Our Latin Heritage: Book IV 0153895357, 9780153895357

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OUR LATIN HÉRITAGE HARBRACE

EDITION

BOOK

by

LILLIAN RUTH

M. B.

HINES

HOWARD

© HARCOURT Orlando

BRACE

New York

JOVANOVICH,

Chicago

Atlanta

PUBLISHERS Dallas

LILLIAN

M. HINES

is widely known as a teacher of Latin, having taught in a

number of schools both in this country and abroad. She received a Master’s degree in Latin from Stantord University and has studied the classics on the graduate level in a numver of other universities within the United States. She has written articles on Latin, on the art of teaching Latin, and on related sub-

jects, and is author of the book Vocabulary Building by the Cluster Method. RUTH B. HOWARD received a Bachelor’s degree from Wellesley College, a Master’s degree from Columbia University, and a Doctorate from Catholic University, Washington, D.C. She has taught Latin on the high school and college levels both in Washington and in San Francisco. Since 1962, she has been head of the Department of Foreign Languages at Lowell High School,

San Francisco. The cover photograph is used through the courtesy of the Alinari-Art Reference Bureau.

The illustration is taken from the Ara Pacis,

a monument dedicated in 9 B.c.

by the Roman Senate to commemorate the Emperor Augustus’ safe return from Gaul and Spain. The altar, which stood in a walled precinct with doors on the

cast and west, was adorned with reliefs representing the solemn procession of the senators at the dedication ceremony.

The typeface on the title page was inspired by a Latin inscription on a slab of marble in the Louvre in Paris. In 1918 Frederic W. Goudy took rubbings of three letters in the inscription and designed a typeface he later named Hadriano. The typeface on the cover is a photo-lettered version of Hadriano. Copyright © 1969 by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ISBN

0-15-389535-7

Acknowledgments

For permission to reprint copyrighted material, grateful acknowledgment to the following publishers and authors: The

American

is made

Classical League

“Dido Aeneae” by John K. Colby of Phillips Academy from Classical Outlook, Volume

XXXVI,

No.

1, October

1958,

p.

1. Reprinted

by

permission

of the

publisher, The American Classical League; “Little Fishes in the Brook” by John K. Colby of Phillips Academy from Classical Outlook, Volume XXIV, No. 6, March 1947, p. 53. Reprinted by permission of the publisher, The American

Classical League; “A Pedagogue’s Soliloquy” by Sascha Charles of Yeshiva University from Classical Outlook, Volume XXVIII, No. 5, February 1951, p. 49. Reprinted by permission of the publisher, The American Classical League; “In

Praesidis Kennedy Memoriam” by R.P.P.P. Mangeot, S.J. from Classical Outlook,

Volume XLII, No. 3, November 1964, p. 25. Reprinted publisher, The American Classical League. Cambridge

University

Press,

American

by permission

of the

Branch

“Nutting Song from Founder’s Play” (retitled: “Verse for Founder’s Play”) from Ros Rosarum by Allen Beville Ramsay. Reprinted by permission of the publisher, Cambridge

University Press, American

Branch.

Latinitas

“Ex Ore Infantium” by Humbertus

of Florence

from

Latinitas, October

1953.

Reprinted by permission of the publisher; "Vis Experimenti" by ITumbertus of Florence from Latinitas, October 1953. Reprinted by permiss:on of the publisher; "Ne Te Excruciaveris” by Humbertus of Florence from Latinitas, October 1953.

Reprinted by permission of the publisher; "Superbia Semper Stupida” by IIumbertus of Florence from Latinitas, October 1953. Reprinted by permission. The Penguin

Book of Latin Verse

“A Solis ortu usque ad occidua" (anonymous)

from The Penguin Book of Latin

Verse by Frederick Brittain. Reprinted by permission of Frederick

Brittain;

"To

Vergil" by Petrarch from The Penguin Book of Latin Verse by Frederick Brittain. Reprinted

Thomas

by permission

More

from

of Frederick

The

Penguin

Brittain;

Book

“On

of Latin

the Vanity

Verse

by

of Life"

Frederick

by Sir

Brittain.

Reprinted by permission of Frederick Brittain; "On the Entry of Good Learning into Britain” (retitled: "The Invasion of Britain by the Muses”)

by John Leland

from The Penguin Book of Latin Verse by Frederick Brittain. Reprinted by permission

of

Frederick

Brittain;

“To

a Snob”

by

George

Buchanan

from

The

Penguin Book of Latin Verse by Frederick Brittain. Reprinted by permission of Frederick Brittain; “Old Age” by Walter Savage Landor from The Penguin Book

of Latin Verse by Frederick Brittain; “Cygnet”

Brittain.

Reprinted

(retitled: “The Swan”)

by permission

by William Johnson

of Frederick

Cory from

The

Penguin Book of Latin Verse by Frederick Brittain. Reprinted by permission of Frederick Brittain. Illustration

Credits

For the illustrations reproduced in the text, the publisher is indebted to the follow-

ing publishers, museums, libraries, commercial picture agencies, and agents: P. I-1, Victor-Hugo Contino (Villa Medici, Rome); p. I-2 (top left), Alinari-Art Reference Bureau (Museo Estense, Modena); p. I-2 (top right), Archives Photo-

graphiques, Paris; pp. 12-8 (bottom), Anderson-Art Reference Bureau

(Archaeologi-

cal Museum, Palestrina); p. I-3 (top), British Museum; p. I-4 (top and bottom), Anderson-Art Reference Bureau (Borghese Callery, Rome); p. I-5 (bottom left), Copyright British Museum; p. I-5 (bottom right), Giraudon (Louvre); p. I-6, Anderson-Giraudon (National Museum, Naples); p. L7 (top), Arthaud (Bibliothéque Nationale); p. I-7 (bottom), Alinari-Art Reference Bureau; p. I-8, The Bettmann Archive; p. 9 (top), Staatliche Antikensammlungen, München; p. I-9 (bottom), The

Metropolitan

Unione; p. I-10

Museum

of

Art,

Rogers

Fund,

1912;

p.

I-10

(top).

(bottom), Alinari-Art Reference Bureau; p. I-11, Fototeca

p. I-12, Deutsches

Archaologisches

tional Archaeological Museum,

Institut, Athens;

Athens); p. I-14

p. I-13,

D.A.

Fototeca

Unione;

Harissiadis

( Na-

(top left and right), The Metro-

politan

Museum

of Art, Rogers

Fund,

Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1910; The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore.

1907;

p. I-14

(bottom),

The

p. I-15, Alinari-Art Reference

Bureau;

P. II-1, The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore; p. II-2, Horst Merkel Museu

de Arte, Sao Paulo,

Brazil);

p. II-3

(top),

Mahoney

from

Metropolitan p. I-16,

(Collection of

Monkmeyer

Press

Photo Service (Villa Borghese, Rome); p. II-3 (bottom), Giraudon-Photo from Musées Nationaux (Louvre); p. II-4, Giraudon (Louvre); p. H-5 (top), Fujihira from

Monkmeyer

Press

Photo

Service;

p. H-5

(bottom),

Alinari-Ciraudon

(Museo

Civico, Trieste); p. II-6 (top), Ashmolean Museum, Oxford; p. II-6 (bottom), D.A. Harissiadis (Mykonos Museum); p. II-7, Raymond V. Schoder, S.J. (Vatican Museum); p. II-8 (top), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; p. II-8 (bottom), Giraudon (Louvre); p. II-9, The Lehman Collection, New York; pp. II10-11, Harbrace Map; p. II-12 (top), Musée Bourdelle, Paris; p. 11-12 (bottom), Fritz Henle, Photo Researchers; p. II-13 (top), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund,

1945;

p. II-13

(bottom),

The

Metropolitan

Museum

of Art,

Cift

of J. Pierpont

Morgan, 1925; p. II-14 (top), Silberstein from Monkmeyer Press Photo Service; p. II-14 (bottcin), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; p. II-15, Lowe Art Gallery, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida; pp. 1116-17 (top), Somerset County Museum,

Somerset, England; p. II-16 (bottom), Alinari-Giraudon

(Vatican Museum); p. II-17

(bottom),

of

p.

II-18.

The

Metropolitan

(top),

Copyright

Museum

British

of Art,

Museum;

bequest

p.

II-18

Benjamin

(bottom),

Altman,

Mrs.

1913;

Abbott

C.

Combes, Jr., photo by John D. Schiff; p. II-19, Silberstein from Monkmeyer Press Photo Service; p. II-20 (left), The Bettmann Archive (Museo Nazionale delle Terme, Rome); p. II-20 (right), Anderson-Giraudon; p. II-21, Alinari-Art Reference Bureau; p. II-22 (top), Fototeca Unione; p. II-22 (bottom), Alinari-Art Reference Bureau (Sistine Chapel); p. II-23 (top), Giraudon (Louvre); p. II-23 (bottom), Fototeca Unione; p. 11-24, Leonard Von Matt from Rapho-Guillumette; p. II-25, Arthaud; pp. 1126-27 (top), Alinari-Art Reference Bureau; p. II-27 (bottom), Giraudon (Louvre); p. 11-28 (top), Alinari-Art Reference Bureau (Conservatori Palace); pp. 1128-29 (bottom), The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore; p. I-30, Kunst-

verlag Wofrum, Vienna (Kunsthistorisches Museum); p. II-31 (top), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1903; p. H-31 (bottom), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, gift of E.D. Edams, 1927; p. II-32 (top), Alinari-Art Reference Bureau (National Museum, Naples); p. II-32 (bottom), Photo from Musées Nationaux (Cluny Museum). P. III-1, Alinari-Art Reference Bureau; p. III-2 (top), Italian State Tourist Office; p. III-Z (bottom), Alinari-Art Reference Bureau; p. III-3 (top), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, IL.L. Pierce Fund; p. III-83 (bottom), Gilbert Highet; p. III-4, Culver Pictures;

p.

III-5

(top),

Alinari-Art

Reference

Bureau

(Villa

Albani,

Rome);

p.

III-5 (bottom), Hirmer Fotoarchiv, München; p. III-6 (top), Photography for Industry;

p.

III-6

Rheinisches

Giraudon (top),

The

(bottom),

Archivio

Landesmuseum,

(Louvre); National

Trier;

Fotografico

pp.

III8-9,

Galleria

Musei

Museo

Civiltà

p. III-11, The Art Museum, Museum,

Denmark;

p.

Princeton

III-12

(bottom),

Vaticani;

Romana;

p.

p.

III-7,

III-10,

University; p. III-12 Brogi-Ciraudon;

p.

UI-13 (top), Anderson-Giraudon (National Museum, Naples); p. III-13 (bottom), Italian State Tourist Office; p. III-14 (top), The Bettmann Archive; p. III-14 (bottom), Fototeca Unione; p. III-15 (top), The Bettmann Archive (Nuremberg Museum); p. [11-15 (bottom), The Pierpont Morgan Library; p. III-16 (top), The Bettmann Archive; p. III-16 (Ty

(bottom),

Giraudon

(Louvre).

Preface Book IV of Our Latin Heritage

has been

developed

on the same

mental principles as Books I, II, and III of the series. The immediate objective is comprehension and appreciation

funda-

of the various

themes and structures of Latin poetry through the guided reading and study of the Aeneid of Vergil, as well as selections chosen from a wide range of Latin poetry that was produced from the third century 8.c. to the present. The most important ultimate objective is an intelligent realization of the influence that Latin literature has had on the literary masterpieces of Western culture, especially English and American. Part I—Vergil's World. This essay briefly traces some of the historical events occurring at the time in which Vergil lived and wrote and produced his Latin

poetic masterpieces. Vergil was a witness of the momentous contest for power which

resulted in the utter defeat

of Antony

and

the establishment

of the

principate of Augustus after the traumatic experience of the chaos that followed the senseless murder of Julius Caesar. Part II—Publius Vergilius Maro. The biography

of the poet

Vergil

and

a

brief description of his works are followed by an introduction to the Aeneid. This includes the story of Troy, of the Trojan War, of Acncas, and of the Aeneid; the sources of the Aeneid; Vergilian mythology; and a resumé of the influence of Vergil. The Latin text of the Aeneid for Books I-VI is given in its entirety, fol-

lowed

by brief but important

extracts

from

Fourth Bucolic, and an extract from the Fourth

Books

VII-XII,

Georgic.

the

Books

complete

I, II, IV, and

VI, which are usually recommended for intensive study, are accompanied bv extensive footnotes, including vocabulary

appearing for the first time or with

specialized meanings. The footnotes of Books III and V, which are intended for sight reading, contain only vocabulary appearing for the first time and annotated names. Comprehension questions Books I-VI. The selections

are accompanied

lected poems

been inserted at brief intervals throughout Books VII-XII, likewise optional material,

by footnotes that include unfamiliar

of Books VII-XII Latin extracts.

Part III—Four

have from

is continued

in English

where

vocabularv.

it does

not

appear

Major Poets. This section offers for optional

of Catullus,

Horace,

Ovid,

and

Martial.

No

The

story in

the

reading

se-

attempt

has

been

made to simplify the original text but merely to select poems which are interesting in themselves

and at the same

time typical of their author's

stvle. It is

hoped that these selections may prove helpful as prefacing later detailed studv of the individual authors.

Part IV—Survey of Latin Poetry. The poems included in the Survey range from the relatively easy to the more difficult. From an abundance of material we have chosen poems which are long enough for continuous reading

and which are, with few exceptions, the work of outstanding Latin authors and U

scholars. A quick reading of a series of optional poems in a wide variety of meters and styles may serve to smooth the transition to more advanced work, It is to be noted that close and detailed examination

of worthwhile

Latin

poems, whether long or short, is the surest way to the awakening of the critical faculty in the Latin student. The discussion of detailed points of poetic skills leads to a deeper knowledge of the poet’s art and, subsequently, to more genuine enjoyment of the poems. Provided interest and sufficient feeling for poetry are present, comparative evaluation of Latin poems, under the guidance of a skilled teacher and with the further advantage of a carefully prepared text, can and ought to lead to a proper appreciation and understanding of both Latin and English poetry. Pedagogical Helps. Historical, mythological, and geographical references, notations of figurative devices, translations of obscure passages and unusual words, important and new vocabulary, and explanations of syntax are found at

the bottom of the page with linc references to the Latin text. The rules for the

constructions Appendix,

labeled

should

in the footnotes

such

explanation

may

be

be found

briefly stated in the

necessary.

There are sixty-four pages of appropriate illustrations, including two maps, so captioned and explained ag to make for their intelligent appreciation and to be of the utmost pedagogical value for both student and teacher. detailed information about cach illustration appears in the Handbook.

More

Appendix. This division of the text is a very necessary vade mecum for the ordinary Latin student, whether he has studied Latin for two, three, or more years on a high school or college level. It contains an outlined summary of forms, as well as rules of general and Vergilian syntax, the technique of Latin

poetry, metrical terms, unusual forms

(archaisms and Grecisms), and also a

glossary of literary terms.

Vocabulary. The acquisition of vocabulary is generally recognized as one of the most frustrating problems

in learning

a foreign

language.

Therefore,

the

device of using visible vocabulary on the same page with the text has become a valuable asset in modern foreign language readers. This same device is used in Book IV to obviate the unnecessary burden of learning by rote hundreds of infrequently used Latin words or of resorting to frequent vocabulary thumbing,

both

of which

hinder

rather

than

help

the

intelligent

reading

of

Latin poetry.

In the final general vocabulary a dagger before a word indicates that it appears more than ten times in the Aeneid; a bullet marks a word that appears from five to ten times. Words that appear once in the Latin text and are defined on the same page are listed in the Teacher's Handbook.

Index. An index of proper names that appear in this Latin text, together with the line number, title of the poem, or the page on which they are found,

and a key to the pronunciation of these names, follows the final vocabulary.

