Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - Volume 11 Chandler–Cleeve 019861361X, 9780198613619
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Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Volume
11
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography IN ASSOCIATION
WITH
The British Academy From
the earliest times to the year
Edited by
H. C. G.
Matthew
and
Brian Harrison
Volume
11
Chandler- Cleeve
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
2000
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0 x 2 6dp
Oxford University Press It
a department of the University of Oxford.
is
farthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide Oxford
in
New York
Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford
is
a registered trade in the
UK and in
mark of Oxford
University Press
certain other countries
Published in the United States
by Oxford University Press
Inc.,
New York
© Oxford University Press 2004 Illustrations © individual copyright holders as listed in and reproduced with permission
‘Picture credits’,
Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First
All rights reserved.
No
published 2004
part of this material
may be
reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate
reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University
Press, at the address
above
You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication
Data
Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Data available: for details see volume
1 , p. iv
ISBN 0-19-861361-X (this volume) ISBN 0-19-861411-X (set of sixty volumes) Text captured by Alliance Phototypesetters, Pondicherry Illustrations
reproduced and archived by
Alliance Graphics Ltd,
Typeset in
OUP
UK
Swiff by Interactive Sciences Limited, Gloucester
Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Butler and Tanner Ltd,
Frame, Somerset
'
LIST
1
OF ABBREVIATIONS
General abbreviations
AB ABC ABC TV
bachelor of arts
BCnL
bachelor of canon law
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
BCorn
bachelor of commerce
ABC Television
BD
bachelor of divinity
act.
active
BEd
bachelor of education
AS
Australian dollar
BEng
bachelor of engineering
AD
anno domini
bk pi. bks
book(s)
AFC
Air Force Cross
BL
bachelor of law / letters / literature
AIDS
acquired
BLitt
bachelor of letters
AK AL A level
Alaska
BM
bachelor of medicine
Alabama
BMus
bachelor of music
BP
before present
immune deficiency syndrome
advanced
level [examination)
ALS
associate of the Linnean Society
BP
British
AM
master of arts
Bros.
Brothers
AMICE
associate
BS
(l)
member of the Institution of Civil
Engineers
(3)
New Zealand Army Corps
Petroleum
bachelor of science; British standard
(2)
bachelor of surgery;
ANZAC
Australian and
appx pi. appxs
appendix(es)
BSc (Econ.)
bachelor of science (economics)
AR ARA ARCA
Arkansas
BSc
bachelor of science (engineering)
associate of the Royal
Academy
associate of the Royal College of Art
ARCM
associate of the Royal College of Music
ARCO
associate of the Royal College of Organists
ARIBA
associate of the Royal Institute of British
bachelor of science
BSc
(Eng.)
bt
baronet
BTh
bachelor of theology
bur.
buried
C.
command [identifier for published
c.
circa
c.
capitulumpl. capitula: chapter(s)
CA
California
Cantab.
Cantabrigiensis
cap.
capitulumpl. capitula: chapter(s)
CB CBE CBS
companion of the Bath
cc
cubic centimetres
C$
Canadian dollar
parliamentary papers]
Architects .ARP
air-raid precautions
ARRC ARSA
associate of the Royal
art.
article
Red Cross
associate of the Royal Scottish /
Academy
item
ASC
Army Service Corps
Asch
Austrian Schilling
ASDIC
Antisubmarine Detection Investigation
Committee
ATS
Auxiliary Territorial Service
ATV
Associated Television
Aug AZ
August
b.
born
BA BA (Admin.) BAFTA BAO
bachelor of arts
bap.
baptized
Arizona
commander of the Order of the British Empire Columbia Broadcasting System
CD
compact
Cd
command
disc [identifier for
published
parliamentary papers] CE
Common (or Christian) Era
cent.
century
cf.
compare
CH
Companion of Honour
chap.
chapter
ChB
bachelor of surgery
Cl
Imperial Order of the
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency
bachelor of arts (administration) British
Academy
of Film and Television Arts
bachelor of arts in obstetrics
Company
BBC
British Broadcasting Corporation
BC
before Christ
BCE
before the
BCE
bachelor of civil engineering
BCG
bacillus of Calmette
against tuberculosis]
Cie
Compagnie
BCh
bachelor of surgery
CLit
companion of literature
BChir
bachelor of surgery
CM
master of surgery
BCL
bachelor of civil law
cm
centimetre(s)
/
common (or Christian) era and Guerin [inoculation
Crown of India
C1D
Criminal Investigation Department
CIE
companion of the Order of the Indian Empire
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS Cmd
CMG
vi
command [identifier for published
edn
edition
parliamentary papers]
EEC EFTA
European Economic Community
EICS
East India
Company Service
EMI
Electrical
and Musical Industries
Eng.
English
enl.
enlarged
companion of the Order of St Michael and St
Cmnd
George
command
[identifier for
published
European Free Trade Association (Ltd)
parliamentary papers]
CO
Colorado
Co.
company
CO.
county
col. pi. cols.
column(s)
Corp.
corporation
CSE
certificate of secondary
CSI
companion of the Order of the
education Star of India
CT
Connecticut
CVO
commander of the Royal Victorian Order hundredweight
cwt $
(American) dollar
d.
(1)
DBE
penny (pence);
(2)
died
dame commander of the Order of the British Empire
ENSA
Entertainments National Service Association
ep. pi epp.
epistola(e)
ESP
extra-sensory perception
esp.
especially
esq.
esquire
est.
estimate / estimated
EU
European Union
ex
sold by
excl.
excludes / excluding
exh.
exhibited
exh. cat.
exhibition catalogue
f.pl.ff.
following [pages]
FA
Football Association
FACP
fellow of the American College of Physicians
facs.
facsimile
(lit.
out
of)
DCH
diploma
DCh DCL DCnL
doctor of surgery
doctor of canon law
FANY
First
DCVO DD
dame commander of the Royal Victorian Order
FBA
fellow of the British
doctor of divinity
FBI
Federation of British Industries
DE
Delaware
FCS
fellow of the Chemical Society
Dec
December
Feb
February
dem.
demolished
FEng
fellow of the Fellowship of Engineering
DEng
doctor of engineering
FFCM
fellow of the Faculty of Community Medicine
des.
destroyed
FGS
fellow of the Geological Society
DFC
Distinguished Flying Cross
fig-
figure
DipEd
diploma in education
FIMechE
DipPsych
diploma in psychiatry
fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
diss.
dissertation
DL
deputy lieutenant
DLitt
doctor of letters
in child health
doctor of civil law
FL fl-
DLittCelt
doctor of Celtic letters
DM
(1)
Deutschmark;
(3)
doctor of musical arts
(2)
doctor of medicine;
Aid Nursing Yeomamy
Academy
Florida floruit
FLS
fellow of the Linnean Society
FM
frequency modulation
fol. pi. fols.
folio(s)
Fr
French francs
DMus
doctor of music
Fr.
French
DNA
dioxyribonucleic acid
FRAeS
fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society
doc.
document
FRAI
fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute
DOL DPH
doctor of oriental learning
FRAM
fellow of the Royal
diploma in public health
FRAS
(1)
DPhil
doctor of philosophy
DPM
diploma
DSC
Distinguished Service Cross
DSc
doctor of science
in psychological
Academy of Music
fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society;
(2)
fellow
of the Royal Astronomical Society
medicine
DSc
(Econ.)
doctor of science (economics)
DSc
(Eng.)
doctor of science (engineering)
FRCM
fellow of the Royal College of Music
FRCO FRCOG
fellow of the Royal College of Organists
fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and
Gynaecologists
FRCP(C)
fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of
Canada
DSM
Distinguished Service Medal
DSO
companion of the Distinguished Service Order
DSocSc
doctor of social science
DTech
doctor of technology
DTh
doctor of theology
FRCPath
DTM DTMH DU
diploma in tropical medicine
FRCPsych
fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists
diploma in tropical medicine and hygiene
FRCS
fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons
doctor of the university
FRGS
fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
DUniv dwt
doctor of the university
FRIBA
fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects
pennyweight
FR1 CS
EC
European Community
fellow of the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors
ed.
pi.
Edin.
eds.
FRCP (Edin.)
fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of
Edinburgh
FRCP (Lond.)
fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of
London fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists
edited / edited by / editor(s)
FRS
fellow of the Royal Society
Edinburgh
FRSA
fellow of the Royal Society of Arts
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
vii
FRSCM
fellow of the Royal School of Church Music
ISO
companion of the Imperial
FRSE
fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
It.
Italian
Independent Television Authority
FRSL
fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
ITA
FSA
fellow of the Society of Antiquaries
ITV
Independent Television
ft
foot
Jan
January
FTCL
pi.
feet
London
JP
justice of the peace
foot-pounds per minute |unit of horsepower|
jun.
junior
FZS
fellow of the Zoological Society
KB
knight of the Order of the Bath
GA
Georgia
KBE
knight
GBE
knight or
ft-lb
per min.
fellow of Trinity College of Music,
Service Order
commander of the Order of the
KC
king's counsel
GCB GCE
knight grand cross of the Order of the Bath
kcal
kilocalorie
general certificate of education
KCB
knight
GCH
knight grand cross of the Royal Guelphic Order
KCH
knight
GCHQ
government communications headquarters
KCIE
GCIE
knight grand commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
KCMG
British
Empire
GCMG
knight or dame grand cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
GCSE
general certificate of secondary education
GCSI
knight grand Star of India
GCStJ
GCVO GEC
commander of the Order of the
bailiff or dame grand cross of the order of St John of Jerusalem knight or dame grand cross of the Royal Victorian Order
General Electric
German
GI
government (or general) Greenwich mean time
GMT
commander of the Order of the Bath commander of the Royal Guelphic Order knight commander of the Order of the Indian
Empire
KCSI
issue
knight
commander of the Order of St Michael
and
George
St
knight
commander of the Order of the Star of
India
KCVO
knight
keV
kilo-electron-volt
KG KGB KH KLM
knight of the Order of the Garter
km
kilometre(s)
KP
knight of the Order of St Patrick
KS
Kansas knight of the Order of the Thistle
(Soviet
commander of the Royal Victorian Order
committee of state
Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij (Royal Dutch Air Lines)
GP GPU GSO
general practitioner
KT
(Soviet special police unit]
kt
knight
general staff officer
KY
Kentucky
Fleb.
Hebrew
£
pound(s) sterling
HEICS
Honourable East India Company Service
£E
Egyptian pound
HI
Hawaii
L
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HKS
Hong Kong dollar
HM
his
/
her majesty(’s)
HMAS HMNZS HMS HMSO
his
/
her majesty’s Australian ship
his
/
her majesty’s
/
her majesty’s ship
HMV
His Master's Voice
Hon.
his
New Zealand ship
His / Her Majesty's Stationery Office
1.
security]
knight of the Royal Guelphic Order
Company
Ger.
British
Empire
dame grand cross of the Order of the
lira pi. lire pi.
11.
line(s)
LA
Lousiana
LAA LAH
light anti-aircraft
Lat.
Latin
lb
pound(s), unit of weight
LDS
licence in dental surgery
licentiate of the Apothecaries' Hall,
Dublin
lit.
literally
Honourable
LittB
bachelor of letters
hp
horsepower
LittD
doctor of letters
hr
hour(s)
LKQCPI
licentiate of the
HRH HTV
his
Harlech Television
LLA
lady literate in arts
IA
Iowa
LLB
bachelor of laws
ibid.
ibidem: in the
LLD
doctor of laws
ICI
Imperial Chemical Industries (Ltd)
LLM
master of laws
ID
Idaho
LM
licentiate in
IL
Illinois
LP
long-playing record
illus.
illustration
LRAM
licentiate of the Royal
illustr.
illustrated
LRCP LRCPS (Glasgow)
licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians
/
her royal highness
same
place
King and Queen's College of
Physicians, Ireland
IN
Indiana
in.
inch(es)
Inc.
Incorporated
incl.
includes
IOU
I
IQ
intelligence quotient
Ir£
Irish
pound
M.
IRA
Irish
Republican Army
m
midwifery
Academy of Music
licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians
Surgeons of Glasgow
/
including
owe you
LRCS
licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons
LSA
licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries
LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide
LVO
lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order
pi.
MM.
Monsieur pi. Messieurs metre(s)
and
vm
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS ND
North Dakota
n.d.
no date
master of engineering
NE
Nebraska
MB MBA
bachelor of medicine
nem. con.
nemine contradicente: unanimously
master of business administration
MBE
member of the Order of the British Empire
new series New Hampshire
MC MCC
Military Cross
new ser. NH NHS
Marylebone Cricket Club
NJ
New Jersey
MCh
master of surgery
NKVD
MChir
master of surgeiy
MCom MD MDMA
(t)
m.
mm.
pi.
membrane(s)
MA
(1)
MAI
ME MEd
Massachusetts;
(2)
master of arts
NM
doctor of medicine;
(2)
Maryland
methylenedioxymethamphetamine master of education
MEng MEP
master of engineering
MG
Morris Garages
MGM
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Mgr
Monsignor
MI
(1)
Mile
[secret intelligence
member of the European parliament
department]
MI 5
[military intelligence department]
MI 6
[secret intelligence
MIg
[secret escape service]
MICE
member of the Institution of Civil Engineers member of the Institution of Electrical
department]
Engineers
min.
minute(s)
Mk ML
(1)
MLitt
nanometre(s)
no.
pi.
nos.
number(s)
November
n.p.
no place
NS
new style
NV NY
Nevada
[of publication]
New York New Zealand Broadcasting Service
NZBS ADC Ude
officer of the
obit.
obituary
UCl
October
nrTT ULj 1 ut
officer cadets training unit
OECD
Organization for Economic Co-operation and
OEEC
Organization for European Economic Cooperation
OFM
order of Friars Minor [Franciscans]
OFMCap
Ordine
military intelligence
(2)
commissariat for internal
New Mexico
nrn
Nov
Maine
MIEE
[Soviet people’s affairs]
master of commerce
Michigan;
National Health Service
Order of the British Empire
Development
Frati
Minori Cappucini:
member of the
Capuchin order
mark
OH OK
Ohio
master of letters
0 level
ordinary level [examination]
Mile
Mademoiselle
OM
Order of Merit
mm
millimetre(s)
OP
order of Preachers [Dominicans]
Mme MN MO MOH
Madame
op.pl. opp.
opus pi. opera
Minnesota
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Missouri
OR
Oregon
medical officer of health
orig.
original
MP
member of parliament
os
old style
m.p.h.
miles per hour
OSB
Order of St Benedict
MPhil
master of philosophy
OTC
Officers’ Training
MRCP MRCS MRCVS
member of the Royal College of Physicians member of the Royal College of Surgeons member of the Royal College of Veterinary
OWS
Old Watercolour Society
Oxon.
Oxoniensis
p. pi. pp.
page(s)
Surgeons
PA
Pennsylvania
p.a.
per annum
MRIA
MS MS pi. MSS
licentiate of medicine;
member of the (1)
(2)
Royal Irish
master of science;
(2)
master of laws
Academy
Mississippi
manuscript(s)
Oklahoma
para.
paragraph
PAYE
pay as you earn
Corps
MSc MSc (Econ.)
master of science
pblcpl.
master of science (economics)
per.
