Roman and Celtic Objects from Anglo-Saxon Graves: A catalogue and an interpretation of their use 9781407318110, 9780860545477

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Abbreviations used in Text and Catalogue
Abbreviations used in Bibliography
List of Ilustrations
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Penannular Brooches
Chapter 3. Other Brooches
Chapter 4. Buckles and Belt sets
Chapter 5. Coins
Chapter 6. Personal Dress Accessories
Chapter 7. Vessels
Chapter 8. Accessory Objects
Chapter 9. Discussion
Appendix 1: Catalogue and Gazetteer
Appendix 2: Incidence of Decapitation in Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries
Bibliography
Figures
List of Sites on Maps
Maps

Citation preview

Roman and Celtic Objects from Anglo-Saxon Graves A catalogue and an interpretation of their use

Roger H. White

BAR British Series 191 1988

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 191, 1988: 'Roman and Celtic Objects from Anglo-Saxon Graves'

©

Roger H. White, 1988

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860545477 paperback ISBN 9781407318110 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860545477 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

Conten ts .

Abb rev iat ions u sed i n t ext a nd c a ta logue . Abb rev iat ions u sed i n b ib l iography . L ist o f I lustrat ions . A cknow ledgements . 1 .

I ntroduct ion .

1 .

2 .

P enannular b rooches .

6 .

3 .

O ther b rooche s .

2 6 .

4 .

B uck les a nd B e l t s ets .

4 6 .

5 .

Co ins .

6 2 .

6 .

P er sona l D ress A ccessor ies .

1 02 .

7 .

V esse l s .

1 13 .

8 .

A ccessory o b jects .

1 37 .

9 .

D iscuss ion .

1 52 .

Append ix 1 . Catalogue a nd Gazetteer .

1 67 .

Append ix 2 . I nc idence o f D ecap itat ion s i n A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies .

2 33 .

B ibl iography .

2 35 .

I lustrat ions .

2 57 .

L ist o f S i tes o n maps .

3 55 .

Maps .

3 57 .

Abbrev iat ions u sed i n T ext a nd Cata logue .

a bv

a bove

d ec

d ecorated

Ag

s i lver

d i st

d i sturbed

AM

A shmo lean Museum

D o .

D or set

A -S

A ng lo-Saxon

E .

e ast

( un )ass

( un )assoc iated

e d (s )

e d itor (s )

a ssn

a ssoc iat ion

e nam

e name l led

Au

g o ld

e sc

e scutcheon

Av .

Avon

E . S x .

E as t S ussex

BA

B ronze Age

E x .

E ssex

BB

B lack B urn ished

e xcvns

e xcavat ions

B d .

B edfordsh ire

F e

i ron

B ek .

B erksh ire

F ig .

F igure

b lw

b e low

f l ex

f l exed

BM MLA

B r itsh Museum , D ept . Med .

f rag (s )

f ragment (s )

S cL ater A nt iqu it ies .

G l .

G loucester sh ire

b r

b rooch

g l

g lass

b twn

b etween

H&W

H ereford & Worcester

b u

b uck le

H a .

H ampsh ire

B u .

B uck inghamsh ire

h d

h ead

CA

c opper a l loy

H e .

H ertfordsh ire

Ca .

Cambr idgesh ire

Hm

H umbers ide

CM AA

Cambr idge Museum o f

H .o .0

H ouse o f Constant ine

A rchaeo l . & Anth .

H .o .V .

H ouse o f V a lent in ian

c ont

c ont inued

Hu .

H unt ingdonsh ire

c rchd

c rouched

I A

I ron Age

Db .

D erbysh ire

i l l

i l lustrat ion

d b le

d oub le

i nc

i nclud ing

I . o .W .

I s le o f W ight

p erf

p erforated

K n .

K ent

p er s . c omm. p er sona l c ommun ica t ion

k n

k n ife

P l .

P late

L

l eft

p l

p late

L e .

L e icester sh ire

P r iv . P r .

P r ivate ly P r inted

l ge

l arge

p ro

p ronate

L i .

L inco lnsh ire

p r (s )

p a ir (s )

LM

L iverpoo l Museum

QBS

q uo i t b rooch s ty le

m/ f

m icrof iche

q ty

q uant ity

mnt (s )

mount (s )

R .

r ight

mod

modern

r ect

r ectangu lar

N

n orth

r ems

r ema ins

n .

n ote

r g

r i ng

N b .

N orthumber land

R o

R oman

N f .

N or fo lk

R u .

R ut landsh ire

N h .

N orthampton

S .

s outh

n o .

n umber

S f .

S uffo lk

N ot .

N ott inghamsh ire

s h ldr (s )

s hou lder s

n r

n ear

sm l

sma l l

N . Yo .

N orth Y orksh ire

S n

T in

o b j

o b ject

s ng l

s i ng le

o penwk

o penwork

S o .

S omer set

o pp

o ppos ite

s p

s p ind le

Ox .

O xfordsh ire

S r .

S urrey

P b

l ead

S t .

S taffordsh ire

p b ln

p ubl icat ion

s up

s up ine

p ce/pcs

p iece/p ieces

S x .

S ussex

t r iang

t r iangu lar

W i .

W i ltsh ire

v

v ery

Wo .

Worcester sh ire

W .

w est

W .Sx

West S ussex

Wa .

Warw icksh ire

x t ian

C hr ist ian

w ie

w ood c ut

Y o .

Y orksh ire

Abbrev iat ions u sed i n B ib l iography . A rchaeo log ia . A rchaeo log ia C ant iana . A rchaeo log ica l J ourna l . A nt iquar ies J ourna l . B r it ish A rchaeo log ica l R eports , B r it i sh S er ies . B r it ish A rchaeo log ica l R eports , S upp lementary S er ies . B edfordsh ire A rchaeo log ica l J ourna l . B d . A rchaeo l . J . B e r k s h i r e A r c h a e o l o g i c a l J o u r n a l . B erks . A rchaeo l . J . B er ichten d e s R öm isch-German ische B er . R -G Komm . K o rnm iss ion . B r it . B r itann ia . B r it ish Museum Quarter ly . B r it . Mus . Q . B er ichten v an d e R i jkesd ienst v oo r h et B .R .O .B . o udhe idkund ig B odemonderzoek . B u l let in o f t he B oa rd o f C e l t ic S tud ies . B u l l . B oard C e l t . S tud . B ul l . B r it . Mus . N at . H ist . B u l let in o f t he B r it ish Museum N atura l H istory ( Geo l . ) . ( Geo logy ) . C . A nt iq . S .Q to . P b ln . C ambr idge A nt iquar ian S oc iety , Quarto N . S er . p ub l ica t ions , n ew s er ies . C . A nt iq S . C omm . Cambr idge A nt iquar ian S oc iety C ommun icat ions . C l . B r it . A rchaeo l . R es . R ep . C ounc i l f or B r it ish A rchaeo logy , R esearch R eport . C o lchester A rchaeo l . R ep . C o lches ter A rchaeo log ica l R eports . Curr . A rchaeo l . C urrent A rchaeo logy . Db . A rchaeo l . J . D erby sh ire A rchaeo log ica l J ourna l . D iss . A rch . Gand . D issertat iones A rchaeo log icae Ganden ses . E .A . A rchaeo l . E ast A ng l ian A rchaeo logy . I n st . A rchaeo l . B u l l . I n st itute o f A rchaeo logy B u l let in . J . B r it . A rchaeo l . A ssn . J ourna l o f t he B r it ish A rchaeo log ica l A ssoc iat ion . J . R . A nth . I n st . J ourna l o f t he R oya l A nthropo log ica l I n st itute . J .R .G .Z .M . J arhbuch d es R öm isch-German i schen Z entra lmuseums Ma inz . J .R .S . A nt iq . I . J ourna l o f t he R oya l S oc iety o f A nt iquar ies , I r e land . L incs . H ist . d cA rchaeo l . L inco lnsh ire H istory a nd A rchaeo logy . Med . A rchaeo l . Med ieva l A rchaeo logy . N f . A rchaeo l . N orfo lk A rchaeo logy . O cc . P . L incs . H ist . A rchaeo l . O ccas iona l p apers i n L inco lnsh ire H istory a nd A rchaeo logy . O .U . C tte . A rchaeo l . O xford U n iver s ity C omm ittee f or A rchaeo logy . Oxon . O xon iens ia . P . P r . H ants . F .C . t S c P aper s a nd P roceed ings o f t he H ampsh ire A rchaeo l . S . F ie ld C lub a nd A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety . P r . C . A nt iq . S . P roceed ings o f t he C ambr idge A nt iquar ian S oc iety . P r . D o . A rchaeo l . S . P roceed ings o f t he D or set A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety . P r . D o . N at . H ist . A rchaeo l . S . P roceed ings o f t he D or set N atura l H istory a nd A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety . P r . H ants . F .C . A rchaeo l . S . P roceed ing s o f t he H ampsh ire F ie ld C lub a nd A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety .

A rch . A rch . Cant . A rchaeo l . J . A nt iq . J . B .A .R . B r it . S er . B .A .R . S upp . S er .

P roceed ings o f t he P reh istor ic S oc iety . P roceed ing s o f t he R oya l I r i sh A cademy . P roceed ing s o f t he S oc iety o f A nt iquar ies , F irst ( Second ) S er ies . P roceed ing s o f t he S oc iety o f A nt iquar ies , P r . S . A nt iq . S cot . S cot land . P roceed ing s o f t he S uffo lk I n st itute o f P r . S f . I n st . A rchaeo l . A rchaeo logy . .P roceed ing s o f t he S omer set A rchaeo log ica l P r . S om . A rchaeo l . N at . H ist . S a nd N atura l H istory S oc iety . R . A rchaeo l . I n st . ( Mono . ) R oya l A rchaeo log ica l I n st itute ( Monograph . ) R eports o f t he P eterborough N atura l H istory , R ep . P eterborough N at . H ist . , S e i . , A rchaeo l . S . S c ient if ic a nd A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety . R ep . R es . C tte . S . A nt iq . L . R eports o f t he R esearch C ommi ttee o f t he S oc iety o f A nt iquar ies , L ondon . S r . A rchaeo l . Co l . ( Res . R ep . ) S urrey A rchaeo log ica l C o l lect ions ( Research R eport ) . S x . A rchaeo l . Co l . S ussex A rchaeo log ica l C o l lect ions . S . A nt iq . N . Mono . S er . S oc iety o f A nt iquar ies ( Newcast le ) Monograph S er ies . T . B irm . & War . A rchaeo l . S . T ran sact ions o f t he B irm ingham a nd Warw icksh ire A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety . T . B r i sto l G l . A rchaeo l . S . T ran sact ions o f t he B r i sto l a nd G loucester A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety . T . B urton N at . H ist . & T ransact ions o f t he B urton N atura l H istory A rchaeo l . S . a nd A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety . T . D artford D ist . A rchaeo l . S . T ran sact ions o f t he D artford a nd D istr ict A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety . T . E x . A rchaeo l . S . T ran sact ion s o f t he E ssex A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety . T . H erts . N at . H ist . S . T ran sact ions o f t he H ertfordsh ire N atura l H istory S oc iety . T . L e ics . A rchaeo l . S . T ran sact ions o f t he L e icester sh ire A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety . T . L e ics . A rchaeo l . H ist . S . T ran sact ions o f t he L e icester sh ire A rchaeo log ica l a nd H istor ica l S oc iety . T . N ewbury & D ist . F . C . T ran sact ions o f t he N ewbury a nd D istr ict F ie ld C lub . V .C .H . V ictor ia C ounty H istory . W . M id lands A rchaeo l . W . M id lands A rchaeo log ica l N ews letter . N ews letter . W i lts . A rchaeo l . M . W i ltsh ire A rchaeo log ica l Magaz ine . Y orks . A rchaeo l . J . Y orksh ire A rchaeo log ica l J ourna l . Y ork U n iv . A rchaeo l . P b ln . Y ork U n ivers ity A rchaeo log ica l P ub l ica t ion . P r . P reh ist . S . P r . R . I .A . P r . S . A nt iq . i st ( 2nd ) S er .

L ist o fI l lu strat ions .

F igure 1 .

P enannular b rooche s C lass A a ( 1-5 ) , A l ( 6 ) , A 3 ( 7 ) , A 4 ( 8 ) .

F igu re 2 .

P enannular b rooches C lass A 5 ( 1 ) , B( 2-3 ) , Ca ( 4-6 ) .

F igure 3 .

P enannu lar b rooches C lass C a .

F igure 4 .

P enannu lar b rooche s C lass C a ( 1-8 ) a nd Cb ( 9-10) .

F igure 5 .

P enannu lar b rooche s C lass Cb .

F igure 6 .

P enannular b rooche s C lass Cb ( 1-6 ) a nd D .

F igure 7 .

P enannular b rooche s C lass D 4 ( 1-2 ) , D 5 ( 3-4 ) , D 6 ( 5-6 ) , C lass E ( 7 ) .

F igure 8 .

P enannular b rooche s C lass E ( 1-5 ) a nd D ( 6 ) .

F igure 9 .

P enannular b rooches C lass F .

F igure 1 0 .

P enannular b rooches C lass F ( 1-2 ) , F l ( 3 ) , H( 4 ) . Copper a l loy mount f ragment ( 5 ) .

F igure 1 1 .

P enannu lar b rooche s C lass G .

F igure 1 2 .

P enannu lar b rooche s C lass G ( 1-5 ) , a nnular b rooch ?( 6 ) .

F igure 1 3 .

H istogram s how ing q uant ity a nd u se o f p enannu lar b rooches i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves

F igure 1 4 .

R oman D isc b rooches .

F igure 1 5 .

Roman D isc b rooche s .

F igure 1 6 .

R oman D isc b rooche s ( 1-2 ) , P late b rooche s ( 3-7 ) .

F igure 1 7 .

Roman P late b rooche s ( 1-3 ) , B ow b rooches ( 4-7 ) .

F igure 1 8 .

R oman B ow b rooche s .

F igure 1 9 .

Roman b ow b rooche s ( 1-3 ) , d er ived b ow b rooches ( 4-7 ) .

F igure 2 0 .

B ow a nd r e lated b rooche s .

F igure 2 1 .

E nclosed f oot b rooches ( 1-2 ) , R ing b rooche s ( 3-4 ) , o ther b rooche s ( 5-6 ) .

F igure 2 2 .

A ng lo-Saxon b ow b rooche s ( 1-3 ) , Quo it b rooch s ty le p enannular b rooches ( 4-6 ) , Q uo it b rooch s ty le d isc b rooches ( 7-8 ) .

F igure 2 3 .

Q uo it b rooche s d ecorated i n t he Q uo i t b rooch s ty le ( 1-3 , 5 ) , c onverted b e lt p late b rooch (4 ) .

F igure 2 4 .

B uck le g roups A l -B 3 .

F igure 2 5 .

C omp lete b e lt s ets , e ar ly f i fth c entury .

F igure 2 6 .

C omp lete b e l t s ets , e ar ly f i fth c entury .

F igure 2 7 .

C omp lete b e lt s ets , e ar ly f i f th c entury .

F igure 2 8 .

L ate R oman b uck les G roup A l ( 1-5 ) , G roup A 2a ( 6-7 ) .

F igure 2 9 .

L ate R oman b uck les G roup A 2a ( 1 ) , A 2b ( 2-6 ) .

F igure 3 0 .

L ate R oman b uck les G roup A 2b ( 1-2 ) , A 2c ( 3-4 ) , A 4 ) 5 -6 ) , B i ( 7 ) a nd B 2 ( 8 ) .

F igure 3 1 .

L ate R oman b uck les G roup B 2 ( 1-6 ) , B 3 ( 7 ) .

F igure 3 2 .

L ate R oman b uck les G roup B 3 .

F igure 3 3 .

L ate R oman b uck les G roup B 3 ( 1-2 ) , S trap e nds ( 3-6 ) .

F igure 3 4 .

L ate R oman s trap e nds ( 1-3 ) , B e l t s t iffener s ( 4-6 ) .

F igure 3 5 .

R osette b e l t mount ( 1 ) , B r it i sh z oomorph ic b uck les ( 2-4 ) .

F igure 3 6 .

Q uo it b rooch s ty le B e l t s et ( 1 ) , b uck le p lates ( 2-4 , 6 ) , b e l t s l ide ( 5 ) .

F igure 3 7 .

Q uo it b rooch s ty le b e l t s et ( 1 ) , b e lt p late ( 2 &4 ) , s trap e nd ( 3 & 5 ) , p endant ( 6 ) , mounts ( 7 ) .

F igure 3 8 .

Muck ing I 1 17 , Quo it b rooch s ty le B e l t s et .

F igure 3 9 .

Quo it b rooch s ty le d ecorated s tr ip ( 1 ) , S trap d i str ibutor ( 2 ) .

F igure 4 0 .

Quo it b rooch s ty le o rnamenta l mount .

F igure 4 1 .

F r i lford 1 04 g rave g roup . AM 1 886 1 428 , i iv .

F igure 4 2 .

Quo it b rooch s ty le b e l t s ets .

F igure 4 3 .

B r ighthampton 2 2 , c o in a nd b ead n eck lace .

F igure 4 4 .

Co in we ights ( obver se ) . D over I C , BM MLA 1 963 1 1-8 , 7 56 .

F igure 4 5 .

Co in we ights ( reverse ) . D over I C , BM MLA 1 963 1 1-8 , 7 56 .

F igure 4 6 .

H istogra m t o s how i nc idence o f R oman c o ins i ng raves b y I s sue P er iod ( after R eece 1 972 ) . T ota l : 4 69 g raves .

F igure 4 7 .

C o in h i stogram f or G adebr idge P ark v i l la , a fter N ea l 1 974 , F ig .

F igure 4 8 .

C o in H istograms f rom A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies .

F igure 4 9 .

H istogram t o s how f requency i n g raves b y s ex .

5 2 .

F igure 5 0 .

R oman f i nger r i ngs .

F igu re 5 1 .

R oman f i nger r i ngs ( 1-8 ) , i ntag l ios ( 9-11 ) .

F igu re 5 2 .

I ron A ge p in ( 1 ) , R oman p ins ( 2-9 ) , A ng lo-Saxon p ins ( 10-12 ) .

F igure 5 3 .

C e l t ic p ins .

F igure 5 4 .

G lass A rm lets .

F igure 5 5 .

G lass a rm lets ( 1-3 ) , R oman c opper a l loy b race lets ( 4-5 ) .

F igure 5 6 .

L ate o r p ost R oman c opper a l loy b race lets .

F igure 5 7 .

R oman c opper a l loy b race lets ( 1-4 ) , S ha le b race let (5) .

F igure 5 8 .

R oman c opper a l loy b race lets .

F igure 5 9 .

R oman f l agon , waterco lour b y H .G . F aussett .

F igure 6 0 .

R oman j ars u sed a s A ng lo-Saxon c re mat ion v esse ls .

F igure 6 1 .

R oman ?u rn , waterco lour b y H .G . F aussett .

F igure 6 2 .

S am ian d i sh , i nk a nd w aterco lour s ketch b y B ?F au ssett .

F igure 6 3 .

R oman p ottery v essel s .

F igure 6 4 .

R oman v esse l s ( 1-3 ) , I mported v esse l ( 4 ) , ' s ub-Roman ' v esse l s ( 5-7 ) .

F igure 6 5 .

' s ub-Roman ' v esse ls ( 1-2 ) , p oss ib le R oman v essel s ( 3-5 ) .

F igure 6 6 .

P oss ib le R oman v esse l , waterco lour b y H .G . F aussett .

F igure 6 7 .

C remat ion u rn ( 1 ) , a pp l ique ( 2 ) , h ang ing b ow l e scutcheon ( 3 ) , e name l led s tud ( 4 ) .

F igure 6 8 .

H ang ing b ow l e scutcheon s ( 1-3 ) , c opper a l loy v esse l ( 4 ) .

F igure 6 9 .

I r chester b ow l ( 1 ) , b ass in u n i ( 2 ) , R oman d i sh ( 3 ) .

F igure 7 0 .

Ga l lo-Roman b ucket .

F igure 7 1

G al lo-Roman v esse l f ragment r eused a s A ng lo-Saxon h orn mount .

a nd 7 2 . F igure 7 3 .

R oman c opper a loy v esse ls .

F igure 7 4 .

R oman G lass v essel s .

F igure 7 5 .

R oman G lass v esse l s .

F igure 7 6 .

R oman G lass v esse l s .

F igure 7 7 .

R oman G lass v esse ls .

F igu re 7 8 .

I mported G lass v esse ls .

F igure 7 9 .

A ng lo-Saxon s poons .

F igure 8 0 .

R oman s poon s .

F igure 8 1 .

R oman s poons .

F igure 8 2 .

R oman s poon ( 1 ) , R oman k eys ( 2-3 ) .

F igure 8 3 .

R oman k eys .

F igure 8 4 .

R oman k eys .

F igure 8 5 .

R oman c lasp k n ife h and les ( 1-3 ) , modern ?k n ife h and le ( 4 ) , mart inga les ( 5-7 ) , p ha lera mount ( 8 ) .

F igure 8 6 .

R oman h or se e qu ipment .

F igure 8 7 .

T errets ( 1-6 ) , s quare l i nk ( 7 ) .

F igure 8 8 .

R oman a nd I ron Age T errets ( 1-4 ) , B r id le a ttachmen t a nd r i ng ( 5 ) .

F igure 8 9 .

R oman m irror .

F igure 9 0 .

R oman m irror ( 1 ) , s ea l b ox l i ds ( 2-3 ) , A ng lo-Saxon b e l ls ( 4-5 ) .

F igure 9 1 .

C opper a l loy R oman b e l ls ( 1-2 ) , b one i n lay ( 3 ) .

F igure 9 2 .

B one i n lay ( 1 ) , R oman amu lets ( 2-4 ) .

F igure 9 3 .

B race lets ( 1-2 ) , m i sce l laneous o b jects ( 3-5 ) .

F igure 9 4 .

G erman ic a nd A ng lo-Saxon b rooch t ypes a nd c onte mporary i m i tat ions u s ing R oman b rooches .

F igure 9 5 .

A ng lo-Saxon s tra iner s poon a nd c rysta l b a l l i n s l ing s a nd c ontemporary i m itat ion u s ing R oman s poon a nd s uspended o ak g a l l .

F igure 9 6 .

A ng lo-Saxon g ird le h anger a nd c onte mporary i m itat ion u s ing t erret a nd k ey .

F igure 9 7 .

C ont inenta l p ottery v esse l s a nd c onte mporary i m i tat ions u s ing I ron Age a nd e ar ly R oman v esse l s .

F igure 9 8 .

H istograms s how ing q uant ity o f R oman o b jects t hrough t ime a t West S tow , S f . A ng lo-Saxon s ett lemen t .

A cknow ledgemen ts . T h is w ork i s s ubstant ia l ly t he s ame a s t he t hes is o f t he s ame t i t le s ubm i tted f or t he d egree o f D octor o f P h i losophy a t t he U n iver s ity o f L iverpoo l i n J anuary , 1 987 . Ih ave c arr ied o ut a n e xtens ive r ev i s ion o f i ti n t he i n terven ing p er iod b ut h ave b een u nab le t o c on s ider s evera l r eports w h ich h ave c ome o ut s ince t hat d ate . I n p art icu lar , V .L E v ison 's r eport o n t he c emetery a t D over , B uck land a nd t he r eports o n t he c emeter ies a t S pong H i l l ( vo lume I V ) , Morn ing T horpe a nd B ury S t E dmunds h ave a l l b een u ncons idered . T h is v o lume t hu s s upercedes my t hes is . I t i s t he h appy d uty o f t hose f i n i sh ing a t hes is t o a cknow ledge t he h e lp a nd a dv ice , b oth a cadem ic a nd p ersona l , t hat t hey h ave r ece ived i n t he c ourse o f w r it ing a nd work ing . Iwou ld l i ke t o t hank S .C . H awkes , who t hrough h er p ersona l a ss istant G . G ra inger , a l lowed me a ccess t o t he u npub l ished c emeter ies a t K ing sworthy a nd O z inge l l . G . G ra inger a l so a l lowed me a ccess t o h i s e xcavat ions a t C as t ledyke a nd G reat Casterton . D . M i les o f t he O xford A rchaeo log ica l Un it a l lowed me t o v iew t he f i nds f rom t he u npub l ished c emetery a t B er insf ie ld a nd D . B rown s upp l ied me w ith d raw ings b oth f rom t h i s s i te a nd f rom B r ighthampton . M . We lch s upp l ied me c op ies o f h i s own d raw ing s o f t he mater ia l f rom App ledown a nd G . K ins ley o f t he T rent a nd P eak A rchaeo log ica l T rust s upp l ied i nformat ion o n t he f i nds f rom W i l loughbyo nthe-Wo lds . K . A nnab le s upp l ied me w ith n otes a nd a p hotog raph o f t he f inds f rom P ewsey . S . B utcher a nd M . G reen h ave b oth c orresponded w ith me o n t he s ub ject o f t he Whee l-B rooch f rom E ly F ie lds F arm a nd G . L loyd-Morgan d i scussed t he m irror s i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves w ith me i n c orrespondance . R . R eece w as k ind e nough t o d iscuss w ith me t he c o in f inds f rom A ng lo-Saxon g raves a nd L . Watts s upp l ied d eta i ls o f t he u npubl ished e xcavat ions a t P agan ' s H i l l . T he h e lp o f a l l t hese s cho lars h as b een most g ratefu l ly r ece ived b ut I w ou ld make i tc lear t ha t t he o p in ions a nd m is interpretat ions o f t he ir d a ta a re p ure ly my own . I n a dd it ion , Ih ave c arr ied o ut p r imary r esearch o n t he c o l lect ions h e ld b y t he B r it ish Museum , L iverpoo l Museum, t he A shmo lean Museum , O xford , t he Cambr idge Museu m o f A rchaeo logy a nd A nthropo logy , A b ingdon Museum a nd I psw ich Museum . Iwou ld l i ke t o t ake t he o pportun ity h ere o f t hank ing t he k eeper s o f t hese r espect ive c o l lect ions f or p erm i ss ion t o v iew t he mater ia l h e ld i n t he ir c are : L . Web ster , E . S outhworth , D . B rown , M . C ra t ster , N . H ood a nd H . F e ldman . I n p a rt icu lar , L esl ie Webster a nd D av id B rown o ffered much a dv ice o n t he mater ia l h e ld i n t he ir c o l lect ions f rom w h ich Ib enef ited g reat ly . Ih ave h ad many d iscuss ions w ith c o l legues a nd f r iends o n a spects r e lating t o my work . I n p art icu lar , I am e spec ia l ly g ratefu l t o R . P h i lpott w hose work o n R oman c e meter ies h as s o f ortu itous ly p ara l le led my own a nd w ho s upp l ied me w ith many r eferences . K . P retty a l lowed me a ccess t o h er n otes c oncern ing h er r esearch i n to t he west M id lands i n t he D ark Ages . S he a lso d iscussed w ith me t he t horny s ub ject o f p enannu lar b rooches a nd c lar if ied many o f my t houghts o n t he s ub ject . P . R ichards a l lowed me a ccess t o h is r esearch d raw ings o f A ng lo-Saxon v esse ls a nd w as a c onstant s ource o f s upport a nd e ncouragement t hroughout my w ork . H is c omments o n a n e a r ly d raf t o f t he t hes i s w ere p a rt icu lar ly v a luab le . G . G ra inger a nd C . S ku l l w ere b oth most k ind i n d i scuss ing w i th me a d raf t p aper w h ich Ia ired a t al ate R oman s em inar i n Oxford : t he ir f orthr ight c om ments h e lped c rysta l ise many o f my i deas . B . A ger h as b een e spec ia l ly u sefu l i n t he s tudy o f p enannular b rooches a nd t he n ature o f Q uo it b rooch meta lwork . Wh i le w e may n ot b e i n t ota l a greement o n t he u se t o w h ich t he metalwork was p ut , It h ink w e c an a t l east a gree o n w ho made i t , a nd w hen ! F ina lly , b ut b y n o means l east , L . L a ing h as b een a c onstan t s ource o f r eferences , t houghts a nd c omments o n a l a spects o f my

work . w h ile w ou ld t o me

H is h e lp h as b een a ma jor f actor i n t he c omp let ion o f t h i s s tudy . A ga in , Ih ave b een most g ratefu l f or t he c omments a nd h e lp Ih ave r ece ived , I make i t c lear t hat t he m i stakes a nd m i s interpretat ions o f d ata o ffered a re my own .

Iwould l i ke t o t hank a l so a l l t hose w ho a greed t o a l low me t o r eproduce t he ir i l lustrat ions f rom p rev ious ly p ub l ished work . Ih ave a cknow ledged t he s ource o f a l l b orrowed i lustrat ions i n t he c apt ions . T o t hose whom Ih ave b een u nab le t o r each , Ia po log ise p rofuse ly a nd h ope t hat t hey w i l l n ot m ind t he ir r euse i n t h is way . Iwou ld a l so l i ke t o p o int o ut t hat F igures 1 5 , 5 ; 9 1 , 1a nd 9 6 , 2w ere d rawn b y K . P enn a nd a re r ep roduced b y k ind p erm i ss ion o f t he N orfo lk A rchaeo log ica l U n it . F ina l ly , Iwou ld l i ke t o t hank i n p art icu lar S .C . H awkes a nd C .J . A rno ld w ho , a s e xterna l e xaminers c arr ied o ut a v ery c arefu l p roof r ead ing o f my t hes is a nd g ave me much a dv ice a nd e ncouragemen t o n h ow I m ight i mprove many a spects o f i t . T hat t here a re , n o d oub t , more m i stakes t o f i nd i s my f au l t , n ot t he irs . O n a more p er sona l l eve l , Iwould l i ke t o t hank t he s ecretar ies i n t he D ep t . o f H istory ( A . MacEwan , P . R ider a nd S . R ob inson ) a nd S choo l o f O r ien ta l S tud ies ( P . W inker ) f or t he ir t ime a nd p at ience i n t each ing me h ow t o u se a w ord p rocessor . I wou ld a lso l i ke t o t hank P eter & Mary R ichards f or p rov id ing me w ith a p lace t o s tay w hen I w as work ing i n C ambr idge . My p arents , a s e ver , p ut u p w ith me a t h ome i n L ondon w h ich a l lowed me t o w ork a t l e i sure i n b oth t he B r it i sh Museum a nd L ib rary . T he ir c onstan t s upport a nd e ncourage ment t hroughout my a cadem ic c areer h as mere ly b een o ne a spect o f t he h e lp w h ich t hey h ave a lways g iven me a nd i ti st o t hem t hat Iwould l i ke t o d ed icate t h is t hes is .

Chap ter 1 .I n troduct ion . P rev ious Work . I t i s a p resump t ion o f t hose s tudy ing c eme ter ies wh ich c onta in b od ies a ccompan ied b y o b jects t hat t hese o b jects make a s tatement a bout t he p erson i n terred . T he s tatemen t c ou ld e ither b e b y o r o n b eha lf o f t he o ccupan t o f t he g rave b ut i s p resumed t o r e late , f or e xamp le , t o t he s oc ia l p os it ion o f t he p er son i n l i fe , t he ir r e l ig ious b e l iefs a nd p erhap s more c onten t ious ly t o t he ir k insh ip r e lat ionsh ip s a nd e thn ic i dent ity . I n a ny c a se , i t may b e a rgued s trong ly t ha t o b jects i n terred d e l iberate ly w ith t he d eceased make s ome f orm o f s oc ia l s tatement a bout t he s oc iety o f t he t ime . T hese f acts must b e k ept i n m ind w hen work ing o n c emetery d a ta . I t i s a l l t oo e a sy t o f a l l i n to t he t rap o f t reat ing c emeter ies a s q uarr ies f or d at ing a nd c omparat ive mater ia l a nd f or a rt , s oc ia l a nd s c ien t if ic s tud ies , l o s ing s ight o f t he p eop le b eh ind t he o b jects . I ts eems t o me t hat t he s tudy o f Roman o b jects f ound i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves o f t he p agan p er iod h a s b een l a rge ly n eg lected b ecau se i th a s b een c on s idered t o b e u n important a nd i r re levant : i ti s my t hes is t hat R oman o b jects w ere n ot s o c ons idered b y t he A ng lo-Saxons t hemse lves a nd t ha t t hey a re t here f or a s pec if ic p urpose . S uch mater ia l h as u sua l ly b een s een a s r es idua l r ubb ish i n modern s tud ies . O ther i n terpre tat ion s h ave i nc luded amu let ic o r h e ir loom u se b ut p rev ious a pp roaches t o t he d ata h ave a l l b een p iecemea l a nd t h is h as mean t t ha t i n terpretat ions h ave o n ly b een b ased o n ap art ia l a pp rec iat ion o f t he e v idence . T he p resence o f R oman o b jects i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves i s ac ommonp lace f i rst r emarked u pon b y t hat g reat e xcava tor R ev . B ryan F au ssett . D igg ing b efore t he e stab l ishmen t o f c h rono logy i n a rchaeo logy a nd , i ndeed , b efore t he d i scovery o f t he A ng lo-Saxons t hemse lves , a rchaeo log ica l ly s peak ing , h e u sed t he R oman mater ia l i n t he g raves h e e xcavated a s d a t ing mater ia l i n i t s own r ight . H e w as t hus a b le t o c onc lude , e rroneous ly , f rom f i nd ing c o ins i n t he g raves t ha t t hese w ere t he g raves o f ' B r iton s R oman ized ' ( 1856 , 1 92-3 ) . I tw as Doug las who c arr ied o n F aussett 's p ioneer ing w ork i n t he e xp lorat ion o f t he b a rrow c emeter ies o f K en t a nd who r ea l ised t he t rue s ign if icance o f R oman c o ins i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves . H av ing i dent if ied a B yzant ine c o in f rom o ne o f t he g raves f rom G i lton , K n . , h e d rew t he i n ference t ha t R oman c o ins , a nd R oman o b jects i n g enera l , mu st b e r es idua l a nd o f v a lue o n ly a s t erm in i p ost q uo s ( 1793 , 9 6-7 ) . Most e xcavator s h ave t herefore t ended t o d ism i ss R oman mater ia l a s r es idua l w ithout t ry ing t o a ccount f or i t s p resence . T he p rob lem h a s b een c ompounded i n t he p ast b y t he p oor e xcavat ion t echn ique o f many o f t he e xcava tors o f Ang lo-Saxon c emeter ies w h ich h as meant t hat a ssoc iat ions h ave n ot b een w e l l r ecorded . T h is h as p o sed a s er ious d i lemma f or t hose s tudy ing R oman mater ia l f rom Ang lo-Saxon c emeter ies a s i t i s o ften q u ite d iff icu lt t o d ec ide w he ther mater ia l wa s g enu ine ly a ssoc iated w ith a g rave o r n ot . A n e xcep t ion t o t hose who h ave d rawn t he r ather s imp l ist ic c onc lus ion t ha t a l l mater ia l s hou ld b e s een a s r e s idua l i sL e thb r idge who p ostu lated t ha t a R oman s poon b ow l a nd a n o ak g a l l i n s l ing s h ad b een u sed a s as ub st itute f or a s tra iner s poon a nd c rysta l b a l l i n af e ma le g rave a t L itt le W i lbraham , Ca . ( 1928 , 1 02 ) . I t i s L eeds , h owever , w ho must g enera l ly b e s een a s r espons ib le f or a n a l ternat ive a nd w ide ly a ccep ted i n terpretat ion o f Roman o b jects i n A ng loS axon g raves ; t ha t t hey i nd ica te t he s urv iva l o f t he R omano-Br it ish p opu lat ion i n to A ng lo-Saxon E ng land . H e p ropounded t he i dea most f u l ly i n h is a ccount o f A ng lo-Saxon b rooche s a nd t he ir r e lat ion sh ip t o t he t hen a ccep ted d i str ibut ion o f t he G erman ic t r ibes ( 1945 , 4 4-9 ) . H e s aw t he C e lt ic p enannu lar b rooch a s t he p recu r sor o f t he A nnu lar a nd Quo it b rooche s i n p a rt icu lar a nd t ha t t he ir s hapes w ere a d irect r esu lt o f t he a ss im i lat ion o f Romano-Br it ish c raf tsmen ( 1936 , 3 ) - T he i dea h a s h e ld s way u nt i l o n ly v ery r ecen t ly ( s ee b e low ) .

F rom t he 1 950 's o nwa rds , p a rt icu lar c lasses o f R oman o b jec ts i n A ng loS axon c emeter ies h ave b een s tud ied i n d eta i l . F irst i n t he f i e ld w as H arden 's s tudy o f Dark Age g lass w h ich i nc luded a s urvey o f R oman mater ia l f rom A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies ( 1956 , 1 34-7 ) . T h is w as n eeded p r imar i ly t o e luc idate wh ich f orms were made b efore t he German ic i nvas ion s a nd wh ich a fter . H is s tudy c onc luded t hat a t wofo ld d iv is ion c ou ld b e made i n t he mater ia l b etween t ype-fo ss i ls a nd p rototype German ic v esse ls . K en t p roduced t he s econd s tudy , t h is t ime much l ess c omp rehens ive , o n t he Roman c o inage i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves ( 1961 , 1 8-22 ) . T he p urpo se o f t he s tudy was t o c ounter t he a rgument t hat t h is c o inage c ou ld b e s een a s h av ing b een u sed i n a money e conomy . K en t c onc luded t ha t t h is was n ot s o b ut t ha t i th ad b een r eused . H e d id n ot , h owever , s pecu late o n t he n ature o f t he r euse . I n t he s ame y ear t he f amous p ioneer ing a rt ic le b y H awkes a nd D unn ing o n t he l ate Roman m i l itary meta lwork o f B r ita in w as i s sued ( 1961 ) . A lthough p r imar i ly c oncerned w ith Roman s i tes , a l l t he A ng lo-Saxon mater ia l t ha t c ou ld b e f ound w as a lso c ata logued a nd i lu strated . T he ir c onc lus ion w as t hat t h is mater ia l w as i nd ica t ive o f t he e a r l iest G erman ic s ett lemen t i n t he c ountry ( i b id , 9 -10 , 4 01 ) . I n 1 964 , E . F ow ler p ub l ished h er a na ly s is o f D ark Age p enannu lar b rooches a nd o ther meta lwork u s ing a c lass if ica t ion t ha t s he h ad p ropounded i n 1 960 . A lthough p r imar i ly c oncerned w ith Ce lt ic a nd Romano-Br it ish mater ia l , s he a lso c a ta logued i n stances o f Ang lo-Saxon g rave f i nds a nd c ont inen ta l G erman ic f i nds . F ina l ly , E v ison c ata logued s ome R oman mater ia l a s a n e lemen t o f h er t he s is t ha t t he s outh o f E ng land wa s e xten s ive ly s ett led b y t he F ranks i n t he f i fth c entury ( 1965 , 2 7-8 ) . I n r ecen t y ea rs , t he emphas is h a s moved a way f rom t he c omp i lat ion o f c ata logues t o a much n eeded r eg iona l a na lys is o f t he d ata . I n p art icu lar t he s tud ies o f D ick inson ( 1976 ) a nd We lch ( 1983 ) n ow p rov ide t he b as is f or much o f t he d at ing a nd c omparat ive mater ia l f or A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies a s w e l l a s a l low ing a s oc ia l a nd h i stor ica l a na ly s is o f t he ir r e spec t ive g eog raph ica l a rea s . O ther r eg iona l s urveys s uch a s t hat f or t he P eak D istr ict ( Ozanne 1 964 ) , Ang lo-Saxon N orthumb r ia ( Fau 1 1 1 977 ) a nd H umber s ide ( Eag les 1 979 ) mean t hat s ome o f t he c ountry i s n ow c overed b ut l arge a reas s t i l l r ema in t o b e a ssessed . I t i s t hrough s uch r eg iona l work a nd t hrough c r it ica l a na ly s is o f c emetery d ata t hat a dvances a re b e ing made a nd t hat s ome o f t he more c onfused t h ink ing o n t he n a ture o f t he mater ia l i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves i sb e ing c lar if ied . T hat c onfus ion may b e g enerated b y t he p resence o f R oman o b jects i n Ang loS axon g raves h as b een d emon strated mo st g raph ica l ly b y t he L onde sborough r i ng b rooch . T h is w as o r ig ina l ly p ub l ished b y S wanton a s as trap a ttachment b ut t hen b ecame t he s ub ject o f a n a rt ic le i n i t s own r igh t w hen i t was r ea l ised t hat i t w as i n f act a b rooch o f at ype f ound o n t he c ont inent ( 1966 , 2 75 ; 1 967 4 3 ) . F rom t he p re sence o f t h is b rooch , w h ich S wanton r eferred t o a s ' A lemann ic ' , h e i n ferred a s ett lement o f t he A lemann i i n t he a rea o f t he c emetery i n t he e a r ly s tages o f A ng lo-Saxon c onquest ( i b id , 4 7-9 ) . T odd p o inted o ut t hat t he b rooch w as a w e l l k nown c ont inenta l f orm a nd c ou ld n ot b e t ermed a n A lemann ic b rooch a s i t wa s f ound i n o ther a rea s a s w e l l ( 1975 ) . B rown a dded a f urther n ote w h ich p laced t he f i nd b ack i n i t s a rchaeo log ica l c on text . H e p o inted o ut t ha t t he b rooch was p in less a nd a ppea red t o h ave f ormed p art o f t he b ag c o l lect ion o f as ixth c entury w oman . I t h ad n ot b een worn a nd c ou ld n ot , t herefore , b e u sed a s e v idence f or p r ima ry s ett lement ( 1977 , 9 6 ) . H e t hen w ent o n t o d emonstrate t hat i t s r ea l f unct ion w as a s a n amu let . A f i na l n ote was a dded b y Myres w ho s uggested t ha t p erhap s t he c o l lect ion o f s crap c opper a l loy , s o o ften f ound i n f ema le b ag c o l lect ions , was

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a man ifestat ion o f a n Ang lo-Saxon b a rter e conomy i n s crap meta ls ( 1978 , 3 52 ) . T h is i dea h ad a l ready b een t aken u p b y D ick inson w ho l ooked a t t he c orpus o f ' s crap ' mater ia l f rom A ng lo-Saxon g raves i n t he Upper T hames r eg ion ( 1976 I , 2 37-43 ) . S he a rgued f rom t he mater ia l t hat i t w as n ot e xc lus ive ly l ate Roman b ut s eemed t o b e ar andom s e lect ion o f mater ia l w h ich o ften a ppea red t o r ef lect t he d ate o f a n e ar l ier s i te i n t he l oca l ity o r o n t he s i te o f t he c emetery i t se lf ( i b id , 2 40 ) . T hu s , e a r ly R oman o r e ven I ron Age mater ia l wou ld s omet imes b e f ound a s o ften a s l ate Roman o b jects . S he t hen r e lated t h is mater ia l t o t he u se o f s ca le p an s a nd a rgued f or t he e x istence o f ab a rter e conomy i ns crap meta ls . T he l ast ma jor s tudy t o c on s ider i s t ha t o f Meaney w ho h a s r ecen t ly p ub l ished a c omp rehens ive s tudy o f amu lets i n A ng lo-Saxon E ng land u s ing b oth a rchaeo log ica l a nd l i terary e v idence . A lthough i tc on ta ins many f actua l e rror s ( e .g . t he ' e name l led ' b rooch f rom G i lton 8 7 w h ich i s i n f act a g i lded d isc b rooch ; 1 981 , 2 25 ) , i t i s a p a rt icu lar ly v a luab le work c over ing a n u n just ly n eg lected s ub ject o f i m mense i mportance t o A ng lo-Saxon s oc iety . I n a dd it ion , s ome a ssessmen t h a s b een made i n a r ecen t c emetery r eport o f Roman mater ia l i n a n Ang lo-Saxon c emetery a t P ortway D own , H a . b ut n o o vera l l i n terp re tat ion was o ffered f or t he ma ter ia l ( A . Cook 1 985 , 9 4-6 ) . T he e xtens ive c o l lect ion o f R oman mater ia l f rom t he West S tow s ett lement h as a l so b een p ub l ished , b ut a ga in n o i n terpre tat ion h as b een o ffered f or i t s p resence ( West 1 985 , 1 22 ) . Methodo logy . G iven t he p rev ious l ack o f a n o vera l l a pp roach t o t he s ub ject , Ih ave a ttemp ted t o b e a s c omp rehens ive a s p o ss ib le e ven i nc lud ing mater ia l t hat h as b een s tud ied b efore a s o ut l ined a bove . I n t he l i ght o f D ick inson 's c onc lus ion s , I h ave a l so i nc luded ' Ce lt ic ' mater ia l w h ich I am d ef in ing a s o b jects manufactured b y t he C e lt ic s peak ing p eop les o f B r ita in i n t he a rea s u nder t he ir p o l it ica l c ontro l . F or t he I r on Age p er iod , t h is i s ar ead i ly a cceptab le d ef in it ion b ut f or t he p ost Roman p er iod t here must b e s ome v agueness a s t o t he p rec ise a reas u nder ' Ce lt ic ' c ontro l e xcep t i n t he e x treme w est . T h is d ef in it ion a l lows me t o i nc lude I ron Age mater ia l , w ith t he e xcep t ion o f b eads ( s ee P ersona l D ress A ccessor ies ) , a nd p ost Roman Ce lt ic meta lwork s uch a s p ins , h ang ing b ow ls a nd p enannu lar b rooche s . T he mater ia l h as b een d er ived f rom t wo s ources : museums a nd p r inted a rchaeo log ica l r eports . Due t o l ack o f r esources a nd t ime , i t h a s n ot b een p oss ib le t o v i s it a l l museum c o l lect ions w ith A ng lo-Saxon mater ia l b ut Ih ave l ooked i n d e ta i l a t f our ma jor c o l lect ion s w h ich c over t he ma jor r eg ion s o f s ett lement . T he B r it ish Museum g ave a n o vera l l , n at iona l v iew , L iverpoo l Museum p rov ided a l arge a nd w e l l d ocumen ted K en t ish c o l lect ion , t he A shmo lean g ave much o f t he i mportant Upper T hames r eg ion a nd t he Camb r idge Museum o f A rchaeo logy a nd A nthropo logy p rov ided s ome A ng l ian mater ia l . T he p r inted s ource mater ia l h a s i nev itab ly b een much more v ar ied i n c haracter a nd q ua l ity . T hose work ing o n A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies a re f aced w ith a n e normous v ar iety o f d a ta . I n t he ir p ub l ished f ormat , c emetery r eports may v ary f rom t he b r iefest n ote o n o b jects r ecovered t o a f u l ly d eta i led c a ta logue c omp lete w ith d i scu ss ion o n t he s ign if icance o f t he c emetery a t r eg iona l o r n at iona l l eve l . T h is i sl arge ly t he r esu lt o f t he mechan ism b y w h ich t he d a ta w as r ecovered . On e xcavat ions o f a R escue t ype s i tua t ion , t he

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i n format ion r ecorded t ends t o b e l im i ted t o t he o b jects t hemse lves , o ften w ithout r ecord o f a ssoc iat ion a nd s omet imes e ven w ithout r ecord a s t o w he ther t he a rtefacts a re f rom i nhumat ions o r c remat ion s . T h is o ften c omp lete ly d eva lues t he f i nds a nd f rom t he p o int o f v iew o f t hose s tudy ing R oman o b jects f rom c emeter ies makes i t an ea r i mposs ib le t o t ask t o d ec ide w hether a f i nd i sg enu ine ly f rom a c losed g rave c ontext o r n ot . T he s ame may b e s a id o f o b jects l ooted f rom s i tes b y meta l d e tector u ser s . A s econd s et o f d ata i st hat p rov ided b y s i tes w h ich h ave b een e xcavated i n t he p resence o f a n a rchaeo log ist o r a nt iqua ry . T hese f orm t he b u lk o f t he e n tr ies i n my t he s is a nd a re n atura l ly h eav i ly d ependent o n t he q ua l ity o f t he o b server a nd w hether h e o r s he was p resen t a t t he t ime . T he i n format ion o ften c on s ists o f ad iary w h ich i su sua l ly p ub l ished a s ag rave c ata logue : t he F aussett D iar ies a re o ne o f t he b est , a nd e a r l iest , e xamp le o f t h is t echn ique ( Fau ssett 1 856 ) . At h ird , a nd f i na l s et o f d ata i s p rov ided b y e xcavat ions w h ich h ave b een c arr ied o ut b y t ra ined a rchaeo log ists u s ing a g roup o f t ra ined p er sonne l . T h is c over s b oth ' amateur ' a nd ' p rofess iona l ' g roup s a nd g enera l ly t he q ua l ity o f t he d ata i sv ery h igh ( a lthough o ften u npub l ished ) . Av ery f ew e xcavat ion s a re p lanned r e sea rch p ro jects ( e .g . S pong H i l l , S utton B oo ) ; t he v ast ma jor ity a re t he r esu lt o f d i scovery d ur ing c onstruct ion o r o ther works . T he se e xcavat ion s , o nce p ub l ished , f orm t he f ramework o f r e l iab le i n format ion i n to w h ich a rtefacts r ecovered f rom t he o ther t wo s ets o f d a ta may b e f i tted . I f t he f i t i s n ot w ho l ly s at isfactory , t h is i sg enera l ly a b y-p roduct o f t he method o f r ecovery . T he i mpact o f t he method o f r etreva l o f t he d a ta f rom c emeter ies h a s r ep recu ss ions t hroughout t he s tudy o f Roman o b jects i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves . E ven w hen e xcavat ion s h ave b een c a rr ied o ut t o ah igh s tanda rd i t i s o ften u nc lear w hether a g iven o b ject i n ag rave i sg enu ine ly a ssoc iated w ith t he b ody o r n ot . S econdary f actor s s uch a s d ecay a nd c o l lap se o f t he b ody a nd/or c off in , worm a ct ion a nd p lough ing may a l l i nduce s ma l l o b jects s uch a s c o ins t o e nter t he g rave f i l l o r f or o b jects g enu ine ly a ssoc iated w ith t he b ody t o b e d i sp laced o r e nt ire ly r emoved . T he p rob lem i s c erta in ly e ven more s evere w hen d ea l ing w ith c remat ions w here n o t o n ly may t hose b ury ing t he d ecea sed h ave s e lected t he o b jects t o b e p laced i n t he u rn b ut a l so t here i s a n i ncreased r i sk o f d amage t hrough a ct iv it ies s uch a s p lough ing . T here i s a lso t he f actor t ha t s ome o f t he o b jects a ssoc iated w ith c remat ions may b e d er ived f rom d ebr is a ssoc iated w ith t he p y re a nd may n ot , t herefore b e g enu ine ly a ssoc iated . A r ecent s tudy , h owever , p lays d own t h is p o ss ib i lty ( J . R ichards 1 987 7 8-79 ) . I n g enera l , Ih ave t r ied t o i nd ica te a t a l l t imes h ow much we igh t may b e p laced u pon t he g iven d ata , a l though t h is n atura l ly s ub ject ive a pp roach a l so h as i t s own o bv ious l im itat ion s . I t i s , h owever , d iff icu lt t o s ee h ow a more o b ject ive a pp roach c ou ld b e a che ived g iven t he d ata w h ich o ne h as t o work o n . T he mater ia l t hu s g athered f rom r eports a nd museums h a s b een c o l lated a s af u l l c ata logue o f d ata . T h is c ons ists o f as hort r esume o f t he h i story o f t he e xcavat ion o f t he s i te , h ow many g raves w ere r ecovered a nd w h ich b ur ia l r i tes w ere r ep resented . T he g raves a re t hen o rgan ised i n n umer ica l o r a lphabet ica l o rder w ith t he e a r l iest p ub l ished r eference b e ing f i r st . Wherever p oss ib le , Ih ave f o l lowed t he o r ig ina l a ccount u n less i t h as b een s ub stant ia l ly mod if ied b y l ater work . Ih ave g enera l ly f o l lowed t he a ttr ibut ion o f s ex g iven b y t he e xcavator u n less t he f i nds a ppear t o c ontrad ict t he a ttr ibut ion . Where i n d oubt , a du lt h a s b een u sed a s an eutra l t erm . Where p oss ib le , p os it ion o f t he a rtefacts i n t he g rave h as b een n oted i n t he h ope t hat t h is m ight t hrow s ome l i ght u pon w he ther mater ia l h a s b een d e l iberate ly i nc luded o r n ot .

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T he work d iv ides n a tura l ly i n to t wo u nequa l p arts a nd a c onc lud ing c hapter . T he f i rst c ons ists o f o b jects a ssoc iated w ith d ress a nd w h ich a re t herefore c lose ly a ssoc iated w ith t he b ody . T he s econd g roup c on s ists o f a ccessory o b jects f ound i n t he g raves b ut n ot g enera l ly w orn b y t he o ccupant . T he f i r st c hap ter c omp r ises t he f i r st c omp rehen s ive s tudy o f p enannu lar b rooches i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves s ince L eeds ( 1945 , 4 4-6 ) . A lthough Iam n ot o ffer ing a n ew c lass if ica t ion , Ih ave a ttemp ted t o e l im inate many o f t he i ncorrect ly a ttr ibuted b rooches i n t he c orpus . T he s econd c hapter d escr ibes a l l t he o ther R oman b rooch f orms f ound i n A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies . Conta ined w ith in t h is c hap ter i s an ew a ssessment o f t he R oman d isc b rooches i n it ia l ly s tud ied b y D ick inson ( 1979 ) . T he t h ird c hap ter c ons ists o f t he l arge c orpus o f l a te R oman m i l itary meta lwork a nd i n p art icu lar b uck les . F or t h is c hap ter Ih ave h ad t o a bandon t he c lass if ica t ion o f Hawkes a nd D unn ing ( 1961 ) a s i t h as b een s uperseded b y c ont inenta l a nd B r it ish s tud ies . I am t herefore p ropos ing my own s ystem o f c lass if ica t ion i n a n a tte mp t t o r econc i le t he c r it ic isms l eve l led a t t he p rev ious s tudy . T he f ourth c hapter l i sts i n d eta i l t he l a rgest g roup o f Roman mater ia l f rom A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies , Roman c o ins . I h ave a ttemp ted t o g ive a s f u l l ad escr ip t ion a s p o ss ib le f or t he c o inage a nd d i scu ss t he r esu lts i n r e lat ion t o t he c o inage f rom s i tes i n R oman B r ita in . T he f i na l c hap ter i n t h is s ect ion d ea ls w ith a m isce l laneous g roup o f o b jects f ound i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves wh ich a re c lose ly a ssoc iated w ith d ress s ty le . T hese i nc lude f i nger r ing s , b race lets , i n tag l ios , b eads , t weezers a nd o ther o b jects . I n t he s econd p a rt , t here a re o n ly t wo c hap ter s . T he f i r st i s ac a ta logue a nd d i scu ss ion o f a l l R oman v esse ls f ound i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves c omp r is ing p ottery , meta l a nd g lass a s we l l a s s ome t ran s it iona l l ate Roman c on t inenta l i mports . T he s econd c hapter c ata logues m isce l laneous mater ia l i nc lud ing t errets , h a rness f i tt ing s , s poon s a nd k ey s a s w e l l a s o ther m inor g roups . F ina l ly , i n t he c onc lud ing c hapter , Id i scuss t he s urv iva l o f Romano-Br it ish b ur ia l c u stoms i nto A ng lo-Saxon E ng land , a nd t he u se o f Roman o b jects i n G erman ic g raves o n t he c ont inent . It hen a ttemp t t o g enerate a mode l f or t he u se o f R oman o b jects i n A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies w h ich w i l l b e o f u se n ot o n ly i nc emeter ies b ut h opefu l ly a lso i n s ett lement s tud ies . Two a ppend ices p rov ide af u l l c a ta logue o f t he g raves w ith a g azetteer a nd a l i st o f d ecap itat ion s i n A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies .

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Chap ter 2 . P enannu la r B rooches . I ntroduct ion . T he p rec ise o r ig ins o f t h is b rooch t ype a re s t i l l u nc lea r b ut a n e vo lut ion i n t he f i fth c entury BC i n t he I ber ian p en insu lar a nd e lsewhere o n t he c on t inen t w ith s ubsequen t d eve lopment i n B r ita in i s a rgued b y C . H awkes ( 1979 , 3 27-8 ) . T u it jer h as d i scussed t he I r on Age German ic e xamp les a nd h e a lso c onc ludes t ha t a n i ndependen t o r ig in i n d ifferen t a rea s o f E urope f or t he b rooch c an b e a rgued ( 1986 , 1 24 ) . E xamp les d at ing f rom t he I ron Age t hrough u nt i l t he e leventh c en tury a re k nown f rom s ome a rea s o f t he B r it ish I s les ( E . F ow ler 1 960 , 1 50 ; H atta tt 1 985 , 1 85 ) . T he f orm o f t he b rooch , ab roken h oop w ith a moveab le p in , mean s t ha t t here wa s much s cope f or v ar iat ion a nd i n i t s s imp lest f orms makes i t e x treme ly d i ff icu lt t o d ate . T he c la ss if icat ion i n u se t oday i ss t i l l t ha t p roposed b y F ow ler ( 1960 & 1 964 ) . A lthough many c r it ic isms h ave b een made o f h er s tud ies , a ttemp ts t o r ec la ss ify s ome o f t hese b rooches h ave n ot b een w ide ly a ccep ted ( e .g . K i lb r ide-Jone s 1 980b ; s ee D ick inson 1 982a , 6 5 n .5 ) . F ow ler 's c lass if ica t ion works b y d iv id ing t he b rooche s i n to g roups l e ttered A t o Ip ure ly o n t he b as is o f h ow t he t erm ina ls a re made a nd d ecorated . T h is s ystem c an b e c r it ic ised o n s evera l p o ints ; t he c ro ss s ect ion a nd d ecorat ion o f t he h oop a re n ot t aken s uff icent ly i n to a ccount , s ome o f t he d iv is ions b etween t he t erm ina l s ub-g roups r e ly o n f i le marks w h ich may o r may n ot h ave s ign if icance ( e .g . g roup D ; s ee Mackreth 1 982a , m/f 2 B 07 ) , a nd h er a ttemp t t o e rec t a' Darw in ian ' d eve lopmen ta l s equence f or t he t ermina l t ypes i n wh ich e ach i s al og ica l p rocess ion f rom i t s p redecessor d oes n ot c onv ince ( K i lbr ideJ ones 1 980b , 3 -4 ) . P erhaps t he most t e l l ing c r it ic ism i s t he b road n a ture o f h er g roups . T h is i s d emon strated most f orc ib ly b y h er C lass H b rooches o f wh ich F ow ler c a ta logues f ive e xamp les i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves . N one o f t hese c an b e a ccepted ( be low ) . T he o n ly H b rooch f rom a n Ang lo-Saxon g rave t hat I c an i den t ify u s ing h er c r iter ia i s a t i ny e xamp le f rom B ag inton , Wa . ( D ick inson 1 982a , F ig . 7 , 5 6 ) . I t i s t ota l ly u nrepresentat ive o f t he g roup a nd i nc luded mere ly b ecau se i t h a s t he t r iangu lar s p layed t erm ina ls d e f ined b y F ow ler a s b e ing c haracter ist ic o f t h is c lass . D ick inson h as e xtens ive ly c r it ic ised F ow ler 's s ystem b ut h a s c onc luded , a s t h is p resen t s tudy d oes , t ha t t he s y stem i s n ow t oo f am i l iar t o r epay a r ework ing u n less a c omp lete ly n ew s urvey o f t he mater ia l c ou ld b e e ffected ( 1982a , 4 3-4 ) . I n u s ing F ow ler 's s ystem , t herefore , t he p resent s tudy w i l l u se h er g roup ing b ut f u l l d escr ipt ions w i l l b e g iven wh ich w i l l d emon strate where t he b rooche s d iffer f rom t he t ype a s d ef ined b y h er . I n a dd it ion , t he m isattr ibut ions g iven b y F ow ler t o b rooches f rom Ang lo-Saxon c emeter ies w i l l b e l i sted u nder t he C lass h ead ing s a nd c orrect i dent if icat ions g iven t here . C lass A : T h is , a ccord ing t o F ow ler 's c lass if ica t ion , i s t he e a r l iest o f t he p enannu lar b rooches ( 1960 , 1 55-7 ) . I t a ppears t o h ave e vo lved f rom Swan 's N eck P ins a nd a ppea rs i n B r ita in i n t he m idd le t h ird c en tury B .C . ; t he p oss ib i l ity o f aB r it ish i nvent ion f or t he t ype h as b een r u led o ut b y T u it jer w ho p roposes a N orth G erman o r F rench o r ig in ( 1986 , 1 21-4 ) . N o t rue A h a s b een f ound i n a n Ang lo-Saxon c ontext b ut a l l v ar iants , e xc lud ing A 2 , a re r ep resen ted . Aa : d ef ined b y F ow ler a s b e ing " w ithout b u lbou s t ermina ls b ut w ith b lunt o r s l ight ly e xpanded e nds , a lso a h eavy h oop a nd a h umped p in" ( 1960 , 1 50 ) . A s w ith C lass C a nd D b rooche s , af orm o f t h is b rooch a ppea rs t o h ave b een r ed iscovered i n t he l ate R oman p er iod ( E . F ow ler 1 964 , 1 10 n .6 ; 1 983 , 1 9 ) . I n t h is l ater f orm , h owever , t he h oop i s t h in , o ften w ithout t ermina ls a nd t he b rooch h as a s imp le p in w h ich i s o ften n ot h umped a nd p ro jects o n ly s l ight ly f rom t he h oop . I n t h is f orm , i tr ef lects T u it jer 's t ype 1 ( 1986 , 1 21 ) .

1 . B lewburton H i l l 1 6 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith r oundsect ioned h oop a nd r i bbed p in h ead w ithout p i r iform s we l l ing a t t he e nd ( F ig . 1 , 1 ) . T he t erm ina ls a re o rnamen ted w ith g rooves a nd s we l l s l ight ly a t t he e nd . T he p in p ro jects b eyond t he h oop . T he b rooch w as f ound l oose i n t he g rave w h ich a lso c on ta ined a n i ron k ey , a n e a r s coop a nd p r icker o n ar ing a nd a k n ife . T he b rooch i sI r on Age i n d ate a nd i sp robab ly a c asua l o r s tray f i nd f rom t he I r on Age h i l l f ort o n t he s i te . A c lose p a ra l le l may b e c i ted f rom Ma iden Cast le , D o . ( Whee ler 1 943 , 2 64 F ig . 8 6 , 1 ) . If o l low D ick inson 's r ec lass if icat ion o f t h is b rooch w h ich F ow ler n otes a s a n A 3 ( 1976 I , 1 35 ; 1 964 , 1 46 ) . T he g rave p robab ly d ates t o t he l a te f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury . 2 . E ast S hefford , B ek . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith a r oundsect ioned h oop worn t o a n h our-g lass s hape o n o ne s i de ( F ig . 1 ,2 ) . T he h oop i s o rnamented i n l ate R oman f ash ion w ith b unched p a ra l le l e ng raved l i nes s paced r egu lar ly a round t he h oop . T he p in i s p la in b ut h as a f la ttened h ead . T he t erm ina ls a re mere ly s uggested b y t he e ng raved h oop e nd ing s a nd a re o therw ise n on-ex isten t . A n u nassoc iated f ind . D ick inson a ss igns t h is b rooch t o c lass D 7 b ut t he g rooved t ermina ls a re n ot p rom inen t e nough f or i t t o b e a ttr ibuted t o t ha t g roup . I a g ree w ith h er , h owever , t hat i ti s ap ost-Roman b rooch ( 1976 I ,1 38 ) , a lthough i t b ears a s tr ick ing s imi lar ity t o aG erman I ron Age b rooch f rom Ma lente ( Tu it jer 1 986 , 1 24 t ype 4 F ig . 1 k ) . 3 . Kempston , B d . : ac opper a l loy r oundsec t ioned p enannu lar b rooch w ith p la in w ire p in p ro ject ing s l ight ly f rom t he h oop ( F ig . 1 , 3 ) . T he t erm ina ls a re s quare s ect ioned a nd a re o therw ise p la in . F ow ler c lass if ies t h is b rooch a s at ype H f o l low ing a d raw ing o f S a l in 's ( 1904 , F ig . 7 11 ) w h ich s hows t he t erm ina ls a s b e ing l arger a nd f l atter t han t hey a re . Wh i le t he s quare s ect ion o f t he t erm ina ls c ou ld s uggest a n H c la ss if icat ion , t he sma l l t erm ina l s ize s uggests t ha t t he b rooch wou ld f i t b est i n t h is g roup . I t i s a n u na ssoc iated f i nd b ut c urrent ly ' p a ired ' w ith a D 6 b rooch ( be low ) . No e xact p ara l le l may b e c i ted b ut al ate o r P ost Roman d a te may b e s uggested . 4 . S leaford 7 9 , L i . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith o ne t erm ina l l ost a nd n o p in ( F ig . 1 , 4 ) . I t was c lass if ied a s ab ad ly c orroded i ron b rooch b y F ow ler a nd p laced i n h er C lass C ( 1964 , 1 47 ; b e low ) . T he h oop i s r oundsect ioned b ut o therw ise p la in a nd t he t ermina l i s wedgeshaped . T he b rooch wa s a ssoc iated w ith a l arge s ixth c entury c ruc iform b rooch a nd a n eck lace . 54 3 c 6 . S leaford 2 13 , L i . : t wo c opper a l loy w ith p la in p ins wh ich d o n ot p ro ject b eyond a re e n t ire ly u nornamen ted a nd t here a re n o b eads a nd t wo p ottery a ccessory u rns . D ate R ec lass if ied f rom F ow ler 's C lass H .

r ound-hooped p enannu lar b rooche s t he h oop ( F ig . 1 , 5 ) . T he b rooches t erm ina ls . A ssoc iated w ith f i fteen u ncerta in , p robab ly s ix th c entury .

A l : d ef ined a s ab rooch w ith a sma l l , t h in h oop , a rched p in a nd p la in r ounded k nob t erm ina ls ( E . F ow ler 1 960 , 1 50 ) . 1 . G irton , Ca . : ar oundsect ioned c opper a l loy b rooch w ith a p in p ro jec t ing f rom j ust b eyond t he h oop w ith p i r iform e nd ( F ig . 1 , 6 ) . T he b rooch i sp la in a nd a ppea rs t o b e l i tt le worn . A ssoc iated i n ac remat ion u rn w ith a r epa ired p a ir o f t weezers . T he p i r iform e nd o f t h is b rooch wou ld s uggest t hat i t i s o f I r on Age o r e a r ly Roman d a te . A p a ra l le l may b e c i ted f rom S outh S h ie lds , Hm . ( A l lason-Jones S c M iket 1 984 , 1 12 n o .3 :120 ) .

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O ther A l b rooche s n oted b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 46 ) a re r ec lass if ied a s f o l lows : Ho lywe l l Row 6 1 , S f . : Ih ave r ec lass if ied t h is a s a C la ss C o n e xam inat ion ( be low ) . S aneton . Yo . ( Hm . ) : t he r e ference c ited b y F ow ler f or t h is b rooch ( Leed s 1 945 , 4 4 ) r efers t o aC lass B b rooch ( be low ) . A3 : d ef ined a s A l b ut w ith a dd it iona l mou ld ing s a t t he t ermina ls ( Fow ler 1 960 , 1 52 ) . 1 . B idford-on-Avon 4 3 , Wa . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith t h ick p in p ro ject ing j ust b eyond t he h oop ( F ig . 1 , 7 ) . T he h ead o f t he p in i ss l ight ly s wo l len a nd t he h oop a nd p in a ppea r t o b e r ound-sect ioned . T he t ermina ls a re f ormed f rom a f lat d isc a t t he e nd a nd a s pher ica l s we l l ing b eh ind . T h is b rooch w as p a ired w ith a s econd p enannu lar b rooch o f c lass D a nd w as a ssoc iated w ith a s tr ing o f b eads o n wh ich w ere s trung p ierced d i scs ( co ins ? ) a nd a s et o f i r on k eys . A s ixth c en tury f e ma le g rave . Af i r st c en tury AD p ara l le l f or t he b rooch may b e c ited f rom t he L unt , Wa . ( Web ster 1 973 , 7 3 n o .27 F ig . 2 2 ) . 2 . F a irford 4 , GL : a c opper a l loy b rooch w ith d oub le d i sc-term ina ls f ound w ithout i t s p in s uspended f rom a n amber n eck lace b etween t wo m idd le s ixth c en tury s aucer b rooche s ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 1 35 ) . P ara l le l f or t he b rooch a s a bove . 3 . Quarr ing ton , L i . : ab rooch w ith k nobbed a nd g rooved e nds n oted b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 46 ) . No k nown a ssoc iat ions . 4 . S tratford , A lveston 5 , Wa . : a c opper a l loy b rooch w ith d i sc a nd k nob t erm ina ls ( see B idford a bove ) . A ssoc iated w ith as quare-headed b rooch a nd t wo s aucer b rooches i n as eventh c en tury g rave ( i b id ) . T he h igh n umber o f b rooche s i n t h is g rave s uggests t hat t he b rooch may h ave b een u sed t o p in a s hroud o r b een p a rt o f ab ag c o l lect ion . A 3 b rooch n oted b y F ow ler w h ich Ih ave r ec lass if ied : B lewburton 1 6 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : If o l low D ick inson i n p lac ing t h is b rooch i n C lass Aa . A4 : d ef ined a s A l b ut w ith m i l led t erm ina ls a nd d i sc ( Fow ler 1 960 , 1 52 ) . 1 . F onaby 3 6 , L i . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith r oundsect ioned h oop , m i l led t ermina ls a nd d isc b etween t ermina l a nd h oop ( F ig . 1 , 8 ) . T he p in , wh ich a ppears t o b e ar ep lacement i n c opper a l loy , p ro jects j u st b eyond t he h oop . F ound i n af e ma le g rave o f t he m idd le s ixth c en tury a ssoc iated w ith a c lass E i i d er ived sma l llong b rooch ( Leeds 1 945 , F ig . 1 5d ) , ap a ir o f c opper a l loy w r ist c lasps , ab rooch o f L eeds ' C lass F a nd h a lf o f ac ast c opper a l loy g ird le h anger . T he p os it ion o f t he b rooch i su nfortunate ly n ot r ecorded . P ara l le ls d ated f rom t he f i r st t o t he t h ird c en tur ies a re l i sted b y F ow ler ( 1960 , 1 75 ) . A5 : a' Dark Age ' t ype b rooch d ef ined b y F ow ler a s h av ing ' Th ist lel ike k nob t erm ina ls ' .

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1 . H ighdown 7 4 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy r oundsec t ioned p enannu lar b rooch d escr ibed b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 12 & 1 45 ; F ig . 2 , 1 ) . T he h oop h as b een f i led f lat a nd r epa ired i n a n t iqu ity w ith a r ivet . F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 12-3 ) , s uggests t ha t t h is b rooch s hou ld b e s een a s a n e xamp le o f ' Quo it B rooch s ty le ' meta lwork b ut i t h as n one o f t hese c ha racter ist ics a s We lch p o in ts o ut ( 1983 I ,6 5 ) . F ow ler c i tes a n I r ish p ara l le l o f f ourth o r f i fth c entury d ate , wh ich h as a n i dent ica l r ivet mend ( 1964 , 1 12 ) . T he b rooch t erm ina l f orm p oss ib ly d eve loped f rom t orcs o r b race lets s uch a s t hat f ound a t N ewstead , R ox . ( Borders ) ( Cur ie 1 911 , 3 35-6 P l . XC ) . A ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f d re ikopf ibe ln o f Mahndor f t ype , ac opper a l loy b uck le , ac opper a l loy o b ject a nd t ube , a nd a n i r on b uck le a nd k n ife . T he a ssemb lage i s p oss ib ly d a ted t o t he l ate f i fth o r e a r ly s ixth c en tury b y t he b rooches ( We lch 1 983 I ,6 7 ) . C lass B : at ype d ef ined b y F ow ler a s h av ing t ermina ls w h ich a re e i ther c o i led o r b ent o utwards f rom t he h oop b ut a re i n t he s ame p lane a s i t( 1960 , 1 52 ) . 1 . F o rmby 1 7 , L i . : a n i ron b rooch w ith l oo se ly c o i led t erm ina ls ( F ig . 2 , 2 ) . I t w as f ound b y t he j aw o f af ema le a nd w as a ssoc iated w ith a 9 6 b ead n eck lace a nd a k n ife . P robab ly a s ixth c en tury g rave . 2 . L itt le E r iswe l l 1 4 , S f . : a n i r on b rooch w ith d etached p in f ound u nder t he c h in o f a n i nhumat ion ( F ig . 2 , 3 ) . T he h oop i s r oundsec t ioned a nd t he t erm ina ls a re s quared . No d ecorat ion i s v i s ib le . F ound a ssoc iated w ith a c lass C p enannu lar , a n i ron b uck le t wo f ragmen ts o f a n i ron h oop , a nd t wo f i nger r i ng s , o ne o f c opper a l loy a nd a s econd o f s i lver . A d ate i n t he m idd le o f t he s ixth c en tury i sp robab le . 3 . S ancton , Yo . ( Hm . ) : ab rooch i sn oted f rom t h is c emetery b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 47 ) . F ound i n ac remat ion u rn w ith f ive a nnu lar b rooches , g lass b eads , a w hor l a nd a k n ife . C lass C : t h is i so ne o f t he s imp lest o f t he p enannu lar b rooche s . T he t ermina l f orm i sc o i led b ut t h is c an v ary f rom a l oose c o i l t o at i ght o ne . T here may b e c hrono log ica l s ign if icance t o t hese f orms b ut t h is i sn ot c lear a s i t may d epend o n t he meta l u sed . T he h oop f orm i s most v ar iab le r ang ing f rom a f l at , w ide h oop t o ar oundsec t ioned w ire h oop . T he f l atter h oops a re o ften s tamped o r c h ip c arved , ad ecorat ive f eature w h ich a ppears t o r e late t o t he l ater emp ire ( E . F ow ler 1 964 , 1 14-6 ; 1 983 , 1 9 ) . R ecen t d i scu ss ion o f t hese b rooche s h as s hown t hat e ven i n t he ir f lat-hooped v ar iet ies , t h is b rooch e x i sted i n t he p reR oman I ron Age ( G . S impson 1 979 , 3 29-30 ; T u it jer 1 986 1 21-3 t ype 2 ) , b ut o n ly a s ar are c ont inenta l v ar iety . More u sua l ly i n t he e ar ly Roman p er iod , t hese b rooche s h ave a r oundsec t ioned h oop . A s t here may b e c h rono log ica l s ign if icance i n t he h oop c ross s ect ion t wo s ub-g roup s a re , t herefore , p roposed : Ca h as a r oundsec t ioned h oop , Cb h a s af l atsec t ioned h oop . C lass Ca ; Round-Sect ioned h oop . 1& 2 . Ab ingdon I6 1 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : t wo s imp le i ron p enannu lars . I ron p enannu lar b rooches a re r are i n t he Roman p er iod a nd i t may b e s uggested t herefore t hat b rooche s i n t h is meta l s hou ld b e s een a s p ost R oman i n d a te a nd p robab ly A ng lo-Saxon i n manufacture ( E . F ow ler 1 964 , 1 14 ) . A ssoc iat ions i nc luded a s i lver s p ira l f i nger r i ng w h ich wou ld s uggest a d a te o f d epos it ion i n t he s ixth c entury , c opper a l loy b ucket mounts , an eed le c ase , ap r icker , aw hor l , b eads , ak n ife , ab uck le , ar i ng , t weezer s a nd a b e lt r ing .

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3e x 4 . Ab ingdon I9 5 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ap a ir o f i ron p enannu lar b rooche s . T h i s g rave w as o therw ise u nassoc iated a nd a d ate i sd i ff icu lt t o s uggest . 5 . Ab ingdon I 1 03 , B ek . a ccompany ing o b jects .

( Ox . ) :

a n

i ron

p enannular

b rooch .

N o

o ther

6a t 7 . B arr ing ton A , Ca . : ap a ir o f c opper a l loy b rooche s w ith t ight ly c o i led t erm ina l s ; o ne h as a n i r on p in ( F ig . 2 , 4& 5 ) . T here a re n o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 8 . B assett Down , W i . : a n i ron b rooch w ith t i ght ly c o i led t erm ina l s . T he a ssoc iat ions o f t he b rooch a re c onfused ( s ee O thers , b elow ) , b ut a s ixth c entury d a te i sl i ke ly . 9 . B lewburton 1 , B ek . ( 0x . ) : a n i r on p enannular b rooch a ssoc iated w ith a n a nnu lar b rooch a nd a f ragment o f aw ire b race let . T he g rave g oods a ppear t o h ave b een c onfused w ith t hose o f B lewburton 1 4 ( be low ) . 1 0 d c 1 1 . B lewbu rton 1 4 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ap a ir o f i r on b rooches . T he g rave h as b ecome c onfused w ith t hat o f B lewburton 1 w h ich w as s a id t o h ave h ad o ne C lass C p enannu lar a nd a n a nnu lar b rooch b ut n ow h as t wo p enannu lar b rooche s ( D ick inson 1 976 I ,1 36 ) . 1 2 . B r ighthampton 7 , Ox . : a n i r on b rooch o f w h ich h a lf s urv ives . T he t erm ina l i s t ight ly c o i led a nd t he p in i s s imp le , t he h ead b e ing f o lded o ver t he h oop . A ssoc iated w ith t wo p ierced c o ins a nd f ound a t t he w a ist s uggest ing t ha t i t may h ave b een a s hroud p in o r ab uck le . 1 3 . B r ighthampton 2 5 , Ox . : a n i r on p enannu lar b rooch w ith t i ght ly c o i led t erm ina ls . F ound a t t he s hou lder o f ac h i ld w ho h ad a C la ss E b rooch a t t he w r i st a nd a k n ife . P robab ly a l ate f i f th o r e ar ly s ixth c entury g rave . 1 4 . Cast le By tham , L i . : al oose ly c o iled b rooch o f c opper a l loy ( F ig . 2 , 6 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a s eventh c entury q uo it b rooch ( Ager 1 985 , 2 2 ) , ap in , b eads , a g am ing p iece , as i lver r ing a nd a b eaver t ooth p endant . 1 5 . D roxford 1 3 , Ha . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith p in f ound a t t he n eck o f a f e ma le i nhumat ion ( F ig . 3 , 1 ) . S imp le p enannu lars i n c opper a l loy s uch a s t h is e xamp le may b e p a ral le led b y many B r it i sh f i nds ; e .g . C rummy 1 983 , 1 8 n o .99 F ig . 1 6 . H u l l l i sted n ear ly 1 50 o f t h i s t ype f rom R oman c ontex ts i n B r ita in ( G . S impson 1 979 , 3 29 ) . T he a ssoc iated o b jects i nc luded a g rasste mpered v esse l , t wo s aucer b rooches , ac opper a l loy p in , ac opper a l loy b uck le a nd p in , as trap t ag , ac opper a l loy t ube , a n i r on r ing , k n ife a nd a k ey . T he s aucer b rooche s a re d ated b y A ldsworth t o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he s ixth c entury ( 1979 , 1 68 ) . 1 6 . Duston , Nh . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith p in ( F ig . 3 , 2 ) . T he t erm ina l s a re t ight ly c ur led a nd t he p la in p in p ro jects b eyond t he h oop . N o k nown a ssociat ions . 1 7 . E ast S hefford X I I,B ek . : a n i r on b rooch a ssoc iated w ith a k n ife , ac opper a l loy b uck le a nd b eads . D ick inson s uggests a p oss ib le f i fth c entury d ate o n t he b as is o f t he b uck le ( 1976 I ,2 47 ) . 1 8 . E ast S hefford , B ek . : af ragment o f a n i r on b rooch i s n oted b y D ick inson ( 1976 I ,1 36 ) .

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1 9 . F aver sham , Kn . : a sma l l c opper a l loy b rooch , p robab ly o f A ng lo-Saxon manufacture ( F ig . 3 , 3 ) . T he h oop i s u ndecorated b ut i s t h inned b y u se o n o ne s i de . T he p in i s l o st a nd t he t erm ina ls a re t ight ly c o i led . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 2 0 . G rea t Chesterford 2 9 , E x . : b rooch i si n t hree f ragments a nd o b jects i nc lude i ron p ins , w r ist c o ins . Ad ate i n t he s ixth c entury amber .

a n i ron b rooch w ithout p in ( F ig . 3 , 4 ) . T he t he t erm ina ls a re t ight ly c o i led . A ssoc iated c lasps , b eads ( i nc lud ing amber ) a nd p ierced f or t he g rave i ss uggested b y t he p resence o f

2 1 . G rea t Chester ford 7 9 , Ex . : a n i ron b rooch w ith l oo se ly c o i led t ermina ls ( F ig . 3 , 5 ) . A ssoc iated w ith b eads , af ragmentary i r on r ing a nd c opper a l loy g i rd le h anger . Al ate f i fth o r s ixth c en tury d a te i sl i ke ly . 2 2 . Ho lywe l l Row 3 9 , S f . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith t ight ly c o i led t erm ina ls ( F ig . 3 , 6 ) . T he h oop i s l arge i n c ompa r ison w ith mo st o f t he g roup b e ing 5 0 mm i n d iameter . T he p in o f i ron i sr epresented o n ly b y t he h ead . A p ara l le l i s d iff icu lt t o c i te g iven t he u nusua l f l attened a nd l oo se c o i ls o f t he t erm ina ls . A l ate Roman o r Ang lo-Saxon d ate o f manufacture i s p robab le ( see Whee ler & Whee ler 1 932 , F ig . 1 4 , 2 8 ) . T he a ssoc iat ion s c on s isted o f t wo sma l llong b rooches , f our c o ins a nd b eads . A n e ar ly s ixth c entury d ate f or t he g rave i s l i ke ly . 2 3 . Ho lywe l l Row 6 1 , S f . : a n i ron b rooch w ith t ight ly c o i led t ermina ls ( F ig . 4 , 1 ) . T he a ssoc iated o b jects a re t wo amber b eads a nd a c opper a l loy r ing . A d ate i n t he e ar ly s ixth c entury i sp robab le . R ec lass if ied a fter m is ident if ica t ion b y F ow ler a s a n A l ( s ee a bove ) . 2 4 d c 2 5 . Ho lywe ll Row 8 3 , S f . : ac opper a l loy b rooch ( F ig . 4 , 2 ) . T he t erm ina ls a re t ight ly c o i led a nd t he p la in p in i so f i ron a nd c omp lete . I t p ro jects s l ight ly f rom t he h oop . A s econd c opper a l loy b rooch h as t ermina ls wh ich a re t ight ly c o i led a nd t he b rooch i sv ery s im i lar t o 2 4 w ith t he e xcept ion o f t he p in ( F ig . 4 , 3 ) . T h is i s o f c opper a l loy a nd h a s al ong itud ina l ly r ibbed h ead wh ich i s s eperated f rom t he p la in s hank b y at ransverse l i ne . T he p in s uggests a l ate Roman d ate g iven i t s s im i lar ity t o p in h ead s o n l ate Roman D 5 o r E b rooche s ( Ki lbr ide-Jones 1 980 , 1 50 n o .19 F ig . 5 2 ) . T he b rooche s were a ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f w r ist c lasps o f L eeds ' g roup A , b eads a nd a p endant . Al ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury d ate i sl i ke ly . 2 6 . Horton K irby I , Kn . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith a r ibbed h oop i sn oted f rom t he c emetery i n t he Ma id stone Museum b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 47 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ion s . 2 7 . Kens low Kno l l , Db . : ac opper a l loy b rooch ( F ig . 4 , 4 ) . T he t erm ina ls a re t ight ly c o i led . I t i s p robab le t hat t h is b rooch i s Romano-Br it ish a s Ozanne s uggests b ut t h is d oes n ot r u le i to ut a s as even th c en tury g rave c on tra Ozanne ( 1964 , 5 1 ; s ee Waker ley b e low ) . 2 8 . Muck ing I 2 49 , Ex . : a n i ron b rooch , a ssoc iated i n a ma le g rave w ith a s pearhead , t wo i r on c lamps a nd f ive Roman c o ins .

11-

2 9 .

P o lh il l ,

Kn . :

a s i ng le

i ron

b rooch

n oted

b y

F ow ler

( 1964 ,

1 47 ) .

Unassoc iated . 3 0 . P ortway Down 6 7 , Ha . : ac opper a l loy p in less p enannu lar b rooch f ound i n a b ag a long w ith c opper a l loy a nd i r on f ragments ( F ig . 4 , 5 ) . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a l ate f i fth c en tury Quo it b rooch , ar eused R oman Nauhe im b rooch , a c opper a l loy h oop f rom a p er ished v esse l , ap in a nd t wo Roman c o ins . B utcher g ives s evera l f i r st c en tury p ara l le ls ( 1985 , 9 4-5 ) . As ixth c en tury g rave . 3 1 & 3 2 . S ewerby 1 7 , Yo . ( Hm . ) : t wo c omp lete i r on b rooches f ound w ith a c h i ld a l so a ssoc iated w ith a p ottery a cce ssory v esse l , ac opper a l loy a nnu lar b rooch a nd b eads . T he c omb inat ion o f c oba lt b lue a nd amber b eads s uggest a d ate i n t he f i r st h a lf o f t he s ixth c en tury ( H ir st 1 985 , 7 5 ) . 3 3 . S leaford 1 9 , L i . : ac opper a l loy b rooch ( F ig . 4 , 6 ) . T he t erm ina ls a re t i ght ly c o i led a nd a re d ecorated w ith l ong itud ina l r ibb ing . A s im i lar f orm o f b rooch d ecorat ion i s s een o n as i lver p enannu lar b rooch f rom B utt R oad c emetery , Co lche ster , E x . ( Crum my 1 983 , 1 8 n o .103 F ig .16 ) . T he p in i sp la in a nd p ro jects j ust b eyond t he h oop . A ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f c opper a l loy a nnu lar b rooches . Al ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c en tury d a te f or t he g rave i ss uggested . 3 4 & 3 5 . Waker ley 1 0 , Nh . : a s i lver b rooch w ith a h oop o rnamented w ith b unched t ran sver se l i nes b y t he t ermina ls a nd a t t he m id-po int o f t he b rooch ( F ig . 4 , 7 ) . T he t erm ina ls a re t i ght ly c o i led . T he p in i s p la in a nd p ro jects b eyond t he h oop . A c opper a l loy b rooch w ith a p la in h oop a s i s t he p in w h ich p ro jects s l ight ly f rom t he h oop ( F ig . 4 , 8 ) . T he b rooche s w ere f ound a t t he f eet a nd a re s uggested t o b e g arter f i tt ing s ( A . Cook 1 978 , 2 32-3 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a b one p in b eater a nd a d oub le s i ded c omb . A s even th c en tury d a te f or t he g rave i sl i ke ly b ut t he b rooches a re s ugg ested b y Mackreth t o b e R oman ( 1982a , m/f 2 , B 06 ) who n otes t hat t he p a ir a re m ismatched . I t i s p robab le , h owever , t ha t t hey a re s even th c en tury i n d a te o n a na logy w ith t hose f rom W inna l l ( be low ) . C lass Cb : F lat-hooped b rooches . 1 . Fa irford 4 8 , G l . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith t ight ly c o i led t ermina ls a nd t he r ema ins o f a n i r on p in ( F ig . 4 , 9 ) . T he h oop i s p la in . A s im i lar b rooch i s i lu strated b y C rum my ( 1983 , 1 8 n o .100 F ig . 1 6 ) a nd i s g iven a p robab le t h ird o r f ourth c entury d ate . A ssoc iated w ith a s ing le b lue g lass b ead . T he d ate o f t he g rave i su ncerta in ( D ick inson 1 976 I ,1 36 ) . 2 . F aversham , Kn . : a c opper a l loy b rooch w ith t he h oop d ecorated b y a n i nc ised l i ne i sn oted b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 47 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 3 . F imber , Yo . ( Hm . ) : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith a f lat o r o va l h oop s uggest ing t ha t i t s hou ld b e p laced i n C lass Cb ( F ig . 4 , 1 0 ) . T he p in d oes n ot p ro ject b eyond t he h oop a nd i sp la in b ut t he h oop i so rnamented w ith a z ig-zag p attern o n t he u pper s urface . T he d ecorat ion o n t he h oop a l l ies i tw ith f ourth c entury e xamp les a nd i t i sp robab le t hat t h is b rooch s hou ld b e d ated t o t hat p er iod ( E . F ow ler 1 983 , 1 9 ) . N o o ther a ssoc iat ion s a re k nown .

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4& 5 . G irton G roup C , Ca . : ap a ir o f c opper a l loy f l at h oop b rooche s ( F ig . 5 , 1 ) . T he h oops a re s tamped o n t he u pper s urface w ith a d es ign w h ich i s b ad ly worn i n t he v ic in ity o f t he r ema ins o f t he i r on p in . T he t erm ina l s a re t i ght ly c o i led . T h is i s al ate o r p ost R oman b rooch g iven i t s s ize a nd t he u se o f s tamped d ecorat ive o rnament . T he b rooche s were a ssoc iated w ith amber b eads a nd a s i lver s cut iform p endant . As ixth c entury d ate f or t he g rave i ss uggested b y t he amber . 6& 7 . H ighdown 4 1 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : t wo c opper a l loy b rooche s ( F ig . 5 , 23 c3 ) . O ne h as r egu lar ly s paced c ab le o rnament e ngraved t ransverse ly o n t he s urface a nd t ight ly c o i led t erm ina l s o f sma l l s ize , t he s econd i s t he s ame b ut t he t ransverse d ecorat ion i s o f p a ired c ab le l ines . T he p ins i n b oth c ases h ave f l attened h eads w ith l ong itud ina l r ibb ing . B oth o f t he h oops a re e xtreme ly w ide a nd t h in a nd a ppear t o b e o f A ng lo-Saxon manufacture a s t here a re n o c lose p a ral lel s f rom t he R oman p er iod . T he p ins p ro ject j ust b eyond t he h oop . N o o ther a ssoc iat ions b ut a l ate f i fth c entury d ate may b e s uggested . 8 . H ighdown 5 0 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ithout a p in ( F ig . 5 , 4 ) . T he e xter ior o f t he h oop i sd ecorated w ith l i ght n ick ing a s o n C lass D b rooches f rom L ydney , G l . ( Whee ler 3 c Whee ler 1 932 , F ig . 1 4 n o .35 ) . T he p in a nd o ne o f t he t ight ly c o i led t erm ina ls a re l ost . A ssoc iated w ith s ix b eads , f ive o f w h ich w ere amber . Al ate f i f th o r e ar ly s ixth c entury d ate i si nd ica ted . 9 . H ighdown 7 3 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy b rooch a s t hose d escr ibed u nder H ighdown 4 1 ( F ig . 5 , 5 ) . T h i s e xamp le h as d oub le l i ne t ran sver se d ecorat ion . A ssoc iated w ith a s t r ing o f s even b eads . A l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury d ate may b e s uggested . 1 0 . Ke müngha l l , Nh . : h a lf o f a c opper a l loy p enannu lar b rooch ( F ig . 5 , 6 ) . Unknown a ssoc iat ions . 1 1 . L inton Heath B 9 3 , Ca . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith t i ght ly c o i led t erm ina l s a nd n ick ing o n t he e xter ior o f t he h oop a s o n H ighdown 5 0 ( F ig . 5 , 7 ) . T he p in i s l o st . A n a lmost e xact p ara l le l i s p ub l ished b y C rummy ( 1983 , 1 8 n o .100 F ig . 1 6 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a s econd p enannu lar b rooch o f C lass D , b eads a nd a n a ccessory v esse l . Al ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury d a te i sp robab le . 1 2 . L itt le E r iswel l 1 4 , S f . : ac opper a l loy b rooch ( F ig . 5 , 8 ) . T he t erm ina ls a re t ight ly c o i led . F or a ssoc iat ions s ee C lass B a bove . 1 3 & 1 4 . L ong W i ttenham 1 8 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ap a ir o f c opper a l loy b rooches w ith t races o f a n i r on p in o n t he u nornamented h oops ( F ig . 5 , 9 ) . T he t erm ina l s a re t ight ly c o i led . A ssoc iated w ith g lass b eads a nd a k n ife , a l l t he o b jects b e ing f ound i n t he l ap . T he b rooches wou ld p robab ly h ave b een worn i n G erman ic f ash ion o n t he s hou lders w ith t he b eads s trung b etween . A d ate i n t he l ate f i f th o r e ar ly s ixth c entury i sl i ke ly . 1 5 . Muck ing H 9 79 , E x . : a n i ron b rooch w ith t ight ly c o i led t erm ina l s ( F ig . 5 , 1 0 ) . F ound i n a ma le g rave c onta in ing a s pearhead a nd f erru le , al ate R o man m i l itary b e l t s et i nclud ing a b uck le o f my G roup B 2 , s t iffener s a nd r o sette b e l t mounts , t weezers a nd a k n ife . T he g rave i sf u l ly d iscussed b y E v ison w ho d raws p a ra l lel s f or t he g roup f rom R henen 8 18 , N ether lands ( 1981 , 1 39 ) .A n e ar ly f i fth c entury d ate f or t he g rave i sl i ke ly .

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1 6 & 1 7 . Nass ing ton 1 4 , Nh . : ap a ir o f c opper a l loy b rooche s w ith p la in h oop s a nd p ins ( F ig . 6 , 1 ) . T hey w ere f ound o n t he c lav ic les a nd w ere a lso a ssoc iated w ith a sma l llong b rooch a nd a s tr ing o f b ead s w ith p endan ts a nd r ing s s uspended f rom t hem . Ad ate i n t he e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury i sl i ke ly . 1 8 . Nass ing ton 1 9 , Nh . : a n i ron b rooch w ith a n arrow h oop . F ound w ith b ead s a nd a c opper a l loy s p l it-r ing . A n e ar ly s ixth c entury g rave . 1 9 & 2 0 . Nass ing ton A , Nh . : t wo c opper a l loy b rooche s w ith v ery w ide , f l at h oop s ( F ig . 6 , 2 ) . T he h oops a re o rnamented w ith S s tamp s s im i lar t o t hose u sed o n a b rooch f rom L ydney ( Whee ler S c Whee ler 1 932 , F ig . 1 4 n o . 3 4 ) a lthough t he b rooch i t se lf i s o f t he s ame c haracter a s t hose f rom H ighdown ( above ) . A p o st R oman d a te f or t he b rooche s i s t herefore i nd ica ted . T he t erm ina ls a re l oose ly c o i led . T he p ins h ave b een l o st . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a s p ira l s i lver r ing , a s econd s i lver r ing , a k n ife , a n a pp l ied b rooch , al arge n eck lace a nd a n i ron k ey . T he who le a ssemb lage s hou ld b e d ated t o t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c en tury . 2 1 . Rusk ing ton 3 , L i . : a sma l l c opper a l loy b rooch w ith o vo id o r f l at h oop , p robab ly C lass Cb ( F ig . 6 , 3 ) . T he t erm ina ls a re t i ght ly c o i led a nd t he p la in p in i sb roken o ff a pp rox imate ly h a lf way a long i t s l eng th . N o k nown a ssoc iat ion s . 2 2 . S pong H i l l C remat ion 1 469 , N f . : al arge i r on b rooch w ith a n o va l s ect ioned h oop wh ich p robab ly b e long s t o C lass Cb ( F ig . 6 , 4 ) . T he p in i s p la in a nd p ro jects b eyond t he h oop . T he t erm ina l i st ight ly c o i led a nd o ne i sl o st . F ound w ith a n e a r ly f orm o f c ruc iform b rooch , ak n ife , an eed le a nd a r ing . T he c ar inated p rof i le a nd l ong-boss d ecorat ion s uggest a l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c en tury d a te . 2 3 & 2 4 . W inna l l H8 , Ha . : t wo c opper a l loy b rooche s ( F ig . 6 , 5& 6 ) . T he h oop s h ave p a ired l i nes a t f ive r egu lar ly s paced i nterva ls o n t he h oop . B oth p ins a re p la in a nd d o n ot p ro ject b eyond t he h oop . T he t erm ina ls a re t ight ly c o i led . A ssoc iated w ith t he b rooches w ere t wo u n ion p ins i n s i lver a nd a k n ife . Meaney a nd Hawkes d a te t he b rooche s t o t he s even th c en tury ( 1970 , 3 6 ) b ut t here i sa p oss ib i l ity t hat t hey c ou ld b e r eused Roman e xamp les a s a t Waker ley . B rooches o f C lass C n oted b y F ow ler w h ich Ih ave r ec lass if ied a re : G laston 1 , b e . ( Ru . ) : t he b rooch l i sted f rom t h is g rave b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 48 ) i s i n f act a C lass E b rooch ( s ee b e low ) . S leaford 7 9 , L i . : av ery c orroded i ron p enannu lar b rooch n oted f rom t h is g rave b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 47 ) i s ac opper a l loy c lass A a b rooch ( s ee a bove ) . C lass D : d ef ined b y F ow ler a s b e ing a b rooch i n w h ich t he t erm ina ls a re t urned b ack i n t he s ame p lane a s t he h oop a s i n C lass C b ut t h is t ime t he t erm ina l i s f l attened . S he d a tes t he e a r l iest e xamp les t o t he l ate f i r st c en tury BC b ut d oes n ot d ef ine l ater d eve lopments i n h oop d es ign a nd d ecorat ion ( 1960 , 1 67 ) . T hese e a r l ier b rooche s , a s w ith C lass C , h ad h oops w ith r ound s ect ions . O rnamentat ion o f t he t erm ina l s omet imes o ccurs l ead ing t o s even s ub-g roups d ef ined b y F ow ler ( 1960 , 1 52-3 ) . T he s ign if icance o f t he t erm ina l d ecorat ion h as b een q uest ioned b y Mackreth who p o ints o ut t hat a s t he b rooch t ype was s o e a sy t o make , s ma l l e rror s i n t he g rav ing o f t ermina ls c ou ld l ead t o u n intent ioned v ar iat ion ( 1982a , mg 2 , B 07 ) . T he d at ing o f C lass D b rooches i s

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made a l l t he more d iff icu lt b y ap a ra l le l d eve lopmen t t o C lass C w ith t he d eve lopment o f a f l at h oop i n t he l ater t h ird c entury . T h is i s s hown p a rt icu lar ly b y t he s ubstan t ia l g roup f rom L ydney , G l . ( Whee ler & Whee ler 1 932 , F ig . 1 4 ) . T hese l a ter b rooches a ppear t o b e i nd icated b y f la ttened h oops w h ich a re g raved o r s tamped a l though s ome o f t he t erm ina ls a re t echn ica l ly t he s ame a s t hose o f t he e ar ly R oman p er iod t hus o ne i sf orced t o g roup l ater d eve lopments w ith e a r ly b rooche s . O n t he r ound-hooped b rooche s , c on t inuous o r g rouped r ibb ing o f t he h oop a l so a ppears t o i nd icate a l ate f orm o f t he b rooch w h ich p ref igu res t he c ha racter ist ics o f C lasses E , Fa nd G . D : t he t erm ina ls o f t he b rooch a re f la ttened o n t op o f t he h oop a nd a re u nornamen ted . 1 . 1 3 eck ford 8 2 , Wo . : ac opper a l loy b rooch o f 4 0 mm d iameter i sn oted f rom t h is g rave b y K . P retty ( pers . c omm . ) . T he h oop i sr ibbed a nd t he p in i sf o lded o n o ver t he h oop . A ssoc iated w ith a r i ng f ragmen t a nd a p erforated p late . 2 . B idford-on-Avon 4 3 , Wa . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith a r oundsect ioned h oop a nd p la in p in . T he b rooch i sc orroded a nd t he t ermina l f orm i s u nc lear . F ound w ith a s tr ing o f b eads w ith c o in ? p endants , ak n ife a nd o ther i r on f ragments . S ome o f t he b ead s a re amber wh ich wou ld s uggest a s ixth c en tury d a te . T he s econd b rooch i n t he g rave was a C lass A 3 ( above ) . 3 . H ighdown 5 8 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith t he t erm ina ls t urned o ver a nd f lattened ( F ig . 6 , 7 ) . T he t erm ina ls a ppear t o b e s l ight ly wa isted b ut t h is d oe s n ot s eem t o b e ad e l iberate r ework ing . T he p in i s o f i ron a nd i s c onta ined w ith in t he h oop . A p ara l le l i s p rov ided b y Whee ler f rom Ma iden Cast le , Do . d a ted t o AD 2 5-70 ( 1943 , 2 64 n o .8 F ig . 8 6 ) . T he p in i s a lmo st c erta in ly a r ep lacement a s i ti si n i r on a nd t he b rooch i t se lf i sp robab ly a s tray f i nd f rom t he f ort i t se lf . F ound w ith t hree d i scs o rnamen ted i n Quo it B rooch s ty le ( be low ) , t hree b eads , ac opper a l loy mount a nd a d ecorated u rn . A c h i ld 's g rave o f t he l ater f i f th o r e a r ly s ixth c en tury . 4 . K ing sworthy 2 7 , Ha . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith r o l led , f lattened t erm ina ls d ecorated w ith l ong itud ina l r ibb ing ( F ig . 6 ,9 ) . T he b rooch w as f ound l oo se i n t he g rave f i l l a nd may b e as tray f i nd . F or a p ara l le l , s ee S leaford 1 9 , a bove . T h is i s n ot s tr ict ly a C lass D b rooch a s t he t erm ina ls a re o rnamen ted b ut t h is i so therw ise a u n ique b rooch a nd c lear ly b e long s t o t h is c lass i n g ener ic t erms . 5 . L inton Heath B 9 3 , Ca . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith r oundsec t ioned h oop a nd f a int ly i nc ised r i bb ing c ont inuous ly o n t he h oop ( F ig . 6 , 8 ) . T h is d ecorat ion h a s b een worn o ff i n a reas . T he p in i sl o st a nd t he t erm ina ls a re p la in a lthough t hey h ave n ot b een f lattened o nto t he h oop b ut l eft s tand ing p roud a s h ooks . P robab ly a l ate R oman b rooch t o j udge f rom t he d ecorat ion a nd f l at h oop . F or a ssoc iat ions , s ee C la ss C b rooches ( above ) . 6& 7 . P ewsey B , W i . : a n i ron b rooch w ith t h ick , r oundsect ioned h oop ( F ig . 6 , 1 0 ) . T he s quare ish t erm ina ls h ave b een f la ttened a nd o ne l o st . F ragments o f a s econd b rooch w ere r ecovered f rom t h is d i sturbed g rave . Iam g ratefu l t o K . A nnab le f or i n format ion o n t h is g rave i n a dvance o f p ub l icat ion . 8 . P ewsey 1 02 , W i . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith a r oundsec t ioned h oop a nd p la in i r on p in w ith w ide h ead ( F ig . 8 , 6 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a C lass E b rooch , a c opper a l loy p in , b eads w h ich i nc luded amber , a n i ron b uck le a nd p late a nd i ron

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b ox b ind ing s ? An e a r ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury d a te may b e s uggested o n t he b as is o f t he amber . T he b rooche s f rom L ym inge a nd A lfr iston n oted b y F ow ler i n t h is g roup a re i nc luded i n t he s ect ion o n Q uo it B rooch s ty le o b jects ( 1964 , 1 48 ; b e low ) . D3 : d e f ined b y F ow ler a s h av ing t erm ina ls w h ich a re b en t b ack o r c a st s o l id b ut w h ich a re o rnamented w ith a s a lt ire o n t he t op . 1 . F eer ing/Ke lvedon , B arrowf ie ld , E x . : a n i ron b rooch w ith a f l at h oop s tamped w ith t r iang les a nd d ots . I t i s p robab ly a l ate R oman b rooch ( c .f . t he e xamp le f rom A ltenb i isted t ; B öhme 1 974 , 2 18 T af . I1 -9 ) . A ssoc iated w ith t wo d isc b rooches a nd a g arnet s et b uck le ( 1964 , 1 48 ) . A l ate s ix th o r e ar ly s eventh c en tury d a te i si nd ica ted . D4 : d ef ined b y F ow ler a s h av ing ' c lenched ' t ermina ls g iv ing a f igu re o f e ight a ppearance t o t hem . I n t h is , i t f i ts v ery c lose ly w ith h er C la ss D 2 w h ich i s d ef ined a s h av ing a f igu re o f e ight a ppearance t o i t a s we l l ( 1960 , 1 52 ) . T he f ree e nd o f t he t erm ina l i so ften t i lted u p w h ich K i lbr ide-Jones a rgues p laces i ta t t he s tart o f t he I z oomorph ic ' s er ies ( 1936 , 1 25 ) . 1 . L ong W ittenham I 3 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith p la in r ounds ect ioned h oop a nd p la in t erm ina ls ( F ig . 7 , 1 ) . T he p in w as o f i ron a nd o n ly t he h ead r ema ins . F ound i n ap urse c o l lect ion a long w ith a f ragment o f a n a n ima l h ead ( F ig . 1 0 , 5 ) w h ich F ow ler c lass if ied a s a t erm ina l f or a n H 4 b rooch . D ick inson c orrect ly q uest ions t h is i dent if icat ion a nd s uggests a n a l ternat ive d er ivat ion f rom a mount ( 1976 I , 1 37 ) . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a p a ir o f b ack p lates f or a pp l ied b rooches , ab e lt p laque a nd t wo amber b eads . A n e ar ly s ixth c en tury d a te f or t he g rave may b e s uggested b y t he amber . 2 . S aneton , Yo . ( Hm . ) : h a lf o f ac opper a l loy b rooch ( F ig . 7 , 2 ) . T he h oop i s h eav i ly b urn t a nd t w isted . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions b ut c erta in ly f rom a c remat ion . D5 : d e f ined b y F ow ler a s h av ing t ermina ls w h ich a re c ast f l at b ut h ave a s keumorph ic l i ne i n p rof i le ( 1960 , 1 53 ) . T he d at ing o f t h is b rooch t ype i s s omewha t c onfused : F ow ler p laces s ome o f t he se b rooche s i n t he f i r st o r s econd c entury AD b ut o thers a re c lear ly l ater a nd o f h eav ier c on struct ion , a nd r e f lect a d eve loped v er s ion w h ich i s t he p recu rsor o f C lasses E a nd F ( 1960 , 1 67-9 ) . T hese l atter Ih ave p laced i n C la ss E l ead ing t o r ec la ss if icat ion o f s ome o f t he b rooche s l i sted b y F ow ler i n h er a rt ic le ( 1964 ) . 1 .L ackford , S f . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith t h in , r oundsect ioned h oop a nd t he t erm ina ls r ough ly worked t o r epresent t he z oomorph ic f orm ( F ig 7 , 3 ) . T here i s e v idence f or a n i r on p in w h ich wou ld s uggest t hat d esp ite t he f act t hat i t was as tray w hen f ound , i t may w e l l h ave c ome f rom a c rema t ion . F or p a ra l le ls , s ee E . F ow ler 1 964 , 1 35-7 . C lass ifed a s aC la ss E l b rooch b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 36 ) b ut a ppea rs t o b e c loser t o t h is g roup . 2 . West Overton 4 , W i . : ac opper a l loy t h in-hooped b rooch w ith r ough ly s haped t erm ina ls a nd a s l op ing l i ne o n t he s i de o f t he t erm ina l w h ich i s a c haracter ist ic o f t h is C lass ( F ig . 7 , 4 ) . P ara l le ls a re c ited f or t h is b rooch b y F ow ler ( 1960 , 1 76 ) . T he t aper ing i ron p in , w h ich i sp robab ly a r ep lacemen t , i s c omp lete a nd c onta ined w ith in t he h oop . A ssoc iated w ith a Roman k ey , amber

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a nd g lass b ead s , ac opper a l loy r i ng a nd f ragmen ts , i ron p lates a nd a k ey , a k n ife a nd a b uck le . T he f i fth c entury d ate s uggested b y E ag les f or t h is g rave i s u n l ike ly g iven t he p re sence o f amber a nd a d a te i n t he s ixth c en tury i s t o b e p referred ( 1986 , 1 10 ) . B rooche s r ec lass ifed b y t he a u thor . B r ightha rnp ton 2 5 , Ox . : If o l low D ick inson i n h er r ec lass if ica t ion o f t h is b rooch a s aC la ss E ( be low ) . D6 : d e f ined b y F ow ler a s am isce l laneous c o l lect ion w h ich g enera l ly a re l ess w e l l f in ished t han C lass D 5 a nd w h ich h ave r i dges o f d ecorat ion o n t he t erm ina l ( 1960 , 1 53 ) . 1 . App ledown , Comp ton 4 8 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : as ketch o f ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith a n i r on p in f rom t h is g rave h as b een s ent t o me b y M . We lch , t o w hom I am most g ratefu l ( F ig . 7 , 5 ) . I tw as f ound i n a ssoc iat ion w ith a k n ife . 2 . B eckford B 5 8 , Wo . ( H . & W . ) : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith p la in h oop a nd p in a nd t hree r i dged t erm ina l . A ssoc iated w ith b ead s a nd a p in , n oted b y K . P re tty ( pers . c omm . ) . 3 . L ongeot , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith o rnamen ted t ermina ls a nd r ound s ect ioned h oop ( F ig . 7 , 6 ) . T he p in w as l o st a nd t he b rooch w as p robab ly worn o n an eck lace w ith r ing s a nd b ead s . A lso f ound i n t he g rave wa s ag lass p in h ead . T he g rave s hou ld b e d ated t o t he s eventh c entury ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 1 37 ) . D7 : a' Da rk Age ' b rooch w ith t he f l attened t ermina ls o rnamented w ith t hree d eep , t ransverse g rooves o r n otches ( E . F ow ler 1 964 , 1 13 & 1 46 ) . E ast S hefford , l 3 ek . : t he b rooch f rom

t h is c emetery p ut i n t h is g roup b y

D ick inson ( 1976 I ,1 38 ) h as b een r ec lass if ied a s C lass Aa ( above ) . C lass E : d ef ined b y F ow ler a s a sma l l z oomorph ic b rooch i n w h ich a l l t he f eatures o f t he ' a n ima l ' a re r ecogn isab le ( 1960 , 1 53 ) . F ow ler s uggests t hat t h is b rooch t ype a ppea rs t o b e al ate R oman d eve lopmen t o f C lasses A 3 a nd B 2 ( 1964 , 1 01-3 ) b ut i t may p erhap s b e more l og ica l ly s een a s ad eve lopment f rom t he l ater R oman f orms o f D 5 b rooche s . T he se a re c ha racter ised b y r ibbed , r oundsect ioned h oop s ; ab rooch o f t h is t ype was f ound a t Wroxeter i n r ecent e xcavat ion s i n a ssoc iat ion w ith c o ins o f t he m id-fourth c en tury ( Pretty , p er s . c om m . ) . Whether t here w as a h iatus b etween t he t wo g roup s r ema ins t o b e s een . 1 . B arr ing ton A , Ca . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w h ich h a s c ast , s p layed t erm ina ls a nd a p la in p in w ith e ngraved d ecorat ion ( F ig . 7 , 7 ) . No k nown a ssoc iat ions . 2 . B r ighthamp ton 2 5 , Ox . : a c opper a l loy b rooch w ith r oundsec t ioned c ont inuous ly r ibbed h oop a nd z oomorph ic t erm ina ls ( F ig . 8 , 1 ) . T he t erm ina ls h ave b een p ushed o ver o ne a nother a nd t he p in i s l o st . F ound r eused a s a b race let i n ac h i ld 's g rave . S ee C lass C b rooches f or a ssoc iat ions . A p ara l le l may b e c i ted f rom B irdoswa ld , Nb . ( K i lbr ide-Jones 1 980b , 1 47 n o .2 F ig . 5 2 ) .

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3 . G laston 1 , Ru . ( Le . ) : a c opper a l loy b rooch w ith r oundsec t ioned h oop , wa isted a rea o n h oop t o h o ld p in a nd g rouped r ibb ing o f t he h oop ( F ig . 8 , 2 ) . T he t ermina ls a re f l attened a nd g raved t o g ive a z oomorph ic a ppea rance . T he p in i s ar ep lacement i n c opper a l loy . As im i lar b rooch i si lustrated b y A l lasonJ one s & M iket f rom S outh S h ie lds , Hm . ( 1984 , 1 12 n .3 :116 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a b ow b rooch w ith u pturned f oot a l though a ny o ther a ssoc iat ions a re u nc lear . A m idd le t o l ate f i fth c en tury d a te f or t he g rave may b e s uggested . C lass if ied b y F ow ler a s C lass C . 4 . Kempston , B d . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith a f l atsect ioned h oop w h ich i s c ont inuous ly r ibbed ( F ig . 8 , 3 ) . T he s quare t erm ina ls h ave n otches c ut a t t he f ront t o g ive a z oomorph ic a ppea rance t o t he b rooch . T he c opper a l loy p in i s c onta ined w ith in t he h oop . A s omewhat s im i lar b rooch f rom Chesters , Nb . i s i lustrated b y K i lbr ide-Jones ( 1980b , 1 50 n o .16 F ig . 5 2 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ion s . 5 . P ewsey 1 02 , W i . : ac opper a l loy b rooch o f 3 8 mm d iameter ( F ig . 8 , 5 ) . T he r oundsect ioned h oop i s p la in a nd t he t erm ina ls h ave l ozeng iform p ane ls w h ich a re s quared o ff a t t he c orners . A r a ised p ane l i s b etween t he h oop a nd t erm ina l . T he p in h a s at ubu lar , r ibbed h ead b ut i so therw ise p la in . T he c losest p ara l le ls f or t h is b rooch a re f r om t he s outh w est r eg ion ( W itcombe , G l . e tc . ; K i lbr ide-Jone s 1 980b , 8 8 F ig . 2 1 n o .10 ) . F or a ssoc iat ion s , s ee C lass D , a bove . 6 . W il loughby-on-the-Wo lds 5 8 , Not . : a c opper a l loy b rooch w ith a r ounds ect ioned h oop a nd f l attened t ermina ls ( F ig . 8 , 4 ) . T he se a re s l ight ly r ounded a t t he c orners , p erhap s b y u se . T here a re s l ight t r iangu lar n icks a nd a r ectangu lar ' c o l lar ' a t t he j unct ion w ith t he h oop b ut o therw ise t he t ermina ls a re p la in . T he p in p ro jects b eyond t he h oop a nd h as a f la ttened , r ibbed h ead . T h is l ong p in p lace s t he b rooch i n t he Ce lt ic s er ies ; ac omparab le b rooch i s t hat f rom Dowkerbottom Cave , Db . ( K i lbr ide J ones 1 980b , 1 48 n o . 1 3 F ig . 5 2 ) . F ound i n am idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury g rave a ssoc iated w ith b ucket f i tt ing s , b eads , ab roken Roman b rooch u sed a p endant , t wo p a irs o f r ectangu lar w r ist c lasps , t hree f i nger r ing s i nc lud ing o ne s p ira l , ak n ife , a n i vory r i ng , c opper a l loy h o l low b eads , as cut iform p endant , a n o penwork t r iske le c hate la ine a nd g ird le h anger a nd a p a ir o f t weezer s . T he f act t ha t t h is i s t he o n ly b rooch i n t he g rave s uggests t hat i t was worn s ing ly i n C e lt ic f ash ion t o s upport a c loak e i ther o n t he s hou lder o n a t t he wa ist . I am g ratefu l t o G . K ins ley f or s upp ly ing d eta i ls a nd d raw ing s o f t he f i nds i n a dvance o f p ub l icat ion . B rooche s o f t h is c lass n ow r ec lass if ied : L ackford . : n ow r ec lass if ied a s aC lass D 5 b rooch ( above ) . S taxton , Yo . ( N . Yo . ) : ab rooch n oted b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 49 ) n ow r ec lass if ied a s C lass F . C lass F : d ifferent iated f rom C lass E p ure ly o n s ize b y F ow ler ( 1960 , 1 53 ) . T here i s , h owever , s ome v ar iat ion b etween t he t wo a s c lass F h ave l arger , s quared t erm ina ls w ith a l ozenge marked o ut b y g raved l i nes . T he i ncreas ing t erm ina l s i ze o f t h is g roup a ppears t o l ead i t d i rect ly i n to C lass H b rooches ( Ki lbr ide-Jones 1 980b F ig s . 2 4-28 , 3 3 & 3 4 ) . 1 . B ifrons 6 . Kn . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith p la in , r oundsect ioned h oop ( F ig . 9 , 1 ) d escr ibed b y K i lbr ide-Jones ( 1980b , 8 8 F ig . 2 1 n o .13 ) . F ound b y t he w r ist o f af ema le i nhumat ion . A s t he p in i s m iss ing , t h is s trong ly s uggests i t s r euse

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a s ab race let , s ee B r ighthamp ton 2 5 a bove . A lso i n t he g rave were a p ierced s poon a nd c rysta l b ead , ad isc b rooch , t wo sma l llong b rooches , a n i r on p in , a b uck le a nd a n i vory b ead . Ad a te i n t he l ate s ixth c en tury i si nd ica ted . 2 . Has l ing f ie ld , Ca . : a n u nassoc iated p enannu lar b rooch p in f rom t h is c emetery i s i n t he c o l lect ions o f t he Camb r idge Museum o f A rchaeo logy a nd A nthropo logy ( F ig . 9 , 2 ) . D esp ite t he u nusua l n ature o f t he t ubu lar h ead , i t c lear ly d er ives f rom a C lass F b rooch b ecau se o f i t s s ize . 3& 4 . H ighdown , S x . ( W . S x . ) : al ong c opper a l loy t ubu lar-headed a nd r idged p in w h ich p resumab ly wa s f rom a n F t ype b rooch a nd a s econd s im i lar p in w ithout a t ubu lar h ead ( F ig . 9 , 3& 4 ) . Unassoc iated . 5 . L e icester , b e . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith p la in , r oundsect ioned h oop ( F ig . 9 , 5 ) a nd t ubu lar h eaded p in d escr ibed b y K i lbr ide-Jones ( 1980b , 9 1 F ig . 2 3 n o .22 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ion s a nd n ot n ece ssa r i ly a g rave f i nd . 6 . Nass ing ton 1 1 , Nh . : ac opper a l loy t ubu lar-headed p in a ssoc iated w ith t hree o penwork s wa st ika b rooche s , at i nned c opper a l loy r ing , ac opper a l loy p r icker o n ar ing a nd a n eck lace ( F ig . 9 , 6 ) . A d ate i n t he m idd le s ixth c entury i s l i ke ly . 7 . S taxton 4 , Yo . ( N . Yo . ) : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith a p la in , r oundsect ioned h oop a nd p la in p in ( F ig . 1 0 , 2 ) . T he d imens ions o f t he b rooch a re g iven b y t he e xcavator a s h oop d iameter c . 7 0mm a nd p in l eng th c . 7 6mm ( Sheppa rd 1 938 , 2 0 ) wh ich p laces i t i n C la ss F , c ontra F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 49 ; s ee C lass E a bove ) . P a ra l le ls a re g iven b y K i lbr ide-Jones ' In it ia l F orm ' b rooche s , a l though h e om its t h is b rooch f rom h is c ata logue ( 1980b , 8 5-93 ) . T he a ssoc iat ions o f t he b rooch a re v ery c on fused b ut a ppea r t o c on s ist o f t hree a nnu lar b rooche s , a p a ir o f g i rd le h angers , t wo p a irs o f w r ist c lasp s , a Romano-Br it ish e name l led b rooch , as trap e nd , a whor l , amber a nd g lass b eads , ap ierced t ooth a nd o ther f ragments . Ad ate i n t he s ixth c entury i si nd icated b y t he amber b eads . 8 . S tratford , A lveston , Wa . : al arge c opper a l loy b rooch w ith r ibbed h oop o f r ound s ect ion ( F ig . 1 0 , 1 ) . T he b rooch i sd escr ibed b y K i lb r ide-Jones ( 1980b , 8 6 F ig . 2 0 n o . 7 ) a nd a l ate f ourth o r e a r ly f i fth c en tury d a te i sl i ke ly . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions o ther t han ' b ones ' . F 1 : a s t he t ype b ut w ith e name l d ecorat ion o n t he t erm ina l ( E . F ow ler 1 964 , 1 05 ) . 1 . Ab ingdon I , B ek . ( Ox . ) : a c opper a l loy b rooch ( F ig . 1 0 , 3 ) d e scr ibed b y K i lbr ide-Jones ( 1980b , 9 3 F ig . 2 3 n o .25 ) . D ick inson i s u ncerta in a s t o w hether t he b rooch i s , i n f act , f rom a g rave a nd t he q uest ion must r ema in o pen ( 1976 I , 1 38 ) . C lass G : F ow ler 's o r ig ina l d ef in it ion a nd c lass if ica t ion o f t h is b rooch ( 1964 , 1 07-9 ) h as n ow b een s uperseded b y t he s ystem p roposed b y D ick inson ( 1982a ) . I t i s t h is c lass if ica t ion t ha t i s f o l lowed h ere a nd D ick inson 's d escr ip t ions w i l l a lso b e r eferred t o a s n ecessary . T h is b rooch t ype h as a sma l l , t h ick r ibbed h oop w ith f ace tted t ermina ls . 1 . B idford-on-Avon 1 971/HB2 , Wa . : d e f ined b y D ick inson a s a member o f h er g roup G 1 .6 ( i b id , 4 9 ; F ig . 1 1 , 1 ) . F ound i n af ema le g rave a ssoc iated w ith a

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sma l llong b rooch , an eck lace o f b ead s , b ucket p endants a nd a p ur se a t t he wa ist . Dated t o s ixth c entury b y D ick inson ( i b id ) . 2 . Churehover , Wa . : d ef ined b y D ick inson a s a n e xamp le o f g roup G 1 .5 ( i b id , 4 8 ; F ig . 1 1 , 2 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 3 . D r iff ie ld I 3 0 , Yo . ( Hm . ) : d ef ined b y D ick inson a s a member o f h er g roup G 1 .8 ( F ig . 1 1 , 3 ) . I t was f ound l oose i n t he g rave f i l l b ut t he c emetery d ates t o t he s ixth c en tury ( i b id) . 4 . F a irford 3 1 , GL : d ef ined a s a member o f g roup G 1 .5 b y D ick inson ( F ig . 1 1 , 5 ) . A lso f ound i n t h is g rave was a s econd p enannu lar b rooch wh ich may b e t he o ther C lass G b rooch k nown f rom t he c emetery ( i b id , 4 8-9 ) . 5 . F a irford , GL : a n u nassoc iated b rooch , n oted a bove , w h ich F ow ler c la ss if ies a s g roup G 1 .6 ( i b id , 4 9 ; F ig . 1 1 , 6 ) . 6 . Harnha rn H il l 5 3 , W i . : a b rooch d ef ined a s a member o f g roup G 1 .6 b y D ick inson ( F ig . 1 1 , 6 ) . T he a ssoc iat ions o f t he b rooch w ere a n a nseate b rooch , af i nger r ing ( see P er sona l D re ss A cce ssor ies ) , ac opper a l loy b uck le a nd t hree b eads . T he g rave i sd ated t o t he e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury ( i b id ) . 7 . L ondesborough 7 , Yo . ( Hm . ) : d ef ined a s b e long ing t o g roup G 1 .8 b y D ick inson ( F ig . 1 1 , 7 ) . T he a ssoc iat ions o f t he g rave , a n Äberg g roup I V b rooch , as l eeve c lasp a nd a b ead , d a te i tt o t he s ixth c entury ( i b id , 5 0 ) . 8 . L ongb r idge , Wa . : d ef ined a s ag roup G 1 .7 b rooch b y D ick inson ( F ig . 1 2 , 1 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ion s ( i b id , 4 9 ) . 9& 1 0 . S leaford 1 40 , L i . : t wo b rooche s o ne o f g roup G 1 .4 a nd a s econd d ef ined a s g roup G 1 .3 o r p o ss ib ly G 1 .2 b y D ick inson F ig . 1 2 , 2& 3 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a f l at a nnu lar b rooch ( i b id , 4 8 ) . Al ate f i fth o r e a r ly s ixth c en tury d a te i sl i ke ly . 1 1 . Woodstone , Hu . ( Ca . ) : d ef ined a s a member o f g roup G 1 .6 b y D ick inson ( F ig . 1 2 , 4 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions ( i b id , 4 9 ) . 1 2 . Woo ler , Nb . : ab rooch d ef ined a s a member o f g roup G 1 .5 b y D ick inson ( F ig . 1 2 , 5 ) . P oss ib ly f rom a n Ang lo-Saxon c emetery ( i b id ) . B rooch o f C la ss G r ec lass if ied . B ag inton , Wa . : r ec lass if ied a C lass H f o l low ing i t s r e jec t ion b y D ick inson f rom t h is c lass ( 1982a , 5 0 n .80 ) . C las s H : d ef ined b y F ow ler a s ab rooch w ith f l at t ermina ls o f l arge s ize wh ich o ften h ave a n i nc ised l i ne d ecorat ion ( 1960 , 1 53 ) . F ow ler 's l eng thy d iscuss ion o f t he b rooch t ype s uggests a v ague o r ig in f rom h er c lass A a a nd a S cott ish a rea o f i nvent ion ( 1964 , 1 09-112 ) . A more r easonab le p ropos it ion , h oiw ever , i 4 2 t o s ee t h is C lass a s a d eve lopmen t f rom K i lbr ide-Jones ' g roup A a nd A b rooches ( 1980b , 3 9-42 ) . B oth o f t hese f orms c an b e s uggested t o h ave e vo lved f rom F ow ler 's c lass F b rooche s i n , p erhap s , t he l ater s ixth c entury . T h is d a t ing i sb ased u pon t he f act t hat n o t rue H b rooch h as b een f ound i n a n A ng lo-Saxon g rave ( be low ) .