Proper names that appear only once and are identified immediately on the page on which they appear are not repeated in the Index of Proper Names. vl

Contents PART

I

Vergil’s

World

The Contest: Octavius Versus Antony

1

The Princeps:

3

Religious and in History

PART

II

His Power Social

and

Reform

Glory

+ Literature

and

Art

+ Augustus:

Tis

Place 7

Publius

Vergilius

Maro

The Life of Vergil

14

The Works

16

of Vergil

Bucolics + Georgics + Aeneid Introduction to the Aeneid The Story of Troy

18

+ The Story of the Trojan War

The Storv of the Aencid The Influence of V ergil

* The Sources of the Aeneid

THE AENEID, BOOKS Complete Latin Text

* The

Story of Acneas

*

+ Ve rgilian Mythology

*

I-VI

33

THE AENEID, BOOKS VII-XII Selections from Latin Text with

282 Connecting

English

Summaries

BUCOLIC IV Complete Latin Text

325

GEORGIC Selection

328

PART

IV

III

Four

Major

Poets

Catullus Dedication (1) The Sparrow (2) A Thousand Kisses (5) An Unusual Invitation (13) Lesbia Surpasses All (86) The Enigma

of Lovers’ Speech

Hopeless Devotion

331 332 333 333 334 334 (92)

(75)

Resentment of Faithlessness Feminine Infidelity (70)

335 (73)

Response to Gesture of Reconciliation Enduring Friendship (109) Be Firm, Catullus (8)

Prayer to Break the Bondage of Passion The Yacht Arrius

(84)

(4)

335

336 336

(107) (76)

336 337 337

338 339 341 ll

Horace

342

Dedication

to Maecenas

(I, 1)

343

A Prayer for Vergil's Safety (I, 3) The Uncertainty of Life and the Duty of Enjoying It (I, 4) Pyrrha (I, 5) Carpe Diem (I, 11)

345 347 348 349

Integer Vitae (I, 22)

349

Farewell to Oriental Luxury (I, 38) The Golden Mean (II, 10) Dust Thou Art, To Dust Returnest (II, 14) Moderation (III, 1) Necessity for Reform (III, 6)

350 351 352 394 357

Epilogue and Autobiography

(I, xx)

359

The City Mouse and the Country Mouse

(II, vi)

Ovid

361 363

MIDAS

364

Celebration in Honor of an Unexpected Success Beyond Belief Golden Famine Desperation, Penitence, Release DAEDALUS

Guest

AND ICARUS

364 365 365 366 367

Elaborate Preparation and Preflight Instruction The Tragedy of Impetuous Youth Martial

367 368 370

Introduction to His Work (I, 1) The World’s Slowest Barber (VII, 83) Unfair Exchange (VII, 3) Opportunism (I, 10)

370 371 371 371

Thoughtless Conversation

371

An Occupational Twist Native Pride (I, 61) Happiness (II, 90)

(II, 67) (I, 47)

372 372 372

Medical Practice (V, 9)

373

Erotion

373

Part

IV

(V, 34)

Survey

The Early Period Carmen Carmen

Saliare Fratrum

of

Latin

Poetry

(beginning to 80 s.c.)

375

Arvalium

Livius Andronicus: The Lament of Teucer over Man’s Ingratitude

376 376

376

Naevius: Epitaph on Himself Quintus Ennius: Fragment + Epigram Pacuvius: An Illogical Attack Accius: Description of Early Morning Plautus: Excerpt from the Menaechmi Terence: Excerpt from the Phormio

377 377 378 378 379 382

Lucilius: On Losing Battles and Winniig Wars

384

The Golden Age (80 s.c. to A.p. 14)

384

THE AGE OF CICERO Lucretius:

vii

Excerpt

384 from

De

Rerum

Natura

385

THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD Tibullus: Against War Propertius: Cynthia at Baiae

The Silver Age

(A.n. 14 to aww. 138)

Phaedrus: The Fox and the Ox * Time Seneca: The Fleeting Quality of Beauty Persius: On Sacrifices Lucan: Excerpt from De Bello Civili Statius: Invocation to Sleep Juvenal: The Vanity of Human Wishes Late Latin Period (late 2nd to 5th centuries A.n.) Ausonius: To His Wife Claudianus: The Hermit Boethius: Excerpt from Orpheus and Eurydice Medieval Period (6th to 14th centuries A.D.) Alcuin: Excerpt from Farewell to His Cell Lament for Charlemagne: Selection

Cambridge Songs: Love Song Alain de Lille: On the Transiency of Life Carmina Burana: A Variation of Carpe Diem

Modern Period (about 14th century to present) Petrarch: To Vergil Thomas More: On the Vanity of Life John Leland: The Invasion of Britain by the Muses George Buchanan: To a Snob John Milton: Excerpt from His Tribute to Manso René Rapin: Excerpt from His Book on Flowers Vincent Bourne: The Snowdrop Walter Savage Landor: Old Age

William Johnson Cory: The Swan A. B. Ramsay:

Humbertus:

Verse for Founder's

Ex Ore Infantium

Play

* Vis Experimenti

« Ne Te Excruciaveris

¢

Superbia Semper Stupida John K. Colby: Dido Aeneae * Little Fishes in the Brook Sascha Charles: A Pedagogue's Soliloquy Mangeot: In Praesidis Kennedy Memoriam

APPENDIX Latin Forms

Summary of Rules of Syntax Vergilian Grammar

The Technique of Latin Poetry Glossary of Literary Terms VOCABULARY INDEX

OF

PROPER

NAMES

ix

Illustrations

Insert I

and

Maps

The World of Vergil

opposite page 22

Octavian + Antony + Cleopatra + Combat between man and man + Combat between man and beast + The emperor Augustus * Livia * Detail showing Alexander the Great defeating King Darius of Persia + A Roman priest + A household shrine * Vergil reads from his manuscript to Horace, Varius, and Maecenas * A farmer on his way to market + An example of Roman portrait sculpture, first century B.c. * Detail of the Ara Pacis showing Aeneas + A full view of the Ara Pacis + The mausoleum of Augustus as seen today + The Troy of Homer and

Vergil « The so-called mask of Agamemnon * Two scenes on a covered box showing the Judgment of Paris *« The apotheosis of Homer * An assembly of Roman gods * Manuscript page from

Insert II

the first book of Vergil's Aeneid

Scenes from the Aeneid Aeneas, Anchises,

ing Aeolus Achates theft

opposite page 182

and Ascanius flee from Troy

* Poseidon

+ Zeus

¢ Ruins of Carthage

of the

Palladium

* Juno implor-

+ Venus meeting Aeneas and (Tunisia)

* The

Trojan

+ Silver rhyton Horse

*

The

+ The

Laocoon

group + Trojan soldiers + Death of Priam + Aeneas and his companions at the tomb of Polydorus + Map depicting the voyage of Aeneas + Apollo * The lions at Delos + Harpies * Helenus, Andromache, and Aeneas at Epirus * Mount Aetna * Polyphemus + Dido and Anna + Keen-scented hounds * Dido, Aeneas, and Ascanius ride out to hunt + Mercury + Hannibal * Carthaginian war elephant + Death of Dido * Coast of Sicily + The Discobolus * A boxer at rest + Scenes from Book V of the Aeneid + Entrance to the Cumaean Grotto in Cumae + The Cumaean Sibyl + Part of an Etruscan funeral procession + Lake Avernus * Hades and Persephone * The Theater of Marcellus

* Trojan envoys at the court of King Latinus + The Tiber personified + Vulcan and the Cyclopes forging the shield of Achilles + Procession of twelve gods + Pallas + An Etruscan chariot for two horses © Mounted Amazon * Aeneas wounded e Duel of Aeneas and Turnus

Insert III

Latin Poetry Through the Ages

opposite page 374

Erato, muse of lyric poetry + Sirmione on Lake Garda ¢ Cupids as perfumers + Portrait of Horace + Horace's Sabine farm

* Title page of Ovid's Metamorphoses + Daedalus and Icarus * Dionysus * Aerial view of the Piazza Navona in Rome

* Relief

from the Palazza della Cancelleria + A lady attended by four slave girls + Aerial view of Rome at the time of Constantine in the fourth century a.p. + A Roman calendar + A playwright with masks + A cup from Hoby + The bridge of Augustus at Rimini * The so-called bust of Seneca + The Temple of Apollo at Pompeii

*« Marcus Aurelius enters Rome in triumph

Arch of Constantine Petrarch

* A muse,

+ Charlemagne Apollo,

and

* The

+ A Medieval scene

a poet with

two

cupids

*

Ld

PART | Vergil’s World Caesar’s death produced the greatest consternation in Rome. The men who had murdered him had anticipated that by his removal from power they would

restore freedom of life to the Republic and leadership to the Senate. Instead of having their criminal act meet with popular approval, they were soon made aware that although the leader was dead, the party was flourishing in his devoted officers, his loyal veterans, and the city populace, led by the remaining consul Mark Antony (see p. I-2) and Caesar's Master of the Horse, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.

Antony had immediately taken possession of Caesar's money and papers; he then surreptitiously assumed the leadership of the Caesarian party and came to terms with its opponents under Brutus and Cassius. By his threats and connivance he coerced the Senate to approve Caesar's will, arranged for his public

funeral, and ratified Caesar's unfulfilled orders and appointments. agreed that the leaders of the conspiracy should go unpunished.

It was

At the public reading of Caesar's will, Antony took advantage of the roused

public emotions and delivered a funeral oration that inflamed to the highest pitch the popular rage against the dictators murderers, who did not dare to remain jn the city. Lepidus was induced to leave for his province of Hither Spain, and Antony, with his bodyguard of six thousand veterans, made

himself

master in the capital. His next move was to concentrate military power under his personal jurisdiction. He forced the Senate to shuffle the provincial governorships so that he could take over Cisalpine

Gaul,

where

the mass

of the

army was then concentrated, and when Decimus Brutus refused to give up Cisalpine Gaul, to which he had been appointed by Julius Caesar, Antony recalled four legions stationed in Macedonia. The arrival of Octavius in Rome,

however, complicated Antony's seemingly well-laid plans. (See p. 1-2.)

THE Octavius

was

CONTEST: only

eighteen

OCTAVIUS

VERSUS

in 44 s.c. when

his

uncle

ANTONY was

murdered.

In

Caesar's will, Octavius was designated his adopted son and principal heir. At the time, Octavius was in Illyricum, where Caesar had sent him for his training in military affairs. The young man hastened to Rome

and on his arrival asked

I

2

Vergil’s World

for a copy of Caesar’s will, boldly assumed Octavianus,

and let it be known

the name

to all concerned

Gaius Julius Caesar

that he would

claim to the

full his inheritance. When Antony refused to give him his inheritance, which he had

spent,

Octavian

party on his

raised a private

own and

army

and

began

to create

a Caesarian

to cooperate with the republicans in the Senate. The

latter were thus encouraged to oppose Antony. Cicero, in his famous Philippic Orations, induced the Senate to ally with Octavian. In 43 s.c. Antony was de-

feated at Mutina by the combined forces of the senatorial armies under the leadership of the consuls, IIirtius and Pansa, and the army of Octavian. Antony

fled, both the consuls were killed, Decimus

Brutus was placed in command,

and Octavian was ignored. Octavian marched

upon

Rome,

cowed

the Senate,

managed to get himself elected consul in 42 B.c., and then, to the dismay of all concerned, formed with Antony and Lepidus the antisenatorial coalition known as the Second Triumvirate.

Their first act was to organize a proscription on a truly Sullan scale. Together the three ruihlessly robbed and murdered thousands suspected of connection with

Caesar's

assassination.

Since

the triumvirs

needed

funds,

many

of their

victims were among the wealthy. The innocent and the guilty alike were proscribed. Cicero's name was first on Antony's list; the last great champion of the

Republic met his death with courage and dignity. Brutus and Cassius, two of the leading conspirators against Julius Caesar, had fled with an army to Macedonia. There at Philippi, in 42 s.c, the last

battle for the Republic was fought and lost, and Brutus and Cassius committed suicide. This victory left the Caesarian party triumphant, and gave the triumvirs more to divide. Antony received the castern provinces and, in addition, Trans-

alpine Gaul, which he administered through a legate. Octavian obtained the western provinces and Africa—with the understanding that it would later be given to Lepidus—but inherited the war with Sextus Pompey and the problem

of settling the veterans in Italy. Lepidus received the promise of Africa. Antony found the East most congenial and spent the winter of 40 s.c. in Egypt with Cleopatra. In Italy, Antony's wife Fulvia and his brother Lucius deliberately provoked war against Octavian and were defeated. The Trium-

virate was near collapse. Antony hastened to Italy with a large force. Civil war seemed imminent. Some fighting broke out near Brundisium, but the dangerous situation was resolved by diplomacy, not by arms, and a new bargain was made in which

Octavian

received Transalpine

Gaul

and

Lepidus

at last received

Africa. The death of Antony's wife Fulvia made it possible for him to marry Octavian's sister, Octavia, and the Second Triumvirate was renewed in 38 B.c.

for five years. The breach between Antony and Octavian was widened from 37 to 33 s.c. by their own ambitions and Antony’s connection with Cleopatra. In 36 B.c. Octavian's fleet under Agrippa defeated Sextus Pompey at the battle of Naulochus in Sicily. Lepidus, who later intrigued with the Pompeians against

Octavian, was deprived of his part in the Second Triumvirate and was retired to private life, under guard. He retained the title of Pontifex Maximus

until

Octavius Versus Antony

3

his death. Gradually Octavian had built up solid support for himself in Rome

and in Italy, and had attracted to his cause ministers of high caliber, for Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, his aide, was a splendid soldier, general, and admiral by turns, and Gaius Maecenas was a first-rate administrator and diplomat. For Antony these were years of decline. He had marched against the Parthians and

failed ignominiously. He had divorced Octavia and married Cleopatra, although this could not be a legal Roman marriage. This was, of course, an open affront to Octavian. The Triumvirate no longer existed.

In 34 B.c. a festival was held at Alexandria. Antony and Cleopatra presided on thrones of gold. Antony made a speech to the Alexandrians in which he divided up the Roman provinces of the East among Cleopatra and her children. In this he acted as if he were establishing a IIellenistic dynasty for a new universal monarchy, of which the capital would be Alexandria, not Rome.

It was easy for Octavian to wage a war of propaganda, representing Antony as a renegade

Roman

threatening

to reduce

the

Roman

state

to an

oriental

empire. After that events moved rapidly to war. As the champion of Rome Octavian in 32 B.c, terminated Antony’s command and declared war on Cleopatra. Antony mustered against him all the Roman forces of the East, reinforced by the fleet

of Egypt. In the spring of 31 8.c. Octavian's admiral Agrippa blockaded the Egyptian Greece.

fleet, and

his army

cut the

communications

The two naval forces confronted

each

of Antony's

army

in

other off the coast of Actium,

the site of a famous temple of Apollo. At the crisis of the battle Antony sailed

away in the wake of the queen’s yacht. The Antonian forces surrendered to the mercy of Octavian. Octavian followed the royal couple to Alexandria, where

Antony

attempted

another stand. When his troops deserted, Antony, on hearing a rumor of Cleopatra's death, committed suicide. Cleopatra, failing in her attempts to captivate Octavian with her charms, did likewise. If she had lived, she would have been paraded through the streets of Rome

as Octavian's captive. The fourteen

years of civil war which had followed Caesar's murder had resulted in the reappearance of a one-man rule, and that one man was Caesar's chosen successor, Octavian, known

THE

after 27 B.c. as Caesar Augustus.

PRINCEPS:

HIS

POWER

AND

GLORY

Almost two years after the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra, Octavian returned to Rome. In August 29 8.c., he celebrated his victories by a stupendous three-day triumph—the first day for the Illyrian War in 34 B.c., the second, for

Actium, and the third, for Egypt (see p. I-2). For three days the Romans saw a constant procession of prisoners and conquered princes. Among the latter were some of Cleopatra’s surviving children. Lavish triumphal gifts were distributed to all classes. Octavian, clad in his gold-embroidered purple toga, with

a laurel branch in his hand and with a slave holding the golden crown of vic-

4

Vergils World

tory over his head, rode to the Capitol to lay his laurels and his largesse at the

feet of Jupiter. His dear young nephew Marcellus, later famous for Vergil’s poignant lines about his early death in the Aeneid, and his still younger stepson, Tiberius, rode the horses that drew

the triumphal

chariot.

The festivities lasted for many days. In the Circus the populace was entertained by a mock battle of Troy, called the Troy Game, fought by the sons of the nobility. Foreign captives put each other to death in gladiatorial and other combats. There was a great beast-hunt of strange animals, brought for the purpose from Egypt and other African lands (see p. I-4). The Temple of Janus was solemnly closed as a sign of general peace; it was the first time for

nearly two centuries. The splendid Palatine temple of Apollo was begun and later consecrated in order to fulfill a vow to the god made at Actium. The work of governmental reconstruction was begun at once. In this tre-

mendous task Octavian proved himself a master of psychology. He knew that the Roman people would accept his reforms only if he concealed his power under the guise of the traditional form of the Republican government. All the familiar

institutions

were

retained:

the

Senate,

magistrates,

assemblies,

and

provincial governorships. Large numbers of soldiers were demobilized; the army was reduced from sixty to not more than twenty-eight legions. A general amnesty allowed the adherents of Antony to return home unmolested. Every effort was made to conciliate the patricians and to restore their ranks so seri-

ously depleted by the civil wars. In 28 p.c. Octavian

and his aide, Agrippa, were

elected as censors.

For the

first time in forty years a census of Roman citizens was taken. A census of the Senate was accompanied by a "purge" which, by eliminating unsuitable senators, who

had been

appointed

by Julius

Caesar

from

the provinces

and

by

Antony from among his personal disreputable friends, reduced the number from one thousand to eight hundred. This was done with meticulous caution and consummate tact.