[during the] period
MT
Montana
PhD
doctor of philosophy
pbks
paperback(s)
MusB
bachelor of music
pi.
(1)
MusBac
bachelor of music
priv. coll.
private collection
MusD
doctor of music
pt pi. pts
part(s)
MV MVO
motor vessel
published
member of the Royal Victorian Order
pubd PVC
note(s)
q.pl. qq.
(1)
Navy, Army, and Air Force Institutes
QC
queen’s counsel
n. pi.
nn.
NAAFI
NASA NATO NBC NC
NCO
plate(s); (2) plural
polyvinyl chloride question(s);
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
R
rand
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
R.
Rex / Regina
National Broadcasting Corporation
r
recto
North Carolina
r.
reigned / ruled
RA
Royal
non-commissioned
officer
(2)
quire(s)
Academy / Royal Academician
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
ix
RAC RAF RAFVR
Royal Automobile Club
Skr
Swedish krona
Royal Air Force
Span.
Spanish
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve
SPCK
Society for Promoting Christian
[member of the] Royal Academy of Music
SS
(1)
STB
bachelor of theology
RAM RAMC
Royal
RCA RCNC
Royal College of Art
STD
doctor of theology
Royal Corps of Naval Constructors
STM
master of theology
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
STP
doctor of theology
supp.
supposedly
RCOG
Army Medical Corps
RDI
royal designer for industry
RE
Royal Engineers
repr.
pi.
reprs.
reprint(s)
/
reprinted
repro.
reproduced
rev.
revised
/
revised by / reviser / revision
Revd
Reverend
RHA
Royal Hibernian Academy
R1
(1)
Rhode
Schutzstaffel;
(2)
suppl.pl. suppls.
supplement(s)
s.v.
sub verbo / sub voce:
SY
steam yacht
TA
Territorial
TASS
[Soviet
TB
tuberculosis
TD
(1)
teachtai data
(2)
territorial decoration
Island; (2) Royal Institute of Painters in
Water-Colours
Santissimi;
Knowledge
(3)
steam ship
under the word / heading
Army
news agency] (lit.
tubercle bacillus)
(member of the
Dail);
TN TNT
Tennessee
trans.
translated / translated by / translation
RIBA
Royal Institute of British Architects
RN
Royal Indian Navy
RM
Reichsmark
RMS RN RNA RNAS RNR RNVR RO
Royal Mail steamer
r.p.m.
revolutions per minute
UN
United Nations
RRS
royal research ship
UNESCO
Rs
rupees
United Nations Educational, Cultural Organization
RSA
(1)
UNICEF
United Nations International Children’s
RSPCA
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
unpubd
unpublished
USS
United States ship
1
trinitrotoluene /
translator
Royal Navy ribonucleic acid
Royal Naval Air Service Royal Naval Reserve Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
TT
tourist trophy
TUC
Trades Union Congress
TX
Texas
submarine
U-boat
Unterseeboot:
Ufa
Universum-Film
UMIST
University of Manchester Institute of Science
Record Office
AG
and Technology
Royal Scottish Academician; of Arts
(2)
Royal Society
Animals Rt Hon.
Right Honourable
Rt Revd
Right Reverend
RUC
Royal Ulster Constabulary
Russ.
Russian
RWS
Royal Watercolour Society
S4C
Sianel
s.
shilling(s)
Pedwar Cymru
Scientific,
Emergency Fund
UT
Utah
v
verso
V.
versus
VA
Virginia
VAD VC
Voluntary Aid Detachment Victoria Cross
VE-day
victory in Europe day
Ven.
Venerable
VJ-day
victory over Japan day
under the year
s.a.
sub anno:
SABC
South African Broadcasting Corporation
SAS
Special Air Service
SC
South Carolina
ScD
doctor of science
S$
Singapore dollar
SD
South Dakota
sec.
second(s)
sel.
selected
sen.
senior
vol. pi. vols.
volume(s)
VT
Vermont
WA
Washington
WAAC WAAF WEA
Women's Auxiliary Army Corps Women's Auxiliary Air Force
[state]
Workers' Educational Association
WHO
World Health Organization
W
Wisconsin
WRAF WRNS
Women's Royal Air Force Women's Royal Naval Service
Societe Internationale d'Energie Hydro-
WV
West Virginia
Electrique
WVS
Women's Voluntary Service
sig.pl. sigs.
signature(s)
WY
Wyoming
sing.
singular
¥
yen
SIS
Secret Intelligence Service
YMCA
Young Men's Christian Association
SJ
Society of Jesus
YWCA
Young Women’s Christian Association
Sept
September
ser.
series
SHAPE SIDRO
supreme headquarters
1
allied
powers, Europe
and
INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS
2 Institution abbreviations Oxford
All Souls Oxf.
All Souls College,
AM Oxf.
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Balliol Oxf.
Balliol College,
BBC WAC
BBC Written Archives
Beds.
& Luton ARS RO
Berks.
Centre, Reading
NFTVA
Girton College, Cambridge
GL
Guildhall Library,
RO & Caius Cam.
Glos.
Gon.
Berkshire Record Office, Reading
GS Lond.
London
British Geological Survey,
Gov. Art Coll.
RO
Hants.
London, National Film and Television Archive British Film Institute,
BGS
Garrick Club, London
Girton Cam.
Bedfordshire and Luton Archives and Record Service, Bedford
British Film Institute,
BFI BFI
Oxford
Garr. Club
Harris Man. Oxf.
Harvard TC
CA
Library,
BL
Birmingham Central Library British Library, London
BL NSA
British Library,
Birmingham City
Harvard University, Cambridge,
Houghton Herefs.
L.
RO
London, National Sound
Herts.
London, Oriental and India
Hist. Soc.
Herefordshire Record Office, Hereford Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies,
ALS Penn.
Office Collections
Bodl.
Political
Economic Science British Museum, London
Oxf RH
Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York
Bristol
RO
Bristol
Service, Aylesbury
Churchill College, Cambridge, Churchill Archives Centre
Cambs. AS CCC Cam.
Cambridgeshire Archive Service
CCC Oxf. Ches. & Chester
Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Inst.
CE
Institution of Civil Engineers,
Inst.
EE
Institution of Electrical Engineers,
IWM SA
Imperial Archive
JRL
John Rylands University Library of Manchester King's College Archives Centre, Cambridge King's College, Cambridge King's College, London King’s College, London, Liddell Hart Centre
King's
AC Cam.
King's
Cam.
King's Lond., Liddell Hart C.
Lancs.
Cheshire and Chester Archives and Local
Leics.
Christ Church. Oxford
Christies
Christies,
City of Westminster Archives Centre,
London
Lancashire Record Office, Preston Library of Congress, Washington,
RO
Leicestershire. Leicester,
DC
and Rutland Record
Lincolnshire Archives, Lincoln
Linn. Soc.
Linnean Society of London
London Metropolitan Archives Lambeth Palace, London Liverpool Record Office and Local Studies
LMA
CLRO Coll. Arms
Corporation of London Records Office
LPL
College of Arms, London
Lpool
Col. U.
Columbia University, Cornwall Record
for Military Archives
Lines. Arch.
Centre for Kentish Studies, Maidstone
RO
War Museum. London, Sound
Office, Leicester
London
CKS
Cornwall
RO
Cong.
Studies Service
Christ
AC
London London Imperial War Museum, London Imperial War Museum, London, Film and
IWM IWMFVA
L.
City Westm.
London
New York
Imperial College, London
King's Lond.
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
ALSS Church Oxf.
Office,
Huntington Library, San Marino, California
L.
Record Office
Buckinghamshire Records and Local Studies
CAC Cam.
Hulton Archive, London and
Video Archive
Boston Public Library, Massachusetts
Bucks. RLSS
House of Lords Record
Hult. Arch.
Hunt.
Bodleian Library of Commonwealth and African Studies at Rhodes House, Oxford
Boston PL
HLRO
ICL
Bodleian Library, Oxford
Borth. Inst.
Historical Society of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia
London School of Economics and
Science, British Library of Political and
Bodl.
Massachusetts, Houghton Library
Hertford
British Library,
BM
Nathan
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Harvard U. Harvard U„
Archive
BLPES
Harris Manchester College, Oxford
Marsh Pusey Library
Birmingham Central
BL OIOC
Government Art Collection Geological Society of London Hampshire Record Office, Winchester
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,
Archives Birm. CL
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Harvard Theatre Collection, Harvard
Keyworth,
Nottingham Birm.
London
Gloucestershire Record Office, Gloucester
RO
New York
Office,
Service
Truro
London University Library Magdalene College, Cambridge Magdalen College, Oxford
RO Devon RO Dorset RO
Derbyshire Record Office. Matlock
LUL Magd. Cam. Magd. Oxf. Man. City Gall. Man. CL
Devon Record Office, Exeter
Mass. Hist. Soc.
Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston
Dorset Record Office, Dorchester
Merton Oxf.
Merton College, Oxford
Duke Duke
Duke University. Durham, North Carolina Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,
MHS Oxf.
Museum of the
L.,
Glas.
Mitchell Library, Glasgow
William
Mitchell L„
NSW
State Library of New South Wales, Sydney,
Courtauld
Courtauld Institute of Art, London
Inst.
CUL
Cambridge University Library Cumbria Archive Service
Cumbria AS Derbys.
U. U.,
Perkins
L.
R. Perkins Library
Durham Cath. CL Durham RO
Durham Cathedral, chapter library Durham Record Office
DWL
Dr Williams's
Mitchell
Manchester City Galleries Manchester Central Library
History of Science, Oxford
Mitchell Library
New York
Morgan L.
Pierpont Morgan Library,
National Archives of Canada, Ottawa
Essex Record Office
NA Canada NA Ire.
National Archives of Ireland, Dublin
East Sussex Record Office. Lewes
NAM
National
Eton
Eton College, Berkshire
NA Scot.
National Archives of Scotland, Edinburgh
FM Cam.
Fitzwilliam
Folger
Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington,
Essex RO E.
Sussex
RO
Library,
London
Museum, Cambridge
News
DC
Int.
NG Ire.
RO
News
Army Museum, London
International Record Office,
London
National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin
INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS
xi
RO HC
NG Scot.
National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh
NHM
Natural History
NLAus.
National Library of Australia, Canberra
TCD
NL Ire.
National Library of Ireland, Dublin
Trinity
Trinity College,
NLNZ
National Library of New Zealand, Wellington
U.
University of Aberdeen
Suffolk
Museum. London
Surrey
Cam. Aberdeen
National Library of New Zealand. Wellington,
U. Birm. U. Birm.
NL Scot. NL Wales
National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh
U. Cal.
National Library of Wales. Aberystwyth
U.
NMG Wales
National
NMM
National Maritime
Norfolk
L.
RO
Northants.
RO
University of California
Northamptonshire Record
U. Edin.
Museum, London Office.
Northumbd RO Notts. Arch.
Nottinghamshire Archives. Nottingham
NRG
National Portrait Gallery, London
U. Edin.
NRA
National Archives, London, Historical Manuscripts Commission, National Register of Archives
U. Glas.
Nuffield College, Oxford
U. Hull,
N. Yorks.
CRO
Office
North Yorkshire County Record
Oxf.
Oxf. U. Mus.
Oxon.
NH
RO
Pembroke Cam. PRO
Oxford University
NIre.
Cambridge
National Archives, London, Public Record
RAS
Royal Astronomical Society, London
RBG Kew RCP Lond.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London
RCS Eng. RGS
Royal College of Surgeons of England, London
Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
Royal College of Physicians of London Royal Geographical Society. London
RIBA
Royal Institute of British Architects, London
RIBA BAL
Royal Institute of British Architects, London, British Architectural Library
Royal Arch.
Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, Berkshire [by gracious permission of her majesty the queen]
Royal Irish Acad.
Royal Irish Academy, Dublin
Royal Scot. Acad.
Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh
RS
Royal Society, London
RSA
Royal Society of Arts, London
RS Friends, Lond.
Religious Society of Friends,
St Ant. Oxf.
St
London
Antony's College, Oxford
Cambridge Society of Antiquaries of London St John’s College,
Lond.
Mus.
Scot.
NPG
Scott Polar RI
Sheff. Arch.
Shrops.
RRC
Science
Museum, London
University of Liverpool University of Liverpool Library
L.
U. Mich.
University of Michigan,
U. Mich.,
University of Michigan,
Clements
Clements Library University of Newcastle upon Tyne
U. Newcastle,
University of Newcastle
Robinson
L.
U. Nott. U. Nott.
University of Nottingham Library
L.
University of Oxford
U. Oxf. U.
University of Reading
Reading
U. Reading
U. St Andr.
U.
Andrews Andrews Library University of Southampton University of Southampton Library University of St University of St
L.
Southampton Southampton L.
U. Sussex
University of Sussex, Brighton
U. Texas
University of Texas, Austin
U.
Wales
University of Wales
U.
Warwick Mod. RC
University of Warwick, Coventry,
Modem
Records Centre
V&A V&ANAL
Victoria
Victoria
and Albert Museum. London and Albert Museum. London, National
Art Library
Warks.
CRO
Wellcome
Office, Warwick Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine, London Westminster Diocesan Archives, London Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office,
Warwickshire County Record
L.
Westm. DA Wilts. & Swindon
Institute
Sheffield Archives
W. Sussex RO W. Yorks. AS
Shropshire Records and Research Centre,
Yale U.
Shrewsbury
Yale U., Beinecke
Staffordshire Record Office, Stafford
University of Reading Library
L.
U. St Andr.
U.
upon Tyne,
Robinson Library University of Nottingham
L.
RO
Somerset Archive and Record Service, Taunton
Ann Arbor Ann Arbor, William L.
U. Newcastle
Worcs.
School of Oriental and African Studies, London
RO
University of London
Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh
Som. ARS Staffs.
University of Leeds, Brotherton Library L.
University of Cambridge, Scott Polar Research
SOAS
Brynmor Jones Library
University of Leeds
U. Lond.
Public Record Office for Northern Ireland,
Royal Academy of Arts, London
Antiquaries,
University of Hull.
L.
U. Lpool
College,
RA Ransom HRC
Sci.
Jones
Pembroke
Belfast
S.
University of Hull
Brynmor
U. Lpool
Pusey House, Oxford
Cam.
University of Glasgow
Oxfordshire Record Office, Oxford
Pusey Oxf.
St John
University of Glasgow Library
Brotherton
Office
PRO
L.
U. Leeds,
History
New College New College Library
University of Edinburgh Library
U. Leeds
Museum of Natural
University of Edinburgh,
L.
U. Hull
Oxford University Archives
University of Edinburgh,
L.
U. Glas.
Office,
New York Public Library
UA
University of Durham
University of Durham Library
L.
University of Edinburgh
U. Edin., Coll.
University College, London
New Coll. New
U.Edin..
Northallerton
NYPL
University of Cambridge
Norfolk Record Office, Norwich
Cardiff
Cambridge
University of Birmingham Library
UCL U. Durham U. Durham
Museum and Gallery of Wales,
Woking
University of Birmingham L.
Cam.
Northampton Northumberland Record
Nuffield Oxf.
