, l — Γ (= regnal year 3) in field. Dattari —. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. Emmett 4222. [AD 294-5]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £125 ($220)

14452

a. rev. helmeted and cuir. bust of ares r., holding shield, L — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. Dattari 6110. BMCG 2620 (‘bust of Roma’). Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14453

B. rev. ares stg. facing, hd. l., holding spear and parazonium, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. Dattari 6111. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14454

a. rev. Bust of athena r., wearing corinthian helmet and holding spear, l ∆ (= regnal year 4) behind or across field. Dattari 6112-13. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14455

B. rev. rad. and dr. bust of helios r., l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field, sometimes with star before. dattari 6135-6. BMcG —. cologne 3362. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £90 ($160)

14456

B. rev. Bust of hermanubis r., wearing modius, combined caduceus and palm-branch before, l ∆ (= regnal year 4) behind. dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4226. [AD 295-6]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14444

14452

GaleriUs as caesar

291

14457 14457

Billon tetradrachm. a or B. rev. Bust of isis r., wearing disk and plumes, knot on breast, sometimes with palm before, l ∆ (= regnal year 4) behind or before. dattari 6142-3. BMcG/ christiansen 3546. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £125 ($220)

14458

a. rev. conjoined busts r. of sarapis, wearing modius, and isis, wearing disk and plumes, l / ∆ (= regnal year 4) behind. dattari —. BMcG 2619. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14459

a or B. rev. Bust of selene r., large lunar crescent before, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. dattari 6160. BMcG —. cologne 3366. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £120 ($200)

14460

B. rev. dikaiosyne (= aequitas) stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field, star to r. Dattari 6117. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne 5203. [AD 295-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14461

similar, but dikaiosyne is seated, and the star (when present) is to l. dattari 6118-19. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

14462

a. rev. Nike (= Victory) stg. r., inscribing date l ∆ (= regnal year 4) on tablet resting on column. cf. dattari 6155. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14463

a. rev. two Nikai stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath or shield, beneath which, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4). dattari —. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. emmett 4234. [AD 295-6]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14464

B. rev. tyche (= Fortuna) stg. l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, l ∆ (= regnal year 4) before or across field, sometimes with star to r. Dattari 6161-2. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne 5228. [AD 295-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14465

B. rev. eagle stg. r., holding wreath in beak, palm-branch transversely in background, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field. Dattari 6174. BMCG —. Cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14466

14466a

14466

a. rev. eagle stg. r., hd. l., supporting on its spread wings a wreath within which date l ∆ (= regnal year 4). dattari 6179. BMcG/christiansen 3548. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

14466a

B. rev. eagle stg. l., hd. r., holding wreath in beak, l — ∆ (= regnal year 4) in field, palm to l. dattari 6170 var. BMcG 2621. cologne —. Milne 5240. [AD 295-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14467

a. rev. eagle l., hd. r., wings spread, holding wreath in talons, l ∆ (= regnal year 4) before. dattari 6178. BMcG —. cologne —. Milne —. [AD 295-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

292

the tetrarchies

Issues as Augustus, AD 305-311 14468

Gold aureus. lb. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NN, concordia seated l., holding patera and double cornucopiae, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 203, 618b. calicó 4891. c —. depeyrot, p. 51, 11a/2. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

14469

lb. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG NOSTR, similar, but with mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 317, 41b. calicó 4892. c —. Ma 96. depeyrot, p. 92, 6/2. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

14470

Jb. rev. CONSVL AVGG NN, Galerius, togate, stg. l., holding globe and baton, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC vi, p. 493, 5b. Calicó 4894. Cf. C (Maximian) 76. depeyrot, p. 108, 2/2. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the three following, and nos. 14477, 14480-81 and 14489-90 below, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

14471

MaXiMiaNVs aVG, b. rev. CONSVL V P P PROCOS, as previous, but with mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 472, 149. calicó 4896. c —. depeyrot, p. 99, 9/1. [Siscia, AD 305]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) A similar type was struck at Antioch with obv. legend K.

14472

Kb. rev. CONSVL VI P P PROCOS, as previous, but with mint mark s M a Σ in ex., preceded by crescent and followed by star. field. RIC vi, p. 623, 66. Calicó 4898. C (Maximian) 83. depeyrot, p. 142, 21/1. [Antioch, AD 306]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

14473

obv. as 14471. rev. CONSVL VII P P PROCOS, as previous. ric vi, p. 626, 79. calicó 4899. c (Maximian) 84. depeyrot, p. 142, 22/2. [Antioch, AD 308]. VF £1,950 ($3,400) / EF £4,850 ($8,500)

14474

14477

14474

lb. rev. FELICITAS AVGG NOSTR, Felicitas seated l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark s M t in ex. ric vi, p. 287, 52. calicó 4900. c (Maximian) 100. depeyrot, p. 69, 8/5. [Ticinum, AD 305-6]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

14475

lb. rev. FELICITAS SAECVLI AVGG NN, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath containing Vic / aVGG in two lines, mint mark s M aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 318, 51b. calicó 4901. c (Maximian) 105. Ma 99. depeyrot, p. 93, 7/2. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £6,300 ($11,000)

14476

lb. rev. HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NOSTR, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., holding branch in r. hand, club and lion’s skin in l., mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 317, 46b. calicó 4904. c (Maximian) 232. Ma 97. depeyrot, p. 92, 6/9. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

GaleriUs as aUGUstUs

293

14477

Gold aureus. Jb. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding apple/s and lion’s skin, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC vi, p. 493, 6b. Calicó 4907. Cf. C (Maximian) 294. Depeyrot, p. 107, 1/2. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £1,950 ($3,400) / EF £4,850 ($8,500) See note following no. 14470.

14478

lb. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 478, 189. calicó 4912. c (Maximian) 328. depeyrot, p. 99, 11/1. [Siscia, AD 308-9]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

14479

lb. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS, Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 363, 113. calicó 4913. c —. depeyrot, p. 85, 13/1. [Rome, AD 305-6]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

14480

14482

14480

lb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC vi, —. calicó 4918. c —. depeyrot —. [Thessalonica, AD 308-10]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) For this and the next, see note following no. 14470.

14481

Kb. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark • S M • SD • in ex. and mark of value Σ in field. ric vi, p. 498, 29. calicó 4919. c —. depeyrot, p. 109, 6/1. [Serdica, AD 307-8]. VF £1,950 ($3,400) / EF £4,850 ($8,500)

14482

similar, but with NiK monogram at end of legend and with mint mark s M N in ex. (no mark of value in field). RIC vi, p. 558, 33. Calicó 4926. C (Maximian) 374. Depeyrot, p. 121, 9/2. [Nicomedia, AD 305-6]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

14483

14484

14483

Similar, but with L V X C (the first two letters in monogram) following the NIK monogram at end of rev. legend. ric vi, p. 560, 44. calicó 4927. c (Maximian) 375. depeyrot, p. 122, 11/1. [Nicomedia, AD 307-8]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000) The curious numerical formula L V X C has so far defied a convincing explanation (see also nos. 14587, 14707 and 15491).

14484

MaXiMiaNVs aVG, b. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark Γ (= 3) in field. ric vi, —. calicó (Maximian) 4702. cf. c (Maximian) 359. cf. depeyrot, p. 149, 8/1. [Alexandria, AD 305-6]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

294

the tetrarchies

14485

Gold aureus. lb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 203, 624. calicó 4920. c (Maximian) 372. cf. depeyrot, p. 52, 11B/4-5 (rev. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £1,950 ($3,400) / EF £4,850 ($8,500)

14486

similar, but with mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 318, 49. calicó 4921. c —. Ma 98. depeyrot, p. 93, 6/13. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £1,950 ($3,400) / EF £4,850 ($8,500)

14487

lb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN, as 14485. ric vi, p. 204, 625a. calicó 4922. c (Maximian) 373. depeyrot, p. 52, 11B/6-7. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £1,950 ($3,400) / EF £4,850 ($8,500)

14488

similar, but Jupiter is seated l. ric vi, p. 204, 626a. calicó 4923. c —. depeyrot, p. 52, 11B/9. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £1,950 ($3,400) / EF £4,850 ($8,500)

14489

Jb. rev. IOVIS CONSERVATOR, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ in field. RIC vi, p. 493, 7b and p. 496, 18a. calicó 4928. c (Maximian) 388. depeyrot, p. 108, 2/4 and 5/1. [Serdica, AD 305-7]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) For this and the next, see note following no. 14470.

14490

similar, but with obv. legend l and with crescent as well as Σ in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 499, 30. calicó 4939. c —. depeyrot, p. 109, 8/1. [Serdica, AD 305-7]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

14491

lb. rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, Galerius, in military attire, stg. r. between two captives, holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 205, 634b. calicó 4952. c —. depeyrot, p. 52, 11a/8. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £6,300 ($11,000)

14491a

MaXiMiaNVs aVG, b. rev. VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS, Galerius on horseback galloping r., thrusting downwards with spear at kneeling enemy below horse, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, —. calicó (Maximian) 4744. c (Maximian) 614. depeyrot, p. 99, 10/5. [Siscia, AD 306-7]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £6,300 ($11,000)

14492

Kb. rev. X / MAXI/MIAN/I AVG in four lines with mint mark s M N below, all within wreath with medallion inscribed with NiK monogram at top. ric vi, p. 558, 38. calicó 4962. c —. depeyrot, p. 121, 9/6. [Nicomedia, AD 305-6]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) NB there are also consular gold multiples of 6 and 2 (?) aurei from the serdica mint (ric 27-8) with rev. ioVis coNserVator aVGG, Jupiter stg. with eagle at feet; and a 2-aureus multiple of alexandria (ric 49) with rev. ioVi coNserVatori, Jupiter stg., holding Victory on globe.

14493 14493

Silver argenteus. MaXiMiaNVs aVG, b. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint and officina marks • S M • SD A • (or Β•, or Γ •, or ∆ •, or ε• = 1-5) in ex. RIC vi, p. 494, 11b. RSC 228a. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) NB Production of silver coinage was drastically reduced following the abdications of diocletian and Maximian in ad 305.

GaleriUs as aUGUstUs

295

14494

Silver argenteus. Similar, but with mint and officina marks ANT Η (= 8) between two stars in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 623, note 1. rsc 228b. [Antioch, AD 305-6]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

14495

lb. rev. — four-turreted gateway of military camp, sometimes with open doors thrown back, mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 205, 635, 637. rsc —. [Trier, AD 306-7]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,250 ($2,200)

14496

Silver half argenteus. Jc. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, four-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 216, 757. rsc 228c. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,025 ($1,800)

14497

Billon follis. iMP MaXiMiaNVs iVN aVG, c. rev. CONCORDIA FELIX DD NN, two emperors (Galerius and constantine?) stg. facing each other, clasping r. hands and each resting on sceptre held in l., mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 260, 247. cf. c 21 (obv. misdescribed). [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

14498 14498

Gb. rev. FIDES MILITVM, Fides Militum seated l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., sometimes with crescent between, sometimes with dot in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 288-90, 55b, 59b, 60A. C (Maximian) 114. [Ticinum, AD 305-6]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14499

Jb. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. ric vi, p. 319, 59b. c (Maximian) 113. Ma 103. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14500

Jb. rev. — as previous, but Fides Militum is stg. l. ric vi, p. 319, 58b. c —. Ma 102. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14501

Jb or Gb. rev. FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN, as previous, but rarely with VI in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 319 and 322, 57b, 60b, 76a. C (Maximian) 123-4. MA 101, 104, 109. [Aquileia, AD 305-7]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14502 14502

similar, but with obv. type cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding sceptre (or spear) and shield. ric vi, pp. 319 and 322, 61b, 77a. c —. Ma 105, 110. [Aquileia, AD 305-7]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

296

the tetrarchies

14503

Billon follis. Jb or Gb. rev. FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN, Fides Militum seated l., as 14498, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. ric vi, pp. 320 and 323, 62b, 78a. c 120. Ma 106, 111. [Aquileia, AD 305-7]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14504

similar, but with obv. type cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding sceptre (or spear) and shield. ric vi, pp. 320 and 323, 62a, 79a. c (Maximian) 121-2. Ma 112. [Aquileia, AD 305-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

14505

Jb. rev. GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in r. field, crescent in l. RIC vi, pp. 479-80, 198a, 207a. c (Maximian) 133. [Siscia, AD 309-11]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14506

GAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, b. Rev. — similar, but liquid flows from the patera and with mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., officina mark Α- ∆ (= 1-4) in r. field, star in l. RIC vi, p. 499, 35. cf. c 40. [Serdica, AD 307-8]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14507

— — Rev. — as previous, but Genius is sometimes also rad., and with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark Α, Β, Γ, ε, or ς (= 1, 2, 3, 5, or 6) in r. field, and star in l. RIC vi, pp. 514 and 516, 30a, 40a. cf. c 40. [Thessalonica, AD 308-11]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14508

Fb. rev. — (followed by ligatured CMH), as 14506, but with mint mark s M N followed by officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) in ex. ric vi, pp. 562 and 564, 54a, 66a. c 42. [Nicomedia, AD 308-11]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Coins from officinae Β-Γ and ε- ς belong to the period AD 310-11. The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also nos. 14545, 14575, 14595, 14722, 14749, 14794, 14827, 14835-7, 14913, 15151, 15159-62, 15586, 15590, 15892, 15899-901 and 16148).

14509 14509

As 14506, but with mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) in l. field, and sometimes star in r. ric vi, pp. 586-7, 42, 53. cf. c 40. [Cyzicus, AD 308-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) Coins without star in rev. field are dated AD 308-9, those with star 309-10.

14510

As previous, but with three dots arranged vertically in r. field on rev. RIC vi, p. 589, 65. Cf. c 40. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14511

Jb. rev. GENIO CAESARIS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark A-Γ (= 1-3) in r. field, crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 479, 201a. c (Maximian) 135. [Siscia, AD 309-10]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14512

Fb. rev. GENIO EXERCITVS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera, from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae, altar at feet, mint mark ANT in ex., crescent in l. field, officina mark Α-I (= 1-10) in r. ric vi, p. 638, 147a. c 46. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

GaleriUs as aUGUstUs

297

14513

Billon follis. Fb. rev. GENIO IMPERATORIS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera, from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae, mint mark H T in ex. followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4), sometimes between two dots. ric vi, p. 535, 37a, 41. c 48. [Heraclea, AD 308-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14514

Similar, but with star and/or crescent in field and the number of officinae expanded to 5 (ε). ric vi, pp. 537-9, 48a, 53a, 59a. c 48. [Heraclea, AD 310-11]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14515 14515

Fb. Rev. — as 14513, but with mint mark M K in ex. followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4). ric vi, p. 585, 35. c 48. [Cyzicus, AD 308]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14516

Gal MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, b. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M KV in ex. and officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2) in l. field. ric vi, p. 586, 44. c 49. [Cyzicus, AD 308-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14517

Similar, but with star in rev. field to r. and officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) to l. ric vi, p. 588, 56. c 49. [Cyzicus, AD 309-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14518

Similar, but with three dots arranged vertically instead of star in rev. field to r. RIC vi, p. 589, 68. c 49. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14519

Fb. Rev. — as 14513, but with mint mark ANT in ex. (sometimes followed by dot) and officina mark Α-Ι (= 1-10) in r. field (sometimes with crescent above or in field to l.). RIC vi, pp. 627-9 and 631, 82, 88, 95, 106a. c 48. [Antioch, AD 308-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14520

Similar, but with O above the officina mark in rev. field to r. ric vi, p. 632, 112a. c 48. [Antioch, AD 309]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14521

Similar, but with altar in rev. field to l. (sometimes with star or crescent above) and nothing above the officina mark to r. (no dot following mint mark). RIC vi, pp. 633, 636, 639, 119a, 133a, 148a. c 47. [Antioch, AD 309-11]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14522

Fb. Rev. — as 14513, but with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in l. or r. field (sometimes no liquid flows from the patera). RIC vi, p. 673, 65. C 48. [Alexandria, AD 308]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14523

Similar, but with P — R or X — K across rev. field and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) to right. ric vi, pp. 674-5, 72, 79. c 48. [Alexandria, AD 308]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14524

As previous, but with K — P across rev. field (sometimes with star above the K). RIC vi, pp. 678-9, 101a, 105a, 107a, 121a. c 48. [Alexandria, AD 308-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) Illustrated at reign heading. The star only appears on coins from officina Γ.

14525

As previous, but with crescent above the K in rev. field and the issue struck in three officinae only — Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3). ric vi, p. 680, 124. c 48. [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

298

the tetrarchies

14526

Billon follis. Jc. rev. GENIO POP ROM, Genius, turreted, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 129, 78. c (Maximian) 143 var. [London, AD 307]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14527

similar, but with mint mark P lN on rev. in ex. ric vi, p. 129, 86. c (Maximian) 143 var. [London, AD 307]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14528

iMP MaXiMiaNVs P F iN aVG, c. rev. — as previous, but Genius wears modius instead of turreted headdress. ric vi, p. 129, 83. c —. [London, AD 307]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180)

14529

Jc or d. Rev. — as 14526, but with mint mark P TR in ex. and S – C or S — A in field. RIC vi, pp. 211-12, 714-15. c (Maximian) 143 var. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14530

Jc or laur. and cuir. bust l. rev. — as 14528, but with mint mark P lG in ex and t — F in field. RIC vi, p. 257, 217-18. C (Maximian) 143, 144 var. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14531

— — Rev. — as previous, but with altar at feet of Genius and with N in field instead of t — F. ric vi, p. 259, 226-7. c (Maximian) 144. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14532

IMP MAXIMIANVS IVN AVG, c. Rev. — as previous, but nothing in field. RIC vi, p. 261, 254. c 50. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

14533

Jd. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROM, Genius, turreted, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P TR in ex., S – C in field. RIC vi, p. 211, 706. C —. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

14534

Gc. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 127, 42. c (Maximian) 180. [London, AD 305-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

14535

Jc. Rev. — similar, but Genius is turreted and with mint mark P TR in ex., S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 207, 642b, 652b. c (Maximian)192. [Trier, AD 305-7]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14536

hc. rev. — as 14534, but with altar at feet of Genius to l., and with mint mark P lG in ex., star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 255, 186b. C (Maximian) 198. [Lugdunum, AD 305-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £55 ($95)

14537

similar, but with obv. type laur. and cuir. bust l. ric vi, p. 255, 187b. c (Maximian) 199. [Lugdunum, AD 305-7]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14538

Jc. Rev. — as 14536, but with N instead of star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 256, 203. C (Maximian) 212. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £55 ($95)

14539 14539

Fb. Rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera, from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 495, 12b. c 81. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

GaleriUs as aUGUstUs

299

14540

Billon follis. Gal MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, b. rev. — as previous. ric vi, p. 497, 23. c —. [Serdica, AD 306-7]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14541

Similar, but with officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in rev. field to r. and star to l. RIC vi, p. 500, 39. c —. [Serdica, AD 307-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14542 14542

Fb. Rev. — as 14539, but with mint mark H T in ex. followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6). ric vi, p. 533, 24b. c 81. [Heraclea, AD 305-7]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14543

Similar, but with mint mark H • T • followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4). ric vi, p. 534, 33. c 81. [Heraclea, AD 307]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14544

Fb. rev. — as 14539, but with mint mark s M N in ex. followed by officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2). ric vi, p. 559, 39b and p. 561, 48. c 81. [Nicomedia, AD 305-7]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14545

similar, but with ligatured CMH following rev. legend. ric vi, p. 561, 51. c 82. [Nicomedia, AD 307-8]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £55 ($95) The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also nos. 14508, 14575, 14595, 14722, 14749, 14794, 14827, 14835-7, 14913, 15151, 1515962, 15586, 15590, 15892, 15899-901 and 16148).

14546

Fb. rev. — as 14539, but with mint mark K in ex. followed by officina mark a-ς (= 1-6). ric vi, p. 582, 21b and p. 584, 25a. c 81. [Cyzicus, AD 305-6]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14547

similar, but also with star or crescent in rev. field to r. ric vi, p. 584, 27a, 31a. c 81. [Cyzicus, AD 307]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85) The variety with crescent in rev. field is very rare.

14547a

as 14546, but with mint mark M K in ex. followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4). ric vi, p. 585, 36. c 81. [Cyzicus, AD 308]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £55 ($95)

14548

iMP c Gal V MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, b. rev. — as 14539, but with mint mark ANT • or ANT : in ex., and officina mark a-i (= 1-10) in r. field. ric vi, p. 624, 70b, 74b. c 80. [Antioch, AD 305-6]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

14549

Jb. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding apples in l., lion’s skin over l. arm, mint mark SIS followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., VI in field. RIC vi, pp. 474-6, 163b, 165b, 176b, 177a. C (Maximian) 295 var. [Siscia, AD 305-7]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £100 ($175)

14550

Fb. rev. — hercules stg. r., r. hand on hip, resting with l. on club wrapped in lion’s skin, mint mark aNt in ex., officina mark a-Ι (= 1-10) and crescent in field. ric vi, —. c 112. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

300 14551

the tetrarchies Billon follis. Gb. rev. IOVI CONS CAES, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark ale in ex., s — P in field, officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in upper field to r. ric vi, p. 669, 54 and p. 672, note 1. c (Maximian) 325. [Alexandria, AD 305-7]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14552 14552

Jb. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT, as previous, but with mint mark SIS followed by officina mark a, B, Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., VI in field. RIC vi, p. 476, 179b. C (Maximian) 329. [Siscia, AD 305-7]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

14553

Fb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, similar, but eagle at Jupiter’s feet to l., mint mark ANT in ex., and officina mark Α-Ι (= 1-10) and crescent in field. RIC vi, p. 640, 153a. C 124. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

14554

iMP MaXiMiaNVs iVN aVG, c. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Galerius stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 262, 272. cf. c 180. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14555

Gb. rev. SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) sometimes with wreath between, sometimes with star in field. RIC vi, pp. 365-6, 120b, 132b. C (Maximian) 502. [Rome, AD 305-6]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14556

Jb. rev. SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR, as previous, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P, S, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., crescent in l. field, VI in r. ric vi, p. 319, 55b. c (Maximian) 504. Ma 100. [Aquileia, AD 305]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £55 ($95)

14557

Jb. rev. SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN, as previous, but with mint mark sis followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., crescent in l. field and VI in r. ric vi, p. 473, 156b. c —. [Siscia, AD 305-6]. VF £21 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

14558

Jb. rev. SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, officina mark Β (= 2) in ex., i (= Iovi) in field. RIC vi, p. 428, 39b. C (Maximian) 510. [Carthage, AD 305-6]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Galerius and his Caesar Maximinus have the letter I (= Iovi) in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Constantius and Severus have the letter H.

14558A

Similar, but with officina mark Α (= 1) in ex. ric vi, p. 429, 43a. c (Maximian) 510. [Carthage, AD 306]. VF £21 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) This type follows the death of Constantius and reflects the elevation of Galerius to the rank of senior Augustus in the Third Tetrarchy.

14559

obv. as 14554. rev. SECVRIT PERPET DD NN, securitas stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, her r. hand on hd., holding transverse sceptre in l. and resting on column, mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 263, 277. cf. c 195. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

GaleriUs as aUGUstUs

301

14559a

Billon follis. Fb. rev. SOLE INVICTO, sol, in long robe, stg. l., raising r. hand and holding head of Serapis in l., mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark A, Γ, or h (= 1, 3, or 8) in l. or r. field with crescent sometimes above or in opposite field. RIC vi, p. 640, 154a. c —. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14559B

l, helmeted and cuir. half-length bust l., holding spear over shoulder in r. hand and decorated shield in l. rev. SOLI INVICTAE (sic) or INVICTO, sol in facing quadriga, his hd. turned to l., r. hand raised and holding globe in l., the horses spread, two on l. and two on r., mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark ς (= 6) between the horses in lower field. RIC vi, p. 638, 144, 145a. c —. [Antioch, AD 310]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

14560

obv. as 14554. rev. TEMPORVM FELICITAS, Felicitas stg. l., holding long caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 263, 282. cf. c 202. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14561

J, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding sceptre (or spear) and shield. rev. VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, Galerius galloping r., thrusting downwards with spear at two or three fallen enemies below horse and holding shield in l., mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or s (= 1 or 2) in ex. ric vi, p. 320, 66b, 69 (‘galloping l.’ in error). c (Maximian) 615. Ma 107-8. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14562

Fb. rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Mars or Virtus advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint mark ANT or ANT • in ex., officina mark Α-Ι (= 1-10) in r. field, sometimes with crescent above. RIC vi, pp. 627-9, 85, 92, 99. C 214. [Antioch, AD 308]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14563

Similar, but the crescent is in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 631, 108a. C 214. [Antioch, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14564

Similar, but with O above the officina mark in rev. field to r., nothing to l. RIC vi, p. 632, 116. c 214. [Antioch, AD 309]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14565

Similar, but with altar below the officina mark in rev. field to r. and without the O above. ric vi, p. 633, 122. c 214. [Antioch, AD 309-10]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14566

Fb. Rev. — as 14562, but with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in l. or r. field. RIC vi, p. 674, 68. C 214. [Alexandria, AD 308]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14567 14567

Similar, but with P — R or X — K across rev. field and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) to right. ric vi, pp. 674-5, 75, 82. c 214. [Alexandria, AD 308]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14568

As previous, but with K — P across rev. field (sometimes with star above the K). RIC vi, pp. 679-80, 111a, 114a, 119a, 123a. c 214. [Alexandria, AD 308-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) The star only appears on coins from officina Γ.

14569

As previous, but with crescent above the K in rev. field and the issue struck in three officinae only — Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3). ric vi, p. 680, 130. c 214. [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

302

the tetrarchies

14570

Billon follis. Fb. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, four-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark M K in ex. followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4). ric vi, p. 585, 39. c 228. [Cyzicus, AD 308]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

14571

Fb. rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITI, Mars, naked, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark H T in ex. followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4), sometimes with star in field. RIC vi, pp. 536 and 538, 44a, 51. C —. [Heraclea, AD 309-10]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14572

Gal MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, b. rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITVS, as previous, but with mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in r. field, and star in l. ric vi, p. 500, 44. c 231. [Serdica, AD 307-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14573

Similar, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark Α-Γ (= 1-3) in r. field, and star in l. ric vi, p. 515, 37a. c 231. [Thessalonica, AD 308-10]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14574

Fb. rev. — Mars or Virtus, in military attire, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint and officina marks S M N A (= 1) in ex. ric vi, p. 561, 50. c —. [Nicomedia, AD 307]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £55 ($95)

14575

similar, but rev. inscription is followed by ligatured CMH and mint mark is followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in ex. ric vi, p. 563, 59. cf. c 232. [Nicomedia, AD 308-10]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85) The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also nos. 14508, 14545, 14595, 14722, 14749, 14794, 14827, 14835-7, 14913, 15151, 15159-62, 15586, 15590, 15892, 15899-901 and 16148).

14576

Fb. rev. — (without CMH), Mars, naked, advancing r., as 14571, but with mint mark M K in ex. followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4). ric vi, p. 585, 41. c —. [Cyzicus, AD 308]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14576A

Obv. 14572. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark M KV in ex. and officina mark Α or Β (= 1or 2) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 587, 47. C 231. [Cyzicus, AD 308-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14577

Gal Val MaXiMiaNVs P F aVG, b. rev. — Mars or Virtus, in military attire, advancing r., as 14574, but with mint mark M KV in ex. and officina mark Α or Β (= 1or 2) in l. field. ric vi, p. 587, 50. c —. [Cyzicus, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14578

Obv. 14572. Rev. — similar, but with officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in l. field and star in r. ric vi, p. 588, 59. c 231. [Cyzicus, AD 309-10]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14579

As previous, but with three dots arranged vertically instead of star in rev. field to r. RIC vi, p. 590, 72. c 231. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14580

Billon quarter follis. MaXiMiaNVs aVG, b. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 475, 169b. c (Maximian) 152. [Siscia, AD 305-6]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £115 ($200)

14581

Bronze post-reform radiate. Ga. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, Galerius, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field. RIC vi, p. 670, 59b and p. 675, note 5. c (Maximian) 51. [Alexandria, AD 305-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

14582

Bronze denarius communis. obv. as 14580. rev. VOT / XX / AVGG in three lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 209, 682b. c (Maximian) 687. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

For coins of divus Galerius Maximian, see below under Maximinus ii (nos. 14921-6), Maxentius (nos. 15070-77), and licinius (nos. 15387-8).

303

GALERIA VALERIA

14607 Galeria Valeria was the daughter of Diocletian and Prisca. She married Galerius Maximian at about the time he was created Caesar in AD 293 and, being unable to bear children herself, adopted Candidianus, Galerius’ son by a concubine. Coinage in her name commenced in AD 308 and on the numismatic evidence it would appear that this development predated the Carnuntum Congress in November. Given Galerius’ unpopularity in the West it is hardly surprising that issues in his wife’s name are confined to the Balkan and eastern mints. Galeria Valeria’s misfortunes began with her husband’s sudden illness and death in May, AD 311. On his deathbed Galerius had commended her to the care of his friend Licinius who had been raised to imperial rank at Carnuntum. But the widowed empress did not trust Licinius and instead fled to the eastern court of Maximinus Daia, the nephew of Galerius. Maximinus proposed marriage to her in 312 but when she refused him he seized all her property and banished her to Syria where she remained until Maximinus’ defeat by Licinius the following year. Licinius now took revenge on the unfortunate empress who had mistrusted him two years before and condemned her to death. After living in hiding for some 15 months she was eventually apprehended and the sentence carried out (AD 314/15). It shows how much the prestige of Diocletian had declined since the Carnuntum Congress that he was unable to intervene in these events on his daughter’s behalf. Unless otherwise stated the obverse legend is Gal Valeria aVG. there is considerable diversity of obverse type but the following are the principal varieties: a. diad. and dr. bust r. b. diad. and dr. bust r., crescent behind shoulders c. diad. bust r., wearing embroidered robes, sometimes with necklace d. diad. bust r., wearing embroidered robes, sometimes with necklace, crescent behind shoulders e. laur. (or laur. and diad.) and dr. bust r., sometimes with necklace.

14583

14584

14583

Gold aureus. b or d. rev. VENERI VICTRICI, Venus stg. l., holding apple and lifting drapery behind l. shoulder, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 478, 196. calicó 4969-70. c 4. depeyrot, p. 100, 11/7. [Siscia, AD 308-9]. VF £7,400 ($13,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

14584

a, b, or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ in r. field, and sometimes crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 499, 32-4. Calicó 4965, 4967. C 1. Depeyrot, p. 109, 9/1-2. [Serdica, AD 308]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

304

the tetrarchies The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following and no. 14588 below, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 1481013, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

14585

Gold aureus. d. rev. VENERI VICTRICI, similar, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and mark of value Σ in r. field. RIC vi, p. 513, 29. Calicó 4971. C —. Depeyrot, p. 111, 4/3. [Thessalonica, AD 308-9]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

14586 14586

a. rev. — similar, but with mint mark s M N in ex. ric vi, p. 562, 53. calicó 4964. c 1. depeyrot, p. 122, 13/1. [Nicomedia, AD 308-9]. VF £7,400 ($13,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

14587

a. rev. — as previous, but with NiK monogram at end of rev. legend followed by l V X C (the first two letters in monogram). RIC vi, p. 560, 47. Calicó 4973. C 11. Depeyrot, p. 122, 11/4. [Nicomedia, AD 308]. VF £7,400 ($13,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000) The curious numerical formula L V X C has so far defied a convincing explanation (see also nos. 14483, 14707 and 15491).

14588

a. rev. —as 14583, but with mint mark s M a in ex. followed by mark of value Σ, crescent and star on either side, Θ in r. field . RIC vi, p. 626, 80. Calicó 4972. C —. depeyrot, p. 143, 24/3. [Antioch, AD 308-9]. VF £9,750 ($17,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000) See note following no. 14584.

14589

a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark ∆ (= 4) in l. field. ric vi, p. 677, 98. calicó 4968. c —. cf. depeyrot, p. 150, 12/3. [Alexandria, AD 308-9]. VF £9,750 ($17,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000) NB there is also a 2-aureus multiple of alexandria (ric 95) with the standard reverse legend and type of this empress’s coinage.

14590

Billon follis. d. rev. VENERI VICTRICI, Venus stg. l., holding apple and lifting drapery behind l. shoulder, mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in r. field, crescent in l. ric vi, pp. 479-80, 204, 210-11. [Siscia, AD 309-11]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

14591 14591

a, c, or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in r. field, star in l. RIC vi, p. 500, 41-3. [Serdica, AD 308]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

Galeria Valeria

14592 (off. B)

305

14592 (off. ∆)

14592

Billon follis. c or e. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark a-ς (= 1-6) in r. field, star in l. RIC vi, pp. 514, 516, 33-6. [Thessalonica, AD 308-11]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

14593

a. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4), rarely between two dots. ric vi, pp. 535-6, 39, 43. [Heraclea, AD 308-10]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

14594

Similar, but with star in rev. field to l., or crescent to r., or both. RIC vi, pp. 537-9, 50, 56, 63. [Heraclea, AD 310-11]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

14595

a or c. rev. — similar, but the inscription is followed by ligatured CMH and with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4). ric vi, p. 562, 57-8. c 13. [Nicomedia, AD 308-10]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250) The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also nos. 14508, 14545, 14575, 14722, 14749, 14794, 14827, 14835-7, 14913, 15151, 15159-62, 15586, 15590, 15892, 15899-901 and 16148).

14596

14597

14596

a. rev. — similar, but without CMH at end of rev. legend and with mint mark M K in ex. followed by officina mark ∆ (= 4). ric vi, p. 585, 38. [Cyzicus, AD 308]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £175 ($300)

14597

Similar, but with mint mark M KV in ex. and officina mark ∆ (= 4) in l. field, sometimes also with star in r. ric vi, pp. 586, 588, 46, 58. [Cyzicus, AD 308-10]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

14598

Similar, but with three dots arranged vertically in r. field. RIC vi, p. 590, 71. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

14599

a. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark ANT or ANT • in ex. and officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 627-8, 84, 91. [Antioch, AD 308]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

14600

Similar, but with mint mark ANT • in ex. and with crescent above the officina mark in r. field. RIC vi, p. 629, 98. [Antioch, AD 308]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

14601

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and the crescent is in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 631, 107. [Antioch, AD 308-9]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £155 ($275)

306 14602

the tetrarchies Billon follis. As 14600, but with O instead of crescent above the officina mark in r. field. RIC vi, p. 632, 115. [Antioch, AD 309]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

14603 14603

a. rev. — as 14590, but with altar at feet of Venus to l. (sometimes with star or crescent above), mint mark ANT in ex., and officina mark Α, Β, Γ, ∆, or Η (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 8) in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 633, 637, 639, 121, 138, 151. C 10. [Antioch, AD 309-11]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £155 ($275)

14604

a. Rev. — as 14590, but with mint mark ALE in ex., and officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 673, 67. [Alexandria, AD 308]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £175 ($300)

14605 14605

Similar, but also with P — R in rev. field and officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) to l. or to r. ric vi, p. 674, 74. [Alexandria, AD 308]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

14606

Similar, but with X — K instead of P — R in rev. field and officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) to l. or to r. ric vi, p. 675, 81. [Alexandria, AD 308]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

14607

as previous, but with K — P (sometimes reversed) instead of X — K in rev. field, and sometimes also with star in upper l. field. RIC vi, p. 679, 110, 122. [Alexandria, AD 308-10]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250) Illustrated at heading. The star only appears on coins from officina Γ.

14608

As previous, but with crescent in upper l. field, and the issue is confined to officina Γ (= 3). ric vi, p. 680, 128a. [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £140 ($250)

14609

as previous, but with obv. legend Galer Valeria aVG. ric vi, p. 680, 129. c 9. [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £155 ($275)

307

SEVERUS II 25 Jul. ad 306–Mar. 307

14643 Flavius Valerius Severus, a protégé of Galerius, was, like so many of the rulers of this period, of humble birth and a native of the Balkan region, having been born in Illyricum. The date of his birth is uncertain but as he had been a military companion of Galerius it seems reasonable to assume that he was born in the 250s/260s. At the time of the abdications of Diocletian and Maximian (1 May 305) Galerius was able to secure the appointment of Severus as the new western Caesar under Constantius, just as he managed to have his nephew Maximinus Daia promoted in the East. This dashed the hopes of imperial promotion for both Constantine, the son of Constantius, and Maxentius, son of Maximian and sowed the seeds for the fatal disruption of the tetrarchic system of government which was to follow swiftly on the death of Constantius the following year. Thus, when Severus became the western Augustus on 25 July 306 the army in Britain forestalled the appointment of a new western Caesar by proclaiming Constantine, who was present at his father’s deathbed in Eburacum (York). Galerius was obliged to accept this fait accompli to avoid civil war and thus the tetrarchy was temporarily restored. However, just three months later there was an uprising in Rome against the rule of Severus. This was led by Maxentius who cleverly played upon the grievances of the inhabitants of the city on the Tiber. The Romans had keenly felt the loss in status of the old imperial capital under Diocletian’s system of transferring the imperial residences closer to the vital frontier regions. Thus Maxentius, posing as the champion of tradition against the forces of change, managed to establish himself as an independent ruler in the region. His position was greatly strengthened later in the year when his cause was espoused by his father, the former emperor Maximian, who seized the opportunity to return to active political life (late AD 306). This development was obviously unacceptable to Galerius and Severus and the latter marched on Rome in the spring of 307. But many of his troops were veterans of the campaigns of Maximian and were reluctant to act against their former commander. Agents of Maxentius took advantage of these sentiments by infiltrating the ranks of the besieging army and eventually Severus was obliged to raise his blockade of the capital. He retreated northwards to Ravenna where he found himself surrounded by the rebel forces. Shortly afterwards the unfortunate western Augustus was obliged to abdicate, after a reign of only eight months, and was taken as a prisoner to Rome where he was held as a hostage against the actions of the eastern Augustus Galerius. However, this did not deter Galerius from launching his own invasion of Italy (April 307) though his intervention met with no greater success than that of Severus, who, in consequence, was executed by Maxentius. The tetrarchy system in the West had now broken down completely, with three rulers (Constantine, Maxentius and Maximian) all claiming the title of Augustus and exercising power in different regions. Constantine, based in Trier, held the north-western provinces, while the authority of Maxentius and Maximian, exercised from Rome, was recognized in Italy, North Africa, and later Spain also. The system remained undisrupted in the East where Galerius ruled the Danubian provinces and Asia Minor, while the Caesar Maximinus administered Syria and Egypt. Coinage in the name of Severus spanned less than two years, his issues as Caesar under Constantius lasting fifteen months and those as Augustus a mere eight months. However, his billon coinage is surprisingly abundant, a testament to the high volume of production during the period of the Second Tetrarchy. Gold, of course, is rare while production of the silver argenteus ceased almost entirely. Not surprisingly, no posthumous coinage was issued for Severus.

308

the tetrarchies The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: As Caesar a. Fl Val seVerVs NoB c B. Fl Val seVerVs NoB caes c. seVerVs NoB c d. seVerVs NoB caes As Augustus e. iMP c Fl Val seVerVs P F aVG F. iMP c seVerVs P F aVG G. iMP seVerVs aVG h. iMP seVerVs P F aVG i. seVerVs aVG J. seVerVs aVGVstVs K. seVerVs P F aVG

The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full: a. rad., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r. b. laur. hd. r. c. laur. and cuir. bust r. d. laur., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r.

Issues as Caesar under Constantius I, 1 May AD 305-25 Jul. 306 14610

Gold aureus. db. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NN, concordia seated l., holding patera and double cornucopiae, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 203, 619. calicó 4975. c 2. depeyrot, p. 52, 11a/3. [Trier]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

14611

db. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG NOSTR, similar, but with mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 317, 42. calicó 4976. c —. Ma 115. depeyrot, p. 92, 6/3. [Aquileia]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

14612

14613

14612

db. rev. CONCORDIA CAESS NOSTR, similar, but with mint mark s M t (sometimes preceded by dot) in ex. ric vi, p. 287, 49a, 50. calicó 4977. c 3. depeyrot, p. 69, 8/2, 9/1. [Ticinum]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

14613

db. rev. FELICITAS AVGG NOSTR, Felicitas seated l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark s M t in ex. ric vi, p. 287, 53. calicó 4980. c —. depeyrot, p. 69, 8/6. [Ticinum]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

seVerUs ii as caesar

14614

309

14617

14614

Gold aureus. db. rev. FELICITAS CAESS NOSTR, similar, but with mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 317, 44. calicó 4981. c 10. Ma 116. depeyrot, p. 92, 6/5. [Aquileia]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

14615

db. rev. FELICITAS SAECVLI CAESS NN, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath containing Vic / caes in two lines, mint mark s M aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 318, 53. calicó 4983. c 12. Ma 119. depeyrot, p. 93, 7/5. [Aquileia]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

14616

db. rev. HERCVLI COMITI CAESS NOSTR, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., holding branch in r. hand, club and lion’s skin in l., mint mark s M t in ex. ric vi, p. 287, 54a. calicó 4985. c 47. depeyrot, p. 69, 8/7. [Ticinum]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000) A similar type was struck also at Aquileia (RIC 47a).

14617

db. rev. HERCVLI CONS CAES, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding apples and lion’s skin in l., mint and value marks s M a Σ between crescent and star in ex. ric vi, p. 623, 67. calicó 4986. c —. depeyrot, p. 142, 20/3. [Antioch]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also nos. 14623-4 below, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 1448990, 14584-5, 14588, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

14618

db. rev. HERCVLI CONSER AVGG ET CAESS NN, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., quiver at shoulder, resting on club and holding bow in l., lion’s skin over l. shoulder, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 203, 620b. calicó 4987. c 48. depeyrot, p. 52, 11B/2. [Trier]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

14619

db. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN, Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, —. calicó 4992. c —. depeyrot, p. 53, 11B/11. [Trier]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

14620

db. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS NN, similar, but Jupiter stg. l., mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 318, 50a. calicó 4993. c 53. Ma 118. depeyrot, p. 93, 6/14. [Aquileia]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

14621 14621

db. rev. MARTI PATRI followed by NiK monogram, Mars stg. l., resting on shield and spear, mint mark s M N in ex. ric vi, p. 558, 34. calicó 4996. c 55. cf. depeyrot, p. 121, 9/3. [Nicomedia]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

310

the tetrarchies

14622

Gold aureus. db. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, severus, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, —. calicó 4996a. c —. depeyrot —. [Rome]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

14623

db. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, severus, in military attire, stg. l., raising r. hand and holding sceptre in l., two standards to r., mark of value Σ in l. field, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex. RIC vi, p. 493, 8a. Calicó 4997. C –. Depeyrot, p. 107, 1/3. [Serdica]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000) See note following no. 14617.

14624

similar, but on rev. severus holds globe in r. hand. ric vi, p. 493, 9a. calicó 4998. c 60. depeyrot, p. 107, 1/5. [Serdica]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

14625

db. rev. SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 204, 628b. calicó 4999. c –. depeyrot, p. 52, 11a/5. [Trier]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000)

14626

db. rev. SOLI INVICT CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN, sol stg. l., r. hand raised, holding globe in l., mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 204, 630a. calicó 5000. c –. depeyrot, p. 53, 11B/12. [Trier]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000) NB there is also a gold multiple of 2 aurei from the trier mint (ric 616) with obverse legend Fl Val seVerVs NoB caes and reverse as 14626, but with iNVicto for iNVict and mint mark P tr.

14627 14627

Silver argenteus. cb. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint and officina marks • S M • SD A • (= 1) in ex. RIC vi, —. rsc —. [Serdica]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) NB Production of silver coinage was drastically reduced following the abdications of diocletian and Maximian in ad 305.

14628

Billon follis. ab. rev. CONCORDIA IMPERII, concordia stg. l., resting on sceptre, mint mark SIS followed by officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., VI in r. field. RIC vi, p. 475, 173a. c 5-6 var. [Siscia]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14629 14629

Bb. rev. GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (from which liquid flows) and cornucopiae, mint mark K followed by officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 582, 20a. c 18. [Cyzicus]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £135 ($240)

seVerUs ii as caesar 14630

311

Billon follis. seVerVs NoBilissiMVs caesar, d. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, As previous, but no liquid flows from patera and without mint or officina marks. ric vi, p. 128, 58a. c 25. [London]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £135 ($240)

14631 14631

Bc or d. rev. — similar, but Genius wears turreted headdress, and with mint mark P tr in ex. and S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 207, 647-8, 660, 661a. C 39. [Trier]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220)

14632 14632

cd. rev. — as 14630, but with altar at feet of Genius to l., mint mark P lG in ex., and star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 255, 199a. Cf. C 43. [Lugdunum]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14633 14633

FL VAL SEVERVS NOB CAESAR, b. Rev. — as 14629, but with mint mark • S M • SD • in ex. and officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 495, 13a. C 28. [Serdica]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14634

Fl Val seVerVs NoBil caes, b. rev. — similar, but with mint mark h t followed by officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) in ex. ric vi, p. 533, 25. c 29. [Heraclea]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

14635

Bb. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark ANT • or ANT : in ex., and officina mark A-I (= 1-10) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 624, 71a, 75a. C 27. [Antioch]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

14636

ab. rev. PERPETVITAS AVGG, roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear or sceptre, shield at side, mint mark SIS followed by officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., VI in r. field. RIC vi, p. 476, 184a. C 59. [Siscia]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

312 14637

the tetrarchies Billon follis. Bb. rev. PERPETVITAS AVGG, as previous, but with mint mark ale in ex., S — P in field, and officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in upper field to r. RIC vi, p. 669, 56. c 57. [Alexandria]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £190 ($325)

14638 14638

db. rev. SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3), sometimes with wreath between, sometimes with star in field. RIC vi, pp. 365-6, 123a, 133a. C 62. [Rome]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £135 ($240)

14639

ab. rev. SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN, as previous, but with mint mark sis followed by officina mark Α (= 1) in ex., crescent in l. field and VI in r. RIC vi, p. 473, 157a. c —. [Siscia]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275)

14640 14640

Bb. rev. SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex., h (= Herculi) in field. RIC vi, p. 428, 40a. c 64. [Carthage]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £125 ($220) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Galerius and his Caesar Maximinus have the letter I (= Iovi) in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Constantius and Severus have the letter H.

14641 14641

seVerVs NoB caesar, b. rev. VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over l. shoulder, mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., sometimes with dot in l. field. RIC vi, p. 289, 58a, 60a. c 70. [Ticinum]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275)

seVerUs ii as aUGUstUs

313

14642

Billon follis. Db. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 321, 70a. c 69. Ma 121. [Aquileia]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275)

14643

d, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield. rev. — severus galloping r., thrusting downwards with spear at fallen enemies below and holding shield in l., mint and officina marks as previous. RIC vi, p. 320, 68a. C 72. MA 120. [Aquileia]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) Illustrated at reign heading.

14644

db. rev. — Mars or Virtus stg. facing, hd. l., holding Victory and resting on shield, spear propped against l. arm, captive seated at feet to l., mint and officina marks as previous. Cf. ric vi, p. 321, 72a. c 71. Ma 123. [Aquileia]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14645

Billon quarter follis. a or c, b. rev. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 475, 170a, 171a. c 32-3. [Siscia]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

14646

dd. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, severus, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 365, 125. c —. [Rome]. VF £72 ($125) / EF £200 ($350)

14647

Billon eighth follis. as previous. ric vi, p. 365, 127. c 61. [Rome]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £175 ($300)

14648

dd. rev. VTILITAS PVBLICA, Utilitas stg. facing, hd. l., her hands wrapped in the drapery of her dress, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 366, 129a. c 80. [Rome]. VF £72 ($125) / EF £200 ($350)

14649 14649

Bronze post-reform radiate. Ba. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, severus, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field. RIC vi, p. 670, 60a. c 7-8. [Alexandria]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14650

Bronze denarius communis. cb. rev. VOT / X / CAESS in three lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 209, 685a. c 78. [Trier]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £225 ($400)

14651

cb. rev. VOT / X / CAESS / NN in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 209, 687. c —. [Trier]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

14652

cb. rev. VOT / XX / AVGG in three lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 209, 683. c 79 var. [Trier]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

Issues as Augustus, AD 306-307 14653

Gold aureus. seVerVs aVGVst, b. rev. CONCORDIA AVG ET CAES, concordia, wearing modius, stg. facing, hd. l., holding patera and sceptre, mint mark ale in ex., officina mark Β (= 2) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 671, 61. Calicó 4974. Cf. C 1 (rev. misdescribed). depeyrot, p. 150, 10/1. [Alexandria]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

314

the tetrarchies

14654

Gold aureus. hb. rev. CONSVL AVGG NN, severus, togate, stg. l., holding globe and baton, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ in r. field. RIC vi, p. 496, 16. Calicó 4978. c —. depeyrot, p. 109, 5/3. [Serdica]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following and nos. 14658 and 14660 below, and nos. 1251012, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 1481013, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

14655

Jb. rev. CONSVL P P PROCOS, similar, but with mint and value marks s M a Σ between crescent and star in ex., nothing in field. RIC vi, p. 623, 78. Calicó 4979. C —. depeyrot, p. 142, 22/1. [Antioch]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

14656

14659

14656

Kb. rev. FELICITAS SAECVLI AVGG NN, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath containing Vic / aVGG in two lines, mint mark s M aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 318, 74. calicó 4982. c 11. Ma 125. depeyrot, p. 93, 8/1. [Aquileia]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £9,250 ($16,000)

14657

seVerVs PiVs Fel aVG, b. rev. HERCVLI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., quiver at shoulder, resting on club and holding bow in l., lion’s skin over l. shoulder, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 203, 622. calicó 4988. c —. depeyrot, p. 53, 12/2. [Trier]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

14658

hb. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding apples and lion’s skin l., mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ in l. field. RIC vi, p. 496, 17. Calicó 4990. c 49. depeyrot, p. 108, 4/1. [Serdica]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,000 ($14,000) See note following no. 14654.

14659

Jb. rev. — similar, but with NiK monogram at end of legend, mint mark s M N in ex., and no mark of value in field. RIC vi, p. 559, 41. Calicó 4991. C 50. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 121, 10/1. [Nicomedia]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,400 ($13,000)

14660

hb. rev. IOVIS CONSERVATOR, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ in r. field. RIC vi, p. 496, 18b. Calicó 4994. c 52. depeyrot, p. 108, 5/2. [Serdica]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000) See note following no. 14654.

14661

Kb. rev. VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS, severus, in military attire, advancing r., dragging captive barbarian behind him and holding trophy over shoulder, another captive seated on ground at his feet, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 472, 153. calicó 5001. c 68. depeyrot, p. 99, 10/3. [Siscia]. VF £4,300 ($7,500) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

14662

Silver argenteus. ib. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint and officina marks • S M • SD A • (= 1) in ex. RIC vi, p. 497, 21. RSC 77A. [Serdica]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

14663

Billon follis. hb. rev. CONCORDIA IMPERII, concordia stg. l., resting on sceptre, mint mark SIS followed by officina mark Β (= 2) in ex., VI in r. field. RIC vi, p. 475, 175. c —. [Siscia]. VF £78 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

seVerUs ii as aUGUstUs

315

14664

Billon follis. Fb. rev. FIDES MILITVM, Fides Militum seated l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., dot in field to r. ric vi, p. 292, 73. c 13. [Ticinum]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14665

— rev. FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN, similar, but with mint mark aQ followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex., nothing in field. RIC vi, p. 323, 78b. C 15. MA 128. [Aquileia]. VF £55 ($95) / EF £155 ($275)

14666 14666

— Rev. — as previous, but Fides Militum is stg. and with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) following the mint mark in ex. ric vi, p. 322, 76b. c 16. Ma 126. [Aquileia]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14667

similar, but with obv. type cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding sceptre (or spear) and shield. ric vi, p. 322, 77b. c 17. Ma 127. [Aquileia]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

14668

hc. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 128, 52c. c —. [London]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14669

similar, but with obv. iMP seVerVs (or iMP c seVerVs) PiVs FeliX aVG, d. ric vi, p. 127, 40, 46. cf. c 34-5. [London]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14670

hc . rev. — similar, but Genius wears turreted headdress, and with mint mark P tr in ex. and S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 207, 652c. C 40. [Trier]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

14671

Gc. rev. — as 14668, but with altar at feet of Genius to l., mint mark P lG in ex., and star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 255, 186c. C 45. [Lugdunum] VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

14672

Eb. Rev. — as 14668, but liquid flows from the patera, and with mint mark • S M • SD • in ex. and officina mark ∆ or ε (= 4 or 5) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 497, 24. C 31. [Serdica]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14673 14673

obv. similar, but Fla for Fl). rev. — as previous, but with mint mark h t followed by officina mark Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 2, 3, or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 534, 30. c —. [Heraclea]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

316

the tetrarchies

14674

Billon follis. eb. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, similar, but with mint mark K followed by officina mark Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 2, 3, or 4) in ex., sometimes with star or crescent in r. field. RIC vi, p. 584, 25b, 27b, 31b. C 31. [Cyzicus]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

14675

hb. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding apples and lion’s skin in l., mint mark SIS followed by officina mark Α (= 1) in ex., Vi in field. RIC vi, p. 476, 176c, 177b. C 51 var. [Siscia]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14676 14676

Fb. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark ALE in ex., S — P in field, and officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in upper field to r. RIC vi, p. 672, 62. C 51. [Alexandria]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14677

F or h, b. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark SIS followed by officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2) in ex., VI in r. field. RIC vi, p. 476, 178b, 179c. c —. [Siscia]. VF £78 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

14678

db. rev. SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. with wreath between. ric vi, p. 371, 158b. c 63. [Rome]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14679 14679

hb. rev. SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, officina mark Β (= 2) in ex., h (= Herculi) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 429, 43b. C 65. [Carthage]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Galerius and his Caesar Maximinus have the letter I (= Iovi) in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Severus and Constantine have the letter H.

14680

Fb. rev. VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, severus galloping r., thrusting downwards with spear at fallen enemies below and holding shield in l., mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, s, or t (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 293, 81. c 77. [Ticinum]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

14681

F, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding sceptre (or spear) and shield. rev. — similar, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 323, 81b. c 75. Ma 131. [Aquileia]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

14682

Bronze post-reform radiate. Fa. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, severus, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field. RIC vi, p. 675, 84. C 9. [Alexandria]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

317

SEVERUS II AND MAXIMINUS II CAESARS 14683

Billon follis. seVerVs et MaXiMiNVs NB (or No) c, conjoined laur. and dr. busts r. of severus, in foreground, and Maximinus. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 128, 74-5. c 1. [London]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

MAXIMINUS II May ad 310–30 apr. 313

14766 Galerius Valerius Maximinus was born of humble parentage in Illyricum about AD 270 and originally bore the name of Daia. He was the son of a sister of Galerius Maximian and with this family connection was able to rise rapidly through the ranks of the Roman army. When Diocletian and Maximian abdicated on 1 May 305 Galerius became the new eastern Augustus and managed to secure the elevation of his nephew to the vacant eastern Caesarship. There appeared to be good prospects of rapid promotion for Maximinus when two western Augusti, Constantius and Severus, died in rapid succession (AD 306 and 307) but the eastern Caesar’s hopes were dashed on both occasions. Why Galerius held back the advancement of his nephew’s imperial career is unclear, but the final straw came at the Carnuntum Congress late in AD 308 when Galerius’ friend Licinius was given the rank of Augustus, having been promoted over the heads of Maximinus and his western counterpart Constantine. Galerius attempted to placate the two Caesars by granting them the empty title of Filius Augustorum (“son of the Emperors”) which appears on scarce coin issues of AD 309-10, though only at two Balkan mints under the control of Galerius and Licinius. This was unacceptable to Maximinus, who nevertheless appears to have delayed until May 310 his eventual assumption of the senior rank, and also to Constantine who had in any case regarded himself as Augustus since the summer of AD 307. With the death of Galerius in May 311 Maximinus moved rapidly to add Asia Minor to his territories while Licinius had to be content with Thrace. Despite Galerius’ deathbed edict abandoning persecution of the Christians, Maximinus pursued the policy even more vigorously than before and a series of anonymous coins celebrating paganism was issued from Nicomedia, Antioch and Alexandria. Civil War between Maximinus and Licinius seemed inevitable though hostilities were temporarily delayed by political manoeuvrings between the four remaining Augusti. Constantine and Licinius entered into an alliance which Maximinus saw as a threat to his own security, thus prompting a treaty with the rebel-emperor Maxentius. This arrangement was soon disrupted when Constantine invaded Italy and disposed of Maxentius at the battle of the Milvian Bridge (October 312). Maximinus now found himself faced by a powerful European alliance and an uneasy peace ensued during which Constantine and Licinius met at Milan (February 313) and celebrated the marriage of Constantine’s half-sister Constantia to his ally. At the same time the edict on religious toleration was promulgated, thus setting the scene for the final act in the troubled 8-year imperial career of Maximinus II Daia. In late March/early April the eastern emperor invaded Thrace and confronted Licinius in a pitched battle on 30 April. Maximinus was decisively defeated and deposed from power. He managed to escape the field of battle but died several months later in Cilicia, possibly by his own hand. This left the Roman world divided between two Augusti, Constantine in the West and Licinius in the East, an uneasy arrangement which was to last for more than a decade.

318

the tetrarchies

Coinage in the name of Maximinus II is divided between his issues as Caesar under Galerius Maximian (AD 305-10) and those as Augustus (310-13), with a few intermediate types at the Galerian and Licinian mints of Thessalonica and Siscia on which he bears the title Filius Augustorum. His eastern issues as Caesar follow a similar pattern to the coinage of Galerius, but the designs began to show somewhat greater originality during his final three years when he bore the rank of Augustus. Of special interest is the anonymous ‘pagan coinage’ issued during the last great persecution of the Christians in AD 311-13. Like his fellow-Caesar Severus, no posthumous coinage was issued for Maximinus. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: As Caesar a. Gal Val MaXiMiNVs NoB c B. Gal Val MaXiMiNVs NoB caes c. MaXiMiNVs NoB c d. MaXiMiNVs NoB caes As Augustus e. iMP c Gal Val MaXiMiNVs P F aVG F. iMP MaXiMiNVs P F aVG G. MaXiMiNVs P F aVG The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full: a. rad., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r. b. laur. hd. r. c. laur. and cuir. bust r. d. laur., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r.

Issues as Caesar under Galerius Maximian, 1 May AD 305-May 310 14684

Gold aureus. db. rev. CONCORDIA CAESS NOSTR, concordia seated l., holding patera and double cornucopiae, mint mark s M t in ex. ric vi, p. 287, 49b. calicó 5002. c —. depeyrot, p. 69, 8/3. [Ticinum, AD 305-6]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) A similar type was issued at Aquileia (MA 132).

14685

d or MaXiMiNVs caes, b. rev. FELICITAS CAESS NOSTR, Felicitas seated l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 317, 45. calicó 5007, 5007a. c —. Ma 133. depeyrot, p. 92, 6/6. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

14686

MaXiMiNVs caes, b. rev. FELICITAS SAECVLI CAES NN, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath containing Vic / caes in two lines, mint mark s M aQ in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 318, 52 (caes N on rev.). calicó 5008. cf. c 14 (rev. misdescribed?). Ma 136. depeyrot, p. 93, 7/4. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

14687

db. rev. HERCVLI COMITI CAESS NOSTR, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., holding branch in r. hand, club and lion’s skin in l., mint mark s M t in ex. ric vi, p. 287, 54b. calicó 5010. c — (but cf. 103, rev. misdescribed, of aquileia). depeyrot, p. 69, 8/8. [Ticinum, AD 305-6)]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) A similar type was issued at Aquileia (MA 134).

MaXiMiNUs ii as caesar

319

14688

Gold aureus. cb. rev. HERCVLI CONSER AVGG ET CAESS NN, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin on l. shoulder, quiver behind r. shoulder, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 203, 621. calicó 5012. c —. depeyrot, p. 52, 11B/3. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

14689

db. rev. IOVI CONS CAES, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint and value marks s M a Σ between crescent and star in ex. ric vi, p. 623, 68. calicó 5013. c 107. depeyrot, p. 142, 20/4. [Antioch, AD 305-6]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

14690 14690

similar, but also with Θ in rev. field to r. RIC vi, —. Calicó 5013a. C 107 var. Depeyrot, p. 143, 24/2. [Antioch, AD 308-9]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

14691

cb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN, as 14689, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet and with mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 204, 625b. calicó 5017. c —. depeyrot, p. 52, 11B/8. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

14692

MaXiMiNVs NoBil c, b. rev. — as previous, but Jupiter seated l. ric vi, p. 204, 626b. calicó 5018. c 128. depeyrot, p. 53, 11B/10. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

14693

db. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS NN, as 14691, but with mint mark aQ in ex. ric vi, p. 318, 50b. calicó 5019. cf. c 129. Ma 135. cf. depeyrot, p. 93, 6/15. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

14694

c or d, b. rev. ORIENS AVGG, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe and whip in l., mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 478, 192-3. calicó 5020-21. c 136. depeyrot, p. 100, 11/4-5. [Siscia, AD 308-9]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

14695

cb. rev. P M TR P P P PROCOS, Maximinus, togate, stg. l., holding globe and baton, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 472, 150. calicó 5022, 5022a. c 139. depeyrot, p. 99, 9/2. [Siscia, AD 305]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

14696

db. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Maximinus, in military attire, stg. l., holding or touching standard with r. hand and resting on sceptre held in l., mint mark P r in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 369, 149 (rev. misdescribed). calicó 5023, 5023a. c 140. depeyrot, p. 86, 14/10-11. [Rome, AD 306-7]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) Issued under Maxentius.

320

the tetrarchies

14697 14697

Gold aureus. cb. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Maximinus, in military attire, stg. l. between two standards, touching the one on l. and resting on sceptre held in l. hand, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 472, 151. calicó 5029. c 144. depeyrot, p. 99, 10/1. [Siscia, AD 306-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

14698 14698

db. rev. — Maximinus, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and resting on sceptre, two standards behind, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ in l. field. RIC vi, p. 494, 9b. calicó 5025-5025b. c 142 var. depeyrot, p. 107, 1/6. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the three following and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 1448990, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14806-8, 1481013, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

14699

similar, but with obv. legend c. ric vi, p. 496, 19. calicó 5027. c 142. depeyrot, p. 108, 4/2. [Serdica, AD 306-7]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

14700

As 14698, but also with crescent in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 499, 31. Calicó 5026. C 142 var. depeyrot, p. 109, 7/1. [Serdica, AD 308]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

14701

as 14698, but on rev. Maximinus raises his r. hand instead of holding globe. ric vi, p. 493, 8b. calicó 5028. c 143. depeyrot, p. 107, 1/4. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

14702

cb. rev. ROMA AETERNA, roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, shield at side, mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 430, 48b. calicó 5030. c —. cf. depeyrot, p. 66, 3/4 (caes for c). [Carthage, AD 306-7]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) Issued under Maxentius.

14703

cb. rev. SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, salus stg. r., feeding snake held in her arms, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 204, 629. calicó 5031. c —. depeyrot, p. 52, 11a/6. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

14704

db. rev. SOLE INVICTO, sol stg. l. in long robe, raising r. hand and holding hd. of Serapis in l., mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark ∆ (= 4) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 677, 96. calicó 5034, 5034a. c 155. cf. depeyrot, p. 150, 12/1. [Alexandria, AD 308-10]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

14705

c or MaXiMiNVs NoBil c, b. rev. SOLI INVICT CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 204, 630b, 631. calicó 5036-7. c 177-8. depeyrot, p. 53, 11B/13-14. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

MaXiMiNUs ii as caesar

321

14711

14706 14706

Gold aureus. d or MaXiMiNVs caesar, b. rev. SOLI INVICTO followed by NiK monogram, sol stg. l., hd. r., raising r. hand and holding whip and globe in l., mint mark s M N in ex. ric vi, p. 558, 6 and p. 560, 43. calicó 5041-5042a. c 163, 165. depeyrot, pp. 121-2, 9/4, 10/3. [Nicomedia, AD 305-7]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

14707

MAXIMINVS CAESAR, b. Rev. — as previous, but with L V X C (the first two letters in monogram) following the NiK monogram at end of rev. legend. ric vi, p. 560, 46. calicó 5044. c 164. depeyrot, p. 122, 11/3. [Nicomedia, AD 307-8]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) The curious numerical formula L V X C has so far defied a convincing explanation (see also nos. 14483, 14587 and 15491).

14708

cb. rev. VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS, Maximinus, in military attire, advancing r., dragging captive barbarian behind him and holding trophy over shoulder, another captive seated on ground at his feet, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 472, 154. calicó 5046. c 186. depeyrot, p. 99, 10/4. [Siscia, AD 306-7]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

14709

cb. rev. — Maximinus on horseback galloping r., thrusting downwards with spear at kneeling enemy below horse, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 472, 155. calicó 5047. c 187. depeyrot, p. 99, 10/6. [Siscia, AD 306-7]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

14710

Silver argenteus. db. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG, alexandria, turreted, stg. l., holding hd. of sarapis on extended r. hand and resting on sceptre held in l., mint mark ale in ex., officina mark Β (= 2) in l. field. RIC vi, —. RSC —. [Alexandria, AD 306-7]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

14711

cb. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint and officina marks • S M • SD Γ (or ∆) • (= 3 or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 497, 22. RSC 206. [Serdica, AD 306-7]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

14712

Silver half argenteus. dc. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, four-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 216, 763. rsc 208. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) NB Production of silver coinage was drastically reduced following the abdications of diocletian and Maximian in ad 305.

14713 14713

Billon follis. Bb. rev. CONCORD IMPERII, concordia stg. l., resting on sceptre and gathering folds of drapery with l., mint mark ALE in ex., S — P in field, officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) to l. or to r. ric vi, p. 669, 52. c 6. [Alexandria, AD 305-7]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

322

the tetrarchies

14714

Billon follis. a or B, b. rev. CONCORD IMPERII, similar, but with mint mark sis in ex., VI in field, and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) following mint mark or in r. field. RIC vi, p. 477, 186a, 187-8. c 6. [Siscia, AD 306-7]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14715

a or d, b. rev. CONCORDIA IMPERII, as previous, but the officina mark always follows the mint mark. ric vi, p. 475, 173b, 174b. c 7-8. [Siscia, AD 305-6]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

14716

Bb. rev. GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (from which liquid flows) and cornucopiae, mint mark K followed by officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex., sometimes with star or crescent in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 582-4, 20b, 24a, 26a, 30a. c 15. [Cyzicus, AD 305-6]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14717

db. rev. GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field, crescent in l. ric vi, p. 479, 199. c 22. [Siscia, AD 309]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14718

db. rev. GENIO CAESARIS, as previous. ric vi, p. 479, 202. c 37. [Siscia, AD 309]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14719

Ab. Rev. — similar, but liquid flows from the patera held by Genius, and with mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in r. field, and star in l. RIC vi, p. 500, 37. c 38. [Serdica, AD 307-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14720

Ab. Rev. — as previous, but Genius is sometimes also rad., and with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark ∆ (= 4) in r. field, and star in l. RIC vi, p. 514, 31a. C 38-9. [Thessalonica, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14721

Bb. Rev. — as 14719, but with mint mark H T in ex. followed by officina mark Α, Β, or ∆ (= 1, 2, or 4), sometimes with dot on either side and sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vi, pp. 535-6, 36, 40, 46. c 40-41. [Heraclea, AD 308-10]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14722 14722

Bb. rev. — as previous, but the inscription is followed by ligatured CMH and with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark Β or Γ (= 2 or 3). ric vi, p. 562, 55. c 45. [Nicomedia, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also nos. 14508, 14545, 14575, 14595, 14749, 14794, 14827, 14835-7, 14913, 15151, 15159-62, 15586, 15590, 15892, 15899-901 and 16148).

14723

Bb. rev. — as 14719, but with mint mark M K in ex. followed by officina mark Γ (= 3). ric vi, p. 585, 34. c 40-41. [Cyzicus, AD 308]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14724

Ab. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark Γ, ∆, or ς (= 3, 4, or 6) in l. field, sometimes with star in r. RIC vi, pp. 586-7, 43, 55. C 38-9. [Cyzicus, AD 308-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

MaXiMiNUs ii as caesar

323

14725

Billon follis. Bb. rev. — as previous, but usually with star at end of legend, and with mint mark ANT in ex. (usually preceded by dot) and officina mark Α-Ι (= 1-10) in r. field (sometimes with crescent above or in field to l.). RIC vi, pp. 627-8 and 631, 81, 87a, 94a, 103. c 40-41. [Antioch, AD 308-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14726

Similar, but with O above the officina mark in rev. field to r. ric vi, p. 632, 110. c 40-41. [Antioch, AD 309]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14727

Similar, but with altar in rev. field to l. (rarely to r.), sometimes with star or crescent above, and nothing above the officina mark to r. and no dot preceding the mint mark. RIC vi, pp. 633, 636, 638, 118a, 132a, 146. c 44. [Antioch, AD 309-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14728

Bb. Rev. — as 14719, but sometimes liquid does not flow from the patera held by Genius, and with mint mark ALE in ex. and officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in l. or r. field. RIC vi, p. 673, 64. c 40-41. [Alexandria, AD 308]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14729

Similar, but with P — R or X — K across rev. field and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) to r. ric vi, pp. 674-5, 71, 78. c 40-41. [Alexandria, AD 308]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14730 14730

As previous, but with K — P across rev. field. RIC vi, p. 678, 99a, 100a. C 40-41. [Alexandria, AD 308-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14731

Bb. rev. GENIO IMPERATORIS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (from which liquid flows) and cornucopiae, mint mark H T in ex. followed by officina Α, Β, or ∆ (= 1, 2, or 4), dot on either side. ric vi, p. 535, 38. c 49. [Heraclea, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14732

ac or d. rev. GENIO POP ROM, Genius, turreted, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P lN in ex. ric vi, p. 129, 88a, 89a. c 66. [London, AD 307]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14733

Similar, but with mint mark P TR in ex. and S — C in field. RIC vi, p. 211, 702, 703a. C 66. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14734

As previous, but with S — A in rev. field, and rarely with NOBIL for NOB in obv. legend. ric vi, p. 212, 716a, 717a, 719a, 720a. c 66. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14735

ad. rev. as 14732, but Genius wears modius on head and with mint mark P lG in ex., T — F in field. RIC vi, p. 258, 220a. C 56. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14736

Gal Val MaXiMiNVs N c, d. rev. as previous, but with altar at feet of Genius to l. and with N in field (to r.) instead of T — F. RIC vi, p. 259, 232. C 64. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14737

Ad. Rev. As previous, but without letters in field. RIC vi, p. 261, 257. C 65. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

324 14738

the tetrarchies Billon follis. MaXiMiNVs NoBilissiMVs caes (or caesar), d. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 128, 58b, 59b. c 79. [London, AD 305-7]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14739 14739

ac or d. rev. — similar, but Genius is turreted and with mint mark P tr in ex., s — F in field. RIC vi, pp. 207-8, 650, 667b. C 92. [Trier, AD 305-7]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14740

Similar, but with S — A instead of S — F in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 210, 692, 693a. C 92. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14741

cd. rev. — as 14738, but with altar at feet of Genius to l. and with mint mark P lG in ex., star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 255, 199b. C 96. [Lugdunum, AD 305-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14742

Ac. Rev. — as previous, but with N instead of star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 257, 210a. C 100 var. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14743

Gal Val MaXiMiNVs NoB caesar, b. rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera, from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., officina mark Α, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 3, or 4) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 495, 13b. C 82. [Serdica, AD 305-6]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14744

Ab. Rev. — as previous, but with officina ∆ (= 4) only. ric vi, p. 497, 25. c —. [Serdica, AD 306-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14745

Similar, but with officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in rev. field to r. and star to l. RIC vi, p. 500, 40. c —. [Serdica, AD 307-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14746

Bb. Rev. — as 14743, but with mint mark H T in ex. followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6). ric vi, p. 533, 26b. c 81. [Heraclea, AD 305-7]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14747

Similar, but with mint mark H • T • followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4). ric vi, p. 534, 34. c 81. [Heraclea, AD 307]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14748

Bb. Rev. — as 14743, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2). ric vi, p. 559, 40 and p. 561, 49a. c 81. [Nicomedia, AD 305-7]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14749

similar, but with ligatured CMH following rev. legend. ric vi, p. 561, 52. c 80. [Nicomedia, AD 307-8]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also nos. 14508, 14545, 14575, 14595, 14722, 14794, 14827, 14835-7, 14913, 15151, 15159-62, 15586 , 15590, 15892, 15899-901 and 16148).

14750

Bb. Rev. — As 14743, but with mint mark M K in ex. followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4). ric vi, p. 585, 37. c 81. [Cyzicus, AD 308]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

MaXiMiNUs ii as caesar

325

14751

Billon follis. Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT • or ANT : in ex., and officina mark A-I (= 1-10) in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 624-5, 71b, 75b. C 81. [Antioch, AD 305-6]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

14752

ab. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding apples in l., lion’s skin over l. arm, mint mark sis followed by officina mark a, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., Vi in l. field. ric vi, p. 474, 166. c —. [Siscia, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

14753

ab. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark SIS followed by officina mark A, B, Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., Vi in r. field. RIC vi, p. 476, 180a. C —. [Siscia, AD 305-7]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

14754

d, laur. half-length bust r., wearing consular robes, r. hand raised. rev. IOVIO PROPAGAT ORBIS TERRARVM, Maximinus, togate, stg. r., holding Victory on globe, mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Α or ς (= 1 or 6) in l. field, star above altar in r. ric vi, p. 636, 134. c 130. [Antioch, AD 310]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

14755

MaXiMiNVs NoBil c, c. rev. MARTI PATRI PROPVGNATORI, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 261, 261. c —. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

14756 14756

d, laur., dr. and cuir. half-length bust l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and decorated shield in l. rev. MAXIMINVS NOBILISSIMVS CAESAR, Maximinus, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark aNt in ex., officina mark B or ε (= 2 or 5) in r. field, altar (sometimes with star above) in l. RIC vi, p. 636, 135. c 132. [Antioch, AD 310]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

14757

ab. rev. PERPETVITAS AVGG, roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear or sceptre, shield at side, mint mark sis followed by officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., Vi in r. field. ric vi, p. 476, 182b. c 138. [Siscia, AD 305-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

14758

ad. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENT B R P NAT, Maximinus, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 262, 271. c —. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) The correct expansion of the unusual ending of the reverse legend is usually taken to be B[ono] r[ei] P[ublicae] Nat[o]. See also nos. 15886 and 16015-16.

14759

Gal Val MaXiMiNVs NoBil c, c. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Maximinus, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P tr in ex., S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 212, 733a. C 146 var. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

326

the tetrarchies

14760

Billon follis. MaXiMiNVs NoBil c, d. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, as previous, but with mint mark P LG in ex., nothing in field. RIC vi, p. 262, 275. C 145. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

14761

db. rev. SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with wreath between, sometimes with star in field. RIC vi, pp. 365-6, 123b, 133b. C 148. [Rome, AD 305-6]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14762

ab. rev. SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN, as previous, but with mint mark sis followed by officina mark A, B, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., crescent in l. field and VI in r. RIC vi, p. 473, 157b. cf. c 149 (misdescribed). [Siscia, AD 305-6]. VF £21 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

14763

Bb. rev. SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, officina mark ∆ (= 4) in ex., i (= Iovi) in field. RIC vi, p. 428, 40b. C 150. [Carthage, AD 305-6]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Galerius and his Caesar Maximinus have the letter I (= Iovi) in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Constantius and Severus have the letter H.

14764

Similar, but with officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 429, 44a. c 150. [Carthage, AD 306]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) This issue follows the death of Constantius and reflects the elevation of Severus to the rank of western Augustus and the appointment of a new western Caesar, Constantine, who took over the fourth rank in the Tetrarchy from Maximinus.

14764a

similar, but with officina mark Β (= 2) in ex. ric vi, p. 431, 51b. c 150. [Carthage, AD 306]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140) This issue follows the revolt of Maxentius and Maximian against the regime of Severus and was struck only in the names of the Augustus Maximian and the Caesars Maxentius, Maximinus, and Constantine. It ignores the eastern and western Augusti Galerius and Severus. See also nos. 13471 and 14944.

14765

ad. rev. SECVRIT PERPET DD NN, securitas stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, her r. hand on hd., holding transverse sceptre in l. and resting on column, mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 263, 279. c 151. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

14766

d, helmeted and cuir. half-length bust l., holding spear over shoulder in r. hand and decorated shield in l. rev. SOLE (or SOLI) INVICTO (or INVICTAE), sol, wearing long robe, in facing quadriga, his hd. turned to l., r. hand raised and holding globe in l., the horses spread, two on l. and two on r., mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or Ι (= 1, 2, 3, or 10) between the horses in lower field. RIC vi, pp. 637-8, 140, 145b. c 159, 162. [Antioch, AD 310]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) Illustrated at reign heading.

14767

ad. rev. TEMPORVM FELICITAS, Felicitas stg. l., holding long caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 263, 284. cf. c 182 (misdescribed). [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14768

MaXiMiNVs NoB caesar, b rev. VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over l. shoulder, mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., sometimes with dot in l. field. RIC vi, p. 289, 58b, 60b. C 191. [Ticinum, AD 305-6]. VF £21 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

14769

Db. Rev. — as previous, but with crescent between mint and officina mark (no dot in field). ric vi, p. 290, 63a. c 188. [Ticinum, AD 306]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

14770

Db. Rev. — as 14768, but with A in l. field. RIC vi, p. 291, 70a. C 188. [Ticinum, AD 306]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

MaXiMiNUs ii as caesar

327

14771

Billon follis. Db. Rev. — as 14768, but always with dot in l. field. RIC vi, p. 292, 80. C 188. [Ticinum, AD 306-7]. VF £21 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

14772

Db. Rev. — as 14768, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, pp. 321 and 323, 70b, 92a. c 188. Ma 140. [Aquileia, AD 305-7]. VF £21 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

14773

as previous, but with obv. type d. ric vi, p. 323, 94a. c 189. Ma 151. [Aquileia, AD 306-7]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

14774 14774

as previous, but with obv. type cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding sceptre (or spear) and shield. ric vi, pp. 321 and 323, 71b, 100a. c 190. Ma 141. [Aquileia, AD 305-7]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

14775

db. rev. — Mars or Virtus stg. facing, hd. l., holding Victory and resting on shield, spear propped against l. arm, usually with captive seated at feet to l., mint and officina marks as 14772. cf. ric vi, p. 321, 72b. cf. c 194. Ma 142, 144. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

14776

as previous, but with obv. type as 14774. cf. ric vi, p. 321, 73b. c —. Ma 143. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

14777

db. rev. — Maximinus galloping r., thrusting downwards with spear at fallen enemies below and holding shield in l., mint mark AQ followed by officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. ric vi, pp. 320 and 323, 67b, 82a. c 198. Ma 137. [Aquileia, AD 305-7]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

14778

similar, but with obv. type cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield. ric vi, p. 320, 68b. c 195. Ma 138-9. [Aquileia, AD 305-6]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

14779

similar, but with obv. type d. ric vi, p. 323, 84a. c 197. Ma 145-7. [Aquileia, AD 306-7]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

14780 14780

similar, but with obv. type cuir. bust r., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield. ric vi, p. 323, 86a, 88. c 196. Ma 148, 150. [Aquileia, AD 306-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300) A scarcer variety (RIC 87) has the emperor holding two additional spears before him in l. hand.