Then Octavian induced the senators to pass a regulation whereby its members could not leave Rome, even to go to the provinces, without the expressed permission of the Princeps. Princeps, as a term of Republican usage, had been applied to the senior senator. It now applied to Octavian, the leader of the only political party left in Rome, namely that of Caesar. If there was to be opposition to him and his doings among the senators, it would be wheye he could watch and suppress it. Toward

the end of 28 B.c. Octavian,

to the apparent

surprise

of all but a

few, issued a proclamation which confessed and reversed all the illegal acts

against the Republican constitution of which he individually and the Triumvirate in collaboration had been guilty. The following January he convened a meeting of the Senate in order to inform its members that he was about to retire from

its laws, managed.

the government

troops,

treasury,

and

and

to restore

provinces.

to their jurisdiction the Republic,

The

meeting

was

carefully

stage-

Neither he nor the Senate seriously considered his retirement at the

age of thirty-five, and they reacted as he undoubtedly knew they would; a few

o

The Princeps

days later came the quid prô qué. They responded magnanimously by granting him further honors: they bestowed on him the civic crown of oak leaves for saving the lives of all his fellow-citizens—the crown was usually awarded for saving the life of one; they arranged

at the

for laurel trees to be planted

gate of his house; they set up a golden shield in the Senate-house, commemorating his “valor, clemency, justice, and piety”; and finally, they awarded him the highest honor of all, the title of Augustus,

an epithet with the underlying

re-

ligious implication of revered or dedicated one. The month Sextilis was renamed Augustus. It would follow that of Julius (see p. I-5). The Senate accepted the restitution of most of the provinces and decided to govern them, according to custom, by senatorial magistracies, but they entreated Augustus to take Syria, Gaul, and Spain by virtue of a special command, a proconsulare

imperium,

for

a period

of ten

years.

These

money, soldiers, and a general. The bulk of the Roman

provinces

required

army, which already

looked to him as their imperator, was thus allotted to Augustus’ command. Egypt, with its rich revenues, remained under his jurisdiction, since he had never transferred this conquered kingdom to the control of the state. He could

dispose of this and other revenues without check. Augustus retained the consulship, which he had held from

the year 31 B.c., and

each

year from

27-23

B.C. ‘as reelected with a colleague for one year. The Senate was filled with his adherents. In 23 B.c. Augustus’ prôcônsuläre imperium became a majus imperium,

which gave him the right to interfere legally in the senatorial provinces and even in the affairs of the city of Rome. Although at this time he resigned his consulship, he was granted the right to convoke the Senate and to introduce business first. In addition, the grant of full tribunician power for life gave him the right of veto and a direct link with the people. He was now legal head of the state in both civil and military affairs. This concentration of power,

conferred upon one individual, had no precedent in Roman In 18 s.c,

although

no

longer

a consul,

he

received

the

legally

history. right

to use

the

fasces and the curule chair of ivory, the formal symbols of the consulship. In 12 s.c. after the death of Lepidus, his former colleague in the Triumvirate, Augustus was elected to replace him in the office of Pontifex Màximus. Thus he was able to proceed directly with the reorganization of religious affairs in Rome. In 2 s.c. he assumed the title of pater patriae, the father of the fatherland. It had been conferred by the Senate.

Throughout this entire process by which the Principate of Augustus

was

established, Augustus had obtained his powers of government and titles of honor according to legal form by resolutions of the Senate and votes of the Assembly, but the Principate was not automatically hereditary. Augustus could not transfer these powers or titles to a successor at death because they reverted

to the Senate and the People. But by his long and successful reign, bv his control of the army, and by his establishment of an imperial bureaucracy for administrative purposes which was responsible to him alone, he made

indispensable.

a Princeps

6

Vergil's World

One of the reasons for the collapse of the Republic had been the lack of an adequate civil service. To avoid a similar collapse of his reconstructed government, early in his rule Augustus began to form an imperial civil service. His

intention was to build up a bureaucracy of able and upright men from which capable administrators could be drawn. For this purpose he reorganized the conditions for membership in the senatorial and equestrian orders. He used trustworthy and experienced consuls and praetors of the senatorial class for provincial governors and army commanders. He opened new careers for members of the equestrian class in the imperial services as procurators and as pre-

fects of government services. A prefect was in charge of the procurement of grain, another commanded the praetorian guard which protected the Princeps, and another administered Egypt. Large numbers of freedmen were trained for secretarial and clerical work, and many

of these were

employed

by Augustus

in his own household and on his estates.

The city of Rome was divided into fourteen districts and was provided with a fire service and a police force. These and other public services were controlled by the City Prefect, whose office was newly created. Important duties were entrusted to senatorial commissions, one of which had charge of aqueducts, another of the care and maintenance of temples in the city. A third was

responsible for the upkeep of the great highways throughout Italy. In all that affected decent human living there was evidence of investigation, improvement,

and control. The real power of Augustus rested upon two things, control of the army and control of the finances. All his instincts were for peace and statecraft. When

warfare within the Empire had come to an end, the task of the army was to police the provinces and man the frontiers. The size of the army after the victory of Actium in 31 B.c. was sixty legions; in a.p. 14, at the time of Augustus’ death, it was twenty-five. To these must be added

the nine thousand

men

of

the praetorian guard. These enjoyed very favorable terms of pay and service. They had to be recruited exclusively from Italy, and when inside the walls of Rome wore civilian dress. Augustus also reorganized the navy. The Mediterranean was properly policed and commerce was free to circulate. An Adriatic command was operated from Ravenna and a Tyrrhenian command from Misenum.

The finances of the Empire were gradually brought into order and arranged with consummate skill. The public treasury of the Senate was no longer entrusted to quaestors. Augustus at first entrusted this charge to special officers, but later it was transferred to two praetors. There was no direct taxation in Italy, and the indirect taxes were negligible. The enormous

treasures which he

disbursed came from his personal income. In all he gave to the Treasury, to the Roman plebs, and to discharged soldiers the sum of six-hundred million denarii. The fact that when he died he left to the state an account of the con-

dition of the Treasury is sufficient evidence of his personal overall management of the government’s financial affairs.

Return

7

to Tradition

RELIGIOUS

AND

SOCIAL

REFORM

Augustus set for himself the task of purifying Roman

society by a restora-

tion of Rome’s golden past in ethics and religion. The result of his propaganda

against Antony

and

Cleopatra

had

been

a vast reaction

against

Hellenistic

influence, which had been so destructive in the religious and moral life of the

people, especially of the educated and the wealthy classes. It so happened that Alexander the Great (see p. I-6), in his twelve years during the fourth century B.c, had wrought great changes in the ancient world. Wherever he conquered, he established cities and colonics, which became centers of Greek literature, art, and philosophy. By spreading Greck culture, he hoped

to create a

single civilization

that would

embrace

the whole

of the Eastern and Western ancient world. Greek culture was planted in every country that bordered the eastern end of the Mediterranean. As this culture was carried along the highways of trade, it became mixed with Persian learn-

ing and culture. This combination of Greek and Oriental civilizations engendered what we know as Hellenistic culture, which greatly influenced the Romans and their provinces

in the centuries

that immediately

preceded

the Christian

era. Cleopatra, of Macedonian and Greek descent, a woman of powerful intellect and unusual personal magnetism and charm, alone of the successors of Alexander dreamed his dream of ruling a fused West and East. She would use a Roman

general and a Roman

army to subjugate

Rome

and

then reign as em-

press over a united Hellenistic empire. The Roman general Octavian foiled her plans. With the death of Cleopatra, the Hellenistic Age in the East came to an end.

Augustus now strove by every means to close up the avenues of Hellenistic influence and to restore the ancient mores màjorum, the manners of one's ancestors, which had been the most potent forces in earlier Roman

life and history.

The religious, moral, and political tradition of Rome had developed a stability of character which in the course of time had effected the stability of the Roman world. Augustus initiated a program to emphasize Roman

which would make

both Rome

and

ideals and traditions,

Italy a stabilizing force for his empire.

The very name Rome came to symbolize a concept, called in later times Romanitas, a coined word for Rome's function in history as a stabilizing politi-

cal and moral force.

The political value of religion for the masses had been recognized by Cicero; this estimation was now recognized by Augustus, who wanted his political reorganizations

to succeed.

This

success

depended

on

the

restoration

of

the

former moral values for all and of a sense of personal responsibility, especially for the leaders. He inaugurated a plan to lead the people back to their ancient gods. He revived long-abandoned religious rites and festivals. Processions and

holidays, ceremonies and sacrifices would impress the state worship popular imagination.

on the

8

Vergil's World

Although Roman religion was legalistic and concerned with the individual only so far as he was a member observances

of a family or the state, the practice of its

and obligations did have a profound effect on Roman

morals and

social values. The highes: Roman virtue was pietàs, the proper subordination to the gods,

the state, and

the members

of the household,

all of whom

had

certain claims on the individual. One was pius, dutiful, if he admitted these claims and discharged his officium, services, accordingly. Gravitàs, a sense of responsibility, constantia, firmness of purpose, severitàs, sternness with oneself or austerity, disciplina, training, industria, hard work, virtüs, manliness, clementia, mercy—these are some of the moral qualities which Romans most admired. Thus, the mores majorum helped to develop that genius in law which was Rome's great legacy to Western civilization.

After 12 B.c. Augustus,

as Pontifex Maximus,

could proceed

directly and

officially with the reform of public religion. The pomp of the religious ceremonies once again became impressive. The priestly colleges were reorganized and acquired new prestige and dignity when Augustus and various members of his family officiated as priests. The ancient cults were revived, while the newly imported foreign religions were strictly prohibited.

Augustus was not worshiped as a living god, but his Genius

(his essential

character in a separate spirit-existence ) was mentioned in prayer at the shrines of the Lares. There was no objection among the Romans to the worship of the Genius Augusti, but public opinion at Rome would not tolerate the worship of a living man. Augustus might expect divine honors after death; he already bore the title Divi Filius, and his adopted LITERATURE

AND

father had been posthumously

deified.

ART

Few periods in history can outrival the creative achievements of the age of Augustus in literature and the arts. He himself had been educated in Rome and in Greece and had received a good education in philosophy, rhetoric, and

literature. He was deeply imbued with Greek culture, and the type of civilization which he sponsored and encouraged was as much Greek as Roman. It is

not surprising, then, that he provided the themes to stimulate inspiration and enthusiasm and the conditions under which writers could produce and flourish. The unique grandeur of the Roman past, the religious and social reviwal of

the Princeps, and the glorious destiny of the Empire were themes for Vergil’s Aeneid, Worace’s Odes, Livy’s History of Rome, and the historic sculptures of the Ara Pacis, an altar of peace. It was an age of great patrons, upon whose favor and support professional men of letters depended very closely. Augustus

himself

fostered

a renaissance

in literature.

At

the recitation

of

poems, dialogues, and speeches, which in those days was the usual mode of first publication, he was a kindly and patient listener. His counselor, diplomatic agent, and unofficial minister of culture, Gaius Maecenas, was such a patron of

the arts that his name came to symbolize literary patronage (see p. I-8). This wealthy member of the equestrian class gathered a group of talented writers

Literature and Art

|

9

around his table and suggested to them the themes which would further the achievements and reforms of Augustus. Vergil, Horace, and Propertius were members of his salon. Vergil's Georgics were written at his suggestion and

were addressed to him. He wanted the poet to sing the praises of country life in such a manner as to encourage the “back to the land” movement which Augustus was trying hard to promote. Asinius Pollio (76 B.c.-a.p. 5), soldier, historian, orator, and statesman, supported the poetic efforts of Catullus, Horace, and Vergil, and encouraged Vergil to write the Bucolics, which established the poet’s fame. M. Valerius Messala (64 B.c.-A.D. 8), a Roman of noble lineage and one of Augustus’ generals, had gathered around him a coterie of elegiac poets, whose prominent member was Tibullus.

Ovid needed no patron to support him while he spent his time in literary works.

He knew well and loved Propertius

and Tibullus;

he seems

to have

been barely acquainted with Horace and Vergil, although he heard Horace recite and was familiar enough with the Aeneid to parody the first verses of

Book I in the opening lines of his Amores, a poem of questionable morality. His masterpiece was the Metamorphoses, a sort of mythological epic, in which the poet shows great skill in versification and genius for vivid narrative. The whole range of Greek mythology was his subject matter. The Metamorphoses became one of the most popular works of Latin literature and down

through

the ages provided themes for literature, music, and art. His Art of Love and Remedy of Love, both light and immoral in tone, defied Augustus' attempts at moral reform, and in a.p. 8 the Princeps exiled him to Tomi in the Black Sea. There in a.p. 18 he died, after writing copious laments about his life at the end of the world from Rome.

Livy (59 B.c—a.p. 17) was the most important prose writer of the Augustan period. His History of Rome, from the mythical origin of the city to 9 B.c., became

thé standard history of the Republic.

It was

very lengthy,

one hundred

and forty-two books, of which less than one fourth survives. This masterpiece has been called the prose counterpart of Vergil's Aeneid; the author shows the same patriotism for Rome and Italy and the same reveren-

tial regard for their past achievements and heroes and the qualities of men that made Rome great. Since there was no censorship, his history was published without curtailment of its strong Republican bias. The powerful narrative was

editorial rewriting, in a dramatic and stimulating style, of legends mixed with facts.

A brilliant pageant and imaginative reconstruction

of the past, it repre-

sented the national myth of the Roman Republic and accorded more with the social reforms of Augustus than the historical truth might have done. It is well to remember that what we term the Golden Age of Roman literature began long before Augustus and ended before his death. It is unmatched by any other period of literature in the history of Rome, and Vergil, the lead-

ing figure of Augustan literature stands at the center of the cultural tradition

of the West. Both he and Horace were recognized poets before Antony was defeated at Actium. But it was not until the Augustan Age that literature was

10

Vergil's World

recognized as a profession apart from law and politics. During the interval of peace after 30 B.c., literature became fashionable, and many men of education

and wealth aspired to be writers or critics of literature. There was a large output of technical and specialist works in poetry and prose, not much

of which

survives. A great literary public, extending beyond Rome to the chief cities of the provinces, provided Augustan writers with an audience. One writer, Vitruvius Pollio, wrote an important work on architecture, town planning, and civil engineering, which was useful in the great building schemes of Augustus and

had far-reaching influence on the architecture of Europe. The

art and

the architecture

of the Augustan

Age

were

commensurate

in

quality with its literature and were used by Augustus for the same ends, policy and

propaganda.

The

new

Roman

regime

was

to proclaim

its splendor

and

magnificence before the eyes of the world and dazzle the citizens of Rome in order to win their wholehearted support for the new political system which had maneuvered them out of their voting rights. Painters, sculptors, and archi-

tects would reach the illiterate who could not be influenced by poetry and prose. Of these artisans the painters orated temples, porticos, public

would be least effective, although they decbuildings, and homes of the wealthy. Since

most of the artists were probably from Greek-speaking provinces, they frequently painted scenes from Greek mythology, sensational and realistic, with an abundance of bright color. Sometimes they depicted architectural structures—Greek columns and Roman arches and domes—often using perspective to create the illusion of three-dimensional objects. The Romans loved land-

scaping, palaces portray adorned

and some of the mural paintings that have survived in the buried on the Palatine and the excavated homes in Pompeii and Herculaneum imaginary windows and the landscape to be seen through them, with birds, animals, flowers, and trees.

Portrait-sculpture and bas-relief appealed strongly to the Romans. They took great interest in portraiture;

and

some

of the Roman

which have survived the centuries are remarkable sentations of character

(see p. I-9). The Roman

be rich if he could afford to have

his likeness

busts

and

bas-reliefs

for their realistic repre-

patron, who would have to immortalized

in bronze

or in

marble, wanted a realistic and accurate portrayal, even to warts or squints. Augustus,

as well as the emperors who

succeeded

him, made

use of the bust,

the full-length statue, and, above all, the coin effigy to impress his image on his constituents throughout

the Roman

world.

In the decoration

Pacis, the frieze did not depict gods but living men

who

of the Ara

could be easily

identified.

The niches of the gallery surrounding Augustus’ new forum were adorned with portrait-statues of Rome's heroes of history with biographical inscriptions on the bases. The members

of this “Hall of Fame” had exemplified Rômänitäs

through the centuries. It was fitting that they should have a place in this vast

outdoor museum of Rome's greatness. The idea was undoubtedly inspired by

Literature and

Art

11

the pageant of shades in Book VI of the Aeneid, that Anchises in the Elysian Fields had identified as Romans

who would return to earth and make

Rome

great.