Surrey History Centre, Trinity College, Dublin
Alexander Turnbull Library
NL NZ, Turnbull
Suffolk Record Office
Trowbridge
RO
Worcestershire Record Office, Worcester
West Sussex Record Office, Chichester West Yorkshire Archive Service Yale University, L.
Yale University,
New Haven, Connecticut New Haven, Connecticut,
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library Yale U.
CBA
New Haven, Connecticut, Yale Center for British Art
Yale University,
B
BIBLIOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS
xii
3 Bibliographic abbreviations Adams, Drama
W.
D.
Adams, A dictionary of the drama. 1: A-G H-Z (1956) [vol. 2 microfilm only]
BL
The British Library general catalogue of printed books [in 360 vols. with suppls., also CD-ROM
cat.
(1904); 2:
AFM
J
O'Donovan,
ed.
and
trans.,
3rd edn (1990) Allibone, Diet.
S.
A. Allibone,
literature
and
and online]
Annala rioghachta
Eireann / Annals of the kingdom of Ireland by the four masters. 7 vols. (1848-51); 2nd edn (1856);
BMJ Boase
& Courtney,
G. C. Boase
Com.
Comubiensis: a catalogue of the writings ...of
Bibl.
A critical dictionary of English
British
by J.
Boase, Mod. Eng.
Kirk, 2 vols.
F.
J.
Scot. nat.
and M.
C. Carnes, eds„ American
W. Anderson, The Scottish nation,
printed, Truro, 1892-1921); repr. (1965)
Boswell, or,
Boswell’s Life ofJohnson: together with Journal of a
Life
The
tour to the Hebrides and Johnson’s Diary of a journey into north Wales, ed. G. B. Hill, enl. edn,
surnames, families, literature, honours, and
Ann. mon.
Ann. Ulster
biographical history of the people of Scotland,
rev. L. F.
3 vols. (1859-63)
(1964); repr. (1971)
H. R. Luard, ed„ Annales monastici, 5 vols., Rolls Series, 36 (1864-9) S.
Mac Airt and G. Mac Niocaill,
Brown & Brit.
eds.. Annals of
Stratton,
Bryan, Painters
new ser„
APS
The acts of the parliaments of Scotland, 12 vols. in 13 (1814-75)
Arber, Regs.
F.
Stationers
A transcript of the registers of the
D. Whitelock, D. C. Douglas,
and
Burke, A genealogical and heraldic history of the commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, 4 vols. (1833-8); new edn as A genealogical and heraldic
J.
and
Tucker, ed. and trans.. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: a S.
Burke, Gen.
Ire.
B.
J.
Burke,
[many later edns]
A genealogical and heraldic history of 2nd edn
the landed gentry of Ireland (1899);
list and bibliography. Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks (1968)
3rd edn
(1904);
H. Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon charters: an annotated
and others,
Ireland, 3 vols. [1843-9]
I.
revised translation (1961)
D. Pike
R. E.
dictionary of the landed gentry of Great Britain
ASC
AusDB
new edn, ed.
(1903-5) [various reprs.]
Burke, Gen. GB
5 vols. (1875-94) Architectural Review
P.
M. Bryan, A biographical and critical dictionary of and engravers, 2 vols. (1816); new edn,
Graves and W. Armstrong, 2 vols. (1886-9); |4th edn], ed. G. C. Williamson, 5 vols.
Company of Stationers of London, 1554-16 40 ad,
ArchR
AS chart.
Stratton, British musical
ed. G. Stanley (1849);
vols. (1890-1964)
Arber, ed.,
S. S.
edn
painters
Arts of the privy council of England,
46
Brown and
D.
J.
Powell, 6 vols. (1934-50); 2nd
biography (1897)
mus.
Ulster (to ad 1131) (1983)
APC
vols. (1874-82)
Modem English biography: containing
have died since the year 1850, 6 vols. (privately
A. Garraty
national biography, 24 vols. (1999)
Anderson,
Boase,
F.
Courtney, Bibliotheca
P.
many thousand concise memoirs of persons who
biog.
(1891)
AN
and W.
Comishmen, 3
and American authors.
3 vols. (1859-71); suppl.
Medical Journal
British
(1912);
4th edn (1958); 5th edn
as Burke's Irishfamily records (1976)
Burke, Peerage
Burke,
J.
and
eds., Australian dictionary
A general
baronetage of the
ofbiography, 16 vols. (1966-2002)
edns A genealogical! and United Kingdom [later edns the [later
heraldic dictionary of the peerage
British empire] (1829-)
Baker, Serjeants
J. H. Baker, The order of serjeants at law, SeldS, suppl. ser„ 5 (1984)
Burney,
Hist.
mus.
C.
Burney,
A general history of music, from the
earliest ages to the present period,
Bale, Cat.
J.
Bale, Scriptorum illustrium Maioris Brytannie,
quam nuncAngliam
et
2 vols. in 1 (Basel, 1557-9); facs.
edn
Burtchaell
(1971)
81
Sadleir,
Alum. Dubl. Bale, Index
J.
Bale, Index Britanniae scriptorum, ed. R.
L.
Bulletin of the
BDMBR
J.
O. Baylen
Board of Celtic Studies
and
N.
J.
Gossman,
Calamy rev.
Hist. eccl.
A. G.
eds..
and
trans. B. Colgrave
Mynors,
and
Matthews, Calamy revised
and given up
E.
R. A. B.
COR
OMT (1969): repr. (1991)
Benezit, Dictionnaire critique
et
vols. (Paris, 1911-23);
new edn,
CDS
J.
BIHR
Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research
Birch, Seals
W. de
CEPR
Blackwood's [Edinburgh] Magazine, 328 vols.
Chambers,
Scots.
comp.
V. Blain, P.
Clements, and
I.
Grundy,
eds.,
The
feminist companion to literature in English (1990)
eds.,
papal registers relating
Great Britain and Ireland: papal
letters
R.
Chambers,
ed.,
and Eire]
A biographical dictionary of
eminent Scotsmen, 4 vols. (1832-5)
(1817-1980)
Clements & Grundy, Feminist
in the
Northern Ireland, Ireland,
Routh, 2nd edn, 6 vols. (1833)
Blain,
Johnson, and J. Twemlow,
Calendars of the grants of probate and letters of administration [in 4 ser.: England & Wales,
M. J.
Blackwood
time, ed.
Bliss, C.
(1893-)
CGPLA
(1887-1900) Bishop Burnet's History of his
close rolls preserved in the Public
47 vols. (1892-1963)
Calendar of entries to
own
Office,
Bain, ed.. Calendar of documents relating to
W. H.
letters
Birch, Catalogue of seals in the department of manuscripts in the British Museum, 6 vols.
Bishop Burnet's History
commissariots of
Scotland. 4 vols., PRO (1881—8); suppl. vol. 5, ed. G. G. Simpson and J. D. Galbraith [1986]
8 vols.
(1948-66), repr. (1966); 3rd edn, rev. and enl„ 10 vols. (1976); 4th edn, 14 vols. (1999)
in the several
Calendar of the
documentaire
des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs etgraveurs,
3
(1934); repr.
Scotland (1876-)
Record Benezit, Diet.
Sadleir. Alumni
Calendar of confi rmations and inventories granted
CCI
Bede's Ecclesiastical history of the English people,
ed.
and T. U.
(1988)
Biographical dictionary of modem British radicals, 3 vols. in 4 (1979-88)
Bede,
G. D. Burtchaell
Dublinenses: a register of the students, graduates,
and provosts of Trinity College (1924); [2nd edn], with suppl., in 2 pts (1935)
Poole and M. Bateson (1902); facs. edn (1990)
BBCS
4 vols.
(1776-89)
Scotiam vocant: catalogus,
Chancery records Chancery records (RC)
chancery records pubd by the PRO chancery records pubd by the Record
Commissions
]
.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
Calendar of inquisitions post mortem, |20 vols.], PRO (1904-); also Henry VII. 3 vols. (1898-1955)
CIPM
Clarendon,
Hist.
rebellion
Pari. hist.
J.
and (1992)
W. Cobbett and J. Wright,
eds., Cobbett's
(1954)1
EdinR
Edinburgh Review,
GETS
Early English Text Society
Emden, Cam.
A. B.
H. Colvin,
C. H.
A biographical dictionary of British
1600-1840, 3rd
architects,
edn
Emden,
A. B.
Oxf.
Cooper and T. Cooper, Athenae
EngHR
rolls
Brit, ports.
preserved in the Public
Crocltford’s Clerical Directory
CS
Camden Society Calendar of state papers
[at
ER
The English Reports, 178 English short
DAB
Dictionary ofAmerican biography, 21 vols.
The diary ofJoseph Farington, ed. K. Garlick and
FastiAngl. (Hardy)
J.
FastiAngl., 1066-1300
FastiAngl, 1300-1541 Dictionary of
[sometimes
Debrett's
[J.
[J.
J.
M. Horn, D. M. Smith, and D.
(1994)
FO List
Foreign Office List
A. Felstead.J. Franklin, andL. Pinfield, eds..
Fortescue,
Dictionary of British and Irish
horticulturists (1977); rev.
edn
(1871);
Brit,
army
J.
J.
new edn, |n vols.]
M. Bellamy and J.
W. Fortescue, A history of the British army,
13 vols. (1899-1930) E. Foss.
Foss, Judges
Saville, eds.. Dictionary of
Foster, Alum. Oxon.
The judges of England, 9 vols. (1848-64);
J.
Foster, ed., Alumni Oxonienses: the
(1887-8); later
Dictionary of national biography, 63 vols. (1885-1900), suppl., 3 vols. (1901); repr. in
edn (1891);
4 vols. also Alumni
1500-171 4, 4 vols. (1891-2); 8 vol. repr. (1968) and (2000) Fuller, Worthies
T. Fuller,
.
.
The history of the worthies of England,
4 pts (1662); new edn, 2 vols., ed. J. Nichols (1811); new edn, 3 vols., ed. P. A. Nuttall (1840); repr. (1965)
H. Oliver and C. Orange, eds.. The
GEC, Baronetage
G. E.
Cokayne, Complete baronetage, 6
W. J. de Kock and others,
eds.. Dictionary of
GEC, Peerage
South African biography, 5 vols. (1968-87)
G. E. C. |G. E. Cokayne], The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the
new edn,
United Kingdom, 8 vols. (1887-98);
and F.
L.
Holmes,
eds..
ed. V. Gibbs
Dictionary of scientific biography, 16 vols.
(1990)
and S. Checkland,
J.
Gillow,
j.
repr. Lit.
biog. hist.
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DSCHT
N. M. de
S.
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Gillow, A literary and biographical history or
bibliographical dictionary of the English Catholics,
Cameron and others,
from
eds.,
Monasticon Anglicanum, 3 vols. (1655-72); 2nd edn, 3 vols. (1661-82); new edn, ed. J. Caley, J. Ellis, and B. Bandinel, 6 vols. in 8 pts (1817-30); repr. (1846) and (1970)
Rome,
in 1534, to the
present
with preface by C. Gillow (1999)
(1993)
W. Dugdale,
the breach with
time, 5 vols. [1885-1902]; repr. (1961); repr.
Dictionary of Scottish church history and theology
Dugdale, Monasticon
in 15
Genest, Some account of the English stage from the Restoration in 1660 to 1830, 10 vols. (1832);
Genest, Eng. stage eds.. Dictionary of
Scottish business biography, 1860-1960, 2 vols.
and others, 14 vols.
(1910-98); microprint repr. (1982)
(1970-80); repr. in 8 vols. (1981); 2 vol. suppl.
A. Slaven
vols.
(1900-09); repr. (1983) |microprint]
(1990-2000)
C. C. Gillispie
members of
the University of Oxford, 1715-1 886,
Dictionary of Literary Biography
W.
(1915-)
repr. (1966)
dictionary of New Zealand biography, 5 vols.
DSBB
Bailey,
H. Scott, Fasti ecclesiae Scoticanae, 3 vols. in 6
and
22 vols. (1908-9); 10 further suppls. (1912-96);
DSB
S.
[9 vols.] (1969-)
Missingpersons (1993)
DSAB
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Le Neve], Fasti ecclesiaeAnglicanae, 1541-1857,
Oxonienses
DNZ B
Barrow,
Le Neve], Fasti ecclesiaeAnglicanae, 1300-1541,
ed.
labour biography, [10 vols.] (1972-)
DNB
S.
12 vols. (1962-7)
(2001)
DLitB
Fasti ecclesiaeAnglicanae, 1066-1300,
Greenway and J.
(1968-)
Directory of British architects, 1834-1900 (1993); 2nd edn, ed. A. Brodie and others, 2 vols.
D LB
Le Neve],
Fasti Scot.
R.
botanists
Dir. Brit, archs.
[J.
T. D.
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Debrett's Peerage (1803-)
Desmond,
S.
Le Neve, Fasti ecclesiaeAnglicanae, ed. Hardy, 3 vols. (1854) ed. D. E.
FastiAngl, 1541-1857
Botanists
Beer, 6 vols.
Farington, Diary
Illustrated peerage]
Desmond,
De
The diary ofJohn Evelyn, ed. E. (1955): repr. (2000)
D. J. Jeremy, ed„ Dictionary of business biography, 5 vols. (1984-6)
Debrett's Peerage
[CD-ROM
others, 17 vols. (1978-98)
(1944-96)
W. Brown and others,
vols. (1900-32)
catalogue, 1475-1800
Evelyn, Diary
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Canadian biography,
title
in the British
and online]
Simancas),
Canterbury and York Society
G.
M. O'Donoghue and H. M. Hake, Catalogue
F.
ESTC [in 11 ser.: domestic,
CYS
DCB
1501 to 1 540 (1974)
department of prints and drawings Museum, 6 vols. (1908-25)
Scotland, Scottish series, Ireland, colonial.
Commonwealth, foreign, Spain Rome, Milan, and Venice
ad
of engraved British portraits preserved in the
Record Office (1891-)
Crockford
Emden, A biographical register of the
English Historical Review
Engraved
Calendar of the patent
DBB
Emden, A biographical register of the
Oxford,
(1967)
CSP
Critical Journal
University of Oxford to ad 1500, 3 vols. (1957-9); also A biographical register of the University of
(1995)
Cantabrigienses, 3 vols. (1858-1913); repr.
CP R
or,
University of Cambridge to 1500 (1963)
(1806-1820)
Cooper, Ath. Cantab.
Lloyd and others, eds., Dictionary of Welsh
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Hyde, earl of Clarendon, The history of the rebellion and dvil wars in England, 6 vols, (1888);
Parliamentary history of England. 36 vols.
Colvin, Archs.
E.
biography down
E.
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Cobbett,
DWB
Gir.
Camb. opera
Giraldi Cambrensis opera, ed. J.
F.
Dimock, and G.
Series, 21 (1861-91)
GJ
Geographical Journal
F.
J.
S.
Brewer,
Warner, 8
vols.. Rolls
BIBLIOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS Gladstone, Diaries
The Gladstone
diaries:
xiv
with cabinet minutes and
M.
prime-ministerial correspondence, ed.
Jesus Christ of the Latterday Saints
Foot and H. C. G. Matthew, 14 vols. (1968-94)
ILN
Illustrated
CM
Gentleman's Magazine
IMC
Irish
Graves, Artists
A. Graves, ed.,
Irving, Scots.
J.