328

the tetrarchies

14781

Billon follis. Bb. rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Mars or Virtus advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint mark ANT or ANT • in ex., officina mark Α-Ι (= 1-10) in r. field, sometimes with crescent above. RIC vi, pp. 627-9, 86, 93, 100. c 202. [Antioch, AD 308]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14782

Similar, but the crescent is in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 631, 109. C 202. [Antioch, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14783

14788

14783

Similar, but with O above the officina mark in rev. field to r., nothing to l. RIC vi, p. 632, 117. c 202. [Antioch, AD 309]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14784

Similar, but with altar below the officina mark in rev. field to r. and without the O above. ric vi, p. 633, 123. c —. [Antioch, AD 309-10]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14785

d, laur., dr. and cuir. half-length bust l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and decorated shield in l. rev. — Mars, naked, advancing r., holding spear and shield, mint mark aNt in ex., officina mark Α-Ι (= 1-10) in l. field, altar in r. RIC vi, p. 634, 124. C 201. [Antioch, AD 310]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £350 ($600)

14786

d, helmeted and cuir. half-length bust l., holding spear over shoulder in r. hand and decorated shield in l. rev. — Mars or Virtus stg. l., resting on shield and spear, mint mark aNt in ex., officina mark Α-Ι (= 1-10) in r. field, altar in l. (sometimes with star above). RIC vi, pp. 634 and 637, 125, 139. c 200. [Antioch, AD 310]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £350 ($600)

14787

Bb. rev. — Mars or Virtus advancing r., as 14781, but with mint mark ale in ex. and officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in l. or r. field. RIC vi, p. 674, 70. C 202. [Alexandria, AD 308]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14788

Similar, but with P — R or X — K across rev. field and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) to r. ric vi, pp. 674-5, 77, 83. c 202. [Alexandria, AD 308]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14789

As previous, but with K — P across rev. field. RIC vi, pp. 679, 112, 115. C 214. [Alexandria, AD 308-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14790 14790

Bb. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, four-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark M K in ex. followed by officina mark Γ (= 3). ric vi, p. 585, 40. c 209. [Cyzicus, AD 308]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500)

MaXiMiNUs ii as caesar

329

14791

Billon follis. Bb. rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITI, Mars, naked, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark h t in ex. followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4). ric vi, p. 536, 45. c —. [Heraclea, AD 309-10]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14792

ab. rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITVS, as previous, but with mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in r. field, and star in l. RIC vi, p. 500, 45. C —. [Serdica, AD 307-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14793

Similar, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark ∆ (= 4) in r. field, and star in l. ric vi, p. 515, 38a. c —. [Thessalonica, AD 308-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14794

Bb. rev. — (followed by ligatured CMH), Mars or Virtus, in military attire, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint mark S M N followed by officina mark Β or Γ (= 2 or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 563, 60. c —. [Nicomedia, AD 308-10]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85) The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also nos. 14508, 14545, 14575, 14595, 14722, 14749, 14827, 14835-7, 14913, 15151, 15159-62, 15586, 15590, 15892, 15899-901 and 16148).

14795

ab. rev. — (without CMH), as previous, but with mint mark M KV in ex. and officina mark Γ or ∆ (= 3 or 4) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 587, 52. C 213. [Cyzicus, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14796

Ab. Rev. — Mars, naked, advancing r., as 14791, but with mint and officina marks as previous. ric vi, p. 587, 49. c 211. [Cyzicus, AD 308-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14797

ab. rev. — Mars or Virtus, in military attire, advancing r., as 14794, but with mint and officina marks as previous and with star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 588, 61. C 213. [Cyzicus, AD 309-10]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14798

Billon quarter follis. a or c, b. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 475, 170b, 171b. c 84, 86. [Siscia, AD 305-6]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £115 ($200)

14799

Billon eighth follis. dd. rev. VTILITAS PVBLICA, Utilitas stg. facing, hd. l., her hands wrapped in the drapery of her dress, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 366, 129b. c 221. [Rome, AD 305]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

14800

Bronze post-reform radiate. Ba. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, Maximinus, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field. Cf. RIC vi, 60b (obv. misdescribed) and p. 675, note 5 . c 9. [Alexandria, AD 305-7]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14801

Bronze denarius communis. c or MaXiMiNVs N c, b. rev. VOT / X / CAESS in three lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 209, 685b, 686. c 217. [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £55 ($95) / EF £155 ($275)

14802

MaXiMiNVs N c, b. rev. VOT / X / CAESS / NN in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 209, 688. cf. c 218 (obv. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 305-6]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

330

the tetrarchies

Issues as Filius Augustorum under Galerius and Licinius, AD 309-310

14803 14803

Billon follis. MaXiMiNVs Fil aVGG, b. rev. GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field, crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 479, 200a. C 24. [Siscia]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14804

— — rev. GENIO CAESARIS, as previous, but Genius sometimes also rad., liquid flows from the patera, and with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and officina mark ∆, ε, or ς (= 4, 5, or 6) in r. field, star in l. RIC vi, p. 514, 32a. C 42. [Thessalonica]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14805

— — rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITVS, Mars, naked, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark as previous, but officina ∆ (= 4) only recorded. ric vi, p. 515, 39a. c 212. [Thessalonica]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

Issues as Augustus, AD 310-313

14806

14807

14806

Gold aureus. Gb. rev. CONSVL P P PROCONSVL, Maximinus, togate, stg. l., holding globe and baton, mint mark s M a Σ in ex., preceded by crescent and followed by star. ric vi, p. 635, 127a. calicó 5003. c 10. depeyrot, p. 143, 26/1. [Antioch, AD 311]. VF £1,060 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following two and 14810-13, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

14807

similar, but with obv. type laur. bust r., wearing consular robes, his r. hand protruding from drapery. ric vi, —. calicó 5004. c —. depeyrot, p. 143, 26/2. [Antioch, AD 311]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000) A similar type was struck also at Nicomedia (RIC 62, C 11).

14808

Gb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint mark as previous. ric vi, p. 641, 158. calicó 5014. c 109. depeyrot, p. 144, 29/1. [Antioch, AD 311]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

MaXiMiNUs ii as aUGUstUs

331

14809

Gold aureus. Gb. rev. — as previous, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet and with mint mark s M N in ex. ric vi, p. 563, 63. calicó 5015. c 109 var. depeyrot, p. 122, 14/2. [Nicomedia, AD 311]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

14810

MaXiMiNVs aVGVstVs, b. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter with eagle, as 14808, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and mark of value Σ in r. field. RIC vi, p. 517, 44b. calicó 5016. c 122. depeyrot, p. 111, 5/3. [Thessalonica, AD 310]. VF £1,060 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) For this and the following three, see note following no. 14806.

14811

Gb. rev. SOLE INVICTO, sol stg. l. in long robe, raising r. hand and holding Victory in l., mint mark s M a Σ in ex., preceded by crescent and followed by star. ric vi, p. 641, 160. calicó 5032. c 154. depeyrot, p. 144, 29/3. [Antioch, AD 311]. VF £1,060 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

14812

similar, but sol holds hd. of serapis instead of Victory in l. hand. ric vi, p. 641, 159. calicó 5033. c —. depeyrot, p. 144, 29/2. [Antioch, AD 311]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

14813

14814

14813

as 14811, but with SOLI instead of SOLE on rev. ric vi, —. calicó 5032a, 5039. c —. depeyrot —. [Antioch, AD 311]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

14814

as 14812, but with SOLI instead of SOLE and with mint mark ale in ex. ric vi, p. 681, 132. calicó 5038. cf. c 160 (obv. misdescribed). cf. depeyrot, p. 150, 13/4 (wrongly dated). [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £1,060 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

14815

Gb. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 482, 219. calicó 5045. c —. depeyrot, p. 101, 13/7. [Siscia, AD 312-13]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

14816

Gb. rev. VOTIS / X / SIC ET / XX in four lines with mint mark s M a below, all within wreath. ric vi, p. 635, 130. calicó 5048. c —. depeyrot, p. 143, 28/1. [Antioch, AD 310]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

14817 14817

Gb. rev. X / MAXI / MINI / AVG in four lines with mint mark s M a below, all within wreath. ric vi, p. 635, 131. calicó 5049. c 222. depeyrot, p. 143, 28/2. [Antioch, AD 310]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000) NB there is also a gold multiple from antioch with obv. iMP c Gal Val MaXiMiNVs P F aVG, laur., dr. and cuir. bust r., and rev. coNsVl P P ProcoNsVl, Maximinus, togate, stg. l., holding globe and baton, mint mark s M a in ex.

332 14818

the tetrarchies Gold solidus. Gb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and resting on sceptre, mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, —. c —. depeyrot, p. 55, 17/7. [Trier, AD 312-13]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) NB constantine’s new standard gold denomination introduced about ad 310 and weighing only 4.5 grams as opposed to the 5.4 grams of the aureus. in addition to those in his own name, constantine issued solidi and a few fractional denominations in the names of Maximinus ii and licinius (see nos. 15128-42).

14819

14822

14819

Gb. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Maximinus, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, —. calicó 5024 (rev. misdescribed and listed as an aureus). cf. c 147. depeyrot —. [Rome, AD 312]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

14819a

similar, but with mint mark P ost in ex. ric vi, p. 407, 68. cf. c 147. depeyrot, p. 76, 2/3. [Ostia, AD 312]. VF £1,860 ($3,250) / EF £4,850 ($8,500)

14820

Gb. rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, as previous, but Maximinus is between two seated captives, and with mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 222, 817b. c 183. depeyrot, p. 54, 15/9. [Trier, AD 310]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

14821

Gb. rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, sometimes with captive seated at feet to l., mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 386, 285b, 286. c 184-5. depeyrot, p. 89, 17/10 and 17/12. [Rome, AD 312]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) Struck to commemorate Constantine’s victory over Maxentius at the battle of the Milvian Bridge.

14822

Base silver argenteus or centenionalis. iMP MaXiMiNVs aVG, rad., dr. and cuir. bust l., r. hand raised, holding globe in l. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, sol in facing quadriga, his hd. turned to l., r. hand raised and holding globe and whip in l., the horses spread, two on l. and two on r., mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 224, 826. rsc 174. [Trier, AD 312]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) NB this experimental denomination, containing only 25% silver, was issued by constantine at trier in his own name (see no. 15859) as well as those of Maximinus and licinius (see no. 15144). the name implies that it was tariffed at 100 to the gold solidus. it was soon abandoned, however, though the name centenionalis was later (c. 318) transferred to a small billon coin of similar appearance and weight but containing only 2-3% silver.

14823

Billon follis. iMP c Galer Val MaXiMiNVs P F aVG, b. rev. BONO GENIO PII IMPERATORIS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera, from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae, mint mark ALE in ex., K — P across field (with crescent above the K), officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) to r. ric vi, p. 682, 135b. c 2. [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

MaXiMiNUs ii as aUGUstUs

333

14823a 14823a

Billon follis. Similar, but with K — X instead of K — P across rev. field. RIC vi, p. 683, 144b. c 2. [Alexandria, AD 311-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14824

Fc. rev. COMITI AAVVGG, sol stg. l., holding globe and whip, mint mark P lN in ex., star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 135, 146b. Cf. C 4. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14824A

Similar, but the star is in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 139, 244. Cf. C 4. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

14824B

Fb. rev. GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (without liquid) and cornucopiae, tripod-altar at feet to l., mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or s (= 1 or 2) in ex. ric vi, p. 327, 130. c 30. Ma 153. [Aquileia, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14825

Fb. rev. — as previous, but without tripod at feet of Genius and with mint mark sis in ex., crescent in l. field, and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in r. ric vi, p. 480, 207c. cf. c 26. [Siscia, AD 310-11]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14826

G or MaXiMiNVs aVG, b. rev. — as 14823, but Genius is sometimes also rad., and with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark Γ or ∆ (= 3 or 4) in r. field, and star in l. RIC vi, p. 516, 41-2. c 23. [Thessalonica, AD 310-11]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14827

eb. rev. — (followed by ligatured CMH), as 14823, but with mint mark s M N followed by officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) in ex. ric vi, p. 565, 66c. cf. c 34-5. [Nicomedia, AD 310-11]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also nos. 14835-7 below, and nos. 14508, 14545, 14575, 14595, 14722, 14749, 14794, 14913, 15151, 1515962, 15586, 15590, 15892, 15899-901 and 16148).

14828

eb. rev. — (without CMH), as previous, but with altar at feet of Genius to l. and the officina mark is in r. field. RIC vi, p. 566, 71b. C 29. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14829

similar, but with eagle instead of altar at feet of Genius. ric vi, p. 566, 72b. cf. c 31. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14830

As 14828, but with officina mark Α-Ζ (= 1-7) with star above in r. field. RIC vi, p. 567, 74b. c 29. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14831

Gal Val MaXiMiNVs P F aVG, b. rev. — as 14823, but with mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) in l. field, and star in r. RIC vi, p. 589, 62. Cf. C 25. [Cyzicus, AD 310]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14832

Similar, but with three dots arranged vertically in r. field on rev. RIC vi, p. 589, 67a. Cf. C 25. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14833

Eb. Rev. — as 14831, but with eagle at feet of Genius to l. and the officina mark is in r. field instead of star. RIC vi, p. 592, 84a. Cf. C 31. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

334

the tetrarchies

14834

14841

14834

Billon follis. similar, but with altar instead of eagle at feet of Genius, and with mint mark S M K in ex. and officina mark Α-Θ (= 1-9) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 594, 101a. C 29. [Cyzicus, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14835

eb. rev. — (followed by ligatured CMH), as 14823, but with mint mark M KV followed by officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) in ex. ric vi, p. 591, 77a. cf. c 34-5. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) See note following no. 14827.

14836

Similar, but the officina mark is in rev. field to r. and sometimes with dot in field to l. RIC vi, pp. 592-3, 86a, 95. cf. c 34-5. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14837

similar, but with altar at feet of Genius to l. ric vi, p. 592, 88. c —. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14838

eb. rev. — (without CMH), as 14823, but with eagle at feet of Genius to l., mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Α-Ι (= 1-10) in r. field with star above, and crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 642, 161. cf. c 31. [Antioch, AD 311]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) In this issue, and the two following, officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

14839

eb. rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Α-Ι (= 1-10) in r. field, star in l. Cf. ric vi, p. 642, 162b. cf. c 32. [Antioch, AD 311-12]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14840

eb. rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding hd. of sol on extended r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark as previous, but the number of officinae expanded to fifteen VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) (Α-εΙ). ric vi, p. 643, 164b. c 21. [Antioch, AD 312].

14841

eb. rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding hd. of serapis on extended r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field, X (sometimes with crescent above) in l. ric vi, p. 684, 149b, 152b. c 17-18. [Alexandria, AD 312]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

14842

Similar, but N with star above in rev. field to l., and the number of officinae expanded to five (Α-ε), though only officinae Γ and ε (= 3 and 5) recorded. ric vi, p. 684, 155b. c 17-18. [Alexandria, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14843

Similar, but N with branch below and usually with star above in l. field, and the number of officinae expanded to eight (Α-Η), sometimes with wreath below. ric vi, pp. 685-6, 157b, 160b, 162b. c 17-18. [Alexandria, AD 312-13]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

14844

iMP c Gal Val MaXiMiNo P F iNV aVG, b. rev. GENIO CAESARIS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera, from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae, mint and officina marks H T ∆ (= 4) in ex., star in l. field. RIC vi, p. 537, 47. C 43 var. [Heraclea, AD 310]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85) This type would appear to be a hybrid with reverse continued inappropriately from the preceding issue (see no. 14721) after Maximinus’ elevation to the rank of Augustus.

MaXiMiNUs ii as aUGUstUs 14845

335

Billon follis. eb. rev. GENIO EXERCITVS, as previous, but with altar at feet of Genius, mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Α-Ι (= 1-10) in r. field, and crescent in l. Cf. ric vi, p. 638, 147c. c 47. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) In this issue, and nos. 14850-51 below, officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

14846 14846

obv. as 14844. rev. GENIO IMPERATORIS, as 14844, but with mint mark h t followed by officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in ex. and star in l. field. RIC vi, p. 537, 49a. C 53. [Heraclea, AD 310]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14847

obv. similar, but sometimes MaXiMiNVs for MaXiMiNo or with legend e. rev. — as previous, but sometimes without the star in l. field and with crescent in r. RIC vi, pp. 538-9, 54a, 55, 60a, 61-2. c 52-4. [Heraclea, AD 310-11]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14848

Gal Val MaXiMiNVs P F aVG, b. rev. – as 14844, but with mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) in l. field, and star in r. RIC vi, p. 589, 63. C 51. [Cyzicus, AD 310]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14849

Similar, but with three dots arranged vertically instead of star in rev. field to r. RIC vi, p. 589, 70. c 51. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14850

eb. rev. — as 14845. ric vi, p. 639, 148c. c 55. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

14851

Similar, but with star instead of crescent in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 636, 133c. C 55. [Antioch, AD 310]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

14852 14852

Eb. Rev. — as 14844, but with mint mark ALE in ex., K — P across field (sometimes with star above the K), and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) to right. ric vi, pp. 678-9, 103, 105c, 107c, 121c. c 52. [Alexandria, AD 310]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) The star only appears on coins from officina Γ.

14853

Similar, but with crescent above the K on rev. and the number of officinae reduced to three (Α-Γ). ric vi, p. 682, 139b. c 52. [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14854

F (sometimes with P for P F), c. rev. GENIO POP ROM, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P lN in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 131, 105-6. c 58-9, 61-2. [London, AD 310]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

336 14855

the tetrarchies Billon follis. Fc. rev. GENIO POP ROM, Genius, turreted, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P LN in ex., T — F (sometimes with star above each) across field. ric vi, pp. 132-3, 117a, 130. c 69. [London, AD 310]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14856

14860c

14856

Obv. As 14854. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark P LN in ex. and star in r. field. ric vi, p. 136, 209b, 211. c 69, 72. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14857

F (or iMP MaXiMiNVs P aVG, or iMP MaXiMiNVs aVG), c or d. rev. — as 14855, but with mint mark P TR in ex. and T — F across field. RIC vi, p. 226, 844a, 845a, 846a, 849a, 850a, 851a, 852. c 69-70, 72. [Trier, AD 310-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14857a

similar, but with obv. F, laur. and cuir. bust l. ric vi, p. 226, 848. c —. [Trier, AD 310-13]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14858

F, c or d. rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (sometimes with liquid flowing) and cornucopiae, mint mark M OST followed by officina mark T (= 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 408, 75a, 77a. c 58-9. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14859

Gb. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, as previous, but without liquid flowing from patera and with mint mark T preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 297, 115. c 87-8. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14859A

Fc or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex., and sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vi, pp. 387 and 391, 292b, 293b, 294b, 295b, 362a. c 89-90. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14860

eb. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. r., resting r. hand on his back and leaning with l. on club wrapped in lion’s skin, mint mark S M N in ex., officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 565, 68. Cf. C 104-5. [Nicomedia, AD 311]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14860A

Similar, but with mint mark M KV in ex. and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 592, 89a. cf. c 104-5. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14860B

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and officina mark Α (= 1) in l. field with crescent above. ric vi, p. 639, 152. cf. c 104-5. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14860C

Similar, but with mint mark ANT * in ex. and officina mark Α-ΑΙ plus ∆Ι (= 1-11 plus 14) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 644, 170b. Cf. C 104-5. [Antioch, AD 313]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14861

Fb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 483, 222b. c 110. [Siscia, AD 311]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

14862

Similar, but with H (with curved uprights) below officina mark in rev. field to r. RIC vi, p. 483, 225b. c 110. [Siscia, AD 312]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

MaXiMiNUs ii as aUGUstUs

337

14863

Billon follis. Fb or d. Rev. As 14861, but with wreath in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 484, 227b, 228a. c 110. [Siscia, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

14864

iMP c Gal Val MaXiMiNVs P F iNV aVG, b. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark H T followed by officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in ex. ric vi, p. 540, 64. c 115. [Heraclea, AD 311]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14865

Eb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M KV in ex. and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in l. field, sometimes with dot in r. RIC vi, pp. 592-3, 91a, 97. C 115 var. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14866

Gb. rev. — similar, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet and with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in r. field, and wreath in l. RIC vi, p. 518, 50a. C 113. [Thessalonica, AD 312]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

14867

Obv. As 14864. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in ex. and wreath in field to l. RIC vi, p. 540, 66. C 114. [Heraclea, AD 312]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14868

eb. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark S M N in ex., officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 566, 69b. Cf. C 119. [Nicomedia, AD 311]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14869

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. and officina mark Β (= 2) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 594, 105b. cf. c 119. [Cyzicus, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14870

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and officina mark Γ or Ζ (= 3 or 7) and crescent in field. ric vi, p. 640, 153c. cf. c 119. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14871

as 14868, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet, and with officina mark Α-Ζ (= 1-7) surmounted by star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 567, 76. C 116-17. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14872

as previous, but with mint mark s M K instead of s M N in ex. ric vi, p. 595, 109. c 116-17. [Cyzicus, AD 313]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14873

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Α- εΙ (= 1-15) in r. field, star in l. ric vi, p. 643, 166b. c 116-17. [Antioch, AD 312]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

14874

eb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG, Jupiter stg. l., his r. hand extended over eagle at his feet and holding sceptre in l., mint mark S M N followed by officina mark Α or Γ (= 1 or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 564, 64. c 121. [Nicomedia, AD 310]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14875

Similar, but Jupiter holds globe in r. hand and with officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) following mint mark. ric vi, p. 565, 67. c 120. [Nicomedia, AD 310-11]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

14876

Fb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P, S, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 328, 133. c —. Ma 154. [Aquileia, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14876A

Similar, but with obv. legend G, and with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and officina mark a-ς (= 1-6) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 517, 47a. Cf. C 123. [Thessalonica, AD 311]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

14877

e or iMP c Gal Val MaXiMiNVs P F iNV aVG, b. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, mint mark S M H T in ex., officina mark Α or ∆ (= 1 or 4) in r. field, wreath in l. ric vi, p. 541, 69a, 70. c 114. [Heraclea, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

338

the tetrarchies

14878

Billon follis. Gal Val MaXiMiNVs P F aVG, b. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, similar, but with eagle at Jupiter’s feet, and with mint mark M KV followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex. ric vi, p. 591, 79. c 124. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

14879

eb. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark S M H T in ex., officina mark Α or Γ (= 1 or 3) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 541, 74. C —. [Heraclea, AD 313]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14880 14880

Fc or d. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 485, 233b, 234b. C 127. [Siscia, AD 313]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

14881

IMP C MAXIMINVS P F AVG, b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and officina mark Β (= 2) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 518, 52a. C 126 var. [Thessalonica, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

14882

Similar, but with obv. type d and with mint and officina marks • TS • Β • or Γ • (= 2 or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 519, 61a. c 126. [Thessalonica, AD 312-13]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

14883

Gb or c. rev. MARTI CONSERVATORI, Mars stg. r. (or stg. facing, hd. r.), resting on spear and shield, mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 298, 123a, 124b. c 131. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14884

Similar, but with obv. Fb and with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 328, 138, 140. c —. Ma 155. [Aquileia, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14885

Fc. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Maximinus, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P TR in ex., T — F in field. RIC vi, p. 225, 841b. C —. [Trier, AD 309]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) If this type really exists then it predates Maximinus’ own assumption of the title of Augustus in AD 310. Constantine had been striking as Augustus at his own western mints since 307 and in this issue he seems to have accorded the same honour to Maximinus. Although listed by Sutherland in the RIC catalogue, in the introductory notes he appears to deny the existence of any coins in Maximinus’ name belonging to this issue (see p. 161).

14886

Fc. rev. RESTITVTOR ROMAE, roma seated l., shield at side, presenting globe to Maximinus stg. r. before him and resting on sceptre held in l., mint mark M ost followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 409, 82. C —. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

14887

eb. rev. SOLE INVICTO, sol, in long robe, stg. l., raising r. hand and holding head of Serapis in l., mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in l. field, sometimes with dot in r. ric vi, pp. 592-3, 92, 99. c 156. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14888

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex., and officina mark A-I (= 1-10) in l. or r. field with crescent sometimes above or in opposite field. RIC vi, p. 640, 154c. C 156. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

MaXiMiNUs ii as aUGUstUs

339

14889

Billon follis. eb. rev. — sol, wearing long robe, in facing quadriga, his hd. turned to l., r. hand raised and holding globe in l., the horses spread, two on l. and two on r., mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Α, Β or ς (= 1, 2, or 6) between the horses in lower field. RIC vi, p. 637, 141. c —. [Antioch, AD 310]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

14890

eb. rev. — sol, wearing long robe, in galloping quadriga l., his r. hand raised, holding globe in l., mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Α, ε, ς, Η, or Ι (= 1, 5, 6, 8, or 10) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 637, 142. cf. c 153, 158. [Antioch, AD 310]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £125 ($220)

14891

eb. rev. SOLI INVICTO, sol holding hd. of serapis, as 14887, but with mint mark s M H T in ex. and officina mark Α or ∆ (= 1 or 4) in l. or r. field. RIC vi, p. 542, 78. C 161. [Heraclea, AD 313]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14892

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. and officina mark A-Z (= 1-7) in l. field, sometimes with star above. ric vi, pp. 566-7, 73b, 77b. c 161. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14893

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. and officina mark ς (= 6) in l. field, sometimes with star above. ric vi, pp. 594-5, 106, 110. c 161. [Cyzicus, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14894 14894

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and officina mark Α- εΙ (= 1-15) in l. field, star in r. ric vi, p. 644, 167b. c 161. [Antioch, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14895

Fc. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P LN in ex., T — F across field. RIC vi, p. 133, 121b. C 167. [London, AD 310]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14896

Similar, but with mint mark P TR in ex., T — F across field. RIC vi, p. 226, 866b. C 167. [Trier, AD 310-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14897

Gb or c. rev. — similar, but sometimes sol is stg. r., hd. l., and with mint mark t preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 298, 127, 130, 131b. C 168-9. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14898

Gb. rev. — sol stg. r., hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe and whip in l., mint mark as previous. ric vi, p. 298, 134. cf. c 170. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14899

Fb. rev. — sol stg. l. (or facing, hd. l.), raising r. hand and holding globe in l., captive seated at feet to l., mint mark AQ followed by officina mark S or Γ (= 2 or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 328, 142. c 173. Ma 156. [Aquileia, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14900

Similar, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 390, 341. c 173. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14901

Fc or d. Rev. — as previous, but without captive at feet of Sol and with officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) following mint mark in ex., sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vi, pp. 388-9 and 391, 322b, 323b, 327b, 328b, 329b, 330b, 370, 373. c 167. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

340

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14902

Billon follis. similar, but sol is stg. r., hd. l. ric vi, pp. 389 and 392, 335b, 336b, 337b, 338b, 375. c 166-7. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

14903

Fb. rev. — sol advancing r., hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., l. foot on captive, mint mark as 14900. ric vi, p. 390, 344. c —. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14904

As 14901, but with mint mark M OST followed by officina mark S, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4) in ex., nothing in field. RIC vi, p. 409, 84a, 86a, 88, 90a, 92a. C 167. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14905 14905

Fc or d. rev. S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, legionary eagle between two standards, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 390, 348b, 349b, 350b, 351b. c 181. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) This is a revival of a type issued by Trajan two centuries before (see Volume II, nos. 3107, 3170, and 3238). It was, perhaps, inspired by one of the follis types issued at Carthage by the usurper Alexander (AD 308-11), rival of Maxentius and ally of Constantine (see no. 15088).

14906

Similar, but with mint mark M OST followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 410, 95a, 97a, 99. c 181. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14907

eb. rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Mars or Virtus, in military attire, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark Γ, ∆, or ς (= 3, 4, or 6) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 593, 93a. C 204. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

14908

eb. rev. — Mars, naked, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Α-Ι (= 1-10) in l. or r. field with crescent sometimes above or in opposite field. RIC vi, p. 640, 155b. C —. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

14909

As 14907, but with mint mark ALE in ex., K — P across rev. field (sometimes with star above the K), and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) to r. ric vi, pp. 679-80, 116, 119b, 123b. c 204. [Alexandria, AD 310]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) The star only appears on coins from officina Γ.

14910

Similar, but with crescent above the K in rev. field and the issue struck in three officinae only — Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3). ric vi, p. 683, 141. c 204. [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14911

similar, but Galer for Gal in obv. legend and with K — X instead of K — P across rev. field (crescent above K). RIC vi, p. 683, 147b. C 205. [Alexandria, AD 311-12]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14912

iMP c Gal Val MaXiMiNo (or MaXiMiNVs) P F iNV aVG, b. rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITI, as 14908, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in ex., and star or crescent in r. field. Cf. RIC vi, p. 538, 52, 57-8. C 210. [Heraclea, AD 310-11]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

MaXiMiNUs ii For diVUs GaleriUs

341

14913

Billon follis. eb. rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITVS (followed by ligatured CMH), Mars or Virtus, in military attire, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint mark S M N followed by officina mark Β or Γ (= 2 or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 564, 65a. c 215. [Nicomedia, AD 310]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85) The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also nos. 14508, 14545, 14575, 14595, 14722, 14749, 14794, 14827, 14835-7, 15151, 15159-62, 15586, 15590, 15892, 15899-901 and 16148).

14914

similar, but without CMH at end of rev. legend and the officina mark (Α-∆ = 1-4) is in r. field instead of following the mint mark. RIC vi, p. 566, 70b. C 214. [Nicomedia, AD 311]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14915

as previous, but Mars/Virtus drags captive by the hair with r. hand instead of holding transverse spear, and the officina mark (Ζ = 7) is surmounted by star. ric vi, p. 568, 78b. c 216. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14916

Gal Val MaXiMiNVs P F aVG, b. rev. — as 14913 (without CMH), but with mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark Γ (= 3) in l. field, and star in r. RIC vi, p. 589, 64. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 310]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14917

Similar, but with officina mark Α or Γ (= 1 or 3) in l. field, and with three dots arranged vertically instead of star in r. ric vi, p. 590, 74. c —. [Cyzicus, AD 310]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14918

eb. rev. — Mars, naked, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark A-I (= 1-10) in r. field and star in l. ric vi, p. 642, 163b. c 214 var. [Antioch, AD 311-12]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) In this issue and the next officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

14919

eb. rev. — Mars or Virtus dragging captive, as 14915, but with mint mark aNt in ex., officina mark A-ΑI (= 1-11) in l. field and star in r. RIC vi, p. 644, 169b. C 216. [Antioch, AD 312]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

14920

Billon quarter follis. iMP MaXiMiNVs aVG, c. rev. VOT / X / MVL / XX in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 228, 909b. cf. c 220. [Trier, AD 310-11]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £115 ($200)

For a follis depicting both severus ii and Maximinus ii, see no. 14683.

Issues of Maximinus II in honour of Divus Galerius Maximian Maximinus issued a limited commemorative coinage in billon in honour of his deified uncle Galerius Maximian who died in May of AD 311. Similar posthumous issues were made by Galerius’ sonin-law Maxentius (see nos. 15070-77) and by his friend and protégé Licinius (see nos. 15387-8).

14921 14921

14922

Billon follis. diVo MaXiMiaNo MaXiMiNVs aVG Fil, laur. hd. of Galerius r. rev. AETERNAE MEMORIAE GALERI MAXIMIANI, garlanded and lighted altar with eagle l. on front panel, mint mark M KV followed by officina mark Γ or ∆ (= 3 or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 591, 75. c (Galerius) —. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

342

the tetrarchies

14922

Billon follis. similar, but with Gal for Galeri in rev. legend and with mint mark ale in ex., K — P across lower rev. field, with crescent above K, and officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in upper r. field. RIC vi, p. 682, 133. C (Galerius) 7. [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

14923

As previous, but with K — X instead of K — R across lower rev. field and with officina mark Α or Γ (= 1 or 3) in upper r. ric vi, p. 683, 143. c (Galerius) 7. [Alexandria, AD 311-12]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £190 ($325)

14924

As previous, but with X (sometimes with crescent above) in rev. field to l., and officina mark Β (= 2) to r. ric vi, pp. 683-4, 148, 151. c (Galerius) 7. [Alexandria, AD 312]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14925

As previous, but with N (with star above) in rev. field to l., and officina mark ∆ (= 4) to r. ric vi, p. 684, 154. c (Galerius) 7. [Alexandria, AD 312]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14926

As previous, but also with branch below the officina mark in rev. field to r., or with branch below the N to l. and star above the officina mark to r. RIC vi, p. 685, 159 and note 2. C (Galerius) 7. [Alexandria, AD 312-13]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £190 ($325)

For other issues in honour of divus Galerius, see under Maxentius (nos. 15070-77) and licinius (nos. 15387-8).

Anonymous issues under Maximinus II related to the final persecution of the Christians A vigorous persecution of the Christians had been initiated by Diocletian in AD 303, though Galerius was almost certainly the chief instigator of the imperial edict. The effect was largely felt in the East where Galerius and Maximinus held sway in the years following Diocletian’s abdication in 305. Although Galerius abandoned the policy of Christian persecution shortly before his death in 311 Maximinus refused to extend religious toleration to the territories under his control and even increased the fervour of persecution for a further year and a half. Eventually, by the end of 312, he came to realize that he was being politically outmanoeuvred by his western rivals on the question of religious policy, as evidenced by the edict on toleration promulgated by Constantine and Licinius at Milan early in 313. Maximinus finally renounced his persecution of the Christians but soon thereafter he was defeated in battle by Licinius resulting in his political downfall. This small group of civic coins, issued at the important eastern mints of Nicomedia, Antioch, and Alexandria, were formally attributed to the period of the pagan revival under Julian II (AD 360-63). However, based on recent research by Johan Van Heesch it now seems clear that these issues belong to the time of Maximinus’ persecutions in AD 311-12 and only ended with that emperor’s renouncement of his former policy. This series is not listed in RIC.

14927 14927

Billon quarter follis. GeNio aNtiocheNi, city-goddess (tyche) of antioch seated facing on rock, river-god orontes swimming at her feet. rev. APOLLONI SANCTO, apollo stg. l., holding patera and lyre, mint mark s M a (sometimes reversed) in ex., officina mark A-I (= 1-10) in r. field. Van Heesch 3. C (Julian II) 1. [Antioch, AD 311-12]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ε/∆ (= 5+4) instead of Θ.

MaXiMiNUs ii aNoNYMoUs issUes

343

14928

Billon quarter follis. GeNio ciVitatis, turreted, veiled and dr. but of city-goddess r. Rev. — as previous, but officina Β (= 2) only in r. field. Van Heesch 4. C (Julian II) 2. [Antioch, AD 311-12]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

14929

Similar, but no legends, mint or officina marks. Van Heesch 5. C —. [Antioch, AD 311-12]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

14930

deo saNcto saraPidi, bust of serapis r., wearing modius. rev. DEO SANCTO NILO, Nilus reclining l., holding reed and cornucopiae and resting on hippopotamus, mint mark ALE in ex., sometimes with officina mark Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 2, 3, or 4) in field. Van heesch 6. c (Julian ii) 3. [Alexandria, AD 311-12]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

14931

deae saNc cereri, veiled, diad. and dr. bust of ceres l., holding corn-ears in r. hand. rev. GEN CIVIT NICOM, Genius of Nicomedia stg. l., holding rudder and cornucopiae, oPa in ex. Van heesch 1. c (helena, wife of Julian ii) 2. [Nicomedia, AD 311-12]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

14932 14932

ioVi coNserVatori, Jupiter seated l., holding globe and resting on sceptre. rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark aNt in ex., officina mark a-i (= 1-10) in r. field. Van heesch 2. c (Julian ii) 53. [Antioch, AD 311-12]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆—ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

14933

Billon eighth follis. as 14930, but sometimes with legends abbreviated to deo saraPidi and saNcto Nilo. Van heesch 7-8. c (Julian ii) 4-5. [Alexandria, AD 311-12]. VF £72 ($125) / EF £225 ($400)

14934

deo saraPidi, as 14930. rev. GENIO ALEXAND, alexandria reclining l., holding rudder in r. hand, hd. propped on l., sometimes with mint mark s M or M s in ex. Van heesch 9. c —. [Alexandria, AD 311-12]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £290 ($500)

MAXENTIUS spring ad 307–28 oct. 312 14947 Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius was the son of Maximian and Eutropia and was born either in AD 283 or 287. Despite being the son of the western emperor, his career does not seem to have been advanced significantly and prior to 306 he bore only the rank of ‘vir clarissimus’. The reasons for this can only be speculated upon but it appears likely that Maximian was not on the best of terms with his son. Maxentius was married to Valeria Maximilla, daughter of Galerius Maximian, but despite all these favourable connections he was passed over in the selection of the new Caesars at the time of the abdications of Diocletian and Maximian in 305. Similarly, Constantius’ son Constantine

344

the tetrarchies

was ignored though both young men clearly had strong claims to advancement and doubtless felt frustrated in their ambitions. The early death of the western emperor Constantius in July, 306, set into motion a series of events which were to bring both Maxentius and Constantine to imperial power. Constantine was proclaimed by his late father’s troops in York and his elevation to the rank of Caesar was grudgingly acknowledged by the eastern Augustus Galerius. Not to be outdone, just three months later Maxentius led an uprising in Rome against the rule of the new western Augustus Severus, a close friend of Galerius who had secured his promotion to the rank of Caesar in 305. With few troops at his disposal Maxentius made overtures to his father Maximian, now reluctantly living in retirement, to join the uprising and assist him in raising an army with which to confront Severus. The Romans were smarting under the loss of their traditional exclusive status brought about by the establishment of the decentralized tetrarchy system of government and were happy to give their support to a champion who promised to restore the city’s former prestige. Maximian was quickly able to attract recruits to the rebel cause and with Severus advancing on Rome the agents of the former western emperor achieved great success in infiltrating the ranks of the invading army. Severus’ troops, many of whom were veterans who had served for many years under Maximian, deserted in large numbers forcing the western emperor to retreat to Ravenna where he was ultimately taken prisoner and forced to abdicate. By now Maximian had resumed his status as an active Augustus. Maxentius, in the opening months of the rebellion, had styled himself ‘Princeps Invictus’, though at Carthage he was mistakenly given the title of Caesar doubtless due to confusion over the exact nature of the uprising in Rome. North Africa, where Maximian had always been very popular, was glad to swear allegiance to the movement and a little later Spain also joined the rebel cause. Following the defeat of Severus, Maximian journeyed to Gaul to negotiate with the Caesar Constantine. An alliance was concluded which was sealed by the marriage of Constantine to Maximian’s daughter Flavia Maxima Fausta, sister of Maxentius. Galerius’ attempt to end the rebellion of Maxentius and Maximian by an invasion of Italy (April 307) met with no greater success than that of Severus and it now became clear that the new western regime had, at least for the time being, to be accepted as a fait accompli. Having achieved a remarkable joint success, the old animosity between father and son again came to the surface. In the spring of 308 Maximian plotted to overthrow Maxentius and having failed in his attempt was obliged to flee to his son-in-law Constantine in Gaul. A little later in the year L. Domitius Alexander, vicar of Africa, rebelled against Maxentius probably with the connivance of Constantine and Maximian. This created famine in Rome and almost led to Maxentius’ downfall. Towards the end of the same year a congress convened by Galerius at Carnuntum declared Maxentius a public enemy and forced Maximian to abdicate for a second time. Problems continued for Maxentius into the following year (309) with the death of his son Romulus, a bitter blow to his dynastic ambitions, but things seemed to be improving in 310 when his praetorian prefect Rufius Volusianus overcame Alexander, thus restoring Rome’s food supply from North Africa. With the death of Galerius in 311 the number of emperors was reduced to four, all of whom were suspicious of the motives of the other three. Alliances resulted between Constantine and Licinius and between Maximinus and Maxentius. Constantine now felt himself strong enough to act decisively and in the late summer of 312 he invaded Italy with the object of removing Maxentius from the political scene. He quickly secured control of northern Italy and then advanced on Rome along the Via Flaminia. His camp was established close to the Milvian Bridge which gave access to the city and the two armies met here on the sixth anniversary of Maxentius’ rule (28 October). Supposedly, Constantine had his famous ‘vision of the cross’ on the night before the battle in which he saw not only a P-headed Latin cross but also the Greek words εν Τουτω Νικα (“In this sign you will conquer”). He instructed his soldiers to mark their shields with the sign and the result of the battle was a total rout of the Maxentian army which fled back into the city. Maxentius himself tried to escape by swimming across the river but he drowned in the attempt. His body was later recovered and his severed head was paraded through the city as evidence of the citizens’ deliverance from the rule of the tyrant. Interestingly, his imperial insignia were recently uncovered during excavations on the Palatine Hill and after consolidation were placed on public exhibition. They must have been concealed in the chaos following the violent downfall of the rebel regime. Coinage in the name of Maxentius is of considerable interest and follows a different pattern from that of the legitimate rulers of the tetrarchic government. Rome was his principal mint but this was augmented by production at Carthage (in the early phase of the reign), a new establishment at Ostia commencing in AD 308/9, and Ticinum and Aquileia in the north. In addition, there are rare issues made by Constantine at Trier and Lugdunum in the name of his brother-in-law. Maxentius’

MaXeNtiUs as caesar aNd PriNcePs

345

coinage displays great originality in its selection of types many of which honour the history of the city of Rome and the emperor’s close personal connection with the capital. Fractional denominations are also much more in evidence than with the contemporary coinages of other emperors. Silver, though rare, is more abundant than might have been expected and includes a remarkable full-facing portrait type which also occurs on several varieties of the gold coinage. Commemorative issues were produced in the names of no fewer than four divi — Maxentius’ son Romulus, his father Maximian, his father-in-law Galerius, and Constantine’s father Constantius. Although his revolt took place on 28 October 306 Maxentius is not accorded the title of Augustus on the coinage until the spring of the following year. Prior to this he is named ‘Princeps’ or ‘Princeps Invictus’ while at Carthage his initial issues give him the rank of Caesar. The following obverse legends appear: As Caesar or Princeps Invictus a. d N MaXeNtiVs PriNc B. M aVr MaXeNtiVs NoB caes c. MaXeNtiVs NoB c d. MaXeNtiVs PriNc iNVict As Augustus e. iMP c M a Val MaXeNtiVs P F aVG F. iMP c MaXeNtiVs P F aVG G. iMP c MaXeNtiVs P F aVG coNs h. iMP c MaXeNtiVs P F iNV aVG i. iMP MaXeNtiVs P F aVG J. iMP MaXeNtiVs P F aVG coNs K. iMP MaXeNtiVs P F aVG coNs (or cos) ii l. iMP MaXeNtiVs P F iNV aVG M. MaXeNtiVs P F aVG N. MaXeNtiVs P F iNV (or iNVic) aVG The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full: a. laur. hd. r. b. laur., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r. c. laur. bust r. (or l.), wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre d. Bare-headed, dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust facing

Issues as Caesar and as Princeps Invictus, initially alone and later with Maximian, 28 Oct. AD 306-spring 307 14935

Gold aureus. da. rev. CONSERVAT VRBIS SVAE, roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, shield at side, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 369, 143. calicó 5050. c —. depeyrot, p. 86, 14/2. [Rome]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

14936

similar, but with CONSERVATOR for CONSERVAT and sometimes with E in rev. field to l. ric vi, pp. 367and 369, 135, 144. calicó 5051. c 48. depeyrot, pp. 86-7, 14/3, 15/2. [Rome]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

14937

ca. rev. FELIX KARTHAGO, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 430, 47. calicó 5056. c 66. depeyrot, p. 66, 3/2. [Carthage]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

346

the tetrarchies

14938

Gold aureus. aa. rev. HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAESS NN, hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin on l. arm, mint mark P r in ex., E in l. field. RIC vi, p. 367, 137. Calicó 5065. C —. depeyrot, p. 87, 15/4. [Rome]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

14939

Similar, but with obv. legend D and sometimes without E in rev. field. RIC vi, pp. 368-9, 138, 147. calicó 5064. c 80. depeyrot, pp. 86-7, 14/6, 15/5. [Rome]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

14940 14940

da. rev. MARTI CONSERV AVGG ET CAESS NN, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark P R in ex., sometimes with E in l. field. RIC vi, pp. 368-9, 140, 148. calicó 5066-7. cf. c 87, 89. depeyrot, p. 86, 14/8. [Rome]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

14941

ca. rev. ROMA AETERNA, roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, shield at side, mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 430, 48a. calicó 5074. c —. depeyrot, p. 66, 3/3. [Carthage]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

14942

Silver argenteus. da. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark R followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 370, 153. rsc 134. [Rome]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

14943

Billon follis. da. rev. CONSERVATOR AFRICAE SVAE, africa stg. facing, hd. l., wearing elephant’s skin head-dress, holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion and bull’s hd. at feet, h—er (= Herculi) in field, officina mark Β or Γ (= 2 or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 432, 53. c 47. [Carthage]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

14944

Ba. rev. SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, officina mark ∆ (= 4) in ex., h (= Herculi) in left field. RIC vi, p. 431, 51a. c 103. [Carthage]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) In this issue the folles of the ‘Herculian’ rulers Maximian, Maxentius, and Constantine have the letter H (= Herculi) in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Jovian’ Maximinus have the letter I (= Iovi). Galerius and Severus are ignored. See also no. 13471 and 14764A.

Issues as Augustus, AD 307-312 14945

Gold aureus. Ma. rev. CONSERVATOR VRBIS SVAE, roma seated l., as 14935, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 374, 177-8. calicó 5052-3. c —. depeyrot, p. 87, 16/2-3. [Rome, AD 307-8]. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

14946

similar, but with mint mark P ost in ex. ric vi, p. 400, 2. calicó 5054. c —. depeyrot, p. 75, 1/1. [Ostia, AD 308]. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

14947

Md. rev. FEL PROCES CONS IIII AVG N, Maxentius in triumphal quadriga drawn l. by elephants, about to be crowned by Victory flying r. towards him, mint mark P OST in ex. ric vi, —. calicó 5055. c —. depeyrot, p. 75, 1/9. [Ostia, AD 312]. VF £28,500 ($50,000) / EF £86,000 ($150,000) Illustrated at reign heading

MaXeNtiUs

347

14948

Gold aureus. Ma. rev. FELIX PROCESS CONSVLAT AVG N, Maxentius, togate, stg. l., holding globe and baton, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 374, 179. calicó 5057. c 64. depeyrot, p. 87, 16/4. [Rome, AD 308]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

14949

Ma. rev. FIDES MILITVM, Fides Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 374, 180. calicó 5058. c 67. depeyrot, p. 88, 16/5. [Rome, AD 307-8]. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

14950

14958

14950

Ma. rev. HERCVLI COMITI AVG N, hercules stg. facing, hd. r., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin on l. arm, mint mark P r in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 374, 181 (hercules hd. l., in error). calicó 5059. c 76. depeyrot, p. 88, 16/6. [Rome, AD 308]. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

14951

i or M, a. rev. HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAES N, similar, but hd. of hercules l. ric vi, p. 374, 182-3. calicó 5061-2. c 79. depeyrot, p. 88, 16/7-8. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

14952

Ma. rev. HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAESS NN, as previous. ric vi, p. 374, 184. calicó 5063. c —. depeyrot, p. 88, 16/9. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

14953

Ma. rev. HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NN, as 14951, but with mint mark s M t in ex. ric vi, p. 294, 89. calicó 5060. cf. c 78. depeyrot, p. 69, 10/1. [Ticinum, AD 307-8]. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

14954

Ma. rev. MARTI CONSERV AVGG ET CAESS NN, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, —. calicó 5068. cf. c 88. depeyrot, p. 88, 16/13. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

14955

Md. rev. MARTI VICTORI COMITI AVG N, Maxentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding sceptre, facing Mars stg. r., resting on shield, holding between them globe surmounted by Victory r. which crowns the emperor’s hd., mint mark P ost in ex. ric vi, p. 400, 3. calicó 5069. cf. c 95. cf. depeyrot, p. 75, 1/2. [Ostia, AD 311]. VF £26,000 ($45,000) / EF £80,000 ($140,000)

14956

Md. rev. PAX AETERNA AVG N, four stg. figures: Maxentius l. facing soldier r., the latter with r. hand raised and shield at feet; roma, turreted, offering wreath to emperor; and africa, wearing elephant-skin headdress, also holding wreath; mint mark P ost in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 401, 4. cf. calicó 5070. cf. c 97. cf. depeyrot, p. 75, 1/3. [Ostia, AD 311]. VF £28,500 ($50,000) / EF £86,000 ($150,000) The details of this type are obscure and its authenticity may also be open to question.

14957

Ma. rev. PIETAS AVGG ET CAES N, Pietas stg. facing, hd. r., nursing child held in her arms, another child at her feet to l., mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 374, 185. cf. calicó 5071. c —. depeyrot, p. 88, 16/11. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

14958

Ma. rev. PRINCIPI IMPERII ROMANI, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint mark P r in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 375, 186 (misdescribed). cf. calicó 5073. cf. c 98. cf. depeyrot, p. 88, 16/14. [Rome, AD 307-8]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

348

the tetrarchies

14959

Gold aureus. Md. rev. TEMPORVM FELICITAS AVG N, she-wolf stg. r. or l., suckling the twins romulus and remus, mint mark P ost in ex. ric vi, p. 401, 5. calicó 5075-6. c 105. depeyrot, p. 75, 1/4. [Ostia, AD 310-12]. VF £23,000 ($40,000) / EF £72,000 ($125,000)

14960

Ma. rev. VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM AVG N, Maxentius, in military attire, stg. r., resting on spear and receiving Victory on globe from Mars l., holding trophy, prostrate captive on ground between them, mint mark P ost in ex. ric vi, p. 401, 6. calicó 5077. c —. depeyrot, p. 75, 1/5. [Ostia, AD 310-12]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

14961

N (iNV), helmeted and cuir. bust l. rev. VICTORIA AETERNA AVG N, Maxentius, in military attire, seated l., receiving globe from Victory stg. r. before him, helmet, cuirass and shield at his side, mint mark P ost in ex. ric vi, p. 401, 7. calicó 5081. c 124. depeyrot, p. 75, 1/6. [Ostia, AD 310-12]. VF £14,300 ($25,000) / EF £37,500 ($65,000) A similar type was issued from the mint of Rome (RIC 152).

14962

similar, but with obv. Md. ric vi, p. 401, 10. calicó 5080. c —. cf. depeyrot, p. 75, 1/10. [Ostia, AD 310-12]. VF £26,000 ($45,000) / EF £80,000 ($140,000)

14963

as previous, but with rev. type Victory stg. r., inscribing Vot / is / X on shield set on cippus, captive seated on ground to l., mint mark P ost in ex. ric vi, p. 401, 9. calicó 5079. cf. c 115 (rev. misdescribed). depeyrot, p. 75, 1/8. [Ostia, AD 310-11]. VF £26,000 ($45,000) / EF £80,000 ($140,000)

14964

ia. rev. VICTORIA S AVGG ET CAESS N, roma (?) stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, —. calicó 5083. c —. depeyrot —. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000) NB an impressive series of gold multiples (8, 4, and 2 aurei) was issued from the mint of rome, some with portraits of the herculian type clad in lion’s skin, others wearing a radiate crown, the remainder with bare heads. the reverses are varied and interesting and focus in the main on Maxentius’ consulships, on hercules, and on the emperor’s special association with the city of rome (cf. ric vi, pp. 340, 343, and 372-3).

14965 14965

Silver argenteus. Ma. rev. CONSERVATOR VRBIS SVAE, hexastyle temple containing roma seated facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, shield at side, mint mark r followed by officina mark s, t, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 375, 187. rsc 49. [Rome, AD 307-9]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

14966

ia. rev. FELIX PROCESS CONSVLAT AVG N, Maxentius, togate, as 14948, mint mark as previous. ric vi, p. 375, 188. rsc 65. [Rome, AD 308]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

14967

Ma. rev. MARTI PROPAG IMP AVG N, Mars stg. r., resting on spear and clasping r. hands with Felicitas (?) stg. l., she-wolf r. and twins between them, mint mark as previous. ric vi, p. 375, 189. rsc 92a. [Rome, AD 308-9]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

14968

similar, but the she-wolf on rev. is stg. to l., and with mint mark M ost in ex. followed by officina mark Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 2, 3, or 4) or mint mark P OST followed by officina mark ∆ (= 4). ric vi, p. 402, 11. rsc 92b-c. [Ostia, AD 308-9]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

MaXeNtiUs

349

14969

Silver argenteus. Ma. rev. MARTI PROPAGATORI AVG N, Mars stg. r., resting on shield and with r. hand presenting Victory on globe to Maxentius, in military attire, stg. l., resting on sceptre, mint mark P OST followed by officina mark ∆ (= 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 402, 12. rsc 92a. [Ostia, AD 308-9]. VF £1,825 ($3,200) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

14970

Ma. rev. TEMPORVM FELICITAS AVG N, she-wolf stg. r., suckling the twins romulus and remus, mint mark as 14965. ric vi, p. 375, 190. rsc 106a. [Rome, AD 308-9]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

14971

similar, but with obv. type d. ric vi, p. 375, 191. rsc 106b. [Rome, AD 310-12]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

14972 14972

Ma. rev. — similar, but the she-wolf is stg. to l., and with mint mark M ost followed by officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2) in ex. ric vi, p. 402, 13. rsc 107. [Ostia, AD 308-9]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

14973

Billon follis. Fa. rev. ADLOCVTIO AVG N, Maxentius stg. l. on platform accompanied by officers, haranguing group of soldiers, soldier on r. leading captive, another on l. leading horse, mint mark M OST followed by officina mark Q (= 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 404, 73. C 2. [Ostia, AD 309-12]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

14974

Fa. rev. AETERNITAS AVG N, the dioscuri, castor and Pollux, stg. facing each other, each holding his bridled horse and resting on sceptre, mint mark M OST followed by officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 403, 14. c 5. [Ostia, AD 309]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14975

Similar, but with officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) following the mint mark. RIC vi, p. 404, 35. c 5. [Ostia, AD 309-12]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14976 14976

as 14974, but with she-wolf l., suckling romulus and remus between the two dioscuri. ric vi, p. 403, 16. c 10. [Ostia, AD 309]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14977

similar, but with obv. type laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear over shoulder and shield. ric vi, p. 403, 16. c 10. [Ostia, AD 309]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14978

Fa. rev. — she-wolf stg. l. (rarely r.), suckling romulus and remus, mint mark M ost followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 404, 39, 41. C 16, 18. [Ostia, AD 309-12]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

350

the tetrarchies

14979

14983

14979

Billon follis. Fa. rev. AETERNITAS AVG N, Fides Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint and officina marks as previous. RIC vi, p. 405, 43. C 15. [Ostia, AD 309-12]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14980

M, a or b. rev. CONSERV VRB SVAE, hexastyle temple containing Roma seated facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, no ornamentation in pediment, mint mark t preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 294, 91, 94-5. Cf. C 27-8. [Ticinum, AD 307-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14981

similar, but with obv. Jc (bust l.). ric vi, p. 295, 103. cf. c 30. [Ticinum, AD 308]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14982

F, a or b. rev. — as previous, but with wreath in pediment of temple and mint mark aQ followed by officina mark P, S, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 325, 116, 118a. cf. c 21, 23. Ma 160-61. [Aquileia, AD 307]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

14983

similar, but with star, crescent, or cross (X or +) in pediment of temple. ric vi, p. 326, 121a, 122. cf. c 21, 23. Ma 165-6. [Aquileia, AD 308-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80) On this type the star ornament in the temple pediment is associated with officina P, the crescent with officina S, and the cross with officina Γ.

14984

14985

14984

similar, but with obv. Gc (bust r. or l.). ric vi, p. 326, 123-4. cf. c 29, 31 var. Ma 163-4. [Aquileia, AD 308]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14985

similar, but with obv. Kc (bust r.). ric vi, p. 326, 125-6. cf. c 32-3. Ma 169-70. [Aquileia, AD 309]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

14986

Fa. Rev. — as 14980, but with wreath (more rarely Dioscuri flanked by river-gods) in pediment of temple, and mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex., H in l. field. RIC vi, p. 377, 202a, 204. Cf. C 21. [Rome, AD 307-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

14987

similar, but with wreath or dioscuri between two altars in pediment, and with mint mark R B instead of R (usually without H in l. field). RIC vi, p. 378, 208, 210, 212. Cf. C 21. [Rome, AD 308-10]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

14988

similar, but with wreath, dioscuri, or dots in pediment, and with mint mark r e instead of R B (sometimes with H or P in l. field). RIC vi, pp. 382-3, 258, 263. Cf. C 21. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

MaXeNtiUs

351

14989

Billon follis. ia. rev. — as 14980, but Roma is seated to l. within the temple with shield at her side, holding Victory on globe and sceptre. ric vi, p. 295, 105. c 34. [Ticinum, AD 308-10]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

14990

ia. rev. — tetrastyle temple containing Roma seated l., holding globe and sceptre, shield at side, about to be crowned by Victory advancing r. before her, also holding palm, seated captive between them, no ornamentation in pediment, mint and officina marks as 14980. ric vi, p. 295, 106. c 35. [Ticinum, AD 308-10]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14991

ia. rev. — similar, but instead of Victory the emperor stands r. before roma, wearing military attire, his foot on captive, receiving globe from the goddess and holding sceptre in l., wolf and twins in pediment of temple, mint and officina marks as 14980. RIC vi, p. 296, 110. c 42 var. [Ticinum, AD 308-10]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14992

14999

14992

F, a or b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P, S, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 325, 113-14. c 42. Ma 173, 175. [Aquileia, AD 309-10]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14993

Fa. rev. — as previous, but the pediment of temple is sometimes plain, sometimes with Dioscuri or wolf and twins, and with mint mark R B followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. ric vi, p. 378, 213. c 42. [Rome, AD 308-10]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

14994

Fa. rev. — as previous (with wolf and twins in temple pediment), but Roma is seated facing, hd. l., and Maxentius does not set his foot on the captive. ric vi, —. c —. Ma 174. [Aquileia, AD 309-10]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

14995

ia. rev. — tetrastyle temple containing Roma seated facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, crowned by Victory stg. l., also holding palm, no ornamentation in pediment, mint and officina marks as 14980. RIC vi, p. 296, 108. C 39. [Ticinum, AD 308-10]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £45 ($80)

14996

ia. rev. — as previous, but roma is crowned by two Victories stg. r. and l. ric vi, p. 296, 109. c 41. [Ticinum, AD 308-10]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

14997

ia. rev. CONSERVATOR AFRICAE SVAE, africa stg. facing, hd. l., wearing elephant’s skin head-dress, holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion and bull’s hd. at feet, h—er (= Herculi) in field, officina mark Β (= 2) in ex. ric vi, p. 432, 54. c 46. [Carthage, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

14998

Similar, but with SE — F instead of H—ER in rev. field and officina mark Β or Γ (= 2 or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 432, 57. c 46. [Carthage, AD 307]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300) The meaning of the letters in reverse field is unclear; one suggestion is ‘Senior Felicissimus’ though this seems unconvincing (cf. RIC vi, p. 419 and note 1). See also nos. 13439 and 15510.

14999

ia. rev. CONSERVATORES KART SVAE, hexastyle temple containing carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, mint mark P K followed by officina mark Β or Γ (= 2 or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 432, 60. c 50. [Carthage, AD 307]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

352

the tetrarchies

15000

Billon follis. Ma. rev. CONSERVATORES VRB SVAE, hexastyle temple containing roma seated facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, sometimes with wreath in pediment, mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 293, 84a, 85. c 51. [Ticinum, AD 307]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15001

F or M, a. rev. — as previous (no ornamentation in pediment), but with mint mark r followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 371, 162-3. C 51-2. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15002

15010

15002

Similar, but with star between the mint and officina marks. RIC vi, p. 376, 194a, 195. C 51-3. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15003

Fa. rev. CONSERVATORI AVG N, hercules l., strangling the Nemean lion, club behind, mint mark R B followed by officina mark T (= 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 378, 214. Cf. C 55. [Rome, AD 308-10]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £350 ($600)

15004

Fa. rev. FEL PROCES (or PROCESS) CONS III AVG N, Maxentius in chariot drawn l. by four elephants, about to be crowned by Victory flying r. above, mint mark RB followed by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 378, 215, 217. C 59. [Rome, AD 310]. VF £190 ($330) / EF £460 ($800)

15005

Fa. rev. — Maxentius in facing chariot drawn by four (sometimes six) horses, his r. hand raised, mint mark as previous, but with officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vi, p. 378, 216 and note 8. c 60, 62. [Rome, AD 310]. VF £190 ($330) / EF £460 ($800)

15006

hb. rev. FELICITAS PVBLICA, Felicitas stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, holding caduceus in right hand and resting l. arm on column, mint mark AQ followed by officina mark s (= 2) in ex. ric vi, p. 324, 101. c 58. Ma 157. [Aquileia, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15007

hb. rev. FIDES MILITVM, Fides Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint and officina marks as previous, RIC vi, p. 324, 103. C 69. MA 158. [Aquileia, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15008

Fa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R E followed by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 383, 265. c 68. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

15009

as15007, but Fides Militum is seated l. ric vi, p. 324, 106. c 70. Ma 159. [Aquileia, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15010

Fa. rev. FIDES MILITVM AVG N, as 15007, but with mint mark M ost followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 405, 45. C 71. [Ostia, AD 309-12]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15011

similar, but with obv. type laur. bust r., wearing consular robes and holding eagletipped sceptre in r. hand and Victory on globe in l. ric vi, p. 405, 46. c 72 var. [Ostia, AD 309-12]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

MaXeNtiUs

353

15012

Billon follis. eb. rev. GENIO POP ROM, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, altar at feet to l., mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 261, 256. c —. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) This type was struck under Constantine at the time of the conclusion of the alliance with Maximian in the spring of AD 307. Its extreme rarity is indicative of Constantine’s reluctance to accord recognition to the usurper in Rome (see also nos. 15020 and 15023).

15013

Fa. rev. MARTI COMITI AVG N, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield (or trophy over shoulder), mint mark R B followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 379, 219-20. c 83. [Rome, AD 308-10]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) Similar types were issued at Ostia (RIC 49-50).

15014

Fa. rev. — Mars advancing l., holding branch, shield and spear, mint mark M ost followed by officina mark T (= 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 405, 48. C 82. [Ostia, AD 309-12]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15015

Fa. rev. — Maxentius, in military attire, on horseback pacing l., his r. hand raised, holding spear in l., the horse led by Mars with trophy over shoulder, mint mark r B followed by officina mark P (= 1) in ex. RIC vi, p. 379, 218. C 86. [Rome, AD 308-10]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

15016

Fa. rev. MARTI CONSERVAT AVG N, Mars advancing r., as 15013 (holding shield in l.), but sometimes with kneeling captive at feet to r. and with mint mark r e followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 383, 266-7. C 90. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15017

Fb. rev. MARTI CONSERVATORI AVG N, as previous (no captive), but without mint or officina marks. RIC vi, p. 384, 277. C 91. [Rome, AD 310-12]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

15018

Fa. rev. MARTI PACIFERO AVG N, as previous, but with mint mark r B followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 379, 221. C —. [Rome, AD 308-10]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15019

similar, but Mars holds trophy instead of shield in l. hand and with mint mark r e followed by officina mark T (= 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 383, 268. C —. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15020

i, laur. and cuir. bust r. rev. MARTI PATRI CONSERVATORI, Mars stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark P TR in ex., S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 217, 772. C —. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) This type was struck under Constantine at the time of the conclusion of the alliance with Maximian in the spring of AD 307. Its extreme rarity is indicative of Constantine’s reluctance to accord recognition to the usurper in Rome (see also nos. 15012 and 15023).

15021

Fa. rev. MARTI VICTORI AVG N, Mars advancing r., dragging captive by hair and holding spear and shield in l., mint mark R E followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 383, 269. c 94. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15022

Fc (bust l.). rev. — Mars advancing r., spearing and trampling on enemy, captive seated l. behind, mint mark as previous followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vi, p. 383, 270. C —. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

15023

ea. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Maxentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P lG in ex. ric vi, p. 262, 274. c 99. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) This type was struck under Constantine at the time of the conclusion of the alliance with Maximian in the spring of AD 307. Its extreme rarity is indicative of Constantine’s reluctance to accord recognition to the usurper in Rome (see also nos. 15012 and 15020).

354

the tetrarchies

15024

Billon follis. Fa. rev. SAECVLI FELIC (or FELICITAS) AVG N, she-wolf stg. l., suckling Romulus and Remus, mint mark M OST followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 405, 51-2. c 100-01. [Ostia, AD 309-12]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15025

Fa. rev. VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM AVG N, Maxentius, in military attire, stg. r., resting on spear and receiving Victory on globe from Mars l., holding trophy, prostrate captive on ground between them, mint mark M OST followed by officina mark Q (= 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 405, 55. c 133. [Ostia, AD 309-12]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

15026

Fa. rev. VICTORIA AETERNA AVG N, Victory advancing l. (or very rarely to r.), holding wreath and palm, mint mark M OST followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 405, 53-4. c 71. [Ostia, AD 309-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15027

Similar, but Victory is stg. facing amidst six seated captives and with officina mark Γ (= 3). ric vi, p. 403, 22. c 114. [Ostia, AD 309]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

15028

Fa. rev. VICTORIA AVG N, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, sometimes with captive seated at feet, mint mark R E followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 384, 272-3. c 126-7. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

15029

similar, but Victory is alighting l. on globe, captive seated on ground to l. ric vi, p. 384, 274. cf. c 128. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

15030

Fa. rev. VIRTVS AVG N, Maxentius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding globe and resting on spear, captive seated at feet to l., mint mark R E followed by officina mark Q (= 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 384, 276. c —. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

15031

similar, but with rev. type Maxentius galloping l. over two enemies, thrusting with spear and holding shield, and with officina mark S (= 2) following mint mark. RIC vi, p. 384, 275. c —. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

15032

As previous, but Maxentius galloping r. and with mint mark M OST followed by officina mark t (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 406, 56. c —. [Ostia, AD 311-12]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

15033

Fa. rev. — Maxentius seated l. on curule chair, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him also holding palm, receiving globe from soldier stg. r. before him, another soldier in background holding two standards, mint mark R B followed by officina mark P (= 1) in ex. ric vi, p. 379, 225. c —. [Rome, AD 308-10]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

15034

Fa. rev. VOT OPTATA ROMAE FEL, Victory stg. r., inscribing shield set on cippus, mint mark as previous but followed by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vi, p. 406, 57. C 135. [Ostia, AD 311-12]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £375 ($650)

15035

Billon half follis. Ma or laur. hd. l. rev. VICTORIA AETERNA AVG N, Victory stg. r., inscribing Vot / X on shield set on cippus, captive seated on ground to l., mint mark r followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 380, 227, 229. C 116-17. [Rome, AD 310]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) Types similar to this and the following were issued also at the Ostia mint (RIC 60-61).

15036

similar, but with obv. type helmeted and cuir. bust l., holding spear forward or over shoulder in r. hand and shield in l. ric vi, p. 380, 230-32. c 118-19. [Rome, AD 310]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

15037

as 15035, but Victory inscribes Vot / XX on shield. ric vi, p. 381, 233-4. c 120-21. [Rome, AD 310]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

15038

as previous, but with obv. as 15036 (spear over shoulder). ric vi, p. 381, 233-5. c —. [Rome, AD 310]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

MaXeNtiUs For diVUs roMUlUs

355

15039 (ostia mint) 15039

Billon half follis. Ma. rev. — as 15035, but Victory inscribes Vot / XX / Fel on shield. ric vi, p. 381, 236. c —. [Rome, AD 310]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) Types similar to this, but with head left or military bust left, were issued also at the Ostia mint (RIC 62-4).

15040

Ma. rev. VOT / QQ / MVL / X (or XX) in four lines within wreath, mint and officina marks as 15035. ric vi, p. 381, 237-8. cf. c 136, 138. [Rome, AD 310]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15041

15042

15041

Billon third follis. F or M, b or bust l. rev. CONSERV (or CONSER) VRB SVAE, hexastyle temple containing roma seated facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, sometimes with wreath in pediment, no mint mark. ric vi, pp. 384-5, 278-80. c 22 var. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15042

Ma. rev. as 15040, but no mint mark. ric vi, p. 385, 281a, c. c 136, 138. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

15043

as previous, but with rev. VOT / QQ / MVL / X / FEL in five lines within wreath. RIC vi, p. 385, 281b. c 137. [Rome, AD 310-11]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

15044 15044

M, hd. r., clad in lion’s skin. rev. VOT / X / FEL in three lines within wreath, mint mark R followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) below. RIC vi, p. 381, 241. C 141. [Rome, AD 310]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

Issues of Maxentius in honour of Divus Romulus († AD 309) Valerius Romulus was the son of Maxentius and Valeria Maximilla, daughter of Galerius. His date of birth is uncertain though AD 306 seems likely as his parents’ marriage probably took place in the preceding year. He also had a younger brother who was still alive in 312 though the name of this sibling is not known. Despite being little more than an infant Romulus bore the title of ‘Nobilissimus Vir’ (abbreviated to N V on his posthumous coinage) and in addition

356

the tetrarchies

held two consulships with his father, in 308 and 309. However, like Nigrinian, son of Carinus (see nos. 12410-13), Romulus never bore the imperial rank of Caesar. To the emperor’s great sorrow Romulus died during the course of his second consulship and was subsequently deified, an extensive billon coinage comprising three denominations being struck in his honour at both Rome and Ostia. The temple of Divus Romulus, begun by Maxentius and completed by Constantine, remains a prominent feature of the Roman Forum.

15045 15045

Billon follis. iMP MaXeNtiVs diVo roMVlo N V Filio, bare hd. of romulus r. rev. AETERNA MEMORIA, domed hexastyle temple of divus romulus with one of its two doors ajar, the dome surmounted by eagle stg. r., hd. l., with wings spread, mint mark M OST followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 404, 33. C (romulus) 1. [Ostia, AD 311]. VF £130 ($225) / EF £375 ($650) The temple depicted on this type is that of Divus Romulus which is still to be seen on the Via Sacra adjoining the Basilica of Maxentius. Left unfinished at the time of the usurper’s downfall in AD 312 both structures were completed under Constantine, the temple presumably being dedicated to the founder of the city rather than to the son of Maxentius.

15046

15049

15046

diVo roMVlo N V Bis coNs, as previous. rev. AETERNAE MEMORIAE, domed sepulchre of divus romulus with plain brick façade and without columns, one of its two doors ajar, the dome surmounted by eagle stg. r.. hd. l., with wings spread, mint mark r B followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 377, 207. C (romulus) 6. [Rome, AD 309-10]. VF £110 ($185) / EF £320 ($550) This simpler structure doubtless represents the sepulchre of Divus Romulus which was erected on the Appian Way.

15047

Obv. As 15045. Rev. — as 15045, but with mint mark R E followed by officina mark P (= 1) in ex. ric vi, p. 382, 256. c (romulus) 10. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

15048

as previous, but the building is tetrastyle or distyle instead of hexastyle and sometimes the doors are closed. ric vi, p. 382, 249. c (romulus) 11-12. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

15049

as 15046, but with mint mark r e instead of r B. ric vi, p. 382, 257. c (romulus) 6. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

15050

Similar, but with mint mark M OST followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 404, 34. c (romulus) 6. [Ostia, AD 309-10]. VF £110 ($185) / EF £320 ($550)

MaXeNtiUs For diVUs MaXiMiaN

357

15051

Billon half follis. diVo roMVlo N V Bis c (or coNs), bare hd. of romulus r. rev. AETERNAE MEMORIAE, domed sepulchre of divus romulus, as 15046, but with mint mark as previous. ric vi, p. 406, 58-9. c (romulus) 9. [Ostia, AD 309-10]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15052

Billon third follis. As previous (BIS CONS), but with mint mark R B followed by officina mark Q (= 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 379, 226. c (romulus) 7 var. [Rome, AD 309-10]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

15053 15053

Similar, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC vi, p. 381, 239. c (romulus) 7. [Rome, AD 309-10]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

15054

as previous, but with obv. type bare-headed half-length bust r., wearing (consular?) robe. ric vi, p. 381, 240. c (romulus) 8. [Rome, AD 309-10]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

Issues of Maxentius in honour of Divus Maximian († AD 310) Maxentius and Maximian were enemies following the senior emperor’s unsuccessful attempt to overthrow his son in the spring of AD 308 and his subsequent flight to the court of his son-in-law Constantine in Gaul. Nevertheless, Maxentius was glad to include his father in the series of posthumous coinages which he produced in the latter part of his reign, the intention being to bolster his own image by publicizing his close family connections with three of the legitimate rulers of the First and Second Tetrarchies. Other issues honouring Divus Maximian were struck by Licinius and Constantine. 15055

Billon follis. iMP MaXeNtiVs diVo MaXiMiaNo Patri, veiled hd. of Maximian r. rev. AETERNA MEMORIA, domed hexastyle temple with one of its two doors ajar, the dome surmounted by eagle stg. r., hd. l., with wings spread, mint mark M ost followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 404, 26. C (Maximian) 17. [Ostia, AD 311]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15056

similar, but with obv. legend diVo MaXiMiaNo Patri MaXeNtiVs aVG. ric vi, p. 404, 25. c (Maximian) 14. [Ostia, AD 311]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275)

15057

Similar, but with obv. legend DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN AVG (officina S only recorded). ric vi, p. 404, 24. c (Maximian) 15. [Ostia, AD 311]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

15058

obv. as 15055. rev. AETERNAE MEMORIAE, domed hexastyle temple, as 15055, but with mint mark R E followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 382, 251. cf. c (Maximian) 18. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15059

Obv. As 15057. Rev. — as previous, but officina S only recorded. RIC vi, p. 382, 250. C (Maximian) —. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

15060

obv. as 15055. rev. — as previous, but the temple is tetrastyle or distyle. ric vi, p. 382, 244. c (Maximian) 19. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

15061

similar, but with obv. legend as 15056. ric vi, p. 382, 243. c (Maximian) —. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

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the tetrarchies

Issues of Maxentius in honour of Divus Constantius I († AD 306) Constantius was the father of Maxentius’ brother-in-law Constantine. Although hardly a close connection, Maxentius obviously thought it justified the former western emperor’s inclusion in his series of posthumous coinages issued in AD 311 to emphasize his legitimacy through his relationship with other rulers of the period. An earlier issue had been produced at the northern Italian mints of Ticinum and Aquileia, doubtless in connection with the alliance concluded with Constantine in 307. Other issues honouring Divus Constantius were struck at various times by Constantine. 15062

Billon follis. iMP MaXeNtiVs diVo coNstaNtio adFiNi, veiled hd. of constantius i r. rev. AETERNA MEMORIA, domed hexastyle temple with one of its two doors ajar, the dome surmounted by eagle stg. r., hd. l., with wings spread, mint mark M ost followed by officina mark P, s, t, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 404, 29. c (constantius i) 2. [Ostia, AD 311]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275) Adfinis (or affinis) means ‘related by marriage’.

15063

similar, but with obv. legend iMP MaXeNtiVs diVo coNstaNtio coGN (officina s only recorded). ric vi, p. 404, 28. c (constantius i) 3 var. [Ostia, AD 311]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300) Cognatus here has the vague meaning of ‘related’.

15064

similar, but with obv. legend diVo coNstaNtio coGN MaXeNtiVs aVG (officinae S and T recorded). RIC vi, p. 404, 27. C (Constantius I) 4. [Ostia, AD 311]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

15065

similar, but with obv. legend diVo coNstaNtio adFiNi MaXeNtiVs aVG (officinae S only recorded). RIC vi, p. 404, 28A. C (Constantius I) —. [Ostia, AD 311]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15066

15068

15066

obv. as 15063. rev. AETERNAE MEMORIAE, domed hexastyle temple, as 15062, but with mint mark r e followed by officina mark t (= 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 382, 252. c (constantius i) 5. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15067

as previous, but the temple is tetrastyle or distyle and officinae s and t (= 2 and 3) recorded. ric vi, p. 382, 245. c (constantius i) 6. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

15068

diVo coNstaNtio aVG, veiled hd. or bust of constantius i r. rev. MEM (or MEMORIA) DIVI CONSTANTI, domed shrine with arched double doors, the dome surmounted by eagle stg. r., wings spread, mint mark t preceded by officina mark P, s, or t (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 294, 96-7. c (constantius i) 169, 171. [Ticinum, AD 307-8]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

MaXeNtiUs For diVUs GaleriUs

359

15069 15069

Billon follis. obv. as previous. rev. MEMORIA DIVI CONSTANTI, square altar enclosure with two doors, surmounted by eagle stg. facing, hd. l., wings spread, mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P, S, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 326, 127 (wrong obv. legend). c (constantius i) 174. Ma (constantius i) 79. [Aquileia, AD 307-8]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

Issues of Maxentius in honour of Divus Galerius Maximian († AD 311) Even though they were bitter political enemies, Maxentius was the son-in-law of Galerius Maximian by virtue of his marriage to Valeria Maximilla. When Galerius died in May, AD 311, Maxentius did not hesitate to include him in the extensive series of ‘Divi’ coins issued at this time from the mints of Rome and Ostia. Other issues honouring Divus Galerius Maximian were struck under Maximinus II and Licinius. 15070

Billon follis. iMP MaXeNtiVs diVo MaXiMiaNo socero, veiled hd. of Galerius Maximian r. rev. AETERNA MEMORIA, domed hexastyle temple with one of its two doors ajar, the dome surmounted by eagle stg. r., hd. l., with wings spread, mint mark M OST followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 404, 31. C (Galerius) 4. [Ostia, AD 311]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) Socer means ‘father-in-law’.