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1 . B ag inton , Wa . : a s ma l l b rooch w ith a t h ick , r oundsec t ioned h oop w ith i nc ised r ibb ing w h ich i ss im i lar i n c haracter t o t hat o f C lass G b rooches ( F ig . 1 0 , 4 ) . T he p in i s p la in a nd p ro jects j ust b eyond t he h oop . T he t ermina ls a re t r iangu lar a nd f lat a s i n a l l t he g roup b ut t he b rooch i s t oo s ma l l t o b e at rue c lass H b rooch . T he b rooch was c lass if ied a s at ype G b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 41 ) b ut D ick inson r e jects i ta s a n e xamp le o f t hat g roup ( 1982a , 5 0 n . 8 0 ) . T he o ther H b rooche s l i sted b y F ow ler a re r ec lass if ied a s f o l lows : E astburn , Yo . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith p la in p in p ro ject ing j ust b eyond t he h oop . T he d iameter o f t he b rooch i s g iven a s c . 2 8mm a nd t he p in l eng th a s c . 3 1m m . T he p in i s i n set i n to t he r i ng r ather t han j ust b e ing c ur led o ver t he h oop . F rom t he p hotog raph ( Sheppa rd 1 939a , P l . V I , 1 ) , i ti s c lea r t ha t t he p in r ests o n t he h oop a nd t hat t h is i s , t herefore , a n a nnu lar b rooch o f H ir st 's g roup V I I ( 1985 , 5 5-6 ) . Compa rab le e xamp les h ave b een r ecen t ly p ub l ished f rom S ewerby 2 4 , Yo . ( i b id , 5 7 ) . A ssoc iat ions u nc lear . H igha rn , Kn . : t h is i s ar ing b rooch o f t h ird c en tury d a te ( s ee O ther B rooche s f or d iscu ss ion ) . A ssoc iat ions u nknown . Kemp ston , B d . : r ec lass if ied a s t ype A a , a bove . L ong W ittenham I3 , B ek . : r e jected a s at erm ina l f or a p enannu lar b rooch , s ee g roup D 4 a bove ( F ig . 1 0 , 5 ) . S leaford 2 13 , L i . : r ec la ss if ied a s t ype Aa , a bove . Un iden t if ied B rooches . 1 . Ancaster , L i . : a n u npub l ished b rooch p o ss ib ly o f C lass C i sk nown f rom t he c emetery . 2 . B ag inton , Wa . : t hree u nver if ied C lass C b rooche s n oted b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 48 ) . 3 . Cast ledyke , B arton 3 , L i . : a n u npub l ished p enannu lar b rooch f ound w ith a c h i ld . 4 . Emp ingham , Ru . ( Le . ) : a n u npub l ished b rooch . 5 . Ho ldenby , L i . : a n i r on b rooch p robab ly m isc la ss if ied a s C lass A l b y F ow ler f o l low ing L eeds ( 1945 , 4 4 ) . 6 . Horton K irby I 1 11 , Kn . : ab roken p enannu lar b rooch i s n oted f rom t h is g rave . 7 . Kemp ston , B d . : t wo b rooche s o f C lass C a re c a ta logued b y F ow ler b ut a re u nver if ied ( 1964 , 1 48 ) . 8 . Market Overton , Ru . ( Le . ) : ap enannu lar b rooch i sn o ted f rom t h is c emetery . 9 . S ancton , Yo . ( Hm . ) : t wo p oss ib le b rooches o f C lass C a re n oted f rom t h is c emetery b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 48 ) b ut a re n ot c a ta logued b y Myres a nd S outhern ( 1973 ) .

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1 0 . S t ra tford , A lveston , Wa . : t hree o r f our b rooche s o f i ron a re n oted f rom g raves b y Meaney ( 1964 , 2 63 ) . T hese a re p robab ly o f C lass C . 1 1 . Wa rren H i l l , M i ldenha l l , S f . : u nver if ied p a ir o f C lass C b rooche s n oted b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 48 ) . 1 2 . W eber L ow , Db . : ac opper a l loy r oundsec t ioned b rooch w ith f l attened t erm ina ls o n wh ich a re c r imped t hree l i nes ( F ig . 1 2 , 6 ) . T he i dent if icat ion o f t h is a s ap enannu la r b rooch i sn ot c erta in a s Ager s uggests t ha t i tc ou ld b e a n a nnu lar b rooch ( 1983 , 7 6 ) . P enannu la r B rooches o n t he Cont inen t . A s F ow ler d emonstrated i n h er 1 964 a ssessmen t o f p enannu lar b rooche s a nd p ins , p enannu lar b rooches w ere k nown o n t he c ont inent o n b oth s ides o f t he l imes ( 115-7 ) . H er mater ia l h a s b een a dded t o b y t he b r ief l i st b y Ager wh ich d emonstrates c onc lus ive ly t hat t he t ype was w e l l k nown i n F ree Germany a nd a va i lab le f or German ic u se f rom t he f ourth c en tury o nwa rds ( 1985 , 6 -7 ) . I n h is r ecent a rt ic le , T u it jer h as s tressed t he I r on Age u se o f t he b rooch i n t he f orms o ften f ound i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves , C lasses Aa a nd C ( 1986 , 1 21-4 ) . A s ab rooch f orm i t was n ot , h owever , p opu lar i n c ompar ison w ith o ther t ypes . P enannu lar b rooche s a re o cca s iona l ly f ound i n m ig rat ion p er iod g raves . F or e xamp le a t A ltenb i istedt , ac emetery o f t he f ourth a nd f i fth c entur ies , a C lass D 6 p enannu lar w as r ecovered f rom a d estroyed u rn a long w ith a l ate Roman b uck le , t wo s aucer b rooches w ith a f l or iate c ross d es ign , t weezers , a n e a r s coop a nd a b rush h o lder a s we l l a s s evera l o ther f ragmen ts . T he who le a ssemb lage s hou ld b e d ated t o t he l ater f ourth c entury ( Böhme 1 974 , 2 18 T af . I1 -9 ) . T he b rooch i s more e laborate t han mo st C lass D b rooche s h av ing p unched d ecorat ion a nd d eep ly g rooved t erm ina ls a nd a s a lt ire o n t he v ert ica l f ace o f t he t erm ina l . A t R henen i n t he N ether land s , g rave 8 18 p roduced a f ive p iece b uck le s et , as pearhead , a n a xe , ak n ife , a n i r on b uck le a nd a f i restee l . A d ena r ius o f Commodu s was p laced i n t he mouth a nd a p enannu lar o f C lass Cb was f ound a t t he s hou lder . T h is g rave i sd ated t o t he v ery e nd o f t he f ourth c entury o r t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i fth (i b id , 2 68 T af . 5 9 1 -11 ) . T he p a ra l le l w ith Muck ing 2 49 a nd 9 79 i sc lear a nd i n a l l t hree c ases t he b rooches a re b e ing u sed i n m i l itary g raves i n a Roman f ash ion ( s ee C hap ter 7 ) . O ther e xamp les a re r ecorded f rom Ausberg ( Ke l ler 1 971 , T af . 7 ,4 ) a nd G rafe l ing ( i b id , T af . 2 9 , 9 ) . B oth a re o f C lass Cb a nd t he A usbe r-r 5rooch h as a c h ip -ca r7/ F d WT Opi n t he f ash ion o f t he b rooch f rom L ion Wa lk , Co lchester wh ich i s p robab ly f rom a l ater f ourth c entury c on text ( Fow ler 1 983 , 1 9 ) . F ow ler c i tes a f ew b rooche s f rom Gau l b ut i t i s i n terest ing t hat t hese t end t o b e f rom t he more c e lt ic a rea s o f A rmor ica o r t he l imes a rea . A n e xcep t ion i s t he Omega b rooch ( Type B ) f rom g rave 3 24 a t L avoye . I t w as a ssoc iated w ith a b uck le , aR oman c o in , g lass f ragments a nd a n i ron r i ng ( Joff roy 1 974 , 4 4 & 1 31) . F rom K e l ler 's d i scu ss ion o f t h is b rooch f orm i n G erman ic g raves o f t he f ourth c en tury , t wo p o ints emerge ( 1971 , 5 5-6 ) . O ne i s t ha t t he b rooch t ype i s u sua l ly worn b y ma les i n Romano-Ce lt ic f ash ion s ing ly a nd o n t he s hou lder . T he s econd , a nd r e lated p o int , i s t ha t t he f i nds o ccu r i n g raves w ith m i l itary e qu ipment s how ing t hat t he ir owners s erved w ith t he l ate Roman a rmy . T he p enannu lar b rooch , t herefore , may b e s een a s p a rt o f am i l itary u n iform i n t h is a rea o f t he Emp ire . F ow ler 's s uggest ion t hat t he b rooch t ype w as a cqu ired

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f rom B r it ish t roop s i s p erhap s f ar-fetched ( 1964 , 1 14-5 ) . T he b rooch c an b e s een a s aC e lt ic t ype a nd a ppears t o h ave h ad a s im i lar , i f l e ss w idesp read , p opu lar ity i n n orthern Gau l . F or e xamp le , s evera l b rooche s a re k nown f rom T r ier w h ich h ave f lat h oop s a nd c h ip-carved o r n otched d ecorat ion ( Cuppers 1 984 , 3 02 n o . 1 56 1& m ) . D iscuss ion . Date a nd Der ivat ion . T he d a t ing o f p enannu lar b rooche s i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves h a s b ecome much more r ef ined i n r ecent y ears d ue t o a n i ncrease i n w e l l-dated g roup s o f b rooche s ( s ee b e low ) . T he p icture i ss t i l l , h owever , much a s L eed s e nv isaged i t i n h i s p ioneer ing a rt ic le o f 1 945 . T here a re s ome p enannu lar b rooches i n t he e a r l iest g raves s uch a s Muck ing 9 79 b ut t he b u lk o f g raves u s ing t h is b rooch f orm c an b e p laced i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he f i fth c entury a nd t he e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c en tury . T h is i s c erta in ly t rue f or C lasses A t o F w h i le t he C lass G b rooches , a l though t entat ive ly d ated t o t he f ourth c entury t o t he e nd o f t he s ixth c entury i n t he ir G 1 f ormat d o n ot a ppea r t o b e d epos ited i n g raves b efore t he s ixth c entury ( D ick inson 1 982a , 5 3-4 ) . T rue C lass H b rooches a re u nrep re sen ted . T he t aste f or p enannu lar b rooche s t a i led o ff t owa rds t he e nd o f t he s ixth c entury b ut t here i s as ma l l g roup f ound i n s eventh c entury g raves . T here i s a s uggest ion t ha t s ome o f t he se may b e r eused R oman b rooche s ( Mackreth 1 982a , m/f 2 B 06-7 ) b ut t here i s a lso a g roup o f s ma l l p seudop enannu lars w ith B irds H ead t erm ina ls ( E . F ow ler 's C lass B 3 a nnu lars ; 1 964 , 1 49 ; H irst 1 985 5 5 , T ype V I I ) w h ich a re d ef in ite ly o f A ng lo-Saxon manufacture . A r ecent ly p ub l ished e xamp le i s t ha t f rom S ewerby 2 8 , York s ( i b id , F ig . 4 1 n o .4 ) . T he sma l l s i lver-g i lt p enannu lars s uch a s t hose f ound a t W inna l l c ou ld h ave b een d er ived f rom t h is g roup . B y f ar t he g rea test p rob lem i n d e term in ing t he d a te o f manufacture o f p enannu lar b rooches i st he q uest ion o f r es idua l ity . I f t he h oop o f ap enannu lar b rooch wa s d i scovered c a sua l ly t hen t here i sn o r ea son w hy a n ew p in i n i ron o r c opper a l loy c ou ld n ot h ave b een f ash ioned . T h is c erta in ly h appened a t W roxeter w here a b rooch w ith a n i ron p in h as b een f ound i n al ate o r p ost R oman c ontex t ( K . P retty , p ers . c omm . ) . I t i s t h is p rob lem t hat h as b edev i l led t he s tudy o f p enannu lar b rooche s f or s o l ong . T h is r eu se o f r es idua l b rooche s o ften makes i t e x treme ly d i ff icu lt o r i mpo ss ib le t o t e l l w hether a b rooch i s e ar ly R oman , a nd h a s t herefore b een r eused , o r w he ther i t i s l ate o r p o st R oman i n d ate . I f t he l atter i s t rue , t hen t he p o ss ib i l ity o f c ont inu ity a r ises a nd t h is may b r ing i n i t s w ake t he t horny q uest ion o f ' na t ive s urv iva l ' . S ome h eadway h as b een made b y t he p oss ib i l ity t hat f lat-hooped b rooches o f a l l C lasses may b e c on s idered t o b e o f l ater d a te b ut , a s F ow ler n otes , s ome e ar ly e xamp les a re k nown e ven i f t hey a re i n frequent ( 1983 , 1 9 n .4 ) . C erta in ly , t he t endency f or f l at h oop s wh ich c a rr ied s tamped o r e ng raved d ecorat ion i s met i n o ther l ate Roman b rooch f orms , t he c la ss ic i n stance b e ing t he Q uo it B rooche s w h ich may h ave t hemse lves d eve loped f rom p enannu lar b rooche s ( be low ) . T he u se o f i r on may b e u sed a s a n i nd ica tor o f G erman ic manufacture b ut t h is i s b y n o mean s c erta in a s i ron b rooche s s omet imes o ccu r i n R oman c ontex ts a s , f or e xamp le , a t t he l ater Roman v i l la s i te o f B arns ley P ark , G l . ( Mackre th 1 982b , 1 44-5 n o .162 F ig . 3 7 ) . T he C lass D 3 b rooch f rom F eer ing/Ke lvedon may a l so b e a n e xamp le o f al ate R oman i r on b rooch . O ther e xamp les f rom Roman s i tes may w e l l h ave e x isted b ut w ere o ften n ot r ecogn ised a s b rooches . I n g enera l , h owever , Iwou ld p ropose t hat p enannu lar

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b rooche s w ith i ron h oop s a nd p ins s hou ld b e s een a s b e ing l ate R oman o r p ost Roman b oth i n manufacture a nd d ate . C erta in ly c opper a l loy b rooches w ith i ron p ins may i nvar iab ly b e c on s idered t o b e r eused o r r epa ired . I n f igure 1 3 , 1 Ih ave a ttemp ted t o d iv ide Roman f rom G erman ic p enannu lar b rooche s . A c lea r d ichotomy i s a ppa ren t w ith G erman ic b rooche s b e ing l im ited t o C lasses A a , B , C ( both f orms ) a nd D w h i lst Roman b rooches a re c on f ined t o s ub-c lasses , C a nd D . S ome o f t he se d ist inct ion s a re s ub ject ive g iven t he p rob lems o ut l ined a bove b ut i t i sp ert inant t o p o int o ut t hat b oth o f T u it jer 's I ron Age G erman ic C lasses a re s trong ly r ep re sen ted ( Aa a nd C ) . T he Ang lo-Saxon p enannu lars t hus a ppear t o b e mere ly p erpetuat ing a n e x ist ing t rad it ion . T he R oman b rooche s may , o n t he w ho le , b e c on s idered a s t he r euse o f e xamp les f ound a cc identa l ly . S ome i n f luence o f Romano-Br it ish b rooch mak ing may b e e xemp l if ied b y t he a ppa ren t manufacture o f c lasses B a nd D b y A ng lo-Saxon c raftsmen . T he c onc lus ion t hat p enannu lars w ere k nown t o t he G erman ic t r ibes , i f l i tt le u sed , i s r e inforced b y a c ompa r ison o f t he d i str ibut ion o f C lass A a , B , C a nd D p enannu lars w ith t hose o f t he C e lt ic v ar iet ies A 5 , E -H ( Map 2 S c 3 ) . T h is c lea r ly d emon strates t hat t he b rooch w as w ide ly u sed i n a l l Ang lo-Saxon a reas i n c ontrast t o t he s pec if ic C e lt ic b rooche s . F igu re 1 3 , 2l i sts a l l e xamp les o f C lass E , F , G , H a nd A 5 b rooche s . T hese a re a l l s een a s t yp ica l ' Ce lt ic ' b rooches o f p ost Roman t ype ( E . F ow ler 1 964 ) , a l though C lass G p o ss ib ly d emon strates t ra its a imed a t aG erman ic market a nd i s t hus more n umerous ( D ick inson 1 982a , 5 7 ) . L ong ley ( 1975 ) h as u sed t he a ppea rance o f t he se b rooche s i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves t o a rgue f or a F ront ier Z one w h ich wou ld r ep resent f r iend ly c ontact a nd/or t rade . T h is h ypothe s is i sg iven we ight b y t he d i str ibut ion o f t he se b rooch t ypes ( Map 1 ) . U se . I n tere st i n p enannu lar b rooche s i n A ng lo-Saxon c on texts h as l ong b een f ocused o n t he p oss ib i l ity t hat s ome o f t hese b rooches may h ave b een w orn b y n a t ive men a nd women a ss im i lated i n to G erman ic s oc iety b ut t h is h as b een d i ff icu lt t o p rove . F igure 1 3 , 3d emon strates t hat t he p reponderance o f t he 1 02 c on texts ( exc lud ing u nver if ied e xamp les ) o ccu r i n f e ma le g raves w ith 4 0 c ontexts a s o pposed t o 5 ma les a nd 1 1 c h i ldren . I n a dd it ion , many o f t he 1 7 a du lts a re l i ke ly t o b e f e ma le a s we l l . T h is c lea r ly s hows t ha t t he b rooch t ype was l i nked p r imar i ly w ith women . U se i n c remat ions i s v ery r are ; o n ly 4 e xamp les a re k nown b ut t he ir f rag i l ity may h e lp t o e xp la in t h is i mba lance . I n f igure 1 3 , 4t he b reakdown i n t he u se t o w h ich b rooches w ere p ut i ss hown . O f t he t ota l o f 6 7 c ontexts w here a ssoc iat ion s a re k nown , 2 2 were f ound a s t he o n ly b rooch i n t he g rave o r w ere i n u se s ing ly . 1 8 w ere f ound i n p a irs e i ther o f t he s ame c lass ( 14 e xamp les ) o r more i n frequen t ly a s ap a ir f rom d ifferen t c lasses ( e .g . P ewsey 1 02 ) . I n t he l a tter i n stances , c are was a lways t aken t o match b rooche s o f s im i lar s ize . A f urther 1 7 w ere u sed w ith a nother b rooch t ype i n av ar iety o f c omb inat ions . A t H arnham H i l l 5 3 , aC lass G b rooch w as i n u se w ith a n a nsea te b rooch ; a t H ighdown 7 4 aC lass A 5 b rooch was i nu se w ith ap a ir o f Mahndorftype b rooches . O n t h is b as is , i t i s p o ss ib le t o s uggest t hat t he ma jor ity o f b rooche s were u sed i n c onven t iona l Ang lo-Saxon d re ss s ty le o n f e ma le c ostume i . e . p a ired o n t he u pper t orso t o h o ld a p ep los-type d ress a nd o ften s upport ing a s tr ing o f b eads ( e .g . B idford-on-Avon 4 3 ) . I n t he c a se o f s ing le b rooches i n u se w ith a p a ir o f G erman ic b rooches , a s a t H ighdown 7 4 , i t i s p oss ib le t o a rgue t ha t t he b rooch i s b e ing u sed t o p in a s econd g armen t

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( c loak? ) o ver t he d ress . T here i ss t i l l , h owever , as ubstan t ia l n umber o f s ing le b rooches i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves . O f t he t ota l o f 2 2 n oted a bove , f our w ere i n u se b y men a nd w i l l b e d i scu ssed b e low b ut t he r ema in ing 1 8 d o a ppea r t o b e d ressed i n Ce lt ic f ash ion w ith a s ing le b rooch a t t he s hou lder ( e .g . F onaby 1 7 ) . F or ma les , s ing le b rooch u se a ppea rs t o b e t he r u le , t he o n ly e xcep t ion b e ing Ab ingdon I ,9 5 . Muck ing I 9 79 i s ac lass ic w arr ior g rave o f t he e ar l iest p er iod w ith a C lass Cb b rooch a t t he s hou lder wh ich p robab ly h e ld a c ham ly s : t he R oman o vertones o f t h is g rave a re v ery c lear . O ther u ses f or p enannu lar b rooche s i nc lude s uspen s ion f rom n eck lace s ( obv ious ly w ithout t he ir p ins ) o r i nc lus ion i n b ag s , a ga in p in less . Two g raves ( B ifrons 6 a nd B r ighthamp ton 2 5 ) h ave b rooche s r eused a s b race lets . F ina l ly , C lass F b rooche s o ften a ppea r a s p ins o n ly . O f 8k nown f rom Ang lo-Saxon c ontexts , 4a re j ust p ins a l though t he o n ly o ne w ith a k nown c ontext i st ha t f rom N ass ing ton 1 1 . Conc lus ion . T he p enannu lar b rooch must , t herefore , b e s een a s ap er s isten t t ra it o f f ema le G erman ic d ress s ty le a nd a s ab rooch t ype w ith w h ich t he s ett l ing p opu lat ion were a l ready f ami l iar w ith f rom c on tact w ith t he emp ire i n t he l imes a rea o r i n B r ita in ( Hedeager 1 978 , 2 04-9 ) . Most p opu lar among t he s ett ler s were C lasses Aa a nd C a nd t o al esser e xten t B a nd D : most i ron b rooches s hou ld b e s een a s G erman ic c reat ions ( E . F ow ler 1 964 , 1 14-6 ) . T h is p henomenon i s r ef lected i n t he d eve lopmen t o f t he q uo it b rooch w h ich i n d ecorat ion a nd t echno logy i f n ot i n f orm c an b e s een a s d raw ing d irect ly o n R oman t rad it ion s ( Ager 1 985 , 1 3-16 ) . Iwou ld l i ke , h owever , t o s tress t he l i nk t hat L eeds made o r ig ina l ly b etween t he f lat-hooped p enannu lars o f t he l ater R oman Emp ire a nd t he d eve lopmen t o f A ng lo-Saxon a nnu lar a nd q uo it b rooches ( 1945 , 4 4 ) . S uch l ate Roman p enannu lars a re c lear ly t he i n sp irat ion f or t he w ide-hooped p enannu lars f rom H ighdown , N ass ing ton a nd G irton C a nd f rom t hese b rooches , w h ich a re u ndoub tab ly Ang lo-Saxon i n d ate , i t i s as hort s tep t o c onvent iona l a nnu lar a nd q uo it b rooche s . T h is i s n ot t o s uggest t ha t t h is c onf irms t he e thn ic o r ig in o r o ut look o f t he manufacturer who may h ave b een e ither ' Roman ' o r ' German ' . I t mere ly s tre sses t he c lose t echno log ica l a nd a rt ist ic l i nks b etween l ater Roman meta lwork a nd t he e ar ly A ng lo-Saxon p roducts .

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Chapter 3 . O ther B rooches . A . Roman B rooches . I ntroduct ion . T here i s a s urpr is ing ly l arge n umber o f Roman b rooche s k nown f rom Ang lo-Saxon g raves . T he ir d ate v ar ies f rom l ate I ron Age t o l ate R oman a nd c lea r ly d ifferen t iat ion b etween t he g roup s i s n ecessary t o i den t ify w h ich b rooches , i fa ny , w ere i n u se a s h e ir looms . T he t hree c ategor ies i dent if ied a re : R oman D isc B rooches w ith c en tra l s ett ing , P late a nd R e lated b rooche s a nd B ow a nd O ther b rooches . T he f i r st g roup h as b een s eparated f rom t he p late b rooches t o w h ich t hey a re r e lated b ecause i ti s t he l argest o f t he g roup s a nd may s how e v idence f or h e ir loom u se . L Roman D isc B rooches . 1 . App ledown , Compton . S x . ( W . S x . ) : ac omp lete o va l d i sc b rooch w ith i t s c entra l s ett ing m iss ing . T he f lat , o uter z one i ss tamped w ith a nnu lets b etween d iagona l h a tched b ands . I t w as a n u nstrat if ied f ind f rom t he c emetery ( M . We lch , p ers . c om m . ) . 2 . Churchover , Wa . : a sma l l c ircu lar c opper a l loy b rooch d iv ided b y af lange i n to t wo e qua l z ones ( F ig . 1 4 , 1 ) . T he o uter z one i sf lat a nd s ubd iv ided b y l ow r i dges i n to t wo c oncen tr ic r ing s . T he i nner z one i s w ider t han t he o uter a nd i s p ierced c entra l ly . T here i s n o s ign o f t he o r ig ina l s ett ing o r s tamped g i ld ing w h ich f orma l ly d ecorated t he o uter z one . A ssoc iat ion s u nknown b ut f rom a c emetery . 3 . Co l l ingbourne Due ls 1 1 , W i . : ac ircu lar c opper a l loy d i sc b rooch d iv ided i n to t wo z ones b y ah igh f lange a s d escr ibed a bove ( F ig . 1 4 , 2 ) . T he o uter z one h as ar im a t t he e dge . T here i s n otched d ecorat ion o n t he i nner e dge o f t he r im a nd t he e xter ior o f t he f lange , a nd t races o f g i ld ing o n t he s urface . T he i r on p in i sd ecayed b ut wa s c omp lete w hen b ur ied . F ound o n t he s hou lder o f ap rone ma le b ur ia l a ssoc iated w ith a s i lver i n la id i ron b uck le . T he i n lay i sr estr icted t o t he h oop a nd t ongue o f t he b uck le . Ad a te i n t he l ater f i fth c en tury f or t h is g rave i sp robab le ( Ev ison 1 981 , 1 33 ) . 4 . Dorchester V I , B er insf ie ld 8 3 , Ox . : a sma l l c ircu lar c opper a l loy d i sc b rooch ( F ig . 1 4 , 3 ) . T he b rooch i sd iv ided i n to t wo z ones b y a n u pr ight f l ange w h ich h e ld a n ow m i ss ing s ett ing . T he i nner a rea i s p ierced c en tra l ly , t he o uter z one b e ing s l ight ly c on ica l i n p rof i le a nd w ith s l ight r i dg ing . B oth c atch p late a nd h ead a re i n s i tu a nd t here i se v idence o f a n i ron p in w h ich r ep laced t he c opper a l loy o r i F na l . T he b rooch a ppears r ather w orn . F ound i n a f ema le g rave a ssoc iated w ith a s imp le sma l llong b rooch w ith c en tra l b u l l 's e ye d ecorat ion d ated t o t he l ast q uarter o f t he f i fth c entury , a t h irteen b ead n eck lace i nc lud ing amber , c opper a l loy b ind ing s tr ip s f or a c up o r b ucket a nd a sma l l c opper a l loy r i ng . Ad ate i n t he f i r st q uarter o f t he s ixth c entury i sp robab le . 5& 6 . E ast S hefford , B ek . : ac opper a l loy c ircu lar d i sc b rooch w ith a n otch i n t he s ide ( F ig . 1 4 , 4 ) . D iv ided i n to t wo z ones o f d ecorat ion a s d escr ibed a bove . T he o uter z one i s i t se lf d iv ided i n t wo b y l ow r i dges a nd t here i s ar im a t t he e dge . T he s urface i sg i lded a nd s tamped b etween t hese l ow r i dges . T he u p r ight f lange h o lds a p aste s ett ing w ith t he d e s ign o f a n e ag le l ook ing b ack w ith a w reath i n i t s b eak . T h is s ett ing h as b een d amaged s ince i t s d iscovery . T races o f a n i ron p in r ema in . T he d es ign i s n ot c lose ly p ara l le led i n H en ig , w ho n everthe less i lu strates t wo l e ss e laborate e xamp les a s c ata logue n umbers 8 23 a nd 8 24 ( 1974 I , 1 05 P l . 2 3 ) . B oth s how e ag les l ook ing b ack o ver t he ir

s hou lder s a nd t he s ame ' t r ident s haped ' f eet a s o n t h is e xamp le . B oth e xamp les , o ne f rom R ichborough , M n . a nd t he o ther f rom B arr ing ton , Ca . a re d ated b y h im t o t he t h ird ? c en tury . A more e xact p a ra l le l i s ac omp lete b rooch f rom Cottenham , C a . f rom a t h ird a nd f ourth c entury s i te ( Mackreth 1 985 , 2 8 n o .165 ) A c opper a l loy d i sc b rooch d iv ided i n to t wo z ones a s d escr ibed a bove ( F ig . 1 4 , 5 ) . T he o uter z one i ss ubd iv ided i n to c oncentr ic c i rc les b y l ow r idges . T hese a re g i lded a nd s tamped . T he f lange h o lds a d ecayed b ut i n tact d omed c entra l p aste s ett ing . T races o f t he i r on p in a re o n t he l ug a nd c atch p late . A lthough i t d oes n ot f orm a p a ir w ith 5 , t he t wo b rooches a re o f s im i lar d imens ions a nd i t i s a p o ss ib i l ity t hat t he t wo b rooches w ere p a ired i n a n Ang lo-Saxon g rave ( Ev ison 1 965 , 2 8 & 5 0 ; D ick inson 1 979 , 5 0 ) . T here i s , h owever , n o d ef in ite e v idence f or t h is . 7 . Emscote , Wa . : a sma l l c i rcu lar c opper a l loy d i sc b rooch d iv ided i n to t wo z ones a s d escr ibed a bove b y a n u pr ight f lange ( F ig . 1 4 , 6 ) . T he o uter z one h as a r im a nd a s ing le l ow r i dge . B etween t he r i dge a nd t he f lange i s al i ght ly s tamped d es ign o f s imp le s cro l lwork . T he o ther e lements o f t he d es ign a nd t he o r ig ina l g i ld ing o n t he s urface a re n o l onger v i s ib le . T he c entra l s ett ing i sl ost a s a re t he c atch p late a nd p in l ug s . No k nown a ssoc iat ions . 8 . F r i lford 4 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : a sma l l o va l c opper a l loy d i sc b rooch d iv ided i n to t wo z ones b y a n u pr ight f l ange a s d escr ibed a bove ( F ig . 1 4 , 7 ) . T he o uter z one h as a r im a nd b etween t h is r im a nd t he f lange i s s tamped a c ont inuous S p attern o ver t he g i lt s urface . T he c entra l s ett ing i s l ost , a s a re t he p in l ug a nd c atch p late . No a ssoc iat ion s a nd t h is b rooch may t here fore b e f rom a RomanoB r it ish g rave ( s ee C ata logue ) . 9 . G i lton 8 7 , Kn . : al arge c ircu lar d i sc b rooch i n c opper a l loy ( F ig . 1 5 , 1 ) . I t i s d iv ided i n to t wo u nequa l z ones b y a n u pr ight f lange . T he sma l ler i nner z one r i ses t owa rds t he c en tre w here t here i s ad imp le . T he o r ig ina l s ett ing w ith in t h is i nner z one i sl o st . A t t he b ase o f t he f lange i s c ont inuous b eaded d es ign . T he w ider o uter z one h as a r im a nd a l ow r i dge b oth o f t hese h av ing a c ont inuous S d es ign s tamped i ns ide . T he s urface o f t he o uter z one i s g i lt . T he p in l ug s a re b roken b ut s t i l l r ema in a nd t he c a tch p late i si n tact . F ound i n t he c off in o f af ema le i nhumat ion a t t he n eck o f w h ich was a n eck lace w ith t he b rooch b e low . F rom t he wa ist a t h in a nd f ragmen tary c ha in c . 2 4" l ong ( c . 6 00 mm ) was s uspended w ith a s et o f c opper a l loy t o i let i mp lements a t t he e nd . T hese d id n ot s urv ive l i ft ing . A t t he f eet were f ound t he r ema ins o f a n emp ty wooden b ox a nd a k n ife . T h is g rave i sp robab ly t o b e d ated t o t he e ar ly s eventh c en tury ( D ick inson 1 979 , 5 0 ) . D ick inson 's c on ten t ion t ha t t he b rooch may h ave b een s ewn o nto t he c loth ing o f t he woman i s u n l ike ly a s t here i s n o v is ib le means t o d o s o b ut i t c ou ld h ave b een s uspended f rom t he n eck lace b y t he c atchp late . 1 0 . Has l ing f ie ld , Ca . : ac ircu lar c opper a l loy d i sc b rooch s im i lar t o G i lton 8 7 ( F ig . 1 5 , 2 ) . T he c entra l s ett ing i sl o st a nd t he w ider o uter z one i s d ecorated w ith s tamp ing . O n t he o uter z one t h is s tamp ing a ppea rs t o b e af a int n otched o r c ab le d es ign . T he i nner b and h as a d es ign o f s ma l l t hen l arger a nnu lets . B oth c a tch p late a nd p in l ug s a re m iss ing b ut t here i s e v idence f or a n i ron p in a nd t he b rooch i si n g ood c ond it ion . No k nown a ssoc iat ions . 1 1 . L ong W ittenham I 1 29 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : al arge o vo id c opper a l loy d i sc b rooch ( F ig . 1 5 , 3 ) . T he b rooch i sd iv ided i n to t wo u nequa l z ones b y a n u p r ight f lange 27-

w h ich o r ig ina l ly h e ld a s ett ing n ow l ost . T he w ide o uter z one i ss ubd iv ided i n to t hree e qua l z ones b y t wo s ha l low r i dges a nd a n e xterna l r im . T he m idd le z one h as c i rcu lar f l anges a t t he c a rd ina l p o in ts a nd t hese o r ig ina l ly h e ld s ett ing s . T he s urface i sn ow p la in b ut w as p robab ly o r ig ina l ly s tamped a nd g i lded . B oth p in l ug s a nd c a tch p late a re i n tac t a nd t here i se v idence f or a n i ron p in . F ound a t t he t hroat o f af e ma le a nd p a ired w ith a n a pp l ied b rooch o f A ng lo-Saxon t ype o n ly t he b ack p late o f w h ich s urv ived . Ak n ife w as a lso f ound . Ad a te i n t he l ate f i fth c entury i s p robab le . T he o n ly p ara l le l Ih ave b een a b le t o l ocate i s a b rooch f rom G t . W i lbraham , Ca . f rom a p robab le R oman s ett lemen t ( Mackreth 1 985 2 8 n o .167 ) . 1 2 . Oz inge l l ( Lord o f t he Manor ) , Kn . : a n u nassoc iated c opper a l loy sma l l o vo id d isc b rooch ( F ig . 1 5 , 4 ) . T he s ett ing i s p reserved b ut t he o uter f lange i s u nornamen ted . P robab ly f rom a l ooted g rave c on ta in ing a g lass c law b eaker , a s ixth c entury b uck le a nd p oss ib ly a F rank ish g arnet b rooch . I wou ld l i ke t o t hank G . G ra inger f or s upp ly ing me w ith d e ta i ls o f t h is g rave i n a dvance o f p ub l icat ion . 1 3 . S pong H i l l 2 6 , N f . : ac ircu lar d i sc b rooch s imi lar i ns ize t o t ha t f rom G i lton ( above ; F ig . 1 5 , 5 ) . T he b rooch i sd iv ided i n to t wo u nequa l z ones b y a n u pr ight f lange . T he i nner z one r i ses t o ac entra l b oss w h ich h as a d imp le . T he s ett ing o r ig ina l ly h e ld b y t he f lange i s m iss ing . T he w ide o uter z one i ss ubd iv ided i n to t hree u nequa l c oncentr ic r i ng s b y r i dges a nd t he e xterna l r im a t t he e dge . T he b and j ust i n s ide t he r im i s d ecorated w ith b ead ing o n i t s i nner e dge , a nd d oub le a xe a nd s a lt ire s tamp s b eyond . T h is d es ign i s r epea ted o n t he i nnermost b and . T he m idd le b and , w h ich i s n arrower t han t he o ther t wo , h as b ead ing o n t he i nner e dge o f t he r i dge . T he u pper s urface o f t he b rooch i s g i lded a nd t he b ase i s s i lvered o r t i nned . T he c atch p late a nd p in l ug s a re c omp lete a nd t here i se v idence f or a n i ron p in . F ound w ith a f ema le i nhumat ion wh ich h ad d i sturbed a p rev ious c remat ion . A ssoc iated o b jec ts i nc lude a b icon ica l p ottery a ccessory v esse l w ith e verted r im a nd s tamped d ecorat ion o f t r iang les a nd b u l l 's e ye s tamps . T h is d ecorat ion i s d e l imi ted b y l i nes a bove a nd b e low w h ich a re f urther i r regu lar s tamp s o f e qua l a rmed c rosses . T he b ody a lso h ad a n eck lace o f 7 2 b eads , a n Ä cb erg c lass 2c ruc iform b rooch w ith i ron p in , t i n b eads a nd a f ragmen t o f c opper a l loy s heet ( base o f a n a pp l ied b rooch? ) . Ad ate c enter ing o n t he m idd le o f t he s ixth c en tury f or t h is g rave wou ld b e l i ke ly . 1 4 . Watehf ie ld ( Shr ivenham) , B e l c . ( Ox . ) : as ma l l c ircu lar c opper a l loy d isc b rooch d iv ided i n to t wo e qua l z ones a s d escr ibed a bove . T he i nner z one r i ses t o a c en tra l d imp le b ut t he o r ig ina l s ett ing i s n ow l ost . T he o uter z one i s b ordered b y ar ounded r im a nd h as a s tamped l i ne o f d ecorat ion c ons ist ing o f s imp le t r iang les . T here i se v idence f or a n i ron p in a nd t he c a tch p late a nd l ugs a re c omp lete . T he s urface o f t he b rooch i s s t i l l g i lded i n s ome p laces . T he e xcavator ( C . S ku l l ) , i n forms me t hat a l though n ot d ef in ite ly a ssoc iated w ith a g rave , h e b e l ieves t hat i tw as a g rave f i nd . No o ther a ssoc iat ions k nown . 1 5 . W i l loughby-on-the-Wo lds 1 7 , Not . : a n o va l b rooch w ith a f l anged s ett ing f or a m iss ing c entra l s tud a nd a f lat o uter z one d iv ided i n to t wo b y l ow r idges ( F ig . 1 5 , 6 ) . T here a ppea r t o b e n o t races o f g i ld ing o r s tamp ing . T he p in , n ow m iss ing , a ppears t o h ave b een i n i r on . T he c atch p late i sn ear c omp lete a nd t he b rooch was p robab ly i n u se w hen b ur ied . A ssoc iated w ith t wo r ec tangu lar w r ist c lasp s d ecorated w ith r epousse d ots , ap ierced b a lu ster-headed p in a nd a b eada nd-ree l a nnu lar b rooch w ith a n i ron p in . T he g rave i s d a teab le t o t he l ater s ixth c entury . Iam g ratefu l t o G . K ins ley f or p rov id ing d raw ing s o f t h is f ind p r ior t o p ub l ica t ion . 28-

1 6 . Woodstone , Hu . ( Ca . ) : ac ircu lar d i sc b rooch d iv ided i n to t wo z ones b y a f l ange a s d escr ibed a bove ( F ig . 1 6 , 1 ) . T he f l ange h o lds a d omed c entra l g lass o r p aste s ett ing ( see E ast S hef f ord ( 6 ) a bove ) . T he o uter z one i ss ubd iv ided i n to t wo c oncentr ic r i ng s b y l ow r i dges . T he z ones b etween t he r idges a re g i lded a nd s tamped . T he b rooch i s we l l p reserved b ut t here a re n o r ecorded a ssoc iat ions . Re jected b rooches . P ewsey , W i . : G inge l l ( 1978 , 9 7 ) r efers t o ad i sc b rooch f rom t h is c emetery b ut o n e nqu iry , t he e xcavator d en ies t hat s uch a b rooch h as b een f ound . Swaffham , N f . : ac omp lete o va l c opper a l loy d i sc b rooch i si lustrated b y F itch ( F ig . 1 6 , 2 ) w ho s uggests t hat i t may b e f rom a n A ng lo-Saxon g rave ( 1859 , 3 546 ) . G iven t he n ea r-per fect p reservat ion o f t he p iece a nd t he r e ten t ion o f t he o r ig ina l c opper a l loy p in a nd g lass s ett ing , i t i s l i ke ly t hat t h is b rooch i s a s tray f ind w h ich i sn ot a ssoc iated w ith a n A ng lo-Saxon c emetery . D iscuss ion . T here h a s b een much d ebate a bout t h is b rooch t ype i n r ecen t y ea rs p rompted i n t he ma in b y D ick inson 's a rgument t hat i t p rov ided t he t echno log ica l a nd a rt ist ic i nsp irat ion f or t he Ang lo-Saxon d isc b rooch ( 1979 , p ass im ) . T he a rgument r ests o n t he t i nn ing o f G erman ic d isc b rooches , t he ir z on ing o f d ecorat ion , t he i dent ica l method o f c a tch p late a nd l ug a rrangemen t , t he p ropens ity f or s tamped d ecorat ion a nd c oncentr ic z on ing o f t he d ecorat ion , a nd f i na l ly b y t he p ierced o r d imp led c en tre . A l l o f t hese f eature s a re f ound i n R oman d i sc b rooches , a s t he d escr ip t ions a bove h ave s hown . T he ma in s tumb l ing b lock t o t he a rgument , a s D ick inson h er se lf r ecogn ised ( i b id , 5 1 ) , i st hat t here i sn o d emonstrab le c hrono log ica l l i nk b etween t he t wo t ypes . Mackre th , i n p ub l ish ing t he S pong H i l l 2 6 b rooch c oncu rs w ith D ick inson t ha t t he t ype i s o f B r it ish manufacture , t he c ont inenta l f inds b e ing c omparat ive ly r are ( 1984 , 3 7 ) . H e p o ints o ut t ha t t he t ype i s d er ived f rom c ircu lar o r o va l e name l led p late b rooches w ith z oned d ecorat ion a nd c entra l p aste s ett ing s , o ften w ith i n tag l io d es igns ( e .g . B oon 1 974 , F ig . 1 9 ,3 ) . T he c a tch p late a nd p in a rrangement i s i dent ica l i n t hese b rooches . T h is t ype h e d ates t o t he s econd a nd t h ird c en tury , f avour ing a t h ird a nd e a r ly f ourth c entury d a te f or t he g i lded d i sc b rooches u nder d iscuss ion h ere ( Mackreth 1 984 , 3 6-7 ) . H e i s c a tegor ica l t hat a s y et t here a re n o d e f in ite ly s trat if ied b rooches o f l ater f ourth c entury d ate . T h is p os it ion , h owever , h a s r ecen t ly c hanged . A n o vo id b rooch o f t h is t ype w ith i t s c on ica l g lass s ett ing r eta ined w as f ound i n as trat ig raph ica l ly s ea led c on text d a ted t o a bout AD 3 60 a t t he s hr ine o f Apo l lo , N ett leton . W i . ( Wed lake 1 982 , 1 48 F ig . 2 3 ,5 & P l . 2 3a ) . Two f urther e xamp les , b oth c omp lete , may a l so b e c ited f rom N ew G range , I re land . T hey a re p a rt o f ac o l lect ion o f s o l id i i o f V a lent in ian ic a nd T heodos ian d ate a nd l ate Roman g o ld j ewe l lery f rom t he s i te ( O 'Ke l ly 1 982 , 7 4-5 P l . 2 7 ) . T hese t wo s i tes a ppea r t o p rov ide s trong c hrono log ica l g rounds f or a ssum ing t hat t he b rooch t ype c ont inued i n to t he l ast p er iod o f R oman B r ita in . T he t aste f or s ett ing s i n b rooches i sf urther d emonstrated b y au n ique b rooch f rom t he 5 im leu l S i lvan ie i h oard , H ungary w h ich c omb ines a g o ld c ro ssbow b rooch w ith a n o va l p late , w here t he b ow s hou ld b e , i n wh ich i ss et a t ab le c ut g em o r g lass . T he h oard i sd ated t o a bout AD 3 75 ( Harho iu 1 977 , 1 5 F ig . 1 3 1 , 1a ) .

29-

I n a dd it ion t o t he d a t ing a rgumen ts n oted a bove , Mackre th p o ints o ut t hat t he p resence o f a n i r on p in o n t he S pong H i l l b rooch i nd icates a n A ng loS axon r epa ir s ince c opper a l loy p ins were i nvar iab ly u sed i n R oman b rooch manufacture ( 1984 , 3 7 ) . I t i ss hou ld , h owever , b e n oted t hat t he e xamp le f rom S i lchester i l lustrated b y B oon ( 1974 , F ig . 1 9 ,4 ) , h a s a n i ron p in : t he c orro s ion c lear ly p ro jects f rom b eyond t he e dge o f t he b rooch . T h is p in i s n ot t he o r ig ina l o ne a nd i t a ppears t o d emonstrate t hat r epa irs i n t he R oman p er iod c ou ld a lso b e e ffected i n i ron , a s h as a lready b een n oted w ith a p enannu lar b rooch f rom Wroxeter ( Chap ter 2 ) . O f t he 1 6 b rooche s f rom Ang lo-Saxon c ontexts l i sted a bove , t wo may b e d iscounted a s s tray f inds o r a s i ncorrect i dent if icat ions ( Pewsey & Swaffham ; Map 4 ) . O f t he r ema in ing 1 4 , o n ly s ix a re a ssoc iated a nd , t herefore , p oten t ia l ly u sefu l f or d at ing e v idence . O f t hese , t wo a re d ateab le t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he f i fth c en tury a nd o ne t o t he l ast q uarter o f t he f i f th c entury o r e a r ly s ixth ( Ber insf ie ld 8 3 , Co l l ingbourne D uc is 1 1 a nd L ong ' W ittenham 1 29 ) . T he Co l l ingbourne D uc is g rave w as a ssoc iated w ith a ma le wear ing t he b rooch o n h is s hou lder a nd b ur ied i n a p rone p os it ion . A t t h is d ate , b oth c an b e c on s idered a s n a t ive t ra its ( Chap ter 9 ) . T he o ther e xamp les o ccu rred i n f e ma le g raves , t he B er insf ie ld w oman h av ing a n eck lace i nc lud ing s ome R oman g o ldi n-g lass b eads a nd t he L ong W ittenham woman h av ing a k n ife a nd b eads . B oth w omen h ad m ismatched t he ir Roman b rooch w ith a G erman ic o ne s uggest ing wea r i n German ic f ash ion , a s wa s p erhap s i nd ica ted a t E ast S hefford . T he o ther t hree d ateab le g raves a re o f d i fferent d ate : S pong H i l l 2 6 a nd W i l loughby 1 7 a ppea r t o b e m idd le s ixth c en tury g raves a nd G i lton 8 7 e a r ly s eventh c entury . T he S pong H i l l g rave s hows t he b rooch i n u se i n c ha rac ter ist ic G erman ic f ash ion , s upport ing a s tr ing o f b eads a s a t B er insf ie ld a nd L ong W ittenham . T he p oss ib i l ity o f a n h e ir loom i s s l ight a t s uch a l ate d a te a nd t hu s as tray f i nd i sp robab ly i nd ica ted a s t he g ood p re servat ion o f t he g i ld ing m ight i nd icate . T he p os it ion o f t he b rooch f rom W i l loughby 1 7 w as , u nfortuna te ly , n ot r ecorded b ut t he f act t ha t i t was p a ired w ith a n a nnu lar b rooch s uggests u se o n ap ep los-type d ress a s a t S pong H i l l . T he G i lton b rooch i s more i n tere st ing . H ere t he b rooch wa s f ound a s a n i s o lated b rooch a t t he t hroat a nd was u nusab le . T he woman a lso h ad t he r ema ins o f aw ooden b ox a nd a n i ron c ha in w ith t o i let i mp lemen ts w h ich t he e xcavator was u nab le t o l i ft i n tact . An eck lace c omp letes t he e nsemb le . I t i s ac haracter i st ic o f t he r i cher f e ma le K ent ish g raves t o c on ta in b oxes : a n e xamp le i sK ing ston D own 2 05 , K n . ( Faussett 1 856 , 7 7-9 ) . T he G i lton g rave h as o ther e lements o f a r i cher e n semb le ; ac ha te la ine a nd a c off in , b ut i n s p ite o f t h is i t i s n o t iceab ly p oor w hen c ompared w ith o ther g raves w ith t hese f eatures . T he b rooch i sa lso w orn i n t he s ame f ash ion a s t he l arger c ompos ite d i sc b rooches wh ich were t hen i n v ogue ( Avent 1 975 I ,4 8-55 ; S . H awkes 1 985a , 1 10 ) . T h is Roman b rooch s hou ld p erhap s b e s een , t here fore , a s a s ubst itute f or a c ompos ite b rooch o r a n i m itat ion o f o ne . I t i s h igh ly p robab le , t herefore , t hat t h is g rave r epresents a woman i m itat ing t he d re ss f ash ion a nd a ccoutremen ts o f t he wea lthy , a lthough s he c an b y n o means b e c ons idered a s b e ing a member o f t he l owest s trata o f s oc iety . I L P late a nd Re lated b rooches . 1 . B owcombe Down 1 , L o .W . : ac ast c opper a l loy ' ha re ' b rooch w ith i t s u pper s urface d iv ided b y l ow r i dges i n to t hree i r regu lar a reas e ach f i l led w ith e name l ( F ig . 1 6 , 3 ) . T he s p rung p in r otates o n ab ar h e ld b y t wo l ugs . B oth c a tch p late a nd p in a re c omp lete . Dated t o t he s econd o r t h ird c entury ( Arno ld 1 982 , 9 4 ) . 30-

The brooch was found on the thigh and was associated with a copper alloy fragment and an iron buckle. Also in the grave was a ninth century strap end which would suggest that the grave had been disturbed in antiquity. Suspicion is therefore cast on the context of the Roman brooch. 2. Bowcombe Down 23, I.o.W.: a copper alloy 'hare' brooch, a pair with II, 1 above. Associated with a copper alloy 'S' shaped brooch, two anseate ? brooches, a buckle, an expanding wire bracelet, six beads including amber, a pendant, a knife, bones and some pottery sherds. A sixth century date for the grave is likely. 3. Duston, Nh.: the excavator records that one of the inhumations had a circular plate brooch in copper alloy with "enamelled rings of colour" (George 1903, 90). Presumably, this is an example similar to the Sleaford brooch (below). Its position and associations were not noted. 4. East Shefford, Bek.: a circular plate brooch with enamel decoration of a champleve triskele (Fig. 16, 5). It can be paralleled with an example from the brooch factory at Nor'Nour, Isles of Scilly dated to the second century (Hull 1967 52, Fig. 21, 193) and another from Colchester (Crummy 1983, 17 Fig. 14, 82). No recorded associations but the catch plate is complete. 5. my Fields Farm, Ca.: a copper alloy wheel-brooch of openwork form (Fig. 16, 4). The brooch consists of a felloe joined to a pierced hub by ten spokes of which seven survive. The felloe is formed from continuous roundels with central dimples and a lip: these originally held enamel which no longer survives. The hub is divided into two unequal zones. The outer zone is a flat, narrow ridge, the inner is lower and originally held enamel. Behind one of the spokes, the remains of the flattened catch plate project and opposite it are the lugs for a pin. Next to the catch plate a single rivet is attached at the outer edge of the f elloe. The brooch belongs to Green's Type 5 Wheel-Brooches (1982, 171)1 but differs from that group in having ten spokes. She can cite no exact parallel but suggests that the closest is from Besancon, Doubs and she suggests a probable second or third century date for this example (Green in litt.; 1984, 319 no. Al 71). No known associations but from the cemetery. 6. Gilton 67, Kn.: a circular copper alloy plate brooch with enamelled projecting lugs (Fig. 16, 6). The type is well known in the western empire with examples from Nor'Nour, Isles of Scilly and examples quoted there from Szalaeska and Bonn (Hull 1967, 54 no. 200 Fig. 22). The example here has a ring form with a sunken enamelled panel between the inner and outer ring. From the outer rim project six lugs five of which remain. The lug above the catch plate is pierced as on the parallel cited above, the other lugs having been enamelled in orange-red panels. The ring itself has regularly spaced areas of dark red trapezoidal enamel most of which survive. The lugs and catchplate survive but not the pin and there is no trace of an iron replacement. Found in a coffined burial with 19 beads and knife. The brooch was found at the throat and was probably suspended from the necklace. A seventh century grave. 1. Gilton 70, Kn.: a circular copper alloy brooch with enamel (Fig. 16, 7). The 1. S. Butcher has queried the identification of this brooch as a Wheel Brooch and suggests that the decoration may originally have been with applied roundels of bone citing an example from Silchester, Bek. dating to the first half of the first century AD (in litt.). -31-

d es ign i s o f c oncen tr ic r i ng s s epa rated b y n a rrow f l at-topped r i dges . T he c entra l a rea i ss unken a nd w as e name l led , t he s econd z one was p la in , t he t h ird w as e name l led a nd h ad r ound c opper a l loy d ots a t r egu lar i n terva ls . T he f i na l z one h ad g reen ish ( or ig ina l ly r ed ? ) e name l w ith a n o vo lo f r ieze w h ich p ro jects i nwa rds f rom t he r im . T he c a tch p late i s e xtan t b ut b roken . T he p in h ead s urv ives , t rapped b y t he l ug s . T he b rooch i s p ara l led a t N ewstead , R ox . ( Border s ) a nd s hou ld b e d a ted t o t he s econd c en tury ( Cur ie 1 911 , 3 31 P l . LXXX IX , 1 ) . T he b rooch w as f ound a t t he t hroat? o f a n i nhumat ion . A ssoc iated w ith b ead s , ak n ife a nd a b roken g reen g lass v esse l f ound o uts ide t he c off in . As eventh c entury d ate i sl i ke ly . 8 . Kemp ston 1 12 , B d : a n e name l led , f l at b rooch i sl i sted among t he c on tents o f t h is g rave b y K ennett ( 1968b , 6 6 ) . I t i so therw ise u n ident if ied . F ound w ith t wo s i lver p lates s uggest ing a l ate d a te f or t he g rave . 9 . K ing sworthy 4 7 , Ha . : c opper a l loy e name l led h exagona l b rooch w ith c on ica l c en tre a nd o uter p ro ject ing l ug s ( F ig . 1 7 , 1 ) . T he c entra l c one i sh o l low a nd h a s t wo t i ers d iv ided b y a r ad ia l ly n otched r i dge a nd t opped b y a n ( empty ) e name l led s ett ing . T he e name l led l ug s w ere a lterna te ly g reen/ye l low o r b lue/g reen e ach w ith a c entra l d ot o f e name l i n a nother c o lour : o ne r ed/b rown d ot s urv ives . T he c a tch p late i s b roken a nd t he m i ss ing p in was o r ig ina l ly h e ld b y l ug s . T he t op o f t he c one i sp ierced f or r euse ( suspens ion ? ) . A t h ird c entury d a te f or t he b rooch i sl i ke ly . P ara l le led b y R iha where i ti sd ef ined a s v ar ian t 7 .11 .2 ( 1979 , 1 87 T af . 6 0 ) . F or a ssoc iat ions a nd d ate o f t he g rave , s ee b e low . I am i ndebted t o S . H awkes f or i n format ion o n t h is g rave i n a dvance o f p ub l icat ion . 1 0 . L ong W ittenham , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ac ircu lar p late b rooch o f c opper a l loy ( F ig . 1 7 , 2 ) . T he u pper s urface i s d ecorated w ith c oncentr ic z ones o f e name l , t he o uter o ne b e ing much w ider t han t he o ther t wo . T h is z one i sn ow g reen ish b ut c ou ld h ave b een r ed . S et i n t h is z one a re s ix b u l l 's e ye e name l d ots w h ich a re a rranged a t r egu lar i n terva ls . T he d es ign matches t ha t s hown b y E xner o n a b rooch o f s econd c entury d ate ( 1939 , T af . 1 3 1 , I I , 2 1 ) , b ut t he t ype i s c ommon e nough i n B r ita in ( e .g . a n e xamp le f rom N ewstead , R ox . ( Border s ) Cur ie 1 911 , 3 30 P L LXXX IX , 1 4 ) . 1 1 . S leaford 2 16 , L i . : ac ircu lar p late b rooch w ith t hree c oncen tr ic r i ng s o f e name l s epearated b y n arrower f lat r i dges o f c opper a l loy ( F ig . 1 7 , 3 ) . T he o uter r i ng h as s ome b lue e name l p re served b ut t he s unken r i ng s a re most ly p la in h av ing l ost t he ir e name l i n f i l l . A c oncret ion o f i r on o ver lap s t he e dge f rom t he r ep lacement i ron p in b eh ind . T he c a tch p late i s b roken . A ssoc iated w ith a n i r on k n ife , ac ircu lar b uck le , ap a ir o f w r ist c lasps o rnamented w ith r e pou s se d ots a nd t wo o ther u nmatched c lasps , af lat-band f i nger r i ng , b eads a nd t wo R oman c o ins . P robab ly a n e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury g rave . 1 2 . S tax ton 4 , Yo . ( N . Yo . ) : ac opper a l loy o va l p late b rooch d iv ided i n to t wo f i e lds b y a n u pr ight f lange . T h is o r ig ina l ly h e ld a ( miss ing ) p aste i n tag l io o r c on ica l s ett ing . T he o uter f i e ld h as d ecayed e name l , t he o uter p art o f w h ich i s s a id t o b e w h ite ( Sheppard 1 938 , 2 0 ) . T he e xcavator n oted t hat t he p in o f c opper a l loy a nd t he c a tch p late w ere b oth r eta ined i n tact . A p a ra l le l i s p rov ided b y a n e xamp le f rom S i lchester ( Boon 1 974 , F ig . 1 9 , 3 ) . Mackreth d a tes t hese b rooche s t o t he s econd o r t h ird c entury a nd d emonstrates t hat t hey w ere t he a ntecedents o f t he l ater g i lt d isc b rooches w ith s ett ing s d i scu ssed a bove ( 1984 , 3 6-7 ) . F ound i n as ixth c en tury g rave , t he a ssoc iat ion s a re n oted a bove . 32-

Re jected b rooch . U ff ing ton ( Wh ite Hor se H i l l ) , 1( Ang lo-Saxon mound ) , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ac ircu lar e name l led ' b rooch ' f ound o n t he s hou lder o f ad ecap itated b ur ia l ( F ig . 6 7 ,4 ) . T h is i s af l at-backed e name l led h ead f rom a R oman s tud a nd n ot , a s p rev ious ly t hought , a n e scutcheon f rom a h ang ing b ow l ( see V esse ls f or d iscuss ion ) . A d a te f or t he g rave i n t he m idd le t o l ate f i fth c en tury i sl i ke ly . D iscuss ion . A s i sc ommon w ith most o f t he o b jects u nder c on s iderat ion h ere , al arge p roport ion o f t hese b rooches h ave n o r ecorded a ssoc iat ion ( four o ut o f t we lve ) . T he e ight s ecure ly a ssoc iated a nd r ecorded b rooche s s how a n i n tere st ing d i str ibut ion o n t he b ody o f t he i nterred . O n ly o ne w as f ound i n ab ag c o l lect ion ( K ing sworthy , 4 7 ) a nd t wo ( Bowcombe Down 1 a nd S taxton 4 ) may b e s tray f inds . A nother h as b een r e jected a s ab rooch b ut was worn a s t hrough i t w as o ne ( Uff ing ton 1 ) . A lthough s uch s ma l l f igures c annot b e u sed f or a mean ing fu l s tat ist ica l c ompar ison , t h is l ow f igure o f o ne i n b ag c o l lect ions c ontra sts w ith t he f ive i n b ag c o l lec t ions f or t he o ther b rooche s ( be low ) . F our o ther b rooches were f ound a t t he n eck ( G i lton 6 7 & 7 0 ) o r o n t he s hou lder ( S leaford 2 17 o r U ff ing ton 1 ) . T he l atter t wo g raves p oss ib ly man ifest n a t ive d ress f ash ion i n t he ir wea r ing o f b rooches i n t h is w ay a nd t he U ff ing ton b ody h as a lso b een d ecap itated : a R omano-Br it ish c u stom ( s ee Chap ter 9 ) . B oth G i lton e xamp les , h owever , a ppear t o p ara l le l t he s i tuat ion n oted a bove f or G i lton 8 7 ( above ) . T he b rooche s were n onfunct iona l a nd were l oca ted i n t he p os it ion w here o ne m ight e xpect t o f i nd a k ey stone d i sc b rooch . T h is makes t he ' k ey stone ' s haped a rea s o f e name l o n G i lton 6 7 a l l t he more i n tere st ing a s t hey wou ld s ure ly h ave b een s een a s b e ing i m itat ive o f t he g arnet k ey stones o n t he Ang lo-Saxon b rooche s ( F ig . 8 8 , 3& 4 ) , ap ract ice r e f lected o n t he l ater s aucer b rooche s ( S . Hawkes 1 985b , 9 3-7 F ig . 4 0 & 4 2 ) . T hus i m itat ion o f d ress s ty le a nd b rooch t ypes i s a ga in e v idenced . F ina l ly , o ne f urther i m itat ive c ha racter ist ic i s p o ss ib ly e xh ib ited b y t he b rooches f rom G i lton 6 7 a nd K ing sworthy 4 7 . T he p ro ject ing l ug s o n t hese b rooches a nd t he c on ica l f orm o f K ing sworthy 4 7 may h ave a lso r em inded t he G erman ic p eop les o f t he t utu lus b rooch wh ich , a l though r are i n t h is c ountry , was c ommon o n t he Cont inent u p t o t he e nd o f t he f ourth c entury . T h is a rgument may b e c arr ied f urther b y t he s uggest ion t hat a s many o f t hese b rooche s a re c ircu lar o r r i ngshaped , t hey wou ld f i t i n w ith c ontemporary b rooch s ty les e as i ly t hus mak ing t he ir s e lect ion more r ead i ly u nder standab le . I LL Bow a nd O ther B rooches . a ) Nauhe im d er ivat ives o f e ither l ate I ron Age ( La T ene I & HO o r e ar ly Roman ( f irst c entury AD ) d ate , i nc lud ing Co lchester b rooches . 1 . Ab ingdon I1 0 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ' 0 s haped b ow o f c opper a l loy w ire o f u n iform t h ickness ( F ig . 1 7 , 4 ) . N o s ign o f t he c a tch p late w h ich h a s b een b roken o ff . T he h ead a ppears t o r e late i t t o aN auhe im t ype b rooch . F ound i n t he g rave o f ac h i ld w ith a s pea rhead , k n ife a nd t wo n a i ls . T he b rooch was f ound b y t he l eft h and a nd may , t herefore , b e as tray . 2 . D roxford 4 0 , Ha . : c opper a l loy f oot o f Roman b rooch c oncreted o n to t he r e ma ins o f a n i r on r i ng ( F ig . 1 7 , 5 ) . T he b rooch a ppear s t o b e o f r ound33-

s ect ioned w ire . P oss ib ly p a ra l le led b y Hu l l 1 968 , P l . 2 8 ,1 . A ssoc iated w ith a n o penwork c opper a l loy d isc , b roken a nd r epa ired a t t he t op a nd c omparab le t o t he more c omp lete e xamp le f rom B idford o n Avon , Wa . ( Humphreys e t a h 1 923 , P l . 1 5 ; f ig 3 ) . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a s quaresect ioned l ooped i r on o b jec t a nd a s quaresect ioned i ron r ing . A l l t he se o b jects f ound d epo s ited i n a h eap i n a n empty g rave ( = i nfant ? ) . Date a lmost c erta in ly l ate s ixth o r e ar ly s even th c entury o n t he b as is o f t he r ounde l a nd i t s c ond it ion . 3 . Dunstab le F ive Kno l ls 5 4 , B d . : an ear c omp lete c opper a l loy b rooch f ormed f rom t h in , s quaresect ioned w ire f l attened o ut t o f orm a c a tch p late o f t rapezo ida l s hape ( F ig . 1 7 , 6 ) . A t rapezo ida l a rea h as b een c ut f rom t he c atch p late . T he h ead o f t he b rooch i s b roken j u st a fter t he t urn w h ich f orms t he s pr ing . T he b ow h as a n o rnamented a rea o n t he h ighest p o int o f t he c urve c on s ist ing o f t hree s imp le b ars p laced t ran sver se ly a cro ss t he b ow . R eferred t o a s aL a T ene t ype I i n t he r eport a nd p ara l le led a t B ott isham F en , Ca . ( Fox 1 923 , 1 05 P l . 1 5 , 4 ) . T h is b rooch i s as tray f i nd i n t he g rave . 4 . F i l l : ins 3 , Ox . : ac opper a l loy b rooch o f L a T ene t ype ( F ig . 1 7 , 7 ) . T he b ow i s s trong ly c urved , t he c en tra l p art b e ing e xpanded i n to a d i sc o n w h ich i si nc ised ?a c irc le s uper imposed o n ac ross o f a rcs l eav ing a h o l low s quare i n t he c en tre . A med ian l i ne r uns d own t he b ow a nd a cro ss t he d isc b e ing b roken a t t he c entre o f t he d isc b y as ing le d ot . T he c atch p late i sb roken a nd t he s p r ing a t t he h ead i s i n tact a lthough t he p in i t se lf i s l ost . T he b rooch i sI ron Age i n d ate ( D ick inson 1 979 , 5 0 ) . F ound w ith a f e ma le i n terment a ssoc iated w ith c opper a l loy g ird le h anger s , al ate s ixth c entury c ast s aucer b rooch , ab ead a t t he n eck a nd a s econd Roman b rooch ( s ee b e low ) . P resumab ly , t he r eused b rooche s were worn p a ired a t t he s hou lder s i n u sua l A ng lo-Saxon f ash ion . D ick inson s uggests t hat t hey w ere l i ke ly t o h ave b een s ewn o nto t he c loth ing . Al ate s ixth c en tury d a te f or t he g rave i sl i ke ly . 5d c6 . I s l ip , Nh . : ap a ir o f b rooches r eferred t o a s b e ing o f ' s afety p in ' t ype a nd t herefore p resumab ly Roman a lthough a n A ng lo-Saxon d a te c annot b e r u led o ut ( Baker 1 882 , 9 0 ; s ee b e low ) . Unab le t o t race i lu strat ion . Unassoc iated . 7 . L inton Heath B 2 , Ca . : ac a st c opper a l loy b rooch o f Co lche ster t ype B ( F ig . 1 8 , 1 ) . B ow t aper ing w ith c rest a nd l ug ( p ierced t w ice ) . T he w ing s p ro ject e ither s i de o f t he b ow p rotect ing af ourlooped s pr ing o n e i ther s i de . T he p in i s n ear c omp lete a nd b ent b ack a t r ight a ng les . T he c atch p late i s s o l id w ith a s l ight k nop a t e nd o f b ow . D ateab le t o c . AD 5 0-70 ( Crum my 1 983 , 1 2 F ig . 6 , 5 2 ) . F ound b y s ku l l o f a n o therw ise u nassoc iated a du lt i nhumat ion . 8 . L inton Heath B 2 8 , Ca . : ac a st c opper a l loy b rooch w ith p ro ject ing s em ic y l indr ica l w ing s ( F ig . 1 8 , 2 ) . T he p rom inent c rest h as n otch ing o n t he l ower p art o f t he b ow . P in c omp lete b ut b ent a t t he e nd . T here i s at r ip le c o i led s pr ing o n e ither s ide o f t he d oub le p ierced l ug . Catch p late c omp lete a nd p ierced t w ice . A c lose p ara l le l i s i l lustrated b y H attatt ( 1985 , F ig . 1 2 , 2 58 ) . T he b rooch i s a Co lchester t ype ( s ee a bove ) . F ound i n g rave o f ma le a ssoc iated w ith s pea rhead , t he b rooch b e ing f ound a t t he f oot . 9 . L inton Heath B 4 3 , Ca . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith s em irounded p rof i le t o b ow a nd t r ip le t ran sver se l i nes a t t he m id-po int o f b ow ( F ig . 1 8 , 3 ) . Catch p late i ncomp lete , s pr ing d oub le o n o ne s ide , o therw ise b roken . A N auhe im t ype b rooch o f p robab ly L a l ' ne H I d a te ( end o f f i rst c en tury BC . ) . F ound a t t he h ead , n o o ther a ssoc iated o b ject .

34-

1 0 . L inton Heath B 1 00 , Ca . : a n i ron ? b ow w ith t r ip le c o i l c opper a l loy s pr ing ( F ig . 1 8 , 4 ) . B ow r ound-sect ioned w ith h ook a t t op . Catch p late o penwork a nd s l ight ly b roken . B ow b ent b ack a t f oot a nd h ead . A Co lchester t ype b rooch d ateab le t o AD 1 4-69 ( Crummy 1 983 , 1 2 F ig . 6 , 4 0 ) . Unassoc iated a nd n o r ecord o f p o s it ion . 1 1 . L itt le W i lbraham 1 1 , Ca . : ac opper a l loy b ow b rooch w ith f l attened b ow ( F ig . 1 8 , 5 ) . T he f la ttened a rea h as n otch ing a t t he e dges . Catch p late i s o ne p iece a nd t he p in i s f ormed a t t he h ead b y w ind ing t he w ire a round o n i t se lf . P in c omp lete . A s econd c omp lete N auhe im b rooch w ith a b ow d ecorated w ith h a lfmoon s tamp s i s a l so c red ited t o t h is g rave i n t he Cambr idge Museum o f A rchaeo logy a nd A nthropo logy ( F ig . 1 8 , 6 ) . F ound w ith a n a du lt i nhumat ion . P ara l le led a t S ke leton G reen , H erts , t he e xamp le t here b e ing d a ted t o t he v ery l ate I ron Age o r e a r ly R oman p er iod ( about AD 5 0 ; Mackreth 1 981 , F ig . 7 0 , 3 2 ) . 1 2 . P olh il l 5 3 , Kn . : ac a st c opper a l loy b ow w ith mou lded c en tra l r idge a nd p ro ject ing w ing s w h ich o r ig ina l ly c overed t he ( now m iss ing ) s p r ing ( F ig . 1 9 , 1 ) . Catch p late i ncomp lete a nd p ierced . H ead p ierced t w ice f or p in w ire . Dated t o t he f i rst c entury AD a nd p ara l le led b y C rum my 1 983 , 1 2 F ig . 6 , 4 8 . F ound b y t he l eft t h igh o f af e ma le i nhumat ion w ho wa s a ssoc iated w ith a b one c omb , a n i r on f erru le a nd r i ng ( probab ly a b ag ) a nd a ssoc iated w ith t he b rooch , ac opper a l loy r i ng a nd a k n ife . 1 3 . P ortway Down 2 2 , Ha . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith f l attened b ow ( F ig . 1 9 , 2 ) . Catch p late s o l id a nd f o lded t o f orm c hanne l f or p in . S p r ing d oub le c o i led o n e ither s ide o f t he h ead a nd p in c omp lete . P ara l le led a t S ke leton G reen ( Mackreth 1 981 , F ig . 7 0 , 3 2 ) a nd d ated b y B utcher t o t he e ar ly t o m idd le f i rst c en tury ( 1985 , 9 5 ) . A ssoc iated w ith p a ired c opper a l loy d i sc b rooches d ecorated w ith a q u inqux o f b u l l 's e yes a nd a n i r on p in . T he b rooch w as f ound a t t he t hroa t . T he g rave i s d a ted t o t he e a r ly s ixth c en tury b ecau se o f i t s r e lat ionsh ip t o g rave 2 3 w h ich c onta ined b eads o f t hat d ate ( Cook 1 985 , 7 9 ) . 1 4 . P ortway Down 6 7 , Ha . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith c ircu larsect ioned b ow a nd o penwork c atch p late ( F ig . 1 9 , 3 ) . T he s pr ing i sc o i led t w ice o n e ither s i de o f t he h ead a nd t he p in i s c omp lete . A Nauhe im t ype b rooch a nd d a ted a ccord ing ly b y B utcher ( 1985 , 9 5 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a q uo it b rooch i n g i lt c opper a l loy , a n i r on p in , ab ucket b ind ing w ith s tamped d ecorat ion a nd t wo p ierced Roman c o ins . B y t he l eft h ip was a g ird le c o l lect ion c ons ist ing o f a n i ron l oop a nd h ook , ac opper a l loy p late , ac opper a l loy C lass C p enannu lar b rooch a nd c opper a l loy a nd i r on f ragments . B rooch f ound a t t he t hroat . T he g rave i sd a ted t o t he e nd o f t he f i fth c en tury b y Ager ( 1985 , 7 8 ) . b ) B rooch w ith c y l indr ica ls p r ing c over . 1 . B arr ing ton , Ca . : a c opper a l loy f ragment o f b rooch c ons ist ing o f ad i sc a ttached t o c y l indr ica l s pr ing c over f rom wh ich a c omp lete s pr ing p ro jects ( F ig . 1 9 , 4 ) . T he d i sc i s u nornamen ted a nd p resumab ly f ormed t he b ase p late f or a r osette a ttachment a lthough t here i sn o s ign o f ac entra l r ivet a s o n a s im i lar e xamp le f rom Co lchester ( Crummy 1 983 , 8n o .17 F ig . 3 ) . Ad a te i n t he C laud ian p er iod i ss uggested f or t hat b rooch b y Hawkes a nd H u l l ( 1947 , 3 16 P l . XC IV , 8 3 ) . No k nown a ssoc iat ion a nd p robab ly a s tray f i nd f rom t he c emetery . 35-

c ) Aue issa b rooch . 1 . K ingsworthy 4 7 , Ha . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith s trong ly c u rved b ow o f s em i-c ircu lar f orm ( F ig . 1 9 , 5 ) . W ide b ow w ith c entra l r idge a nd r a ised e dge g iv ing d oub le s ca l loped s ect ion . T he h ead i sc o i led o ver a n i ron p in b a r a nd h a s t ransverse mou ld ing . B ase o f b ow d ecorated w ith c lose ly s paced l i nes a nd mou lded b a r t o t ermina te . F oot o f b ow n arrow a nd f l at , f i n ished w ith k nob t erm ina l . Catch p late s o l id a nd b roken , p in l o st . B rooch t ype d ef ined b y C rummy a nd d a ted t o t he e a r ly - m idd le f i r st c entury ( 1983 , 8 -9 ) . F ound i n a b ag c o l lect ion w h ich a l so c onta ined t utu lustype R oman b rooch ( s ee a bove ) , a T ortworthtype s trap e nd ( s ee B uck les ) , t wo R oman c o ins , ac opper a l loy ' ha re a nd h ounds ' c lasp k n ife h and le , ar hombo id i r on c leat h ead a nd a n i r on l oop h eaded o b ject . A lso i n t he s ame g rave were t hree amber b ead s , ac ast c opper a l loy b uck le w ithout t ongue , ac opper a l loy e xpand ing w ire a rm let a nd a n i r on k n ife . Ad a te i n t he m idd le o f t he s ixth c entury i sl i ke ly f or t h is g rave . d ) B ackworth B rooches . 1 . F i lk ins 3 , Ox . : c a st c opper a l loy b rooch w ith ' s trong ly p rof i led ' b ow i . e . d eep ly a rched ( F ig . 1 9 , 6 ) . C entra l c rest a t u pper p art , t r ip le t ransverse r ibb ing a t max imum h e ight o f b ow a nd c re sset b e low . C rest c on t inues o n l ower p art o f b ow a nd e nds i n af la ttened k nob . S p r ing c o i l a nd p in c omp lete . T he b rooch l acks t he c ha racter ist ic a can thus d ecorat ion o f t he t ype w h ich i s u sua l ly o n t he b ow a nd i t may t herefore b e c ons idered a s a n e xamp le o f A lmg ren 's K räft ig-Pro f i l iert t ype . P ara l le ls a t R ichborough , K n . ( Hu l l 1 968 p l 2 9 3 3 o r W 9 ) . Date p robab ly m idd le f i r st t o m idd le s econd c entury . F or a ssoc iat ions , s ee a bove . 2 . W il loughby on- t he-Wo lds 3 2 , Not . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith d i storted f oot a nd c atch p late ( F ig . 1 9 , 7 ) . T he b ow d oes n ot h ave a canthus d ecorat ion a nd a ppea rs t o b e av ar ian t o f H u l l 's ' Che ster t ype ' b rooch ( 1967 , 4 2 n o . 1 08 F ig . 1 7 ) . A ssoc iated w ith t hree p a irs o f r ectangu lar w r ist c lasp s , t wo b uck les , a s trap t ag , i vory r i ng f ragmen ts a nd o ther c opper a l loy f i tt ing s . A d a te i n t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury i sl i ke ly . e ) Do lph in B rooches . 1 . B idford-on-Avon 9 8 , Wa . : ac ast c opper a l loy b rooch w h ich i s t w isted b ut o therw ise c omp lete ( F ig . 2 0 , 1 ) . T he b rooch h as o n ly b een e xam ined o n t he p hotog raph s upp l ied b y t he e xcavator wh ich s hows t he w ing s a nd d i sc t erm ina ls b ut n ot t he s pr ing . T he b ow i s t erm inated b y al arge a cornl ike k nob b ut t he c a tch p late b eh ind i s b ent . P in c omp lete b ut b ent a t r ight a ng les t o t he b ody o f t he b rooch . Dated t o t he m idd le f i rst c entury b y C rummy ( 1983 , 1 2 F ig . 6 , 5 6 ) . No o ther a ssoc iated o b jects i n g rave . 2 . Harnham H i l l 4 0 , W i . : ac opper a l loy b rooch w ith c ommashaped p rof i le ( F ig . 2 0 , 2 ) . Cast w ith s em i-cy l indr ica l w ing s w h ich h ave c omp lete d i scs a t t he e nd t o a ct a s al ug f or t he p in b ar . B ow o rnamented w ith t wo r i dges o f c lose ly s paced l i nes w h ich e xtend t o t he m id-po int o f t he b ow . W ing s o rnamen ted w ith l i nes a t t he t erm ina ls , c atch p late s o l id . T he p in i s c ut f rom a s o l id s heet o f c opper a l loy a nd a ppears t o b e ar ep lacemen t . F ound i n af e ma le g rave w ith b one whor l , t wo b utton b rooches , as i lver f inger r i ng , ak n ife , as p ira l s i lver r i ng a nd a g o ld r i ng ( Chapter 6 ) . T he b rooch wa s f ound i n t he l ap w ith b eads , c omb f ragments a nd a c opper a l loy R oman s trap e nd ( Chap ter 4 ) . A d ate i n t he e a r ly t o m idd le s ixth c en tury f or t he g rave i si nd ica ted . 36-

f )L ang ton Down b rooch . 1 . Harnham H i l l 2 1 , W i . : ac ast c opper a l loy b ow , f l attened a nd v ery t h in w ith s hort w ing s p ro ject ing f rom t he h ead ( F ig . 2 0 , 3 ) . T hree r ou letted l i nes d ecorate t he b ow r unn ing v ert ica l ly d own t he c entre l ine a nd e dges . Catch p late s o l id b ut i ncomp lete . B rooch d ateab le t o t he f i rst c entury ( Co l l ingwood S cR ichmond 1 969 , 2 92-3 F ig . 1 02 , 1 8 ) . A ssoc iat ion s n ot s ecu re b ut i fg rave 2 1 , t h is w as a c h i ld w ith n o o ther o b jects a nd t he g rave i st herefore u ndateab le . L amberton Moor b rooches . 1 . G irton 2 , Ca . : ac a st c opper a l loy b rooch w ith b ow d iv ided i n to r ectangu lar p ane ls h o ld ing e name l ( F ig . 2 0 , 4 ) . T he p in c o i l a nd p in a re c omp lete a nd a re r eta ined b y t he c a tch p late . T he w ing s a re f lattened o n t he u pper s urface b ut o therw ise h ave a s em i-cy l indr ica l s ect ion . B oth t he h ead s tud a nd l oop f or t he s uspen s ion c ha in a re c a st i n tegra l ly . D ated t o t he s econd c entury i n t h is f orm b y C rummy ( 1983 , 1 4 F ig . 9 , 6 5 ) . L isted w ith a s ma l l c ruc iform b rooch wh ich , i f t he a ssoc iat ion i sr e l iab le , s hou ld d a te t he g rave t o t he e a r ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury . 2 . Quarr ing ton , L e . : a c ast c opper a l loy b rooch w ith b roken w ing s a nd c omp lete b ow w h ich r eta in t he r ectangu lar p ane ls f or e name l ( F ig . 2 0 , 5 ) . H ead s tud a nd l oop c a st i n tegra l ly . P in m iss ing b ut o therw ise i n g ood c ond it ion . A ssoc iat ions u nknown a nd p o ss ib ly n ot f ound i n ag rave a t a l l . h ) T rumpet b rooches . 1 . Quarr ing ton , L i . : a n e laborate o ne-p iece c a st c opper a l loy b rooch ( F ig . 2 0 , 6 ) . T he b ow h as a l arge b utton a t t he c entre o f t he b ow , ar ibbed l ower s ect ion a nd a l arge d oub le r i ng t ermina l k nob . T he h ead h a s ar a ised c opper a l loy p a ttern o f s cro l ls w h ich s i t i n e name l . T he c atch p late a nd p in a re b oth c omp lete . T he b rooch i sd a teab le t o t he s econd c en tury ( Crummy 1 983 , 1 4 ) a nd i s s im i lar t o t hose d i scussed b y B oon a nd S avory ( 1975 , 6 0 F ig . 2 , 1 0 ) . F or a ssoc iat ions a nd c omments s ee a bove . 2 . W il loughb ronthe-Wo lds 5 8 , Not . : t he e name l led c opper a l loy h ead o f a t rumpet b rooch ( F ig . 2 0 , 7 ) . F or p ara l le ls , s ee a bove . T he h ead i s much w orn , t he b reak w ith t he b ow h av ing b een smoothed o ver . T he l oop o f t he p in a bove t he h ead i sc omp lete a nd a s t he o b ject w as f ound a t t he n eck a ssoc iated w ith b eads , G . K ins ley h a s s uggested t o me t ha t i t wa s p robab ly u sed a s a d ecorat ive p endant ( i n l i tt . ) . A ssoc iated w ith b ucket f i tt ing s , t weezers , a c opper a l loy g i rd le h anger a nd o penwork c ha te la ine , b eads , a s cut iform p endant , a n i vory r i ng , t hree f inger r i ng s ( one s p ira l ) , a k n ife , a C lass E p enannu lar b rooch , t wo p a ir s o f w r ist c lasps , h o l low c opper a l loy b ead s a nd o ther f i tt ing s . Ad ate i n t he l ater s ixth c entury may b e s uggested . Aes ica b rooch . 1 . P etersf inger 4 8 , W i . : ac ast c opper a l loy o ne-p iece b rooch ( F ig . 2 0 , 8 ) . T he h ead i ss em i-c ircu lar i n f orm w ith a n a ppended f anta i l f oot . E ach e x trem ity o f t he b rooch e nds i n ak nob a nd t he h ead h as a p rom inent c entra l c rest w ith a r idge o n e ither s i de . T he h ead o f t he b rooch h as a r a ised s em i-c ircu lar a rea w h ich matches i t s u nder ly ing s hape . W ing s f or h o ld ing t he p in p ro ject f rom e ither s i de o f t he h ead a nd t he c rest i sp ierced t w ice t o h o ld t he p in . T he p in i s c omp lete a nd i sr e ta ined b y t he c atch p late . D ated t o t he l ate f i r st c entury a t 37-

N ett leton ( Wed lake 1 982 , 1 30 F ig . 5 4 , 7 0 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a w orn l ater Roman b e lt s l ide , f ragment o f a n i r on b race let , b eads a nd i r on k eys i n a f e ma le g rave . A l ater f i fth o r s ixth c entury d a te i s p o ss ib le . T he b rooch wa s f ound a t t he h ip a nd w as , t herefore , l i ke ly t o h ave b een k ept i n ab ag . j )B ow b rooches w ith e nc losed f oot 1 . B assett Down , W i . : a' P ' s haped c opper a l loy b rooch w ith s em i-c ircu lar h ead p late a nd s ubtr iangu lar b ow ( F ig . 2 1 , 1 ) . T he f oot i ss quare s ect ioned a nd h as ap in s l ot o n o ne s i de : t he p in i sl o st . I f a' P ' s haped b rooch , t hen i ti sd a teab le t o t he m idd le t h ird c entury ( Crummy 1 983 , 1 5 ) . A c omparab le e xamp le i s i lustrated f rom S outh S h ie lds , T yne & Wea r i n A l lason-Jone s & M iket 1 984 , 1 06 n o .3 .83 ) . A ssoc iated w ith t wo s h ie ld b o sses , t wo s pearheads , t wo k n ives , a b ent e a r s coop , ab one w hor l , t wo h a ir p ins , b eads a nd t wo p a irs o f l ate s ixth c entury c ast s aucer b rooches . A lso f rom t he g raves w ere a p enannu lar b rooch , aR oman s poon a nd a c o in . Obv ious ly , t here i s much c onfus ion h ere a nd i t i s d iff icu lt t o b e c erta in o f t he a ccuracy o f t he g rave c ontents . P robab ly l ate s ixth c en tury g raves . 2 . D roxford , Ha . : ac opper a l loy c ro ssbow b rooch c ast i n o ne p iece ( F ig . 2 1 , 2 ) . T he a rms a re r oundsect ioned a nd e nd i n ' p roto-knobs ' w h ich a re mere ly d eep ly e tched l i nes . T he b ow i s s trong ly a rched a nd t r iangu lar i n s ect ion . T he f oot i s s quaresect ioned a nd h as a s ing le s l it a t t he s ide t o a l low t he e ntry o f t he ( m iss ing ) p in . T he b rooch c an b e d ated t o t he e a r ly t h ird c entury ( CoR ingwood & R ichmond 1 969 , F ig . 1 05 , 7 5 ) . No k nown a ssoc iat ions . k ) R ing b rooches . 1 . H igham , Kn . : ac opper a l loy a nnu lar b rooch ( F ig . 2 1 , 3 ) . T he h oop o f t he b rooch , w h ich i s h eav i ly r ibbed a s w ith p enannu lar b rooches , h as t erm ina ls w h ich a re l i nked b y s hort p ro ject ion s w h ich a re p art ly b roken o ff . T he b rooch i sp ara l le led b y a n e xamp le i lustrated i n Roes ( 1965 , 1 8 F ig . l a ) f rom L ondon a nd i s a member o f Koch 's ' S isc ia ' t ype r i ng b rooches ( D ick inson 1 982a , 5 5 ) . Dated t o t he f ourth o r f i fth c entury . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . T h is b rooch w as c lass if ied b y F ow ler a s aC lass H p enannu lar ( s ee a bove ) . 2 . L ondesborough 7 , Yo . ( Hm . ) : ac opper a l loy r i ng b rooch w ith t rapezo ida l f oot ( F ig . 2 1 , 4 ) . T he p in i s l o st a nd D ick inson s uggests t ha t i t i s a wa ste c ast ing ( 1982a , 5 5 ) . T he f oot i so rnamented w ith h aphazard b u l l 's e ye s tamps . F irst p ub l ished a s a s trap mount b y Swanton ( 1966 , 2 75 ) , i t wa s l ater r ecogn ised b y t hat a uthor a s a' c ont inenta l ' r ing b rooch w h ich h e t hen u sed a s e v idence f or A lemann ic s ett lemen t i n Y orksh ire ( 1967 , 4 5-7 ) . T odd c orrect ly q uest ioned t h is , p o int ing o ut t hat i t was a k nown , i f r are , b rooch f rom R omano-Br it ish c on texts ( 1975 , 3 86-8 ) . D ick inson h a s r ecen t ly a dvanced t he a rgument b y s uggest ing t hat t he b rooch was p robab ly made i n B r ita in ( 1982a , 5 6 ) , a lthough Myres s t i l l s t icks t o a n A lemann ic r eso lut ion t o t he q uest ion ( 1986 , 8 1 ) . Ac omparab le b rooch f rom V eru lam ium i n ac ontex t d ated a fter AD 3 00 i s p ub l ished b y Whee ler ( Whee ler & Whee ler 1 936 , 2 10 n o .41 F ig . 4 5 ) . T he a ssoc iat ions o f t h is s ixth c entury g rave a re l i sted u nder C lass G p enannu lar b ro oc he s . 1 )L ozenge-shaped b rooch w ith l ug s . 1 . App le c lown , Comp ton , C remat ion 1 42 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : ap art ly-me lted b rooch w ith l ug s a nd c atch p late i n tact was f ound i n ac remat ion u rn o f u nspec if ied 38-

d a te ( M . We lch , p er s . c omm . ; F ig . 2 1 , 5 ) . T he t ype i s w e l l k nown f rom a s econd c entury b rooch f actory a t N or tNour , I s les o f S c i l ly ( Hu l l 1 967 , 4 8-50 T ype 2 9 F ig . 1 9 ) . m ) B rooch w ith c ircu lar b ow , t he f oot z oomorph ic o ra strago l id . 1 . Westeotes , L e . : c ast c opper a l loy b rooch ( F ig . 2 1 , 6 ) w ith t rapezo ida l r ibbed h ead ( acanthusl ike ) w ith c entra l e name l led d i sc c onta in ing c i rc les o f e name l w h ich a re a rranged i n a f ash ion c omparab le t o t he L ong W ittenham p late b rooch ( s ee a bove ) . T he f oot i sc omposed o f d i scs s eparated b y s ect ions o f c a st s tem . A c entra l ly p laced s pher ica l s we l l ing j ust b e low t he e name l led d isc c arr ies t wo s pots o f e name l . T h is i s ar are b rooch t ype o f s econd c entury d a te . I ti sp ara l le led a t L avoye ( Meuse ) , g rave 1 57 w h ich a lso c onta ins a s pearhead , k n ife , s eax , t hree f l int f l akes , t hree c o ins , m irror f ragments , b uck le a nd p ottery v esse l ( Joff roy 1 974 , 1 17-8 , P l . 1 7 ) . A B r it ish p ara l le l may b e c ited f rom C o lche ster ( K ing 1 863 , 5 7 n o . 1 2 ) , f ormer ly i n t he Mayer c o l lect ion . T he t ype i s d ef ined b y R iha a s G roup 5 , t ype 5 , 1 7 ( Ema i lbuge lf ibe ln ) , w ith p erhaps t he c losest p a ra l le l b e ing n o . 1 408 ( 1979 , 1 60 ) . T he a ssoc iat ions o f t he b rooch a re n ot c lear , s ee V esse l s . n ) Uncerta in t ypes o f b rooch . 1 . B idford-on-Avon , Wa . : a b rooch o f s econd o r t h ird c entury d a te ( type u nspec if ifed ) f ound a ssoc iated w ith a k n ife a nd b eads . T he a ssoc iat ions s uggest ap oss ib le g rave g roup . 2 . S pong H il l C .1437 , N f . : ac opper a l loy b ow f rom a b rooch f ound i n a n u rn a nd a ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f m in i t weezers a nd a n i r on p in . D iscuss ion . T he i n terest o f t h is g roup o f b rooche s l i es i n t he i n it ia l g roup o f f ourteen b rooches w h ich a re t he e ar l iest . Wh i le s ome o f t hese , n ot iceab ly D unstab le F ive K no l ls 5 4 , a re s tray f i nds a nd o ther s a re t oo b roken t o u se ( D roxford 4 0 , L inton H eath B 4 3 e tc . ) , i t c an b e a rgued t hat a t l east s even o ut o f t he f ourteen b rooches a re u seab le . A s ign if icant p roport ion o f t hese c ome f rom t wo s i tes : L inton H eath B , C a . ( four e xamp les ) a nd P ortway D own ( two e xamp les ) . T hese b rooches may b e u sed e ither o n t he ir own o r i n a ssoc iat ion w ith c onvent iona l A ng lo-Saxon b rooches ( see P ortway D own 6 7 ) . P erhaps t he most i n terest ing b rooch g roup i st hat f ound i n F i lk ins g rave 3 . H ere t wo e ar ly b rooches h ave b een f ound i nc haracter ist ic G erman ic f ash ion p a ired a t t he s hou lder s w ith a t h ird , German ic , b rooch a t t he c entre . T he b rooches a re b oth b roken a nd i t i s l i ke ly t hat t hey w ere s ewn o nto t he c loth ing . I ti sp o ss ib le t ha t s ome f orm o f s ubst itut ion i se v idenced h ere a nd t he s ame c ou ld b e a rgued f or t he C o lchester a nd N auhe im d er ived b rooches w h ich c ou ld w e l l h ave b een s een a s i m itat ion A rmbrustf ibe l b rooche s ( F ig . 9 471 & 2 ) . I f t h i s i sa ccepted , t h is c ou ld w e l l a rgue f or a n e ar ly d ate f or t hese g raves a s A rmbrustf ibe l b rooches a re r a re ly f ound i n E ng land a nd wou ld p erhaps h ave o n ly b een v ague ly r emembered b y t he s ett lers who a ttempted t o f ind t he n earest a cceptab le s ubst itute t hey c ou ld . A lternat ive ly , i t c ou ld b e a rgued t hat t hey may h ave b een u nab le t o o bta in n ew b rooches b ecause t hey w ere t oo p oor o r b ecau se n ew b rooches were n ot a va i lab le .

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O f t he o ther b rooch t ypes , f ew a ppear t o h ave r ea l s ign if icance . T hose f rom B arr ington A , Q uarr ing ton ( both b rooches ) , D roxford , H igham , Ab ingdon I ,1 0 a nd Westcotes a ppear t o b e s tray f i nds o r a re o n ly l oose ly c onnected w ith g raves w h i lst K ingsworthy 4 7 , H arnham H i l l 4 0 , P etersf inger 4 8 , L ondesborough 7 a nd p oss ib ly B assett D own a re f rom b ag c o l lect ions . O f t he r e ma in ing b rooches , F i lk ins 3 h as b een d i scu ssed a l ready , B idford 9 8 may p oss ib ly h ave b een i n u se b ut i s d amaged a nd H arnham H i l l 2 1 a nd G irton 2 w ere u seab le b ut f rom p oor ly r ecorded o r b ad ly p ub l ished g raves . T he o n ly s ecurely a ttested b rooch i n u se i st he n ew e xamp le f rom App ledown w h ich may h ave b een a ttract ive b ecause i tw as e name l led . T he f ind ing o f aR oman b rooch i n ac re mat ion i s matched a l so a t S pong H i l l C .1437 b ut h ere t he b rooch i s b ad ly b urnt a nd u n ident if iab le . T he b rooches f rom W i l loughby-onthe-Wo lds a re o f i n terest i n t hat t he B ackworth b rooch f rom g rave 3 2 w as t he o n ly b rooch i n t he g rave a nd may , t herefore , h ave b een i n u se a nd t hat f rom g rave 5 8 a ppears t o h ave b een u sed i n i t s b roken c ond it ion a s ap endan t . O f t he 2 2 e xamp les u nder c ons iderat ion , h owever , t en a ppear t o h ave b een i n u se , a s im i lar n u mber t o t he s imp le b ow b rooches d i scussed a bove s uggest ing a o pportun ist ic r euse o f t hese b rooches . S ome o f t hese b rooches s uch a s t he A uc i ssa , L angton D own a nd L amberton Moor b rooches c ou ld h ave b een a cceptab le r ep lacements f or G erman ic b rooch t ypes . O thers w ere f ound i n b ag c o l lect ions . B rooche s w ith e nclosed f oot ( i nclud ing c rossbow b rooche s ) wou ld h ave b een e nt ire ly f am il iar t o t he G ermans a nd y et n one h as b een f ound i n a n A ng lo-Saxon c emetery . C lear ly , t here i sn o c a se h ere f or h e ir loom u se o f ' t hese b rooches i n c ontrast w ith t he b e lt e qu ipment ( Chapter 4 ) . B . Ang lo-Saxon B rooches . L Ang lo-Saxon b ow b rooches . T h i s i s ap rev ious ly u nrecogn ised s eventh c entury g roup k nown f rom o n ly t hree s i tes . T hey a re i nc luded t o d ivorce t hem f rom t he t rue R oman a nd I r on Age b ow b rooches . 14 5 c 2 . K ingston Down 2 05 , Kn . : t wo sma l l w h ite meta l b rooche s made i n o ne p iece f rom w ire ( F ig . 2 2 , 1 ) . T he c atch p late i st r iangu lar a nd w rapped a round t he e nd o f t he p in t o h o ld i t s ecure ly i n as l ot . B oth c a tch p late a nd b ow a re o rnamented w ith g roups o f t r ip le i nc ised l i nes s paced a t e qu id istant i n terva l s . T he h ead o f t he b rooch i s c o i led t o f orm t he s prung p in . B oth b rooche s were f ound b y t he t h igh . N o c lose p ara l le l f or t hese b rooches h as b een l ocated b y t he a uthor a nd t here a re r easons f or b el iev ing t ha t t hey w ere c ontemporary w ith t he g rave . T he c atch p late i s u nusua l i n b e ing t ight ly c o iled a round t he p in a nd , u n l ike t he c lass ic I ron Age a nd R oman b rooche s o f t h is t ype , t he s p r ing o f t he p in i s n ot t ight ly c ur led a round o n i t se lf i n a d oub le l oop . I nstead , i t i sc ur led o nce a nd a s l ight c urve p ut o n t he l ength o f t he p in t o k eep i tu nder t ens ion a ga inst t he c atch p late . A ssoc iated w ith a f e ma le i nhumat ion c onta in ing a v ery l arge c ompos ite b rooch ( t he K ing ston b rooch ) , a g o ld s cut iform p endant , r e ma ins o f ab ox , at h in i r on c hate la ine , aF rank ish p ottery u rn a nd meta l b ow l w ith t r ivet , ah ang ing b ow l a nd a p a lm c up . D ateab le t o b etween a bout 6 15 a nd a bout 6 30 o n t he b as is o f t he b rooch w h ich c lose ly p a ral le ls s ome o f t he manufactur ing t echn iques o f t he S utton H oo , S f . o b jects ( Avent 1 975 I ,6 3 ) . 3 . S hudy Camps 1 9 , Ca . : ac opper a l loy b rooch made i n o ne p iece f rom w ire ( F ig . 2 2 , 2 ) . T he s p r ing i sf ormed b y c o i l ing t he p in i n af lat d oub le c o i l . C atch 40-

p late f l attened a nd s ubrectangu lar w ith c ur l icue a t t he f oot . An ear-para l le l i si lustrated b y A tk inson f rom L owbury H i l l , B ek . ( 1916 , 3 3 p l V I I , 1 ) , b ut t he S hudy Camps b rooch i s a lmost c erta in ly a n A ng lo-Saxon t ype a s K ing ston D own 2 05 a bove . A p ara l le l f or t hese l ate Ang lo-Saxon ' s afety p in ' b rooches may b e c i ted f rom Wh itby , Yo .2 ( Peer s & Radford 1 943 , 5 8 F ig . 1 2 ,4 ) . F ound i n af e ma le g rave a ssoc iated w ith f ive s i lver p endants , t wo c ha lk w hor l s , t wo i r on k eys a nd a t t he l e ft h ip ( i n ab ag ? ) , ak n ife , l i nks , a n i vory r i ng a nd t he b rooch . 4 . Uncleby 4 3 Yo . ( Hm . ) : ac opper a l loy b rooch f ormed f rom a w ire w h ich h a s b een f la ttened t o f o rm t he b ow a nd c atch p late ( F ig . 2 2 , 3 ) . T he s p r ing i s c o i led o nce , i n t he s ame way a s t hose f rom S hudy C amps a nd Wh itby . D ecorat ion i sl im ited t o a nnu lar s tamps o n t he f lat b ow a nd c atch p late . F ound a t t he h ip o f ay oung w oman a ssoc iated w ith a n a nnular b rooch o f H irst ' s c lass V I I ( 1985 , 5 5 ) a nd a b ead . T h i s g roup o f b rooche s a l l d ate t o t he l ater s i xth o r s eventh c entury a s t he ir c ontex ts d e monstrate . T he i r w h ite meta l a nd s i ze would a l ly t hem w ith t he f ash ion f or p a i red u n ion p ins c urrent a t t ha t d a te ( Meaney & Hawkes 1 970 , 3 6-7 ) . I t i so f p art icu lar i n terest t hat a l l s eem t o h ave b een f ound i n t he a rea o f t he h ip i n wh ich c ase t hey may p erhaps b e s een a s f as ten ings f or u nderga r ments o r g ird les . I L B rooches d ecorated i n t he Quo it B rooch S ty le . I n t he f o l low ing c ata logue , t he r eader i s r eferred t o t he d escr ip t ions o f t he v ar ious b rooche s i na rt ic les e l sewhere . 1 . A lf r iston 4 3 , S x . : a p enannu lar b rooch ( We lch 1 983 I , 6 4-5 ; F ig . 2 2 , 4 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f sma l llong b rooches i n c opper a loy a nd a s ing le c opper a l loy s quare-headed b rooch . T he b rooch u nder c ons iderat ion i sh eav i ly worn a nd t he e nt ire a ssemb lage i sd ated t o t he m idd le s ixth c entury b y We lch w ith a manufactur ing d ate f or t he b rooch i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he f i fth c entury . C lass if ied a s aC lass D p enannu lar b y F ow ler ( 1964 , 1 48) . 2 . B owcombe Down 1 5 , L o .W . : a n o penwork d isc b rooch ( Arno ld 1 982 , 9 2 ; F ig . 2 3 , 1 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a n o va l c opper a l loy b uck le h oop , l ead w hor l , d i sc b rooch , i r on s p l it r ing s , t hree s hoeshaped r ivets , f our b ind ing s t r ips a nd a k n ife . A d a te i n t he l ate f i fth o r , more p robab ly , t he e ar ly s ixth c entury i s i nd icated b y t he b uck le . T he b rooch i se xtre me ly worn . 3 . F aversham I , Kn . : ad i sc b rooch w ith c entra l b lue g lass s tud ( Hawkes 1 961 , 3 3-4 ; F ig . 2 2 , 7 ) . A ssoc iat ions u nknown . 4 . H igham , Kn . : ad i sc b rooch w ith m iss ing c entra l s ett ing ( Hawkes 1 961 , 3 4-5 ; F ig . 2 2 , 6 ) . U nassoc iated b ut i t s c ond it ion wou ld a rgue f or a l ate b ur ia l . 5 - Horton K irby I , 2 2 , Kn . : ap enannu lar b rooch ( Ev i son 1 965 , 1 16 ; F ig . 2 2 , 5 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a k n ife a nd b eads . D ate p robab ly l ate f i fth o r s ixth c entury g iven t he d amage t o t he b rooch . 2 . T he Wh itby b rooch r eferred t o i s n ow s een b y C .F .C . H awkes a s b e ing a r epa ired I r on Age b rooch . T h is r epa ir may , h e s uggests , h ave b een e ffected e ither i n t he I r on A ge p er iod o r i n t he A ng lo-Saxon p er iod . I n e ither c ase , t h is b rooch i s s haky e v idence f or t he A ng lo-Saxon d a te o f t he o ther A ng lo-Saxon s afety p in t ype b rooches ( Hu l l S c H awkes 1 987 , 1 41-142 ) . 41-

6 . How lett s 1 3 , Kn . : aq uo it b rooch f ragmen t ( Hawkes 1 961 , 3 1-2 ; F ig . 2 3 , 3 ) . F ound w ith a r usted mass o f i r on a ni i 17r agk is : 1 t . ) ‘ ) 1 : 1-1 , 3v ase o f E v ison 's c lass 1 .C .1 ( 1979 , 9 , 6 7 ) . A d a te i n t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c en tury i s i nd ica ted ( i b id , 2 6 ) . 7 . How letts 2 8 : as quare c opper a l loy b e lt-p late c onverted t o u se a s ab rooch ( F ig . 2 3 , 4 ) . T he d ecorat ion i sd escr ibed b y E v ison ( 1965 , 1 25 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a n i n la id b uck le , as word , ad isc a nd a n a nnu lar b rooch . T he l ast t wo o b jects may n ot h ave b een f rom t h is g rave ( i b id ) . Ad ate i n t he l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c en tury i sp robab le . 8 . How letts , u nassoc iated , Kn . : aq uo it b rooch ( Hawkes 1 961 , 3 2 ; F ig . 2 3 , 2 ) . 9 . L ym inge I 1 0 , Kn . : a p enannu lar b rooch ( Hawkes 1 961 , 3 9 ; F ig . 2 2 , 6 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a f i fth c entury a pp l ied b rooch w ith s tar d es ign . A m idd le t o l ate f i fth c entury d ate i s l i ke ly . L isted b y F ow ler a s aC lass D p enannu lar ( 1964 , 1 48 ) . 1 0 . S ane , u nassoc iated , Kn . : aq uo it b rooch ( Hawkes 1 961 , 3 0-1 ; F ig . 2 3 , 5 ) . D iscuss ion . T he c on trover sy o n t he o r ig in o f t he Quo it B rooch S ty le h a s b een r eo pened b y t he l eng thy a nd much-needed s tudy b y Ager o f t he q uo it b rooch i t se lf ( 1985 ) . H is b as ic c onc lus ion i s t ha t t he s ty le w as d er ived f rom l ate R oman meta lwork ing c entres i n N orthern Gau l a nd t he L i mes a rea f rom w hence i t wa s t ran sm itted a cro ss t he f ron t ier b y r et ir ing v eteran s o ld ier s w ith t he ir b e lt e qu ipment . T he n ew d ecorat ive s ty les e v ident o n t hese b e lt s ets w as marr ied t o ap re-ex ist ing t rad it ion o f f l at-hooped a nnu lar a nd q uo it b rooche s ( Ager 1 985 , 6 -16 ) . A s h as b een n oted a l ready , t he b road-banded p enannu lar b rooch must n ow b e s een a s a n e ssen t ia l ly G erman ic mod if ica t ion o f t he l ater R omano-Br it ish a nd Ga l l ic p enannu lar b rooches ( above ) . However , t he u se o f s tamp ing a nd t he h igh t echn ica l q ua l ity o f s ome o f t he L ydney b rooche s t ake s ome o f t he f orce o ut o f Ager 's a rguments t hat Romano-Br it ish meta lworkers w ere n ot v ery c ompeten t ( Whee ler & Whee ler 1 932 , 7 8-9 F ig . 1 4 ; 1 985 , 1 1 ) . T he q uo it b rooches l i sted h ere a re t he mo st e laborate e xamp les wh ich h ave i nev itab ly b een t he mo st d iscu ssed ( e .g . H awkes 1 961 ; E v ison 1 965 , 4 55 5 ) . If u l ly a ccep t Ager 's a rguments t hat t he q uo it b rooch a s a f orm i s G erman ic ( 1985 , 6 -8 ) b ut t hese a re n ot t he o n ly f orms d ecorated i n t h is s ty le . T here a re a lso t hree d isc b rooches ( Hawkes 1 961 n o .5 & 6 ; A rno ld 1 982 , 9 2 F ig . 6 4 1 50 , t wo v ery s im i lar w h ich were i n it ia l ly s et w ith g lass s tuds i n s i lver c o l lars , t he o ther b e ing a more u nusua l o penwork b rooch ; as quare b rooch f rom H ow letts 2 8 w h ich w as p robab ly c onverted f rom a b e lt p late ( Ev ison 1 965 , 1 27 P l . 1 6a ) a nd f i na l ly t hree p enannu lar b rooches . T he l a tter a re p art icu lar ly i lum ina t ing i n t ha t e ach d iffer s i n i t s c on struct iona l d eta i l w h i lst a ppear ing t o b e b as ica l ly s im i lar : n one a re t rue p enannu lars h owever . F or a p enannu lar b rooch t o work , t he h oop n ot o n ly h a s t o h ave a b reak i n i t , a s i th a s i n t hese t hree c ases , b ut i ta lso h as t o h ave a f ree ly moveab le p in . T he r eason f or t h is l i es i n t he way i n wh ich t he b rooch i su sed . I n p utt ing t he b rooch o n t he wea rer w ou ld p ush t he p in t hrough t he c loth s o t hat t he e nd a ppeared a t t he o ther s i de . T he h oop wou ld t hen b e p assed u nder t he e nd o f t he p in a nd t he b rooch w ou ld b e l ocked b y t urn ing t he h oop u nt i l t he p in l ocked a ga inst t he t erm ina l . A s h a s a lready b een n oted , i ti st he l atter w h ich v ar ies i n f orm f rom a c o i l t o a l arge f la ttened a rea . A l l h ave t he f unct ion o f s topp ing t he p in s l id ing t hrough t he g ap i n t he h oop . 42-

I n e ssence , t h is i s t he s ame method u sed t o p ut o n aq uo it b rooch w ith p in s lot b ut t here i s a n e ssent ia l d i fference i n t hat t he p in d oes n ot n eed t o move f ree ly o n t he h oop h ence t he p reference i n t he q uo it b rooch f or e i ther a n arrow s l ot t o a l low f or t he movement o f t he p in h ead o r t o h ave a s imp le h o le p ierced i n t he h oop w ith a l ooped p in h ead w h ich wou ld a l so h ave e nough l eeway f or i t t o b e u sed ( Ager 1 985 , 1 -3 ) . T he A lfr i ston 4 3 b rooch ( Leeds ' g roup a ; c f Ager 1 985 , 1f or c lass if ica t ion ) o vercomes t he p rob lem o f p in h ead movement b y a ttach ing t he p in t o a n i ncomp lete w ire h oop w h ich m irrors t he s hape o f t he f lat , d ecorated h oop . T h is c annot b e s een a s at rue p enannu lar b rooch i n t hat t he p in moves n ot o n t he h oop b ut o n as eparate f unct iona l h oop a bove . T he L yminge b rooch h a s l o st i t s p in b ut t he method o f a ttachmen t i s c lear a s t here i s ah o le p unched t hrough t he h oop i n a n i dent ica l f ash ion t o t he q uo it b rooch i t se lf . T he p in c ou ld n ot , t here fore , move f ree ly o n t he h oop . F ina l ly , t he b rooch f rom H orton K irby I , 2 2 h as a moveab le p in w ith a n e longated , l ooped h ead o n t he ma in d ecorat ive h oop w h ich wou ld make i t a t rue p enannu lar . T h is p in i s o f i r on , h owever , a nd i s t hus l i ke ly t o b e a r ep lacemen t . A f urther a rgumen t i s t ha t t he t ermina ls t hemse lves a ppear t o h ave b een a ttached s eparate ly a nd t hus d i ffer f rom t rue p enannu lars w h ich f orm t he t erm ina l f rom t he h oop i t se lf . I fa ny th ing , t he r emova l o f t he g roup f rom t rue p enannu lar b rooches o n ly r emphas ises t he G erman ic n ature o f t he s ty le . H av ing d iscussed t he q uest ion o f w ho made t he b rooche s , t here r ema in t he p rob lems o f t he ir d at ing a nd f or whom t hey w ere i n tended . T he f i rst e lemen t i s e a s i ly a n swered i n t ha t most a ppea r t o a gree t ha t a d a te o f manufacture l i es w ith in t he f i r st h a lf o f t he f i fth c entury ( G . C larke 1 979 , 2 87-8 ; We lch 1 983 , 5 9-60 ) . A s f or t he s econd e lemen t , i t must b e made c lear t hat Iam d iscuss ing o n ly t hose b rooches l i sted a bove . T he o ther f orms o f q uo it b rooch a re , a s Ager d emonstrated , G erman ic a rt ic les o f f e ma le d ress a s t hey o ften a ppear i n p a irs ( 1985 , 3 ) . T he g roup o ut l ined h ere s hare c ommon d ecorat ive mot ifs w ith t he b e lt s ets d i scu ssed e l sewhere ( Chapter 4 ) . A lthough e ssent ia l ly German ic i n manufacture , t he ir d ebt t o l ate R oman meta lwork ing i so verwhe lming ; h ence a l l t he p rob lems s o f ar . I ft h is s ty le o f d ecorat ion w as f ound s o le ly o n b rooches , t hen Ager 's c ontent ion t hat t hey w ere p ure ly a rt ic les o f f e ma le d re ss wou ld b e s tronger b ut t he a l l iance o f b e lt s et a nd b uck les i mp l ies , i n t he l ate R oman m i l ieu t hat t hey w ere u sed , t hat t hey w ere s ome f orm o f b adge o f o ff ice i n tended t o b e worn t ogether ( G . C larke 1 979 , 2 89-91 ) . B ear ing i n m ind t he B r it ish s i tuat ion , w here b e lt s ets a nd b rooches a re f ound t ogether , s ome wou ld b e e xpected t o b e f ound w ith women i n A ng lo-Saxon c ontexts a s we l l a nd t h is i si ndeed t he c ase a t H ighdown 2 6 w here a c omp lete G roup A 4 b uck le w as f ound i n a ssoc iat ion w ith a s ing le q uo it b rooch o f Ager 's d er ivat ive t ype ( s ee B uck les ) . T he p ara l le l w ith l ate Roman d ress s ty le c ou ld h a rd ly b e s tronger . T h is wou ld mean t ha t b oth b rooche s a nd b uck le s ets were i s sued , p robab ly t o b oth w omen a nd men , a s b adges o f o ff ice b y e ither l ate R omano-Br it ish t yrann i o r t he A ng lo-Saxon c ommander s t hemse lves . I I . Romano-Br it ish i nf luence o n Ang lo-Saxon b rooch manufacture . I n h i s p ioneer a rt ic le o n b rooch t ypes i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves , L eeds s uggests t hat s evera l b rooch t ypes may h ave b een i n sp ired b y o r made b y p ost Roman n a t ive c raftsmen ( Leeds 1 945 4 4-52 ) . T hese t ypes were : t he p enannu lar b rooch , t he a nnu lar b rooch a nd t he d isc b rooch . T he p enannu lar b rooch i s d i scu ssed i n as eparate c hap ter a nd c lea r German ic i n f luence a l l ied w ith s ome Ce lt ic t rade i s d emonstrated . L eeds ' a rguments f or t he o ther t wo g roups a re b oth c urren t ly b e ing r ea ssessed i n t he l i ght o f n ew e xcavat ions , c loser d a t ing a nd more r ef ined t echn iques ( H irst 1 985 ; Ager 1 985 ; D ick inson 1 979 ) . 43-

1 . Annu lar a nd Quo it b rooches T he o r ig in o f t he a nnu lar b rooch r ema ins o bst ina te ly o bscure . A n e xhaust ive s urvey o f t he S cand inav ian e v idence l i nks t he t ype s ecure ly t o t hat a rea b ut t here a ppear s t o b e a f unct iona l d ifference i n t ha t i n t he S cand inav ian a reas t hese ' b rooches ' a re u sed a s b uck les ( H ines 1 984 , 2 60-9 ) . A s t h is p os it ion f or t he b rooch i s r are i n E ng land , t he q uest ion o f t he u l t imate s ource o f t he b rooch w hen u sed a s ab rooch r ema ins o bscure . L eeds ' c ontent ion t ha t t he b rooch e vo lved f rom t he f l at-hooped a nd s tamped p enannu lar h a s b een q uest ion b y Ager w ho wou ld b e i nc l ined t o s ee a n i ndependent e vo lut ion i n S cand inav ia ( 1985 , 7 7 ) . H irst n otes t ha t much e v idence i s a ccumu lat ing f or t h ird c entury a nnu lar b rooches o n t he Cont inent a nd d oub ts t he c la ims o f L eeds ( 1985 , 5 5-6 ) . C lea r ly , t here i s s t i l l much work t o b e d one b ut w he ther t he b rooch t ype w as i nvented o n t he Cont inent o r i n B r ita in i s i r re levant f or t h is s tudy : i t s Roman p rototypes a re c lea r a nd a d eve lopmen t a fter t he i nvas ions a long i ndependent l i nes a ppears t o b e a ccepted . N onethe less , t he f l at-hooped a nd s tamped p enannu lars , a l though p erhap s n ot t he p r imary i n sp irat ion f or a nnu lar b rooches , s t i l l r ema in i n f luent ia l t o t he ir d eve lopment . T h is i s c lear i n t he b unched l i ne d ecorat ion o f t he h oop s a nd i n t he s tamped a nd e ngraved d ecorat ion o f many o thers . L eeds ' c lass if icat ion i s n ow s een a s b e ing t oo s imp l ist ic a nd p erhaps more t han o ne s trand may b e n oted . H ines ' c lass if icat ion o f t he G erman ic q uo it b rooches h as d ef ined t wo c entres o f p roduc t ion : t he Upper T hames V a l ley d a ted t o t he l ater f i fth c en tury , a nd a s ixth c entury o ffshoot i n t he M id lands a nd A ng l ian a reas ( 1984 , 2 62 ) . T hese t wo g roups ( D2 a nd D 3 r espect ive ly ) , a re d ifferen t iated b y t he ir p in s top t ype . R ecent ly , a more e laborate c la ss if icat ion h as b een p ub l ished ( H irst , 1 985 , 5 57 ) . T h is i den t if ies s even g roup s : I , t he R omano-Br it ish q uo it b rooch ( Leed s ' g roup a -c ) , I , t he German ic d er ivat ive q uo it b rooch ( Leeds ' g roup d -e ; Ager g roup D 1-3 ) , I I , t he f lat h ooped a nnu lar b rooch w ithout p in s lot o r s tops ; I V a s I I b ut n arrow h ooped ; b oth may b e d ecorated w ith s tamp ing o r b unched t ran sver se l i nes ( Leeds ' g roup f ) . T hree f urther g roups h ave r ound o r D s ect ioned h oop s a nd a re d ef ined t hus : V , b rooches d ecorated w ith b unched l i nes ; V I , b rooches w ith c a st b ead-and-ree l d ecorat ion ( Leeds ' g roup g ) a nd , f i na l ly a l ate g roup , V I I , w ith b ird o r a n ima l h eads o pposed o ver t he h ead o f t he p in o r t he n otch f or t he p in o r b oth ( E . F ow ler 1 964 , 1 49 g roup B 3 ) . Ager 's c lass if icat ion , w h ich f o l lows L eeds ' h as a l ready b een n oted b ut d oes n ot c on f l ict s ubstan t ia l ly w ith t h is c lass if ica t ion . T he i mpact o f l ate Roman p enannu lars a nd a nnu lars o n t he g roup i s u nm istakeab le . Whe ther i t c an b e r e lated s pec if ica l ly t o R omano-Br it ish c raftsmen o r n ot i s a nother ma tter . O n b a lance , t h is wou ld p erhap s b e u n l ike ly : t he i n f luence o f Roman a rt a nd t echno log ica l t rad it ion s wou ld h ave a ffected t he G erman ic p opu lat ion a s s trong ly a s t he N at ive t hroughout t he f i f th c en tury a nd i t i s o n ly l ater t ha t as pec if ica l ly A ng lo-Saxon c u l ture i s d ef ined . 2 . D isc B rooches . T h is g roup o f b rooche s h as r ecen t ly b een d i scussed b y D ick inson w ho a ttempted t o o rder t he b rooches o n t he b as is o f d ecorat ion b ut h as s ubsequen t ly a bandoned t he a ttemp t a s o f l i tt le v a lue ( 1979 , 4 0-1) . T he o r ig ins o f t he b rooch l ay , s he a rgued , i n t he l ate Roman d isc b rooch w ith c oncentr ic d ecorat ion a nd c en tra l s ett ing s ( i b id , 4 0-1 , 4 8-53 ; s ee a bove s ect ion I ) . H er a rgument may b e g iven n ew f orce w hen r e lated t o t he b rooch f ound a t E b r ing ton , G l . a nd n ow i n t he B r it ish Museum . T h is i s ac onven t iona l d i sc 44-

b rooch w ith q u inqux b u l l 's e ye d es ign a nd a n o uter b order o f p e l lets . T he c entra l b u l l 's e ye a lso h as a b order o f p e l lets . T h is i s ac onvent iona l d es ign e xcep t f o r t he f act t ha t t he i nc ised a rea s a ppea r t o b e e name l led i n w h ite , a l though t h is i ss o d ecayed t hat a na lys is w ou ld b e n eeded t o p rove o r d i sp rove t h is ( I am g ratefu l t o L . Webster f or t h is o bservat ion ) . T he d es ign i t se lf i sv ery c lose t o t he p late b rooch n oted a bove f rom L ong W ittenham ( above ) . I n a dd it ion , D ick inson p o ints o ut t ha t t he G erman ic d i sc b rooch h a s n o c ont inenta l p ara l le l a nd t hat t h is a rgues f or a n E ng l ish manufacture , a nd more s pec if ica l ly , t he T hames V a l ley . A l l o f t h is t ends t o r e iterate L eed s ' c onc lus ions ( 1945 , 4 5 , 5 2 ) . D ick inson d oes , h owever , a ttempt t o d ate t he b rooches t o t he m idd le f i fth c en tury a s as tart ing p o int o n t he b as is o f c erta in s ea led g roup s ( 1979 , 4 7 t ab le 1 ) . We lch i si nc l ined t o p ush t hese o n t o t he l ater f i fth c en tury , h owever , a nd t he c a se f or a n e a r ly s tart t o t he b rooche s r ema ins t o b e p roven ( 1983 I ,5 6-7 ) . T he t ype c ont inues i n to t he l ater h a lf o f t he s ixth c en tury . We lch i s i nc l ined t o s ee t he o r ig ins o f t he t ype i n t he s aucer b rooch ( i b id , 5 7 ) , b ut t here i sl i tt le e v idence f or s uch a s uggest ion : t he t wo b rooches a re d i ss im i lar i n s ty le a nd manufacture . We lch 's a rgumen t t ha t t hey wou ld b e s een a s c heaper v ers ions o f t he s aucer b rooch b ear l i tt le w e ight i n t he f ace o f s o me o f t he h igher q ua l ity e xamp les w ith t i nned a nd e laborate ly s tamped s urfaces ( D ick inson 1 979 , 4 0-1 ) . T here wou ld h ave b een n o l ack o f t he R oman D isc b rooches t o i n sp ire t he n ew b rooch a nd t here may e ven b e e choes o f Q uo it b rooch s ty le manufacture i n s ome o f t hem . On b a lance , t herefore , t he a u thor i s i nc l ined t o a ccep t D ick inson 's a nd L eeds ' v iew t hat t h is b rooch t ype i so ne s pec if ica l ly d er ived f rom l ate R oman d i sc b rooche s . I t i s n ecessary , h owever , t o a pp ly t he c avea t t ha t RomanoB r it ish i n sp irat ion d oes n ot n ecessar i ly e quate w ith t he ir manufacture b y R omano-Br it ish c raftsmen . C . Conc lus ion . T he c o l lect ion o f Roman b rooche s i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves i s n ot s uch a ' r ag-bag ' a s i t m ight a t f i rst a ppear . T rue , t here a re s tray b roken b rooches w h ich h ave b een i ncorpora ted i n to g rave f i l ls a s t he i nev itab le d eb r is t ha t must h ave b een e ncountered a t t he t ime . T here a re a l so , h owever , b rooches w h ich c lea r ly were i n u se a nd t ha t were s e lected e i ther f or t he ir s im i lar ity t o f ourth c entury German ic b rooches , A rmb rustf ibe l i n p art icu lar , o r w h ich w ere s t i l l u seab le i n t he l ate Roman/ea r ly G erman i n ter face a nd w h ich c on t inued i n u se . T hese l atter t ypes b etray t he f act t hat t hey w ere s t i l l o bta inab le b y t he f act t ha t t hey i n f luenced i mported G erman ic b rooch t ypes w h ich d emon strab ly c ont inue l ate Roman s ty le i n a way t hat c annot b e a rgued , f or e xamp le , a bout t he p ottery i ndustry . T here i s a l so t he p oss ib i l ity , h owever , t ha t t he A ng loS axons , p ract ica l a s e ver , w ere s e lect ing t hose b rooches s urv iv ing i n w ork ing o rder . I f t h is i s s o , i t wou ld a ccount f or t he b ias i n f avour o f t he s imp le N auhe im a nd Co lchester b rooches . P erhap s t he c o lour o f t he e name l led b rooche s a l so a ppea led , t h is b e ing e spec ia l ly t rue w hen t hese b rooche s matched c urrent A ng lo-Saxon b rooches . T he g i lded d isc b rooches wou ld a lso h ave b een d es irab le f or t he s ame r eason .