Augustus published

before his death

a short autobiography

engraved

in

stone. The bronze original, which has disappeared, was placed near the entrance of his mausoleum, but a copy in Latin and in Greek was found on the

wall of what used to be the Temple of Augustus at Ankara, the capital of modern Turkey. In this record, which has been justly called “a calmly audacious fabrication of history,” Augustus states that he restored no less than eighty-two

temples and built many new ones besides. He decorated Rome forum, further baths, docks,

with a new

a portico, an arch, a mausoleum, and the Ara Pacis (see p. I-10). He embellished the city with parks, gardens, a great library, theaters, and and for public commerce and commodities he added markets, granaries, and warehouses.

He completed the theater of Marcellus, begun by Julius Caesar, and dedicated it to his lamented nephew and intended heir. In honor of his sister Octavia, Marcellus’ mother, he restored a portico, which served the purpose of an art gallery. His aide Agrippa built the Pantheon, the original of the great temple still standing in Rome. It was rebuilt by Hadrian in the years a.p. 121-23, but it still bears Agrippa’s name. In 28 5.c., outside the walls of the city in the Campus Martius, Augustus

began his tomb, a massive mausoleum, two hundred and ninety feet in diameter and one hundred and fifty feet high. It consisted originally of four stories of concentric

corridors

with

a great cylinder

in the middle

destined

for the

body of the Princeps. A huge statue of Augustus surmounted the cylinder over the place where his ashes would lie. The

ashes of his relatives would

be rcle-

gated to the corridors, as was fitting according to Augustan ideas. The whole massive structure was intended to be reminiscent of the great mounds, or tumuli, qf the Etruscans, and would have been covered with earth on which

would have been planted giant cypresses.

Augustus outlived his relatives, his chosen candidates for the succession, and his faithful lieutenants; they and several of his successors in power were entombed here. The sepulcher remained in use until the reign of Nerva (a.p. 96-98). When the sepulcher was stripped of accumulated debris in 1935, some of the marble containers for the imperial urns were found in place, but manv

of the containers had been looted, perhaps centuries before. The most significant monument

of Augustus' regime was

the Ara Pacis, the

greatest artistic masterpiece of Augustan Rome. It was consecrated in 13 s.c. and dedicated in 9 s.c. Its purpose was to commemorate the return of Augustus from Gaul in 13 s.c. and to mark his return by setting up in the Campus

Martius between the mausoleum and the Tiber an altar to the Pax Romana, which he had established throughout the Roman world. The altar was set in the center of an open enclosure, whose walls were adorned with a relief of a

procession. The procession on the south side is of the emperor Augustus him-

12

Vergil's World

self, with an entourage of officials, priests, and relatives; on the north side, of

magistrates, senators, and people of Rome, with their families. On the east side are represented the goddess Roma, seated at peace, and Tellus, symbolizing

the fruitful earth of an 'taly at peace. On the west side are two legendary scenes—Aeneas

making

his sacrifice

to Juno

of the famous

white

sow,

the

augury for the foundation of Lavinium; and the scene at the Lupercal, where the she-wolf suckled Romulus and his brother. The decoration of the altar itself

is simple and unpretentious. Below the altar table is a sacrificial scene, with Vestal Virgins, victims for sacrifice, and attendants carrying the sacrificial knives and other utensils. The altar and its enclosure together afford us a complete visual record of a Roman state-religion ceremony. The Ara Pacis depicts in epic art what the Aeneid expresses in epic poetry.

Both interpret the history of Rome as culminating in Augustus. Both emphasize the legendary connection of Augustus, a member of the Julian family, to the goddess of Rome by descent from Acneas. The figure of Aeneas on the Ara Pacis symbolizes the past of Rome the procession symbolize all the mask of the revived Republic; the hope of an Augustan dynasty; and

and the ancestry of Augustus; the figures in basic ideas of the Augustan program: the subterfuge of a revived religion; the secret the adroit usc of literature and art as propa-

ganda. The epic chiseled in stone is the consummation under Augustus’ direction of the great Roman dream of past, present, and future, which epic began with Aeneas and ended with Augustus. AUGUSTUS:

HIS

PLACE

IN

in Vergil’s

HISTORY

The man who laid down the rules for the Roman Empire without actually naming it such has never been a popular hero. No great historian, ancient or modern,

has ever produced a

satisfying

account

of his life. He

had

no con-

temporary biographer. Suetonius, who included an account of him in his Lives of the Twelve

Caesars, had little biographical

from even a cursory reading, that the ancient fact; he touched no Caesar's life which he did life was no exception. Tacitus in his Annales tyrant “who bribed the army with gifts, the

sense.

It is obvious,

moreover,

biographer preferred scandal to not defile, and Caesar Augustus describes Augustus as a crafty populace with cheap corn, and

the world with the blessings of peace, and so grew greater by degrees while he concentrated in his own hands the functions of the Senate, the magistrates, and the laws.”

It is quite evident that from these two post-Augustan writers we get only a distorted picture of the Roman known to us as Augustus. But the achievements (rés gestae) of his more than forty years of rule testify that he was one

of the outstanding constructive statesmen of history. To him must be given the credit for establishing that system of government

known

as the Roman

Empire,

an effective system which endured in the West for five centuries and in the East for almost fifteen. The new era of peace and consolidation of Roman

Augustus: His Place in History

13

civilization—which he began and which followed him—was in the final analysis the justification of his work, to which both Rome and Western civilization are deeply indebted. But there were many insidious weaknesses in his methods and in the result-

ing system, which eventually destroyed what Augustus had taken such pains to establish. Step by step he had ruthlessly extended his own political faction, as well as his personal control of power in every branch of government and

society until men were forced to look ultimately to him alone for rewards and advancement. It was inevitable that his disguised monarchy would develop into autocracy and then into despotism. His complete reliance on the control of military force to support imperial authority led to the inevitable conclusion by the military leaders that they could make or unmake their own emperors. His system of government depended on the support of the upper classes, who continued to enjoy the wealth and privileges of their status in society. Only this small minority benefited by the improved economic conditions that followed the expansion of peace throughout the whole empire, while the large

majority of the laboring lower classes continued to eke out a bare subsistence and were the first to suffer when government expenses increased.

PART Il Publius

Vergilius Maro

Vergil, the central figure of Augustan

literature, was

the interpreter of the

most important moment in the history of ancient Rome—the establishment of the empire of Augustus (see p. 12). His poetry is a prime work of art, but perhaps the real reason for his enduring fame is his feeling for humanity,

which

has made his message universal as well as applicable to all ages. Two thousand years after the birth of Vergil, scholars from all civilized nations made a pilgrimage to Italy to pay honor to the great poet of Mantua. His

position as a poet of all time and of all the world is unquestioned.

THE

LIFE

OF

VERGIL

Publius Vergilius Maro was born in Andes, a village near Mantua in north-

ern Italy, on the fifteenth of October about seventy years before Christ. According to tradition, his father, Vergilius Maro, was a man of plebeian stock,

but by his industry in the management of the business of a certain Magius, he acquired property and respectability. Magius gave his employee his daughter

Magia in marriage, and she became the mother of Vergil the poet. The boy must have manifested scholarly ability at an early age, since from his childhood he received an education comparable to that of a young Roman aristacrat. When he was about twelve years of age, he was sent away to school at Cremona.

After assuming at sixteen the toga of manhood,

he proceeded

to

Mediolanum ( Milan) to continue his studies. At these northern schools, Vergil was one of a coterie of young poets, who in maturity were destined to take the

lead in the new

literary movements

in Rome.

Among

these were

Quintus

Varus, Aemilius Macer, and Cornelius Gallus. They enjoyed in their own times

great reputations as poets and statesmen.

About 48 s.c. Vergil went to Naples, where for a number of years he devoted himself to the study of Greek history and literature, as well as Epicurean philosophy. Finally, he was attracted to Rome, where he remained for several years, studying rhetoric, oratory, and philosophy. Vergil’s education was the traditional rhetorical training which led to a career as an advocate in the courts. The active profession of the bar, however,

14

15

The Life of Vergil

did not suit a young man of frail body, slow speech, and diffident temperament such as Vergil possessed. After pleading one case, and that in only one hearing, he quit the profession of law forever. He found and the natural sciences more congenial, and in these ficient. To these years of study belong the minor poems if they are really his, may be considered attempts at

studies in mathematics he became quite proascribed to him. These, writing verse when his

talents were still in the making. In 42 8.c. after the battle of Philippi, the veteran soldiers of the triumvirs, Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus, received as reward for their services grants of land in northern Italy. Because Cremona had been politically opposed to the Triumvirate, its property was confiscated and, since this alone was not deemed

sufficient by the unruly soldiers, some lands of neighboring Mantua were also seized. Vergil, at that time living in Andes, nearly lost his life in disputing

the possession of his father’s fields with one of the soldiers. He escaped death only by swimming across a river. He then hastened to Rome

ance

of Asinius

Pollio,

governor

of Cisalpine

Gaul,

and

and, by the assist-

Gallus

and

Varus,

friends of his youth, was introduced to Octavian, who eventually became the poets patron and friend. Vergil’s estate was returned to him, and in 39 p.c. he published the first of his ten pastoral poems, called the Bucolics, in grateful acknowledgement of this favor. Because of this incident of the confiscation of

his property, Vergil came under the notice of the influential statesman Maecenas, who was a friend to the rising young poets of the day.

Vergil owned a house near that of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill, but he disliked the life of bustling and teeming Rome and shrank from its society. Through Maecenas he secured an estate near Nola in central Campania. Nearby

Naples and the Campanian country attracted him and eventually became his real home. It was here, at the suggestion and encouragement of Maecenas, that

he wrote the Georgics, which he published apparently in 30 s.c. when he was forty. The poet gave the last eleven years of his life to the composition

of his

masterpiece, the Aeneid. In 19 p.c. he went to Athens with the intention of devoting three years to the improvement and completion of his work.

Before

his departure from Italy, Vergil instructed his executors, Varius and Tucca, to destroy the manuscript if anything should happen to him on the journev. At Athens, however, he met Augustus, who persuaded him to return with him to

Italy. While on the return journey, Vergil became seriously ill. Prostrated bv the heat, he was compelled to remain at Brundisium, where a few days after

his arrival he died. It was September 21, 19 s.c. His body was taken to his beloved Naples, and his ashes were placed in a tomb near that citv on the road to Puteoli.

The

exact

location

of

this

tomb

is now

uncertain,

although

in

ancient times it was a place of pilgrimage. In spite of Vergil's expressed desire

to the contrary, Augustus ordered the preparation of the manuscript of the Aeneid for immediate publication, but with the stipulation that it should be published as it was, without additions or deletions.

16

Publius Vergilius Maro THE

WORKS

OF

VERGIL

Certain minor poems, ascribed to Vergil in ancient times, are regarded by most modern

scholars as spurious, but there is a possibility that they may be

the product of the poet’s student days. His major poems include the Bucolics, Georgics, and Aeneid. BUCOLICS

The Bucolics, ten short pastoral poems which treat of the loves and occupations of herdsmen, were published between 42 and 39 s.c. The term Eclogues,

by which the poems are frequently known, means simply Selections, and is not properly descriptive. In form the poems are modeled in large part upon those of Theocritus, the Greek pastoral poet of the third century B.c., who pictured the life of Sicilian shepherds. Vergil, however, does not write of real herdsmen but introduces himself and his friends in the guise of shepherds, discussing matters which concerned him and them, and not those interests which would

normally

form

Pollio, Varus,

the conversation

of real shepherds.

He

mentions

and Gallus, and refers to incidents in his own

Octavian,

life, such

as the

attempted scizure of his father’s farm.

The Bucolics of Vergil became instantly popular in Rome. They were so well received that they were read publicly on the stage. Cicero, upon hearing them,

was so delighted, that he did not hesitate to say of the author: Mägnae spés altera Romae, which words Vergil afterward applied to Iulus in Book XII of

the Aeneid. So much was the poet esteemed that, whenever he appeared in public, all classes of persons crowded around to catch a glimpse of him. These pastoral poems have been much admired, in ancient and modern times alike, for the perfection of their form, the delicacy of the treatment of their subject,

the smoothness and grace of their language, and the music of their verse. GEORGICS The

Georgics were

written

at the suggestion

of Maecenas.

Vergil would write a treatise on agriculture that would efforts to revive the agricultural interests of the country

He

hoped

that

support Octavian's so neglected

during

the waste and desolation of the civil wars. He knew that no person was better qualified for a work of this kind than Vergil, who possessed an extensive knowledge of the subject and could enliven it with the charms of his verse. The poet, moreover, already possessed the confidence and affections of his countrymen.

Vergil spent seven years at his villa in Naples composing the Georgics, acclaimed by competent critics the poem par excellence in the Latin language. It is divided into four books, the first of which deals with crops; the second, with the olive and the vine; the third, with stock-raising; and the fourth, with

bee-keeping. Vergil thoroughly understood his subject, his love for agriculture is undoubtedly genuine, and he produced a valuable handbook for farmers,

The Works of Vergil

17

but he wrote primarily to suit the artistic and literary tastes of his readers and

produced in the Georgics pure poetry, which remains as

a monument of his

literary skill. AENEID The Bucolics and the Georgics were but a prelude

to Vergil's masterpiece,

the Aeneid, the composition of which absorbed his undivided attention during the eleven remainirig years of his life. It is an epic poem modeled on the Odyssey and the Iliad of Homer and consists of twelve books

It is an epic, for

it narrates in verse the wanderings and the wars of the hero Aeneas and his band of Trojan refugees in their odyssey from ruined Troy to Latium in Italy, an enterprise imposed upon

them by mighty

Jove. It is a national

epic, for it

purposely manifests the independence of the Roman spirit from the Hellenistic spirit and the individual character of Roman achievement. It is a religious epic, for it expresses in religious phraseology the philosophy of the Roman mind and emphasizes the legendary connection of Augustus, a member of the

Julian family, to the goddess Venus by descent from Aeneas, son of Venus and Anchises. It is a literary epic, carefully planned, composed,

and polished

by an already famous poet for educated readers in a highly civilized and sophisticated society. The first six books of the Aeneid borrowed heavily from the Odyssey while recounting the vicissitudes of the wandering Trojans as they sought for seven years the land promised them by Jove. For the last six books Vergil used the Iliad as his model in his description of the wars which were necessary for Aeneas to wage in Latium to establish his power and to found an eternal city that would someday rule the world. He used Aeneas as the hero of his epic because Aeneas was the only character in the Homeric tale whom the historians

had

connected

with

the legendary

foundation

of Rome.

Ennius, the father of Latin poetry, had used in his Annales

In

addition,

the well-known

legend about Trojan Aeneas, who had led a band of his countrymen from ruined Troy to unknown Latium under orders from the father of the gods. The Greek and Roman epics, however, are divergent art forms. The Odyssey and the Iliad are objective and oral. They are narrated almost solely for their entertainment value and for the interest in the description or the story. Thev recount

and

describe

persons

and

events,

tales

of which

might

have

been

handed down from one generation to another and expanded or embellished by popular fancy. These tales have the strength and the vitalitv of a primitive age and were composed evidently for a primitive people. They frequentlv have significant lessons to teach, but these are by-products of the storv, not its purpose. The Aeneid is subjective and literary. It provides entertainment, but not for its own sake. The chief interest is not in the story but in the purpose of the story and the style of its expression. The motivation is serious with deliberate propagandistic purposes. The poem is didactic; it deals with major philosophi-

18

Introduction

to the Aeneid

cal and moral problems to which it offers possible valid solutions. There is an abundance of learned and apt allusions, detailed and appropriate descriptions, poetic and figurative devices, all of which would either pass unnoticed or

cause confusion in an ora‘ epic. Literary art is conscious and evident throughout.

Vergil’s epic was written to exalt a national ideal. It was solemnly dedicated to the altar of Rome and Augustus, and was designed to demonstrate Rome's divinely ordained mission as ruler of the world. The poet seeks to enshrine all Roman life, history, and ritual in its pages. In Aeneas he portrays the ideal Roman, one who subordinated personal desires and reactions to the sense of duty in order to accomplish the establishment in Italy of the Roman race. Vergil's allusions to the Julian gens were suggestions to contemporary Romans

that they would

find in Augustus

Aeneas and a similar mission—the its pristine ideals.

the same

virtues as were

refounding

INTRODUCTION

TO

of Rome

THE

exemplified in

and the restoration

of

AENEID

The theme of Vergil's Aeneid, one of the most enduring monuments

of the

Roman Empire, is the glorification of Rome. Its purpose was to show that the history of Rome, rising from its humble origin in the far-distant past, through

its long struggle for supremacy, to the world power of the Augustan regime, was part of a divine plan.

The poem provides entertainment, but this was secondary to Vergil's conscious moral, educational, and propagandistic purposes. No other literary work, with the exception of the Bible, has perhaps had such an influence on so many

generations of writers

and

thinkers.

The story begins with the fall of Troy. THE

STORY

OF

TROY

Troy was the chief city of the Troad, a district in the northwest part of Asia

Minor, four miles from the entrance to the Hellespont (now the Dardanelles), on a plateau at the foot of Mount

Ida, between

the two rivers known

as the

Simois and Scamander (Xanthus in the Aeneid), in the district called Phrygia.