15071 15071

similar, but with obv. legend diVo MaXiMiaNo socero MaXeNtiVs aVG. ric vi, p. 404, 30. c (Galerius) 2. [Ostia, AD 311]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

15072

obv. as 15070. rev. AETERNAE MEMORIAE, domed hexastyle temple, as 15070, but with mint mark R E followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 382, 255. c (Galerius) —. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15073

Similar, but with obv. legend as 15071 (officinae P and Q (= 1 and 4) recorded). RIC vi, p. 382, 254. c (Galerius) —. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275)

15074

Similar, but with obv. legend DIVO MAXIMIANO IVN AVG (officinae S and Q (= 2 and 4) recorded). ric vi, p. 382, 253. cf. c (Galerius) 6. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

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the tetrarchies

15075

Billon follis. obv. as 15070. rev. AETERNAE MEMORIAE, as 15070, but the temple is tetrastyle or distyle and with mint and officina marks as 15072. RIC vi, p. 382, 248. c (Galerius) 5. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

15076

Obv. As 15071. Rev. — as previous (officina Q only recorded). RIC vi, p. 382, 247. C (Galerius) —. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15077

obv. as 15074. rev. — as previous. ric vi, p. 382, 246. cf. c (Galerius) 6. [Rome, AD 311]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

ALEXANDER summer ad 308–summer 310 15089 Lucius Domitius Alexander, a native of either Phrygia or Pannonia, was vicar of Africa in the early part of the reign of Maxentius. It is known that in AD 303 a certain Valerius Alexander had been appointed by Maximian to the post of governor of the diocese of Africa and if he is to be identified with Domitius Alexander then it would seem that he changed his name on becoming emperor. Although advanced in years and diffident by nature Domitius Alexander was prevailed upon to raise the standards of rebellion against the government of Maxentius. There can be little doubt that the movement was inspired by Maximian, a popular figure in North Africa, who had recently quarrelled with his son Maxentius and fled to the court of his son-in-law Constantine in Gaul. The rebellion seems to have lasted for about two years before finally being suppressed by Maxentius’ praetorian prefect Rufius Volusianus. In the interim Maxentius’ position had been seriously weakened by the starvation caused in Rome by the interruption in the vital annual grain supply from North Africa. The consequent riots had to be put down with great brutality resulting in serious loss of support in Italy for the Maxentian regime. This famine in the capital obviously took place with the full connivance of Maximian and Constantine who hoped thereby to remove Maxentius from the political scene and to take full control of the Empire’s western provinces. The eventual failure of Alexander’s revolt probably contributed to the downfall of Maximian in Gaul at about the same time. The rare coinage of Alexander was all produced at the North African mint of Carthage which had originally been opened by Maximian about AD 296. Perhaps fearing insurrection in the province, Maxentius had closed this mint in the summer of AD 307, withdrawing both bullion and staff to Italy. The establishment of a new mint at Ostia in the following year may have been accomplished through the re-employment of these resources. When Alexander began his issues in 308 it was clear that none of the former skilled mint personnel were available to him and in consequence the products are quite variable in quality and execution. Extremely rare gold was struck augmented by larger issues of billon folles exhibiting a surprisingly wide range of reverse types. No silver has been recorded. On the downfall of Alexander in the summer of 310 the irregular mint establishment was closed down and Carthage was not reopened as an imperial mint until Byzantine times, more than two centuries later. There are two varieties of obverse legend: a. iMP aleXaNder P F aVG B. iMP c aleXaNder P F aVG All coins have a laureate head of Alexander to right.

aleXaNder

361

15078 15078

Gold aureus. B. rev. INVICTA ROMA FEL KARTHAGO, carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 433, 62. calicó 5084. c 3. depeyrot, p. 67, 4/1. [Carthage, AD 308]. VF £26,000 ($45,000) / EF £57,500 ($100,000)

15079

B (but aG for aVG). rev. — (but iNVita for iNVicta), roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, shield at side, mint mark as previous. cf. ric vi, p. 433, 63. calicó 5085. c 5. cf. depeyrot, p. 67, 5/1. [Carthage, AD 308]. VF £31,500 ($55,000) / EF £68,500 ($120,000)

15080

Billon follis. a. rev. AFRICA AVG N, africa stg. facing, hd. l., wearing elephant’s skin head-dress, holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion and bull’s hd. at feet, mint mark P K in ex. ric vi, p. 433, 64. c 1. [Carthage, AD 308-10]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15081

a. rev. GLORIA EXERCIT (or EXERCITVS) KART, alexander, in military attire, on horseback pacing r., his r. hand raised, mint mark as previous. ric vi, p. 434, 65-6. c 2. [Carthage, AD 308-10]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15082

a. rev. INVICTA ROMA FELIX KARTHAGO, carthage stg., all as 15078. ric vi, p. 434, 68. c 6. [Carthage, AD 308-10]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15083 15083

a. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. facing, hd. l., holding thunderbolt and resting on sceptre, mint mark as 15080. ric vi, p. 434, 69. cf. c 7. [Carthage, AD 308-10]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15084

a. rev. ROMAE AETERNAE, hexastyle temple containing roma seated facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, sometimes with dot in pediment, mint mark as 15080. ric vi, p. 434, 70. c 10. [Carthage, AD 308-10]. VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15085

similar, but with mint mark P * K in ex. ric vi, p. 435, 75. c 10. [Carthage, AD 310]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15086

a. rev. — roma (or alexander) stg. facing, hd. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark as 15080. ric vi, p. 434, 71. c 9. [Carthage, AD 308-10]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15087

a. rev. ROMAE AETERNAE AVG N, roma seated l. on ornamented throne, holding globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark as 15085. ric vi, p. 435, 76. cf. c 11 (rev. misdescribed). [Carthage, AD 310]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

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the tetrarchies

15088 15088

Billon follis. a. rev. S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, legionary eagle between two standards, mint mark as 15080. ric vi, p. 434, 72. c 12. [Carthage, AD 308-10]. VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) This is a revival of a type issued by Trajan two centuries before (see Volume II, nos. 3107, 3170, and 3238). Following Constantine’s victory over Maxentius in 312 he reintroduced the type at Rome and Ostia, perhaps as a tribute to his former ally who had perished at the hands of Maxentius two years before.

15089

a. rev. VICTORIA ALEXANDRI AVG N, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark as 15080. ric vi, p. 434, 73. c 13. [Carthage, AD 308-10]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) Illustrated at reign heading.

15090

similar, but with rev. legend VICTORIA AVGVSTO NOSTRO. ric vi, p. 435, 74. c —. [Carthage, AD 308-10]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

LICINIUS 11 Nov. ad 308–sep./oct. 324 15120 Valerius Licinianus Licinius, a native of Upper Moesia, was born of peasant stock probably during the sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260-268). As a young man he was a friend and fellowsoldier of Galerius Maximian who was later to be promoted to be Diocletian’s Caesar and designated successor to the eastern throne. In circa AD 298 he served under Galerius in the latter’s campaign against the Persians and on Galerius’ elevation to the rank of Augustus in 305 Licinius became one of his closest confidants and advisors. In the troubled period following the death of Galerius’ co-emperor Constantius in AD 306, leading to the usurpation of Maxentius and Maximian and the defeat of Constantius’ successor Severus II, Licinius was entrusted with the unenviable task of serving as an envoy to the rebel regime in Rome. However, this attempt at a diplomatic solution to the problem was unsuccessful and Galerius was obliged to launch an invasion of Italy which also failed to resolve the situation. Galerius’ next move was to convene a conference at Carnuntum to try to restore the tetrarchic form of government (November 308). One of the principal outcomes of this momentous meeting was the elevation of Licinius to the position of western Augustus in succession to the deceased Severus. But Licinius had never served in the junior imperial rank of Caesar, a fact which annoyed both Constantine in the West and Galerius’ Caesar Maximinus II in the East, thus setting the stage for future civil conflict following the eastern emperor’s death in 311. War between Licinius and Maximinus was not long delayed and ended in total defeat for the latter (April 313). Constantine in the West and Licinius in the East now shared the imperial power between them, an alliance which had already been sealed several months before the downfall of Maximinus by their joint promulgation at Milan of the

liciNiUs

363

edict on religious toleration and the marriage of Licinius to Constantine’s half-sister Constantia. Surprisingly, this uneasy partnership survived for more than a decade, though there were two episodes of civil war during each of which Licinius raised to the rank of co-emperor a rival to Constantine (Valerius Valens in 316-17 and Martinian in 324). Inevitably, both of these pawns in the political game were deposed after short reigns, Valens being executed in 317 and Martinian sharing his sponsor’s fate in 325. The first of these civil wars cost Licinius most of his European territories with the exceptions of Thrace and part of Moesia. But peace was patched up between the eastern and western rulers and the new accord was celebrated in March 317 with the official elevations to the rank of Caesar of Constantine’s two sons, Crispus and Constantine II, and the 20-month-old son of Licinius and Constantia, Licinius Junior. The final conflict began six years later when Constantine, anxious to be rid of his troublesome colleague, provoked war by entering Thrace on the pretext of confronting Gothic invaders. Licinius took the bait and by the summer of 324 full-scale war had broken out. Constantine won a decisive victory at Adrianople in July and his eldest son Crispus captured a major portion of the Licinian fleet even though his squadron was heavily outnumbered. Besieged in Byzantium, Licinius was obliged to cross into Asia where he hoped to rally his forces. However, disaster finally overtook him at the battle of Chrysopolis (18 September) and soon afterwards he was persuaded by his wife to surrender, being permitted to retire into private life in Thessalonica. His retirement was of short duration for the following spring he was accused of plotting the overthrow of Constantine and was immediately put to death, the 11-year-old Licinius Junior suffering the same fate the following year (326). The coinages of Licinius and Constantine are of considerable interest by virtue of the Constantinian monetary reforms which were being enacted at this time and which resulted in significant inconsistencies between the currencies being produced in the names of both emperors in the eastern and western halves of the Empire. In Constantine’s territories the traditional gold aureus (5.4 grams, 1/60th of a pound) was replaced about AD 310 by the lighter solidus (4.5 grams, 1/72nd of a pound) which was to become the principal gold denomination of the late Roman and Byzantine coinages. Licinius, however, continued production of the aureus right up to the time of his defeat in 324. To what extent the population was aware of this discrepancy between eastern and western gold coins is difficult to say but the ever-increasing availability of the solidus may have tended to drive the aureus out of circulation. In the case of the billon coinage another inconsistency developed about AD 318/19 when Constantine abandoned the follis (now reduced to less than 3.50 grams), with its pagan types of Sol and Mars, and replaced it with a new coin weighing about 3 grams. This closely resembled the experimental argenteus or centenionalis of 25% silver which had been struck at Trier in AD 312. Even the reverse type was initially the same (VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories supporting shield) as a result of which the name ‘centenionalis’ has been given to this successor of the follis, even though its tiny silver content was probably no more than that of its predecessor. Succeeding reverse types of the centenionalis focused on military themes and votive commemorations. This was in sharp contrast to Licinius’ mints in the East where folles continued to be struck until 324, the reverses devoted almost exclusively to the pagan Jupiter. The confusion was finally resolved in 324 with Constantine’s victory over Licinius at Chrysopolis which extended his rule over the entire Empire. Solidi and centenionales were now issued at all the imperial mints and the follis was abandoned. The aureus, however, continued to be struck on special occasions, probably for distribution as largesse. In the year following Licinius’ execution (326) a mint was opened at the newly-founded city of Constantinople on the site of ancient Byzantium. The new Christian capital of the eastern Empire was officially dedicated four years later, on 11 May 330, and its establishment as a rival to Rome was a major turning-point in the history of western civilization. Licinius’ downfall had marked the end of official paganism in the Roman world though the old religion still had many adherents and there was a brief attempt at revival under Julian II in the early 360s. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: a. iMP c lic liciNNiVs (or liciNiVs) P F aVG B. iMP c Val lic liciNNiVs (or liciNiVs) P F aVG c. iMP c Val liciN liciNiVs P F aVG d. iMP lic liciNiVs P F aVG e. iMP liciNiVs aVG F. iMP liciNiVs P aVG

364

the tetrarchies G. iMP liciNiVs P F aVG h. liciNiVs aVG i. liciNiVs aVGVstVs J. liciNiVs P aVG K. liciNiVs P F aVG l. liciNNiVs P F aVG M. Val liciNiVs P F aVG N. Val liciNNiaNVs liciNNiVs P F aVG

The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full: a. laur. hd. r. b. laur. and cuir. bust r. c. laur. and dr. bust r. d. laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. e. rad. hd. r. f. rad., dr. and cuir. bust r. g. helmeted and cuir. bust r. 15091

Gold aureus. Ka. rev. CONSVL DD NN, licinius, togate, stg. l., holding globe and baton, mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., mark of value Σ in field to r. RIC vi, p. 513, 27. calicó 5086. cf. c 8. depeyrot, p. 110, 4/1. [Thessalonica, AD 309]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following two and 15096, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

15092

la. rev. CONSVL P P PROCONSVL, as previous, but with mint and value marks s M a Σ between crescent and star in ex. ric vi, p. 630, 101. calicó 5088. cf. c 9. depeyrot, p. 142, 23/1. [Antioch, AD 309]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15093 15093

Ka. Rev. — similar, but also with Q above II in l. field. RIC vi, p. 641, 156a and vii, p. 675, 6. calicó 5087. cf. c 9. depeyrot, p. 144, 32/2. [Antioch, AD 313]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The ‘Q’ in reverse field is probably a reference to the celebration of Licinius’ quinquennalia, or fifth anniversary of rule.

15094

Ka. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and crescent in l. field, star in r. (or star above crescent in l. field). RIC vii, p. 676, 9 and p. 678, 19. Calicó 5090-91. Cf. C 9. Depeyrot, pp. 144-5, 33/1, 34/1. [Antioch, AD 315, 318]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15095

Ka. Rev. — as previous, but with star above crescent in l. field and I S above INT (NT ligatured) in r. ric vii, p. 679, 23. calicó 5089. cf. c 9. depeyrot, p. 145, 36/2. [Antioch, AD 318]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) The letters in reverse field have been interpreted as iovi semper (or sancto) invicto.

liciNiUs 15096

365

Gold aureus. liciNNiVs aVGVstVs, a. rev. CONSVLI P P PROCOS, as 15092, but also with Θ in field to r. Cf. RIC vi, p. 630, 102. Cf. Calicó 5092. Cf. C 10. Depeyrot, p. 143, 24/1. [Antioch, AD 309]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15097 15097

liciNiVs aVG oB d V Filii sVi, bare-headed, dr. and cuir. bust facing. rev. IOVI CONS LICINI AVG, Jupiter seated facing on platform, holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet to l., the platform inscribed sic X / sic XX, mint mark s M N followed by officina mark Γ, ∆, or ε (= 3, 4, or 5) in ex. ric vii, p. 606, 41. calicó 5094-5096b. c 128. depeyrot, p. 126, 31/1. [Nicomedia, AD 321-2]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000) In the obverse legend the phrase OB D V may be expanded as ob diem quinquennalium in reference to the fifth anniversary of Licinius Junior’s elevation to the rank of Caesar.

15098

Similar, but on rev. with star in r. field and in ex. mint mark S M AN followed by officina mark ε (= 5) with dot to l. or to r. ric vii, p. 681, 31-2. calicó 5097. c —. depeyrot, p. 145, 37/1, 38/1. [Nicomedia, AD 321-2]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

15099

15101a

15099

ia. rev. — as 15097, but Jupiter is seated to l. instead of facing, and sometimes without officina mark following S M N. Cf. RIC vii, p. 602, 20 (wrong obv. legend). Calicó 50985100. cf. c 130 (rev. type misdescribed). cf. depeyrot, p. 125, 27/1, 28/1 (rev. type misdescribed). [Nicomedia, AD 317-18]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15100

Ka. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and star above crescent in r. field. ric vii, p. 678, 20. calicó 5101. cf. c 129. depeyrot, p. 145, 35/1. [Antioch, AD 31718]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15101

ia. rev. — as 15099, but Jupiter is stg. l. instead of seated, sometimes with dot preceding mint mark, and sometimes with wreath in field to r. Cf. RIC vii, p. 602, 18-19 (wrong obv. legend). calicó 5102-5. cf. c 131. cf. depeyrot, pp. 124-5, 25/1, 25B/1, 26/1 (rev. type misdescribed). [Nicomedia, AD 317-18]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15101a

Ka. rev. GLORIA EXERCITI AVGG NN, licinius, in military attire, on horseback pacing l., his r. hand raised, holding globe in l., mint mark P r in ex. ric —. calicó 5093. c —. cf. depeyrot, p. 88, 17/3 (described as a solidus). [Rome, AD 312]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) As this was struck under Constantine following his victory over Maxentius one would have expected it to be a solidus. However, it appears there must have been a short delay at Rome before the introduction of the new lighter weight standard for the gold coinage.

366

the tetrarchies

15102

Gold aureus. Ga. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet to l. holding wreath in beak, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 478, 190. calicó 5110. c —. depeyrot, p. 99, 11/2. [Siscia, AD 308-9]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15103

Ka. Rev. — as previous, but also with X in field to r. RIC vi, p. 481, 212. Calicó 5109. c —. cf. depeyrot, p. 100, 12/1 (wrong rev. legend). [Siscia, AD 312-13]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15104

Similar, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet, and with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and mark of value Σ in field to r. RIC vi, p. 516, 43. Cf. Calicó 5118 (rev. type misdescribed). cf. c 62 (rev. type misdescribed). depeyrot, p. 111, 5/1. [Thessalonica, AD 311-13]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following two and 15096, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 1468990, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

15105

Ka. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet to l. holding wreath or sceptre in beak, mint mark SIS in ex., X in field to r. RIC vii, p. 425, 18. calicó 5108, 5108a. c 62. depeyrot, p. 101, 16/1. [Siscia, AD 316]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15106

Ga. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. and nothing in field (eagle holds wreath in beak). ric vii, p. 424, 13. calicó 5111. c —. depeyrot, p. 101, 15/2. [Siscia, AD 315]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15107

Ia. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark Γ, ∆, or ε (= 3, 4, or 5) with or without dot, and sometimes with N in field to r. RIC vii, pp. 600-01, 11 and cf. 16 (wrong obv. legend). calicó 5112-15. c 63. depeyrot, pp. 123-4, 20/1-23/1. [Nicomedia, AD 316-17]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) Officina ε occurs only on coins with N in reverse field.

15108

La. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. and nothing in field (eagle holds nothing in beak). ric vi, p. 681, 131a and vii, p. 702, 1. calicó 5106. c —. depeyrot, p. 150, 13/3 (wrongly dated). [Alexandria, AD 313]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15109 15109

i or K, a. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG, Jupiter holding thunderbolt, all as 15103. ric vii, p. 425, 19-21. calicó 5119-20. cf. c 89 (rev. type misdescribed). depeyrot, p. 100, 12/2. [Siscia, AD 312-13]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) RIC dates this issue to AD 316.

15110

ia. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter holding Victory on globe, as 15105 (eagle holds wreath in beak), but with mint mark ser in ex. (usually between two dots) and with N in field to r. RIC vii, p. 479, 1, 3. Calicó 5126-5126b. C 106. Depeyrot, pp. 109-10, 10/1, 11/2. [Serdica, AD 313-14]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

liciNiUs

367

15111

Gold aureus. Similar, but with mint mark S M H T in ex., usually followed by officina mark Β (= 2), nothing in field. RIC vii, p. 541, 2. Calicó 5124-5. C —. Depeyrot, p. 115, 1/2. [Heraclea, AD 313]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15112

similar, but with mint mark s M N in ex., sometimes followed by two dots and with star in r. field. RIC vii, p. 599, 4, 8. Calicó 5122-3. C 106. Depeyrot, p. 123, 15/4, 17/2. [Nicomedia, AD 313]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15113 15113

ia. rev. — Jupiter holding thunderbolt, as 15102, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and mark of value Σ in field to r. RIC vi, p. 516, 44a. Calicó 5121. C 104. Depeyrot, p. 111, 5/2. [Thessalonica, AD 311-13]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 1291516, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

15114

Gc. rev. ORIENS AVGG, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe and whip in l., mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 478, 191. calicó 5127. c —. depeyrot, p. 99, 11/3. [Siscia, AD 308-9]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15115

Ga. rev. ORIENS AVGVSTORVM, as previous, but with mint mark sisc in ex. ric vi, p. 482, 217 and vii, p. 424, 14. calicó 5128. c —. depeyrot, p. 101, 15/3. [Siscia, AD 315]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) RIC vi dates this issue to AD 311-13.

15116

da. rev. PROFECTIO AVGG, licinius on horseback pacing r., holding transverse spear, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 482, 218. calicó 5129. c 143. depeyrot, p. 101, 13/5. [Siscia, AD 312-13]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

15117 var. 15117

da. rev. SALVS AVGG NN, salus stg. l., feeding snake arising from altar and holding sceptre, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 478, 194. cf. calicó 5130 (obv. misdescribed). c —. cf. depeyrot, p. 100, 11/6 (omitted in error). [Siscia, AD 308-9]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15118

Ga. rev. SECVRITAS AVGG, licinius in triumphal quadriga pacing r., holding branch in raised r. hand, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 478, 195 and p. 482, 218a. calicó 5131. c 156. depeyrot, p. 101, 13/6. [Siscia, AD 312-13]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500) It is unclear why RIC vi lists this type twice.

368

the tetrarchies

15119

15122

15119

Gold aureus. i or K, a. rev. SIC X / SIC XX in two lines with mint mark s M h sometimes followed by officina mark Β (= 2) below, all within wreath with medallion ornamented with eagle or dot at top. ric vii, pp. 542-3, 7, 9-10. calicó 5132-4. cf. c 158 (mint mark misdescribed). depeyrot, p. 115, 2/1, 3/2-3. [Heraclea, AD 315-16]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15120

Ka, d. rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, licinius, in military attire, stg. r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P tr in ex. ric vii, p. 163, 4-5. calicó 5135, 5136. c 167. depeyrot, p. 54, 15/1-2. [Trier, AD 310]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) Illustrated at reign heading. RIC dates this issue to AD 313-15.

15121

ia. rev. VICTORIA AVGG NN, Victory stg. r., holding shield, inscribed Vot / V / MVl / X, resting on cippus, mint mark s M N in ex. ric vii, p. 599, 3. calicó 5137. c —. depeyrot, p. 123, 15/3. [Nicomedia, AD 313]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15122

ia. rev. VICTORIAE AVGG NN, similar, but the shield is inscribed Vot / X / MVl / XX and with officina mark Γ or ε (= 3 or 5) following the mint mark. ric vii, p. 600, 10. calicó 5138-9. c —. depeyrot, p. 123, 19/1. [Nicomedia, AD 315-16]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15123

Ga. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, licinius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark sis in ex. ric vi, p. 478, 197. calicó 5140. c —. depeyrot, p. 100, 11/8. [Siscia, AD 309-9]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15124

Ga. rev. — licinius, in military attire, on horseback galloping r., thrusting with spear at fallen enemy beneath horse, mint mark as previous. ric —. calicó 5140a. c —. depeyrot —. [Siscia, AD 312-13]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

15125

ia. rev. VOTIS V MVLTIS X, as 15121, but the shield is inscribed Vi / cto / ria / AVG and with mint and officina marks S M H T B (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 541, 4. Calicó 5146. c 204. depeyrot, p. 115, 1/4. [Heraclea, AD 313]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15126

similar, but with mint mark s M N in ex. and sometimes also with star above two dots in l. field. RIC vii, p. 599, 2, 6. Calicó 5144-5. C —. depeyrot, pp. 122-3, 15/2, 16/2. [Nicomedia, AD 313]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15127

K or l, a. rev. — as 15125, but with mint and value marks s M a Σ in ex. and sometimes also with Q above II in l. field. Cf. RIC vii, p. 575, 2-4. Calicó 5141-3. C 205. Depeyrot, p. 144, 30/2-3, 31/1. [Antioch, AD 313]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The ‘Q’ in reverse field is probably a reference to the celebration of Licinius’ quinquennalia, or fifth anniversary of rule. The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

liciNiUs

369

NB cohen 182 (= ric vii, p. 374, 100) records a gold multiple of ticinum, of uncertain denomination, destroyed in the robbery of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in 1831 (rev. VirtVs aVGG NN, seated roma receiving branch from helmeted Virtus with Victory behind). see also the 4-aureus medallion of licinius and licinius Junior from Nicomedia (ric vii, p. 605, 37). 15128

Gold solidus. Ga. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG NN, concordia seated l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark s M t in ex. ric vii, p. 375, 102. c 7. depeyrot, p. 72, 17/3. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) NB constantine’s new standard gold denomination introduced about ad 310 and weighing only 4.5 grams as opposed to the 5.4 grams of the aureus. in addition to those in his own name, constantine issued solidi and a few fractional denominations in the names of Maximinus ii (see nos. 14818-21) and licinius.

15129

Ka. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and resting on sceptre, mint mark P ost in ex. ric vi, p. 407, 66. c —. depeyrot, p. 75, 2/1. [Ostia, AD 312]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15130

similar, but with mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 222, 813. cf. c 102. depeyrot, p. 55, 17/8. [Trier, AD 312-13]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15131

Ka. rev. MARTI CONSERVATORI, Mars stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 385, 283. cf. c 137. depeyrot, p. 89, 17/5. [Rome, AD 312]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15132

Ka. rev. PERPETVA VIRTVS AVG, licinius, in military attire, on horseback pacing r., preceded by soldier walking r., hd. l., holding spear and shield, mint mark s M t in ex. ric vi, p. 297, 112. c 140. depeyrot, p. 69, 11/1. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

15133

Ka. rev. PRINCIPIS PROVIDENTISSIMI, owl seated on column inscribed sa / Pi / eN / tia in four lines, helmet on ground to l., spear and shield to r., mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark Q (= 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 234, 2. Cf. C 142. depeyrot, p. 65, 1/5. eMa, p. 22, 2/2. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) The mint of Arelate (Arles) was opened by Constantine in AD 313 utilizing staff transferred from the recently closed Ostia mint.

15134 15134

Ka. rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, licinius stg. between two captives, all as 15120. ric vi, p. 222, 817c. calicó 5135a. c 167. depeyrot, p. 54, 15/10. [Trier, AD 310]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15135

Ka. rev. VICTORIAAVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark s M t in ex. ric —. calicó 5136a. c —. depeyrot —. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

370

the tetrarchies

15136

Gold solidus. Ka. rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, captive seated at feet to l., mint mark P r in ex. ric vi, p. 386, 285c. cf. c 169. depeyrot, p. 89, 17/11. [Rome, AD 312]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) Struck by Constantine to commemorate his victory over Maxentius at the battle of the Milvian Bridge.

15137

h, cuir. bust r., wearing crested helmet. rev. VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed Vot / X, set on cippus, mint mark P r in ex. cf. ric vi, p. 688. cf. c 175. depeyrot, p. 89, 18/3. [Rome, AD 315-16]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) This type is omitted in RIC vii (published 1966) as Bruun considered that it celebrated Constantine’s quinquennalia (5th anniversary) rather than his decennalia (10th anniversary) while Sutherland rightly regarded it as belonging to the latter occasion. It is, therefore, unlisted in either RIC vi (published 1967) or vii.

15138

Ka. rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI, lion stg. l., hd. facing, club l. above, mint mark arl preceded by officina mark P (= 1) in ex. RIC vii, p. 234, 5. C —. Depeyrot, p. 65, 1/6. eMa, p. 22, 2/4. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

15139

Ka. rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL, Mars advancing r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear and trophy over l. shoulder, mint and officina marks as previous, but sometimes also with star in l. field. RIC vii, p. 245, 116-17. C 194. Depeyrot, p. 65, 2/3, 3/2. eMa, p. 33, 9/3, 10/2. [Arles, AD 317]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

15140

Gold semissis (half solidus). G or h, d. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, licinius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P ost sometimes followed by star in ex. ric vi, p. 408, 71-2. c 141. depeyrot, p. 76, 2/8. 3/1. [Ostia, AD 312]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) NB the semissis, or half solidus, was, like its predecessor the gold quinarius, never a common denomination. it appears to have been introduced at the same time, or soon after, constantine’s replacement of the aureus by the solidus. the semissis was to have a long history extending down to the reign of Basil i (ad 867-886).

15141

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua. eb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark tr in ex. ric vi, p. 220, 794. c 103. depeyrot, p. 55, 16/1. [Trier, AD 310]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) NB this curious fractional gold denomination, the equivalent of 9 silver siliquae (argentei), appears to have been introduced at the same time as the solidus (ad 310) as part of constantine’s reorganization of his monetary system. its function remains obscure though it was issued occasionally over much of the 4th century until its replacement by the more conveniently tariffed tremissis, or one-third solidus, about ad 383.

15142

Kb. rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, licinius stg. between two captives, as 15120, but with mint mark tr in ex. ric vii, p. 179, 196. c —. depeyrot, p. 59, 26/5. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15143

Silver multiple of 2 argentei (?). iMP liciNiVs PiVs FeliX aVG, helmeted and cuir. bust l., holding spear over r. shoulder and shield l. arm. rev. VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R, cippus, inscribed XX / XXX / MVl / Fel in four lines, set on ornamented square base and surmounted by fire, mint mark AQ in ex., L in left field. RIC vii, p. 403, 80. RSC 202. MA 178. [Aquileia, AD 320-21]. F £1,150 ($2,000) / VF £2,850 ($5,000) This type was issued to celebrate Constantine’s 15th anniversary of rule (quindecennalia). Similar types were struck also in the names of Constantine himself (see nos. 15818-20), Crispus Caesar (see nos. 16672-3), and Constantine II Caesar (see Volume V). NB this is an experimental denomination, or small medallion.

liciNiUs

15143a

371

15144

15143a

Silver argenteus. liciNNiVs aVGVstVs, a. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint and officina marks ANT H (= 8) between two stars in ex. ric vi, —. rsc —. Freeman & sear Manhattan sale 1 (5 Jan. 2010), lot 447. [Antioch, AD 309]. (Unique)

15144

Base silver argenteus or centenionalis. e, laur., dr. and cuir. bust l., holding thunderbolt in r. hand and sceptre over l. shoulder. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG, eagle stg. r., looking back, its wings spread, bearing on its back Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and transverse sceptre, mint mark P tr in ex. ric vi, p. 224, 825. rsc 99. [Trier, AD 312]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) NB another experimental denomination, containing only 25% silver, issued by constantine at trier in his own name (see no. 15859) as well as those of licinius and Maximinus (see no. 14822). the name implies that it was tariffed at 100 to the gold solidus. it was soon abandoned, however, though the name centenionalis was later (c. 318/19) transferred to a small billon coin of similar appearance and weight but containing only 2-3% silver.

15145

Billon follis. iMP c Valer liciN liciNiVs P F aVG, a. rev. BONO GENIO PII IMPERATORIS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera, from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae, mint mark ALE in ex., K — P across field (with crescent above the K), officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2) to r. ric vi, p. 682, 134a, 135a. c 1. [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) NB at the licinian mints the reduced follis continued to be issued down to the time of the eastern emperor’s downfall in ad 324, while in constantine’s territories it was replaced by the slightly lighter billon centenionalis in 318. thus, as in the case of the gold coinage, there was a divided currency system for some years in the eastern and western provinces, constantine’s victory over licinius eventually restoring a uniform system throughout the empire.

15146

Similar, but with K — X instead of K — P across rev. field. RIC vi, p. 683, 144a. c 1. [Alexandria, AD 311-12]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

15147

Gb. rev. COMITI AAVVGG, sol stg. l., holding globe and whip, mint mark P lN in ex., star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 135, 146c. C 3. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15147a

Gb. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG NN, concordia stg. l., holding long caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark AQ followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 393, 11. c —. Ma 186. [Aquileia, AD 317]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15148

da. rev. GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (without liquid) and cornucopiae, tripod-altar at feet to l., mint mark aQ followed by officina mark S or Γ (= 2 or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 327, 131. c —. Ma 179. [Aquileia, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15149

da. rev. — as previous, but without tripod at feet of Genius and with mint mark SIS in ex., crescent in l. field, and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in r. ric vi, pp. 47980, 198b, 207b. c 26. [Siscia, AD 309-11]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

372

the tetrarchies

15150 15150

Billon follis. Ma. rev. GENIO AVGVSTI, as 15145, but Genius is sometimes also rad., and with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark Α, Β, Γ, ε, or ς (= 1, 2, 3, 5, or 6) in r. field, and star in l. RIC vi, pp. 514 and 516, 30b, 40b. C 27. [Thessalonica, AD 308-11]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15151

ca. rev. — (followed by ligatured CMH), as 15145, but with mint mark s M N followed by officina mark Α, ∆, or ε (= 1, 4, or 5) in ex. ric vi, pp. 562 and 564, 54b, 66b. cf. c 37. [Nicomedia, AD 308-11]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also nos. 1515962 below, and nos. 14508, 14545, 14575, 14595, 14722, 14749, 14794, 14827, 14835-7, 14913, 15586, 15590, 15892, 15899-901 and 16148).

15152

ca. rev. — (without CMH), as previous, but with altar at feet of Genius to l. and the officina mark (Α-ε = 1-5) is in r. field. RIC vi, p. 566, 71a. Cf. C 23. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15153

similar, but with eagle instead of altar at feet of Genius. ric vi, p. 566, 72a. c —. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15154

As 15152, but with officina mark Β, ∆, ς, or Ζ (= 2, 4, 6, or 7) with star above in r. field. ric vi, p. 567, 74a. cf. c 23. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15155

Na. Rev. — as 15145, but with mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark Α, Β, ∆, or ς (= 1, 2, 4, or 6) in l. field, and star in r. RIC vi, p. 587, 54. C 25. [Cyzicus, AD 309-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15156

Similar, but with officina mark Α, Β, ε, or ς (= 1, 2, 5, or 6), and with three dots arranged vertically instead of star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 589, 66. C 25. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15157

Na. Rev. — as 15155, but with eagle at feet of Genius to l. and the officina mark (A = 1) is in r. field instead of star. RIC vi, p. 592, 83. Cf. C 30. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15158

similar, but with altar instead of eagle at feet of Genius, and with mint mark s M K in ex. and officina mark Α-Θ (= 1-9) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 593, 100. C 24. [Cyzicus, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15159

Na. rev. — (followed by ligatured CMH), as 15145, but with mint mark M KV followed by officina mark Α, Γ, ∆, or ε (= 1, 3, 4, or 5) in ex. and rarely also with dot in r. field. RIC vi, p. 591, 76, 81. c 38. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) See note following no. 15151.

15160

Similar, but the officina mark (Β, ∆, or ε = 2, 4, or 5) is in rev. field to r., or sometimes to l. with dot to r. ric vi, pp. 592-3, 85, 96. c 38. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15161

Similar, but with altar at feet of Genius to l. and officina mark ∆ (= 4) in field r. RIC vi, p. 592, 87. c —. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15162

Ca. Rev. As 15159, but with mint mark S M K in ex. and officina mark Α-Η (= 1-8) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 594, 102 = RIC vii, p. 643. 2. Cf. C 37. [Cyzicus, AD 313-15]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

liciNiUs

15163

373

15171

15163

Billon follis. a (liciNNiVs), a. rev. — (without CMH), Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Α-Ι (= 1-10) in r. field, star in l. Cf. RIC vi, p. 642, 162a. C 36. [Antioch, AD 311-12]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) In this issue and the next officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

15164

obv. as previous. rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding hd. of sol on extended r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark as previous, but the number of officinae expanded to fifteen (Α-εΙ). ric vi, p. 643, 164a. c —. [Antioch, AD 312]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15165

— rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding hd. of serapis on extended r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark Α (= 1) in r. field, X (sometimes with crescent above) in l. ric vi, p. 684, 149a, 152a. c 32. [Alexandria, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15166

Similar, but N with star above in rev. field to l., and the number of officinae expanded to five (Α-ε), though only officina Γ (= 3) recorded. ric vi, p. 684, 155a. c 32. [Alexandria, AD 312]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15167

Similar, but N with branch below and usually with star above in l. field, and the number of officinae expanded to eight (Α-Η), sometimes with wreath below. ric vi, p. 685, 157a, 160a, 162a. c 32. [Alexandria, AD 312-13]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15168

da. rev. GENIO CAESARIS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark A-Γ (= 1-3) in r. field, crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 479, 201b. c —. [Siscia, AD 309-10]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15169

Ba. Rev. — similar, but liquid flows from the patera, and with mint mark H T in ex. followed by officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), all between two dots. ric vi, p. 535, 35. c 39. [Heraclea, AD 308-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15170

a (liciNNiVs), a. rev. GENIO EXERCITVS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera, from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae, altar at feet, mint mark ANT in ex., crescent in l. field, officina mark Α-I (= 1-10) in r. ric vi, p. 638, 147b. c 41. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

15171

B (liciNiVs), a. rev. GENIO IMPERATORIS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera, from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae, mint mark H T in ex. followed by officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes between two dots. ric vi, p. 535, 37b, 42. c 43. [Heraclea, AD 308-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15172

Similar, but with star and/or crescent in field and the number of officinae expanded to 5 (ε). ric vi, pp. 537-9, 48b, 53b, 59b. c 43. [Heraclea, AD 310-11]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15173

Na. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M KV in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 586, 45. C 44. [Cyzicus, AD 308-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

374

the tetrarchies

15174

Billon follis. Similar, but with star in rev. field to r. and officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) to l. ric vi, p. 588, 57. c 44. [Cyzicus, AD 309-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15175

Similar, but with three dots arranged vertically instead of star in rev. field to r. RIC vi, p. 589, 69. c 44. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15176

a (liciNNiVs), a. rev. — as 15171, but with mint mark aNt in ex. (sometimes followed by dot), officina mark Α, ∆, or ε (= 1, 4, or 5) in r. field and crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 631, 106b. c 42. [Antioch, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15177

Similar, but with O above the officina mark (Α = 1 only recorded) in field to r. and no crescent to l. (dot following the mint mark). ric vi, p. 632, 112b. c 42. [Antioch, AD 309]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15178

Similar, but with altar in rev. field to l. (sometimes with star or crescent above), nothing above the officina mark (∆, ε, Ζ, ∆ε, or Ι = 4, 5, 7, 9, or 10) in field to r., and no dot following the mint mark. ric vi, pp. 633, 636, 639, 119b, 133b, 148b. c 47. [Antioch, AD 309-11]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15179

B (liciNiVs), a. rev. — as 15171, but with mint mark ale in ex., Κ — Ρ across field (sometimes with star above the Κ), and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in upper right (sometimes no liquid flows from the patera). RIC vi, pp. 678-9, 101b, 105b, 107b, 121b. C 43. [Alexandria, AD 308-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) The star only appears on coins from officina Γ.

15180

B (liciNNiVs), a. rev. — as previous, but with crescent above the K and the number of officinae reduced to three (B = 2 only recorded for this type). ric vi, p. 682, 139a. c —. [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15181

Gb. rev. GENIO POP ROM, Genius stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P LN in ex., T — F (sometimes with star above each) across field. RIC vi, pp. 132-3, 117b, 131. c 49, 53. [London, AD 310]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85) Coins of this date generally weight about 5 grams, those of later date (see no. 15190) about 3 grams. NB the headdress of Genius (modius or turreted crown) in the GeNio PoP roM series does not appear to be described with consistent accuracy in ric and the two varieties thus remain undifferentiated in this listing.

15182

similar, but without t — F in rev. field and with star to r. RIC vi, p. 136, 209c. C 49, 53. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15183

Similar, but the star is in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 139, 249. C 49, 53. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15184 15184

As 15181, but with S — F instead of T — F across rev. field. RIC vii, p. 97, 3. C 49, 53. [London, AD 313-14]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15185

similar, but with mint mark M l l instead of P lN ex. ric vii, p. 99, 23. c 49, 53. [London, AD 314-15]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

liciNiUs

375

15186

Billon follis. similar, but with mint mark M s l in ex. ric vii, p. 99, 31. c 49, 53. [London, AD 315]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15187

similar, but with mint mark M lN in ex. ric vii, p. 100, 41. c 49, 53. [London, AD 315-16]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15188

As previous, but with S — P instead of S — F across rev. field. RIC vii, p. 100, 52. C 49, 53. [London, AD 316]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15189

similar, but with mint mark M s l in ex. ric vii, p. 101, 67. c 49, 53. [London, AD 316]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15190

as 15181, but of reduced size and weight. ric vii, p. 102, 86. c 49, 53. [London, AD 316-17]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) See note following no. 15181.

15191

As 15181, but with mint mark P TR in ex., T — F across field. RIC vi, p. 226, 845b. C 49, 53. [Trier, AD 310-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) Coins of this date generally weight about 5 grams, those of later date (see following) about 3 grams.

15192

similar, but of reduced size and weight. ric vii, p. 168, 58. c 49, 53. [Trier, AD 313-15]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15193

Similar, but with mint mark P TR in ex., officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2) in l. field, S in r. ric vii, p. 170, 85. c 49, 53. [Trier, AD 315-16]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15194

Similar, but the officina mark Α or Β precedes the mint mark tr in ex., and with t — F across rev. field. RIC vii, p. 173, 121. C 49, 53. [Trier, AD 316]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15195

As 15181, but with mint mark P LG in ex., T F in l. field, star in r. RIC vii, p. 125, 48. C 49, 53. [Lugdunum, AD 315-16]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15196

Gd. Rev. As 15181, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. and S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 238, 54. C 49, 53. EMA, p. 27, 4/10. [Arles, AD 315-16]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15197

Gb or d. Rev. As 15181, but with mint mark M OST followed by officina mark Q (= 4) in ex., and sometimes with liquid flowing from the patera. RIC vi, p. 408, 75b, 77b. C 49, 53. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15198

Gb, c, or d. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, sometimes with altar at feet, mint mark R followed by officina mark S, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4) in ex., sometimes with star in field. RIC vi, pp. 387 and 391, 294c, 295c, 297b, 361, 362b, 363. c 55. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The star in reverse field only occurs on coins from officina Q.

15199

a (liciNNiVs), a. rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding hd. of serapis on extended r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark ale (sometimes followed by dot) in ex., N above branch in l. field, officina mark Α-Η (= 1-8) above wreath in r. ric vii, p. 703, 3, 5. c 56. [Alexandria, AD 313-14]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15200

a (liciNiVs), a. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, hercules stg. r., resting r. hand on his back and leaning with l. on club wrapped in lion’s skin, mint mark ANT * in ex. and officina mark Β, ∆, ς, Ζ, Η, Ι, or ∆Ι (= 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, or 14) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 644, 170a. C 60. [Antioch, AD 313]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

376

the tetrarchies

15201

Billon follis. Gd. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark T (= 3) in ex., R — S across field. RIC vii, p. 246, 123. c —. eMa, p. 38, 13/6. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15202

Ga. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. and P in l. field. RIC vii, p. 371, 70. C —. [Ticinum, AD 317-18]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15203

15211

15212 15203

Gb, d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex., and sometimes with eagle at feet of Jupiter to l. ric vii, p. 393, 6-7. c —. Ma 184-5. [Aquileia, AD 317]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15204

Gb. rev. — as previous (without eagle), but with mint mark R followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. and A in l. field. RIC vii, p. 307, 86. C —. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15205

da. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark sis in ex., officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 483, 222a. C 83-4. [Siscia, AD 311]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) A smaller and lighter variety of this type is dated in RIC vi (p. 484, 229a) to AD 313. The later issue is restricted to five officinae and weighs only about 3-4 grams instead of 6-7 grams.

15206

Similar, but with H (with curved uprights) below officina mark in rev. field to r. RIC vi, p. 483, 225a. c 83-4. [Siscia, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15207

As 15205, but with wreath in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 484, 227a. C 83-4. [Siscia, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15208

Na. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark ∆ (= 4) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 592, 90. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15209

B (liciNiVs), a. rev. — similar, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet and with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in r. field, and wreath in l. RIC vi, p. 518, 49. c 78. [Thessalonica, AD 312]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15210

Similar, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in ex. and wreath in field to l. RIC vi, p. 540, 65. C 78. [Heraclea, AD 312]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15211

d or G, a, b, or d. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in r. field. RIC vii, p. 423, 8-11. c 66, 73. [Siscia, AD 313-15]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

liciNiUs

377

15212

Billon follis. da. rev. — as previous, but with dot either side of mint mark. ric vii, p. 424, 17. c 66. [Siscia, AD 315-16]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15213

Similar, but the officina mark precedes the mint mark in ex. and without dots. RIC vii, p. 426, 22. c 66. [Siscia, AD 316]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15214

Similar, but with mint and officina marks • TS • A • or officinae Β, Γ, ∆, or ε (= 1-5) in ex. ric vii, p. 499, 5. c 66. [Thessalonica, AD 316-17]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15215

Ca. Rev. — as 15211, but with mint mark S M N in ex. and officina mark Α or Γ (= 1 or 3) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 566, 69a. C 70. [Nicomedia, AD 311]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The coins of this date generally weigh about 5.5 to 4 grams while those of later date (see following) are a little lighter.

15216

15222

15216

Similar, but with officina mark Α-Ζ (1-7) in rev. field to r., sometimes with N above. RIC vii, p. 601, 13, 15. c 71. [Nicomedia, AD 313-17]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15217

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. and officina mark Α-Η (= 1-8) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 594, 105a. c 70-71. [Cyzicus, AD 312-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15218

similar, but the officina mark is in rev. field to r. ric vii, p. 643, 4. c 71. [Cyzicus, AD 313-15]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15219

Similar, but with mint mark S K M in ex. and officina mark I-VIII (= 1-8) in r. field. RIC vii, p. 644, 6. c 71. [Cyzicus, AD 316-17]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) It was during this issue that the extremely rare Cyzicene coinage of Valens was produced (see no. 15482).

15219A

A (LICINNIVS), a. Rev. — as 15211, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and officina mark

ε/∆ (= 9) and crescent in field. RIC vi, p. 640, 153b. Cf. C 72. [Antioch, AD 310-11].

VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15220

Similar, but with mint mark ALE in ex., N in l. field, and officina mark A-Z (= 1-7) in r. ric vii, p. 704, 7. c 72. [Alexandria, AD 314-15]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15221

a (liciNNiVs), a. rev. — as 15211, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet and with mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark ∆, ε, ς, Ζ, Η, Ι, or εΙ (= 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, or 15) in r. field, and star in l. ric vi, p. 643, 166a. c —. [Antioch, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15222

cf. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and eagle-tipped sceptre, another eagle at feet to l., captive seated on ground to r., mint mark S M H followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in ex., mark of value (?) X / iiΓ in r. field. RIC vii, p. 548, 52. C 74. [Heraclea, AD 318-24]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50) It has been suggested that the curious numerical formula in the reverse field indicates a revaluation of the follis from 25 to 12½ denarii (cf. Carson, “Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 167). The remarkable adoption of a radiate imperial portrait on these folles may be connected with Licinius’ devotion to the sun-god Sol Invictus at a time when the survival of paganism was being threatened by the religious policy of Licinius’ western colleague Constantine. The revised chronology of this series is based on Pierre Bastien’s article

378

the tetrarchies “Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch” (Numismatic Chronicle 1973, pp. 87-97). See also the four following and nos. 1540711, 15484-7, 15949-53 and 16683-6 (and Volume V, nos. 17124-7, for the corresponding issues of Constantine II).

15223

Billon follis. Similar, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in ex. ric vii, p. 607, 44. c 74. [Nicomedia, AD 318-24]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50) It was at the end of this long issue that the very rare Nicomedian coinage of Martinian was produced (see nos. 15484-6).

15224

Similar, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in ex. ric vii, p. 645, 15. c 74. [Cyzicus, AD 318-24]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50) It was at the end of this long issue that the very rare Cyzicene coinage of Martinian was produced (see nos. 15487).

15225

Similar, but with mint mark S M ANT followed by officina mark Α-Η (= 1-8) in ex. ric vii, p. 682, 35. c 74. [Antioch, AD 318-24]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15226

15226a

15226

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL followed by officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2) in ex. (sometimes with dot between mint and officina marks). RIC vii, p. 708, 28, 32. C 74. [Alexandria, AD 318-24]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15226a

Gd. rev. — Jupiter running r., brandishing thunderbolt, mint mark arl preceded by officina mark T (= 3) in ex., R — S across field. RIC vii, p. 246, 127. C. —. EMA, p. 38, 13/10. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15227

da. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint and officina marks • TS • A • (or officina Β, Γ, ∆, or ε) = 1-5 in ex. ric vii, p. 498, 3. c 90. [Thessalonica, AD 316]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The singular endings of the reverse legends on this and the three following types indicate that they belong to the time of the outbreak of the first civil war between Licinius and Constantine which resulted in the loss of all Licinius’ European territories with the exception of Thrace.

15228

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ε (= 1, 2, 3, or 5) in ex. ric vii, p. 543, 13. c 91. [Heraclea, AD 316]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15229

Similar, but with mint mark ALE in ex., K in field to l., and officina mark Β (= 2) with X below and wreath above to r. ric vii, p. 705, 15. c 91. [Alexandria, AD 316]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15230

Similar, but the officina mark is below the wreath and the X in rev. field to r. RIC vii, p. 706, 16. c 91. [Alexandria, AD 316]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15231

d or iMP l liciNiVs P F aVG, a. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark aQ followed by officina mark P, S, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 328, 134-5. c —. Ma 181-2. [Aquileia, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

liciNiUs

379

15232

Billon follis. Similar, but with obv. legend M, and with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 517, 46. C 105. [Thessalonica, AD 311]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15233

B (liciNiVs) or iMP c Val liciNiaN liciNiVs P F aVG, a. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, mint mark S M H T in ex., officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ε (= 1, 2, 3, or 5) in r. field, wreath in l. RIC vi, p. 541, 68-9. C —. [Heraclea, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15234

e, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa in r. hand, globe and sceptre in l. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark s M al in ex., crescent in l. field, officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2) in r. ric vii, p. 707, 23. c 119. [Alexandria, AD 317-18]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) The revised chronology of this type, and nos. 15236-9, is based on Pierre Bastien’s article “Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch” (Numismatic Chronicle 1973, pp. 87-97).

15235

Na. rev. — similar, but with eagle at Jupiter’s feet, and with mint mark M KV followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in ex. ric vi, p. 591, 78. c 120. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15236

15240

15236

obv. as 15234. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, mint mark s M N in ex., palm branch in l. field, officina mark Α-Ζ (= 1-7) in r. ric vii, p. 604, 24. c 116. [Nicomedia, AD 317-18]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) For the dating of this and the following three types, see note following no. 15234.

15237

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex., wreath in l. field, and officina mark Α-Η (= 1-8) in r. ric vii, p. 644, 9. c 114. [Cyzicus, AD 317-18]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15238

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex., star in l. field and officina mark Γ, Ζ, or εΙ (= 3, 7, and 15) in r. ric vii, p. 680, 24. c —. [Antioch, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15239

similar, but with captive at feet of Jupiter to l., mint mark s M aNt in ex., and officina mark a-i, ΓΙ, or ∆Ι (= 1-10, 13, or 14) in r. field. ric vii, p. 680, 27. c 118. [Antioch, AD 317-18]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

15240

ca. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark s M h t in ex., officina a-ε (= 1-5) in r. field.. ric vi, p. 541, 73. c 108. [Heraclea, AD 313]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15241

Da. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks • TS • A • (or officina Β, Γ, ∆, or

ε) = 1-5 in ex. ric vii, p. 498, 2. c 107. [Thessalonica, AD 313-16].

VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15242

Ca. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark S M H T in ex. and officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in r. field. RIC vii, p. 542, 6. C 108. [Heraclea, AD 313-15]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

380 15243

the tetrarchies Billon follis. Similar, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ε (= 1, 2, 3, or 5) in ex. ric vii, p. 543, 12. c 108. [Heraclea, AD 315-16]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15244

15247

15244

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex., and officina mark Α-εΙ (= 1-15) with wreath above and III below in r. field. RIC vii, p. 676, 8. C 108. [Antioch, AD 313-14]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ. The significance of the numeral III in reverse field is uncertain.

15245

Similar, but without the wreath and numeral III above and below the officina mark in r. field. RIC vii, p. 677, 12. C 108. [Antioch, AD 314-15]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15246

similar, but with mint mark ale in ex., and officina mark Α-Η (= 1-8) with N below and usually with wreath above in field to r. ric vii, pp. 704-5, 8, 10. c 108. [Alexandria, AD 315]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15247

Similar, but the number of officinae reduced to two (Α and Β) and with K in field to l. and X instead of N below the officina mark (usually with wreath above). RIC vii, p. 705, 12, 14. c 108. [Alexandria, AD 315-16]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15248

15251

15248

Similar, but the officina mark is below the wreath and the X in rev. field to r. RIC vii, p. 706, 18. c 108. [Alexandria, AD 316-17]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) It was during this issue that the extremely rare Alexandrian coinage of Valens was produced (see no. 15483).

15249

da, b or d. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 484-5, 232a, 233a, 234a. Cf. C 123-6 (rev. type misdescribed). [Siscia, AD 313]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15250

Obv. Similar. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and officina mark Α, Γ, ∆, or ε (= 1, 3, 4, or 5) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 518, 51, 53-4. Cf. C 123-6 (rev. type misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 312]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15251

Similar, but with mint and officina marks • TS • A • (or officina Β, Γ, ∆, or ε) = 1-5 in ex. ric vi, p. 519, 57, 59-60. cf. c 123-6 (rev. type misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 312-13]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15252

da. rev. — as 15249. ric vii, p. 423, 4. cf. c 123-6 (rev. type misdescribed). [Siscia, AD 313-15]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50) It is difficult to differentiate between this type and the variety of 15249 with obverse laureate head right. The later issues tend to be a little smaller and lighter.

liciNiUs

381

15253 15253

Billon follis. Db or d. Rev. — as 15249, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and officina mark Α-εΙ (= 1-15) in r. field. RIC vii, p. 678, 17-18. Cf. C 123-6 (rev. type misdescribed). [Antioch, AD 315-16]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

15254

da or d. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI DD NN, Jupiter stg. l., as 15249, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and officina mark Γ or ∆ (= 3 or 4) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 518, 55-6. c —. [Thessalonica, AD 312]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15255

Ga. rev. MARTI CONSERVATORI, Mars stg. l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand, spear and shield in l., mint mark T preceded by officina mark P (= 1) in ex. RIC vi, p. 298, 120. c —. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15256

Gb. Rev. — Mars stg. l., hd. r., resting on shield and spear, mint mark R followed by officina mark P (= 1) in ex., R — F across field. RIC vii, p. 296, 11. Cf. C 139. [Rome, AD 313]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80)

15257

Gd. Rev. — Mars stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P, s, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4) in ex. ric vii, p. 236, 24. cf. c 139. eMa, p. 23, 3/13. [Arles, AD 313-15]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80)

15258

Ga. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vi, p. 298, 123b. cf. c 138. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15259

Similar, but also with star in field to l. (officinae S and T (= 2 and 3) only recorded). RIC vii, p. 361, 13. cf. c 138. [Ticinum, AD 313-14]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15260

Similar, but also with dot following mint mark or between officina and mint marks. RIC vii, pp. 361-2, 19, 24. cf. c 138. [Ticinum, AD 314-15]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15261

Gb or d. Rev. — as 15257, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark S or Q (= 2 or 4) in ex., R — F across field. RIC vii, p. 296, 7-8. Cf. C 139. [Rome, AD 313]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80)

15262

Gd. rev. — Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark Q (= 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 236, 24. C —. EMA, p. 23, 3/13. [Arles, AD 313-15]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15263

Gd. rev. PROVIDENTIAE AVGG, Gallia stg. l., holding standard and clasping r. hands with Moneta who stands r. aboard galley, holding cornucopiae in l., mint mark arl preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3) in ex. RIC vii, p. 237, 32. Cf. C 144 (obv. type misdescribed). eMa, p. 23, 3/5. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) This type commemorates the establishment of the mint of Arles by Constantine following the transfer of the staff from the recently closed mint of Ostia (see no. 16031 for the equivalent issue in the name of Constantine). Another type, showing the departure of Moneta from the port of Rome (VTILITAS PVBLICA), was also struck at Arles but only in the name of Constantine himself (see nos. 16150-51).

382

the tetrarchies

15264

Billon follis. e, laur., dr. and cuir. bust l., holding thunderbolt (?) in r. hand, globe and sceptre in l. rev. PROVIDENTIAE AVGG, three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark H T followed by officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in ex. ric vii, p. 544, 15. c 145. [Heraclea, AD 316-17]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15265

similar, but with mint mark M h t. ric vii, p. 545, 17. c 145. [Heraclea, AD 317]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15266

Similar, but with mint mark S M H followed by officina mark Α, Β, or ∆ (= 1, 2, or 4) in ex., and sometimes with one or two dots in rev. field to r. RIC vii, p. 546, 29, 34, 39. C 145. [Heraclea, AD 317-18]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15267

Similar, but officina Β (= 2) only recorded, and with dot preceding or following mint and officina marks instead of in field. RIC vii, p. 547, 43, 47. C 145. [Heraclea, AD 317-18]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15268

similar, but with Λ in rev. field to r. and officinae A and B (= 1 and 2) recorded (no dots). ric vii, p. 547, 48. c 145. [Heraclea, AD 317-18]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

15269

obv. as 15264. rev. PROVIDENTIAE AVGG NN, as 15264, but officina Β (= 2) only recorded. ric vii, p. 544, 14. c —. [Heraclea, AD 316-17]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15270

F or G, b. rev. SECVRITAS AVGG, securitas stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, her r. hand on hd., her l. arm resting on column, mint mark P LN in ex., star in l. field. RIC vi, p. 140, 275-6. c 154. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15271

Na. rev. SOLE INVICTO, sol, in long robe, stg. l., raising r. hand and holding head of Serapis in l., mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark ς (= 6) in l. field, dot in r. RIC vi, p. 593, 98. c —. [Cyzicus, AD 312]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15272

A (LICINNIVS), a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex., and officina mark Γ or ε/∆ (= 3 or 9) in l. or r. field with crescent sometimes above or in opposite field. RIC vi, p. 640, 154b. c —. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15273

obv. as previous. rev. — sol, wearing long robe, in galloping quadriga r., his r. hand raised, mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Ι (= 10) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 633, 143. C —. [Antioch, AD 310]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

15274

ca. rev. SOLI INVICTO, sol holding hd. of serapis, as 15271, but with mint mark s M N in ex. and officina mark Β, Γ, ε, ς, or Ζ (= 2, 3, 5, 6, or 7) in l. field, sometimes with star above. ric vi, pp. 566-7, 73a, 77a. c 159. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80)

15275

obv. as 15272 (usually liciNNiVs). rev. — similar, but with mint mark aNt in ex. and officina mark Α- εΙ (= 1-15) in l. field, star in r. RIC vi, p. 644, 167a, 168. C —. [Antioch, AD 312]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15276

Gb. rev. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P LN in ex., T — F across field. RIC vi, p. 133, 121c. C 163. [London, AD 310]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Coins of this date generally weight about 5 grams, those of later date (see no. 15282) about 3 grams.

15277

F or G, b. rev. — as previous, but sometimes sol is stg. r., hd. l., and with s — F instead of T — F across field. RIC vii, p. 98, 19-20. C 161, 163. [London, AD 313-14]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15278

Gb. Rev. — as 15276, but with mint mark M S L in ex., S — F across field. RIC vii, p. 99, 35. c 163. [London, AD 315]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

liciNiUs

383

15279

Billon follis. F or G, b. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M l N instead of M s l. ric vii, p. 100, 48-9. c 161, 163. [London, AD 315-16]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

15280

Similar, but with S — P instead of S — F across field. RIC vii, p. 101, 60-61. C 161, 163. [London, AD 316]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

15281

Gb. rev. — as 15277, but sometimes sol’s cloak is spread, and with mint mark M s l in ex. and S — P across field. RIC vii, p. 102, 79-80. C 163. [London, AD 316]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

15282

15293

15282

F or G, b or d. rev. — all as 15276. ric vii, p. 102, 96-8. c 161, 163. [London, AD 316-17]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) See note following no. 15276.

15283

iMP c liciNiVs P F aVG, b or d. rev. — sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark S or Q (= 2 or 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 235, 17-18. c —. eMa, p. 20, 1/5-6. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15284

Gb or d. Rev. — similar, but Sol is sometimes stg. r., hd. l., and with officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) preceding mint mark. ric vii, p. 237, 42-3, 46-7. c 163. eMa, pp. 24-5, 3/23, 27-8, 31-2. [Arles, AD 313-15]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15285

Similar, but also with S — F across rev. field. RIC vii, p. 239, 59-60, 67-8. C 163. EMA, pp. 27-8, 4/12, 17-18, 23-4. [Arles, AD 315-16]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) A much rarer variety (RIC 61, EMA 4/16) has an heroic bust of Licinius left, with spear pointing forward and shield on left arm.

15286

Similar, but with T — F across rev. field, sometimes with star beneath the T. RIC vii, pp. 240-41, 74, 76-7, 82-3, 86-8. c 163. eMa, pp. 29-31, 5/5 and 7-9; 6/5, 10-11, and 15-17. [Arles, AD 316]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15287

Similar, but with M — F across rev. field (officinae P and Q (= 1 and 4) only recorded). ric vii, pp. 241-2, 91, 94-5. c 163. eMa, pp. 31-2, 7/3, 6-7. [Arles, AD 316]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15288

Similar, but with C — S across rev. field and all four officinae recorded (as 15284). RIC vii, p. 249, 147-8, 153-5. c 163. eMa, p. 35, 11/12-13, 19-21. [Arles, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15289

Gb. rev. — sol stg. r., hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark t preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 298, 131c. C 163. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15290

Similar, but Sol holds globe and whip in l. (officina T only recorded). RIC vi, p. 298, 135b. c —. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15291

Ga. Rev. — as 15283, but with mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vii, p. 360, 4. c 162. [Ticinum, AD 313]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15292

Ga or b. Rev. — similar, but also with star in field to l. RIC vii, p. 361, 9-10. C 162-3. [Ticinum, AD 313-14]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

384

the tetrarchies

15293

Billon follis. Ga. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, similar, but also with dot following mint mark or between officina and mint marks. RIC vii, pp. 361-2, 17, 22. C 162. [Ticinum, AD 314-15]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15294

As 15291, but with + in rev. field to l. and star to right. RIC vii, p. 366, 46. C 162. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) It is possible, though by no means certain, that the cross in reverse field is an early reference to Constantine’s espousal of Christianity in AD 312 (see also nos. 15374, 15377A, 15379A 15381, 15472, 15474, 16324 and 16853).

15295

Gb. Rev. — as 15291, but with P in field to l. (officina P only noted). RIC vii, p. 371, 69. c 163. [Ticinum, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15296

iMP l liciNiVs P F aVG, a. rev. — sol stg. l. (or facing, hd. l.), raising r. hand and holding globe in l., captive seated at feet to l., mint mark AQ followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. ric vi, p. 328, 143. c —. Ma 183. [Aquileia, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15297

ca. rev. — as previous, but without captive at feet of sol and with mint mark r followed by officina mark P (= 1) in ex. RIC vi, p. 388, 320. C —. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £45 ($80)

15298

Gb or d. Rev. — similar, but with officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) following mint mark in ex. ric vi, pp. 388-9, 322c, 323c, 328c, 329c. c 163. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15299

Gb, c, or d. rev. — similar, but sol is stg. r., hd. l. ric vi, p. 389, 335c, 336c, 337c, 338c. c 163. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15300

Gb or d. Rev. — as 15298, but also with R — F across field. RIC vii, p. 296, 3-4. C 163. [Rome, AD 313]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15301

Similar, but Sol is sometimes stg. r., hd. l., and with star between mint and officina marks in ex. ric vii, p. 298, 21-4. c 163. [Rome, AD 314]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15302

Similar, but without star between mint and officina marks, and with R / X in l. field and F in r. ric vii, p. 299, 29-30, 32. c 163. [Rome, AD 314-15]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15303

Similar, but with S — F across rev. field. RIC vii, p. 300, 35-6, 38. C 163. [Rome, AD 315]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15304 15304

Similar, but with C — S across rev. field. RIC vii, p. 300, 42-3. C 163. [Rome, AD 315-16]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15305

Gb or d. Rev. — as 15297, but with mint mark M OST followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 409, 84b, 86b, 90b, 92b. c 167. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15306

Gb. rev. — Sol in facing quadriga, his hd. turned to l., r. hand raised and holding globe and whip in l., mint mark M S L in ex., S — P across field. RIC vii, p. 102, 83. C 164. [London, AD 316]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

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385

15307 15307

Billon follis. Gb, c, or d. rev. S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, legionary eagle between two standards, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 390, 348c, 349c, 350c, 351c. c 165. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) This is a revival of a type issued by Trajan two centuries before (see Volume II, nos. 3107, 3170, and 3238). It was, perhaps, inspired by one of the follis types issued at Carthage by the usurper Alexander (AD 308-11), rival of Maxentius and ally of Constantine (see no. 15088).

15308

Gb or d. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark M OST followed by officina mark Q (= 4) in ex. ric vi, p. 410, 95b, 97b. c 165. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15309

iMP c liciNiVs P F aVG, b or d. rev. — similar, but with mint mark arl preceded by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 235, 10-12. C 166. EMA, p. 21, 1/16-17. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

15310

Na. rev. VICTORIAE MAXIMINI AVG, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M K in ex., officina mark ς (= 6) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 594, 107. C 178. [Cyzicus, AD 312-13]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) This curious type was issued by Maximinus at the time the eastern emperor was actively campaigning against his Balkan colleague, thus implying Licinius’ acceptance of the legitimacy of his actions. No example of the equivalent issue in the name of Maximinus himself has so far come to light.

15312

a (liciNNiVs), a. rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Mars or Virtus, in military attire, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint mark ANT • in ex., officina mark Ι (= 10) in r. field, crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 631, 108b. c —. [Antioch, AD 308-9]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15313

obv. as previous. rev. — Mars, naked, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Ι (= 10) in l. or r. field with crescent sometimes above or in opposite field. RIC vi, p. 640, 155a. C —. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15314

B (liciNiVs), a. rev. — Mars or Virtus, as 15312, but with mint mark ale in ex., K — P across field, and officina mark Β, Γ, ε, or ς (= 2, 3, 5, or 6) to r. ric vi, p. 679, 111b, 114b. c —. [Alexandria, AD 308-10]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15315

c (but Valer for Val), a. rev. — as previous, but with K — X instead of K — P across rev. field and with crescent above K (officina Β (= 2) only recorded). ric vi, p. 683, 147a. c —. [Alexandria, AD 311-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15316

B (liciNiVs), a. rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITI, Mars, naked, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark H T in ex. followed by officina mark Α (= 1). ric vi, p. 536, 44b. c —. [Heraclea, AD 309-10]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15317

Ma. rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITVS, as previous, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field, and star in l. RIC vi, p. 515, 38b. C 195. [Thessalonica, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

386

the tetrarchies

15318

Billon follis. ca. rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITVS, Mars or Virtus, as 15312, but with mint mark S M N in ex. and officina mark ∆ (= 4) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 566, 70a. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 311]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15319

as previous, but Mars/Virtus drags captive by the hair with r. hand instead of holding transverse spear, and the officina mark (Γ = 3) is surmounted by star. ric vi, p. 568, 78a. c —. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15320

Na. Rev. — Mars or Virtus, as 15312, but with mint mark M KV in ex. and officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 587, 51. C 198 var. [Cyzicus, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The coins of this date generally weight about 6-7 grams, those of later date (see no. 15324) about 2 grams less.

15321

as previous, but with rev. type Mars, naked, advancing r., as 15316. ric vi, p. 587, 48. c —. [Cyzicus, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15322

As 15320, but with star in rev. field to r. and officina mark ς (= 6) also noted. ric vi, p. 588, 60. c 198. [Cyzicus, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15323

As 15320, but with three dots arranged vertically in rev. field to r., and officinae marks Β, Γ, and ς (= 2, 3, and 6) recorded. ric vi, p. 590, 73. c 198 var. [Cyzicus, AD 308-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15324

As 15320, but with officina mark ς (= 6) only recorded. ric vi, p. 593, 94. c 198 var. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85) See note following no. 15320.

15325

a (liciNNiVs), a. rev. — Mars, naked, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Β, Η, and Ι (= 2, 8, and 10) in r. field and star in l. RIC vi, p. 642, 163a. C —. [Antioch, AD 311-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15326

a (liciNiVs), a. rev. — Mars or Virtus dragging captive, as 15319, but with mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark I (= 10) in l. field and star in r. RIC vi, p. 644, 169a. Cf. C 201. [Antioch, AD 312]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15327

Billon half follis. G, bare hd. r. rev. FVNDAT PACIS, Mars, naked, advancing r., looking back, dragging captive by hair with r. hand and holding trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark R followed by officina mark S or Q (= 2 or 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 297, 13. C 21. [Rome, AD 313]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

15328

obv. as previous. rev. GLORIA PERPET, two Victories advancing r. in line, each bolding wreath and palm, standard between them, mint mark R followed by officina mark P or t (= 1 or 3) in ex. ric vii, p. 297, 15. c 58. [Rome, AD 313]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

15329

Billon quarter follis. obv. as 15327. rev. SAPIENTIA PRINCIPIS, owl perched on altar, with shield on l. and helmet on r., mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vii, p. 297, 17. c 58. [Rome, AD 313]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £125 ($220)

15330

Gb. rev. VOT / X / MVL / XX in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. ric vi, p. 228, 908b. c —. [Trier, AD 310-11]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £125 ($220)

15331

Billon centenionalis. ea. rev. D N LICINI AVG around Vot / XX in two lines, mint and value marks TS VI below with officina mark A (= 1) between. RIC vii, p. 509, 89. C 11. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) The numeral VI appearing after the mint and officina marks on this, and other Thessalonican types spanning the years 320-24, would appear to refer in some way to the

liciNiUs

387

value of this new denomination. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 239) suggests that “Constantine felt obliged to match the Licinian 6-scrupula standard of his folles and this indeed may be the significance of the numeral VI attached to the signature of the mint of Thessalonica”. However, this fails to explain the numeral VII which occurs on some issues (e.g. see no. 15334). NB in ad 318/19 constantine replaced the follis with a new and slightly lighter billon denomination characterized by neatly engraved dies and new non-pagan reverse types. it closely resembled the experimental centenionalis of 25% silver which had been issued by constantine at trier in ad 312, resulting in the probable transfer of this name to the new denomination. in thrace and asia, licinius continued striking the traditional follis until his downfall in 324 but at the mints under constantinian control a considerable number of centenionalis types were issued in the names of licinius and his son, the caesar licinius Junior. 15332

Billon centenionalis. similar, but the votive inscription is enclosed by wreath. ric vii, p. 511, 104. c 14. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15333

similar, but with star beneath the votive inscription within the wreath. ric vii, p. 511, 112. c 14. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15334

As 15332, but with value mark VII instead of VI following the mint and officina marks. ric vii, p. 510, 97. c 14. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15335

ea. rev. D N LICINI AVGVSTI around wreath enclosing Vot / XX in two lines, mint mark AR below (no officina mark). RIC vii, p. 259, 224. C 15. EMA, p. 49, 29/2. [Arles, AD 321]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15336

15337

15336

Similar, but with mint mark A below preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. 259, 229. c 15. eMa, p. 48, 28/2. [Arles, AD 320-21]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

15337

Similar, but with crescent or star and crescent between the officina and mint marks. RIC vii, p. 260, 234 and 240. c 15. eMa, pp. 49-50, 30/2 and 31/2. [Arles, AD 321-2]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

15338

Ea. Rev. As 15335, but with mint and officina marks R and S or Q (= 2 or 4) below, with ερωc (the first three letters in monogram) between. RIC vii, p. 319, 228. C 15. [Rome, AD 320-21]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

15339

similar, but without ερωc between the mint and officina marks (officina S (= 2) only recorded). ric vii, p. 321, 233. c 15. [Rome, AD 321]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

15339A

Ea. Rev. As 15335, but with mint mark SIS preceded by officina mark A, B or ε (= 1, 2, or 5) and usually followed by star. ric vii, pp. 443-4, 150 and 160. c 15. [Siscia, AD 320-21]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

15340

Ea. Rev. As 15335, but with mint and value marks TS VI below with officina mark A (= 1) between. ric vii, p. 511, 103. c 15. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50) See note following no. 15331.

388 15341

the tetrarchies Billon centenionalis. ea or e. rev. D N LICINI INVICT AVG around wreath enclosing VOT / XX in two lines, mint mark T below preceded by officina mark P, S, or t (= 1, 2, or 3), star beneath the votive inscription within the wreath. ric vii, p. 378, 132-3. c 16-17. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15342

15347

15342

ea or b. rev. as previous, but without the star in the wreath. ric vii, p. 380, 146-7. c 16. [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

15343

ea. rev. D N LICINI MAX AVG around wreath enclosing Vot / XX in two lines, mint mark SIS below preceded by officina mark Α (= 1). ric vii, p. 443, 149. c 18. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15344

ea. rev. D N LIC LICINI AVG (or AVGVSTI) around wreath enclosing Vot / XX in two lines, mint and value marks TS VI below with officina mark A (= 1) between, sometimes with star beneath the votive inscription within the wreath. ric vii, pp. 510-11, 102, 110-11. c 19. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) See note following no. 15331.

15345

ea. rev. DOMINI N LICINI AVG around wreath enclosing Vot / XX in two lines, mint mark AQ below followed by officina mark S (= 2), sometimes between two dots. RIC vi, pp. 402 and 404, 67, 86. c 20. Ma 194-5. [Aquileia, AD 320-21]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

15346

eb. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG, eagle stg. r., looking back, its wings spread, bearing on its back Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and transverse sceptre, mint mark tr preceded by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 182, 210. C 101. [Trier, AD 318-19]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) For the prototype of this reverse, struck six years before in a superior alloy, see no. 15144.

15347

As previous, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. ric vii, p. 255, 196-7. c 101. eMa, p. 45, 22/3. [Arles, AD 319-20]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15348

F or H, b. Rev. — as 15346, but with mint mark T preceded by officina mark T (= 3) in ex. ric vii, p. 373, 88-9. c —. [Ticinum, AD 318-19]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15349

Ga. rev. LICINI AVG • around VO / TIS / XX / S A (= officina 2 and mint mark) in four lines. ric vii, p. 257, 209. c 134. eMa, p. 46, 25/2. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15350

Similar, but the officina and mint marks (• S • A •) are in the exergue (but without exergual line). ric vii, p. 258, 214. c 134. eMa, p. 47, 26/2. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15351

Similar, but the officina and mint marks are below an exergual line and are without dots. RIC vii, p. 258, 218. c 134. eMa, p. 48, 27/3. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15352

similar, but with rev. legend LICINI AVGVSTI. ric vii, p. 258, 219. c 135. eMa, p. 48, 27/4. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

liciNiUs

389

15353

Billon centenionalis. ea. rev. LICINI AVGVSTI around Vot / is / XX in three lines, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2), between two dots. RIC vii, p. 442, 141. c 136. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15354

eg. rev. ROMAE AETERNAE, roma seated r., holding on her knees shield inscribed X / V in two lines, another shield at her side, mint mark r followed by officina mark P, S, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4) in ex., P — R across field. RIC vii, p. 315, 151. c 150. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15355

Similar, but without P — R across rev. field and with mint and officina marks R and P, s or t (= 1, 2 or 3) in ex. with ερωc (the first three letters in monogram) between. RIC vii, p. 317, 196. c 150. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) See note following no. 15338.

15356

eg. rev. SAECVLI FELICITAS, garlanded cippus surmounted by shield inscribed AVG, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4) in ex., P — R across field. RIC vii, p. 315, 160. C —. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

15357

ea. rev. VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed Vot / P r in two lines, resting on altar inscribed either I or S, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5), sometimes between two dots, sometimes followed by star. ric vii, pp. 435-6, 86, 96. c 170. [Siscia, AD 319-20]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The letter ‘I’ on the altar occurs at officinae Α and Β, ‘S’ at officinae Γ, ∆, and ε. The meaning of these letters is unclear. The reverse type is based on the Constantinian prototype struck in a superior alloy at Trier seven years before (see no. 15859).

15358

eb. rev. VICTORIA AVGG NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks • TS • A • (= 1) in ex. RIC vii, p. 506, 61. C 168. [Thessalonica, AD 319]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15359

Jg. rev. VICTORIA (or VICTORIAE) LAET P P, two Victories, as 15357, but the altar is ornamented with star and with mint mark TR preceded by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. ric vii, p. 184, 230, 236. c —. [Trier, AD 319]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15360

eb. rev. VICTORIAE LAET PRINC PERP, as previous, but the altar is of varying design, the ornamentation often including X or star, and with two captives seated back to back in ex. ric vii, p. 127, 70. c 174. [Lugdunum, AD 319-20]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15361

similar, but with mint mark P — l either side of the seated captives in ex. ric vii, p. 128, 82. c 174. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15362

Ea. Rev. — as 15359, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark S (= 2). ric vii, p. 256, 198. c —. eMa, p. 45, 23/2. [Arles, AD 319-20]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15363

Gb. rev. VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, as 15360 (altar ornamentation c), but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). ric vii, p. 373, 92. c —. [Ticinum, AD 319]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15363a

db. rev. — as 15360 (altar ornamentation dot, horizontal lines, X, or nothing), but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Α, Γ, ∆, or ε (= 1, 3, 4, or 5) and followed by dot. ric vii, p. 433, 62. c —. [Siscia, AD 319]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

390

the tetrarchies

15364

15367

15364

Billon centenionalis. eb. rev. VIRT EXERC, X-shaped plan of roman camp (?) with sol stg. l. at the centre, his r. hand raised, holding globe in l., mint mark and officina marks • TS • A or Γ • (= 1 or 3) in ex. RIC vii, p. 507, 68. C 179. [Thessalonica, AD 319]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) The traditional explanation of this curious reverse type as a ‘plan of a camp’ has never seemed satisfactory to the present writer. The legend certainly indicates a military connection and perhaps the elaborate quadruple X-shape is intended to represent a series of defensive ditches. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 166) comes up with an alternative theory that “it is perhaps better to be regarded as a bird’s eye view of a monumental stepped-base surmounted by figure of Sol”.