A dictionary of artists who have
edn
(1895);
Brit. Inst.
RA exhibitors
JCS
Journal of the Chemical Society
JHC
Journals of the House of Commons
complete dictionary of contributors and their work
JHL
Journals of the House of Lords
from the foundation of the institution (1875);
John of Worcester,
The chronicle ofJohn of Worcester, ed. R. R.
(1984)
facs.
(1908); repr. (1969)
Darlington and
Chron.
P.
A. Graves, The Royal Academy ofArts: a complete dictionary of contributors and their work from its foundation in 1769 to 1904, 8 vols. (1905-6); repr.
in
Graves, Soc. Artists
science,
A. Graves, The British Institution, 1806-1867: a
edn Graves,
and
and literature, commerce, and philanthropy (1881)
law, legislation
travel
3rd edn (1901); facs. edn (1969);
repr. [1970], (1973).
Graves,
London News
Manuscripts Commission
Irving, ed.. The book of Scotsmen eminent for achievements in arms and arts, church and state,
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CHANDLER, EDWARD
t
Chandler, Benjamin 1737-1786), surgeon, the son of Benjamin Chandler, practised for many years at Canterbury and was admitted extra-licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians on 31 October 1783. He wrote An essay towards an (
investigation of the present successful
and most general method of
which was the earliest detailed account of the practice, and An inquiry into the various theories and methods of cure in apoplexies andpabies (1785), which is a criticism of William Cullen's writings on that subject, and a comparison of his views with those of others and the inoculation (1767),
own experience. He died in Canterbury, aged on 10 May 1786, and was buried in the church
results of his
forty-nine,
of St Mary Magdalene. G. T. Bettany,
rev.
Michael Bevan
Sources Munk, Roll
well as a railway journey from Melbourne to Sydney,
taken
order to retrace Kelly’s journeying.
in
Widely travelled as he was. Chandler became very popular in Japan, where he had fan clubs devoted to his writing, and where he was awarded the Seiun Sho award in 1975. His work was published in translation in several languages, including Japanese, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, and Hebrew. He was given numerous science-fiction awards, including four Ditmars tralia (1969, 1971, 1974, 1976)
and the
from Aus-
Invisible Little
Man
award (1975), and he was guest of honour at the 1982 World Science Fiction Convention in Chicago. He was twice married. He and his first wife, Joan, had a son and two daughters. One of these daughters, Jenny, married the horror-fiction writer
Ramsey Campbell.
His second She found him in their flat in a coma on 6 June 1984, but he died the same day in a Sydney hospital and was cremated at Sydney in a
wife, Susan Schlenker, survived him.
Chandler, (Arthur) Bertram [pseud. George Whitely] (1912-1984), writer, was born in the Louisa Margaret Hospital, Aldershot, Hampshire, on 28 March 1912, the son of Arthur Robert Chandler, a private in the 1st Bedford regiment, and his wife, Ida Florence Calver. He grew up in the small town of Beccles, Suffolk, and was educated at the Peddar’s Lane council school and the Sir John
Leman
him the opportunity to write more fiction.
own naval experience
to prompt his main protagonist was John Grimes, who worked in space ships, usually among what he called the ‘Rim Worlds’. Faster-than-light travel was essential in Chandler’s fiction and he coined the ‘Mannschenn drive’ to provide it. This writing began when in the 1940s he visited John W. Campbell, the editor
writing of science fiction. His
of his favourite magazine, Astounding. Campbell printed
Means War’ and most of Chandler’s early stories in under his own name and under several pseudonyms, including George Whitely. In ‘This
Astounding. Chandler published
the United States, Ace publishers produced his books in the 1960s and then backs, and
DAW in the 1970s; these were paper-
some were reprinted in Britain by Herbert Jen-
kins and Robert Hale in limited hardback editions, before
Sphere Books began publishing paperbacks in the 1980s. Chandler also published some work in Australia, including The Bitter Pill, The Wild Ones, and Kelly Country. The last of
these novels features to
Ned
Kelly, the Australian
bushran-
and Chandler’s research on this work included a visit the USA to the Library of Congress in Washington, as
ger,
Chandler was known as a great conversationalist, although he had a slight speech impediment, and he enjoyed navigation, ship handling, and cookery as well as
sec-
ondary school, Beccles. He also attended various nautical schools, and at the age of sixteen went to sea as an apprentice with the Sun Shipping Company of London, where he rose to third officer (1928-35). He served with other small shipping companies, and was in the merchant navy during the Second World War. After that he worked for the Shaw Savill Line, London, rising from fourth officer to chief officer (1936-55), and took up residence in Sydney, Australia. He then joined the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand, Wellington, where he started as a third officer and became shipmaster (1956-75). After his retirement, he was often called on by this company to ‘babysit’ ships that were forced to stay in port, because regulations required that there be an officer kept on board. This gave Chandler used his
small private ceremony on 8 June.
He produced
writing.
about 200 short
stories;
mine because of
cuts
forty novels, six collections,
and
the exact number is hard to deter-
and expansions of some shorter
works. He joined with his wife Susan in producing two short stories, ‘The Long Way’
(
Worlds of Tomorrow,
Nov
1964) and ‘The Proper Gander’ Analog Jan 1970). Almost (
all
,
of his writing was science fiction.
Michael J. Tolley Sources
J.
tion (1993),
Clute and
206-7
•
P.
Nicholls, eds., The encyclopedia of science fic-
Lowenkopf, ‘Bertram Chandler’, TwentiethWatson and P. E. Schellinger, 3rd
S.
century science fiction writers, ed. N.
edn
(1991), 131-2
suppl. (1976)
•
•
G. Stone, Australian science fiction index (1968);
b. cert.
•
private information (2004)
Chandler, Edward (16687-1750), bishop of Durham, was born in Dublin, the son of Samuel Chandler of Dublin. In 1693 he was incorporated MA from Trinity College, Dublin, into Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he
became DD in 1701. Following his ordination to the priesthood in 1693, he was appointed chaplain to Bishop Lloyd at Lichfield, where he received a stall on 30 April 1696, and where he was to be consecrated bishop on 17 November 1717. In the meantime he had developed a pluralist’s career,
holding several livings as rector of St Nicholas’s in
Worcester, vicar of Prees in the county of Shropshire, and rector of
Wem in Shropshire. He became a prebendary of
and of Worcester on 21 October 1706. William Wake, archbishop of Canterbury, and also with Edmund Gibson, bishop of London, he was translated to Durham in 1730. He was accused of having given £9 000 for the promotion, an allegation which gives at least a hint both of the reputed worth of the see and of Chandler’s renown for being ‘immensely rich' (Walpole, 4167)- He endeavoured to increase the value of the see by raising rents and fines. However, his record of ecclesiastical patronage smacks of Salisbury in 1703,
Thanks
to his friendship with
CHANDLER, HENRY WILLIAM
2 said to have given £50 to the living of
Monkwearmouth,
£200 towards a house for the minister of Stockton, and £2000 for the benefit of clergymen’s widows. Fran^oise Deconinck-Brossard Sources W. Hutchinson, The history and
antiquities of the county pal-
574-5 • J. C. Shuler, ‘The pastoral and ecclesiastical administration of the diocese of Durham, 1721-1771: with particular reference to the archdeaconry of Northumberland', PhD diss., U. Durham, 1975 • H. G. Reventlow, The authority of the Bible and the rise of the modem world (1984), 368, 610 n. 140 • Walpole, Com., 23.167 • Venn. Alum. Cant. • GM, 1st ser., 20 (1750), 332 Archives BL, lectures, sermons, letters. Add. MSS 6460-6482 • atine of Durham, 1 (1785),
Durham
Cath.
CL
•
Durham
U.
logues of his library
Christ |
L.,
letters
Church
and MS notes: MS
Oxf.,
Walle MSS
•
cata-
Glos. RO,
William Lloyd Likenesses G. Vertue, line engraving, 1738 (after oils byj. Vanderportrait, c.1738 (after engraving by bank). BM, NPG [see illus.] letters to
•
Vertue), repro. in Hutchinson, History and antiquities, facing p. 574
•
Durham Cath. CL oils. Bishop Auckland Palace, co. Durham Wealth at death immensely rich’: Walpole, Com., 4.167 oils,
Edward Chandler (16687-1750), by George Vertue, 1738 John Vanderbank)
(after
nepotism; his son, Wadham, was a prebendary of Durham (
1735 - 7 )It
was while
at Lichfield that
Chandler published most
of his polemical works, in opposition to those of Anthony Collins the deist, in ecies (1725)
A Defence of Christianity from the ProphA Vindication of the Defence of Chris-
followed by
tianity (1728).
tion of the
What was at stake was not only the vindicanow almost obsolete typological interpret-
of Old Testament prophecies, but also the much-disputed issue of miracles. A series of interleaved Bible volumes and a concordance with heavy annotations in Chandler’s hand (in Durham Cath. CL) are indicative of ation
his meticulously philological erudition.
He also published
an anti-Hobbesian preface to Ralph Cudworth's posthu-
mous
Treatise Concerning Eternal
(1731),
and eight sermons, most of which supported the
post-1688
political
and Immutable Morality
establishment.
Later,
he strongly
objected to the rise of nascent Methodism in his
Durham
diocese. His authorship of A Discourse Concerning the Age of the
Two Sirachides, prefixed to Richard Amald’s Critical Com-
•
Chandler, Henry William (1828-1889), classical scholar, was bom in London on 31 January 1828, the only son of Robert Chandler. He was largely self-educated, acquiring by diligent study in the Guildhall Library sufficient Greek and Latin to enable him to matriculate as a commoner at Pembroke College, Oxford, on 22 June 1848. On 8 December 1851 he was elected to a scholarship and on 4 November 1853 to a fellowship at Pembroke. As an undergraduate he was taught by the celebrated classical coach, Orlando Hyman, and obtained first class honours in literae humaniores in 1852. Graduating BA in 1852 and MA in 1855, he was lecturer and tutor at his college and was one of the leading private tutors of his time. In 1867 he was elected to the Waynflete chair of moral and metaphysical philosophy, in succession to his friend H. ters
and lectures he edited
chair until
his
Nicomachean
Ethics,
stimulating.
He
death.
L.
in 1873.
His
Mansel, whose
let-
Chandler held the
favourite
topic
was the
of which his exposition was acute and
lived the life of a scholarly recluse,
devoted to the study of Aristotle and his commentators,
and was understood
to have
amassed extensive materials which he was
for an edition of the master’s Fragments, in
unhappily forestalled by the German scholar Valentin Rose. His knowledge of the Greek commentators on Aristotle was unique, and his failure to leave any monument worthy of his learning in this branch of knowledge was due partly to his extreme fastidiousness, partly to chronic ill
health. After the publication of his inaugural lecture.
The Philosophy of Mind: a Corrective for some Errors of the Day (1867), his principal publications were two contributions
cannot be ruled out, since it may be read as ‘Edward,
to the bibliography of Aristotle: a catalogue of editions of
bishop of Durham’.
(1868),
He married Barbara, eldest daughter of Sir Humphrey Briggs, baronet. They had two sons and three daughters. By the close of 1741 Chandler’s health had weakened. From 1743 onwards he resided in Grosvenor Square, London, where he eventually died ‘of the stone' on 20 July
the Ethics ‘from the origin of printing to the year 1799’
mentary on is
signed
1750.
Ecclesiasticus (1748), ‘E.
Duresme’, which
A post-mortem
examination confirmed the pres-
ence of ‘several stones very large’ in his body (GM, 332). He at Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire. He is
was buried
the Nicomachean Ethics printed in the fifteenth century
(1878).
and
a chronological index of printed editions of
He was
believed to have been the translator of The
Elements of Psychology, on the Principles ofBeneke (1871) by C. G.
Raue.
The work by which Chandler is remembered, A Practical was undertaken when he was a tutor at Pembroke, and was said to have been suggested by the master, Francis Jeune. Although the Introduction to Greek Accentuation (1864),
CHANDLER, JOHN
3
book was widely used, and is still the standard work, Chandler made clear in an ironical preface to the second edition (1881) that the subject was one ‘in which never 1
took more than a languid the observation that
interest’.
He did, however,
England, at
‘in
all
offer
events, every
man
Greek properly who wishes to stand well in the world’ (Greek Accentuation, 2nd edn, xii-xiii). By then he had formed a gloomy estimate of his achievements: in his evidence to the Oxford University commissioners (1877) he spoke of his own position as professor as ‘perfectly usewill accent his
less’.
An enthusiastic bibliophile. Chandler was elected a curWith Ingram Bywater
ator of the Bodleian Library in 1884.
he vigorously opposed ian, E.
W.
B.
many of the policies
of the librar-
manu-
By way of alternative he proposed the reproduction of texts by photography, and is said to have had an Arabic manuscript copied in this way for Sir Richard Burscripts.
own expense. In 1885 he published an edition of
five court rolls
of Great Cressingham, Norfolk.
Sources •
Classical Review, 3 (1889),
321-2
•
Oxford Magazine (22
University of Oxford Commission (1881),
Archives
Bodl. Oxf., notes
Oxford, papers
Likenesses
|
S. P.
pencil drawing, repro. in H.
women
patients at East Finchley, Middlesex. She
and her Edward Henry Chandler, devoted most of their time to the work until her death from apoplexy at her home, 43 Albany Street, on 12 January 1875. A female ward at the hospital was established in her memoiy. Her brother, who continued her work, died unmarried in his brother,
August 1881. Jennett Humphreys, rev. Patrick Wallis
sixty-sixth year in
NRA,
on
Hall, oils,
Pembroke
Pembroke
May
102-4
universities
priv. coll., letters to
Pembroke
•
College,
Norman Moore
College, Oxford
College. Oxford
•
•
S. P. Hall,
sketch,
S. P. Hall,
W. Chandler, Catalogue of the Aristotelian and philosophical Chandler (1891) two photographs,
portions of the library of H.
W
Pembroke College, Oxford Wealth at death £22,859 Eng. & Wales
S ources
E.
H. Chandler, Hospital jottings (1865)
•
W.
Gilbert, Facta
nonverba (1874) -London Mirror (23 Jan 1875) • Christian World (22 Jan 1875) • B. B. Rawlings, A hospital in the making: a history of the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic ( Albany Memorial ), 1859-1901
private information (1887) CGPLA Eng. & Wales (1876) Likenesses double portrait (with her sister). National Hospital, Queen Square, London photograph. National Hospital, Queen Square, London; repro. in Rawlings, Hospital in the making Wealth at death under £2000: probate, 23 Oct 1876, CGPLA Eng. & (1913)
•
•
•
Throughout his adult life Chandler was a prey to insomnia, which in his later years induced the fatal habit of taking chloral in enormous quantities. He died on 16 May 1889 from the effects, as certified by inquest, of a dose of prussic acid administered by himself at Pembroke College. He was unmarried. He left his books and manuscripts to Mary Sophia Evans, wife of the master of Pembroke, and she by a deed of gift dated 17 October 1889 gave them to the college on condition they were preserved as a separate collection; a catalogue of the Aristotelian and philosophical portions was published in 1891. J. M. Rjgg, rev. M. C. Curthoys 1889)
ther subscriptions for a Samaritan fund to give aid to outdoor patients; she also founded a home for convalescent
Nicholson, and registered a strong protest
against the practice of lending rare books and
ton at his
at which the subscriptions reached £800. A committee was formed and a house was rented at 24 Queen Square; it had formally opened by May i860, with the title of the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic. The institution flourished, and Johanna Chandler raised fur-
•
Wales
Chandler, John (1699/1700-1780), apothecary, was born at Bath, the grandson of a tradesman in Taunton and the younger son there was at least one daughter, the poet Mary ’Chandler (1687-1745) of Henry Chandler (d. 1717), a dissenting minister, and his wife, formerly Miss Bridgman, of Marlborough. Henry Chandler had served in Hungerford until shortly after John’s elder brother, Samuel ’Chandler (1693-1766), was born, after which the family moved to Bath. No particulars have survived of John Chandler’s education, but he was in London by 1725, when he married Mary, daughter of Amos and Mary Fry of Dartford, Kent. Having borne him two sons and three daugh-
—
—
ters,
she predeceased him.