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Chapter 4 . B uck les a nd B e lt s ets . A s e l sewhere , t he r eader w i l l b e r eferred t o d escr ip t ions made b y o ther a uthor s where t hese a re a dequate : t h is a pp l ies p art icu lar ly t o t he Q uo it B rooch s ty le o b jects . I . L ate Roman B uck les a nd B e lt F itt ing s . I ntroduct ion . S ince t he i n it ia l B r it ish c lass if icat ion o f t hese b uck les b y H awkes a nd Dunn ing ( 1961 ) , t here h as b een much w ork d one b oth o n t he Cont inent ( Bu l l inger 1 969 ; B öhme 1 974 ) a nd i n B r ita in ( C . S imp son 1 976 ; G . C larke 1 979 ; E v ison 1 981 ) t o a ssess a nd r ec lass ify t h is mater ia l . N one o f t he c lass if icat ions h as b een e n t ire ly s at isfactory f rom t he B r it ish v iewpo int b ut B u l l inger 's d iv is ion o f t he b e lt s ets a ccord ing t o s tructura l c haracter ist ics r ather t han d ecorat ion a nd t ypo logy h as b een w ide ly a ccep ted , e spec ia l ly w hen a l l ied t o t he c hrono log ica l a na lys is p ub l ished b y B öhme ( 1969 , 1 7-18 ; 1 974 , 7 9-89 ) . T h is n ew s ystemat isat ion o f t he e v idence h a s b een o f v a lue b oth i n t he a na lys is o f Cont inenta l a nd s ome B r it ish mater ia l b ut h as n ot made a s ign if icant i mpact o n t he s er ies o f B r it ish b uck les r epresented b y Hawkes a nd D unn ing G roup s I a nd I . P r inc ipa l ly , t he r eason f or t h is l i es i n t he c hrono log ica l a nd t echn ica l v ar iat ion i n t he i n su lar p roduct ion o f t hese b uck les i n c on trast w ith t he Cont inenta l e xamp les ( G . C larke 1 979 , 2 73-6 ) . B oth C larke a nd E v ison h ave c r it ic ised t he s ystem p roposed b y H awkes a nd Dunn ing a nd t he l atter h a s a ttempted t o s et u p h er own t ypo logy ( 1981 , 1 29 ) . T hese c r it ic isms r est p r inc ipa l ly o n t he b e l ief t hat t he mater ia l i s more v ar ied t han t he o r ig ina l s pec if icat ions a l low a nd t hat t here i s v a lue i n s ub-d iv id ing t he g roup s f urther ( G . C larke 1 979 , 2 86-8 ) . I n t ry ing t o r eso lve t he p rob lems p o sed a bove , I am p ropos ing a n ew s y stem o f c lass if icat ion f or b e lt f i tt ing s f rom Ang lo-Saxon g raves ( F ig . 2 4 ) . T h is w i l l i nc lude H awkes & Dunn ing G roup s I ,Ia nd I I . G roup I V f i ts n ea t ly i n to t he Cont inenta l p atterns a lready d i scussed a nd n eed n ot c oncern u s h ere . C lass if icat ion . G roup A : T hree-P iece B uck les . 1 . T hese a re t he s o-ca l led ' Do lph in ' b uck les ( Hawkes & D unn ing G roup IA ; 1 961 , 5 0-1 ; C larke ' Buck les w ith a n ima l h eads c onfronted a t t he t op o f t he l oop ' ; 1 979 , 2 73 ) . A s d ef ined b y t he o r ig ina l a uthor s i n 1 961 , t hese b uck les h ave c onfronted d o lph ins o n t he l oop w h ich o ften c arry a l ento id p ane l o r p e l let b etween t hem . T he d egree o f n a tura l ism v ar ies b ut i s g enera l ly g ood . T he t a i ls a re u sua l ly c ur led a nd i n ter lock w ith f leur-delysshaped o r p la in t ongue . C larke h a s s uggested t ha t t he i nsp irat ion f or t h is i n ter lock ing t ongue c omes f rom H awkes & D unn ing G roup I I b uck les ( my G roup A 3 a nd B 2 b uck les ) wh ich a lso h ave w inged t ongues ( 1979 , 2 75 n .16 ) . A s E v ison n oted , t wo v ar iants o f t a i l d ecorat ion may b e n oted . I n t he f i rst , t he t a i l i s p la in , i n t he s econd i t i s o rnamen ted w ith s ketchy v er s ions o f t he c onfron ted d o lph ins a bove ( e .g . C larke 1 979 F ig . 3 5 n o .603 & 9 2 ) . T he h oop a nd t ongue a re j o ined t o t he s eparate p late b y a n i ron p in , p lac ing t hese b uck les i n to B u l l inger 's t hree-p iece b uck le t ypes . D esp ite t h is , t hey w ere w orn e xc lus ive ly w ith o nestrap b e lts ( G . C larke 1 979 , 2 75 ) . T he b uck le p lates t hemse lves a re o f v ar iab le c ha racter a nd f orm b ut t wo p r inc ipa l v ar iet ies may b e i dent if ied . T he f i rst h ave s o l id p lates w h ich may b e D shaped , o va l o r r ec tangu lar a nd may b e d ecorated w ith r ivets a nd s imp le p unched p atterns . T hey a ppear t o b e s l ight ly e ar l ier t han t he more f am i l iar o penwork p lates d ef ined b y H awkes a nd D unn ing a nd c an b e

d ated a t L ankh i l ls t o AD 3 50-64 . A s C larke s uggests , b uck les w ith o penwork p lates s ure ly f orm t he b r idge b etween t h is C ont inenta l i n f luenced g roup a nd t he t rue B r it ish a nd n orthern F rench s er ies w ith o penwork p lates ( 1979 , 2 76 ) . B oth f orms o f b uck le p lates a nd h oops a re v ar ious ly c omb ined a nd o nce a h oop i s d etached f rom i t s b uck le p late , t here i s n o w ay o f s uggest ing w h ich h oop g oes w ith w h ich p late . B oth f orms o f h oop a nd b uck le a re n ear-contemporary a nd t here s eems l i tt le p o int , t herefore , i n d ifferen t iat ing b etween t he t wo g roup s i n t he c ata logue , a s E v ison h as a ttempted t o d o ( 1981 , 1 29 v ar iants a l a nd a2) . 2 . T hese a re e qu iva lent t o H awkes a nd D unn ing G roup I A a nd I B b uck les ( 1961 , 4 1 a nd 4 5-6 ) . I n t he l i ght o f E v ison 's c om ments , af urther s ub-g roup may b e a dded ( 1981 , 1 29 n .6 ) : a ) T h is g roup i s e qu iva len t t o H awkes a nd D unn ing G roup I B wh ich i s n o: ., s hown b y t he T r ipont ium f i nd t o d ate t o a fter 3 70 ( Hawkes 1 973b , 1 50 ) . T hese a re t he most t echn ica l ly a nd a rt ist ica l ly a ccomp l ished o f t hese s ub-groups a nd a ppear t o b e l i nked w ith t he d ress o f l ate Roman w omen ( Hawkes 1 974 , 3 93 ) . T hey d iffer f rom G roup A l i n t ha t t he o pposed d o lph ins a t t he t op o f t he h oop h ave h ad t he ir c rests mod if ied b y t he a dd it ion o f o utward-fac ing h orses h eads . T he l ooped t a i l i s l o st a nd t he h oop merges d irect ly w ith t he h inge b ar o ver w h ich t he l ong r ectangu lar b uck le p late i s a ttached . T h is i s o ften h igh ly d ecorated . b ) T h is g roup i s e qu iva lent t o Hawkes a nd Dunn ing G roup I A ( 1961 , 4 1 ) . E v ison 's d i st inct ion b etween t h is g roup a nd my g roup A 2c ( be low ) r ests o n t he merg ing o f t he d o lph ins b od ies o n to t he h inge b a r w ithout e ither t a i l o r z oomorph ic h ead b e ing i n terposed ( 1981 , 1 29 n .6 ) . T here i s , a ga in , n o r eason t o i mp ly a c hrono log ica l d i st inct ion b etween G roups A 2b a nd A 2c . H owever , t he ir e vo lut ion i sl ong a nd c omp lex i nvo lv ing s evera l workshop s . T he t ype may we l l h ave c on t inued i n t o t he f i fth c en tury w ith t he c rude v er s ions r epresented b y H awkes & Dunn ing F ig . 1 3 i ja nd 1 4a w ith t he u lt imate d egenerat ion b e ing t he B ifron s 2 3 b uck le ( be low ) . e ) T h is s ub-g roup w as n ot i den t if ied b y Hawkes a nd D unn ing b ut may b e d i fferent iated f rom my G roup A 2b b y t he i mpos it ion o f az oomorph ic h ead b etween t he h inge b a r a nd t he h oop ( t he b est e xamp le i s f rom G i lton , F ig . 3 0 ,4 ) . T hese h eads a re o ften o n ly s uggested b y t he i mpos it ion o f ar ectang le o r s quare . T he c hrono log ica l a nd a rt ist ic l i nks w ith G roup A 3 o r B 2 b uck les a re c lear s uggest ing a s ta rt ing d ate f or t h is t ype a t t he t urn o f t he f i fth c entury ( G . C larke 1 979 , 2 76-7 ) . 3 . T hese b uck les a re t he e qu iva lent t o H awkes a nd Dunn ing G roup I IA ( 1961 , 5 9 ) . T hey a re c haracter ised b y al arge h oop wh ich i s t erm inated a t t he h inge b ar e nd b y l i on o r l eopard h ead s . T he n a rrow r ectangu lar o r h ea rtshaped p late a nd t he t ongue , w h ich o n c ont inenta l v ers ions c an b e w inged , a re a ttached t o t he h oop b y ap in . N o s ign if icant c hange i sp ropo sed a nd n one i se ncountered i n A ng lo-Saxon c ontex ts s uggest ing d isuse b y t he e nd o f t he f i rst q uarter o f t he f i fth c en tury . 4 . T h is g roup i se qu iva lent t o H awkes a nd Dunn ing G roup IC ( 1961 , 5 7-9 ) . T hey a re c haracter ised b y t he p a ired z oomorph ic h eads o pposed a t t he e nd o f t he h oop . T here a re t wo b a rs ; o ne f or t he b uck le p late o r s trap a nd a s econd f or t he e laborate t ongue wh ich m irrors t he i nterna l s hape o f t he h oop . T h is

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a ppea rs t o b e a n e a r ly f i fth c en tury g roup a s i to ccur s i n A ng lo-Saxon c ontexts o n ly , w ith t he e xcept ion o f ac ut-down b uck le p late f rom R ichborough , K n . ( Cun l iffe 1 968 , 9 4 P l . XXXV , 1 04 ) w h ich may b e long t o t h is g roup o r t o G roup B 3 ( be low ) . T here a re n o s urv iv ing p lates a nd t he b uck le may h ave b een a ttached d irect ly t o t he l ea ther b e lt . G roup B : Two-P iece B uck les . 1 . T h is g roup i s e qu iva lent t o H awkes a nd D unn ing G roup IB ( 1961 , 5 7 ) . I t i s mere ly a s imp l if ied v ers ion o f t he A l b uck le w ith t he p late a nd h oop c ast i n o ne a nd t he t ongue a dded . O n ly t wo e xamp les a re k nown a nd t he t ype i sf i f th c entury i n d ate ( G . C larke 1 979 , 2 70 ) . 2 . T h is g roup i s e qu iva lent t o H awkes a nd D unn ing G roup I IB ( 1961 , 5 9 & 6 0 ) . I t i s e xact ly s im i lar t o G roup A 3 w ith t he e xcep t ion t hat t he p late i s c ast i n tegra l ly w ith t he h oop . T he c a st p late may b e e ither t rapezo ida l o r r ectangu lar b ut t he e laborate ly d ecorated f i fth c entury e xamp les k nown o n t he Cont inent a re r are i n B r ita in ( Böhme 1 974 , A bb . 2 3 , 2 5 ) . 3 . T h is g roup i s e qu iva lent t o E v ison ' s ' Quo it B rooch S ty le ' b uck les ( 1968 ) . I n f orm a nd d ecorat ion t he b uck le h oop i s t he s ame a s G roup A4 b ut t he p late i s c ast i nteg ra l ly w ith t he h oop . T hese p lates may b e e i ther o penwork ( A . Cook 1 985 , 9 6 ) o r s o l id w ith i nc ised mar igo ld , s tamped d otin-tr iang le , p e lta o r meda l l ion mot ifs . B oth t ypes h ave i n la id p lates a nd h oop s , af eature t hat t hey s hare w ith t he t rue Quo it B rooch s choo l p roducts . A s n oted a bove a c ut-down p late p robab ly f rom o ne o f t hese b uck les i s k nown f rom R ichborough s uggest ing R oman u se a nd manufacture , d esp ite t he f act t ha t mo st e xamp les a re f rom Ang lo-Saxon c ontexts . N one o f t he t wostrap b uck le s ets c lass if ied b y B u l l inger a nd B öhme ( pr inc ipa l ly H awkes S c Dunn ing G roup I V ) i s f ound i n A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies o ther t han e a r ly f i f th c entury wa rr ior g raves ( e .g . D orche ster I , 1 ) . A lso m iss ing f rom A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies a re t he s imp ler , n onzoomorph ic , f orms o f l ate Roman b uck les ( C . S impson 1 976 ) . S trap E nds : t he c lass if icat ion u sed i s t hat s et o ut b y C larke ( 1979 , 2 78-284 ) , w h ich r ep laces H awkes a nd Dunn ing G roup V . T he t ypes d ef ined t here a re Amphora , T ortworth ( and p rototypes ) , H eart-Shaped a nd L ancet-Shaped . Hawkes a nd Dunn ing G roup s V I a nd V I I a re s imp ly r enamed a s T ubu lar B e lt S t iffeners , Rosette B e lt Mounts a nd B e lt F itt ing s ( Crescent ic , P rope l lorS haped e tc . ) . T h is t ypo logy w i l l c over a l l t he b uck les a nd b e lt f i tt ing s i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves a nd i s t hus r ather l im ited i n a pp l icat ion t o t he Roman p er iod . F or e xamp le , many o f t he f i tt ing s l i sted b yS i mp son d o n ot a ppear h ere . T h is r ec lass if icat ion w i l l a l low t he mater ia l t o b e d iscu ssed w ith e ase , h owever , a nd i su sefu l i n t h is l im ited s ense . I . Comp lete S ets f rom Ang lo-Saxon Cemeter ies . 1 . Dorchester I 1 , Ox . : ac omp lete c opper a l loy b e lt s et i nc lud ing G roup B 2 b uck le , b e lt s t iffener s , r o sette b e lt mounts a nd a s trap e nd ( F ig . 2 5 , 1 ) . T he b one b ead a ssoc iated w ith t he g rave h as p laus ib ly b een s uggested t o b e as word

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b ead ( Ev ison 1 976 , 3 09-10 ) . T he s word i t se lf w as p robab ly among i ronwork t hrown i n to t he T hames a t t he t ime ( i b id ) . E v ison 's r econstruct ion o f t he b e lt ( 1968 , F ig . 1 ) i st o b e p referred t o t ha t o f K irk a nd L eeds ( 1953 , 7 1 F ig . 2 8 ) . 2 . Dorchester I2 , Ox . : ac omp lete c opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A 2a ( F ig . 2 5 , 2 ; H awkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 4 7 ) . A ssoc iated w ith t he b ack p late o f a n a pp l ied s aucer b rooch ( Ev ison 1 978 , 2 64 ) a nd a n e ar ly c ruc iform b rooch ( K irk & L eeds 1 953 , 7 2 ) . B oth g raves a re n ow d a ted t o t he f i r st d ecade s o f t he f i fth c en tury ( Hawkes 1 986 , 6 9-70 ) . 3 . Kempston 1 4 , B d . : ac o l lect ion o f c opper a l loy f i tt ing s p ub l ished b y K ennett ( 1983 ) c ons ist ing o f s word s heath b ind ing s , as trap e nd a nd b e lt a ttachment l oop w ith r ing ( F ig . 2 6 , 1 ) . O ne o f t he ' sword b ind ing s ' i s r ibbed a nd c ou ld p erhap s h ave b een u sed a s t he e nd o f aw ide m i l itary c ingu lum , s uch a s t he e xamp le f rom D orche ster I , 1 o r M i lton-next-S itt ingbourne . A c ont inenta l p ara l le l f or t he t ype h as b een p ub l ished f rom O udenburg ( Böhme 1 974 , 2 96 , T af . 9 7 1 5 , 1 6 ) . T he o ther s word b ind ing c ou ld h ave b een u sed t o h o ld t ogether ao ne-p iece s cabbard . A f ragmentary k n ife a lso f ound w as n ot r eta ined . A n e a r ly f i fth c entury d a te s eems l i ke ly .

4 . M i lton-next-S itt ingbourne , Kn . : a c opper a l loy b e lt s et c on s ist ing o f a l ancetshaped s trap e nd , t wo r osette d isc a ttachments a nd t wo t ubu lar b e lt f i tt ing s ( F ig . 2 6 , 2 ) . T he c ircumstances o f t he f i nd a re u nknown a nd c ou ld b e f rom a n e ar ly f i fth c entury g rave f ind ( Hawkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 5n .3 ) . 5 . Muck ing I 9 79 , E x . : ac omp lete b e lt s et c ompr is ing a r o sette b e lt mount , a r ectangu lar b e lt s t iffener , ab uck le w ith a s em itubu lar f ront e dge a nd a c ast b e lt p late w ith s em i-tubu lar f ron t e dge ( F ig . 2 7 , 1 ) . T he who le e n semb le i s d escr ibed b y E v ison ( 1981 , 1 39 ) . A ssoc iated i n a ma le g rave w ith c losed s ocketed s pea rhead o f S wan ton 's t ype B 2 , t weezer s , ak n ife , as tr ike-al ight , i r on f ragments a nd a n i r on p enannu lar b rooch o f F ow ler 's c lass C . A w arr ior g rave d a t ing , o n c on t inenta l p a ra l le ls , t o t he e ar ly f i fth c en tury ( i b id ) . 6 . Muck ing I 9 87 , E x . : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A 2a ( F ig . 2 7 , 2 ; E v ison 1 981 , 1 38 ) . T he b uck le w as f ound i n af e ma le g rave a ssoc iated w ith a s ma l ll ong b rooch , aS tatzarmf ibe l o f Mahndorf t ype a nd a k n ife . L arge p ieces o f l ead l a id o ver t he b ody h ad , p resumab ly , b een r obbed f rom t he n ea rby Roman v i l la ( Se lk irk 1 975 , 7 6 ) . A d ate i n t he f i rst d ecades o f t he f i fth c entury i s p robab le . 7 . Muck ing I 9 89 , E x . : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A l ( F ig . 2 7 , 3 ; E v ison 1 981 , 1 38 ) . T he o r ig ina l c opper a l loy t ongue i s r eta ined . A ssoc iated w ith a c opper a l loy b ow b rooch w ith u p turned f oot , av ar ian t o f t he S tützarmf ibe l b rooch , a n i ron p in ( l inked t o t he f i rst b rooch ) , af inger r i ng , b eads , ab uck le , a k n ife , c opper a l loy a nd s i lver f ragmen ts a nd a n e ar ly f ace tted-ang le c a r inated p ottery v esse l . Af ema le g rave o f t he f i rst d ecades o f t he f i fth c entury . I . B uck les . 1 . A lf r iston 1 4 , S x . ( E . S x . ) : ab roken c opper a l loy b uck le o f f ixed-p late t ype G roup B 2 ( F ig . 3 0 , 8 ; We lch 1 983 I ,8 9 , w ho a lso d iscu sses i t s a ff in it ies ) . T he

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t ype i s c on t inenta l a nd r e lat ive ly r are i n E ng land . A ssoc iated w ith a d i sc b rooch , ab e lttube a nd a s pearhead w h ich may s uggest a d ate i n t he l ate f i fth c en tury . T he s pea rhead i sn ow u n ident if iab le . 2 . A lfr iston 1 03 , S x . ( E . S x . ) : af ragmentary o penwork b uck le o f G roup B 3 ( F ig . 3 2 , 1 ; E v ison 1 965 , 1 12 ) . T here a re r ema ins o f i ron r i ng s c oncreted o nto t he b ack a nd t he f ind w as a ssoc iated w ith a t ubu lar b e lt f i tt ing , a n i r on t oo l ( a p unch ? ) , a n i ron b uck le a nd s ix b eads . C lea r ly , t he b uck le wa s u nused w hen f ound a nd , f rom t he r i ng s c orroded o nto t he b ack , i t may b e a ssumed t o h ave b een i n af e ma le b ag c o l lect ion . I t s a ff in it ies a re f u l ly d i scu ssed b y We lch ( 1983 I , 9 1 ) w here i t i s c ompared w ith a l ate R oman f ragment f rom R ichborough , Kn . ( Cun l iffe 1 968 , 9 4 P l . 3 5 , 1 04 ) a nd a s econd b uck le f rom P ortway Down ( Cook 1 985 , 9 6 ; b e low ) . A s ixth c entury d ate f or t he g rave i s p robab le . 3 . B edd i 'ngham I ,S x . ( E . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy b uck le h oop o f G roup A 2c ( F ig . 3 0 , 3 ; H awkes & D unn ing 1 961 , 4 5 ) . T he a ssoc iat ions a re n ot c lear b ut p o ss ib ly c on s isted o f o ne o r t wo d i sc b rooches wh ich wou ld d a te t he g rave t o t he l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury ( We lch 1 983 I ,8 8-9 ) . 4 . B if ron s 2 3 , Kn . : ac opper a l loy b uck le w ith i ron t ongue , c i ru lar h oop a nd c rude h orse/do lph in h eads w ith c rests a nd o pen , o pposed j aws ( F ig . 2 9 , 2 ) . T he e yes a re p ierced a nd t here i s c rude n otch ing o n t he c rest . E v ison l i nks t h is b uck le t o t hat f rom F r i lford b ut t he p ara l le l i sn ot c lose ( 1981 , 1 32 ) : t he ' t a i ls ' a re e n t ire ly m iss ing a nd t h is a b sence wou ld p ut i t i n G roup A 2b . F ound i n a f e ma le g rave a ssoc iated w ith a R oman c opper a l loy k n ife h and le ( s ee b e low ) , a w hor l a nd a c ruc iform b rooch o f Äberg ' s g roup I . A d a te i n t he e a r ly s ixth c entury i sp robab le g iven t he c rud ity o f t he b uck le . 5 . B if rons , Kn . : a n e xamp le o f aG roup A 2a b uck le w ith r ep lacemen t ?t ongue ( F ig . 2 8 , 6 ) . T he b uck le i s r ather w orn ( Hawkes & D unn ing 1 961 , 4 9 ) . A ssoc iat ions u ncerta in . 6 . B if rons , Kn . : ab uck le o f G roup A 4 ( F ig . 3 0 , 5 ; i b id , 5 8 ) . T h is e xamp le h a s l ost i t s a ssoc iated t ongue b ut i sc lose ly c omparab le t o H ighdown 2 6 . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 7 . B ishopstone 1 2 , S x . ( E . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup B 3 c a st i n o ne w ith i t s p late ( F ig . 3 2 , 2 ) . T he t ongue i s a n i r on r ep lacement . F u l ly d escr ibed b y E v ison ( 1968 , 2 44 ) . T he b uck le wa s a ssoc iated w ith b eads a nd i ron o b jects . Date u ncerta in b ut p oss ib ly l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury . 8 . B lewburton H i l l 2 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A 2b ( F ig . 2 9 , 3 ; r l awkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 4 5 ) . T he h inge b ar i s s ub stant ia l ly o ver laped a nd t h is a ppea rs t o b e a n o r ig ina l f eature . A ssoc iated w ith a n e ar ly a pp l ied b rooch p ara l le led a t F a irford , G l . ( Ev ison 1 978 , 2 60-1 ) a nd amber b eads . Ad ate i n t he e a r ly s ixth c en tury i sl i ke ly g iven t he p resence o f amber b eads . 9 . B roadway 1 , Wo . ( H & W ) : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A 2b ( F ig . 2 9 , 4 ; H awkes c 3 Dunn ing 1 961 , 4 5 ) . A ssoc iated i n af e ma le g rave w ith a p a ir o f s aucer b rooches w ith e gg-and-dart b order a nd c entra l c h ip-carved s wast ikad er ived d e s ign , f ragmen ts o f c opper a l loy a nd s i lver w ire , ak n ife a nd b eads . A n e ar ly s ixth c entury g rave .

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1 0 . Dover I , B ue ldand 4 8 , Kn . : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A l ( F ig . 2 8 , 1 ; E v ison 1 965 , 1 04 ) . T he t ongue i s o f i r on a nd i s t herefore p robab ly a r ep lacemen t . A ssoc iated w ith a n e a r ly s aucer b rooch w ith f i vesp ira l d ecorat ion , ab u tton b rooch , b eads o f amber a nd g lass , a f ragmentary i r on c ha in , ak n ife , al ead w hor l , a nd g lass a nd c opper a l loy b ow l f ragmen ts . T he b utton b rooch i so f A vent a nd E v ison 's c lass B i i a nd t hey d ate t he g rave t o t he p er iod c . 4 50-75 o n t he b as is o f i t . T he g rave d oes , h owever , c on ta in amber b eads a nd t hat m ight s uggest a s l ight ly l ater d ate . 1 1 . D rox ford , Ha . : af ragmen t o f a n o penwork p late f rom a G roup A l b uck le ( F ig . 2 8 , 2 )d escr ibed b y E v ison who n otes t hat t he p iece s hows s igns o f b urn ing a nd t hu s p robab ly d er ives f rom a c remat ion ( 1968 , 2 46 ) . A ssoc iat ion s u nknown . 1 2 . F r i lford 5 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : a b uck le o f G roup B 3 wh ich s hows t races o f a n o penwork p late ( F ig . 3 1 , 7 ) . I t i s d escr ibed b y E v ison (i b id , 2 44 ) . A ssoc iated w ith t wo c ast s aucer b rooches wh ich p robab ly d ate t he g rave t o t he l ate f i fth o r e a r ly s ixth c entury . 1 3 . G i lton , A sh , Kn . : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A 2c ( F ig . 3 0 , 4 ; Hawkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 4 5 ) . T he p late i s l o st a nd t he t ongue i s m iss ing . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 1 4 . R ighdown 2 6 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A 4 ( F ig . 3 0 , 6 ; H awkes S c Dunn ing 1 961 , 5 9 ) . F ound i n af e ma le g rave a ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f c opper a l loy b ow-brooche s a nd a n a nnu lar b rooch . T he g rave i sd a ted b y We lch t o t he l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury o n t he b as is o f t he b rooches ( 1983 I ,9 23 ) . 1 5 . H ighdown , S x . ( W . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup B 2 w ith a c ab le d ecorated t rapezo ida l p late a nd o r ig ina l t ongue ( F ig . 3 1 , 1 ;S . Wh ite 1 986 , 9 1 ) . P robab ly f ound b y a meta l d e tector . N o o ther a ssoc iat ion s a re k nown . 1 6 . Kempston , 1 3 d . : as ty l ised c opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A 2b ( F ig . 2 9 , 5 ; E v ison 1 968 , 2 45 ) . A ssoc iat ions u nknown . 1 7 . L ong W ittenham 5 8 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ac opper a l loy b uck le G roup B 2 ( F ig . 3 1 , 2 ; E v ison 1 965 , 1 06 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a k n ife i n am idd le t o l ate f i fth c entury g rave w ith a l ong-boss a ccessory u rn a t t he h ead . 1 8 . L ong W ittenham 1 65 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A 2b ( F ig . 2 9 , 6 ; E v ison 1 968 , 2 45 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f c opper a l loy d isc b rooches w ith a q u inqux b u l l 's e ye d es ign a nd a b order o f a nnu lets a nd a p a ir o f t weezers . Ad ate i n t he l ate f i fth c entury i sl i ke ly . 1 9 . L uton I 8 , B d . : af ragmen t o f ac opper a l loy b e lt p late o f aG roup A l b uck le ( F ig . 2 8 , 3 ; H awkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 6 8 ) . T he f i nd o ccurred i n af e ma le g rave a nd was a ssoc iated w ith t wo d i sc b rooche s . T here i s as trong p oss ib i l ity t hat t h is f ragment c ame f rom a b ag c o l lect ion . A l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ix th c en tury d ate i sl i ke ly . 2 0 . L ym inge H 3 , Kn . : ac opper a l loy b uck le h oop f rom G roup B 3 b uck le ( F ig . 3 2 , 4 ) . T he p late a ppears t o h ave b een o penwork b ut o n ly t he s tub r ema ins . T he t ongue was i n i ron a nd wou ld h ave b een a r ep lacemen t . A ssoc iated w ith a n o va l g arnet s et e n c abochon , t wo q uo it b rooch s ty le f ragments , ak n ife a nd a p ierced Roman c o in . Ad a te i n t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c en tury i sp robab le . 51-

2 1 . M itcham 3 8 , S r . : ab uck le o f G roup A l ( F ig . 2 8 , 4 ) . T he t ongue was m i ss ing a nd i t w as f ound b y t he r ight t h igh o f t he b ody . A ssoc iated w ith t he i nhumat ion were a Roman c opper a l loy f i nger r ing a nd a k n ife . A m idd le t o l ate f i fth c entury d ate i sl i ke ly . 2 2 . M itcham 1 33 , S r . : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup B 3 w ith c a st , o penwork p late ( F ig . 3 2 , 3 ; E v ison 1 968 , 2 44 ) . T he b uck le w as a ssoc iated w ith o n ly a s ku l l f ragmen t a nd E v ison s uggests t ha t i t may , i n f ac t , b e long t o g rave 1 06 w h ich c onta ined a s pearhead a nd a k n ife . I n e i ther c ase a d ate i n t he m idd le t o l ate f i fth c en tury s eems l i ke ly . 2 3 . Muck ing I 9 1 , E x . : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup B 2 ( F ig . 3 1 , 3 ; E v ison 1 968 , 2 45 ) . I t h as a r ep lacement i r on t ongue a nd i s q u ite w orn . N o o ther a ssoc iat ions b ut a d a te i n t he l ate f i fth c en tury s eems t o b e s uggested b y t he w ear . 2 4 . Nunburnho lme , Yo . ( Hm . ) : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup B 2 ( F ig . 3 1 , 4 ; E ag les 1 979 I ,6 1 ) . T he t ongue h as b eeen r ep laced i n i r on . T he a ssoc iat ion s o f t he g rave a re n ot f u l ly r ecorded b ut o ther f i nds i nc luded a c ruc iform b rooch , a s ma l llong b rooch , t o i let i mp lements a nd a p a ir o f w r i st c lasps . A d ate i n t he l ate f i fth o r t he s ixth c en tury i sl i ke ly . 2 5 . O rp ing ton 5 1 , Kn . : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup B 3 w ith a n o penwork p late ( F ig . 3 3 , 1 ; E v ison 1 968 , 2 43-4 ) . T he t ongue h as b een r ep laced i n i r on a nd i ss l ight ly c u t d own . F ound w ith a s ing le d i sc b rooch , a n amber b ead a nd a c o in f ragment i n ag rave d at ing t o t he l ate f i fth o r p o ss ib ly s ixth c entury g iven t he p resence o f amber . 2 6 . P ortway Down 4 8 , Ha . : ac omp lete c opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A 2a ( F ig . 2 9 , 1 ; Cook 1 985 , 3 7 ) . F ound a t t he w a ist o f af ema le b ur ia l a ssoc iated w ith a p in , ak n ife , ap a ir o f s aucer b rooche s , ac opper a l loy b ound b ucket , b ead s a nd t weezers . T he amber a nd c ry sta l b eads a long w ith t he b rooches w ou ld d ate t he g rave t o t he f i r st h a lf o f t he s ixth c en tury . 2 7 . P ortway Down 5 0 , Ha . : ac omp lete c opper a l loy o penwork b uck le o f G roup B 3 ( F ig . 3 3 , 2 ; Cook 1 985 , 3 8 ) . T he t ongue i s a n i ron r ep lacemen t a nd t he b uck le h oop i se nt ire ly w orn a way i n o ne a rea . A ssoc iated w ith a c opper a l loy s ma l llong b rooch , b eads w ith p ierced c o ins , a k n ife a nd a c opper a l loy p endant . Cook c i tes p ara l le ls f or t h is b uck le f rom A lfr iston 1 03 , S x . , R ichborough , Kn . ( Cun l iffe 1 968 , 9 4 P i . XXXV , 1 04 ) a nd Am iens , F rance . S he d ates t h is p art icu lar b uck le t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i fth c entury ( i b id , 9 6 ) . T he g rave w as p art ly d isturbed a nd i s d a ted t o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he s i xth c en tury ( i b il , 8 9 ) . 2 8 . Read ing I 1 3 . B ek . : ac opper a l loy b uck le h oop o f G roup A 2b ( F ig . 3 0 , 1 ; Hawkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 4 5 ) . T he b uck le was f ound a ssoc iated w ith a n e ar ly d ecorated a ccessory v esse l a ssoc iated w ith a b e lt t ube , t hree i ron r i ng s , a p ierced c o in , t wo c opper a l loy f inger r i ng s ( one s p ira l ) a nd a s trap e nd o f e ar ly d ate c lose ly p ara l led a t Chesse l l Down 7 3 , I . o .W . ( Arno ld 1 982 , F ig . 1 6 n o .73 i ) . Ad ate o f a bout 4 50 i ss uggested b y Myres f or t he v esse l ( 1977 , 2 51 ) . 2 9 . S arre 9 4 , Kn . : ac opper a l loy b e lt p late f ragmen t f rom a b uck le o f G roup A l ( F ig . 2 8 , 5 ) a nd a t ubu lar b e lt f i tt ing p erforated t w ice . T he b uck le p late i s d escr ibed b y Hawkes a nd Dunn ing ( 1961 , 5 5 ) . F rom a f ema le i nhumat ion w ith ' a

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l a rge q uan t ity ' o f amber a nd j et ? b eads , a sma l l g arne t-set k eystone b rooch , g o ld b ra id , as ma l l b e lam ite , ak n ife a nd a k ey . T he b e lam ite s uggests t hat t he b e lt p late a nd t he f i tt ing were f rom a b ag c o l lect ion ( Meaney 1 981 , 2 23 ) . T he b ur ia l i sl ate s ixth c entury i n d ate . 3 0 . S a rre , Kn . : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup B 2 ( F ig . 3 1 , 6 ; E v ison 1 981 , 1 32 ) . I th as a f ixed t rapezo ida l p late w ith n otched e dge a nd wavy l i ne b order . T he c opper a l loy t ongue i sr e ta ined a nd t he d ecorat ion e xtends p art ly t o t he h oop . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 3 1 . S a rre , Kn . : a c opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup B 2 ( F ig . 3 1 , 5 ; Hawkes & D unn ing 1 961 , 6 0 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 3 2 . S leaford , L i . : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup B 1 ( F ig . 3 0 , 7 ; H awkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 5 7 ) . T here i se v idence f or a n i r on t ongue r ep lac ing t he o r ig ina l c opper a l loy o ne . N o k nown a ssoc iat ion s . 3 3 . S tratford-on -Avon 7 0 , Wa . : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A 2a w ith a d amaged p late a nd v ery worn a ppea rance ( F ig . 2 8 , 7 ; Hawkes & Dunn ing ( 1961 , 4 9 ) . A ssoc iated i n af ema le g rave w ith a s i lver-p lated c opeer a l loy s trap e nd , t o i let i mp lemen ts o n ar ing , t wo c ruc iform b rooche s o f Aberg 's c lass I a nd c opper a l loy b e lt p laques a nd mount ings . A d ate i n t he e ar ly s i xth c entury i s l i ke ly . 3 4 . Wood ingdean 5 , S x . ( E . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy b uck le o f G roup A 2b ( F ig . 3 0 , 2 ; We lch 1 983 I ,8 9 ) . T he h inged p late a ppear s t o b e d amaged a nd may e ven b e a r ep lacement . T he b uck le wa s f ound w ith a Swan ton F 2 s pea rhead a nd a k n ife . Ad ate i n t he l ate s ixth o r p o ss ib ly e ar ly s eventh c entury d ate i sl i ke ly . IL S trap e nd s a nd b e lt f i tt ing s . 1 .App le c lown , Comp ton , S x . ( W . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy T ortworth-type s trap t ag d ecorated w ith r andom ly p laced b u l l 's e ye d ots ( F ig . 3 3 , 3 ) . A s tray f ind f rom t he c emetery s i te . 2 . Cass ing ton I2 , Ox . : ap la in c opper a l loy l ancet-shaped s trap t ag ( F ig . 3 3 , 4 ; Hawkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 6 3 ) . T he b u tt e nd i s b roken a nd h as b een p ierced a t o ne c orner t o e nab le i t t o b e s trung o n to a w ire l oop w ith t wo b one d iscs a nd a c opper a l loy t ag . T he l oop was c onta ined i n ab ag i n wh ich w ere t wo b oar 's t usks , ac opper a l loy r ivet , a n i ron r ing , i ron w ire a nd a f ragmen t o f g lass . T he i nhumat ion was a l so a ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f s aucer b rooches , amber a nd c rysta l b eads a nd a k n ife . T he b ead s wou ld d a te t he g rave t o t he s ixth c en tury . T h is g rave h as b een t he s ub ject o f an ote b y B rown ( 1977 ) a s i t i lustrates p erfect ly t he p henomenon o f ' bag c o l lect ions ' . 3 . C roydon , S r . : ac opper a l loy r osette b e lt mount w ith l ong t ang a nd b eve l lede dged r ing ( F ig . 3 5 , 1 ) . T he l ong t ang o f t h is p iece i s p ara l led a t B e l leray , Meuse ( Bu l l inger 1 969 , T af . 1 1 ) . No k nown a ssoc iat ions . 4 . C roydon , S r . : ac opper a l loy l ancetshaped s trap t ag ( F ig . 3 4 , 1 ; Hawkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 6 5 ) . No k nown a ssoc iat ions . 5 . Dorchester V I , B er insf ie ld 6 , Ox . : a f ragment o f a c opper a l loy r ibbed t ubu lar b e lt f i tt ing ( F ig . 3 4 , 4 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a c on ica l s h ie ld b o ss w ith g r ip

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a nd t hree s tuds , ak n ife a nd a f ragmen tary i ron b uck le . P robab ly a ma le g rave o f t he m idd le t o l ate f i fth c entury . T he b e lt f i tt ing may w e l l b e as tray f i nd i n t he g rave . 6 . Ha rnham H i l l 4 0 , W i . : ac opper a l loy T ortworth-type s trap e nd ( F ig . 3 3 , 6 ) . T he s hape o f t he t ab i s s ubrectangu lar a nd t he b ody l anceo late . Where t he t wo e lements meet , t here i s a' V ' s haped g roove o n e ither s i de w ith p la in , p ro ject ing mou ld ing a bove a nd b e low . Two b u l l 's e ye s tamp s a re p laced a bove a nd b e low t he mou ld ing a nd t he b utt i s p ierced s ing ly . A ssoc iated w ith a b one whor l , t wo b utton b rooches , t wo s i lver f inger r i ng s a nd o ne g o ld o ne , a Roman b rooch , a whor l , b eads , ab one c omb a nd a k n ife . As ixth c entury g rave . 7 . Harwe l l 9 , Ox . : ac opper a l loy p rope l lorshaped b e lt s t iffener r eused a s a p endant i n af e ma le g rave ( F ig . 3 4 , 6 ) . I ts t i l l r eta ins o ne r ivet a t t he e nd a nd i sd ecorated w ith a c entra l b u l l 's e ye d ot mot if w ith i nc ised t r iangu lar a reas o n t he b lades . Comparab le s ets may b e c ited f rom S zen tk ira lyszabad ja l , Hungary ( Bu ' l inger 1 969 , T af . 2 7 , 2 ) . A ssoc iated w ith amber a nd g la ss b eads , c opper a l loy f ragments a nd a p a ir o f d i sc b rooches . G rave d a teab le t o t he s ixth c entury o n t he b as is o f t he amber . T he g rave was e xcavated b y D . B rown , t o w hom Iam g ratefu l f or t h is i n format ion . 8 . K ing sworthy 4 7 , Ha . : aT ortworthtype s trap e nd o rnamented c ab le b order a nd a t t he w idest p art a c ab led c irc le c on ta in ing a q u inqux o f b u l ls e yes ( F ig . 3 3 , 5 ) . A t t he s i de o f t he c i rc le , ah achured t r iang le e xtends d own t he b ody o f t he s trap e nd w ith b u l ls e yes o n e ither s i de a nd a t t he a pex . T hese a re s eparated b y d iagona l l i nes . T he s trap t ag e nds i n a n a corn k nob . T he a ttachmen t l oop s a re l ost . T h is was o ne o f t he o b jects f ound i n t he e xten s ive b ag c o l lect ion i n t h is g rave . F or a ssoc iat ions a nd d ate , s ee C hapter 3 . 9 . L ong W ittenha rn 1 11 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ac opper a l loy T ortworth-type s trap e nd ( F ig . 3 4 , 2 ) . T he b utt i ss ubtr iangu lar , t he b ody b e ing l anceo late . Two l oop s a re p laced a t t he j unct ion o f t he t wo p arts a nd t he s trap e nd i s p ierced c entra l ly a t t h is p o int . A t t he w idest p o int o f t he b ody i s ab u l l 's e ye s tamp a nd b e low t h is , r unn ing e ither s i de o f t he s p l it e nd o f t he b ody , a re h a lf-moon s tamps . A c lose p ara l le l f rom R ichborough , K n . i s i lu strated i n H enderson 1 949 , 1 30 P l . XXXV I , n o .125 . A ssoc iated i n af ema le g rave w ith a l a rge s tr ing o f b eads , as i lver s p ira l r i ng , ap la in s i lver r i ng , ap a ir o f c opper a l loy g i lt s aucer b rooches , ac opper a l loy v andyke , ap in , ac o in , ap a ir o f i ron t weezer s , ak n ife , a n i r on r i ng , t wo b one b eads ? a nd a n i r on i n la id b uck le ( Ev ison 1 965 , 6 0 ) . A d ate i n t he l ate f i fth t o e a r ly s ixth c en tury i s g iven b y t he b rooche s ( D ick inson 1 982b , 4 1 ) , wh ich w ou ld b e c ons istent w ith t he e x treme w ear o n t h is p iece . 1 0 . M inster L ove l l 3 , Ox . : ac opper a l loy p rope l lor-shaped b e lt s t iffener r eused a s ap endant ( F ig . 3 4 , 5 ) . T he s t iffener i sc a st i n o ne p iece w ith a c entra l d i sc a nd t r iangu lar h ead a nd f oot . T here i s ac entra l l ong itud ina l c re st e ither s i de o f wh ich o n t he d i sc a re s i ng le b u l l 's e ye s tamps . T he t r iangu lar p arts a re p ierced e ither s ide o f t he c rest a nd a t t he c orner o f t he f oot b y w h ich i t w as s uspended . P ara l le ls f or b e lt s t iffeners s uch a s t hese c an b e c i ted f rom A lten stadt G rab B ( Ke l ler 1 971 , 2 57 T af . 3 5 , 2 -6 ) w h ich i s d a ted b y a n a ssoc iated T ype 4 c ro ssbow b rooch t o 3 50-80 ( i b id , 5 3 ) . T he a ssoc iated f i nds w ere a f inger r ing , ab race let o f b eads , t wo c opper a l loy p r icker s o n ar ing , t wo d i sc b rooches , ab uck le a t t he wa ist a nd a k n ife . As i xth c entury g rave .

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1 1 . North L uffenham , Ru ( Le . ) : ac opper a l loy s ub-tr iangu lar s trap t ag w ith o penwork a n ima l d ecorat ion ( F ig . 3 4 , 3 ; Hawkes S c D unn ing 1 961 , 6 5 F ig . 2 4a ) . A n u na ssoc iated f ind . Unc lass if ied — ' Br it ish Z oomorph ic-term ina l ' b uck les . 1 . Dorchester I , Ox . : ac omp lete c opper a l loy b uck le w ith h inged b e lt p late ( F ig . 3 5 , 2 ) . T he p late i s r ec tangu lar a nd o rnamented w ith c ab le mou ld ing a nd/or n otch ing b etween l i nes o n t he l ong itud ina l a x is w h ich i s c ont inued a t t he h asp e nd . T here a re t wo c en tra l r ivet h o les a nd t wo f urther h o les a t t he s trap e nd o f t he b uck le . T he p late i sc orroded a nd c racked a t o ne p o int b ut i s o therw ise we l l p reserved . T he h oop i s al ong o va l w ith t ermina ls w h ich a re n otched a nd f acetted t o r ep resent a n ima l h eads a s o n p enannu lar b rooches o f F ow ler 's c lass E a nd F ( 1964 , 9 9-103 ) . T he h inge b a r o f i ron i sc a st i n teg ra l ly w ith t he h oop , t he p late b e ing f o lded o ver t he b ar a nd r i vetted . T he c opper a l loy t ongue i s s t i l l i n p lace . T he b uck le h a s t he a ppea rance o f aG roup A 2 b uck le b ut d i ffer s f rom t hem i n t he i r on c ore o f t he h oop a nd t he l ack o f t he c ha rac ter ist ic d o lph ins . T he i ron c ore o f t he h oop i se xposed i n t wo p laces : o ne w here t he t ongue h as r ubbed a ga in st t he h oop a nd t he o ther o n t he h oop n ear t he t ermina l b ut t he b uck le i so therw ise i n v ery g ood c ond it ion . T he t echn ique f or t he manufacture o f t he h oop i su nusua l b ut i ti so ne t hat i sf ound o n Roman m irror s ( see Chap ter 8 ) . A c lose p ara l le l f or t he h oop s hape i si l lustrated f rom R ichborough , Kn . ( Cun l iffe 1 968 , 9 4 n o .101 P l . XXXV ) . T h is i s n ot a c lose ly d a ted t ype a ccord ing t o t he e xcavator b ut c ou ld b e l ate . T he z oomorph ic t erm ina l i s r ep laced o n t hat e xamp le b y s a lt ires a nd i t h as a f l eur-dely s t ongue . A p ara l le l f o r t he z oomorph ic d ecorat ion i sg iven f rom a s hea th mount f rom a g rave a t V ieuxv i l le ( Böhme 1 974 , T af . 1 11 , 1 ) . I t i s o f i nterest , h owever , t ha t as im i lar B r it ish b uck le w as f ound a t L ankh i l ls a lthough i ti sn ot a s f i ne a s t h is e xamp le ( G . C larke 1 979 , 2 77 F ig . 3 5 n o . 4 96 ) . T he b uck le was f ound b y D . M i les b eh ind t he Dyke H i l ls , Dorchester wh i lst f i e ld w a lk ing . No o ther a ssoc iat ions a re k nown a nd t he o b ject may b e as tray f i nd . 2 . Quen iborough , B arkby F ie ld , b e . : t wo b uck le h oop s o ne o f wh ich a ppea rs t o b e v ery c lose i n f orm t o t he Dorchester , Ox . e xamp le a l though w ith a more r ounded h oop ( F ig . 3 5 , 3 ) . T he s econd h oop h as a s quare b lock i mposed b etween t he j unct ion o f t he h oop a nd t he h inge b ar a nd t he h oop i t se lf i s f acetted ( F ig . 3 5 , 4 ) . T he a ssoc iat ions o f t he o b ject a re u nknown b ut f i fth a nd s ixth c en tury mater ia l i s i lu strated w ith t he b uck les i nc lud ing a b o ssed-r im a nd a t r iangu larlugged b ow l . I t i s u nfortuna te t ha t t he c on texts o f t hese b uck les make t he ir a ttr ibut ion t o t he l ate Roman p er iod s omewhat t entat ive b ut i fa ccepted , t hey c an b e s een a s f urther e v idence f or t he f lour ish ing Romano-Br it ish t rad it ion f or b uck le manufacture i n t he p er iod . I l . Quo it B rooch S ty le B uck les a nd F itt ing s . T he d ecorat ive a rt s ty le o f t h is g roup h as b een d i scu ssed i n t he s ect ion u nder o ther b rooches ( above ) . T he c orpus i s , w ith o ne e xcep t ion ( Faver sham ) , we l l k nown a nd d escr ipt ions w i l l b e c i ted a s e l sewhere .

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1 . A lfr iston 1 7 , S x . ( E . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy b e lt s et c on s ist ing o f a f l uted , k idneyshaped b uck le a nd h inged p late w ith a match ing c ounter p late ( F ig . 3 6 ,1 ) . T he w ho le e n semb le i sd escr ibed b y H awkes ( 1961 , 3 5-6 ) a nd We lc h (1983 I ,9 0-1 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a t r iangu lar mount c ut f rom a s quare Q uo it B rooch s ty le p laque ( F ig . 3 6 , 3 ) s im i la r t o t ha t f rom B ishopstone , B u . a nd a t wo p iece r ivetted s trap e nd . Ad ate i n t he l ate f i fth t o e ar ly s ixth c entury f or t he g rave i sl i ke ly o n t he b as is o f t he p re servat ion o f t he p ieces . 2 . A lfr i ston A , S x . ( E . S x . ) : at r iangu lar mount i n Q uo it b rooch s ty le ( F ig . 3 6 , 2 ) , t he match ing h a lf f or t ha t f rom A lfr iston 1 7 , d e scr ibed b y We lch ( 1983 I , 9 0-1 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a f ragment o f i vory , a n i r on b uck le , a n i r on s tr ike-al i ght , ak n ife a nd o ther f ragmen ts . A l ate f i fth o r e a r ly s ixth c en tury d a te i s l i ke ly . 3-5 . B ifrons , Kn . : ac opper a l loy s trap e nd ( F ig . 3 7 , 5 ; Hawkes 1 961 , 3 5 ) . No k nown a ssoc iat ions . A c opper a l loy match ing p a ir o f p endan ts w ith s ett ing s ( F ig . 3 7 , 6 ; Hawkes 1 961 , 3 2-3 ) . No k nown a ssoc iat ions . 6 . B ishopstone , B u . : ac opper a l loy b e lt p laque ( F ig . 3 6 , 4 ; Hawkes 1 961 , 3 7 ) . No k nown a ssoc iat ions . 7 . Chesse l l Down 4 0 , Lo .W . : ac opper a l loy h inged s trap e nd wh ich h a s l ost t he l ower h a lf ( F ig . 3 7 , 3 ; Hawkes 1 961 , 3 7 ) . F ound i n af ema le g rave o f e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury d a te a ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f s ma l l g i lt s quare-headed b rooches , ac h ip-carved b ird b rooch , ac ry sta l b a l l i n s l ing s a nd a r ectangu lar b uck le a nd b eads . 8 . C roydon , S r . : at ubu lar ' T ' s haped b e lt d i str ibutor w ith t wo o pposed l oop s o ne w ith a n a pp l ied c opper a l loy t r iangu lar l oop ( F ig . 3 9 , 2 ) . T he d ecorat ion i s d escr ibed b y Hawkes ( 1961 , 3 6 ) . No k nown a ssoc iat ion s . 9 . F aversham I , Kn : a p rev ious ly u nrecorded r ectangu lar c opper a l loy b e lt p laque ( F ig . 3 7 , 2 ) . E ach c orner h a s ar ivet h o le , o n ly o ne o f w h ich r e ta ins i t s r ivet . T here a re s paces f or t hree c ircu lar c entra l s ett ing s a s o n t he A lfr iston 1 7 s et , t he c en tra l r ounde l b e ing d ef ined b y s i lver w ire . T he r ounde ls a re s urrounded b y i n la id s i lver w ire l i nes w h ich b reak u p t he p late i n to t hree z ones : f our s quare a rea s a t t he c orner s , t wo r ectangu lar p ane ls a t t he e nd , t wo r ectangu lar p ane ls o n t he l ong s ides a nd t he c entra l p ane l i t se lf . T he t wo l ong p ane ls a nd o ne o f t he e nd p ane ls h a s f urther s imp le i n la id w ire d ecorat ion , s ome o f i t f ragmentary . O ne o f t he r ounde ls i sp ierced , t he o ther s h e ld s tones wh ich a re n ow l ost . T he s urface i so therw ise p la in . No k nown a ssoc iat ions , b ut f rom t he c emetery . 1 0 . H ighdown 1 2 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy b e lt s l ide ( F ig . 3 6 , 5 ; H awkes 1 961 , 3 6-7 ; We lch 1 983 I , 9 2 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a sma l llong b rooch o f l ate f i fth o r e a r ly s ixth c en tury d a te a nd a ' 11's haped o b ject i n a mass o f c orro s ion . 1 1 . H ighdovm 3 4 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : ab e lt s et c ons ist ing o f ah eartshaped c ounter p late w ith c abochon s ett ing a nd a r ec tangu lar b uck le w ith a n i ron t ongue b ut p resumab ly o r ig ina l ly w ith a d oub le c opper a l loy t ongue ( F ig . 3 7 , 1 ; Hawkes 1 961 , 9 3 ; We lch 1 983 I ,9 3 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a n i ron s tr ike-al ight , ak n ife a nd a s pearhead w h ich a re n ow u n ident if iab le ( i b id ) . P resumab ly a l ate f i fth c en tury d a te f or t he g rave i si nd ica ted . 56-

1 2 . H ighdown 5 8 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : t hree c opper a l loy d i sc mounts ( F ig . 3 7 , 7 ; We lch 1 983 I , 9 4 ) . T hese may h ave b een f i tt ing s f or a b e lt . A ssoc iated w ith a p enannu lar b rooch ( s ee C hapter 2 ) , b eads a nd a p ottery v esse l . A d a te i n t he l ate f i fth c entury i sl i ke ly . 1 3 . How letts 5 , Kn . : ac u t-down c opper a l loy b e lt p laque ( F ig . 3 6 , 6 ; Hawkes 1 961 , 3 8 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a b uck le d ecorated w ith a s quare-cut g arnet a nd g i lt S ty le Ii n ter lace , f ragmen ts o f g i lt c opper a l loy i nc lud ing o ne w ith a mask , a nd a g i lt c opper a l loy b utton b rooch . T he l atter i so f Avent a nd E v ison 's c lass A i wh ich t hey d a te t o t he l ate f i fth o r e a r ly s ix th c en tury ( 1982 , 9 8 ) . 1 4 . K ing sworthy 5 0 , Ha . : ac opper a l loy s tr ip a bout 1 2cm l ong w ith p a irs o f c on fron ted q uadrupeds ( F ig . 3 9 , 1 ) . T hese s how a l l t he h a l lmarks o f q uo it b rooch s ty le d ecorat ion h av ing d oub le o ut l ines a nd i n terna l p eck ing o r h achur ing . Concre ted o n to a n i ron s tr ip . F ound i n ma le 's g rave w ith a s pearhead a nd f erru le , k n ife a nd t weezers . P robab ly d ated t o t he s i xth c en tury . I am g ratefu l t o Mrs S .C . Hawkes f or i n format ion o n t h is g rave i n a dvance o f p ub l icat ion . 1 5 . L yminge I 3 , Kn . : t wo f ragmen ts o f a Quo it B rooch s ty le b uck le p late ? ( F ig . 3 7 , 4 ; E v ison 1 968 , 2 45 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a G roup B 3 b uck le , a n o va l g arnet s et e n c abochon , ak n ife , a nd a Roman c o in . Al ate f i fth c en tury d a te i s l i ke ly . 1 6 . Muck ing I 1 17 , Ex . : ac omp lete b e lt s et c ons ist ing o f ar ectangu lar b e lt p laque w ith t wo t r iangu lar p laques a nd a r ectangu lar b uck le p late w ith t r iangu lar e nd a nd match ing t r iangu lar p late ( F ig . 3 8 ) . T he who le i s f u l ly d escr ibed b y E v ison ( 1968 , 2 42-3 ) . F rom t he p r i st ine c ond it ion o f t he s et , t h is must h ave b een b ur ied b efore t he m idd le o f t he f i fth c en tury . T here were n o o ther a ssoc iat ions . 1 7 . W interbo it i rne Gunner 6 , W i . : ac opper a l loy s trap e nd ( Ev ison 1 965 , 1 10-1 ) . T he s trap e nd i sp ara l le led a t R ichborough , K n . ( Ev ison 1 965 , F ig . 2 7k ) . F ound i n a ma le g rave a ssoc iated w ith a f ranc isca a xe , ap a ir o f t weezer s , a n i ron b uck le , mounts a nd a s herd o f p ottery . P resumab ly a wa rr ior g rave o f t he m idd le t ol ate f i fth c en tury . Uncerta in . F aver sham , Kn . : ac opper a l loy d i sc w ith t hree c oncen tr ic z one s o f d ecorat ion ( F ig . 4 0 ) . T he n arrow b order a nd c entra l c i rc le a re o ver la id w ith c opper , t he m idd le z one w ith s i lver wh ich i s k eyed t o t he s urface b y f a int c oncen tr ic e tch ing . T he i nner b and h as a s tr ig i l p a ttern o f d ecorat ion . T he d i sc i sp ierced s l ight ly o ff-cen tre d amag ing t he i nner z one . T he f unct ion a nd d a te o f t h is o b ject a re n ot c lear b ut i t may b e c ompared t o t he d iscs f rom t he H ighdown 5 8 g rave . I n f avour o f a Quo it B rooch s choo l manufacture i s t he u se o f s heet meta l o ver lay i n t wo c o lours wh ich i s k eyed o nto t he s urface , a s o n t he b e lt s l ide f rom H ighdown 1 2 . I t d oes n ot , h owever , h ave a ny a n ima l o rnamen t o r s tamp ing a nd t he c oncentr ic i nc ised l i ne d ecorat ion o n t he i nner z one l ooks mach ined . T he d a te o f t h is p iece must r ema in i n d oubt , t here fore . A ssoc iat ions u nknown .

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IL I n la id I ron B uck les . T he i den t if ica t ion a nd d i str ibut ion o f i n la id meta lwork h a s b een p r inc ipa l ly t he w ork o f E v ison ( 1955b ; 1 958 ; 1 965 ; 1 981 ) . F rom t echn iques o f r ad iog raphy , i t h a s b ecome c lea r t ha t t h is c lass o f meta lwork i s much more w idespread t han w as f i r st t hought a nd i t s a ppearance i n s outhern E ng land h as b een t aken a s i nd ica t ive o f F rank ish s ett lemen t i n t h is a rea ( Ev ison 1 965 , p ass im ) . We lch , i n s umming u p t he l arge amount o f t h is mater ia l f rom S ussex ( 1983 , 9 4-7 ) , c omes t o t he c onc lus ion t hat t h is g roup o f meta lwork c annot b e s een a s p roduc ts o f s o le ly t he Cont inen ta l market a nd t hat a n E ng l ish o r ig in f or s ome o f t he p ieces must b e s een a s b e ing l i ke ly . A s h e p o in ts o ut , t he t echn ique o f s i lver w ire i n lay w as we l l k nown i n l ate Roman B r ita in a s e xemp l if ied b y A 4 a nd B 3 b uck les a nd a s at echn ique , i ti sc ont inued b y Quo it b rooch s ty le meta lwork . A s most o f t he i n la id i ronwork c an b e d a ted t o m idd le t o l ate f i fth c entury ( Ev ison 1 965 , 2 0 ) , i t i s p oss ib le t hat t h is w ork r epresents t he c on t inuat ion o f t he p roduct ion f rom t hese workshop s i n mater ia ls o ther t han c opper a l loy . I t i s c lear , h owever , t hat s ome o f t he mater ia l w as i mported . P erhap s t he most o bv ious e xamp le o f t h is i st he b uck le f rom B ifron s w ith a ma le f igure s tamped o nto s heet s i lver wh ich c lose ly r esemb les t he f igure o n t he r ing o f Ch i lder ic ( Ev ison 1 955b , 4 1 n o .34 ; 1 965 , 1 9 ) . A lso e v iden t i st he f act t hat b oth c ont inenta l a nd E ng l ish b uck les w ere c lose ly mode l led o n Roman p rototypes . I ndeed , i t h a s b een a rgued t ha t b uck les w ith C hr ist ian s cenes may h ave b een w orn b y Ga l lo-Romans w ho h ad a dopted F rank ish d ress s ty le ( James 1 979 , 6 2 ) . S ome o f t he s hee t meta l o ver lay h as p seudo c h ip c arved d ecorat ion w h ich b e long s , a s We lch p o ints o ut , i n a l ate Roman p rov inc ia l meta lwork ing t rad it ion ( 1983 I , 8 5 , F ig . 6 c ) . T aken t ogether , t he e v idence f or t he p ers istence o f l ate Roman meta lwork ing t rad it ions i ss trong b oth o n t he Con t inen t a nd i n E ng land t hroughout t he f i fth c en tury . D esp ite t h is , i n la id i r onwork must b e c ons idered a s a d eve lopment f rom a nd n ot a s urv iva l o f t ha t t rad it ion . T he ' Dan ie l i n t he L ion s D en ' b uck le f rom B ifrons c lear ly s hows t he G erman ic o ut look o f t he meta lworker s who , e ven i f ' Roman ' t hemse lves , h ad t o c a ter f or German ic t astes . E ven more c lea r ly , i n la id s pearheads a nd f i tt ing s a nd a xes s how a German ic emphas is w h ich i s c lear ly a d eve lopmen t o f i n la id l ate Roman k n ives a nd s pea rheads ( Jope 1 946 , 7 0-2 P l . ha & b ) . T h is t endency f i ts c lose ly w ith t he n ew v iew o f t he Q uo it B rooch s choo l s choo l a s aG erman ic d ecorat ive s ty le ( s ee b e low ) . W. Kn ives . Two l ate Roman k n ives a re k nown f rom A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies . One i s c omparab le t o t hat f rom L ankh i l ls , Ha . ( G . C larke 1 979 , 2 49-51 ) a nd i s a n u nassoc iated f ind f rom M i lton I ,B u . D ick inson s uggests t ha t i t may r epre sent t he g rave o f al ate R oman o r a n e ar ly German ic s o ld ier ( 1976 I , 1 81 ) . T he s econd k n ife i sf rom F r i lford 1 04 , B ek . ( 0x . , F ig . 4 1 ) a nd c on s ists o f al ong k n ife wh ich w as o r ig ina l ly c onta ined i n as cabbard f i tted w ith a p la in c opper a l loy d isc , ab a lustershaped a nd r ivetted o b ject a nd a ' 1 . ' s haped c hape i n c opper a l loy w ith a s tamped o uter b order o f a nnu lets a nd a n i nner b order o f d oub le c irc les . A c opper a l loy r i ng may b e f rom a b e lt f i tt ing . T he k n ife a nd i t s mount ing s a re p ara l led i n a n e xamp le f rom a g rave a t K ing sho lm , G l . ( Brown 1 975 , 2 93 ) a nd s hou ld b e d a ted t o t he l ate f ourth o r e ar ly f i fth c en tury . T he k n ife was a ssoc iated w ith b eads a nd t he b ase p late o f a n a pp l ied b rooch . A f e ma le g rave o f t he m idd le f i fth c entury i st hu s s uggested . 58-

D iscuss ion . L ate Roman b uck les a nd b e lt e qu ipment . T he s tatus o f t hese b uck les h a s b een t he s ource o f s ome c on trover sy s ince H awkes a nd Dunn ing f i rst p ub l ished t he ir e xtens ive c ata logue a nd c lass if ica t ion i n 1 961 a nd c ame t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t t hey r ep re sented t he e qu ipment o f l ate R oman G erman ic e lements i n t he a rmy . T he e xc lus ive ly m i l itary i n terpre tat ion o f t hese b uck les a nd b e lt f i tt ing s h a s s ince b een r etracted b y o ne o f t he a uthors ( Hawkes 1 974 , 3 90-3 ) w h ich h as t aken s ome o f t he f orce o ut o f t he d ebate o ver who a ctua l ly wore t h is e qu ipmen t ( s ee C larke 1 979 , 2 89-91 ) . B öhme 's w ork o n t he Cont inenta l g raves , w h ich a re o ften c o in d a ted , h a s a l so t ightened t he c h rono log ica l f ramework f or t he d eve lopmen t o f s ome o f t he b uck les a nd h as emphas ised t he B r it ish manufacture o f s ome o f b uck le G roups A l a nd a l l o f A 2 ( 1974 I ,5 3-97 ; s ee a bove ) . T he c hrono logy o f t he d epos it ion o f t h is e qu ipment i n p agan G erman ic g raves s uggests t ha t most were d epos ited i n t he p er iod o f t he t h ird q uarter o f t he f i fth c entury a nd i n to t he f i r st d ecades o f t he s ixth . T here a re o ut l iers b eyond t h is ma in g roup ing h owever . T he e a r ly g roup ( ea r ly/m idd le f i f th c entury ) , c ons ists o f g raves wh ich a re p robab ly o f c onvent iona l Roman m i l itary f orces a nd t he ir w ives ( Map 7 ) . E xamp les i nc lude t he t wo D orche ster I g raves , M i lton-next-S itt ingbourne , Kemp ston 1 4 a nd Muck ing 9 79 , 9 87 a nd 9 89 . T hat t hese f orces were G erman ic i s i nd ica ted b y t he b rooche s w ith s ome o f t he f e ma les b ut t he ma les a re n ot iceab ly R oman ised i n c ostume ( v . p enannu lar b rooch i n Muck ing 9 79 ) . T here i s n oth ing e spec ia l ly r emarkab le i n t he a ppearance o f G erman ic f orces s erv ing i n t he Roman a rmy i n B r ita in a s t h is i s w here t he b u lk o f r ec ru it ing w as c arr ied o ut a t t ha t p er iod . T he n umbers i nvo lved a re c lear ly s ma l l a nd a t L ankh i l ls t here i s e v idence f or a r ap id a ss im i lat ion o f s uch e lements i n to l ate Romano-Br it ish s oc iety ( G . C larke 1 979 , 3 89 ) . T he g raves o f t he e nd o f t he f i fth c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he s ixth p ose a more i nterest ing p rob lem o f t he q uest ion o f s urv iva l . G raves o f t h is d a te f orm t he ma jor ity o f t he g roup u nder d i scuss ion ( 30 e xamp les ; Maps 5 & 6 ) a nd t he ma jor ity o f t hese a re s t i l l i n u se . B y t h is l ate d ate , many o f t he p ieces a re v ery worn a nd h ave h ad t o b e r epa ired . T yp ica l ly w ith b uck les , t h is c ons isted o f t he r ep lacement o f t he c opper a l loy t ongue w ith a n i r on o ne b ut o ften i f t he p late w as h inged , t h is h a s b een l ost o r s evere ly d amaged a nd o n ly t he h oop i s f ound ( e .g . B lewburton 2 , Dover 4 8 ; B edd ingham , R ead ing ) . I t i s p oss ib le t ha t t he r e ten t ion o f t hese b uck les t o t h is l ate d a te c ou ld s uggest t he p oss ib i l ity t hat s ome s ent imenta l o r q uas i-m i l itary a ura s t i l l c lung t o t hem . E qua l ly , h owever , t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t t he b uck les were u sed f or t he wan t o f f iner i n la id b uck le s ets c annot b e r u led o ut . I ti sn ot iceab le t hat i n s ome o f t he g raves o f t h is d a te , t he a ccompany ing o b jects i nc lude a s ing le b rooch ( Portway Down 5 0 , B lewburton H i l l 2 ) a nd t h is may s uggest s ome c ont inu ity w ith l ate Roman d re ss s ty le . B y t he m idd le a nd l ate s ixth c en tury , t he ma jor ity o f f inds o f l ate Roman m i l itary meta lwork a re o ccurr ing i n f ema le g raves i n b ag c o l lect ions ( e .g . H arnham H i l l 4 0 , Cass ing ton I ,2 , M inster L ove l l 3e tc . ) T he b reakdown o f s exes u s ing t h is e qu ipment a lso p rov ides a n i n terest ing p attern . Where a ssoc iat ions a re k nown , e ight g raves a re ma le ( us ing weapons a s a n a ttr ibute o f s ex ) . F our o f t hese , Dorchester I , 1 ; M i lton-nextS itt ingbourne , K empston 1 4 a nd Muck ing 9 79 , r epre sen t g raves o f l ate f ourth

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o r e a r ly f i fth c en tury s o ld ier s . O f t he r ema in ing f our , t hree i nc lude b uck les ; A lfr iston 1 4 ( l ate f i fth c entury ) , M itcham 1 33 ( . 1 06 ? ;l ate f i fth c entury ? ) a nd Wood ingdean 6 ( s ixth c en tury ? ) , w h i le t he g rave a t B er insf ie ld 6 h as a s tray b e lt f i tt ing i n t he g rave f i l l . T he A lfr iston b uck le i s b roken a nd u nusab le a nd t he M itcham b uck le i s n ot s ecure ly a ssoc iated l eav ing o n ly t he Wood ingdean b uck le i n u se . T he n umber o f f e ma le g raves i s s ixteen w ith f our t hat may b e a ttr ibuted t o e i ther s ex . T here i s t hus a c lea r p reference f or f ema les t o u se t hese b uck les ( Hawkes 1 974 , 3 93 ) . I ti so f n ote t hat many o f t hese b uck les a re b e ing b ur ied t owards t he e nd o f t he f i fth a nd i n to t he e a r ly s ixth c entury a nd t hat o f t he s ixteen b ur ia ls i n t h is p er iod , t h irteen a ppear t o b e u s ing t he ir b uck les a s o r ig ina l ly i n tended . T he o ther t hree c ons ist o f A lf r iston 1 03 , L uton I8 a nd S arre 9 4 w h ich a l l h ad b uck les o r b uck le f ragments a s p art o f b ag c o l lect ion s . T he c on trast w ith ma le g raves o f t he s ame d a te i ss tark b ut c an b e e xp la ined i n t wo ways . T he f i r st h ypothes is i st hat t hese b uck les w ere w orn b y N at ive women marr ied i n to A ng lo-Saxon s oc iety . C larke 's s uggest ion t ha t t he A l b uck les w ere a ssoc iated w ith a B r it ish m i l it ia f orce ( 1979 , 2 89-91 ) may t hu s b e r e inforced b y ac orre spond ing a dopt ion b y B r it ish women o f t he A 2 b uck les . S ome A 2 b uck les a lso a ppear i n f ema le g raves c lose ly a ssoc iated w ith German ic r egu lar o r f ederate t roop s . T he c lass ic e xamp les a re t he g raves f rom Muck ing a nd t hat f rom Dorchester I .T here h as b een l i tt le s o l id e v idence t hat t hey were u sed b y B r it ish women a lthough t hey a re k nown f rom B r it ish s i tes a nd i t i s a lso p robab le t hat s ome o f t he c rude f i fth c entury e xamp les w ere manufactured b y t he B r it ish a t , f or e xamp le , S i lche ster , Ha . ( Hawkes Dunn ing 1 961 , F ig . 1 3 i j ; G . C larke 1 979 , 2 86 ) . A s econd h ypothes is i s t hat t hese b uck les were t he h e ir looms o f t he d e scendan ts o f t he i n it ia l s ett ler s . I t i s w e l l k nown t hat t hese b uck les w ere u sed a s s ymbo ls o f o ff ice i n t he l ater R oman Emp ire b oth f or t he c iv i l s erv ice a nd t he a rmed f orces . T hat s uch o b jects a cqu ired s tatus i n t hemse lves wou ld b e an atura l d eve lopment a nd o ne t ha t c ou ld p er s ist i n to p er iod s o f u ncerta inty w hen c la ims o f a uthor ity wou ld b e i n d i spute . A lternat ive ly , t hese b uck les c ou ld b e s een a s i m itat ing t he l ater f i fth c en tury i n la id i ron b e lt s ets u sed b y t he men o r c ou ld h ave b een r e ta ined a s a n amu let b ecause o f t he ir u se o f a n ima l d ecorat ion ( Ager 1 985 , 1 6 ) . C lea r ly , t here i s n o s imp le a n swer t o t he p henomenon o f t he a ppearance o f t hese l ate R oman b uck les i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves . O f t he o ther l ate Roman f i tt ing s , n one a ppea rs t o h ave h ad a ny s ign if icance i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves . S trap e nds a re t he most f requent f ind ( s even e xamp les ) b ut t hese a re g enera l ly i n b ag c o l lect ion s . R osette b e lt mounts a ppear a s as tray f i nd a t C roydon b ut a re o therw ise k nown f rom c omp lete s ets . T he s ame may b e s a id o f b e lt s t iffener s a nd t ubu lar mounts . Quo it B rooch S ty le b uck les . T he d eve lopment a nd s ign if icance o f t hese b uck les a nd b e lt s ets h a s b een made much c learer b y t he f ive p iece s et f rom Muck ing 1 17 ( Ev ison 1 968 ) . I t i s n ow p oss ib le t o e xtend Ager 's a rgumen ts f or a G erman ic manufac ture o f t he b rooches t o t he b uck les a s w e l l . T he Muck ing s et s hows t h is c lear ly i n t he d ifferen t method o f manufacture f rom t ha t n orma l ly e ncountered i n l ater R oman w orkshop s ( Ager , p ers . c omm . ) . H owever , t here i s a lso n o d oubt t hat t he s ty le a nd c ha racter o f t hese b uck les i s l a te Roman i n t aste . T here a re a v ar iety o f o b jects d ecorated i n t h is s ty le w h ich may b e r e lated t o c omp lete b e lt s ets b ut many a re f ragmentary a nd Ih ave d ef ined t hree w h ich may b e c ons idered t o b e c omp lete ( A lfr iston 1 7 , Muck ing 1 17 a nd H ighdown 3 4 ) . T he v ar iety o f t hese s ets d emon strate t he d iver s ity o f m i l itary b e lt t rad it ions t hat t he German ic c raf tsmen c ou ld d raw u pon ( F ig . 4 2 ) . 60-

T he Muck ing s et s hows t he R oman i n f luence c lea rest w ith i t s f i ve p a rts e cho ing t he c ontemporary t ype I V o r t wostrap s ets ( Ev ison 1 968 , 2 31-2 ) . T he H ighdown 3 4 b e lt s et i s o f a t ota l ly d i fferent s ty le h av ing n o z oomorph ic e lements b ut b e ing d ecorated w ith s tamp s a nd p ane ls w ith c ross-n icked f rames , b oth c ha racter ist ic e lemen ts o f t he s ty le . A s s tated i n t he d e scr ipt ion , t he b uck le o r ig ina l ly h ad a d oub le t ongue a rrangement a nd t he h eart-shaped p late r e f lec ts t ha t f ound a t Dore h ester I , 1b ut h a s h ere b een embe l l ished w ith a n amber c o loured s tud ( We lch 1 983 I ,9 3 ) . F ina l ly , t he A lfr iston 1 7 s et s hows a n ew d epa rture a nd a s uggest ion o f a more German ic s ty le i n t he k idneyshaped a nd r ibbed b uck le h oop . B oth t he H ighdown a nd A lfr i ston b e lt s ets w ere u sed w ith o ne-p iece b e lts . T he l i nks w ith t he o ther o b jects i n t he g roup a re d emon strated b y t he u se o f z oomorph ic o rnament , i n lay a nd g lass s tuds . T h is v ar iat ion i n b e lt s et t ypes i nd ica tes , p erhaps , d i fferen t c en tre s o f p roduct ion a nd/or a c hrono log ica l v ar iat ion . F urther b e lt s ets a re e v idenced f rom B ishopstone a nd A lf r iston w here a p late was c ut u p a nd r eused . T he b uck les t o g o w ith t hese p lates a re n ot e xtant b ut p robab ly r e late t o t hat f rom A lfr iston 1 7 . T h is s et a l so p rov ides a p ara l le l f or t he n ew ly-d iscovered F aver sham p late . A f urther b e lt p late o f Muck ing 1 17 t ype w as a lso f ound a t H ow letts i n a f ragmen tary s tate . F ina l ly , o ne o ther p iece f rom a b e lt s et i s k nown f rom H ighdown 1 2 . T h is i s ab e lt s l ide o f u n ique t ype a nd i t i s n ot c lear wh ich s et t ype i tr e lated t o ( We lch 1 983 I ,9 2 ) . A lso f rom t he s ame s ch oo l o f meta lwork a re t hree s trap e nds ( B ifrons , C hesse l l D own 4 0 a nd W interbourne Gunner 6 ) a l l o f w h ich s how s trong l i nks w ith R oman t ypes a nd i n p art icu lar t he T ortworthtype s er ies . T he a n ima l f rom W interbourne Gunner c lose ly p ara l le ls o ne o n a n e xamp le f rom R ichborough , Kn . ( Ev ison 1 965 , 1 15 F ig . 2 7k ) a nd t he Chesse l l Down e xamp le i s h inged i n t he s ame w ay a s a n e xamp le f rom L ankh i l ls ( G . C larke 1 979 , 2 81 F ig . 3 6 ) a nd h a s h or ses h eads a s o n t he s trap e nd f rom T ortworth ( Hawkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , F ig 8 ) . T he K ing sworthy 5 0 d ecorated s tr ip ( F ig . 3 9 ,1 ) a nd t he s trap d i str ibutor f rom C roydon a ppea r , h owever , t o b e u npa ra l led p iece s a l though a s trap d i st ibutor f rom R ev i l le c ited b y E v ison may b e c lose t o t hat f rom C roydon ( 1981 , 1 33 ) b ut t h is i sf rom a s ixth c en tury g rave . T he ' D ' s haped s ect ion o f t he C roydon d i str ibutor h as b een l i nked t o s im i lar p ane l led o r p la in ' D ' s ect ioned t ubes w h ich a re p resumab ly b e lt f i tt ing s ( We lch 1 983 I , 9 3-4 ) . T here i s n o c lear e v idence o f t he ir manufacture i n Quo it B rooch s ty le workshops a s t hey a re u nornamen ted a nd n one a ppears i nl ate Roman c on texts . T hey h ave t hus b een e xc luded b ut a re a l l l i sted b y E v ison ( 1965 , 5 0-1 ) who l i nks t hem t o F rank ish e lements i n t he p opu lat ion . F ina l ly , t he B ifrons p endants s hou ld b e s een a s c onf irmat ion o f t he f e ma le c haracter o f s ome o f t he o b jects ( Ager 1 985 , 3 ) . T ha t n ot a l l t he o b jects p roduced i n t he s ty le were i ntended f or f ema le u se i ss ure ly d emonstrated b eyond d oubt b y t he u se o f t he s ty le o n b uck les i n a n empha t ica l ly l ate R oman f ash ion . T he s ign if icance o f t h is h as a l ready b een d i scu ssed ( above ) .

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Chapter 5 . Co ins . T he d escr ip t ions u sed f or t he c o ins f o l low t hose i n t he R oman I mper ia l Co inage s er ies a s d o t he a bb rev iat ions . F u l l l egends a nd t ypes a re g iven t o d emon strate p o ss ib le d e l iberate d efacement a nd amount o f w ear t o t he c o in . 1 . Ab ingdon I 5 1 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : t wo p oss ib le c o ins f ound o n as tr ing o f b eads . A ssoc iated w ith t wo p ottery v esse ls , t wo b u tton b rooches a nd t wo p ins . T he b utton b rooches a re o f Aven t a nd E v ison ' s c lass D i , w h ich a re g iven a f i f th c entury d ate ( 1982 , 8 2-4 , 9 9 ) . A l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ix th c entury d epos it ion d ate i sl i ke ly . 2 . Ab ingdon I ,5 3 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : i )o bv : [ IMP C MA WR QU INT ILL [VS AVG ] . B ust r ad , R r ev : [ MAR 'S VLT [OR ] . Mars h e lmeted , wa lk ing R [ ho ld ing s pear a nd s h ie ld ] . A nton in ianus , S i sc ia ? i ) G lor ia E xerc itus ?[ H .O .C . ] , AE 3 B oth c o ins f ound u np ierced , ( 0 b e ing a bove t he l eft p e lv is a nd ( i ) u nder t he d i sc b rooch o n t he r ight s hou lder . T he a ssoc iated o b jects , i nc lud ing b eads a nd t wo d i sc b rooches , s how t he b ur ia l t o b e f ema le . T he l a rge n umber o f amber b eads ( 86 ) , p laces i ti n t he m idd le t o l ate s ix th c entury ( D ick inson 1 976 I ,2 026 ) . 3 . Ab ingdon I5 9 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : i )o bv : I MP C TETR I CVS [PFAV ]G B ust R , d r , r ad . r ev : [ COME JS AV [G ] V ictory , s t . Lh o ld ing w reath & p a lm . Webb 1 927 , 4 07 n o . 5 6 . AB r it ish c opy , A nton in ianus . i ) o bv : [ FL I V I XONSTANT IVS NOB C B u st R , l aur . &c u ir . r ev : GLOR I AEXERC I TVS . M int mark : i r k sTwo s o ld ier s w ith t wo s pea rs &s tandards . B ruun 1 966 , 2 17 n o 5 40 . A es o f 3 32-3 , T r ier m int . i i ) o bv : [ DN MAG 1NENT 1 WS P F [ AV 1G . B ust d r , R . r ev : [ V ICTORIAE ]DD NN AVG [ET CAE ] Two V ictor ies s t . h o ld ing w rea th o n wh ich VOT/V/MULT/X . K ent 1 981 , 1 63 n o .316A o r C . A es o f 3 51-2 , m int p robab ly T r ier . i v ) o bv : [ I ]MP C [ONST JANT INVS P [F AVG ] B ust d iad . &c u ir . R . r ev : v ) o bv : [VRBS R ]0M [A ] . H e lmeted & c u ir . b ust o f R oma , L . r ev : [ s he wo lf s uck l ing t w ins , t wo s tars a bove ] B ruun 1 966 , 2 70 - 2 79 e t a l . D ated 3 30-7 . N one o f t hese c o ins wa s p ierced , a l l b e ing f ound i n t he c hest r eg ion . T he b ur ia l w as t ha t o f ac h i ld a ged a bout 1 1 w ith p a ired d i sc b rooches , a Roman s ea l b ox l i d , b eads , ak n ife a nd i r on o b jects i nc lud ing a r i ng . Al ate f i fth c entury d ate i s p o ss ib le b ut a s ixth c en tury d a te i s more l i ke ly . 4 . Ab ingdon I6 6 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : a n i leg ib le AE 4 c o in , p ierced a nd a ssoc iated w ith a n ' i vory ' [ bone ? ] b ead a t t he s hou lder . A lso a ssoc iated w ere t wo b utton b rooches , a b uck le , a k n ife a nd t o i let i mp l iments . T he b u tton b rooches a re Avent a nd E v ison ' s c lass I i , w h ich a re d a ted b y t hem t o t he l ate f i fth c entury ( 1982 , 8 6 , 9 8 ) . A d ate o f d epos it ion c ontemporary w ith o r s l ight ly l ater t han t he b rooches i sl i ke ly . 5 . Ab ingdon I7 8 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : a n i leg ib le AE 3 c o in p ierced t w ice a nd f ound o n t he c hest w ith 2 2 b eads , 1 2 o f wh ich w ere amber . A lso a ssoc iated w ere a p a ir

o f d isc b rooches , t o i let i mp lements , ak n ife a nd o ther o b jects . D ateab le t o t he s ixth c entury o n t he b as is o f t he amber b eads . 6 . A lf r iston 1 4 , S x . ( E . S x . ) : o bv : [ IMP CAES ] VESPAS IA [N AVG COS (? ) ] B ust R . r ev : F ema le s t . Rh o ld ing r udder ( ? ) SC e i ther s i de . As estert ius , p robab ly o bv . FORTVNA REDVC I . Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 926 , 6 5 n o .409 e t a l . A s estert ius o f V espas ian , n ot s econd c en tury a s a sserted b y We lch ( 1983 I , 3 51 ) . T h is i dent if icat ion b ased o n E v ison 1 965 , F ig . 2 4c . A ssoc iated w ith l ate R oman f ixed p late b uck le , d i sc b rooch , b e lt t ube , s pea rhead , k n ife a nd c opper a l loy r i ng . Al ate f i fth c entury o r e ar ly s ix th c entury d epos it ion i sp robab le . 7 . A lf r iston 4 3 , S x . ( E . S x . ) : i )o bv : [ ? ] B u st f ac ing L . ? r ev : [ BE MTA TRANQU IL [L ITAS ] A ltar w ith g lobe o n t op , a bove t hree s tars . A ltar i n scr ibed [ VOT/ IS/XX ] . B ruun 1 966 , 1 31-4 . D ated c . 3 21-4 , m int u nknown . i ) o bv : [ ? ] B u st R r ev : GLORIA EXERC ITVS Two s o ld ier s w ith t wo s tanda rds Date a nd t ype a s 3( i) . F ound i n r ich f ema le g rave w ith g lass c one b eaker , e ight b rooches , b uck les , b eads ( a rranged d own d ress f ront ) , e ag le t a lon , 1 6 s i lver r ing s a nd a c owr ie s he l l . A t t he p e lv is t here were c opper a l loy o rnamen ts a nd b eads , o n t he h and as i lver s p ira l r ing a nd a t t he k nee , s ix c opper a l loy r i ng s a nd b ag ? r ema ins . T he c o ins were f ound n ea r t he wa ist . Al ate s ixth c entury d a te s eems l i ke ly . 8 . A lfr iston 8 4 , S x . ( E . S x . ) : o bv : [ ? ] b ust , R r ev : [ ? ] S estert iu s o f T ra jan , p ierced F ound w ith a n i ron b uck le , k n ife a nd t wo k eys . D ate o f g rave u ncerta in . 9 . A lfr iston 8 7 , S x , ( E . S x . ) : t wo p ierced a nd i leg ib le c o ins . B y s ize ( AE 3 & AE 4) , at h ird o r f ourth c en tury d a te i si nd ica ted . A ssoc iated w ith a 3 0 b ead n eck lace , p a ired s aucer b rooches , ac opper a l loy o penwork g ird le h anger ? , at h in meta l p late a nd a n i ron o b ject . A f ema le g rave o f t he l ate f i fth t o s ixth c entury . 1 0 . A lf r iston C , S x . ( E . S x . ) : o bv : [ IMP C P VUCTORINVS [ AVG ] B u st R r ev : [ OR IENS AVG ] S o l s t L . w ith wh ip i n L . h and . Webb 1 933 , 3 96 n o . 1 15 . A ssoc iated w ith a b utton b rooch a nd f ragmen tary w ire r ing . T he b rooch i s c la ss if ied b y Avent a nd E v ison a s b e ing t ype B i i . O n t h is b as is , t he g rave i s d ateab le t o t he l ater f i fth c en tury ( 1982 , 8 2 , 1 21 T ab le 5 ) .

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1 1 . App ledown , Comp ton 1 3 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : a n i l leg ib le c o in a ssoc iated w ith a s aucer b rooch a nd a s i lver f inger r ing w ith s nakes-head t erm ina ls . D r We lch ( i n l i tt ) s uggests a n e a r ly s ixth c en tury d a te . 1 2 . App ledown , Comp ton 1 8 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : t wo f ourth c entury c o in s w ere f ound w ith a f ema le ? i nhumat ion a ssoc iated w ith a p ur se c o l lect ion a nd a t ubu la r g la ss b ead . 1 3 . App ledown , Comp ton 8 5 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : a p ierced c o in a ssoc iat ion w ith , among o ther o b jects , a n amber b ead .

w as f ound i n

1 4 . App ledown , Comp ton 1 34 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : a p ierced c o in w as f ound i n a ssoc iat ion w ith g lass a nd amber b eads . A s ixth c entury d ate may b e s uggested . 1 5 . App ledown , Comp ton 1 37 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : a n u np ierced VRBS ROMA i s sue w as f ound i n a ssoc iat ion w ith , among o ther o b jects , ag la ss f ragment a nd a k n ife . 1 6 . App ledown , Comp ton C rem . 1 40 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : as ing le p ierced c o in w as t he o n ly a ssoc iated o b ject w ith in t h is u rn . I am i ndebetted t o D r We lch f or i n format ion o n t he App ledown g raves i n a dvance o f p ub l icat ion . 1 7 . B arfr iston 2 5 , Kn . : i )o bv : [ -CONSTANT INUS] B ust l aur . , R . r ev : SOL I I NV ICTO CO M IT I S o l s t . f ac ing , h ead L . Rh and r a ised h o ld ing g lobe F o l l is ( Dates ? ) , m int u nknown . i ) o bv : DN THEODOS IVS P F AVG B u st d iad , d r , c u ir . R . r ev : REPARAT IO RE IPVB Emp . s t . f ac ing , h ead L w ith R h and r a is ing k nee l ing t urreted w oman . L . h o lds g lobe s urmounted b y v ictory . AE 3.Uncerta in m int . i i ) o bv : I NV ICTA ROMA B ust o f R oma R w ea r ing h e lmet , e a rr ing s , n eck lace , d r . , long h a ir . r ev : E ag le w ith w ing s s pread s t . Ll ook ing b ack . I n f i e ld , L : Goth ic c o in , p robab ly b etween 4 94-534 . N ot k nown i fe xergue b lank o r n ot . W roth 1 913 , 1 02-3 , n o . 6 -18 . Ma le i nhumat ion w ith sma l l s pea rhead , b uck le a nd a f l agon i n wh ite f ab r ic o f p o ss ib le R oman d ate . T he Goth ic c o in d ates t h is g rave t o t he l ater s ixth c en tury . 1 8 . B arr ing ton B 6 6 , Ca . : a n i l leg ib le ? AE 3 c o in f ound w ith 4 3 b ead s a t t he n eck o f a n i nhumat ion . O ther a ssoc iated o b jects i nc lude a p ottery a ccessory v esse l , a n i ron p in a nd a p a ir o f d i sc b rooches w h ich p resumab ly d a te t he b ur ia l t o t he l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ix th c entury . 1 9 . B arr ing ton B 8 1 , Ca . : t wo p erforated AE 3 c o ins f ound a t t he n eck o f a n i nhumat ion w ith s ix b eads , as ma l l c opper a l loy t ube ( spacer t ube ? ) a nd a c opper a l loy f ragmen t . A p ottery a ccessory v esse l w as p laced b y t he h ead . T he s pacer t ube may d emonstrate t hat t h is g rave d ates t o t he l ater s ix th c entury a s t hese a re g enera l ly a l ate f ash ion ( Meaney & H awkes 1 970 , 4 6-8 ) .

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2 0 . B a rton-on-Humber , L i . ( Hu . ) : i )i leg ib le -s estert ius o f T ra jan ? i ) o bv : DN CONSTANT INO [ I ]VN N C b ust R d iad , d r . M int mark : r ev : BEATA TRANQV ILL ITAS . F or t ype , s ee 7( i ) . M int L ondon . Co in n ot e xam ined b y a uthor , b ust t ype t herefore u nca tegor ised b ut p resumab ly o ne o f B ruun 1 966 , 1 34 n o . 2 05-8 .

N -

C o ins u sed a s we ights a long w ith s ix o ther s . Con fused a ssoc iat ions i nc lude a n amu let c asket , h ang ing b ow l , b eads , b race let a nd a F rank ish meta l b ow l . G rave d a teab le t o t he l ate s ix th o r e a r ly s even th c en tury . 2 1 . B eakesbourne 3 0 , Kn . : o bv : I MP MAX IMIANVS P F AVG B u st R , l aur . r ev : SALVS AVGG ET CAESS F EL CART Carthage s t . Lh o ld ing f ru it & e a rs o f c orn . M int mark : ) M in t o f Carthage , f o l l is d a ted c . 2 98-306 . S uther land 1 967 , 4 27-9 . F ound i n c h i ld 's g rave d ated t o t he s ix th c entury w ith c opper a l loy b e lt s et a nd k n ife . A t t he n eck was a s i lver p endan t , s hea rs a nd a s ma l l a ccessory v esse l . Co in n ot d ef in ite ly a ssoc iated w ith t he g rave . 2 2 . B eakesbourne 3 5 , Kn . : o bv : I MP [ C] D IOCLET IANVS P F AVG B ust l aur . , R . r ev : GEN IO POPVL I ROMAN I G en ius , mod ius o n h ead , s t . h o ld ing p atera i n R , c ornucop ia i n L . M int mark : F o l l is o f A nt ioch m int d ated c . 3 00-1 . S uther land 1 967 , 6 20 n o 5 4a . N o o ther a ssoc iated o b jects . 2 3 . B idford-on-Avon 4 3 , Wa . : t wo d iscs o f c opper a l loy ( Roman c o ins ? ) w ere f ound a t t he n eck o f af e ma le i nhumat ion a ssoc iated w ith amber a nd p aste b eads . A lso f ound w ith t he b ody were a k n ife , t wo p enannu lar b rooches a nd i r on f ragments o ver t he p e lv is . A n e ar ly t o m idd le s ix th c entury i nhumat ion . 2 4 . B idford-on-Avon 1 56 , Wa . : t wo p erforated a nd i l leg ib le c o ins f ound w ith 7 6 b eads s trung b etween t wo s ma l llong b rooches . T he c o ins a re o f AE 3 s ize a nd a re , t here fore , p resumab ly o f t h ird o r f ourth c en tury d a te . A f ema le i nhumat ion d at ing t o t he e ar ly t o m idd le s ix th c entury . 2 5 . B ifrons 2 9 , Kn . : a t l eft s ide o f i nhumat ion , av ery worn , a nd t herefore i leg ib le ? , c o in . A ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f r ad iate b rooches , t hree k eys , a k n ife , t wo i ron r i ngs a nd a n i ron p late , ab uck le , b race let , b ead s a nd f our b racteates , t wo k ey stone d i sc b rooches , f inger r i ng s a nd g o ld w ire b ra id ( at t he h ead ) . A r ich f ema le i nhumat ion o f t he l ate s ixth o r e a r ly s eventh c en tury . P oss ib ly t he c o in w as a s tray f ind a s i t d id n ot a ppear t o b e a ssoc iated w ith a ny b ag r ema ins , n or was i tp ierced . 2 6 . B ifrons 3 2 , Kn . : t wo sma l l [ AE 3 ? ] c o ins f ound o n t he c hest . B oth a re u n ident if ied b ut may h ave b een i leg ib le . F ound i n af ema le g rave w ith b eads ( most ly amber ) , a k n ife , i ron f ragmen ts a nd a n i vory r ing ( bag h and le ) a ssoc iated w ith a n i r on r hombo id c leat h ead . P robab ly a m id-s ix th c entury g rave . 65-

2 7 . B ifrons 4 1 , Kn . : f our c o ins f ound o n t he c hest , a l l AE3 . N one a re d escr ibed a nd may , t herefore , h ave b een i leg ib le . A ssoc iated w ith t hree b rooches , a b uck le , as trap e nd , at ag , ak n ife , ak ey , t wo i ron r i ng s , a n i ron b uck le , b eads , as p ira l f inger r i ng , ag lass b ag b eaker a nd , o n t he s ku l l , g o ld b ra id . A l ate s ixth o r e a r ly s eventh c en tury b ur ia l . T he c o ins may h ave b een s ewn o n to t he c loth ing o r h e ld i n ap ouch . 2 8 . B ifrons 4 2 , Kn . : a t t he w a ist , a sma l l Roman c o in ( AE 3) a nd a s ma l l p erforated d isc wh ich may h ave b een a c o in . N o i dent if icat ion i s o ffered f or t he c o in . A ssoc iated w ith t wo b rooches , ab uck le , f ragmen ts o f a n i vory r i ng , as tra iner s poon w ith c ry sta l b a l l , t wo k n ives , a k ey , a n i ron b uck le , r i ng s , b eads a nd t wo g arne tset d i scs . T he g rave i s af ema le o f l ate s ix th o r e a r ly s eventh c entury d ate . T he c o ins may h ave b een a ssoc iated w ith t he b rooches w h ich were d epos ited a t t he w a ist . 2 9 . B lewburton H il 5 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : i )o bv : CONSTANT INVS AVG B u st c u ir , d r , R . r ev : V IRTVS EXERC IT A ltar s urmounted b y g lobe , t hree s tars . I n scr ibed VOT/ IS/XX Cohen 1 888 , 3 12 , n o . 6 99 . P ierced AE 3. i ) i leg ib le AE 3.p ierced . F ound a ssoc iated w ith b ead s a t t he n eck o f ac h i ld . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a s ma l l s quare-headed b rooch a nd a p la in i ron p in . T he b rooch i s o f a n e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c en tury d a te a nd a b ur ia l w ith in t hat c en tury i sl i ke ly . 3 0 . B lewburton H i l l 1 2 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : i )o bv : [ VRBS ] ROMA H e lmeted b ust o f R oma , L . r ev : s he wo lf w ith t w ins b e low P i c t wo s tar s a bove ] . N o m int mark v i s ib le . F or d a t ing , s ee 3( v ) a bove . Co in p erforated t w ice . i ) o bv : FL HELENA AVGVSTA B u st d iad . R . r ev : S ECVR ITAS RE IPVB ICAE Emp . v e i led , s t . L . h o ld ing b ranch . M int Mark : 4 v , . Bruun 1 966 , 2 06 n o . 4 65 . P ierced o nce . Dated 3 25-6 ; T r ier m int . B oth c o ins h ave c u ts a nd/or d e facemen t i n a dd it ion t o t he d amage c au sed b y t he p ierc ing . F ound a t t he p e lv is o f af ema le w ith a c opper a l loy d oub le l oop r i ng , s heet f ragmen t , ak n ife a nd a n i ron s tr ip . A lso f ound were a b uck le , t hree c opper a l loy r ing s , a t o i let s et a nd t wo a pp l ied b rooches w ith c entra l e name l led s tud . A m idd le t o l ate s ixth c en tury b ur ia l d a ted b y t he b rooches . A p hotog raph o f t he i nhumat ion s hows t he c o ins c lear ly a ssoc iated w ith t he r ing s e tc . i n ap robab le p ouch o r p urse ( Co l l ins & Co l l ins 1 959 , P l . I ,b ) . 3 1 . B orough H i l l , Daventry , Nh . : t wo p erforated c o ins wh ich Sm ith i dent if ies a s o f t he H ouse o f Con stan t ine ( 1902a , 2 55 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a n eck lace o f b eads ( i nc lud ing amber ) , a s ma l llong b rooch , a b uck le , a p in a nd a s tud . P robab ly a s ixth c en tury b ur ia l . 3 2 . B oughton-under-B lean , Kn . : ac o in o f A nton inus P ius , t ype u nknown , f ound w ith a n i nhumat ion i n 1 716 . T he c o in was a ssoc iated w ith a s word b ut t he d ate o f t he g rave i su ncerta in .

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3 3 . 1 3 owcon nbe Down 2 , L o .W . : ac o in o f Con stan t ine f ound w ith a k n ife i n a n u nurned c remat ion . N o f urther i dent if icat ion i so ffered b y A rno ld ( 1982 , 9 0-1 ) . 3 4 . B radford P everel l , W i . : t wo p ierced a nd i l leg ib le c o ins f ound a t t he w a ist o f af ema le i nhumat ion . A ssoc iated w ith t he c o ins w ere p art o f ab uck le a nd a l arge c opper a l loy d isc . T he c o ins were p robab ly i n ap ouch a t t he w a ist . 3 5 . B reach Down , Kn . : Sm ith r efers t o a ' p endant ' ( i .e . p ierced ) c o in o f Max im inus a ssoc iated w ith t hree b uck les ( 1908 , 3 49 ) . T h is a ppears t o b e a m is ident if icat ion a s t he c o in i n t he B r it ish Museum i s : o bv : Carus ?B u st b ea rded , R . , r ad . r ev : [ SECVR ITAS P V IBL ICA Ma le s t . L . l ean ing o n c o lumn t o R . Webb 1 933 , 1 36 n o . 1 7 . 3 6 . B r ighthamp ton 7 , Ox . : o bv : P ostumus ?B ust b earded , R . , r ad . r ev : [ SPES P VBL ICA ] ( ? ) F ema le f igure a dv . L . h o ld ing w reath i n R . h and , r obe i n L . N o m .m . v i s ib le , p ierced . A ssoc iated w ith a p enannu lar b rooch i n a n a du lt g rave . Co in f ound i n f i l l b ut p robab ly f rom t he b ur ia l a s i ti sp ierced . 3 7 . B r ighthamp ton 9 , Ox . : t hree p ierced r ad iate ( th ird c entury ) c o ins , o ne o f P ostumu s a nd t he o ther t wo p robab ly B arbarous c op ies . One o f t he r ever ses a ppears t o b e [ SPES ] AVG . F ound w ith s even b eads i n ad oub le g rave . 3 8 . B r ighthamp ton 1 6 , Ox . : s ing le p ierced a nd i leg ib le AE 4 .A ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f d i sc b rooches , t wo b eads o f amber , t o i let i mp lemen ts a nd a t ag . P robab ly a l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ix th c entury i nhumat ion . 3 9 . B r ighthamp ton 1 7 , Ox . : f our p ierced c o ins , t wo v ery worn a nd i l leg ib le , t wo o f t he H ouse o f Constant ine . B oth h ave b u sts d iademed a nd d raped , r ight , o ne h a s l egend CONSTANT INVS [ P]F AVG , t he o ther h a s I MP CONSTANT INVS AVG . F rom a f ema le g rave o f t he l ate f i fth c entury wh ich i s d ated b y al ong p in w ith s pang le a ttachmen ts a nd a n ine b ead n eck lace ( Böhme 1 974 I ,3 6-9 ) . 4 0 . B r ighthampton 2 2 , Ox . : ( F ig . 4 3 ) i )o bv : I MP C [ MAVR S EV ALEXAND AVG ] B ust R . l aur . r ev : [ SALVS P VBL ICA ] F ema le f igure s eated , mak ing o ffer ing L . Matt ing ley e t a l 1 938 , 8 4 n o . 1 76 . D ated 2 22-8 . i ) o bv : I MP A IT TON INVS P IVS AVG B ust R . , l aur . r ev : [ V ICTORIA AVG ] V ictory a dv . L . h o ld ing w rea th & p a lm . i b id 3 9 n o . 1 62 . E lagabab lus ; d ated 2 18-22 . i i ) o bv : I MP C MAVR [SEV ALEXAND AVG ] B ust R . , l aur . r ev : [ SALVS P VBL ICA ] a s ( i ) i v ) o bv : I MP MAX IM INVS P IVS AVG B ust R . , l aur . r ev : [ SALVS AVGVST I ] ( ? ) F ema le s eated f igure . C arson 1 962 , 2 24 n o .21 & 2 2 ; 2 30 n o .99 ; 2 36 n o .137 . Ad ena r ius d a ted 2 35-7 . v ) o bv : I MP [ M I VL P ]H IL IPPVS AVG B ust R . , r ad . r ev : ADVENTVS AVGG P h i l ip , mounted , i n m i l itary d ress h o ld ing s pear i n r a ised R . h and . 67-

Matt ing ley e t a l . 1 949 , 7 1 n o . 2 6b . A n a n ton in ianus o f P h i l ip . v i ) o bv : [ C V —A LENS ] HOST IL [ME JS QV INTVS N .C . B u st R . , l aur . r ev : [ MART I PROPVGNATOR I ] Mars a dv . R . , h o ld ing s h ie ld & s pea r . i b id , 1 44 n o . 1 75a ,b , 1 76 a -c ; 1 77b . Dated 2 51 A .D . T i f irobv : I MP M I VL PHIL IPPVS AVG B ust R . , r ad . r ev : [ V ICTOR IA AVG ] ( ? ) V ictory a dv , R . , h o ld ing w reath & p a lm . i b id , 7 4 n o . 4 9b . 7 1 7 . ) o bv : I MP GORD IANVS P IVS F EL AVG B ust R . , l aur . r ev : o b l iterated . i x ) o bv : I MP CAES MAVR ANTONINVS AVG B ust R . , l aur . r ev : MARS V ICTOR Mars a dv . R . w ith f l ow ing c loak h o ld ing s pear & t rophy . Matt ing ley e t a l 1 938 , 3 6 , n o . 1 23 . Ad ena r ius o f E lagaba lus . x ) o bv : I MP T V IÄ-X IM INVS P IVS AVG B u st R . , l aur . &c u ir . r ev : [ P .M .TR .P .P .P .S .C . o r P .M .TR .P . I I .COS .P .P .S .C . ] Emp s t . b etween t wo s tandards, r a is ing R . h and a nd l ean ing L . o n s pear . i b id , 1 42 n o .26 o r 1 43 n o .32 . Dated 2 35-6 . Co ins f ound w ith l arge n eck lace o f 7 2 b eads i n l ap . A lso a ssoc iated w ere a c rysta l w hor l , a n i vory p ur se r ing , t wo a pp l ied b rooches , t hree w ire r ing s , o ne f i nger r ing , a Roman c opper a l loy b uck le h oop , p ur se mount a nd b e lt s et . A wooden v esse l w as a t t he f eet . Am idd le t ol ate s ixth c en tury g rave . 4 1 . B urwe l l 7 , Ca . : ac o in o f Con stant ius I ( 337-357 ) f ound i n ar usted i r on mass a t t he h ip . A ssoc iated w ith a sma l l c opper a l loy r i ng , s tone w hor l a nd l ong k n ife ( seax ) . A p in w as a t t he w r ist . P robab ly a l ate s i xth o r e ar ly s even th c entury i nhumat ion d ated b y t he s eax . 4 2 . B urwe l l 2 4 , Ca . : t wo u np ierced c o ins o f f ourth c entury d ate f ound a t t he n eck . A ssoc iated w ith a c opper a l loy r iveted l oop , ak n ife , ab uck le , ar ing a nd a whor l . T he b ur ia l was p rone a nd i s p robab ly l ate s ixth o r e ar ly s eventh c en tury i n d a te . 4 3 . Ca istor-by-Norw ich Y40 , N f . : a n e xtreme ly worn c o in o f V a ler ian I? . Co in u np ierced a nd p laced i n af i fth c entury c remat ion u rn a long w ith a k n ife . 4 4 . Ca istor-by-Norw ich 1 3 , N f . : as estert ius o f L uc ius V erus s a id t o h ave b een f ound ' n ear t he g rave a nd p robab ly b e long ing t o i t ' ( N ly res & G reen 1 973 , 2 23 ) . Co in u np ierced a nd , a s t he s i te w as o ccup ied i n t he s econd c en tury , l i tt le w e ight may b e p laced o n t he a ssoc iat ion . 4 5 . Ca istor-by-Norw ich 1 7 , N f . : i ) obv : [ IMP CAES NERVAE TRA IANO AVG GERM DAC P .M .TR .P .COS .V .P .P . ] B ust R . , l aur . r ev : [ S .P .Q .R . OPT IMO PRINC IP I ] S pes wa lk ing L . h o ld ing f l ower . I n f i e ld , S .C . As estert ius , p robab ly Matt ing ly & S ydenham 1 926 , 2 81 n o .519 . i ) o bv : [ L .AEL .AVREL .COM M .AVG .P .FEL . ] B ust R . , l aur . r ev : [ P .M .TR .P .XV I I I MP .V I I I COS .V I I P .P .S .C . 1 Roma s t . R . , h o ld ing s pear , c lasp ing h ands w ith F ides w ho s tands L . h o ld ing s tandard . S tar i n f i e ld . As ester t ius , p robab ly i b id 1 930 , 4 35 n o .608 .

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B oth c o ins a re v ery w orn , a nd 1 V lyre s a nd G reen r egard t hese a s s tray f i nds n ot a ssoc iated w ith t he t wo b ur ia ls i n t h is g rave ( 1973 , 2 25 ) . 4 6 . Cambr idge I ,S t J ohn 's Co l lege , Ca . : o bv : F L CL I VL IA NVS P P AVG B u st R . , d iad . , d r . &c u ir . r ev : w rea th i n w h ich VOT IS/V/MVLT/X M int mark : z + 4 Ar educed s i l iqua o f J u l ian , L yons m int . K ent 1 981 , 1 95 n o .229 . Co in p ierced a nd s trung w ith amber a nd p aste b eads . A lso i n t he g rave were a p a ir o f d i sc b rooches . An e ar ly s ixth c entury d ate i sl i ke ly . 4 7 . Camerton 3 0 , S o . : c o in , i den t if ied a s ' p robab ly T etr icus ' f ound w ith t hree r i vets a t s hou lder o f i nhumat ion ( Horne 1 934 , 4 8 ) . A lso a ssoc iated w as a s pea rhead . T he l ate d a te o f t he c emetery s uggests a l ate s ixth o r s even th c entury d ate o f b ur ia l . 4 8 . Camerton 9 4B , S o . : t wo c o ins ( otherw ise u n iden t if ied ) f ound s tuck t ogether i n t he p e lv ic r eg ion . A ssoc iated o b jects c ompr ised a c omb , a whor l , ak n ife , a l ooped p in , a sma l l p in , t wo s i lver r i ng s w ith b eads a nd a s i lver b ead . A lmo st c erta in ly as eventh c entury i nhumat ion d ated b y t he a ssoc iat ion o f c omb , l ooph ead p in a nd s i lver b eads ( Meaney & Hawkes 1 970 , 4 7-8 ) . 4 9 . Camerton 1 00 , S o . : a n AE 3 o f Con stant ine f ound i n a b ox w ith l arge c owr ie s he l l , ab oa r t usk , a n i ron p in , af l in t s craper a nd l ump o f c ha lk . T h is c lass ic f ema le ' r itua l ' a ssemb lage i s d i scu ssed b y Meaney ( 1981 , 2 49 ) . A s even th c en tury g rave . 5 0 . Cast le E aton , W i . , a n u npub l ished g rave c on ta ined t hree a ssoc iat ion w ith f our b eads a nd a f ragment o f ac opper a l loy b uck le .

c o ins

i n

5 1 . Chatham L ines 4 , Kn . : i )o bv : FL I VL CONSTANT IVS NOB C B ust R . , d iad , d r . r ev : GLOR IA EXERC ITVS Two s o ld iers l ean ing o n s pears & s h ie lds . B etween , o ne s tanda rd . M in t mark : P robab ly B ruun 1 966 , 2 23 n o .592 . Dated 3 35-7 . i ) o bv : s a id t o b e V a lent in ian I ( 378-392 ) . r ev : e ither [ V ICTOR IA AVGVST I ] o r [ V ICTORIA AVGG ] V icto ry a dv . L . w ith w reath . M int mark i leg ib le . i i ) s a id t o b e AE 3o f L ower emp ire , r everse h as s tand ing h or se ? i v ) i leg ib le . T he p os it ion o f t he c o ins i n t he g rave i s n ot c lea r a nd t hese may we l l b e s tray f inds . A lso f ound i n t he g rave w ere a n eck lace , ap in , ag lass p a lm c up , as i lver r i ng , ar ad iate h eaded b rooch , ac rysta l b a l l i n s l ing s a nd a k n ife . A m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury d ate i sp robab le . 5 2 . Chatham L ines 1 6 , Kn . : c o in o f H adr ian ? f ound i n t he f i l l o f t he g rave . P robab ly n ot a ssoc iated w ith t he b ody . 5 3 . Chatham L ines 2 0 , Kn . : as ing le ( un iden t if ied ) c o in wa s f ound i n a ssoc iat ion w ith a c opper a l loy b uck le , a n i r on k ey o n ar i ng , as i lver s p ira l f i nger r i ng , t wo c opper a l loy r i vets , f ive b eads , ac opper a l loy f ragmen t a nd a k n ife . A d ate i n t he s ixth c entury i sl i ke ly . 69-

5 4 . Chatham L ines 2 0a , Kn . : o bv : [ IMP C P I V ICTOR INVS AVG ] B ust R . , d r , r ad . r ev : PAX AVG P ax wa lk ing L . h o ld ing o l ive b ranch & s cep tre . Webb 1 933 , 3 92 n o .55 . A lso a c o in o f V a ler ian w ith r ever se o f s tand ing emperor . B oth c o ins f ound b y f emur . A ssoc iated o b jects i nc lude a n i vory p urse r i ng , b eads o f amber a nd g lass , r i ng s o f c opper a l loy , a n i ron k n ife a nd a b rooch . A d ate i n t he l ate s ixth o r e ar ly s eventh c entury i sp robab le . 5 5 . Chatham L ines , Kn . : ac o in o f Gord ian t he Younger f ound i n t he f i l l o f o ne o f t he g raves ; as tray f ind . 5 6 . Chesse l l Down 2 3 , I . o .W . : t wo sma l l p erforated c o ins , i leg ib le . T hey were f ound c orroded t ogether w ith p ieces o f t h in c opper a l loy , as p l it r i ng a nd o ther f ragments . T he who le s uspended o n a r i ng t o f orm a cl id 's r att le . A lso a ssoc iated were a s i lver-g i lt b ird b rooch a nd a p a ir o f t weezers . A c h i ld 's g rave o f t he e a r ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury . 5 7 . Chesse l l Down 5 5 , I . o .W . ; p ierced a es o f Dom it ian f ound i n af ema le ? g rave c on ta in ing a p a ir o f s i lver-g i lt s quare-headed b rooche s , as et o f r i ng s , b eads a nd a b uck le . T he p os it ion o f t he c o in i n t he g rave i s n ot c lear a nd i t may h ave b een s uspended f rom e ither r i ng s o r b eads . 5 8 . Che sse l l Down 1 01 , I . o .W . : ap erforated , a nd i leg ib le , c o in . A ssoc iated w ith a n i ron b uck le , a n a rm let a nd t he r i ng f rom a b ag . D ate u ncerta in . 5 9 . C irencester , T he B arton , G l . : t hree c o ins , o ne o f Con stant ine I , o ne o f Constan t ine I a nd o ne o f Magnen t ius . T he l atter i s t he f amous i s sue w ith o bverse SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES w ith Ch i Rho a nd o n e i ther s ide :r `, ( Kent 1 981 , 1 23 n o . 3 4 -4 5 , P l . 1 , 3 4 ) . T he c o ins were f ound w ith t wo i nhumat ion s , s uggested t o b e ma le , a ccompan ied b y as h ie ld b o ss , as pearhead , b race lets a nd b rooches . Date u ncerta in . 6 0 . Cl iffe-at-Hoo , Kn . : ac o in o f N ero a nd o ne o f Max im ianus f ound b ut n o t c lear ly a ssoc iated w ith r ecorded i nhumat ions . 6 1 . Cotgrave , Nh . : c o in o f Caraus ius f ound w ith t hree o r f our i nhumat ions . A ssoc iat ion a nd p os it ion o f t he f i nd n ot c lear . 6 2 . Croydon , S r . : c o in o f t he House o f Con stan t ine l i sted b y Ken t ( 1961 , 2 0 ) . No k nown a ssoc iat ions . 6 3 . Dorchester I , 1 , Ox . : as ing le c o in o f V a len s f ound w ith a f ema le b ur ia l . A lso a ssoc iated w ere t hree b race lets , a Roman k ey , t hree a pp l ied b rooches , s even c opper a l loy r ing s , af i nger r ing , ap r icker a nd a s tamped c opper a l loy s tr ip . T h is g rave i s o ne o f t he e ar l iest G erman ic g raves i n t he c ountry a nd d a tes t o t he f i r st d ecades o f t he f i fth c en tury ( Hawkes 1 986 , 7 0-1 ) . 6 4 . Dorchester V I , I 3 er insf ie ld 2 6 , Ox . : u nder s p ine , AE 3 o f c .364-388 ( H .o .V . ) f ound w ith k n ife . A lso a ssoc iated were a n a ccessory v esse l , s pea rhead a nd a b uck le ? G rave o f ma le , f i fth o r s ixth c entury .

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6 5 . Dorchester V I , B er insf ie ld 6 4 , Ox . : ap erforated t h ird o r f ourth c en tury AE 3 c o in f ound s trung o n an eck lace o f b eads . A ssoc iated w ith a Mahndorf t ype S tützarmf ibe ln b rooch w ith c ha in , t wo b uck les , a n e a r ly p ottery v esse l a nd a w orked f l int . Ac h i ld o f a bout o ne y ear o ld b ur ied i n t he p er iod b etween AD 4 50-500 ( Ev ison 1 977 , 1 28 ) . 6 6 . Dorchester V I , B er insf ie ld 8 3 , Ox . : ap ierced c o in o f t h ird o r f ourth c entury d ate f ound s trung o n an eck lace o f 1 2 b eads . A ssoc iated w ith a s ma l llong b rooch , ad isc b rooch a nd a n i ron r ing . Al ate f i f th o r e a r ly s ixth c entury d ate i sp robab le , t he l ater d ate b e ing more l i ke ly g iven t he p resence o f amber b eads i n t he n eck lace . 6 7 . Dorchester V I , B er insf ie ld 1 52 , Ox . : u n ident if ied c o in f ound i n t he l eft s ide o f t he g rave . B ur ia l u naccompan ied b ut w ith s tones p acked a round t he h ead . P oss ib ly a s tray f i nd . 6 8 . Dover I , B uck land 4 , Kn . : o bv : [ -CONSTANT INVS I VN N C ] H ead , L . , l aur . r ev : [ V IRTVS EXERC IT ] T rophy s tand ing , i nscr ibed VOT/XX , c apt ive e ither s ide . M int mark e ither 4%.o.3 o r B ruun 1 966 , 1 09 n o 1 90 o r 1 10 n o .197-8 . V ery worn a nd p ierced AE 3 o f 3 20-1 . —L

F ound a t t he t op o f t he r ib s w ith amber a nd g lass b eads . A lso i n t he g rave w ere t wo s trap e nds , i ron f ragments , ac opper a l loy l oop , as tud , ar i ng , a k n ife , a n i ron p late , a n i ron b uck le , ab one c ounter a nd a k ey stone d i sc b rooch . Al ate s ixth c entury d ate i sl i ke ly . 6 9 . Dover I , B uck land 1 5 , Kn . : o bv : I MP C CARAUS IUS P F AVG B ust R . , r ad . r ev : [ PAX AP /G P ax s t . L . h o ld ing o l ive b ranch & s cep tre . M int mark : Webb 1 933 , 4 72 n o .101 ?

a

F ound a t t he h ip o f af e ma le . O ther o b jects i n t he g rave were a k n ife , at i nned b uck le w ith s h ie ld-on-tongue , ab race let , b eads a nd o ther f ragments . A d ate i n t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c en tury i sp robab le . 7 0 . Dover I , B uck land 1 29 , Kn . : o bv : I MP V [A MER IANVS AVG

b ust R . , r ad . &d r .

r ev : [ SECVR IT PERPET ] S ecur ity s t . L . , a rms c ro ssed h o ld ing a s cep tre &l ean ing o n ac o lumn . Webb 1 927 , 5 7 n o .256 . An a nton in ianus o f L yons d a ted 2 58-9 . A lso a p la in , p ierced c opper a l loy d isc wh ich may b e as econd c o in . A ssoc iated w ith a b race let , s trap t ag , g lass b eads , ac opper a l loy t ag , t wo i ron b ars , k ey f ragments a nd a n a ccessory v esse l . As ixth c entury d ate i sl i ke ly . 7 1 . Dover I , B uck land 1 38 , Kn . : o bv : DN CONSTA NS P F AVG B ust R . , d iad , d r . r ev : FEL .TEMP .REPARAT IO P hoen ix , w rea th i n b eak , o n g lobe s t . R .

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N umerous m ints l i sted b y K ent 1 981 , 5 67 : e .g . 1 54 n o .232 , 2 34 & 2 36 . Co in f ound i n f ema le ? g rave w ith i r on f ragments o n t he h ip , a n i r on p in a nd k eys . T he c o in was u np ierced a nd wa s e ither i n ab ag c o l lect ion o r as tray f i nd . Date o f b ur ia l p robab ly s ixth c entury . 7 2 . Dover I , B uck land 1 41 , Kn . : o bv : [ D .C I]OD [?SEPT .ALB IN .CAES ] H ead b are , R . r ev : [ ROMA AETERNAE ] Roma h e lmeted , s ea ted L . o n s h ie ld h o ld ing p a l lad ium & s cep tre . B ase d enar ius , p ierced . Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 936 , 4 5 n o .11 . F ound w ith a c opper a l loy b race let , ak n ife , ap erforated b one f ragment , g la ss b eads a nd o ther f ragments . As ixth c en tury d a te i sl i ke ly . 7 3 . Dover I , B uck land C , Kn . : ( F ig . 4 4 &4 5 ) . i )o bv : [ ANTONINV ]S P IVS AVG GERM B ust R . , l aur . & c u ir . r ev : P .M .TR .P .XX .C [0 ]S . [ I I I I P .P . ] L ion , r ad . r unn ing L . w ith t hunderbo lt i nj aws . I n e xergue : S .C . D ena r ius o f Caraca l la m in ted a t Rome d a ted 2 17 AD . Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 936 , 2 57 n o .296c . i ) o bv : f i led f lat . r ev : f i led f lat . P robab ly a s estert iu s . i i ) o bv : b earded b ust , R . r ev : s t . f igure ; f i led . S estert ius o f Marcus Aure l ius . i v ) o bv : [ D IVA FAVST INA ] B ust R . r ev : f ema le f igure s t . L . S estert iu s . o bv : [ DIVA FAVST INA ] B ust R . r ev : f e ma le f igure s t . L . S estert ius ; p lug o f l ead a t c en tre . v i ) o bv : [ C CAESAR ] AVG GERMANICVS PON M [ TR POT ] S .C . i n w reath . r ev : [ NERO ET DRVSVS CAESARES ] [ Nero a nd D rusus r i d ing R . wea r ing t un ics , c loaks f ly ing b eh ind t hem] . F i led f lat . A es o f Ga ius ( Ca l igu la ) . Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 923 , 1 18 n o . 4 3 . v i i ) o bv : I MP C ALLECTVS P F AVG B u st c u ir . r ad . R . r ev : PAX AVG P ax s t . L . h o ld ing i n R . h and t essera ? , L . t ransverse s cep tre o n d raped a rm . An ton in ianus m inted a t L ondon . Webb 1 933 , 5 61 n o . 3 2 . v i i i ) o bv : [ IMP C ] TET [R ICV 1S P F AVG B ust r ad . R . B eaded b order . r ev : H ILA [RITA ]S AVG F ema le s t . L . h o ld ing p a lm i n Ra nd c ornucop ia i n L . B eaded b order , n o m int mark . A n ton in ianus ; Webb 1 933 , 4 08 n o . 7 6 o r 7 7 . i x ) o bv : I MP [ TETR ICVS PF AVG ] B u st r ad . R . , b earded . r ev : a s v i i i b ut AVGG . No m in t mark . i b id , n o . 7 9 -8 1 . irE ,bv : [ IMP C CARAVS IVS P F AVG ] B ust R . r ad . &c u ir . r ev : [ COMES ]A VGG M inerva s t . L . h o ld ing o l ive b ranch i n R . h and , s pea r L . l ean ing o n s h ie ld . M int mark : Z.1 :

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A nton in ianus , Webb 1 933 , 4 65 n o . 2 0 o r 2 1 . x i ) o bv : i r regu lar w ith b lundered l egend a nd c rude b ust . F lan 2 3mm . L ate T h ird c en tury . x i i ) o bv : [ ? ] . B ust , b ea rded , r ad . R . r ev : [ ? ] AVG F ema le ?s t . L . w ith s pear ? x i i i ) o bv : I MP C [?] B ust R . , b ea rded . r ev : [ C OMES EX [ERC ITVM ] S o l ?s t . x iv : o bv : [ ? ] B ust R . , l aur . r ev : p i tted , i leg ib le . P robab ly Con stant ine . T he c o ins were f ound i n a ssoc iat ion w ith a p a ir o f s ca les . T he g rave h ad , i n a dd it ion , ar i ngsword ( see E v ison , 1 967 ) , as pearhead a nd f erru le , ak n ife , a n i ron b uck le l oop a nd t ongue , t hree p ebb les , t hree f l at i ron s tr ip s ( sh ie ld mounts ? ) a nd a s h ie ld b o ss w ith g r ip a nd s tuds . T he g rave i s d ated t o t he s ixth c en tury , p erhap s i n t he s econd h a lf . 7 4 . Dunstab le F ive Kno l ls 2 2 , B d . : o bv : [ IMP C CLAVD IVS AVG ] H ead R . , r ad . r ev : [ V ICTOR IA AVG ] v ictory s t . L . h o ld ing w reath S cp a lm . P ierced . Webb 1 927 , 2 19 n o .104 . F ound i n f ema le g rave . No o ther o b jects . 7 5 . Dunstab le F ive Kno l ls 3 1 , B d . : o bv : [ DN ] VALEN [S P F AVG ] B ust R . , d r . , p ear l d iad . r ev : [ SECVR ITAS I MPVBL ICAE ] V ictory a dv . L . h o ld ing w reath a nd p a lm . M int mark :c„ , , cmo , . P ea rce 1 953 1 42 , n o .147 1 5b . Dated t o 3 67 t o 3 75 A .D . Unp ierced c o in f ound c lose t o s ke leton , n o o ther a ssoc iat ions . 7 6 . E ast S hefford 3 7 , B ek . : i )o bv : DN CONSTANT INVS P F AVG H e lmeted & c u ir . b ust R . r ev : [ V ICT .LAETAE PR INC P ERP ] Two v ictor ies h o ld ing s h ie ld b etween t hem o n w h ich t hey a re w r it ing VOT/?/PR . F or t ype , s ee B ruun 1 966 , 7 57 . i ) o bv : DN CONSTA NS P F AVG B ust R . , d iad . 3 cd r . r ev : F EL TEMP REPARAT IO Emp . s t . o n p row o f g a l ley h o ld ing p hoen ix o n g lobe & l abrarum o n wh ich i z , v ictory b eh ind . M int mark : f r K en t 1 981 , 2 56 n o .109 , Rome m int 3 48-50 . i i ) o bv : [ CONSTANT INVS ] I VN NOB C B usr R . , d a id . &d r . r ev : [ CAESAR 1VM NOSTRORVM L aure l w reath e nc los ing VOT/X . M int mark : r i k r , B ruun 1 966 , 2 02 n o .441 . T r ier m int d a ted 3 23-4 . i v ) o bv : I MP CONSTANT INVS P F AVG B usr R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : [ SOL I I NV ICTO ] COM [ IT I ] S o l s t . L . r a is ing R . h and , g lobe i n L . , c ham lys o ver L . s hou lder . N o m int mark v i s ib le . F or t ype , s ee a bove n o . 1 7 ( i ) . v ) o bv : I MP C ALLECTVS AVG B ust R . , r ad . , c u ir . r ev : V IRTVS AVG Ga l ley , s a i l ing L . M int mark 4 , o r Q1 C .

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Webb 1 933 , 5 63 n o .55 o r 5 69 n o .124 . Co ins f ound i n g rave o f af ema le a ccompan ied b y t h irteen b eads , ac opper a l loy r ing a nd a l oop h eaded i ron r od . As i ng le amber b ead may d a te t h is g rave t o t he s ixth c entury . 7 7 . F a irford , f ive u na ssoc iated c o ins . Wy l ie r e fer s t o t hree c o ins o f t he l ater emp ire a nd , s pec if ica l ly , o ne o f Ga l l ienus wh ich w as p ierced ( 1852 , 7 9 , 8 2 ) . Smith a lso r efer s t o as ing le c o in ( 1852 , 7 9 ) . 7 8 . Fi lk ins , Ox . : s even c o ins f ound i n t wo g raves i n 1 864 . F ive a re w orn smooth , o ne i s a Magnen t ius ? , t he o ther i s a Con stan t in ian I f o l l is o f t he L ondon m int , r ev : SOL I I NV ICTO COM IT I , s ee 1 7 ( i ) a bove . No o ther a ssoc iat ion s . 7 9 . F r i lford 1 42 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ac opper a l loy d i sc a t t he n eck may h ave b een a c o in . A ssoc iated w ith a d i sc b rooch . 8 0 . F r i lford 1 45 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : t wo c o ins , o ne o f Constan t ine a nd t he o ther o f V a lens , w ere f ound i n t he s tones a bove t he h ead o f t h is i nhumat ion . T hey w ere t hus p robab ly n ot a ssoc iated . 8 1 . Gi lton , A sh 3 , Kn . : o bv : I MP CONSTANT INVS AVG B ust R . , l aur . , d r . &c u ir . r ev : SOL I I NV ICTO COMIT I a s 1 7 ( i ) a bove . M int mark : S uther land 1 967 , 1 02 n o .88 . Af o l l is d a ted 3 16-7 . F ound w ith f ive b eads . A lthough t he p os it ion i s n ot r ecorded , i t w as p resumab ly p ierced a nd s trung w ith t hem a t t he n eck . A n u nda teab le f ema le g rave . 8 2 . G il lum , A sh 3 1 , Kn . : o bv : D ioc let ian B ust R . , l aur . r ev : PAX AVGG T ype ? Webb 1 933 , 2 27-8 n o .62-72 . P re-reform AE 3 p robab ly o f t he L yons m in t d ated 2 89-95 . F ound a t t he n eck o f a c h i ld w ith s even amber b eads . A s ixth o r s even th c entury g rave . 8 3 . G i lton , A sh 4 0 , Kn . : o bv : ANTONINVS AVG P IVS PP H ead R . , l aur . r ev : TR POT COS I I S .C . Romu lus a dv . R . w ith t rophy & s pear . S estert ius d a ted AD 1 40-1 . Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 930 , 1 12 n o .645 . F ound w ith k n ives ( i nc lud ing a s eax ) a t t he w a ist o f a ma le i nhumat ion . A lso a ssoc iated were a s pea rhead , s h ie ld b oss , t wo b uck les a nd , o uts ide t he c off in a t t he f oot , ab lack u rn . As eventh c entury g rave . 8 4 . G i lton , A sh 5 0 , Kn . :

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i )o bv : D IVVS AVGVSTVS PATER B ust L . , r ad . r ev : w inged t hunderbo lt , i n f i e ld S .C . A n a es o f T iber ius d a ted 1 4 A .D . ; Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 923 , 9 5 n o .l . i ) o TT : T I CAESAR AVGVST F I MPERAT V B are h ead L . r ev : ( i n e xergue ) ROM ET AVG A ltar w ith t wo v icto r ies s t . o n c o lumns a t c orner . i b id , 9 1 n o .238 . S estert ius o f L yon s m int d a ted 1 0-11 A .D . F ound i n ad i sturbed c remat ion u rn a l so c onta in ing a p a ir o f t weezer s a t t he f oot o f a ma le i nhumat ion a ssoc iated w ith a s h ie ld b oss , ab uck le , as pea rhead a nd t wo k n ives . T he a ssoc iat ion o f t he g rave a nd c remat ion i sf ortu itous a s t he c remat ion i s o f R oman d a te , a s F aussett s uggests ( 1856 , 1 9 ) . D r R eece h a s c onf irmed t hat t hese t wo c o ins wou ld n orma l ly o n ly b e a ssoc iated i n af i rst c en tury AD c on text . 8 5 . G i lton , A sh 6 6 , Kn . : i )o bv : [ -TRA IANVS AVG GERM 1 B ust R . , l aur . r ev : s t . ma le f igure L . l ean ing o n as pear ; i n f ie ld S .C . S estert ius o f T ra jan , o therw ise u n iden t if iab le . A rc o f f ive p unch marks o n t he r everse . i ) S estert ius o f Marcus Aure l ius a s Caesar . R ever se h a s s tand ing f igure L . w ith s taff , h o ld ing o ut L . a rm . I n f i e ld S .C . T ype u ncerta in . i ) o bv : S estert ius o f t he E lder F aust ina , e xtreme ly worn . F ive p unch marks o n c entrel ine o n r ever se . i v ) e xtreme ly worn c o in , b lank a part f rom t he s em i-c irc le o f s tamp s o n o bver se . Rever se o f f ema le f igure s ea ted L . h o ld ing s h ie ld o n h er l ap w ith t hree p unch marks a t t he c entre . v ) o bv : CONSTANT IVS NOB C B ust R . , l aur . &d r . r ev : GENIO POPV L IROMAN I Gen ius s t . Lh o ld ing p atera & c ornucop ia . N o m int mark . F o l l is , f or t ype s ee 2 2 a bove . S uther land 1 967 , 3 7-8 . v i ) o bv : VRBS ROMA Roma h e lmeted , L . r ev : wo lf s uck l ing t w ins , [ above , t wo s tars ] . M int mark : - 5. T h is i s a lmost c erta in t o b e t he A r les m int ( e .g .* :±0 )as t he L ondon m int c losed b efore 3 30 a nd t h is t ype was m inted f rom 3 30-7 . B ruun 1 966 , 2 70-79 . v i i ) o bv : [ FL I VL CONSTA ]NT IVS NOB C B ust R . , d r . , c u ir . &l aur . r ev : GLOR I AEXER C ITUS f or t ype , s ee 3( i i ) a bove . M int mark g iven a s ,d a ted b y B ruun ( 1966 , 1 28 ) t o 3 20 b ut w ithout t h is r ever se . T he l etter ing o n t he o bverse make i tl i ke ly t hat i ts hou ld r ead . 7 17 . o r s imi lar ( i b id , 1 37ff ) . v in-rDr L a ing h a s p o inted o ut t o me t hat o ne o f t he c o ins ( Faussett 1 856 , P l . 1 7 ,16 ) i s aP ot in Ga l l ic c o in , p o ss ib ly o f t he S enones ( De L a T our 1 892 P l . 3 0 , n o . 7 465-7 ) . T hese c o ins were u sed a s s ome o f t he we ights a ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f s ca les i n a ma le i nhumat ion . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a s pearhead , as h ie ld b o ss a nd a s word . As ixth c en tury d a te i sl i ke ly . 8 6 . Gi lton , A sh 8 3 , Kn . : o bv : NERO CLAVD IVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TRP I MP P .P . B ust R . , l aur .