15365

eg. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, gateway of military camp with three or four turrets, sometimes with doors closed, sometimes without doors, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4) in ex., P — R across field. RIC vii, p. 316, 169, 179, 188. C — (cf. 181, misdescribed?). [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15366

Jg. rev. VIRTVS EXERCIT, trophy, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark tr in ex. preceded by dot (sometimes omitted) and officina mark P (= 1), star in l. field. ric vii, p. 186, 250. c 183. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15367

similar, but without star in rev. field and officinae P and s (= 1 and 2) recorded. ric vii, p. 187, 259. c 183. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15368

eb or g. rev. — as previous, but with t — F across field. ric vii, p. 189, 282-3. c 184-5. [Trier, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15369

ea or g. rev. — vexillum, inscribed VOT / X in two lines, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark aQ followed by officina mark s (= 2) in ex., s — F across field. cf. ric vii, p. 399, 39-40 (wrong obv. legend). c 186-7. Ma 187-8. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15370 15370

Jg. rev. — as previous, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / XX and with mint mark tr in ex. preceded by dot (sometimes omitted) and officina mark P or s (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 188, 267. c 191. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15371

eb or g. rev. – as previous, but with t — F across field. ric vii, p. 189, 294-5. c 188. [Trier, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15372

Ea or g. Rev. — as 15370, but with mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with crescent or dot between, sometimes with star in r. field. RIC vii, pp. 377-8, 115-16, 123, 128. c 188-9. [Ticinum, AD 319-20]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

liciNiUs

391

15373

Billon centenionalis. — Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex., S — F across field. Cf. RIC vii, pp. 399-400, 50-51 (wrong obv. legend). c 188-9. Ma 189-90. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15374

eg. rev. — as previous, but with christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 401, 59. c 188. Ma 191. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) An early reference to Constantine’s espousal of Christianity in AD 312 (see also nos. 15294, 15377A, 15379A, 15381, 15472, 15474, 16324 and 16853).

15375

Similar, but nothing in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 401, 63. C 188. MA 192. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15376

Eg. Rev. — as 15370, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) and followed by star, S — F across field. RIC vii, p. 438, 110. C 188. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) A rarer variant (RIC 119) has pellets flanking the officina and mint marks.

15377 15377

Eb or g. Rev. — as previous, but also with HL monogram in r. field and sometimes with star and crescent instead of star following mint mark in ex. ric vii, pp. 439-40, 121, 128-9. c 188. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15377A

Eg. Rev. — as 15376 (officina Β (= 2) only recorded), but with christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 441, 138. C 188. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) See note following no. 15374.

15378

Similar, but nothing in rev. field and officina Α (= 1) only recorded. ric vii, p. 441, 135. c 188. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15379

Eg. Rev. — as 15370, but with mint and officina marks • TS • A • (= 1) in ex. and S — F across field. RIC vii, p. 507, 76. C 188. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15379a

similar, but with christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 508, 82. C 188. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) See note following no. 15374.

15380

eg. rev. VOT X / ET XV F in two lines above mint and officina marks R S (or Q = 2 or 4) with ερωc (the first three letters in monogram) between, all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 317, 202-3. c 208. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140) See note following no. 15338.

15381

eg. rev. VOT / XV / FEL / XX in four lines above mint and officina marks R P (= 1), all within wreath. ric vii, p. 318, 215. c 211. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) Another variety (RIC 221) has the reverse legend divided VOT / XV FEL / XX in three lines with the mint mark following XX on the third line (officina Q (= 4) also recorded).

15382

eb or g. rev. VOT XX / MVLT / • XXX • in three lines above mint and officina marks • TS • Α • or ∆ • (= 1 or 4), all within wreath. cf. ric vii, p. 504, 33-4. c 212. [Thessalonica, AD 318-19]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) A rarer variety (RIC 35) has the emperor’s laur. and cuir. bust l., with spear over r. shoulder.

392

the rise oF the hoUse oF coNstaNtiNe

LICINIUS AND CONSTANTINE I The uneasy 11-year partnership of Constantine in the West and Licinius in the East resulted in very little joint coinage, though each emperor struck quite extensively in the name of the other at the mints under his sole control. This very rare double-effigy coinage was part of a series issued by Licinius in AD 318 at three of his eastern mints (Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch). The majority of the types honour Licinius and his son, the Caesar Licinius Junior (see under the following heading), Nicomedia being alone in striking coins featuring the two Augusti and also the two Caesars, Licinius Junior and Constantine II (see no. 15481). Although they appear to be folles, the coins of this series are consistently larger and heavier than other issues of this period. The answer to this may be connected with their silver content for which reliable data is not currently available. For a detailed study of this series as a whole, see Pierre Bastien’s article “Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch” (Numismatic Chronicle 1973, pp. 87-97) to which reference is made in the following listings. 15383

Billon follis. dd NN coNstaNtiNVs et liciNiVs aVGG, laur., dr. and cuir. busts of constantine i r. and licinius l., face to face, holding between them statuette of Fortuna stg. l. with rudder and cornucopiae. rev. I O M ET FORT CONSER DD NN AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, facing Fortuna stg. r., holding cornucopiae and rudder on globe, mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark Α or ∆ (= 1 or 4). ric vii, p. 606, 39. c —. Bastien 2. [Nicomedia, AD 318]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

LICINIUS AND LICINIUS JUNIOR 15386 15384

Billon follis. dd NN ioVii liciNii iNVict aVG et caes, laur., dr. and cuir. busts of licinius r. and licinius Junior l., face to face, holding between them statuette of Fortuna stg. l. with rudder and cornucopiae. rev. I O M ET FORT CONSER DD NN AVG ET CAES, as 15383, but with officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) following mint mark. ric vii, p. 606, 38. c 1. Bastien 1. [Nicomedia, AD 318]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

15385

obv. as previous, but the two licinii hold between them statuette of Victory facing on globe, her hands outstretched and holding wreath in each. rev. I O M ET VICT CONSER DD NN AVG ET CAES, Jupiter stg. l., resting on sceptre, facing Victory stg. r., holding wreath in raised r. hand and palm in l., mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vii, p. 645, 13. c 2. Bastien 4. [Cyzicus, AD 318]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £850 ($1,500)

15386

obv. as previous, but the two licinii hold between them a trophy. rev. I O M ET VIRTVTI DD NN AVG ET CAES, Jupiter stg. l., resting on sceptre, trophy on l. with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark S M AT in ex. followed by officina mark Α-Η (= 1-8). cf. ric vii, p. 547, 50 (misattributed to the heraclea mint). c 3. Bastien 5. [Antioch, AD 318]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £850 ($1,500) The mark ‘AT’ for Antioch is admittedly unusual but there can be little doubt that Bastien’s reattribution is correct. NB there is also a gold multiple of 4 aurei issued at Nicomedia, probably at the same time as the folles, with obverse type facing nimbate busts of licinius and licinius Junior, reverse ioVi coNserVatori liciNiorVM aVG et caes, Jupiter enthroned facing (ric vii, p. 605, 37; Bastien, p. 92 and pl. 5, 7).

liciNiUs JUNior

393

Issues of Licinius in honour of Divus Galerius Maximian († AD 311) Following the death in May, 311, of his long-time friend and patron Galerius Maximian, Licinius struck a small issue of commemorative folles from the Balkan mints of Siscia and Thessalonica. 15387

Billon follis. diVo Gal Val MaXiMiaNo, veiled hd. of Galerius Maximian r. rev. FORTI FORTVNAE, Fortuna stg. l., holding rudder on globe and cornucopiae, wheel at side, mint mark SIS in ex., crescent in l. field, officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) in r. ric vi, p. 480, 206. c (Galerius) 30. [Siscia, AD 311]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) A possible variant (RIC 205) has ‘AVG’ at the end of the obverse legend but has not been confirmed.

15388

diVo MaXiMiaNo, as previous. rev. MEM DIVI MAXIMIANI, domed shrine with closed doors surmounted by eagle with wings spread, mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark Α (= 1) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 518, 48. C (Maximian) 395. [Thessalonica, AD 311]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500) Coins with officinae Β and Γ (= 2 and 3) may also exist (cf. RIC. p. 518, note 1).

For the coinage of constantia, wife of licinius and half-sister of constantine i, see no. 16633.

LICINIUS JUNIOR caesar under licinius, 1 Mar. ad 317–sep./oct. 324 15414 Flavius Valerius Constantinus Licinianus Licinius was born in July or August AD 315, the son of Licinius and his wife Constantia, half-sister of Constantine I. Although aged only twenty months he was raised to the rank of Caesar at Serdica on 1 March 317 together with Constantine’s two eldest sons, Crispus and Constantine II. This was part of the reconciliation process following the inconclusive civil war between the two emperors in 316-17. The young prince was educated by the noted scholar Flavius Optatus and was destined to inherit his father’s eastern realms. However, the events of 324 put a speedy end to any imperial aspirations he may have had and although his life was spared following his father’s downfall at Chrysopolis he was eventually executed by his uncle Constantine at the age of only eleven (AD 326). His downfall may have coincided with the other tragic events of this year — the executions of Constantine’s wife Fausta and his eldest son, the Caesar Crispus. Coinage in the name of Licinius Junior was on a fairly limited scale but was struck both in the East, under his father, and at some of the Constantinian mints in the West. Needless to say it ceased in AD 324. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: a. d N Val liciN liciNiVs NoB c B. liciNiVs iVN NoB c c. liciNiVs iVN NoB caes d. liciNiVs iVN NoB caesar e. liciNiVs NoB caes The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full:

394

the rise oF the hoUse oF coNstaNtiNe a. laur. hd. r. b. laur. and cuir. bust r. c. laur. and dr., or dr. and cuir., bust r. d. laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa in r. hand and globe and sceptre in l. e. rad. and cuir. bust r. f. rad. and dr., or dr. and cuir., bust r. g. helmeted and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield.

15389 15389

Gold aureus. d N liciNiVs NoB caes, laur. bust r., wearing consular robes and holding globe and eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. IOVI CONS D N NOB CAES, Jupiter seated facing, holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark s M N in ex. ric vii, p. 602, 21. calicó 5148. c —. depeyrot, p. 125, 29/1. [Nicomedia, AD 319]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

15390

ac. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint and officina marks S M N ε (= 5) in ex., N in field to r. ric vii, p. 602, 17. calicó 5149. c 20. depeyrot, p. 124, 23/2. [Nicomedia, AD 317]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

15391

a, bare-headed, dr. and cuir. bust facing. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI CAES, Jupiter seated facing on platform, holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet to l., the platform inscribed SIC • V • / SIC • X • in two lines, mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark Γ, ∆, or ε (= 3, 4, or 5). ric vii, p. 607, 42. calicó 5150-52b. c 28. depeyrot, p. 126, 31/2. [Nicomedia, AD 321-2]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £9,250 ($16,000)

15392

15393

15392

Similar, but with star in r. field on rev. and with mint mark S M AN in ex. preceded by dot and followed by officina mark ε (= 5). ric vii, p. 681, 33. calicó 5153. c —. depeyrot, p. 146, 38/2. [Antioch, AD 321-2]. VF £4,300 ($7,500) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

15393

ac. rev. IOVIO CONSERVATORI CAESS, Jupiter stg. l., as 15390, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and star above crescent in r. field. RIC vii, p. 679, 21. Calicó 5154. C —. depeyrot, p. 145, 35/2. [Antioch, AD 317]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

15394

Gold solidus. d, bare hd. r. rev. FELICIA TEMPORA, four children at play representing the seasons, mint mark • T • S • in ex. Cf. RIC vii, p. 499, note 6 (doubting its existence). calicó 5147. c 18. cf. depeyrot, p. 112, 9/1 and pl. 17 (citing specimen in stuttgart). [Thessalonica, AD 317]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

liciNiUs JUNior 15395

395

Gold semissis (half solidus). cc. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, licinius Junior, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, no mint mark. ric vii, p. 376, 113. c 34. cf. depeyrot, p. 74, 20/4 (incorrectly dated to ad 326). [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000) NB there is also a gold multiple of 4.5 solidi, issued under constantine at aquileia circa ad 319, with obverse half-length bust of licinius Junior with spear and Victory on globe, and reverse Felicia teMPora, the four seasons as children at play (ric vii, p. 396, 31; Ma 196).

15396

Billon follis. cc. rev. CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE, sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark SIS preceded by officina mark Α (= 1) in ex. ric vii, p. 428, 38. c —. [Siscia, AD 317]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15397 15397

cb or c. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG NN, concordia stg. l., holding long caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark AQ followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 394, 1213. c 12. Ma 197-8. [Aquileia, AD 317]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15398

Fla liciNiVs NoB caes, c. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and resting on sceptre, mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark T (= 3) in ex., R — S across field. RIC vii, p. 246, 124. C —. EMA, p. 38, 13/7. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15399

similar, but with obv. legend Val liciNiVs NoB caes. ric vii, p. 246, 125-6. c 22. eMa, p. 38, 13/8-9. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15400

As previous, but with C — S instead of R — S across rev. field. RIC vii, p. 248, 142. C 22. eMa, p. 38, 11/6. [Arles, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15401

As 15399, but without letters in rev. field and with mint mark A in ex. preceded by officina mark t (= 3) with star and crescent between. ric vii, p. 250, 159-60. c 22. eMa, p. 40, 14/4-5. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15402

As previous, but also with P in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 251, 167. C 22. EMA, p. 41, 15/2. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15403

obv. as 15399. rev. — Jupiter running r., hurling thunderbolt, mint mark arl preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3) in ex., R — S across field. RIC vii, p. 246, 128. C 27. eMa, p. 38, 13/11. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15404

Ca. Rev. — as 15398, but with mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (1, 2, or 3) in ex., and with P in l. field. RIC vii, p. 371, 72. C 25 var. [Ticinum, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15405

as previous, but with obv. legend liciNiaN liciNiVs iVN. ric vii, p. 371, 71. c 24. [Ticinum, AD 317]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) Remarkably, this obverse legend is lacking an imperial title.

396

the rise oF the hoUse oF coNstaNtiNe

15406

Billon follis. cc. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, as 15398, but with mint mark r followed by officina mark T (= 3) in ex., and with wreath (sometimes containing T) in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 309 and 312, 101, 133. C 25 var. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15407

ag. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and eagle-tipped sceptre, another eagle at feet to l., captive seated on ground to r., mint mark S M H followed by officina mark Α-∆ (1-4) in ex., mark of value (?) X / iiΓ in r. field. Cf. RIC vii, p. 548, 54 (obv. misdescribed). c 21. [Heraclea, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) It has been suggested that the curious numerical formula in the reverse field indicates a revaluation of the follis from 25 to 12½ denarii (cf. Carson, “Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 167). The revised chronology of this series is based on Pierre Bastien’s article “Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch” (Numismatic Chronicle 1973, pp. 87-97). See also the four following and nos. 15222-6, 15484-7, 15949-53 and 16683-6 (and Volume V, nos. 17124-7, for the corresponding issues of Constantine II).

15408

15415

15408

Similar, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark Α-∆ (1-4) in ex. cf. ric vii, p. 608, 49 (obv. misdescribed). c 21. [Nicomedia, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15409

Similar, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark Α-∆ (1-4) in ex. ric vii, p. 646, 18. c 21. [Cyzicus, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15410

Similar, but with mint mark S M ANT followed by officina mark Α-Η (1-8) in ex. ric vii, p. 682, 36. c 21. [Antioch, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15411

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL followed by officina mark Α or Β (1 or 2) in ex. (sometimes with dot between mint and officina marks). RIC vii, p. 708, 30, 33. C 21. [Alexandria, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15412

Va co liciNiVs N (or NoV) cs, laur., dr. and cuir. bust l. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark s M N in ex., officina mark Γ or ς (= 3 or 6) in r. field, branch in l. RIC vii, p. 604, 26-7. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 317]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

15413

e, as previous. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI CAES, as previous, but with star above the officina mark (∆ = 4). ric vii, p. 604, 29. c —. [Nicomedia, AD 317-18]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15414

ad. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS, as 15412, but with mint mark s M K in ex., wreath in l. field, and officina mark Α-Η (= 1-8) in r. ric vii, p. 644, 11. c 31. [Cyzicus, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Illustrated at reign heading

15415

ad. rev. — similar, but with captive at feet of Jupiter to l., mint mark s M aNt in ex., and officina mark A-I, ΒΙ-εΙ (= 1-10, 12-15) in r. field. RIC vii, p. 680, 29. C 32. [Antioch, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

15416

Val coNstaNtiNVs liciNiVs N caes, a. rev. — similar, but with eagle instead of captive at feet of Jupiter to l., and with mint mark ALE in ex., K in l. field, and wreath and X above officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2) in r. ric vii, p. 706, 21. cf. c 29 (obv. misdescribed). [Alexandria, AD 317]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

liciNiUs JUNior

397

15417

Billon follis. ad. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark S M AL in ex., crescent in l. field, officina mark Α or Β (= 1or 2) in r. ric vii, p. 707, 25. cf. c 31 (rev. misdescribed). [Alexandria, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15418

cc. rev. PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, licinius Junior, in military attire, stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark SIS preceded by officina mark Α or ε (= 1 or 5) in ex. ric vii, p. 429, 40. c —. [Siscia, AD 317]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15419

ac or d. rev. PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark S M N in ex., branch in l. field, officina mark Α-Ζ (= 1-7) with dot above in r. ric vii, pp. 604-5, 33-4. cf. c 37-9. [Nicomedia, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15420

ad. rev. — three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark M h t followed by officina mark ∆ or ε (= 4 or 5) in ex., sometimes with dots either side of the mint and officina marks, or single dot preceding or following them or in r. field. RIC vii, p. 545, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27. cf. c 41. [Heraclea, AD 317]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15421

as previous, but with obv. legend d N Val coNst liciNiVs NoB c (dots either side of the mint and officina marks). RIC vii, p. 545, 24. C —. [Heraclea, AD 317]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

15422 15422

as 15420, but sometimes obv. bust to r., and with mint mark s M h followed by officina mark Γ, ∆, or ε (= 3, 4, or 5) in ex., sometimes with dot preceding or following the mint and officina marks, or with one or two dots or Λ in r. field. RIC vii, pp. 546-7, 31, 36, 41, 45, 49. cf. c 41. [Heraclea, AD 317-18]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15423

da. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM DD NN, Mars, naked, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint and officina marks • TS • ε • (= 5) in ex. RIC vii, p. 502, 22. c 74. [Thessalonica, AD 317-18]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15424

Billon half follis. cc. rev. PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, licinius Junior, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, no mint mark. ric vii, p. 313, 139. cf. c 35 (NoB c on obv.). [Rome, AD 318]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

15425

Billon centenionalis. c, laur., dr. and cuir. bust l. rev. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, altar inscribed Vot / is / XX in three lines and surmounted by globe with three stars above, mint mark TR preceded by officina mark S (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 191, 310. C —. [Trier, AD 321]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15426

Bf. Rev. — as previous, but with officina mark P (= 1) preceding the mint mark. ric vii, p. 191, 311. cf. c 1 (obv. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 321]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

15427

ca. rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around Vot / V in two lines, no mint mark. ric vii, p. 508, 86. cf. c 9 (NoB c on obv.). [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

398

the rise oF the hoUse oF coNstaNtiNe

15428

Billon centenionalis. similar, but on rev. with mint and value marks ts Vi below with officina mark ε (= 5) between. ric vii, p. 509, 92. cf. c 9. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85) The numeral VI appearing after the mint and officina marks on this, and other Thessalonican types spanning the years 320-24, would appear to refer in some way to the value of this new denomination. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 239) suggests that “Constantine felt obliged to match the Licinian 6-scrupula standard of his folles and this indeed may be the significance of the numeral VI attached to the signature of the mint of Thessalonica”. However, this fails to explain the numeral VII which occurs on some issues (e.g. see no. 15442).

15429

as previous, but with obv. as 15425. ric vii, p. 509, 93. c —. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15430

ea. rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM • around VO / TIS / V / T • A (= officina 3 and mint mark) in four lines. ric vii, p. 257, 211. c 10. eMa, p. 46, 25/4. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15431

Similar, but the officina and mint marks (T A or Q A or • Q • A • = officina 3 or 4) are in the exergue. ric vii, p. 258, 215, 221. c 10. eMa, pp. 47-8, 26/3, 27/6. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15432

ca. rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around Vot / is / V in three lines, mint mark sis • in ex. preceded by officina mark • ∆ (= 4). ric vii, p. 442, 143. c —. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15433

ea. rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around wreath enclosing Vot / V in two lines, mint mark AR below, no officina mark. RIC vii, p. 259, 226. C 7. EMA, p. 49, 29/4. [Arles, AD 321]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15434

Similar, but with mint mark A below preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 259, 231. c 7. eMa, p. 49, 28/4. [Arles, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15435

Similar, but with crescent or star and crescent between the officina and mint marks. RIC vii, p. 260, 236 and 242. c 7. eMa, p. 50, 30/4 and 31/4. [Arles, AD 321-2]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15436

Ca or c. Rev. — as 15433, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark T (= 3) below. ric vii, p. 402, 71-3. c 6. Ma 203-5. [Aquileia, AD 320-21]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15437

Cb or c. Rev. — as previous, but with dots on either side of mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 404, 91-2. c 6. Ma 206-7. [Aquileia, AD 321]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15438

Bc. Rev. — As 15433, but with mint and officina marks R and Q (= 4) below with ερωc (the first three letters in monogram) between. RIC vii, p. 320, 230. C 5. [Rome, AD 320-21]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

15439

similar, but without ερωc between the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 321, 233. C 15. [Rome, AD 321]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15440

B or C, a. Rev. — as 15433, but with mint mark SIS preceded by officina mark ∆ (= 4) below. ric vii, p. 443, 154-5. c 5-6. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15441

Ba. Rev. — as previous, but with star following mint mark and officina ε (= 5) also recorded. ric vii, p. 444, 162. c 5. [Siscia, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

liciNiUs JUNior

399

15442

Billon centenionalis. ca. rev. — as 15433, but with mint and value marks ts Vii below with officina mark ε (= 5) between. ric vii, p. 510, 99. c 6. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) See note following no. 15428.

15443

similar, but with mark of value Vi instead of Vii on rev. ric vii, p. 511, 107. c 6. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15444

c, laur., dr. and cuir. bust l. rev. — as previous, but with star (sometimes within small wreath) beneath the votive inscription within the wreath. ric vii, p. 512, 114, 119. c 8. [Thessalonica, AD 320-21]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15445

ea. rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around wreath enclosing Vot / X in two lines, mint mark A below preceded by officina mark Q (= 4) and with crescent between. RIC vii, p. 260, 238. c 11. eMa, p. 50, 30/6. [Arles, AD 321]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15446

cc. rev. DOMINORVM NOSTRORVM CAESS around wreath enclosing Vot / V in two lines, mint mark T below preceded by officina mark P (= 1), star beneath the votive inscription within the wreath. ric vii, p. 379, 136. cf. c 15. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15447

Similar, but with obv. type rad. hd. r. and officina mark S (= 2) instead of P preceding mint mark. ric vii, p. 379, 137. c —. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

15448

As 15446, but without star beneath the votive inscription on rev. and with officina mark P, s, or t (= 1, 2, or 3) preceding mint mark. ric vii, p. 380, 151. cf. c 15. [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15449

Bc. rev. PAX PERPETVA, Pax stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, holding olive-branch in r. hand and transverse sceptre in l., l. arm resting on column, mint mark r followed by officina mark P (= 1) in ex., P — R across field. RIC vii, p. 314, 145. C 33. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

15450 15450

Bc. rev. ROMAE AETERNAE, roma seated r., holding on her knees shield inscribed X / V in two lines, another shield at her side, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex., P — R across field. RIC vii, p. 315, 153-4. C 45. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15451

Similar, but without P — R across rev. field and with ερωc (the first three letters in monogram) between the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 317, 198-9. C 45. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) See note following no. 15438.

15452

Bc. rev. SAECVLI FELICITAS, garlanded cippus surmounted by shield inscribed aVG, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4) in ex., P — R across field. ric vii, p. 315, 162. c 47. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

400

the rise oF the hoUse oF coNstaNtiNe

15453

Billon centenionalis. B or c, c. rev. VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed Vot / P r in two lines, resting on altar inscribed either I or S, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5), sometimes between two dots, sometimes followed by star. ric vii, pp. 435-6, 88-9, 98. c 51. [Siscia, AD 319-20]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) The letter ‘I’ on the altar occurs at officinae Α and Β, ‘S’ at officinae Γ, ∆, and ε. The meaning of these letters is unclear. The reverse type is based on the Constantinian prototype struck in a superior alloy at Trier seven years before (see no. 15859).

15454

B or c, c. rev. VICTORIA CAESS NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks • TS • A • (= 1) in ex. RIC vii, p. 506, 63-4. C 50. [Thessalonica, AD 319]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

15455

Bf. rev. VICTORIAE LAET P P, two Victories, as 15453, but the altar is ornamented with star or Greek cross and with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). ric vii, p. 184, 232. c —. [Trier, AD 319]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15456

Bc. rev. VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, as previous, but the altar is ornamented with C and with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). ric vii, p. 373, 94. c 55. [Ticinum, AD 319]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15457

c or d, c. rev. — as 15453, but the altar is sometimes ornamented with s, or with curved or horizontal lines with or without dot, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Α, Β, Γ, or ε (= 1, 2, 3, or 5) and followed by dot. ric vii, pp. 433-4, 69-70, 79. c 54 var. [Siscia, AD 319]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15458

cc. rev. VIRT EXERC, X-shaped plan of roman camp (?) with sol stg. l. at the centre, his r. hand raised, holding globe in l., mint mark and officina marks • TS • A • (= 1) in ex. ric vii, p. 507, 70. c 57. [Thessalonica, AD 319]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £350 ($600) The traditional explanation of this curious reverse type as a ‘plan of a camp’ seems unsatisfactory. The legend certainly indicates a military connection and perhaps the elaborate quadruple X-shape is intended to represent a series of defensive ditches. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 166) comes up with an alternative theory that “it is perhaps better to be regarded as a bird’s eye view of a monumental stepped-base surmounted by figure of Sol”.

15459

Bc. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, gateway of military camp with three or four turrets, sometimes with doors closed, sometimes with open doors, and sometimes without doors, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex., P — R across field. RIC vii, pp. 316-17, 172, 182, 189, 192. cf. c 58-9. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15460 15460

Bf. rev. VIRTVS EXERCIT, trophy, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by dot (sometimes omitted) and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 186-7, 252, 263-4. C 60. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15461

Similar, but with T — F across rev. field. RIC vii, p. 189, 288. C 60. [Trier, AD 320-21]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

liciNiUs JUNior

401

15462

Billon centenionalis. similar, but with obv. c, laur., dr. and cuir. bust l. ric vii, p. 189, 287. c 61. [Trier, AD 320-21]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15463

obv. as previous. rev. — vexillum, inscribed VOT / X in two lines, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark AQ followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex., S — F across field. RIC vii, —. C —. MA 200. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15464

similar, but with obv. type laur. bust l., wearing cuir. or consular robes and holding Victory on globe in r. hand, mappa in l. ric vii, p. 399, 44. c 63 var. Ma 199. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15465

Obv. As previous. Rev. — as 15463, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Α, Γ, ∆, or ε (= 1, 3, 4, or 5) and followed by star, S — F across field. RIC vii, p. 438, 115. c 63 var. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15466

Obv. As 15462. Rev. — as previous (officina ∆ only recorded). ric vii, p. 438, 114. c —. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15467

Obv. As 15464. Rev. — as previous, but also with HL monogram in r. field and sometimes with star and crescent instead of star following mint mark in ex. (officinae Γ, ∆, and ε only recorded). ric vii, pp. 439-40, 125, 132. c 63 var. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15468

Bf. rev. — as 15463, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / XX and with mint mark tr in ex. preceded by dot (sometimes omitted) and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 186 and 188, 256, 271-2. C 70. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15469

As previous, but also with T — F across rev. field (no star). RIC vii, p. 190, 299. C 70 var. [Trier, AD 320-21]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15470

as previous, but with obv. as 15462. ric vii, p. 189, 298. c 68. [Trier, AD 320-21]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15471

e or liciNiVs iVN N c, f. rev. — as 15468, but with mint mark arl in ex. preceded by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC vii, p. 257, 203, 206. C 72-3. Cf. EMA, p. 46, 24/6-7. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15472

B or e, c or laur. bust l., wearing cuir. or consular robes and holding Victory on globe in r. hand, mappa in l. Rev. — as 15468, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, s, or t (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with star between, and with christogram (ChiRho monogram) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 377, 118-20, 125. C 64. [Ticinum, AD 319-20]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) An early reference to Constantine’s espousal of Christianity in AD 312 (see no. 15474 below and also nos. 15294, 15374, 15377A, 15379A, 16324 and 16853).

15473 15473

c, laur. bust l., wearing cuir. or consular robes and holding Victory on globe in r. hand, mappa in l. Rev. — as 15468, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) and with S — F across field. RIC vii, p. 400, 55. C 67, 69. MA 202. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

402

the rise oF the hoUse oF coNstaNtiNe

15474

Billon centenionalis. B, as previous. rev. VIRTVS EXERCIT, as 15468, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark ∆ (= 4) and followed by star, christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 441, 139. C 64. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) See note following no. 15472.

15475

Obv. As 15462. Rev. — as 15468, but with mint and officina marks • TS • A • (= 1) in ex., S — F across field. RIC vii, p. 508, 79. C 68. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15476

obv. as previous, or cc. rev. VOT V / MVLT X / CAESS in three lines above mint and officina marks • TS • A • or ε • (= 1 or 5), all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 504, 41-2. C 75. [Thessalonica, AD 318-19]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15477

Bc. rev. VOT X / ET XV F in two lines above mint and officina marks R S (= 2) with

ερωc (the first three letters in monogram) between, all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 318, 205. c 76 var. [Rome, AD 320]. See note following no. 15438.

VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

15478

Similar, but with mint and officina marks R P or S (= 1 or 2) without ερωc between. ric vii, p. 318, 208. c 76 var. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

15479

Bc. rev. VOT / XV / FEL / XX in four lines above mint and officina marks R P, S, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4), all within wreath. ric vii, p. 318, 217. c 77. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) Another variety (RIC 223) has the reverse legend divided VOT / XV FEL / XX in three lines and officina P (= 1).

15480

Bc. rev. VOT / XX in two lines above mint and officina marks R P (= 1), all within wreath. ric vii, p. 318, 212. c —. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

LICINIUS JUNIOR AND CONSTANTINE II This very rare double-effigy coinage was part of a series issued by Licinius in AD 318 at three of his eastern mints (Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch). The majority of the types honour Licinius and his son, the Caesar Licinius Junior (see nos. 15384-6), Nicomedia being alone in striking coins featuring the two Augusti (see no. 15383) and also the two Caesars, Licinius Junior and Constantine II. Surprisingly, none are known depicting the Caesar Crispus, eldest son Constantine I, though examples may well come to light at some future date. Although they appear to be folles, the coins of this series are consistently larger and heavier than other issues of this period. The answer to this may be connected with their silver content for which reliable data is not currently available. For a detailed study of this series as a whole, see Pierre Bastien’s article “Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch” (Numismatic Chronicle 1973, pp. 87-97) to which reference is made in the following entry. 15481

Billon follis. dd NN liciNiVs et coNstaNtiNVs NoBB caess, laur., dr. and cuir. busts of licinius Junior r. and constantine ii l., face to face, holding between them statuette of Fortuna stg. l. with rudder and cornucopiae. rev. I O M ET FORT CONSER DD NN NOBB CAESS, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, facing Fortuna stg. r., holding cornucopiae and rudder on globe, mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark Γ (= 3). ric vii, p. 606, 40. c —. Bastien 3. [Nicomedia, AD 318]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

MartiNiaN

403

VALENS 8 oct. ad 316–8 Jan.317 15482 Little is known of Aurelius Valerius Valens, a general serving under Licinius in the Balkan region at the time of the first civil war between Licinius and Constantine. The war was going badly for the eastern emperor and as a curious gesture of defiance, following a serious reverse at the battle of Cibalae in Pannonia (October 318), Licinius deposed Constantine and nominated Valens in his place. The literary sources only call him Caesar but his extremely rare coinage makes it clear that he bore the senior rank of Augustus. With Constantine advancing victoriously through the Balkans Licinius and Valens sued for peace. Under the terms of the settlement concluded very early in 317 Licinius ceded most of his European territory to his rival and the unfortunate Valens was deposed and executed. He had been a mere pawn in the political game being played out between the rulers of East and West, though one wonders what part Licinius had actually intended him to play. The billon folles of Valens appear to be confined to the two eastern mints of Cyzicus and Alexandria. They are of great rarity and modern forgeries considerably outnumber those which are of unquestioned authenticity. A particularly dangerous group of counterfeits, known as the ‘Geneva forgeries’, included specimens of Valens from both of his mints. They were published by R. A. G. Carson in the 1958 volume of The Numismatic Chronicle (p. 54, 15-16 and pl. VI). 15482

Billon follis. iMP c aVr Val ValeNs P F aVG, laur. hd. r. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark s K M in ex., officina mark iiii or Vi (= 4 or 6) in r. field. ric vii, p. 644, 7. c 1. [Cyzicus]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

15483

— — rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, as previous, but with mint mark ale in ex., K in field to l., and officina mark Α (= 1) in field to r. with wreath over X above. RIC vii, p. 706, 19. c 2. [Alexandria]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

MARTINIAN late Jul.–18 sep. ad 324 15484 Sextus Marcius (?) Martinianus served in the high-ranking post of Master of Offices (magister officiorum) in the final years of Licinius’ reign. Constantine, clearly wishing to be rid of his troublesome eastern colleague, provoked the second civil war by invading Licinius’ Thracian territories in 322/3 on the pretext of countering a Gothic incursion. Licinius interpreted this action as a declaration of war and made preparations for the inevitable trial of strength. Hostilities were

404

the rise oF the hoUse oF coNstaNtiNe

well under way by the summer of 324 and Constantine’s victory at the battle of Adrianople quickly led to his capture of the important mint city of Heraclea (mid-July). Constantine’s eldest son, the Caesar Crispus, played an important role in this campaign. Licinius was obliged to retreat eastwards and was besieged in Byzantium on the European side of the Bosporus. It may well have been at this time that Constantine became aware of the great strategic importance of this city, thus leading to his selection of the site as his new imperial capital under the name of Constantinople. Licinius’ position was now desperate, and, as he had done in a similar crisis during the first civil war, he declared Constantine deposed and appointed a new colleague, this time Martinian, in his place. Presumably Martinian had little choice in the matter and his reign was destined to last for less than two months. Having failed to prevent their adversary from crossing into Asia, Licinius and Martinian fought a pitched battle with Constantine’s forces at Chrysopolis (18 September 324) in which they were totally routed. Licinius’ wife Constantia, the half-sister of Constantine, negotiated on behalf of the defeated eastern rulers whose lives were spared. Licinius and his son, the Caesar Licinius Junior, were imprisoned at Thessalonica whilst the unfortunate Martinian was sent to Cappadocia. It is doubtful whether Constantine ever intended to honour the agreement negotiated by Constantia and both Licinius and Martinian were executed the following year. Constantine now reigned supreme throughout the Roman world. Despite the brevity of his reign the billon folles of Martinian are more plentiful than those of Valens, though still very rare today. They were minted at Nicomedia and Cyzicus only, and, like those of Valens, were imitated in the late 19th/early 20th centuries by the so-called ‘Geneva forger’ (Carson, “The Geneva Forgeries”, Numismatic Chronicle, 1958, pp. 54-5, 17-22 and pl. VI). 15484

Billon follis. d N M MartiNiaNo P F aVG, rad., dr. and cuir. bust r. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and eagle-tipped sceptre, another eagle at feet to l., captive seated on ground to r., mint mark s M N followed by officina mark Α-∆ (1-4) in ex., mark of value (?) X / iiΓ in r. field. RIC vii, p. 608, 46. C 4. [Nicomedia]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) It has been suggested that the curious numerical formula in the reverse field indicates a revaluation of the follis from 25 to 12½ denarii (cf. Carson, “Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 167). See also the three following and nos. 15222-6, 15407-11, 15949-53, and 16683-6 (and Volume V, nos. 17124-7, for the corresponding issues of Constantine II).

15485

similar, but with obv. legend d N M MartiNiaNVs P F aVG. ric vii, p. 608, 45. c 3. [Nicomedia]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15486

Similar, but with obv. legend D N MARTINIANVS P F AVG (officinae Β and Γ (= 2 and 3) only recorded). ric vii, p. 608, 47. c 1. [Nicomedia]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15487

iM c s Mar MartiNiaNVs P F aVs, rad., dr. and cuir. bust r. rev. — all as 15484, but with mint and officina marks S M K Α (= 1) in ex. ric vii, p. 645, 16. cf. c 2. [Cyzicus]. VF £1,550 ($2,700) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

constantine i, the great

405

CONSTANTINE I, the Great late summer ad 307–22 May 337 gold multiple of thessalonica The reign of Constantine the Great marked one of the principal turning-points in the history of the Roman Empire, the outcome of which still resonates today throughout the Western world. Flavius Valerius Constantinus was born at Naissus in Moesia on 27 February (probably AD 272), the eldest son of Flavius Valerius Constantius (later Constantius I) by his mistress, or first wife, Flavia Julia Helena (later the Empress Helena). He later claimed descent through his father from the Emperor Claudius II Gothicus (AD 268-70), but the assertion was politically motivated and is unlikely to have been true. Like his father, he adopted a military career and with Constantius’ advancement to imperial rank in 293 the young Constantine was appointed a tribune at the court of Diocletian in Nicomedia. In the following years, he served under the eastern Caesar Galerius in the latter’s campaigns against the Persians (298) and the Sarmatians (299). During this period he probably became acquainted with his future rival, Licinius, who was a friend and protégé of Galerius. At the time of the joint abdications of Diocletian and Maximian in AD 305 Constantine was still at Nicomedia. The new eastern Emperor Galerius wished to keep him there in order to ensure peaceful relations with his western colleague Constantius. But the latter was insistent that Constantine should join him on a military expedition to Britain necessitated by unrest on the northern frontier. Constantius’ health was beginning to fail and he clearly wanted his son to have an army behind him should his illness prove fatal. Galerius had little choice but to release Constantine. On his long journey westward he took elaborate precautions to avoid assassination at the hands of agents of Galerius or of the western Caesar Severus. Reunited with his father at Boulogne, Constantine accompanied him on the gruelling campaign against the Picts. As Constantius’ health further deteriorated his son took command of the army with whom he rapidly became very popular, doubtless all part of his father’s plan. At the legionary fortress of Eboracum (York) on 25 July AD 306 Constantius died: the Emperor Septimius Severus had passed away in the same place just 95 years before. The death of Constantius after less than fifteen months of rule was to have devastating consequences for the delicate balance of power created by Diocletian’s tetrarchy system and was ultimately to lead to its total collapse. Eighteen years later the Empire was, once again, to come under the rule of a single Augustus in the person of Constantius’ son, Constantine. However, at the time of his father’s death, and for a number of years afterwards, Constantine’s position was not strong and, like the first Augustus three and a half centuries before, he had to tread warily in his dealings with more powerful rivals. But by the skilful use of alliances he gradually strengthened his position until he could finally assert his supremacy in the complex political arena of the early 4th century. Constantine’s soldiers in Britain immediately wanted to proclaim him emperor in succession to his late father. Inevitably, this would have led to civil war with Galerius, so Constantine accepted the junior imperial rank of Caesar under the new western Augustus Severus II, thus preserving the form of the tetrarchy. When Severus’ authority in Rome was challenged by the uprising of Maxentius (soon to be joined by his father, the former western Emperor Maximian) Constantine did not come to the assistance of his imperial colleague. Instead, he remained aloof while Severus was defeated by the rebel alliance. Galerius’ subsequent invasion of Italy also failed to overcome the insurgency and the eastern emperor was obliged to beat a hasty retreat. Again, Constantine had remained indifferent to the conflict and was even negotiating an alliance with the rebel regime. In the early spring of 307 Maximian paid a visit to the court of the western Caesar in Gaul and the resulting treaty was sealed by the marriage of Constantine to Maximian’s daughter Fausta, sister of Maxentius. In the late summer, Constantine adopted the title and rank of Augustus, though he was not accepted as such in the East until 310. The tetrarchy system was now fatally disrupted.

406

the rise of the house of constantine

Galerius made one final attempt to restore it towards the close of 308 when he convened the Carnuntum Congress. But his high-handed elevation of his friend Licinius to the rank of Augustus, over the heads of Constantine and Maximinus, doomed the effort to failure. In order to appease them, Galerius offered the empty title of filii Augustorum (“sons of the Augusti”), but this was clearly unacceptable and by 310 both were regarded as full Augusti throughout the Empire. Before Carnuntum, Maximian had quarrelled with his son Maxentius and had been obliged to flee to Constantine in Gaul, where he remained for the following two years. In 310 he foolishly led an abortive uprising against his son-in-law which was revealed by his own daughter, Constantine’s wife Fausta. Maximian was either forced to commit suicide or was executed for treason. Galerius’ death from natural causes in May, 311, left only three legitimate Augusti (Constantine, Licinius, and Maximinus) and the usurper Maxentius in Italy. Constantine now decided it was time to eliminate his brother-in-law Maxentius and made preparations for war. He invaded Italy in the late summer of 312 and advanced on Rome, where Maxentius had decided to make his stand. The battle of the Milvian Bridge, on the sixth anniversary of Maxentius’ rule (28 October), was chiefly notable for Constantine’s supposed ‘vision of the cross’ on the previous night. Whatever the truth of this story, something certainly revolutionized the western emperor’s religious policy at this time, bringing about the rapid demise of belief in the old pagan gods and goddesses and its replacement by devotion to the teachings of the Christian Church. Meanwhile in the East, there was a growing rivalry between Licinius and Maximinus. The latter felt himself threatened when Constantine and Licinius jointly promulgated at Milan the edict on religious toleration and had sealed their accord by the marriage of Licinius to Constantine’s half-sister, Constantia. Maximinus invaded Licinius’ territory in the early spring of 313 and was totally defeated in a pitched battle fought on 30 April. Out of the political chaos resulting from the collapse of Diocletian’s elaborately conceived tetrarchy system just two emperors now remained as potential rivals, Constantine in the West and Licinius in the East. Remarkably, this fragile status quo was maintained for the following thirteen years, though there were frequent disagreements between the Augusti and on two occasions (AD 316-17 and 324) war was actually declared. During the First Licinian War the eastern emperor audaciously elevated one of his generals, Valens, to the rank of co-emperor to replace Constantine. This bold move was to cost Licinius most of his European territory when peace was eventually patched up between the two rivals, while the unfortunate Valens had to pay with his life. Constantine now kept a close watch on the activities of Licinius and was clearly biding his time, awaiting an ideal opportunity for the removal of his troublesome colleague. The chance came in 322/3 when Gothic invaders entered Thrace and were promptly confronted by Constantine, who happened to be closer to the affected area than Licinius. Thrace being within the sphere of influence of the eastern emperor, Licinius interpreted this action as a declaration of war, just as Constantine had intended. Hostilities again broke out between the rivals and this time Constantine was decisively victorious, Licinius being deposed from power shortly after the disastrous battle of Chrysopolis (18 September 324). As in the case of the previous civil war, Licinius had elevated a co-emperor, Martinian, to assist him in the struggle against Constantine. Following Chrysopolis, both dethroned emperors were imprisoned and the following year they were executed, despite Constantine’s promise to Licinius’ wife Constantia to spare their lives. After eighteen years of imperial power Constantine at last found himself sole Augustus, the first ruler to be in this position since Diocletian had succeeded Carinus in the spring of AD 285. He remained sole Augustus for the next thirteen years, until his death in May 337 at the age of 65. During this final phase of his reign he focused on a number of domestic issues, though he remained militarily active right up to the end and was even preparing for war against the Sasanid Persians at the time his death. Having espoused Christianity as early as 312, Constantine now made efforts to secure the unity of the Church through convening the Council of Nicaea (the First Ecumenical Council) in 325. This was to establish an orthodox belief formula which all Christians were supposed to accept. The seeds of dissent in the new state religion were thus sown at a very early stage, as many believers followed the teachings of the heretical Alexandrian priest Arius. Another event of momentous importance in the closing years of Constantine’s reign was the foundation of a new imperial capital in the East, on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium on the European side of the Bosporus. The decision to found the city of Constantinopolis was probably made as early as 324, just after the defeat of Licinius, though the official dedication only took place on 11 May, 330. In future ages the city was to be of immense importance as the capital of the Christian Roman (later Byzantine) Empire and the bastion of European Christendom

constantine i, the great

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against the western spread of Islam. Constantine also gave careful attention to the question of the succession, though his precise intentions in this regard are difficult to ascertain. It is possible that he may have been endeavouring to restore the tetrarchy system on the Diocletianic model, illogical as that may seem in the light of Constantine’s own experiences in his rise to power. Constantine had four sons, Crispus (by his first wife Minervina), Constantine II (probably illegitimate), Constantius II and Constans (the last two by Fausta). He also had two daughters, Constantina and Helena. The picture is further complicated by the existence of three half-brothers and three half-sisters, his father’s issue by his second wife Theodora, the step-daughter of Maximian. One of these half-brothers, Dalmatius (or Delmatius), had two sons, one named after himself, the other named Hanniballianus (or Hannibalianus) after an uncle. These two brothers were thus nephews of Constantine. Crispus, who was probably the most capable of Constantine’s sons, was eliminated early from the succession when he was executed in 326, having been found guilty of treason. The circumstances of this tragic incident remain unclear, but it appears in some way to have involved Constantine’s second wife Fausta. The empress doubtless saw Crispus as a threat to the advancement of her own two sons, Constantius II and Constans, and perhaps fabricated the evidence against her stepson. Filled with remorse for his hasty action against his eldest son, Constantine then condemned his wife to death and she was suffocated in a hot bath. Constantine’s second eldest son, also named Constantine, was born in February of 317 and was almost immediately raised to the rank of Caesar. His halfbrother Crispus and their cousin Licinius Junior, son of the eastern Emperor Licinius, were similarly elevated on the same day (1 March). It appears that Constantine II must have been illegitimate as Fausta gave birth to Constantius II just six months later. Constans, the youngest son of Constantine, was born either in 320 or 323. Both of the sons of Fausta were proclaimed Caesar, in 324 and 333 respectively. In 337 Constantine I thus had three living sons bearing the rank of Caesar; but two years earlier he had also elevated his nephew Dalmatius (Delmatius) to the same rank and had granted Dalmatius’ brother, Hannibalianus, the extraordinary title of ‘King of kings’ (Rex regum) with authority over Pontus and Armenia. Doubtless, this represented an initial move in the projected campaign against the Sasanid Persians. Death may have come suddenly and unexpectedly to Constantine I on 22 May, but in truth he left behind him a potentially explosive situation with regard to the succession — no fewer than five contenders for power, all of whom were in their teens or early twenties. Given Constantine’s own experiences in asserting his supremacy over numerous rivals for imperial office, it is hard to imagine how he could have thought that his arrangements for the succession would have a happy outcome. On his deathbed, at Anchyrona near Nicomedia, the first Christian emperor was baptized by the Arian bishop Eusebius. Like his mother, Helena, he was later to be declared a Christian saint and their feast day is still celebrated in the Orthodox Church on May 21st. Constantine is also regarded as the Thirteenth Apostle, a measure of the Church’s recognition of the vital role he had played in the advancement of Christianity from a persecuted minority sect to a world religion. The coinage of Constantine’s long reign is complex and its accurate interpretation presents serious challenges. The radical changes made by Constantine in the currency system began quite early in his reign (c. AD 310) with the replacement of the Diocletianic gold aureus (1/60th pound = 5.4 grams) by the lighter gold solidus (1/72nd pound = 4.5 grams). However, at this time there were relatively few mints under direct Constantinian control so the reform was initially confined to the Gallic mints, later to be extended to Italy following Constantine’s defeat of Maxentius in 312. As the western emperor’s territories expanded so did the production of the solidus. In the East, however, Maximinus and Licinius continued striking aurei, the latter right down to his defeat in 324, so for a considerable period of time a confusing situation existed with two gold denominations, of similar appearance but different values, circulating side by side. It hardly helped that Constantine struck some solidi in Licinius’ name, while the eastern emperor issued aurei in the name of his western colleague. Two fractional gold denominations also existed, though they are very rare in comparison with the full-weight solidus: the semissis, or half solidus, weighing 2.25 grams, and the 9-siliqua piece (1½ scripulum) weighing 1.69 grams. The last was a denomination of uncertain significance which, before the end of the fourth century, was replaced by the slightly lighter and more convenient gold tremissis, or one-third solidus, weighing 1.5 grams. Production of coined silver was very insignificant in the early part of Constantine’s reign. The Diocletianic argenteus (1/96th pound = 3.38 grams) did not long survive the end of the First Tetrarchy in 305, though at Rome and Ostia Maxentius (AD 306-12) extended production until

408

the rise of the house of constantine

late in his reign. Constantine abandoned the argenteus early, though in 312 he produced at the Trier mint an experimental denomination in billon (25% silver) which usually goes by the name of centenionalis, implying that it was tariffed at 100 to the gold solidus. This coin was also struck in the names of his co-emperors Maximinus and Licinius, each ruler having a distinct reverse type (two Victories for Constantine, Sol in quadriga for Maximinus, and Jupiter on eagle for Licinius). It is noteworthy that Constantine did not adopt the pagan Hercules as his reverse type, this being the year of his ‘vision of the cross’. The billon centenionalis was soon abandoned, though at the mints of Ticinum and Aquileia Constantine did produce some very rare silver multiples, or medallions, which appear to have been on the weight standard of 1/50th pound = 6.48 grams. The reintroduction of regular silver issues did not occur until the year following the downfall of Licinius (325). At this time a denomination of the same weight as the Diocletianic argenteus (1/96th pound), though of thinner fabric, went into production. It is normally referred to as a siliqua, though in reality it was a revival of the argenteus which, itself, represented a restoration of the standard of Nero’s post-reform denarius. A larger silver coin, the miliarensis, was also introduced by Constantine at this time. Its name, implying the numeral 1000, would seem to indicate that it was either a fraction or a multiple of other units. Being on the same weight standard as the solidus (1/72nd pound = 4.50m grams) the miliarensis was worth 1/18th of the gold coin, while the siliqua was valued at ¾ of the miliarensis. Both new silver denominations were to have long histories extending into early Byzantine times. The Constantinian billon coinage presents further complexities. At the time of Constantine’s elevation to the rank of Caesar in 306 the Diocletianic follis was still being struck at its full weight of c. 10 grams. The following year saw the commencement of its steady decline in size and weight and by 313 it averaged only slightly over 4 grams. Various billon fractions were also produced, though not on a regular basis and all are scarce or rare today. Constantine finally abandoned the follis about 318/19 by which time its average weight had fallen to less than 3.50 grams. In its place he introduced a new billon coin weighing about 3 grams and displaying a range of non-pagan reverse types. In appearance, the coin closely resembles the experimental Trier centenionalis, containing 25% silver, which was issued by Constantine in 312 (see above). The new coin even seems to have derived its name from this prototype, despite the fact that its silver content was probably little more than that of the follis which it replaced. Meanwhile in the East, the Emperor Licinius continued the production of the traditional follis, still retaining the pagan Jupiter as its principal reverse type. But following Licinius’ downfall in 324 and Constantine’s acquisition of his eastern mints, the Constantinian denominations were issued uniformly throughout the Empire, thus ending what must have been a rather confusing situation with the gold and billon coinages. In 330 the weight of the centenionalis was reduced from c. 3 grams to c. 2.50 grams, and in the year preceding Constantine’s death it fell even further to about 1.70 grams. This situation was to prevail until 348 when the billon coinage was reformed by Constantine’s two surviving sons, Constantius II and Constans. In addition to coinage in his own name, Constantine I produced issues for his wife Fausta, his mother Helena, his four sons (Crispus, Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans) who all served as Caesar during his reign, and his nephews Dalmatius Caesar and Hannibalianus Rex. A special coinage commencing in 330 was struck to commemorate the dedication of Constantinople and it included issues honouring the old imperial capital of Rome. At the beginning of his reign Constantine naturally issued coins commemorating his late father, Constantius I, and in 318 a remarkable series of reduced folles and fractions was produced honouring Divus Claudius II, who Constantine claimed as an ancestor, his father-in-law Maximian, and his father Constantius. This was in the nature of a ‘pedigree’ issue at a time when he was vying with Licinius for pre-eminence in the Roman world. Following Constantine’s death in 337 a remarkable series of posthumous coins was struck for him, principally under Constantius II in the East, but also under Constantine II in the West. Constans appears to have disapproved of the issue because of the surprising inclusion of the pagan title Divus (abbreviated to ‘DV’) preceding Constantine’s name. It was the last such coinage to be produced. The imperial minting establishment underwent a number of changes during the long reign of Constantine the Great. Initially, the western mints were of prime importance to him as his power was centred in Gaul. Trier, Lugdunum, and London were his principal establishments down to his victory over Maxentius in 312, after which the Italian mints of Ticinum, Aquileia, and Rome also came under his control. Maxentius’ creation at Ostia also operated briefly under Constantine until

constantine i, the great

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its staff was transferred to a new Gallic mint at Arles. Carthage, under Maximian and Maxentius, also struck briefly for Constantine Caesar prior to its closure in 307. The important mint of Siscia passed under Constantinian control in 316, in the early stages of the first civil was against Licinius. Serdica struck briefly for Constantine Caesar in 306-7 and again briefly for Constantine Augustus in 313-14, just prior to its closure by Licinius. Sirmium was opened by Constantine in 320 and remained operational for about six years. Thessalonica, like Siscia, passed under the control of Constantine at the time of the First Licinian War (316-17) and remained an important mint down to the end of his reign. After almost four decades of operation the mint of London was closed by Constantine in 325, a victim of the vast expansion of minting capacity inherited by the western emperor after his victory over Licinius in 324. Another closure at this time was the northern Italian mint of Ticinum. Its final issues appear to date to the end of 326 and as the first coinage from Constantine’s new foundation of Constantinople are of about the same period it may well be that the staff of Ticinum was transferred to the new eastern capital. Constantinople, of course, was to become a mint of immense importance as befitted the capital of the Byzantine Empire, with issues stretching in a virtually unbroken sequence for more than a millennium down to the 15th century. The eastern mints of Licinius, from Heraclea in Thrace to Alexandria in Egypt, all passed to Constantine with the defeat of the eastern emperor in 324. All remained very active until the end of Constantine’s reign and, as an important imperial residence, the issues of Nicomedia were of special significance, at least down to the time of the dedication of the new eastern capital of Constantinople in 330. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: As Caesar a. constantinVs noB c B. constantinVs noB caes c. fL VaL constantinVs n c D. fL VaL constantinVs noB c e. fL VaL constantinVs noB caes As Augustus f. constantinVs aVg g. constantinVs MaX aVg h. constantinVs P aVg i. constantinVs P f aVg J. D n constantinVs MaX aVg K. D n constantinVs P f aVg L. iMP c constantinVs P f aVg M. iMP c fL VaL constantinVs P f aVg n. iMP constantinVs aVg o. iMP constantinVs MaX aVg P. iMP constantinVs P aVg Q. iMP constantinVs P f aVg The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full: a. Laur. hd. r. b. Laur. and cuir. bust r. c. Laur., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r. d. Diad. hd. r. e. Diad. and cuir. bust r. f. Diad., dr. and cuir. (or dr. only) bust r. g. Helmeted and cuir. bust r. h. helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust r.

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Issues as Caesar under Severus II and later under Galerius Maximian and Licinius, 25 Jul. AD 306-summer 310 (self-proclaimed as Augustus late summer AD 307 but accepted as such only in the West) 15488

Gold aureus. aa. rev. HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAESS NN, Hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding bow and lion’s skin l., mint mark P R in ex., E (= officina 5?) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 368, 139. Calicó 5164. C 273. Depeyrot, p. 87, 15/6. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

15489

aa. rev. MARTI CONSERV AVGG ET CAESS NN, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark P R in ex., E (= officina 5?) in l. field. RIC vi, —. Calicó 5179. C —. Depeyrot, p. 87, 15/7. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

15490

constantinVs caesar, a. rev. MARTI PATRI followed by NIK monogram, Mars stg. l., resting on shield and spear, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vi, p. 559, 42. Calicó 5180. C 357. Depeyrot, p. 121, 10/2. [Nicomedia, AD 306]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

15491

Similar, but with L V X C (the first two letters in monogram) following the NIK monogram at end of rev. legend. RIC vi, p. 560, 45. Calicó 5181. C 357, note. Depeyrot, p. 122, 11/2. [Nicomedia, AD 307-8]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) The curious numerical formula L V X C has so far defied a convincing explanation (see also nos. 14483, 14587, and 14707).

15492

aa. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVT, Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., touching (or holding) standard on l. and resting on sceptre held in l. hand, mint mark P R in ex. RIC vi, p. 369, 150-51. Calicó 5182, 5184. C 405-6. Depeyrot, p. 86, 14/12-13. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

15493

Similar, but also with E (= officina 5?) in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 368, 141. Calicó 5183. Cf. C 406. Depeyrot, p. 87, 15/8. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) Specimens of this type usually have traces of a reversed E, erased on the die, in reverse field to right.

15494

a (sometimes noBiL for noB), a. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, constantine, in military attire, stg. l. between two standards, raising r. hand and resting on spear held in l., mint mark TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 204, 627. Calicó 5187. C 422. Depeyrot, p. 53, 13/2-3. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

15495

Aa. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vi, p. 472, 152. Calicó 5188. C —. Depeyrot, p. 99, 10/2. [Siscia, AD 306-7]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

15496

Ba. Rev. — Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and resting on sceptre, two standards behind, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex., mark of value Σ in l. field. RIC vi, p. 496, 20. Calicó 5186. C 424. Depeyrot, p. 108, 4/3. [Serdica, AD 306]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 1291516, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15579-80, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

15490

constantine i, as caesar

411

15497

Gold aureus. aa. rev. ROMA AETERNA, Roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, shield at side, mint mark P K in ex. RIC vi, p. 430, 48c. Calicó 5189. c —. Depeyrot, p. 66, 3/5. [Carthage, AD 307]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

15498

aa. rev. SPES PVBLICA, Spes advancing l., holding flower and raising skirt, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 204, 633. Calicó 5192. C 550. Depeyrot, p. 53, 12/4. [Trier, AD 306-7]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

2-aureus multiple NB There is also a 2-aureus multiple, struck by Maxentius in Rome, with reverse similar to 15492. 15499

Silver argenteus. aa. rev. CONSERVATOR KART SVAE, hexastyle temple containing Carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, mark of value XCVI in ex. RIC vi, p. 431, 49. rsc 72. [Carthage, AD 307]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) The numeral on reverse indicates that this denomination was struck on a standard of 96 pieces to a pound of metal.

15500

15501

15500

aa. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, three- or four-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark R followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 370, 154-5. RSC 705, 706b. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

15501

Similar, but gateway is always four-turreted and sometimes the doors are thrown open, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 205, 636, 638. RSC 706a, c. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,025 ($1,800)

15502

Silver half argenteus. Dc. rev. HAEC / VOTA / MVLT / ANN in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. RIC vi, p. 205, 639. RSC 271. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

15503

Dc. rev. PLVR / NATAL / FEL in three lines within wreath, no mint mark. RIC vi, p. 206, 640. rsc 394. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) The anniversary being celebrated is undoubtedly that of Constantine’s initial assumption of imperial power following the death of his father Constantius on 25 July 306. His birthday was on 27 February which is clearly too early for this issue (see also nos. 13475 and 15572-3).

15504

cc. rev. VOT / X / FELICI / TER in four lines within wreath, no mint mark. RIC vi, p. 206, 641. rsc 731a. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

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the rise of the house of constantine

15505 15505

Billon follis. Db. rev. ADVENTVS AVGG, Constantine on horseback riding l., raising r, hand, captive seated below horse, mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vi, p. 129, 82. C —. [London, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15506

Da. rev. CONCORDIA (rarely CONCORD) IMPERII, Concordia stg. l., resting on sceptre, mint mark SIS followed by officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex., VI in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 475 and 477, 173c, 186b. cf. c 67 (incomplete description). [Siscia, AD 306]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15507

15511

15507

Ba. rev. CONSERV VRB SVAE, hexastyle temple containing Roma seated facing, hd. l., holding globe (sometimes surmounted by Victory) and sceptre, wreath in pediment, mint mark AQ followed by officina mark S or Γ (= 2 or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 325, 117. MA 23031. c 80. [Aquileia, AD 307]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

15508

Similar, but Roma always holds plain globe, and with mint mark R followed by officina mark Q (= 4) in ex. and H in l. field. RIC vi, p. 377, 203. C 80. [Rome, AD 307-8]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) This coin may be a hybrid with the obverse belonging to an earlier issue than the reverse.

15509

ea. rev. CONSERVATOR AFRICAE SVAE, Africa stg. facing, hd. l., wearing elephant’s skin head-dress, holding standard and elephant’s tusk, lion and bull’s hd. at feet, H—ER (= Herculi) in field, officina mark ∆ (= 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 432, 55. C 71. [Carthage, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15510

Similar, but with SE — F instead of H—ER in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 432, 58. C 71. [Carthage, AD 307]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300) The meaning of the letters in reverse field is unclear; one suggestion is ‘Senior Felicissimus’ though this seems unconvincing (cf. RIC vi, p. 419 and note 1). See also nos. 13439 and 14998.

15511

Ba. rev. CONSERVATORES KART SVAE, hexastyle temple containing Carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, mint mark P K followed by officina mark ∆ (= 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 432, 61. C 73. [Carthage, AD 307]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15512

Ba. rev. CONSERVATORES VRB SVAE, hexastyle temple containing Roma seated facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, sometimes with wreath in pediment, mint mark R followed by officina mark Q (= 4) in ex. RIC vi, p. 371, 164 and p. 376, 196, 200. C 74. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

constantine i, as caesar

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15513

Billon follis. ea. rev. GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (from which liquid flows) and cornucopiae, mint mark K followed by officina mark Α, Γ, or ε (= 1, 3, or 5), sometimes with star or crescent in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 583-4, 24b, 26b, 30b. c 171. [Cyzicus, AD 306-7].VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

15514

Da. rev. GENIO CAESARIS, as previous, but Genius is sometimes also rad., and with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark ∆ (= 4) in r. field, star in l. RIC vi, p. 514, 31b. c 187. [Thessalonica, AD 308-9]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15515

Ea. Rev. — as 15513, but with star at end of rev. legend, mint mark ANT preceded by dot in ex., and officina mark ε (= 5) sometimes surmounted by crescent in r. field. RIC vi, p. 628, 87b, 94b. c 187 var. [Antioch, AD 308]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

15516

Similar, but with altar in rev. field to l. (rarely to r.), sometimes with star above, and nothing above the officina mark ε or Ι = 5 or 10 to r. and no dot preceding the mint mark. RIC vi, pp. 633 and 636, 118b, 132b. c 188. [Antioch, AD 309-10]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

15517

Dc. rev. GENIO POP ROM, Genius, turreted, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, no mint mark. RIC vi, p. 129, 79. C 196. [London, AD 307]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

15518 15518

Similar, but with mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vi, p. 129, 89b. C 196. [London, AD 307]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15519

Dc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark P TR in ex., S — C in field. RIC vi, p. 211, 701, 703b. c 196. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15520 15520

Db, c. Rev. — as previous, but with S — A instead of S — C in field. RIC vi, p. 212, 719b, 720b. c 196. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15521

Cc. Rev. — Genius, turreted or wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P LG in ex., T — F in field. RIC vi, p. 258, 221-2. C 197. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15522

Cb, c. Rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, usually with altar at feet, mint mark P LG in ex., N in r. field. RIC vi, p. 259, 231, 233, 235-6. C 201, 212. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

414 15523

the rise of the house of constantine Billon follis. Dc. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROM, Genius, turreted, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P TR in ex., S — C in field. RIC vi, p. 211, 707. C —. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

15524 15524

ac. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, no mint mark. RIC vi, p. 128, 72. C —. [London, AD 306-7]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

15525

Similar, but with obv. type laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear over r. shoulder, shield on l. arm. RIC vi, p. 128, 73. C —. [London, AD 306-7]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

15526 15526

Dc. Rev. — Genius, turreted, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P TR in ex., S — F in field. RIC vi, p. 208, 668c, 669b. C 218. [Trier, AD 306-7]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

15527

Similar, but with S — A instead of S — F in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 210, 693b, 694. C 218. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15528

Similar, but with S — C instead of S — A in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 211, 709. C 218. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

15529

D (but NOBIL for NOB), b, c. Rev. — as 15524, but with altar at feet of Genius to l., and with mint mark P LG in ex., star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 255, 189, 190b, 191. C 230. [Lugdunum, AD 306-7]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

15530

Cb, c. Rev. — as previous, but with N instead of star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 257, 212b, 213b, 214b. c 226. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15531

Dc. Rev. — as previous, but without altar and with T — F instead of N in field. RIC vi, p. 258, 223. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15532

E (but CAESAR for CAES), a. Rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera (from which liquid flows) and cornucopiae, mint mark • S M • SD • in ex. and officina mark Α or Γ (= 1 or 3) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 497, 26. C —. [Serdica, AD 306-7]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

15533

Ea. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 534, 31. C 219 var. [Heraclea, AD 306-7]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

constantine i, as caesar

415

15534

Billon follis. Ea. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark B (= 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 561, 49b. C 219 var. [Nicomedia, AD 307]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

15535

Ba. rev. HERCVLI CONSERVAT CAES, Hercules advancing l., engaged in combat with lion, club on ground behind, mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 293, 87. C 274. [Ticinum, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15536

Da. rev. IOVI CONSERVAT, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark SIS followed by officina mark A (= 1) in ex., VI in r. field. RIC vi, p. 476, 180b. c 280. [Siscia, AD 306]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15537 15537

Db. rev. MARS VICTOR, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vi, p. 130, 92. C 322. [London, AD 307]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

15538 15538

Db. rev. MARTI PACIF, Mars running l., holding olive-branch in r. hand and spear and shield in l., mint mark as previous. RIC vi, p. 130, 94. C 356 var. [London, AD 307]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

15539

Db. rev. MARTI PATRI CONSERVATORI, Mars stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark as previous. RIC vi, p. 130, 95. C 358. [London, AD 307]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

15540 15540

Db, c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark P TR in ex. and S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 212, 725-7. c 358. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

416

the rise of the house of constantine

15541 15541

Billon follis. Db. rev. MARTI PATRI PROPVGNATORI, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear, shield on l. arm, mint mark P TR in ex., S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 212, 730-31. c 366. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

15542

Db. rev. MARTI PROPVGNATORI, as previous. ric vi, p. 212, 732. c 371. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

15543

Ba. rev. PERPETVA VIRTVS, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear, shield on l. arm, mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 293, 88. c 385. [Ticinum, AD 307]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

15544

Da. rev. PERPETVITAS AVGG, Roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear or sceptre, shield at side, mint mark SIS followed by officina mark Β or Γ (= 2 or 3) in ex., VI in r. field. RIC vi, p. 476, 184c. C 389 var. [Siscia, AD 306]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15545

Ea. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex., S — P in field, and officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4) in upper field to r. RIC vi, p. 673, 63. C 389. [Alexandria, AD 306-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15546

Db. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vi, p. 130, 97. C 442. [London, AD 307]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

15547 var.

15548

15547

Similar, but with mint mark P TR in ex. and S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 212, 734. C 442. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

15548

Db. rev. ROMAE AETER, hexastyle temple containing Roma seated facing, hd. l., mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vi, p. 130, 99. C —. [London, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15549

Ba. rev. SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) with wreath between, sometimes with crescent in r. field. RIC vi, p. 371, 159b, 160. C 476. [Rome, AD 306-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

constantine i, as caesar

417

15550

Billon follis. ea. rev. rev. SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART, Carthage stg. facing, hd. l., holding fruits in both hands, officina mark ∆ (= 4) in ex., H (= Herculi) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 429, 44b. C 479. [Carthage, AD 306]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250) In this issue the folles of the ‘Jovian’ rulers Galerius and his Caesar Maximinus have the letter I (= Iovi) in the reverse field, while those of the ‘Herculians’ Severus and Constantine have the letter H. The assignments of the officinae reflect the elevation of Severus to the rank of western Augustus following the death of Constantius and the appointment of the new western Caesar, Constantine, who took over the fourth rank in the Tetrarchy from Maximinus.

15551

Similar, but with officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 431, 51c. C 479. [Carthage, AD 306]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250) This issue follows the revolt of Maxentius and Maximian against the regime of Severus and was struck only in the names of the Augustus Maximian and the Caesars Maxentius, Maximinus, and Constantine. It ignores the eastern and western Augusti Galerius and Severus.

15552

Ba. rev. VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3), crescent between. RIC vi, p. 290, 63b. C 670. [Ticinum, AD 306]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

15553

Similar, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and with A in field to l. RIC vi, p. 291, 70b. C 670. [Ticinum, AD 306]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

15554

Ba, c. Rev. — as previous, but with dot instead of A in field to l. RIC vi, p. 292, 75-7. C 670. [Ticinum, AD 306]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

15555

— Rev. — as 15552, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 323, 92b, 93, 94b, 95. Ma 218-20. c 670. [Aquileia, AD 306-7]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £140 ($250)

15556

Similar, but with obv. type cuir. bust r., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear in raised r. hand and two more spears and shield in l. RIC vi, p. 323, 98b. MA 222. Cf. C 671. [Aquileia, AD 306-7]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

15557

Ba. Rev. — Mars or Virtus stg. facing, hd l., holding Victory in r. hand and spear and shield in l., captive seated at feet to l., mint mark AQ followed by officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. RIC vi, —. MA 208. C —. [Aquileia, AD 306]. VF £85 ($150) / Ef £250 ($450)

15558

Ba, c. Rev. — Constantine, in military attire, on horseback galloping r., thrusting downwards with spear at fallen enemies below and holding shield in l., mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and with A in field to l. RIC vi, p. 291, 71-2. c 674-6. [Ticinum, AD 306]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15559

Similar, but with dot instead of A in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 292, 78-9. C 674-6. [Ticinum, AD 306]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15560 15560

Similar, but with nothing in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 293, 82-3. C 674-6. [Ticinum, AD 306]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

418

the rise of the house of constantine

15561

Billon follis. obv. similar. rev. VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN, as 15558, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex., nothing in field. RIC vi, p. 323, 82b, 83, 84b, 85. Ma 209-13. c 674-6. Ma 209-13. [Aquileia, AD 306-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15562

Similar, but with obv. type cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear (or sceptre) over r. shoulder, shield on l. arm. ric vi, p. 323, 91. Ma 216. c 673. [Aquileia, AD 306-7]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £320 ($550)

15563

Ba. rev. VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAES, Mars advancing r., as 15552, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark Γ (= 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 324, 107. MA 224. C —. [Aquileia, AD 307]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

15564

Ba, b, c. Rev. — Constantine on horseback galloping r., as 15558, but with mint mark as previous. ric vi, p. 324, 108-11. Ma 225-8. c 686-7. [Aquileia, AD 307]. VF £78 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

15565

Similar, but with obv. type as 15562. RIC vi, p. 324, 112. MA 229. C —. [Aquileia, AD 307]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

15566

Da. rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITVS, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and officina mark ∆ (= 4) in r. field, star in l. RIC vi, p. 515, 38b. c 713. [Thessalonica, AD 308-9]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15567

Billon half follis. cb. rev. GENIO POP ROM, Genius, turreted, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark P TR in ex., S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 213, 737. C —. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15568

cb. rev. MARTI PATRI CONSERV, Mars stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark as previous. RIC vi, p. 213, 740. C —. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15569

cb. rev. MARTI PATRI PROPVG, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear, shield on l. arm, mint mark as previous. RIC vi, p. 213, 741. C —. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15570

Similar, but with rev. legend MARTI PROPVGNATORI. ric vi, p. 213, 742. cf. c 372. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275)

15571

cb. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark as previous. RIC vi, p. 213, 743. C 441. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

15572

Billon quarter follis or bronze denarius communis. Dc. rev. MVLT / NATAL / FEL in three lines within wreath (no mint mark). RIC vi, p. 213, 744. C —. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £290 ($500) The anniversary being celebrated is undoubtedly that of Constantine’s initial assumption of imperial power following the death of his father Constantius on 25 July 306. His birthday was on 27 February which is clearly too early for this issue (see also the following and nos. 13475 and 15503).

15573

Dc. rev. PLVR / NATAL / FEL in three lines within wreath (no mint mark). RIC vi, p. 213, 746. c 395. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £225 ($400)

15574 15574

a (but n for noB), a. rev. VOT / X / CAESS in three lines within wreath (no mint mark). RIC vi, p. 214, 748. C —. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

constantine i, as fiLius augustoruM

419

15575

Similar, but with VOT / X / CAESS / NN in four lines. RIC vi, p. 214, 749. C —. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($320)

15576

cc. rev. VO / TIS / X in three lines within wreath (no mint mark). RIC vi, p. 214, 750. C 748 var. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £160 ($280)

15577

Billon eighth follis. D (but noBiL for noB), c. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, constantine, in military attire, stg. l. between two standards, raising r. hand and resting on spear, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 209, 679. C 438. [Trier, AD 306]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15578 15578

Bronze post-reform radiate. e, rad., dr. and cuir. bust r. rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r., holding short sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter stg. l., holding sceptre, mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark A-∆ (= 1-4) in field. ric vi, p. 675, 85. c 68. [Alexandria, AD 306-7]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

Issues as Filius Augustorum under Galerius and Licinius, AD 309-310 15579

Gold aureus. constantinVs fiL aVgg, a. rev. CONSVL DD NN, constantine, togate, stg. l., holding globe and short sceptre, mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., mark of value Σ in field to r. RIC vi, p. 513, 28. Calicó 5158. C 115. Depeyrot, p. 110, 4/2. [Thessalonica]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15592-3, 15602 and 15621).

15580

constantinVs fiL aVg, a. rev. HERCVLI CONS CAES, Hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding apples and lion’s skin, mint mark S M A in ex. followed by mark of value Σ, crescent and star on either side. RIC vi, —. Calicó —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 142, 23/2. [Antioch]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

15581 15581

Billon follis. constantinVs fiL aVgg, a. rev. GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark Α, Β, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3) in r. field, crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 479, 200b. C 179. [Siscia]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

420 15582

the rise of the house of constantine Billon follis. constantinVs fiL aVgg, a. rev. GENIO CAESARIS, as previous. ric vi, p. 479, 203. c 186. [Siscia]. VF £55 ($95) / EF £160 ($280)

15583 15583

— — Rev. — similar, but Genius sometimes also rad. and liquid flows from the patera; mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark ∆ or S (= 4 or 6) in r. field, and star in l. RIC vi, p. 514, 32b. c 186 var. [Thessalonica]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15584

FL VAL CONSTANTINVS FIL AVG, a. Rev. — as 15582, but with star at end of legend and liquid flows from the patera; mint mark ANT in ex. (sometimes preceded by dot), officina mark ε (= 5) in r. field, and crescent in l. RIC vi, p. 631, 104. Cf. C 185. [Antioch]. VF £55 ($95) / EF £160 ($280)

15585

— — Rev. — as 15582, but liquid flows from the patera, and with mint mark ALE in ex., Κ — Ρ in field, and officina mark Α (= 1) to r. ric vi, p. 678, 100b. c 185. [Alexandria]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15586

— — Rev. GENIO CAESARIS CMH (ligatured), as 15581, but liquid flows from the patera, and with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark Β or Γ (= 2 or 3). ric vi, p. 562, 56. c 189. [Nicomedia]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also no. 15590 below, and nos. 14508, 14545, 14575, 14595, 14749, 14794, 14827, 14835-7, 14913, 15151, 15159-62, 15892, 15899-901 and 16148).

15587 15587

— — Rev. GENIO FIL AVGG, as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by dot, sometimes with crescent in l. field and with officina mark ε (= 5) sometimes surmounted by o in r. ric vi, pp. 631-2, 105, 111. c 19. [Antioch]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

15588

obv. as 15581. rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITVS, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint and officina marks as 15583. RIC vi, p. 515, 39b. C 714. [Thessalonica]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

15589

Obv. As 15584. Rev. — Mars or Virtus, in military attire, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint and officina marks as 15585. RIC vi, p. 679, 113, 117. C —. [Alexandria]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

constantine i, the great 15590

421

Billon follis. — Rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITVS CMH (ligatured), as previous, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark Β or Γ (= 2 or 3) in ex. RIC vi, p. 563, 61. C —. [Nicomedia]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300) See note following no. 15586.

Issues as Augustus, AD 307-337 (in the East from AD 310) 15591

Gold aureus. ia. rev. AVGG above clasped r. hands, all within wreath, no mint mark. RIC vi, p. 624, 126. Calicó 5157. C —. Depeyrot, p. 143, 25/1. [Antioch, AD 311]. (Unique) NB At the mints under direct Constantinian control the aureus was superseded by the lighter solidus about AD 310. At other mints, the aureus remained in production down to the final defeat of Licinius in 324 after which the solidus was issued throughout the Empire.

15592

15594

15592

ia. rev. CONSVL P P PROCONSVL, Constantine, togate, stg. l., holding globe and short sceptre, mint mark S M A Σ in ex., preceded by crescent and followed by star. RIC vi, p. 635, 127b. Calicó 5159. C 116 var. Depeyrot, p. 143, 26/3. [Antioch, AD 311]. VF £1,060 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 1557980, 15602 and 15621).

15593

Similar, but also with Q above II in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 641, 156b and vii, p. 675, 5. Calicó 5160. C 116. Depeyrot, p. 144, 32/1. [Antioch, AD 313]. VF £1,060 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The ‘Q’ in reverse field is probably a reference to the celebration of Licinius’ quinquennalia, or fifth anniversary of rule.

15594

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and star in field to l., or crescent and star in field to l. and to r. RIC vi, p. 641, 157. Calicó 5161-2. C —. Depeyrot, p. 144, 33/2. [Antioch, AD 313]. VF £1,060 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15595

As previous, but with star above crescent in l. field and I S above INT (NT ligatured) in r. RIC vii, p. 679, 22. Calicó 5163. C —. Depeyrot, p. 145, 36/1. [Antioch, AD 318]. VF £1,060 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The letters in reverse field have been interpreted as iovi semper (or sancto) invicto.