(The Trojans were often called Phryges.) The site of ancient Troy is now known as Hissarlik, and the district is in Turkey. According to tradition, the city of Ilium or Troja was founded by King Ilus. His successor, Laomedon, wanted to build strong walls of defense around Troy and accepted the help of the gods Apollo and Poseidon. When the task had been accomplished, he treacherously refused to pay the gods the reward he had promised. In revenge, Poseidon sent a huge sea monster to whom Laomedon was forced to offer his daughter Hesione in order to save his kingdom.

19

The Story of Troy

(Hercules) was passing through the

It happened by chance that Heracles

promised him the horses of Zeus, given to his father, if

region, and Laomedon

he would rescue Hesione.

Heracles

destroyed

girl to her father, but again Laomedon

and

the monster

the

restored

Hera-

broke his promise. The enraged

cles killed Laomedon and all his sons, except Priam, and razed the city. This was the first destruction of Troy. Priam,

king

the next

became

of Troy,

fifty splendid sons of all ages, the most distinguished of whom Deiphobus,

Helenus

the soothsayer,

Polites,

and

He

for his wealth.

proverbial

Troilus.

His

had

were Hector, son

Paris

was,

of course, notorious for causing the Trojan War. Many lovely daughters graced Priam's palace, among whom

were Creusa, Laodice,

Cassandra,

and Polyxena.

Creusa's husband was Aeneas, son of Anchises, an ancient Trojan

The city of Troy, according to the legend, was situated could be seen from afar. It was a stately city with high walls towers built by the hands of the gods. Within, the city was many thoroughfares. It was accessible from two sides only.

warrior.

on a height and and ramparts and hilly and cut by On one of these

stood the Scaean Gates, on the other, the Dardanian Gates, both fortified by towers. On the acropolis were situated the palaces of Priam and Paris, the

temples of Hecate, Athene, and Apollo, and on the loftiest point, the temple of Zeus. Between the city of Troy and the sea were the meadows of the Scamander

and the plains of Troy. This large stretch of land, which

could be

crossed on foot in four hours, was admirably suited for a battlefield, and it was here that for ten years the Greeks contended with the Trojans for the possession of their city. It was during the reign of Priam that Troy, about 1184 8.c., was tricked and

destroyed by the Greeks. Until the late nineteenth century the story of the Trojan War and even of the existence of a city to be destroyed was classed among

the legends

and treated

as such by classical scholars

and historians.

Then in 1868 Dr. Henry Schliemann, a wealthy German who was neither a professional classical scholar nor a trained archaeologist, motivated by a strong lifelong conviction that the story of Troy must have a historic basis, traveled the long route to Turkey, and in 1870 made an attempt to excavate an eightyfive-foot mound at Hissarlik, which he was convinced was Homer’s Troy. Immediate and stupendous success rewarded his first attempts, which were guided more by instinct than by archaeological method. Primarily because of the later assistance of a young architect named Dorpfeld, who proved to be an archaeologist of precise scientific method

and judgment,

not one but nine

cities called Troy were discovered, one superimposed upon the other. Dórpfeld, after much

study,

concluded

that Troy

VI

was

Homer's

Trov,

but

this

conclusion was modified in 1937 by an American archaeologist named Blegen. His more meticulous digging showed a layer known as VIIA which had been

destroyed by fire, and Troy VIIA is now accepted as the true Homeric Trov (see p. I-12).

: Because of Schliemann's intuition and persistence, the story of Troy and the Trojan War is now accepted as a historic fact. His pioneer work was the be-

20

Introduction to the Aeneid

ginning of the new science of arcnaeology which has stimulated such widespread interest today. He not only proved that there was a background of reality to the legends of the Trojan Cycle, but he led the way to the discovery of a civilization that was hundreds of years older than that of historic Greece. (The fascinating story of Schliemann’s excavations and discoveries in ancient places is interestingly told in The Greek Stones Speak by Paul MacKendrick. ) THE

STORY

OF

THE

TROJAN

WAR

The cause of the Trojan War lay in a romance, whose subject was the elopement of Helen, wife of a Greek king, with Paris, son of Priam, king of Troy. The other kings of Greece united to avenge the wrong to Menelaus, Helen's

lawful husband, and the ten-year siege and the capture of Troy followed. The story of the romance and its tragic consequences runs as follows: Hecuba, wife of the Trojan king Priam, had dreamed before the birth of her

son Paris that her child would be a firebrand who would destroy the city of Troy. Accordingly, arrangements were made for the newborn Paris to be left on Mount

Ida to die. He was rescued, however,

and grew

up as a shepherd,

unknown to his regal parents.

Some years later there was a grand marriage to which all the gods were invited, with the exception of Eris, or Discord. In revenge, Eris threw into the

midst of the wedding guests a golden apple with the inscription: “To the Fairest.” Three

goddesses,

Juno,

Minerva,

and

Venus,

all claimed

the apple

and

went to Jupiter to settle the matter. Not wishing to become involved, Jupiter sent word

to Mercury,

the messenger

of the gods,

to conduct

the three

con-

testants to Mount Ida, not far from Troy, where Paris would be the judge of the merits of each of the goddesses. Each secretly offered him a great reward. He decided in favor of Venus, who promised that he would have the most

beautiful woman in the world for his wife (see p. I-14). Paris, directed by Venus, sailed to Greece, and was received by Menelaus,

king of Sparta. Here he met Helen, wife of Menelaus, and persuaded her to elope with him. The king, outraged by the loss of his wife and by Paris’ breach

of trust and hospitality, aroused the Greek states to arms. Under the leadership of his brother, Agamemnon, Aulis in Boeotia,

whence

king of Mycenae, a great fleet was assembled in

they sailed for Troy.

Achilles

was

their most, illus-

trious warrior, with Diomedes almost his equal; Ajax was mighty in stature and courage; and Ulysses, a very shrewd and cunning Greek. The most conspicuous among the Trojan leaders were Hector, son of Priam and the hope of Troy, and Aeneas, son-in-law of Priam and second in command of the Trojans defending their city against the attacking Greeks.

In the tenth year of the siege, Troy was insidiously invaded by the Greeks exploiting a scheme suggested by the “wily” Ulysses. The city was set on fire, and the people, who had been celebrating the pretended departure of the Greeks and were sleeping soundly after their feasting, were slaughtered or taken prisoner. The few survivors fled wherever

they could.

21

Introduction to the Aeneid THE

OF

STORY

AENEAS

The mythical hero Aeneas was born on Mount Ida, the son of Anchises of the kingly line of Troy, and of Aphrodite

(Venus), the goddess of love. Acneas

was, therefore, both royal and semidivine by birth. Ile became part of Priam’s royal family when he married Creusa, the king's beautiful daughter.

In Homer's Iliad Aeneas was a Trojan warrior on a par in skill and bravery with the great Trojan champion Hector. During the war Aeneas fought with Diomedes, Idomeneus, and even Achilles, but each time was saved from certain death by the timely intervention of the gods. It is likewise from Homer's

Iliad that we learn that Poseidon had prophesied that Aeneas and his descend-

ants would rule over the Trojans. This prophecy may have been the primary cause of the Aeneas legend in Italy. In Vergil's epic, Aeneas is represented

as the ancestor

of Augustus

and

by

his Trojan son Ascanius (Iulus), the founder of the Géns Julia, which was the family

to which

Julius

Caesar,

Augustus'

father by

adoption,

belonged.

The

hero is characterized as the personification of pietàs (devotion to duty), ready all for his family

to sacrifice

and

his countrymen

and

to fulfill

the

mission

which the gods have set before him, even though in the fulfillment of duty he must endure all kinds of hardships and undergo all sorts of dangers. The mythical figure, according to Vergil, typifies Augustus in a heroic guise, the exemplar for all Roman citizens. He is the idealized leader and ruler, the father

of his people, and the submissive servant to the high destiny willed for him by the gods. The character of Aeneas is intended not only as a glorification of

the emperor himself, who brought universal peace after so many

civil wars

and established an efficiently organized empire embracing nearly the whole of the Mediterranean world, but also as a panegyric of the Romans, who were

now rulers of the world as much by the practice of Romànitàs as by the force of Roman THE

arms.

STORY

OF

THE

AENEID

Vergil's Aeneid is composed of twelve books. The narrative is begun with a flashback. Aeneas and his Trojan companions have ended their sixth winter of wandering at Sicily; now they joyfully set sail with hope. This hope, however, is doomed to placable enemy Juno persuades Aeolus, god which drives them far off their course to the

for Italy. Their hearts are high cruel disappointment. Their imof the winds, to send a storm, coast of Africa, near the newly

founded city of Carthage. Here they are hospitably received by the beautiful queen

Dido.

In honor

of the

Trojans,

she

gives

a banquet,

during

which,

through the machinations of Venus, she begins to fall in love with Aeneas. She asks him to tell the story of the fall of Troy and of their subsequent wanderings. With deep emotion Aeneas begins. After ten years of unsuccessful war, the Greeks, through the device of the Wooden Horse, accomplish by treachery what

they failed to accomplish by war. They destroy Troy by fire and its citizens by the sword. Some are carried off to slavery; a few survivors escape. Aeneas

Introduction to the Aeneid

22

escapes with his father Anchises and his son Ascanius and many fugitive com-

panions, who build twenty vessels with timber from the forests of Mount Ida.

As soon as these are ready, they start on their long voyage in search of an unknown,

though diviaely appointed, home.

First they land at Thrace, a country not far from Troy; from there they sail

to Delos, and then they make their way to Crete. Warned by the Penates, the houschold gods which they had brought with them from Troy, that they must seek Italy, they leave Crete and sail toward the west. A storm arises, and they

take refuge on one of the Strophades, a group of islands west of the Peloponnesus, but soon

they are sailing

again,

this time north

to the promontory

of

Actium, where they spend the winter. In the spring they voyage to Buthrotum on the coast of Epirus, where they receive advice from Apollo regarding the rest of their journcy. Their next stop is at Drepanum in western Sicily, where Anchises dies. Thus Aeneas concludes his story.

Dido falls passionately in love with Aeneas and seeks marriage with him in order to hold him with her in Carthage. Though Aeneas consents, Jupiter soon warns him, through his messenger Mercury, that he is forgetting his destiny

and bids him leave Carthage at once. Aeneas obeys, and Dido, brokenhearted, commits suicide. The light from her funeral pyre is the last thing that Aeneas sees as he sails away from the shores of Africa. The Trojans return to Sicily, where, on the anniversary of Anchises’ death,

they celebrate games in his honor. Then they set sail for Italy and arrive at Cumae in Campania. On the voyage, Palinurus, Aeneas’ pilot, is overpowered

by sleep and falls overboard. At Cumae, accompanied by the Sibyl, a prophetess and priestess of Apollo, Aeneas enters the Lower World. In Hades he meets the spirit of Dido, but she turns away without speaking

to him. In the

Elysian Fields he is directed to Anchises, who in a long prophecy shows him

the shadowy forms of his descendants and reveals to him the destiny of his people, the future greatness of Rome, her conquests and her heroes, and finally Augustus, who will rule a great empire. Other peoples will be greater artists, orators,

and

scientists;

the

Roman

destiny

will be

to rule

the world.

Among the rest, he points out Marcellus, Augustus’ first son-in-law, who has died even while

the Aeneid

was

being written.

Finally,

Anchises,

having

in-

structed Aeneas about his own duties in Italy, escorts him and the Sibyl out of Hades.

The first six books of the Aeneid tell of Aeneas’ long wanderings in search of the destined land of Italy. The last six relate the story of the Trojans in Italy

and of the war which they had to fight with the inhabitants of Latium. It ended only Turnus.

with

Aeneas’

victory

over

the

enemys

champion,

the

Rutulian

Aeneas sails along the coast of Italy to the mouth of the Tiber. Landing there he forms an alliance with Latinus, king of the Latins, who is living at his city of Laurentum. The king promises him the hand of his daughter Lavinia who, before the arrival of Aeneas, has been betrothed to Turnus, the Rutulian king.

Hostile Turnus forms a confederacy of the neighboring peoples, including even

The World of Vergil 0 Pride and Guide of Poets each and all! May it avail that I with love immense long hours pondered all thy book can teach! My pilot, thou from whom alone I took the noblest style that does me honor now! -Dante: Inferno, I, 82-87

Octavian: Egypt's nemesis and Rome's ruler.

This panorama of the Nile, at right, shows the seething, many-sided life of the Delta. The upper section is a sort of zoo, with all the real and f abulous animals of the region and their names. Beneath are sacred structures and hams, priests and worshipers, farmers and servants, oxen and birds. In the lower left corner, hippopotami and crocodiles bask in the sun near a partly submerged pergola, where a picnic is in progress. In the lower right comer, a peasant and his wife watch a rowboat, filled with soldiers, approach a pavilion with an awning for shade. Behind this is a tower villa with an enclosed garden. To the right, a small shrine is carried in procession. Canoes poled by natives and pleasure boats witb ,..:1); ,v., r,1y the exotic Nile.

Antony: Roman consul and husband of Egypt's queen.

I-.3

Cleopatra:

Egypt's ambitious

queen.

The mosaic below once decorated the sanctuary of the Temple of Fortune at Palestrina, Italy. It is a copy from the Sullan period of an Alexandrian original of the second century B.C. and was discovered in the seventeenth century. At present it is displayed in the Barberini Palace, now a museum.

1-4

Combat between man and man.

Gory combats were daily routine in major Roman amphitheaters. In the mosaic aho,T, \vhich dates from the fourth century A.D., the conflict is man against man. Two gladiators have already been slain, and two are about to receive the fatal thrust. The mosaic below depicts man against beast. A /Jcstilirius, a specialist in stalking and ki1ling wild animals, is about to spear a leopard.

Combat between man and beast.

I-.5

The Imperial Couple A cameo is a gem consisting of two layers, with a figure carved in one layer so that it is raised on the background of the other. The cameo technique is principally employed on the stones or seashells which have layers of different color or on glass prepared in that manner. This ornamental gem approach originated in Alexandria in early Hellenistic times and became very popular in Home, especially among the wealthy. Members of the imperial family had their portraits or historic exploits carved in cameo medallions. The cameo of the emperor Augustus, at bottom left, is in the British \1 useum. The emperor wears an aegis and gorgoneion, protective shield an

5

.

€

62. versare, occumbere:

utrumque.

-

in apposition

versare

dolos:

64.

with

to practice

wiles. morti: dat. with compound 63.

.

verb.

visendi: gen. of gerund, depending on studio; abl. of cause. circumfundo: pour around; circumfüsa: crowding around; perf. pass. part. used as pres. ruó: rush in. certant: strive; pl.

with

collective

stressed.

noun,

illado:

with

mock.

dat. with compound

verb; masc. part.

65.

Accipe — Audi:

Aeneas

is addressing

79.

66.

disce omnis: learn [the nature of] them

67.

all; ut:

hemistich. as. turbatus:

abashed;

actor. inermis:

65. Phrygius: around;

he

was

a

unarmed.

Trojan. circumspexit: looked The

spondaic

close

suggests

the hopeless glance. 69. Heu: Alas; Sinon tries to arouse the pity of the Trojans. quae tellüs mé: sc. potest accipere. 70. quid restat: what course is left. 71. cui: dat. of possession. neque — nón.

-

-

quid ferat: what he has to say; indir. question. memoret: let him tell; indir. command, jussive subj. fidücia: reliance,

Dido.

good

|

of ut with the subj. cretus [sit]: he has arisen.

prisoner;

used as noun.

-

usquam: anywhere, locus: sc. est. super: besides; adv. ipsi: even. 72. infensus: hostile. posco: demand. 73. Quo gemitü: by this groaning ( piteous appeal). convertó: change; conversi: sc. sunt. animi: feelings. comprimo: repress; compressus: sc. est. 74. Hortàmur: sc. illum. fari: inf. instead

individuals

capto:

-

trust.

[ei]

capto:

[to

him]

a

prisoner; dat. of possession; quae . . . capto: what trust is to him a prisoner (what makes a prisoner so bold). 16. haec: sc. dicta. formido: fear; déposita

formidine: tended.

again to be . fuerit come

abl. abs.; the fear is pre-

fatur: speaks; this line is found

in Book III, l. 612 and is thought out of place here. quodcumque: whatever shall have of it (come what may).

78. me: SC. esse. 79. miserum: pred. acc. Sinónem = mé.

89

Book II

finxit, vinum etiam mendäcemque improba finget. Fando aliquod si forte tuàs pervenit ad auris Belidae nómen Palamedis et incluta fama gloria, quem falsa sub proditione Pelasgi insontem infando indicio, quia bella vetabat, démisére neci, nunc cassum lümine lügent; illi me comitem

80

85

et consanguinitate propinquum

pauper in arma pater primis hüc misit ab annis.