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r ev : Roma s ea ted o n o va l s h ie ld , s pear i n L . h and , v icto ry o n R . , R . f oot o n h e lmet . M int mark : Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 923 , 1 58ff n .1 . S estert ius o f N ero , d a ted AD 6 4-8 . Co in p ierced t hree t imes a nd f ound r iveted t o i ron b r id le b it . T he s urface may h ave b een g i lt . A lso i n t he g rave w ere t wo s pearheads , a s h ie ld b oss , t wo k n ives a nd a c law b eaker . A s even th c en tury g rave d a ted b y t he C lass 4 b b eaker ( Ev ison 1 982 , 5 0-1 , 7 0 ) . 8 7 . G i lton , A sh 1 5 , Kn . [ Doug las ' e xcavat ion ] : t wo s estert i i , o ne o f F aust ina t he E lder w ith a p unch mark o n t he r ever se a nd t he o ther o f F aust ina t he Younger w ith s ix p unch marks o n t he r ever se f ound i n a ssoc iat ion w ith a p a ir o f s ca les . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a t ouchstone , a f ranc isca , ac opper a l loy b ound b ucket a nd a F rank ish d rop h and led p an w ith a s ma l ler v esse l r eused a s t he f oot . P robab ly a m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury g rave . 8 8 . G irton 2 5 , Ca . : ap ierced , i l leg ib le c o in f ound w ith 3 2 b eads , ac o i l-headed p in , t wo s ma l llong b rooches a nd a c opper a l loy e ar p ick . P robab ly a n i nhumat ion o f t he l ate s ixth c en tury . 8 9 . G irton 4 5 , Ca . : ap ierced , i leg ib le c o in f ound w ith 2 4 b eads , ak n ife , ap a ir o f w r ist c lasp s a nd a p a ir o f sma l llong b rooches . P robab ly a f ema le i nhumat ion o f t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c en tury . 9 0 . G irton 5 4 , Ca . : ap ierced a nd n eari l leg ib le c o in , p robab ly o f t he House o f Con stan t ine ( rev : CAESARVM NOSTRORVM ) . A ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f s ma l ll ong b rooches , ap a ir o f w r ist c lasps , ac opper a l loy f i nger r i ng , t wo k notted c opper a l loy r i ng s w ith t hree b ead s o n e ach a nd 2 0 b eads . A m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury f ema le g rave . 9 1 G irton 1 881 e xcavat ions , Ca . : t wo p ierced c o ins , o ne o f Con stant ine a nd t he o ther i leg ib le . F ound w ith t wo k n ives , ac omb a nd c opper a l loy ' s crap ' . Date u ncerta in . 9 2 . G lynde , S x . : a n i leg ib le p ierced c o in w ith u nknown a ssoc iat ion s i sl i sted b y We lch ( 1983 I , 4 02-3 ) . 9 3 . Great Casterton , Ru . ( Le . ) : ap ierced c o in o f T etr icus I ,t ype u nspec if ied a nd a ssoc iat ions u npub l ished . 9 4 . G reat Chesterford 2 9 , E x . : i )o bv : [ IMP C ALLEC ]TVS P F AVG B ust R . , c u ir . ,dr . &r ad . r ev : — i ) o bv : LVC ILLA AVG ANTONIN I AVG F B ust R . , d r . r ev : I VNON I LVC INAE J uno s eated L . , h o ld ing a f l ower & c h i ld . I n f i e ld S .0 • Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 930 , 3 53 n o .1747 . Co in ( i ) f ound o n t he c hest , c o in ( i ) i n t he h and . A ssoc iated w ith a p enannu lar b rooch , a n i r on p in , s evera l b ead s , t wo p a ir s o f w r ist c lasps , ak n ife a nd o ther f ragments . Amber b eads a re i nc luded i n t he n eck lace s o as ixth c en tury d a te i sl i ke ly .

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9 5 . G rea t Chester ford 3 4 , Ex . : a c o in o f t he House u n ident if iab le . A ssoc iated w ith b eads a nd a c opper u ncerta in b ut p robab ly s ixth c entury .

o f Con stant ine ( ? ) , a l loy a nk let . D ate

9 6 . G reat Chesterford 1 11 , Ex . : o bv : [ D IVO CLAVD IO ] B ust R . , r ad . r ev : [ CONSECTRAT IO ] A ltar w ith f lames a t t he b ase . P ierced t w ice . A ssoc iated w ith t wo sma l l amber b eads a nd a n i ron f ragmen t . G rave p robab ly e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury . 9 7 . G rea t Chester ford 1 22 , E x . : s estert ius o f Anton inus P ius w ith s ea ted f e ma le o n r everse . A ssoc iated w ith a s pearhead a nd f erru le , c opper a l loy p in , a k n ife , as h ie ld b oss , as word a nd a c law b eaker . T he b eaker i so f C lass 3 c a nd i sd ated t o t he s ixth c entury ( Ev ison 1 982 4 8-9 , 6 7 ) . 9 8 . G reat Chester ford 1 32 , Ex . : o bv : [—HADR IA 1NO AVG GER DAC PART B ust R . , r ad . r ev : — Ad upond ius . A ssoc iated w ith a d i sc b rooch , t en b eads , ab one c omb , i ron f ragments a nd c one b eaker t ip . P robab ly a n e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury g rave .

a

9 9 . G rea t Chester ford 1 49 , E x . : o bv : [ ? ] B ust R . , r ad . r ev : f igure s t . w ith s tanda rd e ither s i de . T ype u ncerta in . F ound w ith i ron f ragments , g rave u ndateab le . 1 00 . G reat Chester ford C rem . 2 9 , E x . : o bv : [ D ] l [V1A FAVST INA B ust R . , d r . r ev : f e ma le s t . L . , h o ld ing h a sta p ura S ct orch . S estert ius . No a ssoc iat ions . 1 01 . Hampnett , B urn G round 5 , GL : o bv : [ IMP C .M .Q .TRA IANVS DEC IVS AVG B ust R . , r ad . , c u ir . r ev : [ ABUN ]DANT IA [ AVG ] Abundance s t . R . empty ing c ornucop ia . Matt ing ley e t a l . 1 949 , 1 21 n o . 1 0b . Dated AD 2 49-51 . F ound b etween t wo d isc b rooches a t t he t hroat o f a p robab le i nhumat ion . Ad a te i n t he l ate f i fth o r e a r ly s ixth c en tury i sl i ke ly .

f ema le

1 02 . Harnham H il 2 8 , W i . : a n AE 3 o f t he House o f Constant ine , p robab ly GLORIA EXERC ITVS t ype ( see a bove 3 ( i ) a bove ) . A ssoc iated w ith a s i lver s p ira l r i ng , ag i lt c opper a l loy o rnament , b eads , as heep a straga lus , aw eav ing t ab let ? a nd t o i let i mp lemen ts o n ar i ng . Co in u np ierced a nd f ound w ith s heep b one b y h and . Af ema le g rave o f t he m idd le s ixth c entury .

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1 03 . Hawkes H i l l , F eteham , S r . : o bv : VRBS ROMA H e lmeted b ust o f R oma , L . r ev : wo lf s uck ing t w ins w ith t wo s tars a bove . I den t if ied a s T r ier m in t . F ound i n ac remat ion u rn b ut o therw ise u nassoc iated . F or t ype , s ee 3 ( v ) , a bove . 1 04 . H igham , Kn . : ap ierced a nd b roken c o in o f Con stan t ine Ia nd a s econd o f T etr icus , u np ierced . No o ther a ssoc iat ions k nown . 1 05 . H ighdown 1 0 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : t wo p ierced c o ins , o ne i den t if ied a s Constant ine I b y We lch d ated 3 23-4 , t he o ther o f Ga l l ienus . B oth r everses u n ident if ied . F ound i n af e ma le g rave w ith 1 1 b eads , ac opper a l loy b uck le a nd ac opper a l loy b race let . P robab ly a s ixth c entury g rave a s o ne o f t he b eads i s amber . 1 06 . H ighdown 4 7 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : a n AE 3 o f Con stant ius I , r ever se u n iden t if ied . F ound w ith a c opper a l loy f urn iture mount i n t he f orm o f af aun 's b ust ( see Chapter 8 ) . Date o f g rave u nc lea r . 1 07 . Ho lywel l Row 3 9 , Ca . : i )i leg ib le AE 4 c o in . i ) o bv : [ -NOB IL-] B ust L . , h e lmeted , c u ir . % r ev : [ BEATA ] TRANQV ILL ITAS a s 7( i ) a bove . M int mark : i r cT a i i ) i leg ib le AE 4. i v ) o bv : DN CONSTA NSP [F ] AVG B ust L . , d iad . &d r . , h o ld ing g lobe r ev : F EL TEMP REPARAT IO S o ld ier a dv . R . d ragg ing c ap t ive f rom h ut L . u nder t ree . S pea r p o ints b etween l eg s . M int mark : k i p s AE 2 o f Rome m int 3 48-50 ; K ent 1 981 , 2 58 n o .140 . v ) o bv : [ ? ] He lmeted b ust L . r ev : [ BEATA TRANQV ILL ITAS ] ? AE 3 o f t he H ouse o f Con stan t ine . v i ) i leg ib le AE 4 . T he o r ig ina l r eport n otes e ight c o ins o n ly s ix o f w h ich s urv ive . A ssoc iated w ith b eads e xtend ing t o t he w a ist , ap enannu lar b rooch w ith a n i r on p in , ap a ir o f sma l l l ong b rooches a nd a k n ife . A f ema le g rave o f t he e a r ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury . 1 08 Horneast le 2 , L i . ( Hu . ) : a n ton in ianus o f P robus , r ever se ADVENTVS AVG , m int mark u nknown f ound n ear t he g rave . C o in n ot d ef in ite ly a ssoc iated w ith i nhumat ion . 1 09 . Horton K irby I , Kn . : u n ident if ied c o in p oss ib ly f rom a n i nhumat ion . 1 10 . Hor ton K irby l 7 4 , Kn . : 0S estert ius o f f i r st c en tury , o therw ise u n iden t if iab le . i ) Quadrans o f V ictor inus , l egend c l ipped , r everse i leg ib le . B oth c o ins p ierced a nd f ound w ith a r ing b y ac h i ld 's b ody .

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1 11 . How letts , Kn . : ac o in o f t he House o f Con stan t ine , r ever se V ICTOR IA LAET PR INC P ERP , a ssoc iat ions u nknown . T he c o in o f t he H ouse o f V a len t in ian l i sted b y K en t i sn ow m iss ing ( 1961 , 2 0 ) . 1 12 . I psw ich , Had le igh Road 5 9 , S f . : o bv : I MP CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG P .M . H ead R . , l aur . r ev : CONCORD AVGVSTOR TR .P .XV .COS . I I I .S .C . M . Aure l ius a nd L . V erus s t . w ith c lasped h ands , f ormer h o lds s cro l l . S estert ius o f M . Aure l ius d a ted 1 61 ; Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 930 , 2 27 A ssoc iated w ith a b roken s quare-headed b rooch , t wo b uck les a nd a k n ife i n a n a du lt g rave . Am idd le t ol ate s ixth c en tury d a te i sl i ke ly d ue t o t he c ond it ion o f t he b rooch . 1 13 . I rby , We lbeck H i l l 5 2 , L i . : ac o in o f Con stant ine I ,p ierced a nd o therw ise u n ident if ied f ound w ith a s i lver b racteate w ith r epousse z oomorph ic d es ign . A s even th c en tury i nhumat ion . 1 14 . I s l ip , Nh . : a n u n ident if ied c o in f ound i n a p la in u rn a ssoc iated w ith a s h ie ld b oss . P resumab ly a ma le c remat ion . 1 15 . Kemb le 1 0 , GL : o bv : I MP CARAVS IVS [ AVG P F ] b ust R . , r ad . &d r . r ev : PAX AVG P ax s t . L .ho ld ing o l ive b ranch & w reath i nterw ined i n L . h and a nd s cep tre i n R . M int mark : - , Webb 1 933 , 4 74 n o .118 f . A ssoc iated w ith a c opper a l loy e arr ing a nd a b ead . 1 16 . Kempston 3 5 , B d . : ap ierced c o in , u n ident if ied , f ound i n t he g rave o f a woman w ith 6 6 b eads a nd f ragmen ts o f i ron . 1 17 . Kempston 4 0 , B d . : a n u n ident if ied c o in f ound c orroded o nto a k n ife a nd i ron f ragmen t . N o o ther g oods . Date u ncerta in . 1 18 . Kemp ston 5 3 , B d . : a n u n ident if ied p ierced c o in f ound w ith a c opper a l loy h ook , t wo s aucer b rooches , t wo sma l llong b rooche s , ac opper a l loy r i ng a nd i ron f ragments . Date m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury . 1 19 . Kempston 8 4 , B d . : ap ierced c o in f ound w ith a t w isted c opper a l loy p in f rom a Roman b rooch , ak n ife , ac opper a l loy l i nk a nd t wo p ottery v esse ls . T hese may h ave b een e i ther a ccessory v esse ls o r c remat ions . Dated p robab ly t o t he s ixth c entury . 1 20 . Kemp ston 1 07 , B d . : i )o bv : CONSTANT INVS I VN NOB C B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : CAESARVM NOSTRORVM w reath c onta in ing VOT/X . M int mark : r± , B ruun 1 966 , 1 15 n o .292 . AE 3 o f Constan t ine I m in ted i n L ondon 3 23-4 . i ) o bv : CONSTANT INVS P F AVG B u st R . , l aur . , d r . &c u ir . r ev : SOL I I NV ICTO COMIT I a s 1 7 ( i ) a bove . M int mark : se 6 , B ruun 1 966 , 1 22 n o .5-7 . F o l l is o f Constant ine , L yons m int 3 13-4 .

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i i ) o bv : ? r ev : t ext i le i mp ress ion . G rave r econ structed b y K ennett a s c on ta in ing a b e lt o rnamen t , ab race let , a b uck le mount , b e lt p late , b uck le a nd b ag r i ng . 1 21 . Kempston , B d . : t he f o l low ing l i st o f c o ins a re i n t he B r it ish Museum a nd a re p resumab ly t hose l i sted i n Sm ith ' s a ccount ( 1868 ) a l though a n e x tra c o in i s l i sted . T he c o ins c an n o l onger b e t i ed t o t he i nd iv idua l g raves . A l l a ppear t o h ave b een s uspended f rom n eck laces i n s ixth c entury f ema le g raves . i )o bv : I MP C CARAVS IVS AVG B ust R . ,rad . r ev : i ) o bv : [ ? ] B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : [ V ICTORIA AVGVSTORVM ] V ictory a dv . L . w ith w rea th . AE 3,H ouse o f V a lent ian ian . i i-v ) a l l worn smooth , o ne p ierced o nce , t he o ther s t w ice . 1 22 . K i lham , Yo . : a n u na ssoc iated , p erforated c o in . O therw ise u n ident if ied . 1 23 . K ing ston Down 2 1 , Kn . : o bv : [ —GALL IENVS-] r ev : PROV IDENT IA AVGG A ssoc iated w ith a k n ife a nd a n a i l . G rave u ndateab le . 1 24 . K ingston Down 2 4 , Kn . : i )o bv : Con stant ine r ev : GEN IO POPVL I ROMANI a s 2 2 a bove . i ) o bv : I MP C CONSTANT INVS P F AVG B ust R . , l aur . &c u ir . r ev : S .P .Q .R . OPT IMO PR INC IP I L eg iona ry e ag le b etween t wo s tandards . S uther land 1 967 , 3 90 n o . 3 48a , 3 49a ; 3 50a ; 3 51a ; 3 52 . R ome m int . F ound w ith a k n ife u nda teab le g rave .

a nd

s ome

n a i ls

i n a n

o therw ise

u naccompan ied

a nd

1 25 . K ing ston Down 2 5 , Kn . : o bv : PROBVS r ev : F IDES M IL ITVM A ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f t weezer s , ak n ife a nd i ron f ragmen ts . U nda teab le g rave . 1 26 . K ing ston Down 1 02 , Kn . : i )o bv : CARAVS IVS r ev : PAX AVG a s 1 14 a bove . i ) o bv : ALLECTVS r ev : PROV IDENT IA AVG

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B oth f rom u nrecorded p os it ion s i n c off ined , u naccompan ied g rave . 1 27 . K ing ston Down 2 99 , Kn . : i )v ery worn s estert ius o f C laud ius w ith r everse o f M inerva ? P ierced . i ) o bv : CARAVS IVS r ev : PAX AVG a s 1 14 a bove , v ery w orn . B oth c o ins f ound i n ab ox b etween t he t h ighs . A ssoc iated o b jects i nc luded a k eystone d i sc b rooch , t wo amethysts a nd f our b eads , a b race let , s hea rs , a g ird le h anger , ak n ife , b ind ing s f or a l eather amu let b ox ? w ith i r on c ha in l i nks , ag i lt b race let ? a nd a b ead . A t t he f ee t were t he r ema ins o f ab ox c onta in ing a s econd k ey stone b rooch , ac owr ie s he l l , t wo whor ls , ap ebb le , a d i sc , t wo b one p in b ea ter s , as ing le s ided c omb , at ab let-weav ing p laque , a s tone i n as i lver mount , a n i r on b e l l , ab uck le , ag ird le h anger , ap urse mount , a n i ron h and le , ac opper a l loy h a sp a nd s tap le a nd a b a rre l p ad lock . Av ery r ich e ar ly s eventh c entury f ema le b ur ia l . 1 28 . K ing sworthy 9 , Ha . : 1 )o bv : [ ? ] B u st R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : [ SEC 1VR ITAS [ RE IPVBL ICAE ] V ictory a dv . L . w ith w rea th . M int mark :ig P ea rce-I 953 x 1 47 n o .15a o r b . M int mark 1 43 ,xxxv . P ierced b ut h o le worn t hrough . AE ' o f t he House o f V a lent in ian . i ) o bv : o bscured b y i ron k ey . r ev : V ICTOR IA AVG* V icto ry a dv . L . h o ld ing w rea th . P ierced . AE 3 o f t he H ouse o f V a lent in ian . Co ins c on s idered t o h ave b een k ept i n ab ag b y t he l eft f orea rm . A ssoc iated w ith a k ey , b ox f i tt ing s , ak n ife e tc . . Af ema le g rave o f u ncerta in d ate . 1 29 . K ing swor thy 1 7B , Ha . : o bv : [ D IN VALENT IN IANVS [ PF AVG ] B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : S ECVR ITAS [ RE IPVBL I 1CAE V ictory a dv . L . h o ld ing w reath . Unp ierced c o in f ound l oo se i n t he f i l l , g rave d isturbed b y 1 7C . A ssoc iated w ith a k n ife a nd a l atch l i fter . P resumab ly a f e ma le g rave , d ate u ncerta in . 1 30 . K ing sworthy 3 0 , Ha . : i )o bv : [ D I M C [LA WD IO h ead R . , r ad . r ev : [ PROV IDENT IA AVG ] ?F ema le s t . L . l ean ing o n c o lumn h o ld ing b aton o r c lub i n L . , [ R . a rm e xtended h o ld ing f l ower ] . Webb 1 927 , 2 03 n o .236 o r 2 87 . Dupond ius . i ) o bv : I MP C ALLECTVS [ PF AVG ] H ead R . , r ad . r ev : PAX AVG a s 1 14 a bove . M int mark :- ? P ierced a n ton in ianus ; Webb 1 933 , 5 61 n o .32 . i i ) o bv : 1 -1 CARAV LS IVSI . H ead R . , r ad . r ev : [ PAX AVG ] ?a s 1 14 a bove . M int u ncerta in . i v ) o bv : [ — ] B ust L . , d iad . , d r . , c u ir , g lobe i n L . h and r ev : FEL TEMP REPA RAT IO V irtus a dv R , s pea r i n L . h and d rags c apt ive i n R . f rom h ut b eneth t ree . S pear p o ints d own b etween l eg s . M int mark : I& 81-

K en t 1 981 , 2 58 n o .139 o r 1 40 ; R ome 3 48-50 . ( Constan t ius I o r Con stan s ) . P ierced . o bv : [ D IN VALENT IN I ANVS P F AVG B ust R . , d iad . , d r . &c u ir . r ev : GLOR IA [ RO MANO ]RVM Emp . s t . w ith l abrarum o n w h ich t h o ld ing k nee l ing c apt ive . AE 3 s econd p er iod ( 367-75 ) . M int mark : e P ea rce 1 953 , 4 6 n o .20a ; m .m . Carson e t a l 1 960 , 5 2 n o .325 . v i ) o bv : [ ? ] B ust R . , d iad . , d r . &c u ir .— r ev : [ SECVRITAS RE IPVBL ICAE ] V ictory a dv . L . h o ld ing w rea th . No m int mark . AE 3. v i i ) o bv : [ ? ] B ust R . , d iad . , d r . &c u ir . r ev : [ GLOR IA ROMANORVM ] s ee ( v ) a bove . V ery w orn AE 3. v i i i ) o bv : [ DN W RAT I [ANVS P F AVG ] B ust R . , d iad . , d r . &c u ir . r ev : [ GLOR IA NOV I SAECVL I ] Emp s t . f ac ing [ ho ld ing l abrarum i n R . h and , r e st inz L . o n u p r ight s h ie ld ] . AE 3,v ery worn . i x ) o bv : AE 4,v ery w orn a nd u n ident if iab le . o bv : DN VALEN [T IN I ANVS P F ] AVG B ust R . , d iad . , d r . &c u ir . r ev : [ GLOR IA RO ]MANORVM a s ( v ) a bove . M int mark : i r y p i l A -— es AE 3,f i r st p er iod ( 364-7 ) , A qu i lea m int . P ea rce 1 953 , 9 5 n o .7a ; m .m . i b id , 9 2 x i i ib . Co ins i ix were f ound i n ab ag c o l lect ion a t t he h ip , n umber x w as f ound w ith in ac opper a l loy r ing . A lso a ssoc iated w ere a l arge n umber o f b eads , t hree s hoes haped r ivets , a b utton b rooch , a k n ife , a ssorted c opper a l loy r i ng s a nd f ragments , ab uck le e tc . T he b utton b rooch i s o f Avent a nd E v ison ' s c la ss F a nd i sd a ted t o t he e nd o f t he f i fth o r b eg inn ing o f t he s ixth c en tury ( 1982 , 9 9 & 1 12 ) . An e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury d ate f or t he g rave i sl i ke ly . 1 31 . K ingswor thy 4 7 , Ha . : i )o bv : MAX IMIANVS NOB CAES H ead R . , l aur . r ev : [ GENIO POPVL I ROMAN I ] a s 2 2 a bove . P ierced c entra l ly , f o l l is . No m int mark . i ) o bv : [ DN MAGNENT IVS P F AVG ] B a re h ead R . b eh ind , A r ev : [ V ICTOR IAE DD NN AVG ET CAES ] Two v ictor ies f ac ing h o ld ing w rea th i n w h ich [ VOT/V/MVLT/X ] . AE 3,n o m int mark . K ent 1 981 , 1 22 , 1 63 & 1 86 . i i ) o bv : [ ? ] B ust R . , r ad . r ev : S .C . s t . f igure v ery worn d upond ius o f V espas ian , p ierced . Co ins i& i f ound i n b ag c o l lect ion w ith a s ub stant ia l g roup o f R oman o b jects , b eads a nd a k n ife . Co in i i w as f ound l oo se i n t he f i l l b ut w as p robab ly o r ig ina l ly a ssoc iated . Af e ma le g rave o f t he l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury . 1 32 . K ing sworthy 6 3 , Ha . : i )e xtreme ly worn f i r s t o r s econd c en tury s estert ius . i ) o bv : I MP CLAV [D IVS AVG ] B ust R . , r ad . r ev : [ V IRTVS ] AVG . S o ld ier l ean ing o n s h ie ld , h o ld ing s pear i n L . h and . M int u ncerta in . N e ither c o in w as p ierced a nd b oth were f ound i n a n a ccessory v esse l a ccompany ing t he i nhumat ion . A lso i n t he g rave w ere t wo i r on p enannu lar b rooches , a b uck le , a n i ron p in , t weezer s a nd a k n ife . A l ate f i fth o r s ixth c entury g rave . 82-

1 33 . K ing sworthy 7 6 , Ha . : i leg ib le p ierced c o in a ssoc iated w ith a n eck lace , i r on r ing s , a n a nnu lar b rooch , ak n ife , a b uck le a nd a n i r on p in . A s ixth ? c en tury g rave . 1 34 . L ack ford 4 9/579 , S f . : ap ierced c opy o f aH ouse o f Con stan t ine , GLORIA EXERC ITVS i s sue , AE 4 s ize f ound w ith t he b ones o f av ery sma l l c h i ld i n a n u rn . 1 35 . L ack ford 5 0/71 , S f . : t wo p ierced c o ins , o ne w ith a r ad iate b ust ( poss ib ly P o stumus ) a nd t he o ther b lank . F ound i n a n u rn w ith a c ruc iform b rooch , t he b ack p late o f a n a pp l ied b rooch ( Ev ison 1 978 , 2 67 ) , ap ierced a n t ler b utt , a c lub p endant a nd a t usk . T he u rn was u ndecorated . A d ate i n t he l ate f i fth o r e a r ly s ixth c en tury i sp robab le . 1 36 . L ack ford 5 0/127 , S f . : p ierced s estert ius , o therw ise u n iden t if iab le . F ound i n ap la in u rn a ssoc iated w ith t he f oot o f ac ruc iform b rooch , a n a nnu lar r i ng a nd a l ock p late . As ixth c entury d a te i sl i ke ly . 1 37 . L akenheath , S f . : o bv : [ TETRIC WS AVG B ust R . , r ad . r ev : [ SAL ]VS AVG f igure s t . L . AE 3 o f T etr icus I . Co in u np ierced b ut a ssoc iated w ith a s tr ing o f b eads a nd a p a ir o f w r ist c lasps . 1 38 . L inton Heath B 1 0 , Ca . : p erforated c o in o f Constan s a t t hroat . A ssoc iated w ith t wo k n ives . G rave u ndateab le . 1 39 . L inton Heath B 1 4 , Ca . : as estert ius o f V espas ian , r ever se PAX AVG , f ound a bove t he h ead o f a n i nhumat ion a nd t hus p robab ly n ot a ssoc iated . T he i nhumat ion was a l so a ccompan ied b y s pea rhead , s h ie ld b oss , s word , f ragmen ts o f ac ruc iform b rooch a nd a p a ir o f t weezers . A ma le g rave o f t he s ixth c en tury . 1 40 . L inton Heath B 1 7 , Ca . : a n AE 4 o f V a lent in ian f ound i n t he g rave [ f i l l ? ] . I nhumat ion a ccompan ied b y a c opper a l loy b ound b ucket . P robab ly a s ixth c en tury g rave . 1 41 . L inton Heath B 2 1 , Ca . : a n AE 3 o f CONSTANT INOPOL IS , r ever se v ictory w ith s pear a nd s h ie ld , i s sued 3 30-7 p ierced a nd s trung w ith 5 7 b eads . A ssoc iated w ith a l arge g i lt s quare-headed b rooch , t wo s mallong b rooches , a n a nnu lar b rooch , i r on r i ng s , ac opper a l loy r ing a nd a k n ife . T he g rave c an b e d a ted t o t he m idd le t ol ate s ixth c en tury . 1 42 . L inton Heath B 5 4 , Ca . : a n AE 3 o f G rat ian , r everse GLOR IA NOV ! SAECVL I , a nd a n a nton in ianus o f J u l ia Mamea , r everse D IANA L VC IFERA , f ound n ear t he g rave b ut n ot a ssoc iated w ith t he b ody . T he o b jects i n t he g rave i nc luded f ragments o f t wo i ron b uck les w ith c opper a l loy a ttachmen ts . Date u ncerta in . 1 43 . L inton Hea th B 5 5 , Ca . : ap ierced AE 3,s a id t o b e o f G rat ian . No o ther a ssoc iated o b jects . 1 44 . L inton Heath B 1 01 , Ca . : a n AE 3 o f VRBS ROMA i s sue . T he b ur ia l w as a ssoc iated w ith s i lver w ire e arr ing s w ith b eads o n . T he c o in d oes n ot a ppear t o 83-

h ave b een i n a ssoc iat ion w ith t he b ody . 1 45 . L inton Heath B 1 03 , Ca . : ac o in o f C onstan t ine If ound b enea th t he b ody . T he o n ly a ssoc iated o b jects o therw ise w ere a p a ir o f w r ist c lasp s . I t s hou ld b e n oted t hat Nev il le 's c o in l i st ( 1854 , 1 14 ) d oes n o t c or respond w ith t he c o ins a sl i sted i n t he g rave c ata logue i n t he C .M .A .A . 1 46 . L itt le W i lbraham 2 8 , Ca . : a c o in o f Con stant iu s I a s A ugu stus f ound a ssoc iated w ith a n a ccessory u rn a ccompany ing a mu lt ip le g rave o f f i ve b od ies . A lso a ssoc iated were a l arge s quare-headed b rooch , 8 0 b eads , t wo s ma l llong b rooches , a g ird le h anger , a s ma l l c opper a l loy b uck le a nd a f ragment o f as econd , as pea rhead , ak n ife , ar ing a nd t wo s i lver s p ira l r i ng s . T he a ssemb lage , t hough c onfused , s ugge sts a m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury d ate . 1 47 . L itt le W i lbraham 5 2 , Ca . : t wo c o ins f ound , o ne a n AE 2 o f Maxen t ius , t he o ther a n AE 3 o f Constant ine . A ssoc iated w ith a c ruc iform b rooch a nd a p a ir o f t weezer s . Am idd le s ixth c entury d a te i sl i ke ly . 1 48 . L itt le Wi lbraham 1 10 , Ca . : a p ierced s estert ius o f Marcus Aure l ius . A ssoc iated w ith t wo d isc b rooches , as i lver s p ira l r ing , ak n ife a nd c opper a l loy f ragments . An e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury f e ma le g rave . 1 49 . L itt le W i lbraham 1 35 , Ca . : f our AE 3 c o ins o f t he h ouse o f C on stan t ine f ound a round t he n eck . A l l w ere p ierced . No o ther a ssoc iated o b jects . 1 50 . L itt le W i lbraham 1 73/4 , Ca . : t wo p ierced c o ins o f t he H ouse o f Constant ine f ound i n ad oub le g rave whose j o int c ontents c ons i sted o f t wo sma l llong b rooches , t wo c ruc iform b rooches , 8 8 b eads i nc lud ing t hree o f s i lver , t hree c opper a l loy r i ng s , ac lasp , a n i r on r i ng a nd a f lat h eaded p in . B oth i nhumat ion s a ppear t o d a te t o t he f i r st h a lf o f t he s ixth c entury . 1 51 . L itt le W i lbraham 1 75 , Ca . : a n u n ident if ied c o in a ssoc iated w ith a k n ife . D ate o f g rave u nc lea r . 1 52 . L itt le Wi lbraham , f rom c remat ion , Ca . : o bv : I MP MAX IM IANVS PF AVG B ust t ype u ncerta in . r ev : GENIO POP VL I ROMANI a s 2 2 a bove b ut w ith a l tar t o L . M in t mark :c p L c ] S uther land 1 967 , 2 56 n o .203-5 . P ierced f o l l is o f s pr ing 3 07 . L yon s m int . No o ther a ssoc iated o b jects . A l l o f t he c o ins f rom Nev i l le 's 1 852 e xcavat ions ( 146-152 ) a ppear t o b e l o st . 1 53 . L itt le Wi lbraham 3 B [ Lethbr idge ] , Ca . : i )i leg ib le t h ird c en tury r ad iate A nton in ianus . i ) o bv : [ ? ] B u st L . , i n h e lmet w ith s h ie ld & s pear . r ev : BEATA TRANQV ILL ITAS a s 7( i ) a bove . AE 3 o f t he House o f Con stant ine . i i ) o bv : CONS [TANT INVS I VN ] NOB C B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : [ GLOR IA EXERCITVS ] a s 3( i) a bove . M int mark :

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B ruun 1 966 , 2 16 n o .539 . T r ier m in t 3 32-3 . A l l t hese c o ins f ound o n t he l umbar v erteb rae w ith a p a ir o f g ird le h angers , a k n ife , a Roman s poon b ow l , a wooden b a l l i n s l ing s , a b ucket mount a nd a s econd k n ife . Af e ma le g rave o f t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury . 1 54 . L itt le W i lbraham , f rom c remat ion [ Lethb r idge ] , Ca . : o bv : [ CONSTANS ] B u st R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : V ICTORIAE [ AVGG ] V ictory a dv . L . , h o ld ing w rea th a nd p a lm . AE4 . No o ther a ssoc iat ions . 1 55 . L ondesborough 6 , Yo . ( Hm . ) : a n u np ierced c o in o f Con stan t ine I d a ted a bout AD 3 00 i s l i sted b y Swanton ( 1966 , 2 73 ) who b e l ieves i t t o b e as tray f i nd . 1 56 . L ong W ittenhar n 7 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ap ierced a nd d efaced c o in f ound i n a f ema le g rave w ith amber a nd g lass b eads , ap a ir o f d isc b rooches , ac opper a l loy b uck le , af l at h eaded p in w ith a r i ng t hrough i t a nd a c opper a l loy s tr ip . T he g rave d ates t o t he e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury o n t he b as is o f t he amber b eads a nd d isc b rooches . 1 57 . L ong W ittenha rn 3 3 B ek . ( Ox . ) : ad efaced a nd p ierced c o in o n an eck lace o f 1 2 amber a nd t en g lass b eads . A lso i n t he g rave w ere t wo d isc b rooches , a c opper a l loy p in a nd t wo k n ives . As ixth c entury g rave . 1 58 . L ong W ittenham 6 8 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : t hree w orn AE 3 c o ins o f f ourth c entury d a te . One h as t he o bver se l egend CONSTANT INVS I VN NOB C . A l l a re p ierced a nd w ere a ssoc iated w ith a n eck lace , ak n ife , a n i r on r i ng , t wo d isc b rooches a nd a c opper a l loy p in a nd t ube . Af ema le g rave o f t he e a r ly s ixth c entury . 1 59 . L ong W ittenha rn 1 11 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : o bv : [ IMP ] CONSTANT [ INVS? AUG ] B ust R . , l aur . &d r . r ev : [ SOL I INV ICTO COMIT I a s 1 7 ( 0 a bove . M int mark :g P ierced l i ghter f o l l is o f T r ier d a ted 3 10-13 ; S uther land 1 967 ,266-7 n o .865-6 . F ound w ith a s tr ing o f b eads i nc lud ing 8 2 amber , as i lver s p ira l r i ng , ap la in s i lver r i ng , t wo c opper a l loy s aucer b rooches , a Roman s trap e nd , ap in , a b ucket v andyke , ap a ir o f t weezer s , ak n ife , ab uck le , a n i ron r ing a nd t wo b one b eads . Ar i ch f ema le g rave o f t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury . 1 60 . L ong W ittenham 1 51 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : a n i leg ib le p ierced c o in a ssoc iated w ith a n i r on p in , ap a ir o f d isc b rooches a nd s ix b eads . Am id-s ixth c entury g rave . 1 61 . L uton I2 2 , 1 3 d . : i )a n a n to n in ianus o f Caraus ius , i dent if ied a s Webb 1 933 , 5 08 n o .531. i ) o bv : CONSTANT INVS P F AVG B u st R . , l aur . r ev : SOL I I NV ICTO COM IT I , t ype a s 1 7 ( i ) a bove . M int u nknown F or t ype , s ee B ruun 1 966 , 7 52-3 a nd S uther land 1 967 , 7 04 .

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T he c o ins a re p ierced a nd were f ound a t e i ther e nd o f an eck lace . As ma l llong b rooch a nd a ccessory p ot o f e ar ly t ype w ere f ound b y t he h ead . T he b rooch i s a lso o f e ar ly d a te a nd a l ate f i fth c entury d a te f or t he g rave s eems l i ke ly . 1 62 . L ym inge I 1 , Kn . : av ery w orn f o l l is o f C onstant ine If ound w ith a k n ife , a p a ir o f t weezer s , a b odk in , as pearhead , a n a xe a nd a b uck le w ith s ty le I d ecorat ion . Ad ate i n t he m idd le s ixth c entury i sp robab le . 1 63 . Lym inge I 2 8 , Kn . : ac o in o f Con stan t ine If ound b enea th t he l eft l eg o f t he i nhumat ion . T he o n ly o ther o b ject i n t he g rave w as a k n ife i n t he f i l l . T he d a te o f t he g rave i su ncerta in . 1 64 . Marston S t . L awrence 3 , Nh . : ap ierced a n ton in ianus o f Ca raus ius a nd a s econd o f S a lon ina w ere f ound i n ag rave w ith a s quare c opper a l loy p late , t wo o penwork b rooches , a n i ron b uck le , a n amber a nd g lass b ead n eck lace a nd a b race let o n e ach a rm . T he c o ins w ere p resumab ly s trung o n t he n eck lace . T he amber b eads i nd ica te a s ixth c en tury d a te f or t h is f ema le i nhumat ion . 1 65 . Mentmore , B u . : a c o in o f Constant ine I o r C on stans f ound w ith a n i nhumat ion b ut t he a ssoc iat ions a re u nc lea r . 1 66 . M itcham 5 7 , S r . : a n AE 4 o f Constant ius I , w ith GLOR IA EXERC ITVS r ever se f ound a bove t he c hest o f a n o therw ise u naccompan ied i nhumat ion . Date u ncerta in . 1 67 . M itcham 1 16 , S r . : t wo p ierced ( and u n ident if iab le ? ) c o ins f ound i n t he p e lv ic a rea o f a n i nhumat ion a ssoc iated w ith a k n ife , t wo k eys , a n i r on r ing , a c opper a l loy c l ip , ap ur se mount , ap a ir o f t weezer s a nd o ther i ron f ragmen ts . A f ragmentary g reat s quare-headed b rooch w as f ound n earby . A lso i n t he g rave were a sma l llong b rooch , ad isc b rooch , a n a nnu lar b uck le a nd a n eed le c ase . A f ema le g rave o f t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury ; t he c o ins w ere p art o f ab ag c o l lec t ion . 1 68 . Muck ing I , 2 49 , E x . : f ive c o ins f ound a t t he w a ist o f a ma le i nhumat ion c ompr is ing t hree a nton in ian i o f P o stumus , o ne o f T etr icus Ia nd a n u n ident if ied c o in . T he b ody was a ssoc iated w ith a p enannu lar b rooch , s pearhead a nd t wo i r on c lasps . Am idd le t o l ate f i fth c entury g rave . 1 69 . Nass ing ton 1 4 , Nh . : p oss ib le c o in s uspended f rom a r ing o n a4 8 b ead n eck lace . A lso a ssoc iated w ere a p a ir o f p enannu lar b rooches , as ma l llong b rooch , ak n ife , ak ey a nd a n i ron b uck le f ragmen t . T he g rave i sd a ted t o t he e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury . 1 70 . Nass ing ton 1 7 , Nh . : a p ierced c o in f ragment f ound w ith a n 1 1 b ead n eck lace . A lso i n t he g rave w ere t hree f ragments o f ab one c omb a nd a v ery e a r ly c ruc iform b rooch a ssoc iated w ith a sma l llong b rooch . G rave d a teab le t o t he l ate f i fth c entury . 1 71 . Northamp ton I n , Nh . : i n o ne o f t he c remat ion u rns t here were o ne o r t wo u np ierced a nd u n ident if ied c o ins . 1 72 . Nor thwo ld , N f . : a( s i lver ? ) c o in o f t he G ens L ucret ia f ound o n as i lver b race let w ith t he c o in i n as ett ing . O f t he t wo p o ss ib i l it ies d iscu ssed b y M . C rawford , o ne i s Cn . L ucret ius T r io , moneyer 1 36 B .C . , t he o ther i s L .

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L ucret ius T r io , moneyer i n 7 6 B .C . ( 1974 , 2 96 n o .237 o r 4 04-5 n o .390 ) . T he l atter s eems t he more p robab le . T he b race let i sn ot d ef in ite ly f rom a g rave a nd may b e l ate I ron Age o r e a r ly Roman . 1 73 . O rp ing ton 2 1 , Kn . : as estert ius o f A nton inus P ius f ound b y t he l eft k nee o f a n i nhumat ion . I t i s u nc lea r whe ther i t was a ssoc iated w ith t he b ur ia l o r n ot b ut t he s i te i sk nown t o b e i n c lose p rox im ity t o R oman b u i ld ing s ( Tester 1 968 , 1 26 ; 1 969 5 4-6 ) . A lso w ith t he b ur ia l were a p a ir o f b i rd b rooches , ak n ife , a p a ir o f c opper a l loy r ing s a nd a b e lt mount . T he g rave may b e d ated t o t he e a r ly t o m idd le s ixth c en tury . 1 74 . O rp ing ton 3 2 , Kn . : i )o bv : I MP C ALLEC [TVS ] AVG B ust R . , r ad . &c u ir . r ev : V IRTVS AVG Ga l ley L . M int mark :* Webb 1 933 , 5 69 n o .129 . i ) o bv : CONSTAN [T INVS AVG ] B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : BEATA TRANQV ILL ITAS a s 7( i ) a bove . S uggested t o b e T r ier m int b y T ester ( 1968 , 1 39 ) . B oth c o ins were p ierced , o ne b e ing f ound a t t he wa ist a nd t he o ther b y t he f eet . A lso f ound w ith t he b ody were 1 4 b eads . Ad a te i n t he l ate f i fth o r s ixth c entury i sl i ke ly . 1 75 . O rp ing ton 5 1 , Kn . : a n e xtreme ly c orroded t h ird c en tury r ad iate ?f ound i n t he g rave . T he e xcavator s uggests t hat i t w as i n t he f i l l a nd n ot a ssoc iated . O ther o b jects i n t he g rave i nc luded a q uo it b rooch s ty le b uck le , ad isc b rooch a nd a n amber b ead . Af ema le g rave o f t he l ate f i fth o r t he e ar ly s ixth c entury . 1 76 . O rp ing ton 5 8 , Kn . : av ery c orroded c o in w h ich i s s uggested t o b e a FEL TEMP REP ( copy ? ) . T he c o in was f ound b y t he f emur a nd may h ave b een s tray i n t he f i l l . O ther o b jects i nc luded a p ottery a cce ssory v esse l , 5 3 b eads , t wo c opper a l loy s pacer b eads , t wo d isc b rooches , ak n ife a nd a b uck le . Al ate f i fth o r e a r ly s ixth c en tury i nhumat ion d a ted b y t he b rooche s . T he v esse l i sd a ted t o a bout AD 4 00 b y Myres , w h ich i su n l ike ly g iven t he f act t hat t he d isc b rooches c ou ld b e u p t o ac en tury l ater i n d a te ( Tester 1 969 , 4 4 ) . 1 77 . Oz ingel l , Kn . : i )o bv : [ —NERO-] h ead r ad . r ev : — Ad upond ius , i r regu lar ly c ut o n t he e dge . i ) o bv : D IVVS AVG V STVS ] H ead R . , r ad . [ S .C . ] e i ther s i de . r ev : [ D IVA AVGVSTA ] L iv ia s eated L . h o ld ing c orn e a rs & s cep tre . S ix t r iangu lar n icks o n c entre l i ne . Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 923 , 9 6 n o .9 . Ad upond ius o f C laud ius . i i ) o bv : I MP MAX IM INVS P F AVG B ust R . , l aur . V ery worn . r ev : GENIO POPVL I ROMANI a s 2 2 a bove . M int mark : . Three p unch marks . S uther land 1 967 , 2 07 n o .652b . F o l l is o f t he T r ier m int . i v ) o bv : [ CONSTANT INOPOL IS ] F ema le b ust h e lmeted L . r ev : [ ? ] V ictory s t . L . [ on p row w ith s pea r &s h ie ld ] . v ) o bv : [ ? ] B u st R . , d iad . &d r . F our p unch marks i n r ough s quare . r ev : GLORIA EXERC ITVS ? AE 4 . v i ) o bv : [ ? ] B u st R . , d iad S cd r .

e

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r ev : [ V ICTORIA DD NN AVGG ] Two V ictor ies w ith w rea ths , f ac ing . AE 4 . A l l c o ins f ound r eused a s we ights . N o o ther r ecorded a ssoc iat ion s . 1 78 . P etersf inger 2 , Ha . : a v ery w orn a nd p ierced c o in o f t he House o f Constan t ine f ound w ith t wo b ead s , ap a ir o f t weezer s a nd a p ottery a cce ssory v esse l . P o ss ib ly t o b e d ated t o t he l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury . 1 79 . P etersf inger 2 5 , Ha . : ap ierced a n ton in ianus o f Ga l l ienus a nd a s econd o f V ictor inus . T he r everses w ere n ot i dent if ied a nd b oth w ere v ery w orn . A ssoc iated w ith 5 9 b eads ( most ly amber ) , a n a nsea te b rooch , t hree b utton b rooches , ap urse ? r i ng , f ragments o f i r on , a n a nnu lar b rooch , ak n ife a nd a b uck le . T he b utton b rooches a re o f Aven t a nd E v ison 's c lass B i w h ich t hey d a te t o t he l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury ( 1982 , 9 9 ) . T he l arge n umber o f amber b ead s s uggest m idd le t o l ate s ixth c en tury d a te . 1 80 . P eter sf ing-e r 5 1 , Ha . : o bv : DN VALENS P F AVG B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : V ICTOR IA AVGG V ictory a dv . L . w ith w reath . F ound i n g rave w ith a f ragmen t o f a Roman b race let b y t he s hou lder : n e ither may h ave b een a ssoc iated ( Leeds & S hortt 1 953 , 3 4 ) . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a h eavy b uck le a nd 1 4 amber b eads i nd ica t ing a s ixth c en tury b ur ia l . 1 81 . P ewsey , B lacknal l F ie ld 1 8 , W i . : o bv : I MP CL TAC ITVS B ust R . , r ad . r ev : — An a n ton in ianus , s i lver-washed a nd p ierced . F ound i n a n u ndecorated u rn w ith b eads , ab one c omb , ah ooked i r on p in a nd t weezer ? f ragmen ts . A f e ma le i nhumat ion w h ich t he e xcavator d a tes t o t he l ate f i fth c entury ( K . A nnab le , p ers . c omm . ) . 1 82 . P ewsey , B lackna l l F ie ld 2 0 , W i . : o bv : [ ? ] B ust R . , l aur . r ev : GLORIA EXERC ITVS a s 3( i) a bove . M int mark : A ssoc iated w ith a n i r on k n ife , aw ire r i ng , amber , r ock c ry sta l a nd g lass b eads , a n i ron c lea t , ap y r ites n odu le a nd a q uartz ite p ebb le . T he c o in may h ave b een i n ab ag c o l lect ion . As ixth c entury f e ma le g rave . 1 83 . P ewsey , B lacknal l F ie ld 8 6 , W i . : i )o bv : [ ? ] B ust R . , r ad . r ev : MAR [S V ICTOR ? ] Co in p ierced t w ice , t h ird c en tury a n ton in ianus . i ) o bv : [ ? ] B u st R . , d iad . d r . r ev : SALVS [ R 1E IPVBL ICA [E ] AE 3,House o f Constan t ine . P ierced t w ice . A ssoc iated w ith t wo a nnu lar g lass b eads , d a te o f g rave u ncer ta in .

88-

1 84 . P ewsey , B laekna l l F ie ld 8 8 , W i . : a n i l leg ib le c o in , p ierced o nce f ound i n a f e ma le i nhumat ion a ssoc iated w ith a k n ife , a ' D ' s haped b uck le a nd s heet f ragmen ts . Date u ncerta in . 1 85 . P ortway Down 1 1 , Ha . : as i ng le AE 2 c o in , p ierced . I den t if ied b y Curnow a s GEN IO POPVL I ROMAN I ( ear ly f ourth c entury ; 1 985b , 9 5 ) . A ssoc iated i n t he g rave w ith i ron p ins a nd c opper a l loy s heet f ragments . Date o f g rave p robab ly s i xth c entury . 1 86 . P ortway Down 1 3 , Ha . : o bv : DN CONSTA NS P F AVG B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : FEL .TEMP .REPARAT IO P hoen ix s tg . R . o n p yre . M int mark :T -K I T Ca rson e t a l 1 960 , 4 6 n o .33 . T r ier m int , d a ted 3 48-50 . A ssoc iated w ith b race let f i tt ing s b y a rm o f f l exed i nhumat ion . Date o f g rave u ncerta in . T he c o in a ppears t o h ave b een mounted o n t he b race let ( A . Cook 1 985 , 2 7 ) . 1 87 . P ortway Down 1 6 , Ha . : t hree p ierced c o ins , o ne a n a n ton in ianus o f Ga l l ienus d ated 2 59-68 , t he s econd b e ing a n a nton in ianus o f Caraus ius d ated 2 86-93 ( r ever se t ype : SALVS AVG ; Webb 1 933 , 4 77 n o .155 e t s eq ) , a nd t he t h ird b e ing a n AE 3 o f t he h ouse o f Con stant ine ( i b id ) . A ssoc iated w ith t wo d i sc b rooches a nd b ead s a t t he n eck o f a n i nhumat ion . As ixth c en tury d a te i s p robab le a s s ome o f t he b eads a re amber . 1 88 . P ortway Down 1 9 , Ha . : as ing le c o in f ound i n s ide a l impet s he l l a nd a ssoc iated w ith a n i r on l oop a nd p in a nd b eads a t t he w a ist . Two s ma l llong b rooches c omp lete t he g roup w h ich may b e d a ted t o t he s ixth c en tury . T he c o in i su n i l lustrated a nd u n ident if ied i n t he r eport . 1 89 . P ortway Down 2 5 , Ha . : as ing le u np ierced c o in f ound w ith a g roup o f o b jects a t t he w a i st i nc lud ing a d ecorated q uo it b rooch , ac omb , ak n ife , a b uck le a nd g lass a nd amber b eads . A lso a ssoc iated were t wo sma l llong b rooches , i ron p ins a nd a c opper a l loy s tr ip . G rave d ateab le t o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he s ixth c entury . T he c o in i s i den t if ied b y Curnow a s a n a n ton in ianus o f a bout 2 70 ( 1985b , 9 5 ) . 1 90 . P ortway Down 4 2 , Ha . : o bv : FL IVLHE LENAEAVG B ust R . , d r . mant led . r ev : PA XPV BL ICA M int mark :, -k iP ax s tg . L . h ldg . b ranch & t ransverse s cep tre . C arson e t a l 1 960 , 6n o .128 T r ier m in t d a ted 3 48-50 . A ssoc iated w ith a s ing le d i sc b rooch a nd amber b ead w h ich w ere a l l f ound a t t he s hou lder . A n e ar ly s ixth c en tury d ate i sp robab le . 1 91 . P ortway Down 5 0 , Ha . : i )o bv : I MP CONSTANT INVS P F AVG B ust R . , l aur . r ev : SOL I I NV ICTO COMIT I a s 1 7 ( i ) a bove . M int mark :; & ; S uther land 1 967 , 2 65 n o .308 . F o l l is o f L yons m int d a ted 3 09-310 . i ) o bv : CONSTANT INVS P F AVG B ust R . , l aur .

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r ev : SOL I I NV ICTO COM IT I a s 1 7 ( i ) a bove . M int mark :g : S uther land 1 967 , 2 27 n o .873 . F o l l is o f T r ier m int d ated 3 10-313 . B oth were f ound w ith a n eck lace a t t he t hroa t . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a b roken l ate R oman b uck le , as ma l llong b rooch , ak n ife a nd a p endant . As i xth c en tury g rave d ated b y t he sma l llong b rooch ( A . Cook 1 985 , 8 0 ) . 1 92 . P ortway Down 6 1 , Ha . : i& i ) o bv : CP IV E SV TETR ICVS CAES B ust R . , r ad , c u ir . r ev : S PES PVBL ICA S pes w lkg . L . h o ld ing f lower & r obe . Webb 1 933 , 4 24 n o .272 . i i ) o bv : DN CONSTANT IVS P F AVG B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : FEL TEMP REPARAT IO H orseman r id ing R s pear ing f a l len w arr ior b e low . M int mark : 1 , E IF ; Carson e t a l 1 960 , 4 4 n o .76 . Dated 3 53-4 , T r ier m in t . T he c o ins w ere s trung w ith a n eck lace o f g lass a nd amber b eads . A lso a ssoc iated w ere a g ird le c o l lect ion c on s ist ing o f i ron a nd c opper a l loy f ragments a nd a k n ife . As ixth c entury d ate i sl i ke ly . 1 93 . P ortway Down 6 7 , Ha . : i )a n i r regu lar Caraus iu s i den t if ied b y C urnow ( 1985b , 9 5 ) a s Webb 1 933 , 5 43 n o .1022 f ( V ICTOR IA AVG ) . i ) o bv : DN VALENT IN IANVS P F AVG B ust R . d iad a nd d r . r ev : GLOR IA ROMANORVM Emp . a dv . R . d ragg ing c apt ive , i n R . h and l abrarum . M int mark e e Carson e t a l . 1 960 , 7 1 n o .1408 . S i sc ia 3 67-375 . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a d er ived q uo it b rooch , a Roman b ow b rooch , ac opper a l loy b ind ing s tr ip , ap enannu lar b rooch a nd o ther f ragments . A l a te f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury i nhumat ion ( A . Cook 1 985 , 1 07 ) . 1 94 . P ortway Down C rem . 1 6 , Ha . : t wo i r regu lar r ad iates o f a bout AD 2 70 a re i dent if ied b y Curnow ( 1985b , 9 5 ) . 1 95 . Ra inham , E x . : among t he f i nds l i sted f rom t he c emetery b y E v ison ( 1955a ) i sa n i leg ib le c o in . 1 96 . Read ing I 1 3 , B ek . : ap ierced a nd worn r ad iate o f t h ird c entury d a te . F ound i n a n a ccessory v esse l w ith a l ate Roman b uck le h oop a nd o ther o b jects . T he v esse l i sd ated t o a bout AD 4 50 ( s ee B uck les ) . 1 97 . Rushden L ow , Db . : af o l l is o f Con stant iu s If ound i n t he g rave . A lso f ound were a d oub le-s ided c omb , ak n ife a nd f l int o b jects wh ich p robab ly r e late t o t he p r imary i nhumat ion . B ur ia l d ated t o t he l ater s ixth o r f i r st h a lf o f t he s even th c en tury ( Ozanne 1 964 , 3 3 ) . 1 98 . S t A lb ims , He . : ap lated d ena r ius o f V espas ian a nd a ' two v ictor ies ' AE 3 o f Constans f ound i n a n amu let b ox . Al ate s ixth o r e ar ly s eventh c entury f ema le i nhumat ion . 1 99 . S t A lbans , He . : af e ma le i nhumat ion , w ith a n amu let b ox h ad a s estert ius o f Marcus Aure l ius , ad enar ius o f Gord ian I I a nd a n Anton ine c o in i n ap oss ib le 90-

p ur se .

As imi lar d a te t o 1 97 i ss uggested .

2 00 . S ancton , Yo . ( Hm . ) : ap ierced a nd u n ident if ied c o in f ound i n ac remat ion u rn w ith a d i sc b rooch , t wo a nnu lar b rooches , a k n ife , amber b eads , a c ruc iform b rooch a nd a n i r on o b ject . A m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury c remat ion . 2 01 . S a rre 4 , Kn . : t wo c o ins , o ne a s estert ius ? o f Aure l ius a nd t he o ther a n AE 3 o f T etr icus I ? f ound b etween t he l eg s o f a f e ma le i nhumat ion a nd a ssoc iated w ith a s tra iner s poon w ith c rysta l b a l l , al a rge c ompos ite b rooch , c opper a l loy f ragments a nd b ind ings , s i lver w ire , ac opper a l loy b uck le , t wo s hoeshaped r ivets , c omb f ragments , an eed le a nd a f oss i l . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a s i lver r ing , s ix b racteates , al arge n umber o f b eads , t wo k ey stone b rooches , as eax , ak n ife i n a n o rnamen ted s hea th , t wo k eys a nd a p a ir o f s hears . Ar i ch f e ma le g rave o f t he e ar ly s eventh c entury . 2 02 . S arre 6 , Kn . : a n AE 3 o f Magnen t ius f ound i n a ma le ? g rave w ith a sma l l p ottery a ccessory v esse l , as h ie ld b oss , a bout 5 0 b one c ounter s , as word , a s pea rhead w ith f erru le , ak n ife , a n i ron r i ng a nd a c opper a l loy b uck le . Ag rave o f t he l ater s ixth o r e ar ly s eventh c entury . 2 03 . S a rre 2 6 , Kn . : i )o bv : [ D IVA AVGVSTA FAVST INA ] H ead R . D iagona l p unches a cross s urface . r ev : [ P IETAS AVG ] I n f i e ld S . [C . ] P ietas s t . L . d ropp ing i ncen se o n a l tar & h o ld ing b ox o f p erfumes . S estert ius , Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 930 , 1 65 n o .1146 a o r b . i ) o bv : M ANTON INVS AVG [ TR P XXV I I ] B u st R . , c u ir . &l aur . r ev : I MP V I COS I I S .C . Roma s eated L . o n c u irass , h o ld ing s cep tre i n R . , L . r ests o n r ound s h ie ld , b es ide h er , o va l s h ie ld . S estert ius o f 1 72-3 . i b id , 2 98 n o .1066 . i i ) i leg ib le d ue t o g r ind ing . F ive p unch marks . i v ) S estert ius o f Marcu s A ure l ius c u t i n to r ec tang le . v ) e xtreme ly ,w orn s estert ius o f N ero . v i ) i leg ib le c o in w ith i n lay . v i i ) worn s estert ius o f T ra jan ? v i i i ) i leg ib le c o in w ith c ro ss i n p unch marks . i x ) o bv : CONSTANT INVS P F AVG B ust r . , d iad . &d r . r ev : V ICTOR IAE DD NN AVGG Two V ictor ies f ac ing e ach o ther w ith w reaths . N o m int mark . x ) o bv : VRBS [ ROM A ] H e lmeted b ust o f Roma L . , d r . &c u ir . r ev : wo lf s uck l ing t w ins [ above , t wo s tars ] M int mark : -7 ,6 B ruun 1 966 , 1 38 n o .257 . AE 3 o f L yon s d a ted 3 32 A .D . x i ) AE 3 w ith i leg ib le , f i led s urfaces . A l l t he c o ins were a ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f s ca les i n a ma le g rave . A lso f ound w ere a s pearhead , ak n ife , ac opper a l loy b uck le , a n i r on s tr ike-al ight , i r on k eys , at humb-p lane , s hea rs a nd a n i ron c ircu lar p late . As even th c en tury d a te i sl i ke ly . 2 04 . S arre 5 4 , Kn . : a n u n iden t if ied c o in f ound i n a ma le g rave wh ich a lso c onta ined a c opper a l loy d r ink ing c up mount , ap a ir o f s hears , as tud s et w ith a g arnet , as h ie ld b oss , ak n ife , a n i ron b uck le a nd a s word . Al ate s ixth o r e a r ly s eventh c entury g rave . 91-

2 05 . S a rre 8 3 , Kn . : t wo c o ins , b oth u n iden t if ied i n t he r eport , f ound i n ad oub le g rave w ith a c opper a l loy s tud a nd a k n ife . D ate u ncerta in . 2 06 . S hudy Camps 1 1 , Ca . : a n i leg ib le AE 3 c o in f ound w ith a b ead a nd h a sp b etween t he k nees o f af e ma le i nhumat ion . A lso a ssoc iated w ere a s i lver r i ng w ith b eads , p endants a nd a k n ife . P robab ly a l ate s ixth o r s even th c en tury i nhumat ion a s t he c emetery i so f al ate d ate . 2 07 . S leaford 1 4 , L i . : i )i leg ib le AE 3 c o in . i ) o bv : [ VRBS ROMA ] H e lmeted b ust o f Roma L . , c u ir . r ev : wo lf s uck l ing t w ins , t wo s tars a bove . M int mark : f i t i -s .P ierced . B ruun 1 966 , 2 15 n o .529 . T r ier , d a ted 3 30-1 . A ssoc iated w ith a s ing le a nnu lar b rooch . G rave p robab ly d ateab le t o t he l ate f i f th c en tury . 2 08 . S leaford 4 3 , L i . : o bv : [ D IVO CLAVD IO ? ] B ust R . , r ad . r ev : [ CONSECRAT IO ] A ltar , f lames o n t op . Webb 1 927 , 2 23-4 .

P ierced .

Co in f ound a t t he t hroa t o f a n i nhumat ion a nd a ssoc iated w ith t wo a nnu lar b rooches , o ne w ith a f lat h oop , t he o ther r ounded . A d ate i n t he l ate f i fth o r e a r ly s ixth c en tury i sl i ke ly . 2 09 . S leaford 5 1 , L i . : o bv : [ I 1 MP C [ V IC ]TOR INVS [ PF ] AVG B ust R . , r ad . r ev : [ ? ] s t . f igure - v ictory ? P ierced . A ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f c opper a l loy w r ist c lasps a nd a n i r on k n ife , t he c o in b e ing f ound a t t he n eck . A f e ma le g rave o f l ate f i fth t o e ar ly s i xth c entury d a te . 2 10 . S leaford 8 1 , L i . : i )p ierced b arbarous ?r ad iate . i ) o bv : CONSTAN S [ PF AVG ] B ust R . , d iad . & d r . r ev : [ V ICTORIAE DD NN AVGG ] t wo v ictor ies f ac ing w ith w rea ths . M int u ncerta in , p ierced . i ) o bv : CONSTAN [? ] B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : [ GLOR IA EXERC ITVS ] a s 3( i ) a bove , p ierced . F ound w ith b eads a t t he t hroa t . A lso i n t he g rave were a p a ir o f w r ist c lasps . Al ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury d ate i sl i ke ly . 2 11 . S leaford 8 5 , L i . : i )t h is c o in , i den t if ied a s af o l l is o f Maxen t ius , L yon s m int ( Suther land 1 967 , 2 61 n o .256 ) i sn ow m iss ing ( Kent 1 961 , 2 1 n .37 ) . i ) o bv : DN CONSTA NS P F AVG B ust R . , d iad . &d r .

92-

r ev : F EL TEMP REPARAT IO Emp . s t . o n p row h o ld ing l abrarum , v ictory b eh ind s eated , h o ld ing h e lm . M int mark :i t 7 K en t 1 981 , 2 56 n o .109 . Rome m int d a ted 3 48-50 . i) o bv : CONSTANT INVS I VN NOB C B ust R . , d iad . , c u ir . &d r . r ev : GLOR I AEXERC I TVS a s 3( i ) a bove . M int mark : B ruun 1 966 , 2 15 n o .527 . T r ier m int , d ated 3 30-1 . i v ) o bv : T etr icu s I? B ust R . , r ad . r ev : [ ? ] p robab ly a b arbarous c opy . v ) o bv : [ ? ] B ust R . , r ad . r ev : [ ? ] f ema le s t . L . , h o ld ing s h ie ld ? v i ) o bv : [ ? ] B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : [ V ICTOR IAE DD AVGG ] Q NN Two v ictor ies f ac ing w ith w rea ths . M int u ncerta in , House o f Constant ine d ated 3 46 . A nother c o in i s l o st a s t he e xcavator r ecords s even c o ins . T he c o ins were f ound i n t wo h eaps b y t he l eft h and o f ac h i ld . A lso i n t he g rave w ere e ight b eads , s ome o f amber , f ound a round t he w r ist . A n e a r ly s ixth c en tury d a te i s l i ke ly . 2 12 . S leaford 1 63 , L i . : i )o bv : [ I ]M [P GALL IE 1NVS [ AVG ] B ust R . , r ad . r ev : [ IOV I CONS AVG ] J up iter o n g oa t wa lk ing R . Webb 1 927 , 1 49 n o .207 . A nton in ianus , o n l oop . i ) i leg ib le f ragment .

M int mark :

Co ins f ound w ith c opper a l loy c lasp s , af l at a nnu lar b rooch , af i nger r i ng a nd a p in . Ad ate i n t he l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury i sl i ke ly . 2 13 . S leaford 1 77 , L i . : a n i l leg ib le p ierced c o in f ound w ith 1 5 b eads i nc lud ing amber , a n a nnu lar b rooch a nd a c opper a l loy r i ng . A f ema le g rave o f t he e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury . 2 14 . S lea ford 1 91 , L i . : a n i leg ib le AE 3 p ierced c o in f ound w ith a n e xten s ive s tr ing o f b eads , t wo a nnu lar b rooches , ap endant , ac opper a l loy r i ng , af lat r i ng , ap in , f ragmen ts o f c opper a l loy , ap ierced t ooth a nd o ther f ragmen ts . A m idd le s ixth c entury d ate i sl i ke ly . 2 15 . S leaford 2 16 , L i . : i )o bv : [ IMP ] C[ P ]OS [T ]VMVS [ PF AVG ] B ust R . , r ad . r ev : PAX AVGVST I P ax s t L . Webb 1 933 , 3 43 n o .79 . D ena r ius , L yon s m int . i ) o bv : [ IMP C PO ]STVMVS P F AVG B ust R . , r ad . &l aur . r ev : SALVS POSTVM I AVG S a lus s t . f eed ing s erpent . i b id , 3 63 n o .328 . A nton in ianus o f Co logne . B oth a re p ierced a nd were f ound w ith a t we lve b ead n eck lace , i nc lud ing amber . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a f inger r ing , t wo p a irs o f c lasp s , ak n ife a nd a n e name l led Roman b rooch ( see C hapter 3 ) . A f e ma le g rave o f t he e a r ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury . 2 16 . S leaford 2 32 , L i . : as econd c en tury s estert ius o f Had r ian ? f ound w ith 6 9 b eads , w r ist c lasps , ap a ir o f s ma l llong b rooches a nd o ther f ragments . An e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury g rave . 93-

2 17 . S oham 5 , Ca . : as ing le s estert ius o f T ra jan p ierced t w ice a nd f ound a t t he n eck o f a n o therw ise u naccompan ied i nhumat ion . 2 18 . S oham 1 0 , Ca . : av ery worn AE 2 c opy o f af ourth c entury i s sue . F ound i n t he b ones o f t he r ight h and o f a ma le a ccompan ied b y as pearhead , ak n ife a nd a n a xe . P robab ly t o b e d a ted t o t he m idd le o r l ate s ixth c en tury . 2 19 . S pong H i l l C remat ion 1 763 , N f . : o bv : I MP D IOCLET IANVS P F AVG B ust R . , l aur . : I L L r ev : GENIO POPVL I ROMAN I a s 2 2 a bove . M int mark : ? Lc S uther land 1 967 , 2 48-253 . F o l l is o f t he L yons m in t b etween 3 01-7 . F ound i n as ixth c entury c remat ion u rn w ithout o ther o b jects . 2 20 . S tapenh i l l 9 , S t . : ap ierced AE 3 o f VRBS ROMA i s sue f ound w ith f our b eads a nd a c opper a l loy b uck le ( or b rooch ) i n ac h i lds g rave . Date u ncerta in . 2 21 . S tap leford , Wa . : t wo sma l l p ierced a nd d efaced c o ins . A ssoc iat ions , i f a ny , u nc lear . 2 22 . S teep L owe , Db . : t hree c o ins : o ne o f Con stan t ine I ,o ne o f T etr icu s Ia nd o ne i leg ib le . A ssoc iat ion w ith i nhumat ion u nc lear . O ther o b jects i nc luded a s pea rhead , ak n ife , f ragments o f a' d r ink ing c up ' , p y r ites , b ones a nd a n amber o rnament . G rave d ateab le t o t he l ater s ixth o r t he f i r st h a lf o f t he s eventh c en tury . 2 23 . S tone I , B u . : ac o in o f Magnen t ius f ound w ith a n i nhumat ion . N o o ther a ssoc iat ions . T h is g rave may b e l ate R oman o r S axon i n d ate . 2 24 . S towt ing , Kn . : f rom i nhumat ion s e xcavated i n 1 846 c ame a s estert ius o f A nton inus P ius , a n a nton in ianus o f P laut i l la a nd a n AE 3 o f V a lens . N o o ther a ssoc iat ions k nown . 2 25 . S towt ing 9 , Kn . : t wo AE 3 c o ins o ne o f Constan t ine If ound w ith 2 4 b ead s a nd a n o rnamented s tud . A lso i n t he g rave w ere f i ve s trap t ag s , a b utton b rooch , a sma l l l ong b rooch , t wo k ey stone b rooches , aR oman h a rne ss mount ( see Chapter 8 ) , c opper a l loy r ing s , ak n ife a nd a p in . A m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury d a te i si nd icated b y t he k eystone b rooches . 2 26 .

S towt ing

1 6 ,

Kn . :

a c o in

o f

Constant ine

I ? , p o ss ib ly

a V IRTVS

ROMANORVM i s sue f ound w ith a b ead a nd a c opper a l loy b uck le . D ate o f g rave u ncerta in . 2 27 . S towt ing 2 1 , Kn . : c o ins o f D ioc let ian , Constan t ine Ia nd a n i leg ib le AE 2 o r AE 3 . F ound i n a mu lt ip le g rave o f s ix i nhumat ions , a l l f ema le . T he c onfus ion o f t he g oods a l lows n o f ixed d a te t o b e g iven t o t he g roup b ut t he k ey stone b rooches s uggest a l atest d ate o f t he e ar ly s eventh c entury . 2 28-30 . S tratford , l eather p ouches .

Mveston ,

Wa . :

t hree f ema le

i nhumat ions

h ad c o ins

i n

2 31 . Watchf ie ld , Ox . : f i ve c o ins : l i sted a s b e ing o f H adr ian , F au st ina t he y ounger , Constant ine I , Constans a nd a n i leg ib le f ourth c entury i s sue . A l l

94-

w ere u sed a s we ights w ith a s et o f s ca les i n a ma le b ur ia l d a teab le t o b etween 5 20-570 ( C . S ku l l , p ers . c omm . ) . 2 32 . We lton , Nh . : c remat ion u rns .

f our o r f i ve

c o ins o f Con stan t ine a nd F lav ia f ound i n

2 33 . Westeotes , L e . : ap ierced a nd u n ident if ied c o in , ac o in o f D om it ian a nd t hree u n ident if ied c o ins f ound w ith i nhumat ions . A ccount t oo c onfused t o o ffer a ssoc iat ion s . 2 34 . West S tow , S f . : f our p ierced c o ins f rom i nhumat ions , o ne i so f t he H ouse o f V a lent in ian . A ssoc iat ions u nc lear . 2 35 . Wheat ley 2 7 , Ox . : ac o in o f Con stan s a nd a s econd o f Constan t ius I b oth AE 3. F ound i n ab ag c o l lect ion i n af e ma le g rave . T he b ag a lso i nc luded 6 1 amber b eads s uggest ing a s ixth c en tury d epos it ion . F or a d iscu ss ion o f t he b ag a nd i t s c ontents , s ee Meaney ( 1981 , 3 2-4 F ig . 1 p ) . 2 36 . Woodstone 9 , Hu . ( Ca . ) : ac o in o f V a lens o r V a lent in ian f ound i n af ema le g rave w ith a g ird le h anger , c lasp a nd a R oman f inger r ing . T he r i ng may h ave b een i n ab ag c o l lect ion . D ate o f g rave s ixth c en tury . 2 37 . Yarmouth , N f . : ac o in o f Constant ine Ii n ac remat ion u rn . Date u nc lear . Ac o in o f Augustus may a lso h ave b een a ssoc iated . Unp rovenaneed Co ins f rom Cemetery s i tes . App ledown , Comp ton , S x . ( W . S x . ) : c omm . ) .

1 3 u nstrat if ied c o ins ( M . We lch , p er s .

B assett Down , W i . : Godda rd n oted t ha t t here was a n i leg ib le , u np ierced AE 3 c o in f rom t he s i te ( 1896 , 1 07 ) . T h is w as , p resumab ly , as tray f i nd . Chesse l l Down , L o .W . : o ne s econd a nd t wo t h ird c en tury c o ins , a l l p ierced a nd e xtreme ly w orn . D rox ford , Ha . : i )o bv : [ ANTONINVS AVG P IVS P .P .TR .P .COS? ] H ead R . , l au r . r ev : [ ?SECVR ITAS AVG S .C . ] Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 930 , 1 16 n o . 6 90-1 . I den t if ica t ion v ery u ncerta in . i ) o bv : CR ISP V S NOB CAES H e lmeted h ead , L . r ev : BEATA TRANQV ILL ITAS . T ype a s 7( i ) . M int mark : 1 7 6 . B ruun 1 966 , 1 34 n o .204 . L yon s m int , d a ted 3 23 . i i ) o bv : [ D IVA ] FAVS [T INA ] B ust , R . r ev : [ ? ] F ema le s t . h o ld ing u p L . h and , R . o bscured b y c loth ing . T oo w orn f or c lose i dent if icat ion . S estert ius o f F aust ina , a fter 1 41 . U np ierced . i v ) o bv : I MP C VAL MAX IMIANVS P F AVG B ust R . , c u ir . r ev : GENIO POPVL I ROMAN I G en ius s t . L . , n ude h o ld ing p atera i n L . h and , c ornucop ia i n R . Mod ius o n h ead , C loak o ver R . s hou lder . F o l l is o f Ga ler ius , m int u ncerta in , u np ierced , s ee 2 2 . [ ?] ,H .o .C . B ust , L .

95-

r ev : BEATA TRANQU ILL ITAS t ype a s 7( i ) . M int u ncerta in , u np ierced . v i ) o bv : [ ? ] B u st R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : FEL . TEMP . REP . S o ld ier d ragg ing c apt ive f rom h ut . B arbarous c opy . Unp ierced . A l l c o ins u na ssoc iated . E ast S hefford , 1 3 ek . : f our c o ins i n t he B r it ish Museum a re u nassoc iated ( MLA 7 -16 . 2 1-4 ) : i )o bv : [ ? ] P ostumus ? , B ust R . , r ad r ev : SAL V S AVG S eated f e ma le f igure . i ) o bv : CONSTANS P F AVG B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : [ V ICTOR IAE DD AVGGQ NN ] Two V ictor ies f ac ing , h o ld ing w reath a nd p a lm e ach . M int mark : K ent 1 981 , 1 51-2 . O ff ic ina u nc lear . D ated 3 47-8 . i i ) o bv : CONST [ANT INVIS PF A [VG ] B ust R . , l aur . &d r . r ev : BEATA TRANQV ILL ITAS A s d escr ibed a bove ( 7 ( i ) ) . M int mark :e e B ruun 1 966 , 1 31 n o .125 o r 1 26 , AE 3 o f L yons m int , d a ted 3 21 . i v ) i leg ib le AE 4 . F aversham 1 , Kn . : o bv : [ Vespas ian ] B ust R . , l aur . r ev : ? S estert ius . i ) a s ( i ) i i ) o bv : I MP CAES DOMIT IAN [ GERM AVG ] COS [ ? ] B ust R . , r ad . r ev : FORTVNAE [ AVGVST I ] F ortune s t . L . h o ld ing r udder & c ornucop ia . S .C . i n f i e ld . Dupond ius . Matt ing ley & S ydenham 1 926 , e .g 1 91 n o .293 . O ther s c ited . i v ) o bv : [ D IVA FAVST INA ] B ust R . r ev : f e ma le s t . L . , h o ld ing h a sta p ura . S .C . i n f i e ld v ) a s ( i v ) , r ev , h as f e ma le l ean ing o n p i l lar , [ S ] .C . i n f i e ld . v i ) o bv : VALERIANVS P F AVG B ust R . , r ad . r ev : [ V IRTVS AVG ] S t . ma le f igure , L . Webb 1 927 , 4 0 n o .24 . L yons m int . P lated a n ton in ianus . v i i ) o bv : D IVO CLAVD IO B u st R . , r ad . r ev : CONSECRAT IO A ltar . A nton in ianus . Webb 1 927 , 2 23-4 . v i i i ) o bv : [ ? ] B ust R . , r ad . r ev : [ ? ] S t . ma le f igure L . l ean ing o n s pea r , i n f i e ld . Ab arbarous c opy o f ac o in o f C laud ius I ? . AE 4 i x ) o bv : I MP C [ CARAVS IVS P F A [VG ] B u st R . , r ad . r ev : [ PAX AVG ] s t f e ma le f igure L . Webb 1 933 , 4 71 n o .98 o r 4 90 n o .300 . A nton inanus . Caraus ius ? , c orroded o nto c o in f ragment . x i ) o bv : CONSTANT IVS NOB CAES B ust R . , d iad . r ev : SACR MON AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR S t f igure L . h o ld ing s ca les & c ornucop ia . M int mark : F o l l is o f Aqu i lea : S uther land 1 967 , 3 02-3 n o .315 ; 3 4a o r 3 16 n o .36a ,38a o r 4 0a . Dated t o 3 01 . x i i ) o bv : [ MAGN o r MAX ]ENT IVS P F AVG B ust R . d iad . &d r . r ev : [ — ] P erforated f o l l is . x i i i ) o bv : CONSTANT INVS P F AVG B ust R . , l aur . &d r .

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l '

r ev : S OL I I NV ICTO COMIT I S o l r ad . L . , w ith g lobe i n L . h and . M int mark : n i t S uther land 1 967 , 2 27 n o .874 . F o l l is o f T r ier d a ted 3 10-313 . x iv ) o bv : CONS [TANT IN WS I VN NOB C B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : GLORIA EXERCITVS T ype a s 3( i i ) a bove . N o m int v i s ib le . x v ) o bv : CON [ST ]ANT INVS I VN NOB C B u st L . , d iad . &d r . r ev : PROV IDENT I [A C ]AESS Camp g ate s urmounted b y t wo t ower s , s tar b etween . AE 3 o f u ncerta in m int , a bout AD 3 24-330 . x v i ) o bv : CONSTANT [ INVS I VN NOB C ] B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : GLOR IA EXERC ITVS . A s ( x iv ) a bove . M int u ncerta in . x v i i ) o bv : [ IM CAE MAGNENT IVS AVG ] ? B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : F EL IC ITAS RE IPV [BL ICAE ] Emp . s t . L . h o ld ing v ictory i n L . h and w ith w rea th , l abrarum i n R . M int mark : K ent 1 981 , 1 58 n o . 2 64 . x v i i i ) o bv : [ DN VALENT INIA ]NVS P F AVG B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : GLOR IA ROMANORVM Emp . d ragg ing k nee l ing c apt ive R . H o lds l abrarum i n Rw ith i n scr ibed . M int mark ::71 1 , .AE 3 o f S i sc ia . P earce 1 953 , 1 49 n o .21c . x ix ) o bv : FLAV IA HELENA B ust R . r ev : SALVS PVBL ICA f ema le s t . L . h o ld ing b ranch i n L . a nd h asta p ura i n R . N o m int mark . x x ) o bv : [ IMP MAG ]NENT IV [S P F AVG ] b ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : [ SA lL [VS ] DD NN [ AVG ET CAES ] M int Mark : A -4 i .T ype a s 5 9 , a bove . K en t 1 981 , 1 23 n o .34 . F o l l is , p ierced t w ice . Amiens m int 3 51-3 . x x i ) o bv : Magnet ius , B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : ?s t . f igure L . P robab ly a s x v i i , a bove . x x i i ) o bv : H .o .C . B u st R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : [ V ICTOR IA CAESS o r AVGG ] VOT/X i n w reath . N o m int mark v i s ib le . x x i i i ) o bv : DN CONSTA N [S P F ] AVG B ust R . , h e lmeted & c u ir . r ev : FEL TEMP REPARAT IO Emp s t . o n p row o f g a l ley h o ld ing v ictory a nd g lobe i n R . , l abrarum i n L . M int mark i leg ib le . F or t ype , s ee 7 6 ( i) . x x iv ) o bv : CONSTANT INVS AVG B ust L . , h e lmeted & c u ir . r ev : B EATA TRANQV ILL ITAS t ype a s 7( i ) a bove . M int mark : * T r ier m int d a ted 3 21 . B ruun 1 966 , 1 90 n o .303 . x xv ) u n ident if iab le . A l l c o ins i n t he B r it ish Museum a nd a re u nassoc iated . F r i lford B ek . ( Ox . ) : If o l low D ick inson i n a ss ign ing a l l g raves f rom t h is c emetery w ith i nhumat ions wh ich h ave c o ins i n t he mouth t o t he RomanoB r it ish p er iod ( 1976 I , 1 20 ) . k l c l ingham , M itche ll 's H i l l , S f . : i )o bv : I MP CONSTANT IVS N [OB CAES ] B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : [ ] C o in p ierced c entra l ly . i ) Co in o f L ic in ius , T r ier m int . P ierced . i i ) o bv : I MP MAGNENT IVS AVG b ust R . , d iad . &d r . r A e y 2 SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES * M int mark : A ra .K ent 1 981 , 1 23 n o .34 , Am iens m int . 97-

A l l t hese c o ins a re i n t he A shmo lean a nd a re u na ssoc iated . I p sw ich , Had le igh Rd . S f . : i n I p sw ich museum i s a s estert ius o f t he F au st ina , u np ierced a nd u nassoc iated .

E lder

L itt le W i lbraham , Ca . : o bv : DN VALEN [T IN IANVS ] PF AVG B ust R . , d iad . &d r . r ev : [ V ICTOR IA AVGG ] V ictory a dv L . h o ld ing w reath . M int mark o b l iterated . Co in i n Camb r idge Museum o f A rchaeo logy a nd A n thropo logy . T hree o ther c o ins a re l i sted f rom S treetway H i l l , t he o ther n ame f or t he s i te ( Meaney 1 964 , 7 0-1) , a l l a re AE 3 o f f ourth c en tury d a te . D iscuss ion . T he a na lys is o f t he Roman c o inage f rom p agan A ng lo-Saxon g raves must a ttempt t o a nswer c erta in q uest ions wh ich a re p osed b y t he ir v ery e x i stence . T hese a re : w ha t c o ins a re s e lected ?who a re t hey a ssoc iated w ith ? w here a re t hey f ound o n t he b ody ? a nd i n w hat q uant ity a re t hey f ound i n i nd iv idua l g raves ?T he g enera l s ign if icance o f t he c o inage may t hen b e a ssessed . i )I dent if icat ion : T he 4 55 c o ins w h ich h ave b een r ecorded b y t he a uthor h ave b een t abu lated b y i s sue p er iod i n F igure 4 6 f o l low ing R eece , 1 972 . T h is g ives a t ota l o f 3 38 i dent if iab le c o ins b y emperor w ith a f urther 4 4 w h ich may b e i dent if ied b y c entury a nd 1 04 w h ich a re u n ident if iab le e ither t hrough b e ing i nadequate ly p ub l ished o r b e ing i l leg ib le . T he c omp i lat ion o f t h is t ab le a l lows s ome c ompar ison t o b e made w ith R omano-Br it ish s i tes t o s ee w hether t here i s a ny v ar iat ion i n t he p attern o f c o in s urv iva l . Gadeb r idge P a rk , H e . h as b een s e lected f or t h is p urpose a s t he 3 09 c o ins f ound t here s o c lose ly matches my t ota l o f i dent if iab le c o ins ( F ig . 4 7 ) . A ccord ing t o C urnow ( 1974 , F ig . 5 2 ) , t he v ast p ercentage o f t he c o inage d ates f rom t he t h ird c entury , p art icu lar ly t he p er iod b etween 2 59 a nd 2 75 AD ( 61 e xamp les ) a nd t he f ourth c en tury , e spec ia l ly t he Con stant in ian p er iod , d ated 3 00-348 f or t hese p urposes ( 165 e xamp les ) . T h is c ompares w ith my t ota l o f 3 6 f or t he p er iod b etween AD 2 59 a nd 2 75 a nd 1 44 c o ins f or t he Constant in ian p er iod a s d ef ined a bove . F or t he p er iod a fter C on stan t ine , 4 8 c o ins were f ound a t Gadebr idge a nd 4 1 f rom t he c emeter ies . I t i s p art icu lar ly i n terest ing t o n ote t he l ack o f c o ins o f p er iods XVb a nd XV I ( AD 3 75-402 ) i n t he c emeter ies , af act w h ich s hou ld d i spe l l a ny l i nger ing d oub ts c oncern ing t he s urv iva l o f a money e conomy i n to t he p agan Ang lo-Saxon p er iod . P erhap s t he most s tart l ing d i fference b etween t he t wo g roup s i s t he n umber o f u n ident if iab le c o ins i n t he c emetery g roup . E ven d iscount ing c o ins w h ich a re l i sted a s u npub l ished a nd a re t here fore u n ident if iab le , a t l ea st 5 1 c o ins a re c omp lete ly u n ident ifab le o ther t han b y c entury . T he r ea l t ota l may b e much h igher . F rom G adeb r idge , t he u n ident if ied t ota l i s a mere 1 2 o ut o f 3 02 . T he u nsurpr is ing i n ference i s t hat c o ins a re b e ing l o st a t Gadebr idge wh i le s t i l l i den t if iab le wherea s t he c emetery c o ins a ppear t o b e p icked n ot o n t he b as is o f q ua l ity b ut b ecau se o f t he ir n a ture a s c o ins . On t he who le , h owever , t he c orre lat ion b etween t he t wo t ab les i s g ood s uggest ing t hat t he c o ins h ave b een r andom ly s e lected f rom Roman s i tes w ith t he e xcep t ion o f t he p oor q ua l ity t h ird c en tury b a rbarous r ad iates a nd t he f i na l i s sue p er iod ( XV I ) . D r R eece h as s uggested t o me t hat

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t he r ea son f or t h is p o s it ive d i scr im inat ion l i es i n t he f act t hat b oth t hese t ypes o f c o ins f a l l b e low 1 5mm i n s ize a nd wou ld p erhaps b e l e ss a ttract ive f or s uspen s ion . T h is f i ts we l l w ith Curnow 's a ssessmen t o f t he c o ins f rom West S tow A ng lo-Saxon v i l lage w h ich , h e c onc ludes , w ere a lso s e lected f or s ize a nd c ond it ion ( 1969 , 1 5 ) . T he c ompar ison w ith West S tow c an b e c arr ied i n to o ther a reas a s w e l l . D ifferences b etween t he West S tow g roup a nd t he c emeter ies c an b e d etected i n t he l ack o f c o ins o f b efore AD 1 38 i n t he f ormer g roup . T h is d i fference i sp robab ly more a pparent t han r ea l i n t hat most , i fn ot a l l , o f t he p er iod Ic o ins ( f rom G i lton 3 a nd N orthwo ld ) c an b e r e jected a s g enu ine f inds . T he p eak i n t he C onstant in ian p er iod i s t he s ame f or b oth s i tes b ut t he T heodo s ian p eak a t West S tow i s l ack ing i n t he c emeter ies . A s a t West S tow , h owever , t he t endency i sf or t he c o inage t o h ave b een d amaged i n s ome way . U sua l ly , t h is r e lates o n ly t o p ierc ing , a nd d e l iberate c l ipp ing o r f i l ing i sr are ly e v idenced o n t he p ierced c o ins . T he r everse i s t rue f or c o ins u sed a s w e ights w here c l ipp ing a nd f i l ing a ppea rs t o h ave b een n eces sary t o g et t he c o ins t o t he r equ ired w e ight . T he p ierc ing a ppears t o b ear l i tt le r e lat ion t o t he p os it ion o f t he h ead w hen s uspended a nd s omet imes c o ins w h ich h ave b een worn smooth i n a nt iqu ity h ave b een u sed . T he t a l isman ic v a lue o f t hese c o ins i s t hus made a l l t he more e v iden t ( s ee b e low ) . i ) S ex a nd Age : T he i nformat ion f or t h is s ect ion i s b ased o n F igure 4 8 ,1 . F rom t h is , i t c an b e s een t hat t he ma jor ity o f t he c o ins a re f ound i n f e ma le g raves ( 116 o ut o f a t ota l o f 2 28 ; 5 8% ) w here i t i s p o ss ib le t o d etermine t he s ex o f t he d eceased . A s i s u sua l i n Ang lo-Saxon s tud ies , s ex h as b een a ssessed o n a company ing o b jects a nd t here may b e ap ercen tage o f e rror ( Brennan 1 985 , 1 29-30 ) . I t i s n ot a nt ic ipated , h owever , t hat t h is w i l l b e g reat , o r w i l l a ffect t he o vera l l c onc lus ions . T he p roport ion o f ma le g raves i s n ot ic ib ly much s ma l ler : 2 1 g raves o ut o f 2 28 ( 9% ) . Ch i ldren , r ep resent a mere 4% o f t he t ota l ( 10 e xamp les ) . F rom t h is , i t may b e d educed t ha t t he most c ommon u ser s o f Roman c o ins i n g raves w ere a du lt women . T he i mp l icat ions o f t h is w i l l b e d iscu ssed b e low . T he P os it ion o f t he Co ins i n t he G rave : F rom F igure 4 8 ,2 t he i nc idence o f l oca t ion may b e s een . F or t h is p urpose , f our p os it ions h ave b een c hosen t o c ope w ith t he v ar ied t erm ino logy u sed b y t he e xcavator s . Co ins f ound i n t he f i l l o f t he g rave o r wh ich a re d emonstrab ly u nassoc iated w ith t he b ody a re a lso e xc luded . T he t ota l n umber o f g raves w ith r ecorded p os it ion s i s 1 09 . T he s ix d ef ined a reas a re t he u pper p art o f t he b ody ( neck c hest , u pper a rms a nd s ku l l ) ; t he m idr iff ( pe lv is a nd l eg s ) ; h ands , f eet , mouth a nd s ku l l . T he l atter t wo c a tegor ies h ave b een i nc luded t o f ac i l itate c ompar ison w ith t he p os it ion o f c o ins f rom t he l ate Roman c emetery a t L ankh i l ls ( F ig . 4 8 ,3 ) . T he f act t ha t n o c o ins were f ound b y t he s ku l l o r i n t he mouth i n Ang lo-Saxon c emeter ies s uggests t hat t here w as a c omp lete b reak w ith t he R omano-Br it ish c u stom o f C ha ron 's o bo l . Co ins f ound b y o r i n t he h and w i l l b e d iscussed b e low s ince t hey r epresent t he s urv iva l o f a Romano-Br it ish c u stom . F rom t he h i stog ram i t i s c lea r t ha t c o ins f ound i n t he u pper p a rt o f t he b ody f orm t he l argest c ategory o f f inds : 6 9 e xamp les o r 6 3% o f t he r ev ised

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t ota l n oted a bove . T hese c o ins a re a l so p ropo rt iona te ly more f requen t ly f ound w ith w omen ( 55 e xamp les ) a nd s ince t hey a re f requent ly p ierced a nd f ound w ith b eads , i t may b e a ssumed t hat t hey were s trung o n n eck laces . O n ly t hree ma le g raves h ave c o ins i n t h is a rea . T he s econd mo st f requent a rea u sed i st he m idr iff w ith 2 7 e xamp les o r 2 5% . Aga in women d om ina te w ith 2 4 e xamp les o ut o f t h is t ota l . Co ins f ound i n t h is a rea a ppear t o b e a ssoc iated w ith b ag s o r p ouche s , a s a t K ing sworthy 3 0 , H a . I ti sn ot iceab le , h owever , t ha t t he c o ins i n t h is g rave w ere a ssoc iated w ith a l arge c o l lect ion o f b eads a nd t hat t here i sn o r eason w hy t he c o ins c ou ld n ot h ave b een s trung w ith t he b ead s , a s a t B r ighthamp ton 2 2 , Ox . Co ins f ound b y t he f eet a re r are w ith o n ly s ix e xamp les n oted ( 5 .5% ) : o ne o f t hese was t he g rave a t S arre w here t he c o ins h ad b een u sed a s w e ights . O thers w ere Camerton 1 00 , S o . a nd O rp ing ton 3 2 , K n . T he c o in f rom S leaford 2 32 , L i . wh ich was a lso f ound a t t he f eet may b e as tray f i nd . F inds b y o r i n t he h and a re s l ight ly more c om mon w ith s even e xamp les ( 6 .5% ) . Two o f t hese were f ound b y t he f orearm a nd h ave b een i nc luded h ere ( K ing sworthy 9 , H a . & L ym inge I 1 , M n . ) . A t H arnham H i l l 2 8 , W i . a nd I ck l ingham , S f . , t he c o ins w ere f ound b y t he h and a nd a t S leaford 8 5 , L i . , t he c o ins w ere f ound p i led b y t he h and i n t wo h eap s . T h is l eaves t wo g raves w here t he c o ins w ere f ound i n t he h and : G t . Chester ford 2 9 , E x . a nd S oham 1 0 , Ca . , af e ma le a nd ma le g rave r espect ive ly . A t P ortway D own 1 3 , H a . a nd C hesse l l D own 2 3 , I . o .W . ac o in was mounted o n to a b race let . T he p o s it ion o f c o ins f ound a s w e ights a re p oor ly r ecorded - o n ly t he p os it ion o f t he S arre c o ins a re k nown , t hese b e ing f ound a t t he f eet . i v ) Numbers o f Co ins : T he i n format ion r e lat ing t o t h is s ect ion i so n F igure 4 9 . T h is s hows t ha t b y f ar t he c om monest n umber o f c o ins t o a ppear i n g raves i s o ne ( 135 e xamp les : 6 2% ) , a l though t wo c o ins a re q u ite f requen t ( 54 e xamp les : 2 5% ) . B eyond t h is , t he i nc idence o f mu lt ip le c o ins b ecomes r are . I t i s i nterest ing t o n ote t ha t t he p roport ion o f f ema les t o ma les d ecreases w ith t he i ncrea se i n t he n umber o f c o ins d epos ited . T h is i s e spec ia l ly n ot iceab le w hen more t han t hree c o ins a re f ound a l though t he f ew g raves w ith a l arge n umber o f c o ins makes t he i mportance o f t h is o b servat ion d i ff icu lt t o a ssess . I n t he g raves w here t here a re more t han s ix c o ins d epos ited , f i nds a re o ften o f a n u nusua l c haracter . O f t he t wo g raves w ith s even c o ins ( S leaford 8 5 , L i . & F i lk ins , O x . ) , t he l atter may b e d i scounted a s r epresent ing t wo c on f lated g raves b ut t he S leaford g rave w as o f ac h i ld a nd t he o ccurrence o f t he c o ins b y t he h and a ppea rs t o b e an at ive c ustom ( s ee Chapter 9 ) . T he t wo g raves w ith e ight c o ins a lso s how a bnorma l s i tuat ions . A t G i lton 6 6 , M n . t he c o ins w ere i n u se a s w e ights a nd a t H o lywe l l R ow 3 9 , S f . t hey w ere s trung o n a woman 's n eck lace . T h is i s b y n o means u nusua l b ut t he f act t hat t he c o ins c entre o n t he p er iod 3 30-50 s uggest t hat a h oa rd h as b een d iscovered a nd r eused . T h is a l so a ppear s t o b e t he c ase a t B r ighthamp ton 2 2 , Ox . a nd K ing sworthy 3 0 , H a . b oth w ith t en c o ins e ach . A t B r ighthampton , K ent n ot iced t hat t he c o ins c en tred o n t he p er iod b etween AD 2 20-30 ( 1961 , 1 8 ) a nd a t K ing sworthy , h a lf o f t he c o ins a re o f t he H ouse o f V a lent in ian ( s ee F ig . 4 5 ) . T he o ther g rave w ith t en c o ins , Oz inge l l , K n . w as u s ing t he c o ins a s w e ights . O f t he t wo f i na l c ategor ies , t he e leven c o ins f rom S arre 2 6 , Mn . a nd t he f ourteen f rom Dover C , Kn . a re b oth e xamp les o f c o ins r eused a s w e ights . T he 2 5 c o in c ategory i s t he c onf lated t ota l f rom F aver sham , Mn . v ) T he s ign if icance a nd u se o f Roman Co ins .

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F rom t he e v idence p ut f orwa rd s o f ar , s evera l c onc lus ion s may b e p ut f orward . C o ins t ended t o b e b ur ied s i ng ly o r i n t wos a nd most o ften i n f e ma le g raves . T hey w ere g enera l ly p ierced a nd o ften worn a t t he n eck a nd u sua l ly w ith b eads . Co ins w ere a l so f ound i n s ign if icant n umbers i n b ag c o l lect ions w ith women a nd o cca s iona l ly t he n eck laces o n wh ich t hey may h ave b een s uspended a re a l so f ound i n t he b ag . S ome u np ierced c o ins a re k nown , h owever , a nd n ot a l l c o ins c an t here fore b e s een a s p endan t o rnamen ts . O n ly a s ma l l p ercentage w ere f ound w ith c h i ldren , a nd i n a t l ea st o ne g rave ( Chesse l l D own 2 3 , I . o .W . ) , t hey may h ave b een u sed a s at oy . I n h er a ssessment o f Ang lo-Saxon amu lets , Meaney n otes t he s uggest ion , made b y Myres ( 1978 ) , t ha t s uch c o ins may h ave b een c o l lected f or t he ir s crap v a lue ( 1981 , 2 14 ) . B ut , s he a rgues t hat t here w ou ld b e n o r eason t o p ierce t hem i f t h is w as s o . N or wou ld i t a ccount f or t he f act t ha t mo st o ccur i n f e ma le g raves . A much more f orcefu l c ounter t o t he s crap t heory i s t he n umber o f c o ins i n e ach g rave . I th a s b een s hown t ha t most c o ins o ccur s ing ly o r i n t wo s a nd y et t here must h ave b een l arge n umbers o f c o ins r ead i ly a va i lab le t o a nyone who c a red t o c o l lect t hem . I fs caveng ing f or meta l i n o rder t o c rea te b rooches e tc . i s e v idenced , t hen s ure ly more wou ld b e f ound i n t he g raves . T here i s a l so t he b e l ief t ha t a l l t he f i nds made w ith t he b ody must h ave h ad s ome p ersona l a ssoc iat ion w ith t hat p erson , o therw ise t he r i te o f a ccompan ied b ur ia ls b ecomes l arge ly mean ing less . A f ar more p laus ib le r eason , a s Meaney c onc ludes , i sa n amu let ic o r ' l ucky ' u se ( 1981 , 2 20 ) . F or t h is p urpose , a ny c o in wou ld d o , a lthough a l i ght AE 3 wou ld b e l ess b urdensome t o w ea r t han a s estert ius . I ndeed , s e lect ion o f t he l a tter a ppear s t o r e late a lmo st s o le ly t o t he ir u se a s we ights o r o rnamen ta l mounts . I n t h is c on text , i t i so f i n terest t o n ote t he r e lat ive ly h igh i nc idence o f f o l les ( 23 e xamp les ) , s ome w ith t he ' l ucky ' s ymbo l o f t he C h iRho p rom inent ly d i sp layed . T he most c ommon c o in t ype , t he B EATA TRANQV ILL ITAS i s sue o f t he H ouse o f Constant ine ( t en e xamp les ) , i s o f i n tere st a lso b ecau se i t a ppea rs t o h ave b een u sed a s al ucky c ha rm i n t he T r ier r eg ion a s w e l l ( W ightman 1 970 , 2 47 ; I am i ndebted t o D r R eece f or d raw ing my a ttent ion t o t h is ) . T he p ure ly d ecorat ive u ses o f c o ins may n ot b e r u led o ut , h owever , g iven t he e v idence f or s cut iform p endants a nd b racteates a l though t hese a re i nvar iab ly i n p rec ious meta ls . I f c o ins a re f u lf i l l ing t he s ame r o le a s b racteates a nd s cut iform p endants , i t may w e l l b e t hat b ronze c o ins f ormed a r eady s ubst itute f or t hose u nab le t o a fford t hese p rec ious o b jects . T hat t h is i s p oss ib ly t he c ase i s s hown b y t he o ccas iona l f inds o f p ierced g o ld c o ins o f Merov ing ian o r B yzan t ine d a te f ound i n a sma l l n umber o f g raves p art icu lar ly i n K ent ( S . R igo ld 1 975 ) . I f a n amu let ic p urpose c an b e s uggested , t h is m ight e xp la in w hy o n ly o ne c o in was f e lt t o b e n ecessary . S e lect ion a nd u se o f R oman c o ins s eems , t herefore , t o b e f or l im ited r easons . S ome were s e lected f or u se a s we ights , o ther s p erhaps a s p rophy lact ic c harms o r t o g uard a ga in st t he e v i l e ye . T here a ppears t o b e n o c orre lat ion w ith t he Roman c u stom o f C haron 's o bo l . R ather , t he c o ins a re p ierced a nd s uspended , o ften w ith b eads o r k ept i n b ag s . F ina l ly , i n c hrono log ica l t erms , i t s eems c lea r t ha t t he c ustom o f wea r ing c o ins o n t he b ur ied p er son b egan a t a n e ar ly d ate a nd c ont inued t hroughout t he p agan p er iod , a lthough t he b u lk c ou ld p robab ly b e a ss igned t o t he l ate f i f th a nd e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c en tury . Meaney n otes a l ate t endency t o l eave c o ins u np ierced a nd t h is may b e r e lated t o as ixth a nd s eventh c en tury t rend t o k eep c o ins i n b ag c o l lect ion s ( 1981 , 2 16 ) .

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Chap ter 6 . P er sona l D ress Accessor ies . I n troduct ion . T h is c hap ter i s more m isce l laneou s i n c ha rac ter t han t hose p receed ing b ut i s u n if ied b y t he f act t ha t a l l t hese o b jects were mo st ly d ecorat ive a ccessor ies t o c lothes worn b y Ang lo-Saxon men a nd , more e spec ia l ly , w omen . T h ree l arge g roup s i n p art icu la r a re d i scussed : r i ng s , p ins a nd b race lets . I .F inger R ing s a nd I n tag l io s . 1 . Roman . 1 . Ab ingdon I1 06 , B e l c . ( 0x .) : ac opper a l loy f i nger r ing , o r ig ina l ly e name l led c oncen tr ica l ly o n t he f la ttened , c i rcu la r b eze l ( F ig . 5 0 ,1 ) . Hoop s l ight ly d istorted b ut o therw ise wea rab le . A s im i la r e xamp le f rom R ichborough , K n . i s p erhap s o f t h ird c entu ry d ate ( Hender son 1 949 , 1 28 P l . XXXV , 1 03 ) . F ound i n a f ema le g rave w ith a f ragmen ta ry a ccessory v esse l , a n e a r ly a pp l ied b rooch , a t u tu lu s b rooch b a se , ak n ife a nd a l a rge c opper a l loy r i ng . T he f inger r i ng wa s f ound o n t he b rea st a ccompan ied b y ap r icker , a nd a n i ron r i ng . A d a te i n t he m idd le t o l a te f i fth c entury i sl i ke ly . 2 . A lf r iston 2 8 , S x . ( E . S x .) : as i lver r ing , p o lygona l i n f orm a nd n ow b roken ( F ig . 5 0 , 2 ) . A round t he b order i s a n a ppa rant ly mean ing le ss i n scr ip t ion . S uch r ing s a re we l l k nown i n t he l a te Roman p er iod b ut u sua l ly c a rry Chr ist ian message s ( e .g . Da lton 1 912 , 2n o .4 & 5 ) . A ssoc iated o b jects i nc luded a g la ss b ow l , ap ea r l r immed b as in , ag rea t s quareh eaded b rooch , t wo s aucer b rooches , t wo s wa st ica b rooches , b eads , a whor l , a b one o rnamen t , r i ngs a nd a m in ia ture k n ife . F or s econd r ing , s ee b e low . A m idd le t ol a te s ix th c entu ry g rave . 3 . B reach Down , Kn . : a s egment o f a f inger r i ng h oop i n g lass w ithou t a ssoc iat ion s ( F ig . 5 0 ,5 ) . F or p a ra l le ls , s ee Ha rden 1 971 , 1 06-7 n o .153 F ig . 4 5 , 7 0 . 4 . Can terbury I , S t Mart in 's , Kn . : ac orne l ian i n tag l io w ith a d es ign o f M inerva ( Hen ig 1 974 I , 3 6 n o .231 ) f ound r eu sed i n a n Ang lo-Saxon g o ld p endant F ig . 5 1 ,9 ) . T he f ind i s f rom o ne o f t wo g raves a nd i s p re sent ly a ssoc iated w ith 6 c o in p endants . T he f ind i s u sua l ly a ttr ibu ted t o o ne g rave b ut a na lys is o f t he g o ld h a s s howed t hat t wo g roup s a re i nvo lved ( Hawkes e t a l 1 966 ; Wa rhur st 1 982 , x v i i-xv i i i ) . T he g roup s a re d a ted c .580 a nd c .630 r espect ive ly . No o ther a ssoc iat ion s k nown . 5 . Dorchester I , 1 , Ox . : ac opper a l loy s p ira l f inger r ing i s n oted f rom t h is i mportant e ar ly g rave ( F ig . 5 0 ,6 ) . A t h ird o r f our th c entury p a ra l le l f or t h is r i ng may b e c ited f rom S hakenoak , Oxon . ( Brodr ibb e t a l 1 973 , 1 12 n o .220 F ig . 5 5 ) . F or a ssoc iat ions , s ee B race lets . 6 . Emscote , Wa . : ac opper a l loy r ing w ith r ound b eze l h o ld ing a ( miss ing ) s tone ( F ig . 5 0 ,7 ) . T he h oop i s b roken a nd t he r i ng wou ld h ave b een u nwea rab le . A s im i la r r ing may b e c i ted f rom Co lchester ( Crum my 1 983 , 4 9 F ig . 5 0 n o .1779 ) . T he s ett ing r esemb les t ha t o n ag o ld r i ng f rom T hetford , N f . ( Johns & P otter 1 983 , 8 4 F ig . 9 . 6 ) . F ind u nassoc ia ted . 7 . F aversham , Kn . : ab lue g la ss i n tag l io w ith a s tand ing f igure d es ign ( Hen ig 1 974 I , 7 8 n o .564 ) . I t i s s ti l l s et i n i t s c opper a l loy b eze l o f t h ird c en tu ry d a te . F ind o therw ise u nassoc iated .

7. Faversha.m, Kn.: a blue glass intaglio with a standing figure design (Henig 1974 II, 78 no.564). It is still set in its copper alloy bezel of third century date. Find otherwise unassociated. 8. Haslingfield, Ca.: a copper alloy ring with broken ribbon shank, square bezel with a circular depression for a set ting which is now mis sing (Fig. 50,10). A late Roman ring, the set ting is reminiscent of Marshall 1907, 139 no.849 Pl. XXI although it has none of that ring's complexity. An unassociated find. 9. Highdown IDlmsociated, Sx. {W. Sx.}: a copper alloy ring with an oval glass intaglio of third century date (Fig. 50,11; Henig 1974 II, 197 no.555 Pl. XVII). 10. Howletts 4, Kn.: a nicolo intaglio set in an elaborate gold finger ring. The design is of Pothos s tanding holding a thyrsus in both hands. Henig dates the ring to the fourth or fifth century and it is tht.5 nearly contemporary with the grave goods of a brooch with upturned foot, two radiate-headed brooches, two Frankish cloisonne brooches, one kidney shaped, a pair of polyhedral earrings and a polyhedral headed pin dating to the middle to late fifth century (1974 II, 21 no.111). 11. Laekford 48/2474, Sf.: a copper alloy ring with oval bezel set ting for a (missing) gem (Fig. 51,1). The bezel has facetted panels on either side, the hoop being otherwise plain but complete. This is a common late Roman ring form (Allason-Jones & Miket 1984, 125 no.192). Found in a cremation urn with a Roman spoon (see Chapter 8), an annular brooch and a comb fragment. The urn is dated to the later fifth and early sixth century by Myres (1977 I, 45-8). 12. Little Wilbraham 2, Ca.: a plain copper alloy ring with oval bezel and ribbon hoop (Fig. 51,2). A more bat tered example is illIBtrated by Crummy from Colchester (1983, 49 no.1771 Fig. 50). The ring was found in a female grave with a large string of beads. The grave should probably be dated to the sixth century. 13. Long Wittenham 100, Bek. {OL}: a large copper alloy ring with flat oval bezel and two spots of enamel set into the surface (Fig. 51,3). A similar round bezelled enamelled ring from the Romano-British site at Wakerley, Nh. is published by Jackson & Ambrose (1978, 221 no.20 Fig. 58). Found in a sixth ce ntury female grave with a crys tal whorl, iron buckle, amber beads, toilet implements, two disc brooches and a knife. 14. Lyminge II 32, Kn.: a second century red jasper intaglio with a design of Ceres holding a dish of fruit and corn ears set in a kidney-shaped attachment plate of Frankish t ype. The intaglio is surrounded by cloisonne red glass (Henig 1974 II, 40 no.264). Found in a male grave with a knife and silver plated buckle. The grave is probably of late fifth or early sixth century date. 15. Milton-next-Sittingbourne, Kn.: cornelian intaglio with a design of a charioteer driving a � set in a gold finger ring of Henig's type V of third century date (Fig. 48,4; 1974 II, 74 no.518). Found in a male ? grave with a (destroyed) glass vessel, a spearhead and a gilt buckle. The ring is now lost. Date of burial uncertain but possibly sixth century. 16. Mitcham 38, Sr.: a copper alloy ring identical with Lackford 48/2474, above (Fig. 51,5). Found in a grave with a late Roman buckle and a knife (see Chapter 4). -103-

1 7 . P a l cef ie ld , S f . : a n o nyx i n tag l io s e t i n a n A ng lo-Saxon g o ld p endant . T he d es ign i so f aD io scur i w ith a s pear a nd h o rse . A ssoc iated w ith t he f i nd w as a c o in o f Av itu s a l so i n g o ld p endan t . P robab ly a s even th c en tu ry g rave ( Hen ig 1 974 I , 1 9 n o .97 ) . 1 8 . Ra inham , E x . : ac opper a l loy r ing w ith r ound b eze l w h ich may h ave h e ld e i ther a s tone o r e name l , mo st p robab ly t he f ormer ( F ig . 5 1 ,6 ) . A s im i la r r i ng i si lustrated i n A l la son-Jone s &M iket 1 984 , 1 22-3 n o 1 71 ) . Unassoc ia ted . 1 9 . Read ing I 1 3 , B e l c . : ac opper a l loy s p ira l r i ng was f ound i n am idf ifth c en tury f ema le g rave w ith a l a te Roman b uck le a nd a b e lt t ube ( s ee Chap ter 4 ) . F or p a ra l le ls , s ee 5a bove . 2 0 . S iber tswo ld 1 25 , Kn . : ab ase s i lver r ing w ith r ound-sect ioned h oop a nd o va l b eze l wh ich h a s o n e i ther s i de a t refo i l a rrangement o f d ots ( F ig . 5 1 ,7 ) . A s im i la r a rrangemen t i s s hown o n a c opper a l loy r ing f rom S ou th S h ie lds i lu stra ted i n A l lason-Jones & M iket ( 1984 , 1 22 n o .170 ) . F ound w ith 2 5 b eads a nd o ne l a rge b ead . T he i den t if ica t ion o f t h is r i ng w ith S ibertswo ld 1 25 i s d oubtfu l a s t he r i ng i lu stra ted i n I nventor ium S epu lchra le i sP l . X I , 1 3 , as i lver s p ira l k not r ing . T h is i den t if icat ion i s s ub stan t ia ted b y t he o r ig ina l F au sse tt manu scr ip t wh ich h a s as ketch o f ak not r i ng ( Faussett D ia ry I V F ig . 3o n f o l . 3 3 v er so , L iverpoo l Mu seum) . Hav ing c hecked t he d ia r ies f or o ther p oss ib le g raves , Iam u nab le t o o ffer a n a l ternat ive a ttr ibut ion wh ich w ou ld p lace s ome s u sp ic ion o n t he f ind . 2 1 . S leaford 2 27 . L i . : an ico lo i n tag l io w ith a d e s ign s how ing M inerva wa lk ing l eft ( F ig . 5 1 ,11 ) H en ig 1 974 I , 3 7 n o .245 ) . F ound i n ag rave a long w ith t wo a nnu la r b rooches , as cu t iform p endan t i n s i lver , al a rge n eck lace o f amber b eads a nd t wo ma ss ive w r ist c la sp s . Al a te s ix th c en tury d a te i sp robab le . 2 2 . S nape , S f . : an ico lo i n tag l io w ith a d es ign o f B onus E ven tu s ( Hen ig 1 974 I , 3 3 n o . 2 05 ) . T he i n tag l io i s s et i n ag o ld r i ng o f C ont inenta l o r A ng lo-Saxon manufac tu re . B ruce-M itford d a tes t he r ing t o a bou t AD 6 00 o n a na logy w ith A ng lo-Saxon p ieces , n o tab ly t ho se f rom S u tton H oo b ut Werner h as a sserted a d ate o f n ot l a ter t han AD 5 50 f or t he manufac ture o f t he r ing o n t he b as is o f a s im i la r e xamp le f rom a g rave a t K refe ld-Ge l lup ( 1967 , 1 83-4 ) . Wha tever t he d a te o f manufac ture o f t h is r i ng , i t i s l i ke ly , a s B ruce-M itford a sserts t ha t n e ither t he c law b eaker n or t he r i ng c an b e u sed t o g ive s ecu re d ates f or t he g rave ( 1974 , 1 26-131 ) . T h is c onc lu s ion h as b een r ea ff irmed b y E v ison ( 1982 , 4 9 ) . 2 3 . S tratford , A lveston 5 , Wa . : ac orne l ian i n tag l io s how ing Cup id m i lk ing a g oa t ( Hen ig 1 974 I , 2 5 n o .140 ) . T he i n tag l io i s s et i n ac e l l o n ag reat s quare h eaded b rooch . T he a ccompany ing o b jects were t wo s aucer b rooche s w ith s tuds , a C la ss G 1 p enannu la r b rooch , as tr ing o f amber a nd p aste b eads a nd o ne l a rge r ock c ry sta l b ead , af inger r ing a nd a n i ron b uck le . A m idd le t o l ate s ix th c entury d a te i sg iven b y D ick inson ( 1982a , 4 2 ) . 2 4 . Wheat ley 2 8 , Ox . : a n i ron s p ira l r i ng i s n oted b y D ick in son a s b e ing o f Romano-Br it ish d ate ( 1976 I , 1 98 ) . F or p ara l le ls , s ee Dorche ster I , 1a bove . T he b ody wa s a ssoc iated w ith a p in , ak n ife , t wo c opper a l loy c l ip s , a n i ron b uck le a nd p o ss ib le i r on k eys . T h is g rave i sp robab ly o f f i fth c entury d a te . 2 5 . Wood stone 9 , Hu . ( Ca . ) : ac opper a l loy Roman f i nger r ing w ith o va l b eze l a nd i nc ised b i rd ? f ound w ith a n i nhumat ion a ccompan ied b y aw r ist c la sp , a g ird le h anger a nd a c o in . P robab ly a s ix th c en tury g rave . 104-

2 . B yzan t ine a nd Con t inenta l . 1 . A lf r isto r i 2 8 , S x . ( E . S x . ) : ac opper a l loy f i nger r ing w ith c on ica l b eze l s et w ith a g a rnet i n tag l io o f as corp ion ( F ig . 5 0 , 3 ) . H en ig c ons ider s t hat t he g em may b e f rom t he B yzan t ine emp ire ( 1974 I , 9 4 n o .718 ) a lthough t he g rave i s d a ted b y We lch t o t he m idd le o f t he s ix th c entu ry wh ich w ou ld make s uch a n i mport u nu sua l ly e a r ly ( 1983 , 8 7 ) . T he s ett ing o f t he b eze l i sp a ra l le led i n t he l ate Roman h oard f rom T hetford , N f . ( John s & P o tter 1 983 , 8 4 F ig . 9 , 6 ) . F or s econd r ing a nd a ssoc iat ion s , s ee a bove . 2 . B ifrons 4 2 , Kn . : ag i lt s i lver r ing w ith r ound-sect ioned h oop a nd o va l s ett ing f or g em w ith m i l led b order ( F ig . 5 0 ,4 ) . T he s tone i s n ow l o st . A f inger r i ng d a ted b y Ma rsha l l t o t he f i r st c en tury i ss im i la r a l though t h is l ack s t he m i l led b order ( 1907 , 2 25 n o .1469 P l . XXX I I I ) . T he r i ng i s Merov ingean i n d ate . F or a ssoc iated o b jec ts , s ee Co ins , a bove . 3 . Harnham Hi l l 4 0 , W i . : as i lver monog rammed r ing , t he d es ign o f w h ich a ppear s t o b e o f f ea thered p a tterns a nd a rc s ( F ig . 5 0 ,8 ) . T he b eze l i s f la t a nd o va l w ith t he s hank h av ing f a in t h achu r ing . Ap oss ib le p ara l le l f or t h is r i ng i s c i ted b y Da lton f rom t he Merov ing ian p er iod ( 1912 , 2 4 n o .150 ) . T h is g rave i s d a ted t o t he l a ter f i fth c en tu ry b y t wo b utton b rooches o f Aven t & E v ison 's C lass B m isc . a nd C ( 1982 , 9 2 ) ; s ee Chap ter 3f or o ther a ssoc iat ions . 4 . Harnham Hi l l 5 3 , W i . : ac opper a l loy mong rammed r ing r ead ing ( F ig . 5 0 ,9 ) . T he b eze l i s o va l a nd o therw ise p la in . F ound a t t he wa ist o f a n i nhuma t ion w ith t wo c opper a l loy a nnu la r b rooches , a n i ron b uck le , b eads a nd f ragments o f c opper a l loy . P a ra l le l a s Ha rnham H i l l 4 0 . 5 . Oz ingel l , Kn . : ac orne l ian i n tag l io w ith s corp ion d es ign , s uggested t o b e o f B yzant ine d ate b y H en ig ( 1974 I , 9 4 n o .719 ) . Unassoc ia ted . 6 . S ibertswo ld 1 63 , Kn . : al a rge s i lver f inger r ing w ith t h ick , r ound s ect ioned h oop , s quare b eze l w ith w ide m i l led b order a nd , a t t he j unct ion o f t he h oop a nd b eze l , a t re fo i l a rrangement o f s i lver b a l ls o n e ither s ide ( F ig . 5 1 ,8 ) . T he s ett ing , wh ich p robab ly s at i n b eeswax i n t he b eze l , i ss a id t o h ave b een amber b ut i s n ow l o st ( Fau ssett 1 856 , 1 28-9 ) . A lmo st c erta in ly a B yzant ine i mport a nd c lo se ly c omparab le t o B oa rdman & S car isbr ick 1 977 , 4 8-9 n o .109 a nd p la te ) . T h is p ara l le l h a s a n i n scr ip t ion i n G reek o n t he s o l id b eze l wh ich i s d ateab le t o t he l ate s i x th c entury o n e p ig raph ic g rounds b ut i s o therw ise i den t ica l t o t he S ibertswo ld e xamp le . A ssoc iated o n ly w ith a k n ife . 7 . S iber tswo ld 1 72 , Kn . : ag arnet i n tag l io w ith a d es ign o f aL ion ( F ig . 5 1 ,10 ; H en ig 1 974 I , 8 5 n o .634 ) who s uggests t ha t i t i s aB yzant ine i mport . T he i n tag l io was s et i n ag o ld p endant a nd t he g rave may b e d a ted t o c .650-70 o n t he q ua l ity o f t he g o ld ( Hawkes e t a l 1 966 , 1 12-3 ) . T he p endan t f ormed p art o f a n e x tens ive j ewe l lery s et f rom a v ery r i ch f ema le g rave . I L P ins . 1 . Roman . 1 . Chesse l l Down 3 4 , I . o .W . : ac opper a l loy p in w ith l a rge emera ld g reen g lass d ome s haped h ead ( F ig . 5 2 ,2 ) . S uch p ins a re r a re f i nds o n Roman s i tes b ut a f ew a re k nown , e .g . f rom S hakenoak , Ox . ( Ha rden 1 971 , 1 06 n o .152 F ig . 4 5 , 6 9 ) a nd L ankh i l ls f rom t he l a te f ourth c entu ry g raves n umbered 3 23 , 3 36 a nd 3 51 ( G . C la rke 1 979 , 3 16 T ype D ) . T hese p ins a re a lso f ound i n e a r ly d epos its o n 105-

t he Ang lo-Saxon s ett lemen t a t West S tow , S f . ( Ev ison 1 985 , 7 5 ) . F ound w ith a f ragment o f ag la ss a rm let , as i lver b i rd b rooch a nd t wo o ther u nspec if ied b rooches , ap in , p endan ts , b ead s , ab uck le , ak n ife a nd t wo p a ir s o f t weezer s . Al ate f i fth t o e ar ly s ix th c entu ry g rave . 2 . G aon , A sh , Kn . : a n e xqu is ite s i lver a nd g o ld p la ted c opper a l loy p in w ith t aper ing s haft a nd b icon ica l h ead ( F ig . 5 2 ,4 ) . T he h ead i s d ecora ted w ith a can thu s l eaves r ad iat ing f rom t he s haft a nd c rown a nd wh ich meet a t t he w idest p o int . T he mou lded s ha ft h as p ane ls o f d ecorat ion b etween b ands wh ich a re a lterna t ly p la in a nd g ad rooned . T he e lemen ts a re c h ip -ca rved o r c ha sed w ith p unched d ot u sed a s as upp l iment . T he s ha ft i s b roken l eav ing a s tub 1 34m m l ong . Ac ompa rab le p in f rom Xan ten/Dodewaa rd i s2 75mm l ong ( Van E s 1 967 , 1 22 ) . V an E s h as d i scu ssed t he f ew e xamp les o f t hese p ins t hat s u rv ive a nd l i nk s t hem t o t he l a te Roman work shop s o perat ing i n t he Meuse v a l ley wh ich were p roduc ing b e lt f i tt ings s uch a s t ho se f rom M isery-en-Somme ( Ev ison 1 965 , F ig . 2 ;V an E s 1 967 , 1 25-6 ) . B öhme c lass if ies t hese p ins a s Mu ids t ype r e inforc ing a d ate i n t he l a st q uarter o f t he f our th c entury a nd t he f i r st q uarter o f t he f i fth ( 1974 I ,3 5-6 ) . P ins s uch a s t hese f ormed t he s ta rt ing p o in t f or Kemp ston a nd P o lyhed ra l h eaded p ins . T he a ssoc iat ion s o f t he p in a re u nknown . 3 . G irton 4 1 , Ca : a b one p in w ith a mou lded p ierced h ead .