Chandler became a partner in the firm of Smith and Newsom, apothecaries at the corner of King Street, Cheapside, London. In 1729 he published A Discourse Concerning the Small Pox, in reply to Observations on the Small Pox
15s. 3d.:
probate, 30
May
1889,
CGPLA (1728)
tual
Chandler, Johanna (1820-1875), philanthropist, one of the four children of a Mr Chandler, was orphaned at an early age and taken to the home of her mother’s parents, Mr and Mrs Pinnoclc of St Pancras parish, London. Her grandmother was afflicted by a paralysis, and for some time was cared for by Johanna Chandler and her sister; on her death in 1856 her granddaughters resolved to devote themselves to providing a hospital for paralytics.
The Chandler sisters learned to make flowers and light ornaments from Barbados rice shells, strung together with pearl and white glass beads, and over two years they raised £200 by this hard labour. Johanna then applied to the public for subscriptions. After five years the lord
mayor of London, Alderman Wire, who himself suffered from a paralysis, allowed her to call a meeting at the Mansion House on 2 November 1859, at which he presided, and
by Richard Holland,
who was
method of curing the
seeking a more effec-
disease. Clearly as a conse-
quence of his riposte. Chandler was drawn into the affairs of the Royal Society of London. In November 1734 he read a paper at the Royal Society, entitled ‘Histories of the epidemic cold which happen’d in the years 1729 and 1732/3, drawn from observations made at these times in London, and now digested into order’. This work later became part of A Treatise on the Disease called Cold, which he published in 1761. Chandler was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in February 1735, being recommended as ‘a gentleman well skilled in botany, anatomy and other parts of natural knowledge’; the impressive
list
of his sponsors included
Henry Plumptre, president of the Royal College of Physicians, the nonconformist tutor John Eames (a friend of his brother Samuel), the physician Robert Nesbitt, the bot-
John Martyn, and the mathematician James Hodgson. After his election, he delivered an interesting anist
CHANDLER, JOHN WESTBROOKE
4
paper on the extirpation and cure of an ‘uncommon’ tumour on the thigh of Grace Lowdell. Chandler died in London on 12 December 1780. In his will he requested ‘to be interred in the most frugal manner possible, consistent with common decency’. Having
Mason Chamberlin of he bequeathed this to the
inherited an ‘excellent’ portrait by
Samuel Chandler, Royal Society well as
'as
also FRS,
a testimony of [Samuel’s] high regard as
my own for that learned and respectable body’. G. T. Bettany,
rev. T.
Corley
A. B.
•
•
•
and South Bucks. (1905), 127 • election certificate, RS PRO, PROB 11/1073 Archives RS Wealth at death see will, Jan 1781, PRO. PROB 11/1073 Oxon.,
•
will, Jan
1781,
Chandler, John Westbrooke (17637-1807), portrait and landscape painter, was probably bom on 1 May 1763, an illegitimate son of Francis Greville, earl of Warwick. He was probably the John Chandler who registered as a student at the Royal Academy Schools in 1784, aged ‘21 1st May’ (Hutchison, 148). Between 1787 and 1791 he exhibited ten portraits there, from London addresses, and then in 1791 from Warwick Castle. About 1800 he went to Aberdeenshire and afterwards settled in Edinburgh. He reputedly was a freethinker, melancholic, and made an unsuccessful suicide attempt. Traditionally Chandler was believed to have died
confinement
in
under Edinburgh about 1804-5, but an obituary
on 25 April 1807, suggests He apparently devoted his later years to land-
in the Staffordshire Advertiser,
otherwise.
scape painting. Heroic Ballad
A poem by Chandler entitled Sir Hubert, an
was published
in 1800. Three of his portraits
are at Eton College. His portrait of Elizabeth, duchess of
Devonshire,
is
in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
Impressions from engravings after portraits by Chandler are in the British
ent
is
emy Schools, 148
•
exhibitors
•
S. C.
1768-1830’, Walpole
Society,
38 (1960-62), 123-91, esp.
Staffordshire Advertiser (25 April 1807)
of British miniature painters, 2 vols. (1972)
•
B.
The dictionary of portrait painters in Britain up lins Baker,
notes on
artists,
NPG, archive
D. Foskett,
•
A dictionary
Stewart and M. Cutten, to •
1920 (1997)
•
translation as well as reading contemporary
In 1733, encouraged by friends, Chandler published
anonymously A with Bath’s
Description of Bath, a 322-line
C. H. Col-
Waterhouse, 1 8c pain-
many
town and
visitors,
survey in
environs. Very popular
the Description reached
its
number of
additional
poems, most of them semi-
autobiographical. The second to seventh editions were
printed by Samuel Richardson for his brother-in-law, James Leake of Bath, whose bookshop Chandler describes in her poem. Richardson admired as well as printed, for he quotes her lines about Ralph Allen in his 1742 revision of Defoe’s Tour of Great Britain (2.266).
Although Chandler claims
in
her dedication to her
brother John Chandler that she would rather be ’taken notice of’ as an honest trader in business than as a writer,
the
many persons of title mentioned in her poems suggest
she was treated as more than a common tradeswoman. Despite the disadvantages of shape and station she was on familiar footing with a wide circle of neighbours and gentry, enjoying the hospitality and friendship of Elizabeth Rowe, Mary Barber, and the countess of Hertford, among others. Probably through their common acquaintance Dr Oliver, Chandler eventually met Pope, of whom she would boast that he ‘approv’d’ her that
lays (M. Chandler, ‘To Dr. Oliver’, 19).
At the age of fifty-four Chandler received an unexpected visit in
her shop from an admirer of her poems
—
wealthy, elderly businessman, who, after buying a pair of
made her an offer of marriage. Preferring ‘liberty’, Chandler refused him and, with characteristic good humour, turned the incident into verse in ‘A True Tale’:
gloves,
Fourscore long miles, to buy a crooked wife! Old too! I thought the oddest thing in life; (M. Chandler, ‘A True Tale’, 59, 26-7)
Much plagued by ill health, she eventually became a vegeand persevered in this ‘mortifying diet’ for medical and philosophical reasons (Cibber, 5.351). She retired after thirty-five years in business and died on 11 September 1745, leaving ‘a large poem on the Being and Attributes of tarian
God’ unfinished (Cibber,
ters GEC, Peerage Archives NPG. C. H. Collins Baker, MS notes, notes on artists Likenesses J. W. Chandler, self-portrait, oils
its
eighth edition by 1767. The third edition of 1736 appends a
78).
Hutchison, ‘The Royal Acad-
to culti-
authors (Cibber, 5.348). She particularly admired and identified with Horace and Alexander Pope.
JillSpringall Sources Graves, RA
in
sics
Museum. Waterhouse noted that ‘his tal-
not considerable’ (Waterhouse,
must endeavour
her, she
make herself agreeable’, she embarked upon a programme of self-education by studying the clas-
vate her mind, to
heroic couplets of the
Sources GM, 1st ser„ 36 (1766), 36-7 GM, 1st ser., 50 (1780), 591 RS N. H. Robinson, The Royal Society catalogue of portraits (1980) W. Summers, History of the congregational churches in Berks., South •
would not recommend
5.353).
•
An account
of her
life,
written by one of her brothers, Samuel ‘Chandler (1693-
Chandler, Maijorie Elizabeth Jane (1897-1983). See under Reid, Eleanor Mary (1860-1953).
1766), appears in Theophilus Cibber’s Lives of the Poets. Her younger brother was the apothecary John ‘Chandler Janine Barchas (1699/1700-1780).
Sources
R. Shiels,
The lives of the poets of Great Britain and Ireland, ed.
Cibber, 5 (1753), 345-54 • Nichols, Lit. anecdotes, 5.304-9 • M. Chandler, The description of Bath, 3rd edn (1736) • O. Doughty, 'A
T.
Chandler, Mary (1687-1745), poet, was born at Malmesbury, Wiltshire, the eldest daughter of Henry Chandler (d. to
Bath poetess of the eighteenth century’. Review of English Studies, 1 (1925), 404-20 • W. M. Sale, Samuel Richardson: master printer (1950),
Bridgman of Marlborough. A spinal deformity precluded marriage, and family finances compelled her to set up a milliner’s shop in Bath before she was twenty. Convinced that ‘as her person
Wing, STC, no. 1503.5 R. Lonsdale, ed., Eighteenth-century 156 women poets: an Oxford anthology (1989), 151-5 J. Todd, ed.. Dictionary of British women writers (1989) J. Todd, ed., A dictionary of British and American women writers, 1660-1800 (1984) L. V. Troost, ‘Geography and gender: Mary Chandler and Alexander Pope’, Pope, Swift, and
1717), a dissenting
Bath,
and
minister
who
subsequently
his wife, formerly Miss
moved
•
•
•
•
•
CHANDLER, RAYMOND THORNTON
5 women
writers, ed. D. C.
Pope and n. 5
•
B.
Mell (1996). 67-85
his eighteenth-century
women
Boyce, The benevolent man: a
57-60, 82, 87, 113, 129
•
•
C. N,
Thomas, Alexander
readers (1994). 195-99, 225, 277 life
of Ralph Allen of Bath (1967).
A. E. Case, 'Pope
and Mary Chandler', Review
of English Studies, 2 (1926), 343-4
Cissy divorced her husband in 1920, but because Florence
was
bitterly
opposed
to
her son’s relationship, not
least
because Cissy was eighteen years older than Chandler, the couple had to wait until her death in January 1924 before they could marry on 6 February of that year. By this time
Chandler, Raymond Thornton (1888-1959), writer, was born in Chicago, USA, on 23 July 1888, the only child of Maurice Benjamin Chandler b 1859), a railway engineer of Pennsylvanian Quaker descent, and his wife, Florence Thornton (d. 1924), one of five daughters from a respectable Anglo-Irish Quaker family from Waterford, Ireland, who was visiting a sister in Nebraska when she met Maurice. They married in Wyoming in 1887, but divorced seven years later because of Maurice’s alcoholism and violent behaviour. Chandler never saw or heard from his father again. Florence and her son returned to Ireland, where they were received so coldly and ungraciously by her conservative family that they almost immediately moved to London, to a house in Upper Norwood, where Florence’s elder brother Edward had agreed to look after them. Chandler was enrolled at the prestigious Dulwich College as a day boy in September 1900, and stayed there for the (
next four years.
With
a view to entering the civil service, Chandler,
financed by his uncle, spent 1905 in Paris, Munich, and Freiburg learning languages. In 1907 he came third out of the 800 candidates
and he came top
who sat the
civil service
the Admiralty but
left after six
examination,
He began work
at
months, disgruntled
at
in the classics paper.
being given orders by those he considered his inferiors. For the next five years he scratched a living from part-time
teaching at Dulwich College, as a reporter for the Daily
and as a contributor of sketches, reviews, essays, and poems to the Westminster Gazette and The Academy.
Express,
Disenchanted with his literary progress in England, Chandler returned to America in 1912. In San Francisco he
worked
stringing tennis rackets, living in a succession of
cheap boarding-houses. In all certainty, as his biographer Tom Hiney suggests, ‘the character of Philip Marlowe was fleshed out in these resolute,
months
if
friendless
and moneyless,
in Californian boarding houses’ (Hiney, 37). Hav-
ing been exceptional at mathematics at Dulwich, Chandler
attended a bookkeeping course in the evenings, and
after only a
few months of part-time study he was employ-
able as an accountant. In 1913 he
moved
to Los Angeles,
where he worked as a bookkeeper for the Los Angeles Creamery; his mother joined him a year later. Chandler enlisted in the Canadian army in 1917 and was sent to France with the 7th battalion of the Canadian
expeditionary force, fighting in the closing campaigns of the First World War. He was wounded in the trenches in June 1918 and returned to England, to the Royal Flying Corps at Waddington, where he learned to fly, but the war
ended without his returning to combat. He left the armed forces in 1919 with the rank of sergeant, and went back to America, where he resumed work in the creamery. He also began an affair with Pearl Eugenie Hurlburt (Cissy) Pascal (1870-1954), the wife of Julian Pascal, a classical musician,
and the stepmother of one of his friends from the army.
Chandler was working for the Dabney Oil Syndicate as an extremely successful and wealthy executive. However, like his father. Chandler was an alcoholic (he had begun drinking during the war), and in 1932 he was sacked for drunkenness and chronic absenteeism. Chandler and Cissy lived off his savings while he learned to write crime fiction, a genre, he had noted with his businessman’s eye,
which was very lucrative. Chandler began composing
stories for the
pulp maga-
zine Black Mask, writing twenty-one in the 1930s. But
became obvious
it
and readers that his work was impressively different from the mass of crime fiction writto editors
ten during this ‘golden age’ of pulp. Chandler’s stories,
such as ‘Trouble Wind’,
‘Killer in
is
my
Business’, ‘Smart Aleck
Kill’,
‘Red
the Rain’, and ‘The King in Yellow’,
showed an extraordinary eye for detail, and his imagery and use of simile were sharp and inventive. He invariably sacrificed plot for atmosphere and character, and grew adept at using a first-person narrator whose mordant meditations and witty observations, often extraneous to events, were considerably more interesting than the plot. Although Chandler was well paid for the stories $350 per story from Black Mask, and $400 from Dime Detective Magazine he was struggling financially. In 1938, however, when he was fifty, the publisher Alfred Knopf saw some of his stories and asked to see a novel. The Big Sleep, featuring the private eye Philip Marlowe, was published the following year. Unlike most of his peers, Chandler effortlessly managed the transition from the short story to the novel, which drew on several of his Black Mask stories for its plot, but developed Marlowe’s complexly insouciant yet dogged character and his downbeat view of contemporary urban life. Over a twenty-year period Chandler wrote six more Marlowe novels. In the ingeniously plotted Farewell my Lovely (1940) Chandler explored his detective’s fallibility and vulnerability. In The High Window (1942), Marlowe becomes more cynical and world-weary, and in The Lady in the Lake
—
—
(1943),
he
is
actively misanthropic, projecting his
own des-
and onto modern life itself. The Little Sister (1949) is particularly remarkable for Marlowe’s cleverly phrased and brutally honest selfevaluations, while throughout the convoluted The Long Goodbye (1953) he seems to have become reconciled to both his own and others’ human weaknesses. Playback (1958), set in San Diego, is the most humorous of the novels and pair onto the state of California,
depicts Marlowe,
now
old and, in the eyes of the world,
unsuccessful, but with his sense of humour, honour,
and
integrity intact.