422

the rise of the house of constantine

15596

Gold aureus. ia. rev. FELIX PROCESSVS COS VI AVG N, as 15592, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 683, 39. Calicó —. C —. Depeyrot —. [Antioch, AD 324]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) After the final abandonment of the aureus as a regular monetary unit, following the downfall of Licinius in AD 324, all subsequent issues of the denomination were on a very restricted scale. They probably served as presentation pieces on ceremonial occasions, the ‘Festaureus’ representing a 20% premium over the value of the regular solidus (see also nos. 15611, 15614 and 15622-6).

15596a

ia or c. rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), ALAMANNIA (in ex.), Alamannia, as mourning captive, seated l. on ground, her hd. turned r. and resting on r. hand, trophy and arms behind (no mint mark). RIC vi, p. 223, note 4. C 165. Depeyrot, p. 60, 28/1-2. [Trier, AD 321]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15596B

ic. rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), FRANCIA (in ex.), Francia, as mourning captive, seated l. on ground, her hd. turned r. and resting on r. hand, trophy and arms behind (no mint mark). RIC vi, p. 223, note 5. C —. Depeyrot, p. 60, 28/3. [Trier, AD 321]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15597

ia. rev. HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NN, Hercules stg. facing, hd. l., resting on club and holding bow, lion’s skin over l. arm, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vi, p. 294, 90. Calicó 5165. C 272. Depeyrot, p. 69, 10/2. [Ticinum, AD 307-8]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) Struck under Maxentius.

15598

i or n, a. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 422, 1-2. Calicó 5166-7. C 281. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 101, 14/1-2. [Siscia, AD 313]. VF £970 ($1,700) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15599

F or I. Rev. — as previous, but Jupiter holds thunderbolt instead of globe. RIC vi, p. 481, 213-15. Calicó 5168-9. Cf. C 282 (rev. type misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 100, 13/1-2. [Siscia, AD 312-13]. VF £970 ($1,700) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15600

Ia. Rev. — as 15597, but Jupiter’s globe is surmounted by Victory and with mint mark SISC instead of SIS. RIC vii, p. 424, 12. Calicó 5170. C —.. Depeyrot, p. 101, 15/1. [Siscia, AD 315]. VF £1,060 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15601

Ia. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. RIC vi, vii, —. Calicó 5171. C —. Depeyrot, p. 150, 13/1. [Alexandria, AD 313]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15602 15602

constantinVs aVgVstVs, a. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., mark of value Σ in field to r. RIC vi, p. 517, 44c. Calicó 5172, 5172a. C 305. Depeyrot, p. 111, 5/4. [Thessalonica, AD 310]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also the following, and nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 12915-16, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3 and 15621).

constantine i, the great

423

15603

Gold aureus. Similar, but with ∆ (= officina 4) instead of Σ in rev. field to r. RIC vi, p. 517, 45. Calicó 5173. C —. Depeyrot, p. 111, 6/1. [Thessalonica, AD 310]. VF £1,060 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15604

Obv. As 15601. Rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and sceptre, eagle at feet, mint and officina marks • TS • B • (= 2) in ex. RIC vi, —. Calicó 5173a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 111, 7/1. [Thessalonica, AD 310]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15605 15605

Ia. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark • SER • in ex. and N in r. field. RIC vii, p. 479, 2. Calicó 5174, 5174a. C 294. Depeyrot, p. 109, 11/1. [Serdica, AD 313]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

15606

Ia. Rev. — similar, but with mint and officina marks S M H T B (= 2) in ex., nothing in field. RIC vii, p. 541, 1. Calicó 5175. Cf. C 296. Depeyrot, p. 115, 1/1. [Heraclea, AD 313]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15607

Ia. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark S M N followed by two dots in ex., star in r. field. RIC vii, p. 599, 7. Calicó 5176. C 296. Depeyrot, p. 123, 17/1. [Nicomedia, AD 313]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15608

Ia. Rev. — similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex., crescent in l. field, star in r. RIC vii, p. 676, 10. Calicó 5177. C 295. Depeyrot, p. 145, 33/3. [Antioch, AD 313]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15609

ia. rev. MARS AVGVSTORVM, Mars, in military attire, stg. l., resting on shield and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vi, p. 481, 216. Calicó 5178. C —. Depeyrot, p. 100, 13/3. [Siscia, AD 312-13]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

15610

ia. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 216, 755. Calicó 5185. C —. Depeyrot, p. 54, 14/1. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) There is also a solidus of similar type but with mint mark P TR (see no. 15692).

15611

D N CONSTANTINVS AVG, d (looking upwards). Rev. SENATVS, Constantine, togate, stg. l., holding globe and short sceptre, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 616, 102. Calicó —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 128, 36/2. [Nicomedia, AD 325]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) See note following no. 15596.

15612

ia. rev. SIC X / SIC XX in two lines with mint mark S M H sometimes followed by officina mark Β (= 2) below, all within wreath with medallion ornamented with eagle or dot at top. RIC vii, p. 543, 8. Calicó 5189a, 5190. Cf. C 503 (misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 115, 3/1. [Heraclea, AD 315-16]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

15613

ia. rev. SOLI COMITI AVGG NN, Sol, rad., stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark • SER • in ex., N in l. field. RIC vii, p. 480, 4. Calicó 5191. C 506. Depeyrot, p. 110, 12/1. [Serdica, AD 313]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

424

the rise of the house of constantine

15614

Gold aureus. ia. rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, constantine, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, crowned by Victory stg. r. behind him, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 473, 37. Calicó —. C 608. Depeyrot, p. 105, 7/2. [Sirmium, AD 324]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £6,800 ($12,000) See note following no. 15596.

15615

ia. rev. VICTORIAE AVGG NN, Victory stg. r., holding shield, inscribed VOT / X / MVL / XX, resting on cippus, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 600, 9. Calicó 5194. C 624. Depeyrot, p. 123, 18/1. [Nicomedia, AD 315-16]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15616

ic. rev. VICTORIBVS AVGG NN VOTIS, Victory seated r., cuirass and shield behind, inscribing X / XX on shield supported by Genius, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 164, 8. Calicó 5194a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 58, 22/3. [Trier, AD 315-16]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) This remarkable issue of aurei at Trier, half a decade after the introduction of the solidus at Constantine’s western mints, is clearly connected with the celebration of the emperor’s decennalia (see also the two following types).

15617

Ia or c. Rev. — Victory stg. facing, wings spread, holding before her shield inscribed X / XX, mint mark as previous. RIC vii, p. 164, 9-10. Calicó 5194b. C 653. Depeyrot, p. 58, 22/4-5. [Trier, AD 315-16]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

15618

— Rev. VICTORIBVS AVGG NN VOTIS X ET XX, Victory, with wings spread, stg. in triumphal quadriga to front, holding wreath and palm, mint mark as previous. RIC vii, pp. 163-4, 6-7. Calicó —. C 656. Depeyrot, p. 58, 22/1-2. [Trier, AD 315-16]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

15619

ia. rev. VOTIS V MVLTIS X, Victory stg. r., holding shield, inscribed VI / CTO / RIA / AVG, resting on cippus, mint and officina marks S M H T B (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 541, 3. Calicó 5195. C —. Depeyrot, p. 115, 1/3. [Heraclea, AD 313]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF 4,000 ($7,000)

15620

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. and sometimes also with star above two dots in l. field. RIC vii, p. 599, 1, 5. Calicó 5196-7. C —. Depeyrot, pp. 122-3, 15/1, 16/1. [Nicomedia, AD 313]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15621

Similar, but with mint and value marks S M A Σ in ex. RIC vii, p. 575, 1. Calicó 5198. Cf. C 746. Depeyrot, p. 144, 30/1. [Antioch, AD 313]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) The mark of value Σ (= 60) indicates that the coin was struck on a standard of 60 pieces to a pound of metal (see also nos. 12510-12, 12518, 12542, 12545-7, 12553, 12564, 1291516, 12998-13001, 13003, 13007, 13022-3, 13027, 13042, 13389, 13887, 13895, 14154-5, 14160, 14163, 14202, 14208, 14470-73, 14477, 14480-81, 14489-90, 14584-5, 14588, 14617, 14623-4, 14654-5, 14658, 14660, 14689-90, 14698-701, 14806-8, 14810-13, 15091-3, 15096, 15104, 15113, 15127, 15496, 15579-80, 15592-3 and 15602).

15622

Gd (looking upwards). Rev. VOTIS / XXX in two lines within wreath, mint and officina marks TS ε (= 5) below. RIC vii, p. 527, 207. Calicó 5200. Cf. C 754 (rev. type misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 114, 16/1. [Thessalonica, AD 335]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £6,800 ($12,000) For this and the following four types, see note following no. 15596.

constantine i, the great

425

15623 15623

Gold aureus. gf. rev. No legend, Constantine stg. in facing quadriga, hd. l., scattering coins from raised r. hand and holding eagle-tipped sceptre in l., mint mark TS in ex. RIC vii, —. Calicó 5193. Cf. C 757. Depeyrot, p. 114, 15/1. [Thessalonica, AD 332]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

15624

Fd (looking upwards). Rev. — as previous, but without mint mark. RIC vii, p. 569, 1 and p. 627, 164. Calicó —. Cf. C 759. Depeyrot —. [Constantinople or Nicomedia, AD 326 or 330]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

15625

Gd (looking upwards) or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 585, 103-4. Calicó —. Cf. C 757. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/1-2. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

15626

As 15623, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 629, 170. Calicó —. C 758. Depeyrot, p. 130, 43/1. [Nicomedia, AD 330]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

15627

Gold solidus. ih. rev. ADLOCVTIO AVG Constantine stg. l. on platform between two captives, his r. hand raised, haranguing group of four soldiers with standards, two on each side, mint mark S • M • T in ex. RIC vii, p. 367, 48. C —. Depeyrot, p. 71, 15/1. [Ticinum, AD 315-16]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / Ef £8,500 ($15,000) NB This new light-weight gold coin, struck on a standard of 72 to the pound (4.50 grams), was introduced by Constantine about AD 310 at the Gallic mints then under his control. As Constantine’s power expanded over the following decade and a half so did production of the solidus, as more and more mints came within his sphere of influence. After the defeat of his sole remaining rival, Licinius, in 324 the solidus became the standard gold denomination throughout the Empire, replacing the heavier aureus which was now only issued on special ceremonial occasions (‘festaureus’).

15628

ia. rev. ADVENTVS AVGVSTI N, Constantine, in military attire, on horseback pacing l., his r. hand raised, holding sceptre (or spear) in l., mint mark AQ in ex. RIC vii, p. 396, 27. MA 232. Depeyrot, p. 93 , 9/1. C 11. [Aquileia, AD 318-19]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

15629

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 610, 58. C 11. Depeyrot, p. 126, 32/1. [Nicomedia, AD 324]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

15630

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN followed by star in ex. RIC vii, p. 685, 48. C 11. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 146 , 41/1. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

15631

ia. rev. CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., kneeling barbarian at feet to l., mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. RIC vii, p. 500, 8. C 35. Depeyrot, p. 111, 8/1. [Thessalonica, AD 317]. VF £1,060 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

426

the rise of the house of constantine

15632

Gold solidus. ia. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG NN, Concordia seated l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 375, 101. C 65. Depeyrot, p. 72, 17/1-2. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15633

gf. rev. CONSTANTINIANA DAFNE, Victory seated l. on cippus, hd. r., holding palm-branch in each hand, trophy before, kneeling captive at her feet, mint mark CONS followed by star in ex., officina mark Β (= 2) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 574, 36. C 89. Depeyrot, p. 116, 2/1. [Constantinople, AD 328-9]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) The precise meaning of this curious legend is unclear, though various theories have been advanced. Dafne (or Daphne) was the name of a Constantinian fortress on the Danube, of the imperial palace in Constantinople, and of a celebrated park south of Antioch (the source of the city’s water supply) where a statue of the Empress Helena had been erected. Daphne also means ‘laurel’ and the type may simply be in commemoration of Constantine’s numerous military victories (cf. Melville Jones, “A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins”, p. 81). See also nos. 15841 and 16191-2.

15634

No legend, d (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTINVS AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 211, 498. C 96. Depeyrot, p. 61, 32/2. [Trier, AD 326-7]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15635

— — Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 385, 193. C 96. Depeyrot, p. 74, 19/2. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15636

— — Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 569, 2. C 96 var. Depeyrot, p. 116, 1/1. [Constantinople, AD 326]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15637

Gf. Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, p. 577, 46, p. 580, 68, and p. 583, 90-2. C 98. Depeyrot, pp. 116-7, 3/1, 5/1. [Constantinople, AD 330-35]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

15638

Similar, but with mint and officina marks • CONS B • (= officina 2) in ex. Cf. RIC vii, p. 583, 91 (CONS B • in error). C 98 var. Depeyrot, p. 117, 6/1. [Constantinople, AD 335]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15639

Obv. As 15634. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm, mint mark S M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 521, 168. C 100. Depeyrot, p 113, 13/1. [Thessalonica, AD 326-7]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15640

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N C in ex. RIC vii, p. 622, 139. C —. Depeyrot, p 129, 40/1. [Nicomedia, AD 326-7]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) The engraving on coins of this type is generally of crude style and Bruun in RIC only accepted their authenticity with reservations.

15641

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 692, 83. C —. Depeyrot, p 147, 44/1. [Antioch, AD 329]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15642

Obv. As 15634. Rev. — Victory seated l., holding small Victory in r. hand and cornucopiae in l., shield behind, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 383, 179. C 102. Depeyrot, p. 73, 18/1. [Ticinum, AD 324-5]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15643

— Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 476, 56. C 102. Depeyrot, p. 106, 9/1. [Sirmium, AD 324-5]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

constantine i, the great

15644

427

15649

15644

Gold solidus. — Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M TS followed by officina mark Β, Γ, ∆, or ε (= 2, 3, 4, or 5) in ex. RIC vii, p. 514, 131. C 102 var. Depeyrot, p 112, 10/1. [Thessalonica, AD 324]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

15645

— Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 612, 70. C 102. Depeyrot, p. 127, 34/1. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

15646

— Rev. — two interlaced wreaths, star above, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 211, 497. C 105 var. Depeyrot, p. 61, 32/1. [Trier, AD 326-7]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15647

— Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 385, 192. C 105. Depeyrot, p. 73, 19/1. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15648

— Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 476, 62. C 105 var. Depeyrot, p. 107, 10/1. [Sirmium, AD 325-6]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15649

— Rev. — as previous, but sometimes without the star above the interlaced wreaths, and with mint mark N in ex. RIC vii, p. 618, 108-9. C 105 var. Depeyrot, p. 128, 38/1-2. [Nicomedia, AD 326]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15650

ia. rev. FELICIA TEMPORA, four children at play representing the seasons, mint mark • T • below. RIC vii, p. 366, 42. C 141. Depeyrot, p. 71, 14/2. [Ticinum, AD 315-16]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

15651

Similar, but with obv. type nimbate, dr. and cuir. bust facing. RIC vii, p. 366, 41. C —. Depeyrot, p. 71, 14/1. [Ticinum, AD 315-16]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000)

15652

ia. rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA SAECVLI, Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., receiving Victory on globe from Sol stg. r. before him, captive kneeling r. between them, mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P (= 1) in ex. RIC vii, p. 245, 114. EMA 9/1. Depeyrot, p. 65, 2/1. Cf. C 147 (rev. misdescribed). [Arles, AD 317]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

15653

Similar, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. RIC vii, p. 500, 10. Cf. C 147 (rev. misdescribed). Cf. Depeyrot, p. 111, 8/3. [Thessalonica, AD 317]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) This type may also have been issued at Trier and Ticinum.

15654

ia. rev. FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE, Constantine, accompanied by two officers, seated l. on platform, three kneeling suppliants on ground to l., mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 221, 810. C 148. Depeyrot, p. 55, 17/1-2. [Trier, AD 312-13]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

15655

ia. rev. FELIX PROCESSVS COS IIII AVG N, Constantine, togate, stg. l., holding globe and short sceptre, mint mark as previous. RIC vii, p. 164, 12. C 153 var. Depeyrot, p. 57, 21/1. [Trier, AD 315]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15656

Similar, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 363, 26. C 153. Depeyrot, p. 70, 12/1-2. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

428

the rise of the house of constantine

15657

Gold solidus. ia. rev. FELIX PROCESSVS COS IIIII AVG N, Constantine, togate, as 15655, but with mint mark AQ in ex. RIC vii, p. 396, 28. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 93, 9/2 (COS N for AVG N, in error). Cf. MA 233 (COS IIII for COS IIIII, in error). C —. [Aquileia, AD 319]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15658

ic. rev. FELIX PROCESSVS COS VI, as previous, but with mint mark • SIRM • in ex. RIC vii, p. 467, 1. C 155. Depeyrot, p. 104, 1/1. [Sirmium, AD 320]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15659

ia. rev. FELIX PROCESSVS COS VI AVG N, as previous, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 375, 104. C 154. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 73, 17/5 (rev. type misdescribed). [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15660

Similar, but with mint mark • AQ • in ex. RIC vii, p. 397, 34. MA 236. Depeyrot, p. 94, 10/1. C 154. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15661

Similar, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 467, 4. C 154 var. Depeyrot, p. 104, 2/1. [Sirmium, AD 320]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15662

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 684, 41. C 154 var. Depeyrot, p. 146, 39/3. [Antioch, AD 324]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15663

ia. rev. FIDES EXERCITVS, Fides seated l., holding eagle and standard, a second standard to l., mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, pp. 164-5, 13-14. Cf. C 156 var. Depeyrot, p. 56, 20/2. [Trier, AD 315]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15664 15664

Similar, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 363, 27. Cf. C 156. Depeyrot, p. 70, 12/3. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15665

ia. rev. FORTVNAE REDVCI, Fortuna seated l., feet on stool, holding rudder and cornucopiae, mint mark as previous. RIC vii, p. 367, 51. C —. Depeyrot, p. 71, 16/1. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15666

ia. rev. GAVDIVM REIPVBLICAE, two captives seated back to back on either side of trophy, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 221, 811. C 163. Depeyrot, p. 55, 17/3-4. [Trier, AD 312-13]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15667

Similar, but with mint mark P R in ex. RIC vi, p. 688 (Addenda). C 163 var. Depeyrot, p. 88, 17/1. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15668

ia. rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, Mars stg. facing, trampling on captive, holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 165, 15. C —. Depeyrot, p. 57, 20/3. [Trier, AD 314-15]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15669

Ia. Rev. — Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., facing soldier advancing r., dragging captive behind him and holding shield in l., mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 368, 52. C —. Depeyrot, p. 71, 16/2. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

constantine i, the great

429

15670

Gold solidus. Ia. Rev. — mourning captive seated l. on ground, hd. resting on r. hand, trophy in background, mint mark P R in ex. RIC vi, p. 688 (Addenda). Cf. C 164 (rev. description incomplete). Depeyrot, p. 88, 17/2. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15671

ia. rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), ALAMANNIA (in ex.), Alamannia, as mourning captive, seated l. on ground, hd. resting on r. hand, trophy in background (no mint mark). RIC vi, p. 223, 823. C 167. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 56, 18/1-2 (ALEMANNIA, in error). [Trier, AD 312-13]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15672

ia. rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), FRAN ET ALAM (in ex.), captive Francia, on l., and Alamannia, on r., seated back to back on either side of trophy, mint mark S M T in ex. below legend. RIC vii, p. 363, 28. Cf. C 169 (FRANC in error). Depeyrot, p. 70, 12/4. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15673

Similar, but with obv. type nimbate, dr. and cuir. bust facing, holding Victory on globe and mappa, FRANC for FRAN on rev., and with mint mark P T in ex. below legend. RIC vii, p. 365, 37. Cf. C 170 (mint mark TR in error). Depeyrot, p. 71, 13/1. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000)

15674 15674

ia. rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), FRANCIA (in ex.), Francia, as mourning captive, seated l. on ground, hd. resting on r. hand, trophy in background (no mint mark). RIC vi, p. 223, 824. C 168. Depeyrot, p. 56, 18/3-4. [Trier, AD 312-13]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15675

Similar, but the trophy is behind captive instead of in background, and with mint mark P S in ex. below FRANCIA. RIC vii, p. 426, 23. C —. Depeyrot, p. 101, 17/1. [Siscia, AD 317]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15676

ia. rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS GALL, Constantine on horseback pacing r., his r. hand raised, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 222, 812. C 258. Depeyrot, p. 55, 17/5-6. [Trier, AD 312-13]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15677

ia. rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantine, in military attire, seated l. on arms, receiving globe from Victory stg. r. before him, mint mark as previous. RIC vii, p. 713 (Addenda). C —. Depeyrot, p. 57, 20/4. [Trier, AD 314-15]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15678

Ia. Rev. — Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., resting on sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from turreted female figure stg. r., mint mark • SIRM • in ex. RIC vii, p. 474, 44. C —. Depeyrot, p. 106, 8/2. [Sirmium, AD 324]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

15679

ia. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter seated l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, mint mark P R in ex. RIC vi, p. 385, 282. C 307. Depeyrot, p. 88, 17/4. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15680

coMis constantini aVg, conjoined busts l. of constantine and sol, the emperor laur., dr. and cuir., his r. hand raised, holding globe in l., the god rad. Rev. LIBERALITAS XI IMP IIII COS P P P, Liberalitas stg. l., holding abacus and cornucopiae, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 368, 53. Cf. C 316. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 71, 16/3. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

430

the rise of the house of constantine

15681

Gold solidus. ia. rev. PAX AETERNA AVG N, two female figures (Pax and Respublica) stg. r., each presenting wreath to Constantine, togate, stg. l. before them, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 165, 16. C 381. Depeyrot, p. 57, 20/5. [Trier, AD 314-15]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

15682

Similar, but the first female figure presents small Victory instead of wreath. RIC vii, p. 165, 17. C 380. Depeyrot, p. 57, 20/6. [Trier, AD 314-15]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

15683

As previous, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 363, 29. C 380. Depeyrot, p. 70, 12/5. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

15684

ia. rev. PERPETVA FELICITAS, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r., resting on sceptre, soldier before him holding trophy and presenting to him a kneeling female figure, mint mark • SIRM • in ex. RIC vii, p. 474, 46. C —. Depeyrot, p. 106, 8/4. [Sirmium, AD 324]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

15685

15692

15685

gf. rev. PIETAS AVGVSTI NOSTRI, Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., crowned by Victory stg. behind him, raising turreted female figure kneeling r., presented by soldier stg. r. in background, mint mark S M N in ex. sometimes followed by C, M, or P. RIC vii, p. 628, 165-8. Cf. C 393. Depeyrot, pp. 129-30, 41/1 and 42/1. [Nicomedia, AD 330]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15686

ia. rev. P M TRIB P COS IIII P P PROCOS, Constantine, togate, stg. l., holding globe and short sceptre, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 165, 18. Cf. C 399 (incomplete description). Depeyrot, p. 57, 21/2-3. [Trier, AD 315]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15687

similar, but constantine is seated l. on curule chair. ric vii, p. 165, 19-21. c 398. Depeyrot, pp. 57-8, 21/4-5. [Trier, AD 315]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15688

As previous, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 363, 30. C 398. Depeyrot, p. 70, 12/6. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15689

As previous, but with obv. type nimbate, dr. and cuir. bust facing, holding Victory on globe and mappa. RIC vii, p. 365, 38. C —. Depeyrot, p. 71, 13/2. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000)

15690

As 15686, but with rev. legend P M TRIB P COS VI P P PROCOS. ric vii, p. 185, 245. cf. C 400. Depeyrot, p. 60, 27/2. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15691

As 15687, but with rev. legend as previous. RIC vii, p. 185, 244. Cf. C 402 (wrong obv. legend). Depeyrot, p. 60, 27/1. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15692

ia. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 222, 814. C 412. Depeyrot, p. 54, 15/5-7. [Trier, AD 310]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) One of the earliest issues of the new standard gold denomination. There is also an aureus of similar type but with mintmark TR (see no. 15610).

constantine i, the great

431

15693

Gold solidus. Similar, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 375, 105. C 411. Depeyrot, p. 73, 17/6. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15694

Similar, but with mint mark P R in ex. RIC vi, p. 385, 284. C 411. Depeyrot, p. 89, 17/6. [Rome, AD 312]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15695

Similar, but with mint mark P OST in ex. RIC vi, p. 407, 67. C 411 var. Depeyrot, p. 76, 2/2. [Ostia, AD 312]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15696

ia. rev. PRINCIPIS PROVIDENTISSIMI, owl seated on column inscribed SA / PI / EN / TIA in four lines or SAP / IENT / IA in three lines, helmet on ground to l., spear and shield to r., mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 234, 1. EMA, p. 22, 2/1. Depeyrot, p. 64, 1/1-2. C 453. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) The mint of Arelate (Arles) was opened by Constantine in AD 313 utilizing staff transferred from the recently closed Ostia mint.

15697

ia. rev. RECTOR TOTIVS ORBIS, constantine, in military attire, seated l. on cuirass, holding zodiac, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 368, 54. C 463. Depeyrot, p. 72, 16/4. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / Ef £8,500 ($15,000)

15698

ia. rev. RESTITVTOR LIBERTATIS, similar, but without Victory and Constantine rests on sceptre held in l. hand (sometimes with mint mark P T instead of S M T. RIC vii, pp. 365 and 368, 39 and 55. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, pp. 71-2, 13/3 (rev. type misdescribed) and 16/5. [Ticinum, AD 315-16]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / Ef £8,500 ($15,000)

15699

ia. rev. RESTITVTORI LIBERTATIS, Roma seated r. (or facing, hd. r.), sometimes on arms, sometimes on facing throne, sometimes on platform, presenting globe to Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., holding short sceptre in l., mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, pp. 165-6, 22-3. C 466. Depeyrot, p. 57, 20/7. [Trier, AD 314-15]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15700

Similar (Roma seated r. on facing throne), but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 363, 31. C 466 var. Depeyrot, p. 70, 12/7. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000) A much rarer variety has obv. type as 15680 (RIC 32).

15701

ia. rev. SECVRITAS PERPETVA, Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., holding sceptre and erecting trophy with cuirass and shield at base, mint mark S • M • T in ex. RIC vii, p. 367, 49. C —. Depeyrot, p. 71, 15/2. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15702

ia. rev. SECVRITAS PERPETVAE, as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 473, 42. Cf. C 496 (an irregular copy of this type). Depeyrot, p. 106, 7/5. [Sirmium, AD 323-4]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15703

ia. rev. SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., legs crossed, her r. hand on hd., her l. arm resting on column, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 185, 246. C 497. Depeyrot, p. 60, 27/3. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15704

Similar, but with mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 211, 502. C 497. Depeyrot, p. 62, 32/6-7. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15705

As previous, but with obv. Gf. RIC vii, p. 221, 577. C 499. Depeyrot, p. 63, 37/6. [Trier, AD 335-6]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15706

ia. rev. SOLI COMITI AVG N, Sol stg. r., presenting Victory on globe to Constantine stg. l., suppliant kneeling r. between them, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 375, 108. C 504. Depeyrot, p. 73, 17/9-10. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

432

the rise of the house of constantine

15707

Gold solidus. Similar, but with mint mark • AQ • in ex. RIC vii, p. 397, 35. MA 237. Depeyrot, p. 94, 10/2. C 504. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15708

Ic. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 468, 8. C 505. Depeyrot, p. 104, 2/5. [Sirmium, AD 320]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15709

As 15706, but without kneeling suppliant on rev. and with mint mark S M AN * in ex. RIC vii, p. 685, 49. C —. Depeyrot, p. 147, 41/2-3. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15710

ia. rev. SOLI COMITI AVGG NN, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark • SER • in ex., N in l. field. RIC vii, p. 480, 4. C 506. Depeyrot, p. 110, 12/1. [Serdica, AD 313]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15711

ia. rev. SOLI COMITI CONSTANTINI AVG, as 15706. RIC vii, p. 368, 56. C —. Depeyrot, p. 72, 16/6. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15712

ia. rev. SOLI INVICTO AETERNO AVG, Sol in facing quadriga, his r. hand raised, crowned by Victory stg. behind him, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vi, p. 297, 113. C 510. Depeyrot, p. 69, 11/2. [Ticinum, AD 313]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

15713

ic. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, crowned by Sol stg. r. behind him, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 471, 21. C 516. Depeyrot, p. 105, 4/3-4. [Sirmium, AD 321]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15714 15714

Ic. Rev. — Constantine, in military attire, stg. facing, holding standard, crowned by Sol stg. l. on r., holding whip in l. hand, mint mark as previous. RIC vii, p. 472, 31. C —. Depeyrot, p. 105, 6/1. [Sirmium, AD 322-3]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15715

ia. rev. S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, legionary eagle between two standards, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 222, 815. C 556. Depeyrot, p. 55, 17/9. [Trier, AD 312-13]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15716

Similar, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vi, p. 297, 114. C 556. Depeyrot, p. 70, 11/3. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15717

Similar, but with mint mark P OST in ex. RIC vi, p. 407, 69. C 556. Depeyrot, p. 76, 2/5. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15718

ia. rev. VBIQVE VICTOR, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 222, 816. C 565. Depeyrot, p. 54, 15/8. [Trier, AD 310]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) One of the earliest issues of the new standard gold denomination.

15719

Similar, but with rev. legend VBIQVE VICTORES and mint mark P R in ex. RIC vi, p. 688 (Addenda). C 567. Depeyrot, p. 89, 17/7. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

constantine i, the great

433

15720

Gold solidus. ia. rev. VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM, constantine, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and resting on shield, two suppliants kneeling r. before him, captive on ground to r., mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 222, 818, and vii, p. 166, 27-31. C 574. Depeyrot, p. 56, 19/1. [Trier, AD 313]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15721

As previous, but with obv. Gf and mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 221, 578. C 575. Depeyrot, p. 63, 37/7. [Trier, AD 335-6]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15722

As 15720, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 364, 33. C 574. Depeyrot, p. 70, 12/9-10. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15723

Similar, but with mint mark S M TS followed by officina mark Α, Β, ∆, or ε (= 1, 2, 4, or 5) in ex. RIC vii, p. 514, 135. C 574. Depeyrot, p. 113, 10/5. [Thessalonica, AD 324]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15724

Similar, but with obv. Gf and mint mark S M H in ex. RIC vii, p. 555, 100. Cf. C 575. Depeyrot, p. 115, 4/1. [Heraclea, AD 328-9]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15725

As 15720, but with mint mark S M N sometimes followed by Γ or Κ in ex. RIC vii, p. 614, 81-3. C 574 var. Depeyrot, pp. 127-8, 34/5, 35/5. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15726

Ia. Rev. — Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and resting on spear, crowned by Victory advancing l. behind him, mint mark as previous. RIC vii, p. 368, 57. C 573. Depeyrot, p. 72, 16/7. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15727

ia. rev. VICTORE AVG N, Victory seated r. on arms, inscribing X / XX on shield set on knee, trophy between two seated captives before, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 171, 86. C 576 var. Depeyrot, p. 58, 22/6. [Trier, AD 316]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15728

Similar, but with rev. legend VICTORE AVG N VOTIS. ric vii, p. 171, 87. c 578 var. Depeyrot, p. 58, 22/7-8. [Trier, AD 316]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15729

As previous, but Victory inscribes X / MVL / XX on the shield, and with mint mark P T in ex. RIC vii, p. 365, 40. Cf. C 577 (rev. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 71, 13/4. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15730

ia. rev. VICTORE AVG N VOTIS X, as previous, but Victory inscribes MVL / XX on the shield, and with mint mark S • M • T in ex. RIC vii, p. 367, 50. C —. Depeyrot, p. 71, 15/3. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) A rarer variety, dated to the following year, has emperor’s helmeted bust left, holding spear and shield, and no dots in mint mark (RIC 58).

15731

gf. rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm-branch, mint mark R in ex. RIC vii, p. 342, 373. C —. Depeyrot, p. 90, 22/1. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15732

ia. rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and transverse spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. RIC vii, p. 500, 11. C 597. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 111, 8/4. [Thessalonica, AD 317]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15733

ia. rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 223, 819. C 600. Depeyrot, p. 55, 17/10-11. [Trier, AD 312-13]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15734

Similar, but with mint mark P OST in ex. RIC vi, p. 407, 70. C 600. Depeyrot, p. 76, 2/6-7. [Ostia, AD 312]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15735

As 15733, but with seated captives on either side of Victory. ric vii, p. 167, 32. c 602 var. Depeyrot, p. 57, 20/8. [Trier, AD 314-15]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

434 15736

the rise of the house of constantine VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG (cont.) Gold solidus. As previous, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 364, 34. C 602 var. Depeyrot, p. 70, 12/11. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15737

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 427, 28. C 602. Depeyrot, p. 102, 19/1. [Siscia, AD 317]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15738

As 15733/4, but with captive seated at feet of Victory to l., and with mint mark P R in ex. RIC vi, p. 386, 285a. C 601. Depeyrot, p. 89, 17/9. [Rome, AD 312]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15739

as 15735, but Victory holds trophy instead of palm. RIC vii, p. 167, 33. C —. Depeyrot, p. 57, 20/9. [Trier, AD 314-15]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15740

as 15735, but Victory advancing r. instead of l. ric vii, p. 178, 190. c 609. Depeyrot, p. 59, 24/5. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15741

Gf. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm, mint mark P R in ex. RIC vii, —. C 603 var. Depeyrot, p. 90, 23/1. [Rome, AD 335-7]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15742

15746

15747 15742

As previous, but with mint mark M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 522, 174-5. C 603. Depeyrot, p. 114, 14/1-2. [Thessalonica, AD 330-31]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

15743

Similar, but with mint mark TS or TS ε (= 5th officina) in ex. RIC vii, pp. 525 and 528, 189 and 208. C 603. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 114, 15/2 and 16/2 (AVG omitted on rev., in error). [Thessalonica, AD 332, 335]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

15744

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 586, 114. C 603 var. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/11. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

15745

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 694, 93. C 603. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 147, 45/1 (AVG omitted on rev., in error). [Antioch, AD 335-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

15746

As previous, but also with Christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) in rev. field to l., mark of value LXXII to r., and sometimes with dot following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 695, 98-100. C 605. Depeyrot, p. 148, 48/1, 49/1. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

15747

As 15745, but also with VOT / XXX in rev. field to r. RIC vii, p. 694, 96. C 604. Depeyrot, p. 147, 46/1. [Antioch, AD 335-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

constantine i, the great

435

15748

Gold solidus. gf. rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, Victory advancing r., holding shield inscribed VOT / XXX, her l. foot trampling on captive seated on ground to r., mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 457, 244. C 606. Depeyrot, p. 103, 23/3. [Siscia, AD 335]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15749

Ia. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XX on shield set on l. knee, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 468, 9. C 610. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 104, 2/6. [Sirmium, AD 320]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15750

No legend, d (looking upwards). Rev. — similar, but the shield is supported by Genius who stands l. before Victory, mint mark S M R in ex. RIC vii, p. 327, 273. C —. Depeyrot, p. 89, 19/1. [Rome, AD 325-6]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15751

— — Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 617, 103. C —. Depeyrot, p. 128, 36/3. [Nicomedia, AD 325]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15752 15752

Gf. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XXX on shield set on l. knee, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 456, 242. C 611. Depeyrot, p. 103, 23/1. [Siscia, AD 335]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15753

similar, but on rev. the shield is supported by Genius who stands l. before Victory, and with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC vii, p. 408, 130. MA 240. Depeyrot, p. 94, 13/1. Cf. C 615 var. [Aquileia, AD 335]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15754

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex., sometimes preceded and followed by dot. RIC vii, pp. 457-8, 243, 257. Cf. C 615 var. Depeyrot, p. 103, 23/2, 24/1. [Siscia, AD 335, 336]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15755

J, diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. Rev. — as 15753, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 577, 51. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/13 (rev. type misdescribed). [Constantinople, AD 330 or 336]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

15756

Gf. Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, p. 585, 107. Cf. C 615. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/12. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15757

No legend, d (looking upwards). Rev. — as 15753, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 629, 171. Cf. C 617. Depeyrot, p. 130, 43/2. [Nicomedia, AD 330-31]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15758 15758

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by C, M, or P. RIC vii, p. 631, 175-7. Cf. C 617. Depeyrot, p. 130, 44/1. [Nicomedia, AD 335]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

436

the rise of the house of constantine

15759 15759

VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG (cont.) Gold solidus. As previous, but with obv. Gf. RIC vii, pp. 631-2, 178-80. Cf. C 615. Depeyrot, p. 130, 44/2. [Nicomedia, AD 335]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

15760

As 15756, but Victory is inscribing VOT / XX / XX on the shield. ric vii, p. 585, 108. c 618. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/14. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15761

Ia. Rev. — Constantine, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, crowned by Victory stg. r. behind him, mint mark AQ in ex. RIC vii, p. 396, 30. MA 234. Depeyrot, p. 94 , 9/4. C 608 var. [Aquileia, AD 318-19]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15762

As previous, but with mint mark • SIRM • in ex. RIC vii, p. 474, 47. C 608. Depeyrot, p. 106 , 8/5. [Sirmium, AD 324]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15763

Ia. Rev. — Constantine stg. l., crowned by Victory, as 15732, mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. RIC vii, p. 500, 12. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 111, 8/5. [Thessalonica, AD 317]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15764

Fg. Rev. VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed VOT / X, set on cippus, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, — (cf. vi, p. 297, note 1). C 641. Depeyrot, p. 72 , 16/13. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

15764a 15764A

As previous, but with mint mark P R in ex. Cf. RIC vi, p. 688; vii, p. 281. C 641. Depeyrot, p. 89, 18/1-2. [Rome, AD 315]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15765

As 15764, but the shield is inscribed VOT / P R. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 72 , 16/14. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

15766

ia. rev. VICTORIAE PERPETVAE, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XX on shield supported by Genius who stands l. before her, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 375, 109. C 648. Depeyrot, p. 73 , 17/11. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15767

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. RIC vii, p. 398, 37. MA 239. Depeyrot, p. 94 , 11/1. C 648 var. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15768

ia. rev. VICTORIB AVGG ET CAESS NN, similar to 15766, but without Genius and with trophy and seated captive before Victory. RIC vii, p. 376, 110. C 649 var. Depeyrot, p. 73 , 17/12. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15769

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 468, 10. C 649. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 104, 2/7 (misdescribed). [Sirmium, AD 320]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

constantine i, the great

437

15770 15770

Gold solidus. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. sometimes followed by K or P. RIC vii, p. 611, 63-5. C 649 var. Depeyrot, p. 126, 32/2, 33/1. [Nicomedia, AD 324]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15771

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark ε (= 5) in ex. RIC vii, p. 646, 22. C 649 var. Depeyrot, p. 136, 16/4. [Cyzicus, AD 324]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) A much rarer obverse variety has heroic laureate bust left, holding spear and shield (RIC 23).

15772

I, nimbate, dr. and cuir. bust facing, raising r. hand and holding globe in l. Rev. VICTORIOSO SEMPER, turreted female figure stg. r., offering wreath to Constantine who stands l. before her, the emperor crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 369, 59. C 657. Depeyrot, p. 72, 16/10. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000)

15773

ia. rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI, Constantine on horseback galloping r., attacking kneeling enemy with spear held in r. hand and holding shield in l., a second enemy below horse, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 212, 503. C —. Depeyrot, p. 62, 32/8. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

15774

Ia. Rev. — lion stg. l., hd. facing, club above, mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 234, 4, 6. EMA 2/3. Depeyrot, p. 64, 1/3-4. c 679. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

15775

ia. rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI N, Mars advancing r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 369, 60. C 68081. Depeyrot, p. 72, 16/11. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15776

Ia. Rev. — Constantine riding down two enemies, as 15773, but with mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 167, 34-7. C 682. Depeyrot, p. 57, 20/10-11. [Trier, AD 314-15]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

15777

Ia. Rev. — similar, but Constantine is riding down three enemies, and with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 364, 35. C —. Depeyrot, p. 70, 12/12. [Ticinum, AD 315]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

15778

ia. rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 223, 820. C 703. Depeyrot, p. 56, 17/12-13. [Trier, AD 312-13]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15779

Ia. Rev. — similar, but Mars is between two seated captives, and sometimes with dot following the mint mark . RIC vii, p. 179, 192-4. C 702. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 59, 24/7 and 25/1. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15780

Ia. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR . RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 59, 26/1. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15781

Ia. Rev . — Mars between captives, as 15779, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P (= 1) in ex., and sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vii, p. 245, 115. EMA 9/2 and 10/1. Depeyrot, p. 65, 2/2 and 3/1. C 702. [Arles, AD 317]. VF £1,060 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

438

the rise of the house of constantine

15782

Gold solidus. Ia. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, pp. 427-8, 29-30. C 702. Depeyrot, p. 102, 19/2. [Siscia, AD 317]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15783

Ia. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. RIC vii, p. 501, 18. C 702. Depeyrot, p. 112, 8/10. [Thessalonica, AD 317]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15784

ia. rev. VOTA PVBLICA, Constantine stg. facing between turreted Respublica, on l., presenting Victory on globe, and Pax, on r., offering wreath, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 171, 89-91. C 727. Depeyrot, p. 58, 22/9-10. [Trier, AD 316]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

15785

As previous, but with mint mark S M N followed by K or Γ. ric vii, p. 611, 66-7. c 727 var. Depeyrot, p. 31, 33/2. [Nicomedia, AD 324]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

15786

ia. rev. VOTIS V MVLTIS X, Victory stg. r., inscribing VICTORIA AVG in four lines on shield set on cippus, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 223, 821. C 744. Depeyrot, p. 54, 15/3-4. [Trier, AD 310]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

gold multiples of constantine i NB Numerous gold multiples of the solidus were struck at mints throughout the eastern and western provinces. In size they range from 1.5 solidi, struck at Trier, Ticinum, Aquileia, Siscia, sirmium, thessalonica and nicomedia, up to 9-solidus pieces produced at thessalonica, constantinople and nicomedia. other denominations represented are 2, 3, 4, 4.5, and 7 solidi. 15787

Gold semissis (half solidus). nb. rev. PONT MAX TRIB P P P PROCS, constantine, togate, seated l. on curule chair, holding globe and short sceptre, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 220, 795. C 403. Depeyrot, p. 55, 16/2. [Trier, AD 310]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

constantine i, the great

439

NB The semissis, or half solidus, was, like its predecessor the gold quinarius, never a common denomination. it appears to have been introduced at the same time, or soon after, Constantine’s replacement of the aureus by the solidus. The semissis was to have a long history extending down to the reign of Basil I (AD 867-886). 15788

Qc. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P R in ex. RIC vi, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 89, 17/14. [Rome, AD 312]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15789

Qb. rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, —. C 568. Depeyrot, p. 54, 15/11. [Trier, AD 310]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15790

As previous, but with mint mark P R in ex. RIC vi, —. C 568 var. Depeyrot, p. 89, 17/13. [Rome, AD 312]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15791

Qb. rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, holding shield inscribed VOT / XX supported by Genius, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 468, 11. C 613 var. Depeyrot, p. 104, 2/8. [Sirmium, AD 320]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15792

As previous, but with obv. legend K. RIC vii, p. 477, 66. C 614 var. Depeyrot, p. 107, 10/5. [Sirmium, AD 325-6]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15793 15793

Similar, but with mint mark THES on rev. RIC vii, p. 516, 140. C 614 var. Depeyrot, p. 113, 11/1. [Thessalonica, AD 325]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15794

ib. rev. VICTORIAE PERPETVAE, similar to 15791, but without Genius and no mint mark. RIC vii, p. 469, 12. C —. Depeyrot, p. 104, 3/1. [Sirmium, AD 320]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15795

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua. ib. rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), FRANCIA (in ex.), Francia, as mourning captive, seated l. on ground, her hd. turned r. and resting on r. hand, trophy and arms behind (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 196, 365. C —. Depeyrot, p. 60, 28/7. [Trier, AD 321]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) NB This curious fractional gold denomination, the equivalent of 9 silver siliquae (argentei), appears to have been introduced at the same time as the solidus (AD 310) as part of Constantine’s reorganization of his monetary system. Its function remains obscure though it was issued occasionally over much of the 4th century until its replacement by the more conveniently tariffed tremissis, or one-third solidus, about aD 383.

15796

nb. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 220, 797. C 413 var. Depeyrot, p. 55, 16/4. [Trier, AD 310]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) A scarcer variety has obv. Q, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left (RIC 796).

15797

As previous, but with obv. legend I or Q, and with mint mark P TR on rev. RIC vi, p. 223, 822. C 413. Depeyrot, p. 56, 17/14-15. [Trier, AD 312-13]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15798

nb. rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 179, 195. C 568 var. Depeyrot, p. 59, 26/4. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

440

the rise of the house of constantine

15799

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua. ff. rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 457, 250. Cf. C 592. Depeyrot, p. 103, 23/9. [Siscia, AD 335]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) Bruun suggests the possibility that this could be an issue of Constantine II as Augustus.

15800

Kc. rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, holding shield inscribed VOT / XX supported by Genius, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 617, 107. C 614 var. Depeyrot, p. 128, 36/6. [Nicomedia, AD 325]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15801

Ff. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXX and with mint mark SIS•. RIC vii, p. 458, 258. C —. Depeyrot, p. 103, 25/1. [Siscia, AD 336]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) The denomination of this type is not certain, though it seems more likely to be a 1.5scripulum than a semissis.

15802

Similar, but with mint mark M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 523, 179. C —. Depeyrot, p. 114, 14/6. [Thessalonica, AD 330-31]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15803 15803

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 586, 117. C —. Depeyrot, p. 119, 7/17. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15804

Ke. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. Cf. RIC vii, p. 630, 172. C —. Depeyrot, p. 130, 43/3. [Nicomedia, AD 330]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15805

Gf. Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, p. 632, 185. C —. Depeyrot, p. 131, 46/3. [Nicomedia, AD 335]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

15806

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / XX and with mint mark • CONS. RIC vii, p. 586, 118. Cf. C 619. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 119, 8/1. [Constantinople, AD 337]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15807

fb. rev. VICTORIAE PERPETVAE, similar to previous, but without Genius, the shield is inscribed VOT / XX, and no mint mark. RIC vii, p. 469, 13. C —. Depeyrot, p. 104, 3/2. [Sirmium, AD 320]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15808

ib. rev. VICTORIBVS AVGG NN VOTIS, Victory stg. facing, holding with both hands shield inscribed X, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 167, 38. Cf. C 652. Depeyrot, p. 58, 23/1. [Trier, AD 316]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15809

Similar, but with obv. type c, Victory inscribes X / XX on shield, and with mint mark AQ in ex. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 94, 11/4. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15810

Silver multiple of 5 siliquae (c. 16.88 grams). No legend, d. Rev. D N CONSTANTINVS — MAX TRIVMF AVG in two columns either side of Tyche of Constantinople seated facing on throne, r. hand on breast, holding cornucopiae in l., her feet on galley, mint mark M CONS in ex. followed by officina mark Β, ∆, or s (= 2, 4, or 6). ric vii, p. 578, 53. rsc 135. [Constantinople, AD 330]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / Ef £14,300 ($25,000) Struck on the occasion of Constantine’s official dedication of his new eastern capital on 11 May 330.

constantine i, the great

441

15811

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae or 3 miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). aVgVstVs, d. rev. CAESAR within laurel-wreath, mint mark LVG below. RIC vii, p. 141, 283. Bastien 279. rsc 32aa. [Lugdunum, AD 336-7]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

15812

Similar, but with mint mark CONST on rev. RIC vii, p. 278, 410. Cf. EMA 52/1 (obv. misdescribed). RSC —. [Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

15813 15813

Similar, but with mint mark SIS. RIC vii, p. 459, 259. RSC 32Ab. [Siscia, AD 336-7]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

15814

Similar, but with mint mark TS [Thessalonica, AD 336-7].

15815

Similar, but without mint mark. RIC vii, p. 588, 132 and p. 634, 197. RSC 32Ad-e. [Constantinople and/or Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) The style varies on coins of this type, hence the attributions by Lafaurie (Revue Numismatique 1949, pp. 43 f.) to two mints.

15816

Silver multiple of 3 siliquae (?). Fd (looking upwards). Rev. GENIVM P R, genius of the Roman People stg. l., holding globe (or patera?) in r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark S M R in ex. RIC vii, p. 327, 276. RSC 235A. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

15817

Silver multiple of 2 argentei (?). Q, cuir. bust three-quarter face to l., wearing high-crested helmet adorned with Christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) and holding horse by bridle with r. hand and sword (?) in l., shield on l. shoulder. Rev. SALVS REIPVBLICAE, constantine, in military attire, stg. l. on platform, raising r. hand and holding trophy in l., crowned by Victory stg. behind him, large group of soldiers stg. around platform, four of them nimbate, four in the foreground holding horses by bridles, no mint mark. RIC vii, p. 364, 36. RSC 484. [Ticinum, AD 315]. F £4,550 ($8,000) / VF £11,500 ($20,000) This type was issued on the occasion of Constantine’s decennalia, or tenth anniversary of imperial power.

ε (= 5th officina). RIC vii, pp. 529, 221. RSC 32Ac. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

NB This is an experimental denomination, or small medallion, later varieties of which are listed below. 15818

O, helmeted and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield. Rev. VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R, cippus, inscribed XX / XXX / AVG in three lines, set on ornamented square base, stars in field to l. and to r., mint and officina marks AQ S (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 403, 82. MA 241. rsc 717a. [Aquileia, AD 320-21]. F £1,150 ($2,000) / VF £2,850 ($5,000) This and the following three types were issued to celebrate Constantine’s 15th anniversary of rule (quindecennalia). Similar types were struck also in the names of Licinius (see no. 15143), Crispus Caesar (see nos. 16672-3), and Constantine II Caesar (see Volume V, nos. 17070-71). Another variety has obverse Q, radiate and cuirassed bust left, holding spear (RSC 717c).

442

the rise of the house of constantine

15818a 15818a

Silver multiple of 2 argentei (?). Similar, but with obv. legend Q and mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, —. RSC —. [Siscia, AD 320-21]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

15819

O, rad. bust l., wearing consular robe and holding Victory on globe. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M T in ex. and L in l. field. RIC vii, —. RSC 717b. [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. F £1,375 ($2,400) / VF £3,450 ($6,000)

15820

G, diad., dr. and cuir. bust l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l. Rev. VOTA POPVLI ROMANI, cippus, inscribed VOT / XXX / FEL in three lines, set on ornamented square base, stars in field to l. and to r., mint mark P R in ex. RIC vii, p. 714, 224A. RSC 718A. [Rome, AD 320-21]. F £1,375 ($2,400) / VF £3,450 ($6,000)

15821

Silver multiple of 2 siliquae (?). No legend, d (rosette diad.). Rev. CONSTANTINVS AVG, Constantine stg. l. in military attire, holding vexillum and sceptre, mint mark R T (= 3rd officina) in ex. RIC vii, p. 345, 399. RSC 104b. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

15822

Obv. Similar, but with plain diad. and looking upwards. Rev. — four standards, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 384, 185. RSC 106a. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £1,290 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15823

Silver miliarensis or 1⅓ siliquae (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable, often closer to 1½ siliquae). No legend, d (looking upwards, plain diad.). Rev. CONSTANTINVS AVG, Constantine stg. l., as 15821, but with mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 222, 579. Cf. rsc 108a. [Trier, AD 336-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

15824

Gf. Rev. — four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 222, 580. RSC 108a. [Trier, AD 336-7]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

15825

Gb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS. RIC vii, p. 449, 198. RSC 109. [Siscia, AD 326]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15826

Obv. As 15822. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M TS. RIC vii, p. 518, 151. RSC 106b. [Thessalonica, AD 326-7]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15827

As previous, but with rosette diad. and mint mark TS ε (= 5th officina). RIC vii, p. 528, 218. rsc 106d. [Thessalonica, AD 335-6]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15828

Similar, but with mint mark S M H. RIC vii, p. 555, 103. RSC 106e. [Heraclea, AD 329]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15829

Similar, but with mint mark CONS. RIC vii, p. 584, 99. RSC 106f. [Constantinople, AD 335]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15830

Ge, f. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes with officina mark ∆ (= 4) following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 587, 122 and p. 718, 99A. RSC 108b, 109†. [Constantinople, AD 333-6]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

constantine i, the great

443

15831

Silver miliarensis or 1⅓ siliquae. Obv. As 15822. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N. RIC vii, p. 614, 86. RSC 106c. [Nicomedia, AD 325]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15832

— Rev. CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, four standards, mint mark S M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 517, 150. rsc 114. [Thessalonica, AD 326-7]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15833

gb. rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantine stands l., in military attire, between similar, but shorter, figures of two of his sons, each resting on spear, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 469, 15. RSC 149b. [Sirmium, AD 325]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15834

CONSTANTINVS MAX P F AVG, b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark THES in ex. RIC vii, p. 718, 140A (Addenda). RSC 149c. [Thessalonica, AD 325]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15835

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H on rev. RIC vii, p. 556, 105. RSC 149a. [Heraclea, AD 325]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15835a 15835A

Ge. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N • in ex. RIC vii, —. RSC —. [Nicomedia, AD 325]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

15836

Gb. Rev. — similar, but Constantine stands amidst three of his sons (one to l., two to r.) and with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 614, 88. RSC 150. [Nicomedia, AD 325]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

15837

gf. rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., holding spear and resting on shield, mint mark TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 526, 197. RSC 700a. [Thessalonica, AD 335]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15838

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or IA (= 1 or 11), dot preceding the mint mark or with dots on either side. RIC vii, p. 578, 58, 58A. RSC 700b, c. [Constantinople, AD 330-35]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15839

Similar, but without dot or dots associated with mint mark, and sometimes with officina B (= 2). ric vii, p. 587, 131. rsc 700d. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15840

Similar, but with mint and officina marks C • ∆ (= 4). ric vii, p. 588, 135. rsc 700e. [Constantinople, AD 337]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

15841

Silver siliqua (?). gf. rev. CONSTANTINIANA DAFNE, Victory seated l. on cippus, hd. r., holding palm-branch in each hand, trophy before, kneeling captive at her feet, mint mark CONS followed by star in ex., officina mark Β or ∆ (= 2 or 4) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 575, 37. rsc 90. [Constantinople, AD 328-9]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) The precise meaning of this curious legend is unclear, though various theories have been advanced. Dafne (or Daphne) was the name of a Constantinian fortress on the Danube,

444

the rise of the house of constantine of the imperial palace in Constantinople, and of a celebrated park south of Antioch (the source of the city’s water supply) where a statue of the Empress Helena had been erected. Daphne also means ‘laurel’ and the type may simply be in commemoration of Constantine’s numerous military victories (cf. Melville Jones, “A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins”, p. 81). See also nos. 15633 and 16191-2. Recorded specimens of this type are generally a little heavier than the norm for this denomination.

15842

Silver siliqua. No legend, d (looking upwards, rosette diad.). Rev. CONSTANTINVS AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC vii, p. 716, 130A. MA —. RSC 97g. [Aquileia, AD 335]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

15842A

Similar, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC vii, p. 343, 377. RSC 97f. [Rome, AD 336-7]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

15843

Similar, but with plain diad. on obv. and with mint mark SIS on rev. RIC vii, p. 452, 210. rsc 97b. [Siscia, AD 326-7]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

15844

Similar, but with rosette diad. and sometimes with dots on either side of the mint mark SIS. RIC vii, p. 455, 229-30. rsc 97h-i. [Siscia, AD 334]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

15845

As 15843, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 518, 152. RSC 97c. [Thessalonica, AD 326-7]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

15846

As 15842, but with mint mark TS ε (= 5th officina) in ex. RIC vii, p. 528, 214. RSC 97j. [Thessalonica, AD 335-6]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

15847

As 15843, but with mint mark S M H in ex. RIC vii, p. 560, 145. RSC 97d. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

15848

As 15842, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 570, 5. RSC 97k. [Constantinople, AD 326]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

15849

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by officina mark A or ∆ (= 1 or 4), and with dots preceding mint mark and following officina mark. RIC vii, p. 578, 54. RSC 97l. [Constantinople, AD 330-35]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

15850

Similar, but with M in rev. field to l. and with officina mark A (= 1) following the mint mark (which has no associated dots). RIC vii, p. 719, 131A. RSC 97m. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

15851

Similar, but with obv. type f, without M in rev. field, and with officina mark B or ∆ (= 2 or 4) following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 587, 126. RSC 97a. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

15852

15853

15852

As 15842, but with mint mark S M N (sometimes followed by dot). RIC vii, p. 623, 14041 and p. 720, 186a. rsc 97n-o. [Nicomedia, AD 326-7 and 336-7]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) The two issues can only be differentiated on the basis of portrait style.

15853

As previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 696, 105. RSC 97p. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

constantine i, the great

445

15854

Silver siliqua. gf. rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 523, 181. RSC 603A. [Thessalonica, AD 326-7]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

15855

na. rev. VIRTVS AVG ET CAESS, trophy with spears and shields at base, no mint mark. RIC vii, p. 469, 17. Cf. RSC 676A. [Sirmium, AD 325]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

15856

Silver half argenteus. n or Q, b or c. rev. VIRTVS MILITVM, four-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 216, 758-60. RSC 707a, c, e. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

15857 15857

N, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark P TR. RIC vi, p. 224, 827-8. RSC 707b, d. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF£850 ($1,500)

15858

N or Q, b. Rev. — as 15856, but the doors of the gateway are thrown open. RIC vi, p. 217, 764-5. rsc 708a-b. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £320 ($550) / EF £925 ($1,600)

15859

Base silver argenteus or centenionalis. N, cuir, bust l., wearing high-crested helmet and holding spear over r. shoulder. Rev. VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed VOT / P R in two lines, resting on altar, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, — (omitted in error). Cf. RIC vii, p. 181, 208A (wrongly dated). RSC 643. [Trier, AD 312]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250) NB This experimental denomination, containing only 25% silver, was issued by Constantine at Trier in his own name as well as those of Maximinus II and Licinius (see nos. 14822 and 15144). The name implies that it was tariffed at 100 to the gold solidus. It was soon abandoned, however, though the name centenionalis was later (c. 318/19) transferred to a small billon coin of similar appearance and weight but containing only 2-3% silver.

15860

15862

15860

Billon follis. h or i, b. rev. ADVENTVS AVG, Constantine on horseback pacing l., his r. hand raised, holding spear in l., captive seated before horse, mint mark P LN in ex., star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 134, 133, 137. C 3. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15861

Similar, but with obv. type cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield. ric vi, p. 134, 139. c 2. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

15862

As 15860, but with rev. legend ADVENTVS AVG N. ric vi, p. 135, 142-3. c 7-8. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15863

Nb. Rev. — similar, but without captive on ground and with S — F in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 97, 1. C —. [London, AD 313-14]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

446

the rise of the house of constantine

15864

15875

15864

Billon follis. Similar, but with mint mark M L L instead of P LN in ex. RIC vii, p. 98, 21. C —. [London, AD 314-15]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

15865

As 15860, but with rev. legend ADVENTVS AVGG NN. RIC vi, p. 135, 144. C —. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

15866

fL VaLeriVs (or VaLer) constantinVs P f aVg, a. rev. BONO GENIO PII IMPERATORIS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera, from which liquid flows, and cornucopiae, mint mark ALE in ex., K — P in field (with crescent above the K), and officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2) to r. ric vi, p. 682, 136, 138. cf. c 31. [Alexandria, AD 311] VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

15867

h or n, b. rev. CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P LN in ex., S — P in field. RIC vii, p. 103, 101-2. Cf. C 36. [London, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15868

H, I, or N, b. Rev. — as previous, but without letters in rev. field and with crescent to l. ric vii, p. 105, 124-6. cf. c 36-7. [London, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15869

Nb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2) and with star in l. field. RIC vii, p. 428, 35. C —. [Siscia, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15870

Qc. Rev. — Sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and with A in l. field. RIC vii, p. 307, 80. C —. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15871

Qc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3), nothing in field. RIC vii, p. 394, 14. MA 254. C —. [Aquileia, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15872

h or i, b. rev. COMITI AAVVGG, Sol stg. l., holding whip and globe, mint mark P LN in ex. and T — F in field, sometimes with stars above. RIC vi, pp. 132-3, 116, 128. cf. c 54. [London, AD 310]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £55 ($95)

15873

Ib. Rev. — Sol stg. l., holding globe and whip, mint mark P LN in ex., star in r. field. ric vi, p. 135, 147. c 54. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15874

F or I, helmeted and cuir. bust l., holding spear over r. shoulder and shield on l. arm. rev. COMITI AVGG NN, as previous, but without star in field. RIC vi, p. 131, 101-2. cf. c 46, 49. [London, AD 307-10]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15875

Ib. Rev. — as 15873. RIC vi, p. 135, 153. C 48. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

constantine i, the great

15876 var.

447

15879

15876

Billon follis. I, laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear before him and shield on l. arm. Rev. — as previous. RIC vi, p. 135, 164. C —. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) There are many obverse varieties for this type.

15877

F, type as 15874. Rev. — Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P LN in ex., star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 136, 193. C —. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

15878

CONSTANTINVS AG, cuir. bust r., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear before him and shield on l. arm. Rev. — Sol stg. l., hd. r., raising r. hand and holding globe and whip in l., mint mark P LN in ex., star in l. field. RIC vi, p. 139, 243. C —. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

15879

ib. rev. CONCORD MILIT, Concordia Militum stg. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P LN in ex., star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 136, 195. C 56. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) There are many obverse varieties for this type.

15880

Lc. rev. CONCORDIA FELIX DD NN, two emperors (Constantine and Maximian?) stg. facing each other, clasping r. hands and each resting on sceptre held in l., mint mark P LG in ex. ric vi, p. 260, 248. c 66. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

15881

Lb. rev. CONCORDIA PERPET DD NN, as previous. ric vi, p. 260, 248. c 66. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

15882 15882

La. rev. CONSERV VRB SVAE, hexastyle temple containing Roma seated facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, wreath in pediment, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or Γ (= 1 or 3). ric vi, p. 326, 120. Ma 243. c 78. [Aquileia, AD 307]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15883

Similar, but with star, crescent, or cross (+ or X) instead of wreath in temple pediment, and officina mark S (= 2) also recorded. RIC vi, p. 326, 121c. MA 244. C 78 var. [Aquileia, AD 308]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) On this type the star ornament in the temple pediment is associated with officina P, the crescent with officina S, and the cross with officina Γ.

15884

Similar to 15882, but with obv. legend I, without wreath in temple pediment, and with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vi, p. 294, 93. C 77. [Ticinum, AD 307-8]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

448

the rise of the house of constantine

15885

Billon follis. ia. rev. CONSERVATORES VRB SVAE, as 15882, but sometimes without the wreath in temple pediment, and with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark Q (= 4) with star between. RIC vi, p. 376, 197 and 201. C 75. [Rome, AD 307]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

15886

Lc. rev. CONSTANTINO P AVG B R P NAT, Constantine, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vi, p. 261, 252. C 93. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) The correct expansion of this unusual reverse legend is usually taken to be constantino P[io] Aug[usto] B[ono] R[ei] P[ublicae] Nat[o]. See also nos. 14758 and 16015-16.

15887

Similar, but with C I — H / S in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 263, 286. C 93. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) The letters C I H S in reverse field probably relate to Constantine’s weight reduction of the follis, though their precise meaning remains unclear. The formula appears to contain as its elements the numeral 101 (CI) and the sign of the sestertius (HS) — cf. RIC vi, p. 104 and note 6 (see also nos. 13456, 13467, 15922, 16005, 16011, 16013, 16016, 16028-9, 16141-2 and 16422).

15888

ib. rev. FELICITAS AVGG, Roma seated l., holding branch and globe, mint mark P LN in ex., star in l. field. RIC vi, p. 139, 245. C —. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15889 15889

h or i, b. rev. FELICITAS AVGG NN, as previous. ric vi, p. 139, 246, 248. c 143-4. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15890

ib. rev. GENIO AVGVSTI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, tripod-altar at feet to l., mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC vi, p. 327, 132. MA 245. C —. [Aquileia, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15891

Qa. Rev. — as previous, but without tripod at feet of Genius and with mint mark SIS in ex., crescent in l. field, and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in r. ric vi, p. 480, 209. c 175. [Siscia, AD 310-11]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15892

Ma. Rev. — (followed by ligatured CMH), as previous, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark Β, Γ, or ς (= 2, 3, or 6) in ex. RIC vi, p. 565, 55d. C 183. [Nicomedia, AD 310-11]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also nos. 15899901 below, and nos. 14508, 14545, 14575, 14595, 14722, 14749, 14794, 14827, 14835-7, 14913, 15151, 15159-62, 15586, 15590, 15899-901 and 16148).

15893

Ma. Rev. — (without CMH), as previous, but with altar at feet of Genius to l. and the officina mark (Α-Γ = 1-3) is in r. field. ric vi, p. 566, 71c. c 180-81. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15894

Similar, but with eagle instead of altar at feet of Genius and with officina mark A, B, or ς (= 1, 2, or 6) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 566, 72c. C 182. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

constantine i, the great

449

15895

Billon follis. As 15893, but with officina mark A, B, or ς (= 1, 2, or 6) with star above in r. field. RIC vi, p. 567, 74c. C 180-81. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15896

FL VAL CONSTANTINVS P F AVG, a. Rev. — as 15891, but with mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark Β (= 2) in l. field, and three dots arranged vertically in r. RIC vi, p. 589, 67b. c 174. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15897

Ma. Rev. — as 15894, with eagle at feet of Genius, but with mint mark M KV in ex. and officina mark Β or Γ (= 2 or 3) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 592, 84b. C 182. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15898

Similar, but with altar instead of eagle at feet of Genius, and with mint mark S M K in ex. and officina mark A-∆, Ζ or Η (= 1-4, 7 or 8) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 594, 101b. C 180-81. [Cyzicus, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15899

Ma. Rev. — (followed by ligatured CMH), as 15891, but with mint mark M KV followed by officina mark A-∆ or ς (= 1-4 or 6) in ex., and rarely also with dot in r. field. RIC vi, p. 591, 77b, 82. c 183. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) See note following no. 15892.

15900

Similar, but the officina mark (A, Γ, or ε = 1, 3, or 5) is in rev. field to r. instead of ex. RIC vi, p. 592, 86b. c 183. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15901

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. and officina mark Α-Η (= 1-8) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 594, 103 = ric vii, p. 643. 1. c 183. [Cyzicus, AD 313-15]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15902

Ma. Rev. — (without CMH), Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark Α, Ζ, Η, or ε/∆ (= 1, 7, 8, or 9) in r. field, star in l. Cf. RIC vi, p. 642, 162c. C —. [Antioch, AD 311-12]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) In this issue and the next officina 9 is represented by ε∆ (= 5+4) instead of Θ.

15903

Similar, but Genius holds hd. of Sol instead of Victory on globe in r. hand, and with officina mark Α, Β, ∆, ε, ς, Ζ, ΑΙ, ∆Ι, or εΙ (= 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 14, or 15) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 643, 164c. C —. [Antioch, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15904 15904

FL VALER CONSTANTINVS P F AVG, a. Rev. — Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding hd. of Serapis in extended r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark ALE in ex., officina mark Α (= 1) in r. field, X (sometimes with crescent above) in l. RIC vi, p. 684, 150, 153. cf. c 172. [Alexandria, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15905

Similar, but N with star above in rev. field to l., and only officina Γ (= 3) recorded. ric vi, p. 684, 156. cf. c 172. [Alexandria, AD 312]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15906

Similar, but N with branch below and usually with star above in l. field, and the number of recorded officinae expanded to eight (Α-Η), sometimes with wreath below. RIC vi, pp. 685-6, 158, 161, 163. cf. c 172. [Alexandria, AD 312-13]. VF £10 ($18) / Ef £32 ($55)

450

the rise of the house of constantine

15907

Billon follis. Ma. rev. GENIO EXERCITVS, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, altar at feet, mint mark ANT in ex., crescent in l. field, officina mark Α, ε, ε/∆, or Ι (= 1, 5, 9, or 10) in r. Cf. RIC vi, p. 638, 147d. C —. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15908

iMP c fL VaL constantino P f inV aVg, a. rev. GENIO IMPERATORIS, as previous, but without altar at Genius’ feet, and with mint mark H T in ex. followed by officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) and with star and/or crescent in field. RIC vi, pp. 537-9, 49b, 54b, 60b. c 193. [Heraclea, AD 310-11]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15909

Ma. Rev. — as 15907, but with star or crescent above the altar in l. field and officina mark ε or Ι (= 5 or 10) in r. cf. ric vi, pp. 636 and 639, 133d, 148d. c 194. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15910

FL VAL CONSTANTINVS P F AVG, a. Rev. — as 15908, but with mint mark ALE in ex., K — P in field (sometimes with crescent above the K), and officina mark A (= 1) in upper r. ric vi, pp. 678 and 682, 104, 106, 108, 140. c 192. [Alexandria, AD 310-11]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15911 15911

P or Q, b. rev. GENIO POP ROM, Genius stg. l., holding patera in r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark P LN in ex. Cf. RIC vi, p. 131, 103-4. C 204-5. [London, AD 307-10]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85) NB The headdress of Genius (modius or turreted crown) in the GENIO POP ROM series does not appear to be described with consistent accuracy in RIC and the two varieties thus remain undifferentiated in this listing.

15912

Ib. Rev. — Genius stg. l., as previous, but with mint mark P LN in ex. and T — F with star above each in field. RIC vi, p. 133, 129. C —. [London, AD 310]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15913

I or Q, b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark P LN in ex. and star in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 136-7, 209a, 212. c 199. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) A rarer variety has helmeted bust left, holding spear and shield (RIC 213).

15914

Nb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M L L in ex. and S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 99, 22. c 208. [London, AD 314-15]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15915

IMP CONSTANTINVS AG, b. Rev. — similar, but with M S L instead of M L L in ex. RIC vii, p. 99, 30. C —. [London, AD 315]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15916

Nb. Rev. — similar, but with M LN instead of M S L in ex. RIC vii, p. 100, 37. C 208. [London, AD 315-16]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15917

Nb. Rev. — similar, but with S — P instead of S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 100, 50. C 208. [London, AD 316]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15918

Obv. As 15915. Rev. — similar, but with M S L instead of M LN in ex. RIC vii, p. 101, 64. C —. [London, AD 316]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15919

Hb. Rev. — as 15912, but without stars in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 102, 85. C 209. [London, AD 316-17]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

constantine i, the great

451

15920

Billon follis. Qb. Rev. — Genius stg. l., holding patera in r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark P TR in ex., S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 217, 770. C 199. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15921

L, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with altar at feet of Genius to l., mint mark P LG in ex., and sometimes with N in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 260-61, 238-9, 255. C 215. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15922

Lc. Rev. — as previous but with but C I — H / S in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 264, 287, 289, 291. c 215. [Lugdunum, AD 308-9]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) The letters C I H S in reverse field probably relate to Constantine’s weight reduction of the follis, though their precise meaning remains unclear. The formula appears to contain as its elements the numeral 101 (CI) and the sign of the sestertius (HS) — cf. RIC vi, p. 104 and note 6 (see also nos. 13456, 13467, 15887, 16005, 16011, 16013, 16016, 16028-9, 16141-2 and 16422).

15923

L, b or c. Rev. — as 15920, but with mint mark M OST in ex. followed by officina mark P-Q (= 1-4). ric vi, p. 408, 73-4, 76, 78. c 207. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15924

Qc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4), and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 238, 52-3. EMA 4/8-9. C 206. [Arles, AD 315-16]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15925

Q, b or c. Rev. — similar, but officina mark P (= 1) also recorded, and with T — F instead of S — F in field (sometimes with star below T). RIC vii, p. 240, 78. EMA 5/1, 6/1-2. C 206. [Arles, AD 316]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15926

L or Q, b or c. rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius, wearing modius, stg. l., holding patera and cornucopiae, sometimes with altar at feet, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vi, pp. 386-7, 287-92a, 293a, 294a, 295a, 296a. c 225, 232. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15927

FL VALER CONSTANTINVS P F AVG, a. Rev. — Genius stg. l., holding hd. of Serapis in r. hand and cornucopiae in l., mint mark ALE in ex. (sometimes followed by dot), N above branch in l. field, officina mark A-H (= 1-8) above wreath in r. RIC vii, p. 703, 2, 4. cf. c 235. [Alexandria, AD 313-14]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15928

L, b or c. rev. HERCVLI VICTORI, Hercules stg. r., resting on club and holding Victory on globe and lion’s skin, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4). RIC vi, p. 387, 298-300. c 278. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15929

Similar, but Hercules holds three apples instead of Victory on globe, and officina S (= 2) also recorded. ric vi, p. 387, 301-2. c 276. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

15930

Lb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M OST in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). ric vi, p. 409, 79. c 276. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

15931

Ma. Rev. — Hercules stg. r., resting r. hand on his back and leaning with l. on club wrapped in lion’s skin, mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 592, 89b. c 279. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15932

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. and officina mark B (= 2) surmounted by star in l. field. RIC vi, p. 595, 108. C 279. [Cyzicus, AD 313]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

15933

Ma. Rev. — as 15931, but with mint mark ANT * in ex. and officina mark Z (= 7) in r. field. ric vi, p. 644, 170c. c 279. [Antioch, AD 313]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

452

the rise of the house of constantine

15934

Billon follis. Qa. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark Α-ς (= 1-6) in r. field. ric vi, p. 483, 222c. c 284 var. [Siscia, AD 311]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) A smaller and lighter variety of this type is dated in RIC vi (p. 484, 229b) to AD 313. The later issue is restricted to five officinae and weighs only about 3-4 grams instead of 6-7 grams.

15935

Similar, but with H (with curved uprights) below officina mark in rev. field to r. RIC vi, p. 483, 225c. c 284 var. [Siscia, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15936

As 15934, but with wreath in rev. field to l. RIC vi, p. 484, 227c. C 284. [Siscia, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15937

Ma. Rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark Γ (= 3) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 592, 91b. Cf. C 283. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15938

Ia. Rev. — similar, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet and with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex., officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in r. field, and wreath in l. RIC vi, p. 518, 50b. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 312]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15939

IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTINO P F INV AVG, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark H T followed by officina mark Β or Γ (= 2 or 3) in ex. and wreath in field to l. RIC vi, p. 540, 67. C —. [Heraclea, AD 312]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15940

N or Q, a or c. Rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark SIS (sometimes between two dots) in ex., officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in r. field. RIC vii, pp. 423-4, 5-7, 15-16. Cf. C 288-9 (rev. misdescribed). [Siscia, AD 313-16]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15941

IMP CONSTANTINVS P F INV AVG, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks • TS • A (-ε) • (= 1-5) in ex., nothing in field. RIC vii, p. 498, 4. Cf. C 290 (rev. misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 316-17]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15942

Similar, but with obv. legend Q. RIC vii, p. 501, 19. Cf. C 289 (rev. misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 317-18]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15943 15943

Ma. Rev. — as 15940, but with mint mark S M N in ex. and officina mark A-Z (= 1-7) in r. field (sometimes with N above). RIC vii, p. 601, 12, 14. Cf. C 291 (rev. misdescribed). [Nicomedia, AD 313-17]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15944

Ma. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. and officina mark A-H (= 1-8) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 594, 105c. Cf. C 291 (rev. misdescribed). [Cyzicus, AD 312-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15945

Similar, but the officina mark is in r. field on rev. RIC vii, p. 643, 3. Cf. C 291 (rev. misdescribed). [Cyzicus, AD 313-15]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15946

Similar, but with mint mark S K M in ex. and officina mark VI or VII (6 or 7) in r. field. ric vii, p. 644, 5. cf. c 291 (rev. misdescribed). [Cyzicus, AD 316-17]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

constantine i, the great

453

15947

Billon follis. obv. as 15927. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, as 15940, but with mint mark ALE in ex., N in l. field, and officina mark A-H (= 1-8) in r. Cf. RIC vii, p. 704, 6. C —. [Alexandria, AD 314-15]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15948

Ma. Rev. — As 15940, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet and with mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark ε, ς, Ζ or Η (= 5, 6, 7 or 8) in r. field, and star in l. RIC vi, p. 643, 166c. C —. [Antioch, AD 312]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15949

M, rad., dr. and cuir. bust r. rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on eagle-tipped sceptre, eagle at feet to l., captive seated on ground to r., mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark B or Γ (= 2 or 3), mark of value (?) X / IIΓ in r. field. RIC vii, p. 548, 51. c 292. [Heraclea, AD 318-24]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50) It has been suggested that the curious numerical formula in the reverse field indicates a revaluation of the follis from 25 to 12½ denarii (cf. Carson, “Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 167). The remarkable adoption of a radiate imperial portrait on these folles may be connected with Licinius’ devotion to the sun-god Sol Invictus at a time when the survival of paganism was being threatened by the religious policy of Licinius’ western colleague Constantine. The revised chronology of this series is based on Pierre Bastien’s article “Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch” (Numismatic Chronicle 1973, pp. 87-97). See also the four following and nos. 15222-6, 15407-11, 15484-7, and 16683-6 (and Volume V, nos. 17124-7, for the corresponding issues of Constantine II).

15950

Similar, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark Α-∆ (1-4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 607, 43. c 292. [Nicomedia, AD 318-24]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50) It was at the end of this long issue that the very rare Nicomedian coinage of Martinian was produced (see nos. 15484-6).

15951

Similar, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark Α-∆ (1-4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 645, 14. c 292. [Cyzicus, AD 318-24]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50) It was at the end of this long issue that the very rare Cyzicene coinage of Martinian was produced (see nos. 15487).

15952

Similar, but with mint mark S M ANT followed by officina mark Α-Η (1-8) in ex. RIC vii, p. 682, 34. c 292. [Antioch, AD 318-24]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15953

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL followed by officina mark Α or Β (1 or 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 708, 27. c 292. [Alexandria, AD 318-24]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

15954

ib. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding thunderbolt and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark Γ (= 3). ric vi, p. 328, 136. MA 246. C —. [Aquileia, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15955

Ia. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 517, 47b. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 311]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15956 15956

FL VAL CONSTANTINVS P F AVG, a. Rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark M KV in ex. followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6). ric vi, p. 591, 80. c 303. [Cyzicus, AD 311]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

454 15957

the rise of the house of constantine IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG (cont.) Billon follis. N, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa in r. hand, globe and sceptre in l. Rev. — as previous, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet and with mint mark S M AL in ex., officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in r. field, and crescent in l. RIC vii, p. 707, 22. c 302. [Alexandria, AD 317-18]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) The revised chronology of this type, and nos. 15966-8, is based on Pierre Bastien’s article “Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch” (Numismatic Chronicle 1973, pp. 87-97).