P re sumab ly

C rum my 's t ype 3 , a l though t he p ierc ing i s u nu sua l ( 1983 , 2 1-2 F ig . 1 9 ) . N o o ther a ssoc ia ted o b jec ts . T h is g rave c ou ld we l l b e Roman i n d a te a s t he s i te was s o p oor ly e xcava ted . 4 . Kemp ston 6 3 , B d . : ac opper a l loy p in w ith l oo se s p ira l h ead ( F ig . 5 2 ,3 ) . P resumab ly t aken f rom a Roman b rooch s uch a s o ne o f t he T rumpet-Headed f am i ly . F rom a n i nhuma t ion a ccompan ied b y a c opper a l loy p in w ith t wo d i sco ida l s we l l ing s o n t he s haft a nd , a ccord ing t o K enne tt ( 1968b , 4 9-50 ) , t wo g i lt b rooches , as aucer b rooch , at o i let s et a nd t wo k notted r i ng s . I tc ou ld h ave b een r eu sed a s as hroud p in . 5 . L itt le W i lb raham 5 3 , Ca . : ac opper a l loy p in o f C rum my 's t ype 3 ( F ig . 5 2 ,9 ; 1 983 , 2 9 ) , at ype c u rrent t hroughout t he Roman p er iod b ut f ound i n t he l ate Roman B utt Road c emetery i n Co lchester ( i b id ) . T h is e xamp le was f ound w ith t wo s ma l llong b rooches a nd t wo r i ng s . A g rave o f t he l a ter f i fth o r , more p robab ly , t he e a r ly s ix th c en tury . 6 -9 . Quarr ing ton , L e . : f ou r b one p ins a re i l lu stra ted a s c om ing f rom t he a rea o f t he Ang lo-Saxon c emetery b ut t he a ssoc iat ion s a re n ot c lea r a nd t hey a ppea r t o r ep re sen t s tray f inds o f Roman d a te ( F ig . 5 2 ,5-8 ) . O ther p ins may b e c i ted f rom , e .g . c remat ions a t L ong W ittenham , B ek . a nd S hudy Camp s , Ca . ( F ig . 5 2 ,10-12 ) b ut a lthough t hese h ave f orm a nd d ecorat ion s im i lar t o Roman e xamp les , t hey a re p robab ly o f Ang lo-Saxon manufacture a nd i lu strate t he s im i la r t echno logy a nd d es igns a va i lab le i n b oth p er iods ( D ick inson 1 976 I ,1 93 ) . 2 . Ce lt ic . 1 . Cass ing ton I ,3 , Ox . : ac opper a l loy p in w ith f la ttened r ounded h ead a nd a b eaked p ro ject ion ( F ig . 5 3 ,1 ) . T he h ead h a s a c i rcu la r e name l led a rea c on s ist ing o f ap e lta i n t he r ound a nd t hree ' t ea rs ' o f e name l b e low t he b eak . T here a re f a int ly i nc ised l i nes b e low a nd t o t he s i de o f t he t ear s o n t he s ha ft . T he s haft i s o therw ise p la in a nd t aper ing . T he t ype h a s b een d i scu ssed b y B oon 106-

( 1975 ) who a ss igns a n I r ish o r ig in t o t he t ype a nd d a ted t hem t o t he t h ird c en tu ry o nwa rds . He om its t o ment ion t h is p in , h owever , a nd h i s d at ing may b e q uest ioned a s b e ing t oo e a r ly . F ow ler a l l ies t he s hape o f t he h ead a nd p art icu lar ly t he b eaked p ro f i le t o t erm ina ls o f h er D 4 a nd D 5 b rooches a nd i s more i nc l ined t o af ourth c en tu ry d a te ( 1963 , 1 21 ) . More r ecent ly , B rown i n p ub l ish ing t he C irence ster p in , n otes t he c lo se s imi lar ity b etween t he t wo p ieces a nd s uggests t hat t he t wo p in s o r ig ina ted i n t he s ame workshop i n t he l a te f ourth o r e ar ly f i fth c entu ry ( 1976 , 2 1 F ig . 3 , 1 :2 ) . A s imi lar p in h a s b een r ecovered f rom p ost Roman l eve ls a t Wroxeter ( K . P re tty , p er s . c omm . ) . T he p in was f ound w ith a ma le i nhumat ion a ccompan ied b y a l ong s h ie ld h and le , ak n ife a nd a n i ron b uck le . T he s h ie ld g r ip i s o f at ype t ha t d oe s n ot p reda te t he s ix th c entu ry a nd t he g rave s hou ld b e d ated a ccord ing ly ( D ick inson 1 976 I ,1 95 ) . 2 . Dover I , B uck land 9 6b , Kn . : a n i ron c o i l-headed p in w ith s quare-sect ioned s ha ft a nd h ead ( F ig . 5 3 ,2 ) . P ins o f t h is s ort were c ons idered b y L eeds t o b e o f ' Ce lt ic ' t ype a lthough h e c ou ld c ite n o s trong e v idence f or t h is a nd , o n t he b as is o f t he K ent ish p reponderance i n d i str ibut ion , t h is may b e c a l led i n to q uest ion ( 1944 , 1 24-5 ; s ee Nass ing ton , b e low ) . F ound i n a ma le g rave b y a n i r on s pea rhead , a ssoc iated w ith a k n ife a nd a s word b lade w ith g i lt mounts ( Swanton 1 973 , F ig . 6 6 i 1 , p in n ot i l lu stra ted ) . T he s pea rhead i s o f Swan ton 's g roup H 2 a nd i sd ateab le t o t he m idd le o f t he f i fth t o t he m idd le o f t he s ix th c entury , ad a te wh ich a ccords we l l w ith t he r ibbed s cabbard mount wh ich h a s a p ro ject ing p erforated l ug f or t he a ttachment o f as word b ead . A d ate i n t he e a r ly s ix th c entury t hu s s eems c lea r ( Swan ton 1 974 , 1 8-20 ; E v ison 1 967 , 6 5 ) . 3d c4 . F aversham , Kn . : t wo u na ssoc ia ted i r on c o i l-headed p in s a s 2( F ig . 5 3 ,34 ) . 5 . Nass ing ton 2 2 , Nh . : a n i ron c o i l-headed p in a s 2( F ig . 5 3 ,5 ) . F ound i n a ma le g rave w ith a c opper a l loy mounted b ucket o f ad ate w ith in t he f i r st h a lf o f t he s ix th c en tury a nd a k n ife . T he p os it ion o f t he p in i sn ot r ecorded . 6 . Whea t ley 2 7 , Ox . : ac opper a l loy ' Swan 's n eck ' p in o f I r on Age d a te ( F ig . 5 2 ,1 ) . F ound i n ab ag c o l lec t ion ( Brown 1 977 , 9 6 ) . T he p ins w ith t wo o ppo sed s p ira l l oop s wh ich were f ormer ly s een a s Ce lt ic p roducts a re n ot c on s idered h ere a s t hey a ppea r t o b e o f A ng lo-Saxon manufactu re a nd d ate t o t he s ix th o r s eventh c entury ( West 1 985 , 1 45 ) . Re jec ted P in . A shendon , B u . : ac opper a l loy r ing h eaded p in o f I r ish t ype a nd o f l a te e ighth o r n inth c entu ry d ate ( L . L a ing , p ers . c om m . ) i sr eported b y F a irho lt a nd Sm ith f rom t he c o l lec t ions o f R .C . Nev i l le i n t he s ame a rt ic le a s t he r eport o f t wo l a te Ang lo-Saxon s aucer b rooches ( 1849 ) . D ick inson s ugge sts t hat t he t wo f i nds may b e a ssoc iated b ut t here a re n o g round s f or t h is ( 1976 I ,1 95-6 ) . I I . B race lets . 1 .G lass A rm le ts . Two c a tegor ies o f g la ss a rm let c ome u nder c on s iderat ion b ut b oth w i l l b e d ea lt w ith t ogether a s t he s amp le i ss o s ma l l .

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1 . Chatham L ines 1 7 , Kn . : ac omp lete t ran s lu scen t b lue g la ss a rm let o f p ianoc onvex s ect ion f ound o n t he l eft a rm o f af ema le s ke leton ( F ig . 5 4 ,1 ) . T he a rm le t i s u ndecora ted a nd i s o f an a t ive t ype f i r st c a tegor ised b y K i lb r ide J ones ( 1938 ) . T hese e xamp les , h owever , n ear ly a l l h ave a pp l ied t ra i ls i n c o lou red g la ss t he e xcep t ion s b e ing t ype 3 A a nd 3 B o f w h ich 3 A i st he c losest c ompa rab le t ype , h av ing a more p iano-convex s ect ion t han was n orma l f or t ype 3 ( i b id , 3 77-81 F ig . 4 , 5 , 1& 2 ) . T he c o lou r o f t ype 3 A w as , h owever , o paque wh ite a nd n ot b lu ish a s i s t he c ase h ere . T he r eference i n E v ison t o a ' D ' s ect ioned g la ss a rm let f rom R ichborough i s f au lty ( 1965 , 2 1 n .6 ) , b ut d emon stra tes t ha t t he t ype wa s p erhap s i n u se i n l ate Roman B r ita in . F ound w ith t hree c opper a l loy b race lets ( see b e low ) , as tr ing o f b ead s ( b race le t ) a nd a c opper a l loy f i nger r i ng . Al ate f i fth c entury g rave . 2 . Chesse l l Down 3 4 , I . o .W . : af ragmen t o f ag la ss a rm let i s n oted f rom t h is g rave b u t d oes n ot s u rv ive . F or a ssoc iat ions , s ee P in s a bove . 3 . Chesse ll Down , I . o .W . : ac omp lete g la ss a rm le t i n d a rk o l ive g reen meta l ( F ig . 5 4 ,2 ) . D ecorated w ith a c ont inuous f r ieze o f a l terant ing t r iang les o f r ounded f orm w ith o vo id d ep re ss ions a nd c en tra l r a ised d ot . T he t r iang les a re s epa ra ted b y p ara l le l d iagona l b ar s w ith b ead ing b e tween . T he t ype i s d i scu ssed b y A rno ld who h a s c onc luded , c on tra E v ison ( 1965 , 2 1-2 ) , t ha t g la ss a rm lets o f t h is t ype may h ave b een manufac tu red i n t he p o st Roman p er iod ( 1982 , 5 7 ) . T h is i s b ased o n e xam ina t ion o f t he r e leven t c on t inen ta l p a ra l le ls c i ted b y E v ison ( C . A rno ld , p ers . c om m . ) . A ssoc iat ions u nknown . 4 & 5 . Mi lton , Kn . : t wo g reen g la ss a rm lets , b oth o f w h ich a re r ibbed t ran sver se ly w ith b ead ing b etween t he r i b s ( F ig , 5 5 ,1-2 ) . F or p a ra l le ls a nd d a t ing , s ee C hesse l l Down a bove . No k nown a ssoc ia t ions . 6 . O rp ing ton 2 , Kn . : ac omp lete g la ss a rm let w ith q ua trefo i l mot if a nd p a ra l le l r ib s w ith b ead ing ( F ig . 5 5 ,3 ) . T here i s ab order a t t he t op a nd b ase o f t he a rm let where t he g la ss h a s b een p re ssed i n to t he mou ld . F ound o n t he a rm o f a d isturbed i nhumat ion a ccompan ied b y ak n ife . Da te o f g rave u nc lea r . 7 . S ou th Mai l ing , S x . ( E . S x .) : ag la ss a rm let o f i dent ica l d es ign t o t ho se f rom M i lton , a bove . F ound o n t he a rm o f a n i nhuma t ion w ith n o o ther r e la ted a ssoc iat ions . 2 . B race lets i n O ther Ma ter ia ls . 1 . Ab ingdon I7 0 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : at wostrand c opper a l loy b race let wh ich h a s b een c u t d own s l ight ly s o t ha t t he o r ig ina l f a sten ing h as b een l o st a nd t he c omponen t w ire s h ave s p rung a pa rt s l ight ly . T he t ype i sC la rke 's A la , f ound i n g raves a t L ankh i l ls , Ha . d at ing b etween 3 50-70 ( 1979 , 3 02 ) . F ound o n ac h i ld 's w r ist a ssoc ia ted w ith a p a ir o f d i sc b rooche s a nd a k n ife . Al a ter f i fth o r e a r ly s ix th c entu ry g rave . 2 . Ab ingdon I 9 4 , 1 3 ek . ( Ox . ) : a c opper a l loy b race le t w ith t hree r ows o f s tamped a nnu lets . T h is b race let i s c a tegor ised b y D ick inson a s a Roman t ype b ut a nnu let s tamp s a re f requent ly u sed o n Ang lo-Saxon d i sc a nd a nnu la r b rooches s o t he q uest ion o f t he d a te o f manufac tu re mu st r ema in i n d oub t ( 1976 I ,2 01 ) . F ound i n ac h i ld 's g rave w ithou t a ccompany ing o b jects . 3 . B a rr ing ton A 1 , Ca . : ac opper a l loy b race le t o f C larke 's t ype D ie , d ated a t L ankh i l ls t o 3 60-410 ( F ig . 5 5 ,4 ; 1 979 , 3 05 ) . F ound i n a woman 's g rave w ith c . 3 0 amber a nd o ther b eads . T he g rave i s d ateab le t o t he s ix th c entury o n t 17 b as is o f t he amber b ead s . 108-

4 . B lewburton H i l l 1 2 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : t hree c opper a l loy b race let f ragmen ts o f C la rke 's t ype A la ( F ig . 5 5 ,5 ) . F ound i n a woman 's g rave . F or a ssoc iat ions a nd d a te , s ee p enannu la r b rooches a bove . 5 - 7 . Chatham L ines 1 7 , Kn . : a c opper a l loy b race let w ith p iano-convex s ect ion a nd t ongue w ith r ivet f a sten ing ( F ig . 5 6 ,3 ) . T he e x ter ior i s d ecorated w ith p ane ls a t r egu la r i n terva ls wh ich a re d e l im ited b y t h ree p a ra l le l l i nes o n e i ther s i de . T he p ane ls h ave v ar iou s mot ifs i nc lud ing a s imp le c ha in i n ter lace a round a c en tra l d imp le ( t hree t imes ) , as tep-key p attern ( once ) , a n e qua l a rm c ross mot if ( once ) a nd a b ar i n a r ectang le ( tw ice ) . T he f a sten ing i s o rnamen ted t o a ppea r a s ab a r i n ar ec tang le . A p lano-convex s ect ioned c opper a l loy b race let w ith t ongue a nd r ivet f asten ing ( F ig . 5 6 ,1 ) . T he e x ter ior i s o rnamen ted w ith g roup s o f t ransver se p ara l le l l i nes a nd s paces . T he f a sten ing i sl ooped a t o ne e nd . A c opper a l loy b race let o f p enannu la r f orm w ith e xpanded c en tre a nd d i sc s haped e nds ( F ig . 5 6 ,2 ) . T he p ane ls a re o rnamented w ith s tamped a nnu lets a nd t ran sver se g rooves , t he t erm ina ls b ea r ing s er ifs a nd a t r iangu la r p ane l wh ich l i nk s w ith t he ' a rm ' o f t he b race let . T hese t hree b race lets a re a l l o f C la rke 's t ype E , 5a nd 6 b e ing E la a nd 7 b e ing E lb , a l though t he f a sten ing o f 5a nd 6 d i ffers f rom t he more u sua l h ook-ande ye . E v ison , d i scu ss ing 5 , n oted i t s c lo se s im i la r it ies w ith d ecorat ion o n l ate Roman c h ip c a rved b uck les a nd t he Quo it B rooch s choo l o f meta lwork a nd c onv inc ing ly l i nk s t he d ecorat ion a nd f orm o f 7t o t he f orm o f l a te Roman r o sette b e lt mounts ( 1965 , 3 4-5 ) . O ther p a ra l le ls f or 7 a re d i scu ssed more r ecen t ly i n S teven son 1 983 , 4 74-6 , F ig . 3 ) . F or a ssoc iat ions , s ee G la ss A rm lets a bove . 8 . Chesse l l Down , I . o .W . : ac opper a l loy b race let a s 7 , a bove ( F ig . 5 7 ,1 ) . No k nown a ssoc iat ions . 9 . C irencester , The B arton 2 , GL : ap la in c opper a l loy b race let a nd a t w isted w ire c opper a l loy b race let ( C la rke t ype A , s ee Ab ingdon a bove ) . F rom a d oub le ma le i nhuma t ion a lthough t he a ssoc iat ions a re n ot c lea r : s ee Co in s . 1 0 -1 2 . Dorche ster l 1 , Ox . : t h ree c opper a l loy b race lets , t wo o f C larke 's t ype D ie a nd o ne o f t ype D id ( F ig . 5 7 ,2-4 ; C la rke 1 979 , 3 05 ) . F ound i n af ema le g rave a ssoc ia ted w ith t wo v ery e ar ly a pp l ied b rooches a nd t he b ack p late o f a t h ird , a Roman k ey , s even c opper a l loy r ing s o f v ar iou s s izes , ac opper a l loy b and s tamped w ith a nnu lets a nd b u l l 's e yes , as p ira l r i ng a nd a p r icker . T he g rave mu st b e o f v ery e a r ly d a te a nd h a s b een r e lated t o t he f ind s o n Dorche ster Dyke H i l ls ( s ee a bove ) . A d a te i n t he f i r st q uarter o f t he f i fth c entury i sl i ke ly . 1 3 -1 8 . Dover I ,P r iory Hi l l , Kn . : s ix c opper a l loy b race lets , t hree o f w h ich a re o f t hree s trand c ab le w ith b u tt t erm ina ls ( C larke t ype A 2b , 1 979 , 3 03 ) ; t he o ther t hree a re p la in t wo s trand c ab le b race lets ( C la rke t ype B 2a ? , i b id , 3 04 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions a nd p robab ly n ot a g rave f ind . 1 9 . G irton D , Ca . : a c omp lete s ha le C la rke 's t ype A ( F ig . 5 7 ,5 ; 1 979 , 3 12 ) . Roman B r ita in a nd t h is f i nd may we l l a ssoc iat ions were f ive t weezer s a nd t wo

b race let o f p iano-convex s ec t ion o f A n e x treme ly c ommon t ype i n l a te b e r e la ted t o a Roman g rave . S tated s h ie ld b o sses .

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20 - 21. Icklingham, Mitchel's Hill, Sf.: two fragment s of copper alloy s trip bracelets of Clarke's type Dld and Dle (Fig. 58,1-2). Unknown associations. 22� Kempston 107, Bd�: :a ·copper alloy bracelet with piano-conv ex sec tion and tongue and r ivet fastening. The ex terior sur face is p lain but the for m is c losely para lle le (Fig. 58,3). : Associated with a pin with a p ierced head, three coins, a lock , two disc orooches, a gird le hanger, a silver finger ring, two copper alloy ring s and an iv ory ring. A date in the six th century is suggested by the silver ring and the disc brooches (Dickinso n 1976 I, 199). 23. Kempston 114, Bd.: · a b racelet of .Clark e's type Dld -� Found in a woman's grave lwith hal f of a similar bracelet.�24. Kingsworthy 30, Ha.: a fragment of a copper al loy bracelet with three strands of wire and unknown terminal type (Fig. 58,5). The bracelet is Clarke's type A2b (1979, 303). For associated finds and date, see Coins. 25. Long Wittenham 127, Bek. (Ox.): a flat-sectioned copper alloy bracelet with hook-and-eye fas tening (Fig. 58,4). The terminals ar e ornamented with groups of transverse lines. The type is Clarke's D (1979, 304-5), although there is no decoration on the examples from Lankhil ls. Associated with only a knife. 26. Lyminge II 16, Kn.: a copper al loy bracelet with bead-and-reel terminals (Fig. 58,6). A comparable bracelet may be cited from Colchester (Crummy 1983, 45 no.1717 Fig. 46), dated to c. 320-450. Found in a female grave with a knife, amber beads, a silver expanding knot ring, a silver plated buckle, a gilt button brooch, a radiate-headed brooch, a gold bracteate and 105 beads. The button brooch is of Avent and Evison's class B, misc., which is dated t o the first half of the sixth century, a dating given emphasis by the amber beads (1982, 92). 27. Petersfinger 51, Wi.: a fragment of a cas t copper al loy bracelet found in the fil l of the grave. It has a piano-convex section with bead-and-reel panels and horizontal grooving in one panel. It can be assigned to Clar ke's type E. Probably unassociated with the buri,11. 28. Rochester I, Star Hill, Kn.: a copper alloy twis ted cable bracelet (Clarke type Ala), found with others associated with several graves (Fig. 93,1). Also in the collection were five spearheads, two buckles, beads and a Kentish keystone brooch. 29. Walcerley 14, Nb.: a fragment of a copper alloy bracelet with a snakes-head terminal found behind the skull of a male inhumation (Fig. 93,2). Although Cook notes no parallels (1978, 232), the type can be reasonably sugges ted to be Romano-British on the basis of a comparable third century example from Verulamium (Wheeler & Wheeler 1936, 210 no.44 Fig. 45). The problems noted above for pins applies with equal force to bracelets in Anglo-Saxon graves. Some, like the more elaborate ribbed silver examples (e.g. Barrington A; Fox 1923, Pl. XXXIc) are definitely Anglo-Saxon, others such as sliding knot bracelet s, ar e less certain and have theref ore been omitted.

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Re jected B race let . C aster% Ba rn , S t . : a c opper a l loy s tr ip-b race let d ecorated w ith i nc ised l ozenges a nd t r iang les , t he u pper r eg ister o f t r iang les b e ing h achured . A lthough Romano-Br it ish p a ra l le ls a re c i ted b y M . F ow ler , t hese a re n ot c onv inc ing ( 1954 , 1 42-3 ; Ozanne 1 964 , 5 0 ) . Ozanne 's c la im t hat t h is i s a Romano-Br it ish b ur ia l i s , h owever , i ncorrec t g iven t he a ttr ibut ion o f t he b race let t o t he E ar ly B ronze Age b y H en sha l l ( 1964 , 4 27-8 F ig . 1 , 3 ) . I ndeed , s i nce n o o ther a rtefacts o ther t han f l int were f ound , t here i sn o e v idence f or a n A ng lo-Saxon i nhumat ion h ere a t a l l . I V . B eads . T he mo st s ubstan t ia l g roup o f Roman a nd Ce lt ic o b jec ts n ot c a tegor ised h ere a re t he n umerous g la ss a nd p a ste b eads f ound r eused i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves . T hey h ave b een om itted ma in ly b ecau se o f t he s heer q uan t ity o f ma ter ia l c a l ls f or a s tudy i n i t se lf . T he p rob lem i s c ompounded b y t he c on fu s ion o f t he v ar ious n eck laces f rom e a r ly e xcavat ion s s o t ha t c losed g roup s a re n o l onger c erta in . T he d ef in it ion o f Roman p er iod b eads i s b ecom ing much c lea rer t hrough t he work o f , among o ther s , Gu ido ( 1978b , e tc . ) a nd f rom t he e xcavat ion o f s i tes s uch a s L ankh i l ls where s tr ing s c an b e d ated s ecu re ly . T h is work h a s b een f o l lowed u p b y t he s ub stan t ia l b ead r eport o n t he A ng l ian c emetery a t S ewerby w here t he s imp le a nnu lar b lue g la ss b eads ( C lass A la ) a re s een a s b e ing a Roman o r Na t ive b ead t ype a s we l l a s b e ing a c ommon f ind i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves . T he s ame a ppear s t o b e t rue f or t he r ec tangu la r-sec t ioned b ead s a nd t he g o ldin-g lass b ead s ( H ir st 1 985 , 7 6 ) . T he mo st p rob lemat ica l o f ' Roman ' b eads i st he b lue f a ience me lon b ead wh ich a re p opu la r f rom t he l ate I ron Age o nwa rds a nd s t i l l o ccu r i n b ead s tr ing s o n V ik ing s i tes s uch a s P ee l , I s le o f Man ( Gu ido 1 978b , 1 00 ; Ho lgate 1 987 , 1 8 ) . N everthe less , Gu ido n otes a c on t inu ing t endency f or f i fth c entury g raves t o h ave n eck laces o f s ma l l , Romantype b eads a nd t h is may d emon strate s ome s ort o f h e ir loom u se ( Gu ido 1 978a , 6 6-7 e .g . Co l l ingbourne Duc is , W i . g raves 2 0 , 2 7 a nd 3 1 a nd M itcham 2 05 , S r . ) . S ome I r on Age b eads a l so o ccur i n A ng loS axon g raves a s n oted b y D ick inson ( 1976 I , F ig . 1 2g ) a nd s ome o f t hose f rom g raves e xcavated b y F au ssett i n K ent may b e o f t he s ame d ate ( Meaney 1 981 , 2 00-10 ) . T he u se o f b eads i n f ema le g raves c an b e s een a s b e ing p ure ly d ecorat ive b ut Meaney ( i b id ) , i so f t he o p in ion t hat t hey may a l l b e i n terp reted a s amu lets wh ich i s , a t t he l ea st , d iff icu lt t o p rove . D iscu ss ion . T he r o le o f t hese o b jec ts n eed s l i tt le e xp lana t ion : r i ng s w ith i n tag l io s w ere u sed a s i n tended a nd i n tag l io s a lone may h ave h e ld q uas ire l ig iou s c onnotat ion s a s h a s b een d i scussed b y H en ig ( 1974 I ,1 96-200 ) . T he p re st ige o f g o ld r i ng s w ith i n tag l ios i sa pparent o n t he c ont inent a s we l l a s i n E ng land . T he monog ram med r ing s may a lso h ave b een s een a s b e ing mag ica l , a s Meaney p o ints o ut ( 1981 , 1 74 ) a nd h er d i scuss ion o f r i ng s o f a l l ma ter ia ls t ypes makes i t c lea r t ha t t hey h ad s ome q uas i-mag ica l c onnotat ion s ( i b id , 1 70 1 78 ) . T here s eems l i tt le t o l i nk t he c u stom o f w ear ing r i ng s w ith n at i7F inf luence a s mo st i nc idences c an b e s een t o b e s ix th o r s even th c en tury i n d a te , t h is b e ing t rue e spec ia l ly o f r eu sed i n tag l ios . B ut i t i s n ot iceab le t ha t a t L ankh i l ls , a s ub stan t ia l n umber o f r i ng s w ere f ound i n g raves wh ich m ight p erhap s s uggest t hat t he c u stom o f w ear ing r i ng s was f i rm ly e stab l ished w ith t he RomanoB r it ish a s we l l ( C la rke 1 979 , 3 18 - 3 20 ) . T hu s t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t c on t inu ity c ou ld h ave o ccu red , a s w ith b race lets , c annot b e r u led o ut . S ome e ar ly g raves w ith Roman r ing s a re e ncountered ( e .g . Ab ingdon 1 06 , Dorchester I , 1a nd 111-

Whea t ley 2 8 ) b ut t hese u sua l ly p re-f igure A ng lo-Saxon d eve lopmen ts i n r i ng d es ign s uch a s t he s p ira l s i lver r i ng s . T he ir u se i n f i fth o r s ix th c entury E ng land wou ld n ot , t here fore , h ave b een o ut o f p lace . T he c on t inued i mportance o f t hese o b jects i si lustrated b y t he c ont inu ing i mpotat ion o f r i ng s a nd i nga l io s f rom t he c on t inent , a l though i n sma l l q uant it ies . B race lets o f Romano-Br it ish t ype i n a l l mater ia ls a ppear t o b e f ound l a rge ly i n e ar ly g raves ( n ine f i fth c en tury g raves , t wo s ix th c en tury ) , a nd D ick inson h as s uggested t hat t he ir u se may r ef lect s ub stant ia l c ont inu ity o f b ur ia l p rac t ice among t he women a nd c h i ldren ( 1976 I , 2 00-1 ) . Cau t ion i s n eeded w ith s uch a n a rgument , h owever , a s C larke h a s d emon strated a t L ankh i l ls t ha t t he Romano-Br it ish d id n ot u sua l ly p lace b race lets o n t he w r ist o f t he d eceased whereas a s ma l l g roup o f a pparant G erman ic s ett ler s d id ( 1979 , 3 60-1 , 3 64-7 ) . O ften s tanda rds o f r ecord ing a re n ot h igh e nough t o d ec ide whether b race lets w ere w orn o n t he b ody o f t he d ecea sed b ut , f or e xamp le , a t Cha tham L ines 1 7 i t i s p oss ib le t o a rgue t ha t t he f ema le b ur ied w as German ic b ecause s he wa s w ear ing h er b race lets . P ins a re a l so v ery u ncom mom b efore t he l ater s ix th a nd s eventh c en tury w hen u n ion p in s e ts b ecame f ash ionab le ( Meaney & Hawkes 1 970 , 3 7 ) . On ly o ne d ef in ite i n stance o f t he u se o f a Ce lt ic p in may b e c i ted f rom a n A ng lo-Saxon c eme tery ( Ca ss ing ton I , 3 ) . T h is a ppear s t o h ave b een d er ived f rom t he p o st R oman s ett lemen t a t C irencester . A f ew o ther p ins may b e n oted ; t he l ate R oman p in f rom G i lton p robab ly c ame o ver t o K ent f rom t he Cont inent w ith a n e ar ly s ett ler a nd t he g lass-headed p in f rom Chesse l l Down 3 4 i sa n i s o lated r euse o f a Roman t ype . T he o ther i n stances o f p ins a re n ot p a rt icu lar ly s ecu re o r mean ing fu l b ecau se o f t he d iff icu lty o f t e l l ing t hem a part f rom l ater A ng loS axon p roducts . T he s o-ca l led Ce lt ic c o i l-headed i r on p ins a ppear , o n t he b as is o f t he B uck land f ind , t o b e r e lated t o ma le b ur ia ls a nd , i n t hat p art icu lar i n stance , t o b e u sed t o s ecure a c loth a round as pearhead ( Ev ison 1 987 , 8 2 ) .

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Chapter 7 . V esse ls . I ntroduct ion . V esse l t ypes may b e c a tegor i sed b y t he ir f abr ic : p ottery , g lass a nd meta l . W ith in e ach c ategory t here a re v esse ls o f b oth R oman a nd p ost R oman d ate . T hese w i l l b e c ons idered s eparately i n e ach s ect ion . A l l t hree c a tegor ies a re l i sted b y t he ir d ate o f manufacture . A . P ottery . L Roman V esse ls . 1 . A stw iek , B d . : a c ache o f t en s am ian P resumab ly a f ortu itous a ssoc iat ion .

v esse l s

' f ound

n ear s ke letons ' .

2 . B eakesbourne 3 8 , Kn . : ag lobu lar j ug w ith f oot r i ng . R im b roken i na nt iqu ity , s ing le s trap h and le . I n r ed f ab r ic . A w aterco lour i n t he F au ssett d iar ies g ives a n a ccurate i mpress ion o f t he v esse l w h ich i sn o l onger e xtan t ( Vo l . 5f o l . 3 2 ; F ig . 5 9 ) b ut a l lows i t s i dent if icat ion a s af lagon c omparab le t o a n e xamp le f rom R ichborough , Kn . ( Bushe-Fox 1 926 , 9 6 n o .39 P l . XXI I I ) . A ssoc iated w ith a n i r on b uck le , ak n ife a nd a l ead w hor l . 3 . B edd ingham I,S x . ( E . S x . ) : aR omano-B r it i sh ? b eaker , g lass c one b eaker . F rom 1 967 e xcavat ions ; n ot d escr ibed .

a ssoc iated w ith a

4 . Ca istor-by-Norw ich N6 , N f . : c oar se ware f l agon w ith n eck a nd h and le m iss ing ( F ig . 6 0 ,1 ) . L ight g rey f ab r ic w ith b urn ished s urfaces , s l ight g roov ing a t b ase o f n eck . F ound w i th b urnt b ones i n s ide . Dated p robab ly t o t he s econd c entury ( C lough & Myres 1 973 , 7 4 ) . 5 . Ca istor -by-Norw ich N72 , N f . : l arge g rey ware j ar o f s torage t ype w ith e verted , b eaded r im ( F ig . 6 0 ,2 ) . P rom inent h or izonta l g roove a t j unct ion o f n eck a nd b ody . S ome b one f ragments w ere f ound w ith i t b ut t hese d o n ot s urv ive . 6 . Ca istor -by-Norw ich P 34 , N f . : b ase o f as am ian c up ( D rag . f orm 3 3 ) w ith s tamp P IST ILL I ( P ist i ll ius o f L ezoux , AD 1 40-50 ; O swa ld 1 931 , 2 41 ) . Myres s uggests t ha t i t was u sed a s ap layth ing a s i t was f ound i n ah and-made , s tamped c remat ion u rn c onta in ing t he b ones o f ac h i ld . A lso a ssoc iated w ith a b one c omb f ragment a nd s heet c opper a l loy f ragment ( not e xtant ; Myres & G reen 1 973 , 1 75 ) . 7 . Ca i stor-by-Norw ich P 43 , N f . : G rey ware j ar , g lobu lar s hape w i th s ha rp ly e verted a nd b eaded r im ( F ig . 6 0 ,3 ) . P rom inent h or izonta l t urn ing marks o n t he l ower p a rt o f t he v esse l . B ase p ierced . A ssoc iated w ith b urnt b ones a nd p a rt o f at r iangu lar b one c omb . 8 . Cai stor-by-Norw ich P 45 , N f . : c oar se wa re b ow l i n g rey f abr ic w ith s i ng le h or izonta l g roove ( F ig . 6 0 ,4 ) . B icon ica l p rof i le w ith f lattened , e verted r im . N o c remat ion i s r ecorded a s h av ing b een f ound i n t h i s v esse l a nd i t may b e a ssoc iated w ith t he R oman p er iod S tructure D ( Myres & G reen 1 973 , 1 77 ) . 9 . Ca istor-by-Norw ich P 48 , N f . : G rey ware j ar o f c onvex p rof i le a nd e verted r im ( F ig . 6 0 ,5 ) . H or izonta l g roove b etween n eck a nd b ody . F ound s ha ttered a nd i ncomp lete w ith b urnt b ones .

1 0 . Ca i stor-by-Norw ich Y4 , N f . : g rey ware j ar w ith c on ica l p rof i le ( F ig . 6 0 ,6 ) . C lose v ert ica l b and ing d ecorat ion o n t he b ody w ith o ccas iona l h or izonta l l i nes . S ha rp ly e verted r im . F ound w ith b urnt b ones . C lough a nd Myres r e late v esse ls 5 , 7 , 9& 1 0 t o c oarse w are j ars w h ich a re f ound i n C a i stor i t se lf d ated t o t he s econd o r t h ird c entury ( 1973 , 7 5 ) . Ak i ln p roduc ing s uch w are w as f ound o n t he c emetery s i te w ith i t s l a st l oad i n tact i n s ide . 1 1 . Cambr idge , S t J ohn ' s , Ca . : R omano-Br it i sh g lobu lar f l agon w ith f oot r i ng . T he n eck h ad b een l o st i n a nt iqu ity b ut t he l ooped h and le i s c omp lete . A p ara l lel i sp rov ided b y f l agons o f H awkes a nd H u l l ' s f orm 1 36c o r 1 40 d a ted t o t he f i rst c entury AD ( 1947 , 2 42 & 2 44 ) . A ssoc iated i n ma le g rave w ith s pea rhead , s ca le o f R oman a rmour , ac opper a l loy p in a nd a b one p in . T he g rave i sp oss ib ly o f l ate R oman d ate . 1 2 . Cass ing ton I 2 , Ox . : p la in b utt-beaker o r b ow l f ound i nverted o ver p e lv i s o f p rone i nhumat ion . T h is i s p robab ly a l i d r ather t han a d ish - a c omparab le e xamp le , d a ted AD c 120-180 i si lustrated i n B rodr ibb e t _ a l . 1 973 5 4 F ig . 2 8 , 4 93 . 9

9

1 3 . Chesse l l Down 1 6 , L o .W . : b ase o f p la in b utt-beaker w ith g rey , b urn i shed s urfaces a nd s andy f ab r ic ( F ig . 6 3 ,1 ) . T he s hape i s r em in iscent o f F u lford ' s ' Bag-bod ied b eaker s ' , d ated t o t he l ast q uarter o f t he t h ird t o t he m idd le f ourth c entury , a lthough t he f ab r ic a ppears t o b e l e ss f i ne ( 1975 , 5 6-8 t ype 4 4 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a k n ife o n ly . 1 4-17 . C roydon , S r . : ap robab le N ew F orest Ware b eaker , d ated b y F u lford t o c . AD 2 60-330 ( 1975 , 5 8 F ig . 1 6 , 4 7 ,1 ) . T he i dent if icat ion i s b ased o n t he r eference t o a ' r a ised s ca le p attern ' i n t he r eport . I t was 6 " h igh ( about 1 50m m ) . A ssoc iat ions u nrecorded . Two ' Castor Ware ' b ott les . o ne 4P h igh , t he o ther 3 i" ( 114 & 9 5 mm ) . C o lour c oated b ott les o f O xfordsh ire a nd N ew F orest w ares a ppear t o b e l a te t h ird a nd , e spec ia l ly , f ourth c entury i n d a te ( Young 1 977 , 1 48 , 1 50 ; F u lford 1 975 , 4 3-50 ) . A ssoc iat ions u nknown . A smal l " urn s haped" v esse l o f b rown ' Upchurch ware ' . I t i s n ow i mposs ib le t o r ecover t he f orm o f t h is v esse l . I ndeed , t he u b iqu itous u se o f t he t erm ' Upchurch w are ' f or a ny w are f ound i n n orth K ent o r e ven t he L ondon r eg ion a s a w ho le , h as t ota l ly d eva lued t he t erm ( Hume 1 955 , 7 2 ) . N everthe less , r ecent work h a s r einstated t he t erm a f ter s tr ingent s c ient if ic a na lys i s o f t he p ottery a nd t h is h as e nab led a c loser d ef in it ion o f t he t ype ( Monaghan 1 983 , 4 5 ) . T h is d oes n ot , h owever , mean t hat t he k i ln p rovenance o f t he C roydon v esse l i s a ny c loser t o b e ing s o lved . I t i s more p robab le t hat a l oca l p rovenance f or t he v esse l i sl i ke ly . 1 8 . F aversham , Kn . : al arge j ar w ith t he s tub o f ah and le i sd escr ibed b y E v ison ( 1979 , 3 -4 ; F ig . 6 3 ,2 ) . T here a re n o k nown a ssoc iat ions a nd t he f ind may b e f rom t he R oman c emetery o n t he s i te . 1 9 . G i lton 6 0 , Kn . : v esse l d escr ibed a s a" sha l low b lack p atera" , p robab ly a B lack B urn ished Ware v esse l ( Faussett 1 856 , 2 1 ) . F ound o uts ide t he c off in o f a c h i ld g rave . B ody a ccompan ied b y b eads , ak n ife a nd a r i ng . V esse l n o l onger e xtant .

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2 0 . G i lton 1 01 , Kn . : " l arge w h ite u rn" f ound o uts ide c off in . U n l ike ly t o b e a n A ng lo-Saxon v esse l b ut u ncerta in w hat R oman t ype i t i s a s t he v esse l i s n o l onger e xtant . A f i ne waterco lour o f i t b y H enry F aussett s hows a g lobu lar v esse l w ith a f oot ( F ig . 6 1 ) . T he f orm a ppears t o b e R oman ( Faussett D iar ies v o l . 2f o l . 6 4 ) b ut Ih ave b een u nab le t o t race a n e xact p ara l le l . V esse l n o l onger e xtant . T he c off in c onta ined a ma le i nhumat ion w ith s pearhead , t wo k n ives a nd a n i r on r i ng . D ate u ncerta in . 2 2 . G irton 2 8 , Ca . : c off ined b ur ia l c onta in ing b a rbot ine d ecorated v ase , s im i lar i n s hape t o Young C 104 ( 1977 , 1 74 , F ig . 6 6 ) . A lso p ara l le led i n May 1 916 , P l . XL II B 4 . D ecorat ion o f c ream s l ip t ra i led h or izonta l ly a t j unct ion o f n eck a nd b ody w ith r unn ing s cro l l mot if b eneath . A ssoc iated w ith s herds o f p ottery ( p resumab ly i n f i l l ) a nd t wo c opper a l loy s heet f ragments , o ne f ound a t t he h ip a nd t he o ther a t t he s hou lder . T hese may h ave b een a ct ing a s as ub st itute b rooch a nd b uck le . Date p oss ib ly l ate f ourth o r e ar ly f i f th c entury . 2 3 . G i rton 2 9 , Ca . : " vase o f c om mon r edd ish-wh ite s peck led ' b iscu it ware ' i . e . R oman" . P resumab ly a j a r o f l oca l c oarse ware , c f F ox 1 923 , 2 12 ; ' B r it ish G r itted Ware ' . A ccompan ied a n i nhumat ion , d ate p oss ib ly L ate R oman o r f i fth c entury . 2 4 . G irton 3 4 , Ca . : ' Castor Ware ' v ase w i th l att ice d ecorat ion i n b a rbot ine a round w a ist . V esse l g lobu lar i n s hape w ith i nverted n eck a nd b eaded r im . V esse l p ara l led a t V eru lam ium ( M . W i lson 1 972 , 1 50 F ig . 1 34 , 1 139 ) . T he d ecorat ive t ype i sd ated b y F u lford t o a bout 3 15 ( 1975 , 2 9 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a n a i l a t t he f oot o f t he g rave a nd a s econd a t t he r ight s ide . H ead d ecap itated a nd p laced b etween t he k nees . A lmost c erta in ly a R omano-B r it ish g rave . 2 5 . G irton , Ca . : g rey ware u rn f ound i n ag roup o f s even o ther [ Ang lo-Saxon o r R oman ? 1 u rns . A ssoc iated w ith t he g roup w ere o ne c opper a l loy sma l llong b rooch a nd b eads ( not e xtant ) . P resumab ly a j a r o f s econd ? c entury d a te c onta in ing a c remat ion c ontemporary w ith t he v esse l . L oca l c entres f or t he p roduct ion o f s uch w ares e x i sted a t H orn ing sea ( Fox 1 923 , 2 10-11 ) . 2 6 . H ighdown 8 2 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : a n i ndented b eaker o f F u lford t ype 2 7 ( 1975 , 5 02F ig s . 1 2 e 3 c 4 6 ) . V esse l n ot e xtan t b ut r ecorded o n p hotograph b y B rown a nd r ep roduced b y We lch ( 1983 I , P l . V I ) . Unassoc iated , g rave d ateab le t o t he f i fth c entury . 2 7 . Horton K i rby I , Kn . : v esse l i dent if ied a s aR oman j ug b y J essup , a l though n ot f urther d escr ibed ( 1930 , 2 24 ) . A ssoc iated w ith p la in b lack f ab r ic v esse l a nd c opper a l loy ' pa lm c up ' i n g rave . D ate o f g rave u nclear . T he c opper a l loy v esse l may b e o f R oman d ate ( s ee b elow ) . 2 8 . Horton K i rby I , C rem . 1 14 , Kn . : l arge g rey ware j ar w ith o rnamentat ion o n s hou lder . C onta ined u naccompan ied c remat ion a bove A ng lo-Saxon i nhumat ion . P resumab ly a l oca l ware t o b e d a ted p erhaps t o t he s econd o r t h ird c entury , d ate o f c remat ion u nc lear b ut d ef in it ly r eused a s i tw as f ound s trat ig raph ica l ly a bove a n A ng lo-Saxon i nhumat ion . 2 9 . I s l ip , Nh . : ab lack j ar ( presumab ly B lack B urn i shed ware , 1o r 2 ) a nd a g rey v esse l w ith " r ings a round t he b ody" ( throw ing marks? B aker 1 882 , 8 9 ) . B oth i dent if ied a s R omano-B r it i sh p roducts a nd p oss ib ly d ateab le t o t he s econd o r t h ird c entury . B oth c onta ined u naccompan ied c remat ions .

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3 0 . Ke mpston , B d . : as ma l l g rey ware j ar w ith e verted r im a nd f l at b ase w ith s l ight f oot r ing . A R oman v esse l u sed a s a n a ccessory v esse l i n a n u nknown g rave f rom t he c emetery ( Kennett 1 968b , F ig . 3 6 ,35 ) . 3 1 . Kett lestone , Nh . : j ar i n p la in [ grey? ] ware w ith m i ss ing r im . F ound w ith c remat ion i n s ide . H e ight 8 0mm . P robab ly a l oca l ly p roduced v esse l . 3 2 . K ingston Down 1 78 , Kn . : s am ian p atera , D ragendorf f orm 1 8/31 . S tamped OF CA I I ( OF [ ICINA ] CA I [US ] ) . I dent if iab le a s p otter C a ius o f Montan s , C laud ius-Vespas ian ( Oswa ld 1 931 , 5 3 ) . T h is i s t he o n ly r ecorded s tamp w ith t h i s word ing . T he v esse l i s n ot e xtant b ut i s i lustrated i n F aussett i s d iary i n L iverpoo l Museum ( vo l . 3 , f o l . 4 7 v erso ; F ig . 6 2 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a s pearhead , a k n ife , t wo c opper a l loy s tuds f ormed f rom b acked ' C ' s cro l ls , f ive n arrow c opper a l loy p lates , n a i ls a nd s ome i r on f ragments . V esse l f ound b y t he h ead . G rave u nda teab le b ut l i ke ly t o b e s eventh c entury . 3 3 . K ingsworthy 9 8 , Ha . : p la in g lobu lar b eaker w ith p edesta l f oot ( F ig . 6 3 ,3 ) . T he r im h as b een r emoved a nd t he b reak smoothed i n a nt iqu ity . S of t o ff-wh ite f abr ic w ith o range s l ip . AN ew F orest Ware b eaker , f orm 3 0 ( Fu lford 1 975 , 3 2 F ig . 1 3 ) . I n i t s p la in f orms , F u lford d ates t hese b eaker s t o a f ter 3 40-50 a nd a rgues t hat t hey c ont inued i n p roduct ion t o 4 00 a nd p erhap s i n to t he f i fth c en tury . B ur ia l o therw ise u nassoc iated b ut a n e ar ly d ate i sp robab le . 3 4 . Muck ing I , 7 23 , E x . : j ar w ith f oot a nd t h ick h or izonta l r im ( F ig . 6 3 ,4 ) . B ands o f g roov ing i n t hree z ones a round b ody . D ated b y E v i son t o f i rst o r s econd c entury ( 1979 , 4 ) . F ound i n a n A ng lo-Saxon c emetery b ut d eta i l s o f a ssoc iat ions n ot p ub l ished . 3 5 . Oadby , L e . : N icho l s r efer s t o n umerous " urn s . . . [wh ich ] . . .had y el low g round f lowered w ith w h ite" , o bv iou s ly C astor Ware ( 1810 , 3 23 ) . N o d ef in ite A ng loS axon a ssoc iat ions a re r ecorded a nd t he f i nd may b e aR oman s i te . 3 6 . Oz f igel l , Kn . : f ound J u ly 1 846 , f ormer ly i n R o lfe c o l lect ion , n ow i n L iverpoo l Museum ( F ig . 6 3 ,5 ) . S am ian p a tera , D ragendorf f orm 1 8/31 . S urface s l ip a lmost e nt ire ly w orn away t o u ns l ipped f ab r ic . A ssoc iat ions u nknown . Smith s ays t ha t t we lve o ther e xamp les o f s am ian ware w ere f ound i n t he c emetery ( 1853 , 5 ) . T hese w ere a lmost c erta in ly f rom l ooted R oman g raves o n t he s i te . 3 7 . P r incethorp , Not . : Castor Ware v esse l s herds a ppear t o h ave b een f ound w h ich Sm ith l i nked w ith a ma le b ur ia l a ccompan ied b y as pearhead a nd f erru le a nd a n A ng l ian c ruc iform b rooch o f s ixth c entury d a te . O ther o b jects a re a l so r ecorded b ut t he a ssoc iat ions a re n ot t ota l ly c lear . 3 8-39 . Ra inham , E x . : t wo s crew-necked f l agons , o ne w ith a h eavy t opr ing i s s econd c entury i n d ate ( Hawkes & H u l l 1 947 , f orm 1 46 P l . LX I ) , t he s econd i s p robab ly a f i rst c entury f orm ( i b id , f orm 1 55B P l . LXI I ) . P oss ib ly n ot a ssoc iated w ith t he A ng lo-Saxon mater ia l f rom t he s i te . 4 0 . Ru s l c ing ton , L i . : sma l l b eaker w ith s ub-con ica l p rof i le mod if ied b y p rom inent h or izonta l r i l l ing a nd e verted r im ( F ig . 6 4 ,1 ) . F ab r ic s andy , b uff w ith l i ght b rown s urface . T hompson l i nks t he v esse l t o l oca l wares o f L ate I r on Age d ate a nd f orms , a nd d oes n ot b e l ieve t hat i t w as a ssoc iated w ith a n i nhumat ion ( 1956 , 1 81-2 ) . I t i so f i n terest , h owever , t ha t t he v esse l p rof i le i s v ery s im i lar t o b eakers f ound i n f ou rth c entury g raves i n N orthern F rance a nd

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B e lg ium . A g ood e xamp le i s t hat f rom t he warr ior g rave 1 04 a t O udenburg ( B8hme 1 974 , T af . 9 6 , 9 ; F ig . 9 7 ,1-2 ) . 4 1 . S andy , B d . : f o lded a nd b arbot ine-decorated s ca le b eaker w ith p la in r im ( F ig . 6 4 ,2 ) . D ated t o t he m idd le t o l ate t h ird c entury b y H owe e t a l ( 1983 , 1 8 F ig . 4 ,3 8 o r 3 9 ) . Castor Ware v esse l , n o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 4 2 . U ff ing ton , Wh ite Horse H i l l 3 6 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : a" sma l l w e l l made r ed v ase" b y t he s hou lder o f o ne o f t he i n terments ( Dav is & T hurnham 1 865 I , P l . 5 1 , 4 ) . B oth g rave a nd v esse l a re p robab ly R oman . 4 3 . Upchurch , Kn . : s am ian p atera , p robab ly D rag . f orm 1 8/31 , s tamped T ITT IVS F [EC IT ] . P otter T itt iu s o f L ezoux , D om it ian-Anton ine . A ssoc iated w ith a c ompo s ite b rooch , o b long amethyst b eads , ' b ott le s haped ' g rey v esse l ( poss ib ly a F rank ish v esse l , s ee E v ison 1 979 , p ass im ) . As eventh c entury g rave . 4 4-45 . Westbere , Kn . : a much-worn c up , D ragendorf f orm 3 3 . A ssoc iat ions n ot f u l ly r ecorded . A b icon ica l b ott le w ith c onstr icted n eck , f l ared r im a nd p rom inent s hou lder l edge ( F ig . 6 4 ,3 ) . R e lated t o C o lchester f orm 2 49 , a lthough t h is h as h and les ( Hawkes & Hu l l 1 947 , F ig . 1 69 ) . A ssoc iat ions u nknown . 4 6-47 . Westcotes , L e . : aC astor Ware v esse l w ith c onstr icted n eck a nd n arrow f ootr ing . D ecorated w i th b a rbot ine w ith d ots a nd S c urve r unn ing mot if b etween d ashed l i ne b order a bove a nd b e low . Ap ara l le l v esse l f rom C o lchester i sd ated b y May t o AD 3 00-350 ( 1930 , 2 82 P l . LXXXV I I I , n o . 1 03 ) . N o d ef in ite a ssoc iat ions a lthough t he g raves s hou ld b e s een a s e ither l ate R oman o r i mmed iate ly p ost R oman . A smal l d i sh w ith ' s tehende B ogen ' d ecorat ion i n b arbot ine . V esse l h as t h ick b eaded r im , f oot r ing a nd s harp ly c ar inated p rof i le . T h is t ype o f d ecorat ion i s al ate s ty le wh ich may e xtend t o t he f i f th c entury i n O xfordsh ire ( Young 1 977 , 1 66 F ig . 6 2 ) . T he s hape a nd t ype o f d ecorat ion a re c lear ly r ef lected i n e a r ly G erman ic p ottery i n B r ita in ( e .g . Myres 1 977 F ig . 1 62 , 3 361 ) . T ype i l lustrated i n H owe e t a l 1 983 , 2 4 F ig . 7 , 8 5 w here i t i s d ated t o t he f ourth c entury . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 4 8 . Wheat ley 8 , Ox . : f l at-based d i sh w ith e verted s i des a nd i nverted r im w ithout l i p . F ab r ic s a id t o b e d ark g rey , p robab ly a B lack B urn ished w are 2 v esse l t ype . I fs o , t hese v essel s d ate f rom a bout AD 1 20 t o t he f ourth c entury ( Farrar 1 977 , 2 21 F ig . 1 4 & 5 2 -i n BB 1 f ab r ic ) . F ound n ear t he u naccompan ied i nhumat ion . 4 9-50 . Worth , Kn . : a mortar ium , s a id t o r esemb le B ushe-Fox 1 926 , 1 02 P l . 2 8 , 9 7 f rom R ichborough , K ent . T hat e xamp le i s d ated t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he f ourth c entury a nd i sf rom H untc l iffe . A ssoc iat ions u nrecorded . A b ow l i n N ew F orest Ware , s a id t o b e o f R ichborough t ype 1 13 ( BusheF ox 1 926 , P l . XXV I I I , 1 13 = F u lford 1 975 , 6 6 t ype 7 2 , F ig . 2 0 ) . F u lford d a tes t he t ype t o c .325-375 . A ssoc iat ions u nc lear . I L I mpor ted F if th Century Wares . 1 . Ches se l l Down 2 1 , L o .W . : sma l l b ow l w ith f oot r i ng ( F ig . 6 4 ,4 ) . S l ight l i p marks r im , p rom inent g roov ing a t c hange i n p rof i le b e low c entre l i ne . F ive 117-

h _ .,r i zonta l b ands o f l ento id r ou lett ing o n b ody , t wo h or izonta l b ands b e low g roov ing a nd a bove f oot . F ab r ic f i ne , b uff c o loured w ith g rey s l ip w h ich E v ison l i nks w ith t he s ig i l le p a leoch r6 t ienne , a s f ound i n t he B ordeaux r eg ion ( 1979 , 7 ) . P robab ly t he c losest p ara l le l i sR igo ld f orm 1 7 a lthough t he w ider mouth o f f orm 1 5 i s r ead i ly a pparent ( J . R igo ld 1 968 , 2 05 F ig . 1 4 ) . I ts hou ld b e n oted , h owever , t hat t he p ara l le ls w ith t h is w are a re n ot c lose ly matched w ith t he Chesse l l e xamp le a nd t ha t t h i s may , t herefore b e al oca l c opy . V esse l f ound b etween k nees o f i nhumat ion w ith s pearhead b y t he s hou lder a nd a b uck le a t t he a bdomen . A k n ife was a l so r ecovered a nd a d a te i n t he l a te f i f th c en tury s eems l i ke ly . I R . ' Sub-Roman ' Wares . 1 . Ca istor-by-Norw ich M46 , N f . : g lobu lar u rn w ith h umped s hou lder a nd u p r ight e verted r im ( F ig . 6 4 ,5 ) . F ab r ic smooth a nd b uffred . Myres r e lates t he v esse l i n f abr ic a nd f orm t o R omano-B r it ish t rad it ion s , a l though i t i s p resumab ly h and made . F ound w ith c remat ion i n s ide . 2 . Ca istor-by-Norw ich N50 , N f . : g lobu lar u rn w ith s tra ight n eck . Upper p art o f b ody h as f ive i nc ised h or izonta l g rooves , l ower p art h as l arge , f ourl ine i nc ised p endant t r iang les . Conta ined c remat ion a nd b urnt s heep ' s b one . 3 . L ackford 4 8 ,2289 , S f . [ =Myres 1 977 , F ig . 3 0 , 2 635 1 : t a l l b icon ica l u rn w ith n arrow f oot a nd a nd e verted r im ( F ig . 6 4 ,6 ) . Conta ined u naccompan ied c remat ion . L ethb r idge l i nk s t h is v esse l w ith j ars f rom R ichborough a nd V eru lam ium ( 1951 , 2 0 ) . 4 . L ackford 4 9 ,180 , S f . [ = Myres 1 977 , F ig . 1 6 , 9 80 1 : s harpshou ldered g lobu lar u rn w ith e verted r im a nd r ounded b ase ( F ig . 6 4 ,7 ) . F ab r ic b rown/b lack a nd b urn i shed . Conta ined u naccompan ied c remat ion . R emarks a s a bove . 5 . L oveden H il l 5 9/173 , L i . [ =My res 1 977 , F ig . 4 3 , 1 3111 : g lobu lar u rn w ith f lat b ase a nd g ent ly e verted r im ( F ig . 6 5 ,1 ) . R ed/b lack f abr ic . F enne l l d ef ined t h is v esse l a s a n i m itat ion o f aR omano-Br it ish t ype ( 1964 , 2 70-1 ) . T he c remat ion i ns ide was s ea led w ith a C astor ware f ragment . 6 -8 . Nass ing ton 1 2 , Nh . : t hree v essel s f rom a d oub le i nhumat ion w h ich w ere o therw i se u naccompan ied . T hey w ere s a id b y t he e xcavator s t o b e o f t he s ame f abr ic a s t he R omano-B r it ish c oarse w are o n t he s i te ( Leeds & A tk inson 1 944 , 1 05 ) . 9 . N ewark B 2 -1 , Not . : l arge g lobu lar v esse l w ith c onstr icted n eck a nd s l ight ly e verted r im ( F ig . 6 5 ,2 ) . B ody p rom inent ly r uled . C onta ined c remat ion w ith f ragment o f b one c omb a nd t o i let i mp lements o n ar i ng . T he p ot i sd i scussed b y E v ison ( 1979 , 6 -7 ) . Al ate f i fth c entury d ate wou ld a ppear l i ke ly . 1 0 . Wor th , Kn . [Myres 1 977 , F ig . 1 8 , 4 59 ] : b icon ica l v esse l w ith h o l low n eck a nd e verted r im . I nc ised f ive p o inted c ross a t b ase . Myres ' d raw ing a ppears i naccurate when c ompared t o t he o r ig ina l p hotograph . S econd v esse l was a f l at b ased b owl w ith i nverted r im . B oth v esse ls h ave g r itted f ab r ic a nd b urn ished s urfaces . C . H awkes a sserts t hat t he f abr ic a nd f orms i m i tate R oman wa re s b ut t hat b oth v esse ls a re h andmade ( 1937 , 3 12-3 ) . A ssoc iat ions u nknown . O ther t rans it iona l f orms a re d i scussed b y E v i son ( 1979 , 5 -7 ) .

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I V . Uncerta in . 1 . B arfr iston 2 5 , Kn . : an arrow-necked u rn w ith t hrow ing marks o f wh it ish f ab r ic ( F ig . 6 5 ,3 ) . T he v esse l i l lustrated i s g lobu lar w ithout a f oot , a c onstr icted n eck a nd a n e verted r im w ith c o l lar . N o l onger e xtant . F ound w ith ag reen g lass v esse l , sma l l b uck le a nd k n ife a t t he f oot o f t he g rave w ith t hree c o ins i ns ide . A l ate s ixth c en tury c remat ion g iven t he p resence o f aG oth ic c o in ( s ee C hapter 5 ) . 2 . B arham Down , Kn . : t he v esse l i l lustrated i n Smi th 1 853 , P l . 5 2 ,5 i s at a l l b eaker w ith sma l l l ooped h and le a nd c on ica l p rof i le . I td oes n ot a ppear t o b e a R oman v esse l a nd may b e Merov ing ian a s E v i son s uggests ( 1979 , 4 ) . 3 . B eakesbourne 2 9 , Kn . : ag lobu lar b ott le w ith c o l lared r im ( F ig . 6 6 ) . I nc ised l i ne d ecorat ion a round w a ist a nd p edesta l f oot . S a id t o h ave h ad a c oarse r ed f abr ic . A lthough t he v esse l n o l onger s urv ives , a n a ccurate i mp ress ion o f i ti s g iven b y a wa terco lour i n t he F aussett d iar ies ( vo l . 5f o l . 3 1 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a c opper a l loy p in , t wo b eads , ac hate la ine , ap a ir o f s hears , ag ird le h anger a nd a w hor l . P robab ly a R oman v esse l a l though Ic an t race n o e xact p ara l le ls ( i b id ) . 4 . F o lkestone , Kn . : E v ison s uggests t hat t h i s may b e aR oman o r Merov ing ian v esse l , b ut i t i s i mposs ib le t o j udge g iven t he f act t hat o n ly s herds w ere c o l lected a nd n o d escr ipt ion i sg iven o f t hem b y Sm ith ( i b id ; 1 853 , 2 19 ) . 5 . K ing ston Down 1 84 , Kn . : s ub-b icon ica l b ott le w ith h o l low n eck a nd e verted r im ( F ig . 6 5 ,4 ) . N o f oot a nd w ith b lack f abr ic . F ound o uts ide t he c off in wh ich c onta ined a k n ife . P oss ib ly a n i m itat ion o f a F rank ish v esse l . N o l onger e xtant . 6 . S ibertswo ld 3 3 , Kn . : a v esse l o f c oarse r edd i sh p ottery n oted b y E v i son ( 1979 , 4 ; F ig . 6 5 ,5 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a k n ife a nd i r on f ragments . D ate a nd v esse l t ype u ncerta in . N o l onger e xtant . B . Meta l V esse ls . L Roman a nd Cont inenta l Meta l Bow ls . 1 .I rchester B ow ls . T h is t ype was d ef ined b y K ennett a s as ha l low d i sh w ith ompha los b ase a nd s l ight ly i n turned r im ( 1968a ) . T here a re n umerous e xamp les f rom l ate R oman B r ita in , n otab ly f rom I r chester , N h . i t se lf ( i b id ) , B urwe l l , Ca . ( Gregory 1 976a , 6 3-9 F ig . 1& 2 ) , K naresborough a nd A ldborough , Y o . ( Eggers 1 966 , 1 07 Abb . 4 3 ) a nd Weet ing , N f . ( Gregory 1 976b , 2 68 F ig . 2 , 6& 7 ,1 ) . T he t ype i s r ecogn ised a s ap recursor o f t he h ang ing b ow l p roper a nd s ome o f t he e ar ly h ang ing b ow l s s how t he r e lat ionsh ip c lear ly ( e .g . Chesse l l D own 2 6 , I . o .W . ) . D at ing o f t he t ype i s n ot s ecure b ut a m id-fou rth c entury s tart ing p o int i s l i ke ly ( Gregory 1 976a , 7 7-8 ) . T he t ype i sn ot f ound o n t he c ont inent a nd must t herefore b e s een a s aB r it ish v esse l t ype . 1 . Dover 1 , B uck land , 1 37 , Kn . : ac a r inated p rof i led c opper a l loy b ow l w ith s l ight ly t h ickened r im a l ly ing i tw ith t he I r chester b ow l s er ies ( F ig . 6 8 ,4 ) . T he v esse l i s p atched b ut i so therw i se i n g ood c ond it ion . F rom t he g ood c ond it ion o f t he v esse l a nd t he l ocat ion o f t he r im-patch , i ti sp oss ib le t o a rgue t hat t h i s

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v essel h ad a h and le w h ich w ou ld make i t as k i l let b ut t here a re n o p ara l le ls f or s uch a v esse l a nd a n I r chestertype b ow l s eems t he e as iest s o lut ion . H owever , D r R icha rds n otes t ha t t he s imp l ic ity o f t he v esse l makes i t s omewhat d i ff icu lt t o c ite p ara l le ls a nd h e s uggests s ome c ont inenta l p ara l le ls a nd a s eventh c entury d a te ( 1980 I , 3 92-3 ) . T he v esse l was a ssoc iated w ith a m in iature c opper a l loy b uck le l oop a nd p late , a n i r on s pearhead , t wo k n ives , a f erru le a nd a w hee lthrown p ottery v esse l ( Ev i son 1 979 , 7 3 F ig . 9 d ) . 2 . H igham , Kn . : i ncomp lete e xamp le i n Ma idstone Museum ( F ig . 6 9 ,1 ) . T he b ow l h a s l o st i t s b ase a nd i sl i sted w ith a r ectangu lar c opper a l loy h and le w ith s wan ' s n eck t erm ina l s . T h i s w as a ttached t o as econd v esse l o f R oman t ype ( s ee S arre , a bove ) . N o k nown a s soc iat ions a l though i n t he s ame c o l lect ion i sa n ie l loed A ng lo-Saxon p om me l . Iam g ratefu l t o D r P . R ichards f or s upp ly ing me w ith a s ketch o f t h i s v esse l . 2 . S k i l lets . S k i l lets a re a c ommon f i nd i n t he e ar ly Emp ire i n b oth m i l itary a nd c iv i l ian a reas . T he t yp ica l e ar ly ( f irst o r s econd c entury ) s k i l let h as a h eavy , c a st b ase w i th d eep c oncentr ic r i ng d ecorat ion w h ich s pread t he h ea t more e ffect ive ly . T he h and le wou ld b e f lat a nd wou ld o ften h ave a r im a nd a p ierced s patu late e nd f or s uspens ion . G enera l ly , t he p rof i le wou ld b e g lobu lar w ith a n e verted , t h ickened r im ( e .g . E ggers 1 966 , Abb . 3 0a ) o r s l ight ly c ar inated w ith e verted l i p ( i b id , Abb . 5 2c ) . T he s k i l let was o ne o f t he most p opu lar e xports t o s o-ca l led F ree G ermany d ur ing t he p er iod o f t he emp ire . E ggers g ives a f u l l r ange o f t he t ypes e ncountered i n t h i s a rea a nd h as mapped t he d i str ibut ion o f s e lected v esse ls ( 1951 , 4 6-7 T af . 1 2 & 1 3 , K arte 3 9-43 ) . Most o f t hese , h owever , a ppear t o b e d ecorat ive t ypes a nd d o n ot c lose ly match t he e xamp les f ound i n A ng loS axon g raves . S k i l lets c ont inued i n p opu lar ity a fter t he R oman p er iod i n S cand inav ia , a s d emonstrated b y f i nds i n V ik ing g raves ( e .g . a t B irka ; G rahamCampbe l l 1 980 , 9 2 , 3 19 ) . T h is e xamp le , i ndeed , i s t he c losest p ara l le l t o t he s eventh c entury e xamp les f rom t he g raves a t R odmead D own , a nd S a l isbury , W i . ( Ev ison , 1 967 ) . B oth h ave t he h o l low n eck o f t he S cand inav ian e xamp les a nd i t may b e a rgued , a s E v i son d oes , t ha t t hese v esse l s a re s eventh c entury G erman ic d eve lopments o f t he t ype . R ichards i s u nequ ivoca l t hat s k i l le ts a re B r it ish i n manufacture a nd a re a l l s eventh c entury i nd a te ( 1980 , 1 7-8 ) . 1 . C l iffe-at-Hoo , Kn . : b ase o f ac opper a l loy R oman s k i l let f ound . A ssoc iat ions u nknown . P robab ly a s tray f i nd . 2 . Desborough , Nh . : ac omp lete c opper a l loy s k i l let a ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f s ca les , ah inge a nd a w h ite meta l s poon o f p robab le A ng lo-Saxon manufacture . Af e ma le g rave o f s eventh c entury d a te . 3 . P ans . T hese v esse l s a ppear t o h ave b een r ather r are i n t he l a ter R oman p er iod a lthough t he t rad it ion o f t he e legant v esse l r epresented b y t he L ong W ittenham , B ek . ( Ox . ) v esse l may b e r ef lected i n t he F rank i sh d rop h and led p ans w ith t r ivets s uch a s t he e xamp le f rom K ing ston D own 2 05 , K n . ( above ) . 1 . F aversham , Kn . : c opper a l loy b ass in u n i w ith k icked b ase ( F ig . 6 9 ,2 ) . T he r im i s p la in a nd e verted a t r ight a ng les t o t he b ody w h ich h as a r ounded

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p rof i le . T he v esse l i sn ot d ef in ite ly f rom a n A ng lo-Saxon g rave b ut e xamp les o n t he c ont inent a re k nown f rom Abbev i l le 1 3 a nd Monceaule-Neuf ( Roosens 1 962 , P l . 2 ,4 & 1 2 , 9 ) . T he t ype i sc ons idered t o b e o f l ate R oman d a te i n G au l . 2 . L ong W ittenham 2 6 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : s ha l low c opper a l loy p an w ith e verted a nd t h ickened l i p ( F ig . 6 9 ,3 ) . T he f oot r i ng h as b een c a st w ith t he b ase a nd t he a rea j ust a bove t he f ootr ing h as b een p atched t hree t imes i n a nt iqu ity . T he v esse l must t herefore b e s een a s h av ing b een q u ite o ld w hen b ur ied . D ick inson d raws p ara l le l s f or t he v esse l f rom E ggers ' t ype 1 17 ( 1951 , 1 70 ) , a nd t he d ish may , t herefore , b e s een a s a n i mport i n to t he c ountry p erhaps a s aG erman ic h e ir loom ( 1976 I ,3 64 ) . A ssoc iated w ith t he b ur ia l w ere a c opper a l loy b ound b ucket a nd v esse l , as pearhead , s h ield b oss , t weezer s a nd f erru le . T he g rave a s aw ho le may b e d ated t o t he l a te f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury a s i th as a n H 2 t ype s pearhead w ith a n e laborate c ast c opper a l loy f erru le ( Swanton 1 973 , 1 07 F ig . 3 9 ,c ) . Iam g ratefu l t o D r P . R ichards f or s upp ly ing me w ith a s ketch o f t h i s v esse l . 4 . Embossed Gal lo-Roman V esse ls . T hese a re v esse l s c ons ist ing o f t h in c opper a l loy embo ssed s heets w h ich a re n a i led o nto a w ooden v esse l , u sua l ly a p a i l o r j ug . T hey a re d ateab le t o t he v ery l ate f ourth c entury a nd c ont inue i n to t he f i f th . T he g roup a s aw ho le h as b een d iscussed b y C henet ( 1935 ) . 1 . L ong W ittenham 9 3 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : a c opper a l loy s heet embossed v esse l o ver ly ing a w ooden s tave-bu i l t p a i l ( F ig . 7 0 ) . T he v esse l h as s cenes o f C hr ist ian s ign if icance i nclud ing a C h i R ho w ith a lpha omega o n e i ther s i de a nd f igura l s cenes . T he v esse l w as a ccompan ied b y at r iangu lar l ugged c au ldron , a s pearhead a nd a k n ife . E v ison l i nks t he g rave w ith t he r eg ion o f N amur i n F rance a nd d ates i tt o t he m idd le t o l ate f i fth c entury ( 1965 , 3 2 ) . 2 . S trood , Kn . : embossed c opper a l loy s heet i n o ne p iece ( F ig .71 -2) .The s heet h as b een c ut a t t he b ase , t he c ut b e ing c overed b y ac opper a l loy b ind ing s tr ip . T he d ecorat ion c ons ists o f r epeated p ane l s s how ing a s ea ted f igure w ith s tand ing f igures o n e ither s ide , o ne h o ld ing a s taff o n w h ich s i ts a n e ag le h o ld ing a w rea th i n i t s b eak . T he o ther f igure i s p ray ing . T here i s a n i nhab itated v ine s cro l l b eneath a nd a G reek C ross a bove t he p ray ing f igure ' s h ead . T he v essel h ad b een r eused a s ah orn mount a nd b ur ied i n a ma le g rave . A ssoc iated o b jects i nc lude a s word , s h ie ld b oss , s pearhead , k n ife , s h ie ld-ont ongue b uck le a nd s hoe r ivets w h ich d a te t he g rave t o t he l a te f i f th o r e ar ly s ixth c entury . B oth o f t hese v essel s a re d i scussed b y C henet ( 1935 , 8 7-94 ) , who g ives a n e ar l ier d ate t o t he S trood p iece o n t he g rounds o f i t s f igura l q ua l ity . 5 .O ther . 1 . Dunstab le F ive Kno l l s , 1 3 d . : c opper a l loy v esse l f ound n ear i nhumat ion 3 1 ( F ig . 7 3 ,1 ) . T he d ish i ss ha l low a nd r ounded i n p rof i le w ith a w ide , h or izonta l r im . T he u pper s urface o f t he r im i s s tamped w ith o pposed a nnu lets a nd p e l lets . T he i n ter ior o f t he b ow l h as a c entra l c huck mark . T he f oot , w h ich i s s o ldered t o t he p an , i s ap i l lar w ith a p anther ? h ead a t t he b ase a nd a h ookl i ke p ro ject ion b eh ind . T he b ase o f t he v esse l i s f i l led w ith l ead . T he a uthor h as b een u nab le t o l ocate a p ara l le l f or t he v esse l b ut wou ld s uggest a f i rst o r s econd c entury d ate . D r I .S tead w r ites t hat h e k nows o f n o p ara l le l e ither ( i n l i tt . ) . N ot d ef in itely a ssoc iated w ith a b ur ia l . 121-

2 . G i lton , A sh , 1 5 ( Doug las ) , Kn . : as ha l low c opper a l loy d i sh , u ndecorated b ut w ith c entra l c huck mark a nd i r regu lar h ammered r im f ound r eused a s t he b ase o f a F rank i sh v esse l ( F ig . 7 3 ,2 ) . A R oman d a te f or t he d i sh i s p o ss ib le . S ee C o ins f or a ssoc iat ions . 3 . Ho lme P ier repo int , Not . : ac opper a l loy ' l eopa rd ' d ecorated w ith i nc ised l i nes t o i m itate mane a nd u nderbe l ly a nd b u l l 's e yes t o r epresent t he p e lt ( F ig . 6 7 ,2 ) . T he b east i s s hown i n t he mot ion o f r unn ing b ut o n ly t he f ront l eg s s urv ive . T he h ead i sf ar t oo sma l l f or t he b ody b ut i s w e l l mode l led . T he b east i s t wo-d imens iona l i n t ha t t he b ack i s f l at a nd h as a s l ight c urvature s uggest ing i t s a ttachment t o a v esse l a s a n a pp l ique . T h is f i ne p iece o f c raftsmansh ip i so f t he l a te R oman p er iod , ad a t ing t ha t D r M . H en ig c oncur s w ith a fter d iscu ss ion w ith t he a uthor . N e ither h e n or myse lf c an c i te a p ara l le l b ut t he H i lder sham a nd L u l l ingstone b ow l s s how h ow l ater c raftsmen a dapted t he i dea . P resumab ly a h unt ing s cene i s i nd icated ; a f avour ite mot if w ith meta lworker s a nd mosa ic i sts a l ike a t t h is p er iod . S im i lar a n ima l s a re f ound o n t he C hesse l l D own 4 5 p a i l ( Arno ld 1 982 , F ig . 1 0 ) a nd i n f ourth c entury mosa ics ( Dunbab in 1 978 P l . X IV , 2 9 & P l . XXX , 3 0 ; N ea l 1 981 n o . 9 6 & P l . ) . P .D .C . B rown s uggests t hat t he i n sp irat ion f or t he a n ima l may h ave b een a n e name l led l eopard b rooch ( per s . c omm . ) . T he o b ject was p ubl ished w ithout i t s a ssoc iat ions a s ab rooch ( Bate man 1 848b , 2 99 ) . 4 . Horton K irby I , Kn . : a sma l l c opper a l loy c up i sn oted b y R ichards a s b e ing o f l ate f ourth o r f i fth c entury d ate ( 1980 , 3 93 ) . F or a ssoc iat ions s ee p ottery a bove . 5 . How letts 1 6 , Kn . : a sma l l c up , a s H orton K irby a bove , i sn oted b y R icha rds ( i b id ; F ig . 7 3 ,3 ) . T h is v esse l w as a ssoc iated w ith a s tr ing o f b lue g lass b eads , c opper a l loy r i ngs a nd a n e ar ly a ppl ied b rooch . T he g rave i sd ated t o t he e a r ly t o m idd le f i fth c entury b y E v ison ( 1978 , 2 63 F ig . 2c j [ i ncorrect ly l abe l led g rave 2 6 ] ) . 6 . O ther I mported V esse ls . S evera l c a tegor ies o f v esse l s may b e c ons idered f or e n try i n t h is c ata logue d ue t o t he ir d er ivat ion f rom R oman f orms ( R ichards 1 980 , 1 0 ) . I n p art icu lar F rank i sh d rop h and led p an s s uch a s t he e xamp le f rom K ingston D own 2 05 , K n . c lose ly p ara l le l a nd c ont inue R oman methods a nd d es ign . T he s ame may b e a rgued f or t he c a st B yzant ine v esse l s ( ' Copt ic ' b ow l s ) a nd t he B yzant ine p a i l s f rom C hesse l l D own 2 6 a nd 4 5 ( Arno ld 1 982 , 5 9 -6 0 ) . O ther v essel s s uch a s t r iangu larlugged c au ldrons a nd b ass ins ä b ord g oudronn6 o r p er le may a lso b e c ited . A l l t hese v esse l s h ave , h owever , b een d iscussed e l sewhere a nd t he a uthor s ees n o n eed o f r epet it ion h ere ( R icha rds 1 980 , p ass im ) . I n a dd it ion , a nd p erhap s more p ert inent ly , a l l o f t hese v esse ls a re o f ' Dark Age ' t ypes a nd t herefore f a l l o uts ide t he s cope o f t h is t hes is . I L Hang ing B ow ls T he l i terature o n t h i s c lass o f v esse l i s e xtens ive a nd w ith t he n earc omp let ion o f B ruce-M itford ' s C orpus , f u rther d escr ip t ions o f t hese p ieces a re u nnecessary . T he r eader w i l l b e r eferred t o t he o r ig ina l p ub l ica t ion o r i lustrat ion . T he c orpus o f b owls a nd e scutcheons i s n ot c omp lete a s t hose f i nds f rom s ett le ments s i tes a nd s tray f i nds h ave b een e xc luded .

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1 . B ad leybr idge , S f . : t he f i nd , n ow k nown o n ly t hrough a d raw ing b y H . Wat l ing i n t he I p sw ich Museum ( Layard C o ln . 1 924 .24 ) , c ons isted o f ag lobu lar u rn w ith t wo e name l led h ea ter s haped e scutcheons , a r im , a l so e name l led , a nd t wo l arge c ircu lar e scutcheons , o ne a t t he b ase a nd t he o ther f unct ion ing a s al i d ( F ig . 6 7 ,1 & 6 8 ,1-3 ) . H enry h as c a st d oubts o n t h is ' r econstruct ion ' a s s he t erms i t , b ut t he a uthor i si nc l ined t o a ccep t Wat l ing 's a ssert ion t hat t he v esse l w as c omp lete when d rawn b y h im ( Henry 1 936 , 2 29 ; A l len 1 900 , 2 45 ) . T he v esse l a ppears t o h ave b een c reated , a s Ih ave a rgued e lsewhere , a s a c remat ion v esse l w h ich r eused e lements o f a c onvent iona l h ang ing b ow l ( Wh ite , f orthcom ing ) . T he v esse l w as p ub l ished w ith a c ast c opper a l loy B yzant ine v esse l a nd a R oman v esse l c onta in ing a h oard o f d ena r i i ( A l len 1 900 ) . T he a ssoc iat ion o f a l l t hese o b jects i sn ot , h owever , c lear . 2 . B ag inton , Wa . : c omp lete a ssoc iat ions a re n ot k nown .

b ow l d escr ibed b y L eeds ( 1935 , 1 09-112 ) . T he

3 . B anstead Common , Gal low H i l ls , S r . : ac omp lete b ow l f ound a t t he f eet o f a r obbed p r imary i nhumat ion . T he v esse l h ad a n i n terna l a nd e xterna l e scutcheon a nd a nother e scutcheon a t t he r im . T he s ett ing f or a s econd s i de e scutcheon w as n oted o n t he b ow l b ut d id n ot a ppear t o b e i n t he g rave f i l l . F or a d escr ipt ion o f t he v esse l , s ee B arfoot a nd P r ice-W i l l iams 1 976 , 6 7 F ig . 4 . T he v esse l c onta ined c rab a pp les a nd a ppeared t o h ave h ad a l i nen c over ing . A lso a ssoc iated w ere a ' s ugar l oaf ' s h ie ld b oss , a n i r on b uck le , as pearhead a nd ak n ife ( Ev ison 1 963 , 6 6 ) . T he g rave d ates t o t he s econd q ua rter o f t he s eventh c entury . 4 . Bar laston , S t . : t he b ow l i sd escr ibed i n O zanne ( 1964 , 4 1 & 4 3 F ig . 9 b ) . T he v esse l w as f ound n ear c omp lete a nd w as a ssoc iated w ith a s word a nd a k n ife . I t may p oss ib ly h ave h e ld a c remat ion ( Dav idson & Webster 1 968 , 1 2 n .49 ) . A d ate i n t he s eventh c entury i sp robab le . 5 -6 . B arr ing ton A , Ca . : as ing le e scutcheon f rom b ow l , d escr ibed i n H enry 1 936 , 2 30 P l . 2 9 , 1 . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions .

F ig .

A s ing le e scutcheon f rom b ow l d escr ibed i n K i lbr ide-Jones 1 937b , 2 30 1 1 ,2 . A ssoc iated w ith a n a nnu lar ? b rooch ( Sm ith 1 909 , 7 0 ) .

7 . B arton ( M i ldenha l l ) , S f . : r ema ins o f ac omp lete b ow l r epresented b y t hree e scutcheons , o ne w ith a f rame a nd a h ook , a l arge e scutcheon , a c ircu lar e name l led b and d ecorated w ith r unn ing s cro l l a nd a l i near e name l led r ibbon w ith s tep-key p attern . T he e scutcheons a re c rude p e ltas w ith p seudo ' b eada ndree l ' . T he l arge e scutcheon h a s a q uatrefo i l c entre , a c rude z ig-zag s urround a nd as tep-key z one a t t he e nd . A ssoc iat ions u nknown . 8 . B arton o n Humber , L i . : c omp lete b ow l f ound w ith a f e ma le i nhumat ion . B ow l i l lustrated a nd d escr ibed b y S heppard ( 1939a , 2 57-62 ; 1 940a , 3 7-44 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a c opper a l loy amu let b ox , b eads , as et o f s ca les a nd w e ights , as i lver b uck le , aF rank ish c opper a l loy b ow l a nd a c opper a l loy b race let . T he a ssoc iat ion o f F rank ish b ow l a nd h ang ing b ow l r eca l l s t he c ontents o f K ingston D own 2 05 , K n . ( s ee b e low ) a nd t he g rave s hou ld t herefore b e d ated t o t he e ar ly s eventh c en tury . 9 . B as ing stoke , Ha . : b ow l f ound i n 1 899 w ith ma le i nhumat ion . F or d escr ipt ion , s ee Sm ith 1 909 , 7 9-80 . A ssoc iated w ith a i r on v esse l ( bow l w ith h and le ) , a k n ife , s pear a nd l ance h eads . One o f t he l atter i s a C 2 t ype a ccord ing t o S wanton 's c lass if icat ion a nd i sd ated t o t he s eventh c entury . 123-

1 0 . I 3 eakesbourne I , Kn . : t hree e scutcheon s i nc lud ing o ne t ha t i s o penwork p robab ly f rom o ne b ow l d escr ibed b y H ase loff ( 1958 , 7 2-3 P l . 7 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ion b ut f rom a c emetery s i te . 1 1 . B edhampton , Ha . : s ing le e xterna l e scutcheon f ound i n g rave p ierced a nd p robab ly u sed a s a p endant . C ompared w ith t he e scutcheon f rom C ha lton , H an ts ( Addyman & L e igh 1 973 , 1 9-20 P l . 6 ) . 1 2 . B enn iworth , L e . : s ing le h eatershaped e scutcheon d escr ibed b y K i lb r ideJ ones ( 1937b , 2 25 ) . A ssoc iat ions u nknown . 1 3 . B enty G range , Db . : h ang ing b ow l f ound i n b arrow w ith ma le i nhumat ion . E scutcheon s d escr ibed i n O zanne ( 1964 , 2 0 F ig . 8 a ,c & e ) . A ssoc iated w ith a n i r on h e lmet a nd t he meta l-bound r e ma ins o f al eather c up . B oth o f t he l a tter o b jects h ad l at in c rosses o n t hem . T he g rave a s aw ho le must d a te , t herefore , t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he s eventh c entury . 1 4 . Ca istor , L i . : c omp lete b ow l w ith o penwork e scutcheon s a nd a pp l ied r i ng a t t he b ase . F ound b y t he s ku l l o f a n i nhumat ion a ccompan ied b y as h ie ld b oss . D ate o f g rave u nclear . F or i lustrat ion , s ee K endr ick 1 932 , F ig . 3 b . 1 5 . Camerton 3 2 , S o . ( Av . ) : t hree e scutcheons , t he sma l lest o f w h ich w as p ierced a nd f ound b y t he j aw o f af e ma le . T h i s p ierced e scutcheon h as a n e xpanded a rm G reek c ross mot if , o ne a rm o ver ly ing t he o ther w ith l ento id p ane ls b etween . T he o ther e scutcheon s a re d escr ibed b y K i lbr ide-Jones 1 937b , 2 24-5 F ig . 8 . 5& 6a nd w ere f ound a bove t he k nees . A lso i n t he g rave w ere f ive b eads a nd a k n ife . T he c ross o n t he e scutcheon s uggests t hat t he o ccupan t o f t he g rave may h ave g iven C hr ist ian s ign if icance t o t he o b jects . A m idd le t o l ate s eventh c entury d a te i st herefore p robab le . 1 6 . Capheaton , Nb . : c omp lete b ow l w ith o penwork e scutcheons a nd i n scr ibed b ase i n terna l ly a nd e xterna l ly . F ound w ith " severa l p ieces o f c opper , t wo f ibu lae , af inger r ing a nd a g reat q uant ity o f b ones ." ( Cramp & M iket 1 982 , 1 0 F ig . 7 , 1 2 ) . D ate o f g rave u nclear . 1 7 . Chesse l l Down 2 6 , L o .W . : c omp lete b ow l d escr ibed b y A rno ld ( 1982 , 2 3-4 F ig . 7 , 2 6 i i ) . F ound i n ma le g rave a ssoc iated w ith ' b ucket r ims ' , a n i mported B yzant ine c opper a l loy p a i l , as h ie ld b oss , ak n ife , as word , as pearhead a nd a rrowheads . Ad ate i n t he f i rst q uarter o f t he s ixth c entury i sl i ke ly . 1 8 . Dover I , Kn . . : e scutcheon s a nd t he e name l led b ind ing s tr ips f rom a t l east t hree h ang ing b ow ls d escr ibed b y Sm ith ( 1909 , 7 7-8 F ig . 9 -13 ) . A ssoc iat ions u nknown b ut d ef in itely f rom t he c emetery ( Sm i th 1 908 , 3 79 ) . 1 9-20 . E astry I , Kn . : a n o penwork p e ltashaped e scutcheon w ith c rude c rossh atched d ecorat ion . F or i lustrat ion , s ee H enry 1 936 , 2 26 P l . 2 5 ,3 . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . T he f rame f rom a s econd e xamp le may b e r epresented b y a n a rt ic le d escr ibed b y P ayne a s a " r ing o f b ronze w ith b eve l led e dges i n s ide a nd o ut . . .decorated w ith i nc ised d iagona l mark ing s" ( 1894 ,182 ; c ompare w ith t he f rames f rom t he S u tton H oo , S f . e scutcheons b e low ) . 2 1-24 . F aversham , Kn . : as et o f t hree e scutcheon s w ith a n o penwork d es ign o f c onfronted d o lph ins s eparated b y aL at in c ross ( Kendr ick 1 932 , 1 68-9 , F ig . 4 c ) .

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A c omp lete b ow l w ith e qua l a rm c ro ss d es ign o n t he e scutcheon s w ith a l a rge b asa l e scutcheon o f a n a n ima l s wast ika . T h is i s l i ke ly t o b e a n A ng loS axon r ep lacement . A f u l l d escr ipt ion i s i n K endr ick ( i b id , 1 70-1 P l . 3 , F ig . 7 , 1 ) . T he b ow l h as a n I r chester-type r im ( s ee b e low ) . A h eater-shaped e scutcheon w ith e laborate s cro l l d es ign a nd a n a ssoc iated c ircu lar e scutcheon w ith c entra l t r iske le mot if a nd r unn ing s cro l l ( s ee L ong ley 1 975 , 2 0 F ig . 3 c & 2 7 F ig . 1 8f ) . Ab roken , p la in h eatershaped e scutcheon w ith t he ' h ead ' a nd ' t a i l ' b roken o ff ( F ig . 6 7 ,3 ) . T he e scutcheon i s f a ir ly c lose i n f orm t o t he Twyford , L e . e xamp les ( be low ) a nd i s p robab ly a n e ar ly ( l ate f i fth t o e ar ly s ixth? c entury ) t ype . Ap rev ious ly u npubl ished e scutcheon . N one o f t hese f i nds i sa ssoc iated . 2 5 . F ord , W i . : f ound i n b arrow I . A c omp lete b ow l w ith s l ight ly e verted r im a nd p la in h eatershaped e scutcheons . F or d escr ip t ion , s ee Musty 1 969 , 1 08-9 . A ssoc iated w ith a s i lver-mounted s eax , ad oub le s i ded c omb , a ' s ugar l oaf ' s h ie ld b oss a nd i r on s tr ip . T he b owl c onta ined o n ions a nd w as f ound b etween t he t i b ias . 2 6 . G reat B arton , Ca . : as i ng le e scutcheon w ith s wast ika p attern d escr ibed b y B rown ( 1981 , 2 27 F ig . 1 ) . N o a ssoc iat ions a re k nown . 2 7 . G reenw ich , S r . : ab ow l r epresented b y t hree e scutcheon s i n t he ir f rames a nd a c opper a l loy r ing . D escr ibed b y B rent ( 1886 , 1 80-1 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions b ut p robab ly f rom a b arrow a s a t B an stead C ommon . 2 8 . G r ind L ow , Db . : f ragmentary h ang ing b ow l a nd a f ragment o f o ne o f t he e scutcheon f rames , d escr ibed b y O zanne ( 1964 , 2 3 F ig . 9 ) . N o o ther k nown a ssoc iat ions . 2 9 . Hawnby , Yo . ( N . Yo . ) : c omp lete b ow l f ound i n b a rrow w ith a n e laborate b e l t , f ive a nnu lar b rooches , t wo h a ir p ins , aw hor l a nd a k n ife w h ich d o n ot s urv ive . B ow l a nd e scutcheon s a re d escr ibed b y Smith ( 1909 , 8 1 ; H enry 1 936 , P l . 3 1 , 1 ) . P robab ly a s ixth o r s eventh c entury g rave . 3 0 . H i ldersham , Ca . : c omp lete b ow l f ound i n s and p i t a long w ith a c on ica l s h ie ld b oss , s pearhead w ith f erru le a nd h oop s f rom a b ucket . T he b owl i s f u l ly d escr ibed b y L ethbr idge ( 1952 , 4 5-6 P l . 9 -11 ) . Ad a te i n t he s ixth c entury f or t he g rave i sl i ke ly . 3 1 . I psw ich , S f . : c omp lete b ow l d escr ibed b y O zanne ( 1964 , 2 11 P l . 3 1-2 ; S ku l l 1 985 1 20-1 ) . N o r ecorded c ontext b ut d ef in ite ly f rom t he c emetery . 3 2 . K ing ston Down 7 6 , Kn . : c omp lete b ow l , d estroyed d ur ing t he S econd Wor ld w ar b ut r ecorded i n p hotog raphs b y H enry ( 1936 , P l . 3 0 ,1 ) . A ssoc iated w ith s pearhead , k n ife w i th e laborate p omme l a nd sma l l c opper a l loy b uck le . B ow l w as much mended w hen b ur ied a nd a s eventh c entury d ate i sc erta in . 3 3 . K ingston Down 2 05 , Kn . : c omp lete b ow l , d estroyed i n t he S econd Wor ld w ar b ut d rawn b y K endr ick ( 1932 , F ig . 8 , 1 ) . T he b owl w as a lso d escr ibed a nd p hotog raphed b y H enry ( 1936 , 2 27 P l . 2 7 1& 2 ) . F ound i n ar i ch f e ma le g rave a ccompan ied b y ac opper a l loy F rank ish v esse l w ith t r ivet ( Kendr ick 1 932 , F ig . 8 , 2 ) , l arge c ompos ite b rooch ( K ingston B rooch ) , t wo s i lver s afety p in b rooches ,

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g lass p a lm c up , g o ld s cut iform p endan t , c ha tela ine , b ox h inges a nd a F rank i sh p ottery v esse l . A b ur ia l t hat c an b e c lose ly d ated t o a fter AD 6 20 b y t he s im i lar ity o f t he K ing ston b rooch t o t he S utton H oo meta lwork . 3 4 . L ighthorne ( Chesterton-on-Fosseway ) , Wa . : ab ow l r ep resented b y t hree e scutcheon s d escr ibed b y A l len ( 1898 , 4 3-4 F ig . 4 ) . S a id t o h ave b een a ssoc iated w ith b eads a nd b rooches . 3 5 . L inco ln , S t P au linthe-Bai l , L i . : c omp lete b ow l f ound i n c i st g rave w ith in e ar l iest c hurch ( l ate s eventh c entury ) . T he g rave h ad b een emp t ied i n a nt iqut iy b ut t he b ow l h ad b een l eft o r h idden t here . B ow l d escr ibed b y G i lmour ( 1979 , 2 15-7 F ig . 2 ,a-d ) . 3 6-38 . L oveden H i l l , L i . : ac omp lete h ang ing b ow l c onta in ing a c remat ion w ith d e l iberate ly h o led b ase . A ssoc iated w ith b ent s word , i r onwork f rom a l arge b ucket , ac opper a loy c au ldron , ag lass p a lm c up a nd a b one c omb f ragment . B ow l d escr ibed b y F enne l l ( 1964 , 1 20-7 , F ig . 4 , 1 1 & 1 3 ) . A c omp lete h ang ing b ow l c onta in ing c remat ion . T he b ase h as b een r epa ired i n a nt iqu ity a nd h as b een h o led d e l iberate ly f our t imes . D escr ibed b y F enne l l ( 1964 , 1 28-9 , F ig . 4& 1 3 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a n i ron s tr ike-al ight a nd c opper a l loy b e l t f astener . B oth c remat ions may b e d a ted t o t he l ater s ixth c entury b y t he a ssoc iated o b jects . Two u nassoc iated b urnt e scutcheons , p resumab ly f rom a p loughed-out c remat ion a re a lso d escr ibed b y F enne l l (i b id , 1 30 F ig . 1 1 ) . 3 9 . L owbury H i l l , B ek . ( Ox . ) : c omp lete b ow l d escr ibed b y A tk inson ( 1916 , 2 1-2 F ig . 2 7 ) . F ound i n ma le g rave w ith ' s ugar l oaf ' s h ie ld b oss & g r ip , s word , s pearhead w ith i r on r ing o n s haft , k n ife , s hears , s tr ike-al ight , sma l l c opper a l loy b uck le , sma l l c opper a l loy h ook , b one c omb a nd r ectangu lar b one s tr ip o n s hou lder . T he g rave i sd ated b y t he b o ss t o t he s eventh c entury . 4 0 . L u l l ing stone , Kn . : c omp lete b ow l w ith a pp l ique a n ima ls d escr ibed b y A l len ( 1898 , 4 1-2 F ig . 2 & 3 ; Sm ith 1 909 , 6 7. T he b ow l i s s a id t o h ave b een a ssoc iated w ith h uman b ones a nd s herds o f p ottery . D ate o f g rave u nc lear . 4 1 . Manton Warren , L i . ( Hm . ) : c omp lete b ow l d escr ibed b y K endr ick ( 1941 , 2 36-8 P l . 5 2-3 ) . T he b ow l w as f ound w ith t he r e ma ins o f ac loth c over ing a nd may , t herefore , h ave c onta ined a c remat ion . P robab ly t o b e d a ted t o t he l ater s ixth c entury o r e ar ly s eventh o n a na logy w ith o ther c remat ions i n h ang ing b ow l s ( Dav idson & Webster 1 968 , 1 1-13 ) . 4 2 . Mar ina D r ive , T otternhoe , B d . : s ing le e scutcheon f ound b etween t wo b ur ia ls ( B4 & B 5 ) . I t b elong s t o t he g roup o f d es igns k nown a s D u rrow S p ira l s , a s d ef ined b y F ow ler ( 1968 , 2 97 I V ) . A ssoc iated w ith a b one c omb , i ron s hears , r e ma ins o f c opper a l loy s ca les , t wo k n ives a nd a n amu let b ox . A d ate i n t he l ate s ixth o r e ar ly s eventh c entury i sl i ke ly . 4 3 . M idd leton Moor , Db . : r e ma ins o f c omp lete v esse l f ound i n d i sturbed b arrow . O ne e scutcheon a nd a n e name l led mount wh ich may h ave b een a ttached t o t he b ow l s urv ive , a nd a re d escr ibed a nd i l lustrated b y O zanne ( 1964 , 2 2-3 F ig . 8 f& g ) . P robab ly a s eventh c entury i nhumat ion .

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4 4 . M i lton I , B ek . ( Ox . ) : f ragment f rom t he r im o f ah ang ing b ow l d escr ibed b y D ick inson ( 1976 I ,1 83-4 F ig . 4 9b ) . T here a re n o e scutcheons a nd t he b owl i s p ierced s evera l t imes a t t he r im . T he r im p rof i le i ss im i lar t o a n I r chester t ype b ow l . 4 5 . S arre , Kn . : at r iangu lar e scutcheon w ith a r ounded t a i l a nd c a st h ook . I ti s o therw ise p la in , s ee H enry 1 936 , P l . 2 1 , 3 . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 4 6 . S leaford 1 03 , L i . : c omp lete b ow l d escr ibed b y K endr ick ( 1932 , 1 65 ; H enry 1 936 , P l . 2 1 , 4 ) . Two o f t he o r ig ina l f our e scutcheons r e ma in a nd t he b owl i s q u ite worn . A ssoc iated w ith a b ucket a nd a p a ir o f c opper a l loy t weezer s . G rave p robab ly d ateab le t o t he m idd le s ixth c entury b ut u ncerta in . 4 7 . S toke Go ld ing , b e . : r ema ins o f a b ow l i nclud ing t hree e scutcheon s a nd f o lded o ver r im d escr ibed b y Sm ith ( 1932 , 1 74-5 a nd w oodcut ) . A lthough t he a ssoc iat ions a re u nknown , i ti sf rom a n A ng lo-Saxon b ur ia l mound . 4 8-50 . S u tton Hoo , Mound 1 S f . : t hree c omp lete b owl s f ound i n t he b a rrow o f a n E ast A ng l ian k ing , p robab ly R aedwa ld ( ob . 6 25 ) . C omp lete l arge b ow l e xhaust ive ly d escr ibed b y B ruce-M itford ( 1983 , 2 06-44 F ig . 1 50 , 1 54 , 1 55 , 1 59 , 1 60-181 ) . T he b ow l was e xtens ive ly p atched b y A ng lo-Saxon c raf tsmen i n a nt iqu ity . C omp lete b ow l d escr ibed i n i b id 2 44-56 F ig . 1 51 , 1 84-199 . H as A ng loS axon f o i l e scutcheons a nd o penwork c opper a l loy b asa l r ing w ith f o i l s heet i nsets . Comp lete b ow l d escr ibed i n i b id 2 57-63 F ig . 1 52 , 2 00-5 . H as l o st b oth i n terna l a nd e xterna l e scutcheons . T he a ssoc iat ions o f t hese b ow ls a re t oo n umerous a nd w e l l k nown t o n eed r epet it ion h ere a nd a lthough t here i s s t i l l s ome q uest ion o ver t he i dent ity o f t he o ccupant , ad a te o f c . 6 25-40 i ss ecure . 5 1 . ' T hornham , N f . : s ing le s i lver c e metery . N o p ub l ished d eta i ls .

e scutcheon

f ound

i n

s eventh

c entury

5 2 . Tugby , b e . : al o st b ow l r ecorded b y Smi th ( 1909 , 7 1) . S a id t o h ave b een a ssoc iated w ith a l a rge b one c omb a nd 4 6 p lay ing p ieces . P robab ly a l ate s ixth o r e a r ly s eventh c entury i nhumat ion . 5 3 . Twyford , b e . : t wo b i rdshaped e scutcheon s d escr ibed b y H enry 1 936 , 2 16 P l . 2 2 ,2 . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 5 4 . W i lton , W i . : ac omp lete b ow l d escr ibed b y A l len ( 1898 , 4 0-1 F ig . 1 ) . N o r ecorded a ssoc iat ion a lthough t he f act t hat t he b ow l i sc omp lete s uggests t hat i ti s ag rave f i nd . 5 5 . W inchester , Ha . : c omp lete b ow l f ound i n ab arrow . T he v esse l i sd escr ibed b y A ndrew & Sm ith ( 1931 , 9 -10 F ig . 1 , 3& 4 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a s pearhead a nd s eax , t he l atter o b ject d at ing t he g rave t o t he s eventh c en tury . 5 6 . York , Yo . ( N . Yo . ) : c omp lete b ow l , d escr ibed b y H enry ( 1936 , 2 32 P l . 3 0 ,2 ) . Unassoc iated b ut p oss ib ly f rom a g rave .

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Re jected . Ewehne , Ox . : r e jected a s a n I ron A ge v esse l w h ich was p robab ly n ot f ound i n a n A ng lo-Saxon c emetery ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 1 02 ) . V esse l d escr ibed b y Sm ith ( 1909 , 7 1-3 ) . S ane , Kn . : t wo h ea tershaped e scutcheon s w ith t he t erm ina l h eads b ent o utwards . I ti sl i ke ly t hat t hese a re i n f act d es igned t o h o ld d rop h and les , a s o n t he T rap ra in f l uted b ow l ( Kendr ick 1 932 , 1 64 ; H enry 1 936 , P l . 2 1 1& 2 ) U ff ing ton , Wh ite Horse H i l l 1 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : a n e name l led d isc i lu strated b y H enry ( i b id , F ig . 8 ) .T he d es ign i s ar ed a nd b lue e name l led t hreelobed k not a nd i su npara l le led i n o ther h ang ing b ow ls ( F ig . 6 7 ,4 ) . E xam inat ion o f t he b ack o f t he d i sc c lear ly s hows f i le marks a t t he c entre d emon strat ing t he r emova l o f ac entra l s tud o r t ang . P ara l le l s f or s uch s tuds a re g iven b y K i lb r ide-Jones ( 1980a , F ig . 7 6 , 1 ) a nd t hey s hou ld b e d a ted t o t he R oman p er iod . F ound a t t he s hou lder o f ab ur ia l i n t he A ng lo-Saxon mound a nd c a l led a b rooch i n t he o r ig ina l r eport ( s ee C hapter 3 ) . C . G lass V esse ls L Roman S urv iva ls . 1 . A lf r iston 6 0 , S x . ( E . S x . ) : ap a le g reen c one b eaker w ith e verted r im a nd f lame r ounded l i p ( F ig . 7 4 ,1 ) . T he b ody i ss quare i n s ect ion i n t he l ower h a lf a nd o va l i n t he u pper . T he b ase i sf l at a nd c a rr ies a p ont i l mark ; t he i ndents o n t he b ody h ave a dd it iona l c r imp ing o n t he ir c rests . T he n eck i s s l ight ly h o l lowed a nd o rnamented w ith a s e lf-co loured t ra i l . F ound , much c rushed , t o t he r ight o f t he s ku l l . A ssoc iated w ith a p a ir o f c opper a l loy f ive s p ira l s aucer b rooches , ac opper a l loy r i ng a nd mounts , a n i r on k n ife , a f l int p ebb le a nd o ther f ragments . We lch d ates t he g rave t o t he l ater f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury a nd p o ints t o ap ara l le l f or t he v esse l f rom V ertla-Grave l le , Marne w h ich was a ssoc iated w ith a l ate R oman f lagon ( 1983 I ,1 44-5 ) . T he g lass w as p robab ly , t herefore , b etween 8 0 -1 00 y ear s o ld w hen b ur ied . 2 -4 . B if rons , Kn . : ap a le g reen i ndented b owl o f I s ing s f orm 1 17 ( 1957 , 1 47-8 ; F ig . 7 4 ,2 ) . T he v esse l i s s ubstan t ia l ly c omp lete a nd h a s t he c ha racter ist ic i ndents , e verted r im a nd g round l i p o f t he t ype . S l ight k ick t o t he b ase . S ome d ecay o f t he s urface i sn oteab le o n t he p hotograph ( Harden 1 956 , P l . 1 5 ) . T he a ssoc iat ions o f t he v esse l a re u nknown . T he t ype i s aw e l l k nown a nd s ecure ly d ated l ate R oman v esse l w h ich a ppears f requent ly i n G erman ic g raves o n t he c ont inent ( L s ing s 1 957 , 1 47-8 ; H arden 1 956 , 1 36 ) . A p la in g reen ish b ow l , h em ispher ica l i n p rof i le w ith s l ight ly e verted r im a nd f lattened b ase ( F ig . 7 4 ,3 ) . L ip p oss ib ly f lame r ounded a nd t he b ase h as a k ick . T he b ow l i s c omp lete b ut u nassoc iated . P robab ly a n I s ings f orm 9 6 a lthough t he B if rons e xamp le i s f latter i n p rof i le t han t he t ype i lustrated ( 1957 , 1 13-4 ) . I ti sd ated b y L s ing s t o t he t h ird c entury b ut i sa cknow ledged t o b e a t yp ica l f ourth c entury v esse l . C loser p ara l le ls c ome f rom t he B urgh C ast le , N f . h oa rd , af i nd t hat d emonstrates t h i s v esse l a s at ypefoss i l a t t he e nd o f t he R oman p er iod ( Harden 1 983 , 8 1 F ig . 3 7 , 8 3 & 8 4 ) . A g reen i sh c o loured c omp lete f l ask ( F ig . 6 8 ,4 ) . T he p rof i le i ss quat a nd r ather g lobu lar w ith a f l at b ase k icked i n terna l ly a nd p i l lar n eck . T he r im i s e verted h or izonta l ly a nd h as a f l ame r ounded l i p . As e lf c o loured t ra i l h a s b een

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a pp l ied t o t he u pper p art o f t he b ody . T he f orm i s I s ing s 1 33 , f or w h ich w estern p ara l le ls a re r are a nd a s tart ing d ate i n t he l a te t h ird c entury i s s uggested ( 1957 , 1 61 ) . H arden i s more e qu ivoca l a bout t he d a te b ut l i nks t he t ype t o R oman methods o f manufacture ( 1956 , 1 36-7 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 5 . Ca istor-by-Norw ieh M57 , N f . : t en f ragments o f c lea r g reen i sh g lass ' f lared r im ' v esse l ( beaker o r b ow l ? ) s a id t o b e o f t h ird o r f ou rth c entury d ate . F ound i n ad ecorated g lobu lar u rn d ated t o t he m idd le s ixth c entury ( Myres & G reen 1 973 , 6 3 ) . 6 . Chessel l Down 1 , L o .W . : f ragments o f a n amber c o loured c one b eaker w ith f l at b ase ( F ig . 7 4 ,5 ) . F or v esse l p ara l le l s , s ee A lfr i ston 6 0 ( above ) . F ound a t t he h ead o f a n i nhumat ion a ccompan ied b y t wo ' d iamondshaped ' b rooches a nd as i lver s p ira l r ing . Ad ate i n t he s ixth c entury i sl i ke ly . 7 . Ches se l l Down u nprovenaneed , L o .W . : a n ea r-comp lete t runca ted c one b eaker w ith f lat , k icked b ase a nd f lame r ounded r im ( F ig . 7 4 ,6 ) . T he v esse l h a s ac on ica l p rof i le w ith s l ight ly f l ared n eck . T he f orm i s I s ing s ' 1 06c a nd s he i s a b le t o a dvance s evera l l ate f ou rth a nd e ar ly f i fth c entury p ara l le l s f rom g raves o n t he c ont inent ( 1957 , 1 29 ) . 8 . E astry I , Kn . : c omp lete i ndented b ow l o f ' s ing s f orm 1 17 ( s ee a bove ) . T he v esse l i sc racked b ut o therw ise i n tact . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 9 . E ast S hefford , B ek . : b ow l i n g reen ish g lass wh ich p o ss ib ly h a s a f l ame r ounded r im ( D ick inson 1 976 I ,3 63 ) . T he f orm o f t he v esse l i sr econstructed b y D ick inson a s ad eep b ow l w ith s i nuous p rof i le b ut a l ow , t runca ted c one wou ld b e a more p robab le s hape g iven t he f orms c u rrent i n t he l ate R oman p er iod ( F ig . 7 5 ,3 ) . P robab ly a d er ivat ive o f I s ing s f orm 9 6 ( s ee a bove ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 1 0 . E ast S hefford , B ek . : c one b eaker i n p a le g reen g lass w ith k nocked o ff a nd g round d own r im ( F ig . 7 5 ,1 ; D ick inson 1 976 I ,3 62 ) . T he f orm o f t h is v esse l i s l ate R oman a nd i s p robab ly t o b e r e lated t o I s ing s f orm 1 06d ( 1957 , 1 30 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 1 1-13 . F aversham , Kn . : a c one b eaker i n p la in g reen i sh g lass w ith f l ame r ounded l i p , c on ica l b ody a nd f l ared n eck ( F ig . 7 5 ,2 ) . S e lf c o loured t ra i l a pp l ied t o u pper p art o f b ody . B ase f l at b ut w ith s l ight k ick . I s ing s f orm 1 06c , s ee C hesse l l D own u np rovenanced a bove f or c om ments . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . A b ow l w ith f l ame r ounded p rof i le a nd r ounded p rof i le t o t he b ody . P resumab ly r e lated t o I s ing s f orm 9 6 , s ee B if rons a bove . H arden c ompares t he s hape t o t he v esse l f rom H o lme P ierrepo int , N ot . a nd , b ecau se o f i t s l ack o f a ssoc iat ion , d oub ts w hether i t i sf rom a n A ng lo-Saxon g rave a t a l l ( 1956 , 1 36 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ion s . A b ag b eaker i n d ark b lue g lass w ith wh ite t r ia l s a t t he n eck a nd b ase h or izonta l ly a pp l ied a nd w h ite marvered t ra i ls c ombed t owards t he r im ( F ig . 7 5 ,4 ) . F ragments c a ta logued a s as econd v esse l b y H arden ( 1313a , ' 7 0 ) , a re p robab ly f rom t h is v esse l . T h is v esse l was c la ss if ied a s b e ing o f s eventh c entury d a te b y H arden b ut a re n ow v iewed a s b e ing l a te R oman ( 1956 , 1 63 ; E v ison 1 969 , 1 64 ) . 1 4 . G reat Chesterford 3 3 , E x . : p a le g reen , v ery t h in w a l led h em ispher ica l v esse l w ith e verted l i p a nd f lat , g round r im ( F ig . 7 5 ,5 ) . P ont i l mark a t b ase . 129-

T he p ara l le l s a re d i scussed b y E v ison w ho c oncludes t ha t t he v esse l i s o f t he f i rst h a lf o f t he f i fth c entury ( 1969 , 1 60 ) . T he v esse l w as a ssoc iated w ith a a n e ar ly f i f th c entury p edesta l l ong b o ssed u rn (= Myres 1 977 I , F ig . 2 06 , 3 684 ) , ac opper a l loy s trap e nd , ak n ife , ar ivet , ap urse mount , ah ob n a i l a nd a n i r on f ragment . T he g rave i s d a ted t o t he s econd q uarter o f t he f i f th c entury b y E v ison (i b id ) . 1 5 . H ighdown 3 2 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : c one b eaker i n g reen ish g lass w ith k nocked o ff , g round r im ( F ig . 7 6 ,1 ) . T he p rof i le i ss trong ly c on ica l w ith n o p ont i l mark a t t he b ase a r id i ti sd ecorated w ith s p ira l a nd z ig-zag s e lf c o loured t ra i ls . We lch c ites s evera l p ara l le l s f rom l ate f ou rth a nd e ar ly f i fth c entury c ontex ts o n t he c ont inent ( 1983 , 1 45 ) . T he g rave i s p robab ly c onte mporary w ith t he v esse l w h ich w as u nassoc iated . 1 6 . H ighdown 5 3 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : l i ght g reen b ow l w ith f o lded e ver ted r im ( F ig . 7 6 ,2 ) . T he s ides a re c onvex a nd t aper ing w ith p ushed i n b asa l r i ng a nd h igh k ick . T he b ow l i so f I s ings f orm 1 15 w here i ti sd ef ined a s at ype t ha t d ies o ut a t t he e nd o f t he f ourth c entury ( 1957 , 1 43 ) . T here a re , h owever , t wo e xamp les i n t he B urgh Cast le , N orfo lk h oa rd o f e a r ly f i f th c entury g lass ( Harden 1 983 , 8 1 F ig . 3 7 8 1 & 8 2 ;p ara l le ls 8 4-5 ) . A ssoc iated w ith s evera l c opper a l loy b e lt mounts a nd a k n ife : am idd le t o l ate f i f th c en tury d a te i sl i ke ly . 1 7 . H ighdown 1 78 , S x . ( W . S x . ) : f lask o f d ark o l ive g reen g la ss w ith h or izonta l f l ame r ounded r im , c yl indr ica l n eck , g lobu lar b ody a nd c oncave b ase w ith p ont i l mark ( F ig . 7 6 ,3 ) . T he v esse l a ppears t o b e s im i lar t o t he f l ask f rom B if ron s a nd s hou ld b e d ated a ccord ing ly . T he g rave was n ot c omp lete ly e xcavated a nd t he a ssoc iat ions a re , t herefore , l o st . 1 8 . H ighdown , u nassoc iated , S x . ( W . S x . ) : ay e l low i sh g lass v esse l o f I s ing s f orm 1 17 ( F ig . 7 6 ,4 ) . F or d iscu ss ion , s ee B if rons a bove . 1 9 . Ho lme P ierrepo int , Not . : y e l low ish g lass b ow l , o ver h a lf o f wh ich s urv ives ( F ig . 7 6 ,5 ) . I n s hape , at runcated c one w ith f lame r ounded r im a nd k icked b ase . Cut d ecorat ion s how ing a f r ieze o f p eacocks a nd r ounde l s w ith t he word S EMPER a bove . T he v esse l i sd escr ibed b y H arden w here s ome d oub t i st hrown o n i t s a uthent ic ity a s ag rave f i nd ( 1956 , 1 36 ) . I n v iew o f t he c omp leteness o f t he v esse l , t he l i ke l ihood o f ag rave f ind wou ld a ppear t o b e s trong . 2 0 . K ing ston b y L ewes ( Saxonbury ) 9 , S x . ( E . S x . ) : sma l l g reen g lass u nguent b ott le o f l ate f our c entury d ate d iscussed b y We lch ( 1983 I , 1 43 ) . N ot d ef in itely a ssoc iated w ith t he g rave . 2 1 . L oveden H i l l 5 6/29 , L i . : af o lded r im f rom a f l at b ow l . P oss ib ly a nother e xamp le o f a n I s ing s ' f orm 1 15 ( s ee H ighdown 5 3 a bove ) . A ssoc iated w ith b eads , ad oub les ided b one c omb f ragment a nd a R oman s herd . T he u rn was a n A ng l ian t ype v esse l d ated t o t he f i fth c entury ( Myres 1 977 I ,3 7-41 ) . 2 2 . M i lton-next-S itt ingbourne , Kn . : c omp lete g reen ish g lass d i sh ( F ig . 7 6 ,6 ) . T he r im i s g round f lat , t he p rof i le i s a t runcated c one a nd t he s i des a re i ndented . T he b ase h as a h igh k ick . I s ings f orm 1 17 ( s ee B if rons a bove ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 2 3 . M itcham 1 99 , S r . : g reen g lass p edesta l amphora w ith t wo l arge h and les ( F ig . 7 7 ,1 ) . T he b ody i sg lobu lar w ith a f l at b ase . T he a pp l ied n eck i s c on ica l w ith a h or izonta l t ra i l , b ut t he r im i s l o st . As e lf c o loured t ra i l i s a ppl ied t o

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t he u pper n eck a nd b ody . P resumab ly a v ar iety o f I s ing s ' f orm 1 29 w h ich i s s im i lar b ut n ot i dent ica l ( 1957 , 1 59 ) . I t may b e d ated t o t he l a te f ou rth o r e ar ly f i fth c entury . N o a ssoc iat ion s . 2 4 . Muck ing I 8 43 , E x . : al i ght g reen g lass c law b eaker ( F ig . 7 7 ,2 ) . Ac on ica l f orm w ith s harp r im n arrow ing t o a r ounded b ase t o w h ich w as a pp l ied a s eperately b lown w ide , h o l low f oot . Ah or izonta l t ra i l i sa pp l ied b e low t he r im w ith a z ig-zag t ra i l i n t he i n terst ices . A nother t ra i l i s a t t he b ase . F our n otched , v ert ica l t ra i ls q uarter t he b ody w ith a ' s heep s c rook ' a t t he u pper e nd . F our r ows o f t wo h o l low c laws a re a pp l ied i n t he p ane ls . E v ison l i nk s t he v esse l t o l ate R oman g lass b low ing t echn iques c ompar ing i tt o H ighdown 3 2 , S x . a nd A lfr i ston 6 0 , S x . T he v esse l i s o therw ise a t ota l ly u n ique t ype ( 1982 , 4 5-6 ) . A ssoc iated w ith a n i n la id p ur se mount , c opper a l loy p late , t wo s quare-headed b rooches . t wo s i lver t ubes , al arge f acetted c ry sta l b ead a nd o ther b eads . A m idd le s ixth c entury d ate i s i nd ica ted , b y w h ich t ime t he v esse l wou ld h ave b een 1 50 y ears o ld . 2 5 . Newport P agnel l , B d . : c omp lete mou ld b lown b eaker o f t aper ing f orm w ith e verted , f lame r ounded l i p a nd f lat p edesta l b ase ( F ig . 7 6 ,8 ) . T he mou lded d es ign i s o f smal l s pher ica l b osses i n q u inqux p attern . T he a ttr ibut ion o f t he v esse l t o t he s i te i s d ub ious a s t h is i s as econd o r t h ird c entury t ype ( Harden 1 956 , 1 36 n .15 ) . A p a ra l le l p henomenon i s i lustrated b y t he C yp r iote b eaker s a id t o h ave c ome f rom A ck lam , Y o . ( Harden 1 978 , 2P l . I Vb ) . 2 6 . Oz inge l l ( Lord o f t he Manor ) 1 90 , Kn . : c omp lete b ow l o f u nknown f orm f ound o u ts ide t he c off in o f a n a du lt i nhumat ion w h ich w as o therw ise u naccompan ied . T he a ssoc iat ion i sn ot , t herefore , t ota l ly s ecure . 2 7 . S e lmeston I ,S x . ( E . S x . ) : af ragmentary g reen g la ss b ow l r ep resented b y t hree s herds ( F ig . 7 6 ,7 ) . T he v esse l i s p a ra l le led i n s evera l f ourth c entury c emetery s i tes o n t he c ont inent a nd i s v ery s im i lar t o t he G reat C hesterford 3 3 b ow l ( above ; We lch 1 983 I ,1 43 ) . T he a ssoc iat ions a re u npub l ished . 2 8-29 . Westbere , Kn . : ac one b eaker i n g reen ish g lass . I n p rof i le a f lat b ased c one w ith e verted f l ame r ounded r im . T he b ody s we l l s s l ight ly a nd c a rr ies a n a pp l ied , c ombed t ra i l d ecorat ion . P robab ly a v ar iant o f I s ing s ' f orm 1 06e o r d ( s ee a bove ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . A f l ask i n l i ght b lue g lass . T he b ody i ss pher ica l a nd i s d ecorated w ith i nc ised o ver lapp ing c oncentr ic c irc les b etween h or izonta l i nc ised g rooves . T he n eck i s b roken a nd h a s b een smoothed o ff . H arden l i nks t he v esse l t o R oman v esse l s p roduced a t t he e nd o f t he f ourth c entury i n G ermany ( 1946 , 1 8-19 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ion s . I L I mported v esse ls o f Roman T ype . 1 . B ury S t E dmunds , Westgarth 6 2 , S f . : ab ucket s haped v esse l i n g reen g lass w ith o paque w h ite t r ia ls ( F ig . 7 8 ,1 ) . T he r im i s s l ight ly e verted a nd f i re r ounded w ith p rom inent t ra i ls o n t he n eck a nd a t t he b ase . T he b ase i s f l at w ith a k ick . ' L P s haped h and les a re a pp l ied a t t wo p o ints o n t he r im . H arden d ates t he p a i l t o t he l ate f i f th c entury o r e ar ly s ixth a nd s uggests t hat i t o r ig ina l ly h ad a g la ss h and le a s w e l l ( 1978 , 5 -6 ) . H e a lso c ites a p ara l le l i n S t Mark ' s , V en ice f or t he t ype . A ssoc iated w ith a s h ie ld b o ss , s pea rhead a nd k n ife . T he g rave s hou ld p robab ly b e d ated t o t he e ar ly s ixth c entury .

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2 . Darenth P ark Hosp i ta l 4 , Kn . : ac lear g lass mou ld b lown b ow l ( F ig . 7 8 ,3 ) . I n f orm i t i s h em ispher ica l w ith a f l ame r ounded l i p a nd e verted r im . T he d ecorat ion i s b oth mou lded ( an i n scr ip t ion b etween b ands , v ine s cro l l b enea th a nd C h i R ho a t c entre ) a nd t ra i led ( be low r im ) . Webster a nd H arden c i te 2 1 s im i lar v esse l s , most ly f rom t he d ep . A isne a nd t he r eg ion a round N amur , B e lg ium . T h is i st he o n ly v esse l o f t h i s t ype t o c arry a n i n scr ip t ion o ther t han t he Westbere e xamp le ( be low ) . I t may b e d a ted t o t he t h ird o r f ourth q uarter o f t he f i fth c entury ( Web ster e t a l 1 980 , 3 38-40 ) . H assa l l i n terp rets t he i n scr ip t ion a s DE IURIUTA INTETUIASRUU IN w h ich i s e xpanded t o DE I URI V ITA I N TE [ E ]f V IA S [ANCTE ] RUVUNE/A . T h is i s t rans lated a s ' j ust ly ( e terna l ) l i fe a nd t he way ( a re f ound ) i n y our S a int R uf inus/a 1 ( i b id ) . T he b ow l w as a ssoc iated w ith a s imp le p ot a nd t he g rave s hou ld b e d ated t o t he s ix th c entury . 3 . H ighdown 4 9 , S x ( W . S x . ) : g ob let w ith f unne l l i p a nd f l ame r ounded r im ( F ig . 7 8 ,2 ) . T he n eck i sc y l indr ica l a nd r uns i n to t he o vo id b ody w ith k nopped s tem a nd s p layed p ushed i n b ase a pp l ied a fter b low ing . A w hee l a bra ided d es ign o f a n i n scr ip t ion i n G reek w ith 1 3 o va ls b e low i n a b and f o l lowed b y p ara l le l b ands , p ot h ooks a nd h are a nd h ounds f r ieze . H arden l i nked t he v esse l t o e astern , A lexandr ian , s ources w h ich We lch a g rees w ith ( 1956 , 1 36 ; 1 983 I ,1 42 ) . I t may b e d a ted t o t he f i fth c entury a nd w as o therw i se u nassoc iated . 4 . Westbere , Kn . : ab lue g la ss s quat j a r w ith t ra i led d ecorat ion a nd a g arb led L at in a nd G reek i n scr ip t ion . T he v esse l i so n ly k nown f rom d raw ing s a nd h a s n o k nown a ssoc iat ions . Web ster e t a l l i nk i t t o t he w orkshop t hat p roduced t he D arenth P ark b ow l ( 1980 , 3 39 n .6 3 -7 . D iscuss ion : t he s ign if icance o f v esse l s i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves . LP ottery . A lthough much o f t he p ottery d oes n ot h ave r ecorded a ssoc iat ion s , a s ign if icant p roport ion a re p rovenanced s ecure ly . O f t he 6 1 p oss ib le s i tes o f d i scovery , 4 4 h ave r ecorded a ssoc iat ion s ( 72 % ) . A b as ic d i st inct ion may b e made i n t he l a tter d epend ing o n w hether t hey w ere u sed a s c onta iners f or c remat ions o r a s a ccompany ing v esse l s f or i nhumat ions . O n t h i s a na lys is , 1 5 o f t he v esse ls a re u sed f or c remat ions . T he s hape o f a l l t hese v esse ls i st he l a rge j ar , a v esse l w ith a w ide mouth . C lear ly , s uch v esse ls wou ld h ave b een c ons idered t o b e w e l l s u ited t o t h is t ask . I t s hou ld b e n oted f u rther t hat 8 o f t he 1 5 e xamp les ( 53% ) a re f rom t he c emetery a t C a i stor-by-Norw ich , N f . w here e xcavat ions u ncovered a k i ln p roduc ing w ares o f t he s ame f orms . I t s eems c lear i n t h i s c ase t ha t ac ache o f v esse l s h ad b een d iscovered w h i le e xcavat ing h o les t o c onta in t he s tandard G erman ic c remat ion u rns a nd t hese h ad b een r eused a s u rns . T he a l terna t ive h ypothes is , t ha t t hese a re R oman c remat ions , i s p oss ib le b ut u n l ike ly a lthough f ou rth c entury c remat ions a re k nown i n R oman c emeter ies ( G . C larke 1 979 , 3 51) . T he o ther c remat ions a re l arge ly c onta ined i n v esse l s w h ich a re d escr ibed , i n s ome way , a s ' s ub-Roman ' . T he u se o f p ottery i n i nhumat ions i s more v ar ied i n t he v esse l f orms f ound . T he emphas i s i so n b eakers ( 7 e xamp les ) a nd b owls o r d ishes , i nc lud ing S am ian ( 6 ) . T hree j ars h ave b een n oted ( G i lton 1 01 , K n . ; G irton 2 9 , Ca . & H orton K irby I , K n . ) s o t he u se o f t hese v esse ls i s c lear ly n ot r estr icted t o c remat ions . Aga in a s e lect ion p rocess i s e v idenced w ith p erhaps a n emphas i s o n r i tua l o ffer ings o f f ood o r d r ink a t t he f unera l ( G . C larke 1 979 , 4 09-10 ) .