Marlowe became a twentieth-century
icon:
honest,
stubborn, stoical, witty, perceptive, but, like his creator,
by no means perfect. Some commentators think that in Marlowe Chandler had created a combination of his own character and the traditional pulp hero. On the surface
CHANDLER, RICHARD
6
Marlowe was as lonely, unsociable, and self-persecuting as
Archives
Chandler, but beneath that lay a sense of honour,
Los Angeles, William
humour, and sensitivity (Hiney,
Chandler wrote in an essay: ‘Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid’ {Atlantic Monthly, 1942). Marlowe was just such a man. Chandler’s hold on the world’s imagination in the second half of the twentieth century is incontestable: his books have been translated into dozens of languages and sold millions of copies, yet he was and is much admired by intellectuals. 102).
The filmed versions of his novels, particularly The Big Sleep, The Long Goodbye, and Farewell my Lovely, carried Marlowe’s tough wit to an even larger audience, while for many cineastes they mark a high point in American cinema. In 1943, before his novels were as commercially and critically successful, Chandler was recruited as a screenwriter by Paramount Studios in Hollywood, where he worked with Billy Wilder on Double Indemnity (1944), which was nominated for two Oscars. He also scripted The Blue Dahlia (1945) and worked, unsatisfactorily, with Alfred Hitchcock on Strangers on a Train (1950). Despite the considerable amount of money he earned in Hollywood, however, he buying a house in La Jolla, near San Diego, in order to concentrate on the novels for which he is best remembered. Chandler was of average height, and although he was handsome and suave in his youth, alcoholism had ravaged his features and his figure by middle age. He enjoyed light classical music but otherwise, apart from Cissy, he had strikingly few interests. After Cissy died in December 1954, Chandler, devastated, drank more desperately than usual, and on 22 February 1955 he attempted to kill himself with a revolver at his home in La Jolla. The police intervened and escorted him to the psychiatric ward of San Diego County Hospital, and on the following day he was taken to the Chula Vista sanatorium, a private clinic, whence he discharged himself after a week. Although his drinking continued unabated, over the next five years Chandler regularly visited England, where he was a celebrity. He enjoyed the attention and became particularly friendly with Ian Fleming, Natasha Spender, and Helga Greene, who became his agent and to whom he proposed marriage in February 1959. Helga accepted, but Chandler’s alcoholism was now in an advanced stage and he died of pneumonia, with complications attributable to alcoeffectively left in 1946,
holism, at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, on 26 March 1959, before the marriage could take place. He was buried on 30
March 1959 at the Mount Hope state cemetery, San Diego. His posthumous reputation was sealed in 1995, when his complete works were published by the Library of America, a far cry from the pulp magazines which had launched one of the most remarkable writing careers of the twentiKevin McCarron
eth century.
Sources T. Hiney, Raymond Chandler (1977) F. Macshane, The life of Raymond Chandler (1976) M. Gross, ed.. The world of Raymond ChandThe notebooks of Raymond Chandler, ed. F. Macshane ler (1977) •
•
•
I. Hamilton, Writers in Hollywood (1991) A. Clark, Raymond Chandler and Hollywood (1982) The Raymond Chandler papers: selected letters and non-fiction, ed. T. Hiney and F. Macshane (2000)
(1976)
•
E.
Thorpe, Chandlertown (1983) •
MSS, and papers Andrews Clark Memorial Library,
Bodl. Oxf., corresp.. literary
and literary papers Likenesses photograph, 1958, in Hiney, Raymond Chandler
Hult. Arch.
•
•
U. Cal.,
corresp.
photographs, repro.
Chandler, Richard b in or before 1713, d. 1744), bookseller, was the son of Robert Chandler (b. c.1671, d. before 25 August 1726), periwig maker and freeman of the Barber- Surgeons’ Company, of Carey Street, London, and (
probably Judith Angier
(b.
c.1686) of
Ware, Hertfordshire,
who
married Robert on 17 May 1711. The exact date and place of his birth are unknown. Chandler was apprenticed
on 7 November 1727 for a premium of £49 10s. to the bookseller John Hooke whose shop was at the sign of the Fleur de Luce near St Dunstan’s Church in the parish of St Dunstan in the West, Fleet Street, London. It may have been about this time that Chandler met Caesar ‘Ward (bap. 1710, d. 1759), later his business partner, for Ward was apprenticed at the same time to another bookseller in that parish, Robert Gosling. Hooke died in September 1730 before Chandler could complete his apprenticeship.
Chandler was freed by patrimony in the Barber-Surgeons’ Company on 3 December 1734 (and must have been at least twenty-one at that date) and was made a liveryman of the company in 1737. However, in May 1732 he announced that he
moving
was taking over
his
former master’s business and
to a location ‘without
Journal, 27
Temple
Bar’ (Fog’s Weekly
May 1732, 3).
Four months later Caesar Ward was freed and began business at the sign of the Ship, between the Temple
Within a year Ward and Chandler were in Scarborough as well as in London; a few years later they added a third shop in Coney Street, York. For nearly eleven years the partnership published and sold books ranging from local verse such as Stephen Maxwell’s Eboracum: a Poem (1733) to Cervantes’ Persiles and Sigsmunda (1734) and numerous law books. They were described in the imprint of James Gates, Fleet Street.
publishing partners and had shops
Anderson, The New Book of Constitutions of the ... Masons (1738), as 'Brothers Caesar Ward and Richard Chandler’,
may have been freemasons
suggesting they
They
also published
what seems
printed account of Dick Turpin’s
One can catch
to have
themselves.
been the
first
trial in 1739.
a glimpse of Richard Chandler’s some-
what impetuous entrepreneurial style in his dealings with Samuel Richardson in 1741. Richardson was wellestablished, both as a printer and as the author of a recent successful first novel, Pamela (1740). Hoping that a sequel might enjoy similar success, Chandler engaged the jourand playwright John Kelly for the project. Although this came as an unpleasant surprise to Richardson, who nalist
did his best to dissuade Chandler, the bookseller obstinately persisted with the publication of Pamela’s Conduct
High
Life (1741). It
how new ‘a
Bookseller,
ter of a
had made its way to who, dare say very justly, bears the Charac-
‘biographical’ information
•
•
in
included an introduction that explains
Man
I
of great Probity’ (Pamela's Conduct,
x).
Although the spurious volumes came out over the names
CHANDLER, RICHARD
7 of Ward and Chandler and three others. Chandler was the
prime instigator. About this time Chandler ventured alone into an ambitious project, the compilation and publication of The History and Proceedings of the House of Commons from the Restoration to the Present Time. The imprint to the first issue of the first edition of 1742 was simply ‘printed in the year', but the sheets of the first twelve volumes were reissued the next year under Richard Chandler’s imprint. As if that were not clear enough, a further volume, published in 1743, has Chandler actually signing the verso of the titlepage to authenticate his copyright, which he had entered into the Stationers’ Company hall book in February 1742. Although the project had an auspicious beginning and received moral support from the prince of Wales to whom it was dedicated serious financial problems developed. Chandler’s greatest achievement was to prove his downfall. Early the next year, with insolvency looming, Chandler decided to kill himself. As the York printer Thomas Gent described it:
—
—
alas! [Chandler’s]
thoughts soared too high, and sunk his
fortunes so low. by the debts he had contracted, that rather
than become a despicable object to the world, or bear the miseries of prison, he put a period to his life, by discharging a pistol to his head, as he lay reclined on his bed. (Life, 191)
Caesar
Ward
called
(Ann Ward’s birth name and Chandler’s marital status are unknown: the two might have been foster or step-siblings by the same eighteenth-century description). Perhaps it is
manner of Chandler’s death that accounts for the absence of a will and the obscurity of his final resting the
(1832)
Ferdinand
C. Y.
•
R. Davies,
A
memoir of
.
.
written by himself, ed. J.
the York press (1868)
•
Hunter
overseers’
Westm. AC, B38-B40, McKenzie, ed.. Stationers' Company apprentices, [2]: 1641-1700 (1974) • land tax assessments for Farringdon Ward Without, GL, MS 11316/110 • A. Heal, ‘London booksellers and publishers, 1700-1750’, N&Q, 161 (1931), 435-9 • T. C. D. Eaves and B. D. Kimpel, Samuel Richardson: a biography (1971) • Fog’s WeeklyJournal (27
accounts, parish of St Clement Danes, City reels 183-5
May 1732)
•
D.
F.
York Courant (5 June 1745) • private information (2004) [M. Treadwell, Trent University, Canada; I. Murray, archivist of •
• will of Robert Chandler, PRO, PROB marriage licence, GL, MS 10091/47 [17 May 1711] • Anderson, The new book of constitutions of the masons (1738) • Sta-
Barbers’
Company, London]
11/610, sig. 160 J.
•
.
.
statues
and other
editions by In 1764
antiquities,
tanti by Robert Wood, editor of The Ruins of Palmyra, and was commissioned by the society to undertake a tour of exploration in Asia Minor and Greece in the first independent mission funded by the society. As treasurer he was given command of the expedition, and was accompanied by Nicholas Revett, who had established his reputation by producing The Antiquities of Athens with James Stuart, and by the watercolour painter William Edmund Pars. They were instructed to make Smyrna their headquarters and thence ‘to make excursions to the several remains of
antiquity in that neighbourhood’; to
He
obtained a demyship at Magdalen College on 24 July 1757 and became a probationer fellow in 1770. Shortly after tak-
BA
he published Elegiaca Graeca, an annoby Tyrtaeus, Simonides, Theognis, Alcaeus, Sappho, and others. Given the task of cataloguing the Arundel marbles, including the recently ing his
in 1759
tated collection of fragments
exact plans
and Ephesus. On 20 August 1765 they left Smyrna for Athens, where Chandler gloomily noted that the Parthenon was in danger of being completely destroyed. He bought two fragments of the Parthenon frieze that had been built into houses in the town and was presented with a trunk that had fallen from one of the metopes and lay neglected in a garden. Although the party visited other parts of the Greek mainland their plans to visit Ithaca, Cephallonia, and Corfu were abandoned, principally because of the group’s poor health. They embarked on 1 September 1766 and arrived in England on 2 November. The valuable materials collected by Chandler and his companions were published in three works. The first to be published, at the expense of the Society of Dilettanti, was the first part of Ionian Antiquities, or, Ruins of Magnificent and Famous Buildings in Ionia (1769). Chandler wrote the text, while Revett provided the architectural drawings and Pars the topographical views. Chandler then produced an
account of the inscriptions, together with a translation into Latin that
was published
ition
Clarendon Press in nondum editae, in His journals from the expedTravels in Asia Minor (1775) and at the
Inscriptiones antiquae, pleraeque
Asia Minore et Graecia (1774).
College.
make
and measurements; to make ‘accurate drawings of the bas-reliefs and ornaments’; and to copy all inscriptions, all the while keeping ‘minute diaries’. Having embarked from Gravesend on 9 June 1764 the party spent about a year in Asia Minor; among the places visited were Tenedos, Alexandria Troas, Chios, Smyrna, Erythrae, Teos,
Oxford as
Chandler, Richard (bap. 1737, d. 1810), classical scholar and traveller, was born at Elson, Hampshire, and baptized at Alverstoke on 11 May 1737, the son of Daniel and Elizabeth Chandler. Educated at Winchester School on the foundation, he entered Queen’s College, Oxford, on 9 May
New
Maittaire.
Chandler was introduced to the Society of Dilet-
.
tioners’ Company register. Stationers' Hall, London Wealth at death bankrupt: Life of Mr Thomas Gent
1755, having failed to gain a place at
and superseded previous
Humphrey Prideaux and Michael
Priene, Iasus (in Caria), Mylassa (Caria), Stratonicea, Laodi-
evidence has been discovered to clarify that relationship
Sources The life of Mr Thomas Gent
that described the lapidiary inscriptions as well as the
ceia (ad Lyceum), Hierapolis, Sardes,
Chandler his brother-in-law, but no
place.
donated Pomfret collection, Chandler published his Marmora Oxoniensia in 1763. It was a sumptuous folio edition
appeared in two
parts:
Travels in Greece (1776).
Chandler was made senior proctor of Oxford and in the following year he was admitted to the degrees of BD and DD. In July 1779 he was presented by his college to the livings of East Worldham and West Tisted, near Alton, Hampshire. On 2 October 1785 he married Benigna, daughter of Liebert Dorrien. They had a son, William Berkeley, and a daughter, Georgina. Chandler and his wife spent the winter after their marriage at Nimes, and then visited Switzerland, where they lived mainly at Vevey and Rolle. In 1787 he proceeded to Italy In 1772
University,
CHANDLER, SAMUEL and occupied himself
8
at Florence
and Rome
in collating
manuscripts of his favourite poet, Pindar. He also began examining some manuscripts of the Greek Testament in the Vatican. In 1800 Chandler was presented to the rectory and vicar-
age of Tilehurst, near Reading, Berkshire. While there he wrote a history of Troy, published in 1802, and a life of
Bishop William Waynflete, which was published posthumously in 1811. He died at Tilehurst on 9 February 1810, having only partially recovered from a paralytic or apoplectic seizure.
He was
survived by his wife.
W. W. Wroth, Sources
rev. R.
D. E.
Eagles
Chandler took a prominent part in the affairs of the Lon-
don
and was
dissenters,
grants to the
German
active in various
government and in
dissenters in Pennsylvania
the administration of government grants to poor dissenting ministers and their widows
—
—
the regium donum both and in England. He took a particular interest in the latter as he thought it needed proper administration and accountability, and took over the administration of it in 1761 in circumstances that, subsequently at least, were controversial. He was also instrumental in founding the Society for the Relief of Necessitous Widows and Fatherin Ireland
less
Children of Protestant Dissenting Ministers in 1733. at discussions with Roman Catholic
He was present
Churton, Account of the author', in R. Chandler. Travels in Asia Minor and Greece, ed. R. Churton. 2 vols. (1825) • L. Cust
priests in 1734-5. assisted Philip Doddridge's defence
and
against his prosecution for teaching in 1733, and attended
ser..
R.