15958

Ma. Rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark S M H T in ex., officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) in field to l. or to r. RIC vi, p. 541, 75, and vii, p. 542, 5. c 297. [Heraclea, AD 313-14]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15959

Similar, but with mint mark H T in ex. followed by officina mark B or ε (= 2 or 5). ric vii, p. 543, 11. c 297. [Heraclea, AD 315-16]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15960

La. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks • TS • A or ε (= 1 or 5) in ex. RIC vii, p. 498, 1. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 313-16]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15961

Ma. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex., and officina mark Α-εΙ (= 1-15) with wreath above and III below in r. field. RIC vii, p. 676, 7. C 297. [Antioch, AD 313-14]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ. The significance of the numeral III in reverse field is uncertain.

15962

Similar, but without the wreath and numeral III above and below the officina mark in r. field. RIC vii, p. 677, 11. C 297. [Antioch, AD 314-15]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15963

Similar, but with mint mark ALE in ex., and officina mark Α-Η (= 1-8) with N below and wreath above in field to r. RIC vii, p. 704, 9. C 297. [Alexandria, AD 315]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15964

Similar, but the number of officinae reduced to two (Α and Β) and with K in field to l. and X instead of N below the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 705, 13. C 297. [Alexandria, AD 315-16]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15965

Similar, but the officina mark is below the wreath and the X in rev. field to r. RIC vii, p. 706, 17. c 297. [Alexandria, AD 316-17]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) It was during this issue that the extremely rare Alexandrian coinage of Valens was produced (see no. 15483).

15966 15966

Obv. As 15957. Rev. — as 15958, but without eagle at Jupiter’s feet and with mint mark S M N in ex., officina mark A, B, Γ, ∆, ς, or Z (= 1-4, 6, or 7) in r. field, and branch in l. ric vii, p. 603, 23. c 301. [Nicomedia, AD 317-18]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) For the dating of this and the following two types, see note following no. 15957.

15967

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex., officina mark Α-Η (= 1-8) in r. field, and wreath in l. ric vii, p. 644, 8. c 300. [Cyzicus, AD 317-18]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

15968

Similar, but with captive at feet of Jupiter to l., mint mark S M ANT in ex., and officina mark A-H or Ι (= 1-8 or 10) in r. field (rarely with dot above). RIC vii, p. 680, 25-6. C 306. [Antioch, AD 317-18]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

constantine i, the great

15969

455

15975 var.

15969

Billon follis. Qa, b or c. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, eagle at feet to l., mint mark SIS in ex., officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 484-5, 232b, 233c, 234c. C 312. [Siscia, AD 313]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15970

Qa. Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, p. 423, 3. C —. [Siscia, AD 313-15]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50) It is difficult to differentiate between specimens of this and the preceding type when the obverse is laureate head right. The later issues tend to be a little smaller and lighter.

15971

La. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. and officina mark ε (= 5) in r. field. RIC vi, p. 518, 52b. C 310. [Thessalonica, AD 312]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15972

La or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks • TS • A • (or officina Β, Γ, ∆, or ε) = 1-5 in ex. RIC vi, p. 519, 58, 61a. C 309-10. [Thessalonica, AD 312-13]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

15973

Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and officina mark Α-εΙ (= 1-15) in r. field. RIC vii, p. 677, 15-16. C 312. [Antioch, AD 315-16]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) In this issue officina 9 is represented by ∆ε (= 4+5) instead of Θ.

15974

L, b or c. rev. LIBERATORI VRBIS SVAE, hexastyle temple containing Roma seated facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, wreath in pediment of temple, mint mark R in exergue followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC vi, p. 387, 303-4. C 318. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

15975

Qb. rev. MARTI CONSERVATORI, Mars, in military attire, stg. r. (or stg. facing, hd. r.), resting on spear and shield, mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vi, p. 131, 107. C 342. [London, AD 307-10]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15976

15978

15976

Q, b or c. Rev. — similar, but also with T — F in field. RIC vi, p. 132, 118-19. C 342. [London, AD 310]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

15977

Ib. Rev. — as 15975, but also with star in l. field. RIC vi, p. 139, 254. C 337 var. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15978

F, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield. Rev. — as previous. RIC vi, p. 139, 260-61. C —. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £55 ($95)

456

the rise of the house of constantine

15979

Billon follis. nb. rev. MARTI CONSERVATORI, as 15975, but also with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 97, 4. C 345. [London, AD 313-14]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15980

Nb. Rev. — as previous, but with M L L instead of P LN in ex., and sometimes Mars is looking l. ric vii, p. 99, 24-5. c 345, 352. [London, AD 314-15]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15981

I or N, b. Rev. — as 15975, but with mint mark P TR in ex. and T — F in field. RIC vi, p. 226, 859, 862. c 337 var., 345. [Trier, AD 310-13]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15982

I or N, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes Mars is looking l. ric vii, p. 168, 4955. c 337, 345-6, 352. [Trier, AD 313-15]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15983

F, b or c. Rev. — as 15981, but without T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 169, 68-9. C 333. [Trier, AD 313-15]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15984

I, N or Q, b or c. Rev. — as 15982, but with officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) — S instead of T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 170, 77-83. C 337-8, 342-4, 346, 354. [Trier, AD 313-15]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15985

Obv. As previous. Rev. — as 15982, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 173, 108-18. C 337-8, 342-4, 346, 352, 354. [Trier, AD 316]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15986

Qc. Rev. — as 15975, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and F — T in field. RIC vi, p. 265, 304. c 342. [Lugdunum, AD 309-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15987

N, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with T — F instead of F — T in field. RIC vii, p. 123, 10-12. c 345-6. [Lugdunum, AD 314-15]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15988

Qc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC vii, p. 236, 23. EMA 3/12. C 344. [Arles, AD 313-15]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15989

I, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), nothing in field. RIC vi, p. 298, 124a, 125-6. C 337-8. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15990

Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes with dot following the mint mark or between the officina and mint marks, and sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 360-62, 5-6, 11-12, 18, 23. c 344. [Ticinum, AD 313-15]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

15991

Qb. Rev. — as previous, but with + in l. field and star in r. (no dot in ex.). RIC vii, p. 366, 47. c 344. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) It is tempting to regard the cross in reverse field as an early instance of Christian symbolism on the Constantinian coinage.

15992

Ib. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or Γ (= 1 or 3). ric vi, p. 328, 139, 141. Ma 247. c 337-8 var. [Aquileia, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15993

L, a, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vi, pp. 387-8 and 391, 305-306a, 307-9, 364-5, 367. C —. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

15994

Qc. Rev. — as previous, but with R — F in field, sometimes with star between mint and officina mark, and sometimes Mars is looking l. ric vii, pp. 296 and 299, 9-10, 25. c 343-4, 352 var. [Rome, AD 313-14]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

constantine i, the great

457

15995

Billon follis. Q, laur bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. rev. MARTI CONSERVATORI, Mars stg. l., his r. foot set on captive, holding spear, shield on l. arm, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 236, 29. EMA 3/2. C 250. [Arles, AD 313-15]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

15996

I, b or c. Rev. — Mars stg. l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand, and spear and shield in l., mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC vi, p. 298, 121-2. cf. c 349. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

15997

Q, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield. Rev. — Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4). RIC vii, p. 236, 25. EMA 3/14. C 355 var. [Arles, AD 313-15]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

15998

Q, b. Rev. — Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vii, p. 236, 28. EMA 3/17. C —. [Arles, AD 313-15]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

15999

Lc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M OST in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vi, p. 409, 80. C —. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16000

Lc. Rev. — Mars advancing l., holding olive-branch and shield, mint mark as previous. RIC vi, p. 409, 81. C —. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16001 var. 16001

Ib. Rev. — helmeted and cuir. bust of Mars r., with features resembling Constantine, no mint mark. RIC vi, p. 227, 884. C 325. [Trier, AD 310-13]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16002

Q, b or c. rev. MARTI PATRI CONSERVATORI, Mars stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark P TR in ex, S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 217, 772a, 773-4. C 359. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16003

Similar, but with T — F instead of S — A in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 225, 829-31. C 359. [Trier, AD 309]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16004

L, b or c. Rev. — as 16002, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and N in l. field. RIC vi, p. 260, 240-41. c 360. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16005

Lc. Rev. — as previous, but with C I — H / S in field. RIC vi, p. 264, 293-4. C 360. [Lugdunum, AD 308-9]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) The letters C I H S in reverse field probably relate to Constantine’s weight reduction of the follis, though their precise meaning remains unclear. The formula appears to contain as its elements the numeral 101 (CI) and the sign of the sestertius (HS) — cf. RIC vi, p. 104 and note 6 (see also nos. 13456, 13467, 15887, 15922, 16011, 16013, 16016, 16028-9, 16141-2 and 16422).

458

the rise of the house of constantine

16006

Billon follis. nb. rev. MARTI PATRI CONSERVATORI, as previous, but with T — F instead of C I — H / S in field. RIC vii, p. 123, 13. C 361. [Lugdunum, AD 314-15]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16007

P or Q, b. rev. MARTI PATRI PROPVG, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vi, p. 132, 108-9. C 363-4 var. [London, AD 307-10]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16008 16008

Q, b or c. rev. MARTI PATRI PROPVGNATORI, as previous, but with mint mark P TR in ex. and S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 218, 775-8. C 368. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16009

Similar, but with T — F instead of S — A in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 225, 832-4. C 368. [Trier, AD 309]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16010

L, b or c. Rev. — as 16007, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and sometimes with N in l. field. RIC vi, pp. 260-61, 242-3 and 260. C 369. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16011

Lc. Rev. — as previous, but with C I — H / S in field. RIC vi, p. 264, 295. C 360. [Lugdunum, AD 308-9]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) The letters C I H S in reverse field probably relate to Constantine’s weight reduction of the follis, though their precise meaning remains unclear. The formula appears to contain as its elements the numeral 101 (CI) and the sign of the sestertius (HS) — cf. RIC vi, p. 104 and note 6 (see also nos. 16013 and 16016 below, and nos. 13456, 13467, 15887, 15922, 16005, 16028-9, 16141-2 and 16422).

16012

Lc. rev. MARTI PATR SEMP VICTORI, Mars advancing r., hd. l., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vi, p. 261, 263. Cf. C 370 (incomplete description). [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

16013

Similar, but with C I — H / S in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 264, 296. Cf. C 370 (incomplete description). [Lugdunum, AD 308-9]. VF £72 ($125) / EF £210 ($375) See note following no. 16011.

16014

Qb. rev. MARTI PROPVGNATORI, type and mint mark as 16008. RIC vi, p. 218, 779. c 373 var. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

16015

Lc. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENT B R P NAT, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vi, p. 262, 270. C 404 var. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) The correct expansion of the unusual ending of the reverse legend is usually taken to be B[ono] R[ei] P[ublicae] Nat[o]. See also the following and nos. 14758 and 15886.

16016

Similar, but also with C I — H / S in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 264, 298. C 404. [Lugdunum, AD 308-9]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) See note following no. 16011.

constantine i, the great

459

16017 16017

Billon follis. P or Q, b. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, constantine, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vi, p. 132, 111-12. c 444, 447. [London, AD 307-10]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16018

H or I, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but also with star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 137, 214-15, 219. c 449. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16019

I, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield. Rev. — as previous. RIC vi, p. 137, 217-18. C —. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16020

16021

16020

F or H or I, b. Rev. — similar to previous, but Constantine holds globe in r. hand and spear in l. ric vi, p. 137, 222, 227, 229. c 427, 429, 431. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16021

I or P, b. Rev. — as 16015, but with mint mark P LN in ex. and star in l. field. RIC vi, p. 139, 263, 265. c 418. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16022

Ib. Rev. — Mars, or soldier, stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark P LN in ex. and S — P in field. RIC vii, p. 103, 105. C 421. [London, AD 317]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

16023 16023

Qb. Rev. — Constantine holding two standards, as 16017, but with mint mark P TR in ex. and S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 218, 781. C 447. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16024

Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with T — F instead of S — A in field. RIC vi, p. 225, 835-8. c 447. [Trier, AD 309]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

460

the rise of the house of constantine

16025

Billon follis. Q, b or c. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine holding spear and globe, as 16015, but with mint mark as 16023. RIC vi, p. 218, 785-7. C 416. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16026

Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark as 16024. RIC vi, p. 225, 840, 841a, 842. c 416. [Trier, AD 309]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16027

Lc. Rev. — Constantine holding two standards, as 16017, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and sometimes with N in r. field. RIC vi, pp. 260 and 262, 244-5 and 273. C 445. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16028

L, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with C I — H / S in field. RIC vi, p. 264, 299-300. C 445. [Lugdunum, AD 308-9]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140) The letters C I H S in reverse field probably relate to Constantine’s weight reduction of the follis, though their precise meaning remains unclear. The formula appears to contain as its elements the numeral 101 (CI) and the sign of the sestertius (HS) — cf. RIC vi, p. 104 and note 6 (see also the following and nos. 13456, 13467, 15887, 15922, 16005, 16011, 16013, 16016, 16141-2 and 16422).

16029

Lc. Rev. — Constantine holding spear and globe, all as 16016. RIC vi, p. 264, 301. C 415. [Lugdunum, AD 308-9]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16030

Qc. Rev. — as previous, but with F — T instead of C I — H / S in field. RIC vi, p. 265, 305-6. c 416-17. [Lugdunum, AD 309-10]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16031

Q, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. Rev. PROVIDENTIAE AVGG, Gallia stg. l., holding standard and clasping r. hands with Moneta who stands r. aboard galley, holding cornucopiae in l., mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 237, 31. EMA, p. 22, 3/3. c 461. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £350 ($600) / EF£850 ($1,500) Another variety has obv. type laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield (RIC 30). The reverse commemorates the establishment of the mint of Arles by Constantine following the transfer of the staff from the recently closed mint of Ostia (see no. 15263 for the equivalent issue in the name of Licinius). Another type, showing the departure of Moneta from the port of Rome (VTILITAS PVBLICA), was also struck at Arles but in the name of Constantine alone (see nos. 16150-51).

16032 16032

N, laur., dr. and cuir. bust l., holding mappa (?) in r. hand, globe and sceptre in l. Rev. — three-turreted gateway of military camp, mint mark M H T in ex. followed by officina mark B or ε (= 2 or 5). ric vii, p. 544, 16. cf. c 457. [Heraclea, AD 317]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16033

Similar, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark Β (= 2), and sometimes with one or two dots in rev. field to r. or with dot preceding the mint mark in ex. RIC vii, pp. 546-7, 28, 33, 38, 42. Cf. C 457. [Heraclea, AD 317-18]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

constantine i, the great

461

16034

Billon follis. L, laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield. Rev. RECVPERATORI VRB SVAE, Constantine seated l. on cuirass, receiving Victory on globe from Roma stg. r. before him, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 235, 13. Cf. EMA 1/1. C —. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £685 ($1,200) This belongs to the initial issue from the Arles mint and commemorates Constantine’s victory over Maxentius in 312 and his liberation of the imperial city of Rome.

16035

As previous, but with obv. Q, laur bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre, and with officina mark S (= 2) preceding mint mark on rev. RIC vii, p. 237, 33. EMA 3/9. C —. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £685 ($1,200) Another variety of obv. type is laur. bust r., holding Victory on globe and mappa (EMA 3/10).

16036

Lb. rev. RESTITVTOR VRBIS SVAE, hexastyle temple containing Roma seated facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, wreath in pediment, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vi, p. 388, 312. C —. [Rome, AD 312-13]. (Unique) This, and the following two types, also refer to Constantine’s defeat of Maxentius at the battle of the Milvian Bridge.

16037

16038

16037

f, h, or i, b. rev. ROMAE AETER AVGG, Roma seated l., holding branch and globe, mint mark P LN in ex., star in l. field. RIC vi, p. 140, 269-71. C 468. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16038

h or i, b. rev. ROMAE RESTITVTAE, as previous. ric vi, p. 140, 272-3. c 475. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) A rarer variety has obv. type cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield (RIC 274).

16039

Lc. rev. SECVRIT PERPET DD NN, Securitas stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, her r. hand on hd., holding transverse sceptre in l. and resting on column, mint mark P LG in ex. ric vi, p. 263, 278. c 490. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

16040 16040

16040 (note)

ib. rev. SECVRITAS AVGG, similar to previous, but without sceptre and with mint mark P LN in ex., star in l. field. RIC vi, p. 140, 277. C 491. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) A rarer variety has obv. H, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear and shield (RIC 278).

462

the rise of the house of constantine

16041

Billon follis. Ma. rev. SOLE INVICTO, Sol, in long robe, stg. l., raising r. hand and holding head of Serapis in l., mint mark ANT in ex., officina mark I (= 10) in l. or r. field with crescent sometimes above or in opposite field. RIC vi, p. 640, 154d. C —. [Antioch, AD 310-11]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16042

Qc. rev. SOLI INVICT COM D N, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding Victory on globe, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), star in field to l., crescent to r. RIC vii, pp. 301-2, 48-9. C 509. [Rome, AD 316]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16043

Ma. rev. SOLI INVICTO, Sol holding head of Serapis, as 16041, but with mint mark S M N in ex. and officina mark A, B, Γ, ε, or ς (= 1, 2, 3, 5, or 6) in l. field, sometimes with star above. RIC vi, pp. 566-7, 73c. C 507. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80)

16044

16045

16044

Ma. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. and officina mark Α, B, ∆, ε, Z, or ∆Ι (= 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, or 14) in l. field, star in r. RIC vi, p. 644, 167c. C 507. [Antioch, AD 312]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16045

Q, b or c. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vi, p. 132, 113-15. C 536. [London, AD 307-10]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65) NB On coins of the extensive SOLI INVICTO COMITI series the standing figure of the sun god is depicted in a variety of poses. The body is normally viewed frontally with its head turned to the left, but sometimes the weight is on the right foot and sometimes on the left. Cataloguers tend to describe these varieties as “standing left” in the former case and “standing right, looking left” in the latter. Sol’s chlamys usually hangs over his left shoulder but sometimes it is spread behind, while his left hand holding the globe is usually turned outwards but is occasionally shown turned inwards. For the purposes of this catalogue no attempt has been made to differentiate between these varieties as frequently several may occur within the same issue. Some latitude seems to have been given the die-engravers in their depiction of Sol.

16046

P or Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but also with T — F in field. RIC vi, p. 133, 121a, 122-4. c 534, 536. [London, AD 310]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16047

Ib. Rev. — as previous, but with stars above T — F in field. RIC vi, p. 133, 132. C 525. [London, AD 310]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16048

H or I, b. Rev. — as 16045, but also with star in r. field. ric vi, p. 137, 234 and 237. c 524-6. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

constantine i, the great

463

16049 16049

Billon follis. P or Q, b or c. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, as previous, but the star is in l. field. ric vi, p. 140, 279-82. c 534, 536. [London, AD 312-13]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16050

N or P, b. Rev. — as 16045, but also with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 98, 8 and 10. C 530 and 534. [London, AD 313-14]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16051

Nb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M L L in ex. and S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 99, 27. c 530. [London, AD 314-15]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16052

As previous, but with mint mark M S L instead of M L L. ric vii, p. 99, 32. c 530. [London, AD 314-15]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16053

Hb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M LN instead of M s L. ric vii, p. 100, 46. c 524. [London, AD 315-16]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16054 16054

H or N, b. Rev. — as previous, but with S — P instead of S — F in field. RIC vii, pp. 10001, 53 and 56. c 524 and 530. [London, AD 316]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

16055

H or N, b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M S L in ex. and S — P in field. RIC vii, p. 101, 68 and 76. c 524 and 530. [London, AD 316]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

16056

F or H, c. Rev. — as 16046 (P LN in ex., T — F in field). RIC vii, p. 102, 92 and 94. C 521 and 524. [London, AD 316-17]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16057

Hb. Rev. — as previous, but with S — P instead of T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 103, 111. C 524. [London, AD 317]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16058

H or I, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but also with + below the S in l. field. RIC vii, p. 104, 119-20. c 524-5. [London, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) It is tempting to regard the cross in reverse field as an early instance of Christian symbolism on the Constantinian coinage.

16059

H or I, b. Rev. — as 16045, but also with crescent in l. field and sometimes additionally with star in r. ric vii, pp. 105-6, 138, 140, 150. c 524-5. [London, AD 318]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

16060

F, I, N or Q, b or c. Rev. — Sol stg. l., holding globe, as 16045, but with mint mark P TR in ex. and T — F in field. ric vi, pp. 226-7, 865-76. c 521, 525, 530, 536. [Trier, AD 310-13]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) Coins of this issue normally fall within the weight-range of c. 5-4 grams, while those of the succeeding issue are lighter. Precise differentiation is difficult as the weight standard was constantly changing.

464

the rise of the house of constantine

16061

Billon follis. i, n or P, b or c. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, as previous. ric vii, p. 168, 39-47. c 525, 530, 534. [Trier, AD 313-15]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) A rare variety of this issue shows Sol looking r. and with captive at his feet to l. (RIC 48).

16062

I or N, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with officina mark a or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field and S to r. ric vii, p. 170, 72-6. c 525 and 530. [Trier, AD 315-16]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16063

Obv. Similar. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark a or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot before, and with T — F in field. RIC vii, pp. 172-4, 101-2, 104-5, 132, 135. c 525 and 530. [Trier, AD 316-17]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16064

— Rev. — as previous, but with F — T instead of T — F in field. RIC vii, pp. 176-7, 15762 and 164-7. c 525 and 530. [Trier, AD 317-18]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16065

I or Q, b or c. Rev. — Sol stg. l., holding globe, as 16045, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and F — T in field. RIC vi, p. 265, 307-11. C 525 and 536. [Lugdunum, AD 309-13]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) Coins of this issue range from c. 5.5-3.5 grams reflecting the rapid decline in the weight standard of the follis at this time.

16066

I, N or Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with S — F instead of F — T in field. RIC vii, p. 122, 1-9. c 525, 530, 536. [Lugdunum, AD 313-14]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16067

N or Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with T — F instead of S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 123, 15-20. c 530 and 536. [Lugdunum, AD 314-15]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16068

N, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding Victory on globe in r. hand, shield on l. shoulder. Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, p. 123, 22. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 314-15]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

16069 16069

N, P or Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with T F in l. field and star in r. ric vii, p. 124, 30-34. c 530, 534, 536. [Lugdunum, AD 314-15]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16070

F, laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear over r. shoulder. Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, p. 125, 44. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 314-15]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

16071

Obv. As 16069. Rev. — as previous, but with A — S instead of T F — star in field. RIC vii, pp. 125-6, 51-7 and 62. [Lugdunum, AD 316]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16072

L, b or c. Rev. — Sol stg. l., holding globe, as 16045, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by Latin officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC vii, pp. 235-6, 14-15 and 21. EMA 1/2-3 and 10-12. C 540. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16073

As previous, but with obv. legend Q. RIC vii, p. 237, 36-41 and 44-5. EMA 3/19, 20-22, 24-6, and 29-30. c 536. [Arles, AD 313-15]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16074

Obv. As previous. Rev. — as 16072, but also with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 238-9, 56-8 and 62-4. EMA 4/11, 13-15, and 20-22. C 536. [Arles, AD 315-16]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

constantine i, the great 16075

465

SOLI INVICTO COMITI (cont.) Billon follis. Similar, but with obv. type laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 239, 65. EMA 4/6. C —. [Arles, AD 315]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16076

Q, b or c. Rev. — as 16072, but also with T — F in field (sometimes with star below the T). RIC vii, pp. 240-41, 71-3, 75, 79-81, and 84-5. EMA 5/2-4, 5/6, 6/3-4, 6/7-9, and 6/12-14. c 536. [Arles, AD 316]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16077

As previous, but with M — F instead of T — F in field. RIC vii, pp. 241-2, 89-90 and 92-3. EMA 7/1-2 and 4-5. C 536. [Arles, AD 316]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16078

Similar, but with Greek officina letter A, B, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) following the mint mark ARL in ex. RIC vii, pp. 242-3, 99-103. EMA 8/1-6. C 536. [Arles, AD 316]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16079

Q, b or c. Rev. — as 16072, but also with C — S in field. RIC vii, pp. 248-9, 144-6 and 149-51. EMA 11/9-11 and 15-17. C 536. [Arles, AD 317-18]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16080

As 16078 (with Greek officina mark following the mint mark), but with R — S instead of M — F in field. RIC vii, p. 244, 108-11. EMA 12/7-10. C 536. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16081

Similar, but with Latin officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) preceding the mint mark ARL in ex. RIC vii, p. 247, 136-9. EMA 13/19-23. C 536. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16082

Q, b or c. Rev. — as 16072, but with mint mark A in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1), star within crescent between. RIC vii, p. 250, 164-5. EMA 14/8-9. C 536. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16083

As previous, but also with P in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 251, 169-70. EMA 15/4-5. C 536. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16084

Qc. Rev. — as 16082, but with captive seated l. or r. instead of star within crescent between officina and mint marks in ex. RIC vii, p. 253, 180 and 184. EMA 17/2 and 18/4. c 536. [Arles, AD 318-19]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16085

I, b or c. Rev. — Sol stg. l., holding globe, as 16045, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vi, p. 298, 128-9, 131a, and 132; RIC vii, p. 360, 1-3. c 525. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16086

Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but also with star in field to l. (rarely to r.). RIC vii, p. 361, 7-8 and 14. c 536. [Ticinum, AD 313-14]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16087

As previous (star in rev. field to l.), but also with dot in ex., either following the mint mark or between the officina and mint marks. Cf. RIC vii, p. 361-2, 15-16 and 20-21. C 536. [Ticinum, AD 314-15]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16088

As 16086, but with + in l. field and star in r. RIC vii, p. 366, 43-5. C 536. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) It is tempting to regard the cross in reverse field as an early instance of Christian symbolism on the Constantinian coinage.

16089

Qb. Rev. — as 16085, but also with P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 370, 61. C 536. [Ticinum, AD 316]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16090

Q, b or c. Rev. — as 16085. RIC vii, p. 370, 62-4. C 536. [Ticinum, AD 317]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

466 16091

the rise of the house of constantine SOLI INVICTO COMITI (cont.) Billon follis. As previous, but also with P in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 371, 67-8. C 536. [Ticinum, AD 317-18]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16092

Q, b or c. Rev. — Sol stg. l., holding globe, as 16045, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vii, pp. 292-3, 3-5. MA 251-3. C 536. [Aquileia, AD 317]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16093

L or Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, s, t, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vi, pp. 388-9, 316-322a, 323a, 324-327a, 328a, 329a, 330a, 331-335a, 336a, 337a, and 338a. c 536 and 540. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50) Folles of this date generally weigh ± 4 grams. Similar pieces issued about four year later (see no. 16101) were struck on a lighter standard. A scarce variety of this type shows Sol holding the globe across his body (RIC 339-40).

16094

L, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with officinae P, S, and T only, and also with star in field (usually to l., sometimes to r.). RIC vi, pp. 391-2, 368-9, 371-2, 374, and 376-7. C 540. [Rome, AD 313]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16095

Qc. Rev. — as 16093, but also with R — F in field. RIC vii, p. 296, 1-2 and 5. C 536. [Rome, AD 313]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16096

Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but also with star between the mint and officina marks. ric vii, p. 298, 18-20. c 536. [Rome, AD 314]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16097

as previous, but without star between mint and officina marks on rev., and with R / X in l. field and F in r. ric vii, p. 299, 27-8 and 31. c 536. [Rome, AD 314-15]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16098

As previous, but with S — F in rev. field. RIC vii, pp. 299-300, 33-4 and 37. C 536. [Rome, AD 315]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16099

As previous, but with C — S in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 300, 39-41. C 536. [Rome, AD 315-16]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16100

Qc. Rev. — as 16093, but also with star in l. field and crescent in r. (only officina S = 2 recorded). ric vii, p. 301, 45. c 536. [Rome, AD 316]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16101

Q, b or c. Rev. — as 16093 (no symbols or letters in field). ric vii, p. 303, 56-8. c 536. [Rome, AD 316-17]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50) For earlier coins of this type, see no. 16093.

16102 16102

Qc. Rev. — as 16093, but also with A in field to l. RIC vii, p. 307, 78-9. C 536. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16103

As previous, but with wreath (sometimes containing T) instead of A in rev. field to l. RIC vii, pp. 309 and 313, 97 and 136. c 536. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

constantine i, the great

16104

467

16106

16104

Billon follis. L, b or c. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, Sol stg. l., holding globe, as 16045, but with mint mark M OST in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vi, p. 409, 83, 85, 87, 89, and 91. c 540. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16105

N or Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Α, Β, Γ, ∆, or ε (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), star in l. field. RIC vii, p. 428, 31-4. C 530 and 536. [Siscia, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Siscia was the first of the Licinian mints to be acquired by Constantine during the civil war which erupted between the two emperors in 316-17, hence this eastern expansion of the western SOLI INVICTO COMITI type.

16106

Ib. Rev. — Sol stg. l., holding globe, as 16045, but also with captive at feet to l. and with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or Γ (= 1, 2, or 3). ric vi, p. 328, 144. Ma 248. cf. c 520. [Aquileia, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16107

Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) following mint mark. RIC vii, p. 392, 1-2. MA 250. C 519. [Aquileia, AD 316-17]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16108

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vi, p. 390, 342-3. c 519. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £45 ($80) Folles of this date generally weigh ± 4 grams. Similar pieces issued about four year later (see following) were struck on a lighter standard.

16109

as previous. ric vii, pp. 302-3, 51-5. c 519. [Rome, AD 316-17]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16110

Ib. Rev. — as 16106, but with captive at feet to r. of Sol and officina P (= 1) only recorded. RIC vi, p. 328, 145. MA 249. C —. [Aquileia, AD 312-13]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16111

Qc. Rev. — Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe surmounted by Victory in l., mint and officina marks R T (= 3) in ex., star in l. field, crescent in r. RIC vii, p. 302, 50. C —. [Rome, AD 316]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16112

Hb. Rev. — Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe and whip in l., mint mark M LN in ex., S — P in field. RIC vii, p. 101, 62. C —. [London, AD 316]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16113

Qc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3) and with T — F in field (star below T). RIC vii, —. EMA 6/6. C —. EMA 6/6. [Arles, AD 316]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16114

I, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vi, p. 298, 135a and 136. C —. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16115

L, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vi, p. 389, 324 (note 2) and 325 (note 3). C —. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £45 ($80)

468

the rise of the house of constantine

16116

Billon follis. Qc. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., mint mark P LG in ex., T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 123, 26. C 545 var. [Lugdunum, AD 314-15]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16117

L, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, s, or t (= 1, 2, or 3). ric vi, p. 388, 313-15. c 545. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16118

Ib. Rev. — Sol stg. facing, raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vi, p. 298, 133. C —. [Ticinum, AD 312-13]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) Vagi (“Coinage and History of the Roman Empire” no. 3124) notes that this type was issued also at Trier in AD 316, though it is not recorded in RIC vii.

16119

L, b or c. Rev. — Sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4). Cf. RIC vii, p. 235, 19-20. EMA 1/8-9. C 546 var. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £45 ($80)

16120

Qc. Rev. — as previous, but Sol holds whip instead of globe, and with mint mark P LG in ex., F — T in field. RIC vi, p. 265, 312. C 546. [Lugdunum, AD 309-10]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16121

Lc. Rev. — as 16119, but Sol tramples on captive with his r. foot, and with officina mark S (= 2) preceding ARL in ex. RIC vii, p. 236, 22. Cf. EMA 1/7. C —. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16122

As previous, but with mint mark M OST in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vi, p. 409, 93. C —. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16123

Nc. Rev. — Sol advancing l., hd. r., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P LG in ex., T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 123, 27. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 314-15]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £45 ($80)

16124

16125

16124

H, b or c (sometimes facing l.). Rev. — Sol in facing quadriga, his hd. turned to l., r. hand raised and holding globe and whip in l., mint mark M S L in ex., S — P in field. RIC vii, p. 102, 81-2, 84. C 547-8. [London, AD 316]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16125

I or N, b. Rev. — rad. and dr. bust of Sol r., with features resembling Constantine, no mint mark. RIC vi, p. 227, 890 and 893. C 511 and 514. [Trier, AD 310-13]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16126

Q, b or c. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI D N, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), star in l. field, crescent in r. RIC vii, p. 301, 46-7. C —. [Rome, AD 316]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

constantine i, the great

16127

469

16129

16127

Billon follis. L, b or c. rev. S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, legionary eagle between two standards, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC vii, p. 235, 7-9. EMA 1/13-15. C 559. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) This is a revival of a type issued by Trajan two centuries before (see Volume II, nos. 3107, 3170, and 3238). It was, perhaps, inspired by one of the follis types issued at Carthage by the usurper Alexander (AD 308-11), rival of Maxentius and ally of Constantine (see no. 15088).

16128

L or Q, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark P, s, t, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vi, p. 390, 345-348a, 349a, 350a, 351a. c 557-9. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16129

As 16127, but with mint mark M OST followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vi, p. 410, 94, 96, 98. c 559. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16130 16130

ib. rev. SPES REIPVBL, Constantine on horseback pacing l., raising r. hand and holding spear in l., captive seated on ground to l., mint mark P LN in ex., star in r. field. RIC vi, p. 138, 241. c 553. [London, AD 310-12]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16131

F, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding spear over shoulder and shield. Rev. SPES REIPVBLICAE, as previous. RIC vi, p. 138, 242. Cf. C 555 (‘sans le captif’). [London, AD 310-12]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

16132

Lc. rev. TEMPORVM FELICITAS, Felicitas stg. l., holding long caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vi, p. 263, 283. C 560. [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16133

Qc. rev. TRB P CONS IIII P P PROCONSVL, constantine seated l. on curule chair, holding globe and short sceptre, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4), sometimes also with S — F in field. RIC vii, pp. 238-9, 48 and 69. EMA 3/11 and 4/1. Cf. C 561. [Arles, AD 315]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

16134

Lb. rev. VICTORIA AET AVGGG NNN, Victory stg. r., inscribing VOT / X in two lines on shield attached to palm-tree, mint mark M OST in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vi, p. 410, 100. C —. [Ostia, AD 312-13]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16135

Qc. rev. VICTORIA AETERNA AVG N, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VO / TIS / XX in three lines on shield set on l. knee, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark Q (= 4), S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 239, 70. EMA 4/2. C —. [Arles, AD 315-16]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

470

the rise of the house of constantine

16136

Billon follis. Qb. rev. VICTORIA AETERNA AVG N, Victory stg. r., her l. foot set on base surmounted by cippus, inscribing VO / T / IS in three lines on shield resting on the cippus, captive seated l. behind, mint mark as previous, but with officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, —. EMA 4/3. C —. [Arles, AD 315-16]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

16137

G, cuir. bust l., wearing laur. helmet and holding horse by bridle and spear in r. hand, shield on l. shoulder. rev. VICTORIA AVGG NN, Victory stg. r., l. foot on helmet, inscribing VOT / X in two lines on shield set on palm-tree, mint mark P LG in ex., T — F in field. Cf. RIC vii, p. 124, 28. C 590. [Lugdunum, AD 314-15]. VF £78 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

16138

Q, b or c. rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing r., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vi, p. 390, 353-4. Cf. C 581. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16139 16139

Qc. rev. VIRT CONSTANTINI AVG, Virtus, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and spear, shield at side, captive seated at feet to l., mint mark P LG in ex., T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 124, 29. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 314-15]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16140

Lc. rev. VIRT PERP CONSTANTINI AVG, as previous, but without letters in field. ric vi, p. 263, 285. cf. c 661 (obv. misdescribed). [Lugdunum, AD 307-8]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16141

As previous, but with C I — H / S in rev. field. Cf. RIC vi, p. 265, 302 (rev. misdescribed). cf. c 661. [Lugdunum, AD 308-9]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275) The letters C I H S in reverse field probably relate to Constantine’s weight reduction of the follis, though their precise meaning remains unclear. The formula appears to contain as its elements the numeral 101 (CI) and the sign of the sestertius (HS) — cf. RIC vi, p. 104 and note 6 (see also the following and nos. 13456, 13467, 15887, 15922, 16005, 16011, 16013, 16016, 16028-9 and 16422).

16142

As previous, but with rev. type Virtus, in military attire, stg. r., resting on spear and holding parazonium. RIC vi, p. 265, 302. Cf. C 661. [Lugdunum, AD 308-9]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

16143

Ma. rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Mars or Virtus, in military attire, advancing r., holding transverse spear and trophy over shoulder, shield on l. arm, mint mark M KV in ex., officina mark A (= 1) in l. field. RIC vi, p. 593, 93b. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 311-12]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16144

FL VAL CONSTANTINVS P F AVG, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex., K — P across rev. field, and officina mark A (= 1) to r. RIC vi, p. 679, 118 and 120. C —. [Alexandria, AD 310]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16145

As previous, but with crescent above the K in rev. field. RIC vi, p. 683, 142. C —. [Alexandria, AD 311]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

constantine i, the great

471

16146

Billon follis. ia. rev. VIRTVS PERPETVA AVG, Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vi, p. 295, 98. C —. [Ticinum, AD 307-8]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16147

Similar, but with rev. type Hercules l., strangling lion, club on ground behind (officinae P and s = 1 and 2 only recorded). ric vi, p. 295, 99. c 710. [Ticinum, AD 307-8]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

16148

Ma. rev. VIRTVTI EXERCITVS CMH (ligatured), as 16143, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark Β (= 2). RIC vi, p. 564, 65b. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 310]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) The meaning of the abbreviation CMH has yet to be determined (see also nos. 14508, 14545, 14575, 14595, 14722, 14749, 14794, 14827, 14835-7, 14913, 15151, 15159-62, 15586, 15590, 15892 and 15899-901).

16149

As previous, but without CMH, Mars/Virtus drags captive by the hair with r. hand instead of holding transverse spear, and the officina mark (Γ = 3) is in r. field and is surmounted by star. RIC vi, p. 568, 78c. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 312]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16150

Qb. rev. VTILITAS PVBLICA, Roma stg. l., holding Victory on globe and extending r. hand to Moneta stg. l. on galley, holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 238, 49. EMA, p. 23, 3/8. C —. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) This reverse commemorates Constantine’s closure of the mint of Ostia through its depiction of the departure of Moneta from the port of Rome, symbolizing the commencement of the transfer of the mint establishment to the Gallic city of Arles. Another type, showing the arrival of Moneta in Gaul (PROVIDENTIAE AVGG), was also struck at Arles (see no. 16031) and an equivalent issue was produced in the name of Licinius (see no. 15263).

16151

As previous, but with obv. type laur. bust r., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre and globe surmounted by Victory (officina mark P (= 1) on rev.). RIC vii, p. 238, 50. EMA, p. 23, 3/6. C 756 var. [Arles, AD 313]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

16152

Billon half follis. n, bare hd. r. rev. FVNDAT PACIS, Mars, naked, advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by the hair and holding trophy over shoulder, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 169, 61. c 158. [Trier, AD 313-15]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

16153

Q, bare hd. r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, s, t, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vii, p. 297, 12. c 157. [Rome, AD 313]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16154

i or n, bare hd. r. rev. GLORIA PERPET, two Victories advancing r., each holding wreath and palm, standard between them, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 169, 66. C 259 var. [Trier, AD 313-15]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

16155

Q, bare hd. r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, s, t, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vii, p. 297, 14. c 259. [Rome, AD 313]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16156

f, b or c. rev. MARTI CONSERV, Mars stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 227, 896-7. C 323. [Trier, AD 310-11]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16157

f, b or c. rev. MARTI CONSERVATORI, as previous. ric vii, p. 169, 68-9. c 333. [Trier, AD 313-15]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

16158

fL VaL constantinVs aVg, b or c. rev. PACI PERPET, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and standard, XII in l. field, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, s, t, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vi, pp. 390-91, 355-8. c 378. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) The significance of the numeral ‘XII’ in reverse field has yet to be determined.

472

the rise of the house of constantine

16159

Billon half follis. f, b or c. rev. SOLI INVICTO, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark as previous. RIC vi, p. 228, 898-900. C 521. [Trier, AD 310-11]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16160

fa. rev. VICTORIA CAESS, Victory stg. l., holding wreath (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 313, 140. C —. [Rome or Thessalonica, AD 318]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16161

fL VaL constantinVs aVg, rad., dr. and cuir. bust r. rev. VIRT EXERCIT GALL, Virtus stg. l. (sometimes hd. r.), resting on spear and holding parazonium, X—VI in field, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vi, p. 391, 359-60. c 660. [Rome, AD 312-13]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) The valour of the Gallic legions in liberating Rome from the rule of the usurper Maxentius is here celebrated. The significance of the numeral ‘XVI’ in reverse field has yet to be determined.

16162

i or n, b. rev. VOT / X / MVL / XX in four lines within wreath (no mint mark). RIC vi, p. 228, 901-2. c 733. [Trier, AD 310-11]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16163

Billon quarter follis. f, i, n, or Q, bare hd. r. rev. SAPIENT PRINCIP, altar, surmounted by bird, between shield and helmet, spear resting diagonally across, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 169, 62-5. C —. [Trier, AD 313-15]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16164

Q, bare hd. r. rev. SAPIENTIA PRINCIPIS, as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC vii, p. 297, 16. C 485. [Rome, AD 313]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

16165

P or Q, b. rev. VOT / X / AVG / N in four lines within wreath (no mint mark). RIC vi, p. 219, 791-2. c 728 var. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

16166

f, i, P, or Q, b. rev. VO / TIS / X in three lines within wreath (no mint mark). RIC vi, p. 228, 903-6. c 747. [Trier, AD 310-11]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

16167

obv. similar, but type b or c. rev. as 16162. ric vi, p. 228, 907-13. c 732. [Trier, AD 310-11]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16168

Billon centenionalis. CONSTANTINVS AG, rad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. Rev. BEAT TRANQLITAS (sic), altar, inscribed VOT / IS / XX in three lines, surmounted by globe with three stars above, mint mark P LON in ex., P — A in field. RIC vii, p. 111, 217. C —. [London, AD 321]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) NB In AD 318/19 Constantine replaced the follis with a new and slightly lighter billon denomination characterized by neatly engraved dies, new mostly non-pagan reverse designs, and a wide variety of obverse types within each issue. The coin closely resembled the experimental centenionalis of 25% silver which had been issued by Constantine at Trier in AD 312, resulting in the probable transfer of this name to the new denomination. In Thrace and Asia, Licinius continued striking the traditional follis until his downfall in 324 but at the mints under constantinian control a considerable number of centenionalis types were issued in the names of Licinius and his son, the Caesar Licinius Junior. With Constantine’s victory over his rival in 324, the follis was discontinued in the East and the centenionalis was issued uniformly throughout the Empire. Its original weight of c. 3 grams was maintained until AD 330 when it was reduced to c. 2.5 grams. There was a final reduction in the last year of Constantine’s reign to about 1.70 grams and this standard was maintained until the coinage reform of AD 348.

constantine i, the great 16169

473

Billon centenionalis. F, laur. and cuir. bust l. Rev. — as previous, but with F — B in field. ric vii, p. 112, 240. c 27. [London, AD 322-3]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16170

16174

16176

16179 var.

16170

F, laur. bust r., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. Rev. — as previous, but without letters in reverse field. RIC vii, p. 114, 267. C —. [London, AD 323-4]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16171

Fg. Rev. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, globe on altar, all as 16168. RIC vii, p. 110, 203. c 20. [London, AD 321]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16172

F, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. Rev. — as 16170. ric vii, p. 111, 225. c 18. [London, AD 321-2]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16173

Fg. Rev. — globe on altar, as 16168, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), no letters in field. RIC vii, p. 190, 303. C 20. [Trier, AD 321]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16174

As previous, but with obv. type as 16170. RIC vii, p. 191, 305. C 17. [Trier, AD 321]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16175

As previous, but the altar inscription on rev. is divided VO / TIS / XX. RIC vii, p. 191, 318. c 17. [Trier, AD 321]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16176

Fg. Rev. — as previous, but with dot following the mint mark in ex. RIC vii, p. 194, 341. c 20. [Trier, AD 322]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16177

As previous, but also with dot preceding the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 197, 368. C 20. [Trier, AD 322-3]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16178

As previous, but with crescent instead of dot following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 199, 389. c 20. [Trier, AD 323]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16179

Hb. Rev. — as 16175, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and C — R in field. RIC vii, p. 131, 128. c 23. [Lugdunum, AD 321]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16180

Fa. Rev. — as previous, but the altar inscription on rev. is divided VOT/ IS / XX. RIC vii, p. 132, 153. c 15. [Lugdunum, AD 322-3]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16181

As previous, but without C — R in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 134, 198. C 15. [Lugdunum, AD 323]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

474

the rise of the house of constantine

16182

Billon centenionalis. fa. rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around wreath enclosing VOT / X in two lines, mint mark TR below preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 202, 430. c 34. [Trier, AD 323-4]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80) This and the following type would appear to be hybrids with reverses proper to the Caesars Crispus and Constantine II.

16183

As previous, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P (= 1) and the votive inscription is flanked by two branches. RIC vii, p. 405, 105. MA 263. C 34. [Aquileia, AD 322]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16184

Qa. rev. CONSTANTINI AVG around VOT / XX in two lines (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 508, 84. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16185

Qa. rev. CONSTANTINI AVG • around VO / TIS / XX / P • A (= officina 1 and mint mark) in four lines. RIC vii, p. 257, 208. EMA, p. 46, 25/1. C 85. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16186

Similar, but the officina and mint marks (• P • A •) are in the exergue (but without exergual line). RIC vii, p. 258, 213. EMA, p. 47, 26/1. C 85. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16187

Similar, but the officina and mint marks are below an exergual line and are without dots. RIC vii, p. 258, 216. EMA, p. 48, 27/1. C 85. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16188

fa. rev. CONSTANTINI AVG around VO / TIS / XX in three lines, mint mark • P • L • in ex. (but without exergual line). RIC vii, p. 128, 91. C 82. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16189

F, a or c. Rev. As previous, but the mint mark is below an exergual line and is without dots. ric vii, p. 129, 96-7. c 82. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16190

fa. rev. CONSTANTINI AVGVSTI around VOT / IS / XX in three lines, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A (= 1), between two dots. RIC vii, p. 441, 140. C 86. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16191 16191

G, d (sometimes looking upwards) or f. Rev. CONSTANTINIANA DAFNE, Victory seated l. on cippus, hd. r., holding palm-branch in each hand, trophy before, kneeling captive at her feet, mint mark CONS in ex., officina mark A, B, Γ, ∆, ε, ς, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7) in l. field. ric vii, p. 574, 29-35. LrBc i, 989-96. c 91-2. [Constantinople, AD 328]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) The precise meaning of this curious legend is unclear, though various theories have been advanced. Dafne (or Daphne) was the name of a Constantinian fortress on the Danube, of the imperial palace in Constantinople, and of a celebrated park south of Antioch (the source of the city’s water supply) where a statue of the Empress Helena had been erected. Daphne also means ‘laurel’ and the type may simply be in commemoration of Constantine’s numerous military victories (cf. Melville Jones, “A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins”, p. 81). See also the following and nos. 15633 and 15841.

constantine i, the great

16192

475

16200

16192

Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with star following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 575, 38. LrBc i, 1002 and 1002a. c 91. [Constantinople, AD 328-9]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16193

No obv. legend, a or c. Rev. CONSTAN / TINVS / AVG in three lines across field, wreath above, mint mark TR below preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 209, 485-6. LrBc i, 14. c 110-11. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16194

No obv. legend, f. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark S M R followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 329, 281. LRBC I, 503. C —. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16195

No obv. legend, a. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark SIS preceded by officina mark A (= 1). ric vii, p. 447, 189. LrBc i, 715. c 110 var. [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

16196

Similar, but with mint mark S M TS followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC vii, p. 516, 141. LrBc i, 812. c 110 var. [Thessalonica, AD 325]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

16197

Similar, but with mint mark CONS followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC vii, p. 571, 13. LrBc i, 970. c 110 var. [Constantinople, AD 326-7]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

16198

Similar, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC vii, p. 615, 98. LrBc i, 1074. c 110 var. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

16199

Similar, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark ε (= 5). ric vii, p. 648, 30. LrBc i, 1160. c 110. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16200

Similar, but with mint mark S M ANT followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, ∆, ε, ς, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7), sometimes with dot beneath. RIC vii, pp. 686-7, 52 and 57. LRBC I, 1321 and 1334. c 110. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16201

fa. rev. D N CONSTANTINI AVG around VOT / XX in two lines, mint mark TS VI below with officina mark Γ (= 3) between. RIC vii, p. 509, 88. C 119. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) The numeral VI appearing after the mint and officina marks on this, and other Thessalonican types spanning the years 320-24, would appear to refer in some way to the value of this new denomination. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 239) suggests that “Constantine felt obliged to match the Licinian 6-scrupula standard of his folles and this indeed may be the significance of the numeral VI attached to the signature of the mint of Thessalonica”. However, this fails to explain the numeral VII which occurs on some issues (e.g. no. 16221).

16202

Similar, but the votive inscription is enclosed by wreath, and with mint mark AQ below followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 401, 64. MA 259. C —. [Aquileia, AD 320-21]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16202a

fa. rev. D N CONSTANTINI MAX AVG, two-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and crescent. RIC vii, p. 386, 198. LrBc i, 495. c 122. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16202B

Similar, but with branch instead of crescent between officina and mint marks, and officina s (= 2) not recorded. ric vii, p. 387, 205. LrBc i, 498. c 122. [Ticinum, AD 326-7]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

476

the rise of the house of constantine

16203

Billon centenionalis. fa. rev. D N CONSTANTINI MAX AVG around wreath enclosing VOT / XX in two lines, mint mark TR below preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and followed by crescent. ric vii, p. 202, 439. c 123. [Trier, AD 323-4]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16204

As previous, but with mint mark AR below wreath on rev. RIC vii, p. 259, 223. EMA, p. 49, 29/1. C 123. [Arles, AD 321]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16205

16215

16205

Similar, but with mint mark A preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 259, 228. EMA, p. 48, 28/1. C 123. [Arles, AD 320-21]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16206

Similar, but with crescent or star and crescent between the officina and mint marks. RIC vii, p. 260, 233 and 239. EMA, pp. 49-50, 30/1 and 31/1. C 123. [Arles, AD 321-2]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16207

Similar, but with mint mark ARL followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 261, 246. EMA, p. 51, 32/1. C 123. [Arles, AD 322]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16208

Similar, but sometimes with obv. type b, and with mint mark AR preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and star. RIC vii, p. 261, 252-3. EMA, p. 52, 33/1-2. C 123-4. [Arles, AD 322-4]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16209

Fa. Rev. As 16203, but with mint mark R below wreath followed by officina mark P (= 1) with ερωc (the first three letters in monogram) between. RIC vii, p. 319, 225. C 123. [Rome, AD 320-21]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

16210

Similar, but without ερωc and with officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC vii, pp. 320-21, 232 and 237. c 123. [Rome, AD 321]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16211

As previous, but the votive inscription is flanked by two branches, and only officinae P and Q (= 1 and 4) recorded. ric vii, p. 322, 245. c 126. [Rome, AD 321]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16212

Fa. Rev. As 16203, but with mint mark T preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) below wreath. RIC vii, p. 379, 140. LRBC I, 466. C 123. [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16213

F, a or rad. hd. r. Rev. As previous, but also with star accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 378, 130-31. C 127-8. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16214

Fa. Rev. As previous, but with dot instead of star accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath, and only officinae P and S (= 1 and 2) recorded. RIC vii, p. 381, 163. C 123. [Ticinum, AD 321-2]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16215

Fa. Rev. As previous, but with crescent instead of dot accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath, and with officinae P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 381, 167. LrBc i, 479. c 126. [Ticinum, AD 322-5]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

constantine i, the great

477

16216

Billon centenionalis. Fa. Rev. As 16203, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) below wreath. RIC vii, p. 402, 65. MA 260. C 123. [Aquileia, AD 320-21]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16217

As previous, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by dots (officina P = 1 only recorded). ric vii, p. 404, 85. Ma 261. c 123. [Aquileia, AD 321]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16218

As 16215, but the votive inscription is flanked by two branches (officina P = 1 only recorded). ric vii, p. 405, 104. Ma 262. c 126. [Aquileia, AD 322]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16219

Fa. Rev. As 16203, but with mint mark SIS below wreath preceded by officina mark A, B, Γ, ∆, or ε (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) and usually followed by star. RIC vii, pp. 443-4, 148 and 159. c 123. [Siscia, AD 320-21]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16220

As previous, but the mint mark is followed by double-crescent, thunderbolt, branch, wreath, or radiate semicircle. RIC vii, pp. 445-6, 168, 171, 174, 177, 180. C 123. [Siscia, AD 321-4]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16221

Fa. Rev. As 16203, but with mint and value marks TS VI below wreath and with officina mark A, B, Γ, or ε (= 1, 2, 3, or 5) between. RIC vii, pp. 510 and 512-13, 101, 117 and 123. c 123. [Thessalonica, AD 320-21, 324]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40) Sometimes a star appears in the small wreath, or medallion, connecting the upper ends of the votive wreath on reverse. The numeral VI appearing after the mint and officina marks on this, and other Thessalonican types spanning the years 320-24, would appear to refer in some way to the value of this new denomination. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 239) suggests that “Constantine felt obliged to match the Licinian 6-scrupula standard of his folles and this indeed may be the significance of the numeral VI attached to the signature of the mint of Thessalonica”. However, this fails to explain the numeral VII which occurs on some issues (e.g. the following).

16222

Similar, but with value mark VII instead of VI following the mint and officina marks (Γ = 3 only recorded). ric vii, p. 510, 96. c 123. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16223

As 16221, but also with star accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath (officina mark Γ = 3 only recorded). ric vii, p. 511, 109. c 123. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16224

Fa. Rev. As 16203, but with mint and officina marks S M H A (or B, or ∆, or ε = 1, or 2, or 4, or 5) below wreath, sometimes followed by dot or with dots preceding and following mint mark, usually also with star accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 549, 56, 60, 64, 66. c 123. [Heraclea, AD 324]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16225

fa. rev. D N CONSTANTINI MAX AVG around wreath enclosing VOT / XXX in two lines, mint mark R below followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 335, 318. LRBC I, —. Cf. C 129. [Rome, AD 329]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16226

Gf. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark R F followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 335, 322. LrBc i, 528. cf. c 131. [Rome, AD 329-30]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16227

Fa. Rev. As 16225, but with mint mark T below wreath preceded by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and with crescent accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 382, 174. LRBC I, 489. Cf. C 132. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

478

the rise of the house of constantine

16228

Billon centenionalis. As previous, but with crescent above the votive inscription and H below. RIC vii, p. 384, 186. LRBC I, 490. C —. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16229

F, a or d. Rev. As 16225, but with mint mark S M H below wreath followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vii, p. 550, 69-70. LrBc i, 866-7. cf. c 12930. [Heraclea, AD 325-6]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16230

Fa. Rev. As previous, but with dot following the mint and officina marks, or with dots preceding and following. RIC vii, pp. 552-3, 82 and 87. Cf. LRBC I, 876 and 882-3. Cf. C 129. [Heraclea, AD 326-7]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16231

F or G, d (sometimes looking upwards) or f. Rev. As previous, but with dot preceding the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, pp. 553-4, 90-94. LRBC I, 887-9. Cf. C 130. [Heraclea, AD 327-9]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16232

Gf. Rev. As previous, but with star instead of dot preceding the mint and officina marks, and officina ε (= 5) also recorded. ric vii, p. 556, 106. LrBc i, 894. cf. c 131. [Heraclea, AD 329-30]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16233 16233

g, a or d. rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark CONS in ex., officina mark Γ or ς (= 3 or 6) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 572, 16. LrBc i, 987-8. c 243. [Constantinople, AD 327-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16234

G, a or d (sometimes looking upwards). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and transverse sceptre, shield at side, mint mark CONS in ex., officina mark A, B, ∆, or Z (= 1, 2, 4, or 7) in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 572-3, 17 and 23-4. LrBc i, 983-4. c 263. [Constantinople, AD 327-8]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16235

g, a or d. rev. LIBERTAS PVBLICA, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., on galley travelling r., holding wreath in each of her extended hands, mint mark CONS in ex., officina mark officina mark B or ε (= 2 or 5) in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 572-3, 18 and 25. LRBC I, 985-6. C 319-20. [Constantinople, AD 327-8]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16235A

Fg. Rev. PAX PERPETVA, Pax stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, holding olive-branch in r. hand and transverse sceptre in l., l. arm resting on column, mint mark R followed by officina mark S (= 2) in ex., P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 314, 143. C 383. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16236

fa. rev. PLVRA / NATAL / FEL in three lines within wreath, mint mark R below followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 335, 321. LRBC I, 527. C —. [Rome, AD 329]. VF £350 ($600) / EF£850 ($1,500) It is suggested in LRBC I (pp. 13-14) that this very rare type commemorates Constantine’s fiftieth birthday. Although the precise year of Constantine’s birth remains uncertain, the date of issue of this coin would appear to be too late for his half-century and too early for his sixtieth birthday.

16235

16236

constantine i, the great

479

16237

Billon centenionalis. fa. rev. PROVIDENTIAE AVGG, two-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 116, 293. LRBC I, 1-2. c 454. [London, AD 324-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) A scarcer variant has the obverse legend ending AG instead of AVG (RIC 294). The mint of London was closed in the year following the introduction of this type, a victim of Constantine’s vastly expanded minting capacity following his victory over the eastern emperor Licinius in 324.

16238

As previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 205, 449. LrBc i, 12. c 454. [Trier, AD 324-5]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16239

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by crescent usually containing dot. RIC vii, pp. 206 and 209, 461 and 475. LrBc i, 28. c 454. [Trier, AD 325-6]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16240

Similar, but with mint mark TRE in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes with dot before. RIC vii, p. 212, 504 and 509. LRBC I, 38 and 42. C 454. [Trier, AD 327-8]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16241

Fa. Rev. As 16237, but with mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vii, p. 136, 225. LRBC I, 169. Bastien 184. c 454. [Lugdunum, AD 324-5]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16242

Similar, but with dot under the arch of the gateway. RIC vii, p. 136, 225 note. LRBC I, —. Bastien 194. c 454. [Lugdunum, AD 325]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16243

F, a or b. Rev. As 16237, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and star and sometimes followed by dot. RIC vii, pp. 263-4, 264-5 and 280. LRBC I, 275-6. EMA 34/1-2, 35/1. C 454, 455 var. [Arles, AD 324-5]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16244

Fa. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark ARL (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark P, S, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4). RIC vii, p. 265, 286. LRBC I, 290. EMA 36/1. C 454. [Arles, AD 325-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16245

Similar, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 266, 301. LRBC I, 303. EMA 37/1. C 454. [Arles, AD 326-7]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16246

F, a or d. Rev. As previous, but the officina mark (P, S, or T = 1, 2, or 3) follows instead of precedes the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 267, 309-10. LRBC I, 319-20. EMA 38/1-2. C 454. [Arles, AD 327-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16247

Fd. Rev. As 16237, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 268, 318. LRBC I, 328. EMA 39/1. C 454. [Constantina/Arles, AD 328]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40) In AD 328 the name of this mint was changed to Constantina in honour of the emperor’s eldest surviving son, Constantine II. Following the young emperor’s death in battle in 340 the name of the city reverted to Arelate, but thirteen years later, after the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

16248

F, a, d, or f. Rev. As previous, but with T — F instead of S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 269, 325-7. LRBC I, 335. EMA 40/1-3. C 454-5. [Constantina/Arles, AD 329]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16249

Fa. Rev. As 16237, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4). ric vii, p. 325, 264. LrBc i, 502. c 454. [Rome, AD 324-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16250

Similar, but with wreath between the mint and officina marks, and officinae P and S (= 1 and 2) only recorded. ric vii, p. 330, 287. LrBc i, 516. c 454. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

480 16251

the rise of the house of constantine PROVIDENTIAE AVGG (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Fa. Rev. As 16237, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B or Γ (= 2 or 3). ric vii, p. 446, 183. LrBc i, 714. c 454. [Siscia, AD 324-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16252

16262

16252

Similar, but with dots preceding the officina mark (A-ε = 1-5) and following the mint mark. ric vii, p. 449, 200. LrBc i, 724. c 454. [Siscia, AD 326-7]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16253

F or G, a or f. Rev. as previous, but no dots and with double crescent following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 452, 214-15. LRBC I, 737-8. C 454, 458. [Siscia, AD 328-9]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16254

F, a or f. Rev. As 16237, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-ε (= 1-5), dot in r. field. RIC vii, p. 518, 153-4. LRBC I, 829-30. C 454-5. [Thessalonica, AD 326-8]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16255

F or G, f. Rev. As previous, but the officina mark (A, Γ, or ε = 1, 3, or 5) is in r. field in place of the dot. ric vii, p. 521, 169-70. LrBc i, 832. c 455, 458. [Thessalonica, AD 328]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16256

Fa. Rev. As 16237, but with mint mark CONS in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 571, 7. LRBC I, 969. C 454. [Constantinople, AD 326-7]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16257

Fa. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6). ric vii, p. 615, 90. LrBc i, 1073. c 454. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16258

Similar, but with mint mark M N followed by officina mark A-ε (= 1-5). ric vii, p. 620, 121. LrBc i, 1094. c 454. [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16259

Similar, but with mint mark N followed by officina mark A, B, ∆, or ε (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). ric vii, p. 623, 144. LrBc i, 1085. c 454. [Nicomedia, AD 326-7]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16260

f or g, d or f. rev. as 16257. ric vii, p. 625, 153-6. LrBc i, 1107-11. c 454, 458. [Nicomedia, AD 328-9]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16261

Fa. Rev. As 16237, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6). ric vii, p. 647, 24. LrBc i, 1158. c 454. [Cyzicus, AD 324-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16262

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark on rev. RIC vii, p. 648, 34. LRBC I, 1171. c 454. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16263

Similar, but also with dot preceding the mint mark, and only officinae Γ and ∆ (= 3 and 4) recorded. ric vii, p. 650, 44. LrBc i, 1179. c 454. [Cyzicus, AD 326-7]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16264

As 16261, but also with dot in rev. field to l. (officina ς not recorded). ric vii, p. 651, 51. LrBc i, 1195. c 454. [Cyzicus, AD 327-8]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

constantine i, the great

481

16265

Billon centenionalis. Fd (sometimes looking upwards). Rev. As 16262. RIC vii, p. 652, 55-7. LrBc i, 1188-90. c 454. [Cyzicus, AD 328-9]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16266

f or g, c, d, or f. rev. as 16261. ric vii, pp. 652-3, 58-62. LrBc i, 1159, 1206-9. c 454 and 458. [Cyzicus, AD 329-30]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16267

Fa. Rev. As 16237, but with mint mark S M ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, ∆, ε, ς, Z, H, or ∆ε (= 1-9). ric vii, p. 688, 63. LrBc i, 1333. c 454. [Antioch, AD 325-6]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16268

Similar, but also with dot under the arch of the gateway. RIC vii, p. 690, 71. LRBC I, 1320. c 454. [Antioch, AD 326-7]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16269

fd. rev. as 16267. ric vii, p. 691, 78-9. LrBc i, 1345. c 454. [Antioch, AD 327-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16270

fd. rev. as 16268. ric vii, p. 691, 81. LrBc i, 1347. c 454. [Antioch, AD 328-9]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16271

gf. rev. as 16267. ric vii, p. 692, 84. LrBc i, 1352. c 458. [Antioch, AD 329-30]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16272

Fa. Rev. As 16237, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 709, 34. LrBc i, 1402. c 454. [Alexandria, AD 326]. VF £8 ($14) / EF £22 ($40)

16273

Similar, but also with wreath in rev. field to l. (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 710, 41. LrBc i, 1409. c 454. [Alexandria, AD 327-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16274

As previous, but the officina mark (A or B = 1 or 2) is in rev. field to r. instead of in ex. RIC vii, p. 710, 45. LrBc i, 1413. c 454. [Alexandria, AD 327-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16275

As previous, but the officina mark is in Latin numerals (I or II = 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 710, 49. LrBc i, 1418. c 454. [Alexandria, AD 329-30]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16276

Gf. Rev. As previous, but sometimes also with dot following the mint mark in ex. RIC vii, pp. 710-11, 50 and 54. LrBc i, 1419 and 1424. c 458. [Alexandria, AD 329-30]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16277

Fg. Rev. ROMAE AETERNAE, Roma seated r., holding on her knees shield inscribed X / V in two lines, another shield at her side, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex., P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 314, 146-8. C 470. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

16278 16278

Similar, but without P — R across rev. field and with mint and officina marks R and P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. with ερωc (the first three letters in monogram) between. ric vii, p. 317, 194-5. c 470. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

482

the rise of the house of constantine

16279 16279

Billon centenionalis. Fg. Rev. SAECVLI FELICITAS, garlanded cippus surmounted by shield inscribed AVG, mint mark R followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) in ex., P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 315, 158-9. C 477. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16280

f (sometimes ends ag), a. rev. SARMATIA DEVICTA, Victory advancing r., holding trophy and palm, captive at feet, mint mark P LON in ex. followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 115, 289-90. c 487. [London, AD 323-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This series commemorates Constantine’s success in his Danubian campaign against the Sarmatians in 322 just prior to the outbreak of the second civil war with Licinius.

16281

Fa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark P LG in ex. followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 135, 209. c 487. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16282

As previous, but also with C in rev. field to l. and sometimes with dot in ex., either within the crescent following the mint mark or preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 135, 214, 219, 222. c 487. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16283

As 16281, but also with C — R in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 135, 212. C 487. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16284

16287

16284

Fa. Rev. — as 16280, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes followed by crescent. RIC vii, pp. 201-2, 429 and 435. C 487. [Trier, AD 323-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16285

F, a or b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AR preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and star. RIC vii, p. 262, 257-8. EMA 33/14-15. C 487. [Arles, AD 322-3]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

16286

Fa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM. RIC vii, p. 475, 48. LRBC I, 802. C 487. [Sirmium, AD 324-5]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16287

g, a or d. rev. SPES — PVBLIC (across field), serpent pierced by base of standard which is surmounted by large Chi-Rho monogram, mint mark CONS below, officina mark A (= 1) in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 572-3, 19 and 26. LRBC I, 978-9. C 551-2. [Constantinople, AD 327-8]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) This famous type is in celebration of Constantine’s adoption of Christianity as the new state religion and it is fitting that its issue was confined to the newly-founded Christian capital of Constantinople. The significance of the slain serpent is less clear, though it may refer to the recent defeat of Constantine’s pagan rival Licinius.

constantine i, the great

483

16288

Billon centenionalis. F, helmeted and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield. Rev. VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed VOT / P R in two lines, resting on altar inscribed either I or S, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5), sometimes between two dots, sometimes followed by star. RIC vii, pp. 435-6, 84 and 95. C 570. [Siscia, AD 319-20]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The letter ‘I’ on the altar occurs at officinae Α and Β, ‘S’ at officinae Γ, ∆, and ε. The meaning of these letters is unclear. The reverse type is based on the Constantinian prototype struck in a superior alloy at Trier seven years before (see no. 15859).

16289

fb. rev. VICTORIA AVGG NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks • TS • Γ (or ∆) • (= 3 or 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 506, 59. C 584. [Thessalonica, AD 319]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16290

F or G, g. Rev. VICTORIA (or VICTORIAE) LAET P P, two Victories, as 16288, but the altar is ornamented with star and with mint mark TR preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex., sometimes preceded by dot. RIC vii, p. 184, 228-9 and 233-5. Cf. C 627-8. [Trier, AD 319]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16291

Fg. Rev. VICTORIAE LAET PRINC PERP, as previous, but the altar is of varying design, the ornamentation often including X or star, and with two captives seated back to back in ex. ric vii, p. 126, 65. c 631. [Lugdunum, AD 319-20]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16292

Similar, but with mint mark P — L either side of the seated captives in ex. RIC vii, p. 128, 79. c 631. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16293

Fa. Rev. — as 16290, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, VF £20 ($35) / EF £55 ($95) —. EMA, p. 45, 23/1. C —. [Arles, AD 319-20].

16294

Fg. Rev. VICTORIAE LAETAE PRIN P, as 16290, but officina mark S (= 2) only recorded. ric vii, p. 183, 223. c 629 var. [Trier, AD 319]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £55 ($95)

16295 16295

Og. Rev. VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed VOT / P R in two lines, resting on column, mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vii, p. 106, 154. C —. [London, AD 319]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16296 16296

N, cuir. bust l., wearing high-crested helmet and holding spear over r. shoulder. Rev. — as previous, but the shield rests on altar ornamented with diamond pattern (◊) or wreath. RIC vii, pp. 107-8, 158 and 168. C 634 var. [London, AD 319-20]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

484

the rise of the house of constantine

16297

16303

16297

Billon centenionalis. Og. Rev. VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, as previous, but the altar is plain or ornamented with star, and with mint mark TR preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex., sometimes preceded by dot. RIC vii, pp. 181-2, 209 and 213. c 640. [Trier, AD 318-19]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16298

Ng. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is plain or ornamented with diamond pattern (◊), and with mint mark A in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and star within crescent. RIC vii, p. 254, 185, 188. EMA, p. 43, 19/3-4. C 636. [Arles, AD 319]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16299

N or O, g. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC vii, p. 255, 190-91, 193-4. EMA, p. 44, 22/1. C 636, 640. [Arles, AD 319-20]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16300

Og or N, cuir. bust l., wearing high-crested helmet and holding spear over r. shoulder. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is plain or ornamented with P, R, cross, star, or C, and with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vii, pp. 372-3, 82-7 and 90-91. c 638, 640. [Ticinum, AD 318-19]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85) It is tempting to regard the cross on the altar as an early instance of Christian symbolism on the Constantinian coinage.

16301

Qg or N, cuir. bust l., wearing high-crested helmet and holding spear over r. shoulder and shield on l. arm. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is plain or ornamented with a wide variety of patterns (often based on an ‘X’ design), and with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-ε (= 1-5) and followed by star. RIC vii, p. 431, 47 and 50. c 637, 639. [Siscia, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16302

N or Q, g or cuir. bust l., wearing high-crested helmet and holding spear over r. shoulder (sometimes also with shield on l. arm). Rev. — as previous, but without star following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 431-2, 53-6. C 636-9, [Siscia, AD 318-19]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) A remarkable variety of this type, only recently recorded, depicts the emperor wearing a rounded Pannonian cap, a form of imperial headdress introduced by Diocletian and well attested on statuary and mosaics of the tetrarchic period, though previously unknown in numismatic art.

16303

Obv. As 16301. Rev. — as previous, but with dot following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 433, 59, 61. c 637, 639. [Siscia, AD 319]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Some varieties of this type show Constantine’s helmet decorated with a Christogram and in consequence are worth considerably more than the values stated.

16304

— Rev. — as previous, but with I on altar in officinae A and B, and with S in officinae Γ, ∆, and ε. ric vii, p. 433, 73-4. c 637, 639. [Siscia, AD 319]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

16305

F, b or laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear over r. shoulder. Rev. VIRT EXERC, X-shaped plan of Roman camp (?) with Sol stg. l. at the centre, his r. hand raised, holding globe in l., mint mark and officina marks • TS • Γ or ∆ • (= 3 or 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 507, 66-7. Cf. C 658-9. [Thessalonica, AD 319]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) The traditional explanation of this curious reverse type as a ‘plan of a camp’ seems unsatisfactory. The legend certainly indicates a military connection and perhaps the elaborate quadruple X-shape is intended to represent a series of defensive ditches. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 166) comes up with an alternative theory that “it is perhaps better to be regarded as a bird’s eye view of a monumental stepped-base surmounted by figure of Sol”.

constantine i, the great

485

16306 16306

Billon centenionalis. Fg. Rev. VIRTVS AVGG, gateway of military camp with three or four turrets, sometimes with doors open or closed, sometimes without doors, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex., P — R in field. RIC vii, pp. 315-16, 165-7, 176, 184-6, 190. c 667-8. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

16307

Fa. Rev. — four-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, the doors wide open, mint mark ARL in ex. (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark P or s (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 265, 291 VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16308

Fa. Rev. — as previous, but without the crescent in mint mark and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 267, 304. LRBC I, 304. EMA 37/4. C 665. [Arles, AD 326-7]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16309

F, a or d. Rev. — as previous, but the officina mark follows instead of precedes the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 268, 313-14. LRBC I, 321-2. EMA 38/5-6. C 665. [Arles, AD 327]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16310

Fd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 269, 321. LRBC I, 329. EMA 39/4. C 665. [Constantina/Arles, AD 328-9]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) In AD 328 the name of this mint was changed to Constantina in honour of the emperor’s eldest surviving son, Constantine II. Following the young emperor’s death in battle in 340 the name of the city reverted to Arelate, but thirteen years later, after the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

16311

F, d or f. Rev. — as previous, but with T — F in field, and sometimes the gateway is without doors. RIC vii, pp. 269-70, 331-2, 336-7. LRBC I, 336, 340-42. EMA 40/7-8. C 665-6. [Constantina/Arles, AD 329-30]. VF £9 ($16) / EF £30 ($50)

16312

16313 note

16312

Fg. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCIT, trophy, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by dot (sometimes omitted) and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 186-7, 249, 258. C 697. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16313

Similar, but with T — F in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 189, 279. C 697. [Trier, AD 320-21]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) A rarer variety shows the emperor wearing consular robes and holding an eagle-tipped sceptre (RIC 280-81).

16314

F, a or g. Rev. — as 16312, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and A — S in field. RIC vii, p. 129, 101-2. Bastien 41, 43. c 697. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

486 16315

the rise of the house of constantine Billon centenionalis. F (sometimes AG for AVG), g. Rev. VIRTVS AVGG, vexillum, inscribed VOT / XX in two lines, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 109, 185-6. C 690. [London, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

16316 16316

Similar, but sometimes the emperor’s bust is to l., and with mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vii, p. 109, 191-3. c 690. [London, AD 320-21]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

16317

Fg. Rev. — as 16315, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by dot (sometimes omitted) and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 186-7, 254, 266. c 690. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

16318

Similar, but with T — F in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 189, 291. C 690. [Trier, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) A rarer variety shows the emperor wearing consular robes and holding an eagle-tipped sceptre (RIC 292-3).

16319

F, a or g. Rev. — as 16315, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and A — S in field. RIC vii, p. 129, 106-7. Bastien 48, 54. c 689-90. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16320

F, a, b, c, or g. Rev. — as previous, but with C — R instead of A — S in field. RIC vii, p. 130, 113-15. Bastien 59, 65-7. c 689-90. [Lugdunum, AD 321]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16321

F or N, g. Rev. — as 16315, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, pp. 256-7, 202, 205. EMA 24/1-2. C 690. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £37 ($65)

16322

Fg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) sometimes with star, crescent, or dot between, and sometimes also with star in r. field. RIC vii, pp. 376-8, 114, 122, 127. C 690. [Ticinum, AD 319-20]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16323

Fg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and with S — F in field, rarely also with dots preceding and following the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, pp. 399-400, 48, 57. MA 255, 257. C 690. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16324

Similar, but without S — F in rev. field and with Christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) to l. (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 401, 58. MA 258. C 690. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) The Christogram in rev. field is an early reference to Constantine’s espousal of Christianity in AD 312 (see also nos. 15294, 15374, 15377A, 15379A, 15472, 15474 and 16853).

16325

Fg. Rev. — as 16315, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) and followed by star, S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 438, 109. C 690. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16326

Similar, but also with HL monogram in r. field and sometimes with star and crescent instead of star following mint mark in ex. RIC vii, pp. 439-40, 120, 127. C 690. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

constantine i, the great

487

16327

Billon centenionalis. Fg. Rev. — as 16315, but with mint and officina marks • TS • A • (or Γ, ∆, or ε = 1, 3, 4, or 5) in ex., and usually with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 507, 72, 75. c 690. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16328

Fg. Rev. VOT X / ET XV F in two lines above mint and officina marks R T (or Q = 3 or 4) with ερωc (the first three letters in monogram) between, all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 317, 201. cf. c 729. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

16329

Similar, but without ερωc in mint mark and with officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC vii, p. 318, 207. C —. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16330

Fg. Rev. VOT / XV / FEL / XX in four lines above mint and officina marks R S (or T or Q = 2, 3, or 4), all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 318, 213-14. Cf. C 735. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) Another variety (RIC 219-20) has the reverse legend divided VOT / XV FEL / XX in three lines with the mint mark following XX on the third line (officina P = 1 also recorded).

16331

Fg. Rev. VOT / XX in two lines above mint and officina marks R P (= 1), all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 318, 211. C —. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16332 note 16332

Qg. Rev. VOT XX / MVLT / • XXX • in three lines above mint and officina marks • TS • Α • (or B, Γ, ∆, or ε = 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), all within wreath. Cf. RIC vii, p. 504, 28. C 741. [Thessalonica, AD 318-19]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) There are several varieties of obv. type for this issue.

16332A

F, I, or N, b or e. Rev. As previous, but without mint mark below votive inscription. Cf. RIC vii, p. 505, 52-6. cf. c 737. [Thessalonica, AD 318-19]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16333

Billon half centenionalis (?). i, b or c. rev. VICTORIAE LIBERAE, Victory advancing l., trampling on seated captive and holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 193, 337-8. C 646. [Trier, AD 321-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) The attribution of this type to this period is not certain.

16334

Billon reduced centenionalis. g, c or f. rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, two standards between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) to r. of which is usually a dot. ric vii, pp. 214-15, 518-19 and 525-6. LrBc i, 48, 48a, 53-5. c 254. [Trier, AD 330-31]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30) NB The weight of the centenionalis was maintained at c. 3 grams down to AD 330 when it was reduced to c. 2.5 grams. There was a final reduction in the last year of Constantine’s reign to about 1.70 grams and on the GLORIA EXERCITVS coinage the change was clearly marked by the depiction of a single standard between the soldiers instead of two.