Sinon Pretends to Be Fleeing from the Hatred of Ulysses Dum

stabat regno incolumis, regumque vigebat

conciliis, et nos aliquod nomenque decusque gessimus; invidia postquam pellacis Ulixi

90

(haud ignota loquor) superis concessit ab oris, afflictus vitam in tenebris lüctüque trahébam, 80. fingo:

fashion, make. vànum, mendacem: pred. acc.; mendax: lying. improba: though shameless; modifies fortüna understood. 81. Fandó: by hearsay; abl. of the gerund. aliquod Bélidae nomen Palamédis: any such name as Palamedes, the son of Belus; Belus was king of Egypt; aliquod: adv. acc. 82. incluta . . . glória: the renown made famous

by

report;

nomen

and

neci — ad necem: dat. of direction. [illum] cassum lümine: [him] deprived of life; lumine: abl. of separation. lügeo: mourn. 86. illi: dat. of reference; emphatic by position. comitem: as a companion. con-

sanguinitàte propinquum: related by ties of blood; consanguinitate: abl. of respect. Here He

was

gloria

father's

is sing. to agree with its nearest sub-

87. pauper:

ject.

[charge

of]

treason.

under Pelasgi:

a false Greeks;

to he

84. insons:

ter from

Priam,

containing a bribe. On

the suggestion of Ulysses, the Greeks searched the tent, found the money and letter, and

condemned

Palamedes

to death. bella: poetic pl; The Trojan

medes,

far

from

opposing

against Troy, promoted démisére

=

démisérunt:

the

war

it. condemned.

who

was

but

his

cousin.

war.

arma:

war,

was

able

to

among the Romans

by

metonymy.

bear

arms,

which

was at the age of

seventeen.

88. stabat:

the

subject

is Palamédés

un-

derstood. régno incolumis: secure in royal power; régnô: abl. of respect. vigeo: flourish. 89. conciliis: in the assemblies; abl. of place where. et — etiam. nos — ego. decus: glory, prestige. 90. invidia:

wily. 91. haud

War is meant; Palamedes was slain for

opposing it. vetabat: used to forbid; indic. because it gives the reason of the speaker; this was false; actually Pala-

to Palamedes,

to Ulysses,

primis ab annis: at an early age when

cf. note 45.

innocent. infandô indicio: on outrageous evidence; abl. of means. Palamedes exposed the feigned madness of Ulysses, who at first shirked going to the Trojan War. Ulysses revenged himself by secreting in the tent of Palamedes money and a forged let-

related

poor; his father's poverty was given as the reason for sending Sinon

»

83. falsa . . . proditione:

too Sinon speaks falsely.

not

related

but the verb

are subjects of pervenit,

85.

was

envy;

ignóta:

abl.

of

cause.

litotes. superis

pellàx:

ab ôris:

from the world above; contrasted with Hades. concessit = décessit: euphemism; 92.

subject

is Palamedes.

afflictus:

in

deep

darkness.

luctus:

distress. grief.

tenebrae:

trahébam:

dragged out; imperf. to show continued action.

I

90

The Aeneid

et cäsum insontis mecum indignabar amici. Nec tacui démens, et me, fors si qua tulisset, si patrios umquam

remeassem

victor ad Argos,

95

promisi ültó".m, et verbis odia aspera -móvi. Hinc mihi prima mali làbes, hinc semper Ulixes criminibus terrere novis, hinc spargere voces in vulgum

ambiguas,

et quaerere cónscius arma.

Nec requiévit enim, donec, Calchante ministro—

100

sed quid ego haec autem nequiquam ingrata revolvo, quidve moror, si omnis üno ordine habetis Achivos, idque audire sat est? Jam düdum sümite poenäs: hoc Ithacus velit, et màgno mercentur Atridae.’ casus:

93.

misfortune

nocent. mécum: 94.

(death).

indignor:

be indignant.

taceo:

silent.

be

insôns:

in-

arma

with myself (secretly). déméns:

100. mad,

in

tro:

my

madness. 94-96. mé...

interest;

in

native; patrios ad Argos:

gratus:

syncope;

97.

abl.

unwelcome.

why

ín vain. in-

revolvo = nàrro.

linger

(postpone

my

103.

[of scoundrels]. id: the fact that I am a Greek. Jam düdum: long since; modifies debitas

understood. 104.

sümite inflict. poenas:

debitàs. Ithacus — Ulixes:

king

of Ithaca;

sc. Ith-

aca is the supposed birthplace of Ulys-

Ulixis is understood. moveo: arouse. Hinc: From this moment. mihi: dat. of reference. malum: misfortune. labés:

ses. velit: would like; subj. in the conclusion of a future-less-vivid condition, with the conditional clause omitted; so also mercentur. magno: abl. of price,

quaerere (1. 99); hist. inf. 98. crimen: accusation. spargo: spread. vocés: rumors. 99. vulgum: masc. acc.; a rare form; vul-

gus is usually neut. ambiguus:

doubt-

ful. conscius: conscious of guilt; the reference is to the death of Palamedes.

GO for UE

minis-

his assistant;

myself as an avenger. odia: poetic pl.;

slipping [cause]; sc. mihi fuit. Ulixés: subject of terrere, spargere (1. 98),

FOR

Calchante

vio-

doom). si omnis habétis Achivôs: synchysis. Gnd ordine: as the same type

remeassem = rediissem.

96. mé (1. 94) promisi ültorem: I promised

being

to do

aposiopesis.

. quid moror;

syn-

ecdoche; Simon's home was in Euboea; Argos, a city, is used here for all Greece. remeassem = remeävissem:

Calchas

means

. autem = véré. néquiquam:

indir. statement after promisi. In a direct statement these words would have been in the fut. perf. indic.

95. patrius:

the

den break just at the point of keenest

present itself; tulisset, remeassem: plup. in the protasis of a condition

me]:

abs.; Calchas was a famous soothsayer in the Grecian camp. Notice the sud-

ültórem: indir. statement depending on promisi. fors: opportunity. tulisset = obtulisset [se]: should subj.

[in

lence to Sinon. requievit = cessavit.

used substantively. mercentur: would purchase. Atridae: the sons of Atreus,

Agamemnon and Menelaus. A clever ruse on the part of Sinon; mothing would afford the Greek leaders greater joy than that the Trojans had put Sinon to death.

DISCUSSION

What was Sinon's reaction when he found himself among his enemies?

What at first was the attitude of the Trojans toward Sinon? What caused the Trojans’ change in their attitude toward Sinon? How did Sinon incur the enmity of Ulysses in Sinon's fabrication? Against whom had Sinon sworn vengeance?

91

Book II An Oracle Has Demanded “Tum

Human

vero ardémus

Sacrifice from the Greeks

scitari, et quaerere

causas

105

ignäri scelerum tantórum artisque Pelasgae.

Prosequitur pavitans, et ficto pectore fatur: “‘Saepe fugam

Danai Troja cupiere relicta

moliri, et longo fessi discedere bello

(fecissentque utinam!); saepe illos aspera ponti interclusit hiems et terruit Auster euntis;

110

praecipue, cum jam hic trabibus contextus acernis staret equus, toto sonuérunt aethere nimbi. Suspensi Eurypylum scitatum oracula Phoebi mittimus, isque adytis haec tristia dicta reportat: Sanguine placastis ventos et virgine caesa,

cum primum

115

Iliacas, Danai, venistis ad oras;

sanguine quaerendi reditüs, animaque litandum Argolica. Vulgi quae vox ut venit ad auris, obstipuere animi, gelidusque per ima cucurrit

120

ossa tremor, cui fata parent, quem poscat Apollo. 105. Tum véró: Then more than ever; introducing the most decisive point in the narrative. question. 106. 107.

ardeo:

burn,

long. scitàri:

to

115. 116.

molior: 108.

undertake;

longo

bello:

obj. abl.

is fugam, of means

1.

with

fessi. fessi: wearied. fecissent: optative subj. asper: fierce, violent. pontus: sea. 111. intercludo: hinder. hiems: storm; metonymy. Auster: south wind. euntis: as they were trying to go; conative pres.

suspénsus:

anxious;

translate

as

adv.

Eurypylus: a famous Greek seer. scitàtum:

to consult; supine

after a verb of

oracula

the

most

isque — et

is:

sanctuary;

adytis:

Eurypvlus.

adytum:

abl. of place

where.

Sanguine virgine caesà: with the blood

syncope.

117. 118.

Iliacus: Trojan. quaerendi: phrastic

pl

sc.

119. 120.

sunt

nobis;

construction.

litandum:

periphrastic

acernus: of maple; cf. abiete, l. 16. This

114.

Apollo;

of Fair Women. placastis = placavistis:

cum jam: especially [was this so] when now. hic: modifies equus, ]. 113. trabs: beam. contexo: construct.

names for wood. 113. staret: subj. in cum-circumstantial cl. totó aethere: throughout the heavens. sono: resound. nimbus: storm cloud.

purpose.

of

has immortalized Iphigenia in his Dream

112. praecipué

apparent inconsistency is merely an epic convention; Vergil is using various

express

fleet on its way against Trov. Tennvson

110.

part.

oracles

of a slain maiden; hendiadvs; refers to the sacrifice of Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon, which Artemis (Diana) demanded of her father before consenting to give favorable winds to the Greek

vérunt, 109.

to

Phoebi:

famous of these oracles was at Delphi. The next most important was at Delos, Apollo's birthplace.

artis — doli.

prosequor: proceed; Sinon continues his tale. pavito: tremble. ficto pectore: with dissembling heart; abl. of manner. 108. Troja relicta: abl. abs. cupiére — cupi-

motion

sc.

est;

pass.

reditüs:

peripoetic

impers.;

construction.

pass.

Atonement

must be made with the life of a Greek. quae = haec. ut: as. auris: ears.

obstipuére = obstipuérunt. animi: their minds. gelidus:

icy; modifies tremor, |.

121. per ima ossa: through the innermost 121.

bones

(their very

marrow).

tremor: trembling. cui . . . parent [talem mortem]: for whom the oracles

prepare [such a death]; indir. question depending

on

tremor.

92

The Aeneid

Sinon, Selected by Ulysses as the Victim, Escapes Hic Ithacus vatem màgno Calchanta tumultü prôtrahit in medios; quae sint ea nümina divum flagitat. Et 1aihi jam multi crudele cariebant artificis scelus, et taciti ventüra videbant. Bis quinos silet ille dies, tectusque recusat prodere

voce sua quemquam

aut opponere

125

morti.

Vix tandem, magnis Ithaci clamoribus actus, composito rumpit vôcem, et me destinat arae. Assensere omnes, et quae sibi quisque timebat

130

ünius in miseri exitium conversa tulere. Jamque dies infanda aderat; mihi sacra parari et salsae früges et circum tempora

vittae.

Eripui, fateor, leto mé, et vincula rüpi, limósoque

lacü per noctem

obscurus

in ulvà

135

delitui, dum vela darent, si forte dedissent. Nec mihi jam patriam antiquam spes ülla videndi nec dulcis nätôs exoptatumque parentem, quos illi fors et poenas ob nostra reposcent effugia, et culpam hanc miserorum morte piabunt. 122.

Hic:

Hereupon.

vatem

. . . tumult:

Ithacus:

Ulysses.

synchysis;

Calchas;

acc. sing.; Greek

132.

infandus: accursed. sacra: all accessories to the sacrifice. parari: hist. inf.

133.

salsae frugés: salted meal; ground corn,

vatés:

seer, poct. magno tumultü: with loud shouting; said of Ulysses. Calchanta:

mixed

crudele:

artifex:

speak

with scelus, l. 125.

schemer.

for

fear

taciti:

of

what was coming; ace. pl. neut. 126.

Bis

tent. recuso: 127. 128. 129.

Ulysses. used

quinos = decem.

ille: Calchas.

not

téctus:

daring

to

be silent.

concealed

in his

refuse.

the victim for the sacrifice. Assénsére

— Assénsérunt:

. . . exitium:

agreed.

to the destruction

of one poor wretch; notice the short i in unius. tulere = tulérunt: they [the Greeks]

endured.

134. 135.

brow.

was

sprinkled

before

vittae:

on

a sacrifice.

bands;

the

tem-

these were

the

statues

of

the

gods

were

bound. fateor: confess. leto = morte.

limôsus:

muddy.

rus: hidden 136.

prôdô: designate. opponó: expose. Vix: with difficulty. composito: as agreed; adv. rumpit

ünius

and

ventüra:

vocem: he breaks speech (he speaks); vocem, cognate acc. destino: mark, destine. arae: for the altar, i.e., to be 130. 131.

pus:

salt,

head

fillets of white wool, with which the brow of the victim, and also the priest,

substantively;

sileo:

with

victim’s

form.

. protraho: drag forth. in medios: into our midst. quae . . . nümina: what do those responses mean. 124. flagito: demand. jam canébant: were already foretelling. crüdelis: heartless; 125.

110

lacus:

marsh.

obscü-

(so that I was concealed);

prolepsis. ulva: swamp

grass.

delitesco:

dum

hide

(lurk).

[Danai]

vela darent: anticipatory cl. dedissent: they should sail; subj. in a paft-future cl. in indir. statement. 137. mihi dat. of possession. 138. dulcis nàtos: sweet children;

incon-

sistent with primis ab annis, l. 87, but Sinon's story was fabrication, and he evidently made a slip. exopto: long for. 139. quôs, poenas: double acc. after verb of demanding. illi — Danai. fors: perhaps; adv. reposcô: demand. 140. effugia: escape; poetic pl. hanc = meam.

miserôrum:

sc.

illorum.

Chil-

dren were sometimes punished for the parent's crime. pio: expiate.

93

Book II

Quod té per superos et conscia numina véri, per si qua est quae restat adhüc mortalibus

usquam

intemerata fides, oro, miserere laborum tantórum, 141. Quod:

miserére

Wherefore;

acc.

animi non digna ferentis."

of respect.

te

— Priamum: obj. of oro. superos: the gods above. 142. per: sc. eam fidem. si qua est: if there is any. quae restat modifies fides, 1. 143. adhuc: still. 143. intermerata fides: inviolable faith ( honFOR

144.

or). misereor: pity. laborum: gen. with miserere. animi: animus, the soul, is used for man by metonymy. nón digna — indigna: undeserved things (treatment); obj. of ferentis.

DISCUSSION

1. Why would the Trojans tend to believe Sinon's story that the Greeks were anxious

to return to their homeland?

2. What prevented the Greeks, according to Sinon's story, from fulfilling their desire? 3. How did the Greeks attempt to find a solution for their difficulties? 4. Why

were

the

Greeks

terrified

when

the

proposed

solution

was

made

known?

5. Under

what

circumstances

did Sinon

escape

from

the Greek

camp?

The Trojans Pity Sinon and Ask Him the Purpose of the Horse “His lacrimis vitam damus, et miseréscimus ultro. Ipse viró primus manicas

atque arta levari

vincla jubet Priamus, dictisque ita fatur amicis:

"Quisquis es, amissos hinc jam obliviscere Grajos; noster eris, mihique

haec

edissere vera roganti.

Quo molem hanc immanis equi statuere? Quis auctor, quidve petunt? Quae religio aut quae machina

150

belli?

Dixerat. Ille, dolis instrüctus et arte Pelasga, sustulit exütàs vinclis ad sidera palmas: 145. His

lacrimis:

To

these

tears

(To

this

tearful appeal); synecdoche. miserëscô: pity; sc. Sindnem. ültrô: besides; they give him more than he asks. 146. Ipse: refers to Priamus, l. 147. manicae: handcuffs. artus: tight. levari: to be removed. 147. vincla:

bonds;

syncope.

dictis

amissos

acc.

commonly

instead

of

gen.

149. noster: one of us. haec véra: these true

(the

truth).

édissere:

relate;

fo my questioning

Quo: For what purpose. moles: mass. statuére = statuerunt: the subject is Danai

understood.

Quis:

sc. fuit. auc-

tor: contriter.

151. Quae

religio: What sacred offering; the first syllable is lengthened; diastole.

152. Dixerat:

engine. He (Priam)

ing. Ille: Sinon.

used

with obliviscor. hinc jam: from henceforth. obliviscere: forget; imperative. things

150.

machina:

Grajos:

roganti:

(questions).

amicis:

abl. of manner. Whoever.

148. Quisquis:

imperative.

153.

sustulit:

finished

he raised. exuo:

speak.

free. vinclis:

abl. of separation; syncope. ad sidera: to the stars (all the heavenly bodies);

it was broad daylight.