Colvin, eds„ History of the Society of Dilettanti I1898) • CM, 1st 55 (1785), 834 • GM, 1st ser., 80 (1810), 188 • W. M. Leake, The
S.
topography of Athens, 2nd edn, 2 vols. (1841), 1.97-8, 326-8 • A. T. F. Michaelis, Ancient marbles in Great Britain, trans. C. A. M. Fennell
Lawrence, 'Stuart and Revett: their literary and architecWarburg Institute, 2 (1938), 128-46 Archives Magd. Oxf„ corresp. and papers (1882)
•
L.
tural careers'. Journal of the
Chandler, Samuel (1693-1766), dissenting minister and theologian, was bom on 20 September 1693 at Hungerford, Berkshire. His father, Henry (d. 1717), the son of a Taunton tradesman, was a dissenting minister successively at Malmesbury in Wiltshire, Hungerford, Coleford in Somerset, and from about 1700 at Frog Lane in Bath. His mother’s maiden name was Bridgman. His elder sister was Mary ’Chandler (1687-1745), a poet, and his younger brother John ’Chandler (1699/1700-1780). an apothecary. Chandler was educated at dissenting academies at Bridgwater and at Tewkesbury under Samuel Jones; Joseph Butler and Thomas Seeker were fellow students. Subsequently he moved to London and started preaching, sharing a house with Seeker on the latter's return from Leiden University. He was chosen minister of the Hanover Chapel at Peckham in 1716, and in July that year married: his wife was named Elizabeth. He lost most of her fortune in the South Sea Bubble and set up as a bookseller to supplement his income. He appears to have been so active from 1723 to 1728, publishing mainly dissenting theology, sometimes in collaboration with Richard Hett. In 1726 he
the
condemned Jacobite Lord Cromarty, who was subsemade DD by Edinburgh
quently pardoned, in 1746. He was
University (1755) and by King's College, Aberdeen (1756),
FSA and FRS (1754), and was a member of the Presbyterian Board from 1730 and of Dr Williams's Trust from 1744. He was much closer to the Anglican church than many other dissenters and this, in the wake of comments on Cromarty's Presbyterianism by Thomas Gooch, bishop of Norwich, led to discussions at first with Gooch, and subsequently together with Doddridge, with Sherlock, and with Thomas Herring, archbishop of Canterbury. Herring seems to have been prepared to accept articles in scripture language but there were problems about re-ordination.
Many
dissenters thought that Chandler had overreached
himself in what were admittedly informal discussions,
Old Jewry Chapel, London, where he gave lectures on the evidences of revealed religion first with Nathaniel Lard-
and nothing further came of the project. Chandler took the view that Christianity was founded on the Bible alone, that any attempt to impose human formularies through subscription was wrong, and hence that he should dissent from the Church of England. He argued that civil establishment should not impose any given religion: the external forms of religion 'separated from the Belief and inward habit of Religion' (S. Chandler. The History of Persecution, 1736, xvi) was of no advantage to society, though he accepted that internal religion 'is a Principle the most effectual to promote and secure the End and interests of Society' (ibid., xviii). All that was necessary to protect the public peace was external compliance to civil laws. The Christian church should be defined by 'the constant and firm adherence of all the members of it to
ner and then alone. These lectures formed the basis of his
Jesus Christ'
in addition
became
assistant to
Thomas
Leavesley at the
Vindication of the Christian Religion (1725), in part a reply to
the deist Anthony Collins, which elicited an enthusiastic commendation from Archbishop William Wake, while the congregation at the Old Jewry promised him an extra £100 per year on condition he gave up bookselling. He became co-pastor in 1729 and remained there until his death. By 1731 he was known as 'a minister of good parts
and
abilities, as
well as pulpit talents’ (‘View of the dis-
senting interest’,
DWL, MS
American Samuel Davis
38.18.
p
29),
though the
’did not discern so
much
of
(S.
Chandler, The Notes of the Church Considered.
3rd edn., 1735, 11), and the scriptures should be 'the only rule and standard of our faith and worship' (ibid., 13).
We cannot judge of the marks of the church by the Scriptures, because the
Scripture: nor can
because the Scripture
which we are
The
to
Church
is
to
determine the sense of
we judge of Scripture by the church is
to settle
and determine the marks by
know the Church,
(ibid., 4)
basis of Chandler’s implacable opposition to the
Roman
Catholic church (expressed in his Salters' Hall
tures of 1735)
was that
it
imposed
its
experimental Religion in his Discourses as I could wish' (Davis, 46), remarking that Chandler had formerly been
that of scripture.
suspected of Arianism and Socinianism.
based on the nature of things, which
own
lec-
authority over
Chandler argued that morality, as taught by Christ, was is ‘of perpetual and
CHANDOS, JOHN immutable obligation, whilst the present constitution of
Archives
things remains’
33058, passim
Chandler, Sermons, 4 vols., 1769, 1.64). Inferior beings have the measures and degrees of good(S.
them by God who formed them, and a good and honest disposition of the mind is necessary for ness implanted in
Chandler frequently reiterates the immutable is what enabled him to describe himself as a moderate Calvinist emphasizing the example of the life as opposed to the death of Christ. This seeming Arminianism put him at odds with more orthodox Calvinists such as John Guyse, with whom he had a bitter contro-
BL, letters to the
duke of Newcastle, Add. MSS 32557-
Likenesses M. Chamberlin,
oils,
RS; repro. in N. H. Robinson, The
Royal Society catalogue of portraits (1980), 50-51
•
Kitchin, engraving,
Chandler, Sermons (1769) • W. Pettier, mezzotint (after Chamberlin), repro. inj. C. Smith, British mezzotinto portraits (1883), repro. in
S.
DWL
salvation.
979
nature of morality; this
Wealth at death not substantial; mainly literary property: will
versy in 1729.
Chandler’s
extensive
many single sermons, of the Inquisition (1732),
publications
include,
besides
a translation of Limborch’s History
which led to a controversy with Wil-
liam Berriman; defences of the authenticity of the scriptures against the deists in general (1727) and Thomas Morgan in particular (1741-3), contributions to The Old Whig, or, Consistent Protestant (1735-8), and a life of King David (1766). An earlier sermon on the death of George II, in which the Icing was compared to David, provoked the anonymous satirical History of the
Man
after God’s
Own
Heart (1761).
Peclcham on 8 May 1766 and was buried in Bunhill Fields on 16 May. Under the terms of his will his
Chandler died
at
was to be sold for the benefit of his widow and his unpublished writings were to be published by subscriplibrary
A
tion for her benefit.
collection of sermons, edited
by
Thomas Amory and prefaced by a life, appeared in 1768, and paraphrases of some of the Pauline epistles in 1777. He had six children, three sons (one of whom predeceased him) and three daughters, one of whom married Edward
Harwood (1729-1794).
John Stephens
•
oils,
Chandos. For this title name see Brydges, John, first Baron Chandos (1492-1557); Brydges, Edmund, second Baron Chandos (d. 1573); Brydges, Grey, fifth Baron Chandos (1578/9-1621); Brydges, Anne, Lady Chandos (1580-1647); Brydges, George, sixth Baron Chandos (1620-1655); Willoughby,
Cassandra
[Cassandra
Biydges,
Chandos] (1670-1735); Brydges, James,
Chandos
duchess
first
of
duke of
(1674-1744); Brydges, Sir (Samuel) Egerton, first
baronet, styled thirteenth Baron Chandos (1762-1837); Lyttelton. Oliver, first
Viscount Chandos (1893-1972).
Chandos, Sir John (d. 1370), soldier and administrator, was the son of Sir Edward Chandos and Isabel, daughter of Sir Robert Twyford. He was descended from the Derbyshire branch of the Chandos family, whose ancestor was Robert de Chandos, a companion of William His military career began at the outset of the Hundred Years’ War, and he figI.
ures largely in the pages of Froissart’s chronicles. Froissart
who
It is
records his earliest exploit, at the siege of
Cambrai in 1339, a single combat with a French squire which attracted favourable comments on his courage. He was knighted in the same year, and granted an annuity of 20 marks per annum ‘for his better support in the estate of knight’ (CPR, 1336-9).
He fought
at the battle of Sluys in
and was on the Crecy campaign in 1346. At the battle of Crecy itself he fought in the vanguard under the prince’s command. He was at the naval battle off Winchelsea 1340,
Sources T. Amory, preface, in S. Chandler, Sermons, 1 (1769), iii'A view of the dissenting interest in London of the Presbyterian and Independent denominations, from the year 1695 to the 25
xiii
•
of December 1731, with a postscript of the present state of the Baptists',
DWL, MS
38.18, p. 29
S.
•
Davis, The Reverend Samuel Davis
abroad: the diary of a journey to England, 1753-5, ed. G. nois, 1967)
•
letters
W. Pilcher (Illi-
of Thomas Seeker, Monthly Repository, 16 (1821), • G. F. Nuttall, ‘Doddridge, Chandler
505-7, 569-74, 633-5, 696-7
and the archbishop'. Journal Society, 1 (1973),
in C. G.
42-56
•
J.
of the United Reformed Church Historical
Goring, ‘The break up of the old dissent’,
Bolam and others. The English presbyterians: from
puritanism to
modem
Elizabethan
unitarianism (1968), 175-218, i8iff.
•
J.
Ste-
phens, ‘Samuel Chandler and the regium donum', Enlightenment and Dissent, 15 (1996),
57-70
dridge, ed. G. F. Nuttall,
•
Calendar of the correspondence of Philip Dod• K. R. M. Short, ‘The Eng-
HMC, JP 26 (1979)
lish
regium donum’, EngHR, 84
tory
and
(1969),
59-78 • W. Wilson, The hisand meeting houses in Lon-
antiquities of the dissenting churches
don, Westminster
and Southwark, 4 vols. (1808-14), vol.
1,
p. 107; vol. 2,
pp. 234, 360-84; vol. 4, p. 129 • W. D. Jeremy, The Presbyterian Fund and Dr Daniel Williams’s Trust (1885), 136 • R. B. Barlow, Citizenship and conscience: a study in the theory
and practice of religious
land during the eighteenth century (1962), 113-16 others, eds., Biographia Britannica, sons
or,
The
lives
who have flourished in Great Britain and
43off.
•
Nichols,
Lit.
anecdotes, 5.304-9
•
of the
Ireland,
letter to
toleration in Eng-
•
A. Kippis
and
most eminent per-
2nd edn, 3 (1784), Revd Mr Tomms,
Bath, 15 Sept 1742, Monthly Repository, 9 (1814), 144 • D. Laing, ed., A catalogue of the graduates ... of the University of Edinburgh, Bannatyne
Club, 106 (1858), 242
•
A. N.
L.
Munby and L. Coral, eds., British book
list (1977), 64 • P. J. Anderson, ed., and graduates of University and King’s College, Aberdeen, MVDMDCCCLX, New Spalding Club, 11 (1893), 100
sale catalogues,
Officers
1676-1 800: a union
in 1350; before the fighting began, according to Froissart,
German dance John Chandos, and asked the latter to sing a ballad. He was closely associated with Edward, prince of Wales, from as early as 1339 (when the prince lost i2d. gaming with him); by 1351 he was a member of the king ordered his minstrels to play a lately
introduced by
Sir
A writ of March that year names him with Sir James Audley, Sir Nigel Loring, and Sir Baldwin Botetourt. He seems to have received gifts of jewellery the prince’s inner circle.
and horses from the prince from 1346 onwards, and in 1349 he is recorded as being given robes of the prince’s livery. He was one of the founder knights of the Order of the Garter in 1348-9, though on the king’s side rather than the prince’s. Like most of the Garter knights he had taken part in tournaments with the king, in his case from 1344 onwards. In 1355
Chandos accompanied the Black Prince on
his
expedition to Aquitaine; after the great raid of 1355 he continued military activity during the winter in the first
Garonne
valley, talcing Castelsagrat
and
settling in there
while raiding the surrounding country. On the campaign that began in the spring of 1356 he and Sir James Audley
were in command of the scouts for the main army. During the day’s truce before the battle of Poitiers, he is reputed
CHANDOS, JOHN
10
met the sieur de Clermont while on such an expedClermont bore the same arms as Chandos, and Chandos swore to justify his claim to them in the battle the next day. Chandos had been one of the five English
Du Guesclin's ransom was reputedly set at
to have
truce.
ition;
seems to have reached Chandos; his letters to Charles V on the subject survive. The king paid 20.000 francs, the rest being provided by Enrique da Trastamara and the pope. Two years later Chandos played a leading role in the
commanders who negotiated the truce so that peace talks could take place; he played an equally important part in
francs,
and the bulk of
100,000
this
the battle, fighting at the prince's side and acting as part of
Black Prince's expedition to Spain to reinstate Pedro the
the prince’s inner council. His reward after the battle, a
Cruel on the Castilian throne, an expedition that
grant of 600 gold crowns and an annuity of £40 together
main
with the revenues of two English manors, was second only to that given to Sir James Audley, who had been ser-
own
iously wounded in the fighting.
Chandos was constable of the army, and led the vanguard across the Pyrenees, using the pass at Roncesvalles on the route to Santiago de Compostela. The expedition began in February, and moving an army across the mountains at that time of year was no mean feat. At the battle of Najera in April 1367 he unfurled his great silk banner for the first time, and there-
a member of the group of the prinwho negotiated a truce with the French in the
He was one of the prince’s company on the Rheims campaign of 1359, and he carried out successful raids during the siege of the city, capturing Cemay-enDormois. In April he was once more entrusted with the
spring of 1357.
peace negotiations, as a tion.
member
the
herald. .Although such
an author might be suspected
of bias in his erstwhile master's favour, his account
is
largely borne out by other sources.
Chandos was again ce's advisers
is
subject of the biography of the prince by Chandos's
of the English delega-
When the treaty of Bretigny came into force in
1361.
Chandos was appointed the king's lieutenant for the transfer of lands in Aquitaine, one of a series of appointments of men associated with the prince designed to prepare the ground for the prince's government of the duchy. He and the French representatives. Boucicaut and Audrehem. began work on 22 September, and for the next five months travelled through the region securing the hom-
own company
fore fought as a banneret, leading his
of
men; his position as constable meant that he fought in the vanguard with the prince. The English fought dismounted. as at Poitiers, but in a less defensive manner; their victory was partly due to the unreliability of Enrique da Trastamaras troops,
many of whom
fled
without
strik-
ing a blow.
The
was the one bright moment of an
victory at Najera
otherwise disastrous expedition. Pedro was unable to pay
who had
and he
age of its inhabitants for the prince: the detailed record of
the pnnce,
and of the men who came before them survives. Soon after the homage taking was completed, the prince was formally created pnnce of Aquitaine. Although Bordeaux was firmly pro-English, the regions further inland were sometimes strongly opposed to English rule: at Cahors. Chandos was 'astonished' by the inhabitants' demand that any liability for war service was to be limited to their own province, and that they would
and
never be required to fight against the king of France (Moisant. 70). It was an ominous sign for the future. The
Chandos mounted a considerable raid into the territory controlled by the duke of Anjou in October 1369. despite reports of a quarrel with the earl of Pembroke, who is said to have refused to serve under a mere banneret Pembroke mounted his own raid, but had to be rescued by Chandos.
their journeys
homages of 1361-2 had
to be repeated after the prince's
Bordeaux on 29 June 1363. because Chandos had taken homages in the king's name rather than the prince's. and the prince was not simply the king's deputy, but ruler in his own right. Chandos. as the king's lieutenant in France, again participated in these ceremonies, which occupied a further nine months. He was already governor of I4 Rochelle and commander in Saintonge. and was now appointed constable of Aquitaine. His next action, howarrival in
was in Brittany: in 1364 a French invasion led by Charles, duke of Blois, threatened to overwhelm the forces of John de Montfort. the pro-English duke of Brittany. Chandos marched north to support him. and at the battle of Auray. in which he commanded the vanguard, the French were defeated and Charles of Blois killed. Chandos took prisoner Bertrand du Guesclin. whose reputation as a commander was as great as his own. According to du Guesclin’s biographer the two men had encountered each ever.
other
in Brittany in
1359-60. at the siege of Becquerel. release of Bertrand's
where Chandos had obtained the
brother Olivier, treacherously taken prisoner during a
his
lems
contracted a serious
entourage returned
in Aquitaine.
home
Chandos took
illness,
to face political prob-
his leave of the prince
(leading Froissart to report that they had quarrelled) and
went
to his
barony of
St
Sauveur
le
Vicomte after
his
return from Spain. However, he returned to Aquitaine on the revival of the war with France in the winterof 1368-9.