16335

Similar, but with dot or star between the mint and officina marks, or with star following the officina mark. RIC vii, pp. 216-17, 537-8 and 544. LRBC I, 60-62, 67, 67a. C 254. [Trier, AD 332-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

488 16336

the rise of the house of constantine GLORIA EXERCITVS (two standards, cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with wreath or branch between the two standards. RIC vii, p. 218, 549 and 555. LrBc i, 72 and 78-80. c 254. [Trier, AD 333-4]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16337

G, c or f. Rev. — as 16334, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or s (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 137, 236. Bastien 198 and 203. LrBc i, 180-180a. c 254. [Lugdunum, AD 330]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16338

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but the officina mark is preceded by crescent or by dot within crescent. ric vii, p. 138, 248 and 253. Bastien 208 and 213, 218 and 223. LrBc i, 192 and 197. c 254. [Lugdunum, AD 331]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16338A

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by dot or by wreath. RIC vii, p. 138, 243. Bastien 229 and 234, 239 and 244. LrBc i, 186. c 254. [Lugdunum, AD 332]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16339

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by star or by branch. RIC vii, pp. 139-40, 261-2 and 268 note. Bastien 249 and 255. LrBc i, 202 and 212. c 254. [Lugdunum, AD 334-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16340

Ff. Rev. — as 16334, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 270, 341. LRBC I, —. EMA, p. 62, 41/1. C 253. [Constantina/Arles, AD 330]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16341

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but also with star in field, either above or between standards. RIC vii, p. 271, 345 and 349. LRBC I, 352. EMA, p. 62, 42/1. C 256. [Constantina/ Arles, AD 330-31]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16342

Similar, but with crescent between the standards. RIC vii, p. 272, 353. LRBC I, 357. EMA, p. 63, 43/1. C 256 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 331]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16343

G, c or f. Rev. — as previous, but with branch between the standards and with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 273, 358 and 364. LRBC I, 362 and 367. EMA, p. 64, 44/1 and 45/1-2. C 256. [Constantina/Arles, AD 332-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16344

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with wreath (sometimes containing dot) between the standards. RIC vii, p. 274, 370 and 375. LRBC I, 373 and 378. EMA, pp. 65-6, 46/1 and 47/1. C 256. [Constantina/Arles, AD 333-4]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16345

16347

16345

Similar, but with Christogram between the standards. RIC vii, p. 275, 381. LRBC I, 384. EMA, p. 66, 48/1. C 257. [Constantina/Arles, AD 334]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16346

Similar, but with uncertain symbol resembling pine-tree between the standards. RIC vii, p. 276, 387. LRBC I, 391. EMA, p. 67, 49/1. C 256. [Constantina/Arles, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16347

Gf. Rev. — as 16334, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with cross between the standards. RIC vii, p. 407, 118 and 124. LRBC 650 and 656. Ma 264-5. c 257. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. Without cross VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35), with cross VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

constantine i, the great 16348

489

GLORIA EXERCITVS (two standards, cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with F between the standards. RIC vii, p. 409, 131. LrBc 662. Ma 266. c 254. [Aquileia, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16349

Gf. Rev. — as 16334, but with mint mark R F in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 336, 327. LrBc 531. c 254. [Rome, AD 330]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16349A

Similar, but with mint mark R B instead of R F. RIC vii, p. 336, 335. LRBC 537. C 254. [Rome, AD 330-31]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16350

Similar, but with mint and officina marks R P (= 1) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 339, 350. LrBc 542. c 254. [Rome, AD 333-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16350A

Similar, but with star between mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 341, 363. LRBC 548. c 254. [Rome, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16350B

Similar, but with branch between mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 341, 372. LRBC —. c 254. [Rome, AD 335-6?]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16351

16355

16351

Gf. Rev. — as 16334, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, ∆, or ε (= 1, 4, or 5). ric vii, p. 453, 219. LrBc 742. c 254. [Siscia, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16351A

Similar, but with dot preceding the officina mark and another following the mint mark (officinae A, Γ, and ε = 1, 3, and 5 recorded). ric vii, p. 455, 235. LrBc 747. c 254. [Siscia, AD 334-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16352

Gf. Rev. — as 16334, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or ∆ (= 1, 2, or 4). ric vii, p. 524, 183. LrBc 835. c 254. [Thessalonica, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30) A later variety of this type (AD 335-6) has the reverse legend divided GLORI—A EXER— CITVS instead of GLOR—IA EXERC—ITVS (RIC 198, LRBC 840).

16353

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-ε (= 1-5), sometimes with dot preceding mint mark, sometimes a second dot following the officina mark, sometimes a third dot in field or with all three dots horizontally in field. ric vii, pp. 557-9, 111, 116, 121, 126, 131. LrBc 898, 904, 909, 914, 919. c 254, 256. [Heraclea, AD 330-33]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16353A

Similar, but with star following the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 559, 136. LRBC 924. C 254. [Heraclea, AD 333-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16354

Gf. Rev. — as 16334, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, ∆, h, or Θ (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, or 9). ric vii, p. 579, 59. LrBc 1005. c 254. [Constantinople, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16355

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark and sometimes also with dot preceding the mint mark (officinae A, B, ∆, and H = 1, 2, 4, and 8 recorded). ric vii, pp. 581-2, 73 and 80. LrBc 1010 and 1017. c 254. [Constantinople, AD 333-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

490 16356

the rise of the house of constantine GLORIA EXERCITVS (two standards, cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Gf. Rev. — as 16334, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6). ric vii, p. 633, 188. LrBc 1116-17. c 254. [Nicomedia, AD 330-35]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16357

G, b, c or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark. RIC vii, pp. 653 and 655-6, 65-6, 76-9, and 94-5. LRBC 1212-13, 1221-2, and 1235-6. c 254. [Cyzicus, AD 330-35]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16358

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with star preceding the mint mark (officina ε = 5 not recorded). ric vii, p. 658, 109-11. LrBc 1251. c 254. [Cyzicus, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16359

16361

16359

Gf. Rev. — as 16334, but with mint mark S M AN (very rarely ANT) in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, ∆, or H (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 8). ric vii, p. 693, 85-6. LrBc 1356. c 254. [Antioch, AD 330-33 and 335]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16360

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 711, 58. LrBc 1428. c 254. [Alexandria, AD 333-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16361

gf. rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, one standard between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dots on either side. RIC vii, p. 223, 590. LRBC I, 87 and 92. c 250. [Trier, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16362

G, c or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) to l. of which sometimes is crescent or star. RIC vii, pp. 140-141, 271 note and 280. Bastien 262 and 267, 271 and 275. LrBc i, 222 and 228. c 250. [Lugdunum, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16363

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by branch. RIC vii, p. 142, 285. Bastien 281 and 286. LrBc i, 231. c 250. [Lugdunum, AD 337]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16364

Gf. Rev. — as 16361, but with mint mark CONST preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), and with Christogram on standard (= labarum). ric vii, p. 276, 394. LrBc i, 398. EMA, p. 68, 50/1. C 251. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16365

Similar, but with X on standard. RIC vii, p. 277, 402. LRBC I, 405. EMA, p. 68, 51/1. C 250. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16366

Gf. Rev. — as 16361, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. ric vii, p. 410, 139 and 143. LrBc i, 669 and 674. Ma 267-8. c 250. [Aquileia, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30) A similar type (with dot preceding the mint mark), but with the emperor wearing a diadem incorporating laurel-leaves as well as rosettes, is considered to be a posthumous issue under Constans (see Volume V).

constantine i, the great

491

16367

Billon reduced centenionalis. gf. rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS as previous, but with mint and officina marks R P (= 1) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 343, 381. LrBc i, 558. c 250. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16367A

Similar, but with star between mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 344, 391. LRBC I, 565. c 250. [Rome, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16367B

Similar, but with leaf between mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 346, 400. LRBC I, —. c 250. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

16368

Gf. Rev. — as 16361, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A or ε (= 1 or 5). ric vii, p. 458, 252. LrBc i, 754. c 250. [Siscia, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16368A

Similar, but with star following the mint mark (officinae A, B, Γ, and ε = 1, 2, 3, and 5 recorded). ric vii, p. 459, 261. LrBc 759. c 250. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16369

Gf. Rev. — as 16361, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). ric vii, p. 529, 222. LrBc 845. c 250. [Thessalonica, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16370

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H followed by officina mark A-ε (= 1-5). ric vii, p. 561, 150. LrBc 934. c 250. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16371

16372

16371

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, Γ, ∆, or H (= 1, 3, 4, or 8) and sometimes also with dot at end of legend. RIC vii, pp. 589-90, 137 and 149. LrBc 1024-5 . c 250. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16372

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6). ric vii, p. 635, 199. LrBc 1125. c 250. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16373

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) and sometimes with dot between the R and I of GLORIA. RIC vii, p. 659, 122 and 135. LrBc 1261-2. c 250. [Cyzicus, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16374

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, ∆, or H (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 8). ric vii, p. 697, 108. LrBc 1363. c 250. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £5 ($8) / EF £15 ($25)

16375

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark a, B, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vii, p. 712, 65. LrBc 1435. c 250. [Alexandria, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

16376

gf. rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI, Constantine stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint and officina marks R P (= 1) in ex. with leaf between. RIC vii, p. 346, 405. LRBC I, 573. C —. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

for coins of Divus constantine i, see under constantine ii, constantius ii, and constans (Volume V).

492

the rise of the house of constantine

CONSTANTINE I, CRISPUS AND CONSTANTINE II 16380 Constantine’s eldest son, Flavius Julius Crispus (by his first wife Minervina), and his second son, Flavius Claudius Constantinus (probably illegitimate), were both elevated to the rank of Caesar on 1 March AD 317 on the same day as the promotion of Licinius’ son, Licinius Junior. Constantine’s two sons by Fausta, Constantius II and Constans (born 317 and 320 or 323 respectively) were also later appointed Caesar, the elder in 324, the younger 9 years later. 16377

Gold multiple of 4.5 solidi (c. 20.25 grams). D N CONSTANTINVS MAXIMVS AVG, laur. and cuir. bust of Constantine I l., holding globe surmounted by Victory in r. hand and mappa in l. rev. CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS NOBB CAESS COSS II, confronted laur. busts of Crispus r. and Constantine II l., both wearing consular robes and each holding globe and eagle-tipped sceptre, mint mark SIRM below. RIC vii, p. 470, 18. C 2. [Sirmium, AD 321]. VF £27,500 ($48,000) / EF £68,500 ($120,000)

16378

Gold multiple of 2 solidi (c. 9 grams). D N CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, rad. and dr. bust of Constantine I l., his r. hand raised, holding globe in l. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN. RIC vii, p. 682, 37. C —. [Antioch, AD 324]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000)

16379

Gold multiple of 1.5 solidi (c. 6.75 grams). IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG, rad., dr. and cuir. bust of constantine i r. rev. CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS IVN NOBB CAESS, confronted laur., dr. and cuir. busts of Crispus r. and Constantine II l., mint mark SIS below. RIC vii, p. 427, 26. C 1. [Siscia, AD 317]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

16379A

D N CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, laur., dr. and cuir. bust of Constantine I r. Rev. — similar to previous, but both busts are clad in consular robes and each holds globe and eagle-tipped sceptre, mint mark S M N below, RIC vii, p. 427, 26. C 1. [Nicomedia, AD 324]. VF £13,750 ($24,000) / EF £34,500 ($60,000)

16380

Base silver multiple of uncertain denomination (c. 5 grams). constantinVs MaX aVg, bare of constantine i r. rev. CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS CC, bare hds. of crispus r. and Constantine II l., face to face, mint mark SIRM below. RIC vii, p. 469, 14. RSC 3. [Sirmium, AD 320-24]. F £200 ($350) / VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

493

CONSTANTINE I, CRISPUS AND CONSTANTIUS II Flavius Julius Constantius, the elder son of Constantine I and Fausta, was born on 7 August AD 317 and proclaimed Caesar on 8 November 324, soon after the downfall of the Licinii. 16381

Gold multiple of 2 solidi (c. 9 grams). D N CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, rad., dr. and cuir. bust of Constantine I l., his r. hand raised and holding globe in l. Rev. CRISPVS ET CONSTANTIVS NOBB CAESS, confronted laur. busts of crispus r. and Constantius II l., the elder wearing consular robes and holding globe and eagletipped sceptre, the younger dr. and cuir., mint mark S M N below. RIC vii, p. 612, 68. c 1. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000)

CONSTANTINE I, CONSTANTINE II AND CONSTANTIUS II 16382 16382

Gold multiple of 1.5 solidi (c. 6.75 grams). Obv. As 16381. Rev. CONSTANTINVS ET CONSTANTIVS NOBB CAESS, confronted laur. busts of constantine ii r. and Constantius II l., both wearing consular robes and each holding globe and eagle-tipped sceptre, mint mark S M AN (sometimes followed by dot) below. RIC vii, p. 689, 70 and note. c 1. [Antioch, AD 326]. VF £10,250 ($18,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000) The absence of the senior Caesar Crispus on this type would seem to indicate that it postdates his execution in the late summer of 326.

16383

Base silver multiple of uncertain denomination (c. 4-6 grams). CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust of Constantine I l., holding globe surmounted by Victory. Rev. NOBB CAESS, confronted laur., dr. and cuir. busts of constantine ii r. and constantius ii l., holding between them globe surmounted by Victory, mint mark M TS (or S M TS) below. RIC vii, p. 523, 180 and note. cf. rsc 4a. [Thessalonica, AD 330-31]. F £575 ($1,000) / VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

16384

Similar, but with mint mark CONS on rev. Cf. RIC vii, p. 570, 6. Cf. RSC 4b. [Constantinople, AD 330-31]. F £575 ($1,000) / VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

494

the rise of the house of constantine

Issues of Constantine I in honour of Divus Claudius II Gothicus († AD 270) The indecisive civil war of AD 316-17 resulted in a heightened sense of rivalry between Constantine and Licinius. It was in this tense atmosphere that Constantine decided to issue a series of ‘pedigree’ coins emphasizing the strength of his claim to seniority by honouring the three imperial divi with whom he could claim a connection. His father Constantius was the most obvious of this trio, but Constantine also included his father-in-law Maximian and, most remarkably, Claudius II Gothicus who had reigned half a century before. The legitimacy of Constantine’s assertion of kinship with this popular third century ruler remains unproven but it was undoubtedly accepted at the time.

16385

16386

16385

Billon follis. DiVo cLaVDio oPtiMo iMP, laur. and veiled hd. of claudius ii r. rev. REQVIES OPTIMOR MERIT, claudius ii seated l. on curule chair, his r. hand raised and holding short sceptre in l., mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 310, 106. C (Claudius II) 243. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16386

Billon half follis. DiVo cLaVDio oPt iMP, as previous. rev. MEMORIAE AETERNAE, eagle stg. r., hd. l., mint mark as previous. RIC vii, p. 311, 112. C (claudius ii) 174. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

16387

Obv. As 16385 or 16386. Rev. — as previous, but eagle stg. l., hd. r. RIC vii, p. 311, 11516. c (claudius ii) 177. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

16388

As previous, but with obv. legend DIVO CLAVDIO. RIC vii, p. 311, 119. C (Claudius II) 176. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

16389

Obv. As 16386. Rev. — lion walking r., mint mark as 16385. RIC vii, p. 312, 125. C (claudius ii) 171. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16390

Similar, but lion walking l. (officinae S and Q = 2 and 4 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 312, 128. C (Claudius II) —. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16391

As 16389, but with club l. above the lion. RIC vii, p. 311, 122. C (Claudius II) 172. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16392 16392

obv. as 16386. rev. REQVIES OPT MER, Claudius II seated l., as 16385, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 180, 207. C (claudius ii) 241 var. [Trier, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16393

obv. as 16385. rev. REQVIES OPTIMOR MERIT, as previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1) with or without dot. RIC vii, p. 252, 173 and 176. EMA 20/1, 21/1. C (Claudius II) 244 var. [Arles, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

constantine i for DiVus MaXiMian

495

16394

Billon half follis. — Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P (= 1), sometimes flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 395, 23 and 26. MA 278-9. C (claudius ii) 244. [Aquileia, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16395

Obv. As 16386. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M SISC in ex. RIC vii, p. 430, 45. C (Claudius II) —. [Siscia, AD 317-18]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16396

obv. as 16385. rev. REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITOR, as 16392, but officina S (= 2) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 180, 203. C (Claudius II) —. [Trier, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16397

obv. as 16386. rev. REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM, as 16385. ric vii, p. 311, 109. C (Claudius II) —. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £75 ($130)

16398

Obv. As 16385. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 430, 43. C (claudius ii) 245. [Siscia, AD 317-18]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £75 ($130)

16399

— Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks • TS • A • (or officina Γ, ∆, or ε) = 1, 3, 4, or 5 in ex. RIC vii, p. 503, 26. C (Claudius II) 245 var. [Thessalonica, AD 317-18]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £75 ($130)

for other coins of Divus claudius ii gothicus, see Volume iii, nos. 11459-66.

Issues of Constantine I in honour of Divus Maximian († AD 310) Although Maximian, the former co-emperor of Diocletian from AD 286-305, had perished in rebellion against his son-in-law Constantine, the latter was still fully prepared to honour him seven years later with a posthumous coinage in order to boost his claims to seniority over his rival Licinius.

16400

16401

16400

Billon follis. DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN FORT IMP, laur. and veiled hd. of Maximian r. rev. REQVIES OPTIMOR MERIT, Maximian seated l. on curule chair, his r. hand raised and holding short sceptre in l., mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 310, 104. C (Maximian) 495. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16401

Billon half follis. obv. as previous. rev. MEMORIAE AETERNAE, eagle stg. r., hd. l., mint mark as previous. RIC vii, p. 311, 110. C (Maximian) 397. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

16402

Obv. As 16400, but sometimes FORT IMP is omitted. Rev. — as previous, but eagle stg. l., hd. r. RIC vii, p. 311, 113 and 117. C (Maximian) 396. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16403

Obv. As 16400. Rev. — lion walking r., mint mark as 16400. RIC vii, p. 311, 120. C (Maximian) 400. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16404

Similar, but lion walking l. (officinae S and Q = 2 and 4 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 312, 126. C (Maximian) —. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

496

the rise of the house of constantine

16405

Billon half follis. As 16403, but with club l. above the lion. RIC vii, p. 311, 120. C (Maximian) 400. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16406

DIVO MAXIMIANO OPTIMO (or OPT) IMP, laur. and veiled hd. of Maximian r. Rev. REQVIES OPT MER, Maximian seated l., as 16400, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 180, 204-5. C (Maximian) 500. [Trier, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16407

DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN IMP, laur. and veiled hd. of Maximian r. Rev. REQVIES OPTIMOR MERIT, as previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) with or without dot. RIC vii, p. 252, 174 and 177. EMA 20/2, 21/2. C (Maximian) 497. [Arles, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16408

Similar, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark S (= 2), sometimes flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 395, 21 and 24. MA 48-9. C (Maximian) 497. [Aquileia, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16409

Similar, but with mint mark S M SISC in ex. RIC vii, p. 430, 44. C (Maximian) 497. [Siscia, AD 317-18]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16410 16410

obv. as 16406 (oPtiMo). rev. REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITOR, as 16406. ric vii, p. 180, 200. C (Maximian) —. [Trier, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16411

— Rev. REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM, as 16400, but officina T (= 3) not recorded. RIC vii, p. 311, 107. C (Maximian) 499. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £75 ($130)

16412 16412

Obv. As 16400. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 429, 41. C (Maximian) —. [Siscia, AD 317-18]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £75 ($130)

16413

Obv. As 16410. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks • TS • B • (or officina Γ or ∆) = 2, 3, or 4 in ex. RIC vii, p. 503, 24. C (Maximian) 499. [Thessalonica, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

For other coins of Divus Maximian, see under Maxentius (nos. 15055-61).

497

Issues of Constantine I in honour of Divus Constantius I († AD 306) Constantine received the imperium from the hands of his dying father at York on 25 July AD 306. Other than his brother-in-law Maxentius, son of Maximian, Constantine was alone in issuing coins honouring Divus Constantius and these were struck in two distinct series spanning about a decade. Earlier Series, AD 306-9 16414

Gold aureus. DiVVs constantiVs, bare hd. of constantius i r. rev. CONSECRATIO, pyramidal crematorium of four storeys surmounted by emperor in quadriga facing, mint mark TR in ex. Cf. RIC vi, p. 221, 809 (listed as a solidus). Cf. Calicó 4186. Cf. C (Constantius) 28. Depeyrot, p. 53, 12/5. [Trier, AD 306-7]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

16415

Billon follis. DiVo constantio aVg, laur. hd. of constantius i r. rev. CONSECRATIO, eagle stg. r., wings spread, hd. uplifted or turned to l., mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vi, p. 256, 202. Bastien 387. C (Constantius) 26. [Lugdunum, AD 306-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

16416

DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO, laur. hd. of Constantius I r. Rev. — as previous. Cf. RIC vi, p. 256, note 2. Bastien 415. C (Constantius) —. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £78 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

16417

Obv. As previous. Rev. — altar surmounted by eagle stg. r., wings spread, hd. uplifted, mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vi, p. 261, 251. Bastien 416 and 436. C (Constantius) 27. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

16418

Obv. As 16415. Rev. — as previous. RIC vi, —. Bastien 417. C (Constantius) —. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £78 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

16419

DiVo constantio Pio, laur., veiled and cuir. (or dr. and cuir.) bust of constantius i r. rev. MEMORIA FELIX, lighted altar adorned with garlands, eagle stg. on either side, mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vi, p. 132, 110. C (Constantius) 179. [London, AD 307-9]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16420

16421

16420

As previous, but with mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 218, 789. C (Constantius) 179. [Trier, AD 307-9]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16421

As previous, but with mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vi, p. 262, 264. Bastien 499. C (constantius) 179. [Lugdunum, AD 308]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

16422

Similar, but also with CI in rev. field to l., H on altar, and S to r. RIC vi, p. 264, 297. Bastien 518-19. c (constantius) 179 var. [Lugdunum, AD 308]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) The letters C I H S in reverse field probably relate to Constantine’s weight reduction of the follis, though their precise meaning remains unclear. The formula appears to contain as its elements the numeral 101 (CI) and the sign of the sestertius (HS) — cf. RIC vi, p. 104 and note 6 (see also nos. 13456, 13467, 15887, 15922, 16005, 16011, 16013, 16016, 16028-9 and 16141-2).

498

the rise of the house of constantine

16423

Billon follis. obv. as 16415. rev. MEMORIA FELIX, as 16421. RIC vi, —. Bastien 418. cf. c (constantius) 180 (obv. misdescribed). [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £78 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

16424

Obv. As 16416. Rev. — as previous, but the altar stands on a decorated base. Cf. RIC vi, p. 262, 266 (rev. misdescribed). Bastien 437a. cf. c (constantius) 177. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £78 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

16425

— Rev. — as previous, but without the decorated altar base and the eagles are in l. and r. field instead of on ground. RIC vi, p. 262, 268. Bastien 437b-d. C (Constantius) —. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £72 ($125) / EF £210 ($375)

16426

— Rev. — altar surmounted by two eagles stg. l. and r., mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vi, p. 262, 267. Bastien 438. C (Constantius) —. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £78 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

16427

— Rev. — distyle temple containing eagle stg. l., wreath in pediment, mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vi, —. Bastien 439. C (Constantius) —. [Lugdunum, AD 307]. VF £78 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

16428

Obv. As 16419. Rev. — as previous, but the temple is tetrastyle. RIC vi, p. 262, 269. Bastien 500. c (constantius) 176. [Lugdunum, AD 308]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

16429

Billon third follis. obv. as previous. rev. MEMORIAE FELIX, lighted altar with eagle stg. on either side, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 218, 790. C (Constantius) 184. [Trier, AD 307-8]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) Later Series, AD 317-18

16430

16431

16430

Billon follis. DiVo constantio Pio PrinciPi, laur. and veiled hd. of constantius i r. rev. REQVIES OPTIMOR MERIT, constantius seated l. on curule chair, his r. hand raised and holding short sceptre in l., mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 310, 105. C (Constantius) 249. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16431

Billon half follis. obv. as previous, but Princ for PrinciPi. rev. MEMORIAE AETERNAE, eagle stg. r., hd. l., mint mark as previous. RIC vii, p. 311, 111. C (constantius) 186. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

16432

Obv. As previous, or with legend DIVO CONSTANTIO. Rev. — as previous, but eagle stg. l., hd. r. RIC vii, p. 311, 114 and 118. Cf. C (Constantius) 185 (incomplete description) and 187. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

16433

Obv. As 16431. Rev. — lion walking r., mint mark as 16430. RIC vii, p. 312, 124. C (constantius) 188. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16434

Similar, but lion walking l. (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 312, 127. C (constantius) 189. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16435

As 16433, but with club l. above the lion (officinae S and Q = 2 and 4 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 311, 121. c (constantius) 188. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

constantinoPoLis

499

16436

Billon half follis. DiVo constantio oPt iMP, laur. and veiled hd. of constantius i r. rev. REQVIES OPT MER, Constantius seated l., as 16430, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 180, 206. C (Constantius) 248. [Trier, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16437

obv. as 16430, but Prin for PrinciPi. rev. REQVIES OPTIMOR MERIT, as previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3) with or without dot. RIC vii, p. 252, 175 and 178. EMA 20/3, 21/3. C (Constantius) 250 var. [Arles, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16438

Obv. Similar, but sometimes PRINC. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3), sometimes flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 395, 22 and 25. Ma 80-81. c (constantius) 250. [Aquileia, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16439

Obv. As 16431. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A (= 1). RIC vii, p. 430, 46. C (Constantius) 250. [Siscia, AD 317-18]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16440

Obv. As 16436, but sometimes with OPTIMO for OPT. Rev. REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITOR, as 16436, but officina S (= 2) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 180, 201-2. Cf. (constantius) 252. [Trier, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16441

obv. as 16430. rev. REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM, as 16430, but officina S (= 2) not recorded. ric vii, p. 311, 108. c (constantius) 253. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £75 ($130)

16442

— Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 430, 42. C (Constantius) 253. [Siscia, AD 317-18]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £75 ($130)

16443

— Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks • TS • Γ • (or officina ε) = 3 or 5 in ex. RIC vii, p. 503, 26. C (Constantius) 253. [Thessalonica, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

For other coins of Divus Constantius I, see under Maxentius (nos. 15062-9).

Issues of Constantine I in commemoration of the dedication of the new eastern imperial capital of Constantinople Constantine’s new eastern capital of Constantinopolis, on the site of ancient Byzantium, was solemnly dedicated on 11 May AD 330. Its mint, however, had commenced operations as early as 326, as evidenced by the existence of rare billon issues in the names of Crispus Caesar and the Empress Fausta, both of whom perished in the autumn of that year. Following the dedication itself, a new series of reduced centenionales was introduced at mints throughout the Empire (including Constantinople) honouring the new city, with a helmeted bust of Constantinopolis on the obverse and a figure of Victory as the reverse type. A parallel series honoured the old imperial capital on the Tiber. Both series continued on a reduced scale for several years following Constantine’s death in May, 337 (see Vol. V).

Constantinopolis 16444

Billon reduced centenionalis. CONSTANTINOPOLIS, bust of constantinopolis l., wearing laur. helmet and imperial robes and holding sceptre over l. shoulder. Rev. No legend, Victory stg. l., r. foot set on ship’s prow, holding transverse sceptre in r. hand and resting l. on shield, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) to r. of which is usually a dot. RIC vii, pp. 214-15, 523 and 530. LRBC I, 52 and 59. C 21. [Trier, AD 330-31]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

500

the rise of the house of constantine NB at the same time as the introduction of the Constantinopolis and Urbs Roma series, the weight of the centenionalis was reduced from c. 3 grams to c. 2.5 grams. There was a further reduction in the last year of Constantine’s reign to about 1.70 grams.

16445

16450

16445

Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with dot between the mint and officina marks, or with star following the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 217, 543 and 548. LRBC I, 66 and 71. C 21. [Trier, AD 332-3]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16446

Similar, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with wreath or branch in l. field. RIC vii, p. 218, 554 and 563. LRBC I, 77 and 86. C 21. [Trier, AD 333-4]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16447

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 16444, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 138, 241. LRBC I, 185. Bastien 202 and 207. C 21. [Lugdunum, AD 330]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16448

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by crescent or by dot within crescent. RIC vii, p. 138, 251 and 256. LrBc i, 196 and 201. Bastien 212 and 217, 222 and 227. c 21. [Lugdunum, AD 331]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) There is a similar issue with the crescent symbol (RIC 279, Bastien 266) which is of lower weight and later date (AD 336).

16449

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by dot or by wreath, or with wreath in l. field. ric vii, p. 138, 246 and 259. LrBc i, 191 and 221. Bastien 233 and 238, 243 and 248. c 21. [Lugdunum, AD 332]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16450

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by star. RIC vii, p. 139, 266. LRBC I, 206. Bastien 254 and 260. c 21. [Lugdunum, AD 334-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16451

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 16444, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 271, 344. LRBC I, —. EMA 41/5. C 21. [Constantina/ Arles, AD 330]. VF £10 ($17) / EF £30 ($50)

16452

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 271, 352. LRBC I, 356. EMA 42/6. c 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 330-31]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16453

Similar, but with crescent instead of star in rev. field, and officina mark S (= 2) also recorded. RIC vii, p. 272, 357. LRBC I, 361. EMA 43/6. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 331]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16454

As previous, but with branch (of variable form) instead of crescent in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 273, 363 and 369. LRBC I, 366 and 372. EMA 44/6 and 45/7. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 331-2]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16455

As previous, but with wreath (sometimes containing dot) instead of branch in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 274, 374 and 380. LRBC I, 377 and 383. EMA 46/5 and 47/6. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 333-4]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16456

As previous, but with Christogram instead of wreath in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 275, 386. LRBC I, 390. EMA 48/6. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 334]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) There is a similar issue (RIC 401, EMA 50/8) of lower weight and later date (AD 336).

constantinoPoLis

501

16457

Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with uncertain symbol resembling pinetree instead of Christogram in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 276, 393. LRBC I, 397. EMA 49/7. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 335]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16458

As previous, but with X instead of pine-tree (?) in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 277, 408. LRBC I, 410. EMA 51/7. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16459

As previous, but with O instead of X in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 279, 416 = RIC viii, p. 205, 9. LRBC I, 415. EMA 53/6 and 54/9. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) This type was in issue at the time of Constantine I’s death and probably continued until the end of the year.

16460

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 16444, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or s (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 407, 123. LrBc i, 655. Ma 273. c 21. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16461

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 408, 129. LRBC I, 661. MA 275. C 21. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16462

Similar, but with F instead of star in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 409, 137. LRBC I, 668. MA 277. c 21. [Aquileia, AD 335-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16463

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 16444, but with mint mark R F in ex. followed by officina mark ε (= 5), sometimes flanked by two dots or with additional dots either side of F. RIC vii, p. 336, 332-4. LrBc i, 536. c 21. [Rome, AD 330]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16464

As previous, but with mint mark R B instead of R F and with no associated dots in ex. RIC vii, p. 336, 339. LrBc i, 541. c 21. [Rome, AD 330-31]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16465

Similar, but with mint and officina marks R and ε (= 5) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 339, 355. LrBc i, 547. c 21. [Rome, AD 333-5]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40) There is a similar issue (RIC 387) of lower weight and later date (AD 336).

16466

Similar, but with star instead of wreath between mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 341, 371. LrBc i, 557. c 21. [Rome, AD 335-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) There is a similar issue (RIC 397) of lower weight and later date (AD 336-7).

16467

Similar, but with leaf instead of star between mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 346, 407 = ric viii, p. 250, 18. LrBc i, 576 and 594. c 21. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) This type was in issue at the time of Constantine I’s death and probably continued until the end of the year.

16468

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 16444, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B or ∆ (= 2 or 4). ric vii, p. 453, 224. LrBc i, 746. c 21. [Siscia, AD 330-33]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16469

As previous, but with dots on either side of officina and mint marks, and officinae A and B (= 1 and 2) recorded. ric vii, p. 456, 241. LrBc i, 751. c 21. [Siscia, AD 334-5]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16470

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 16444, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark ∆ or ε (= 4 or 5). ric vii, p. 524, 188. LrBc i, 839. c 21. [Thessalonica, AD 330-33]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40) There is a similar issue (RIC 230) from officina ε (= 5) which is of lower weight and later date (AD 336-7).

502

the rise of the house of constantine

16471

Billon reduced centenionalis. Constantinopolis / Victory, as 16444, but with obv. legend CONSTANTINOPOLI for CONSTANTINOPOLIS, and with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 3, or 4), sometimes with dot preceding mint mark, dots preceding mint mark and following officina mark (sometimes also with dot in l. field), or three dots in r. field. RIC vii, pp. 557-9, 115, 120, 125, 130, and 135. LRBC I, 903, 908, 913, and 923. c 21. [Heraclea, AD 330-33]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16472

As previous, but with star following the officina mark in ex. (no dots in field or in ex.). RIC vii, p. 560, 144. LrBc i, 931. c 21. [Heraclea, AD 333-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16473

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 16471, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark Γ, Z, or IA (= 3, 7, or 11). RIC vii, p. 579, 63. LRBC I, 1009. C 21. [Constantinople, AD 330-33]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16474

As previous, but with dot following officina mark, and (rarely) also with dot preceding mint mark (officina Γ not recorded). ric vii, p. 582, 79 and 86. LrBc i, 1014 and 1023. c 21. [Constantinople, AD 333-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16475

16482

16475

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 16471, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, ∆, or ε (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). ric vii, p. 634, 196. LrBc i, 1121. c 21. [Nicomedia, AD 330-35]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16476

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) and dot. ric vii, p. 654, 73-4. LrBc i, 1220. c 21. [Cyzicus, AD 330, 334]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) On the issues of this mint the laurel-wreath on Constantinopolis’ helmet sometimes resembles a pearl diadem.

16477

Similar, but without the dot following officina mark. RIC vii, p. 656, 92-3. LRBC I, 1233-4. c 21. [Cyzicus, AD 331, 333-4]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16478

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 657, 107-8. LRBC I, 1249-50. c 21. [Cyzicus, AD 332-3, 335]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16479

Similar, with star instead of dot preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 658, 120-21. LRBC i, 1260. c 21. [Cyzicus, AD 335-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16480

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 16444, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark I (= 10). RIC vii, p. 693, 92. LRBC I, 1360. C 21. [Antioch, AD 330-33, 335]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40) There is a similar issue (RIC 114) of lower weight and later date (AD 336-7).

16481

As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 712, 64. LrBc i, 1432. c 21. [Alexandria, AD 333-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16482

Similar, but of reduced weight and the number of officinae expanded to four (A, B, Γ, and ∆). ric vii, p. 712, 71. LrBc i, 1441. c 21. [Alexandria, AD 336-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

urBs roMa 16483

503

Billon reduced centenionalis. CONSTANTINOPOLI, bust of constantinopolis l., wearing laur. helmet and imperial robes and holding sceptre over l. shoulder. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, standard between them, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-ε (= 1-5). ric vii, p. 561, 157. LrBc i, 942. c 4 var. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16484 16484

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark Z (= 7). RIC vii, p. 589, 144. LrBc i, 1039-40. c 4 var. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16485

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark ∆ (= 4). ric vii, p. 635, 206. LrBc i, 1131. c 5. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16486

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark Γ (= 3). ric vii, p. 659, 134. LrBc i, 1272. c 5 var. [Cyzicus, AD 336-7]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

Urbs Roma 16487

Billon reduced centenionalis. VRBS ROMA, helmeted bust of Roma l., wearing imperial robes. rev. No legend, she-wolf stg. l., suckling the twins Romulus and Remus, two stars above, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) to r. of which is usually a dot. ric vii, pp. 214-15, 522 and 529. LrBc i, 51 and 58. c 17. [Trier, AD 330-31]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40) NB at the same time as the introduction of the Urbs Roma and Constantinopolis series, the weight of the centenionalis was reduced from c. 3 grams to c. 2.5 grams. There was a further reduction in the last year of Constantine’s reign to about 1.70 grams.

16488

16489

16488

Similar, but with dot between the mint and officina marks, or with star following the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 217, 542 and 547. LRBC I, 65 and 70. C 17. [Trier, AD 332-3]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16489

Similar, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with wreath or branch in upper field. RIC vii, p. 218, 553 and 561-2. LRBC I, 76 and 85. C 17. [Trier, AD 333-4]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16490

Roma / wolf and twins, as 16487, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 138, 242. LRBC I, 184. Bastien 201 and 206. C 17. [Lugdunum, AD 330]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

504

the rise of the house of constantine

16491

Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by crescent or by dot within crescent. RIC vii, p. 138, 252 and 257. LRBC I, 195 and 200. Bastien 211 and 216, 221 and 226. c 17. [Lugdunum, AD 331]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16492

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by dot or by wreath. RIC vii, p. 138, 247 and 260. LrBc i, 190 and 220. Bastien 232 and 237, 242 and 247. c 17. [Lugdunum, AD 332]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16493 16493

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by star. RIC vii, p. 139, 268. LRBC I, 205. Bastien 253 and 259. c 17. [Lugdunum, AD 334-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16494

Roma / wolf and twins, as 16487, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. 270, 343. LRBC I, —. EMA 41/4. C 17. [Constantina/Arles, AD 330]. VF £10 ($17) / EF £30 ($50)

16495

Similar, but officina P (= 1) also recorded and with star following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 271, 351. LRBC I, 355. EMA 42/5. C 17. [Constantina/Arles, AD 330-31]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16496

Similar, but with crescent instead of star following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 272, 356. LRBC I, 360. EMA 43/5. C 17. [Constantina/Arles, AD 331]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16497

As 16494, but officina P (= 1) also recorded and with branch (of variable form) in upper rev. field. RIC vii, p. 273, 362 and 368. LRBC I, 365 and 371. EMA 44/5 and 45/6. C 17. [Constantina/Arles, AD 331-2]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16498

Similar, but with wreath (sometimes containing dot) instead of branch in upper rev. field. RIC vii, p. 274, 373 and 379. LRBC I, 376 and 382. EMA 46/4 and 47/5. C 17. [Constantina/Arles, AD 333-4]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16499

Similar, but with Christogram instead of wreath in upper rev. field. RIC vii, p. 275, 385. LRBC I, 389. EMA 48/5. C 17. [Constantina/Arles, AD 334]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) There is a similar issue (RIC 400, EMA 50/7) of lower weight and later date (AD 336).

16500

Similar, but with uncertain symbol resembling pine-tree instead of Christogram in upper rev. field. RIC vii, p. 276, 392. LRBC I, 396. EMA 49/6. C 17. [Constantina/Arles, AD 335]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16501

Similar, but with X instead of pine-tree (?) in upper rev. field. RIC vii, p. 277, 407. LRBC I, 409. EMA 51/6. C 17. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16502

Similar, but with O instead of X in upper rev. field. RIC vii, p. 279, 415 = RIC viii, p. 205, 8. LRBC I, 414. EMA 53/5 and 54/8. C 17. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) This type was in issue at the time of Constantine I’s death and probably continued until the end of the year.

16503

Roma / wolf and twins, as 16487, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or s (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 407, 122. LrBc i, 654. Ma 272. c 17. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

urBs roMa 16504

505

Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but also with dot in upper rev. field. RIC vii, p. 408, 128. LrBc i, 660. Ma 274. c 17. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16505

16513

16505

Similar, but with F instead of star in upper rev. field. RIC vii, p. 409, 136. LRBC I, 667. Ma 276. c 17. [Aquileia, AD 335-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16506

Roma / wolf and twins, as 16487, but with mint mark R F in ex. followed by officina mark Q (= 4). ric vii, p. 336, 331. LrBc i, 535. c 17. [Rome, AD 330]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16507

As previous, but with mint mark R B instead of R F. RIC vii, p. 336, 338. LRBC I, 540. C 17. [Rome, AD 330-31]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16508

Similar, but with mint and officina marks R and Q (= 4) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 339, 354. LrBc i, 546. c 17. [Rome, AD 333-5]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40) There is a similar issue (RIC 386) of lower weight and later date (AD 336).

16509

Similar, but with star instead of wreath between mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 341, 370. LrBc i, 556. c 17. [Rome, AD 335-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16510

Similar to 16508, but also with branches on either side of mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 345, 390. LrBc i (addenda), 564c. c 17. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £10 ($17) / EF £30 ($50)

16511

Similar to 16509, but also with wreath in upper rev. field. RIC vii, p. 345, 398. LRBC I, 571 note. c 17. [Rome, AD 335-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16512

Similar to 16508, but with leaf instead of wreath between mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 346, 406. LrBc i, 575. c 17. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) This type was in issue at the time of Constantine I’s death and probably continued until the end of the year.

16513

Roma / wolf and twins, as 16487, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Γ (= 3). ric vii, p. 453, 222. LrBc i, 745. c 17. [Siscia, AD 330-33]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16514

similar, but the bust of roma is to right. RIC vii, p. 453, 223. LRBC I, —. C —. [Siscia, AD 330-33]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16515

As 16513, but with dots on either side of officina and mint marks, and officinae A, B, Γ, and ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, and 4) recorded. ric vii, p. 456, 240. LrBc i, 750. c 17. [Siscia, AD 334-5]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16516

Roma / wolf and twins, as 16487, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark ε (= 5). ric vii, p. 524, 187. LrBc i, 838. c 17. [Thessalonica, AD 330-33]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40) There is a similar issue (RIC 229) of lower weight and later date (AD 336-7).

16517

Roma / wolf and twins, as 16487, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark ε (= 5), sometimes with dot preceding mint mark, sometimes one or two dots preceding mint mark and another following officina mark, or with three dots vertically in upper field. RIC vii, pp. 557-9, 114, 124, 129, and 134. Cf. LRBC I, 902, 907, 912, 917, and 922. c 17. [Heraclea, AD 330-33]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

506

the rise of the house of constantine

16518

Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with star following the officina mark in ex., and officina B (= 2) also recorded (no dots in field or in ex.). RIC vii, p. 560, 143. LrBc i, 930. c 17. [Heraclea, AD 333-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16519

Roma / wolf and twins, as 16487, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark ε or ia (= 5 or 11). ric vii, p. 579, 62. LrBc i, 1008. c 17. [Constantinople, AD 330-33]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16520

As previous, but with dot following officina mark, and (rarely) also with dot preceding mint mark. RIC vii, p. 582, 79 and 85. LRBC I, 1013 and 1022. C 17. [Constantinople, AD 333-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16521 16521

Roma / wolf and twins, as 16487, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, ε, or ς (= 1, 2, 3, 5, or 6) and with three dots vertically in upper field. RIC vii, p. 634, 195. Cf. LRBC I, 1120 (dots in reverse field not recorded). C 17. [Nicomedia, AD 330-35]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16522

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6) and dot, and without the dots in upper rev. field. RIC vii, p. 654, 71-2. LRBC I, 1218-19. C 17. [Cyzicus, AD 330, 334]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) On the issues of this mint Roma’s helmet is sometimes adorned with plume.

16523

Similar, but without the dot following officina mark. RIC vii, pp. 655-6, 90-91. LRBC I, 1231-2. c 17. [Cyzicus, AD 331, 333-4]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16524

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 657, 105-6. LRBC I, 1247-8. C 17. [Cyzicus, AD 332-3, 335]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16525

Similar, with star instead of dot preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 658, 118-19. LRBC i, 1259. c 17. [Cyzicus, AD 335-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16526

Roma / wolf and twins, as 16487, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, ς, Z, H, Θ, or i (= 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10). ric vii, p. 693, 91. LrBc i, 1359. c 17. [Antioch, AD 330-33, 335]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) There is a similar issue (RIC 113, officina Θ = 9) of lower weight and later date (AD 336-7).

16527

As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 712, 63. LrBc i, 1431. c 17. [Alexandria, AD 333-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

16528

Similar, but of reduced weight and the number of officinae expanded to four (A, B, Γ, and ∆). ric vii, p. 712, 70. LrBc i, 1440. c 17. [Alexandria, AD 336-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £22 ($40)

16529

VRBS ROMA, helmeted bust of Roma l., wearing imperial robes. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, standard between them, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, ∆, or ε (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). ric vii, p. 561, 156. LrBc i, 941. cf. c 1. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

fausta

507

16530

Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark ε or Z (= 5 or 7). RIC vii, p. 589, 143. LRBC I, 1037-8. C 1. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16531

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark ∆ or ε (= 4 or 5). ric vii, p. 635, 205. LrBc i, 1130. c 1. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16532

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). ric vii, p. 659, 134 note. LrBc i, 1271. c 1 var. [Cyzicus, AD 336-7]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

FAUSTA

16535 Born and brought up in Rome, Flavia Maxima Fausta was the younger daughter of Maximian by Eutropia and the sister of the rebel emperor Maxentius. In the early spring of AD 307 she accompanied her father from Rome to the court of Constantine in Gaul and there, on 31 March, the newly concluded alliance between the two men was celebrated by Fausta’s marriage to the western Caesar. Later in the year she was given the title of Nobilissima Femina but did not become Augusta until 324. The enigmatic role played by her father in the complex politics of the years 307-10 placed Fausta in a difficult position. Finally, in the spring of 310 Maximian foolishly led an uprising in Gaul against his son-in-law and it was Fausta who betrayed him to her husband, thus leading to his death several months later. In 312 Constantine defeated Fausta’s brother Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge just north of Rome, the event which led to his espousal of Christianity through his celebrated ‘vision of the cross’ on the night before the battle. The following year Constantine summoned the Council of Rome for the purpose of resolving a dispute within the Church, a momentous meeting of religious luminaries which was held in Fausta’s palace on the Lateran. Fausta did not bear her husband any sons until the birth of Constantius II in 317 followed by Constans six years later. Towards the end of 324, soon after the downfall of Licinius, Fausta and her mother-in-law Helena were granted the senior imperial title of Augusta (both had formerly born the rank of Nobilissima Femina). But the wife of Constantine was not destined to enjoy her new status for long. In AD 326, the year of Constantine’s vicennalia (20th anniversary of rule), a great tragedy occurred within the imperial family. Fausta levelled charges of treason against Constantine’s eldest son Crispus (the details remain obscure) and the evidence must have appeared convincing enough to the emperor to order the immediate execution of the unfortunate Caesar. However, it soon became evident that Fausta had fabricated the whole affair in order to protect the imperial inheritance of her two sons. She believed that they were likely to be overshadowed by the much older Crispus who had already proved his considerable abilities as a military leader. Constantine, stricken by remorse for his hasty action and incensed by his wife’s treacherous behaviour, condemned her to death and she was suffocated in a hot bath (September/ October 326). The coinage of Fausta was issued in three phases (AD 307, 318-19, and 324-6), the first two falling within the period when she bore the rank of Nobilissima Femina, the third after she had been elevated to the rank of Augusta. On her coinage as empress, some portrait busts depict her wearing a diadem.

508

the rise of the house of constantine

As Nobilissima Femina

16533 16533

Silver half argenteus. faVstae noBiLissiMae feMinae, dr. bust l. rev. VENVS FELIX, Venus seated l., holding globe and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vi, p. 216, 756. rsc 22. [Trier, AD 307]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

16534 16534

Billon centenionalis. faVsta n f, dr. bust r. rev. No legend, eight-pointed star within laurel-wreath, sometimes with mint and officina marks TS A (= 1) below. RIC vii, pp. 504-5, 49 and 51. c 25. [Thessalonica, AD 318-19]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) It is unclear why the issue of this rare type should have been confined to the Thessalonica mint.

As Augusta 16535

Gold multiple of 2 solidi (c. 9 grams). FLAVIA MAXIMA FAVSTA AVGVSTA, dr. bust r. rev. PIETAS AVGVSTAE, Fausta, nimbate, seated facing on throne set on garlanded platform flanked by two small Genii with wreaths, the empress nurses a baby (Constans) on her lap and is flanked by stg. figures of Felicitas, on l., holding caduceus, and Pietas (?), on r., her r. hand raised, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 203, 443. C 3. [Trier, AD 324]. VF £23,000 ($40,000) / EF £57,500 ($100,000) Illustrated at heading.

16536

fLaV MaX faVsta aVg, dr. bust r. rev. SPES REIPVBLICAE, Fausta stg. facing, hd. l., holding two children (Constantius II and Constans) in her arms, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 383, 178. C 13. [Ticinum, AD 324-5]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000)

16537

As previous, but with mint mark S M N on rev. RIC vii, p. 612, 69A. C 12. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000)

16538 16538

Gold solidus. As 16536, but with rev. legend SALVS REIPVBLICAE. ric vii, p. 383, 182. C 5. Depeyrot, p. 73, 18/4. [Ticinum, AD 324-5]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

fausta

509

16539

Gold solidus. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex., rarely followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC vii, p. 613, 77-8. C 5. Depeyrot, p. 127, 34/6 and 35/3. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

16540

obv. as 16536. rev. SPES REIPVBLICAE, Fausta stg. facing, hd. l., holding two children (Constantius II and Constans) in her arms, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 476, 61. C 14. Depeyrot, p. 106, 9/7. [Sirmium, AD 324-5]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

16541

As previous, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A, Γ, or ε (= 1, 3, or 5). RIC vii, p. 515, 137. C 14 var. Depeyrot, p. 113, 10/7. [Thessalonica, AD 324-5]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

16542

Billon centenionalis. No obv. legend, dr. bust r. Rev. FLAV MAX / FAVSTA / AVG in three lines across field, star within crescent above, mint mark S M ANT below followed by officina mark A or ∆ (= 1 or 4), sometimes with dot beneath. RIC vii, pp. 686-7, 56 and 62. LrBc i, 1332 and 1344. c 1. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

16543

16547

16543

Obv. As 16536, but legend usually ends AG. Rev. SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Fausta stg. facing, hd. l., holding two children (Constantius II and Constans) in her arms, mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 116, 300. LRBC I, 10-11. C 7 and var. [London, AD 324-5]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £80 ($140) The mint of London was closed in the year following the introduction of this type, a victim of Constantine’s vastly expanded minting capacity following his victory over the eastern emperor Licinius in 324.

16544

Obv. As 16536. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. 205, 459. LRBC I, 27. C 7. [Trier, AD 324-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16545

Similar, but with dot within crescent following the mint mark on rev. RIC vii, p. 209, 483. LrBc i, 37. c 7. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16546

Similar, but with mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vii, p. 137, 235. LRBC I, 178-9. Bastien 193. c 7. [Lugdunum, AD 324-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16547

Similar, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark Q (= 4) and star. RIC vii, p. 263, 277. LRBC I, 289. EMA 34/15. C 7. [Arles, AD 324-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16548

Similar, but with mint mark ARL in ex. (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vii, p. 266, 298. LRBC I, 302. EMA 36/13. C 7. [Arles, AD 325-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16549

Similar, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 475, 55. LRBC I, 810. C 7. [Sirmium, AD 324-5]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

16550

Similar, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or ε (= 1, 2, or 5). ric vii, p. 519, 160. LrBc i, 826-826a. c 7. [Thessalonica, AD 326]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

510

the rise of the house of constantine

16551 16551

16557

SALVS REIPVBLICAE (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. and officina mark A (= 1) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 571, 12. LRBC I, 976. C 7. [Constantinople, AD 326]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16552

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 615, 96. LrBc i, 1083. c 7. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16553

Similar, but with mint mark M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or ε (= 1 or 5). ric vii, p. 621, 130. LrBc i, 1101. c 7. [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16554

Similar, but with mint mark N in ex. followed by officina mark A or Γ (= 1 or 3). ric vii, p. 624, 149. LrBc i, 1092. c 7. [Nicomedia, AD 326]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16555

Similar, but with mint mark S M ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, ε, h, or i (= 1, 5, 8, or 10). ric vii, p. 689, 68. LrBc i, 1342. c 7. [Antioch, AD 325-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16556

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark and officina ε not recorded. ric vii, p. 690, 76. LrBc i, 1330. c 7. [Antioch, AD 326]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16557

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 709, 39. LrBc i, 1407. c 7. [Alexandria, AD 325-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16558

fLaV MaX faVsta aVg, dr. bust r. rev. SPES REIPVBLICAE, Fausta stg. facing, hd. l., holding two children (Constantius II and Constans) in her arms, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 205, 460. LRBC I, 26. C 17. [Trier, AD 324-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16559

Similar, but with crescent following the mint mark on rev. RIC vii, p. 207, 466. LRBC I, —. C 17. [Trier, AD 325-6]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £80 ($140)

16560

Similar, but with dot within the crescent following mint mark. RIC vii, p. 209, 484. LRBC i, 36. c 17. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16561

Similar, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark Q (= 4) and star and sometimes followed by dot. RIC vii, p. 264, 279 and 285. LRBC I, 288. EMA 34/17 and 35/7. C 17. [Arles, AD 324-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16562

Similar, but with mint mark ARL in ex. (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vii, p. 266, 300. LRBC I, 301. EMA 36/15. C 17. [Arles, AD 325-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16563

Similar, but without the crescent in mint mark and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 267, 308. LRBC I, —. EMA 37/8. C 17. [Arles, AD 326]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £80 ($140)

16564

Similar, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vii, p. 385, 191. LrBc i, 475. c 17. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

fausta 16565

511

SPES REIPVBLICAE (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with crescent between the officina and mint marks. RIC vii, p. 387, 203. LrBc i, 488. c 17. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

16566

Similar, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 326, 271. LrBc i, 515. c 17. [Rome, AD 324-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16567

Similar, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by wreath and officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). ric vii, p. 330, 292. LrBc i, 522. c 17. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130) On this issue the obverse legend sometimes reads FL instead of FLAV (RIC 293-4, C 19-20).

16568

Similar, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B or ∆ (= 2 or 4). ric vii, p. 447, 188. LrBc i, 723. c 17. [Siscia, AD 324-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16569

Similar, but with wreath following the mint mark, and officinae A, B, and Γ (= 1, 2, and 3) recorded. ric vii, p. 448, 197. LrBc i, 736. c 17. [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16570

Similar, but with dots preceding and following the officina and mint marks, and officinae A, B, and ∆ (= 1, 2, and 4) recorded. ric vii, p. 450, 205. LrBc i, 730. c 17. [Siscia, AD 326-7]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16571

Similar, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, or ε (= 1, 2, 3, or 5). ric vii, p. 519, 161-2. LrBc i, 827-8. c 17-18. [Thessalonica, AD 324-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16572

16578

16572

Similar, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, ∆, or ε (= 1, 4, or 5). ric vii, p. 551, 80. LrBc i, 875. c 17. [Heraclea, AD 325-6]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

16573

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 552, 86. LrBc i, 881. c 17. [Heraclea, AD 326]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

16574

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC vii, p. 615, 97. LrBc i, 1084. c 17. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16575

Similar, but with mint mark M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, or ε (= 1, 2, 3, or 5). ric vii, p. 621, 131. LrBc i, 1102. c 17. [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16576

Similar, but with mint mark N in ex. followed by officina mark Γ or ε (= 3 or 5). ric vii, p. 624, 150. LrBc i, 1093. c 17. [Nicomedia, AD 326]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16577

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vii, p. 647, 29. LrBc i, 1170. c 17. [Cyzicus, AD 324-5]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

16578

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 649, 40. LRBC I, 1178. C 17. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

16579

Similar, but also with dot preceding the mint mark (officinae Γ and ∆ = 3 and 4 only recorded). ric vii, p. 650, 50. LrBc i, 1186. c 17. [Cyzicus, AD 326]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

512 16580

the rise of the house of constantine SPES REIPVBLICAE (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark S M ANT in ex. followed by officina mark a, ε, or h (= 1, 5, or 8). ric vii, p. 689, 69. LrBc i, 1343. c 17. [Antioch, AD 325-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16581

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark (officinae A, H, and I = 1, 8, and 10 recorded). ric vii, p. 690, 77. LrBc i, 1331. c 17. [Antioch, AD 326]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16582

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 709, 40. LrBc i, 1408. c 17. [Alexandria, AD 326]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

HELENA 16588 Flavia Julia Helena was a native of Drepanum in Bithynia (later renamed Helenopolis in her honour) and was born about AD 250. Two decades later she was working in a tavern in Naissus (Moesia) when she met the future Constantius I, becoming either his wife or his concubine (probably the former). One child was born of the union, the future Emperor Constantine the Great (circa AD 272). At some time probably in the late 280s Constantius was obliged to repudiate Helena in favour of Theodora, the step-daughter of the Emperor Maximian. His elevation to the rank of Caesar followed a few years later and Theodora bore him six children, a dangerous legacy for the future stability of the Constantinian dynasty. For the following decades Helena remained in the background, though she was doubtless working to limit the political influence of Theodora’s children. About AD 318-19 an issue of billon centenionales was made in her name at Thessalonica on which she was accorded the title of Nobilissima Femina (N F). This was contemporary with a similar issue in honour of Constantine’s wife Fausta. Late in 324, both imperial ladies were elevated to full imperial status with the rank of Augusta and thereafter regular issues of billon coinage in their names were struck at all the imperial mints. Two years later, Helena, distressed at the execution of Crispus who was doubtless her favourite grandchild, was instrumental in bringing about the downfall and death of her daughter-in-law Fausta. Perhaps as a penance for this she went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land where she founded a number of churches, including those of the Holy Sepulchre, the Ascension, and the Nativity. She also collected numerous religious relics, supposedly even discovering the True Cross. She had been converted to Christianity by her son Constantine some years earlier and on her death, probably in 329, she was buried in Rome in a newly constructed basilica on the Via Labicana. She and Constantine were later declared Christian saints and their feast day is still celebrated in the Orthodox Church on May 21st. The coinage of Helena was issued in three phases (AD 318-19, 324-9, and 337-40), the first falling within the period when she bore the rank of Nobilissima Femina, the second after she had been elevated to the rank of Augusta, and the third posthumously under Constantine’s successors, Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans (see Volume V).

heLena

513

As Nobilissima Femina

16583 16583

Billon centenionalis. heLena n f, dr. bust r. rev. No legend, eight-pointed star within laurel-wreath, sometimes with mint and officina marks TS A (= 1) below. RIC vii, pp. 504-5, 48 and 50. c 14. [Thessalonica, AD 318-19]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) It is unclear why the issue of this rare type should have been confined to the Thessalonica mint.

As Augusta 16584

Gold multiple of 2 solidi (c. 9 grams). FL HELENA AVGVSTA, diad. and dr. bust r. Rev. SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE (sic), Helena stg. l., holding lowered branch in r. hand and supporting drapery of dress with l., mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 383, 177. C 10. [Ticinum, AD 324-5]. VF £28,500 ($50,000) / Ef £72,000 ($125,000)

16585

Gold solidus. As previous. RIC vii, p. 383, 183. C 11. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 73, 18/5. [Ticinum, AD 324-5]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

16586

Similar, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 476, 60. C 11. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 106, 9/6. [Sirmium, AD 324-5]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

16587

Similar, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark Γ, ∆, or ε (= 3, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 514, 134. C 11. Depeyrot, p. 112, 10/4. [Thessalonica, AD 324-5]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

16588

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark Γ (= 3). RIC vii, p. 613, 79-80. C 11. Depeyrot, p. 127, 34/4 and 35/4. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000) Illustrated at heading.

16589 16589

Billon centenionalis. No obv. legend, diad. and dr. bust r. Rev. FL H / ELENA / AVGVSTA in three lines across field, star within crescent above, mint mark S M ANT below followed by officina mark B (= 2), dot beneath. RIC vii, p. 687, 61. LRBC I, 1329. c 2. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £350 ($600)

16590

fL heLena aVgVsta, diad. and dr. bust r. rev. SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE (sic), Helena stg. l., holding lowered branch in r. hand and supporting drapery of dress with l., mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 116, 299. LRBC I, 9. C 12. [London, AD 324-5]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £90 ($160) The mint of London was closed in the year following the introduction of this type, a victim of Constantine’s vastly expanded minting capacity following his victory over the eastern emperor Licinius in 324.

514 16591

16592

the rise of the house of constantine SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE (cont.) Billon centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or s (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 205, 458. LrBc i, 25. c 12. [Trier, AD 324-5]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) Similar, but with crescent following the mint mark on rev. RIC vii, p. 206, 465. LRBC I, —. C 12. [Trier, AD 325-6]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16593 16593

Similar, but with dot within the crescent following mint mark. RIC vii, p. 209, 481. LRBC i, 35. c 12. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

16594

Similar, but with mint mark TRE in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) to l. of which is sometimes dot. RIC vii, pp. 212-13, 508 and 515. LRBC I, 41 and 47. C 12. [Trier, AD 327-8]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

16595

Similar, but with mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vii, p. 137, 234. LRBC I, 177. Bastien 192. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 324-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16596

Similar, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3) and star. RIC vii, p. 264, 278. LRBC I, 287. EMA 34/16 and 35/7. C 12. [Arles, AD 324-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16597

Similar, but with mint mark ARL in ex. (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 266, 299. LRBC I, 300. EMA 36/14. C 12. [Arles, AD 325-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16598

Similar, but without the crescent in mint mark and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 267, 307. LRBC I, 309. EMA 37/7. C 12. [Arles, AD 326-7]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16599 16599

Similar, but the officina mark follows instead of precedes the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 268, 317. LRBC I, 327. EMA 38/9. C 12. [Arles, AD 327]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16600

Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3) and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 269, 324. LRBC I, 334. EMA 39/7. C 12. [Constantina/Arles, AD 328]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) In AD 328 the name of this mint was changed to Constantina in honour of the emperor’s eldest surviving son, Constantine II. Following the young emperor’s death in battle in 340 the name of the city reverted to Arelate, but thirteen years later, after the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

16601

Similar, but with T — F instead of S — F in field, and with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 270, 340. LRBC I, 351. EMA 40/12. C 12. [Constantina/Arles, AD 329]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

heLena 16602

515

SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or t (= 1, 2, or 3). ric vii, p. 385, 190. LrBc i, 474. c 12. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16603

Similar, but with crescent between the officina and mint marks, and officina Q (= 4) also recorded. ric vii, p. 387, 202. LrBc i, 487. c 12. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16604

Similar, but with branch instead of crescent between the officina and mint marks, and officina s (= 2) only recorded. ric vii, p. 387, 209. LrBc i, 501. c 12. [Ticinum, AD 326-7]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16605

Similar, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. 325, 270. LrBc i, 514. c 12. [Rome, AD 324-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16606

Similar, but with wreath between the mint and officina marks (officinae S, T, and Q = 2, 3, and 4 recorded). ric vii, p. 330, 291. LrBc i, 520-21. c 12. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16607

Similar, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Γ (= 3). ric vii, p. 447, 187. LrBc i, 722. c 12. [Siscia, AD 324-5]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16608

Similar, but with wreath following the mint mark, and with officina mark ε (= 5). ric vii, p. 448, 196. LrBc i, 735. c 12. [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16609

16610

16609

Similar, but with dots preceding and following the officina and mint marks, and officinae Γ and ε (= 3 and 5) recorded. ric vii, p. 450, 204. LrBc i, 728-9. c 12. [Siscia, AD 326-7]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16610

Similar, but with double crescent following the mint mark (no dots). RIC vii, p. 453, 218. LrBc i, 741. c 12. [Siscia, AD 328-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

16611

Similar, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 475, 54. LRBC I, 808-9. C 12. [Sirmium, AD 324-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16612

Similar, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-ε (= 1-5). ric vii, p. 519, 159. LrBc i, 823. c 12. [Thessalonica, AD 326-8]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

16613

Similar, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark B, ∆, or ε (= 2, 4, or 5). ric vii, p. 551, 79. LrBc i, 873. c 12. [Heraclea, AD 325-6]. VF £21 ($38) / EF £68 ($115)

16614

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark (officinae B, Γ, and ε = 2, 3, and 5 recorded). ric vii, p. 552, 85. LrBc i, 879. c 12. [Heraclea, AD 326]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16615

Similar, but also with dot preceding the mint mark (officina ε = 5 only recorded). ric vii, p. 553, 89. LrBc i, 886. c 12. [Heraclea, AD 326-7]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16616

Similar, but without the dot following the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 554, 95. LRBC I, 892-3. c 12. [Heraclea, AD 327-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

516 16617

the rise of the house of constantine SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but star in rev. field, either to l. or to r. (no dots in ex.). RIC vii, p. 557, 109-10. LrBc i, 897. c 12. [Heraclea, AD 329]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

16618 16618

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field. ric vii, p. 571, 11. LrBc i, 975. c 12. [Constantinople, AD 326]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16619

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark Γ or ∆ (= 3 or 4). ric vii, p. 615, 95. LrBc i, 1082. c 12. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) On this issue Helena’s diadem consists of a single pearl string (see also no. 16622).

16620

Similar, but with mint mark M N in ex. followed by officina mark Γ, ∆, or ς (= 3, 4, or 6). ric vii, p. 621, 129. LrBc i, 1100. c 12. [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16621

Similar, but with mint mark N in ex. followed by officina mark ∆ or ς (= 4 or 5). ric vii, p. 624, 148. LrBc i, 1091. c 12. [Nicomedia, AD 326-7]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16622

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark Γ or ∆ (= 3 or 4). ric vii, p. 626, 159. LrBc i, 1115. c 12. [Nicomedia, AD 328-9]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) On this issue Helena wears a band-diadem (see also no. 16619).

16623

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-ς (= 1-6). ric vii, p. 647, 28. LrBc i, 1168-9. c 12. [Cyzicus, AD 324-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16624

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 649, 39. LRBC I, 1176-7. C 12. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16625

Similar, but also with dot preceding the mint mark (officinae Γ and ∆ = 3 and 4 only recorded). ric vii, p. 650, 49. LrBc i, 1184-5. c 12. [Cyzicus, AD 326-7]. VF £21 ($38) / EF £68 ($115)

16626

Similar, but with dot in right field instead of in ex. (officinae A, B ∆, and ε = 1, 2, 4, and 5 recorded). ric vii, p. 651, 54. LrBc i, 1184-5. c 12. [Cyzicus, AD 327-8]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £75 ($130)

16627

Similar, but with mint mark S M ANT in ex. followed by officina mark B, Γ, ς, Z, ∆ε, or i (= 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, or 10). ric vii, pp. 689 and 691, 67 and 80. LrBc i, 1341 and 1355. c 12. [Antioch, AD 325-6 and 327-8]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) This type and the next were both issued in two groups, before and after the downfalls of Crispus and Fausta in AD 326. Unfortunately, differentiation is not easy though it may be related to the form of the diadem worn by the empress — the earliest being a single string of pearls and the latest a ladder-shaped diadem with a pearl in each division.

16628

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, pp. 690-91, 75 and 82. LRBC I, 1328 and 1350. c 12. [Antioch, AD 326-7 and 328-9]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16629

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 709, 38. LrBc i, 1406. c 12. [Alexandria, AD 326]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

constantia 16630

517

SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with wreath in l. field and officina A (= 1) only recorded. ric vii, p. 710, 44. LrBc i, 1412. c 12. [Alexandria, AD 327]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

16631

Similar, but the officina mark (A or B = 1 or 2) is in r. field instead of following mint mark. ric vii, p. 710, 48. LrBc i, 1416-17. c 12. [Alexandria, AD 328]. VF £25 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

16632

Similar, but the officina mark is in the form of Roman numerals I and II (= 1 and 2), and sometimes with dot following the mint mark. RIC vii, pp. 710-11, 53 and 57. LRBC I, 1422-3 and 1427. c 12. [Alexandria, AD 329]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

for posthumous coins of helena issued under constantine ii, constantius ii and constans, see Volume V.

CONSTANTIA

16633 Flavia Julia Constantia, born probably in the mid-290s, was the daughter of Constantius I by his second wife Theodora and was thus the half-sister of Constantine I. Little is known of her life prior to her marriage to the Emperor Licinius which took place at Mediolanum (Milan) in AD 313, just prior to Licinius’ defeat of his rival Maximinus II. Licinius Junior (born 315) seems to have been the offspring of this union, though confusion has been caused by another son of Licinius born a little earlier to a Syrian concubine. As relations between Constantine and Licinius became more strained Constantia was placed in a difficult situation that was exacerbated by the civil war of 31617. Following Licinius’ final defeat in September, 324, Constantia pleaded with her brother for her husband’s life and she was successful to the extent that he was allowed to retire into private life at Thessalonica. However, it is doubtful whether Constantine ever intended to let his former rival live and the following year the deposed emperor was accused of treason and immediately executed, the same fate befalling Licinius Junior in 326. Constantia, having lost both her husband and her son, was given the rank of Nobilissima Femina and appears to have been treated with kindness by her brother. She was accorded a very brief coinage of billon centenionales which were confined to the newly opened mint of Constantinople: specimens today are of excessive rarity. Her death occurred a few years later, possibly as early as 330 when she would have been only in her mid-thirties. Like her stepmother Helena, Constantia was much involved in the affairs of the Church and she strongly espoused the cause of Arius and his heretical doctrine. 16633

Billon centenionalis. CONSTANTIA N F, dr. bust r., her hair in intertwined plaits encircling the hd. Rev. SOROR CONSTANTINI AVG around wreath containing PIET / AS PVB / LICA in three lines, mint and officina marks CONS B (= 2) below. RIC vii, p. 571, 15. LrBc i, 977. c 1. [Constantinople, AD 326-7]. F £2,300 ($4,000) / VF £5,700 ($10,000)

518

the rise of the house of constantine

CRISPUS caesar under constantine i, late ad 316–Aug./Sep. 326 gold multiple of sirmium Flavius Julius Crispus, the eldest and probably the most able of the sons of Constantine, was born about AD 303, the only child of the union of Constantine with his first wife, Minervina. The boy showed great promise from an early age and in 317/18 his father arranged for his education to be placed under the supervision of the eminent rhetor and Latin writer Lactantius, then at the end of his long and illustrious career. Towards the close of 316 Crispus was elevated by his father to the status of Caesar, probably in response to Licinius’ promotion of Valens to the rank of Augustus during the first of the two civil wars between the rulers of the eastern and western halves of the Empire. Following the cessation of hostilities in February of the following year, the elevations of Crispus and his infant half-brother Constantine II were made official at a meeting of the two emperors at Serdica and at the same time Licinius’ son, Licinius Junior, was promoted to the same rank (1 March 317). Over the following seven years Crispus’ imperial career proceeded apace and while still in his late teens he proved his military talents by distinguishing himself in the wars against the Alamanni and the Franks. At Sirmium in 321 he married Helena who bore him a child the following year. The second civil war between Constantine and Licinius provided the opportunity for Crispus, now in his early twenties, to further display his prowess as a military commander. Placed in charge of the Constantinian fleet, he inflicted a humiliating defeat on the much larger naval forces of Licinius (324). At this point Crispus’ position as heir to his father’s throne must have appeared unassailable. However, just two years later tragedy struck the imperial family when Constantine, his wife Fausta, and Crispus travelled to Rome for the celebration of Constantine’s Vicennalia, or twentieth anniversary of rule (25 July 326). Exactly what transpired on this occasion remains shrouded in mystery but it clearly involved the Empress in some way. Following the festivities Crispus journeyed to Pola in Istria where he was residing when, in August or September, orders came from the emperor for his son’s arrest and execution. The following month Fausta suffered a similar fate, being suffocated in a hot bath by Constantine’s command. The most likely explanation for these extraordinary events is that Fausta, wishing to promote the interests of her own sons, successfully engineered the downfall of the popular Caesar by fabricating evidence that he had attempted to seduce her, thus driving her husband into a blind rage. When he eventually discovered the truth of the matter, probably through his mother Helena, Constantine was so grief-stricken that he took immediate revenge on his wife. The whole episode must surely have embittered his final years and the loss of Crispus as the principal imperial heir doubtless had a detrimental effect on the subsequent fortunes of the dynasty as well as the Empire itself. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: a. crisPVs noB caes B. crisPVs noBiL c c. D n crisPVs noB caes D. D n fL iVL crisPVs noB caes e. fL iVL crisPVs noB c f. fL iVL crisPVs noB caes g. iVL crisPVs noB c h. iVL crisPVs noB caes

crisPus

519

The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full: a. Laur. hd. r. b. Laur. and cuir. bust r. c. Laur. and cuir. bust l. d. Laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield. e. Laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. f. Laur., dr. and cuir. bust l. g. Helmeted and cuir. bust r. h. helmeted and cuir. bust l. i. Helmeted and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield. j. Heroic laur. bust l., holding spear and shield. 16634

Gold aureus. De. rev. SOLI INVICTO, Sol stg. l. in long robe, raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint and officina marks S M N ∆ (= 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 603, 22. Calicó —. C 135. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 125, 30/1. [Nicomedia, AD 319]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) This curious type was issued by Licinius, hence the denomination (see also Vol. V, no. 17002, for the equivalent issue in the name of ConstantineII).

16635

Gold solidus. fj. rev. CONCORDIA AVGG NN, Concordia seated l., holding caduceus and cornucopiae, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 375, 103. C 56 var. Depeyrot, p. 72, 17/4. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £9,250 ($16,000)

16636

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC vii, p. 406, 116. MA 284. C 56 var. Depeyrot, p. 94, 12/1. [Aquileia, AD 324]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,000 ($17,500)

16637

Similar, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 473, 38. C 56 var. Depeyrot, p. 106, 7/3. [Sirmium, AD 324]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,000 ($17,500)

16638

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. sometimes followed by K or M. RIC vii, pp. 610-11, 59-61. C 56. Depeyrot, p. 126, 33/3. [Nicomedia, AD 324]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

16639

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark ε (= 5). ric vii, p. 646, 20. C 56 var. Depeyrot, p. 136, 16/1. [Cyzicus, AD 324]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £9,250 ($16,000)

16640

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. and star in r. field. RIC vii, p. 685, 50. C 56 var. Depeyrot, p. 147, 42/1. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £9,250 ($16,000)

16641

No legend, diad. hd. r., looking upwards. Rev. CRISPVS CAESAR, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 385, 194. C 59 var. Depeyrot, p. 74, 19/3. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

16642 16642

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 477, 63. C 59. Depeyrot, p. 107, 10/2. [Sirmium, AD 325-6]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

16643

Similar, but with mint mark N in ex. sometimes preceded by dot. RIC vii, p. 618, 110-11. C 59. Depeyrot, p. 129, 38/3 and 39/1. [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

520

the rise of the house of constantine

16644

Gold solidus. cf. rev. FELIX PROCESSVS COS II, Crispus, togate, stg. l., holding globe and short sceptre, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 470, 20A. C —. Depeyrot, p. 104, 4/1. [Sirmium, AD 321]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

16645

Fj. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 683, 40. C —. Depeyrot, p. 146, 39/1. [Antioch, AD 324]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

16646

C (but NOBILISS for NOB), f. Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, pp. 683-4, 40 note. C 71. Depeyrot, p. 146, 39/2. [Antioch, AD 324]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

16647

fd. rev. FELIX PROOESSVS (sic) COS II, as previous, but with dot following the mint mark S M AN. RIC vii, p. 685, 46. C —. Depeyrot, p. 146, 40/1. [Antioch, AD 324]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

16647a

ff. rev. FELIX PROCESSVS COS III, as 16644, but sometimes with dots on either side of mint mark. RIC vii, pp. 473 and 476, 43 and 57. C 72. Depeyrot, p. 106, 8/1 and 9/2. [Sirmium, AD 324]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

16648

16653 var.

16648

fa. rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), ALAMANNIA (in ex.), Alamannia, as mourning captive, seated l. on ground, hd. resting on r. hand, trophy and arms behind (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 185, 243. Cf. C 74. Depeyrot, p. 60, 28/4-5. [Trier, AD 321]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) A similar type, though with a larger head of Crispus, is dated AD 322-3 in RIC (p. 196, 362).

16649

fa. rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), FRANCIA (in ex.), Francia, as mourning captive, seated l. on ground, hd. resting on r. hand, trophy and arms behind (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 196, 363. C —. Depeyrot, p. 60, 28/6. [Trier, AD 321]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

16650

H, laur. bust l. (or r.?), wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated l. on cuirass and shield, holding Victory on globe and sceptre, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 570, 4. C 76. Depeyrot, p. 116, 1/4. [Constantinople, AD 326]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

16651

fa. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Crispus, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 178, 186-7. C 88. Depeyrot, p. 59, 24/2-3. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

16652

Fj. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 375, 106. Cf. C 90. Depeyrot, p. 73, 17/7. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £9,250 ($16,000)

16653

Similar, but with mint mark AQ in ex. RIC vii, p. 396, 29. MA 280. C —. Depeyrot, p. 94, 9/3. [Aquileia, AD 319]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £9,250 ($16,000)

16654

Similar, but sometimes with obv. type d, and with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 684, 42-3. C —. Depeyrot, p. 146, 39/4-5. [Antioch, AD 324]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £9,250 ($16,000)

crisPus

16655

521

16657

16655

Gold solidus. Ej. Rev. — as 16653, but Crispus stands between two captives. RIC vii, p. 398, 36. MA 281. C 93. Depeyrot, p. 94, 11/3. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £9,250 ($16,000)

16655A

E, laur., dr. and cuir. bust l., holding Victory on globe and mappa. Rev. — Crispus, in military attire, stg. l., hd. r., holding standard and sceptre, another standard to r., mint mark AQ in ex. RIC vii, —. MA 282. C —. Depeyrot —. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

16656

C (but sometimes NOBILISS for NOB), f. Rev. — Crispus, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and spear, two additional standards to r., mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 468, 5-6. Cf. C 94-5. Depeyrot, p. 104, 2/2-3. [Sirmium, AD 320]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,000 ($17,500)

16657

fa. rev. SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., resting l. arm on column, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 178, 189. C 134. Depeyrot, p. 60, 27/4. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

16658

fa. rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, Victory advancing r. between two seated captives, holding wreath and palm, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 179, 191. C 144. Depeyrot, p. 59, 24/6. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,000 ($17,500)

16659

16659a

16659

c (sometimes noBiLiss for noB), f. rev. VICTORIA CRISPI CAES, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / X on shield set on knee, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 471, 23-4. C 145. Depeyrot, p. 105, 4/5-6. [Sirmium, AD 321]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

16659A

Fj. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. and star in r. field. RIC vii, —. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 147, 42/2 (CRISPI AVG in error). [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,000 ($17,500)

16660

Similar, but with obv. type f, the inscribed shield on rev. is supported by winged Genius, and with mint mark SIRM in ex., sometimes with dots on either side. RIC vii, pp. 471-2, 26 and 32. Cf. C 146. Depeyrot, p. 105, 5/1 and 6/2. [Sirmium, AD 321]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

16661

Fj. Rev. — as previous (without dots on either side of mint mark). RIC vii, p. 472, 35. C —. Depeyrot, p. 105, 6/3. [Sirmium, AD 321]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £9,250 ($16,000)

16662

fj. rev. VICTORIAE PERPETVAE, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / XX on shield set on knee and supported by winged Genius, mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot —. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £4,300 ($7,500) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

522

the rise of the house of constantine

16663

Gold solidus. fj. rev. VIRTVS CAESAR NN, Crispus on horseback galloping r., spearing enemy kneeling before him and holding shield, another enemy on ground beneath horse, mint mark S M N M in ex. RIC vii, p. 617, 104. C 164. Depeyrot, p. 128, 37/1. [Nicomedia, AD 325]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

16664

fj. rev. VIRTVS CAESARI N, as previous, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark B or ∆ (= 2 or 4). Cf. RIC vii, p. 515, 136. C —. Depeyrot, p. 113, 10/6. [Thessalonica, AD 324]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

16665

Fj. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by K, Γ, or M. ric vii, p. 614, 84-5. C —. Depeyrot, p. 128, 35/6. [Nicomedia, AD 325]. VF £4,300 ($7,500) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

16666 16666

16670

f (but caesar for caes), f. rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL, Mars advancing r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear and trophy over l. shoulder, mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. RIC vii, p. 501, 16. C —. Depeyrot, p. 112, 8/8. [Thessalonica, AD 317]. VF £4,300 ($7,500) / EF £10,250 ($18,000) NB There is also a 2-solidus multiple struck at Trier in AD 324, rev. FELIX PROGENIES CONSTANTINI AVG, Crispus and Constantine II clasping hands, Fausta standing between them (RIC 442); and a 1.5-solidus struck at Sirmium in AD 321, rev. FELIX ADVENTVS CAESS NN, Crispus on horseback (RIC 19); another struck at Nicomedia in 324, rev. VICTORIA AVG ET CAESS NN, Victory between two captives (RIC 56); and two others at Trier in 319-20, rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, ALAMANNIA or FRANCIA in ex., captive and trophy (RIC 237 and 240).