94

The Aeneid

"VOs, aeterni ignes, et non violabile vestrum testor nümen,' ait, ‘vos, drae ensesque nefandi, quos fügi, vittaeque deum, quàs hostia gessi: fas mihi Grajorum sacrata resolvere jüra, fas odisse viros atque omnia ferre sub auras, si qua tegunt, teneor patriae nec legibus ullis. Tü modo

promissis maneas,

servataque

155

serves

160

Troja fidem, si vera feram, si màgna rependam. Calchas

Proposes a Way of Placating the Indignant Pallas - Omnis spes Danaum et coepti fidücia belli Palladis auxiliis semper stetit. Impius ex quó

Tydides sed enim scelerumque inventor Ulixes, fatale aggressi sacräto avellere templo

165

Palladium, caesis summae cüstodibus arcis, corripuere

sacram

effigiem, manibusque

cruentis

virgineàs ausi divae contingere vittas, ex illo fluere ac retro sublàpsa referri spes Danaum, fractae vires, Aversa deae mens. . aeterni ignes:

other

the sun,

heavenly

ancients

moon,

luminaries,

thought

were

globes

of

163.

the

auxiliis stetit: depended on auxiliis, pl. because given

fire

occasions.

stars, and

which

and inhabited by divinities; apostrophe. nón violabile: testor:

156.

154. enses nefandi: accurscd swords ( sacrificial knives). deum = deorum. hostia: sacrificial vic-

obj. is Vos, 1.

fas:

right;

to break

sc.

est.

my solemn

sacrata

ex

quo

Diomedes;

a

Greek

leader;

patronymic, sed enim: however. 165. fatale: fateful: modifies Palladium, 166. aggredior:

|.

undertake, avello: tear

away. templo: abl. of separation. 166.

tim.

wicked.

ex illo [die], l. 169. 164. Tydides:

155.

157.

Impius:

the help; on many

[die]: from the [day]; correlative with

inviolable, i.e., not to be

desecrated by perjury. I call to witness;

170

Palladium:

Greek diminutive

of Pallas;

a small wooden image of Pallas supposed to have fallen from heaven. As

. . . jira:

oath. Jüs means or objustice,

long as it remained in Troy, the city could not be captured. Ulysses and

will. Grajorum: of (to) the Greeks. 158. odi: hate. ferre sub auras: to bring out to light. 159. si qua tegunt: whatever they [the

Diomedes, in disguise, entered the citadel, and, having slain the guards,

luted

by

Greeks] conceal; qua: acc. pl. neut. 160. promissis: in (by) your promises; abl.

these

Greeks,

natural right, law, duty, oath, ligation; fas, divine right, law,

of place where. maneas, tory subj; poetic use. 161.

if

to King Priam. si . . . vera:

dam: fut.; also feram; take as presents.

coepti . . . belli: confidence in which the war began; belli: obj. gen.

the

bloodstained

the

according

abl.

abs.

hands

of

was

of-

to Sinon.

caesis

cüs-

summae

arcis:

the

goddess

acropolis on which her temple stood. 167.

than

if I relate the truth. magna = magna praemia. rependo: pay back; repen162.

fended,

todibus:

serves: hortaservata: pre-

served; modifies Trója, l. 161. Troja: voc.; more impressive addressed

bore off the image. Because it was pol-

corripuere — corripuérunt.

effigies:

im-

age. cruentus: bloody. 168. virgineus: pure. audeo: dare; ausi: sc. sunt. diva: goddess. contingô: touch. 169. ex illo [die]: cf. l. 163. fluere, referri:

hist. inf. retro: backward. sublabor: slip down; sublapsa: gradually.

170. fractae: sc. sunt. aversa: sc. est.

95

Book II

Nec dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris. Vix positum castris simulacrum:

àrsere coruscae

luminibus flammae arrectis, salsusque per artus

sudor iit, terque ipsa solo (mirabile dictu) emicuit, parmamque ferens hastamque trementem. Extemplo temptanda fuga canit aequora Calchas nec posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis,

175

omina ni repetant Argis numenque redücant, quod pelago et curvis secum avexere carinis.

Sinon Tells the Trojans That They Will Win the War if They Take the Horse into the City Et nunc quod patriäs ventô petiere Mycenas, arma deosque parant comités, pelagoque remenso

180

improvisi aderunt; ita digerit omina Calchas. Hanc pro Palladio moniti, pro nümine laeso effigiem statuere, nefas quae triste piaret.

Hanc

tamen

immensam

Calchas

attollere molem

roboribus textis caeloque edücere jussit, 171.

ea signa = ejus irae signa: signs of her

dücant: subj. in dependent cl. in indir.

anger.

statement.

Tritonia:

one

of Pallas’

Greek

cult-titles, said to be derived from Triton, a lake in Africa near which she

was

born.

Here

monstrum: las’ anger. 172. positum:

it is translated

portent,

indicative

179.

dictü:

supine;

175. emico:

mentem: is

relate;

shield.

tre-

the agitation of the goddess

indicated

spear. 176. Extemplo:

parma:

by

the

shaking

divine

= avexerunt: they carried away. carina: ship; synecdoche.

abl. of respect.

flash forth.

the

pelago: by sea; abl. of the way. avexére

her limbs (body). 174. sudor: perspiration. iit: flowed. ter: three times. ipsa: sc. effigiés, i.e., without external aid. solo from the ground.

to

nümen,

Pallas. 180.

of

her

quod: spect. means.

as to the fact that; acc. of repatrius: native. vento: abl. of petiere = petierunt.

in Argolis;

separation. salsus: salty. per artus: over

wonderful

to

of Pal-

sc. erat in. arsére = ärsérunt:

dicta:

refers

favor, brought with them from Greece.

flashed.*coruscus: glittering. 173. luminibus arréctis: staring eyes; abl. of

mirabile

quod:

181.

home

Mycénae:

of Agamemnon.

comités: in apposition with deos. lago remenso: abl. abs.; remétior: Cross.

pere-

improvisus: unforeseen. digero: interpret. omina: cf. ll. 171-75. 183. pro: in exchange for. moniti: warned; the Greeks. pro . . . laeso: in propitiation of the offended divinity.

182.

184.

nefas:

impiety.

quae

. . . piaret:

rel.

purpose cl.; pio: expiate. At

once.

esse; pass. periphrastic ment with canit. cano:

temptanda:

sc.

in indir. stateproclaim; canó

implies that Calchas spoke by inspiration.

177. Argolicus:

Greek. exscindô: destroy, raze. Pergama: the citadel of Troy, Troy; synecdoche.

178. ni — nisi. repeto:

repeat;

repetant,

re-

185.

Hanc imménsam molem: the Grecks were to build the horse so large that it

could not be drawn into Trov and protect the Trojans as had the Palladium. immensam: prolepsis. attollo: build. 186. roboribus textis: of interwoven timber: roboribus: abl. of material. caelo: dat. of

direction.

understood.

édüco:

raise;

molem

is

96

The Aeneid né recipi portis aut düci in moenia

posset

neu populum antiqua sub religione tueri; nam

si vestra manus

tum magnurr

violasset dóna

exitium

Minervae,

(quod di prius omen

in ipsum

190

convertant!) Priami imperio Phrygibusque futurum, sin manibus vestris vestram ascendisset in urbem,

ultro Asiam magno Pelopea ad moenia bello ventüram, et nostros ea fata manere nepotes.' "Talibus insidiis perjürique

arte Sinonis

195

credita res, captique dolis lacrimisque coactis, quôs neque Tydides nec Larissaeus Achilles, nón anni domuére decem, nón mille carinae. 187. né . . . posset: neg. purpose cl. 188. neu — néve: nor. antiqua sub religione:

under

[the guardianship

of] their

ancient religion; diastole. tuéri: to protect.

plup. subj. in indir. statement for fut. perf. of dir. . exitium: destruction. quod Omen: this augury. prius: sooner. ipsum: Calchas. . convertant: optative subj. imperio: dat. . violasset = violavisset:

of

possession.

Phrygibus:

to

the

Tro-

jans. futurum [esse]: inf. in indir. statement

quoting

Calchas!

supposed

state-

ment.

. sin:

but

if.

manibus

vestris:

abl.

194.

ventüram statement. [same]

[esse]: would come; ea fata manere:

fates

await;

indir.

indir. those

statement;

ea fata = exitium; poetic pl. nepdtés: descendants; obj. of manére. 195. arte: by the cunning; abl. of means. perjürus:

perjured; perjuri Sinonis:

Si-

non’s name was for a long time synonymous in literature with archtraitor. 196. crédita: sc. est. capti: sc. sumus and as subject sc. nôs, antecedent to quos. coactis: forced, feigned. 197. Tydides: son of Tydeus, Diomedes; a Greek leader. Larissaeus: Larissaean

of

(Thessalian); Achilles was not originally

means. ascendisset: sc. ille equus; subj. in subordinate cl. in indir. statement. . ültro: voluntarily, though unassailed. Asiam = Trojam. Pelopea moenia: the city of Argos, here used for Greece by synecdoche; the Greek leaders, Agamemnon and Menelaus were descendants of Pelops, who had reigned at

from Larissa, but from Phthia, another town in Thessaly. — 198. domuére = domuérunt: subdued; domuit is understood after Tydides and Achilles,

l.

197.

carinae:

keels,

ships;

synecdoche; Homer says that 1,186 ships went on the Trojan expedition.

Argos.

FOR

DISCUSSION

]. When hands

Sinon had finished the account of his supposed sufferings frgm the of the Greeks, what

questions

did Priam

ask?

2. What had cancelled all of Sinon's obligations to the Greeks? 3. What, according to Sinon, was considered a pledge of the safety of Troy?

OT

=

What effect, according to Sinon, had the crime of Diomedes and Ulysses had on the fortunes of the Greeks? . What were the arms by which the Palladium was distinguished? What three things, according to Sinon, did Calchas say the Greeks must do to win back the favor of Pallas? How, according to Sinon, would Troy?

the Trojans

outwit

the Greeks

and

save

97

Book II

While the Trojans Hesitate, Two Immense Sea Serpents Approach from Tenedos “Hic

aliud majus

miseris multoque

tremendum

objicitur magis, atque improvida pectora turbat.

200

Làocoón, ductus Neptüno sorte sacerdos, sollemnis taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras. Ecce autem gemini à Tenedo tranquilla per alta

(horresco referens) immensis orbibus angues incumbunt pelago, pariterque ad litora tendunt,

205

pectora quórum inter flüctüs arrécta jubaeque sanguineae superant undas; pars cétera pontum pone legit, sinuatque immensa volümine terga. Fit sonitus spumante

salo, jamque

arva tenebant,

ardentisque oculos suffecti sanguine et igni

210

sibila lambébant linguis vibrantibus ora.

The Serpents Destroy Laocoon and His Two Sons Diffugimus, visu exsangues.

Illi agmine

certo

Laocoonta petunt, et primum parva duorum corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque

implicat, et miseros morsü dépascitur artüs; post ipsum auxilio subeuntem

et tela ferentem

corripiunt, spirisque ligant ingentibus; et jam 199.

aliud majus: another greater [prodigy]. miseris: sc. nóbis. tremendum: dreadful; modified by multo magis; multo:

coils; abl. of manner; plural; poetic license.

209.

abl. of degree of difference. 200. objicitur: is presented. improvida: unsuspecting. pectora — animos. 201. Laocoon: Trojan priest of Neptune. ductus sorte: drawn (chosen) by lot.

Neptuno: 202. sollemnis 203.

dat. of reference. aras: the appointed

macto: slaughter, sacrifice. gemini angues: two snakes.

altars.

alta: deep;

usually sing.; adj. used as noun. shudder. referens: while relating. immensis orbibus: huge folds; abl. of manner. lie upon

(are seen breast-

ing). pelago: dat. with compound verb. pariter: side by side.

206. arrécta: erect. juba: crest, mane. 207. sanguineus: bloody (bloodred). pontus:

sea.

208. pone: behind, after; adv. lego: pick (skim). sinuô: wind. volümine: in

spümo:

for

splash; salo —

mari; spumante salo: abl. abs.; alliteration, onomatopoeia. arvum: field, shore.

210.

ardentisque . . . suffecti: suffused as to their glaring eyes (having their glaring eyes spect.

suffused);

oculos:

acc.

of re-

sibilus: hissing. lambo: lick, lap. vibro: quiver, vibrate. 212. diffugio: flee apart, scatter. visü: abl. of cause. exsangués: pale [with fear]. ag. 211.

204. horrëscô:

205. incumbunt:

sonitus: sound.

singular used

mine certo: in a direct course. 213.

Laocoonta:

214.

Greek

acc.;

. natorum:

form.

parva

synchvsis.

serpéns

uterque:

plexus:

encircling;

each

perf.

serpent.

part.

am-

of de-

ponent verb.

morsus: fang. dépascor: feed upon. artus: limb. 216. post: afterward; adv. ipsum = Lao215.

coonta. auxilio: 217.

spira: fold.

dat. of purpose.

98

The Aeneid

bis medium amplexi, bis collo squamea circum terga dati superant capite et cervicibus altis. Ille simul manibus tendit divellere nodos, perfüsus sanic vittas atroque veneno,

920

:

clàmores simul horrendôs ad sidera tollit; qualis mügitüs, fügit cum saucius aram taurus

et incertam

excussit

cervice

At gemini lapsu delübra ad summa

securim.

draconés

225

effugiunt, saevaeque petunt Tritônidis arcem, sub pedibusque

deae clipeique sub orbe teguntur.

The Trick Succeeds; The Fatal Horse Is Brought into Troy Tum

vero tremefacta

novus

per pectora

cunctis

insinuat pavor, et scelus expendisse merentem Laocoonta ferunt, sacrum qui cuspide robur

230

laeserit, et tergo sceleratam intorserit hastam. Dücendum ad sedis simulacrum orandaque divae nümina

conclamant.

Accingunt 218.

219.

220. 221.

medium: cumdati;

omnes

operi, pedibusque

sc. eum. collo: dat. with cirmiddle voice; tmesis. squa-

meus: scaly. capite — capitibus: abl. of means or degree of difference; sing. for pl. cervix:

228.

black. venenum:

gore. ater:

serves); 230.

222.

seriously

wounded,

but

not

killed.

ration.

225. lapsü:

tion); shrine;

secüris:

effugiô:

secürim:

acc.

dragon, serpent.

escape.

saevae

. . . arcem:

se tegunt: statues of Minerva were often represented with serpents at the

with

Laocoonta.

tergo =

verb. scele-

rátus: impious. intorqueo: hurl against. 232.

Dücendum: sc. esse; gerundive in indir. statement. ad sédis — ad delubra summa = arcem: cf. |. 225. simula-

233.

conclamant:

crum = equum.

divae = Minervae.

cry

out

the unfinished line. 234. Dividimus mürôs: We

in the

svnchysis; Tritonidis: of Minerva. 227. deae: the statue of the goddess.

clipeus: shield. orbis: orb. teguntur —

agreeing

teristic cl. with causal force.

sing.

abl of manner. delübrum: delübra summa = delübra arcis

steals.

sacrum róbur: sacred wood (horse); Vergil has used twelve different Latin words to designate the Horse. cuspide: with the point [of a spear]. lateri: dat. with compound

by gliding (with a gliding mo-

Trojae. draco: 226.

ax;

[itself],

231. laeserit, intorserit: subj. in rel. charac-

ex-

cutio: shake off. cervice: abl. of sepa-

insinuates

pavor: terror, alarm. scelus: guilt; obj. of expendisse, has expiated; indir. statement. merentem: deserving (as he de-

poison.

clàmores horrendos: horrifying screams. 223. qualis mugitus = talis est mügitus: such is the bellowing. saucius: wounded. 224. incertus: erring, ill-aimed; the bull is

23

base and with a shield on the ground. novus: with pavor, |. 229. cunctis: dat. of reference.

229. insinuo:

neck. Ille: Laocoon. tendit — conatur. divello: tear apart. nodus: coil.

perfundo: soak. saniés: blood, vittas: fillets; acc. of respect.

rotarum

Ct

“Dividimus muüurôs, et moenia pandimus urbis.

walls.

(fortifications). 235.

together.

make

moenia: pando:

Notice

a breach

fortified

walls

open.

Accingunt: gird, apply [themselves]. rotarum làpsüs: the glidings of the wheels

(rolling wheels).

Book II

subjiciunt lapsus, et stuppea vincula collo intendunt. Scandit fatalis machina murôs, feta armis. Pueri circum innüptaeque puellae

sacra canunt, fanemque manü contingere gaudent; illa subit, mediaeque minäns illabitur urbi. O patria, O divum domus Ilium, et incluta bello

240

moenia Dardanidum! Quater ipso in limine portae substitit, atque uteró sonitum

quater arma dedere;

instamus tamen immemores caecique furore, et monstrum infelix sacrata sistimus arce.

245

Tunc etiam fatis aperit Cassandra futüris ora, dei jussu non umquam credita Teucris; nos delubra deum miseri, quibus ültimus esset ille dies, fésta velamus fronde per urbem. 236.

subjicio:

place under.

stuppeus:

pen. collo: dat. with compound 237.

intendunt:

stretch

mount. machina:

(fasten).

hem-

rus: womb,

verb. scando:

244.

fetus: teeming, filled. armis: with arms 245.