He became seneschal of Poitou on the death of Sir James Audley in the
summer of 1369.
Christmas the abbey of St Savin near Poitiers was taken by French troops based on the border of Poitou, and Chandos set out from Poitiers on new year's eve with a small band of companions to recapture it. The attempt failed, and he halted at Chauvigny on the way back to Poi-
Just before
tiers;
some of
his
returned to the
men
city.
French troops were
stayed with him. while others
News came
in
with only forty or so men.
with the
enemy
the next morning that
the neighbourhood, and Chandos. set off in pursuit.
at Lussac-les-Chateaux.
He caught up
and
led his
men
was wearing a long surcoat embroidered with his arms, and he slipped and fell on the frosty ground. A French squire stabbed him in the face with a dagger, he was not wearing a vizor, and was blind in one eye from an old war-wound, and so failed to avoid the blow. Although the English were victorious, and hastened to get Chandos to the nearby castle, he died the next day. into the attack; but he
Such, in bare outline,
is
Froissart's
account of Chandos's
CHANDRASEKHAR, SUBRAHMANYAN
11 death, embellished by romantic details, and far from cer-
main
seems likely that he died between 1 and 3 January 1370. The Chandos herald merely says that he died 'at the bridge at Lussac’ (Vie du Prince Noir, n-3951-2), but the details of the manoeuvres seem convincing. The loss to the English was serious: Chandos was the finest English captain of the day, an expert in the affairs of Gascony, whose good relations made him invaluable as a diplomat. Thomas Walsingham reports that Charles V, on hearing of his death, said that there was now ‘no knight left able to make peace between England and France’ (His ttain in
its
points;
it
Chandos was probably buried at Mortemer in France. He was unmarried, and his estate was divided between his sisElizabeth, who had been a maid of honour to Queen ters Philippa, and Eleanor, wife of Roger Colyng and his niece Isabella, wife of Sir John Annesley; the last-named
—
—
inherited the castle at St Sauveur.
John Chandos
1428), landowner and adminissometimes confused with his distant relative, but came from the Herefordshire branch of the family. He was the son of Sir Thomas Chandos (d. 1375) and grandson of Sir Roger Chandos (d. 1353), who had been summoned to parliament from 1337 to 1353 as Baron Chandos. John Chandos was sheriff of Herefordshire in 1382 and died childless on 16 December 1428. The Chandos name passed to the Brydges family through the marriage of John’s niece Alice to Sir Thomas Brugge (or Brydges), whose great-great-grandson John Brydges (d. 1556) was created Richard Barber Baron Chandos in 1554. (
.
trator, is
Sources
B. Fillon, Jean
Poitou (1856) (
1975
• )
•
La
vie
Chandos, connetable d’Aquitaine et senechal de
du Prince Noir by Chandos herald, ed. D.
Cuvelier, La chanson de Bertrand du Guesclin, ed.
J.-C.
B.
Tyson
Faucon,
3 vols. (Toulouse, 1990-91) • P. Lopez de Ayala, Cronicas de los reyes de Castilla, ed. C. Rosell, 3 vols. (Madrid, 1875-8); repr. (1953) • S. Luce and others, 15 vols. (Paris, 1869Thomae Walsingham, quondam monachi S. Albani, historia Anglicana, ed. H. T. Riley, 2 vols., pt 1 of Chronica monasterii S. Albani, M. C. B. Rolls Series, 28 (1863-4) • CCIR, 1327-69 CIPM, vol. 14 Dawes, ed.. Register of Edward, the Black Prince, 4 vols., PRO (193033) Rymer, Foedera, new edn, 3/2 T. Carte. Catalogue des rol les gascons, normands et franfois, conserves dans les archives de la Tour de
Chrcmiques de J. Froissart, ed. 1975)
•
•
•
the Garter (1841)
•
•
•
G.
F.
Beltz, Memorials of the most noble order of
GEC, Peerage
•
J.
Moisant, Le Prince Noir en Aquitaine
example
of
Sir
see CIPM, vol. 4,
John
his *
father’s
brother.
Raman, who was
Sir
to achieve
fame and win a Nobel prize for his discovery of what became known as the Raman effect. While still an undergraduate at Presidency College, Madras, Chandrasekhar
had already published his first paper, submitted to the Proceedings of the Royal Society by R. H. (Sir Ralph Howard) Fowler. In 1930 he departed for England on a scholarship from the Indian government, and said goodbye for the last Chandrasekhar was a research student at Trinity ColCambridge, from 1930 to 1933, and a research fellow from 1933 to 1937. In 1936 he returned to India to see his family and to marry, on 11 September 1936, his fiancee, Lalitha Doraiswamy (b. 1910), daughter of a neighbouring family in Madras and a fellow student of physics at Presidency College. Their marriage, exceptionally, was by mutual choice rather than by arrangement. Lalitha’s family was also very interested in education, and before her marriage she worked as a school headmistress. She was an ever-present support for Chandrasekhar during their fifty-nine years together. There were no children of the marriage. After a short period in Cambridge they moved to the USA, where they settled. For most of the time Chandrasekhar was on the staff of the University of Chicago, originally at Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin and then at the city campus. For a while after the Second World War he would almost certainly have accepted the offer of a vacant chair in Oxford or Cambridge, but other appointments were made. In 1952 he was appointed Morton D. Hull distinguished service professor at Chicago, and in 1953 both he and Lalitha took out American citizenship. In 1964, by which time he had become inextricably part of the American scene, he cabled by return his refusal of the offer of a chair at Cambridge. He retired in 1980, becoming emeritus professor at the University of Chicago in lege,
1985It
was while
travelling to
(d.
p.
115
1428). See under
England that Chandrasekhar
made the known in the
(independently of E. C. Stoner and W. Anderson) discovery for which he
is
general scientific world.
(Paris, 1894)
Wealth at death
probably best
Some
years earlier Fowler had
applied the newly enunciated Pauli exclusion principle to
Chandos,
Sir
John
1370).
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan (1910-1995), applied mathematician and astrophysicist, was bom on 19 Octo-
white dwarf stars— faint collapsed bodies of mass but with planetary radii, and so with densities
infer that stellar
(d.
the
(Chandrasekhara) Venkata
•
Londres, 2 vols. (1743)
Chandos,
rather
time to his ailing mother.
oria Anglicana, 1.312).
Sir
with the gentle support of his mother, he was able to persist in his choice of a career in pure science, following
of about a ton to the cubic inch— constitute the natural all normal stars such as the sun
graveyard towards which
ber 1910 in Lahore, India, the eldest of four sons and third
would evolve once all nuclear energy sources had been exhausted. Chandrasekhar showed that as a consequence
of the ten children of C. Subrahmanyan Ayyar (1885-
of Einstein’s special
Northwest Railways, and his wife, Sitalaksmi (1891-1931), daughter of Rao Baladur Balakrishnan Aiyar (1891-1931). His paternal ancestors were Brahmans and small landowners in Madras, where the family returned when he was still young. Chandra (as he was known to all generations) came from the intellectual elite of India. His father put pressure on his brilliant son to follow him into Indian government service, but
‘degenerate’ electron gas
1960), assistant auditor to the
the pressure of the cold,
would be able
to balance the
mass
less
conclusion was resisted strongly by his Trinity
col-
enormous than a this
relativity,
gravitational force only for stars of
critical
value
— ‘Chandrasekhar’s limit’. However,
league Sir Arthur Eddington, Plumian professor and author of The Internal Constitution of the Stars, who described
Chandrasekhar’s work as ‘almost a reductio ad absurdum of the relativistic degeneracy formula’ (Tayler, 85).
CHANDRASEKHAR, SUBRAHMANYAN
12
Although other leading theoretical physicists assured Chandrasekhar privately that his theory was correct, they appear to have been unwilling to become involved in controversy with Eddington, who remained convinced to the end of his life that ‘there is no such thing as relativistic degeneracy’ (ibid.). There is now no doubt that Chandrasekhar was
right. Relativistic
degeneracy
is
an essential
feature of our picture of stellar evolution, ensuring that stars
above the Chandrasekhar limit contract to states of
magnetohydrodynamics had been established, it was inevitable that he would explore some of the consequences in mathematical detail. He was the first to derive basis of
general, exact, steady-state integrals for a rotating system
with a magnetic but
it
was
left
symmetric about the rotation axis; and to
field
to others to re-derive the integrals
show how they could
describe the rotational history of
the sun and other solar-type stars, with possible spin-off
regarding the origin of planetary systems. Again, in his
such high density and temperature (the ‘hotter place'
volume on hydrodynamic stability, there was a
demanded by Eddington himself in a famous riposte) that one can account for the synthesis of the more massive
confirmed that the presence of a magnetic
elements, the occurrence of supemovae, and the forma-
of gas surrounding a
result that
field
would
transform the whole stability problem for a rotating disc star.
This result
is
now' the starting
-
and X-ray pulsars.
point of a veritable 'accretion disc industry. The study of
Chandrasekhar's work had indeed revived a ghost that
the equilibrium and stability of rotating, self-gravitating
tion of neutron stars, observed as radio
by Fowler: what would be the fate of a star that ended its life with a mass too great to be able to settle down as a cold, dying body either a white dwarf or a (subsequently studied) neutron star? It is now believed that such a massive body ends its days as a black hole, discovered by Karl Schwarzschild to Eddington thought had been
finally laid
be a solution of Einstein's general tions.
Decades
later
relativistic field
Chandrasekhar
equa-
in characteristic style
began a systematic study of some areas in general relativity which culminated in his penultimate treatise on the theory of black holes: this was devoted largely to the properties of R. P. Kerr’s remarkable generalization for a rotating black hole of the Schwarzschild solution. By then, the opposition of the long-departed Eddington was part of history. Despite that controversy,
however. Eddington's
seminal contributions to astronomy were recalled by
Chandrasekhar
in his
centenary lectures. Eddington:
most Distinguished Astrophysicist of
he paid him generous tribute.
the
Time (1983). in which
his
Eddington had
Earlier.
played a leading part in securing Chandrasekhar's 1944
Chandrasekhar s style of work was unique, and his output phenomenal. He would move into a new area, master the basic physics and its mathematical formulation, and proceed to make important— often outstanding— contributions to its mathematical development. A series of monographs told the story of his scientific life: An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure 1939)- Principles of Stel(
Dynamics (1942); Radiative Transfer (1950): Plasma Physics (i960); Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability (1961); lar
Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium (1969);
The Mathematical The-
and Newton 's Principia for the Common Reader (1995). There were in addition six published volumes of selected papers containing material subsumed
ory of Black Holes 1983): (
monographs but
also
much
other material.
Chandrasekhar's readership was not confined to the astronomical world: for example, the volume on radiative transfer became essential reading for those concerned in nuclear reactors. Chandrasekhar's driving motivation was the opportunity to deploy his mathematical prowess. Sometimes he derived results whose importance was not appreciated by
with neutron diffusion
the astronomical
back to Newton, and over the centuries
it
has attracted the attention of a long and distinguished series
of astronomers and mathematicians. With character-
Chandrasekhar saw that the elaborate formalism developed by previous workers had made the subject unnecessarily complicated, and that the more istic insight.
important results could be obtained in Cartesian coordinIt is gratifying that the twentieth century produced Chandrasekhar and his Chicago collaborator Norman Lebovitz. who responded to an inherited challenge with such eclat, correcting errors and populating completely the parameter space.
ates.
Chandrasekhar next moved into general relativity. His development of the post-Newtonian approximation for dealing with Einstein's non-linear equations was opportune. for the discovery of the first pulsar a rotating, magnetic neutron star that is also a member of a binary system had opened a laboratory for studying the implications of Einstein s theory. The predicted analogue of the perihelion advance observed in the solar system as a mere 43 seconds of arc for the planet Mercury is 4 degrees per year, and other characteristic general relativ-
—
—
—
—
election to the Royal Society.
into the
ellipsoids goes
community
until later.
Thus once the
istic effects
up of the
are similarly scaled up. In particular, the spin-
motion due to energy loss through gravibeen monitored to astonishing accuracy by Joe Taylor and colleagues. Chandrasekhar's work, together with that by Hermann Bondi, Andrej Trautman. Kip Thorne, and others, laid to rest the lingering doubts about whether gravitational radiation is indeed a consequence of general relativity. orbital
tational radiation has
on the theory of black holes, to Newtonian gravitation. As outlined in the prologue to his volume Newton's Principia. his approach was to read the enunciation of the different propositions and then to construct proofs for them independently ab initio. He then presented Newton's proofs, but set them out in a linear sequence of equations and arguments, avoiding the need to unravel the necessarily convoluted style of Newton’s prose. With the impediments of language and syntax thus eliminated, Newton's physical insight and mathematical craftmanship come After his heroic efforts
Chandrasekhar returned
sharply into focus' (Chandrasekhar, Newton's Principia.
1995 Prologue). This volume has in fact been criticized by .
CHANNELL, ARTHUR MOSELEY
13
some other students of Newton’s legacy, but for one ‘common reader’ the book succeeded in its aim: it will be a continuing source of pleasure, and a permanent reminder of its
author.
Parallel
with his unrivalled productivity, Chandra-
sekhar undertook for nearly twenty years the herculean task of editing the Astrophysical Journal. decisive role in
its
He played
a
transformation from a private journal
of the University of Chicago into the national journal of the American Astronomical Society. His draconian editor-
ensured that the journal retained and indeed enhanced its worldwide reputation. Chandrasekhar shared the 1983 Nobel prize for physics specifically for his work on white dwarfs and black holes. This was followed in 1984 by the Royal Society’s highest ial style
greatly
award, the Copley medal. Chandrasekhar’s
many
other
awards included the Bruce medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, the Henry Draper medal of the National
Academy of Sciences, and the gold medal of the
Royal Astronomical Society. In Roger Tayler’s words, he ‘was a classical applied mathematician
whose research
astronomy and whose like will probably never be seen again’ (Tayler, 91). His approach was to rewrite from first principles nearly every subject into which he entered, transforming it profoundly and triggering an era of new insights and discoveries by himself and others. The younger generation who wish to solve those problems which he has left for them will not attempt to compete with his analytical skills and his ability to perform complicated algebraic manipulation with minimal mistakes; instead they will use algebraic com-
was primarily applied
in
puting techniques.
Chandrasekhar died in Chicago from heart failure on 21 August 1995. He was survived by his wife Lalitha, and was buried in Chicago. Coming so soon after the completion of his last treatise, his death seemed symbolic, for he had stated that this would be his last scientific work. At the end of his biography, K. C. Wali notes that Chandrasekhar did question the single-minded pursuit of knowledge that had dominated his life; however, one could not imagine him ceasing to be creative, just being content to relax with Beethoven and Shakespeare, whom he coupled with Newton in a lecture entitled, ‘Patterns of creativity’.
Leon Mestel Sources
K. C.
sekhar: the
man
81-94
(1996), •
(1971)
WWW,
Wali, Chandra (1991) • Ifcv fcf
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vn^
Of