16667

Gold semissis. ae. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Crispus, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, no mint mark. RIC vii, p. 376, 112. C 89. Depeyrot, p. 74, 20/2. [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

16668

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua. f, b or e. rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), FRANCIA (in ex.), Francia, as mourning captive, seated l. on ground, hd. resting on r. hand, trophy and arms behind (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 196, 366. C 75. Depeyrot, p. 60, 28/8-9. [Trier, AD 321]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

16669

as 16667, but sometimes IVVENTVT for IVVENTVTIS. ric vii, p. 376, 111-12. cf. c 89. Depeyrot, p. 74, 20/5-6. [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

16670

fe. rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, Crispus, in military attire, stg. r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 179, 197. Cf. C 138. Depeyrot, p. 59, 26/6. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

16671

Silver multiple of 2 argentei (?). F, half-length laur., dr. and cuir. bust r., holding transverse spear in r. hand and Victory on globe in l. Rev. MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN, the three Monetae stg l., side by side, each holding scales and cornucopiae and with pile of metal at feet, mint mark M AQ in ex. RIC vii, p. 397, 32. MA 285. RSC 84a. [Aquileia, AD 319]. F £2,300 ($4,000) / VF £5,700 ($10,000) This type was struck to celebrate the New Year 319. NB This is an experimental denomination, or small medallion, later varieties of which are listed below.

crisPus

523

16672 16672

Silver multiple of 2 argentei (?). E, rad., dr. and cuir. bust l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l. Rev. VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R, cippus, inscribed XX / XXX / MVL / FEL in four lines, set on ornamented square base and surmounted by fire, L in l. field, mint mark AQ in ex. RIC vii, p. 403, 81. MA 286. RSC 183Aa. [Aquileia, AD 320-21]. F £2,300 ($4,000) / VF £5,700 ($10,000) This and the following type were issued to celebrate Constantine’s 15th anniversary of rule (quindecennalia). Similar types were struck also in the names of Licinius (see no. 15143), Constantine himself (see nos. 15818-20), and Constantine II Caesar (see Volume V, nos. 17070-71).

16673

Obv. Similar, but holding Victory on globe in r. hand and mappa in l. Rev. — as previous, but with stars on either side of column (no L in field) and with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 716, 158a (addenda). rsc 183ab. [Siscia, AD 320-21]. F £2,300 ($4,000) / VF £5,700 ($10,000)

16674

Silver miliarensis or 1⅓ siliquae (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable). Fb. Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantine stands l., in military attire, between similar, but shorter, figures of two of his sons, each resting on spear, mint mark THES in ex. RIC vii, p. 718, 140B (Addenda). RSC 70Ab. [Thessalonica, AD 325]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

16675

C (but CAESAR for CAES), b. Rev. — similar, but Constantine stands amidst three of his sons (one to l., two to r.) and with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 614, 89. RSC 70Aa. [Nicomedia, AD 325]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

16676

Billon reduced follis. ab. rev. CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P LN in ex., S — P in field. RIC vii, p. 103, 103. C 51. [London, AD 317]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16677

A or F, b or e. Rev. — as previous, but without letters in rev. field and with crescent to l. ric vii, p. 105, 127-30. c 51-2. [London, AD 318]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16678

F, b or e. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot before, and with T — F in field. RIC vii, pp. 175-6, 146, 150-52, and 156. c 52. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16679

E or F, b or e. Rev. — as previous, but with F — T instead of T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 177, 175-8 and 182. c 52. [Trier, AD 317-18]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16680

He. Rev. — Sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3), P in l. field. RIC vii, p. 372, 79. C —. [Ticinum, AD 317-18]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16675

16676

524

the rise of the house of constantine

16681

Billon reduced follis. crisPVs noBiL caes ( or caesar), b or bare-headed and cuir. bust r. rev. CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE, as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4), A in l. field. RIC vii, p. 307, 81-3. c 55. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16682

Fe. Rev. — Sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding globe and whip in l., mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and with T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 173, 124. c 53. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16683

De. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and eagletipped sceptre, another eagle at feet to l., captive seated on ground to r., mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark Γ (= 3), mark of value (?) X / IIΓ in r. field. RIC vii, p. 548, 53. c 77. [Heraclea, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) It has been suggested that the curious numerical formula in the reverse field indicates a revaluation of the follis from 25 to 121/2 denarii (cf. Carson, “Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 167). The revised chronology of this series is based on Pierre Bastien’s article “Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch” (Numismatic Chronicle 1973, pp. 87-97). See also the three following and nos. 15222-6, 15407-11, 15484-7, and 15949-53 (and Volume V, nos. 17124-7, for the corresponding issues of Constantine II).

16684

16686

16684

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark Γ (= 3). ric vii, p. 608, 48. c 77. [Nicomedia, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16685

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark Α-∆ (= 1-4). ric vii, p. 645, 17. c 77. [Cyzicus, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16686

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark Α or Β (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 708, 29. c 77. [Alexandria, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16687

fL Vn crisPVs no cas (sic), f. rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark S M N in ex., officina mark ∆ (= 4) in r. field, palm in l. ric vii, p. 604, 25. cf. c 78 (misdescribed). [Nicomedia, AD 317]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

16688

D, laur. and dr. bust l., holding mappa in r. hand and globe and sceptre in l. Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS, as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex., wreath in l. field, and officina mark Α-Η (= 1-8) in r. ric vii, p. 644, 10. c 80. [Cyzicus, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16689

As previous, but with captive at feet of Jupiter to l., mint mark S M ANT in ex., and officina mark A-ε, h, i, or ΓI (= 1-5, 8, 10, or 13) in r. field. RIC vii, p. 680, 28. C 81. [Antioch, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16690

Fa. Rev. — as previous, but with eagle instead of captive at feet of Jupiter to l., and with mint mark ALE in ex., K in l. field, and wreath and X above officina mark Α (= 1) in r. ric vii, p. 706, 20. C —. [Alexandria, AD 317]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

16691

Obv. As 16688. Rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark S M AL in ex., crescent in l. field, officina mark Α or Β (= 1or 2) in r. ric vii, p. 707, 24. c 79. [Alexandria, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

crisPus

16692

525

16695

16692

Billon reduced follis. f, b or e. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, crispus, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot before, and with T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 175, 140-42. c 91. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16693

Similar, but with obv. FL CL CRISPVS NOB CAES, e. RIC vii, p. 175, 138-9. C 92. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) The appearance of the name CL(audius) instead IVL(ius) is presumably in error: the engraver had probably been working on dies for the coinage of Constantine II.

16694

As 16692, but with F — T instead of T — F in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 177, 169-71. C 91. [Trier, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16695

a or f, b or e. rev. PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, Mars stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark P LN in ex., crescent in l. field. RIC vii, p. 105, 133-5. C 105 and 110. [London, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) NB on coins of this series Mars is usually clad in military attire, though sometimes he is depicted naked.

16696

Ae. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark Q (= 4), C — S in field. RIC vii, p. 248, 143. EMA 11/7. C 105. [Arles, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16697

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by officina mark ∆ (= 4) and with R — S in field. RIC vii, p. 243, 106. EMA 12/6. C 105. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16698

As 16696, but with R — S instead of C — S in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 247, 132. EMA 13/15. c 105. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16699

Ae. Rev. — as 16695, but with mint mark A in ex. preceded by officina mark Q (= 4), star within crescent between. RIC vii, p. 250, 161. EMA 14/6. C 105. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16700

B (but CAESAR for C), bare-headed and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as 16695, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2), star in l. field. RIC vii, p. 303, 60. C 107. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16701

B (but CAES or CAESAR for C) and sometimes the hd. is laur. Rev. — as previous, but officinae P, T, and Q (= 1, 3, and 4) also recorded, and with A instead of star in l. field. RIC vii, p. 308, 88-90. c 106-7. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16702

B (but CAES for C), b. Rev. — as previous, but Mars’ hd. is sometimes turned to l., and with wreath (sometimes containing T) instead of A in l. field (officina S = 2 only recorded). ric vii, pp. 309 and 313, 102-3 and 134-5. c 108. [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16702A

A (but CAESAR for CAES), e. Rev. — as 16695, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-ε (= 1-5). ric vii, p. 429, 39. c 106. [Siscia, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

526

the rise of the house of constantine

16702B

Billon reduced follis. a (but noBiLiss or noBiLissiMVs for noB), e. rev. PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, as previous, but with mint and officina marks • TS • Γ (-ε) • (= 3-5) in ex. RIC vii, p. 502, 20-21. C 109. [Thessalonica, AD 317-18]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

16703

As 16697, but with Mars stg. l., resting on shield and spear. RIC vii, p. 243, 107. EMA 12/4. C 100. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16704

A, b or e. Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark ARL in ex. is preceded by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vii, p. 247, 134-5. EMA 13/16-18. C 100. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16705

Ae. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark as 16699, sometimes also with P in l. or r. field. RIC vii, pp. 250-52, 162, 168, 172. EMA 14/7, cf. 15/3, 16/2. C 100. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16706

Ae. Rev. — as previous, but with captive seated l. or r. instead of star within crescent between officina and mint marks in ex., and officina P (= 1) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 253, 179 and 183. EMA 17/1 and 18/3. C 100. [Arles, AD 318-19]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16707

A, bare-headed, dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as 16703, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC vii, p. 370, 65. C 100. [Ticinum, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16708

A or H, b or e (sometimes bare-headed instead of laur.). Rev. — as previous, but also with P in l. field, and officina mark P (= 1) also recorded. RIC vii, p. 371, 73-8. C 100 and 104. [Ticinum, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16709

A, b or e. Rev. — as 16703, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). ric vii, p. 393, 9-10. Ma 287-8. c 100. [Aquileia, AD 317]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16710

Obv. As 16700, but obv. legend A also recorded. Rev. — as 16703, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and with star in r. field. RIC vii, p. 304, 61-2. c 100 and 102. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16711

Obv. As 16700. Rev. — as previous, but officina Q (= 4) only recorded, and with A in l. field (no star). ric vii, p. 308, 93. c 102. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16712

A, b (sometimes bare-headed). Rev. — as previous, but officinae S, T, and Q (= 2, 3, and 4) recorded (nothing in field). RIC vii, p. 308, 95-6. C 100. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16713 16713

A, b or e. Rev. — Mars advancing r., holding transverse spear and shield, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark Q (= 4), R — S in field. RIC vii, p. 247, 129-31. EMA 13/12-14. C 99. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16714

B (but CAES for C), b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4), A in l. field. RIC vii, p. 308, 87. C 99 var. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

crisPus

527

16715

Billon reduced follis. D, e or laur. and dr. bust l., holding mappa in r. hand and globe and sceptre in l. rev. PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark S M N in ex., officina mark A, Γ, ∆, ε or ς (= 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6) with dot above in r. field, palm in l. RIC vii, p. 604, 31-2. C 114. [Nicomedia, AD 317-20]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16716

D, laur. and dr. bust l., holding mappa in r. hand and globe and sceptre in l. Rev. — threeturreted gateway of military camp, mint mark M H T in ex. followed by officina mark Γ, sometimes with dots either side of the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 545, 18 and 23. c 115. [Heraclea, AD 317]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16717

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark Γ (= 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, or with one or two dots in r. field. RIC vii, pp. 546-7, 30, 35, 40, 44. c 115. [Heraclea, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16718

a or f, b or e. rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P LN in ex. and S — P in field. RIC vii, pp. 103-4, 113-16. C 136-7. [London, AD 317]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

16719

A, b or e. Rev. — Rev. — as previous, but also with + below the S in l. field. RIC vii, p. 104, 121-2. c 136. [London, AD 317]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) It is tempting to regard the cross in reverse field as an early instance of Christian symbolism on the Constantinian coinage.

16720 16720

As 16718, but with crescent in rev. field to l. and sometimes also with star to r. RIC vii, pp. 105-6, 142-4 and 152. c 136-7. [London, AD 318]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

16721 16721

Billon half follis. a, b or e. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENT, Crispus, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, no mint mark. RIC vii, p. 313, 137-8. C 87. [Rome, AD 318]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

16722

ae. rev. VICTORIA CAESS, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, no mint mark. RIC vii, p. 313, 141. C —. [Rome, AD 318]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

16723

Billon centenionalis. fa. rev. ALAMANNIA DEVICTA, Victory advancing r., holding trophy and palm, captive at feet, mint mark • SIRM • in ex. RIC vii, p. 475, 49. C 1. [Sirmium, AD 324-5]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £72 ($125) This type commemorates Crispus’ military successes in his campaigns against the Alamanni on the Rhine frontier.

16724

Bh. rev. BEAT TRANQLITAS (sic), altar, inscribed VOT / IS / XX in three lines, surmounted by globe with three stars above, mint mark P LON in ex., P — A in field. RIC vii, p. 111, 218. c 29. [London, AD 321]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

528

the rise of the house of constantine

16725

16727a

16725

Billon centenionalis. Bd. rev. BEAT TRANQLITAS, as previous, but with F — B in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 113, 250. C 27. [London, AD 322-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16726

B, d, h, or i. Rev. — as previous, but without letters in field. RIC vii, p. 114, 275, 279 and 281. c 27-9. [London, AD 322-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16727

Bh. rev. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, globe on altar, all as 16724. RIC vii, p. 110, 211. c 13. [London, AD 321]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16727A

Similar, but with obv. type g, and without letters in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 111, 229. C 12. [London, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16728

Hd. Rev. — globe on altar, as 16724, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), no letters in field. RIC vii, p. 191, 308. C 21. [Trier, AD 321]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16729

As previous, but the altar inscription on rev. is divided VO / TIS / XX. RIC vii, p. 191, 321. c 21. [Trier, AD 321]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16730

As previous, but with dot following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 194, 347. C 21. [Trier, AD 322]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16731

As previous, but also with dot preceding the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 197, 372. C 21. [Trier, AD 322-3]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16732

Similar, but with obv. type laur. and cuir. bust l., spear and shield on l. arm and holding hd. of horse by bridle with r. hand (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 197, 373. C 20. [Trier, AD 322-3]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200)

16733 var. 16733

H, laur. bust r., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. Rev. — as previous, but with crescent instead of dot following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 199, 399. C 19. [Trier, AD 323]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16734

Ab. Rev. — as 16729, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and C — R in field. RIC vii, p. 131, 133. Bastien 102. c 6. [Lugdunum, AD 321]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16735

CRISPVS N C COS II, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, p. 131, 138. Bastien 88. C 4. [Lugdunum, AD 321]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200)

16736

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but the altar inscription is divided VOT/ IS / XX. RIC vii, p. 133, 166. Bastien 145. c 5. [Lugdunum, AD 322-3] VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

crisPus

529

16737

Billon centenionalis. D N CRISPO NOB CAES, a. Rev. — as previous, but without C — R in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 134, 202. Bastien 159. C 25. [Lugdunum, AD 323]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

16738

aa. rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM • around VOT / V in two lines (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 508, 85. c 36. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16739

A, a or f. Rev. — as previous (no dot between M and C of inscription), but with mint mark TS VI below with officina mark ∆ (= 4) between. RIC vii, p. 509, 90-91. C 36-7. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) The numeral VI appearing after the mint and officina marks on this, and other Thessalonican types spanning the years 320-24, would appear to refer in some way to the value of this new denomination. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 239) suggests that “Constantine felt obliged to match the Licinian 6-scrupula standard of his folles and this indeed may be the significance of the numeral VI attached to the signature of the mint of Thessalonica”. However, this fails to explain the numeral VII which occurs on some issues (e.g. no. 16755).

16740

obv. as 16737. rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around VO / TIS / V in three lines, mint mark • P • L • in ex. RIC vii, p. 128, 95. Bastien 38. C 40 var. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

16741

D N IVL CRISPO N C, laur. and cuir. bust l., holding spear over l. shoulder and hd. of horse by bridle with r. hand. Rev. — as previous, but without the dots in mint mark. ric vii, p. 129, 100. Bastien 29. c 39 var. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200)

16742

aa. rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM • around VO / TIS / V / T • A (= officina 3 and mint mark) in four lines. RIC vii, p. 257, 210. EMA, p. 46, 25/3. C 36 var. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

16743

Similar (no dot between M and C of inscription), but the officina and mint marks are below an exergual line and have no dot between. RIC vii, p. 258, 220. EMA, p. 48, 27/5. C 36 var. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

16744

ha. rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around VOT / IS / V in three lines, mint and officina marks • Γ SIS • (= 3rd officina) below. RIC vii, p. 442, 142. C —. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16745

aa. rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines, mint mark AR below, no officina mark. RIC vii, p. 259, 225. C 30. EMA, p. 49, 29/3. [Arles, AD 321]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16746

Similar, but with mint mark A on rev. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 259, 230. C 30. EMA, p. 48, 28/3. [Arles, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16747

Similar, but with crescent, sometimes containing star, between officina and mint marks. RIC vii, p. 260, 235 and 241. C 30. EMA, p. 50, 30/3 and 31/3. [Arles, AD 321-22]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16748

A, a or e. Rev. — as 16745, but with mint mark AQ below the wreath, followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC vii, p. 402, 68-9. MA 296-7. C 30-31. [Aquileia, AD 320-21]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16749

A, b, e, or f. Rev. — as previous, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by dots. ric vii, p. 404, 87-90. Ma 299-301. c 31 and 33. [Aquileia, AD 321]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16750

Ae. Rev. — as 16745, but with mint mark R below the wreath followed by officina mark T (= 3) with ερωc (the first three letters in monogram) between. RIC vii, p. 319, 229. c 31. [Rome, AD 320-21]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

530 16751

the rise of the house of constantine CAESARVM NOSTRORVM, VOT V (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but without the ερωc between the mint and officina marks on rev. ric vii, p. 321, 234. c 31. [Rome, AD 321]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16752

G or H, a. Rev. — as 16745, but with mint mark SIS or SIS * below the wreath. RIC vii, p. 442, 145 and 147. c 34. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

16753

Ga. Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark SIS is preceded by officina mark B, Γ, ∆, or ε (= 2, 3, 4, or 5). ric vii, p. 443, 153. c 34. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16754

16759

16754

Similar, but with star following the mint mark, and officina A (= 1) also recorded. RIC vii, p. 444, 161. c 34. [Siscia, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16755

Aa. Rev. — as 16745, but with mint mark TS VII below the wreath, with officina mark ∆ (= 4) between. RIC vii, p. 510, 98. C 30. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70) See note following no. 16739.

16756

A, a or f. Rev. — as previous, but with VI instead of VII in mint mark. RIC vii, p. 511, 105-6. c 30 and 33. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

16757

Ff. Rev. — as previous, but also with star accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 512, 113. C 35. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

16758

Ff. Rev. — as 16756, but with star in the small wreath, or medallion, connecting the upper ends of the votive wreath. RIC vii, p. 512, 118. C 35. [Thessalonica, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16759

ga. rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around wreath enclosing VOT / X in two lines, mint mark P LON below followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 115, 291. C 44. [London, AD 323-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16760

As previous, but with mint mark TR below the wreath, preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 202, 431 and 440. C 44. [Trier, AD 323-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16761

As previous, but with mint mark P LG below the wreath followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 135, 210. Bastien 168. c 44. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16762 16762

Similar, but with C or (rarely) R instead of crescent following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 135, 213 and 215. Bastien 178 and 182. c 44. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

crisPus

531

16763

Billon centenionalis. Ff. Rev. — as previous (mint mark P LG C) but sometimes also with dot above the X within the wreath, or dots on either side of the X, sometimes with a third dot above. ric vii, p. 135, 216 and 220. Bastien 177. c 47. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16764

Aa. Rev. — as 16759, but with mint mark A below the wreath preceded by officina mark T (= 3) with crescent containing star between. Cf. RIC vii, p. 260, 244 (VOT V in error). C 41. EMA, p. 51, 31/6. [Arles, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16765

A, a, e, or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 261, 247-8. C 41-2. EMA, p. 51, 32/3-5. [Arles, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16766

A or F, a or b, e or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AR preceded by officina mark T (= 3) with star between. RIC vii, pp. 261-2, 254 and 259-60. C 41-2 and 46-7. EMA, p. 52, 33/4-7. [Arles, AD 322-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16767

Ae. Rev. — as 16759, but with mint and officina marks AQ S (= 2) flanked by dots below the wreath. RIC vii, p. 404, 97 and 99. MA 302 and 304. C 42. [Aquileia, AD 321]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16768

Similar, but with obv. type laur. and cuir. bust l., holding shield l. shoulder and hd. of horse by bridle with r. hand. RIC vii, p. 404, 98. MA 303. C 43. [Aquileia, AD 321]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200)

16769

As 16767, but the votive inscription is flanked by two branches. RIC vii, p. 405, 108. Ma 308. c 48. [Aquileia, AD 322]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16770

A, a or e. Rev. — as 16759, but with mint mark R below the wreath followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC vii, p. 321, 238-40. C 41-2. [Rome, AD 321]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16771

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but the votive inscription is flanked by two branches (officina mark S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 322, 246. C 41. [Rome, AD 322]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16772

Ga. Rev. — as 16759, but with mint mark SIS below the wreath, preceded by officina mark a-ε (= 1-5) and followed by star. RIC vii, p. 444, 165. C 44. [Siscia, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16773

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by double-crescent, thunderbolt, branch, wreath, or radiate semicircle. RIC vii, pp. 445-6, 169, 172, 175, 178, 181. C 44. [Siscia, AD 321-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16774 16774

Ff. Rev. — as 16759, but with mint mark TS VI below the wreath, with officina mark ∆ (= 4) between, and with star in the small wreath, or medallion, connecting the upper ends of the votive wreath. RIC vii, p. 512, 121. C 47. [Thessalonica, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16775

Similar, but without the small star at the top of the votive wreath. RIC vii, p. 513, 125. c 47. [Thessalonica, AD 324]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

532

the rise of the house of constantine

16776 16776

Billon centenionalis. No obv. legend, f. Rev. CRISPVS / CAESAR in two lines across field, star above, mint mark TR below preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 210, 488. LrBc i, 17. c 60 var. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16777

As previous, but with mint mark SIS preceded by officina mark ε (= 5) on rev. ric vii, p. 447, 190. LrBc i, 717. c 60. [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16778

As previous, but with mint mark S M TS followed by officina mark A (= 1) on rev. ric vii, p. 516, 142. LrBc i, 814. c 60 var. [Thessalonica, AD 325]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16779

As previous, but with mint mark S M H followed by officina mark A (= 1) on rev. ric vii, p. 551, 81. LrBc i, 870. c 60. [Heraclea, AD 325-6]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16780

As previous, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark ε (= 5) on rev. ric vii, p. 648, 31. LrBc i, 1162. c 60. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16781

As previous, but with mint mark S M ANT followed by officina mark B, ε, or Z (= 2, 5, or 7), sometimes with dot beneath. RIC vii, pp. 686-7, 53 and 58. LRBC I, 1323 and 1336. c 60. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16782

ab. rev. DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines, mint mark T below preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vii, p. 380, 153. c 64. [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16783

As previous, but with VOT / X instead of VOT / V within the wreath, and officina mark T (= 3) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 380, 156 and 159. LRBC I, 468. C 65. [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16784

Similar, but with dot accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 381, 164. LrBc i, 477 var. c 65. [Ticinum, AD 321-2]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

16785

Similar, but with crescent instead of dot accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath, and with officinae P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) preceding the mint mark. ric vii, p. 381, 170. LrBc i, 482. c 67. [Ticinum, AD 322-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16786

As previous, but with VOT / XX instead of VOT / X within the wreath, and officina mark Q (= 4) not recorded. RIC vii, p. 382, 175. LRBC I, 491 var. C —. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

16787

Similar, but with crescent above the votive inscription and H below, and officina mark T (= 3) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 384, 187. LRBC I, 492. C —. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16788

a, b or e. rev. DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS around wreath enclosing VOT / X in two lines, mint mark S M H below followed by officina mark B or Γ (= 2 or 3), sometimes also with star accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 549, 57-8 and 61. c 65 and 68. [Heraclea, AD 324]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

crisPus

533

16789

Billon centenionalis. a, a or b. rev. DOMINORVM NOSTRORVM CAESS around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines and star, mint mark T below preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vii, pp. 378-9, 134-5. Cf. C 69 (rev. misdescribed). [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16790

ad. rev. PAX PERPETVA, Pax stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, holding olive-branch in r. hand and transverse sceptre in l., l. arm resting on column, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4), P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 314, 144. C 86. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) PROVIDENTIAE CAES • (see no. 16807).

16791 16791

fe. rev. PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, two-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 116, 295. LRBC I, 4. C 124. [London, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) The mint of London was closed in the year following the introduction of this type, a victim of Constantine’s vastly expanded minting capacity following his victory over the eastern emperor Licinius in 324.

16792

F, e or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or s (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 205, 450-52. LrBc i, 15-16. c 124-5. [Trier, AD 324-5]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16793

Ff. Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is followed by crescent usually containing dot. ric vii, pp. 206 and 209, 462 and 477. LrBc i, 30. c 125. [Trier, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16794

F, e or f. Rev. — 16791, but with mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vii, p. 136, 227-8. LRBC I, 170-71. Bastien 185-6. c 124-5. [Lugdunum, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16795

Ff. Rev. — as previous, but also with dot under the arch of the gateway. RIC vii, —. LRBC I, —. Bastien 195. C 125. [Lugdunum, AD 325]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16796

A, E, or F, b, c, e, or f. Rev. — as 16791, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and star and sometimes followed by dot. RIC vii, pp. 263-4, 266-71 and 281. LRBC I, 277-81. EMA 34/3-9, 35/2-3. C 116-17, 122, and 124. [Arles, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16797

A, c or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 265, 287-8. LRBC I, 293. EMA 36/2-3. C 116-17. [Arles, AD 325-6]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

16798

F, e or f. Rev. — as16791, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4). ric vii, p. 325, 265-6. LrBc i, 504-5. c 124-5. [Rome, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16799

Ff. Rev. — as previous, but with wreath between the mint and officina marks, and officinae T and Q (= 3 and 4) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 330, 288. LRBC I, 517. C 125. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

534

the rise of the house of constantine

16800

Billon centenionalis. ga. rev. PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, as 16791, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark ∆ or ε (= 4 or 5). ric vii, p. 446, 184. LrBc i, 716. c 120. [Siscia, AD 324-5]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

16801

Similar, but with wreath following the mint mark and officina mark Γ (= 3) preceding it. ric vii, p. 448, 193. LrBc i, 732. c 120. [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

16802

Similar, but with dots preceding the officina mark (∆ or ε = 4 or 5) and following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 450, 201. LRBC I, 725. C 120. [Siscia, AD 326]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16803

Gb. Rev. — as 16791, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark Γ or

ε (= 3 or 5). ric vii, p. 519, 155. LrBc i, 813. c 119 var. [Thessalonica, AD 326].

VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16804

Af. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark Γ (= 3). ric vii, p. 551, 74. cf. LrBc i, 868. c 117 var. [Heraclea, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

16805

Ae. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 571, 8. LRBC I, 971. C 116 var. [Constantinople, AD 326]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16806

E or F, f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, or ς (= 1, 2, 3, or 6). ric vii, p. 615, 91-2. LrBc i, 1075-6. c 123 and 125. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16807

Ef. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M N in ex. followed by officina mark B or ∆ = 2 or 4 (rarely, the legend ends CAES • instead of CAESS). ric vii, pp. 620-21, 122 and 125. LrBc i, 1095-6. c 123. [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16808

Ff. Rev. — as 16791, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). ric vii, p. 647, 25. LrBc i, 1161. c 125. [Cyzicus, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16809

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark (officina Γ = 3 not recorded). ric vii, p. 649, 35-6. LrBc i, 1173. c 125. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16810

Similar, but also with dot preceding the mint mark (officinae Γ and ∆ = 3 and 4 only recorded). ric vii, p. 650, 45-6. LrBc i, 1180. c 125. [Cyzicus, AD 326]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16811

Ff. Rev. — as 16791, but with mint mark S M ANT in ex. followed by officina mark Γ, ∆, ε, ς, Z, H, or I (= 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10). RIC vii, p. 688, 64. LRBC I, 1335. C 125. [Antioch, AD 325-6]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16812

Similar, but also with dot under the arch of the gateway (officinae B, ∆, ε, Ζ, and Η = 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8 recorded). ric vii, p. 690, 72. LrBc i, 1322. c 125. [Antioch, AD 326]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

crisPus

16813

535

16814

16813

Billon centenionalis. Ff. Rev. — as 16791, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), rarely with dot under the arch of the gateway. RIC vii, p. 709, 35 and note. LrBc i, 1403. c 125. [Alexandria, AD 325-6]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16814

ad. rev. ROMAE AETERNAE, Roma seated r., holding on her knees shield inscribed X / V in two lines, another shield at her side, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 315, 152. C 127. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16815

Similar, but without P — R across rev. field and with mint and officina marks R and P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. with ερωc (the first three letters in monogram) between. RIC vii, p. 317, 197. c 127. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

16816

ad. rev. SAECVLI FELICITAS, garlanded cippus surmounted by shield inscribed AVG, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4) in ex., P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 315, 161. c 129. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

16817

A or G, a or laur bust r., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. Rev. SARMATIA DEVICTA, Victory advancing r., holding trophy and palm, captive at feet, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 202, 436-7. c 132. [Trier, AD 323-4]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200) This type commemorates Constantine’s success in his Danubian campaign against the Sarmatians in 322 just prior to the outbreak of the second civil war with Licinius.

16818

ge. rev. VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed VOT / P R in two lines, resting on altar inscribed either I or S, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5), sometimes between two dots, sometimes followed by star. RIC vii, pp. 435-6, 87 and 97. C 140. [Siscia, AD 319-20]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) The letter ‘I’ on the altar occurs at officinae Α and Β, ‘S’ at officinae Γ, ∆, and ε. The meaning of these letters is unclear. The reverse type is based on the Constantinian prototype struck in a superior alloy at Trier seven years before (see no. 15859).

16819

De. rev. VICTORIA CAESS NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks • TS • B or ε • (= 2 or 5) in ex. RIC vii, p. 506, 62. Cf. C 143. [Thessalonica, AD 319]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

16820

Ag. Rev. VICTORIAE LAET P P, two Victories, as 16818, but the altar is ornamented with star and with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 184, 231. C —. [Trier, AD 319]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16821

c (but crisPo for crisPVs), e. rev. VICTORIAE LAET PRINC PERP, as previous, but the altar is of varying design, the ornamentation often including X or star, and with two captives seated back to back in ex. RIC vii, p. 127, 74. Bastien 11. C 157. [Lugdunum, AD 319-20]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

536

the rise of the house of constantine

16822

16824

16822

Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with obv. type b, and with mint mark P — L either side of the seated captives on rev. ric vii, p. 128, 83. Bastien 24. c 155. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16823

Aa. Rev. — as 16820, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 256, 199. EMA, p. 45, 23/3. C 158. [Arles, AD 319-20]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16824

fe. rev. VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed VOT / P R in two lines, resting on altar ornamented with diamond pattern (◊) or wreath, mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vii, pp. 107-8, 164 and 174. c 152. [London, AD 319-20]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16825

Fg (sometimes dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but the altar is ornamented with star, and with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. 183, 217-18. C 151. [Trier, AD 319]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16826

C (but CRISPO for CRISPVS), b. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is plain or ornamented with diamond pattern (◊), and with mint mark A in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and star within crescent. RIC vii, —. EMA, p. 43, 19/5. C —. [Arles, AD 319]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16827

E, rad. dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is ornamented with C, and with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vii, p. 373, 93. cf. c 154. [Ticinum, AD 319]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16828

CRISPVS NOB CAESAR, e. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is plain, and with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark ε (= 5). ric vii, p. 432, 57. c 148. [Siscia, AD 318-19]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16829

Similar, but with dot following the mint mark, and officinae A-∆ (= 1-4) also recorded (altar sometimes ornamented with a variety of patterns). RIC vii, p. 433, 66. C 148. [Siscia, AD 319]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16830

H (sometimes ends CAESAR), d or e. Rev. — as previous, but with I on altar in officinae A and B, and with S in officinae Γ, ∆, and ε. ric vii, pp. 433-4, 76-8. c 149-50. [Siscia, AD 319]. VF £21 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

16831

Db. rev. VIRT EXERC, X-shaped plan of Roman camp (?) with Sol stg. l. at the centre, his r. hand raised, holding globe in l., mint mark and officina marks • TS • ε • (= 5) in ex. RIC vii, p. 507, 69. c 159. [Thessalonica, AD 319]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £350 ($600) The traditional explanation of this curious reverse type as a ‘plan of a camp’ seems unsatisfactory. The legend certainly indicates a military connection and perhaps the elaborate quadruple X-shape is intended to represent a series of defensive ditches. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 166) comes up with an alternative theory that “it is perhaps better to be regarded as a bird’s eye view of a monumental stepped-base surmounted by figure of Sol”.

16832

a, d, e, or i. rev. VIRTVS AVGG, gateway of military camp with three or four turrets, sometimes with doors closed, sometimes with open doors, and sometimes without doors, mint mark R followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex., P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 316, 17071, 180-81, and 191. c 160-61. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

crisPus

537

16833

Billon centenionalis. af. rev. VIRTVS CAESS, four-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, the doors wide open, mint mark ARL in ex. (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 265, 292. LRBC I, 294. EMA 36/6. C 163. [Arles, AD 325-6]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

16834

Fg. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCIT, trophy, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 109, 183. C —. [London, AD 320]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16835

A, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by dot (sometimes omitted) and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 186-7, 251 and 260-62. C —. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16836

16843

16836

A or H, d, g or i. Rev. — as previous, but with T — F in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 189, 284-6. C —. [Trier, AD 320-21]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16837

C (but CRISPO for CRISPVS), a or g. Rev. — as 16834, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and A — S in field. RIC vii, p. 129, 103-4. Bastien 42 and 44. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16838

Ab. Rev. — vexillum, inscribed VOT / X in two lines, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark AQ followed by officina mark T (= 3) in ex., S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 399, 41. c 167. Ma 289. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80)

16839

Similar, but with obv. type d. RIC vii, p. 399, 43. C 165. MA 290. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16840

H, b or d. Rev. — as 16838, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Α-ε (= 1-5) and followed by star, S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 438, 112-13. C 166. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16841

G or H, d. Rev. — as previous, but also with HL monogram in r. field and sometimes with star and crescent instead of star following mint mark in ex. RIC vii, pp. 439-40, 123-4 and 130-31. c 166. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16842

A or B, g (sometimes dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as 16838, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / XX and with mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 109, 187-9. C 172-3. [London, AD 320-21]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16843

Similar, but with mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vii, p. 109, 194-6. C 172-3. [London, AD 320-21]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80)

16844

A or H, d or g. Rev. — as 16842, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by dot (sometimes omitted) and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 186 and 188, 255 and 268-70. c 171-2 and 174. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16845

Similar, but with T — F in rev. field (no star). RIC vii, p. 189, 296-7. C 172 and 174. [Trier, AD 320-21]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

538

the rise of the house of constantine

16846 16846

Billon centenionalis. C (but CRISPO for CRISPVS), a, b, or g. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCIT, as 16842, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and A — S in field. RIC vii, p. 130, 108-10. Bastien 51 and 55-6. c 175-7. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16847

Similar, but obv. type e also recorded, and with C — R instead of A — S in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 130, 116-20. Bastien 68-71. c 175-7. [Lugdunum, AD 321]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16848

Aa. Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, p. 130, 121. Bastien 72. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 321]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80)

16849

E (but N C for NOB C), d. Rev. — as 16842, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, —. Cf. C 181. EMA, p. 46, 24/3. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16850

Ad. Rev. — as 16842, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). ric vii, p. 377, 117. c 169. [Ticinum, AD 319-20]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16851

Similar, but with star, crescent, or dot between the officina and mint marks. RIC vii, p. 377, 124. c 169. [Ticinum, AD 319-20]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16852

A, b or d. Rev. — as 16842, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3) and with S — F in field, sometimes also with dots preceding and following the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 400, 52-3 and 57A. MA 291-3. C 169. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16853

A, c or d. Rev. — as previous, but without the S — F in field and with Christogram (ChiRho monogram) to l. (officina P = 1 also recorded, no dots associated with mint mark). ric vii, p. 401, 60-61. Ma 294-5. cf. c 168-9. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) The Christogram in rev. field is an early reference to Constantine’s espousal of Christianity in AD 312 (see also nos. 15294, 15374, 15377A, 15379A, 15472, 15474 and 16324).

16854

Hb. Rev. — as 16842, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark Γ (= 3) and followed by star, S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 438, 111. C —. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16855

Hd. Rev. — as previous, but also with HL monogram in r. field. RIC vii, p. 439, 122. C 174. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16856

Ad. Rev. — as 16842, but with mint and officina marks • TS • ε • (= 5) in ex. RIC vii, p. 507, 73. c 169. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

16857

A, b or f. Rev. — as previous, but also with S — F in field, and officinae Γ and ∆ (= 3 and 4) also recorded. ric vii, p. 508, 77-8. c 168. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

16858

e or f, e. rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 505, 57-8. cf. c 189. [Thessalonica, AD 318-19]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

crisPus anD constantine ii

539

16859

Billon centenionalis. De. rev. VOT • V • / MVLT • X • / CAESS in three lines above mint and officina marks • TS • ε • (= 5), all within wreath. Cf. RIC vii, p. 504, 36. C 192. [Thessalonica, AD 318-19]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) There are several varieties of obv. type for this issue.

16860

ad. rev. VOT X / ET XV F in two lines above mint and officina marks R P (or S = 1 or 2) with ερωc (the first three letters in monogram) between, all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 318, 204. c 193. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

16861

Similar, but with mint and officina marks R P? (= 1) without ερωc between. RIC vii, —. c 193. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) The officina mark is uncertain.

16862

ad. rev. VOT / XV / FEL / XX in four lines above mint and officina marks R S (= 2), all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 318, 216. C 194. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) Another variety (RIC 222) has the reverse legend divided VOT / XV FEL / XX in three lines with the mint mark following XX on the third line (officina P = 1 also recorded).

16863 16863

Billon half centenionalis (?). hb. rev. VBERTAS SAECVLI, Moneta stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. 193, 335. C —. [Trier, AD 321-2]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

16864

fb. rev. VOT V CAESS NN within wreath (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 193, 339. C —. [Trier, AD 321-2]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

CRISPUS AND CONSTANTINE II 16865

Gold multiple of 1.5 solidi (c. 6.75 grams). CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS NOBB CC COSS II, laur. and dr. busts of Crispus r. and Constantine II l., face to face, holding Victory on globe between them and each holding short sceptre. Rev. GLORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed VOT / V, supported by kneeling barbarian captive between them, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 470, 20. c 1. [Sirmium, AD 321]. VF £14,300 ($25,000) / EF £34,500 ($60,000)

540

the rise of the house of constantine

DELMATIUS caesar under constantine i, 18 sep. ad 335–summer 337 16866 Flavius Julius Delmatius (also called Dalmatius) was born about AD 313, the son of Flavius Dalmatius and grandson of the Emperor Constantius I and his second wife Theodora. This large branch of the family was unpopular with the descendants of Constantius by his first wife Helena and was discriminated against by the sons of Constantine who saw them as a threat to the imperial succession. However, Constantine himself had a high regard for the military abilities of Delmatius’ father (the emperor’s half-brother) and in 334 gave him command against the Cypriot rebel Calocaerus who was subsequently executed at Tarsus in Cilicia. The following year the younger Delmatius was given the rank of Caesar in which position he joined the three surviving sons of Constantine, Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans. It appeared that the emperor was intending to re-establish a tetrarchic form of government following his death, surprising in view of the dismal failure of Diocletian’s similar experiment. Also promoted at this time was Delmatius’ younger brother Hanniballianus. He received the unconventional rank of Rex Regum (“King of Kings”) and with it nominal command over the important buffer-state of Armenia at a time when Constantine was proposing a massive campaign against the Sasanid Persians. The emperor’s sudden death in May, 337, put an end to these plans and also to the careers of Delmatius and Hanniballianus. During the three-month ‘interregnum’ which followed Constantine’s death the two unfortunate princes were both murdered, victims of their three cousins who regarded themselves as the only rightful heirs to the imperial throne. The following obverse legends occur: a. fL DaLMatiVs noB c B. fL DaLMatiVs noB caes c. fL DeLMatiVs noB c D. fL DeLMatiVs noB caes e. fL iVL DeLMatiVs noB c The following varieties of obverse type occur: a. Laur. and cuir. bust r. b. Laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. c. Diad. hd. r., looking upwards d. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. 16866

Gold solidus. Db. rev. DELMATIVS CAESAR, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 584, 98. C 1. Depeyrot, p. 117, 5/8. [Constantinople, AD 335]. VF £5,200 ($9,000) / EF £12,860 ($22,500)

16867

Db. rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Delmatius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in r. hand and sceptre in l., two additional standards to r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, —. C 15 var. Depeyrot, p. 63, 37/4. [Trier, AD 335-6]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

16868

Dd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TSε in ex. RIC vii, p. 528, 213. C 15. Depeyrot, p. 115, 16/7. [Thessalonica, AD 335]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

DeLMatius

16869

541

16874

16869

Gold solidus. Db. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 586, 113. C 15 var. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/10. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £5,200 ($9,000) / EF £12,860 ($22,500)

16870

Cb. Rev. — Delmatius, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 457, 247. Cf. C 16. Depeyrot, p. 103, 23/6. [Siscia, AD 335]. VF £6,300 ($11,000) / EF £15,700 ($27,500)

16871

Silver siliqua. No legend, c. Rev. DELMATIVS CAESAR, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. RIC vii, p. 560, 147. RSC 3b. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

16872

As previous, but with mint mark C followed by officina mark, dot between. RIC vii, p. 719, 136a (addenda). cf. rsc 3d. [Constantinople, AD 337]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) RIC quotes this type from a specimen in Sarajevo but does not record the officina.

16873

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 632, 186. RSC 3a. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

16874

As 16871, but with rev. legend DELMATIVS NOB CAESAR and mint mark TSε. ric vii, p. 528, 217. rsc 3c. [Thessalonica, AD 335-6]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

16875

Billon reduced centenionalis. Db. rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, two standards between them, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), uncertain symbol resembling pine-tree between the standards. RIC vii, p. 276, 391. LRBC I, 395. EMA, p. 67, 49/5. C 11. [Constantina/Arles, AD 335-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) NB In AD 330 the weight of the centenionalis was reduced to c. 2.5 grams. A final reduction to about 1.70 grams took place in the last year of Constantine’s reign and on the GLORIA EXERCITVS coinage the change was clearly marked by the depiction of a single standard between the soldiers instead of two.

16876

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), F between the standards. RIC vii, p. 409, 135. LRBC 666. MA 311. C 13. [Aquileia, AD 335-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16877

C or D, a or b. Rev. as 16875, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S or Q (= 2 or 4) with star between. RIC vii, p. 341, 368-9. LRBC 554-5. C 11-13. [Rome, AD 335-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16878

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, Γ, or ∆ (= 1, 3, or 4) with dots on either side. RIC vii, p. 456, 239. LRBC 753. C 13. [Siscia, AD 335-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

542

the rise of the house of constantine

16879

Billon reduced centenionalis. ab. rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, as 16875, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark B, Γ, or ∆ (= 2, 3, or 4). ric vii, p. 526, 202. LrBc 844. c 14 var. [Thessalonica, AD 335-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16880

Db. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark Γ (= 3) and star. ric vii, p. 560, 142. LrBc 932. c 11. [Heraclea, AD 335-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16881

Cb. Rev. — as 16875, but with mint mark CONS followed by officina mark I (= 10) and dot, sometimes also with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 582, 77 and 84. LRBC 1016 and 1021. c 13. [Constantinople, AD 335-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16882

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark ε (= 5). ric vii, p. 634, 194. LrBc 1124. c 14. [Nicomedia, AD 335-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16883

E. a or d. Rev. — as 16875, but with mint mark S M K in ex. preceded by star and followed by officina mark A or ∆ (= 1 or 4). ric vii, p. 658, 116-17. LrBc 1257-8. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 335-6]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £80 ($140)

16884

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark i (= 10). ric vii, p. 693, 90. LrBc 1362. c 12. [Antioch, AD 335-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16885

As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). ric vii, p. 712, 62. LrBc 1434. c 12. [Alexandria, AD 335-6]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16886

c or D, a or b. rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, one standard between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dots on either side. RIC vii, p. 223, 587-8 and 594-5. LrBc i, 91 and 96-7. c 4-7. [Trier, AD 336-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16887

16888

16887

Db. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) to l. of which is branch. RIC vii, p. 142, 288. Bastien 285 and 290. LRBC i, 237. c 6-7. [Lugdunum, AD 337]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16888

C or D, b. Rev. — as 16886, but with mint mark CONST preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), and with Christogram on standard (= labarum). RIC vii, p. 277, 398-9. LRBC I, 402, 402a. EMA, p. 68, 50/5-6. C 9-10. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

16889

Db. Rev. — as previous, but with X on standard. RIC vii, p. 277, 406. LRBC I, 408. EMA, p. 69, 51/5. C 6-7. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16890

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with O on standard. RIC vii, —. LRBC I, —. EMA, p. 70, 53/4. C 4-5. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16891

Cb. Rev. — as 16886, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. ric vii, p. 410, 142 and 147. LrBc 673 and 678. Ma 312-13. c 4-5. [Aquileia, AD 336-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

DeLMatius

543

16892

Billon reduced centenionalis. Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S, Q, or ε (= 2, 4, or 5) with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 344, 385. LrBc 562. c 4. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16893

Similar, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks, and officinae S, T, and Q (= 2, 3, and 4) recorded. RIC vii, p. 345, 395. LRBC 570. C 4. [Rome, AD 336-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16894

16895

16894

Cb. Rev. — as 16886, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B or ε (= 2 or 5). ric vii, p. 458, 256. LrBc 758. c 4-5. [Siscia, AD 336-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16895

Similar, but with star following the mint mark, and officinae A, B, and Γ (= 1, 2, and 3) recorded. ric vii, p. 460, 266. LrBc 764. c 4-5. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16896

A or C, b. Rev. — as 16886, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A- ε (= 1-5). ric vii, p. 529, 227-8. LrBc 850-51. c 4-5. [Thessalonica, AD 336-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16897

Db. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark Γ or ε (= 3 or 5). ric vii, p. 561, 155. LrBc 939. c 6-7. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16898

16902

16898

C or D, b. Rev. — as 16886, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark Θ or I (= 9 or 10), and sometimes with dot at end of legend. RIC vii, pp. 589-90, 141-2 and 153. LrBc 1032-3. c 4-7. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16899

B or C, b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark ∆ or ε (= 4 or 5). ric vii, p. 635, 203-4. LrBc 1129-29a. c 4-5. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

16900

E, a, b, or d. Rev. — as 16886, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-ε (= 1-5), and sometimes with dot between R and I of GLORIA. RIC vii, pp. 659-60, 131-3 and 144-6. LrBc 1269-70. c 8. [Cyzicus, AD 336-7]. VF £22 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

16901

ca. rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark ς, Z, Θ, or i (= 6, 7, 9, or 10). ric vii, p. 697, 112. LrBc 1367. c 4. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £18 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

16902

As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or ∆ (= 1, 2, or 4). ric vii, p. 712, 69. LrBc 1439. c 4. [Alexandria, AD 336-7]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

544

the rise of the house of constantine

HANNIBALLIANUS Rex, Nov. ad 335–summer 337 16903 Born about AD 314, Flavius Hanniballianus or Hannibalianus (also Annibalianus on the coinage) was the younger brother of Delmatius and thus the grandson of the Emperor Constantius I and nephew of Constantine I. In their youth, Hanniballianus and Delmatius were educated at Tolosa (Toulouse) by the rhetor Exsuperius of Bordeaux. However, they were kept very much in the background because of their descent from Theodora, step-daughter of the Emperor Maximian (from whose family the name Hanniballianus derived). Much to the chagrin of Constantine’s own sons, Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans, the emperor nevertheless seems to have favoured the two boys, probably out of regard for their father, his half-brother Dalmatius. This favour found expression both in the marriage of Hanniballianus to Constantine’s eldest daughter, Constantina, and, in September 335, Delmatius’ elevation to the imperial rank of Caesar. Just two months later, Hanniballianus himself received an unconventional appointment to the rank of Rex Regum (“King of Kings”). This gave him control over Pontus and Armenia, though as his residence was at Caesarea in Cappadocia it would seem that this control was only nominal and formed part of Constantine’s preparations for his projected invasion of the Sasanid Persian Empire. With the emperor’s sudden death in May, 337, the positions of Delmatius and Hanniballianus were immediately threatened and during the summer a dynastic purge took place which saw the executions of almost all the descendants of Constantius I and Theodora. The only exceptions were Nepotian, Constantius Gallus and Julian, all of whom were later to hold imperial office. The coinage of Hanniballianus, which was all produced at the mint of Constantinople, comprises just two denominations, an extremely rare silver siliqua, possibly dating to the time of his appointment in November, 335, and very scarce billon reduced centenionales all belonging to the period 336-7 following the weight reduction from c. 2.50 to 1.70 grams. 16903

Silver siliqua. fL anniBaLiano regi, bare-headed, dr. and cuir. bust r. rev. FELICITAS PVBLICA, the river-god Euphrates reclining l., holding fish in r. hand and rudder in l., l. arm resting on overturned urn from which water flows, reed growing in background, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 584, 100. RSC 1. [Constantinople, AD 335]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000) The appearance of the river-god Euphrates on Hanniballianus’ coinage doubtless refers to Constantine’s planned invasion of Sasanid Persia.

16904

Billon reduced centenionalis. obv. similar, but anniBaLLiano for anniBaLiano. rev. SECVRITAS PVBLICA, the river-god Euphrates reclining r., resting on sceptre, overturned urn at his side from which water flows, reed growing in background, mint mark CONS in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark ς (= 6). cf. ric vii, p. 589, 145-6. LrBc 1035. c 2 var. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

16905 16905

Similar, but HANNIBALLIANO for ANNIBALLIANO, and always with officina mark ς following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 589, 147. LRBC 1036. C 2. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £375 ($650)

(Continued in Volume V)

BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ON ROMAN COINS

Where a letter appears in brackets preceding the author’s name this indicates the abbreviation used in the catalogue listings in this book when referring to the work in question.

REPUBLICAN (B) BABELON, E. Description Historique et Chronologique des Monnaies de la République Romaine. 2 vols. 1885–6. BANTI, A. Corpus Nummorum Romanorum, Monetazione Repubblicana. 9 vols. 1980–1. BELLONI, G.G. Le Monete Romane dell’età Repubblicana. 1960. (BMCRR) GRUEBER, H.A. Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum. 3 vols. 1910 (revised edition 1970). BUTTREY, T.V. The Triumviral Portrait Gold of the Quattuorviri Monetales of 42 BC. 1956. CARSON, R.A.G. Principal Coins of the Romans. Vol. I. The Republic, c. 290–31 BC. 1978. COHEN, H. Description Générale des Monnaies de la République Romaine. 1857. CRAWFORD, M.H. Roman Republican Coin Hoards. 1969. CRAWFORD, M.H. Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic. 1985. (CRI) SEAR, D.R. The History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators, 49–27 BC. 1998. (CRR) SYDENHAM, E.A. The Coinage of the Roman Republic. 1952. HAEBERLIN, E.J. Aes Grave. Das Schwergeld Roms und Mittel Italiens. 2 vols. 1910. (ICC) THURLOW, B.K. and VECCHI, Italian Cast Coinage. 1979. PINK, K. The Triumviri Monetales and the Structure of the Coinage of the Roman Republic. 1952. ROLLAND, H. Numismatique de la République Romaine. 1924. (RRC) CRAWFORD, M.H. Roman Republican Coinage. 2 vols. 1974. (RRM) HARLAN, M. Roman Republican Moneyers and Their Coins, 63 BC–49 BC. 1995. (RSC) SEABY, H.A. Roman Silver Coins. Vol. I. Republic–Augustus. 3rd edition. 1978. SYDENHAM, E.A. Aes Grave. 1926. THOMSEN, R. Early Roman Coinage. A Study of the Chronology. 3 vols. 1957–61.

IMPERIAL AKERMAN, J.Y. Coins of the Romans relating to Britain. 1844. ALFÖLDI, A. & E. and CLAY, C.L. Die Kontorniat-Medaillons. 2 vols. 1976. ASKEW, G. The Coinage of Roman Britain. 2nd edition. 1980. BALDUS, H.R. Uranius Antoninus – Münzprägung und Geschichte. 1971. BANTI, A. I Grande Bronzi Imperiali. 9 vols. 1983–6.

546

BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ON ROMAN COINS

BANTI, A. and SIMONETTI, L. Corpus Nummorum Romanorum. 18 vols. 1972–8. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de Magnence (350–353). 1964. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de Bronze de Postume. 1967. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon. De la réouverture de l’Atelier par Aurélien à la mort de Carin (fin 274–285). 1976. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon. Dioclétien et ses corégents avant la Réforme Monétaire (285–294). 1972. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon. De la Réforme de Dioclétien à la fermeture temporaire de l’Atelier en 316 (294–316). 1980. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon. De la réouverture de l’Atelier en 318 à la mort de Constantin (318–337). 1982. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon. De la mort de Constantin à la mort to Julien (337–363). 1985. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon du règne de Jovien à la mort de Jovin (363–413). 1987. BASTIEN, P. and HUVELIN, H. Trouvaille de Folles de la Periode Constantinienne (307–317). 1969. BASTIEN, P. and METZGER, C. Le Trésor de Beaurains (dit d’Arras). 1977. BASTIEN, P. and VASSELLE, F. Le Trésor Monetaire de Domqueur (Somme). 1965. BESLEY, E. and BLAND, R. The Cunetio Treasure, Roman Coinage of the Third Century AD. 1983. BLAND, R. (editor). The Chalfont Hoard and other Roman Coin Hoards. 1992. BLAND, R. and BURNETT, A. (editors). The Normanby Hoard and other Roman Coin Hoards. 1988. (BMCRE) Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum. Vol. I. Augustus–Vitellius, by H. Mattingly. 1923 (revised edition 1976). Vol. II. Vespasian–Domitian, by H. Mattingly. 1930 (revised edition 1976). Vol. III. Nerva–Hadrian, by H. Mattingly. 1936 (revised edition 1966). Vol. IV. Antoninus Pius–Commodus, by H. Mattingly. 1940 (revised edition, in 2 vols., 1968). Vol. V. Pertinax–Elagabalus, by H. Mattingly. 2 vols. 1950 (revised edition in 2 vols., 1976). Vol. VI. Severus Alexander–Balbinus and Pupienus, by R.A.G. Carson. 1962. BREGLIA, L. Roman Imperial Coins, Their Art and Technique. 1968. BRUCK, G. Die Spätrömische Kupferprägung. 1961. (C) COHEN, H. Description Historique des Monnaies frappées sous l’Empire Romain. 2nd edition. 8 vols. 1880–92. CARRADICE, I. Coinage and Finances in the Reign of Domitian, AD 81–96. 1983. CARSON, R.A.G. Principal Coins of the Romans. Vol. 2. The Principate, 31 BC–AD 296. 1979. CARSON, R.A.G. Principal Coins of the Romans. Vol. 3. The Dominate, AD 294–498. 1981. CARSON, R.A.G., HILL, P.V. and KENT, J.P.C. Late Roman Bronze Coinage, AD 324–498. 1960. CASEY, P.J. Roman Coinage in Britain. 1980. CAYÓN, J.R. Los Sestercios del Imperio Romano. 1984. Vol. I. De Pompeyo Magno a Matidia (del 81 a.C. al 117 d.C.). Vol. II. De Adriano a Faustina Madre (del 117 d.C. al 161 d.C.). Vol. III. De Marco Aurelio a Caracalla (del 161 d.C. al 217 d.C.). (CBN) GIARD, J.-P. Catalogue des Monnaies de l’Empire Romain. Vol. I. Auguste. 1976 (revised edition 1988). Vol. II. De Tibère à Néron. 1988 Vol. III. Du Soulèvement de 68 après J.-C. à Nerva. 1998. (CSS) HILL, P.V. The Coinage of Septimius Severus and his Family of the Mint of Rome, AD 193–217. 1977. EDDY, S.K. The Minting of Antoniniani AD 238–249 and the Smyrna Hoard. 1967. FRANKE, P.R. and HIRMER, M. Römische Kaiserporträts im Münzbild. 3rd edition. 1972. FROEHNER, W. Medaillons de l’Empire Romain. 1878. GILLJAM, H.H. Antoniniani und Aurei des Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus, Gegenkaiser des Postumus. 1982.

BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ON ROMAN COINS

547

GNECCHI, F. The Coin Types of Imperial Rome. 1908. GNECCHI, F. I Medaglioni Romani. 3 vols. 1912. GÖBL, R. Regalianus und Dryantilla. 1970. GRANT, M. Roman Anniversary Issues: an exploratory study of the numismatic and medallic commemoration of anniversary years, 49 B.C.–A.D. 375. 1950. GRANT, M. Roman Imperial Money. 1954. GRANT, M. Roman History from Coins: some uses of the Imperial coinage to the historian. 1958. GRANT, M. The Six Main Aes Coinages of Augustus. 1953. GRIERSON, P. and MAYS, M. Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, from Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. 1992. GRUEBER, H.A. Roman Medallions in the British Museum. 1874. HAHN, W. Moneta Imperii Romani-Byzantini: Die Ostprägung des Römischen Reiches im 5. Jahrhundert (408–491). 1989. HILL, P.V. ‘Barbarous Radiates’ – Imitations of Third-Century Roman Coins. 1949. KING, C.E. (see SEABY, H.A., Roman Silver Coins, Vol. V). KRAAY, C.M. The Aes Coinage of Galba. 1956. MAC DOWALL, D.W. The Western Coinages of Nero. 1979. MARTIN, P.-H. Die Anonymen Münzen des Jahres 68 nach Christus. 1974. MAURICE, J. Numismatique Constantinienne. 3 vols. 1908–12. MAZZINI, G. Monete Imperiali Romane. 5 vols. 1957–8. METCALF, W.E. The Cistophori of Hadrian. 1980. MILLER, D. Coins of Roman Britain. 1976. (MIR) Moneta Imperii Romani. Vols. 2 and 3. Die Münzprägung der Kaiser Tiberius und Caius (Caligula) 14/41, by W. Szaivert. 1984. Vol. 18. Die Münzprägung der Kaiser Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus und Commodus (161/192), by W. Szaivert. 1986. Vol. 27. Die Münzprägung des Kaisers Maximinus I Thrax (235/238), by M. Alram. 1989. Vol. 47. Die Münzprägung des Kaisers Aurelianus (270/275), by R. Göbl. 2 vols.1995. MONTENEGRO, E. Monete Imperiali Romane. 1988. (MPN) BLAND, R.F., BURNETT, A.M., BENDALL, S. The Mints of Pescennius Niger. 1987. REECE, R. Coinage in Roman Britain. 1987. (RIC) Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. I. Augustus–Vitellius, by H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham. 1923 (revised edition 1984 by C.H.V. Sutherland). Vol. II. Vespasian–Hadrian, by H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham. 1926. Vol. III. Antoninus Pius–Commodus, by H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham. 1930. Vol. IV, part I. Pertinax–Geta, by H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham. 1936. Vol. IV, part II. Macrinus–Pupienus, by H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham and C.H.V. Sutherland. 1938. Vol. IV, part III. Gordian III–Uranius Antoninus, by H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham and C.H.V. Sutherland. 1949. Vol. V, part I. Valerian–Florian, by P.H. Webb. 1927. Vol. V, part II. Probus–Amandus, by P.H. Webb. 1933. Vol. VI. Diocletian–Maximinus, by C.H.V. Sutherland. 1967. Vol. VII. Constantine and Licinius, by P.M. Bruun. 1966. Vol. VIII. The Family of Constantine, by J.P.C. Kent. 1981. Vol. IX. Valentinian I–Theodosius I, by J.W.E. Pearce. 1951. Vol. X. The Divided Empire and the Fall of the Western Parts, AD 395–491, by J.P.C. Kent. 1994. ROBERTSON, A.S. Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet, University of Glasgow. Vol. I. Augustus–Nerva. 1962. Vol. II. Trajan–Commodus. 1971. Vol. III. Pertinax–Aemilian. 1977.

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Vol. IV. Valerian I–Allectus. 1978. Vol. V. Diocletian (Reform)–Zeno. 1982. RODEWALD, C. Money in the Age of Tiberius. 1976. (RSC) SEABY, H.A. Roman Silver Coins. Vol. I. The Republic–Augustus. 3rd edition. 1978. Vol. II. Tiberius–Commodus. 3rd edition. 1979. Vol. III. Pertinax–Balbinus and Pupienus. 2nd edition. 1982. Vol. IV. Gordian III–Postumus. 2nd edition. 1982. Vol. V. Carausius–Romulus Augustus (by C.E. King). 1987. SABATIER, J. Medaillons Contorniates. 1860. SCHULTE, B. Die Goldprägung der Gallischen Kaiser von Postumus bis Tetricus. 1983. SHIEL, N. The Episode of Carausius and Allectus. 1977. STRACK, P.L. Untersuchungen zur Römischen Reichsprägung des Zweiten Jahrhunderts. 3 vols. 1931–7. SUTHERLAND, C.H.V. Romano-British Imitations of Bronze Coins of Claudius I. 1935. SUTHERLAND, C.H.V. Coinage and Currency in Roman Britain. 1937. SUTHERLAND, C.H.V. Coinage in Roman Imperial Policy, 31 BC–AD 68. 1951. SUTHERLAND, C.H.V. The Emperor and the Coinage: Julio-Claudian Studies. 1976. SUTHERLAND, C.H.V. and KRAAY, C.M. Catalogue of Coins of the Roman Empire in the Ashmolean Museum. Part I. Augustus. 1975. SUTHERLAND, C.H.V., OLCAY, N. and MERRINGTON, K.E. The Cistophori of Augustus. 1970. SYDENHAM, E.A. The Coinage of Nero. 1920. SYDENHAM, E.A. Historical References on Coins of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Gallienus. 1917. (T) THIRION, M. Les Monnaies d’Elagabale. 1968. TOYNBEE, J.M.C. Roman Historical Portraits. 1978. TOYNBEE, J.M.C. Roman Medallions. 1944. TRILLMICH, W. Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius. 1978. TURNER, P.J. Roman Coins from India. 1989. (UCR) HILL, P.V. The Dating and Arrangement of the Undated Coins of Rome, AD 98–148. 1970. ULRICH-BANSA, O. Moneta Mediolanensis. 1947. VAGI, D.L. Coinage and History of the Roman Empire. 2 vols. 1999. VAN METER, D. The Handbook of Roman Imperial Coins. 1991. VOETTER, O. Die Münzen der Römischen Kaiser, Kaiserinnen und Caesaren von Diocletianus bis Romulus (284–476). 1921. WEBB, P.H. The Reign and Coinage of Carausius. 1908.

PROVINCIAL BELLINGER, A.R. The Syrian Tetradrachms of Caracalla and Macrinus. 1940. (BMCG) Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. 29 vols. 1873–1927. (BMCG Supplement) CHRISTIANSEN, E. Coins of Alexandria and the Nomes, a Supplement to the British Museum Catalogue. 1991. BUTCHER, K. Roman Provincial Coins: an Introduction to the Greek Imperials. 1988. (Cologne) GEISSEN, A. and WEISER, W. Katalog Alexandrinischer Kaisermünzen der Sammlung des Instituts für Altertumskunde der Universität zu Köln. 5 vols. 1974–83. CURTIS, J.W. The Tetradrachms of Roman Egypt. 1957 (reprinted with supplements 1990). (Dattari) DATTARI, G. Monete Imperiali Greche. Numi Augg. Alexandrini. 2 vols. 1901. Die Antiken Münzen Nord-Griechenlands. Vol. I. Dacien und Moesien, by B. Pick and K. Regling. 2 parts, 1898 and 1910. Vol. II. Thrakien, by M.L. Strack. 1912. Vol. III. Makedonia und Paionia, by H. Gaebler. 2 parts, 1906 and 1935. FORRER, L., The Weber Collection of Greek Coins. 3 vols. 1922–9.

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GRANT, M. From Imperium to Auctoritas: a historical study of the aes coinage in the Roman Empire, 49 BC–AD 14. 1946. GRANT, M. Aspects of the Principate of Tiberius: historical comments on the colonial coinage issued outside Spain. 1950. GROSE, S.W. Catalogue of the McClean Collection of Greek Coins (Fitzwilliam Museum). 3 vols. 1923–9. HEAD, B.V. Historia Numorum. 2nd edition. 1911. HEISS, A. Description Général des Monnaies Antiques de l’Espagne. 1870. HOWGEGO, C.J. Greek Imperial Countermarks, Studies in the Provincial Coinage of the Roman Empire. 1985. KADMAN, L. Corpus Nummorum Palaestinensium. Vol. I. The Coins of Aelia Capitolina. 1956. Vol. II. The Coins of Caesarea Maritima. 1957. Vol. IV. The Coins of Akko Ptolemais. 1961. KRAFT, K. Das System der Kaiserzeitlichen Münzprägung in Kleinasien, Materialien und Entwürfe. 1972. LINDGREN, H.C. Ancient Greek Bronze Coins: European Mints. 1989. LINDGREN, H.C. and KOVACS, F.L. Ancient Bronze Coins of Asia Minor and the Levant. 1985. MACDONALD, G. Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection, University of Glasgow. 1899–1905. (Milne) MILNE, J.G. Catalogue of Alexandrian Coins, University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum. 1933 (revised edition 1971 with supplement by C.M. Kraay). MIONNET, T.-E. Description des Médailles antiques, grecques et Romaines. 1806–8 (supplement 1819–37). MULLER, L. Numismatique de l’Ancienne Afrique. 1860–3. ROSENBERGER, M. City-Coins of Palestine. 3 vols. 1972–7. ROSENBERGER, M. The Coinage of Eastern Palestine. 1978. (RPC) Roman Provincial Coinage. Vol. I. From the Death of Caesar to the Death of Vitellius, 44 BC–AD 69. 2 vols. 1992 (Supplement 1998). Vol. II. From Vespasian to Domitian, AD 69–96. 2 vols. 1999. SEAR, D.R.From GreekGordian ImperialI to Coins and Their Values. 1982. Vol. VII. Gordian III, AD 238-244. Part 1, Province of Asia. 2006. SPIJKERMAN, A. The CoinsCoins of theand Decapolis and Provincia SEAR, D.R. Greek Imperial Their Values. 1982. Arabia. 1978. SUTHERLAND, and ofKRAAY, C.M. and Catalogue of Arabia. Coins of1978. the Roman Empire in the SPIJKERMAN, A.C.H.V. The Coins the Decapolis Provincia Ashmolean Museum. 1975. Catalogue of Coins of the Roman Empire in the SUTHERLAND, C.H.V.Part andI. Augustus. KRAAY, C.M. SVORONOS, J.N. Numismatique de la Crète Ashmolean Museum. Part I. Augustus. 1975.Ancienne. 1890. SYDENHAM, E.A.Numismatique The Coinage of in Cappadocia. SVORONOS, J.N. deCaesarea la Crète Ancienne. 1890. 1933. Sylloge Nummorum SYDENHAM, E.A. Graecorum. The Coinage of Caesarea in Cappadocia. 1933. Danish Series. The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Copenhagen. 43 parts, Danish Series. In The Royal1942–77. Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, German Series. Sammlung Aulock. In 18 parts. 1957–68. Copenhagen. In 43 parts,von 1942–77. Switzerland. Levante–Cilicia. (Supplement 1993). German Series. Sammlung von1986 Aulock. In 18 parts. 1957–68. VON FRITZE, H. Die Antiken Münzen Mysiens: Adramytion–Kisthene. 1913. Switzerland. Levante–Cilicia. 1986 (Supplement 1993). WADDINGTON, W.H., BABELON, E. and REINACH, T. Recueil1913. Général des Monnaies VON FRITZE, H. Die Antiken Münzen Mysiens: Adramytion–Kisthene. Grecques d’AsieW.H., Mineure. 4 vols. 1904–12. WADDINGTON, BABELON, E. and REINACH, T. Recueil Général des Monnaies WRUCK, W.d’Asie Die Syrische Provinzialprägung Grecques Mineure. 4 vols. 1904–12. von Augustus bis Traian. 1931. WRUCK, W. Die Syrische Provinzialprägung von Augustus bis Traian. 1931.

GENERAL GENERAL AKERMAN, J.Y. A Descriptive Catalogue of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins. 2 vols. 1834. AKERMAN, A Descriptive Catalogue of Rare and Unedited 2 vols. 1834. BOYNE, W. AJ.Y. Manual of Roman Coins; from the Earliest PeriodRoman to the Coins. Extinction of the Empire; BOYNE, W. AGuide. Manual of Roman the Earliest Period to the Extinction of the Empire; with Rarity 1865 (revisedCoins; reprintfrom 1968). with Rarity Guide. 1865 (revised reprint 1968). BRITISH MUSEUM. A Guide to the Exhibition of Roman Coins in the British Museum. 1963. BRITISH MUSEUM. A in Guide to the Exhibition of Roman Coins in the British Museum. 1963. BURNETT, A. Coinage the Roman World. 1987. BURNETT, A. Coinage in the Roman World. 1987.

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FOSS, C. Roman Historical Coins. 1988. GNECCHI, F. Roman Coins: Elementary Manual. 1903. HILL, G.F. Historical Roman Coins. 1909. HILL, G.F. Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins. 1899. JONES, J. MELVILLE. A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins. 1990. KENT, J.P.C. and HIRMER, M. and A. Roman Coins. 1978. LEVY, BOB (with Introduction by David R. Sear). From the Coin’s Point of View. 1993. MATTINGLY, H. Roman Coins from the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire. 2nd edition. 1960. MILNE, J.G. Greek and Roman Coins and the Study of History. 1939. MOMMSEN, T. Die Geschichte des RömischenMünzwesens. 1860 (reprinted edition 1956). PENN, R.G. Medicine on Ancient Greek and Roman Coins. 1994. SEAR, D.R. The Emperors of Rome and Byzantium. 2nd edition. 1981. STEVENSON, S.W. A Dictionary of Roman Coins. 1889 (reprinted edition 1964). SUTHERLAND, C.H.V. Roman Coins. 1974.

INDEX TO VOLUME IV ABBREVIATIONS ALEXANDER, usurper in North Africa, AD 308-10 ALEXANDRIAN COINAGE of Diocletian Domitius Domitianus Maximian Constantius I Galerius Maximian ALLECTUS, usurper in Britain, AD 293-6 ANONYMOUS ISSUES UNDER MAXIMINUS II RELATED TO THE FINAL PERSECUTION OF THE CHRISTIANS BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ON ROMAN COINS CARAUSIUS, usurper in Britain and N.W. Gaul, AD 286-93 “CARAUSIUS AND HIS BROTHERS” (CARAUSIUS, DIOCLETIAN, AND MAXIMIAN) CLAUDIUS II GOTHICUS (see under Divus Claudius II Gothicus) CONDITIONS OF COINS CONSTANTIA, wife of Licinius and half-sister of Constantine I CONSTANTINE I, THE GREAT, as Caesar under Severus II, etc., AD 306-7 (306-10 in the East) As Filius Augustorum under Galerius and Licinius, AD 309-10 As Augustus, AD 307 (310 in the East)-337 CONSTANTINE I, issues in honour of Divus Claudius II Gothicus Issues in honour of Divus Maximian Issues in honour of Divus Constantius I CONSTANTINE I, CONSTANTINE II AND CONSTANTIUS II CONSTANTINE I, CRISPUS AND CONSTANTINE II CONSTANTINE I, CRISPUS AND CONSTANTIUS II CONSTANTINOPOLIS, issues under Constantine I CONSTANTIUS I, as Caesar under Maximian, AD 293-305 Alexandrian coinage As Augustus, AD 305-6 (see also under Divus Constantius I) CONSTANTIUS AND GALERIUS CAESARS CRISPUS, Caesar under Constantine I, AD 316/17-26 CRISPUS AND CONSTANTINE II DELMATIUS, Caesar under Constantine I, AD 335-7 DIOCLETIAN, AD 284-305 Alexandrian coinage Post-abdication coinage DIOCLETIAN AND MAXIMIAN DIOCLETIAN AND CONSTANTIUS I DIOCLETIAN AND GALERIUS MAXIMIAN DIVUS CLAUDIUS II GOTHICUS, † AD 270, issues under Constantine I DIVUS CONSTANTIUS I, † AD 306, issues under Maxentius Issues under Constantine I DIVUS GALERIUS MAXIMIAN, † AD 311, issues under Maximinus II Issues under Maxentius Issues under Licinius

p. 74 nos. 15078-90 nos. 12851-913 nos. 12982-7 nos. 13332-88 nos. 14118-51 nos. 14432-67 nos. 13775-879 nos. 14927-34 p. 545 nos. 13482-766 nos. 13767-74 p. 74 no. 16633 nos. 15488-578 nos. 15579-90 nos. 15591-16376 nos. 16385-99 nos. 16400-13 nos. 16414-43 nos. 16382-4 nos. 16377-80 no. 16381 nos. 16444-86 nos. 13880-14117 nos. 14118-51 nos. 14152-97 no. 14198 nos. 16634-864 no. 16865 nos. 16866-902 nos. 12501-850 nos. 12851-913 no. 12914-63 nos. 12964-72 nos. 12973-4 no. 12975 nos. 16385-99 nos. 15062-9 nos. 16414-43 nos. 14921-6 nos. 15070-77 nos. 15387-8

552

INDEX TO VOLUME IV

DIVUS MAXIMIAN, † AD 310, issues under Maxentius Issues under Constantine I DIVUS ROMULUS, † AD 309, issues under Maxentius DOMITIUS DOMITIANUS, usurper in Egypt, AD 296-7

nos. 15055-61 nos. 16400-13 nos. 15045-54 nos. 12976-87

FAUSTA, wife of Constantine I, as Nobilissima Femina, AD 307-24 As Augusta, AD 324-6

nos. 16533-4 nos. 16535-82

GALERIA VALERIA, wife of Galerius Maximian GALERIUS MAXIMIAN, as Caesar under Diocletian, AD 293-305 Alexandrian coinage As Augustus, AD 305-11 (see also under Divus Galerius Maximian) GLOSSARY

nos. 14583-609 nos. 14199-431 nos. 14432-67 nos. 14468-582 p. 8

HANNIBALLIANUS, Rex under Constantine I, AD 335-7 HELENA, mother of Constantine I, as Nobilissima Femina, c. AD 318-324 As Augusta, AD 324-9

nos. 16903-5 no. 16583 nos. 16584-632

INTRODUCTION LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS LICINIUS, AD 308-24 LICINIUS, issues in honour of Divus Galerius Maximian LICINIUS AND CONSTANTINE I LICINIUS AND LICINIUS JUNIOR LICINIUS JUNIOR, Caesar under Licinius, AD 317-24 LICINIUS JUNIOR AND CONSTANTINE II

p. 5 p. 15 nos. 15091-382 nos. 15387-8 no. 15383 nos. 15384-6 nos. 15389-480 no. 15481

MARTINIAN, co-emperor with Licinius, AD 324 nos. 15484-7 MAXENTIUS, as Caesar and Princeps Invictus, AD 306-7 nos. 14935-44 As Augustus, AD 307-12 nos. 14945-15044 MAXENTIUS, issues in honour of Divus Romulus nos. 15045-54 Issues in honour of Divus Maximian nos. 15055-61 Issues in honour of Divus Constantius I nos. 15062-9 Issues in honour of Divus Galerius Maximian nos. 15070-77 MAXIMIAN, first reign, AD 286-305 nos. 12988-13331 Alexandrian coinage nos. 13332-88 Post-abdication coinage no. 13389-420 MAXIMIAN, second reign, AD 306-8 nos. 13421-80 MAXIMIAN AND GALERIUS MAXIMIAN no. 13481 MAXIMINUS II, as Caesar under Galerius Maximian, AD 305-10 nos. 14684-802 MAXIMINUS II, as Filius Augustorum under Galerius and Licinius, AD 309-10 nos. 14803-5 MAXIMINUS II, as Augustus, AD 310-13 nos. 14806-920 MAXIMINUS II, issues in honour of Divus Galerius Maximian nos. 14921-6 Anonymous issues related to the final persecution of the Christians nos. 14927-34 POST-ABDICATION COINAGE of Diocletian Of Maximian SEVERUS II, as Caesar under Constantius I, AD 305-6 SEVERUS II, as Augustus, AD 306-7 SEVERUS II AND MAXIMINUS II CAESARS URBS ROMA, issues under Constantine I VALENS, co-emperor with Licinius, AD 316-17

nos. 12914-63 nos. 13389-420 nos. 14610-52 nos. 14653-82 no. 14683 nos. 16487-532 nos. 15482-3