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T he d a t ing o f g raves c onta in ing R omano-Br it ish p ottery i s s omewhat d i ff icu lt . O ften t he v esse l s eems t o b e t he o n ly o b ject i n t he g rave o r c remat ion . N everthe less , t he p auc ity o f a ssoc iated o b jects c ou ld p erhap s b e u sed t o a rgue f or a n e ar ly p agan d ate r ather t han a l ater o ne . T he t wo s o l id ly d a ted g raves t hat d o o ccur ( Upchurch & K ing ston D own 1 78 , Kn . ) a re c lear ly l a te , h owever , a nd b oth c onta in t he h igh ly p r ized s am ian w are d ishes . T he O z inge l l v esse l may w e l l r ef lect a s im i lar p henomenon . I ts hou ld b e n oted i n a dd it ion t hat t he s l ip o n t he O z inge l l v esse l h as e nt ire ly w orn away s uggest ing t ha t t h is i sa n h e ir loom r ather t han a n a cc identa l f i nd . T h is wou ld p ara l le l t he R oman s i tuat ion w here s am ian w as e qua l ly t reasured a fter p roduct ion h ad c eased . T he a ppea l o f s uch p ottery t o t he G erman ic p eop les wou ld u l t imately l i e i n i t s q ua l ity a nd u nusua l c o lour w h ich t he l owf ired A ng lo-Saxon w ares w ou ld n ot b e a b le t o r eproduce . T h is f act may a lso a ccount f or t he c up b ase i n t he u rn f rom C a istor-by-Norw ich , N f . O ther s pec imen s o f p ottery o ccur i n c emeter ies wh ich w ere i n u se f rom a n e ar ly d ate . P r inc ipa l among t hese a re : C hesse l l D own , I . o .W ; K ing sworthy , H a . ; H ighdown , S x . a nd C ass ing ton , O x . I ndeed , We lch d a tes t he H ighdown g rave t o t he l ate R oman p er iod o n t he b as is o f t he v esse l a nd t he G i rton a nd Westcotes f i nds h ave a n e ven s tronger c la im t o b e d ated t hu s b ecau se o f t he u ncerta in d eta i ls o f e xcavat ion a nd a ssoc iat ion . O ne G i rton b u r ia l ( 34 ) h ad a lso b een d ecap itated w h ich i sa l so a l ate R oman r i te , s treng then ing t h i s c onc lus ion ( s ee b e low ) .T he C a ss ing ton i nhumat ion a lso d emon strates a l ate R oman t ra it i n b e ing b ur ied i n t he p rone p o s it ion . Che sse l l D own 1 6 a nd K ing sworthy 9 8 , h owever , b oth p rov ide d ef in ite i n stances o f t he u se b y A ng lo-Saxons o f R oman v esse l s a nd b oth h ave b een c ut d own f or r euse , t he K ing sworthy e xamp le h av ing t he b reak smoothed o ver . B oth o f t hese v esse ls a re a lso l ate i n t he s equence o f t he manufacture o f t he ir r espect ive f abr ics . We lch ' s a rgument t hat t he H ighdown g rave s hou ld b e d ated t o t he l ate R oman p er iod may b e s pec ia l p lead ing g iven t he d ecl ine i n t he u se o f p ottery v esse l s a s a ccessor ies t o b ur ia l s a t L ankh i l l s , H a . ( G . C larke 1 979 , 3 59-60 ) . T hese b eakers a nd b owls a re , i ndeed , t he s ort o f v esse l s t hat t he G erman s e spec ia l ly f avoured a nd t hey a re o ften f ound i n g raves i n F ree G ermany ( Hedeager 1 978 , 2 07 ) . T hus t he ir p opu lar ity i ne a r ly c emeter ies n eed c au se n o s urpr i se . Two f u rther g roups o f v esse ls may a lso b e c ons idered . F irst ly t he g rey w are b ow l f rom C hesse l l D own 2 1 , I . o .W . wh ich may b e av esse l i mported f rom t he Aqu itane r eg ion o f F rance . A s E v ison p o ints o ut ( 1979 , 7 -8 ) , s uch v esse l s a re n orma l ly f ound i n western B r it ish c ontexts ( L . Mcock 1 971 , 1 75 F ig . 2 7 ; C . T homas 1 981 , 1 9-20 ) . T h is e xamp le may b e e v idence f or c ontact b y t he owner w ith t he C e lt ic c ommun ity t o t he West o r w ith F rank i sh t rader s . T he s econd g roup i s r epresented b y t he b ott le v ase f rom Westbere , K n . a nd t he v esse ls f rom K ing ston D own 1 84 , B eakesbourne 2 9 & 3 8 , a nd S ibertswo ld 3 3 a nd 3 7 , K n . A l l , e xcep t t he f i rst e xamp le f rom Westbere , may b e i m itat ions o f F rank i sh v essel s w h i lst t he Westbere e xamp le , a l though R omano-B r it i sh , wou ld h ave p assed a t af i rst g lance a s aF rank ish v esse l . T he s ame c ou ld b e t rue o f t he I ron Age v esse l f rom R usk ing ton : ar emarkab le s urv iva l ( F ig . 9 7 ) . T he F aversham b ott les may a l so h ave b een u sed a s s uch s ub st itutes ( Ev ison 1 979 , 4 ) . O ne f i na l p o int t o c ons ider i s t he n a ture o f t he s urv iva l , i f a ny , o f t he R omano-B r it ish p ottery i ndustry . T h is i s b y n o means c lear , a s i s o ften t he c ase w hen d ea l ing w ith t he c o l lapse o f t he R omano-Br it i sh i ndu str ia l i n frastructure . F u lford a nd Y oung b oth c onc lude t hat N ew F orest a nd O xfordsh ire i ndu str ies h ad c o l lap sed b y t he f i rst d ecade o f t he f i f th c entury

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( 1975 , 4 2 ; 1 977 , 2 40-1 ) . T he C astor w are i ndu stry a ppear s t o h ave c ont inued i n to t he f i fth c entury ( Howe e t a l 1 983 , 1 0 ) . I t i s o bv ious , h owever , t hat t he c o l lapse o f t he p otter ies d oes n ot p rec lude t he s urv iva l o f a n i nev itab ly d ec l in ing amount o f R oman p ottery i n to t he A ng lo-Saxon p er iod a nd t hus h e ir loom s urv iva l o f p ottery c annot b e t ota l ly r u led o ut . Wear may n ot b e a s ign if icant f actor i n t h is a s s urv iva ls wou ld i nvar iab ly b e b etter c ared f or . Wha t h appened t o t he p otter s t hemse lves i sa nother matter , h owever . S ome o f t he v esse ls l i sted a bove h ave b een c ategor ised a s ' s ub-Roman ' b y t he ir e xcavator s o r b y s pec ia l ists . T he t erm i su sed t o c over v esse l s b oth ' Roman ' i n s hape i . e . r ef lect ing R oman s hapes o r w h ich a re ' Roman ' i n f ab r ic o r f i n ish . B oth i mp ly t he s urv iva l a nd a ss im i lat ion o f p otter s i n to A ng lo-Saxon s oc iety . S uch a pp roaches may r ight ly b e c r it ic ised f or t he ir l ack o f o b ject iv ity a nd i ti s d oubtfu l whether much we ight may b e p laced o n s uch j udgements . T he n umbers i nvo lved a re p i t ifu l ly sma l l i n a ny c ase a nd a ny s urv iv ing p otters must h ave r ap id ly r etra ined i n o rder t o c ater f or t he c urrent t astes . T he c ase may b e f urther w eakened w hen i ti sr emembered t hat t he e ar l iest G erman ic p otters were a s f am i l iar w ith n ea r-conte mpora ry R oman w ares a s t he R omans t hemse lves . S uch e thn ic a pp roaches a re d angerous f rom b oth R oman a nd German v iewpo ints w ith s uch i n tractab le a nd v ar iab le d ata . F abr ics d o n ot a ppear t o h e lp much e ither ; t he c haracter i st ic n at ive f i fth c entury w are i n t he West , ag rasstempered f abr ic , i sc ons idered t o b e aS axon ware w hen f ound i n t he T hames v a l ley a nd d ated t o t he l ate s ixth o r s eventh c entury ( Rahtz 1 974 , 9 8-9 ; Hawkes 1 985b , 1 01) . I L Meta l . Meta l v esse l s i n A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies a re u sed i n t he s ame way a s p ottery o nes ; e ither a s c remat ion c onta iners o r a s a ccompany ing v esse l s f or a n i nhumat ion . I n t he l atter c ase , f ood may b e p laced i n t he v esse l a l though t h i s may h ave r e l ig ious mean ing r ather t han a s af ood o ffer ing ( R ichards 1 980 , 3 ) . O f p art icu lar i n terest a re t he sma l l n umber o f meta l v esse ls o f R oman d a te f ound i n g raves . T he t ota l i nc idence i so n ly t en e xamp les . I fh ang ing b owls a nd o ther i mported v esse ls a re i nc luded t he t ota l i ss wo l len t o 6 0 . A lthough o ther meta l v esse ls may b e f ound i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves , t hey a re n ot f requent a nd i ti s c lear t hat s uch v esse l s w ere a p rest ige i t em a cqu ired i n t he ma in b y ma les a nd l arge ly l im ited t e mpora l ly t o t he l ate s ixth a nd s eventh c entury w hen s oc iety b ecame i ncreas ing ly s oc ia l ly s trat if ied . T he ma in e xcept ion t o t h i s r u le , h owever , a re t he t r iangu larlugged c au ldrons w h ich a ppear t o b e a ssoc iated w ith F rank i sh s ett ler s o r t rad ing i n t he f i f th a nd e a r ly s ixth c entur ies ( R ichards 1 980 , 1 2-14 ) . T he d earth o f R oman meta l v essel s i n g raves r ef lects t he s i tuat ion i n l ate R oman c emeter ies b ut t he u se o f meta l v esse l s i n G erman ic g raves o n t he c ont inent i s o f f ar more f requent o ccurrence a s E gger s h as s hown ( 1951 ) . T here i st hus n o n eed t o p ostu late h e ir loom s urv iva l among p ost R oman n at ive p opu lat ions t o a ccount f or t he f ew v esse l s o f t he e a r ly p er iod t ha t may b e c ited ( Long W ittenham 2 6 , 9 3 , B ek . , S trood a nd H igham , K n . ) . S uch v esse ls h ad ap rest ige r o le e ven a t t hat d a te a nd t he p oss ib i l ity t hat t he L ong W ittenham 2 6 b owl i sa n h e ir loom f rom F ree G ermany may b e c ounted a s q u ite s trong . D esp ite t h i s , h owever , i ts hou ld b e n oted t hat t he H igham v esse l i s aR omanoB r it ish t ype a nd t hus w as p robab ly a cqu ired b y i t s owner w h i le l i v ing h ere . H oards o f s uch v essel s a re n ot r are e ven n ow a nd t hu s t he f i nd ing o f s uch a v esse l wou ld h ave b een p oss ib le ( Kennett 1 968a ) . C remat ion s i n meta l v esse l s a re a r are p henomenon a nd s eem t o b e

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l im i ted i n t ime t o t he l ate s ixth a nd e ar ly s eventh c entury ( Dav idson & Web ster 1 968 1 1-3 ) . N one o f t he v esse ls c ata logued i n t h is w ork i s a s l ate a s t h is d a te a part f rom t he h ang ing b ow l s a nd a sma l l p roport ion ( s ix ) o f t hese l a tter v esse ls a ppear t o h ave b een u sed f or c remat ions . I n p a rt icu lar t he t hree b ow ls r ep resented a t L oveden H i l l , L i . , t he p oss ib le e xamp le f rom B a r laston , S t . , t hat f rom Manton Warren , L i . a nd t he s pec ia l ly c reated B ad leyb r idge , S f . b ow l s eem t o r ef lect t h i s l im ited t rad it ion . B y f ar t he most c ommon u seage f or h ang ing b ow l s i si n i nhumat ions . O f t he 4 8 s i tes w ith b ow ls n oted , o n ly s ix may h ave h e ld c remat ions , t we lve a re f rom a du l t g raves w h ich may b e e ither ma le o r f e ma le a nd 2 2 h ave u nknown o r u npub l ished a ssoc iat ions . T he r ema in ing 1 3 b ow ls c ome f rom ma le g raves . T h is c ompares w ith t he t ota l f or f ema le g raves o f 4d ef in ite i n stances . T hese f e ma le g raves a re a l so a l l l ate s ixth a nd c ont inu ing i n to t he s eventh c entury . S ome , s uch a s Mar ina D r ive B 4 , B d . a nd C amerton 3 2 , S o . a ppear t o b e m idd le o r e ven l ate s eventh a nd o n ly u t i l ise t he more d ecorat ive e lements o f b roken h ang ing b ow l s , a f unct ion f or wh ich t he b eaut ifu l ly e name l led a nd h igh ly p ortab le e scucheons l end t hemse lves a dm irab ly . F or t he ma le i nhumat ions , a w ider d a te r ange may b e s uggested w ith p erhap s o ne o f t he e a r l iest e xamp les b e ing C hesse l l D own 2 6 , I . o .W . w h ich h as a h ang ing b ow l w h ich may h ave a t ypo log ica l ly e a r ly r im . N everthe less , i n g enera l e a r ly ma le b ur ia l s w ith meta l v esse ls r ema in t he e xcep t ion a nd t he ma jor ity mu st b e s een a s a n a ttr ibute o f t he l ater p agan p er iod wh ich p erhaps r ef lected a n eed f or , a nd a va i lab il ity o f , p rest ige t rade o b jects ; at aste t hat i s p art icu lar ly d emonstrated b y t he t rade i n B yzant ine b ow l s a nd t o al esser e xtent h ang ing b ow l s . T h is t rade i n p rest ige o b jects i s r ef lected e l sewhere i n A ng lo-Saxon s oc iety a nd a ppears t o b e s ymptomat ic o f i ncrea s ing s oc ia l s trat if icat ion . T he c ontexts o f h ang ing b ow ls c annot , t herefore , b e u sed s imp ly t o p rove o r d isp rove t heor ies o n t he s urv iva l o f B r it i sh e lements i n t he p opu lat ion . T h is p o int i sd r iven h ome f orcefu l ly b y a d i str ibut ion map o f h ang ing b ow ls w h ich , i n c ontrast t o ' Ce lt ic ' p ost R oman p enannu lars ( C lasses A 5 , E , F , G a nd H ) , s how a n e ven s pread o ver t he who le o f A ng lo-Saxon E ng land w ith d ense c oncentrat ions i n K ent , t he Upper T hames V a l ley a nd E ast A ngl ia ( Map . 8 ) . A s w ith p enannu lar b rooches , t he o n ly s trong i n ference t hat c an b e made i st he e v idence f or t rade ( Long ley 1 975 ) . C lear ly , t hey w ere t rea sured a rt ic les wh ich t he A ng lo-Saxons h e ld o nto f or a s l ong a s w as p oss ib le . I f t h is meant p atch ing , t hen t h is w as e ffected a nd i f t he v esse l d id f i na l ly d i s integ rate , t hen r ebu id ing i n a nother f ormat c ou ld b e c ontemp lated ( Bad leyb r idge ) o r t he d ecorat ive e scutcheons k ept a s p endants ( Camerton 3 2 ) . N everthe less , t here i ss ome e v idence f or t he s urv iva l o f s ome R omano-B r it ish meta lwork ing t echn iques , p a rt icu lar ly e name l l ing , i n E ast A ng l ia s uggest ing t hat s ome o f t he b ow ls i n t hat r eg ion may h ave b een p roduced t here ( Sku l l 1 985 ) . I t i s t hus p oss ib le t o a rgue t ha t t he b ur ia l o f meta l v esse l s i n A ng loS axon g raves w as a p henomenon t hat d eve loped a t al ate s tage i n t hat s oc iety . I t i s p oss ib le t hat t h i s was b ecause i n t he e ar l ier p er iods meta l v esse l s were t oo v a luab le t o c ons ign t o t he g rave a nd t hat i t was o n ly a s s oc iety b ecame more wea lthy a nd more h igh ly s trat if ied t ha t s uch c onsp icuous c on sump t ion b ecame d es irab le . T h is may h e lp t o a ccount f or s ome o f t he t remendous w ear t hat i se ncountered , f or e xamp le , o n s ome o f t he h ang ing b ow ls where p atch ing a nd r ep lacement e scutcheons a re r e lat ive ly c om mon . S uch w ear may b e a cconted f or a l so b y c lean ing , wh ich u sua l ly i nvo lved s and , o r e veryday u se . B ut t h is l ater h ypothes is a utomat ica l ly b r ing s i n t ra in t he v exed q uest ion o f wha t h ang ing b ow l s were u sed f or , af act t ha t i s i mpoo s ib le t o a n swer g iven t he l im ited e v idence w h ich i sa va i lab le .

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G lass . A s H arden c oncluded i n h is p ioneer ing s tudy o f 1 956 , t here a re t wo ma in g roups o f R oman g lass v esse ls f ound i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves : i ) t hose t ha t e nd w ith t he R oman p er iod ( t ypefoss i ls ) i ) t hose t hat f orm t he s tart ing p o int f or l ater d eve lopments ( p rototypes ) I ncluded i n t he f i rst g roup a re b ow l s s uch a s I s ing s f orm 1 17 a nd 9 6 w ith t he ir v ar iants , t he b owl s w ith f o lded r ims , f l asks , u nguent b ott les a nd amphorae . I n t he s econd g roup , o n ly t wo v esse ls n eed t o b e c on s idered : t he c one b eaker a nd t he c law b eaker . U n l ike t he p ottery a nd meta l v esse ls , most o f t he g lass ware f ound i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves w here a ssoc iat ions a re k nown h ad b een b ur ied b efore t he e nd o f t he f i fth c entury a nd o f ten b y t he m idd le o f t ha t c entury . C lear ly , t he f rag i l ity o f g lass p layed i t s p a rt i n t h is b ut a l so t here may b e aq uest ion o f f ash ion d ictat ing t he b ur ia l o f u npopu lar t ypes o f v esse ls . Where h e ir loom u se i s p roven a s i n t he c law b eaker Muck ing 8 49 , E x . o r t he c one b eakers f rom A lfr iston 6 0 , S x . o r C hesse l l D own 1 , I . o .W . , t hese a re v esse l f orms wh ich r e ma ined i n v ogue . A n e xcep t ion t o t h is r u le may b e t he D arenth P ark , K n . b ow l w h ich was p erhaps k ep t f or i t s i n scr ip t ion w h ich wou ld h ave b een o f i n tr ins ic i n terest o r e ven mag ica l q ua l ity e ven i f t he owner w as u nab le t o r ead i t . T h is l atter v esse l r epresents o ne o f t he v ery f ew v esse ls o f f i f th c entury d ate i mported f rom c entres o ther t han t he R h ine land : t hese may p erhap s b e t i ed i n w ith t he t rade w h ich c arr ied o ver t he G a l lo-Roman embossed v esse ls a nd t he t r iangu larlugged c au ldrons . T he b ur ia l o f g lass v esse ls a s w ith meta l v esse l s h ad b ecome p art icu lar ly r are i n l ate R oman B r ita in d ue t o i t s u nava i lab i l ity ( Harden 1 956 , 2 09 ) . G lass v esse ls were , h owever , v ery p opu lar i n G erman ic g raves o n t he C ont inent a nd t here i se very r eason t o s uppose t hat g la ss v esse ls o f R oman d ate w ere c a rr ied o ver w ith t he s ett l ing p opu lat ion . I n t h is , t hey may b e ap r imary i nd ica tor o f i n it ia l s ett lement . T he c oncentrat ions a round t he T hames e stuary , t he n orth c oast o f K ent a nd o n t he c oast o f S usses wou ld t end t o g ive c redence t o t h is t heory ( Map 9 ) .

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Chapter 8 . Accessory Ob jects . T h is c hapter d ea l s w ith a d iverse b ody o f mater ia l w h ich d oes n ot f i t r ead i ly i n to a ny o ther c a tegory . T he o n ly u n ify ing t heme i st ha t t hese o b jects w ere n ot g enera l ly w orn o n t he b ody a s i t ems o f f ash ion . T here i sn o p a rt icu lar o rder a dopted b ut t he l a rgest g roups a re c a ta logued f i rst . LS poons . 1 . B assett Down , W i . : ac opper a l loy s poon b ow l , s a id t o h ave b een t i n-p lated ( Goddard 1 896 , 1 06 ) . T he b ow l i so vo id i n s hape w ith a s quaresect ioned h and le w hose u pper s urface i sf acetted ( F ig . 8 0 ,1) . T he h and le h a s b een b roken o ff s o t hat o n ly a 1 7mm s tub r e ma ins a nd t h is s tub i sa ng led u pwards b y t he b reak . T he s poon i s s a id t o h ave b een f ound w ith mater ia l b e long ing t o t wo ma le i nhumat ions . T he o b jects c ons isted o f t wo s h ie ld b osses , t wo s pearheads a nd t wo k n ives , ab ent e a r s poon , ab one w hor l , t wo p ins w ith r i ngs i n t he h ead , amber , g lass a nd r ock c rysta l b eads , aR oman ' P ' b rooch , ac o in a nd t wo p a irs o f l arge s aucer b rooches . G iven t h i s l i st o f o b jects , t he mater ia l a ppears t o c ons ist o f t he t wo ma le g raves a nd a t l east o ne f e ma le . T he s poon i s l i ke ly t o h ave b een f ound w i th t he l atter a l though t he r eport r efers t o t he o b jects c om ing f rom t he ma le b ur ia ls o n ly ( i b id , 1 04 ) . A d ate i n t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury i si nd ica ted b y t he b rooches . S poons o f t h i s t ype a re p ara l le led a t S hakenoak ( B rodr ibb e t a l 1 968 , 9 0 n o . 3 9 F ig . 3 1 ) , a n e xamp le d a ted t o t he l ate f ourth o r e ar ly f i fth c entury . T he s hape o f t he s poon b ow l p ara l le l s t hat o f t he ' d uck-hand led ' s poons f am i l iar f rom l ate R oman s i lver h oards b ut a t h ird c entury d a te may b e p o ss ib le ( Johns & P otter 1 983 , 3 7 ) . 2 . Chartham Down 2 6 , Kn . : af l at-bow led s poon w ith b a luster h and le i n c opper a l loy ( F ig . 7 9 ,1 ) . I t w as f ound w ith s ome f ragments o f l eather ?a ttached t o i t a t t he h ip o f a n i nhumat ion . A lso a ssoc iated w ere a n i r on b uck le a nd k n ife . T he s poon w as i dent if ied a s a s ty lus b y F aussett , a n i dent if icat ion t hat Sm ith a greed w ith ( 1856 , 1 71-2 n .1 ) . T he d raw ing o f i t i n I nventor ium S epu lachra le f a i ls t o s how t he b a luster mou ld ing ( i b id , P l . 1 2 , 8 ) . T he s poon , w ith i t s a symmetr ic , f l at b ow l i s p robab ly o f German ic w orkmansh ip o f t he l ate s ixth o r s eventh c entury ( s ee D esborough , b e low ) , a l though i t c lear ly f o l lows c lass ica l p ara l lel s . I t i s u npa ra l le led f rom R oman s i tes , a lthough s ha l low b owled s poons a re k nown ( e .g . f rom S outh S h ie lds ; A l lason-Jones S c M iket 1 984 , 1 40 , 3 .332 ) . 3 . Desborough , Nh . : ab ase s i lver s poon w ith b roken b ow l a nd b a luster mou lded h and le ( F ig . 7 9 ,2 ) . T he h and le i s f l attened a t t he j unct ion o f t he b ow l i n to a n o va l a nd h as a f la ttened e l l ip t ica l e nd w h ich i s p ierced a nd h as a n e ng raved monogram . I t was f ound i n a ssoc iat ion w ith a n e laborate g o ld a nd g arnet n eck lace w ith g o ld s pacer b eads a nd a n e qua l a rmed , t ubu larsect ioned , g o ld c ross a t t he c entre . A lso i n t he g rave w ere t wo p a lm c up s a nd a h inge w ith l ate S ty le I i n ter lace . A d ate i n t he m idd le t o l ate s eventh c entury i s i nd icated . T he s poon i s p robab ly o f A ng lo-Saxon manufacture a s t here a re n o R oman p ara l le ls a lthough i tc lear ly f o l lows c lass ica l p rototypes ( Jackson 1 892 , 1 17-8 ) . 4 . D roxford , Ha . : a sma l l o vo id s poon b ow l i n c opper a l loy ( F ig . 8 0 ,2) . T he h and le h as b een b roken o ff a lthough a s l ight r idge r unn ing u nder t he b ow l r e lated t o i t . T he b ow l i s p ara l le led a t N ett leton , W i . a nd i sd ated t here t o t he l ate t h ird a nd f ourth c entury ( Sher lock 1 982 , 2 03-4 F ig . 8 3 , 3& 4 ) . No k nown c ontext o r a ssoc iat ions b ut f rom t he A ng lo-Saxon c emetery .

5d c 6 . F aversham , Kn . : a n o vo id s poon b ow l i n c opper a l loy ( F ig . 8 0 ,3 ) . T he h and le h as b een b roken o ff a t t he r im o f t he b ow l l eav ing o n ly a p ro ject ing s tub a s a t B assett D own ( above ) , t h is e xamp le a l so p rov id ing i t s c losest p ara l le l . A p ea r -shaped c opper a l loy s poon b ow l w ith i t s h and le b roken o ff a t t he r im o f t he b ow l l eav ing a p ro ject ing s tub ( F ig . 8 0 ,4 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . S poons o f t h i s t ype a re d a ted b y C rummy t o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he s econd c entury o nwards ( 1983 , 6 9 ) . B oth f i nds a re u nassoc iated . 7 . F r i lford 1 75 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ab ow l f rom a R omano-B r it i sh s poon f ound w ith a n o therw ise u naccompan ied i nhumat ion . D ate u ncerta in b ut p oss ib ly f ourth o r f i f th c entury . 8 . Garton S lack 7 , Yo . : a n i r on s poon w ithout e laborate j unct ion b etween h and le a nd t he a sym metr ic b ow l ( F ig . 8 0 ,5 ) . I t w as f ound a t t he f eet o f a f e ma le i nhumat ion o f s eventh c entury d ate a ssoc iated w ith a c opper a l loy b uck le a nd r ing , amu let b ox w ith c ha in , ak ey , ac omb , g lass f ragments a nd t wo w hor l s . S he a l so h ad s evera l amethyst b eads , ac i rcu lar g o ld p endan t , a b ucket , a n a nnu lar b rooch , ap in a nd e ar r ing s . T he s poon i s p robab ly n ot o f R oman d a te a l though i r on s poon s o f t h i s p er iod a re k nown ( Crummy 1 983 , 6 9 ) . I tc ou ld b e aw oodwork ing g ouge b ut t he b owl a ppears t o b e t oo b road f or t h is f unct ion ( compare w ith B rodr ibb e t a l 1 973 , 1 20 F ig . 5 8 , 4 07 ) . 9 . Has l ing f ie ld , Ca . : a n o vo id s poon b ow l i nc opper a l loy , o f w h ich h a lf r e ma ins ( F ig . 8 1 ,1) . T he h and le h as b een b roken o ff l eav ing a s tump w h ich h a s b een worn smooth w ith u se . T he ' c om ma ' s haped j unct ion i s u ndecorated . D ated a s D roxford , a bove . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions b ut f rom t he c emetery s i te . 1 0 . I ckl i 'ngham , M itchel l ' s H i l l , S f . : ac omp lete c opper a l loy t i nned s poon w ith o vo id b ow l , a c ommashaped j unct ion b etween b ow l a nd h and le ; t he l ong h and le s trengthened b y ' b ar ley t w ist ' a long h a lf o f i t s s haft ( F ig . 8 0 ,6 ) . T he ' comma ' i s d ecorated w ith b u l l ' s e ye s tamps . D ated f rom t he m idd le t h ird c entury o nwards ( Sher lock 1 982 , 2 03-4 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iat ion b ut f rom a c emetery s i te . C omp lete s poons o f t h i s t ype a re k nown i n c ont inenta l g raves o f t he f i fth c entury ( Böhme 1 974 T afn . 9 8 , 7 ; 1 03 , 1 1 ) . 1 1 . Ke mb le , G l . : a n o vo id s poon b ow l w ith t he s tub o f ah and le 3 5mm l ong ( F ig . 8 1 ,2 ) . T he b reak i s worn smooth a nd t he f ront e dge o f t he b ow l h as b een w orn away a t a n a ng le . D ated a s D roxford , a bove . A ssoc iat ions u nknown b ut f rom t he c emetery . 1 2 . K ingswor thy 6 3 , Ha . : ac opper a l loy t i nned s poon b ow l f ragment o f p ear s hape ( Crum my 1 983 , 6 9 ) . T he i n s ide o f t he b ow l i s w orn h av ing s t r iat ions l ong itud inaly a nd h a s h ad a h o le p unched t hrough n ear t he j unct ion w ith t he h and le , o f w h ich n oth ing r e ma ins ( F ig . 8 1 ,3 ) . F ound i n s ide a p ottery a ccessory v esse l w ith t he i nhumat ion . A lso i n t he g rave were a p a ir o f a nnular b rooches , a n i r on l oop h eaded o b ject , ak n ife , ap a ir o f t weezers , ab uck le a nd t wo c o ins . Ad a te i n t he s ixth c entury i sl i ke ly . 1 3 . L ackford 4 8/2474 , S f . : ac opper a l loy o vo id s poon b ow l w ith s tra ight h and le ( F ig . 8 1 ,4 ) . T he b owl i s p laced l ong s ide o nto t he h and le a nd n ot , a s i s more

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u sua l , o n t he s hort s i de . T he s poon a ppears t o b e u ndamaged . I t i s p oss ib le , g iven t he s trange f orm o f t h is o b ject , t hat i ti s A ng lo-Saxon i n d ate . F ound i n a d ecorated s ixth c entury u rn w i th a c opper a l loy f i nger r ing , a n a nnular b rooch , ac omb f ragment a nd a p lay ing p iece . 1 4 . L itt le W i lbraham 1 11 , Ca . : a n o vo id c opper a l loy s poon b ow l w ithout h and le o r s tub a nd p ierced a s K ingsworthy 6 3 , a bove ( F ig . 8 1 ,5 ) . T he f ront e dge o f t he s poon i s worn . F ound i n af e ma le g rave w ith a g i lt g reat s quare-headed b rooch a nd t wo c ruc iform b rooches , an eck lace o f 5 0 b eads a nd a p a ir o f w r ist c lasp s . T he s poon i sn ot ment ioned i n t he a ccount o f t he e xcavator b ut i s i lustrated w ith t h is g rave n umber . Ad ate i n t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury i sp robab le . 1 5 . L itt le W i lbraham 3 ( 1920 e xcavat ions ) , Ca . : ac opper a l loy s poon b ow l w ith e laborate j unct ion a t b ow l a nd h and le o f z oomorph ic f orm ( F ig . 8 1 ,6 ) . T he h and le h a s b een b roken o ff . T he b ow l i s s im i lar t o t he B assett D own e xamp le ( above ) . T he b ow l w as c orroded o nto a g ird le h anger a nd f ound a t t he w a ist a ssoc iated w ith a n o ak g a l l i n s l ings . A lso i n t he g rave were a k n ife , ap a ir o f a nnu lar b rooches , ac l ip a nd f our p endants , t hree o f t hem c o ins . A f e ma le g rave o f t he e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury . 1 6 . P ortway Down , u nassoc iated , Ha . : ac opper a l loy ' s poon ' c ons ist ing o f af lat b ow l a nd c ommashaped h and le a ttachment ( F ig . 8 2 ,1 ) . T he w ho le i sd ecorated w ith b u l l ' s e ye s tamps a round t he e dge o f t he ' b ow l ' . T he s poon i s n onf unct iona l a nd was p resumab ly manufactured i n t he f i f th c entury g iven i t s r esemb lance t o c onvent iona l l ate R oman s poons . I t i s c ata logued a s as tray f i nd o f R oman d a te ( A . Cook 1 985 , 5 0 ) . I t i s p oss ib le , h owever , t ha t i t may h ave b een d er ived f rom o ne o f t he c remat ions o r b ur ia l s . 1 7 . S ibert swo ld 6 0 , Kn . : a sma l l b roken i r on s poon f ound w ith a k n ife a nd o ther i r onwork a t t he f eet o f af e ma le i nhumat ion . A lso a ssoc iated w ere a h ead less c opper a l loy p in , f our b eads , t wo s i lver s l id ing k not r i ngs a nd a n amu let b ox . A n e ar ly s eventh c entury d ate f or t he g rave i sp robab le . I L Keys . 1 . Barr ing ton B 8 2 , Ca . : ac opper a l loy h and le f rom a f l eur-delys k ey w ith r ibbed s hank ( F ig . 8 3 ,1 ) . T he w ards a re l o st a nd w ere p robab ly i n i r on ; t he l oca t ion h o le f or t he w ards i s v i s ib le . F ound , mounted o n a r ing , i n t he r e ma ins o f ab ag c o l lect ion w ith i r on f ragments a nd a k n ife . A lso a ssoc iated w ere t hree c ruc iform b rooches , al arge amount o f b eads a nd a c opper a l loy r ing . F ox d ates t he g rave t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he s ixth c entury ( 1923 , 2 55 ) . A c ont inenta l p a ral le l t o k eys o f t h is t ype may b e c ited f rom Abbev i l le , G rave 8 3 w h ich d ates t o t he e ar ly f i fth c entury ( Roosens 1 962 , P l . V I I , 1 0 ) . 2 . Chartham Down 1 6 , Kn . : a sma l l c opper a l loy k ey w ith f l at , o vo id l oop , s hort s hank a nd sma l l w ard ( F ig . 8 2 ,2 ) . T he l oop i sn ow b roken b ut i se ng raved i n I nven tor ium S epu lchra le a s b e ing c omp lete ( Faussett 1 856 , 1 71 w /c ) a lthough i n t he F aussett d iar ies i t i s s hown b roken . T he k ey w as f ound s uspended f rom o ne o f t wo i n ter lock ing b race lets a t t he k nee o f a n a du l t i nhumat ion . A p ara l le l f or s uch k eys may b e c ited f rom R ichborough , K n . ( Bushe-Fox 1 928 , 5 1 P l . 2 4 ,68 ) w here a n e xamp le a l so s uspended f rom a b racelet i sn oted ( i b id 1 932 , 8 1 P l . X I I F ig . 1 ,33 ) . T he g rave p robab ly d ates t o t he s ixth c entury . 3 . Dorchester H 1 , Ox . : ac opper a l loy k ey w ith a s imp le l ooped h ead w ith a d ecorat ive k nob a nd a l ong t ubu lar s hank w ith r ectangu lar s l otted w ard ( F ig . 139-

8 3 ,2 ) . F or a ssoc iat ions a nd d a te o f t he g rave , s ee B race lets , a bove . Ac ommon t ype p ara l le led a t R ichborough , K n . ( Cunl iffe 1 968 , 1 03 P l . XLV 1 96 ) . 4 . Has l ingf ie ld , Ca . : as ma l l c opper a l loy k ey w ith r ound s hank , s o l id w ard a nd p ierced l ozeng iform h ead w ith k nob ( F ig . 8 3 ,3 ) . T he f ind i s u na ssoc iated a nd may n ot b e f rom a g rave . Ac asket k ey f or a r otary l ock , t he t ype i sp ara l le led a t R ichborough , K n . w here i t i s d ated f rom t he s econd c entury o nwards ( Bushe-Fox 1 932 , 8 2 P l . X I I I , 4 1 ) . 5 . Ho lywe l l Row 5 2 , S f . : as ma l l c opper a l loy t umb ler l ock k ey w ith f l at s hank a nd l ooped e nd w ith t hree p ronged w ard ( F ig . 8 3 ,4 ) . S im i lar k eys f rom Co lchester , E x . a re i lustrated b y C rummy a nd d a ted t o t he s econd c entury o nwards ( 1983 , 1 25 n o .4150-4154 ) . F ound i n a f e ma le g rave w ith a n i r on b uck le , b eads , as trap t ag a nd c opper a l loy c lasps . P robab ly a l ate f i f th o r e ar ly s ixth c entury i nhumat ion . 6 . K ingston Down 2 22 , Kn . : ac opper a l loy k ey w ith c i rcu lar , f l atsect ioned h oop , s hort t ubu lar s hank a nd sma l l w ard ( F ig . 8 2 ,3 ) . T he l oop o f t he k ey i s d ecorated w ith a nnular s tamps . F ound s uspended o n ab race let w ith h ook-ande ye f asten ing a nd z oomorph ic t erm ina l o f G erman ic t ype . A lso i n t he g rave were a n i r on b e l l a nd f our c ha in l i nks , t he r ema ins o f a b ox , ap o lyhedra l h eaded p in a nd a n amu let b ox . I r on k eys , s im i lar t o t h is e xamp le , h ave b een f ound a t C o lchester ( Crummy 1 983 , 1 25-6 n o .4156 F ig . 1 41 ) . T he g rave i s d ateab le t o t he l ater s ixth o r s eventh c entury . 7 . K ing sworthy 9 , Ha . : a n i ron k ey o f l ever l ock t ype w ith t wo p ronged w ard a nd s imp le c ircu lar l oop h and le ( F ig . 8 3 ,5 ) . F or p ara l le l s , s ee K ing ston 2 22 , a bove . T he k ey was f ound c orroded o nto a n i r on p late f ragment a nd a R oman c o in . A lso f ound i n t he g rave w ere i r on f ragments a nd s tap les f rom a b ox , a n i ron b uck le a nd a s econd c o in . D ate o f i nhumat ion u ncerta in b ut p oss ib ly l ater s ixth c entury . 8 . L itt le W i lbraham , c remat ion ( Nev i l le ) , Ca . : a n i ron k ey w ith s imp le l oop h and le a nd r ectangu lar w ard ( F ig . 8 4 ,1 ) . P ara l le l a s K ing ston D own 2 22 , a bove . N o o ther a ssoc iated o b jects . 9 . M itcham 2 09 , S r . : ac a st c opper a l loy f l eur-delys h and le w ith s ocket f or i r on s hank a nd w ards ( F ig . 8 4 ,2 ) . C omparab le e xamp les may b e c ited f rom S outh S h ie lds , N b . ( A l lason-Jones & M iket 1 984 , 1 14 , 3 .347 ) a nd C o lche ster , E x . ( Crum my 1 983 , 1 26 F ig . 1 42 ) . N o o ther o b jects w ere a ssoc iated w ith t he b ur ia l wh ich was s a id t o h ave h ad i t s s kul l ' de tached ' . 1 0 . O rp ing ton 3 5 , Kn . : a n i r on k ey w ith f lat s hank h ooked a t o ne e nd o ver a n i ron r ing a nd a t t he o ther b ent u pwards t o f orm t wo s imp le p rongs t o a ct a s w ards ( F ig . 8 4 ,3 ) . F ound i n af e ma le g rave w ith a p ottery w hor l , a n i r on b uck le a nd t wo k n ives . P robab ly a s i xth c entury i nhumat ion . K eys s uch a s t hese were u sed i n b arsp r ing p ad locks . Ac omparab le e xamp le i sd ated t o t he e ar ly f ou rth c entury a t V eru lam ium , H e . ( Mann ing 1 972 , 1 84 n o .80 o r 8 1 , F ig . 6 8 ) . 1 1 . Orp ing ton 3 9 , Kn . : ac opper a l loy c ast k ey w ith f leur-delys t ype h and le ( F ig . 8 4 ,4 ) . T he s hank a nd w ards a re a l so c opper a l loy a nd a re c a st i n tegra l ly w ith t he h and le . S ee M itcham 2 06 f or d at ing a nd p ara l le l s . A ssoc iated w ith a nother , i ron , k ey , a' D ' s haped R oman b uck le ( s ee b e low ) a nd a p a ir o f s aucer b rooches o f e ar ly t ype . Am idd le t o l ate f i fth c entury f e ma le g rave .

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1 2 . Oz inge ll , L ord o f t he Manor 1 52 , Kn . : aR oman k ey i n c opper a l loy f ound i n ag rave w ith a l ate f i fth t o s ixth c entury g lass b e l l b eaker , b eads a nd a c ha te la ine . U npubl ished g roup ( G . G ra inger , p er s . c omm . ) . 1 3 . P ortway Down 3 2 , Ha . : ac opper a l loy k ey w ith s imp le l ooped h and le a nd k nob ( F ig , 8 4 ,5 ) . T he s hank i s t ubu lar w ith a s o l id w ard . A s im i lar t ype t o e xamp les f rom L ondon ( Whee ler 1 930 , 7 4-5 P l . 3 1 ) . F ound i n af e ma le g rave b y t he r ibs a ssoc iated w ith a k n ife a nd a c opper a l loy p in . A lso i n t he g rave were al arge g lass w hor l , ab uck le , al oop h eaded i r on o b ject a nd a p a ir o f d isc b rooches . A d ate i n t he l ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury i s l i ke ly ( A . Cook 1 985 , 7 9 ) . 1 4 . S earby , L i . : as imp le i r on k ey w ith c i rcu lar l ooped h ead , t ubu lar s hank a nd r ectangu lar w ard ( F ig . 8 4 ,7 ) . D ate a nd p ara l lel s a s K ing ston 2 22 , a bove . C ontext o f f i nd u nknown b ut f rom c emetery . 1 5 . S towt ing 4 , Kn . : a sma l l c opper a l loy k ey s a id t o b e o f ' Roman t ype ' w as f ound w ith a b uck le , af erru le , at ubu lar b ind ing f or a b e l t , s trap t ags , ak n ife , as pearhead a nd a p ottery a ccessory v esse l . A ma le g rave p robab ly o f t he s ixth c entury . 1 6 . West Overton 4 , W i . : ac opper a l loy k ey w ith k nobbed l oop h and le , t ubu lar s hank a nd r ectangu lar s l otted w ard ( F ig . 8 4 ,6 ) . F or p ara l le l s , s ee P ortway D own 3 2 , a bove . F ound i n af e ma le g rave d ated b y E v i son t o t he l ate f i fth c entury ( 1965 , 4 0 ) . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a n i r on k ey , ak n ife , ab uck le , s trap f ragments , a p enannu lar b rooch w ith i ron p in , b eads a nd c opper a l loy f ragments . E L Kn ives . 1 . Ab ingdon I C remat ion 1 7 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : p a rt o f at ubu lar c opper a l loy k n ife h and le d ecorated w ith t ransverse r ibb ing a nd w ith t he b lade m iss ing . F ound i n a n i ncomp lete d ecorated o vo id u rn . T he k n ife i s n o l onger e xtan t b ut may b e s im i lar t o t hat f ound i n t he r i ch F rank ish ma le g rave 3 19 a t L avoye ( Joffroy 1 974 , 9 6 F ig . 7 3 &7 4 ) . 2 . Ab ingdon I , 7 5 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : ac omp lete c opper a l loy h and le f rom a c lasp k n ife w ith o penwork ' h are a nd h ound ' d ecorat ion ( F ig . 8 5 ,1 ) . T he i r on b lade h as c orroded away a l though t races r ema in . S uch k n ives a re r e lat ive ly c ommon f i nds b ut t hey v ary i n t he q ua l ity o f f i n ish ing . Ac lose p ara l le l t o t h is e xamp le i s i lustrated b y G . Webster ( Webster & Smith 1 982 , 1 10 n o .128 F ig . 3 2 ) f rom a f i fth c entury c ontext a t B arns ley P ark v i l la , G l . a nd t hese t end t o b e ab i t more s chemat ic t han o ther e xamp les ( e .g . R ichborough , Mn . ; B ushe-Fox 1 949 P l . 3 6 , 1 18 ) . F ound i n af e ma le g rave w ith a p a ir o f d isc b rooches , b eads , a b utton b rooch , ap in , ar i ng manufactured f rom a R oman b race let , a n i r on b lade , r ing a nd l oop a nd a c opper a l loy h arness mount . A n e ar ly s ixth c entury g rave . 3 . B if rons 2 3 , Kn . : aR omano-B r it ish ' hare a nd h ounds ' c lasp k n ife a s d escr ibed a bove ( F ig . 8 5 ,2 ) . F ound i n a ssoc iat ion w ith a c opper a l loy l ate R oman d er ived b uck le ( s ee C hapter 4 ) , a n e a r ly c ruc iform b rooch a nd a w hor l . Al ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury d ate s eems p robab le . 4 . Cha tham L ines , Kn . : a' ha re a nd h ounds ' c lasp k n ife a s d escr ibed a bove . A ssoc iated w ith a w orn c ircu lar b rooch a t t he t hroat , p oss ib ly a k eystone d isc

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b rooch , ak n ife w ith a c opper a l loy h i lt , b uck le a nd a c opper a l loy f r agment . D ate o f i nhumat ion u ncerta in b ut p robab ly l ate s ixth o r e ar ly s eventh c entury o n t he b as is o f t he p os it ion o f t he b rooch a t t he t hroa t ( Hawkes 1 985a , 1 10 ) . 5 . Horton K irby I 1 4 , Kn . : t wo c lasp k n ife h and les , c ons ist ing o f r ivetted p lates o f c opper a l loy . N o i lustrat ion i sg iven s o t he t ype r ema ins i nq uest ion . T he g rave w as d isturbed a nd a ssoc iated o b jects may h ave b een l o st . 6 . K ingswor ' thy 4 7 , Ha . : ac a st c opper a l loy ' ha re a nd h ounds ' c lasp k n ife a s a bove ( F ig . 8 5 ,3 ) . F ound i n ab ag c o l lect ion o f a f e ma le i nhumat ion o f t he e ar ly t o m idd le s ixth c entury ( s ee C o ins ) . 7 . S leaford , L i . : a b one h and led i r on k n ife s im i lar t o a n e xamp le f rom Co lchester ( Crummy 1 983 , 1 07 n o .2915 ) . T he r ounded a ppearance o f t he h and le a nd i t s q ua l ity o f f i n ish s uggest t hat t h is may b e a med ieva l o r p ost med ieva l f i nd a s t he a ssoc iat ions a re n ot s ecure ( F ig . 8 5 ,4 ) . W. Mart inga le s a nd Horse Harness f i tt ing s . 1 . Ab ingdon I 7 5 , B ek . ( 0x . . ) : ac ast c opper a l loy b e l t d i str ibutor w ith d oub le r ing a bove a nd s ing le r ing b e low o ver la in b y av ery w orn p ea rshaped h ead , t he f eatures h av ing a lmost d i sappeared ( F ig . 8 5 ,5 ) . A p ara l le l may b e c i ted f rom R ichborough , K n . ( Bushe-Fox 1 926 , 4 7 P l . XV , 2 9 ) . A d ate i n t he f i rst c entury i s l i ke ly a nd a m i l itary u se c erta in . F or a ssoc iated o b jects a nd d a te o f t he g rave , s ee K n ives , a bove . 2 . A ston Remenham , Bu . . : ac opper a l loy mart inga le f ormed o f p ierced d i sc w ith t hree p a irs o f c law l i ke p ro ject ions f rom t he o uter e dge ( F ig . 8 5 ,6 ) . T hese p a irs o f p ro ject ions a re t urned i nwards a t r ight a ng les o ppos ing e ach o ther t hus f orm ing r ectangu lar a reas w h ich wou ld h ave e nc losed t he l eather s t rap s . A p iece o f i r on i s c oncreted o nto t he b ack . T he d i sc w as f ound w ith a c opper a l loy r ing o f p robab le R oman d ate , f our b rooches ( two l arge s aucer , o ne s aucer a nd o ne d i sc ) , t hree s pearheads , t hree k n ives a nd a s h ie ld b oss . A l l t hese o b jects a re s a id t o h ave b een f ound w ith o ne b ody d esp ite t he l arge q uan t ity . I t w as s uggested i n t he o r ig ina l r eport t ha t t he d i sc w as p robab ly a h or se h arness f i tt ing ( Crawford 1 932 , 4 45 ) b ut Ic an t race n o p ara l le l . T he l arge s aucer b rooches d ate t he g rave t o t he e nd o f t he s ixth c entury . 3 . Harnham H i l l 6 1 , W i . : ac opper a l loy l i on 's h ead ( F ig . 8 5 ,8 ) . I t i si n l ow r e l ief w ith t he muzz le , e yes , e ars a nd mouth b e ing r epresented b y n otched o r c a st d eta i l . T he mane i ss hown a s n otch ing b etween a nd b e low t he e ars . Two v o ids a ppear e ither s i de o f t he o pen mouth . A t h in r im o f c opper a l loy i s e v ident b eh ind t he mask . F ound i n af e ma le g rave a ssoc iated w ith a ' l arge n umber ' o f amber b eads i n t he l ap , w r i sts a nd n eck , as i lver a rm let , t wo s aucer b rooches w ith b lue c entra l s tuds , t wo k n ives a nd a c opper a l loy p in . I t w as f ound w ith s ome c opper a l loy a nd i ron l i nks a nd may h ave b een s uspended a t t he wa i st . A d ate i n t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury i s l i ke ly . T he mask i s ap ort ion o f a d etached p ha lera o f f i rst o r s econd c entury d a te . A c lose p ara l le l i sp rov ided b y C ur ie f rom N ewsted , Rox . ( Borders ) ( 1911 , 2 99 P l . LXXV I I , 1 3 ) a lthough t h i s e xamp le s eems s l ight ly c ruder i n e xecut ion . I t i s a l so p o ss ib le , h owever , t hat t h is o b ject i s ac ha ir f i tt ing ( s ee H ighdown 4 7 , b e low ) . 4 . Has l ingf ie ld , Ca . : a t hreer ing c opper a l loy mart inga le a s d escr ibed a t Ab ingdon 7 5 ( F ig . 8 5 ,7 ) . A ssoc iat ions u nknown .

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5 . L ong W ittenham I 1 34 , B ek . ( Ox . ) : a n o penwork c opper a l loy mount i n t he f orm o f as em i-c irc le f ormed b y t wo o pposed ' d ucks ' h eads ' ( F ig . 8 6 ,1 ) . T he b eaks a re j o ined a nd t he e yes p ierced . Two p ro ject ions s pr ing f rom t he i n ter ior o f t he mount a nd meet b e low t he b eaks f orm ing a n i nterna l r ing . T here i s a c oncret ion o f i r on b eh ind t he mount . F ound i n t he g rave o f ac h i ld a nd u sed a s ab uck le , t he o n ly a ssoc iated o b ject b e ing a k n ife . N o e xact p ara l le l s may b e c i ted b ut t he p iece a ppea rs t o b e long t o t he g roup o f T rompetenmuster o rnaments f or h orse h arnesses o f l ate I r on Age a nd R oman d ate ( MacGregor 1 976 , 1 86-9 ) . T he s ixth c entury C ont inenta l p ara l le l t ha t D ick inson c i ted ( 1976 I ,2 55 ) i s c omp lete ly d i fferent a s i t h as n one o f t he f lu id c urves s een i n t h is p iece ( V ierck 1 967 , Abb . 3 , 2& 3 ) . At h ird o r f ourth c entury d a te i sl i ke ly f or t he o b ject . 6 . M itcham 1 12 , S r . : ap la in c opper a l loy p e l tashaped p laque w ith p seudoz oomorph ic t erm ina ls t o t he e nd ings ( F ig . 8 6 ,2 ) . T here i s n o o ther o rnamentat ion . Morr is c i tes a p ara l le l f rom V ermand , A isne w h ich a re h eav i ly d ecorated ( see B rown 1 915 , 5 51 P l . CXLV I I I ) a nd l i nks t he g roup t o b ucket mounts ( 1959 , 1 09) . C lose ly s im i lar p ieces a re i l lustrated f rom R ichborough , h owever , s o t hey may b e m i ltary o b jects ( Bushe-Fox 1 949 , 1 45 P l . L I I , 1 92 ) . T he g rave a lso c onta ined a sma l llong b rooch d a ted t o t he m idd le s ixth c entury , t hree i r on r ing s f rom a p urse a nd a k n ife ( B idder & Morr is 1 959 , 9 5 ) . 7 . S arre 1 26 , Kn . : ae a st c opper a l loy l ozengeshaped h or se h a rness f i tt ing ( F ig . 8 6 ,3 ) . T he s te ms o f t he f i tt ing a re o f b ead-and-ree l a s o n a nnu lar b rooches o f m idf if th t o l ate s ixth c entury d a te ( H irst 1 985 , 5 5 T ype V I ) . A t t he n oda l p o ints o f t he f i tt ing , t here a re c ircu lar s ett ing s w h ich h o ld w h ite ' enamel ' ( meer schaum ? ) a nd a b lue d ot a t t he c entre . Ih ave b een u nab le t o f ind a n e xact p ara l le l b ut t he G arton S lack b ur ia l s o f I r on Age d ate h ave s im i lar f i tt ings d ecora ted i n a n i dent ica l manner w h ich wou ld s uggest t hat t h is i sa n I r on Age h arness f i tt ing o f s ome k ind . T here w ere n o o ther a ssoc iat ions i n t he g rave . 8 . S towt ing 9 , Kn . : al arge c omp lete c opper a l loy p ha lera o f c iru lar s hape w ith r im a nd c entra l d ished b oss ( F ig . 8 6 ,4 ) . T here a re t en p ro ject ions a round t he e dge . T he f i tt ing c ons ists o f ab ar o n l ug s b eh ind t he d i sc t hrough w h ich t he s trap wou ld h ave b een p assed . T he t ype i s p ara l le led b y a l e ss c omp lex e xamp le f rom V eru lam ium ( Goodburn 1 985 , 5 5 n o .198 F ig . 2 2 ) w h ich i s d a ted t here t o AD 2 20-40 . A ssoc iated w ith a b utton b rooch , a sma l llong b rooch , t wo c ompos ite b rooches , t wo i ron h and les f rom a b ox , ak n ife , ap in , b eads , t wo c o ins , ac opper a l loy b ound b ucket a nd g o ld b ra id a t t he h ead . A w oman 's g rave o f t he l ate s ixth o r e a r ly s eventh c entury . 9 . S towt ing 1 2 , Kn . : ac opper a l loy o penwork r ing w ith t hree p e ltas f ac ing i nwards w ith t he ir c urved b acks j o ined t o t he r ing ( F ig . 8 6 ,5 ) . O ne p e l ta i s m iss ing a nd o n ly o ne o f t he r e ma in ing t wo i sc omp lete . Ah orse h arness f i tt ing o f T rompetenmuster t ype a s L ong W ittenham ,above . T he r i ng i sb ad ly w orn i n o ne a rea a nd a ppears t o h ave b een r eused a s ag ird le h anger i n af e ma le g rave . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a k n ife , ac opper a l loy r i ng o r b uck le , n ine b eads a nd t wo f lat c opper a l loy r ing s . T he g rave p robab ly d ates t o t he s ixth c entury . 1 0 . S towt ing 2 1 , Kn . : ac opper a l loy c a st h orse p ha lera o f s tandard R oman f orm ( F ig . 8 6 ,6 ; C ur le 1 911 , 3 00 P l . LXX IV , 7 ) . F ound w ith a k nobbed t erret ( s ee b e low ) . B oth o b jects a re o f s econd o r t h ird c entury d a te . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a l arge n umber o f b eads , k ey s , w hor l s , r ing s e tc . T he f inds w ere f rom a mu l t ip le g rave c onta in ing s ix i nd iv idua l s a nd may h ave b een mudd led ( s ee C o ins , a bove ) . 143-

V . T erre ts a nd Harness R ings . 1 . A lfr i ston 8 8 , S x . : ac opper a l loy d ropped-ba r t erret c ompo sed o f ar i ng a nd r ectangu lar a d jo in ing s ect ion ( F ig . 8 7 ,1 ) . T he r ectangu lar a rea wou ld h ave b een p assed t hrough a s trap o n t he s add le w ith t he l a rge l oop a ct ing a s t he r e in r ing . S uch l oops a re c om mon f inds a nd MacGregor d ates t hem t o a bout 1 00 BC t o AD 1 00 ( 1976 , 4 1-2 ) . P ara l lel s may b e c i ted f rom Co lche ster , E x . ( Crummy 1 983 , 1 06 F ig . 1 09 n o .2543 ) a nd R ichborough , K n . ( Henderson 1 949 , 1 30 n o .124 P l . XXXV I ) . F ound w ith a c opper a l loy b uck le , h inge , s tone f ragments a nd s herds . D ate o f g rave u ncerta in . 2 . B lewburton H i l l 1 2 , B ek . : ac ast c opper a l loy d oub le l oop ( F ig . 8 7 ,2 ) . C o l l ins ' p ropos it ion t hat t h is i s ap urse mount s hou ld p erhaps b e p assed o ver i n f avour o f ah a rness f i tt ing ( 1959 , 6 4 ) . A lthough p a ra l le l s a re d iff icu l t t o c i te , t he o b ject c ou ld b e ad oub le r e in t erret . S ee C o ins f or d at ing . 3 . B r ighthampton 2 2 , Ox . : ac ast c opper a l loy ' D ' s haped t erret ( F ig . 8 7 ,3 ) . T he l oop i ss l ight ly s wo l len a t t he j unct ion w ith t he b ar b ut i so therw ise p la in . A p ara l lel f rom F ishbourne , H a . may b e c ited ( Cunl iffe 1 971 I , 1 18 n o .146 F ig . 5 1 ) . F ound i n t he b ag c o l lect ion o f aw oman b ur ied i n t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury ( s ee C o ins , b e low ) . 4 . Cambr idge I ,S t J ohn ' s , Ca . : ab roken c opper a l loy d ropped-bar t er ret i s i n t he C amb r idge Museum o f A rchaeo logy a nd A nthropo logy b ut i t s a ssoc iat ions a re u nknown ( F ig . 8 7 ,4 ) . 5 . Chesse l l Down , u nprovenanced , L o .W . : aw inged t erret c ast i n c opper a l loy ( F ig . 8 7 ,5 ) . F or t h is t ype o f t erret , s ee MacGregor 1 976 , 4 4-5 . T he p iece i s w el l p reserved b ut u nornamented . 6 . F a irford , ac a st c opper a l loy t erret w ith c ont inuous l i pl ike mou ld ing s a round t he o u ts ide o f t he r ing ( F ig . 8 8 ,4 ) . T hese a re c lass if ied b y MacGregor a s r ibbed t errets ( i b id 4 2-3 ) . T h i s e xamp le a ppears t o d a te t o t he f i rst c entury AD a s i ti sc ast i n o ne p iece w h ich i s al ate f eature . A ssoc iat ions u nknown . 7 . K ingston-by -Lewes , S axonbury 1 3 , S x . : ad ropped-ba r t erret a s a t A lf r i ston a bove ( F ig . 8 7 ,6 ) . F ound b y t he l eft h ip o f a n i nhumat ion w ith a w r i st c lasp , r ivet a nd s tud ?o r b rooch . Date o f g rave u ncer ta in . 8 . L inton Heath B 9 , Ca . : ac ast c opper a l loy mass ive o r ' Dons ide ' t e rret w ith s i de l oop a nd c oncea led b ar ( i b id , 4 7-8 ) . A k nob r i ses w ith in t he r ing o f t he t erret o n w h ich t he r e ins c ou ld b e l ooped ( F ig . 8 8 ,1 ) . T he a ssoc iated l a tch l i f ter w as f ound o n t h i s k nob . S uch t errets a re c onvent iona l ly d a ted t o t he l ate f i rst t o t h ird c entur ies AD b ut t hey may h ave c ont inued i n to t he f ourth c entury i n t he n orth a nd west . F ound i n af e ma le g rave w ith a g rea t s quareh eaded b rooch a nd t wo a pp l ied b rooches , ac opper a l loy b ound b ucket , 1 14 b eads ( near ly a l l amber ) w ith f our s i lver r i ngs , ab uck le , c lasps , a n i ron b uck le , r ings a nd a k n ife . Ad ate i n t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury c an b e p ostu lated o n t he e v idence o f t he b eads a nd t he b rooches . 9 . Nass ing ton 1 3b , Nh . : ac ast c opper a l loy s quare l i nk ( F ig . 8 7 ,7 ) . I n f orm , a n o pen s quare w ith s pher ica l c orner s . L eeds f ul ly d i scusses t he p ara l le ls a nd d ate o f t h is o b ject c onc lud ing t hat i t must h ave b een manufactured i n t he f i rst c entury AD ( Leeds & A tk inson 1 944 , 1 24 ) . T he o b ject wa s f ound w ith t he s econd i nhumat ion i n ad oub le g rave . A ssoc iated o b jects i nc luded a p a ir o f

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s aucer b rooches w ith w eak s tar d es ign , c r i sp ly e xecuted , as trap p late w ith S ty le Io rnament , an eck lace o f b eads , as l eeve c lasp , ak ey r ing w ith k eys a nd , b y t he h ip , t he l i nk w ith o ther r i ng s a nd p r icker s . A n e ar ly s ixth c entury d a te may b e s uggested f or t he b ur ia l . A g rave o f L a Une d ate f rom Muns ingen , S w itzer land w ith j ust s uch a l i nk i si lustrated b y Meaney 1 981 , F ig . V I I , m ) . 1 0 . O rp ing ton 6 7 , Kn . : ac ast c opper a l loy ' d ress f astener ' ( bu tton a nd l oop f astener ; F ig . 8 8 ,5 ) . T he s hape o f t h i s e xamp le d oes n ot f i t i n w ith W i ld ' s c la ss if icat ion ( 1970 ) a nd may b e d escr ibed a s at r i lobate f orm w ith t r iangu lar l oop b eh ind . T he f ace i s o rnamented w ith e name l led t r iang les , s cro l ls a nd p e ltas i n r ed a nd g reen e name l . C oncreted b etween t he t r iangu lar l oop a nd t he b utton p roper i s as egment o f i ron r i ng . T here were n o o ther a ssoc iated o b jects i n t he d isturbed g rave . W i ld ' s s uggest ion t hat t hese o b jects f unct ioned a s b r id le a ttachments h as much t o r ecommend i t a nd would e xp la in t he i r on r i ng c orroded o nto i t( 1970 , 1 45-6 ) . I t wou ld a lso , i nc identa l ly , f i t i n w ith t he s trong C e l t ic t rad it ion f or e name l led h or se t rapp ing s i n t he R oman p er iod . 1 1 . Oz i i igel l , L ord o ft he Manor 1 02 , Kn . : ac opper a l loy t ogg le s l ider o r c heek p iece ( MacGregor 1 976 , 3 8 ) . T h i s e xamp le i s s omewha t u nusua l i n t ha t t he t ubu lar b ar h as n o e name l d ecorat ion , i s c urved u nderneath a nd h as a f lat , r ectangu lar a ttachment o n t he t op ( F ig . 8 8 ,3 ) . T h is a ttachment may r e late t h is o b ject t o a n e a r ly f orm o f t erret r ather t han a c onvent iona l c heekp iece . D r L S tead h a s k ind ly i n formed me t ha t i t i s o f f i rst c entury BC t o f i rst c entury AD d ate a nd c ites B ra i l sford 1 975 , 2 30 F ig . 6 , g -h a s ap ara l le l . A c ompa rab le e xamp le i s o n d i sp lay i n t he A shmo lean Museum , O xford . F ound w ith a p la in p ottery v esse l , i r on f ragments a nd a r ing . D ate o f g rave u ncerta in b ut p robab ly s eventh c entury . 1 2 . S towt ing 2 1 , Kn . : ak nobbed t erret i n c a st c opper a l loy ( F ig . 8 8 ,2 ) . F or t he t ype s ee MacGregor 1 976 , 4 6-7 . P robab ly t o b e d ated t o t he s econd c entury AD f l oru it o f t he t ype , ad a te made s ecure b y t he o ther h or se t rapp ing s f ound i n t h is a nd o ther g raves i n t he c emetery . F or a ssoc iated o b jec ts a nd d ate , s ee a bove . V I . M irrors . 1 . Cas t le Acre , N f . : ' t h in meta ll ic [ copper a l loy ] f ragments ' f rom a m irror ? w ere e xh ib ited f rom t he c e metery a fter s ome u rns h ad b een f ound a nd d estroyed . T he sma l l p erforat ions a round t he e dge o f t he d i sc ment ioned i n t he d escr ip t ion r e late i tt o L loyd-Morgan 's t ype K , a s i l lustrated b y f ragments i n C hester ( 1977 , P l . 9 ,1 c ) . F ound i n a c remat ion u rn w ith n o o ther k nown a ssoc iat ions . 2 . G i lton , A sh 9 4 , Kn . : am irror c omposed o f t wo e lements : t he m irror d i sc a nd ab a luster h and le ( F ig . 8 9 ,1 ) . T he d isc i sL loyd-Morgan ' s t ype B a nd i si n c opper a loy w ith s evere ly p i tted s urfaces . T he h and le i s o f T ype N a a nd i s a ga in o f c ast c opper a l loy . T he t wo e lements c an n ever h ave b een j o ined w hen f i rst manufactured b ut b oth p ieces w ere f ound a ssoc iated i n t he g rave ( i b id , 2 46 ) . As ketch i n t he F au sset d ia r ies i n L iverpoo l Museum s hows t hat t he m i rror h ad a l a rge , s patu late i ron h and le when f ound ( F ig . 8 9 ,2 ) . T h is was e v ident ly a method b y w h ich t he c opper a l loy h and le w as a ttached t o t he m i rror ( Faussett D iar ies v o l . 2 , f o l . 4 1 v . F ig .3 ) . F ound i n a b ox a t t he f eet o f a f e ma le i nhumat ion . A lso i n t he g rave w ere t h i rteen b eads , t wo k n ives , ac ha in , af lat r i ng ( buck le ? ) a nd b e l t f i tt ing s , a n i r on f ork a nd o ther i ronwork . T he d a te o f t he g rave i su nc lear b ut i sp robab ly s eventh c entury .

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3 . G i lton , A sh , Kn . : a n i ron m irror p lated w ith s i lver a nd r ectangu lar i n s hape ( F ig . 9 0 ,1 ) . O f L loyd-Morgan ' s t ype A ( i b id , 2 48 ) : a c om mon f orm . N o a ssoc iat ions a re r ecorded b y D oug las . ' I LL S ea l B oxes . 1 . Ab ingdon I 5 9 , Ox . : ac a st c opper a l loy l anceo late s ea l b ox l i d ( F ig . 9 0 ,2 ) . T he u pper s urface h as b een e name l led a lthough t h is i s n ow a lmost e nt ire ly d ecayed . T he h inge f i tt ing i sl o st . T he d es ign ( two p ara l le l wavy l i nes o f r a ised c opper a l loy c reat ing t hree l ong itud ina l p ane ls ) i s d iff icu l t t o p ara l le l . S e l lye s hows more f orma l ised v er s ions w ith p a lmette mot if s ( 1939 , 8 5 P l . XV n o .234 ) . A s econd t o t h ird c entury d ate i s p robab le . F ound i n ac h i ld ' s g rave w ith p a ired d i sc b rooches , f ive c o ins a nd s ome b eads , a p in , a k n ife a nd o ther c opper a l loy a nd i r on f ragments . Al ate f i fth o r e ar ly s ixth c entury g rave . 2 . Ra inham , E x . : ac opper a l loy s ea l b ox l i d , c i rcu lar i n f orm w ith c entra l p ierc ing ( F ig . 9 0 ,3 ) . As ing le r a ised c irc le i st he o n ly d ecorat ion o n t he s urface w h ich may h ave b een e name l led . T he h inge i s a lmost e nt ire ly w orn away b ut t he t wo p rong s f or t he f asten ing r e ma in . A n u nassoc iated f ind . A s im i lar e xamp le may b e c ited f rom V eru lam ium wh ich i s d a ted t o t he f i rst o r s econd c entury ( Waugh & G oodburn 1 972 , 1 22 F ig . 3 4 n o .66 ) . V I IL B e l ls . 1 . L itt le W i lbraham , u rn , Ca . : ah em i spher ica l c opper a l loy b e l l w ith i n tegra l ly c ast l oop a nd i r on c lapper ( F ig . 9 1 ,2 ) . B e l ls o f t h is f orm a re w e l l r epresented o n R oman s i tes a nd e xamp les may b e c i ted f rom Co lchester ( Crummy 1 983 , 1 27 F ig . 1 43 , 4 165 ) a nd F ishbourne , H a . ( Cun l iffe 1 971 I , 1 12 F ig . 4 6 n o .108 ) . T he l atter e xamp le i s d ated t o t he f i rst p er iod o f o ccupat ion ( AD 4 3-75 ) . N o k nown a ssoc iated o b jects . 2 . S pong H il l C .1281 , N f . : ac opper a l loy b e l l a s a bove ( F ig . 9 1 ,1 ) . F ound i n a l ong b oss d ecorated u rn d ated t o t he l ate f i fth c entury o r e ar ly s ixth c entury ; o therw i se u nassoc iated . Two i ron b e l l s a re k nown f rom K ing ston D own ( 222 a nd 2 99 ) b ut t here a re n o p ara l le l s f rom R oman s i tes a nd t hese may b e A ng lo-Saxon ( F ig . 9 0 ,4-5 ) . I X . Bone i n lay . 1 . Ab ingdon IC remat ion 3 8 , 1 B ek . ( Ox . ) : f ragments o f b one e ngraved w ith b ul l ' s e ye c irc lets j o ined b y l i nes . T he e xcavator p ostu lated t hat t h is m ight h ave b een i n lay f or a c asket . I f s o , a more e laborate e xamp le may b e c i ted f rom C o lchester ( Crum my 1 983 , 8 2 F ig . 8 7 n o .2151 & 2 156 , b oth l ate R oman i n d ate ) a nd a p la iner o ne f rom R ichborough ( M . W i lson 1 968 , 1 06 P l . LXI & LX I ) . F ind a ssoc iated w ith t hree b eads a nd a c opper a l loy f ragment . A l ate f i fth c entury d a te i sp robab le ( N lyres & G reen 1 973 , 8 6 ) . 2 . Ca istor-by-Norw ieh X 1 1 , N f . : t he r e ma ins o f ac omp lete s et o f b one i n lay f or a c a sket l i d were r ecovered f rom t h is u rn w h ich i s , u nfortunate ly , u ndecorated a nd n ot c lose ly d ateab le ( i b id , 8 7 ) . A f u l l d escr ip t ion i s g iven i n t he p ubl icat ion w ith p ara l lel s c i ted a nd h e ir loom s urv iva l i s p ostu lated ( i b id , 8 5-7 ) . T he c remat ion w as a ccompan ied b y a b one p eg a nd c opper a l loy g lobu les .

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3 . Cass ing ton I , 6 , Ox . : f ragments o f b one i n lay w ith c ompass d rawn i nc ised d ecorat ion o f b u l l 's e yes a nd s imp le l i near mot if s i nc lud ing c rosses , d iagona l s l ashes a nd c ab le mou ld ing ( F ig . 9 1 ,3 ) . T hese were f ound a t t he f eet a nd k nees o f t he b ur ia l a nd , l i ke t he R oman p ottery s herds i n t he g rave may h ave b een i ncorporated a cc iden ta l ly . A lterna t ive ly , t he c asket c ou ld h ave b een b roken u p a t t he t ime o f b ur ia l . 4 .Dover I , B uck land , Kn . : e xten s ive f ragmen ts o f b one i n lay f or a c a sket , f u l ly d escr ibed b y K endr ick ( 1937 , 4 48 ) w here p ara l le ls a re c ited ( F ig . 9 2 ,1 ) . T here a re n o k nown a ccompany ing o b jects a nd t he c on text o f t he f i nd may b e l ate R oman . 5 . I l l ing ton , S f . : f rom a n u npub l ished c remat ion n oted f or c ompar i son b y Myres a nd G reen ( 1973 , 8 7 ) . T he c asket w as f ound w ith c opper a l loy g lobu les , f ragments o f ab one c omb a nd a b one p eg b ut t he u rn was u nda teab le . X . B uck les . 1 . O rp ing ton 3 9 , Kn . : a c ast c opper a l loy b uck le h oop w ith i ron t ongue p ara l le led a t C ha lk , K n . ( Johnston 1 972 , 1 35 n o .19 F ig . 1 3 ) . F or t he d ate a nd o ther o b jects i n t h i s g rave , s ee K eys a bove . XL Amu lets . 1 . Chesse l l Down u np rovenanced 2 6 , L o .W . : ac a st c opper a l loy ' b oatshaped ' amu let w ith s uspens ion r ing c ast i n teg ra l ly ( F ig . 9 2 ,2 ) . T he f unct ion a nd d er ivat ion o f t hese o b jects h as b een r ecent ly d i scussed b y T rett w ho r eache s n o f i rm c onc lus ion a s t o t he ir u se , a lthough c osmet ic u ses a re s t i l l t he most a ttract ive h ypothes is ( 1983 , p ass im ), T he c losest p ara l le l t o t he C hesse l l D own e xamp le i sn o .17 i n T rett 's c ata logue ( i b id , 2 30 ) . 2 . Horton K irby I 6 9 , Kn . : a c ast c opper a l loy ' b oatshaped ' amu let w ith s uspens ion r ing c ast i n teg ra l ly ( F ig . 9 2 ,3 ) . T h is e xamp le h as s pher ica l t erm ina ls u n l ike t he C hesse l f D own e xamp le . P ara l le led b y T rett ' s n o . 2 6 ( 1983 , 2 27 , 2 31 ) . F ound i n af e ma le b ag c o l lect ion . A lso i n t he g rave w ere a d isc b rooch , a q uo it b rooch a nd o ther c opper a l loy f ragments . T he g rave may b e d a ted t o t he e ar ly s ixth c entury . 3 . P o lh il l 6 5 , Kn . : a c ast c opper a l loy w hee lshaped amu let d iscussed b y H awkes ( 1973a , 1 93 ) . T he amu let i so f aw e l l k nown c lass ( Green , 1 971 ; 1 984 ) , w h ich h a s b een r eused a nd mounted w ith A ng lo-Saxon c abochon g lass s tuds , o ne o f w h ich i s l o st ( F ig . 9 2 ,4 ) . T he f i nd o ccu rred i n a ma le g rave w ith a ssoc iated o b jects o f as pearhead , ab ead , b uck les , a n i ron s tud a nd a k n ife . T he c emetery i ss eventh c entury i nd ate . H awkes p ostu lates t hat i t w as r eused p oss ib ly f or i t s C hr ist ian s ymbol is m . X IL M isce l laneous . 1 . Barr ing ton A , Ca . : ac a st c opper a l loy t r iangu lar mount , p ierced c en tra l ly a nd w ith p e lta s hapes c ut o ut o f t wo o f t he s ides ( F ig . 9 3 ,3 ) . T he o b ject b ears a c lose s im i lar ity t o as word o r d agger c hape b ut n o e xact p ara l le l c an b e c i ted a nd D r I .S tead s ay s i n l i tt , t hat h e k nows o f n o R oman p ara l le l . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 2 . Cambr idge I ,S t J ohn ' s , Ca . : ac opper a l loy s ca le o f R oman a rmour ( l or ica s quamata ) . T he s hape o f t he s ca le i sn ot c lose ly p ara l le led i n Rob inson ( T . U 'M 147-

a l though F ig . 1 60 i s s im i lar . F ound i n a ma le g rave a ssoc iated w ith a n i r on s pearhead , aR oman f lagon ( s ee V esse ls ) , ap in a nd a b one p in . T he g rave may w e l l b e l ate R oman i n d a te b ut i f A ng lo-Saxon wou ld d a te t o t he m idd le f i f th c entury . 3 . Camerton 1 1 , S o . : a n u naccompan ied f e ma le b ur ia l i n ar eused R oman s tone c off in w h ich w as l i d less a nd p la in . 4 . Chartham Down , Kn . : ac ast c opper a l loy s trap e nd o f m i l itary t ype a nd d ateab le t o t he f i rst o r s econd c entury ( F ig . 9 3 ,6 ) . F or p ara l le ls s ee A l lasonJ ones d c M iket 1 984 , 1 90 n o .606 f rom S outh S h ie lds o r C ur ie 1 911 , 3 01 P l . LXXV I f rom N ewstead . N o k nown a ssoc iat ions . 5 . Harnham H i l l 4 0 , W i . : ac ast c opper a l loy s he l l w ith s uspens ion l oop ( F ig . 9 3 ,5 ) . S uch o b jects a re s omet imes f ound mounted o r c ast i n teg ra l ly w ith ' p i l lars ' t o a ct a s g am ing p ieces ( cf P ryce 1 949 , 1 25 n o .84-5 , P l . XXXIV ) . T he s uspens ion l oop makes i tl i ke ly , h owever , t hat i t w as a p ersona l o rnament . F or a ssoc iat ions , s ee l ate R oman b uck les . 6 . H ighdown 4 7 , S x . : a c a st c opper a l loy b ust o f a f aun , i dent if ied b y t he n a iscent b eard a nd p o inted e ars ( F ig . 9 3 ,4 ) . T he h a ir i sr a ised i n at op-knot a nd i sh o l low c a st . T here i sn o mean s o f s uspens ion a t t he t op w h ich r u les i to ut a s as tee lyard w e ight : al i ke ly f unct ion i sa s at erm ina l f or a p iece o f f urn iture ( cf M . W i lson 1 968 , 1 37 n o .161 P l . XL I I I ) . A ssoc iated w ith a c o in ( s ee C hap ter 5 ) . 7 . Kett lestone , N f . : a n e name l led o rnamen t o f u ncerta in t ype f ound i n a c remat ion u rn . T h is h as s ubsequent ly b een l o st s o i dent if icat ion o f t he o b ject i si mposs ib le . 8 . M itcham 1 40 , S r . : ac omp lete c opper a l loy s ty lus w ith c i rcu larsect ioned s hank a nd t r iangu lar e nd f ound r eused a s ad ress p in ( F ig . 9 3 ,7 ) . A lso i n t he g rave was a n i r on ' s t i letto ' a nd a k n ife . T he s ty lus may b e p ara l le led b y many e xamp les f rom R oman s i tes ( e .g . B arns ley P ark , G l . ( Web ster & Sm ith 1 982 , 1 08 n o .26 F ig . 2 4 ) . 9 . P etersf inger 6 3A , W i . : a n i r on embossed p late wh ich i sp ara l le led a ccord ing t o L eeds i n S a l isbury Museum f rom a R omano-Br it ish s i te ( Leeds & S hortt 1 953 , 4 2 ) . F unct ion u ncerta in . F ound i n af e ma le g rave a ssoc iated w ith i r on k eys , r ing s , ab uck le a nd s tr ip o f i r on , b eads a nd a c opper a l loy b uck le w ith p late . As ixth c entury d a te i sl i ke ly . 1 0 . S arre , Kn . : ar ounde l o f m i l lef ior i s et i n ap a le g o ld mount a nd s trung o n a n eck lace w ith f our g o ld c o ins w h ich a re s uspended f rom l oop s . T he b eads i nc lude t wo o f amethyst . S a id t o h ave b een a ssoc iated w ith a c a st B yzant ine c opper a l loy b ow l a nd a l arge c ompos ite d isc b rooch d at ing t o t he f i rst q ua rter o f t he s eventh c entury ( Avent 1 975 I , 4 7 ) . R igo ld d a tes t he a ssemb ly o f t he c o ins t o a bout AD 6 14 ( 1975 , 7 1-2 ) . T he r ounde l o f m i l lef ior i i s f rom a R omano-B r it i sh e name l led p late b rooch ( compare w ith H ender son 1 949 , 1 17 n o .47 P l . XXIX ) . 1 1 . S ibertswo ld 1 72 , Kn . : ap endan t s et w ith a c ut d own m i l lef ior i p ane l , a s t ha t f rom S arre . T he mount i s o va l s et w ith r ectangu lar g arnets a round t he f rame a nd i s i n g o ld . A na lys is o f t he g o ld h as d a ted t he s u ite o f j ewe l lery f ound i n t h is r ich f e ma le g rave t o a bout 6 50-70 AD ( Hawkes e t a l 1 966 , 1 11-3 n o L .19-27 F ig . 3 ) . 148-

X I I I . Combs , Tweezers , T o i let I mp lements a nd R ing s . T here a re s evera l o b jects o f b order l ine s tatus w h ich may b e s een a s b e ing o f e ither R oman o r A ng lo-Saxon manufacture a nd d a te . P r inc ipa l among t hese a re b one c omb s . B oth d oub le a nd s ing le s i ded c ombs a re n oted f rom R oman c ontexts ( cf C rummy 1 983 , 5 5-7 ; B ushe-Fox 1 928 , 4 7 P l . XXI ) , p art icu lar ly i n f ou rth c entury c ontex ts w here t hey f requent ly o ccur i n g raves ( Ga l loway 1 979 , 2 46-8 ) . T hese e xamp les , f rom L ankh i l l s , H a . were d ecorated w ith b u l l 's e yes a nd i nc ised p atterns o ften w ith f retted t erm ina ls . C omb s o f n ear i dent ica l t ype a re n oted f rom A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies a nd a re a n e xtreme ly f requent f i nd i n c remat ion u rns , o ften i n a f ragmentary o r m in iature f orm ( Myres & G reen 1 973 , 9 1-7 ) . Many h ave a l so b een f ound o n t he s ett lement s i tes . T he s imp l ic ity o f t he d ecorat ion means t hat i t i s v ery d iff icu l t t o a ss ign c ombs t o e i ther t he R oman o r e a r ly A ng lo-Saxon p er iod a nd t hus t hey h ave b een e xc luded f rom t h is s tudy . Tweezer s a nd t o i let i mp lemen ts h ave a l so b een s een a s s pec if ica l ly R oman r ather t han G erman ic o b jects . L ethb r idge d ef ined ' Roman ' t weezers a s t hose w ith r ecu rved e nds i . e . t hose t hat were f unct iona l a s o pposed t o t he o ften n on-funct iona l t weezers f ound i n c remat ion u rns ( 1951 , 1 6 F ig . 5 ) . I t i s n ot iceab le , h owever , t hat t hey a re n ot p art icu lar ly c ommon f rom R oman s i tes a nd t hey d o n ot a ppear t o h ave f eatured i n t he l ate R oman b ur ia l r i te a t L ankh i l l s a nd e l sewhere . Wh i lst i t i s l i ke ly t ha t s ome R oman t weezer s were r eused i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves , i t i s p robab le t hat s ome t weezers f ound i n c remat ion u rns w ere manufactured b y t he G ermans t hemse lves a s t hey a re c omparab le t o c ont inenta l e xamp les o f f i fth c entury d ate ( Böhme 1 974 I ,1 278 ; R henen G .842 T af . 6 6 , 1 1 ) . F ina l ly , r ing s o f b oth c opper a l loy a nd i ron a re , a s n oted b y B rown , f requent ly f ound i n f e ma le b ag c o l lect ions ( 1977 , 9 6 ) . T he ma jor ity o f t hese a re l i ke ly t o b e R oman b ut t here s eems l i tt le p o int i n c a ta logu ing a l l i n stances , a lthough t he ir s ign if icance i n t he G erman ic g rave r i tua l w i l l b e d i scussed i n c hapter 9 . A lso o f ten f ound i n b ag c o l lect ions a re s herds o f R oman g la ss a nd p ottery . Aga in , t hese a re n ot c ata logued b ut s ome r i tua l p urpose s eems p robab le a s c u l let c o l lect ion s eems u n l ike ly g iven t he sma l l q uant it ies o f g lass i nvo lved , a nd f or p ottery s eems i mp robab le . D iscu ss ion . T he o b jects u nder d i scuss ion , u n l ike t hose d ea l t w ith i n t he o ther s ect ions o f t he t hes is , o ccur i n n umbers t oo sma l l t o p erm it a ny mean ingfu l s tat i st ica l a na lys is o f g oods , d ate a nd a ssoc iat ion s . A lthough g enera l i mp ress ions may b e n oted f rom t he c ontex ts , i ti sp robab ly u nw ise t o p lace t oo much w e ight o n t hem . D esp ite t hese c aveats , t here a re many t houghtp rovok ing a ssoc iat ions a nd a g enera l h ypothes is may b e a dvanced f or t he i nclus ion o f s ome , i fn ot a l l , o f t he o b jects . Con s ider ing t he w ide r ange o f R oman o b jects t hat must h ave b een a va i lab le o n v ar ious R oman s i tes t o t he s ett l ing p opu lat ion , t h is i s a r emarkab ly s e lect g roup . I f t hose o b jects o f a f requency o f l ess t han f i ve e xamp les a re e xc luded a s b e ing o f l i tt le s ign if icance , t hen o n ly s ix c ategor ies may b e l i sted , f our o f w h ich h ave o ver t en e xamp les . Contra B rown ' s a ssert ion ( 1977 , 9 7 ) , n ot a l l o f t he o b jec ts a re e as i ly s uspended , s poons b e ing t he o bv ious e xcept ion b ut s ome o f t hese a re p ierced . N everthe less , h i s g enera l c ontent ion t hat t he ma jor ity o f o b jects a re e as i ly s uspended i s c orrect , a s i s h is

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c onclus ion t hat many o f t hese o b jects were h idden i n f e ma le b ag c o l lect ions a nd may h ave amu let ic o vertones . Myres ' b e l ief t hat t hese o b jec ts r ep resent ' sma l l c hange ' i n ab arter e conomy ( 1978 ) a ppears t o b e weakened b y t he l ow n umbers o f o b jects i nvo lved a nd , a bove a l l , b y t he a rgument t hat i fi tw as e asy f or o rd inary p eop le t o c o l lect s crap o n R oman s i tes f or t h is p urpo se , i t wou ld b e j ust a s e asy f or t he meta lworkers t hemse lves t o c arry o n t h is t rade . I ndeed , t hey c ou ld h ave emp loyed p eop le t o d o j ust s uch q uarry ing o n R oman s i tes , a s t hey u ndoubted ly d id a t l ater t imes f or b u i ld ing mater ia l s . E v idence f or s uch t rade i n s crap meta l a nd g lass h as b een e v idenced i n t he e xcavat ion s a t D inas P owys , Gwent ( A lcock 1 963 , 4 8 & 5 3 ) , a nd a G erman ic s ource f or t he mater ia l i s c lear ly i mp l ied t here . T rade t o s uch r emote a rea s i s p erhaps n ot s urp r is ing b ut may n ot h ave b een n ecessary i n t he R oman l ow lands . Hav ing r e jected t he i dea t hat t hese o b jects r epresent a s crap meta l t rade a nd h av ing n oted a p oss ib le q uas ire l ig ious f unct ion i n stead , t he l a tter n eeds t o b e f u l ly a na ly sed i n t he f ace o f t he e v idence . T he i dea h a s b een d ea lt w ith i n s ome d eta i l b y Meaney ( 1981 ) a nd i t i si nterest ing t o n ote t hat t wo o f t he c a tegor ies r ep resented i n h er b ook - s poons a nd k eys - a re my l argest g roup s . I n h er d iscu ss ion o f s poons , a nd more e spec ia l ly s ieve s poons , Meaney n otes t he ir we l l k nown a ssoc iat ion w ith c rysta l b a l ls a nd d emon strates t hat s uch o b jects w ere o f h igh s tatus ( 1981 , 8 2-8 ) . T he s ieve s poons t hemse lves a re o ften g i lt a nd o ccas iona l ly h ave g arnets o r g lass s et o n t he h and le a nd t he c rysta l b a l ls wou ld h ave h ad t o h ave b een i mported . T hey w ere u sua l ly w orn t ogether , o ften b e ing s uspended f rom t he wa ist o n c ha ins a nd a re g enera l ly f ound a t a bout t he l eve l o f t he k nees . Ac lose ly c omparab le e xamp le i so ffered b y t he f e ma le i nhumat ion a t L itt le W ib raham 3 . H ere , i n as ixth c entury g rave , w ere f ound a t t he w a ist t he u sua l g ird le h angers , a k n ife a nd , more i n terest ing ly i n t h is c ontext , aR oman s poon b ow l a ssoc iated w ith a n o ak a pp le i ns l ing s ( F ig . 9 5 ) . T he l i nk w ith t he c ry sta l b a l l a nd s ieve s poons w as made b y t he e xcavator a t t he t ime a nd i s most c onv inc ing ( Lethbr idge & C arter 1 928 , 1 02 ) . Meaney c ites e v idence f rom A ng lo-Saxon h erba ls f or t he v a lue o f o ak g a l l s a nd a s t hese wou ld n ot n orma l ly s urv ive , i tc an b e a ssumed t ha t t hey may h ave a ccompan ied R oman s poons f or amu let ic p urposes ( i b id , 6 1 F ig . I , t ) . N one o f t he g raves , where a ssoc iat ions a re p reserved , i sr i ch a nd t here a ppear s t o b e e v idence h ere f or a l ower s oc ia l s tratum c opy ing t he f ash ions o f t he w ea lthy . T h is r eason ing may a l so a ccount f or t he wea r o f t he s poon b owl s a nd f or t he l o ss o f t he h and les w h ich , a s t hey wou ld b e k ep t i n b ag s , wou ld b e awkward . R oman s poon s a re a l so c ommon ly f ound o n t he C ont inen t i n g raves o f t he f ourth a nd f i fth c entury a lthough t hese g enera l ly r eta in t he ir h and les a nd a re o ften i n s i lver r ather t han b ase meta l s ( e .g . B öhme 1 974 , T af . 9 8 , 7 ) . T he r o le o f k ey s i n p agan g raves i so ne t hat h as r ece ived much s tudy b ut Meaney a ga in g ives c ontemporary A ng lo-Saxon e v idence a s f or t he ir i mportance i n A ng lo-Saxon s oc iety ( i b id , 1 78-81 ) . I th as l ong b een r ea l ised t hat t he g ird le h anger s o ften f ound a t t he w a ists o f f e ma le i nhumat ion s a re i n r ea l ity e laborate k ey s ub st itutes a nd t hat t he ir i ncreas ing e laborat ion may r ef lect s oc ia l d iv i s ions w ith in s oc iety ( H irst 1 985 , 8 7-8 ) . R oman k eys must s ure ly h ave s erved t he s ame f unct ion w ith t he p rov iso t hat s ince s ome o f o ur e xamp les o ccur i n b ag c o l lect ions ( K ing sworthy 9 , O rp ing ton 3 9 , P ortway D own 3 2 , West Overton 4 a nd B arr ing ton B 8 2 ) , t he p oss ib i l ity t hat t hey w ere s e lected f or t he ir more p ortab le s ize c annot b e r u led o ut ( F ig . 9 6 ) . Most o f t he g raves , h owever , a re o f t he s ame s oc ia l s tatus a s a lready d iscu ssed s o o nce a ga in , a n i m itat ion o f c ontemporary f ash ions may b e i n e v idence . T he o n ly ma le g rave w ith a k ey , S towt ing 4 , i ss ometh ing o f a n o dd ity g iven t he s exua l c onnotat ions o f k eys a t t he t ime !( Meaney 1 981 , 1 87-8 ) .

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B oth t errets a nd mart inga les o r h or se h a rness f i tt ing s c ou ld h ave b een e as i ly r eused f or a n ew p urpose . S ome , a s a t L ong W ittenham 1 34 , w ere r eused a s b uck les f or w h ich t hey w ou ld b e em inent ly s u itab le . T he s imp le t erre t r i ng s s uch a s t hose a t K ing ston-by-Lewes 1 3 , N ass ing ton 1 3b , C ambr idge S t J ohn ' s , B lewburton 1 2 , B r ighthampton 2 2 a nd A lfr iston 8 8 c ou ld a lso h ave b een u sed i n t h is w ay . O ther t errets o f t he more u sua l ' Ce lt ic ' f orm wou ld b e l e ss s u ited t o s uch a u se b ut most a re u nassoc iated a nd t he ir u se i s t hus o bscured . A n i n terest ing e xcep t ion i s t he e xamp le f rom L inton H eath B 9 w here a mass ive t erret was u sed a s a k ey h anger i n a f e ma le g rave ( F ig . 9 6 ) . T he g roup o f o b jects f rom S towt ing i so f i n terest a s t he n umber a nd r ange o f f inds a nd t he ir c onte mporanety m ight s uggest t hat a h oard o f h or se f urn iture h ad b een d iscovered i n t he A ng lo-Saxon p er iod . I t i s p oss ib le t hat i t s d i str ibut ion t hroughout t he c emetery r ef lects k insh ip a ssoc iat ions . More p rest ig iou s o b jects a re r epresented b y t he m irrors a nd i n la id c askets : t he a ppea l o f t hese o b jects i sc lear a nd t here i sn o n eed t o wonder a t t he ir i nc lus ion . I t i so dd , h owever , t hat t wo o f t he t hree k nown m irrors c ome f rom o ne s i te : G i lton , b ut i s p robab ly t o b e e xp la ined b y t he p rox im i ty o f a R oman c emetery t o t hat o f t he A ng lo-Saxon p er iod . O f t he o ther o b jects , t he b uck le f rom O rp ing ton may h ave b een r eused a nd t he s ea l b oxes p icked u p f or t he ir c ur ios ity v a lue . T he k n ives may a lso h ave b een c o l lected f or t he ir i n terest b ut a s t hey w ere k ept i n b ag c o l lect ions , t hey may h ave h ad s ome q uas i-re l ig ious f unct ion . A lternat ive ly , t hey may j ust r ef lect t he G erman ic t aste f or a n ima l o rnament . T he i mportance o f t h is r ather m ixed b ag o f mater ia l l i es p r inc ipa l ly i n t he i ngeu ity o f t he A ng lo-Saxon p opu lat ion i n r eus ing o b jects w h ich t hey wou ld h ave r egu lar ly f ound . T he s e lect ion i s c lear ly n ot r andom b ut r ef lects a p attern o f u seage w h ich p robab ly r e lates t o t he i ncreas ing s trat if icat ion o f s oc iety r ef lected i n t he s earch f or a n a lternat ive t o e xpens ive , i mported o b jects .

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Chapter 9 . D iscuss ion . I .B ur ia l Customs . A lthough t h i s s tudy i sn ot p r inc ipa l ly c oncerned w ith a n e xam inat ion o f t he q uest ion o f t he s urv iva l o f t he n at ive R omano-B r it ish p opu lat ion i n to t he f i fth , s ixth a nd s eventh c entur ies , I h ave f e lt t ha t t he d e tect ion o f c haracter ist ic n at ive b ur ia l c ustoms m ight d eterm ine w hether t here i s a ny c orre lat ion b etween t he i nc idence o f R oman o b jects i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves a nd t hose c ustoms . T he r at iona le b eh ind s uch w ork h as b een n eat ly s u m med u p b y J ames - " the c u stoms a re p erhaps more i mportan t t han t he a rtefacts" ( 1979 , 6 0 ) -a nd h as b een d e monstrated i n o perat ion i n t h is c ountry b y P au l l a nd L . A lcock ( 1977 ; 1 981 ) . J ames ' s tudy o f t he p rob le m o f t he i dent if icat ion o f t he F ranks i n Gau l d emonstrates many o f t he p i tfa l ls a ssoc iated w ith w ork o f t h is s ort . E ven f or a c ountry w ith a s trong h i stor iograph ica l t rad it ion s uch a s f i fth a nd s ixth c entury Gau l , i t s eems t hat t here a re many u ncerta int ies w ith t he q uest ion o f w ho s ett led a nd w here . I n B r ita in t he i dent if ica t ion o f t he n at ive p opu lat ion i n t he f i fth c entury , e ven i n a reas k nown t o h ave r e ma ined i n n at ive h ands u nt i l t he s eventh o r l ater c en tur ies , h a s p roved t o b e n ea r i mpo ss ib le ( Pretty 1 975 , p a ss im ) . Where t h is p opu lat ion e x isted s ide b y s i de w ith a n a rchaeo log ica l ly e as i ly d etectab le g roup s uch a s t he G erman ic s ett ler s , t he p rob lem b ecomes e ven more v exed . N onethe less , t wo f orms o f a rchaeo log ica l i nformat ion f rom c emeter ies may b e u sed t o t hrow f urther l i ght o n t he p oss ib i l ity o f n at ive s urv iva l . T he f i rst i st he c loth ing o f t he d eceased . A s t he G erman s i mported a c ustom b y w h ich t he d eceased w as b ur ied f u l ly e qu ipped , much i n format ion may b e l earnt f rom t he r e lat ive p os it ions o f o b jects i n t he g raves a bout t he c ostume worn ( e .g . A . C ook , 1 974 ) . S uch d ifferences may b e s ign if icant w hen , f or e xamp le , i t i s r ea l ised t hat R oman a nd G erman ic c o stumes r equ ired t he wear ing o f t he b rooch i n d ifferent p os it ions a nd i n d i ffer ing n umbers ( J . W i ld 1 985 , 3 93-7 ) . T he s econd r oute i s t o l ook f or t he more o bv ious b ur ia l c ustoms o f l ater R oman B r ita in . T hese a re p r inc ipa l ly d ecap itat ion , t he p lac ing o f h ob-na i l b oots b y t he f eet , p rone b ur ia l a nd t he p lac ing o f a c o in i n t he mouth o r i n t he h and ( G . C larke 1 979 , 3 47-376 ) . U nfortunate ly , i n p ract ice i ti sn ot a s s imp le t o d o s uch w ork a s i t may a t f i rst a ppear . Most o f t he c emeter ies o f b oth l ater R oman B r ita in a nd p agan E ng land h ave b een p oor ly d ug a nd r ecorded . T hose t hat h ave b een p ub l ished may b e a typ ica l a nyway ( e .g . L ankh i l l s , ap agan c emetery t o t he e nd o f i t s l i fe i n a n o stens ib ly C hr ist ian p rov ince ; G . C larke 1 979 , 3 57 ) a nd t he p os it ion , a nd e ven t he r ecovery , o f o b jects s uch a s c o ins a nd b rooches may n ot b e we l l e nough r ecorded t o d ec ide o ne way o r t he o ther a bout t he ' n at iona l ity ' o f t he d eceased . I n r ecent y ear s work o n l ater R oman c emeter ies h a s d ef ined t he b ur ia l r i te o f t he R omano-B r it ish p opu lat ion w ith much g reater c lar ity . T he p r inc ipa l r i te f rom t he m idd le t o l ate t h ird c entury o nwards w as i nhumat ion . T h is h as b een l i nked w ith a n i ncreas ing b e l ief i n t he a nc ient w or ld i na n a fterl ife a nd/or r esurrect ion w h ich o r ig inated p r imar i ly i n o r ienta l c u l ts ( C . G reen 1 977 , 4 8) . I n c emeter ies , i t i sr ef lected i n t he o r ientat ion o f t he b ody w ith t he h ead t o t he west . A s t h i s w as t he c urrent r i te f or C hr i st ian b ur ia ls , i t h a s o ften b een a ssumed t hat t he s udden c hange t o l arge s ca le i nhumat ion , o ften w ithout g oods , i n a n e ast-west g rave r ef lects t he g rowth o f t ha t c u l t ( Rahtz 1 978 , 3 -5 ) . T h is n eed n ot b e s o , h owever , a s Rahtz makes c lear . T he p opu lar ity o f t he c u l t o f S o l I nv ictus m ight h ave b een a more p otent f actor o r ig ina l ly . T h is i s p art icu lar ly t rue w hen t he C onstant in ian s yncret i sm b etween C hr istos a nd S o l i s t aken i n to c ons iderat ion ( Jones 1 962 , 1 01 ) . T hus b y f ar t he most u sua l r i te i n f ourth c entury B r ita in , a nd b eyond t hat d ate i n t he West , w as t he o r ientated i nhumat ion . A s t he f i f th c entury a pproached a nd t he i ndustr ies o f mass p roduct ion c o l lapsed , t he b ody b ecame more f requent ly u naccompan ied i n t he

g rave a l though c lothed b ur ia l s t i l l s eems t he r u le g iven t he h ob n a i ls f ound i n s o me g raves ( Rahtz 1 977 , 5 4 ; G . C larke 1 979 , 1 78-81 ) . T here i s ap oss ib i l ity t ha t t he C hr i st ian c lergy may h ave p layed s o me p a rt i n t h is t rans it ion a s a fter t he E d ict o f M i lan ( AD 3 75 ) , t he Emp ire w as o ff ic ia l ly C hr ist ian ( Rahtz 1 977 , 5 4 ) . B y t he ir n ature , u naccompan ied i nhumat ion c emeter ies a re t he most d i ff icu lt t o d ate w ithout s c ient if ic methods a nd i t may b e p oss ib le t o make o ut ac a se f or u naccompan ied i nhumat ions i n p agan A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies b e ing n at ive R omano-B r itons w ho h ad b een a bsorbed i n to G erman ic s oc iety . O n t he w ho le , h owever , s uch a h ypothes is wou ld b e u ntenab le a s t he u se o f o b jects i n c emeter ies a ppears t o r ef lect s tatus a s w e l l a s b e l ief i n t he Ang lo-Saxon p er iod ( Brennan 1 985 , p ass im ) . T he p robab il ity t ha t u naccompan ied o r p oor ly f urn ished g raves r epresent t he l owest s trata o f A ng lo-Saxon s oc iety r e ma ins t he most a ttract ive t heory t o d ate . Whether t h is l ower s trata n eed b e s een a s ' s ub jugated B r itons ' i sa nother ma tter , h owever , a nd d epends l arge ly u pon t he o bserver ' s b ias . Wh i l st t he p r inc ipa l r i te o f t he l ater R oman p er iod i s i nhumat ion , t herefore , t here a re c erta in o ther t ra i ts w h ich p rov ide much b etter g u ides t o t he s urv iva l o f n at ive R omano-B r it ish b ur ia l r i tes . A s n oted a l ready t hese i nc lude t he p os it ion o f o b jects w ith in t he g rave ( espec ia l ly b race lets , c o ins a nd b rooches ) , t he p o s it ion o f t he b ody ( sup ine o r p ronate ) a nd t he u se o f d ecap itat ion . I t i sp robab ly e as ier t o d ea l i n t he f i rst i n stance w ith t he b ur ia l c u stoms t hat a re t he l east l i ke ly t o h ave b een m is ident if ied d ur ing e xcavat ion : d ecap itat ion a nd p rone b ur ia l . T he s tart ing p o int f or a ny d i scuss ion o f d ecap itat ion r ema ins C larke ' s s tudy o f t he i nhumat ions a t L ankh i l ls ( 1979 , 3 42-376 , e spec ia l ly 3 72-6 ) . T h is work h a s b een f urther e nhanced b y t he d e ta i led p atho log ica l r eport o n R omano-B r it ish i nhumat ions b y H arnham , Mo l l inson a nd P r ice ( 1981 ) . B oth a rt ic les h ave n oted t he o ccurrence o f d ecap itat ions i n A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies b ut n e ither i sa b le t o o ffer a c omp lete l i st o f A ng lo-Saxon i nc idences . Ih ave , t herefore , a tte mpted t o o ffer a s f u l l al i st a p oss ib le i n Append ix 2 . O f t he 3 3 g raves t hat may b e l i sted , 1 5 a re u naccompan ied w h i le t he o thers h ave o n ly o ne o r t wo a ssoc iated o b jects o r h ave u nknown a ssoc iat ions . S ome o f t he g raves may b e e xc luded b ecause t he e v idence f or d ecap itat ion i s n ot s trong e nough . T hus t he H orton K irby I , 7 5 b ody w ith i t s r i ch p anop ly o f a rms i s r ecorded b y t he e xcavator a s h av ing h ad h is h ead ' d is lodged ' r ather t han d ecap itated a nd t he p hotograph s hows i t u p s ide d own a s t hough t he h ead h a s s imp ly r o l led o ff i t s v ertebrae ( Cumber land 1 938 , P l . o pp . 2 2 ) . T he b ur ia ls a t K nook , W il ts a re a l l n oted a s h ead less r ather t han d ecap itated a nd t he s ame may b e s a id o f t hose f rom W inna l l I , H a . , G reat A dd ing ton , E l loughton , a nd D unstab le F ive K no l ls , B d , . T hese h eads may h ave b een l ost t hrough d isturbance o f t he g rave , r ecovery o f t he b ody i n a mut ilated s tate o r may e ven b e s een a s l ater ' g ibbet b ur ia l s ' ( Barfoot & P r ice W ill iams 1 976 ) . T he r e ma in ing b ur ia ls d iffer f rom t hese e xc luded g raves i n t hat t hey h ave t he h ead s t i l l a ssoc iated w ith t he b ody b ut i t h a s b een p laced e i ther o n t he a bdomen o r i n v a r ious p os it ions o n t he l eg s . A n e xcep t ion t o t h is i s L itt le E r iswe l l 1 2 , C a . w here e v idence f or d ecap itatbn i sc ited b ut t he p os it ion o f t he h ead i sn ot r ecorded ( Hutch inson 1 966 , 7 ) . T he b ur ia l a t S hudy Camps 3 3 i s i ncluded b ecau se t he h ead i s m iss ing , b ut t h i s i s a c lear e xamp le o f a n e xcarnated b ur ia l ( c .f . Mercer 1 980 , 3 1 34 F ig . 2 1 ) . T he o ther t h i rteen b ur ia ls may a l l b e s een t o e xh ib it a d ecap i tat ion r i te v ery s im i lar t o t ha t r ecovered i n R omano-B r it ish c emeter ies . T here i s ad ef ic it o f o b jects a nd o f t hose w ith o b jects ; B arr ington B 1 4 ? , L oveden H i l l 1 , C hesse l l D own 4 1 , M itcham 2 09 a nd

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U ff ington 1 , o n ly t he l atter t hree a ppear t o h ave g enu ine a ssoc iat ions . D at ing o f t hese g raves i s l arge ly i mposs ib le a s t hey w ere e xcavated b efore t he i n troduct ion o f i ndependent s c ient if ic d at ing methods b ut t here a re i nd ica t ions t hat s ome o f t he c e meter ies a re e ar ly a nd t hat a n a ss im i lat ion o f t he n at ive p opu lat ion i s i nd ica ted ( e .g . U ff ington 2 , 3 ; G irton 3 4 ; K e mpston 8 7 ) . T hose w ith a ssoc iated o b jects i nc lude U ff ington 1 , w ith a n e name l led s tud a s a b rooch , C hesse l l D own 4 1 w ith a k n ife a nd M itcham 2 09 w ith a R oman k ey h and le . I t may b e a rgued f rom t h is t hat t hese a re e ar ly b ur ia l s , b ut t here i sn o e v idence f or t h is a nd i t must r ema in n o more t han a h unch . T he G irton b ur ia l w ith i t s R oman v esse l may w e l l b e R omano-B r it ish i n d ate . S ome o f t he d ecap itat ions a re f rom s eventh c entury c emeter ies , h owever , s o p un ishment may n ot b e r u led o ut ( e .g . C had l ingon 7 , 9& 1 0 a nd Wheat ley 2 , O x . ) . T he p icture o f p rone b ur ia l s i s a lso c ompl ica ted . I n o ne o f t he g raves , C o l l ingbourne D uc is 1 1 , W i . a p rone ma le b ur ia l w ears a R omano-B r it ish b rooch a t t he s hou lder i n n at ive f ash ion a nd h as a l ate f i f th o r e ar ly s i xth c entury i n la id b uck le a t h is w a ist . T he o ccurrence o f t wo R omano-B r it ish c u stoms , p rone b ur ia l a nd t he b rooch a t t he s hou lder , e ncourages t he s uggest ion t hat t h is man w as a n at ive r ather t han a n A ng lo-Saxon . T he o ther g raves i n t he l i st o f H arnham e t a l . ( 1981 ) a ppear t o b e l ate , h owever , a nd t here i s as trong h int t hat many o f t hem r e late t o u nusua l r i tes ( ' pun ishment ' a nd ' s acr if ic ia l ' b ur ia l s ) . A t C uddesdon , Ox . b od ies i n t he p rone p o s it ion were a rranged r ad ia l ly a round a p rest ige b ur ia l ( D ick inson 1 974 ) . A t Ab ingdon 2 9 , Ox . , K ing sworthy 7 8 , H a . a nd S ewerby 4 , Y o . p un i shment b ur ia l s a re s trong ly e v idenced ( Hawkes & We l l s , 1 975 ; H irst 1 985 , 3 6-7 ) . O ther p rone b ur ia ls a ppear t o b e r e lated t o t he u se o f g a l lows . S uch b ur ia l s o ften s how s igns o f h av ing t he ir h ands t i ed a nd a re s omet i mes f ound i n ma ss g raves : D unstab le F ive K no l l s , B d . a nd R och C ourt D own , W i . a nd p oss ib ly T hetford , N f . may b e c ited a s e xamp les ( Harnham e t a l . 1 981 , 1 87-8 ) . T he u nusua l c haracter o f t hese b ur ia ls i s e v ident a nd i t i s u n l ike ly t ha t t here i s a ny c ont inu ity f rom R omano-B r it ish b ur ia l c ustoms . S ome o f t he o ther p rone b ur ia l s l i sted r e ma in , h owever , myster ious i n i n ten t b ut t he ir l ate d a te s hou ld p rec lude a ny t hought o f c ont inu ity w ith R omano-B r it ish p ract ices . P r inc ipa l among t hese a re b ur ia l s a t P r itt lewe l l , E x . , R usk ington , L i . , T odd ington , B d . , a nd Mar ina D r ive D 2 , B d , . T he l ast , c onta in ing a s eax s uggest ing s eventh c entury d epos it ion , s trengthens t he i mpress ion o f al ate d a te f or t he g roup . Mov ing t o t he p os it ion o f t he o b jects p laced w ith t he b ur ia ls t he mse lves , t here a re t hree c a tegor ies w h ich a ppear t o b e f ru itfu l l i nes o f e nqu iry . T hese a re b race lets , e xam in ing b oth t he ir i nc idence a nd p os it ion o n t he b ody , b rooches c ons ider ing b oth t he ir n umber a nd p o s it ion o n t he b ody a nd , f ina l ly , c o ins . I n t he l a tter c ase , a s h as b een e xp la ined i n t he r e levent c hapter , Iam i nterested i n t he p lac ing o f c o ins i n t he mouth a nd i n o r b y t he h and , b oth o f w h ich a re d emonstrab ly R omano-B r it ish c ustoms . T he q uest ion o f t he s ign if icance o f b race lets i n l a te R oman g raves wa s r a ised b y C larke ( 1979 , 3 60 , 3 62-7 ) . I n h is c hapter o n t he b ur ia l c usto ms o f l ater R oman B r ita in , h e n oted t ha t t he b race lets i n B r it i sh g raves were p laced o n t he a rm a nd w ere n ot , g enera l ly , w orn a t b ur ia l . H e c ontrasted t h i s w ith t he p ract ice o f t he ' f ore ign ' e lements i n t he c emetery t ha t h e h ad i dent if ied ( i b id , 3 64-7 ) . D ick inson a lso d iscussed t he matter i n h er t hes is a nd n oted t hat t he i nc idence o f b race let b ur ia l g enera l ly r e lated t o t he c h i ldren a nd t he f e ma le me mbers o f t he c om mun ity b ut s he d oes n ot d i st ingu ish b etween w orn a nd u nworn b race lets . S he g oes o n t o s uggest t ha t t h i s may b e r e lated t o t he s urv iva l o f aR omano-B r it ish b ur ia l t ra it ( 1976 I ,2 00 ) .

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T he ma jor i ty o f t he o ther b ur ia l s a re t oo p oor ly r ecorded t o s ay w he ther t he b race lets w ere w orn o r u nworn s o D ick inson 's s uggest ion t hat t he i nc idence o f b race lets i n g raves r e lates t o t he s urv iva l o f t he R omano-B r it i sh p opu lat ion r e ma ins u ntested . I t i s p oss ib le t o s ay , h owever , t hat t he u se o f b race lets i n t hemse lves was n ot a s pec if ica l ly R omano-B r it ish d ress c u stom a l though i tw as c erta in ly a p opu lar o ne . B race lets a re f requent ly f ound i n G erman ic a nd R oman g raves o n t he C ont inent ( G . C larke 1 97 9 , 3 77 -403 ) . A nother r eason f or t he w ear ing o f a rmle ts i sd iscussed b y Meaney w ho a rgues f or a n amu let ic u se r e lated t o ward ing o ff t he e v i l e ye ( 1981 , 1 2 ) . Wha tever t he t ruth o f t h is , t hey a re c erta in ly a ssoc iated w ith t he y oung a nd w ith women , b oth e spec ia l ly v u lnerab le g roup s i n s oc iety , w hereas t he C e lt ic f ash ion f or a rm lets f or men d oes n ot s eem t o h ave b een a ss im i lated i n to G erman ic s oc iety . W ith a d i scuss ion o f t he i nc idence o f s ing le b rooches worn a t t he s hou lder , t he p os it ion i s much h app ier . T he w ear ing o f b rooches i n t h i s way h as b een s een b y many a s ac haracter i st ic o f R oman d ress f ash ion , p erhaps more s o f or men t han f or w omen ( We lch 1 983 , 6 0 ) . B rooches worn i n t h i s f ash ion c an b e s een o n c o ins o f t he t h ird a nd f ourth c entury i n p a rt icu lar a nd o n s cu lptura l a nd o ther a rt f orms t hroughout t he R oman p er iod . I n R omano-B r it ish g raves , t he o ccurrence o f s ing le b rooches worn a t o r n ear t he s hou lder i s ap er s istent t ra it w ith t he ma jor ity o f e xamp les b e ing r estr icted t o t he f i rst a nd f ourth c entur ies ( R . P h i lpot t ,p er s . c omm . ) . T he l ack o f s econd a nd t h ird c entury e xamp les p robab ly r e lates more t o t he p opu lar ity o f c remat ion a t t hat t ime t han i n a ny c hange i n d ress f ash ion . I n l ater R oman s oc iety , t he s i ng le b rooch t ended e spec ia l ly t o b e w orn w ith t he c hamlys , ah a lf-moon s haped c loak f avoured b y t he a rmy a nd t he c iv i l s erv ice ( W ild 1 985 , 3 86 ) . B rooches u sed i n t h is f ash ion t ended t o b e t he c rossbow a nd t he p enannu lar i n p art icu lar . I n h i s d i scuss ion o f d ress s ty les i n t he n orthwestern p rov inces o f t he R oman emp ire , W i ld h as d emonstrated t hat ma le d ress g enera l ly o n ly r equ ired a b rooch i f t he man was w ear ing a c loak a nd t ha t t he t yp ica l d ress f or women was a g arment r equ ir ing t wo b rooches a t t he s hou lders . T hese w ere o ften q u ite sma l l . I f a c loak w as worn o ver t he d ress , t hen a l arger b rooch w as p inned o ver t he c entre o f t he c hest . T h i s i s , o f c ourse , t he s ty le t hat i sp erpetuated i n l ater G erman ic d ress s ty le a fter t he f ourth c entury w hen t he wear ing o f p a ired b rooche s o n t he s hou lder , w ith o r w ithout s upp lementary b rooches , i s t he most c om mon d ress s ty le f or women u nt i l a bout 5 50 AD . Desp ite t h i s , t here i s as ma l l b ut p ers istent t rend f or b oth men a nd w omen t o w ear s ing le b rooches o n t he s hou lder . O ccas iona l b ur ia l s w ith t h is f eature h ave b een n oted t hroughout t h is t hes is ( e .g . C o l l ingbourne D uc is 1 1 , W i . ) . I th as a lso b een p o inted o ut t hat s ome o f t he l ater R oman b rooches s uch a s t he g i lded a nd s ta mped d i sc , p enannu lar , a nd Q uo it b rooches a ppear t o h ave b een d es igned t o b e w orn s ing ly . I n s ome c ases , p a rt icu lar ly t he i n it ia l Quo it b rooche s a nd p enannular b rooche s , t h is p robab ly d emonstrates t he i n f luence o f t he l ate R oman m i l itary f ash ion o f t he w ear ing o f t he c ham lys . O f ad iffer ing c ha racter a re t hose g raves w here A ng lo-Saxon b rooches a re worn s ing ly . A t L itt le W i lbraham , C a . e ight i nhumat ions h ave s ing le b rooches , o n ly o ne o f w h ich , 1 72 , c an b e c ons idered t o h ave b een a ffected b y t he l ater d ress f ash ion . A t S leaford , L incs , t here a re e ighteen i nhumat ions w ith s ing le b rooches , most o f w h ich a re s imp le a nnular b rooche s a nd c an b e d ated t o b efore 5 50 AD . T hese g raves f orm 2 4% o f t he t ota l o f 7 4 g raves w ith b rooches . A s most o f t hese g raves may b e p laus ib ly a rgued t o b e f e ma le b y t he ir a ssoc iated o b jects ( e .g . b eads a nd w r ist c lasp s ; B rennan 1 985 , 1 28 ) , i t c ou ld b e a rgued t hat a q uarter o f t he f e ma le p opu lat ion i n t he c emetery w ere o f n at ive o r ig in s imp ly b y t he ir u se o f t he s ing le b rooch . F or a s ett lement o n

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t he ' f ront ier ' z one b etween t he p o st R oman n at ives a nd t he G ermans , s uch a f igure may n ot b e d isproport iona l ly h igh . Whether s uch c onc lus ions a re v a l id , h owever , i s u ncerta in . A s ac ounter a rgument , Ager h as d emon strated t ha t t here i s ap ers istent b ut m inor t rend f or f ema le c ont inenta l b ur ia l s t o w ear s ing le b rooches a t t he s hou lder p resumab ly h o ld ing a c loak ( 1985 , 3 ) . Whether t h is a ga in r e lates t o t he i n f luence o f R o man d ress o n t he G ermans i su nc lear . Certa in ly , t he a dopt ion o f t he s ing le b rooch among c ont inenta l G erman s must b e s een a s a r ef lect ion o f s trong R oman i n f luence . S uch a ss im i lat ion o r c on t inuat ion o f n at ive c ustoms h ave , f or e xamp le , b een n oted a t S tretton-onF osse w here h ob-na i l b oot b ur ia l s o ccur i n t he Ang lo-Saxon c emetery ( Ford 1 971 , 2 2 ) . T he p o int n eeds t o b e r e iterated , h owever , t ha t t he u seage o f n at ive c ustoms n eed n ot r ef lect w hat t he i nd iv idua l t hemse lves t hought o f t he ir e thn ic i dent ity . F ina l ly , t he q uest ion o f c o ins may b e c ons idered . T he u se o f c o ins a s C haron ' s o bo l i n t he R oman p er iod i s p robab ly t he most w e l l k nown a nd a ttested o f b ur ia l c ustoms ( J . A lcock 1 980 , 5 7-60 ) . L ess w e l l k nown , b ut p resumab ly h av ing t he s ame f unct ion , i s t he c ustom o f p lac ing c o ins i n o r b y t he h and ( G . C larke 1 979 , 3 57 ) . O f t he f ormer c ustom , a s h a s a l ready b een d emonstrated , t here a re n o s ecure ly a ttested e xamp les o f A ng lo-Saxon o ccurrences ( be low ) a nd o f t he l atter , o n ly s even i n stances may b e c i ted ( be low ) . H ere a t l east t here i sl i tt le p oss ib i l ity o f t he c ont inuance o f aR oman c ustom , i n c ontrast t o c ont inenta l g raves . I n c onc lus ion , t herefore , i t must b e s a id t here i s l i tt le p oss ib i l ity o f d e monstrat ing t he s urv iva l o r t he a ss im i lat ion o f t he l ate R oman p opu lat ion i nto A ng lo-Saxon s oc iety p ure ly o n a n a rtefactua l b as is . T he s ign if icance o f t h is w i l l b e a ssessed i n p art I V . I L Ro man o b jects i n c ont inental g raves o f t he f i f th t o s eventh c en tur ies .

I n o rder t o s ee whether t he p henomenon o f R oman ' r es idua l ' mater ia l i n p agan Ang lo-Saxon g raves i s a n i s o lated o ne o r a t endency o f G erman ic p eop les i n g enera l , I h ave e xam ined a sma l l s e lect ion o f c ont inen ta l c emeter ies f or c ompar ison . L ack o f s pace d ictates a b r ief n ote b ut t here i s p lenty o f s cope f or a f ul ler s urvey t ak ing i n to a ccount t he c onc lus ions o f t h i s t hes is a nd t est ing t he h ypothes is p roposed h ere a ga inst t hat mater ia l . I n s o me r espects , t he s i tuat ion i s much more c omp lex i n t hat t he c ont inenta l G erman s w ere c onf ronted w ith a much more R oman ised s oc iety t han t hey s eem t o h ave e ncountered i n B r ita in . A lthough a reas o f R oman Gau l were l o st a s e ar ly a s 4 07 , t he f ina l c o l lapse o f o ff ic ia l R oman r u le d id n ot o ccur u nt i l a s l ate a s 4 76 w ith t he d e feat o f S yagr ius b y t he F ranks u nder C lov is . T he l etter s o f S idon ius Apo l l inar is a nd , l ater , G regory o f T ours make i t c lear t hat t he e ssence o f R oman itas - t he c ity a nd e ven t he v i l la - c ont inued t o e x i st w ith in t he n ew f ramework o f a G erman ic s oc iety . T he measure o f t he s uccess o f G a l l ic s urv iva l i s s ure ly t o b e d etected i n t he a dopt ion o f C hr i st ian ity b y t he F ranks w ith a l l t he p o l it ica l i mp l icat ions t hat t h is h ad ( U l lmann 1 972 , 3 7 ) . T hese f acts make a n a ssessment o f R oman o b jects a l l t he more d iff icu l t g iven t he f act t hat mass p roduced p ottery a nd g lass wou ld h ave b een f ree ly a va i lab le a t a l l t imes a nd t ha t t he R oman a rmy w ith i t s e qu ipment a nd w orkshop s wou ld h ave b een i n e x istence u nt i l t he t h ird q uarter o f t he f i fth c entury i n s ome a reas . T hus , f or e xamp le , most o f t he g raves c ons idered b y B 8hme ' s s urvey ( 1974 ) a re o f w hat wou ld b e t ermed i n B r ita in t he l a te R oman

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p er iod a nd wou ld t hus f a l l o uts ide t he s cope o f t h is work . T he p agan p er iod , i ndeed , c an h ard ly h ave b een s a id t o h ave e x isted i n G au l . D esp ite t hese c aveats , i t i s c lear t ha t R oman o b jects w ere u sed i n g reat a bundance t hroughout t he f i fth t o s eventh c entury . I ndeed , t he q ua l ity a nd q uant ity d emon strate j ust h ow mater ia l ly p overty s tr icken B r ita in w as . F or t h is s urvey , Ih ave u sed i n p art icu lar B . Young 's s ynthet ic a na lys is o f f our Merov ing ian c emeter ies i n F rance : Mez ieres-Manche ster , L avoye , D ieues ur-Marne a nd Mazerny . I n g enera l t erms t he b ur ia l r i te may b e s u m mar ised a s e i ther a g rave c ons i st ing o f as imp le t rench o r p i t o r a more e laborate d ry s tone r evetted c ut . T he l a tter o ften c onta ins e laborate s tructures i n w ood b ier s e tc . b ut c over ings a re r are . T he t endency t owards c arefu l ( and t herfore more e xpens ive ) b ur ia l g rew i n t he l ater s ixth a nd s eventh c entury ( 1984 , 1 423 ) . T he n orma l r i te i s c a l led b y t he a uthor ' i nhumat ion h ab i l lge ' wh ich h e d ef ines a s mere ly t he w ish o f t he d eceased t o b e i n terred i n h is o r h er own e veryday c lothes ( 1984 , 1 57 ) . I n E ngl ish c emeter ies , t he ma jor i ty o f t hose i nterred c an b e t hus t ermed b ut a s ign if icant n umber a re i d eshab i l l6e 1 ( unaccompan ied ) e i ther t hrough p overty o r r e l ig ious b el ief . O f t hose i n c ont inenta l c emeter ies w ith t he b ur ia l r i te ' i nhumat ion h ab i l lee ' , t he d iv is ion b etween t he s exes i s t he most s ign if icant . I n g enera l t erms , a s i n E ng l ish c emeter ies , t he ma les h ave l e ss a rtefacts b oth i n q uant ity a nd v ar iety t han t he f e ma les , a l though t h i s d oes n ot e xc lude g raves o f h igh q ua l ity among t he men : g rave 3 19 a t L avoye i s ac ase i n p o int ( Chenet , 1 935 ) . Most o f t he ma le b ur ia l s a re d ef ined p ure ly b y t he weapons w ith w h ich t hey a re b ur ied a nd t h is g ives l i tt le s cope f or t he i ncorporat ion o f R oman mater ia l , a l though l ate R oman b e lt s ets c ont inue i n u se we l l i nto t he f i fth c entury ( B8h me 1 974 I , 8 2-3 ) . O ther t yp ica l ma le a ccessor ies a re v esse ls i n c opper a l loy , g lass a nd p ottery . T he f i rst v esse l t ype i sr e lat ive ly r are , a s i n E ng land . I n t he f our c e meter ies u nder c ons iderat ion , o n ly t hree c ases a re n oted ( B . Young 1 984 , 1 54 ) . A lthough g lass v esse ls a re much more f requent t han t he E ng l ish c emeter ies d ue t o t he ir p rox im ity t o l oca l p roduct ion c entres , t hey a re s t i l l r e lat ive ly r are i n t hese f our c emeter ies w ith a t ota l o f 2 3 v essel s r epresented , n ear ly a l l f ro m r i ch g raves ( i b id ) . T hus , t he i ndented b ow l ( I s ing 's 1 17) i s o ften f ound w ith t he more u sua l c law a nd c one b eaker s . P ottery a ppears t o b e t he most f requent c ho ice f or a ccessory v esse l a nd o ften more t han o ne i s b ur ied i n o ne g rave . I n g enera l t erms , t he f our c emeter ies h ave a s trong t rad it ion o f t he i nc lus ion o f p ottery v esse ls i n t he f ourth c entury w h ich d ec l ines i n t he f i f th c entury a nd b ecomes p opu lar a ga in i n t he s ixth c entury w ith t he l e ss w ea lthy s ect ions o f t he p opu lat ion ( i b id , 1 55 ) . T h is a lmost c erta in ly r ef lects t he d ecl ine o f t he G a l lo-Roman p otter ies a nd t he ir r ep lace ment b y t he Merov ing ian i ndustr ies . Young r e lated t he t rad it ion o f t he s ing le v esse l b ur ia l a t Mazerney , w h ich c ont inued u nabated t hroughout t he p er iod o f t he l i fe o f t he c emetery , t o a n a ss im i lat ion o f R oman b ur ia l c ustoms ( i b id , 1 56 ) . P erhaps t he most i n terest ing c ontrast w ith t he E ng l ish c emeter ies i st he u se o f money i n t he g raves . U n l ike t he Ang lo-Saxons , t he Merov ing ian F ranks a ppear t o h ave c ont inued t he c ustom o f rharon ' s o bo l ' p laced i n t he mouth o r h and o f t he d eceased . T he l a tter c ustom i s r ecorded i n t he r i ch ma le b ur ia l n oted a bove , g rave 3 19 a t L avoye . B ut t here i s , a s Young p o ints o ut , a f undamenta l c hange i n t he c ustom made b y t he F ranks . T he G a l lo-Roman p opu lat ion c hose t o u se t he c opper a l loy c o inage f or t he p urpose . I n o ther words , at oken f ee i sp resented . W ith t he i ncom ing F ranks g o ld o r s i lver c o ins a re i nvar iab ly u sed f or r i ch b ur ia l s s uggest ing t ha t t hey made a d i rect e quat ion

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b etween t he v a lue o f t he o bo l a nd t he s peed w ith w h ich o ne p assed o ver t he r iver S tyx . I n t he c ase o f L avoye g rave 3 19 , a t r iens o f Z eno i s u sed , a t Manchester g rave 6 8 at r iens o f t he s ame emperor was f ound o n t he j aw i n a s ixth c entury b ur ia l a nd i n g rave 8 9 ad enar ius o f F aust ina w as u sed . T h is g rave w as a ssoc iated w ith a n a n seate b rooch a nd a p ottery j ug . Money a l so a ppear s , a s i n E ng land , o n n eck laces , b race lets o r a s ap endant . A ga in , w omen a nd c h i ldren s eem t o u se c o ins more r ead i ly t han men ( Joff roy 1 974 , 8 8-91 ) . A c lass ic i n stance o f t he u se o f c o ins i n t h i s w ay i s p rov ided b y a n A lamann ic g rave o f c . 5 00 f rom B ase l ( Chr i st l ien 1 979 , A bb . 5 3 & 5 4 ) w here t he c o ins a re w orn i n p a irs , a lternat ing w ith p a ired b eads , d own t he d ress f ront . S poons , k eys a nd o ther o b jects d o n ot s eem t o b e p opu lar w ith t he F ranks b ut s poons i n s i lver c omp lete w ith t he ir h and les a re f ound , f or e xamp le , i n f e ma le g raves a t Mah lberg a nd K irkhe im am N eckar ( i b id , T af . 4 6 & 4 7 ) . I t wou ld a ppear t ha t h ere t hey a re p erform ing a s l ight ly d ifferent f unct ion a s n o a ssoc iated s uspended c rysta l b a l ls were f ound w ith t he s poon s . H owever , s ome R oman k eys , i n tag l ios a nd i m itat ion c rysta l b a l l s i n o ther mater ia ls a re i lustrated b y Chr i st le in ( i b id , 1 14 Abb . 9 1 ) . O ther g irdle r e lated f i nds p ub l ished b y C hr i st le in f rom a n A lamann ic c e metery a t Marktoberdorf i m Mlgäu i nc lude p ierced c o ins worn w ith n eck laces ( g raves 1 6 , 2 3 & 1 67 ) a nd R oman k eys ( graves 2 3 & 1 14 ; 1 966 , T af . 51 2 , 1 3 , 2 3 & 2 6 ; 2 9 3 ; 4 1 ; 3 ) . G rave 1 14 w as o f i nterest i n o ther r espects a s we l l a nd w i l l b e d i scussed b e low . I ti si n terest ing t o n ote , h owever , t hat u n l ike t he A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies , t here d oes n ot s eem t o b e a ny h e ir loom u se o f l ate R oman b uck les , o r i ndeed o f o ther o b jects . T h is may r ef lect t he f act t hat i tr e ma ined r e lat ive ly e asy t o o bta in r ep lacements o n t he C ont inent . F ina l ly , as e lect ion o f g raves may b e p resented f rom t he f our F rank ish a nd o ne A lamann ic c e meter ies t o d emonstrate s o me o f t he l i nks a nd h igh l ight s o me o f t he d ifferences b etween A ng lo-Saxon a nd c ont inenta l g raves . D ieue g rave 3 1 c onta ined a c h i ld i na n a du lt s ized g rave ( poss ib ly r eused ) . A ssoc iated w ith t he b ody was a n e name l led G al lo-Roman b rooch o f f ourth c entury d a te : Young s uggests t hat t he o b ject i s more l i ke ly t o b e -' r ecouperat ion p lutot q ue d e p a rure ' ( i b id , 4 2 ) . T h is h as a l so b een s uggested f or o ther A ng lo-Saxon g raves b ut t he s ign if icance o f t h is p art icu lar b rooch r e ma ins u nc lear . A t Mgz iers g rave 3 5 , ar i ch f e ma le g rave c onta ined t wo b rooches w ith i nter laced g arnet s ett ing s , ag o ld r ing w ith a g arnet a nd s he l l d ecorated b eze l , ac opper a l loy a n seate b rooch , ab race let a nd t wo s i lver R oman c o ins , t wo s i lver o rnaments , ac rysta l b a l l i n s l ing s , a l l f ound a t t he f eet , a nd f ina l ly a c o l lect ion o f b one , p aste , amber a nd r ock c rysta l b eads o n t he b reast . I n a dd it ion t h i s r i ch s ixth c entury g rave c onta ined a s am ian d ish s tamped OF PATR IS a nd a g lass v esse l ( i b id , 8 2 ) . C lear p aral lel s i n t he u se o f c o ins a nd p ottery may b e c i ted f rom E ng l ish c e meter ies : p resumab ly t he a ttract ion o f s am ian r e ma ined i t s u nusua l c o lour b ut i t may a l so h ave b een r e lated t o t he i nc idence o f N orth A fr ican R ed S l ip w are i n Gau l ( Hayes 1 972 , 4 15-6 ) . A t L avoye , Young a lso n otes a n i n terest ing t rend i n t ha t s ome o f t he women o f t he m idd le r ange o f wea l th o n ly h ad o ne b rooch : t he r ich a lways h ad more ( i b id , 1 2 ) . I t i s u ncerta in w hether t hese r epresent a ss im i lated Ga l lo-Romans , a s may b e t he c ase i n B r ita in , o r w hether t hese w omen w ere u nab le t o a fford a s econd b rooch o r wore a d ifferent , F rank i sh , c ostume . F ina l ly , a t Marktoberdorf i m A l lgäu , a w oman i n g rave 1 14 w as a ssoc iated w ith p a ired b ird b rooches , as t r ing o f b eads , ad oub les ided c omb i n ac ase , a n i ron b uck le a nd a k n ife a nd a p in less C lass Cb p enannu lar b rooch w ith a c opper a l loy R oman k ey a nd a r ing mounted o n i t . F rom t he g rave p lan , i t i s c lear t hat t h is b rooch was f unct ion ing a s a c hate la ine ( Chr is t le in 1 966 , 1 35 T af . 2 9 & 1 10 ) .

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C lear ly t here a re b oth s im i lar it ies a nd d ifferences b etween t he t wo c u ltures . T he F ranks w ith t he ir c lose p rox im ity t o ar easonab ly s trong R oman s oc iety , h owever b attered , meant t ha t t hey a ss im i lated s evera l R oman c ustoms s uch a s t he u se o f ' Charon ' s o bo l ' . B ut t hey d id c hange t hi s i n as ub t le f ash ion s uggest ing t ha t t he ir c u l ture was b y n o mean s o verwhe lmed . I ndeed , i f J ames ' a rgument o n t he s ign if icance o f t he Aqu itan ian b uck les i s g iven c redence , t hen t he a ss im i lat ion a ppears t o h ave g one i n t he o ppos ite d irect ion ( 1979 , 6 2 ) . I n A lamann ic a reas , h owever , ag reater c orrespondence w ith Ang loS axon c u stoms i s e v idenced a nd c lear ly f urther c ompa rat ive work wou ld b e o f b enef it i n t h is a rea . P erhaps t he g reatest d i fference l i es i n t he c omparat ive e ase w ith w h ich t he c ont inenta l Germans w ere a b le t o a cqu ire mass p roduced e veryday a nd l uxury g oods : o n ly t he p eop les o f K ent c ou ld h ope t o c ompete a t t hat l eve l . i l L T he s ign if icance o f Roman o b jects i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves . O ne o f t he p r inc ipa l d i ff icu l t ies w ith t he mater ia l c overed b y t h is t hes is i s t he e xtreme d iver s ity o f t he s ub ject matter . A s c an b e s een f rom t he c hapter h ead ing s , ab as ic d iv i s ion i s p oss ib le f rom t he a pparant u se o f t he o b jects , e i ther a s d ress a ccessor ies o r a s a ccompany ing o b jects . O n t h i s b as is , I h ave c ata logued c o ins , l ate R oman b e lt e qu ipment , t wo c ategor ies o f b rooches , a nd d ress a ccessor ies i n t he f i rst g roup a nd v esse ls a nd a m isce l laneous g roup i n t he s econd . A lthough a f a ir ly w ide r ange o f o b jects i s c overed i n t he c a ta logue , most o f t hese o ccur i n frequent ly a nd o n ly a f ew c ategor ies may b e c ited a s h av ing s ign if icance : b rooches , v esse ls , b uck les , c o ins , s poons , k eys , b race lets , r ings a nd i n tagl ios . A c ompa r i son w ith a n i nventory o f o b jects r ecovered f rom a ny R oman s i te wou ld , n o d oubt , s how t he s ame mater ia l o ccur ing b ut i t i s c lear t ha t many c a tegor ies t ha t o ne m ight e xpect a re a bsent o r p oor ly r epresented a nd t he s heer q uant ity o f f inds i s l ack ing . F or e xamp le , f rom Gadebr idge P ark v i l la a lone o ne c an l i st 3 1 b rooches , b uck les , mounts , s tuds , f urnt iture f i tt ing s , s tee lyards , h ooks , k n ives , h and les , s poons , b e l l s , c opper a l loy s heet f ragments , n ear ly 4 0 r i ngs , 2 2 c opper a l loy b race lets , t o i let a rt ic les , 6c opper a l loy p ins , b one p ins , i r on o b jects , i r on k eys , g lass, whor ls e tc . ( Nea l 1 978 , 1 01 - 2 66 ) . T h i s i sn ot t o l i st i n a dd it ion t he c o ins a nd t he p ottery . I n c ompar ison , a l l t he R oman o b jects f rom Ang loS axon c emeter ies b are ly match t h i s o ne t yp ica l v i l la s i te . T he s e lect ion , a nd q uant ity , may b e r e lated , h owever , t o t hat w h ich m ight b e e xpected f rom a more i mpover i shed R omano-B r it i sh n at ive s ett lement . A t H aymes , G l . , f or e xamp le , af i rst t o f ourth c entury s ett le ment o f w att le a nd d aub s tructures h as a sma l l f i nds l i st c ons ist ing o f 1 8 b rooches , ac lasp k n ife , 3b race lets , 2 t o i let a rt ic les , as ty lus , as ea l b ox l i d , 2f inger r ing s , 3p ins , b eads a nd 1 1 c o ins . T he o n ly ma jor d ifference b etween t h i s s i te a nd t he s ort o f o b jects t ha t wou ld b e f ound i n A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies a re t he l arge n umbers o f p ottery a nd g lass v esse ls r epresen ted ( Rawes 1 986 , p ass im ) . Wh i l st t he s elect ion o f o b jects i st hus c lose t o w hat m ight b e e xpected f rom a R oman s i te , s ome f orm o f s e lect ion p rocess i su nderway : t he o b jects i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves a re c hosen f or s pec if ic p urposes . T he p urposes t o w h ich t hese o b jects a re b e ing p ut d iffer s f rom t ha t w h ich wou ld b e e xpected o n aR oman s i te s i nce many h ave b een mod if ied i n v ar ious ways . T he h ypothes is t hat o n ly c erta in i t e ms a re s e lected f rom R oman s i tes may b e t ested f urther b y ac ompa r ison w ith t he mater ia l f ound o n s ett le ment s i tes o f t he p agan A ng lo-Saxon p er iod . O n ly o ne s i te h a s b een a dequately p ub l ished i ne nough d eta i l t o a l low t h i s t o b e c arr ied o ut : West S tow , S f . ( West 1 985 ) . A b r ief s ummary o f R oman mater ia l f ound a ssoc iated w ith t he A ng lo-

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S axon b u i ld ing s i s c a ta logued b y West ( 1985 , 1 22 ) . T h is i ncludes c o ins ( 289 e xamp les ) , b rooches ( 3 d o lph in a nd o ne N auhe im b rooch ) , s poons , p ins , b race lets a nd f i nger r i ngs . I n a dd it ion , Iwou ld a dd p enannu lar b rooche s ( F ig . , 1 97 , 3 ; 2 29 , 1 ; 2 31 , 2 1 ; 2 37 , 1 0 ; o n ly o ne o f t hese i s f rom a b u i ld ing h owever ) a nd a l ate R oman T ortworthtype s trap e nd ( F ig . 1 23 , 1 ) . West a l so n otes s ome m isce l laneous mater ia l : a n u nguent s poon ( F ig . 1 3 , 1 ) , ab a lance-beam ( F ig . 2 37 , 2 ) a nd a m in iature a xe ( F ig . 6 0 , 3 ) . T he o n ly g roup s m i ss ing f rom t hese Ih ave l i sted f rom c emeter ies a re k eys a nd ( understandab ly ) v esse l s o f a l l t ypes . T he c orre lat ion i s q u ite r emarkab le a nd d emonstrates t he s ame s e lect ive a pp roach t o R oman mater ia l . T he b reakdown o f t he mater ia l f rom West S tow t hrough t ime a ppears t o c onf irm t he h ypothes is t ha t t he u se o f R omano-B r it ish o b jects r eached a p eak i n t he s ixth c entury b ut w as e verp resent t hroughout t he p agan p er iod ( F ig . 9 8 ) . West S tow may n ot , h owever , b e at yp ica l s i te i n t he n umber o f o b jects t hat w ere f ound . A t B ishop stone , S x . , f or e xamp le , a sma l l s ett lement o f t he s ixth c entury o ver lay a s im i lar s i zed R omano-B r it ish s ett le ment d at ing f rom t he f i rst t o f ourth c entur ies . F inds f rom b oth p er iods were p oor . F rom t he R omano-B r it i sh s ett lement c ame q uern f ragments , c ounters , b one p ins , ag lass b ead , af ew i r on o b jects a nd n ine c o ins ( Be l l 1 977 , 1 80-187 ) . T he A ng lo-Saxon s ett lement h ad e ven l ess mater ia l b ut i nc luded w hor l s , ab one p in , ac opper a l loy b ucket b ind ing a nd i r on o b jects ( i b id , 2 35-237) . C lear ly , t he r ange o f o b jects f ound i n b oth p er iods i s s im i lar a nd e qua l ly p oor . I t i s t rue t ha t s ome o f t he R oman o b jects i n A ng lo-Saxon c emeter ies may h ave b een u sed b ecause o f t he ir i n tr ins ic u sefulness : ap r ime e xamp le o f t h i s a re v esse l s o f a l l f abr ics . T h i s i sp art icu lar ly s o f or meta l a nd g lass , b oth d iff icu lt t o o bta in f or most o f t he c ountry i n t he f i fth t o s eventh c entur ies a nd i s t rue f or u nusua l p ottery e .g . s am ian . H owever , e ven t he o rd inary w e l lf ired a nd w hee l t hrown R oman p ottery wou ld h ave h ad i t s a ttract ions . T he o ccurrence o f R oman v esse ls i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves i s t hus n o more r e markab le t han t he f ind ing o f i mported c ontemporary v essel s . B oth f i l led a v acuum w h ich t he A ng lo-Saxons were u nab le t o s at i sfy t hemse lves ( on A ng loS axon t rade i n g enera l , s ee R ichards 1 980 p a ss im ) . I n t h i s , t he A ng lo-Saxons were o n ly c a rry ing o n t he ir t rad it iona l G erman ic t aste f or R oman o b jects o f h igh q ua l ity ( Eggers 1 951 ; H edeagar 1 978 ) . T he c o l lapse o f t he l ater R oman i ndustr ies o f mass p roduct ion f orced t hem t o s ea rch e l sewhere f or t he ir o b jects a nd , i n a n i mpover ished E ng land , t h is w i l l h ave b een e spec ia l ly d iff icu l t p a rt icu lar ly o uts ide K ent . W ith f ash ionab le i mported p ottery i n s hort s upp ly , a n o pportun ist ic a pp roach w as a dopted : i f mater ia l o f s u itab le t ype t urned u p , t hen i t was u sed . A p art icu lar ly g ood e xamp le o f t h i s i s t he Westbere b ott le v ase a nd p oss ib ly t he b eaker f rom R usk ington , L i . ( F ig . 9 7 ) . T he s ame a pp roach may a l so b e s een i n g las s w here a n t ique v esse l s w h ich r ese mb led c ontemporary p roducts r e ma ined i n c ircu lat ion f or c ons iderab le p er iods ( cf Muck ing I , 8 43 ) . T he m i sce l laneous g roup o f a ccessory o b jects h as a l ready r ece ived l engthy c ons iderat ion e lsewhere ( Chapter 8 ) b ut t he c onc lus ions o f t hat a ssessmen t a re w orth r estat ing h ere . T he sma l l , b ut c ons istent , g roup o f R oman o b jects t hat w ere s e lected f or u se p r imar i ly c ons isted o f s poons w h ich u sua l ly h ad t he ir h and les b roken o ff , k eys , t errets a nd o ther c a st r i ngs . S herds o f b oth g lass a nd p ottery a re a lso f requent ly f ound i n f e ma le b ag c o l lect ions a nd t hese a re a l so o f R oman d ate b ut n ot a lways s o . O ther o b jects a ppear ( buck les , e tc . ) b ut t hese a re o ften i s o lated c ases a nd a ppear t o h ave l i tt le s ign if icance . B rown h as p robab ly made t he b est a ssessment o f t he u se o f s ome o f t hese o b jects w hen h e a rgued t hat t he ma jor ity o f t hem c ou ld b e e as i ly

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s uspended a nd t ha t , s ince t hey o ften o ccured i n f e ma le b ur ia l s w ith o ther g ird le e qu ipment , t hey w ere a lmost c erta in ly u sed a s o b jects w ith amu let ic s ign if icance ( 1977 ) . T h is a ppear s t o b e p art icu lar ly t rue f o r t he l ater s ixth c entury w hen p erhaps s oc ia l d i fferences b egan t o r eestab l ish t hemse lves . I f u l ly a ccept t he we ight o f h is a rgumen ts : i t c er ta in ly e xp la ins t he r ings w h ich o therw ise wou ld b e d i ff icu lt t o a ccount f or . H owever , t here a re more t o t hese ' amu lets ' t han a ppears a t f i rst a nd t here i ss trong r eason t o b e l ieve t ha t s poons a nd k eys i n p a rt icu lar p layed a n a ltogether d i fferent r o le w ith in a n i ncreas ing ly s t rat if ied s oc iety . I t h a s b een d emonstrated t ha t s uch s t rat if icat ion c an b e i dent if ied p art icu lar ly i n f e ma le g raves i n t he l ater s ixth c entury ( Arno ld 1 980 ; B rennan 1 985 ) . T he i mpl ica t ion o f t h i s i s t ha t R oman o b jects w ere p art icu lar ly u sed b y t he m idd le r ange o f s oc iety t o c opy i mported a nd/or l uxury g oods u sed b y t he h igher e che lons o f s oc iety : R oman s poons a nd o ak a pp les f or s ieve s poons a nd c rysta l b a l l s , a nd R oman k eys f or G ird le H anger s ( F ig . 9 5 & 9 6 ) . I n a dd it ion t o t h is , t here i s a l so t he p o ss ib i l ity t ha t s o me o f t he o b jects w ere u sed f or t he ir more p ortab le s ize , h ence t he d e l iberate r emova l o f t he l ong h and les o f R oman s poons . I n mov ing o nto o b jects o f p ersona l a dornment , t here i s much more i n format ion t o a ssess . T he l argest g roup i s o f R oman b rooche s a nd t hese , a ga in , t end t o b e u sed f unct iona l ly . A d iv is ion h as b een made i n t he t hes i s b etween b rooch t ypes t ha t a re n ot manufactured b eyond t he m idd le o f t he f i fth c entury a nd p enannu lar b rooches , w h ich h ave a much l onger l i fe s pan . D iscuss ing R oman b rooches f i rst , t he l argest c a tegory i n u se a re t he s imp le b ow b rooches ( Nauhe im o r C o lchester ) . T hese o ften a ppear s ing ly i n A ng loS axon g raves o f f i fth o r s ixth c entury d a te ; l ater e xamp les a re s omet imes o f sma l l G erman ic b ow b rooches . T hat t hese o b jects a re i n u se s ome f our c entur ies a fter t he ir manufacture c an b e p ut d own t o t he d i scovery o f e xamp les d ur ing t he l oot ing o f R oman s i tes o r e ven d ur ing g enera l l i v ing : R oman mater ia l i sn ot , a f ter a l l , r are o n G erman ic s ett lement s i tes ( c .f . West S tow , S f . , Muck ing , E x . e tc . ; a bove ) . T he ir s e lect ion wou ld h ave b een made more l i ke ly , i ndeed , b y t he ir s impl ic ity . E ven w ith t he c a tch p late b roken , t hey c an s t i l l b e worn r easonab ly e ffect ive ly , a s h as b een c onc lus ive ly d emonstra ted a t P ortway D own 6 7 , H a . O ther b rooches o ccur n ear o r o n k nown l ate I r on A ge o r e ar ly R oman s i tes s uch a s P agan ' s H i l l , S o . ( L . Watts , p er s . c omm . ) a nd , a ga in , t hese s ure ly r epresent o b jets t rouvee . N onethe less , t he t endency f or t hese s imp le b rooches t o o ccur i n e ar ly g raves n eeds s o me e xp lana t ion a nd c an p robab ly b e r e lated t o t he ir s im i lar ity t o f ourth c entury A rmbrustf ibe l w h ich a re o n ly r are ly f ound i n c e meter ies i n t h is c ountry . T he f lattened a nd o ften f acetted b ow a re s ha red c ha racter i st ics a s i s t he a ppearance o f t he s pr ing o n e ither s ide o f t he h ead o f t he b ow ( F ig . 9 4 ,1-2 ) . O ther b rooch t ypes a ppear ing w ith s o me r egu lar ity a re t he g i lded a nd s tamped b rooches w ith c entra l s ett ings d iscussed b y D ick inson i n r e lat ion t o t he g enes is o f t he A ng lo-Saxon d i sc b rooch ( 1979 ) . F urther d i scuss ion i n t h i s t hes is a ppears , a t l a st , t o c onf irm t hat t hese b rooches w ere i n u se a t l east u nt i l t he t h ird q uarter o f t he f ourth c entury a nd t hus D ick inson ' s t hes is may c arry more w e ight t han Mackreth a l lows ( 1982a ) . O f p art icu lar i n terest i n t h is g roup i s t he a pparent u se o f t hese b rooche s , a nd s o me o f t hose w ith e name l , a s s ubst itutes f or c ontemporary b rooches s uch a s t he k eystone g arnet d isc b rooches o f K ent ( F ig . 9 4 ,3-4 ) . O ther s may h ave c ont inued t o h ave b een u sed i n R oman d ress s ty le i n to t he b eg inn ing o f t he s ixth c entury . T he s tatus o f p enannular b rooches a nd t he q uest ion o f t he i n f luence o f R omano-B r it ish meta lwork ing t rad it ions o n b rooches i s aq uest ion t hat n eeds

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more c are . P rev ious a rgumen ts a bout t he c ont inu ing t rad it ion o f p enannu lar b rooches h ave t ended t o b e s o mewhat u ncr it ica l l ead ing t o s trong c ounter a rguments ( Long ley 1 975 ; H irst 1 985 ) . T here i s ac lear t rend f or t he r euse o f R oman p enannu lar b rooches o f a l l d ates t hroughout t he A ng lo-Saxon p er iod . T hese b rooches w ere , n o d oubt , s tray f i nds r eused , a s a t Waker ley 1 3 f or e xamp le o r B lewburton 1 2 . A ga in , t h i s s eems more l i ke o pportun ism t han a nyth ing e l se a nd c erta in ly c annot b e s een a s ac ont inuat ion o f R omano-Ce l t ic t rad it ions . C lose a na lys is o f t he Ang lo-Saxon g rave f inds a l lows t he i dent if icat ion o f C lasses A a , Ca nd D i n p a rt icu lar a s G erman ic g roups a nd t he u se o f i r on t o make t he b rooch o r p in a s a n e ssent ia l ly G erman ic t ra i t . F urther , i n t he c emeter ies ment ioned , t here a re b rooches o f t rue p o st R oman C e l t ic t ype w h ich s ure ly r epresent t rade o f s ome k ind ( Fow ler t ype A 5 , E , F a nd G ) . T h is l atter b rooch ( C lass G ) , a l though manufactured i n C e l t ic a rea s , i s u sed e qua l ly i n A ng lo-Saxon c e meter ies a nd e ven r ef lects t he t rad it ions o f A ng lo-Saxon j ew e l le r y . T he p rob le m o f t he i n f luence o f R omano-B r it i sh meta lwork ing o n A ng loS axon b rooch manufacture i s more d i ff icu lt t o r eso lve : p erhaps p r imar i ly b ecau se o f t he b iases o f t he v ar ious s cho lars w ho h ave s tud ied t he p rob lem . T he s uggest ion o f i n f luence n eed n ot , h owever , c arry a ny c u ltura l i mp l icat ions a t a l l . F ew wou ld d eny t ha t G erman ic j ewe l lery , a rt , meta lwork , g lasswork e tc . c arry o n w ith h ard ly a b reak f rom t he ir l ate R oman p redecessors i n to t he p ost R oman p er iod . T he G erman ic g en ius f or i nvent ion a nd d eve lopment s oon , h owever , meant t hat t here w as a n i ncreas ing ly l arge g ap b etween t he e r stwh i le R oman p rototypes a nd t he G erman ic s uccessor s . T he p rob le m o f a nnu lar b rooches i sp erhaps t he b est e xamp le o f t he c onfused s i tuat ion . R ecent a rguemen ts h ave c oncluded , c ont ra L eeds ( 1945 ) , t ha t t hese were s pec if ica l ly G erman ic i nvent ions b ut t hat t he ir f u l l d eve lopment o n ly o ccurred i n B r ita in d ur ing t he f i fth a nd s ixth c entur ies ( H irst 1 985 , 5 6-7 ) . N everthe less , R oman a nnu lar p rototypes f or t hese e ar ly G erman ic b rooches a re k nown f rom t he c ont inent a nd t he ir d eve lopment i n B r ita in c an s t i l l b e s een a s t he r esu l t o f t he i n f luence o f R oman b rooches , i n p art icu lar t he f lat-hooped p enannu lar b rooches r epresented b y t hose f rom C o lchester ( Crummy 1 983 , 1 8 n o .100 ) , o n a n e ssent ia l ly G erman ic b rooch t ype . T hus t he p rob lem l i es n ot i n t he i nsp irat ionfor t he b rooches b ut w hether c u l tura l l abe ls s hou ld b e a ttached a s w e l l . Ib e l ieve t hat t he u se o f ap art icu lar b rooch f orm b y a n i nd iv idua l d oes n ot n ecessar i ly s ay a nyth ing a bout t he c u l tura l i dent ity o f t he c raf tsman w ho c reated i t o r , s t i l l l e ss , a bout t he p erson w ear ing i t . T here i s n o d oubt t hat c raftsmen were f l ex ib le e nough a nd i nvent ive e nough t o d raw o n many s ources f or t he c reat ion o f b rooch f orms a nd d ecorat ion . T he q uest ion o f l ate R oman m i l itary b e l t f i tt ing s i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves h as b een s o mewhat v exed i n t he p ast b ut t he p os it ion i sn ow much c learer b oth i n c hrono logy a nd i n t ypo logy . T he mater ia l may b e d iv ided i n to t hree c hrono log ica l g roup s . T he f i rst c ons ists o f a sma l l n umber o f g raves w h ich may b e i n terpreted a s t he g raves o f s o ld ier s i n t he emp loy o f t he l ate R oman a rmy . T he o ccurrence o f s ome f e ma le g raves o f s im i lar ly e ar ly d ate a ssoc iated w ith t hese ma le g raves may a l so b e e xp la ined b y f ederate s ett le ment i n t he e ar ly f i fth c entury o n t erms w h ich a re n ow o bscure . T he s econd g roup o ccu r i n a n i s o lated a nd o f ten b attered o r u nuseab le c ond it ion i ng raves o f b oth s exes i n t he l ater f i fth a nd e ar ly s ixth c entury . T he i dea o f ' s crap meta l ' c o l lect ion may b e l arge ly r u led o ut g iven t ha t t hey a re n ot u sua l ly f ound i n b ag c o l lect ions . A lso , w hen r ecovered , s ome o f t hese p ieces a re i n u se e ven i f b roken o r r epa ired . Two h ypotheses may b e a dvanced t o c over t h is p rob lem . T he f i rst i st hat t hese l ate R oman b e lt f i tt ing s s t i l l c a rr ied s ome a ura o f t he ir

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o ff ic ia l n ature a nd w ere r e ta ined a s h e ir looms t o t he s econd o r t h ird g enerat ion . T he s econd i s t hat t hese b e lt p ieces c ou ld b e s een , i n t he ir more e laborate f orms , t o e cho c onte mporary i n la id i ron b e lt s ets a nd may t hus r epresent a nother i n stance o f i m itat ion . A t h ird g roup , d at ing t o t he l ater s ixth c en tury , a re n ea r ly a lways i n f e ma le b ag c o l lect ions a nd may h ave a qu ired amu let ic f unct ions , a s B rown s uggests ( 1977 , 9 6 ) . Q uo it b rooch s ty le meta lwork a l so f i ts b oth h ypotheses a nd t he a rgument i n t h is c a se c an b e e xtended t o Q uo it B rooch s ty le b rooches f or t he h e ir loom t hes is . T he o ccurrence o f i n la id meta lwork , s o me o f i t s ure ly E ngl ish a s We lch s uggests ( 1983 I , 9 6-7 ) , may a lso b e c ited a s f urther e v idence f or t he s urv iva l o f R omano-B r it i sh t echn iques . S uch s urv iva l i n i r onwork ing t rad it ions i s e v idenced a s l ate a s t he s eventh c entury i n t he S utton H oo c au ldron c ha ins ( Brown 1 974 , 1 95 ) . T he e v idence o f c o in u se , i n c ontrast t o o ther o b jects o f p er sona l a dorn ment , d emonstrates a c omp lete b reak w ith R oman s oc iety . T here a re n o c a ses o f t he u se o f c o ins a s rharon ' s o ba , a nd o n ly i s o lated c a ses o f t he d epos it ion o f c o ins b y o r i n t he h and . T he c o l lapse o f t he money e conomy o f R oman B r ita in i sn ow k nown t o h ave o ccurred b efore t he A ng lo-Saxons s ett led ( Kent 1 961 , 4 -5 ) . T o t he A ng lo-Saxons , c o ins wou ld h ave b een u se less a s money a nd t he ir o n ly p o ss ib le u se c ou ld h ave b een o rnamenta l , amu let ic o r a s s crap . T he c ontext o f most o f t he c o ins ( i n f e ma le p ouches o r a s p endants f rom n eck laces ) s uggests a c omb inat ion o f t he f i rst t wo . T he t h ird p o ss ib i l ity may b e e xc luded b y t he f act t hat i n t he ma jor ity o f c ases o n ly o ne c o in h as b een f ound a l though t he l a rge n umber o f c o ins f rom West S tow , S f . may p erhaps b ear w itness t o a more w idespread u se o f c o ins a s s crap i n A ng lo-Saxon s oc iety t han t he c emeter ies a l low . F rom t he a rgument s o f ar s evera l c onclus ions may b e r eached . F irst ly , t he e v idence f or t he u se o f R oman o b jects a s af orm o f ' sma l l c hange ' ( Myres 1 978 ) w i l l n ot s tand u p t o r igorous a na lys is a fter q uan t if icat ion o f t he d a ta . T he o b jects o ccur o n ly i n frequent ly i n g raves a nd u sua l ly o ccur s ing ly . S evera l o f t he f i nds h ave s trong h a l lmarks o f h av ing b een f ound a cc identa l ly b y t he A ng lo-Saxons a nd r eused a ccord ing ly ( s ee b e low ) . T here i sl i tt le e v idence f or a t rade i n s crap meta l a rchaeo log ica l ly e xcept , p a radox ica l ly , i n C e l t ic a reas a nd t here i s n o n eed t o i mp ly a t rade a s R oman o b jects i n t he s ett led a reas wou ld h ave b een c ommonp lace f i nds . Meta lworker s wou ld h ave h ad f ew s upp ly d iff icu l t ies a nd i t wou ld h ave b een r e lat ive ly e asy t o s upp ly t he ir n eeds o n a n a d h oc b as is . t ha t meta lworker s d id i ndeed u se s crap f rom R oman s i tes a s t he r aw mater ia l f or t he ir own c reat ions h as b een p roved b y a na lys i s o f A ng loS axon a rtefacts ( D ick inson 1 976 I ,2 42 ) . N one o f t he R oman mater ia l i n g raves n eed b e i n terpreted i n t h i s way , h owever , p art icu lar ly i n t he l i ght o f my a l ternat ive s uggest ions . T he e xcept ion t o t h is r u le may b e t he i nc idence o f f ragments o f c opper a l loy s heet a nd i r on o b jects o ften f ound i n b ag c o l lect ions . I ti si ndeed d iff icu l t t o c ome u p w ith a n a l ternat ive i n terpretat ion f or t h is mater ia l b ut i t c an b e a rgued t hat w omen c om m i ss ion ing a b rooch c ou ld h ave s upp l ied t he ir own r aw mater ia l t o t he j ewe l ler k eep t he p r ice d own . Iwou ld a rgue t hat s ome o f t he o b jects a ppear t o h ave b een u sed a s a s ubst itute f or o b jects w h ich may h ave b een u nobta inab le e i ther t hrough t he p overty o f t he i nd iv idua l o r o f t he c om mun ity . I m itat ion i s d emonstrab le w here o b jects o f R oman d ate f ortu itous ly r ese mb le c onte mporary g oods ( F igs . 9 4-97 ) . T h i s i m itat ion a ppears t o b e r e lated i n p a rt icu lar t o t he m idd le t o l ate s ixth c entury a nd i n to t he s eventh , a nd may r epresent t he g rowth o f s tatus w ith in s oc iety . E ar l ier i n stances may b e c ited , h owever , a nd s ome o f t hese a ppear t o r ef lect t he u se o f o b jects w h ich r esemb le G erman ic o b jects

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u nobta inab le i n t h is c ountry ( Armbrustf ibe l a nd t utu lus b rooches ) . T h irdly , s ome o f t he o b jects l i sted ; g la ssware , b e lt s ets , s ome b rooches e tc . w ere i n u se i n l ate R oman B r ita in a nd i ti se asy t o e nv i sage t h is mater ia l c ont inu ing i nu se i n to f i fth c entury Ang lo-Saxon E ng land . A l ate b ur ia l f or much o f t h is mater ia l , e ven a s l ate a s t he s ixth c entury , n eed b e n o more t han a c ommun ity o f e ither n at ive o r G erman ic c u lture p reserv ing o b jects t hat w ere n o l onger o bta inab le . R ahtz ' s s cenar io , w h i le o ver stated , n onethe less c a rr ies t h is p o int w ith f orce ( 1985 , 1 11-3 ) . I t i s ap henomenon t hat i sh ard ly s urp r i s ing , a nd t he d epos it ion o f R oman o b jects b y t he s ixth c en tury may i nd ica te t ha t a l ternat ive s ources h ad t hen a ppeared . I ndeed , much o f t he g lassware a nd a t l east o ne meta l v esse l were p robab ly b rought o ver i n t he f i f th c entury b y t he G erman s t hemse lves . T here i sn o s imp le a nswer t o t he u se o f R oman o b jects . A s a lways w ith c emetery s tud ies , c ontext a nd r ecord ing i se veryth ing . I ft he u se t o w h ich o b jects h ave b een p ut h as n ow b een e luc idated , t hen t here a re s t i l l s ome f urther q uest ions t ha t n eed t o b e a n swered . P r inc ipa l among t hese i s t he d er ivat ion o f t he o b jects . C lear ly , t he a nswer t o t h i s q uest ion d epends t o a g reat e xten t u pon t he d ate when t he o b jects w ere d epos ited . F or f i fth c entury g raves , t he u se a nd d epos it ion o f R oman o b jects s hou ld , a s a l ready a rgued , o ccas ion n o s urpr ise . A lthough A ng lo-Saxon s oc iety w as o ne t hat w as a b le t o manufacture i t s own o b jects f rom c o l lect ing r aw mater ia ls f rom R oman s i tes ( D ick inson 1 976 I ,2 42 ) , i f i tc ou ld o bta in p erfect ly u seab le R oman o b jects o r h ad managed t o r eta in t hem , t hen t here i sn o r eason w hy t hey c ou ld n ot c ont inue t o b e u sed . T he m i stake i n t he p ast h as b een t o make a f ac i le e quat ion b etween R oman o b jects a nd t he s urv iva l o f R oman s oc iety . T h i s c u l tura l l abe ll ing i s c lear ly m is lead ing i n as oc iety t ha t was a s m ixed a s w as t hat o f t he p os t R oman p er iod , a p o int made f orcefu l ly b y L ethbr idge s o me t ime a go ( 1956 , 1 13-4 ) . I n it ia l ly , s uch c o l lect ing o f r aw mater ia l , o r e ven o f c omp lete o b jects , may h ave b een r e lat ive ly e asy : i t may e ven b e e v idenced b y t he f i nd ing o f a n A ng lo-Saxon a pp l ied b rooch i n t he r u ins o f R oman L ondon ( Ev ison 1 978 , 2 63 F ig . 2 a ) . A s t ime p rogressed , h owever , s uch q ua rry ing must h ave n eeded t o b ecome more o rgan i sed i f r aw mater ia l s w ere b e ing s ought , b ut a ga in , t here i sl i tt le c oncrete e v idence f or t h i s . I ndeed , much o f t he mater ia l a ppears t o b e t he r e su l t o f o pportun i sm a nd a cc identa l f inds o n R oman s i tes i n t he v ic in ity o f t he c emetery . T hus , a t C a istor-byN orw ich t he c emetery was s i tuated o n t he s i te o f aR oman c oar se ware k i ln a nd s ome o f t he p ots w ere u sed a s c remat ion v essel s . A t S towt ing a p robab le h oard o f h orse f urn iture h ad b een d i scovered a nd d i str ibuted among s evera l members o f , p oss ib ly , t he s ame k insh ip g roup . A t B r ighthampton , a f e ma le wore t en d enar i i o r a n ton in ian i s trung o n h er n eck lace : p art o r a l l o f ah oard o f e ar ly t h ird c entury c o ins . A t P agan ' s H i l l , S o . , an umber o f A ng lo-Saxon g raves h ad f i rst a nd s econd c entury b rooches d er ived f rom a t e mp le s i te ( L . Watts , p ers . c omm . ) . Much o f t he K ent ish mater ia l a ppears t o d er ive f rom t he d i sturbance , a cc identa l o r d e l iberate , o f R oman c emeter ies i n t he a rea . O n o ther s i tes s uch a s O rp ington , P ortway D own o r K ingsworthy , t he p resence o f R oman b u i ld ing s may b e p roven o r i n ferred a nd much o f t he mater ia l may h ave b een g athered f rom t hese s i tes . I td oes a ppear t o b e t rue t hat t he q uant ity o f R oman mater ia l i ncreases w ith p rox im i ty t o aR oman s i te . T hese wou ld , o f c ourse , h ave b een much more v i s ib le i n t he s ixth o r e ven t he s eventh c entury , a s t he p oet ic e v idence s hows ( e .g . ' The R u in . ' ) . N onethe less , i t d oes a ppear t hat t he b u lk o f t he mater ia l o ccurs i n t he s ixth r ather t han t he s eventh c entury . T h i s i s p robab ly t o b e r e lated t o t he g rowth o f s oc ia l s trata w ith in s oc iety a nd t hen t he d eve lopment o f t hat s oc iety i n to t he ' f ina l p hase ' o r p roto-Chr ist ian c emeter ies w here a n ear-un iform c u l ture a ppea rs ( Meaney S c H awkes 1 970 , 4 5-6 ) . I t i s a lso c lear t hat a s t he s i xth c entury p rogressed ,

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R oman o b jects b ecame more a p art o f f e ma le h ag c o l lect ions r ather t han b e ing o pen ly u sed o n t he b ody . T he a bove makes t he s ource a nd u se o f t hese o b jects c learer b ut i t i s n ow n ecessary t o d iscu ss t he p rob lem o f b iases w h ich h ave o perated i n t he c o l lect ion o f t he d ata . O ne o f t he ma jor b iases a ppa rent i s t he l ack o f R oman o b jects i n t he c re mat ion c emeter ies ma in ly i n t he e ast o f E ng land . T h i s may b e b ecause R oman o b jects w ere n ot u sed a s much i n A ng l ian s oc iety a s i n S axon s oc iety . T here i sl i tt le s upport f or s uch a h ypothes i s , h owever , a s t he i nhumat ion c emetery a t F onaby , L i . s hows . I ndeed , al ack o f R oman o b jects i s a pparent e ven i n m ixed c emeter ies i n S axon a reas s uch a s P ortway D own o r App ledown w here t he i nhumat ions h ave much R oman mater ia l a nd t he c re mat ions p ract ica l ly n one . T h i s i s n ot a p rob lem t hat i s s tr ict ly l im ited t o R oman o b jects , h owever , b ut c an b e s a id t o a pp ly t o a l l c lasses o f G erman ic o b jects w ith t he n atura l e xc lus ion o f p ottery s tud ies . T he i ncreas ing ly c lose a tten t ion b e ing p a id t o t he e xcavat ion o f c remat ion c emeter ies mean s t ha t t h is d ispa r ity w i l l b ecome more a pparent ( e .g . S pong H i l l , N f ; H i l ls 1 980 ) . W ith in i nhumat ion c emeter ies , t he o bv ious b ias a t work i s t hat b etween t he s exes . I t i saw e l l k nown f act t hat b oth i n R oman a nd G erman ic s oc iety , t he women c a rr ied a l arger v ar iety o f o b jects t o t he g rave w ith t hem t han d id men . Men t ended t o h ave w eapons , s h ie lds , a v esse l o f p ottery , meta l o r g lassware ( or a c omb inat ion o f a l l o r s o me o f t hese ) , b uck les a nd l i tt le e l se . N atura l ly , t here i s much v ar iat ion i n t he r i tua l , a nd i n t he q ua l ity a nd q uant ity o f t he o b jects u sed , b ut t h i s b as ic f act r ema ins . W ith women , b oth t he q uant ity a nd r ange o f mater ia l i s g reat ly e xtended . C onsequent ly , t here i s much g rea ter p otent ia l f or t he u se o f R oman o b jects . A s t he s oc iety d eve loped s oc ia l s trata , s o t h is i ncrease i n t he u se o f R oman o b jects b ecame more p ronounced w ith s ubst itut ion a nd amu let ic u se b e ing p erhaps t he most i mportant mot ive . W ith c h i ldren t he p icture i s l e ss c lear a s s ex ing i s l arge ly i mposs ib le u n less c i rcu lar a rguments a re emp loyed . R oman o b jects d o , h owever , a ppear a nd i t i sp oss ib le t o s pecu late t hat R oman o b jects a ssoc iated w ith c h i ldren may h ave h ad s o me p rotect ive amu let ic u se ( Meaney 1 981 , 2 45 ) . T he u se o f R oman o b jects i s t hus l im ited o n t he w ho le t o w omen a nd c h i ldren i n i nhumat ion c emeter ies . T h i s h as meant t ha t t he d i str ibut ion map i s h eav i ly w e ighted i n f avour o f t he c entres o f t rad it iona l S axon a nd J ut ish s ett le ment i n K ent , t he T hames V a l ley , H ampsh ire a nd , t o al esser e xtent , t he f ront ier z one o f M erc ia . T h is c ou ld b e a rgued t o b e t he r esu lt o f t he f am i l iar ity o f t hese p eop les t o R oman s oc iety a nd i t s o b jects , b ut s uch a h ypothes is c arr ies l i tt le w e ight . T here i s n o e v idence t hat t he Ang l ian p opu lat ion h ad a ny l ess f am il iar ity w ith R oman s oc iety a nd o b jects ; i t w as mere ly t hat t he ir b ur ia l c ustoms p rec luded t he s urv iva l o f o b jects . T he l o ss o f a s upp ly o f mass p roduced a rtefeacts a nd t he n eed f or t he c ont inuous c onsump t ion o f o b jects i n t he f unera l r i tua l may h ave f orced t he r ap id d eve lopment o f ' c ottage ' i ndustr ies i n a l a reas t o meet t he d emand f or n ew b rooches a nd o ther a rtefacts . O n t he C ont inent , w here t hese i ndustr ies managed t o c ont inue o n c hanged l i nes , t here w as l ess n eed t o r ap id ly d eve lop i n t hese d irect ions . C onsequent ly , t he meta l , g lass a nd p ottery v esse ls a nd t o al esser e xtent t he meta lwork , s how much s tronger R oman c ont inu ity i n f orm a nd manufactur ing methods . W. Conclus ion . I ti sc lear f rom my s tudy t ha t R oman o b jects i n A ng lo-Saxon g raves i nn o w ay d emonstrate t he s urv iva l o f t he R omano-B r it ish p opu lat ion i n to A ng lo-

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S axon E ng land . A s P au l l h as d emonstrated , p lacenames a nd c u stoms r e lat ing t o d isposa l o f t he d eceased p rov ide t he most f ru itfu l a pp roach i n t he d emonstrat ion o f s urv iva l ( Faul l 1 977 , 1 -2 ) a nd t h is p rocess o f t he i dent if icat ion i sn ot l im ited t o t he n orth ( Fau l l 1 970 ; R utherford-Dav ies 1 982 ) . H owever , a s F aul l s tates , t here i sn o e v idence f or a p o l icy o f g enoc ide o f t he n at ive p opu lat ion ; ap eacefu l c o-ex istence o r a t w orst f orceab le e v ict ion f rom t he b est f arm ing l and a ppears t o h ave b een n orm i n C e lt ic-German ic r e lat ions w ith in E ng land a t l east ( 1977 , 2 ) . T he q uest ion h as b een e xam ined more r ecent ly i n A rno ld ' s s urvey o f p ost R oman B r ita in ( 1984 , 1 22-133 ) a nd h e g ets c loser t o t he r ea l c rux o f t he matter . What r ea l ly n eeds t o b e a sked o f t he e v idence i sh ow R oman i sed was t he p opu lat ion when t he G ermans a rr ived . T he a nswer a ppears t o b e n ot a g reat d ea l u n less o ne i s l ook ing a t t he h igher e che lons o f s oc iety . A s Smyth s ays ' i t s eems c lear t ha t t he A ng lo-Saxons d id n ot e ncounter a R oman p opu lat ion i n B r ita in ; b ut r ather a C e l t ic p eop le w ho h ad r ecent ly r i d t hemse lves o f t he v eneer o f R oman ways ' ( 1984 , 3 ) . T hose w ho h ad s ometh ing t o l ose f rom t he A ng lo-Saxon s ett lement o f A ng lo-Saxon E ng land , t he l andown ing a nd merchant c lass , a ppear t o h ave f l ed t o t he w estern h a lf o f t he B r it ish I s les , I r e land o r B r itanny r e inforc ing t he n ascent C hr ist ian ity i n t hese a reas a nd p erhaps i nsp ir ing a s trong r es istance t o t he G erman s ett lers ; n ot t hat t he C e l t ic a r istocracy n eeded much e ncourage ment t o f ight . T he o rd inary p easant o r t enan t f armer i n t he n ew ly-acqu ired A ng loS axon l ands wou ld h ave h ad l i tt le t o f ear f rom h is n ew masters . T hey w ere c u l tural ly a t t he s ame l eve l a nd t he ir r espect ive l anguages may h ave b een f am il iar t o b oth d ue t o G erman ic s erv ice i n t he l ate R oman a rmy . I ndeed , t he l oss o f t he t op-heavy R oman b ureaucracy may we l l h ave l ead t o ah igher s tandard o f l i v ing a s t here wou ld n o l onger b e r epress ive t axat ion t o p ay ( Arno ld 1 984 , 5 8-60 ) . T he r ea l a nswer t o t he q uest ion o f w ha t h appened t o t he l ater R oman p opu lat ion o f B r ita in must s ure ly b e t hat i t w ent o n t o f orm p art o f t he p opu lat ion o f A ng lo-Saxon E ng land . T he p rob le m i sh ow c an o ne p rove a ' p opu lat ion t hat w as B r it ish i n o r ig in a nd w ho b y t he s ixth c entury w ished o r w ere o b l iged t o c onform t o t he G erman ic c u l tura l n orm? ' ( Arno ld 1 984 , 8 0 ) . A s Ih ave s hown , i tc annot b e d one t hrough o b jects , i n t he s ame way t hat i ti s b ecom ing i ncreas ing ly d iff icu l t t o t ake G erman ic t r iba l l abe l s f rom c erta in c lasses o f o b jects a nd i mpose t hem o n t he p eop le w ho u sed t hem . What i s i mportant f rom my s tudy i st he d emonstrat ion t ha t an ew a nd e vo lv ing s oc iety w as a b le t o r euse e le ments o f t he p receed ing o ne i n ac oherent a nd l og ica l w ay . T ha t s ure ly t e l l s u s more a bout ' Ang lo-Saxon ' s oc iety t ha t t he f ru it less c has ing o f t r iba l o r e thn ic i dent it ies .

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Append ix 1 : Ca ta logue a nd Gazetteer .

1 . Ab ingdon I ,B ek . ( 0x . ) : m ixed c eme tery , e xcavated 1 860 S c1 934-5 . 9 9 c remat ions , 1 28 b ur ia ls . Da ted e a r ly f i fth -s even th c en tu ry . Two f u rther i nhuma t ion s 1 961 ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 3 ) . 1 7 C rema t ion L eed s & Ha rden 1 936 , 1 5 F ig . 4 ,P 1 . 1 .

Ovo id p ottery u rn ,

3 8 C remat ion L eed s & H a rden 1 936 , 1 8 F ig . 4 .

B icon ica l p ottery u rn , B one f rag s ? in lay f rom c a sket , Ro me lon b ead , CA p la te f rag , 2f u sed b ead s .

1 0 Ch i ld I nhumat ion S up . L eed s & H a rden 1 936 , 3 3 P l . 1 8 .

L . Hand : CA Ro B r . R . Hand : F e k n L . d cR . S h ldrs : F e s pea rhead , n a i l .

5 1 Chi ld I nhumat ion P r E -W L eed s & Ha rden 1 936 , 4 0-1 F ig . 6P l . 1 1 .

Above Head : 2a ccessory v esse ls ; P e lv is : 2 CA B u tton b r , 2 CA d i sc s ( co in s ) , 2 CA p la tes , CA & F e p ins .

5 3 Adu lt F ema le I nhumat ion WN W-ESE L eed s & Ha rden 1 936 , 4 1 P l . 1 1 .

R . S h ldr : Ro c o in L . P e lv is : Ro c o in ; S h ldrs : 2 CA D isc b r R ibs : CA P la te b r , F e P la te b r , CA p icker , r g , n eed le c ase , Centre Chest : 8 8 b eads Hand : 6b eads , 3 Ag r g s , F e k n .

5 9 Ch i ld , F ema le I nhumat ion W-E L eed s & Ha rden 1 936 , 4 2 P l . 1 2 .

S h ldrs : 2 CA D isc b r R . B reast : 3 Ro c o ins L . B reast : 2 Ro c o ins Cen tre B rea st : CA s ea l b ox l i d , l oop -head p in L . B reast : 2b ead s n r L . Wr ist : F e k n , r g , l oop & t o i let s et .

6 1 Ch i ld , I nhumat ion S up . W-E L eed s & Ha rden 1 936 , 4 3 P l . 1 3 .

Abv . S h ldrs : CA b ucket mounts , n eed le c ase S h ldrs : 2F e P enannu lar b r b e low c h in : CA p r icker L . B r st : s p . whor l , s tr ing b ead s i nc p ear ls , Ag r gR . P e lv is : F e k n , B u ; CA Rg , t weezer s , b e lt r g L . P e lv is : F e b e , c omb .

6 6 Adu lt F ema le I nhumat ion S -N L eed s & Ha rden 1 936 , 4 4 P l . 1 4 .

S h ldrs : 2 CA B utton b r , Ro c o in , i vory b ead Che st : F e p r icker & r g Wa i st : F e b u & k n .

7 0 Ch i ld I nhumat ion , WN W-ESE L eed s & Ha rden 1 936 , 4 4-5 P l . 1 4 .

R . S h ld r : CA D isc b r N r Head : CA c l ip L . R ibs : CA D isc b r On L . Wr ist : CA b race let L umber Vert : F e k n .

7 5 Adu lt F ema le I nhumat ion , WN W-ESE L eed s & Ha rden 1 936 , 4 5 P l . 1 4 .

R . B reast : R ing b r ( f rom f rag Ro b race let ) , p r CA D isc b r , 2 7 b eads , CA r o l led t ube , CA g i lt B utton b r , p in R ibs : CA R o c lasp k n , F e r g & l oop , CA Ro mart inga le , f rag s F e , l ea ther , c lo th .

7 8 Adu lt F ema le I nhumat ion NW-SE L eed s & Ha rden 1 936 , 4 6 P l . 1 5 .

R . S h ld r : 2 2 b ead s , Ro c o in CA D isc b r , 2CA p r icker s & 2 CA t r iang p endants o n r g , CA s patu la L . S h ldr : CA D isc b r F orea rm : F e k n L . Wr ist : CA D isc b r , c ha te la ine ? , F e b u c 3 t weezer s .

CA f lu ted h and le .

9 4 Ch i ld I nhuma t ion W-E L eed s & Ha rden 1 936 , 4 9 P l . 1 6 .

Wr ist : CA b rac e let .

9 5 Ma le I nhumat ion S up . S SW-NNE L eed s & Ha rden 1 936 , 5 9 P l . 1 6 .

R . E a r : P r F e P enannu la r b r ; Wa ist : F e k n .

1 03 Ma le I nhumat ion S -N s em i-con t L eed s & Ha rden 1 936 , 5 0 .

F e P enannu la r b r 2R o p ot s herds i n f i l l .

1 06 F ema le I nhumat ion L eed s S c Ha rden 1 936 , 5 1-2 , P l . 1 6 .

B reast : CA p r icker , Ro f inger r g , F e r g f rag , ? f inger r g , F e k n , CA r g , 2f rag s CA & F e r g s R . C lav ic le : p ottery v esse l , App l ied b r L . C lav ic le : CA T u tu lu s b r b a se p la te .

2 . Ab ingdon I , B ek . ( 0x .) : ap oss ib le i nhuma t ion f rom t he H igh S tree t a rea ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 3 2 ) . I nhuma t ion Sm ith 1 906a , 2 47 & i l l .

CA P enannu la r b r .

3 . A lfr iston , S x . ( E . S x .) : i nhumat ion c emetery , e xcava ted ma in ly 1 912-1913 . Da ted m idf i fth t o e a r ly s even th c entu ry . We lch c a lcu la tes a t o ta l o f 1 65 g raves w ith 1 28 r ecorded g roup s f rom 1 17 n umbered g rave s ( 1983 I , 3 42-3 ) . 1 4 Ma le I nhumat ion , W-E G r iff ith & S a lzman 1 914 , 3 2 P l . I V 6 ; X 3& 4 ; X I 8 . We lch 1 983 , 3 51 F ig . 5 .

Ro c o in , CA b u , CA b u l oop w ith F e t ongue , CA D isc b r , CA t ube , F e s pea rhead , k n , r g .

1 7 Adu lt I nhumat ion G r iff ith & S a lzman 1 914 3 3 , P l . I X ,1 . We lch 1 983 , 3 52 F ig . 7 a .

QBS CA b e lt p laques , b u &t r iangu la r f i tt ing . 2 CA t ag s .

2 4 Ma le I nhumat ion G r iff ith & S a lzman 1 914 , 3 5 P l . I ,b , X I , 4 ,4a , X IX . G r iff ith 1 915 , P L XX IX , 2 We lch 1 983 , 3 54 F ig . 8c ,d .

CA p ierced c i rcu la r mount & s tud , F e h am mera xe h ead , i n la id b u &b e lt p laques , k n?

2 8 F ema le I nhumat ion , W-E G r iff ith & S a lzman 1 914 , 3 5-6 P l . I1 , 6 ; I I 3 ; V I 3 ,3c ;X I 5 ,9 ,9a , X I I I 1 ; X IV 2 . We lch 1 983 , 3 55-6 , F ig . 1 0-12 .

G 1 b ow l , CA b ow l ; CA g i lt S quare-headed b r , p r CA g i lt S aucer b r , p r CA Swa st ika b r , l ge c ry sta l b ead , 1 89 b ead s , c lay whor l , b one o rnament , 6 CA r g s , CA m in i k n o n r g w ith b ead s , CA R o f i nger r g w ith i n tag l io , Ag Ro h exagona l r g

4 3 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W G r iff ith & S a lzman 1 914 , 3 9 -4 1 P l . I ,9 ;I I , 1 ; I V , 5 , 5 a , 1 0; V , 5 , 5 a ; X , 8 ; X I , 1a -e , 2 , 3 . G r iff ith 1 915 , P l . XXIV , 1& 2 . We lch 1 983 , 3 60 -2 F ig . 1 7b - 2 1 .

Head : g l c one b eaker Chest : CA G rea t S quar e h eaded b r ; QBS CA P enannu la r b r ; p r CA Sma l ll ong b r ; 4m in i Rad ia te-headed CA b r ; CA t ongue ; CA b u &t ongue ; 3b ead s o n Ag w ire ; 1 2 b ead s ; e ag le t a lon Down F ron t : 1 6 Ag r g w ith 3 b eads o n ; 2p ierced CA c o ins ; c owr ie s he l l P e lv is : 8 CA o rnamen ts , 2 9 b ead s Hand : Ag s p ira l r i ng L .Knee : 6 CA r gL . S h in : o rgan ic r ems ( bag ? ) 168-

6 0 F ema le I nhuma t ion , Hd W We lch 1 983 , 3 66 F ig . 2 8 a ,b .

Ro f S ku l l : Ro g l c one b eaker . p r CA g i lt S aucer b r ; CA r g ; 2 CA mounts ; F e k n , n a i l , f rags ; f l in t p ebb le .

8 4 Adu lt I nhumat ion G r iff ith 1 915 , 2 03 . We lch 1 983 , 3 73 F ig . 3 4f .

Ro c o in , F e b u , k n , 2? key s i n 5f rag s .

8 7 F ema le I nhumat ion , W-E G r iff ith 1 915 , 2 04 P l . XX I I 2 , XX I I I 1 , XXV 2 . We lch 1 983 3 74 , F ig . 3 5e -3 6c .

P r CA S aucer b r , 2 Ro c o ins , 3 0 b ead s , Ro h or se t rapp ing , t h in CA p la te , F e c u rved o b j , s herd s .

8 8 Adu lt I nhumat ion , W-E G r iff ith 1 915 , 2 04-5 P l . XXV 3 ; XXX 1 . We lch 1 983 , 3 74-5 , F ig . 3 6 c lf .

CA b u , CA R o t erre t r g , F e h inge , s and stone & f l int f rag s , 2 Ro s herds , 2( mod ) t i le f rag s .

1 03 F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd S G r iff ith 1 915 , 2 07 P l . 2 2 ,3; 2 4 ,8 ; 2 5 ,1 . We lch 1 983 , 3 78 F ig . 4 0 a -c .

CA o penwork b e lt p laque , CA t ube [ be lt f i tt ing ] , 6b eads , F e b u , F e p unch?

A Adu lt I nhumat ion G r iff ith & S a lzman 1 914 , 4 8 P l . X , 1 2 . We lch 1 983 , 3 79-80 , F ig . 4 1 c -e .

CA QBS t r iangu la r mount , 2i vory f rag s , F e b u , s tr ike-al ight , k n , f rag s F e , w ood , l ea ther .

C Adu lt I nhumat ion G r iff ith & S a lzman 1 914 , 4 9 P l . V1 0 . We lch 1 983 , 3 80 F ig . 4 2 b ,c .

CA g i lt B utton b r , Ro c o in , F e r g f rag .

FA du lt I nhumat ion G r iff ith & S a lzman 1 914 , 4 9 P l . I V , 4 . We lch 1 983 , 3 81 , F ig . 4 2g .

CA D isc b r , r ect CA p la te w ith r ivets , CA t i nned s tud , s tone ? bead , f l int f l ake .

4 . Aneaster , L i . : p oss ib ly m ixed c eme tery o r i nhuma t ion (x t ian? ) a nd A -S c rema t ion . E xcava ted i n 1 856 b y T ro l lope , u p t o 4 0 u rn s b y 1 870s . S ing le u rn 1 929 . I nhumat ions e xcavated 1 964-6 ( 91 i n t o ta l ) . P h i l l ip s 1 934 , 1 41 ; D .R . W i lson 1 971 . I nhumat ion 1 967 e xevn s D .M . W i lson 1 967 , 1 99 .

( CA ) P enannu la r b r , d e ta i ls u nknown .

5 . App ledown , Comp ton , S x . ( W . S x . ) : ar ecent ly d i scovered c eme tery u nder e xcavat ion . T o 1 983 , 6 0 i nhumat ions a nd a bou t 3 0 c rema t ion s h ad b een r ecovered . T he d a te a ppea rs t o b e s ix th t o s eventh c entury ( M . We lch , p ers . c om m .) . F rom Cemetery We lch 1 983 I , 5 07 F ig . 1 30b

CA R os trap e nd .

1 3 I nhumat ion M . We lch , p er s . c om m .

CA S aucer b r ; Ag f inger r g ; c o in .

1 8 I nhumat ion M . We lch , p er s . c omm .

2c o ins ; p urse c o l lect ion ; g l b ead .

4 8 I nhumat ion M . We lch , p ers . c om m .

CA P enannu la r b r w ith F e p in , F e k n .

8 5 I nhumat ion M . We lch , p ers . c om m .

Co in ; a ssn i nc lude amber b ead .

1 34 I nhumat ion M . We lch , p er s . c om m .

Co in ; g l & amber b ead s .

1 37 I nhumat ion M . We lch , p ers . c omm .

Co in ; a ssn i nc lude g l f rag , F e k n .

1 40 C remat ion M . We lch , p er s . c om m .

p ierced c o in .

1 42 C remat ion M . We lch , p er s . c om m .

CA Ro e nam b r .

Unstrat if ied f inds f rom Cemetery M . We lch , p er s . c omm .

CA Ro D isc b r ; 1 3 c o in s .

6 . A shendon , B u . : i so la ted b ur ia l o f s eventh c entury d ate ( Meaney 1 964 , 5 6 ) . F rom I nhumat ion ? F a irho lt & Sm ith 1 849 , 1 13 & P l . D ick in son 1 976 I , 3 5 .

P robab ly n ot a ssoc ia ted . CA r i ng h eaded p in o f I r ish t ype . 2 CA s aucer b r o f l a te t ype .

7 . A ston Remenham , I 3 e 1 c . : i nhumat ion c eme tery e xcavated c .1893 , 1 906 a nd s i ng le i nhuma t ion 1 921 . Da ted t o e nd f i fth c en tu ry i n to s ix th ( Meaney 1 964 , 4 4 ) . Ma le I nhumat ion C rawford 1 932 , 4 45 P l . XC .

CA Ro ma rt inga le , 2CA D isc b r , 2CA S aucer b r , CA r g ; F e b o ss , 3s pea rheads , 3k n .

8 . A stw ick , B d . : asma l l n umber o f i nhuma t ions e xcavated a n te 1 866 . Da ted t os even th c en tu ry ( Meaney 1 964 , 3 5 ) . ' nea r s ke letons ' Ransom 1 886 , 4 0 P l . 3 .

1 0 s amian v esse ls .

9 . B ad leybr idge , S f . : i so lated c remat ions ? f ound d ur ing r a i lway c on struct ion . F inds l o st . Da ted t ol a te s ix th - e a r ly s even th c entury ( A l len 1 900 , 2 42-5 ) . C rema t ion c on ta iner ? A l len 1 900 , 2 42-5 .

CA b ow l w ith e scu tcheon s ' a ssoc ia ted ' w ith CA c a st B yzant ine b ow l ; Ro p o ttery v e sse l w ith h oa rd p robab ly n ot a ssoc ia ted .

1 0 . B ag in ton , Wa . : m ixed c emetery w ith a t l ea st 4 2 c remat ion s p reserved mo st ly r ecovered 1 933-4 . I nhumat ions n umber c . 2 0 . Da ted s ix th t os even th c en tu ry ( Meaney 1 964 , 2 57 ) . F rom I nhuma t ion L eeds 1 935 , 1 10-1 , P l . 1 1 & 1 2 .

Comp lete CA h ang ing b ow l , p atched .

F rom I nhumat ions F ow le r 1 964 , 1 48

3 CA P enannu la r b r .

170-

F rom I nhuma t ion D ick inson 1 982a , 6 7 n .80 F ig . 7 , 5 6

CA P enannu la r b r , a ssn u nknown .

1 1 . B anstead Common , S r . : s i ng le i nhumat ion u nder b a rrow . S eventh c entury ( Barfoot & P r ice-Wi l l iams 1 976 ) . Ma le I nhuma t ion i n b a rrow B ar foo t & P r ice-Wi l l iams 1 976 , 6 4-8 P l . I V , V I IIX F ig . 4

F eet : Comp lete CA h ang ing b ow l ; Above L eg : F e b u ; F e ' s ugar l oaf ' b o ss ; L . H ip : F e k n R . H ip : F e s pea rhead

1 2 . I l arfr iston , Kn . : ac ont inuat ion o f t he s eventh c entury c emetery a t S ibertswo ld ( q .v . ) . E xcavated b y F aussett i n 1 772 . 2 5 Ma le I nhuma t ion i n b a rrow F aussett 1 856 , 1 38-9 w /c

F eet : P o ttery f lagon w ith 3c o ins , o ne CA Goth ic ; CA b u , F e k n .

1 3 . B a rham Down , Kn . : as even th c en tu ry b arrow c emetery e xcavated p r inc ipa l ly b y L ord Conyngham i n 1 841 ( 59 b a rrows o u t o f 1 13 ) &i n 1 844 ( 8 ) . S evera l b a rrows h ad b een d ug b y Man te l l i n a bou t 1 809 a nd B art lett d ug o ver 4i n a bou t 1 843 . I n 1 844 , t he BAA e xcavated 8 b arrows ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 88-9 ) . F rom I nhuma t ion Sm ith 1 853 , 2 20 P l . L I I , 5

P o ttery v esse l , e ither Ro o r F rank ish .

1 4 . B ar laston , S t . : s i ng le h ang ing b ow l f ound i n c .1851 . P o ss ib ly c on ta ined c remat ion ( Dav id son & Web ster 1 968 , 1 2 -1 3 ) . C remat ion ? , Adu lt , Hd N Ozanne 1 964 , 4 3 F ig . 9 b .

CA h ang ing b ow l a ss w ith F e k n ; F e sword .

1 5 . B a rr ing ton A , Ca . : a n i nhumat ion c emetery o f a n e st ima ted s ize o f 2 00 g raves . W i lk inson c a ta logues 2 6 b ut e xcavated n ea rer 5 0 ( 1868 , 1 63 ) . T he f ind s a re o ften r ecorded u nder o ther p rovenance s ( Fox 1 923 , 2 41 , 2 51 - 2 52 ) . Dated t ol a te f i fth t o l ate s ix th c entu ry . 1F ema le I nhuma t ion Hd W W i lk in son 1 868 , 1 56 P l . 3 4 ,6 .

c . 3 0 amber b ead s , 7o ther b ead s , 3 CA s pacer B eads . CA Ro b race let .

5 ?F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W W i lk inson 1 868 , 1 57 P l . 3 3 ,5 ;3 4 , 3& 4 .

' s und ry b ead s ' , CA Annu la r o r P enannu la r b r ; Ag r g ; 2 CA p in s S ce a r p ick o n r g ; CA ' c la sp '

F rom I nhumat ions Henry 1 936 , 2 30 P l . 2 9 ,1 K i lbr ide-Jones 1 937b , 2 30 F ig . 1 1 ,2 Sm ith 1 909 ,70

2 CA h ang ing b ow l e sc , o ne a ss w ith CA Annu la r b r .

F rom I nhumat ions F ow le r 1 964 , 1 47 & 1 49

3 CA P enannu la r b r .

F rom Cemetery BM r eg ister

CA R o b r f rag ; CA R o ?T r iangu la r mount .

1 6 . B a rr ing ton B , Ca . : i nhumat ion c emetery e xcava ted ma in ly 1 879-80 . F o ster s ay s mo st o b jects d isper sed ( 1883 , 5 ) . He c a ta logues 1 14 g raves . F ox s uggest s m id-f ifth t o e a r ly s even th c entu ry d a te ( 1923 , 2 52-5 ) .

171-

1 4 Adu lt I nhuma t ion F o ster 1 883 , 1 7 .

Decap ita ted , c rouched b ur ia l . L . H ip : F e f rag .

6 6 Adu lt I nhumat ion F o ster 1 883 , 2 3 .

L . S ku l l : P o ttery v esse l ; Neck : 4 3 b ead s , Ro c o in , F e p in ; S h ldrs : p r CA D isc b r .

8 1 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd W F o ster 1 883 , 2 6 .

B eh ind S ku l l : P o ttery v esse l ; Neck : Ro c o ins , s m l CA t ube , CA f rag .

8 2 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd W F o ster 1 883 , 2 6 .

S h ld r s : 3 CA C ruc iform b r , 3 0 b ead s ; R . R ibs : 9 6 b eads , CA r g ; Wr i sts : 2p rs CA c la sp s ; L . H ip : CA Ro k ey o n r g , F e k n , f rag s F e .

6b ead s , 2

1 7 . Barton ( M i ldenhal ) , S f . : p o ss ib ly as tray f i nd . F ox i sd oub t fu l a bout a c emetery i n t he a rea ( 1923 , 2 58 ) . S tray F ind ? Sm ith 1 909 , 7 9-80

Rema ins o f h ang ing b ow l , a ssn u nknown .

1 8 . Bar ton-on-Humber , L i . ( Hm . ) : t hree i nhumat ions f ound d ur ing e xcavat ions f or a i r r a id s he lters . T he r eport i sp oor a nd c on fu sed ( Sheppard 1 939a & 1 940 ) . T he g raves a re d a ted t o t he l a te s ix th a nd e ar ly s eventh c entury F ema le I nhuma t ion S heppard 1 939a , 2 57-62 w ith P l . S heppard 1 940a , 3 7-44 .

CA h ang ing b ow l ; CA w ork b ox ; l ong Au b ead ; g reen g l b ead ; s et o f s ca les & 8we ights ; Ag b u ; CA h and le & t r ivet f rom F rank ish b ow l ; CA b race let , 2R o c o ins a s we ights .

1 9 . B as ing stoke , Ha . : as ing le i nhuma t ion o f s even th c en tury d a te f ound i n 1 899 ( Meaney 1 964 , 9 8 ) . Ma le I n lnuna t ion Sm ith 1 909 , 7 9-80

CA h ang ing b ow l , F e v esse l , k n , s pea r & l ance h eads , g am ing p ieces .

2 0 . B assett Down , W i . : ' an umber ' o f i nhuma t ion s e xcavated i n 1 822 a nd t hen t wo ma les s ub sequent ly . More f ound i n 1 839 . T he o b jects a re a l l c red ited t o t he t wo ma le s b ut t h is i su n l ike ly ( Story 1 896 , 1 04 ) . Da ted t ol a te f i fth ? a nd s ix th c en tu ry ( D ick in son 1 976 I , 4 0 ) . F rom t wo I n lnuna t ions Goddard 1 896 , 1 05-7 w /c .

CA R o b ow b r , CA R o s poon b ow l , 2F e b osses , 2s pearheads , 2k n , CA e ar s coop , b one whor l , 2 CA p ins w ith r gi n h ead , b ead s ( g l , amber , c ry sta l ) , 2p rs CA g i lt s aucer b r , Ro c o in .

2 1 . B ea l ces lbourne I , Kn . : as even th c en tury c eme tery e xcavated i n 1 773 . 4 6 i nhumat ion s r ecovered . 2 9 F ema le I nhuma t ion F au ssett 1 856 , 1 51 w /c

L . S ku l l : p ottery v esse l ; S ku l l : CA p in ; Neck : b eads ; H ip : 2c ha in s w ith m in i-shears , k ey , w hor l .

3 0 Ch i ld I nhumat ion F au sse tt 1 856 , 1 51-3 w /c

L . H ip : CA f rags , F e k n , F e o b j , s hea th/be lt , N eck : Ag p endant , F e s hears , a ccessory v e sse l ; s p whor l . I nf i ll : c o in .

172-

35 Adult Inhmnation coffin, in barrow Faussett 1856, 154

Ro coin.

38 Adult Inhumation Fausset t 1856, 154-5 w/c

Feet: Ro flagon; Fe bu, Pb whorl; L. Hip: Fe kn.

22. Beakesboume II, Kn.: a cemetery discovered during construction work in 1914-18. New excavations in 1955-8 when 38 burials uncovered. Dated fifth to late sixth (Meaney 1964, 109). CA hanging bowl esc. Assn unknown.

From Cemetery Haseloff 1958, 72-3 Pl. 7

23. Beckford B, Wo. (H.&: W.): mixed cemetery excavated in 1958-9 . 107 inhumations and four cremations recovered. 10 - 20 graves lost. Poor cemetery of sixth century (Meaney 1964, 280). 58 Adult Inbwnation K. Pretty, pers. comm.

CA penannular br, bead;, pin.

82 Female Inhumation K. Pretty, pers. comm.

CA penannular br, Fe rg frag&. plate frag.

24. Beddingham I, Sx. (E. Sx.): inhumation cemetery, primary or secondary in barrows. Probably 4 or 5 individuals represented. Date sixth to seventh (Welch 1983 II, 395 -6).

Inhumation in Barrow

CA Ro bu, assn unknown.

Welch 1983, 396.

25. Beddingham Il, Sx. (E. Sx.): inhumation cemetery excavated ante 1868, one grave in 1868, more in 1868-70, three in 1870 and at least four others to 1967. Later graves possibly Roman. Dated fifth to seventh. Welch 1983 II, 399-401. Inhumation in eofrm, Hd Welch 1983, 400.

w

ante 1967: pot tery beaker of ? Ro ware; gl cone beaker. From Ro cemetery ?

26. Bedhampton, Ha.: a small inhumation cemetery of 50 individuals in 44 graves excavated between 1975-6 . Date uncetertain (Webster 1976, 161).

From Inhumation

Webster 1976, 161

CA hanging bowl esc reused as pendant. Assn unpublished.

27. Benniworth, Le.: not a cemetery site. This find has uncertain context. Stray find? Kilbride-Jones 1937b, 225 Fig. 8,8

CA hanging bowl esc. Assn unknown.

28. Benty Grange, Ob.: a barrow excavated by Bateman in 1848 contained a single male burial of mid-seventh century date (Ozanne 1964, 20 - 22).

Male lnhumation

Ozanne 1964, 20 Fig. 8 a, c&. e

CA hanging bowl, Fe helmet with CA, Fe&. Ag fittings, CA bindings for cup.

29. Bidford-on-Avo Wa.: mixed cemetery excavated primarily 1922-3. c.187 inhumations re and 30 cremations estimated 120 more on sherd material; Humphreys et aL 1923, 97). -173-

O ther d i scover ies i n 1 860 8 c 1 921 . 1 971 - 1 983 a t ota l o f 1 5 i nhuma t ion s a nd 3c rema t ion s f ound . Da ted s ix th a nd s eventh c entury . 4 3 F ema le I nhuma t ion Humphreys e t a l . 1 923 , 1 12 P l . 1 2 .

2 CA P enannu la r b r , ?F e k n ; b ead s amber & p aste w ith 2 CA d i scs [ co ins ? ] ; P e lv is : F e f rags .

9 8 I nhumat ion ? CA Ro b ow b r . Humphrey s e t a l . 1 923 , 1 15 P l . 1 2 F ig . 2 c . 1 56 F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd S SE 2CA C ruc iform b r , 7 6 b ead s w ith 2 Ro c o in s , Humphrey s e t a l . 1 924 , 2 85 P l . 5 8 F ig . l b . CA c l ip . F rom I nhumat ion ? Web ster 1 976 , 1 72 .

CA Ro b r a ss w ith g l b ead , k n .

1 971/HB2 F ema le I nhumat ion D ick inson 1 982a 4 9 .

CA s ma l llong b r , p enannu la r b r , b ead s , b ucket p endants ; Wa i st : p ur se

3 0 . B ifrons , Kn . : i nhuma t ion c eme tery e xcavated i n 1 856 , 1 867 ( 110 g raves ) . I n u se l a te f i fth t o l ate s ix th c entu ry ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 09 - 1 10 ) . 6F ema le I nhuma t ion Hd NW F au sse tt 1 876 , 3 03 & f ig .

Abv L .Wr ist : CA P enannu la r B r w ithou t p in ; B twn t h ighs : CA p ierced & g a rnet s et s poon & c ry sta l b a l l ; L .s ide : 2S hort-Long CA b r ; Cen tre c he st : CA D isc b r ; t r iangu lar p late L . s h ld r : F e p in , b u ; F orehead : i vory b ead .

2 3 F ema le I nhumat ion NW-SE?

L . H ip : c lay ?s p ind le whor l ; Centre o f B ody : CA b u w ith F e p in , CA C ruc iform b r , Ro CA c la sp k n .

F au sse tt 1 876 , 3 07-8 & w ie .

2 9 F ema le I nhumat ion NW-SE ? F ausse tt 1 876 , 3 09-10 & w ie .

Head : Au b ra id ; Neck : 2G i lt CA K ey stone b r , b ead s & 4A u b racteates ; B rea st : 3F e k eys , k n , 2r gs , c lea t h d ; Wa ist : CA b u , 2CA Rad iate b r L . S ide : R o c o in ; R . A rm : CA b race let ; L . & R . Hand s : Ag s p ira l r g s .

3 2 F ema le I nhumat ion , c off in NW-SE ? F ausse tt 1 876 , 3 11 .

Chest : 2R o c o ins ; L . S ide : F e k n , f rag s , c lea t h d , i vory r g o r b ead ; L . Knee : b eads , mo st ly amber .

4 1 F ema le? I nhumat ion F ausse tt 1 876 , 3 13-4 & w ie .

Chest : G i lt CA S quare-headed b r , s m l CA S qua re-headed b r , CA B ird b r , b u , s trap e nd , t ag , 4 Ro c o in s ; L . S ide : F e k n , k ey , 2r gs , b e w ith CA t ongue ; F eet : B eads , t ouch stone ; Head : B ead s , mo st ly amber , l i nk s CA c ha in , Au b ra id ; L . F inger : s p ira l Ag r g ; By Head : G 1 b eaker ; F rom f i ll : f rag g reen g l .

4 2 F ema le I nhumat ion F au sse tt 1 876 , 3 14-5 & w /c .

R . F oot : f rags i vory ; B etween T h ighs : CA g i lt s tra iner s poon w ith g a rnets , c ry sta l b a l l i n s l ing s . L . l eg s : 2F e k n , k ey , b e , f rag s , g l c ounter ; R . Hand : Ro Ag r g w ith g arnet ; L . Hand : p la in Ag r g ; Wa ist : 2sm l CA S quare-

174-

Headed b r , b u , s tuds , d i sc , Ro c o in ; ChestNeck : b eads , 2c abochon d ec CA d i scs . F rom I nhumat ions Hawkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 4 9 n o .13 F ig . 1 5k ; 5 9 n o .1 F ig . 1 9e

2 CA Ro b u h oop s .

F rom I nhumat ion QBS CA s trap e nd & Ag p endants . Hawkes 1 961 , 3 2-3 , 3 5 P l . XVc & P l . XV Ib F rom Cemetery Ha rden 1 956 , 1 58 P l . XV e , f ,i

3 Ro g l v esse ls .

3 1 . B ishop stone , S x . ( E . S x .) : am ixed c emetery w ith 1 12 i nhumat ions a nd 6 c remat ions . A ssoc iated w ith s ett lement a nd d a ted s ix th t os even th c entu ry ( We lch 1 983 , 3 94 -3 95 ) . 1 2 Adu lt I nhumat ion E v ison 1 968 , 2 44 P l . LVb F ig . 2 e

CA Ro b u , b eads , F e o b j .

3 2 . B ishopstone , Bu . : e xcavat ions i n 1 866 a nd 1 878 . Uncerta in h ow many i nhumat ions r ecovered b ut mo st mater ia l u nassoc iated ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 4 2 ) . F rom I nhumat ion ? Hawkes 1 961 , 3 7 F ig . 3

QBS CA b e lt p laque .

3 3 . B lewburton H i ll,B ek . ( Ox .) : e xcavated b etween 1 945 , 1 948-53 a nd 1 967 . T he c emetery was l ocated w ith in a n I ron Age h i l lfort . 2 1 i nhumat ions a nd 1c remat ion were r ecovered . T he c emetery a ppear s t o d ate t o t he f i fth a nd e ar ly s ix th c entu ry ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 4 5 ) . 1F ema le I nhumat ion c .17 p ro

S ku l l : CA P enannu la r b r , Annu la r b r , f rag o f

Co l l ins 1 953 , 5 1 .

w ire b race let .

2F ema le I nhumat ion c .17 f lex Co l l ins 1 953 , 5 1 F ig . 1 9 ,5 .

I n ium: CA Ro b u h oop ; ?Occ iput : 3 amber b eads ; L .Sh ldr : App l ied b r .

5 Ch i ld , Fema le? I nhumat ion Co l l ins 1 953 , 5 2-3 .

Chest : 2 Ro c o ins w ith b ead s , sm l CA S quareh eaded b r , p in .

1 2 F ema le I nhumat ion Co l l ins & Co l l ins 1 959 , 5 7 , 7 2 , F ig . 41 -9 , P l . I , a & bI I , a .

L . P e lv is : 2 Ro c o ins , CA d b le l oop , CA r g , F e k n , F e s tr ip , CA g i lt s heet f rag ; Lumbar : 3 CA w ire r gs ; C lav ic les : 2A pp l ied CA b r ; Wa ist : CA t o i let s et ; R . Pe lv is : CA b u .

1 4 Ado lescent 1 6-18 I nhumat ion s up Co l l ins & Co l l ins 1 959 , 5 8 .

Ch in : 2 CA P enannu la r b r ; R . Wr ist : F e Annu la r b r , k n , r g .

1 6 Adu lt I nhumat ion Chest : F e k ey , e a r s coop ,p r icker , k n . Co l l ins & Co l l ins 1 959 , 5 8 F ig .5 1 0-13 ,16 . L oose i n d isturbed f i ll : CA P enannu lar b r . D ick inson 1 976 I ,1 35 . 3 4 . B orough H i ll , Nh . : b arrows were e xcavated b y B aker i n 1 823 . T hree p roduced i nhumat ions o f Ang lo-Saxon d ate . F ema le I nhumat ion Meaney 1 964 , 1 87 .

Neck lace o f amber , p aste b ead s w ith 2 p ierced Ro CA c o ins ; b u ; p in ; CA Sma l llong b r ; CA s tud . 175-

3 5 . B oughton-under-B lean , Kn . : a n i so la ted b ur ia l e xcavated i n 1 716 . Ma le I nhumat ion Sm ith 1 908 , 3 84 .

R o c o in , r ema ins o f s word .

3 6 . B owcombe Down , I . o .W . : b a rrows o f BA a nd A ng lo-Saxon d a te were e xcava ted i n 1 854 b y H i l l ier . 8c remat ion s a nd 1 5 i nhuma t ions were l oca ted i n a l l ( Arno ld 1 982 , 8 9 -9 6 ) . Da ted l a te f i fth t o s ix th . 1 Adu lt I nhuma t ion u nder b arrow , d ist A rno ld 1 982 , 9 0 , 9 4 F ig . 6 2 .

Upper T ib ia : Ro CA e nam p la te b r ; M id-Femu r : CA s trap e nd ( 9th C ) , s m l p ee CA S acrum : F e b u .

2 Unu rned C remat ion A rno ld 1 982 , 9 0 .

F e k n , Ro c o in .

1 5 Ma le I nhumat ion E v ison 1 965 , 1 15 F ig . 2 8a . A rno ld 1 982 , 9 2 , 9 4 F ig . 6 4 .

R . Chest : CA o penwk QBS b r ; CA b u ;P b whor l ; CA D isc b r ;2 F e r g ( sp l it ) ; 3 CA s hoeshaped r ivets R . o f Wa ist : CA r ivet ; F e k n ; f rag s p o ttery & g l .

2 3 Ma le I nhumat ion Hd S A rno ld 1 982 , 9 3 F ig . 6 6 .

R . Chest : G i lt CA ' S ' s haped b r ; p r g i lt CA Sma l llong b r ; Ro CA e nam P late b r ; s ml CA b u ; CA w ire r g ; 6l ge b ead s ( 3 am b er ,2 t erraco tta ,g la ss ) ; CA p endant ( hung f rom r g ) ; L .H ip c F e k n ; f rag s p ottery , b i rd b one s .

3 7 . B radford P eve rel l , Do . : as ma l l r ow-g rave c emetery o f 1 3 i nhumat ion s d a ted t o t he s even th & e ighth c en tu r ies ( Keen 1 980a & b 1 20 , 1 12 ;1 981 , 1 33 ; Hawthorne 1 982 , 1 26 ) . F ema le I nhumat ion Keen 1 980a , 1 20 .

Neck lace : 3g l b ead s , Au b ead , Au p endan t w ith s tone , Ag p endant , 2 Ag d i scs ; Wa ist : F rag CA b u , CA d isc , Ro c o in .

3 8 . B reach Down , Kn . : e xcavated p r inc ipa l ly b y L ord Conyngham i n 1 841 ( 59 b arrows e xcavated o u t o f 1 13 ) a nd i n 1 844 ( 8 b arrows ) . I n a bou t 1 809 ' s evera l b a rrows ' h ad b een e xcava ted b y Mante l l a nd a bou t 1 843 B art le tt a l so d ug 4 + . As eventh c en tu ry b a rrow c emetery . 1 809 e xcvns , f rom b arrow Sm ith 1 908 , 3 49 .

Ro c o in , 3b u .

F rom Cemetery BM Reg ister

F rag G I f i nger r g

3 9 . B r ighthamp ton , Ox . : am ixed c emetery e xcavated ma in ly b y Akerman i n 1 857 . O ther d iscover ies f rom 1 820 o nwa rds . 6 7 i nhuma t ion s a nd 1 0 c remat ion s r ecorded . F urther i nhumat ions f ound i n 1 858 , 1 863 ( w ith a c remat ion ) , 1 892 ( 6 i nhumat ion s ) a nd 1 949 . Dated m id-f ifth ? t ol a ter s ix th c en tury ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 4 9 ) . 7 Ch i ld I nhumat ion Akerman 1 857c , 3 94 .

Wa ist : F e ' b uck le ' [P enannu la r b r ] ; I n f i l l : CA R o c o in .

9 Db le Ch i ld I nhumat ion , Hd W Akerman 1 857c , 3 95 .

Northern I nhuma t ion : 5b ead s , 3R o c o ins

176-

1 6 F ema le I nhumat ion A kerman 1 860a , 8 5 .

Neck : 2 amber b ead s , CA t o i le t s et ; S h ldrs : 2 CA S aucer b r , R o c o in .

1 7 F ema le I nhumat ion A kerman 1 860a , 8 6 , 9 2 P L I I 1 .

Neck : 1 0 b ead s , 4 Ro c o ins ; B rea st : CA p in .

2 2 F ema le I nhumat ion A kerman 1 860a , 8 6 , 9 2 P l . I I 2 , 6 , 8 , 9 .

F eet : wooden v esse l ; R . B reast : 4 Ag r gs L ap : b eads , 1 0 Ro c o ins ; R . Hand : Ag r g B reast : 2 CA S aucer b r ; L . H ip : F e k n i n CA g i lt s hea th , Ag p ur se mnt , c ry sta l whor l , i vory r g , CA Ro t erre t

2 5 Ch i ld I nhumat ion A kerman 1 860a , 4 0 , 1 11 F ig . 2 1 .

L . A rm : CA P enannu la r b r ; B reast : F e k n ; F e P enannu la r b r .

4 0a Adu lt I nhuma t ion A kerman 1 860a , 8 8

D ecap ita ted , h ead i n l ap . Unassoc ia ted .

4 0 . B roadway , Wo . ( H . d cW . ) : as ma l l i nhumat ion c emetery d i scovered i n 1 954 a nd e xcavated 1 955 . A t l ea st 9g raves r ep resen ted . Da ted t of i fth a nd s ix th c en tu ry . ( J . Cook 1 958 , 8 0-1 ) . 1F ema le I nhumat ion J . Cook 1 958 6 2 ,64 F ig . 4P l . 1 1 ,a .

G rave D istu rbed B eads g l &p aste , F e k n , CA & Ag w ire f rags , 2 CA g i lt S aucer b r , CA R o b u .

4 1 . Burwe l l , Ca . : a n i nhumat ion c emetery e xcava ted i n 1 884 & 1 886 ( abou t 1 4 b ur ia ls ) . F urther e xcavat ion s i n 1 925-9 when 1 27 b od ies i n 1 23 g raves r ecovered . Da ted s ix th t o s eventh c entu ry , p o ss ib ly l a tter ly X t ian ( Lethb r idge 1 931 , 4 7 -7 0 ) . 7F ema le ? Adu lt I nhumat ion Hd S L ethbr idge 1 931 , 5 0 F ig . 2 2 ,9

L . H ip : F e mass w ith Ro c o in , CA w asher , s tone whor l ; P e lv is : F e k n [ s eax ] ; L . Wr ist : b one p in ( ant ler t i ne ? ) .

2 4 Adu lt I nhumat ion , P rone , Hd W L ethb r idge 1 931 , 5 0

Neck : 2R o c o ins , r ivetted CA l oop ; S h l &s : F e k n , b u f rag , r g ; L ower R ibs : s p whor l .

9 0 Adu lt I nhumat ion L ethb r idge 1 931 , 6 6 F ig . 3 0 4& 6

L . H ip : F e s tr ike-al ight ; s poon .

4 2 . B ury S t E dmunds , We stgarth , S f . : am ixed c emetery o f 6 3 i nhumat ions a nd 1 4 c remat ion s e xcavated i n 1 972 . Dated f i fth t ol a te s eventh ( Web ster 1 972 , 1 49 ) . 6 2 Ma le I nhumat ion Ha rden 1 978 , 5 -6 F ig . 2P l . 3 a

G 1 b ucket , F e s pea rhead , k n , b oss .

4 3 . Ca istor , L i . : as ma l l c emetery , p o ss ib ly m ixed , w ith u nder 1 0 i nhumat ions . Da te p oss ib ly l a te f i fth t os ix th ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 60 ) . Ma le I nhumat ion Kend r ick 1 932 , 1 66-7 F ig . 3 b

CA h ang ing b ow l , F e b oss .

4 4 . Ca istor b y Norw ich , N f . : m ixed c emetery d i scovered i n 1 754 . 1 814 a nd m id-n ineteenth c en tu ry , u rn s e xh ib ited . 1 932-7 , F .R . Mann e xcavated 3 76 u rn s a nd a bou t 6 0 i nhuma t ion s

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f rom 3 9 g raves . Nea r ly 2 00 o ther u rn s a re k nown f rom s herd ma ter ia l a nd t here were more i nhumat ions . My res e st imated t o ta l n umber o f i nd iv idua ls a t b e tween 7 00 - 1 ,000 ( My res & G reen 1 973 , 6 ) . M 4 6 C remat ion My res & G reen 1 973 , 1 45 F ig . 3 3 .

R im & f ab r ic a s Ro t ypes . [= My res Corpu s 1 808 1 .

M 5 7 C remat ion My res & G reen 1 973 , 1 48 F ig . 5 2 .

U rn g lobu la r , s tamped . Good s : 1 0 f rag s o f g l v esse l w ith f l ared r im ; [= My res Corpus 1 905 ] .

N 6C remat ion My res S cG reen 1 973 , 1 49 F ig . 3 3 .

Ro c oa rse ware v esse l ?f l agon . [= My res Corpus 1 811 1 .

N5 0 C remat ion My res S cG reen 1 973 , 1 58 F ig . 2 .

U rn o f ' s ub-Roman ' t ype . De l ibera te ly h o led . Goods : s heep 's b ones [= My res Co rpus 1 548 ] .

N7 2 C remat ion My res & G reen 1 973 , 1 63 F ig . 5 8 .

Comp lete Ro c oa rse wa re j a r .

P3 4 C remat ion My res & G reen 1 973 , 1 75 F ig . 5 3 .

U rn b roken , d ecora ted b y P otter 4 [= My res Corpu s 1 908 1 . Goods : f rag o f r epa ired b one c omb ; b ase o f s amian c up ; f rag CA s heet .

P4 3 C remat ion My res & G reen 1 973 , 1 77 F ig . 3 3 .

Ro c oa rse wa re j a r , h o led d e l iberate ly . Goods : t r iangu la r b one c omb

P4 5 C remat ion ? My res & G reen 1 973 , 1 77 F ig . 5 8 .

Ro c oa rse wa re b ow l . May n ot h ave h e ld c remat ion .

P4 8 C remat ion My res & G reen 1 973 , 1 78 F ig . 3 3 .

Ro c oa rse ware j a r .

X 1 1 C remat ion My res & G reen 1 973 , 1 91-2 F ig . 2 7 , P l . XX & XX I .

P ottery u rn [ = My res Corpus 1 759 ] Goods : D ecora ted b one s tr ip s f rom c a sket , CA g lobu les

Y 4C remat ion My res & G reen 1 973 , 1 98 F ig . 3 3 .

Ro c oa rse wa re j a r .

Y4 0 C remat ion My res & G reen 1 973 , 2 04-5 F ig . 1 2 .

Decorated u rn c on ta in ing F e k n , Ro c o in .

1 3 Adu lt I nhumat ion My res & G reen 1 973 , 2 23-4 F ig . 6 1 P l . XX IVa .

Grave Robbed CA c ha te la ine r g w ith 6o ther r g s s u spended , f lat CA r g , p r F e s hears , c ha te la ine r g f rag s , k n , d ecorated p ottery v esse l , Ro c o in .

1 7 Adu lt I nhumat ion w ith Ch i ld My res & G reen 1 973 , 2 25 , F ig . 6 2 .

F eet : CA b race let , F e k n , CA b u , v e sse l . F e k n & 2 Ro c o ins i n f i l l .

p ottery

4 5 . Camb r idge I ,S t J ohn 's Co l lege , Ca . : al a rge a nd i mportan t c eme tery w ith b oth Roman a nd A ng lo-Saxon i nhumat ions a nd c remat ions . L a rge ly d e stroyed i n 1 888 , t he c ontents o f 5 0 g raves were r ecorded , Camb r idge Museum o f A rch . & An th . a cqu ired 3 0 i nhuma t ion s & a bou t 1 00 u rns . Dated m idf ifth t o s eventh ( Fox 1 923 , 2 43 ) . 1 912 , 6i nhumat ion s r ecovered o f p robab le Romano-Br it ish d a te .

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Ma le I nhuma t ion , d ist Hd SE Wa lker 1 912 , 1 23-4 P L X I I .

L . S ku l l : Ro p ottery f lagon ; R ibs : b one p in , CA d re ss f a stener ; S ide : F e s pea rhead , CA Ro a rmour s ca le .

F ema le I nhumat ion CMAA Reg ister

Ro c o in w ith b ead s , 2CA D isc b r .

F rom Cemetery CMAA R eg ister

CA R o t erre t

4 6 . Camerton , S o . ( Av . ) : a n i nhumat ion c emetery e xcavated i n 1 926-1932 . At ota l o f 1 09 g rave w ith 1 15 i nhumat ion s were r ecovered . Rah tz h a s a rgued f or l ate Roman t os even th c en tu ry u seage ( Rahtz & F ow ler 1 972 , 2 00 ) . 1 1 F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd SW H orne 1 929 , 6 5 .

I n Ro s tone c off in .

3 0 Ma le I nhumat ion , Hd W Horne 1 934 , 4 8 .

L . S h ldr : F e s pea rhead ; L . S capu la : 3r ivets ( s trap? ) , Ro c o in .

3 2 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W Horne 1 934 , 4 8-9 P l . 6 . Wed lake 1 958 , 9 6 P l . XX .

J aw : CA e scu tcheon , p ierced ; Neck : g l b ead s ; Knees : 2 CA e scu tcheons , r g s , F e k n .

9 4B F ema le? I nhumat ion Horne 1 934 , 6 0 F ig . 2 .

L . F orearm : b one c omb , s p whor l ; B ody : F e k n , F e p in w ith l oop h ead ; B twn F o rearm & P e lv is : 2 Ro c o ins ; B reast : s m l F e p in ; L . J aw : 2 Ag r g s w ith b eads , Ag ? bead .

1 00 F ema le I nhumat ion Horne 1 934 , 6 1 P l . V I F ig . 2 .

F eet : Cowr ie s he l l , b oa rs t u sk , F e p in , f l int s craper , Ro c o in , c ha lk l ump .

4 7 . Canterbu ry I , S t Ma rt ins , Kn . : 6 -7 g o ld c o in p endants f ound a bou t 1 844 w ith a F rank ish b uck le a nd i n tag l io a ppea r t o r ep re sen t t he c on tents o f t wo g raves ( Wa rhu r st 1 982 , x v i xv i i ) . F rom I nhuma t ions Hawkes e t a l 1 966 , 1 05 F ig . 1 . Wa rhu rst O R , x v i-xv i i i P l . 1 , 5 -10 .

Ro i n tag l io s et i n Au mn t , 7A u meda l lets , CA b e lt p laque w ith g a rnets .

4 8 . Caphea ton , Nb . : as ing le i nhumat ion o f s eventh c entury d a te . T he f ew k nown d e ta i ls a re o ut l ined b y C ramp & M ike t ( 1982 , 1 0 ) . Adu lt I nhuma t ion i n b arrow C ramp & M ike t 1 982 , 1 0 n o .12 F ig . 7 P l . 2

CA h ang ing b ow l , CA f rag s , 2b r ( un iden t ) , f inger r g .

4 9 . Cass ing ton I , Ox . : a n i nhumat ion c emetery d iscovered i n 1 941 when 1 3 g raves were d e stroyed . 1 942 a f urther 8 g rave s e xcavated . As ix th c entu ry c emetery ( D ick in son 1 976 I , 6 3 ) . 2 Young F ema le , I nhuma t ion L eed s & R i ley 1 942 , 6 5 F ig . 1 5 P l . V , c .

S h ld is : 3 6 amber , 1c ry sta l b ead s ; R . &L . B reast : 2g i lt CA S aucer b r ; L . F emur Head : k n , CA n eed leca se ; L . F emu r : F e p ur se r g [ bag c onta in ing ] g l f rag , CA s tud , 2b oar s t u sks , CA

179-

r g , CA k ey s ( on r g ) , CA r g f rom w h ich h ang l oop o f Ca w ire , Ca Ro s trap e nd , 2b one d i scs , f rag s hee t CA . 3 Ma le I nhumat ion , Hd SW L eed s &R i ley 1 942 , 6 6-7 , 7 0 F ig . 1 6 a -d .

B y 3 rd L umbar Vert : CA e nam p in , F e k n ; 4 th L umbar V ert : F e b u ; P e lv is : F e s h ie ld g r ip & st uds .

5 0 . Cass ing ton H , Ox . : a n i nhumat ion c emetery l a rge ly d e stroyed b y q ua rry ing . S ix g raves e xcavated i n 1 944 , 3i n 1 950 a nd 1i n 1 930 . Da ted f rom L ate Roman ? t os ix th c en tu ry ( D ick in son 1 976 I . 6 5 -6 6 ) . D ick inson 's n umber ing i su sed t hroughout . 6 Ma le I nhuma t ion , Hd N K irk & Ca se 1 950 , 1 04 .

Ro p ottery s herds i n f i l l , f rag s o f Ro b one c asket i n lay .

7 Ma le I nhumat ion p ro Hd E K irk & Ca se 1 950 , 1 05 P l . 8C .

B y L . Hand : h a lf F e s hea rs ; Over R . F emu r : Ro p ot l i d ?S herds i n f i l l .

5 1 . Caste n , I l am , S t . : b a rrows e xcavated b y B a teman i n 1 848 . S econdary Ang l ian i n termen ts f ound . Ca rr ing ton f ound a s ing le i nhuma t ion i n 1 850 ( Ozanne 1 964 , 5 0 ) . I nhumat ion i n b arrow , Hd W M . F ow ler 1 954 , 1 42-3 . Ozanne 1 964 , 5 0 F ig . 1 2n .

F l in t i nstrumen ts ; CA BA b race le t .

5 2 . Cast le Ac re , N f . : c remat ion c emetery e xcava ted i n 1 857 when 2 0 -3 0 u rns were r ecovered ; o ther s were d estroyed . F urther f ind s i n 1 877 a nd 1 891 when ' cons iderab ly more t han 5 0 ' were s ha ttered b y t he p lough . 1 961 a f ur ther 2 4 u rns were r ecovered . Da ted f i fth t o l a te s ix th/seven th ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 72 - 1 73 ) . F rom C remat ion Ca rthew 1 859 , 1 72 . Sm ith 1 901b , 3 31 .

CA f rags o f Ro m irro r ?

5 3 . Cast le By tham , L i . : as i ng le b ur ia l o f s eventh c entu ry d ate e xcava ted i n 1 850 ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 53 ) . F ema le I nhuma t ion Ager 1 985 , 2 2 F ig . 2 5 a -g

CA Quo it b r , b eaver t ooth p endan t , CA P enannu la r b r , CA p in , g am ing p iece , p endant , b ead s , CA r g .

5 4 . Cast ledyke , Bar ton , L i . ( Hm . ) : 1 940 5i nhumat ion s d i scovered . 1 982 , af ur ther 3 1 e xcavated . As ix th a nd s eventh c en tury c eme tery ( Wh itwe l l 1 983 , 9 6 ) . 3 Ch i ld I nhuma t ion Wh itwe l l 1 983 , 9 6 .

CA P enannu la r b r .

5 5 . Ca st le Ea ton , W i . : a n i so la ted i nhumat ion . I nhumat ion a non 1 980 , 2 07 .

3 Ro c o ins , 4b ead s , CA b u f rag .

5 6 . Chad l ing ton , Ox . : a n i nhumat ion c eme tery c onta in ing a bout 4 5 -5 0 g raves o f wh ich L eed s e xcavated a nd p ub l ished 1 6 . As even th c entu ry c emetery . D ick in son r e jects L eed s ' e st ima tes f or t he s ize o f t he c emetery ( 1976 I , 6 8 ) .

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7 Ma le I nhuma t ion E -W L eed s 1 940 , 2 8 .

P rone & d ecap ita ted b ur ia l . Una ssoc iated .

9 Ma le I nhumat ion WSW-ENE L eed s 1 940 , 2 8 P L 7 a .

D ecap ita ted . Una ssoc ia ted .

1 0 Ma le I nhumat ion L eed s 1 940 , 2 8 .

Decap ita ted , h ead b etween l eg s . Unassoc ia ted .

5 7 . Chartham Down , Kn . : 1 729-30 , a bou t 2 0 i nhumat ions e xcavated b y F agg . 1 764-73 . F ausse tt e xcava ted a f ur ther 5 3 . As eventh c entu ry c emetery ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 14 ) . 1 6 F ema le? I nhumat ion F ausse tt 1 856 , 1 71 w /c

R . Knee : 2i n ter l inked CA b race lets w ith s u spended Ro k ey .

2 6 Adu lt I nhumat ion , c o ff in , b arrow F ausse tt 1 856 , 1 71-2 P L 1 2 , 8

R . H ip : CA s poon , F e b e , F e k n .

F rom Cemetery LM r eg ister

CA Ro s trap e nd . No k nown a ssn .

5 8 . Cha tham L ines , Kn . : c emetery o f p r ima ry i nhumat ions i n b arrows e xcavated b y Doug las i n t he e ighteen th c en tu ry . T he d a te o f t he c eme tery a ppea rs t o b e l a te s ix th a nd s eventh c entu ry . O ther g raves were d e stroyed i n 1 756 w ithout r ecord ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 14 1 15 ) . 4F ema le I nhuma t ion , Hd N Doug la s 1 793 , 1 3-19 , P l . N .

Neck : 3 6 b ead s amber ; S ide : 2g l b ead s ; L . S ide : p in , g l p a lm c up , F e k n ; Hand : Ag s p ira l r g ; Che st : CA Rad iate-headed b r , c ry sta l b a l l i n s l ing s &r g , 4 Ro c o ins .

1 6 Ma le I nhumat ion Doug la s 1 793 , 5 3-7 P l . X I I 1& 2 .

L . S ide : Ro c o in , CA b u R . S ide : F e k n , s pea rhead , t weezer s

1 7 F ema le I nhumat ion E -W Doug la s 1 793 , 5 8-62 P l . 1 4 1 -9 .

E nd L . Arm : G 1 a rm let , 2 0 g l b ead s ( = b race le t ) , F e r g ; E nd R . Arm : 3 CA B race lets , 2 Ro f inger r g .

2 0 Adu lt I nhumat ion Doug la s 1 793 , 7 9-80 , P l . XX 1 ,3 ,6 ,8 ,9 .

Near S h ld r : F e b e ; CA b u , F e k ey ? w ith r g , Ro c o in , CA f rag , Ag s p ira l r g , 2 CA s hoes haped r ivets ; Under J aw : 5b eads , k n .

2 0a F ema le ?I nhumat ion Doug la s 1 793 , 7 9 n .1 , P L XX I I 1 -4 .

Humeru s : i vory a rm let , b ead s , F e s quare b e ; L . F emur : F e k n , CA & F e r gs , CA b r , 2 Ro c o in s , b ead .

F rom b a rrow , I nhumat ion Doug las 1 793 , 9 2 P l . XX I I , 1 .

Ro c o in , n o a ss o b j .

F rom b arrow , I nhumat ion Doug las 1 793 , 8 2 P l . XX , 1 0 .

Throa t : CA Ro c lasp k n , CA b r ( type? ) ; R . S ide : F e k n w ith CA h i lt , F e b u , CA f rag .

5 9 . C lhesse l l Down , I .o .W . : m ixed c emetery e xcavated b y S k inner i n 1 817 , 1 818 & 1 831 a nd t hen b y H i l ler i n 1 855 . S ite p ub l ished b y A rno ld ( 1982 , 1 2-72 ) . At o ta l o f 1 08 i nhumat ions a nd 5c remat ion s a l though W i lk ins ( c ited i n i b id , 1 8 ) g ives a t o ta l o f 1 50 i n terments .

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Da ted f i fth t ol a te s ix th c en tu ry . 1 Adu lt I nhumat ion A rno ld 1 982 , 1 9 F ig . 4 , 2 3 .

Head : F ragmen ta ry g l c one b eaker , 2CA Sma l ll ong b r ; Ag s p ira l r g .

1 6 F lexed I nhumat ion A rno ld 1 982 , 2 2 F ig . 5 .

B ase o f Ro b utt b eaker ; F e I m .

2 1 Adu lt I nhuma t ion E v ison 1 965 , 2 6 & 1 04 F ig . 9f . A rno ld 1 982 , 2 2 & 6 1 F ig . 6 ; 4 9 .

B twn Knees : Comp lete b ow l ; F e k n ; R . S h ld r : F e s pea rhead ; Abdomen : F e b u .

2 3 Ch i ld I nhumat ion A rno ld 1 982 , 2 3 F ig . 8 ,23 .

' r ema ins o f t c )y '= 2 R o c o ins o n CA b ang le c orroded t o t w isted CA s p l it r g , e nd o f r i nged F e o b j & 2r ivetted CA p la tes . 2g i lt CA B ird b r , CA t weezers .

2 6 Adu lt I nhumat ion A rno ld 1 982 , 2 3-4 F ig . 7 , 8 , 2 1 .

CA h ang ing b ow l , c omp lete ; CA b ucket b ind ing s ; CA p a i l ; A t Knees : F e b o ss , k n ; L . H ip : F e s word R . o f Head : F e s pea rhead , a rrowheads .

3 4 Adu lt I nhumat ion A rno ld 1 982 , 2 4-5 F ig . 8 .

F rag g l a rm let , Ag B ird b r , 2CA b r , CA p in , p endant o rnaments , b eads , b u , F e k n , Ag r g , 2p rs CA t weezers .

4 0 F ema le I nhuma t ion A rno ld 1 982 , 2 5-6 F ig . 9 , 7 4 2 2-4 .

CA s trap e nd , c ry sta l b a l l , 2CA g i lt S qua re-headed b r , Ca g i lt B ird b r , CA b u , b ead s .

4 1 Adu lt I nhumat ion A rno ld 1 982 , 2 6 .

Decap ita ted , h ead o n a bdomen . F e k n .

5 5 Adu lt I nhumat ion A rno ld 1 982 , 3 0 F ig . 1 5 .

2 Ag g i lt CA S quare-headed b r , 2 CA r g s , l ge F e r g , Ro c o in , b eads , b u .

1 01 Adu lt I nhumat ion A rno ld 1 982 , 3 6 F ig . 2 8 .

Ro c o in , F e b u , F e a rm let

u np rovenaneed f ind 5 a A rno ld 1 982 , 3 8 F ig . 2 3

G 1 a rm le t .

u np roveneneed f ind 5 b A rno ld 1 982 , 3 8 F ig . 2 4 .

CA a rm le t .

u np roveneneed f ind 6 Ha rden 1 956 , 1 70 . A rno ld 1 982 , 3 8 F ig . 2 4 .

s ma l l Ro g l b eaker .

u np roveneneed f ind 2 6 A rno ld 1 982 , 4 1 F ig . 2 7 .

CA R o amu le t .

u nproveneneed f ind 2 7 A rno ld 1 982 , 4 1 F ig . 2 7 .

Ca st CA t erre t .

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u np rov f ind 1 87 1

u np rovenenced f ind s 4 3-6 A rno ld 1 982 , 4 2 F ig . 2 7 .

3R o c o in s .

6 0 . Chu rchover , B ensford B r idge , Wa . : c hance d i scovery o f i nhumat ions i n 1 824 . Co ttr i l l s uggest s a n e a r ly d a te o n t he b as is o f t he c ruc iform b rooches w ith s eperate k nob s ( 1946 , 1 8a ) . 1 958 , 3f urther g raves f ound . I nhuma t ion Sm ith 1 848 , 3 6 4 0-1 P l . 1 8 , 4 .

CA Ro D isc b r , s e tt ing l o st .

F rom I nhumat ion ? D ick inson 1 982a , 4 8 F ig . 4 .1

CA P enannu la r b r .

6 1 . C irence ster I , T he B ar ton , GL : p o ss ib le A ng lo-Saxon c emetery l ocated i n a rea o f Roman t own . E v idence c on s ist s o f b osses a nd s ome i nhumat ion s . Ma in d i scover ies i n 1 868 , 1 896 a nd 1 909 . Da te p robab ly s ix th o r s even th c entury ( D ick in son 1 976 I , 7 1 -7 2 ) . Two Ma les I nhumat ion What ley 1 895 , 3 96 .

A ssn Unc lea r F e b oss , s pea rhead , o ther F e f rag s , 3R o c o in s , f rag b race lets , b r , b u .

6 2 . C l iffe a t Hoo , Kn . : c emetery d iscovered d u r ing t he c u tt ing o f ar a i lway . None o f t he g rave g roup s a re k nown a nd t he d ate o f t he c emetery i su nc lear . Unknown Sm ith 1 880 , 5 62 .

B ase o f Ro CA s k i l let , 2 Ro c o in s .

6 3 . Col ingbou rne Duc is , W i . : 3 3 i nhumat ions e xcava ted i n 1 974 b u t p robab ly more r ema in . Da te o f c emetery a ppear s t o b e s ix th t o s eventh . 1 1 Ma le I nhuma t ion , P ro S -N G inge l l 1 978 , 7 8-9 F ig . 8 ; 1 6 1& 2 P l . 1

S h ldr : CA Ro D isc b r ; Wa ist : F e b u i n la id w ith Ag w ire .

2 0 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W G inge l l 1 978 , 8 5-6 F ig . 1 1 ; 1 8 , 7 -11; 1 9 1 -4 .

2CA S aucer b r , CA p in , F e b u , F e k n , 9 4 b eads .

3 1 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd WSW G inge l l 1 978 , 8 7 , 9 0 , 9 3 P l . 1 F ig . 5 ; 1 2 ; 2 0 , 5 -10; 2 1 , 1 -7 .

P r CA g i lt B utton b r , 2F e p ins , 2 Ag r g s , CA f inger r g , CA b rush h o lder , F e k n , b one whor l , c omb , 2 92 b ead s .

6 4 . Cotgrave , Not . : t h ree i nhumat ions f ound 1 839 . Date u ncerta in ( Ba teman 1 848b , 2 97 ) . F rom I nhumat ion B ateman 1 848b , 2 97 .

F rom o ne o f 3b ur ia ls , e ach w ith 2 F e s pea rheads , a Ro c o in .

6 5 . C roydon , S r . : m ixed c emetery d i scovered i n 1 856 b ut t he b u lk o f t he f i nds w ere r ecorded i n 1 893 . No a ssoc iat ion s a re k nown . Dated b y Morr is t o t he f i fth a nd s ix th c en tur ie s ( 1959 , 1 39-140 ) . F rom I nhumat ions G r iff ith 1 897 , 1 9 .

i ) i ) i i ) i v )

s ma l l u rn i n ' Upchu rch ' wa re . c o lour-coa ted s ca le b eaker . b ott le o f ' y e l low-b rown ' w a re . d o .

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F rom I nhuma t ion G r iff ith 1 897 , 2 3-4 w /c .

QBS CA s trap d istr ibutor .

F rom I nhumat ion Sm ith 1 902b , 2 60 F ig . o pp 2 57 , 7& 9 .

2CA R o re tte b e lt f i tt ing s , CA R o s trap e nd .

F rom Cemetery K ent 1 961 , 2 1

Ro c o in .

6 6 . Da ren th P ark Hosp ita l , Kn . : a n i nhumat ion c emetery d i scovered i n 1 881 . O ther s ke le ton s were f ound i n 1 928 a nd i n 1 958 a s ing le s ix th c en tu ry i nhumat ion w as e xcavated . 2g raves were e xcava ted i n 1 982 , 2i n 1 978 a nd 7i n 1 981 . Cemetery o f s ix th c entu ry d ate . 4 Ma le I nhumat ion , Hd W Wa lsh 1 980 , 3 10 , F ig . 6 . Web ster e t a l 1 980 , 3 15-6 F ig . 5P l . 1 .

R . S h ld r : g rass-tempered p ottery v esse l ; L . S h ldr : mou ld-b lown g l b ow l .

6 7 . Desborough I , Nh . : i n 1 876 , a bou t 6 0 i nhuma t ion s were d iscovered d u r ing work . Al a te c emetery . I nhuma t ion B aker 1 880 , 4 68-9 , P l . 2 9 .

CA s k i l let ; p r o f s ca les ;w h ite me ta l s poon , CA h inged c la sp . A lso a ss ? : CA p in , 2g l v esse ls , F e b ar .

6 8 . Dorche ster I , Ox . : d ur ing t he d e struct ion o f t he Dorche ster Dykes i n 1 874 , t wo e ar ly f i fth c en tu ry g raves were d i stu rbed a nd r ecorded , o ther s d estroyed 1 871 . S ing le i nhumat ions f ound i n 1 940 a nd 1 943 . F ie ld wa lk ing b eh ind t he Dykes h a s r ecovered o ther mater ia l p oss ib ly f rom g raves D . M i les . p er s . c omm . ) . Da te l a te Roman t o e a r ly f i fth ( D ick in son 1 976 I , 7 6 -7 7 ) . 1 Ma le I nhumat ion K irk & L eed s 1 953 , 6 5-7 S c 7 0-2 F ig . 2 7 1 -13 , P l . Na E v ison 1 968 , 2 38-9 F ig . 1

S h ld r : CA Ro b u ; Th ighs : re tte a ttachmen ts ; R ibs : b e lt s treng theners ; b one b ead , CA f i tt ing s . Sword e tc . p robab ly p resen t b ut n ot k ep t .

2F ema le I nhumat ion K irk & L eed s 1 953 , 6 7-9 & 7 2-3 F ig . 2 7 1 4-16 P l . I Vb

CA C ruc iform b r , CA App l ied b r p la te , CA R o b u .

F rom I nhumat ion ? D . M i les , p er s . c om m .

CA Ro ? b u .

6 9 . Dorche ster I , Ox . : as i ng le i nhumat ion o f l ate Roman o r e ar ly f i fth c emtury d a te . F ema le I nhumat ion K irk & L eed s 1 953 , 6 9-70 F ig . 2 9 ; 3 0 P l . V .

P r CA App l ied b r &b ackp la te o f t h ird , P r CA R o b race lets ; CA b race let w ith CA Ro k ey ; 7 CA r g s ,CA p r icker , CA Ro F inger r g , f rag CA f la t b and , Ro c o in .

7 0 . Dorchester V I , B er insf ie ld , Ox . : am ixed c eme tery o f 1 03 i nhumat ion s a nd s evera l c remat ion s e xcavated 1 974-5 . D . M i les h a s k ind ly s upp l ied d e ta i ls o f t he g raves . 6 Ma le I nhumat ion , Hd S D . M i les , p ers . c om m .

R ibs : F e b oss , 3s tuds , g r ip ; Wa ist : F e s pearhead , k n , Ro CA b e lt f i tt ing .

184-

2 6 Ma le I nhuma t ion Hd WSW D . M i les p ers . c om m .

R . Head : p ot ; L . S ku l l : F e s pea rhead ; B e low S p ine : F e k n , c o in ; R . R ib s : CA f rag .

6 4 I n fant I nhumat ion Hd S SW D . M i les , p ers . c om m .

Upper Chest CA S tu tzarmf ibe l , n eck lace , Ro c o in , CA r g ; L ower B ody : 2F e b u .

8 3 F ema le I nhuma t ion Hd WNW D . M i les , p ers . c om m .

R . S h ld r : CA Sma l llong b r ; n r L . Hand : CA Ro D isc b r , b eads , c o in ; L . S p ine : F e r g , CA f rag s .

1 52 Adu lt I nhumat ion D . M i le s , p es . c om m .

L . S ide : Ro c o in H ead p acked w ith s tones .

7 1 . Dover I ,P r iory Hi l l , Kn . : o b jects i nd ica t ive o f al a te c eme te ry f ound i n t he g round s o f P r io ry h i l l . T he o b jects i nc lude s ome Roman b race let s wh ich d o n ot a ppear t o b e s trong ly a ssoc iated . F u rther d iscover ies made i n 1 889 a nd 1 956 ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 17 ) . u nknown a ssn . B rown 1 915 , 4 54 P l . C IX , 1 .

6 Ro CA b race lets .

7 2 . Dover I , O ld P ark ( Bue ldand ) , Kn . : a n e x tens ive i nhumat ion c emetery e xcava ted i n 1 951-2 . 1 26 g raves were r ecovered a nd o ther o b jects were r eported i n 1 861 a nd 1 915 . Da ted t o t he l a te f i fth t o m idseven th c entury ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 17 ) . Ih ave n ot b een a b le t o e xamine V . I . E v ison 's p ub l ica t ion o n t he c eme tery : t he l i st b e low i sd rawn f rom t he c a ta logue i n t he B r it ish Mu seum . F rom I nhumat ion ? B rown 1 915 I I , P L 5 3 , 4 . K end r ick 1 937 , 4 48 P l . 9 7 .

E xtens ive f rag s o f b one i n lay f or c asket .

Unknown , f rom I nhumat ion ? Sm ith 1 908 , 3 79 . Sm ith 1 909 , 7 7-8 & w /c .

E scu tcheon s a nd f i tt ing s f rom c . 3 h ang ing b ow ls .

4F ema le I nhumat ion BM r eg iste r

R i te : b ead s , c o in ; 2 CA s trap e nd s , F e f rag s , CA l oop , s tud , r g , F e k n , b u &p la te , b one c ounter , CA K ey stone b r .

1 5 F ema le I nhumat ion BM r eg ister

F e k n , CA b u w ith s hoe-shaped r ivets , CA w ire b race let , g l f rag , g l b eads , c o in .

4 8 F ema le I nhumat ion E v ison 1 965 , F ig . 9 e . Avent & E v ison 1 982 , 1 08 P l . XV .

G i lt CA S aucer b r , 8 amber 1 3 g l b ead s , f rag F e c ha in , CA b u l oop , F e k n , CA f rag , CA s tr ip w ith r ivet h o le s , F e r ec t p la te f rag , F e d isc , g l r im f rag , CA b u w ith F e t ongue , P b whor l . B utton b r l i nked b y b ead s t oS aucer b r

9 6b Ma le I nhumat ion BM r eg ister

F e s pea rhead , F e p in , k n , s word & 2CA mn ts .

1 29 F ema le I nhumat ion BM r eg ister

CA b race le t , b ead s , CA d isc ( co in? ) , c o in , CA t ag , F e b lade , 2F e b ars , p ottery v e sse l .

1 37 Ma le I nhumat ion E v ison 1 979 , 7 3 n o .4 P l . L I I , 5 BM r eg ister

CA Ro ? b ow l , F e s pea rhead , CA b u , 2F e k n , f erru le , p o ttery v esse l .

185-

1 38 F ema le I nhuma t ion BM r eg ister

H ip : F e f rags , CA o b j i nc k ey ; c o in .

1 41 F ema le I nhumat ion BM r eg ister

CA b race let , F e k n , b one f rag , g l b ead s , c o in .

C Ma le I nhumat ion E v ison 1 967 , 8 5-6 F ig . 4

F e s word w ith r ing , s pea rhead w ith f erru le , k n , b u h oop , CA s ca les w ith 1 4 c o ins , 3 p ebb les , 3F e s tr ip s a ss w ith b oss & g r ip .

7 3 . Dr iff ie ld I , Yo . ( Hm .) : as econdary i nhumat ion c emetery i n BA b a rrows . E xcava ted i n 1 851 ( abou t 1 0 i nhumat ion s ) , 1 870 ( 28 i nhuma t ions ) a nd 1 887 , w hen 1 3 were r ecovered d ur ing t he c on struct ion o f t he r a i lway . Da ted s ix th -s eventh c entury ( Meaney 1 964 , 2 86 ) . 3 0 I nhumat ion F ema le ? c rchd Mort imer 1 905 , 2 82 F ig . 8 24 -7 .

F e k n ; CA P enannu la r b r ; CA ' h oop s ' [f or k n ? ] ; b eads 4 amber , 4g l , 5p a ste .

7 4 . Drox ford , Ha . : c on struct ion work f or t he r a i lway d isturbed a n u nknown n umber o f g raves . What l i tt le i nformat ion t hat i sk nown i sr ecoun ted b y A ldswor th ( 1979 ) . 4 4 g raves were e xcavated i n 1 973-4 . T he c emetery a ppea rs t o d a te t o t he l a te f i fth t os even th c entu ry . A t l ea st 2 00 g raves d e stroyed , af ur ther 1 00 may r ema in . I n t wo g roups Da le 1 902 , 1 27 .

5 Ro c o ins .

Unknown a ssn . 1 905 e xcvns . A ld sworth 1 979 , 1 36 n o .1 F ig . 3 2 .

Ro CA c ro ss-bow b r .

F rom I nhumat ion , 1 905 e xcvns A ld sworth 1 979 , 1 37 n o .32 F ig . 3 4

CA Ro s poon b ow l .

F rom C remat ion 1 905 e xcvns A ld sworth 1 979 , 1 41 n o .194 F ig . 3 2

CA Ro b u f rag .

1 3 F ema le I nhuma t ion Hd W A ldsworth 1 979 , 1 17 -8 F ig . 2 0

L . S h ld r : G ra ss-tempered p ot ; CA b u &p in ; B y p ot : CA S aucer b r ; L . Humerus : CA S aucer b r ; L . B reast : CA p in ; Neck : CA t ag ; L . P e lv is : CA t ube ; S ac rum : CA l ump ; L . H ip : CA r g [ bag ] , k n , k ey , o b ject .

4 0 ? Ch i ld I nhumat ion Hd W A ld sworth 1 979 , 1 34 F ig . 3 0 1 -4

Centre o f g rave : CA f oot o f Ro b r c oncre ted t o F e r g f rag ; F e p in w ith l oop h ead ; CA o penwk o b j .

7 5 . Dun stab le F ive Kno l ls , E i d . : e xcavat ions i n 1 926-9 r ecovered a bout 1 00 i nhumat ions L i 1 0 g roup s . Abou t 3 5 h ad t he ir h and s t i ed b eh ind t he ir b ack s . A l l w ere s econda ry i nhumat ions i n a BA b arrow . Dated t o l a te f i fth t o s ix th c entury , t here may b e g a l lows b ur ia ls a s we l l . 1 7 Adu lt I nhumat ion Dunn ing & Whee ler 1 931 , 1 99

H ead less c orp se .

2 2 F ema le I nhumat ion , G roup B Dunn ing S c Whee ler 1 931 , 2 00 F ig . 6 ,6 .

B reast : Ro c o in .

186-

31 Adult Inhumation Group D, Hd WSW Dunning & Wheeler 1931, 201 Fig. 6, 7.

Ro coin.

N. of Inhumation 31 Dunning & Wheeler 1931, 206 Fig. 6, 2.

Ro Goblet of tinned CA with broken stem.

47 Adult lnhumation

Headless corpse.

54 Group G Hd SW Dunning & Wheeler 1931, 202 Fig. 5.

abv R Leg: CA IA Br.

Dunning & Wheeler 1931, 200

76. Duston, Nb.: at least 6 inhumations discovered in about 1903. In 1904 a further 25

were excavated as well as 4 cremations. Dated to the sixth century (Meaney 1964, 189).

From Inhumation

George 1903, 310.

CA Ro enam Plate br ass with 1 of 6 inhumations.

From lnhumation

CA Pen annular br.

Brown 1915, PL XXXVII, 4

77. Eastlxrn (Kirkbm-n II), Yo.: 1938 a cemetery was destroyed during construction work.

At least 12 graves lost, no associations recorded. Dated to seventh? century (Sheppard 1939b, 44). From Inbumations Sheppard 1939b, 45 - 46 Pl. VI, 1

CA Annular br.

78. Eastry I, Kn.: a large fifth and sixth century cemetery excavated in 1792, 1804 and 1860. An uncertain number of graves are represented (Hawkes 1979, 94). Assn lost

Ro gl bowl.

From Inhumation ?

Item III, 3: "ring of bronze with bevelled edges, inside and out...•decorated with incised diagonal lines." [ frame for hanging bowl escutcheon?].

From Cemetery Henry 1936, 226 Pl. 25, 3

CA hanging bowl esc. Unknown assn.

Baynes 1909, 365 Fig. 2. Payne 1894, 182.

79. East Shefford, Bek.: an inhumation cemetery excavated in 1889 (46 inhumations ), 1893

'further burials' and 1912 (12 inhumations). Dated mid- fifth to sixth. Much material is unassociated but Dickinson has catalogued all the known associations and finds (1976 II, 92 - 101).

Assn 1.Blknown Harden 1956, 158.

Ro gl cone beaker, Ro gl mould blown bowl.

From lnhumation ?, 1889 excvns

2 Ro CA Disc Br, one with intaglio, one with domed setting.

Read 1896b, 198, art. 12 & 13. S mith 1906, Pl. opp. 24 0 11,lla.

-187-

F rom I nhuma t ion ? 1 889 e xcvns R ead 1 896b , 1 98 a rt . 1 6 .

CA P enannu la r B r .

3 7 ? Fema le I nhuma t ion Read 1 896b , 1 98 a rt . 5 . D ick in son 1 976 , I9 4-5 .

5R o c o in s , 1 3 b ead s , CA r g , F e r od o n CA r g .

X I IF ema le I nhumat ion P eake & Hooton 1 915 , 1 14 p 1 .8 . D ick inson 1 976 I , 9 7 .

F e P enannu la r

F rom Cemetery BM r eg ister

CA Ro e nam P la te b r ; 4 Ro c o ins

b r/bu, k n ;CA b u ;b ead s .

8 0 . Elough ton , Yo . ( Hm . ) : as ma l l i nhumat ion c emetery w ith c a re less ly d i spo sed b od ies . Date u ncerta in ( Sheppard 1 940b , 1 61-4 ) . I nhumat ions S heppard 1 940b , 1 61-4

s evera l h ead less i nhumat ions .

8 1 . E ly F ie lds F arm , Ca . : as ma l l i nhumat ion c eme tery d e stroyed d ur ing a i r f ie ld c on struct ion . Abou t 3 0 g raves were f ound b ut more r ema in t o b e e xcavated . Da ted l a te f i fth t o s eventh . A ssn l o st G . F ow ler 1 948 , 7 2 P l . X IX .

Ro CA o penwk P late b r .

8 2 . Emp ingham , Ru . ( Le .) : a n i nhumat ion c emetery i n al ate Roman h o l loway . 1 32 g raves were r ecovered ( Web ster 1 976 , 1 65 ) . Assn u npub l ished Web ster 1 976 , 1 65 .

F ind s i nc P enannu la r b r .

8 3 . Emscote , Wa . : as ma l l i nhumat ion c emetery d i scovered i n 1 851 . No a ssoc iat ion s were r ecorded . A f u rther 5o r 6i nhuma t ion s were e xcavated i n 1 923 f o l lowed b y a nother l a ter ( Cha tw in 1 925 , 2 68 ) . F rom I nhumat ion Cha tw in 1 925 , 2 69 P l . 2 9 F ig . 2 .

CA R o D isc b r w ith s e tt ing m iss ing .

F rom Ceme tery BM r eg ister

CA Ro f inger r g .

8 4 . Ewe lme , Ox . : e xcavat ions i n 1 915 r ecovered a bou t 1 5 i nhumat ion s a nd n oted s evera l o ther s . T he ' hang ing b ow l ' i sp robab ly n ot f rom t he c eme tery ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 1 02 ) . F rom I nhumat ion ? Sm ith 1 908 , 7 1-3 F ig . 1 . D ick inson 1 976 I , 1 02 .

CA I A b ow l ' a ssoc ia ted ' w ith CA b ound b ucket &F e h inges .

8 5 . Fa ir ford , GL : a n i nhuma t ion c emetery f i r st r ecorded a nd e xcavated b y Wy l ie . He n otes d i scover ies i n 1 844-5 when a t l east 3 6 i nhumat ions w ere e xcava ted . Mo re d i scover ies were n oted i n 1 847 a nd 1 850 . Wy l ie h imse lf e xcavated o ver 1 20 g raves p ub l ish ing t hem i n F a ir ford G rave s ( 1852 ) . Over 1 00 i nhumat ions a nd s evera l c remat ion s k nown f rom t he s i te . Da ted f rom t he m id-f ifth t o e nd o f s ix th c en tu ry ( D ick in son 1 976 I , 1 05 ) .

188-

4F ema le I nhuma t ion Wy l ie 1 852 , 1 5 P l . I X , 5

Head : CA r g , CA P enannu la r b e , s tr ing 5 4 am b er b eads ; p r S aucer b r ; f i nger r g .

3 1 Adu lt ?I nhumat ion Wy l ie 1 852 , 2 3 P l . V ,5 ; V I ,7 .

P r CA P enannu la r b r .

4 8 F ema le I nhumat ion Wy l ie 1 852 , 2 9 P l . V I ,3 .

T hroa t : CA P enannu la r b r , b ead o f b lue g l .

Unass f ind , f rom I nhumat ion Wy l ie 1 852 , 1 5 P l . V7 .

Cast CA t erre t .

A ssn u nknown Wr ig ht 1 847 , 5 3 . Sm ith 1 852 , P l . X , 8 2 .

S evera l Ro c o ins f ound w ith F e s pea rhead , k n , CA mounts , s word , b o ss , CA S aucer b r , e ar p ick s , i vory r g .

F rom I nhumat ions ? Wy l ie 1 852 , 2 8 .

3 Ro c o in s .

F rom I nhumat ion ? Sm ith 1 852 , 7 9 .

Ro c o in .

8 6 . F aversham I , K ing 's F ie ld , Kn . : a n e x tens ive i nhumat ion c emetery o f t he l a te f i fth t o t he m id-seventh c en tury . Mo st o f t he d iscover ies were made d u r ing c on struct ion o f t he r a i lway i n 1 858 a nd t he mater ia l c onsequent ly h as f ew r ecorded a ssoc iat ions . T he c emetery a ppea rs t o b e c on t iguou s w ith o ne o f t he l ate Roman p er iod . Ob jects were a cqu ired b y G ibbs , Sm ith a nd B rent t o 1 894 . Cemetery d a ted f i fth t os even th c entu ry ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 18-9 ) . F rom I nhumat ion Sm ith 1 873 , 1 2 Hen ig 1 974 I , 7 8 n o . 5 64

Ro i n tag l io s et i n CA b eze l .

F rom I nhuma t ions Sm ith 1 923 , 4 7 .

2CA R o s poon s ' o f n orma l t ype ' .

Unknown , f rom I nhumat ions Sm ith 1 923 , 4 9-50 F ig . 5 1 , 5 3 .

E scu tcheon s f rom p robab ly 4 CA h ang ing b ow ls .

F rom I nhuma t ions H a rden 1 956 , 1 58 P l . XV , b

2 Ro g l v esse ls .

F rom I nhumat ion H a rden 1 956 , 1 63 P L XV I I I , c E v ison 1 969 , 1 64

Ro g l v esse l , g roup V I bi&

F rom I nhumat ion . Hawkes 1 961 , 3 3-4 F ig . 1 .

G i lt CA QBS b r w ith c en tra l g l s ett ing .

F rom I nhuma t ion F ow ler 1 964 , 1 47

2 CA Ro P enannu la r b e .

F rom I nhumat ion ? K enne tt 1 971 , 1 37 n o .9 F ig . 1 4

CA Ro v esse l .

189-

F rom I nhuma t ion ? E v ison 1 979 , 3 -4 F ig . 3 3e

Ro p o ttery v esse l .

F rom I nhumat ion s BM r eg ister

QBS B u p la te & D isc .

F rom Cemetery BM r eg ister

2 5 Ro c o ins .

F rom Cemetery BM r eg ister

2F e p in s .

8 7 . P eer ing , Ke lvedon , E x . : as eventh c entu ry b a rrow f ie ld , p robab ly i nhumat ion o n ly . No g rave g roup s a re k nown ( Meaney 1 964 , 8 6 ) . Adu lt I nhuma t ion F ow ler 1 964 , 1 48

2 CA D isc b r , g arne t-se t b u , F e P enannu la r b r .

8 8 . Ff ik ins , Ox . : 4i nhumat ions w ere d i stu rbed d ur ing q uarry ing i n 1 856 . Akerman e xcavated a nd p ub l ished 1 1 more . T o ta l o f 2 4 k nown g raves , a l l d ated t os ix th c en tu ry ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 1 16 ) .

e

3F ema le I nhuma t ion c rehd Akerman 1 857b , 1 41 F ig . p . 1 42 .

Neck : b lue b ead ; B reast , c en tre : l ge g i lt CA S aucer b r ; L . S h ldr : CA I A b r ; R . S h ldr : R o CA b r ; Wa ist : p r CA g ird le h anger s .

F rom 2I nhumat ions D ick inson 1 976 I , 1 18

7 Co in s .

8 9 . F imber , Yo . ( 1 1m .) : 6i nhumat ions f ound d ur ing b u i ld ing work . Mort imer f ound 2 more i n a bou t 1 870 . Appea rs t o b e al a te s ix th a nd s even th c en tu ry c eme tery . I nhumat ion Mort i mer 1 905 , 1 92 F ig . 4 86 .

CA P enannu la r Ro ?b r .

9 0 . F o lkestone H , Kn . : as eventh c entury i nhumat ion ?( Meaney 1 964 , 1 20 ) . F rom I nhumat ion Sm ith 1 853 , 2 19

Ro ? p ottery v esse l .

9 1 . F onaby , L i . : am ixed c emetery d i scovered i n 1 956 b ut n ever p roper ly r ecorded . 4 9 i nhuma t ion s a nd 1 2 c rema t ion s a re p ub l ished b ut t he f ind s i nd ica te t hat a f u rther 9o r 1 0 i nd iv idua ls a t l east a re r ep re sented ( A . Cook 1 981 , 1 4-15 , 7 4 ) . 1 7 F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd W A . Cook 1 981 , 2 4 F ig . 6 .

9 6 amber b ead s ; B y J aw : F e P enannu la r b r ; R . S ide : F e k n , t ext i le r ems .

3 6 F ema le I nhumat ion A . Cook 1 981 , 3 6 F ig . 1 3 .

CA Sma l llong b r ; CA P enannu la r b r ; CA g i rd le h anger s w ith a ttachment ; r ems CA w r ist c la sp s .

9 2 . F ord , W i . : a n i so la ted s even th c en tu ry ma le i nhumat ion i n ab a rrow I ( Mu sty 1 969 ) .

B arrow I , I nhuma t ion , Ma le Mu sty 1 969 , 1 04-11 F ig . 3 ,5 ,6 P l . 2 7 & 2 8

F e s eax w ith Ag & g a rne t mounted p omme l ; CA h ang ing b ow l w ith c rab a pp le s &o n ions ; d ec d b le s ided b one c omb ; d b le t ongued F e b u w ith g a rnets , 2F e s pea rheads ; F e ' s ugarloaf ' b oss ; h ook e nded F e s tr ip .

9 3 . F r i lford I ,B ek . ( Ox . ) : e xcava ted i n 1 864-5 , 1 867-8 , 1 912 a nd 1 920 ( l a tter t wo d a tes i nd iv idua l g raves o n ly ) . T h is m ixed c eme tery a ppea rs t o e x tend w ithou t ab reak f rom t he l ate Roman p er iod a nd h as made i nterp retat ion o f t he s i te v ery d i ff icu lt . D ick in son h a s n umbered a l l t he g raves g iv ing a t o ta l o f 2 12 i nhumat ion s a nd a f ew c remat ion s ( 1976 I , 1 19-133 ) . 4 Adu lt I nhuma t ion 1 864-5 e xevns Akerman 1 865 , 1 37 5 Adu lt I nhumat ion A kerman 1 865 , 1 37 . Hawkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 3 5 F ig . 1 2 .

CA Ro D isc B r , w ith e nam ? s ett ing .

1 42 A du lt I nhumat ion D ick inson 1 976 I , 1 27

CA D isc b r , c o in .

1 45 Adu lt I nhumat ion D ick inson 1 976 I , 1 27 - 1 28

B rea s ts : CA App l ied b r , CA p in ; F emur : F e k n ; P e lv is : b eads ; Above Head : 2c o ins ; Head : p ottery v esse l .

1 75 A du lt I nhuma t ion D ick inson 1 976 I , 1 75

CA Ro s poon b ow l .

CA Ro b u , 2CA S aucer b r .

9 4 . Garton S lack H , Yo . ( Hm . ) : b etween 1 848 a nd 1 852 s evera l g raves were d estoyed w ithou t r ecord . 1 870 , Mort ime r e xcavated a n e x ten s ive s econda ry c eme tery i n BA b a rrows . T he g raves were o fl a te s ix th a nd s even th c en tury d a te . One g roup c ons isted o f 2 8 i nhumat ion s a nd o ne p oss ib le Ang lo-Saxon c rema t ion , t he s econd g roup was p oor ly f u rn ished a nd h ad 3 1 g raves . 7F ema le I nhumat ion Mort imer 1 905 , 2 48-50 P l . 8 3 , 6 36 ; 8 4 ; 8 5 , 6 37-651 .

Abdomen : F e b ound b ucket w ith a n i ma l b one s ; R . S h ldr : CA Annu la r b r ; Che st : Au p endant ; Neck : 1 3 ame thy st b ead s ; S ku l l : CA p in , 2e a r r g s ; Ank les : CA amu le t b ox w ith r g &c ha in , F e h ook , CA b u &r g , F e Ro? s poon , c omb , g l f rag s , 2whor ls .

9 5 . Gi lton , A sh , Kn . : al a rge c emetery o f l a te f i fth t o m idd le t ol a te s eventh c en tu ry d a te s i tua ted o n t op o f a Roman i nhumat ion a nd c remat ion c emetery . Rev . B . F ausse tt c a rr ied o u t t he b u lk o f t he e xcavat ion s i n 1 759 ( 1 g rave ) a nd 1 760-3 ( 106 g raves ) . I n 1 771 Doug la s e xcava ted more , a s d id B oys . 1 783 t wo more g raves w ere r ecorded a nd i n 1 842 Sm ith & nd Ro lfe b oth a cqu ired more f i nd s . Occas iona l g raves a re s t i l l e xcavated . 1 5 [ Doug las , 1 771 ] I nhumat ion Doug la s 1 793 , 4 8-52 P l . X I I 4 -12 .

CA d ish o f F rank ish ? t ype w ith sm l CA d ish , i nverted , a s f oot r i ng , CA s ca le p an s & 2 Ro c o in s a s we ights , F e f ranc isca a xe , t ouchstone , b ucket .

F rom b a rrow , I nhumat ion Doug las 1 793 , 8 0 , 8 2 P L 2 0 2 .

Ro m irro r .

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3F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd W F au ssett 1 856 , 4 .

Neck : 5b ead s , Ro c o in .

3 1 Ch i ld I nhumat ion , Hd W F ausse tt 1 856 , 1 4 .

Neck : 7b ead s , Ro c o in .

4 0 Ma le I nhumat ion , Hd W Co ff in F au ssett 1 856 , 1 5 P l . 9 ,10 .

R . o f B ody : F e s pea rhead , b oss & 4s tuds , c y l inder , 2 CA b u , 2 CA f o lded & r ive tted s hee ts , F e s eax , 2s m l F e k n , Ro c o in ; F eet , o u ts ide c o ff in : p o ttery v e sse l .

5 0 Ma le I nhumat ion , Hd W Co ff in F aussett 1 856 , 1 8-19 w ie .

Ou ts ide Co ff in : F e s pea rhead ; F e b oss & 3 s tuds , h and le , F e b u , 2k n ; Ro C rema t ion u rn : w ith 2 R o c o ins , p r t weezer s .

6 0 Chad I nhumat ion Hd W Co ff in F au ssett 1 856 , 2 1 .

Neck : 1 0 b ead s ,7 p aste , 3amber , F e r g ; F e k n w ith b one h and le ; B eyond c o ff in a t f eet : s ha l low b lack [ BB ? ]p atera .

6 6 Ma le I nhumat ion , Hd W Co ff in F ausse tt 1 856 , 2 2-3 P l . 1 7 1 -21 .

To R . o f c off in : F e s pea rhead ; F e b oss & 3 s tuds , s word , CA s ca le s &w e ights ( 7 Ro c o in s &o ther s ) , Ro c o in , 2F e k n , f e rru le .

6 7 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W Co ff in F au sse tt 1 856 , 2 3-4 P l . 3 ,8 .

Neck : 1 9 b ead s ( g l &p aste ) ; T hroa t : CA R o e nam P la te b r ; F e k n ife .

7 0 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W Co ff in F au sse tt 1 856 , 2 4 P l . 1 0 ,16 .

Neck : 1 8 b ead s ( g l &p aste ) ; T h roa t : CA R o e nam b r ; Outs ide Co ff in : B roken u rn , F e k n .

8 3 Ma le I nhumat ion , Hd W F au sse tt 1 856 , 2 6-7 w ie .

R . S ide : 2F e s pea rhead s , F e b oss w ith 7s tuds , F e b r id le w ith Ro c o in a ttached , 2k n ; Ou ts ide Co ff in : g l b eaker .

8 7 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W Co ff in F ausse tt 1 856 , 2 8-9 P l . 1 0 ,15 .

Neck : 1 5 b ead s ( g l &p aste ) ; T hroa t : CA Ro g i lt D isc b r ; P e lv is -Knees : F e c ha te la ine c ha in w ith m in i t o i let i mp lemen ts ; F e k n ; F eet : F e b ox f i tt ing s ; F e f rag s .

9 4 F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd W , Co ff in F au sse tt 1 856 , 3 0-2 w ie , P l . 1 3 ,2 .

Neck : 1 4 b ead s ; F eet : 2F e k n , F e h inges ( box ) w ith 2 k eys , CA Ro m irror & h and le , f lat Ag r g ( bu o r b r? ) , b e lt f i tt ings , F e f ork & F e o b js .

1 01 Ma le I nhumat ion Hd W Coff in F ausse tt 1 856 , 3 2 .

L . S ide : F e s pea rhead ; 2F e k n ; F e r g ; Ou ts ide c o ff in : L a rge wh ite [ Ro ? ]u rn .

F rom I nhumat ion ? Sm ith 1 852 , 1 64 P l . 3 7 ,8 .

CA R o b u .

F rom I nhumat ion V an E s 1 967 , 1 26 F ig . 3

CA g i lt Ro p in .

e

9 6 . G ir ton , Ca . : i n it ia l d i scover ies were made i n 1 881 when 1 50 c remat ions a nd 7 5 -8 0 i nhuma t ions were r ecovered . Un fortuna te ly , s evera l Roman i nhumat ion s a nd c rema t ions

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were f ound a nd many o f t he a soc iat ion s were p oor ly r ecorded l ead ing t os ome c on fu s ion o f t he g raves a nd t he ir c ontents . More d i scover ies were made i n 1 886 . A m ixed c eme tery d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he f i fth c entury t o a bou t AD 6 00 ( Ho l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 1 -2 ) . F rom 1 881 e xcvns H o l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 1 2 .

2R o c o in s , F e k n , 2c omb s i n f rag s , CA s crap .

C remat ion , 1 881 e xcvns Ho l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 1 2 .

CA P enannu la r b r , p r t weezer s .

Adu lt I nhumat ion ? 1 886 e xcvns , G roup C P r CA P enannu la r b r ; amber b eads ; Ag p endan t . H o l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 1 8 P l . 3 . Adu lt I nhuma t ion 1 886 e xcvns , G roup D Ho l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 1 8 .

Ro s ha le a rmlet , 5p rs t weezer s , 2F e b o sses . A ssn u nc lea r

2 Adu lt I nhumat ion Hd NW H o l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 6P l . 4 ,3 .

CA C ruc iform b r ; CA Ro e nam B ow b r .

2 5 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd WNW H o l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 1 0 .

2CA Sma l llong b r , 3 2 b ead s , p in w ith c o i led h ead , CA e ar p ick o n r g , Ro c o in .

2 8 Adu lt I nhumat ion Hd S SW Co ff in Ho l l ingwo rth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 7 , 1 3 P l . 6 , 8 .

R . S h ldr : CA s hee t f rag ; R . H ip : CA s hee t f rag ; Comp lete S l ip wa re b eaker S cs herds i n f i ll .

2 9 Adu lt I nhumat ion Hd S H o l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 5 .

Coa rse wa re Ro v esse l .

3 4 Adu lt I nhumat ion Hd S SW Ho l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 5 , 1 5 P l . 6 ,8 .

H ead & f i r st 3v erteb rae b twn l eg s . F ee t & R . S ide : 2F e n a i ls , Ro s l ip wa re v esse l .

4 1 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd WSW H o l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 7 .

B one p in w ith p ie rced h ead .

4 5 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd W H o l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 1 0 .

P r CA Sma l llong b r , p r CA w r ist c la sp s , 2 4 b eads , F e k n , Ro c o in .

5 4 Adu lt I nhumat ion H o l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 1 1 .

p r CA Sma l llong b r , p r CA w r ist c la sp s , CA f inger r g , 2 CA r g s w ith 3 b eads o n e ach , 2 1 b eads , Ro c o in .

7u rns [c rem I n Eo f G r 4& 5 H o l l ingworth & O 'Re i l ly 1 925 , 2 3 .

1R o G rey wa re j a r , CA Sma l llong b r ; b eads g l & p a ste .

9 7 . G laston , Ru . ( Le . ) : s ma l l i nhumat ion c eme tery i n s and p i t . 1 1 g raves p roper ly r ecorded b ut f u l l e x ten t u nknown . Da ted m idf ifth t o s ix th ( Meaney 1 964 , 2 15 ) . 1 Adu lt I nhuma t ion L eeds 1 948 , 1 69 -7 0 . L eed s &B arber 1 950 , 1 85 . E v ison 1 965 , 1 04 F ig . 1 0 d ,e .

CA b r w ith u p tu rned f oot ; CA P enannu la r b r ; F e k n ; F e f i tt ing s .

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9 8 . G lynde , S x . ( E . S x . ) : as ma l l m ixed c emetery w ith 8i nhuma t ion s a nd 7c rema t ion s e xcava ted i n 1 879 . No d eta i ls r ecorded ( We lch 1 983 , 4 02-3 ) . Adu lt I nhuma t ion We lch 1 983 , 4 02-3 .

Ro c o in .

9 9 . G reat Add ing ton I , Nh . : a n i nhumat ion c emetery f ound b efo re 1 847 when a n u ncerta in n umber o f g raves were e xcavated . 1 866 , 6more i nhumat ion s e xcavated , d a te o f c eme tery u ncerta in . I nhuma t ions Meaney 1 964 , 1 86 .

S evera l h ead less c orp ses .

1 00 . G reat B ar ton , S f . : as i ng le e scutcheon may b e e v idence f or a c eme tery i n t he a rea . F rom I nhumat ion ? B rown 1 981 , 2 27 F ig . 1

CA h ang ing b ow l e sc .

1 01 . G reat Caster ton , Ru . ( Le . ) : am ixed c emetery o f 1 3 i nhumat ions a nd 1 9 c remat ions d a ted t o t he l a te f i fth c entu ry a nd t he e a r ly s ix th c en tu ry ( W i lson 1 968 , 2 68 ) . I nhumat ion D .M . W i lson 1 967 , 2 68 .

I n 2o f 5b ur ia ls , g oods i nc F e s pearhead , k n , w r ist c lasp s , R o c o in .

2I nhumat ion G . G ra inger , p er s . c omm .

Decap ita ted b ur ia l? R o g l v e sse l , F e b u , F e k n , CA o b j .

1 02 . Grea t Chesterford , E x . : am ixed c eme tery e xcavated s ince 1 819 . S evera l u rn s were n oted b y F ox ( 1923 , 2 65 ) . 1 952 a n u rn a nd s pea rhead f ound l ead ing t o e xcavat ion s b e tween 1 953-7 when 1 60 i nhuma t ions a nd 3 3 c rema t ion s w ere r ecovered . Cemetery i n u se f rom m idf ifth t o e nd o f s ix th c entury . 2 9 F ema le I nhuma t ion BM r eg ister

F e P enannu la r b r , f rag s o f s econd , b ead s , F e f rag s , 2p r CA c la sp s ; Che st : c o in ; Hand : c o in .

3 3 I nhumat ion BM r eg ister .

P edesta l U rn [= My res Corpus 3 684 ] ; F e s tr ike-al ight ; F e k n ; CA s trap e nd ; R . F emur : 2F e s trap e nd s ; L . P e lv is : F e n a i l ; L . F emur : F e r ivet ; g l mou ld b lown b ow l .

3 4 Adu lt I nhumat ion BM r eg ister

Co in , b ead s , CA a nk let .

7 9 F ema le I nhumat ion BM r eg ister

F e P enannu la r b r , b ead s , F e l oop , f rag CA g i rd le h anger .

1 11 Adu lt I nhumat ion BM r eg ister

Co in , 2b eads , F e f rag .

1 22 Ma le I nhumat ion BM r eg ister

F e s pea rhead , f erru le , CA p in ; R . Hand : F e f rag ; k n ; c o in , b o ss , s word , g l b eaker .

1 32 Adu lt I nhumat ion BM r eg ister

B one p in , c o in , CA D isc b r , b ead s , b one c omb , F e f rag s &b ar , g l c one t ip .

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1 49 Adu lt I nhuma t ion BM r eg ister

F e n a i ls , n r S ku l l : c o in .

2 9 C remat ion BM r eg ister

Co in .

1 03 . G reenw ich , S r . : al a te s ix th o r s eventh c entury g rave e xcava ted i n 1 860 . 3o thers may a lso b e o f t h is d ate ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 22 ) . I nhumat ion B ren t 1 886 , 1 80-1 .

CA h ang ing b ow l r ep resented b y t hree e scu tcheon s a nd a CA r g .

1 04 . G r ind L ow , Over Haddon , Db . : a ma le i nhumat ion i n ab arrow e xcavated i n 1 849 . Dated t o s eventh c entury ( Ozanne 1 964 , 2 3 ) . I nhuma t ion Ozanne 1 964 , 2 3 F ig . 9

CA h ang ing b ow l . No k nown a ssn .

1 05 . Hampnett , B urn G round , GL : as ma l l m ixed c emetery o f 1 0 i nhumat ions a nd 4 -5 c rema t ions b ur ied i n a Neo l ith ic b arrow . Ceme tery d a ted t ol a te f i fth a nd s ix th c en tury ( D ick in son 1 976 I , 1 35 ) . 5 Ma le , Hd W G r imes 1 960 , 1 20 F ig . 4 7 .

Chest ( between b r ) : Ro c o in ; S h ldrs : P r CA d i sc b r .

1 06 . Ha rnham H i l l,WL : a n i nhuma t ion c eme tery e xcavated a fter 2i nhuma t ion s were d i scovered i n 1 845 a nd 1 853 . F urther e xcavat ion s were made b y Akerman who r ecovered 7 3 i nhumat ion s f rom 6 4 g raves . F urther i so la ted i nhuma t ion s were d iscovered i n 1 916 , 1 931 , 1 937 ( 2 ) a nd 1 939 . Cemetery d a ted l ate f i fth t o e nd o f s ix th c entu ry . 2 1 Ch i ld I nhuma t ion Hd E Akerman 1 853a , 2 61 .

w ith f rag o f t he " la ter Roman t ype" b r .

2 3 Adu lt I nhumat ion c rchd , E -W A kerman 1 853a , 2 61 .

On Wr ist : Ca b race let .

2 8 F ema le I nhumat ion , E -W R . Hand : Ag s p ira l f i nger r g ; Wa ist : CA g i lt A kerman 1 853a , 2 62 P l . I I 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 7 , 1 8 . o rnament ; L . A rm : b eads ; N r R . Hand : s heep a straga lu s , Ro c o in , b one o b j ; L . B reast : 2 CA p icker s &s coop o n r g . 3 2 F ema le s t I c 2 Ch i ldren I nhumat ions E -W On Ch i lds wr ist : CA b race le t ; A kerman 1 853a , 2 62 . A t Head : b eads . 4 0 Adu lt I nhumat ion Hd E A kerman 1 853a , 2 63 P l . 1 1 , 8b c 9 1 2 , 3 , 4 , 8e 3 c1 9 .

F eet : b one s p whor l ; B rea st : 2 CA B utton b r ; L . Hand : Ag monog ram med r g , Ag s p ira l r g , Au r g ; Lap : CA R o b r ; b ead s amber S cp aste , b one c omb f rag s ; CA s pa tu la ; L . Armp it : sm l k n ; Ro CA s trap e nd & f i tt ing .

5 3 F ema le I nhumat ion c rchd Akerman 1 853a , 2 64 P l . 1 2 , 2& 1 6 .

Under R . Arm : F e k n ; i st R ib : CA P enannu la r b r ; Wa ist : CA b u ; L . Hand : CA r g ; B reast : amber b ead s ; S h ld r : s econd b r .

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6 1 F ema le I nhuma t ion w ith c h i ld , Hd W Akerman 1 853b , 4 75-6 P l . 1 9 , 1 -6 .

L ap , Wr ists , Neck : l ge n o . amber b ead s & 1 p a ste ; L . A rm : Ag a rm let ; Wa ist : 2F e k n ; L . H ip : CA R o mount w ith CA S c F e l i nks [ b race lets ] ; S h ldrs : 2 CA g i lt S aucer b r L . B reast : CA p in . W ith o ther i nhuma t ion : CA t weezer s .

1 07 . Harwe l l , B ek . ( Ox . ) : as ma l l c emetery w ith n ine i nhumat ions r ecorded t o d a te . S ix were e xcavated a nd p ub l ished i n 1 955-6 b ut t hree h ave b een e xcavated s ince a nd r ema in u npub l ished ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 1 37-8 ; D . B rown , p ers . c om m . ) . 9F ema le I nhumat ion D . B rown , p ers . c om m .

CA R o b e lt f i tt ing ; g l & amber b ead s ; P r CA D isc b r ; CA f rag s .

1 08 . Has l ing f ie ld , Ca . : am ixed c eme tery w ith a b ia s t owa rds i nhuma t ion . D iscover ies i n 1 865 a nd 1 874-5 . Dated f rom f i fth t o e ar ly s eventh c entury ( Fox 1 923 , 2 55-7 ) . F rom Cemetery BM r eg ister

CA R o s poon b ow l , CA k ey , CA ma rt inga le , f i nger r g , CA Ro D isc b r .

F rom Cemetery CMAA r eg ister

CA P enannu la r b r p in .

1 09 . Hawk s Hi l l , F etcham , S r . : b etween 1 785 a nd 1 933 r ough ly 6 0 -1 00 i nhumat ions were f ound w ith t he p r inc ipa l d i scover ies b e ing made i n 1 886 ( 26 i nhumat ion s ) a nd 1 90 7( 6 i nhumat ion s ) . Dated t o l a te s ix th t o s eventh c entury ( Morr is 1 959 , 1 40-1 ) . F rom I nhumat ion Sm ith 1 901a , 2 25 .

I n ? accessory v esse l , Ro c o in .

1 10 . Hawnby , Yo . ( N . Yo .) : ag roup o f b arrow e xcava ted i n a bou t 1 865 p roduced s evera l s even th c en tu ry i nhumat ions ( Meaney 1 964 , 2 90-1 ) . F ema le I nhumat ion i n b arrow , Hd N Sm ith 1 909 , 8 1 Sm ith 1 912a , 9 6 Henry 1 936 , P l . 3 1 , 1

Wa ist : b e lt w ith Au & CA f i tt ings ; 2h a ir p in s , o ne Ag , o ne Au ; 4 Ag A nnu la r b r , CA A nnu la r b r , g l b ead s , s tone whor l ; Head : CA h ang ing b ow l ; b u , F e f rag s .

1 11 . H igham , Kn . : as ma l l i nhumat ion c emetery d i stu rbed d ur ing c on struct ion f or a r a i lway i n 1 90 5 -6 . T he i nhumat ion s were c u t t hrough a n e a r l ier RB c rema t ion c emetery . A ssoc iat ions n o t p roper ly r ecorded . Da ted f rom f i fth t o s ix th c entu ry . I nhuma t ion P ayne 1 909 , x c i Hawkes 1 961 , 3 4-5

G i lt CA QBS b r , a ssn u nknown .

I nhumat ion P ayne 1 909 , x c i

CA P en a nnu lar b r , a ssn u nknown .

I nhumat ion P ayne 1 909 , x c i

CA R o ?e nam p la te b r , a ssn u nknown .

I nhumat ion P ayne 1 909 , x c i i

2R o c o ins , f rom c remat ion s ?

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I nhumat ion Sm ith 1 908 , 3 85

Nea r-comp lete CA Ro b ow l .

F rom Cemetery B rown 1 915 , 2 47 P l . XXXV I I , 3

CA Ro Annu la r b r .

1 12 . H ighdown , S x . (W . S x .) : a ma jor i nhumat ion a nd c remat ion c emetery . B u lk o f e xcavat ions c a rr ied o ut i n 1 893-4 b y Read ( 86 i nhumat ion s c ata logued ) . We lch c ata logues a bou t 1 00 more f rom t ha t d ate t o 1 965 ( 1983 , 4 62-484 ) . 1 0 F ema le I nhumat ion W-E R ead 1 895 , 3 73-4 We lch 1 983 , 4 65 F ig . 9 2 ei

On R . A rm : CA b race let , Wa ist : CA b u , Ro c o in ; Neck : Ro c o in , 1 1 b eads .

1 2 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W Read 1 895 , 3 74 P l . XV I I I F ig . 4& 8 We lch 1 983 , 4 65 F ig . 9 3

R . s ide B reast : CA Sma l llong b r , i n la id CA b e lt s l ide ; L .s ide B reast : CA ' T ' s haped o b j w ith F e c oncret ion .

2 6 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W

P r CA Sma l llong b r ; QBS T inned CA b r ; G i lt CA b u ; F e r g .

Read 1 895 , 3 77 P l . 1 7 F ig . 5 , 6 , 9 We lch 1 983 , 4 68 F ig . 9 7 3 2 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd W We lch 1 983 , 4 69 F ig . 1 00a

Ro g l b eaker .

3 4 Ma le I nhumat ion Hd W Read 1 896a , 2 11 P l . I X , 2 We lch 1 983 , 4 69 F ig . 1 00 ,c

QBS CA b u &p late ; H ips : F e s tr ike-al ight , k n R . o f Head : F e s pearhead .

4 1 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W Read 1 896a , 2 11 We lch 1 983 , 4 72 F ig . 1 02e

B reast : P r CA f l at h oop P enannu la r b r .

4 7 Adu lt I nhumat ion Read 1 896a , 2 09-210 , 2 12 F ig . 1 We lch 1 983 , 4 72 F ig . 1 03 a & b

CA Ro f u rn iture mn t , Ro c o in .

4 9 Adu lt I nhumat ion Hd W Read 1 896a , 2 05-8 , 2 12 , P l . V I I I We lch 1 983 , 4 72 F ig . 1 03c

Comp lete g l s tem med b eaker w ith whee l c u t i n scr ipt ion .

5 0 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W Read 1 896a , 2 12 We lch 1 983 , 4 74 F ig . 1 03d

Under c h in : CA P enannu la r b r ; R . H ip : 6b eads , 5 amber , 1 ?b one .

5 3 Ma le I nhumat ion Hd W We lch 1 983 , 4 73 F ig . 1 03 e ,f

T inned CA mount ; t r iangu lar CA mn t ; CA s trap t ag ; 2f rag s o f CA s trap mnts ; Head : G 1 b ow l ; R . H ip : F e s tr ike-al ight ; F e P enannu la r r g ,kn .

5 8 Ch i ld I nhumat ion Hd W Read 1 896a , 2 12 P l . 9 ,3 We lch 1 983 , 4 74 F ig . 1 04

CA P enannu la r b r ; 3 CA s tamped d iscs [ bk t mts ? 1 , CA o b long p late ; 4b eads , g l , amber , j e t , b one ; sm l s tamped p ot ; F e k n .

197-

6 0 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W R ead 1 896a , 2 13 P l . 9 , 4 We lch 1 983 , 4 74 F ig . 1 05

QBS CA Quo it b r ; CA Quo it b r ; T inned CA D isc b r ; H ip s : F e b u ; k n ; n a i l .

7 3 Adu lt I nhumat ion R ead 1 896a , 2 13 We lch 1 983 , 4 76 F ig . 1 06 c ,d

CA D isc b r [ Penannu la r b r i lu stra ted ] , 7b eads .

7 4 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W R ead 1 896a , 2 10 , 2 13 P l . 9 , 5 We lch 1 983 , 4 76 -7 F ig . 1 07 a ,b

P e lv is : CA P enannu la r B r ; Chest : p r CA b r , Sma l llong ? ; Ca b u ; CA o b j ; L . o f S ku l l : CA t ube ; L . o f Neck : F e b u ; k n .

8 2 I nhumat ion , Hd W R ead 1 896a , 2 05 , 2 09 , 2 13 We lch 1 983 , 4 78 P l . 6

Ro p ottery b eaker . F rom Ro c emetery ?

1 78 I ncomp lete ly e xcavated I nhumat ion We lch 1 983 , 4 82 F ig . 1 09d

Ro g l f l a sk .

F rom I nhumat ion ; u nassoc iated We lch 1 983 , F ig . 1 23b

F lu ted g l Ro b ow l .

F rom I nhumat ion We lch 1 983 , F ig . 1 16 , f

CA Ro f inger r g w ith i n tag l io .

F rom I nhumat ion We lch 1 983 , F ig . 1 17c & d

2CA p ins f rom P enannu la r b rs .

F rom I nhumat ion Wh ite 1 986 , 9 1-92

CA Ro b u

1 13 . Hi ldersham , Ca . : as i ng le i nhumat ion o f s ix th ?c entu ry d ate e xcavated 1 944 ( Lethb r idge 1 952 , 4 4 ) . Ma le I nhumat ion L ethbr idge 1 952 , 4 4-7 P l . 9 -11

Comp lete CA h ang ing b ow l ; CA h oop s o f b ound b ucket ; f rag o f F e b o ss ; F e s pea rhead & f erru le .

1 14 . Ho lme P ierrepo in t , No t . : am ixed ? c emetery d estroyed b etween 1 836 & 1 842 . No r ecorded a ssoc iat ion s ( I V Ieaney 1 964 , 2 00 ) . F rom I nhumat ion ? B ateman 1 848b , 2 98 & w ie

6 0% o f Ro g l b ow l w ith whee l c u t d es ign .

F rom I nhumat ion ? B ateman 1 848b , 2 99 & w ie

CA L eopa rd , p oss ib ly a n a pp l ique f or a h ang ing b ow l .

1 15 . Ho lywe l l Row , S f . : a n i nhumat ion c eme tery . Af ew f ind s were e xh ib ited f rom t he s i te i n 1 851 b ut t he ma in e xcavat ion s were b y L ethbr idge i n 1 931 when 1 00 g raves were e xcavated , a l though more r ema ined ( 1931 , 1 ) . 3 9 F ema le I nhumat ion L ethb r idge 1 931 , 2 1-2 F ig . 1 0 A

B y J aw : 2 CA Sma l llong b r , d b le r ow b eads & 8 c o in s e x tend ing t o Wa i st , CA P enannu la r b r w ith F e p in & F e k n n ea rby .

198-

5 2 Ch i ld I nhuma t ion L e thbr idge 1 931 , 2 8 F ig . 1 7 C

2 5 b ead s ; S h ld r : F e Annu la r b r ; L . H ip : CA Ro k ey , CA g i lt s trap e nd , F e r g &k n .

6 1 F ema le I nhumat ion L e thb r idge 1 931 , 3 2 F ig . 1 9

F e P enannu la r b r , 2b eads , CA r g .

8 3 F ema le I nhumat ion L ethb r idge 1 931 , 3 7 F ig . 1 9 A

C lav ic les : P r CA P enannu la r b r w ith F e p ins ;15 amber b eads & p endant ; Wr ists : 2P r CA c la sp s .

1 16 . Horncast 1e , L i . : 1 918 a g rave e xcavated b y S heppard . F urther e xcavat ion s i n 1 981 r ecovered 2 more b ur ia l s ( Wh ite 1 981 , 7 1-2 ) . 2F ema le I nhumat ion , E -W Wh ite 1 981 , 7 1-2

L . H ip : F e k n ; R ib s : CA a nnu la r b r , 2b ead s , Ro c o in .

1 17 . Horton K irby I , Kn . : a n i nhumat ion c emetery o f a bout 1 00 b ur ia ls . 1 1 were f ound i n 1 866 , 1 3 i n 1 867 a nd a f u rther 6 0 i n 1 867-8 . Da ted t o t he l ater f i fth t o m idd le t ol ate s ix th c entury ( Coates 1 867 , 2 82 ) . Ma le ?I nhumat ion Coa tes 1 868 , 9 4 J essup 1 930 , 2 24

R . S h ldr : Ro ?j ug ; L . S h ldr : CA ' f oot less c up ' F eet : s ma l l b lack [ pottery ] u rn .

F rom I nhumat ion ? P ayne 1 892 , 3 2

Ro c o in .

F rom Cemetery F ow ler 1 964 , 1 47

CA P enannu la r b r .

1 18 . Horton K irby I , Kn . : am ixed c emetery e xcavated 1 937-8 . 1 12 i nhumat ions , a nd 5 c rema t ions e xcavated . Dated l a te f i fth t os even th c en tury ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 33-4 ) . 1 4 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd NNE Cumber land 1 938 , 1 6

p r? Ro CA c la sp k n .

2 2 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd WSW Cumber land 1 938 , 1 7 E v ison 1 965 , 1 16 F ig . 2 8 i

L . S h ld r : QBS P enannu la r b r ; s ta in a bove R . T h igh ; L . B rea st : b eads , s hort F e w eapon .

6 9 F ema le I nhumat ion Cumber land 1 938 , 2 1 Ager 1 985 , 2 1 F ig . 2 2 , a -g

Chest : CA Quo it b r , CA D isc b r , CA o b j i n b ag i nc CA Ro amu let , F e p ins .

7 4 Ch i ld I nhumat ion , NW-SE Cumber land 1 938 , 2 1-2

2 Ro c o ins , CA r g .

7 5 Ma le I nhumat ion , NW-SE Cumber land 1 938 , 2 2 , P l .

Decap itated? b ur ia l -s ku l l d i s lodged ; W Corner : F e s pearhead & f erru le a t L . F oot ; Knees : F e s word w ith Ag ( 3 c CA f i tt ing s ; T ib ias : F e b r , k n ; Lumber : F e b u ; Wa i st : F es tr ip .

9 5 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd NW Cumber land 1 938 , 2 6

L . S ide P e lv is : F e k n ; L . S capu la : F e p in ; Upper l umbar v ert : CA P enannu lar b r i n QBS .

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1 11 I nhuma t ion Cumber land 1 938 , 2 8 -9

B roken CA ? P enannu la r b r .

1 14 C remat ion Cumber land 1 938 , 2 9

L a rge g rey wa re v esse l [ RB 1 w ith d ecorat ion o n s hou lder .

xcavated p iecemea l a s s and q uarry e x tended . 1 19 . How letts , Kn . : am ixed ? c emetery e o m idla te s ix th c en tu ry . E ar l ier c remat ions o f G raves f ound 1 913-18 . Da ted f rom f i fth t 25 ) . u ncerta in d a te a lso f ound ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 4F ema le I nhumat ion L eed s 1 948 , 1 70-1 P l . XX IV c ,d

CA b r w ith u p turned f oot ; 2CA Rad ia te-headed b r ;2 Ag c lo ison b r ; p r p o lyhedra l e a rr ing s ; p o lyhed ra l h eaded p in ; Au r g w ith Ro i n tag l io .

5 Adu lt I nhumat ion E v ison 1 965 1 25 , P l . 1 3 ,b

B u w ith s ty le Ii n ter lace , CA B utton b r ; g i lt CA f rag .

1 3 Adu lt? I nhumat ion H awkes 1 961 , 3 1-2 P l . XV ,b

CA QBS b r f rag , F e f rag s , F r b ott le v ase .

1 6 Adu lt I nhumat ion E v ison 1 978 , 2 63 F ig . 2 , c j

CA App l ied b r , CA b ow l , g l b ead s , CA r g s .

2 8 Adu lt I nhumat ion Sm ith 1 936 13 2 , P l . 3 9 3 -8

F e s word , i n la id F e b u , QBS b e lt p la te r eu sed a s b r , CA D isc b r , A nnu lar b r .

F rom I nhumat ion , u nknown a ssn . Sm ith 1 936 , 1 32 P l . 3 9 , 2 Hawke s 1 961 , 3 2 P l . XV ,a

CA QBS b r

F rom Cemetery BM Reg ister Kent 1 961 , 2 0

2R o c o in s .

1 20 . I c ld ingham , M itche l l 's H il l , S f . : c emetery e xcavated b y P r igg b u t u npub l ished . Ma ter ia l i n S ir J ohn E vans ' c o l lect ion ( Sm ith 1 911 , 3 43 ) . 3( 1881 ) F ema le I nhumat ion Hd E P r igg 1 888 , 5 8 -6 0

Wa ist : F e k n ; F e g i rd le h anger ; CA c la sp ; B rea st : CA c la sp ; Neck r eg ion : G i lt C ruc iform b r ; P r P enannu la r b r ; n eck lace w ith c ry sta l b ead ; CA r g .

F rom Cemetery A .M . r eg ister , E van s c o in .

CA R o s poon ; 3c o ins S c 3b race le ts .

1 21 . I l ing ton , N f . : am ixed c eme tery e xcava ted 1 949 . 2 12 c remat ion s a nd 3i nhumat ions were r ecovered . F rom C rema t ion My res & G reen 1 973 , 8 6

B one i n lay f rom c a sket , b one c omb f rag , CA g lobu les .

1 22 . I psw ich , S f . : al a rge i nhumat ion c eme tery e xcavated 1 906-7 b y L aya rd . S he e st imated t he c emetery t o c onta in 2 00 g raves , e xcavat ing 1 59 h er se lf ( 1909 , 2 ) .

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5 9 F ema le I nhumat ion L aya rd 1 909 , 1 2

CA G rea t S quare-headed b r , CA b u , F e b u , F e k n , Ro c o in .

F rom I nhumat ion O zanne 1 962 , 2 11 P l . XXX 1& 2 . S ku l l 1 985 , 1 20-2 F ig . 3

CA h ang ing b ow l .

F rom I nhumat ion I n I p sw ich Mu seum

Ro c o in .

1 23 . I rby , We lbeek H i l l , L i . : am ixed c emetery e xcavated b e tween 1 965-8 . At ota l o f 6 2 i nhumat ion s a nd 5c rema t ion s were r ecovered ( Tay lor 1 967 , 4 1 & 1 968 , 2 9 ) . 5 2 I nhumat ion T ay lor 1 968 , 2 9

Ag b rac tea te , Ro c o in .

1 24 . I s l ip , Nh . : am ixed c emetery d i scover ies made b efore 1 757 ( 1 i nhumat ion ) , 1 878 ( 3-4 i nhumat ions ) , 1 917 ( 1 i nhumat ion ) a nd 1 918 2 u rn s o f Ro d a te a nd f u rther i nhumat ion s . I nhumal ion ? B aker 1 882 , 9 0

2' s a fety p in ' b r ( IA o r Ro ? ) .

C remat ion Sm ith 1 918b , 1 14

P la in u rn , Ro c o in , F e b oss .

C remat ions Sm ith 1 918b , 1 13

0i n b lack v esse l j a r [ BB ? ] i )Ro g rey ware j a r w ith r i ng s a round i t .

1 25 . Kemb le I , GL : as ma l l c eme tery o f 2 6 i nhumat ions e xcavated i n 1 855 b y Akerman . Da ted t o t he l a te f i fth t o s ix th c entu ry ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 4 1 ) . 1 0 Adu lt I nhumat ion Akerman 1 857a , 1 14

Ro c o in f ound w ith CA e a rr ing , b one b ead .

F rom I nhuma t ion A kerman 1 857a , 1 15 , w /c

CA Ro s poon b ow l .

1 26 . Kempston , B d . : e xcava ted 1 856 , 1 863-5 . Al ong l ived i nhumat ion c emetery p oor ly r ecorded . 1 14 i nhumat ion s , 1 0 d isturbed b ur ia ls a nd 1 8 c remat ion s a re k nown r ep resen t ing p robab ly h a lf o f t he f u l l t ota l ( Kenne tt 1 968b , 3 62 ) . 1 4 Ma le? I nhuma t ion . Kenne tt 1 983 , 8 8-90 & F ig .

F e k n f rag s , CA t ubu la r b e lt f i tt ing , s tr ip b ind ing , 2h a lves s trap e nd , s uspens ion l oop

3 5 F ema le? I nhumat ion . Sm ith 1 868 , 2 05 Kennett 1 968b , 3 7

2 CA C ruc iform b r , F e f rag s , Ro c o in , 6 6 b eads .

4 0 Adu lt I nhumat ion . Sm ith 1 868 , 2 05 Kennett 1 968b , 3 8-39

F e f rag a nd k n w ith c o in c orroded o n s ide .

5 3 F ema le I nhumat ion . Sm ith 1 868 , 2 08 Kennett 1 968b , 4 8

2 CA S aucer b r , 2 CA C ruc iform b r , CA r g , Ro c o in , CA h ook w ith r g , F e b ucket h oop f rag s ?

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6 3 F ema le I nhumat ion . Sm ith 1 868 , 2 08 P l . 3 9 , 4 ; 4 3 , 2 Kenne tt 1 968b , 4 9-50

CA R o b r p in , CA p in . K enne tt a dd s : 2 CA g i lt b r ; 1s aucer b r? ; t o i let s et ; 3i mp l iments ; 2 CA r g s .

8 4 F ema le I nhumat ion . Sm ith 1 868 , 2 12 Kenne tt 1 968b , 5 9

Tw isted CA p in , Ro c o in , F e k n , d b le CA l i nk . Kenne tt a dds 2 u rns [ c remat ion o r a ccessory? ]

8 7 Adu lt I nhumat ion . Sm ith 1 868 , 2 12 Kennett 1 968b , 6 0

Decap ita ted , h ead b etween k nees .

1 07 F ema le I nhumat ion . Sm ith 1 868 , 2 14-5 P l . 3 9 , 3 ;4 3 , 4 Kenne tt 1 968b , 6 5

CA p in w ith p ierced h ead , CA R o b race let , 3 Ro c o ins , p lated l ock , 2 CA D isc b r , CA g i rd le h anger ? , Ag f inger r g ; S p ine : 2 CA & 1i vory r g ; Neck & Upper Arm : b eads .

1 12 Adu lt I nhumat ion Sm ith 1 868 , 2 16 Kenne tt 1 968b , 6 6

F la t e name l led CA d isc b r ; 2 Ag p la tes

1 14 I nhumat ion . Sm ith 1 868 , 2 16 Kenne tt 1 968b , 6 7

CA R o b race le t & io f s econd .

F rom Cemetery S a l in 1 904 , F ig . 7 11

CA P enannu la r b r .

F rom I nhumat ions F ow le r 1 964 , 1 48

2CA P enannu la r b r . A ssn u nknown .

F rom I nhumat ion E v ison 1 968 , 2 38 , 2 45 , F ig .4e

CA Ro b u .

F rom I nhumat ion Kenne tt 1 968b , 1 89 F ig .36 ,35

Ro p ottery v esse l

1 27 . Kenn ingha l l I .N f . : as ma l l i nhumat ion c eme tery e xcava ted i n 1 869 . Da ted t o t he l ate f i fth t o e a r ly s even th c entury ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 767 ) . F rom Cemetery F ow le r 1 964 , 1 47

CA P enannu la r b r . A ssn u nknown .

1 28 . Kens low Kno l l , Db . : b a rrow e xcava ted i n 1 821 a nd 1 848 , l a tter ly b y B ateman . Apparen t ly a s econda ry i nhumat ion i n a BA mound . Cou ld b e Roman o r Ang l ian i nhumat ion ( Ba teman 1 861 , 2 1-22 ) . I nhumat ion i n b arrow B a teman 1 861 , 2 0 -2 2 M . F ow ler 1 954 , F ig . 4

CA P enannu la r b r ; 2F e I m ; s e t o f g aming p cs ; F rank ish p ottery v e sse l ; s ha le o rj et b race let .

1 29 . Ke tt lestone , N f . : ' among t he mo st c on fused o f Ang lo-Saxon c emetery s i tes ' ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 77 ) . M ixed c eme tery l oca ted i n b a rrow . F inds i n 1 826 , 1 847 , 1 849 , 1 853 , 1 869 ( 1 i nhumat ion ) , 1 880 , 1 881 . A t l ea st 2 0 u rn s n oted .

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Cremat ion ( 1826 ) C la rke & My res 1 941 , 2 27

Ro e nam o rnamen t .

1 3 .6 .1881 C remat ion C la rke & My res 1 941 , 2 28

C rema t ion c on ta ined i n r eu sed Ro p ottery v e sse l .

1 30 . K i lham , Yo . ( Hr n . ) : as ing le i nhuma t ion i sr ecorded b y Mort i me r a s b e ing e xcavated i n 1 824 ( 1905 , 3 44 ) . F inds l i sted i n Meaney s ugge st f ur ther d i scover ie s ( Meaney 1 964 , 2 92 ) . F rom I nhuma t ion Meaney 1 964 , 2 92

Ro c o in , u nknown a ssn .

1 31 . K ing ston b y L ewes , S axonbury , S x . ( E . S x .) : a n i nhumat ion c emetery w ith 3 3 g raves e xcavated d ur ing t he c on struct ion o f ah ou se . We lch h a s n umbered t he g raves ( 1983 , 4 09 4 18 ) . 9I nhumat ion , Hd W We lch 1 983 , 4 11-2

L . Hand : F e k n ; ' Nea rby ' : Ro g l u nguen t b ott le ; F e k n ( Med ) .

1 3 Adu lt I nhumat ion , NW-SE We lch 1 983 , 4 12-3 F ig . 6 9-70

B e low J aw : h a lf CA w r ist c lasp , CA r ivet , CA s tud ; By L . H ip : CA t erret r g .

1 32 . K ing ston Down , Kn . : al a rge s even th c en tu ry b arrow c eme tery e xcavated l a rge ly b y F aussett i n 1 767 a nd 1 771-3 when 2 63 b a rrow a nd 4 5 f lat-g raves were r ecovered . O ther m inor e xcavat ions i n t he 1 750 's , 1 850 a nd 1 959 . 2 1 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd SW ? F ausse tt 1 856 , 4 7

R o c o in , F e k n , n a i ls .

2 4 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd W F aussett 1 856 , 4 7-8

2R o c o ins , F e k n , n a i ls .

2 5 Adu lt I nhumat ion F au ssett 1 856 , 4 8

Ro c o in , CA t weezer s , F e k n , n a i ls , f rag s .

7 6 Ma le I nhumat ion i n b arrow F au ssett 1 856 , 5 5 w /c P l . 1 0 ,6 1 6 , 5& 5 a

L . o f S ku l l : F e s pea rhead , k n , s eax w ith c ompos ite p omme l ; s ml CA b uck le ; F eet : CA h ang ing b ow l .

1 02 Adu lt I nhumat ion i n c o ff in , Hd W F au ssett 1 856 , 5 8-9

2R o c o ins .

1 78 Adu lt I nhumat ion Hd W F ausse tt 1 856 , 7 4 w /c P l . 1 0 , 1 1 & 1 4 .

B y h ead : F e s pea rhead ; s am ian d i sh ; 2 CA s tuds ; F e k n ; 5 CA p la tes ( f rhm s pear sha ft ? ) , F e n a i ls &f rags .

1 84 Adu lt I nhumat ion , c o ff in F aussett 1 856 , 7 5 w /c

F e k n , n a i ls ; Outs ide Co ff in : Ro p ottery v esse l .

2 05 F ema le I nhumat ion i n c o ff in , b a rrow F au sse tt 1 856 , 7 7-9 P l . 1 , 1 -3 ; 19 , 1 ; 2 0 , 6

Neck : l ge Au c ompos ite b r ; Au p endan t ; 2 CA B ow b r ; F e h inge & 2 CA h inges [ f rom b ox ] Wa ist : CA c ha te la ine c ha in & m in i t oo ls ; p ottery v e sse l ;CA F rank ish b ow l w ith t r ivet ; 2 CA h ang ing b ow ls ; g l p a lm c up .

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2 22 F ema le I nhuma t ion , Hd W F au sse tt 1 856 , 8 1 w /c P l . 1 0 1 7 ; 1 2 1 2 ; 1 3 7 ,9 & 1 0

N r Head : CA p in w ith p o lyhed ra l h ead , CA amu let b ox w ith 2n eed les , F e b e l l w ith 4l i nks , c ha te la ine ; A t F eet : [ box ] w ith 2 F e h inges , CA R o k ey o n b race let , F e n a i ls .

2 99 F ema le I nhumat ion ( db le g rave w ith 2 98 ) , c off in F au ssett 1 856 , 9 13 P l . 21 , 8 ; 1 0 1 0 ,21; 1 3 4 ; 1 5 2 5 ; 1 6 1 0 ; w /c

Neck : CA g i lt c ompos ite b r , 2ame thy st & 4g l b eads ; H ip : CA b race let , F e s hears , Ca g i rd le h anger , F e k n , CA b ind ing s , F e l i nk s [ cha te la ine ] ; B twn Th ighs : r ems b ox w ith 2 Ro c o in s , CA b race le t , b ead ; F eet : r ems b ox w ith CA c ompos ite b r , c onch s he l l , 2 whor ls , p ebb le , i vory d isc , 2i vory p in b ea ters , s ng le s ided c omb , b one t ab let w eav ing p laque , s tone i n Ag mn t , F e b e l l , ? bu , g ird le h anger , F es tr ike-al ight , F e h and le , CA h asp & s tap le , b arre l l ock .

1 33 . K ing sworthy , Ha . : am ixed c emetery f i r st f ound i n 1 944 ( 4 g rave s ) . Af ur ther 9 5 i nhumat ions were e xcavated f rom 1 962 o nwa rds a s we l l a s 3 7 c remat ion s . I n u se t hroughout t he s ix th t o t he m idd le s eventh c entu ry . No t c omp lete ly e xcavated ( S . Hawkes , p ers . c omm .) . 9F ema le I nhumat ion S . Hawkes , p er s . c omm .

CA Ro k ey w ith F e p la te 3 cR o c o in , Ro c o in , F e f i tt ing s &c l ip s , F e b u , F e k n , F e r od , F e r od & r g .

1 7B I nhumat ion S . Hawkes , p er s . c omm .

F e k n , CA r od , Ro c o in .

2 7 I nhumat ion S . Hawkes , p ers . c omm .

CA P enannu la r b r , i nf i l l .

3 0 F ema le I nhumat ion S . Hawkes , p ers . c omm .

CA g i lt B utton b r , CA b u , F e k n , Lge q ty b ead s , 3 CA s hoeshaped r ivets , F e r od , CA s heet , CA r g s , Ro c o in o n r g w ith F e l ump , CA r g w ith 3 b eads , CA w ire f rag , CA Ro b race let f rag , 9 Ro c o ins , CA d i sc , 3CA r g s , 2F e r gs , F e r od w ith r g , CA o b j , CA s tr ip .

4 7 F ema le I nhumat ion S . Hawkes , p ers . c om m .

B ead s , CA b u h oop , CA b ang le , F e p in , t h ick CA r g , 2 CA r g s , F e r g , CA Ro h and le , CA Ro c lasp k n , CA Ro s trap e nd , 2CA R o b r , 2R o c o ins , F e k n , F e t r iangu lar l oop , F e c lea t h ead .

5 0 Ma le I nhumat ion S . Hawkes , p ers . c omm .

F e s pea rhead , F e f erru le , F e k n , CA t weezer s , F e f rag , F e s tr ip & CA s tr ip w ith QBS d ecora t ion .

6 3 F ema le I nhumat ion S . Hawkes , p er s . c om m .

P la in p ottery a ccessory v esse l , CA Ro s poon b ow l , 2 Ro c o ins , F e p in , F e b u , 2F e r g s , F e k n , CA t weezers , F e c l ip , F e r g .

7 6 Adu lt I nhumat ion S . Hawkes , p ers . c om m .

F e b u , 3F e r g s , F e k n , F e r od , b ead s , Ro c o in .

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9 8 F ema le I nhuma t ion S . Hawkes , p ers . c om m .

Ro p ottery a ccessory v esse l .

1 34 . Knook , W I . : as ma l l c emetery e xcava ted i n 1 801 b y Cunn ing ton when i nve st igat ing a l ong b arrow . Da te o f g raves u ncerta in . 4 Adu lt I nhumat ions , S -N a non 1 972 , 1 75

c a re less ly b ur ied , a l l d ecap ita ted

1 35 . L ack ford , S f . : ac remat ion c emetery f ound i n 1 874 . F urther u rn s r ecovered i n 1 914 . L e thb r idge e xcavated a bou t 5 00 u rn s i n 1 947 b efore d eep p lough ing t h rea tened b ut f u l l e x tent u nknown . A Romano-Br it ish s i te i sk nown i n t he s ame f ie ld ( Le thbr idge 1 951 ) . 4 8/2289 Cremat ion L ethbr idge 1 951 , 4 , 2 0 F ig . 2 5

' s ub-Roman ' p ottery u rn .

4 8/2474 C remat ion L ethb r idge 1 951 , 1 7 F ig . 7

CA Ro s poon , CA R o f inger r g , CA Annu la r b r , b one p lay ing p iece , f rag b one c omb .

4 9/180 C remat ion L e thb r idge 1 951 , 4 , 2 0 F ig . 2 5

' s ub-Roman ' p ottery u rn .

4 9/579 C rema t ion L e thb r idge 1 951 , 1 6 F ig . 3

Sm l p ottery u rn , Ro c o in .

5 0/71 C remat ion L e thb r idge 1 951 , 1 8 F ig . 1 4

P la in p ottery u rn , CA C ruc iform b r , CA b ase o f T u tu lu s b r , 2 Ro c o ins , a nt ler whor l , i vory p endan t Z i cf rag i vory r g .

5 0/127 C remat ion L e thb r idge 1 951 , 1 8 F ig . 1 4

P la in p ottery u rn , F e o b j , a n t ler r g , Ro c o in , CA w r ist c la sp , CA f oot o f C ruc iform b r .

F rom C rema t ion ? L ethb r idge 1 951 , 2 2 F ig . 3 5

CA P enannu la r b r f ound i n p loughso i l .

1 36 . L akenhea th , S f . : a n i nhumat ion c emetery e xcavated b efore 1 911 . As i ng le g rave wa s f ound i n 1 956 a nd 3 o thers i n 1 959 . F rom Cemetery BM r eg ister

Co in w ith b ead s , p r CA w r ist c la sp s .

1 37 . Lame ! H i ll,Yo . ( N . Yo .) : 1 847-8 ,Thu rnham e xcava ted s evera l i nhumat ions . 1 983 , 3 8 f u rther i nhumat ion s e xcavated . Accompan ied o n ly w ith k n ives . I nhumat ions Young s 1 984 , 2 49

S ome b eheaded .

1 38 . L e ice ster , L e . : f i nds n ear t he e a st g a te o f ap enannu la r b rooch , u rn s a nd a n i ron b oss may i nd icate a c eme tery . F rom I nhumat ion ? Sm ith 1 907 , 2 28 P l . 1 , 4 Co ttr i l l 1 946 , 1 2

CA P enannu la r b r .

1 39 . L ighthorne , Wa . : s evera l i nhumat ions f rom n ear t he c hu rch w ere a ssoc ia ted w ith a

205-

h ang ing b ow l . P robab ly a m idd le t ol a te s even th c en tu ry c eme tery ( Meaney 1 964 , 2 17 ) . F rom I nhumat ions Way 1 846 , 1 61-2 , w /c Sm ith 1 904 , 2 58-9 , F ig . 8 , 8 a , 9

E scu tcheon s , f rames a nd p r in ts f rom CA h ang ing b ow l . No k nown a ssn .

1 40 . L inco ln , S t P au lin-the-Ba i l , L i . : a n i nhuma t ion c eme tery a ssoc ia ted w ith a S axon c hu rch ( Gi lmou r 1 979 ) . F rom Cemetery G i lmour 1 979 , 2 15 -2 17 F ig . 2 , a -d

CA h ang ing b ow l . G rave emp t ied .

1 41 . L in ton Heath B , Ca . : al arge i nhumat ion c emetery s econda ry i n ab a rrow . 1 04 g raves e xcavated b y Nev i l le i n 1 854 . A R oman ? c remat ion was a l so f ound . F ox d a tes t he c emetery t o t he l a te f i fth t o l a te s ix th a l though t he p re sence o f ac owr ie w ou ld a rgue f or a c on t inuat ion i n to t he s even th ( 1923 , 2 60 ) . 2 Ma le I nhumat ion Nev i l le 1 854 , 9 6

S ku l l : CA Ro B r ; By s ku l l : F e S pea rhead .

9F ema le I nhuma t ion , Hd W Nev i l le 1 854 , 9 6-8 F ig . V I I I , X I , X I I

CA b ound b ucket ; R . B reast : CA g i lt G rea t S qua re-headed b r ; S h ldrs : CA a pp l ied b r ; C lav ic les : 1 14 b eads , 4 Agrg s ; R . Wr ist : 2 CA s tuds , CA b u ; L . Th igh : CA c a st t erret w ith CA ' k ey ' o n r g , F e r g ; Wa ist : p r CA b u , F e r g b u w ith CA p late ; L . S ide : F e r g .

1 0 Adu lt I nhumat ion N ev i l le 1 854 , 9 8

T hroa t : Ro c o in ; 2k n .

1 4 Ma le I nhumat ion N ev i l le 1 854 , 9 9

R o c o in , F e s pea rhead , b oss , s word , f rag o f CA C ruc iform b r , t weezers , p a ir t weezers ?

1 7 Ma le I nhumat ion N ev i l le 1 854 , 9 9

Ro c o in , CA b ound b ucket .

2 1 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd E N ev i l le 1 854 , 1 00-1

Neck : 5 7 B ead s & Ro c o in , l ge C ruc iform CA b r w ith e name l d ec , 2 CA Sma l llong b r ; L . Hand : CA Annu la r b r , 2F e r g , CA r g , k n .

2 8 Ma le I nhuma t ion N evi l le 1 854 , 1 02

F e s pea rhead ; B y F ee t : CA Ro b r .

4 3 Adu lt I nhumat ion N ev i l le 1 854 , 1 05

Nea r h ead : CA R o B r .

5 4 Adu lt I nhumat ion N ev i l le 1 854 , 1 06

2R o c o ins , 2F e b u ( f rag s ) & CA a ttachments .

5 5 Adu lt I nhumat ion N ev i l le 1 854 , 1 07

R o c o in .

9 3 Adu lt I nhumat ion N ev i l le 1 854 , 1 12

S h ld rs : 2 CA P en B r , b ead s ; U rn ( emp ty ) .

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1 00 Adu lt I nhuma t ion N ev i l le 1 854 , 1 13

CA Ro b r .

1 01 F ema le I nhumat ion N ev i l le 1 854 , 1 13

Ro c o in , Ag e a rr ings w ith g l b ead s .

1 03 Adu lt I nhumat ion N ev i l le 1 854 , 1 13

CA c la sp s , Ro c o in .

1 42 . L itt le E r iswe l l , L akenhea th , S f . : as ma l l i nhumat ion c eme tery . I n it ia l b ur ia l f ound i n 1 956 , f o l lowed i n 1 959 b y e xcavat ion o f 3 2 o ther s . More r ema in t o b e e xcavated ( Hu tch inson 1 966 , 1 -3 ) . 1 2 Ma le I nhuma t ion Hu tch inson 1 966 , 7F ig . 4 c

E v idence o f d ecap ita t ion ; Centre o f Chest : CA s tud ; P e lv ic A rea : 2p ieces CA t ub ing , CA s trap e nd .

1 4 Adu lt I nhumat ion H u tch inson 1 966 , 7F ig . 5 a

B e low Ch in : F e P enannu la r b r ; R . Wr ist : F e P enannu la r b r ; P e lv is : S tamped Ag r g , CA r g ; B twn R . Hand a tP e lv is : F e b u , 2f rags , F e r g .

1 43 . L itt le Wi lbraham , Ca . : a n e x tens ive m ixed c emetery p art ly d e stroyed b e tween 1 847 1 851 w ithou t r ecord . Nev i l le e xcavated i n 1 851 r ecover ing 1 88 i nhuma t ion s a nd 1 21 c remat ions ( 1852 , 8 -9 ) . L ethbr idge e xcavated a f urther 8 g raves w ith 1 1 i nhumat ion s a nd 1 4 c remat ion s ( Lethb r idge & Ca rter 1 928 ) . 2F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd S N ev i l le 1 852 , 1 3 , P l . 1 3

Neck : 6 1 b ead s ;

1 1 Ado lescent I nhumat ion Hd S N ev i l le 1 852 , 1 4 P l . 9

S h ld r : CA Ro b r ; CA p in .

2 8 F ive I nhumat ions N ev i l le 1 852 , 1 5 , P l . 5 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 8 , 4 0

Chest : Lge S quare-headed CA b r ; Neek : 8 0 b eads , 2 CA Sma l llong b r ; Wa ist : g i rd le h anger , CA b u &f rag ; F e s pea rhead , k n , r g , Ro c o in , Ag s p ira l r g .

5 2 Adu lt I nhumat ion Hd W N ev i l le 1 852 , 1 7

F e t weezers , CA C ruc iform b r , 2 Ro c o ins .

5 3 Ado lescent I nhumat ion , Hd S E N ev i l le 1 852 , 1 7 P l . 1 ,2 ,14

2 CA Sma l llong b r , 2r gs , CA Ro p in , F e k n .

1 10 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd N N ev i l le 1 852 , 2 0

2CA D isc b r , Ag s p ira l r g , Ro c o in , F e k n , CA f rags .

1 11 Adu lt I nhumat ion N ev i l le 1 852 , 2 0 P l . 2 , 6 , 1 5

P r CA c la sp s , 5 0 b ead s , CA Ro s poon , CA g i lt G reat S qua re-headed b r , 2 CA C ruc iform b r .

1 35 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd W N ev i l le 1 852 , 2 1

4R o c o ins .

1 73/4 Doub le I nhumat ion , Hd W N ev i l le 1 852 , 2 4 P l . 1 , 5 , 1 0 , 1 4 , 1 8

2 CA Sma l llong b r ,2 CA C ruc iform b r , 8 8 b eads ( 3 Ag ) , 2 Ro c o ins , 2s m l & 1l ge CA r g s , c la sp , F e r g , CA f l a t h eaded p in . 207-

CA Ro f inger r g .

1 75 Adu lt I nhuma t ion , Hd W N ev i l le 1 852 , 2 4

Ro c o in , F e k n .

F rom u rned C remat ion Nev i l le 1 852 , 2 5

Ro c o in .

F rom C remat ions N ev i l le 1 852 , 2 5 P l . 1 5 & 3 9

F e Ro k ey ; CA R o b e l l w ith F e c lapper .

3 , BF ema le I nhuma t ion , Hd WSW L e thb r idge & Ca rter 1 928 , 1 02 , F ig . 4 , 1 -9

Head : 2 CA c l ip s ; L . H ip : CA g i rd le h anger s , F e k n , CA Ro s poon b ow l , o ak g a l l i n s l ing s ; L umba r V ert : 3R o c o ins , CA b ucket mn t , F e k n .

F rom u rned C remat ion L ethb r idge & Ca rter 1 928 , 1 02

Ro c o in .

F rom Ceme tery CMAA R eg ister

R o

c o in

1 44 . L ondesborough , Yo . ( Hm . ) : Swanton h as r econ structed a tl east 1 0 g raves f rom t h is c emetery b ut many more i nhuma t ion s a re l i ke ly t o h ave b een f ound . Ma in d i scover ies i n 1 870 , 1 880 , 1 884 a nd 1 895 ( 1966 , 2 64 - 2 67 ) . 6F ema le I nhuma t ion Swan ton 1 96 . 6 , 2 71-3 F ig . 2 , 8 , 1 2 & 1 4 ; 3 , 5 ;4 , 3& 7 ; 7 , 2

F e r g , b u , b and ( f rom b ucket? ) , CA g i lt S quareh eaded b r , CA Annu la r b r , CA w r ist c la sp s , CA b u h oop , Ro c o in .

7F ema le I nhumat ion Swan ton 1 966 , 2 73 -6 F ig . 2 , 7& 1 1 ; 3 , 4& 1 2; 4 , 1 , 2& 8 ; 5 ,4 ; 6 ,4 ; 8 , 1-3 ; P l . 1

F e r g ; F e f erru le ; CA C ruc iform b e ; CA P enannu la r b r ; p r CA w r ist c la sp s ; CA w r ist c la sp ; CA R o b r ; p ottery b ow l ; 1 8 b ead s amber , p aste , g l , b one , b oar 's t ooth p endant ; f rag d b le s ided b one c omb ; b one ?s p whor l .

1 45 . L ongbr idge , Wa . : an umber o f i nhumat ion s w ere d i sturbed i n 1 875 b ut n o r ecord o f a ssoc ia t ion s were k ep t . Da te o f c eme tery p robab ly s ix th c en tu ry ( Meaney 1 964 , 2 61 ) . F rom I nhumat ion B urgess 1 876a , 1 11 Sm ith 1 904 , 2 61 F ig . 4

CA P enannu la r b e , a ssn u nk nown .

1 46 . L ongeot , B e i c . ( 0x .) : a n i so la ted b ur ia l e xcava ted i n a bou t 1 848 , s even th c entury ( D ick in son 1 976 I , 1 46-7 ) . F ema le I nhumat ion P eake 1 931 , 1 36 P l . 4 0 d i , i i

CA P enannu la r b e , g la ss p in h ead , b ead s i nc f a ience me lon , Ag r g .

1 47 . L ong W ittenham I ,B e l t . [ 0x . ] : a n e x tens ive m ixed c emetery e xcavated p r i ma r i ly i n 1 859-60 . 1 96 i nhumat ions a nd 5 1 c remat ion s r ecovered ( D ick in son 1 976 I , 1 48-9 ) . T he c emetery i sd a teab le f rom t he f i fth t o t he s even th c en tu ry . 3F ema le I nhumat ion Akerman 1 860b , 3 37

S h ld rs : 2A pp l ied b e ; R . S ide : CA e a r s coop , 2b eads ; b ag c onta in ing CA P enannu la r b e & f rag o f mount/be lt p laque .

208-

7F ema le I nhuma t ion Hd SW A kerman 1 860b , 3 37

2A pp l ied CA b r , b ead s w ith Ro c o in , F e k n , [ p in w ith r g &c ha in i n BM R eg ister ] .

1 8 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd SW A kerman 1 860b , 3 38

L ap : 2 CA P enannu la r b r w ith F e p in s , g la ss b ead , F e k n .

2 6 Ma le I nhuma t ion Hd W A kerman 1 860b , 3 39 P l . 1 8 ,1

F eet : s ha l low Ro CA d ish ; R . S hou lder : CA b ound b ucke t & CA v e sse l ; R . o f Head : F e s pea rhead ; P e lv is : F e b oss , CA t weezer s ; F eet : F e f erru le .

3 3 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W A kerman 1 860b , 3 40

B reast : 1 4 b ead s w ith Ro c o in ; S h ldrs : 2D isc b r , g l b ead , Ca p in ; E ach s ide o f b ody : F e k n .

5 7 F ema le ?I nhumat ion Hd S A kerman 1 860b , 3 42 P l . 1 9 ,10 ; 2 0 ,2 Hawkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , F ig . 2 0 ,g

Wa ist : CA Ro b u ; R . S h ldr : d ecorated p ottery a cce ssory v e sse l ; H ip : F e k n .

6 8 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd SW A kerman 1 860b , 3 43

B reast : 3 CA c o in s , b ead s , CA p in ; L . A rmp it : F e k n ; S h ldrs : 2 CA D isc b r , s p ira l F e r g , CA t ube .

9 3 Ch i ld I nhuma t ion Hd W A kerman 1 860b , 3 45 P l . XV I I , 1 8 ,2

R . o f Head : CA s hee t s toup ; F eet : CA t r iangu lar l ugged b ow l ; F e s pea rhead ; B reast : F e k n .

1 00 F ema le I nhuma t ion , Hd W A kerman 1 860b , 3 46 P l . X IX , 1 2

P e lv is : c ry sta l whor l , F e b u , CA R o f inger r g w ith e nam ; B rea st : b eads , CA e ar s coop & 2 p r icker s o n r g ; Neck : b ead s ; S h ld rs : 2 CA D isc b r ; L . S ide : F e k n .

1 11 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W A kerman 1 860b , 3 49 w /c

L . B reast : Ro c o in , CA p in ; S h ld r s : 2g i lt S aucer b r ; L . Wr ist : amber b eads ; L . Hand : 2 Ag s p ira l r gs ; Lap : amber b ead s , F e k n , 3 r g s [ key h and les ? 1 , CA mount , CA Ro s trap e nd , F e t weezers , F e i n la id b u

1 27 F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd SW A kerman 1 860b , 3 48

L . Wr ist : CA Ro b race let ; L ap : F e k n .

1 29 F ema le I nhumat ion A kerman 1 861 , 1 38-9 P l . 1 1 F ig . 1

T hroa t : CA Ro D isc B r , s e tt ing m iss ing ; R . S h ldr : b ase o f CA App l ied b r ; B ody : F e k n .

1 34 Ch i ld I nhumat ion Hd W A kerman 1 861 , 1 39 P l . X I , 2

Wa ist : CA Ro h a rne ss f i tt ing ; L .S ide : F e k n .

1 51 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W A kerman 1 861 , 1 40

L . W r ist : CA App l ied b r ; Neck : 6b ead s w ith Ro c o in ; L . S h ldr : CA App l ied b r .

1 65 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd WSW A kerman 1 861 , 1 41 E v ison 1 968 , 2 38 , 2 45-6 F ig . 4a -d

S h ldrs : 2 CA D isc b r ; L ap : F e k n , Ca Ro b e , CA t weezers .

F rom Cemetery BM r eg ister

CA Ro e nam P la te b r .

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1 48 . Loveden H i l l , L i . : al a rge m ixed c emetery , ma in ly c rema t ion . T hree ma in a rea s e xcava ted ; 1 925-6 , b a rrow e xcava ted b y F o ster ( 40 c remat ions & 4 i nhumat ion s ) . F rom 1 955 , 8 0 u rns p loughed o u t , 1 955-7 o ver 1 00 e xcavated a s we l l a s 6i nhuma t ions . 1 957-9 , 1 80 c remat ions , 1 960 1 0 c remat ions & 2i nhumat ions , 1 961 5 3 c remat ions , 1 962 ,22 c remat ion s ( to ta ls : a bou t 4 85 c rema t ions , 1 2 i nhuma t ion s , 2c ist s ; F enne l l 1 964 , 7 8 -8 2a ) . 1 972 , r escue e xcavat ions r ecovered 1 , 205 t rned a nd 2 5 u nu rned c remat ions a nd 3 5 i nhumat ions , t he l a tter e a r l ier t han t he f ormer . Cemetery i n u se f i fth t os eventh c en tury . ( Webster 1 978 , 1 46 ) . 5 6/ 2 9 Cremat ion F enne l l 1 964 , 2 06 , 2 08 , F ig . 5 0 , 8

B ead s ; f l a t b ow l r im ; d b le s ided c omb f rag ; c o lour-coated s herd .

5 9/173 C remat ion F enne l l 1 964 , 2 70-1 F ig . P .2

' S ub-Roman ' p ottery v esse l w ith Ca stor wa re f rag o ver mou th .

C remat ion , Adu lt F enne l l 1 964 , 9 4 , 1 20-2 , 1 24-7 , 1 33-4 , 1 36-148 ; F ig . 4 ; 1 1 ,13 & 1 4 F ig . 1 5-19

CA h ang ing b ow l c on ta in ing c remat ion .Bow l h o led . A ss w ith F e s word , F e f i tt ing s f rom CA mounted b ucket & c au ldron . A lso CA v andykes , f rag s g l p a lm c up ; b one c omb f rag .

C remat ion F enne l l 1 964 , 1 28-9 F ig . 4 , 1 3

CA h ang ing b ow l c on ta in ing c rema t ion , h o led . A lso i ns ide ; F e s tr ike-al ight , CA b e lt f a stener .

C remat ions F enne l l 1 964 , 1 30 F ig . 1 1

Two u nass b urn t e scu tcheon s , o ne w ith r ed & y e l low e name l .

1 Ma le I nhumat ion , Hd NW F enne l l 1 964 , 8 3

Decap itated , h ead o n a bdomen . I n c ist g rave . P o ttery a cce ssory v e sse ls e i ther s i de o f P e lv is- i n tru s ive?

I nhumat ions , 1 972 e xcvns Web ster 1 973 , 1 46

5d ecap ita ted i nhumat ion s

1 49 . L owbu ry H i l l , B ek . ( 0x .) : as i ng le s even th c entury i nhumat ion i n ab a rrow w ith in a n I ron Age h i l lfort . E xcava ted 1 913-4 ( Atk inson 1 916 ) . Ma le I nhuma t ion Hd S . A tk inson 1 916 , 1 5-23 w /c

R . Arm : c omp lete CA h ang ing b ow l ; L . o f S ku l l : F e s pea rhead w ith r go n s haft ; L ower Abdomen : F e s word ; F e k n , s hea rs , p urse mount ; s m l CA b u ; s ml CA h ook : s i ng le s i ded c omb ;S h ldr : r ect p erf b one p la te ; F eet : F e ' s uga r l oa f ' b oss ( k g r ip .

1 50 . L u l l ingstone , Kn . : s evera l i nhumat ion s were d estroyed b y r a i lway c on struct ions . S evera l o b ject s were r ecovered b u t n ot i n a ssoc iat ion ( Hart-Dyke 1 860 , 1 87 - 1 88 ) . I nhumat ion Sm ith 1 860 , 4 4-5 P l . 1A -D A l len 1 898 , 4 1-2 , F ig . 2& 3

CA h ang ing b ow l w ith a pp l ique mn ts .

1 51 . L u ton I ,B d . : a n i nhumat ion c emetery c onta in ing a bou t 4 5 -5 0 g raves e xcavated 1 923 , 1 925-6 . Da ted e a r ly s ix th t os even th c en tury ( Meaney 1 964 , 3 8-9 ) .

210-

8F ema le I nhuma t ion Hd W Au st in 1 928 , 1 87 P l . 3 2 ,8 Hawkes 3 c Dunn ing 1 961 , 6 8 F ig . 1 9 b i s a

C lav ic les : 2 CA D isc b r ; f rag CA R o b u p la te .

2 2 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W Au st in 1 928 , 1 88 P l . 3 0 , 3 ; 3 3 , 2 ; 3 7 , 2 ,2 .

4 4 g l & 2 2 p aste b ead s w ith Ro c o in a t e ither e nd . B y Head : CA b r &p ottery v e sse l .

1 52 . L ym inge I , Kn . : a n i nhumat ion c emetery e xcava ted b etween 1 953-5 . 4 4 g raves r ecovered b ut t h is wa s p robab ly o n ly a p a rt o f t he c emetery . 1 Ma le I nhuma t ion , Hd W Wa rhu r st 1 955 , 6 -8 , F ig . 3 , 1 -4 ; 5 , 4 ; 6 , 4 ; P l . I X ,1

R . F orearm : Ro c o in , F e k n , CA t weezer s , CA b odk in ; L . S ku l l : F e s pea rhead ; L . Wr ist : F e a xe ; L . Wa ist : Ag b u w ith g i lt a ttachmen t p l R . S ku l l : 2 CA p l .

3F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W Wa rhu rst 1 955 , 8F ig . 5 ,6 ; 7a & b ; 8 ,1

L . Wa ist : z oomorph ic CA b u w ith F e t ongue ; L . A rm : F e k n , c o in , g i lt CA s tud & a pp l ique .

1 0 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd W Wa rhu rst 1 955 , 1 1-12 F ig . 6 ,5 ; 7

R . S h ldr : CA QBS P enannu la r b r ; L . S h ldr : CA App l ied b r , v worn .

1 6 F ema le I nhumat ion ( body s ta in ) Wa rhu rst 1 955 , 1 3-14 P l . 7 a 1& 2 ; 8 , 5F ig . 9 , 3 ; 1 0 , 5 , 6& 7

Wa ist : F e k n , CA Rad iate b r ; Chest : amber b ead , CA g i lt B u tton b r ; Au b ractea te & 1 05 b ead s ; R . F oot : CA b race let ; L . F oot : Ag e xpand ing r g ; R . Wa ist : Ag p la ted b u .

2 8 F ema le I nhumat ion Wa rhu rst 1 955 , 2 0

D istu rbed G rave F e k n i n f i l l ; Under L eg : Ro c o in .

3 2 Ma le I nhumat ion , Hd W Wa rhu rst 1 955 , 2 4

B y L . A rm : F e k n , Ag p la ted CA b u p la te w ith g a rnet & i n tag l io s e tt ing .

1 53 . Man ton Warren , L i . ( Hm .) : s herds f rom p ottery v e sse ls p robab ly r ep resent ing c remat ion u rn s f ound b efore 1 934 . T ha t y ea r , a n i so la ted h ang ing b ow l p oss ib ly r ep resent ing a c remat ion was f ound ( Dav idson S c Web ster 1 968 , 1 3 ) . C remat ion ? K end r ick 1 941 , 2 36-8 P l . 5 2 , 5 3

CA h ang ing b ow l , w rapped i n c loth .

1 54 . Mar ina D r ive , B d . : a n i nhumat ion c eme tery o f a tl ea st 4 9 b od ies l a id o ut a round a p loughed o u t b arrow . T he c emetery wa s e xcavated i n 1 957 a nd d a ted t o t he s even th c entury ( Morr is 1 962 , 4 3 ) . I M & B 5 Doub le g rave . F ema le & Ma le I nhumat ions . Ma tthews 1 962 , 2 8 , F ig . 2 ;4 Morr is 1 962 , 3 5-7 , P l . 3 , d

B 4 : B etween b od ies : d b le s ided c omb ; CA h ang ing b ow l e scutcheon ; p r F e s hear s ; F e c ha in w ith h ook ( sca les ) ; F e k n , c l ip & p urse mount ; CA amu le t b ox . B 5: L umbar v ertebrae : F e k n &h uman t ooth .

1 55 . Market Over ton I , Ru . ( Le .> a s ma l l s ix th c en tury i nhumat ion c emetery . N one o f t he g rave g roup s a re r ecorded ( Meaney 1 964 , 2 16-7 ) .

211-

F rom Ceme tery Co ttr i l l 1 946 , 9

CA P enannu la r b r .

1 56 . Marston S t L awrence , Nh . : as ma l l m ixed c emetery o f 3 3 i nhumat ions a nd 3 -4 c remat ion s e xcava ted b etween 1 842-3 . 3F ema le I nhuma t ion D ryden 1 882 , 3 37

2R o c o ins , CA s quare o b j , 2CA o penwk b r , F e b u ; Neck : 1 6 amber b eads & o ther s ; On b oth Arms : CA b race let .

1 57 . Mentmo re , B u . : as ma l l i nhumat ion c emetery e xcava ted i n 1 843 a nd 1 852 . 1 0 more g raves were e xcava ted i n 1 853 . I nhumat ion Meaney 1 964 , 5 8

Ro c o in .

1 58 . M idd le ton Moor , Db . : ab a rrow wa s d e stroyed i n 1 778 . F ragments o f ah ang ing b ow l w ere s a lvaged ( Ozanne 1 964 , 2 2-3 ) . I nhumat ion , d istu rbed . I n b a rrow Ozanne 1 964 , 2 2 -2 3 F ig . 8f& g

CA h ang ing b ow l . No k nown a ssn .

1 59 . Mi l ton I ,B ek . ( Ox .) : a n i so la ted b rooch r ecovered i n 1 832 . F ur ther g raves e xcava ted i n 1 919-20 , 1 943 S c 1 949 ( a s ing le i nhuma t ion ) . An i nhumat ion c emetery d a t ing f rom t he l ate Roman p er iod ? t o t he s ix th c en tury ( D ick inson 1 976 I , 1 81-2 ) . I nhumat ion ? D ick in son 1 976 I , 1 81

F e d agger o f Ro t ype .

1 60 . Mi lton I B ek . ( 0x . ) : ad i stu rbed c emetery s i te o f s eventh c entu ry d a te ( D ick in son 1 976 I , 1 82-3 ) . Unknown , I nhuma t ion ? D ick inson 1 976 , I1 83 -4

CA h ang ing b ow l r im f rag .

1 61 . Mi l ton-nex t-S itt ingbourne I I , Kn . : a n i nhumat ion c emetery o fl ate d a te ( Meaney 1 964 , 1 29 ) . Ma le? I nhuma t ion , Hd W P ayne 1 889 , 2 07-8 , w /c

G 1 v esse l ( destroyed ) , Ro Au f inger r gs e t w ith i n tag l io , F e s pearhead , CA g i lt b u .

1 62 . Mi l ton-nex t-S itt ingbourne , s i te u nknown , Kn . : F rom I nhumat ion ? Hawkes & Dunn ing 1 961 4 -5 ,n .3 F ig . 2

2 CA t ubu la r b e lt f i tt ing s , s trap e nd 2r o se tte b e lt mounts .

F rom I nhumat ion J . Cook 1 960 , 1 81 - 1 82 P l . I I

2g l a rm lets , a ssn u nknown .

F rom Cemetery Ha rden 1 956 , 1 58

Ro g l b ow l .

1 63 . M in ster L ove l l , Ox . : as ma l l n umber o f i nhumat ions were f ound i n 1 872 . D ick inson d ates t he c emetery t o t he e a r ly /m id-f ifth t os ix th c en tury ( 1976 I , 1 84 ) .

212-

3F ema le I nhuma t ion D ick inson 1 979 , 4 3 F ig . 3 .4

CA f i nger r g , b race let o f b ead s , 2CA p r icker s o n r g , 2 CA D isc b r , Ag b u , F e k n , CA Ro b e lt s t iffener , p ottery v esse l .

1 64 . M itcham , S r . : al a rge i nhumat ion c emetery r ecovered p iecemea l wh i le l i quor ice d igg ing b etween 1 848-1922 . B idder & Morr is c ata logue n ea r ly 2 50 g raves ( 1959 , 5 1 -5 8 ) . Da ted t o t he m idd le f i fth t o l a te s ix th c en tu ry . 3 8 Adu lt I nhuma t ion , Hd W B idder & Morr is 1 959 , 6 2 P l . X I I I , X IV

R . Th igh : CA Ro b u , F e k n , CA R o f inger r g .

5 7 Ado lescent I nhumat ion B idder & Morr is 1 959 , 6 3 , 1 10

R . Chest a rea : Ro c o in .

1 12 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd SW B idder & Morr is 1 959 , 6 7 P l . I X , X IV

L . B reast : CA Sma l llong b r ; Under R . H ip : 3F e r g s , l i nked ; k n ; CA Ro h or se t rapp ing .

1 16 Adu lt I nhumat ion B idder S c Morr is 1 959 , 6 7-8 P l . I X , X I , X I I , XV

R . C lav ic le : CA Sma l llong b r ; L . C lav ic le : CA Annu la r b r ; P e lv is : 5b eads ; T h igh : CA n eed lecase , 2F e k ey s w ith CA c l ip , CA p ur se mnt , p r CA t weezer s o n r g , 2 Ro c o ins , 2F e f rag s , F e r g , f rag o f CA g i lt S quare-headed b r , ? bag c ontents ; Under P e lv is : F e k n .

1 33 D istu rbed I nhumat ion ? B idder & Morr is 1 959 , 6 9 P l . X I I I

F ound W o f s ku l l f rag : CA R o o penwk b u .

1 40 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd SW B idder & Morr is 1 959 , 6 9-70 P l . XV F ig . 1 8

B y L . S ide : Ro? s ty lu s ; L . L eg : F e s t i le tto ; R. Foot : CA c l ip , F e k n .

1 99 I nhumat ion ? B idder & Morr is 1 959 , 7 3 , 1 15 , P l . XX Ha rden 1 956 , 1 42 P l . XVk

Ro g l f l agon . No o ther a ssn k nown .

2 09 Adu lt I nhumat ion B idder & Morr is 1 959 , 7 4 P l . XV

' d etached s ku l l ' ; Ro CA k ey h and le .

1 65 . Muck ing I , E x : b etween 1 969 a nd 1 973 , o ver 8 00 g raves were e xcava ted f rom t h is m ixed c emetery i n a dvance o f q uarry ing . T he g raves d a ted f rom t he e a r ly f i fth c en tu ry t o t he s eventh ( Se lk irk 1 975 , 7 6 ) . 9 1 I nhuma t ion E v ison 1 968 , 2 45 F ig . 3 a

CA b u w ith F e t ongue .

1 17 , Ma le I nhumat ion ( body s ta in ) E v ison 1 968 , 2 32 , 2 42-3 P l . L I I I , L IV

5p iece CA QBS b e lt s et , i n la id w ith Ag .

2 49 Ma le I nhumat ion Web ste r 1 973 , 1 42

F e p enannu la r b r , s pea rhead ; B twn L eg s : 2 F e c lamp s ; Wa ist : 5 Ro c o ins .

7 23 C remat ion E v ison 1 979 , 4F ig . 3 3a

Unaccompan ied Ro g lobu la r p ottery u rn .

213-

8 43 F ema le I nhuma t ion E v ison 1 982 , 4 5-6 , 6 1 F ig . 9 a , P l . 4 a

B y Head : Ro g l c law b eaker ; 2 CA g i lt Sma l llong b r ; 2 Ag g i lt s m l mn ts ; f ace tted c ry sta l b ead ; F e i n la id p urse mn t ; CA r g s ; CA h eaded p in .

9 79 Ma le I nhumat ion E v ison 1 981 , 1 39 F ig . 6 .

F e s pea rhead ; CA b e lt f i tt ing s ( bu , t ubu la r mnt , p la te & t ubu lar mnt , f ace tted s tr ip , r o se tte mn t ) ; CA t weezer s ; F e k n ; F e f i res tee l ; R . S h ldr : F e P enannu la r b r .

9 87 F ema le I nhumat ion E v ison 1 981 , 1 38 F ig . 4a -d .

CA S tu tzarmf ibe l b r , CA Sma l llong b r , F e k n , CA Ro b u .

9 89 F ema le I nhumat ion E v ison 1 981 , 1 38 -9 F ig . 4e -g ; 5 .

CA Ro b u ; CA B ow b r w ith u p turned f oot l i nked b y c ha in t o F e p in ; CA B ow b r w ith u p tu rned f oo t .

1 66 . Nass ing ton , Nh . : am ixed c eme tery d e stroyed d ur ing t he war . A t l ea st 3 c remat ion s a nd 5 6 i nhumat ions r ecorded b ut o ther s p robab ly l o st . A lso e v idence o f Roman o ccupat ion ( Leeds S cA tk inson 1 944 , 1 00 - 1 02 ) . 1 1 F ema le I nhuma t ion L eed s & A tk inson 1 944 , 1 05 , 1 24 P l . 2 4a , 3 0

Near Neck : 3 CA Swa st ika b r , CA p in f rom P enannu lar b r , CA r g , CA p r icker w ith r g , CA mn t , n eck lace o f 4 0 amber , 8g l b ead s .

1 2 Db le I nhumat ion . L eed s & A tk inson 1 944 , 1 05

B y h ead s : 3p ottery v esse ls s a id t o b e o f Ro f abr ic .

1 3 Db le I nhumat ion , Hd S L eed s & A tk inson 1 944 1 05-6 P l . 2 2 , b , 2 3 , b , 2 4 , b

1 3a : n o f ind s . 1 3b : C lav ic les : 2 CA S aucer b r ; Neck : CA g i lt s trap p la te , 7 0 b eads ; R . H ip : 2 CA p r ickers , CA r g s , I A CA h a rne ss l i nk , CA w r ist c la sp s , 3F e k ey s o n r g e 3 cf rag s , g l f rag .

1 4 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd NW L eed s & A tk inson 1 944 , 1 06 P l . 2 3 ,c ; 2 6

C lav ic le s : p r CA P enannu la r b r ; B reast : CA Sma l llong b r , 4 8 b eads , & 4 CA r g s , o ne w ith p endan t c o in ? ; LH ip : F e k n , k ey , b u f rag .

1 7 F ema le I nhumat ion L eed s & A tk in son 1 944 , 1 07 , 1 17-8 P l . 2 5 , 2 8a

C lav ic les : CA C ruc iform b r , CA Sma l llong b r . Che st : 1 1 b eads , 3f rag s b one c omb , p art Ro c o in?

1 9 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd NW L eed s & A tk inson 1 944 , 1 07

R . C lav ic le : F e P enannu la r b r ; s tr ing b ead s , CA s p l it-rg .

2 2 Ma le I nhumat ion L eed s & A tk inson 1 944 , 1 07 P l . 2 2a , 3 0

L . o f Head : CA mn ts f or c up , F e k n , F e p in .

A , F ema le I nhumat ion Hd NNW L eed s & A tk inson 1 944 , 1 12 P l . 2 3 b ,c

S ku l l o f c h i ld o n L . A rm ; L . Hand : F e k n ; Ag s p ira l r g ; Ag r g ; L . Wr ist : i vory r g ; L . B reast : App l ied b r ; C lav ic les : 2 CA P enannu la r b r w ith f l a t h oop s , s tamped ; Neck : 5 3 amber , 3amber c o lou red , 1j et , 1t h in CA c y l indr ica l b ead ; F e k ey .

214-

16'7. Newar Not.: a cremation cemetery discovered in 174 2 (4 urns), 1836 (over 15 urns) & 1837 over 20 urns). Between 1957 & 1970, 367 further urns were recovered (Wilson 1972, 132). B 2-1 Cremation Evison 1979, 6-7 Fig. 3 3e

Ro pot tery urn.

168. Newport Pagnell, Bd.: probably not a cemetery site. Unknown Harden 1956, 136 Pl. 15x

Ro mould blown beaker. Probably not a grave find.

169. Northampton IIl, St Andrew's Hospital, Nh.: a small mixed cemetery. 1836, several inhumations and 3 urns found, further discoveries in 1837. Cremation Dryden 1882, 337

1 or 2 Ro coins.

1'70. North Luffenham, Ru. (Le.}: mixed cemetery excavated mainly between 1863 and 1901. Uncertain number of inhumations and cremations (Meaney 1964, 215 - 216). From Inhumation Hawkes & Dunning 1961, 65, Fig. 24,a

CA Ro s trap tag. Assn. not known.

171. Northwold, Nf.: a mixed cemetery excavated mainly between 1838 and 1856. An uncertain number of graves represented. From Inhumation Carthew 1856, 252 Smith 1901b, 340-1

Ro Ag coin set in Ag bracelet. Possibly not Anglo-Saxon

1'72. Nmburnholme, Yo. (Hm.}: a small inhumation cemetery excavated in 1851 (Eagles 1979, 208). From 3 inhumations, crouched Eagles 1979, 208, Fig. 116a

CA Ro bu. Other ass obj inc CA Cruciform br, CA Small-long br, toilet implements, CA wrist clasp:;.

1'73. Oadby, Le.: an inhumation cemetery known from 1760 onwards. Nichols refers to numerous Ro urns and later discoveries confirm this suggesting a Ro cemetery on the site. At least 80 burials were noted (Hoskins 1935, 121). In 1956, two further inhumations were recovered. RB Cremations ? Nichols 1810, 323

Castor ware pot tery.

174. Orpington, Kn.: a mixed cemetery on a Ro settlement site. 82 inhumations and 21 cremations were excavated between 1965 and 1977. Cemetery dated to middle fifth t o sixth century. 2 Female Inhumation Hd SE Tester 1968, 130-1 Fig. 4, 2a-b

R. Humerm: Fe kn, gl armlet.

21 Female Inhumation Hd W Tester 1968, 134,138 Fig. 5, 21 a-d

L. Knee: Ro coin; Below Chin: � CA Bird br; L. Hip: Fe kn, 2 CA rgs, CA tube. -215-

3 2 Ch i ld I nhuma t ion T e ster 1 968 , 1 39-141 F ig . 6 ,a & b

Chest & Neck : 1 4 b ead s ; Cen tre b ody : Ro c o in ; F eet : R o c o in .

3 5 F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd W T ester 1 968 , 1 41 F ig . 7

R . F emu r : p ottery whor l ; Wa ist : F e b u ; R . Che st : F e Ro? k ey & r g , k n ;L . S kul l ; F e k n .

3 9 F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd NW T ester 1 968 , 1 43 F ig . 8 , 3 9 a -d

Ch in d cRS h ld r : P r CA S aucer b r ; Wa ist : CA Ro b u w ith F e t ongue ; L . S ide Wa i st : F e & CA Ro k ey s .

5 1 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd WSW T ester 1 969 , 4 1-2 F ig . 3 , 5 1 a -c

Upper f i l l : f l in t n odu les - ma rker ? Wa ist : CA Ro b u w ith Ag i n lay ; L . S h ldr : CA D isc b r , B eh ind S kul l : d i sco id amber b ead ; L . Hand : Ro c o in .

5 8 F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd W T ester 1 969 4 4 , 4 6 P l . 1F ig . 2 , 5 8a , 4 , 5 8 b -f

Top S ku l l : P o ttery v esse l ; T h roa t : 5 3 b ead s , 2 CA t ube s ( = n eck lace ) , 2 CA D isc b r ; Wa ist : F e b e ; F emu r : s tray ?R o c o in .

6 7 Adu lt I nhumat ion , Hd W T ester 1 969 , 4 7 ,49 F ig . 56 7a

CA e nam Ro h a rne ss f i tt ing .

1 75 . Oz inge l l , Kn . : a n e x tens ive i nhumat ion c eme tery e xcava ted b y Sm ith f rom 1 846 o nwa rds . He e st ima ted t hat a bou t 7 5-80 h ad b een d estroyed a lready . B etween 1 977 & 1 981 af ur ther 1 92 g raves were e xcavated . T he c emetery i sd a teab le t o t he s ix th & s even th c en tu ry . F rom I nhumat ion Sm ith 1 853 , 5P l . I V

CA s ca les , 6 Ro c o ins .

I nhumat ions Sm ith 1 846 , 2 42 - 3

" i n o ther g raves . . . .patera (o f t he r ed wa re . . . .Sam ian ) , p laced n ear t he h ead .

F rom I nhumat ion Sm ith 1 853 , 5P l . 3 , 7

S am ian d i sh . T h is i s p robab ly t he e xamp le i n L iverpoo l Mu seum . A ssn u nknown .

F rom I nhumat ion Sm ith 1 853 , 5P l . 3 , 1 4

I n tag l io .

1 02 I nhumat ion G . G ra inger , p er s . c om m .

P la in p ottery v esse l , I A CA t erre t , CA r g , F e f i tt ing s .

1 52 I nhumat ion Young s 1 982 , 1 84

G I v esse l , b ead s , Ro k ey , c ha te la ine .

1 90 F ema le I nhumat ion G . G ra inger , p er s . c om m .

Ou ts ide c off in : Ro g l b ow l .

F rom I nhumat ion ? G . G ra inger , p ers . c om m .

CA R o D isc b r w ith s e tt ing . P o ss ib ly a ss w ith : g l c law b eaker , CA b u , F r b r .

1 76 . P akef ie ldr S f . : as i ng le i nhumat ion i n ab a rrow e xcavated b y Doug las i n 1 758 . I nhumat ion i n b a rrow Doug la s 1 793 , 8 n , 8 2-3

Au B yzan t ine c o in , i n tag l io , Ro c o ins .

216-

1 77 . P eter sf inger , WL : a n i nhumat ion c eme tery o f 6 3 g raves e xcavated i n 1 948 & 1 951 . Da ted t o t he l a ter f i fth a nd s ix th c entu ry . 2F ema le? I nhuma t ion , W-E L eed s &S hor tt 1 953 , 6F ig . 1 1 , P l . 3 , 5 ,8 , 1 1

P o ttery a ccessory v esse l , p r CA t weezers , Ro c o in , CA b u f rag .

2 5 F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd W L eed s &S hortt 1 953 , 2 1-2 F ig . 4 P l . 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 ,

Neck : CA A nsea te b r ; B reast : CA g i lt B utton b r ; Wr ists : CA g i lt B u tton b r ; L . o f S ke le ton : CA r g . F e r g w ith h ook , F e s tr ip , 2f rag s F e w ith r od & l oop , F e ? f inger r g , 2 Ro c o ins , CA a nnu la r d i sc , CA b u , 5 9 b ead s .

4 8 F ema le I nhuma t ion Hd W L eed s &S hortt 1 953 , 3 0 , 3 2 F ig . 1 3 P l . 4 , 7 , 9

B ack , h ip l eve l : CA Ro b r ; w orn CA b e lt s l ide ; f rag o f i vory b ang le ; 1 1 b ead s amber ; 6F e f rag s [ bag ? ] .

5 1 F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd S L eed s &S hortt 1 953 , 3 4 F ig . 5 , P l . 4 ,7

R . S h ld r , i n f i l : Ro b race le t , Ro c o in CA b u , 1 4 b eads a ss w ith ? pur se .

6 3 Db le F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd S L eed s &S hortt 1 953 , 4 2-3 F ig . 5 , P l . 4 , 7 , 9

A : F e k ey , r g , 2b u , Ro b oss f i tt ing , p ur se r g , r g f rag ; 4b eads , q uar tz b ead s he l l b ead , CA b u w ith F e c omp lex 1 3 : R . E lbow : 3b eads ; S h in : F e k n , r g .

1 78 . P ewsey , W i . : ap redom inan t ly i nhuma t ion c eme tery e xcavated b etween 1 969 & 1 976 c on ta in ing 1 05 i nhumat ions & 3 c remat ions . Appears t o b e e nt ire ly s ix th c en tu ry . BF ema le? I nhuma t ion Hd S K . Annab le , p ers . c om m .

2F e P enannu la r b r ; F e k n .

1 8 F ema le I nhumat ion K . Annab le , p er s . c om m .

P er f Ro c o in , p ottery a ccesory v esse l , b eads , h ooked F e p in , f rag s , F e t weezers .

2 0 F ema le? I nhumat ion K . Annab le , p er s . c omm .

Ro c o in , F e k n , CA w ire r g , f rag F e r g , b ead s i nc c ry sta l whor l , p yr ites , F e c leat , q uartz p ebb le .

8 6 Ch i ld I nhumat ion K . Annab le , p ers . c om m .

2R o c o ins , 2b ead s .

8 8 F ema le I nhumat ion K . Annab le , p er s . c om m .

CA s hee t w ith Ro c o in , F e k n , f rag F e b u , 2 CA s heets .

1 02 F ema le I nhumat ion K . Annab le , p er s . c om m .

L . S ide : CA P enannu la r b r , F e p in ; R . S ide : CA P enannu la r b r , CA p in ; CA p in , b ead s , F e b u &p la te , F e s tr ips .

1 79 . P o lhi l l , Kn . : a n i nhumat ion c eme tery , s ome o f t he g raves w ith b arrows , d a ted t o t he s even th & e ighth c entu ry . An e st imated t o ta l o f 1 50 g raves o f w h ich 1 07 were e xcavated . ( Hawke s 1 973a , 1 99 - 2 01 ) . 5 3 Adu lt F ema le I nhuma t ion Hd E P h i lp 1 973b , 1 78 F ig . 5 3 , 4 87 ; 5 4 , 5 73; 5 5 , 5 33 ; 5 6 , 5 46 ; 5 7 , 5 77

R . A rm : s ng l s ided c omb ; L .Th igh : F e f erru le &r g [ bag ? ] ; CA Ro b r ; L .Hand : CA r g ; F i l l : F e k n . 217-

6 5 Ma le I nhuma t ion P h i lp 1 973b , 1 80 F ig . 5 3 n o .484 ; 5 5 n o .523 , 5 30 ; 5 7 n o .581 Hawkes 1 973a , 1 93

L . S ku l l : F e s pea rhead ; Top S ku l l : b ead , CA b u ; Cen tre P e lv is : CA b u ; R . P e lv is : F e s tud ; L . E lbow : CA R o amu le t ; L . A rm/Th igh : F e b u

F rom I nhumat ion F ow ler 1 964 , 1 47

CA P enannu la r b r . A ssn u nknown .

1 80 . P ortway Down , Andover , Ha . : am ixed c emetery o f 6 9 i nhumat ion s a nd 8 6 c remat ions c omp le te ly e xcavated i n 1 974-5 . T he c emetery d a tes t o t he s ix th c en tury ( A . Cook 1 985 , 1 07 - 1 09 ) . 1 1 F ema le I nhuma t ion Cook 1 985 , 2 6 F ig . 3 1

R . S h ldr : F e p in ; R . Humeru s : Ro c o in ; CA s tr ip ; R . E ye : F e p in .

1 3 & 1 3A F ema le & Ch i ld I nhumat ions Cook 1 985 , 2 7 F ig . 3 1

R . A rm & Wr ist : CA b race le t f i tt ing s & R o c o in .

1 6 F ema le ? Ado lescent I nhumat ion Cook 1 985 , 2 7 F ig . 3 1

L . S h ldr : CA D isc b r ; R . S h ld r : CA D isc b r ; R . Neck : 3g l & 1 0 amber b eads , 2 f o ss i ls , f i sh b one , 3R o c o in s .

1 9 F ema le ?I nhumat ion Cook 1 985 , 2 8 F ig . 3 2

R . Neck : CA Sma l llong b r ; L . Neck : CA Sma l llong b r ; L . Wa ist : F e p in , F e l oop ; Wa ist & Hand s : b ead s & CA f i tt ings f or b race let , l impet s he l l , Ro c o in ;

2 2 F ema le ?I nhumat ion Cook 1 985 , 2 9 F ig . 3 3

L . S h ld r : CA D isc b r ; R . Neck : CA D isc b r ; CA Ro b r ; L . S ku l l : F e p in .

2 5 F ema le I nhumat ion Cook 1 985 , 2 9-30 F ig . 3 3

R . Neck : CA Sma l llong b r ; L . Neck : CA Sma l llong b r ; Wa i st : CA Quo it b r ; Chest : F e p in ; L . Wa ist : b one c omb , F e k n , F e b u , g l & amber b eads , Ro c o in ; R . Che st : 3F e p in s ; R . S ku l l : CA s tr ip .

3 2 F ema le I nhumat ion Cook 1 985 , 3 1-2 F ig . 3 4 P l . V I I I

R . Neck : CA D isc b r ; L . Neck : CA D isc b r ; Che st : g l whor l ; R . Wa ist : F e b u ; L . Che st : F e o b j , F e k n , CA R o k ey ; F e r g , CA p in .

4 2 F ema le I nhumat ion Cook 1 985 , 3 4 F ig . 3 6

R . S h ld r : CA d isc b r , Ro c o in , amber b ead .

4 8 F ema le ?I nhumat ion Cook 1 985 , 3 6-7 F ig . 3 8

R . S ku l l : CA b ound b ucket ; R . Neck : CA S aucer b r ; L . Neck : CA S aucer b r ; L . Wa ist : CA Ro b u ; L . S h ldr : F e p in/r ivet ; L . Chest : F e p in ; L . A rm: F e k n ; L ower L . Wa ist : g l , amber & c ry sta l b ead s ; F emu rs : CA c osmet ic b ru sh , 2 F e s ha fts .

5 0 F ema le I nhumat ion Cook 1 985 , 3 8-9 F ig . 3 8

R . Chest : CA Sma l llong b r ; Wa ist : CA Ro b u ; L . Che st : F e k n , F e r g , CA o b j & 2 CA p la tes , 2 9 b ead s , 2R o c o ins .

218-

6 1 F ema le ? Ado lescent I nhumat ion Cook 1 985 , 4 1 F ig . 4 0

Neck : g l a nd amber b ead s , CA p endan ts , 3 Ro c o ins ; L . Hand : CA r gL . P e lv is : F e s tr ip , F e r g , o va l F e r g , CA s tr ip , F e k n .

6 7 F ema le ? J uveni le I nhumat ion Cook 1 985 , 4 2 F ig . 3 7

R . S h ld r : CA R o b r ; L . Neck : CA Quo it b r , F e p in , 2 Ro c o ins ; By L . S h ldr : CA b ucket h oop ; L . P e lv is : F e o b j , CA R o P enannu la r b r , CA f rag , F e f rag s .

1 6 C remat ion Cook 1 985 , 4 4 F ig . 7 3 P l . X I I I

R o c o in .

S tray f i nd Cook 1 985 , 5 0 F ig . 8 0 1 .

CA R o s poon b ow l .

1 81 . P r incethorp , Wa . : as ma l l m ixed c emetery f ound n ea r a Roman s ett lement s i te . E xcavated a bou t 1 848 , n o r ecorded g rave g roup s ( Meaney 1 964 , 2 62 ) . F rom I nhumat ion ? Sm ith 1 848 , 3 7 P l . 1 9 Sm ith 1 904 , 2 56

A ssn u nc lea r Co lou r c oa ted b eaker , p oss ib ly f rom b ur ia l w ith s pea rhead & f erru le S c CA C ruc iform b r .

1 82 . Quarr ing ton , L i . : i n 1 826 a m ixed c eme tery o f a n u nknown n umber o f i nhumat ions a nd c remat ion s wa s d i scovered . S ome more f inds w ere p ub l ished i n 1 853 . Da te a ppear s t o b e l ater f i fth a nd s ix th c entu ry . F rom I nhumat ions , 1 828 e xcvns T ro l lope 1 872 , 1 00 P l . 3 4 , 3

2 CA & 2 b one p ins , a l l Ro .

F rom I nhumat ions , 1 828 e xcvns T ro l lope 1 872 , 1 01 P l . 5 , 1 3 & 1 4

CA R o e nam T rumpet b r ; CA Ro e nam HeadS tud b r ; CA A S C ruc iform b r ; F e A nnu la r b r .

F rom Cemetery F ow ler 1 964 , 1 46

CA P enannu la r b r .

1 83 . Quen iborough , b e . : as ma l l m ixed c emetery , t he o n ly f i nds a re t ho se i lu stra ted b y N icho ls i n 1 815 . T hese i nc lude u rn s , v esse ls & s pea rhead s . L a te f i fth a nd s ix th c en tury d ate p robab le ( 1815 , 1 35-6 ) . F rom I nhumat ion (s ) N icho ls 1 815 , 1 36 P l . 5 0 9a -b , 1 0

2 CA R o ?b u h oop s .

1 84 . Ra inham , E x . . : a Roman a nd A ng lo-Saxon c emetery wa s d e stroyed b y s and q uarry ing . F ind s b ut n ot a ssoc iat ion s w ere s a lvaged a nd r ecorded b y E v ison ( 1955a ) . Unrecorded E v ison 1 955a , 1 62 P l . 5 9

2c omp lete Ro f lagons .

Un recorded E v ison 1 955a , 1 65 F ig . 4 , 4 -6

CA R o f inger r g , Ro c o in , Ro CA s ea l b ox l i d .

1 85 . Read ing I ,E a r ley , B e l c . : as ma l l m ixed c emetery e xcavated i n 1 891 . A t o ta l o f 5 i nhumat ion s a nd a bout 1 0 c remat ions . Da ted t o f i fth a nd s ix th c en tury ( D ick in son 1 976 I , 1 94 - 1 95 ) .

219-

1 3 F ema le I nhuma t ion . S teven s 1 894 , 1 56 Hawkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 4 5 F ig . 1 4b My res 1 977 I ,2 51 , IF ig . 2 04 , 2 4

CA t ubu la r b e lt f i tt ing , CA R o b u , CA s trap e nd , CA & F e r gs , CA R o c o in , j ar .

1 86 . Rochester I ,S ta r H i l l , Kn . : 1 852 2 0 i nhumat ion s e xcavated . No a ssoc ia t ion s w ere n o ted b ut s evera l o b jects c o l lected . S ome s eventh c entury mater ia l ( Sm ith 1 853 , 2 09 ) . F rom Cemetery Sm ith 1 854 , 2 09 P l . 3 4 , 1 -7

s evera l CA a rm lets f ound i n a ssoc iat ion w ith i nhumat ion s S co ther o b jects .

1 87 . Ru shden L ow , M idd leton , Db . : ap oor ly e xcavated b a rrow c on ta in ing a t l east o ne p reh istor ic ( p r ima ry ) i nhumat ion a nd a t l ea st o ne A ng l ian o r Roman ( s econdary ) i nhuma t ion . I nhumat ion , e rchd , d isturbed B ateman 1 861 , 4 3

Db le s ided b one c omb , Ro c o in , F e k n , f l int a rrowhead , a nt ler t i ne .

1 88 . Rusk ing ton , L i . : al a rge c emetery e xcavated p iecemea l . D iscovered b efore 1 871 , 2 i nhumat ion s r ecorded i n t ha t y ear . 1 917 , f urther o b jects r ecovered . 1 936 4 i nhumat ion s r ecorded b ut o ther s l o st . 1 938-42 , f urther i nhuma t ion s a nd a c remat ion n oted . 1 942 & 1 945 9i nhumat ions ; 1 958 1 5 i nhumat ions . 1 975 a f ur ther 2 4 i nhumat ion s a nd 3 c remat ion s were e xcavated . T he s i te l i es i n a Roman q uarry a nd i sd a ted t o t he s ix th c en tu ry ( Atk in 1 976 , 6 0 ) . 3 Adu lt I nhumat ion Hd W K nocker 1 946 , 6 9 P l . 1 0 , 2

CA P enannu la r b r .

Unknown a ssn . 1 917 e xcvns T homp son 1 956 , 1 82 F ig . 2 ,1

N ea r c omp le te i st c en t . p ottery v esse l . P robab ly n ot a ss w ith c emetery .

1 89 . S a int A lbans , He . : as ma l l i nhumat ion c emetery o f s eventh c entury d ate . F ema le I nhumat ions S tead 1 969 , 4 7 Cu rnow 1 985a , 7 7

W ith t wo f ema le i nhuma t ion s , amu let b oxes . One w ith t h ree c o ins , o ne w ith t wo . A lso a ss , c ha te la ine .

1 90 . S anc ton I , Yo . ( Hm .) : al a rge c remat ion c eme tery . Ro l le ston e xcava ted 8 u rns i n 1 873 a nd a f u rther n umber were f ound b etween 1 882-94 . 1 77 u rn s were r ecovered f rom e xcavat ions i n 1 953-7 ( My res & S ou thern 1 973 , 5- 1 1 ) . F rom Cremat ion u rn RoHe ston 1 880 , 4 09-10 Sm ith 1 912a , 7 6

CA D isc b r , 2A nnu la r b r , Ro c o in , F e k n , b eads , F e s i ck le? , CA C ruc iform b r .

F rom C remat ion u rn Sm ith 1 912a , 7 5 -7 6

5 CA Annu la r b r , CA P enannu la r b r , g l b ead s , whor l , k n .

F rom C remat ion u rn F ow ler 1 964 , 1 48

Ha lf o f CA P enannu la r b r .

1 91 . S andy , B d . : am ixed c emetery d i scovered i n a bou t 1 750 b u t e xcava ted ma in ly i n t he 1 850s . Due t o p oor e xcavat ion , i ti su ncerta in whether t he Ang lo-Saxon c emetery g enu ine ly f o l lowed o n f rom t he Roman c emetery o n t he s i te o r n ot .

220-

F rom I nhumat ion ? P r ice 1 853 , 1 09 - 1 10 & w ie

Co lou r c oa ted b eaker .

1 92 . S arre , Kn . : av ery l a rge a nd i mportant i nhumat ion c emetery . I n it ia l d i scover ies made i n 1 843 a nd 1 860 . I n 1 863 B rent e xcavated 1 83 g raves & i n 1 864 a f u rther 8 9 . T he f u l l l im its o f t he c emetery w e re n ot r eached . S ome c remat ion s w ere f ound o n t he s i te b ut t hese c ou ld h ave b een Roman . I n d a te , f rom l a te f i fth u nt i l t he e nd o f t he s even th c entu ry . F rom I nhuma t ion Sm ith 1 860 , 4 5-6 P l . I IV

S tr ing o f b ead s w ith 4 Au p endant c o ins & r eu sed m i l le f ior i s e tt ing i n Au f rame . A ss w ith CA c ompos ite b r & CA B yzan t ine b ow l .

4F ema le I nhumat ion , n ear ly E -W B ren t 1 863 , 3 10-14 P l . I I I I , w ie

B y R . Hand : Ag s p ira l r g ; B twn S h ldrs : 6 b ractea tes S cl ge n o . b eads ; Cen tre b ody : 2 CA g i lt Key stone b r ; Head : g l v esse l , Au b ra id ; L . S ide : F e s eax , k n i n s hea th , 2k eys , p r s hea rs ; B twn T h ighs : CA g i lt s tra iner s poon , c rysta l b a l l , CA g i lt Compos ite b r , CA f rags & b ind ing s , Ag w ire , CA b u , 2CA s hoe r ivets , c omb f rag s , CA n eed le , f o ss i l , 2 Ro c o ins .

6 Ma le ?I nhuma t ion B ren t 1 864 , 1 57 w /c

F eet : p ottery v esse l ; L . S ide : F e b oss , 5 0 b one c ounters , F e s word , s pea rhead , k n , f erru le , Ro c o in , r ivets , k n , F e r g , CA b u .

2 6 Ma le I nhumat ion B ren t 1 864 , 1 61-4 P l . o pp 1 61 Goodman 1 959 , 1 98-201

S ku l l : F e b oss ; L . S ku l l : s pea rhead ; Wa ist : CA p lated b u , F e s tr ike-al ight ; L . S ide : F e k eys , p lane ; F eet : CA s ca les , 1 9 we ights i nc 1 2 Ro c o ins , 2F e k n , s hears , p late .

4 6 Db le Adu lt I nhumat ion B ren t 1 864 , 1 66-7

One o f b ur ia l d ecap itated . Head a t c en tre o f g rave .

5 4 Ma le I nhumat ion B ren t 1 864 , 1 67 w ie

B twn F eet : CA d r ink ing c up mn t , F e s hea rs , Ro c o in , CA s tud w ith g arnet ; L . S ide : F e b o ss , k n , CA p la ted f rag s , F e b u , s word .

8 3 Db le I nhumat ion B ren t 1 864 , 1 71

CA s tud , 2 Ro c o ins , F e k n .

9 4 F ema le I nhumat ion B ren t 1 864 , 1 74 w ie

F rag CA o penwk Ro b u p la te , Ca t ubu la r b e lt f i tt ing ; Cen tre Che st : a' l a rge q uant ity ' amber & j e t ?b ead s , s m l CA K ey stone b r , A u b ra id , s m l b e lam ite , F e k n , k ey .

1 26 Adu lt I nhumat ion B ren t 1 864 , 1 76-7 P l . 6 ,9

CA k nobbed l ozenge ' b r ' w ith b lue & w h ite e nam c orners .

F rom Cemetery K end r ick 1 932 , 1 64 Henry 1 936 , P l . 2 1 1& 2

2 CA e sc f rom d rop -hand led b ow l . CA Hang ing B ow l e sc .

I nhumat ion ? Hawkes 1 961 , 3 0-1 P l . X IV

CA QBS q uo it b r .

F rom Cemetery Hawkes & Dunn ing 1 961 , 6 0 F ig . 2 0h E v ison 1 981 , 1 32 F ig . 2 b

2 CA R o b u .

1 94 . S earby , L i . : as ma l l i nhumat ion c emetery w ith d i scover ies i n a bout 1 852 ( one b ur ia l ) , 1 858 , 8i nhumat ion s , a bou t 1 859 , 2i nhumat ion s a nd o ther o b jects . I n 1 864 s ome more b ur ia ls w ere o b served a nd i n 1 934 s ome more o b jects w ere r ecovered ( Ph i l l ip s 1 934 , 1 44 ) . F rom I nhumat ion? Sm ith 1 861 , 1 37 P l . 1 3 ,2

Ro F e k ey .

1 95 . S e lmeston I ,S i . ( E . S x . ) : at o ta l o f a t l ea st 2 9 i nhumat ion s a re k nown f rom t he s i te w ith i so lated d iscover ies b e ing made i n 1 897 & 1 950 a nd t he ma in e xcavat ion s o f 1 963 a nd 1 979 ( We lch 1 983 , 3 85-6 ) . F rom I nhuma t ion , u npub l ished We lch 1 983 3 90 F ig . 6 0 a -b

i ) mou ld b lown g l b ow l ; i )g l b eaker .

1 96 . S ewerby , Yo . ( Hm . ) : asma l l i nhuma t ion c eme tery o f 4 9 e xcavated i nhumat ions . 4 5 were e xcavated b y R ah tz b etween 1 958-9 . Af urther 1 0 were e xcava ted i n 1 974 ( H ir st 1 985 , 1 5 & 1 7 ) . T he c emetery d a ted t o t he l a te s ix th t o m id-seven th c en tu ry . 1 7 Ch i ld I nhumat ion Hd N H ir st 1 985 , m /f B 3 -5 F ig . 3 8

S herds o f b ow l ; 2F e P enannu la r b r ; CA Annu la r b r ;1 3 b eads .

2 4 Adu lt I nhumat ion Hd NNW H ir st 1 985 , m/f B 1 1 -1 2 F ig . 4 1

D isturbed g rave F e c ha in l i nk s ; Ag P seudo-Penannu la r b r .

1 97 . S hudy Camp s , Ca . : al arge i nhumat ion c emetery o f s eventh c entury d a te . L ethbr idge e xcavated 1 48 g raves i n a l l . 1 1 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd SW L ethbr idge 1 936 , 2 , 5F ig . 2C & D

H ip : F e k n &l i nk s ; Knees : CA h a sp , Ro c o in , m i l lef ior i b ead ; N eck : 1 4 b eads , Ag w ire r g s & b ead s .

1 9 F ema le I nhumat ion Hd SW L ethb r idge 1 936 , 6 ,8 F ig . 2a ,b

L . H ip : F e k n , k ey s , l i nk s ; i vory r g ; CA b r ; R . H ip : 2c ha lk whor ls ; L ower r ib s : 5 Ag p endan ts

3 3 Ma le I nhumat ion , Hd S L ethb r idge 1 936 , 1 3

S ku l l d e tached , n eck v ert . m iss ing ; p e lv is & s acrum i nverted , l eg s m iss ing b e low k nees . E xca rna ted i nhuma t ion?

1 98 . S ibertswo ld , Kn . : e xcavated b y F au ssett i n 1 772-3 . Appear s t o s p read o ver t h ree a reas . T he l ower b ur ia l g round h ad 1 68 i nhuma t ion s , t he u pper 1 3 . T he u pper c emetery wa s a lso t he s i te o f a Roman c remat ion c emetery ( 1856 , 1 27-8 ) . As eventh c entury c emetery . 3 3 Adu lt I nhuma t ion , c off in F au ssett 1 856 , 1 08 w /c

L . S h ld r : p ottery u rn , k n , F e f rag s .

6 0 F ema le I nhumat ion , Hd W? F aussett 1 856 , 1 12 P l . 1 2 , 1 0 ;13 , 8

Head : CA p in , 4b ead s , 2 Ag w ire r gs ; Wa ist : CA amu le t b ox ; F eet : Chate la ine , F e k n , F e s poon , F e o b jects .

222-

125 Adolescent Inhumation, barrow

Neck: 25 beads&. large bead, Ag finger rg.

163 Adult Inhumation, barrow, coffin

Hip: Ag finger rg set with amber?, Fe kn;

172 Female Inhumation Hd W, coffin

Neck: 4 lge beads, 23 others, Au pendants set with ston es, intagli os, enam cable&. millefi ori, Au coins as pendants, ivory pin set with garn ets; Hips: Fe shears, bu; Knees: pottery accessory vessel, chain.

Faussett 1856, 122 Pl. 11,11

Faussett 1856, 128 - 129 Pl. 11, 8 Faussett 1856, 130-2 w/c, Pl. 4 1,2,7-9,13,16 & 17; Pl. 11 1&. 3

Pottery sherds in fill.

199. Sleaford, Li.: a mixed cemetery discovered in about 1824. Further remains in 1852 & 1858. Thomas excavated and published 241 burials and estimated a t otal of 600 for the cemetery. A single inhumation was found in 1959. Cemetery dated from the fifth to late sixth century.

Male lnhumation

Trollope 1858, 278-9 w/c Trollope 1872, 101 Pl. V 12

Fe boss, spearhead, bone han

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8 . H arnham H i l l 4 0 , a f ter A kerman 1 853a , P l . X I I ,8

9 . H arnham H i l l 5 3 , a f ter A kerman 1 853a , P l . X I I ,7

1 . H ighdown , a f ter W e lch 1 983 , F ig . 16 ,f

F igure 5 0 . R oman f i nger r ings . S ca le : 1 : 1 e xcept 6 , 3 :4 .

1 . L ackford 4 8 /2474 , a f ter

2 . L i tt le W i lbraham 2 , a f ter

L ethbr idge 1 951 , F ig . 7 ,3

N ev i l le 1 852 , P l . 1 3

3 . L ong W ittenham 1 00 , B M M LA 7 5 3 -10 , 2 55

5 . M itcham 3 8 ,

4 . M i lton-nex t-S itt ingbourne I I ,

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a f ter P ayne 1 889 , 2 07-8

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3 07

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3 . K emps ton 6 3 , B M M LA 9 1 6 -24 , 2 95

4 . G i lton , a f ter V an E s 1 967 , F ig . 3

5 -8 . Q uarr ing ton , a f ter T ro l lope 1 872 , 1 00

9 . L i tt le W i lbraham , a f ter N ev i l le 1 852 , P l . 1 4 1 0 . L ong W ittenham , U rn X B M M LA 7 5 3 -10 , 3 48

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1 2 . S hudy C amps 6 5 , a f ter L ethbr idge 1 936 , F ig . 4 ,c

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