239.

[men]; metonymy. circum: adv, innüptus: unmarried. sacra: sacred [hymns]. fünis: rope. con-

tingo: touch. gaudeo: delight.

246.

240.

illa =

threaten. mediae; 241.

domus:

illabor: dat. with

the

Horse,

compound

with

verb.

Troy was considered the habitation of

places

in

Troy.

inclutus:

dum;

personification;

ter: four times. limen: 243. substitit:

prophecies

247. 248.

approaching

de-

threshold.

Apollo.

— numquam.

umquam

dat. of agent. nos: emphatic;

umquam:

modified

ever;

Teucris: bv

miseri.

= deorum. quibus . . . dies: rel.

characteristic

249.

by never having her

believed:

ora = os. dei:

deum

Qua-

it stopped; a bad omen. ute-

our

non

cl.

expressing

concession.

festus: festal. velo: deck. fronde: bough.

DISCUSSION

. At what sacred function was Laocoon presiding What had Laocoon done to the Wooden Horse?

£2 D

T

FOR

apostrophe.

(to

she was punished

renownéd;

modifies moenia, 1. 242. 242. Dardanidés: Trojan; O . . . Dardani-

fates

struction). aperio: open. Cassandra: daughter of Priam and Hecuba, and endowed with the spirit of prophecv by Apollo. Having offended Apollo,

in apposition with Ilium (Troy).

the gods either because its walls had been built by Neptune and Apollo or on accóunt of the numerous consecrated

bling, and the sound of arms from within. caecus: blind. infelix = fatale. sacratà arce: abl. of place where. sisto: stand, place. Tunc etiam: Then too. fatis futüris: in

future

minor:

glide in. urbi:

sound; obj.

forgetting Laocoon's warning, the stum-

device; the Horse.

238.

machina:

belly. sonitum:

of dedére. dedére = dedérunt. instó: press on. immemor: heedless;

when

the serpents

came?

Why did the Trojans believe that Minerva was pleased about Laocoon’s punishment? 4. Why did the Trojans make a breach in the city walls? 9. How many times did the Horse stop at the gateway? By what device did the Trojans get the Wooden Horse into the city?

The Aeneid

100

The Greeks from the Horse Admit Their Countrymen “Vertitur interea caelum,

et ruit Oceano

into Troy

nox,

250

involvens umbra magna terramque polumque Myrmidonumque conticuere;

dolós; füsi per moenia Teucri

sopor fessos complectitur

artus.

Et jam Argiva phalanx instructis navibus ibat a Tenedo, tacitae per amica silentia lünae litora nota petens, flammas cum regia puppis

255

extulerat, fatisque deum defensus iniquis inclüsos utero Danaos et pinea fürtim laxat claustra Sinon. Illos patefactus ad auras reddit equus, laetique cavo se robore promunt Thessandrus Sthenelusque duces, et dirus Ulixes, demissum lapsi per fünem, Acamäsque, Thoäsque, Pelidesque Neoptolemus, primusque Machäôn, et Menelaus,

260

et ipse doli fabricator Epeos.

Invàdunt urbem, somno vinôque sepultam;

265

caeduntur vigilés, portisque patentibus omnis accipiunt socios, atque agmina conscia jungunt. 250.

Vertitur Romans

caelum: the majority of the believed that the earth re-

mained stationary, while the sun, moon,

cf. 259.

and stars moved around it; cf. note on involvo:

envelop,

wrap.

polus:

pole,

heavens, sky. 252. Myrmidones: Greeks of Thessaly, subjects of Achilles; here used for all the Greeks. füsi per moenia: scattered throughout

the city, i.e., suspecting

no

danger. 253.

254.

conticésco: become silent. sopor: sleep. complector: enfold. Argivus:

Greek.

phalanx:

host,

army.

instrüctis nàvibus: in their equipped ships. ibat: were on their way. 255. Tenedos: a small island near Troy; à Tenedo: prep. would be omitted in the best prose. tacitus: silent. silentium: siflammas: the signal light; as a signal to Sinon. régia puppis: Agamemnons ship; puppis, synecdoche. 251. effero: raise; extulerat expresses suddenness of action. fatis iniquis: by the hostile decrees,

jans.

i.e., hostile to the Tro-

deum = deorum.

défendô:

pro-

tect.

258. inclüdo: confine. pineus: of pine, piny;

and

acernis,

|.

112.

laxat: sets free the Greeks; releases the

bars before he sets free the Greeks. patefacio: lay open. ad auras: to the open air. 260. reddo: restore. cavo . . . prómunt: synchysis. cavus: hollow. sé promunt: there emerge. robore — equo. 261.

Thessandrus, leaders.

Sthenelus,

dirus:

Ulixés:

dreadful,

Greek

detestable,

fearful. 262.

démitto: let down. lapsi: sliding down.

263.

Pelides:

Acamas, Thoas:

Greek leaders.

descendant

of Peleus

Neop-

tolemus: Greek leader, son of Achilles; in apposition with Pelides. Machaon: Greek leader and surgeon; the meaning

here of primus is not known.

lence (stillness). 256.

l. 16

bars [of the wooden doors]; zeugma; hysteron proteron, i.e., he releases the

ll. 8-9. 251.

abiete,

fartim: stealthily, secretly, furtively.

264.

Menelaus:

Greek

leader,

Helen’s

hus-

band. doli = equi. fabricator: constructor. Epéos: Greek leader who was the constructor of the Wooden Horse. 265. invado: invade, attack. sepelio: bury. 266. vigiles: sentries. portis: abl. of way. pateo: open. 267. accipiunt: receive,

admit. socios: ex nàvibus. conscia: confederate.

sc.

101

Book II

Hector Orders Aeneas to Take the National Deities and Leave Troy “Tempus erat, quo prima quies mortälibus aegris incipit, et dono divum gratissima serpit. In somnis

ecce ante oculos maestissimus

Hector

210

visus adesse mihi largôsque effundere fletus, raptatus bigis, ut quondam, àterque cruento

27:

C!

(ei mihi, qualis erat, quantum mutatus ab illo Hectore, qui redit exuvias indütus Achilli,

28:

C

pulvere, perque pedes trajectus lora tumentis

vel Danaum Phrygiôs jaculatus puppibus ignis), squalentem barbam et concretos sanguine crinis vulneraque

illa gerens,

quae

circum

plürima

müros

accépit patrios! Ültrô flens ipse videbar compellare

virum

‘O lux Dardaniae, quae

et maestàs

expromere

voces:

spes O fidissima Teucrum,

tantae tenuere

morae?

Quibus,

Hector,

ab Oris

exspectate venis? Ut té post multa tuorum fünera, post varios hominumque urbisque labores defessi aspicimus!

Quae

causa

indigna

serenos

foedavit vultüs, aut cur haec vulnera cerno? Ille nihil, nec mé quaerentem vàna moratur, 268. aegris — fessis. 269. divum — divorum. serpo: creep (over). 270. somnis: poetic pl. maestus: sad, mournful. Hector: Trojan leader; son of Priam.

the Trojan War when the Trojans,

visus [est] adesse: seemed largus: + copious. effundo:

shed. 272.

fléetüs:

to appear. pour out,

tears.

raptatus: having been dragged. In the vision he appeared

as if he had

been

freshly dragged by the chariot. bigae: two-horse chariot; Book I, Il. 483-84.

tus: bloody. 273. pulvis: dust.

277. 278.

vulnera illa plürima: wounds.

280.

282.

jection ei. qualis erat: how he looked. 275. exuvias: spoils; acc. of respect. Hector killed Patroclus, who armor

of Achilles.

was wearing

induo:

tus: middle voice. 276. Danaum = Danaorum:

gius:

Trojan.

jaculatus:

clothe;

the indü-

archaism. Phry-

after hurling.

puppibus: dat. of direction; synecdoche;

ll. 274-76

refer to the period

during

(having);

utter

with

difficulty.

Teucrum

= Teucro-

tenuére = tenuérunt. morae:

delay, hin-

drance; poetic pl. Hector exspectate: O Hector, earnestly desired; voc.

tor, |. 270. lora: thongs; acc. of respect. tumeo: swell; tumentis modifies pedes.

274. mihi: dat. of reference, with the inter-

exprómo:

vocés = verba. Dardania: Troy.

rum.

of per. tra-

jicio: pierce; trajectus agrees with Hec-

those very many

wearing

compello: address. maestus: sad, mourn-

ful. 281.

obj.

geréns:

governs objs. barbam, crinis, vulnera. 279. patrius: native. Ültro: voluntarily, willingly. leo: weep.

for the story, cf. ater: black. cruen-

pedés:

the Greek

camp and set fire to Greek ships. squaleo: be squalid, be filthy. barba: beard. concrétus: clotted. crinis: hair.

He was slain by Achilles. 271.

Hector, leading

almost captured

283.

Ut = Ut libenter: How gladly. tuorum: of your [friends].

284. fünus: death. urbis: of the city; bv metonymy for inhabitants of the cit. 285. défessus: worn out. serénus: serene,

fair; usually an epithet of the skv or weather. 286. foedo: disfigure. 287. Ille: sc. dicit. vàna: useless things; obj.

of quaerentem.

moratur:

heeds.

102

The Aeneid

sed, graviter gemitüs imo dé pectore dücens, ‘Heu fuge, nate dea, teque his,’ ait, 'eripe flammis. Hostis habet müros; ruit alto à culmine Troja. Sat patriae Priamoque datum; si Pergama dextra defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent. Sacra suosque tibi commendat Troja Penätis: hos cape fatorum comites, his moenia quaere

200

mana, pererratd statues quae dénique ponto."

295

Sic ait, et manibus vittäs Vestamque potentem

aeternumque adytis effert penetralibus ignem. 288. gemitus: groans; obj. of dücens. 289. nàte: voc.; nàte dea: goddess-born. 290. Hostis: usually pl. alto a culmine: from her lofty height, i.e., from her position of power. Sat = Satis. datum: sc. est a te. Per-

291.

gama: citadel of Troy; Troy, by synecdoche; hand.

neut.

pl. dextra:

by

[any]

right

ence.

295.

pererro:

wander

in his dream.

The

gods; the Penates with

represented

the

him

were

297.

that

actually

of

of the

adytum the

images

household, but they Penates

home;

over; pererräto ponto:

her household took

a

abl. abs. quae: obj. of statues. 296. vittas Vestamque: hendiadys; an image of Vesta wearing the fillets is entrusted

Sacra [sua]: [her] sacred emblems; explained in ll. 296-97. suos Penatis:

those of his own

Co bo re UE

ie.

aeternum ignem: the Vesta which was never extinguished. A flame was carried to each new penetralibus: from the

Aencas

FOR

moenia = urbem:

antecedent of quae, l. 295; synecdoche.

ferent tenses in the contrary-to-fact condition. hac = dextra mea. 293.

fatorum: of your destiny. comités: in apposition with hos. his: dat. of refer-

to Aeneas

possent, fuissent: notice the use of dif-

292.

294.

was

temple,

sacred fire of allowed to be from this fire colony. adytis inmost shrines.

the most sacred part the

place

where

the

and statues of the gods were.

city.

DISCUSSION

How Why How What Why

did the Greeks descend from the exit in the Horse? were the Trojans caught unawares in the destruction of the city? was Aeneas informed that the Greeks had captured Troy? was Aeneas urged to do with the Trojan Penates? does Vergil make it appear as if Aeneas had forgotten about Hector's

manner

of death?

Aeneas Decides to Fight to the End "Diverso intereà miscentur moenia lüctü,

et magis atque magis, quamquam secreta parentis Anchisae domus 298.

Diversus:

misceo: 299.

scattered,

confuse.

in

all

directions.

moenia = urbs =

Troja: synecdoche. lüctü: with woe. magis . . . magis: with claréscunt, |. 301.

sécréta:

apart;

300

arboribusque obtécta recessit,

pred.

nom.

after

recessit, 300.

which

agrees

with

domus.

obtécta: concealed; pred. nom. after recessit, agreeing with domus. recédo: withdraw, fall back; recessit: receded (stood back); personification.

103

Book II

claréscunt sonitüs, armorumque ingruit horror. Excutior somno, et summi fastigia tecti

ascensu supero, atque arrectis auribus àsto, in segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austris incidit, aut rapidus montano flümine torrens sternit agrôs, sternit sata laeta boumque

305

labores,

praecipitisque trahit silvas; stupet inscius alto accipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor.

Tum veró manifesta fides Danaumque

patescunt

insidiae. Jam Déiphobi dedit ampla ruinam

310

Vulcànó superante domus, jam proximus ärdet Ucalegón; Sigéa igni freta lata relücent. Exoritur clàmorque virum clangorque tubarum. Arma àmens capio; nec sat rationis in armis, sed glomerare manum bello et concurrere in arcem cum sociis àrdent animi; furor iraque mentem praecipitant, pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis.

315

Aeneas Learns That the Greeks Completely Control the City "Ecce autem telis Panthüs elapsus Achivum, Panthus Othryades, arcis Phoebique sacerdos,

sacra manü victosque deos parvumque nepotem 301.

clärésco: assails

302.

grow

clear.

[us]. horror:

Excutior:

ingruit

dreadful

[nobis]:

I am roused. somno:

separation. summi

abl. of

305.

a

simile.

312.

abs.; metonymy. Ucalegon: Trojan

for the house Sigeum,

means.

torrens:

306. sternit: spreads,

sata:

crops;

bo(v)um their toil,

307. 308.

ignorant

tuba:

frantic.

nec

. animi:

anaphora.

make

of

.

Priam's son; Helen's husband

of

reflect,

conjugation

here.

trumpet.

sat

rationis:

and

concurro:

passions. me

run

bello:

dat.

together,

mentem

of rush.

praecipitant:

reckless.

pulchrum:

glorious;

$C.

esse.

succurrit:

Achivum

—

Achivorum.

rock. ver-

309. manifestus: clear. fides: truth; sc. est. 310. insidiae: treachery [of the Greeks]. Déi-

back,

it occurs; sc. mihi. . Panthüs: son of Othrvs.

. Othryades: son of Othrys. arcis Phoebique: of Apollo in the citadel: hen-

tex: top.

phobus:

third

blare.

. glomerare = colligere.

[of the cause].

accipiéns — audiéns. saxum:

metonvmv

Sigeus:

yet there is no rcason.

abl. of

fruits

abl.

near Troy. freta:

shine

arise;

. àmens:

praeceps: headlong. stupeo: be amazed. inscius:

relüceo:

purpose.

the

leader;

clangor:

neut. pl. laeta = copiosa.

laborés: i.e., the crops.

ruinam

superante;

of Ucalegon.

. exorior:

torrent.

lays waste;

dedit

gleam.

Austris:

when the winds are raging. incido: fall. montàno flümine:

with

a promontory

straights.

just as; in-

furentibus

of Paris.

Vulcano = igni:

pricked up ears (listening). asto: stand. 304. in segetem: into a grain field (among the standing corn). veluti:

death

311.

. . . tecti: the tops

ascensü: by climbing. supero: I ascend to (reach). arréctis auribus: with

troduces

the

— ruit.

of the highest roof (the summit of the palace). 303.

after

din.

320

diadvs.

320.

sacra: the sacred utensils. nepos: grandson.

104

The Aeneid

ipse trahit, cursüque 4méns ad limina tendit. 'Quo res summa loco, Panthü? Quam prendimus

arcem?

Vix ea fatus eram, gemitü cum tälia reddit:

"Venit summa dies et ineluctabile tempus Dardaniae. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens gloria

Teucrorum,

ferus

omnia

Juppiter

329

Argos

transtulit, incensa Danai dominantur in urbe. Arduus armàtos mediis in moenibus ästäns fundit equus, victorque Sinon incendia miscet

insultàns. Portis alii bipatentibus adsunt, milia

quot

magnis

umquam

venere

330

Mycenis:

obsedere illi telis angusta viarum

oppositis; stat ferri acies mücróne corusco stricta, paräta neci; vix primi proelia temptant portärum vigiles, et caeco Marte resistunt.

Many

335

Comrades Join Aeneas Talibus Othryadae dictis et nümine divum in flammäs et in arma feror, quo tristis Erinys,

quó fremitus vocat et sublatus ad aethera clamor. Addunt sé socios Ripheus et maximus armis 321.

trahit: carries, drags; zeugma. abl. of manner; with tendit:

running 322.

wildly.

limina — limina

(wide-open).

adsunt

331.

milia quot: as many thousands as. vé-

doche. Quo . . . loco:

Greece and the home of Agamemnon,

(summa

a disputed

form.

prendô

passage

res)?

or Where

(prehendo):

dimus — prehendémus

is the

voc.; Greek seize; pren-

here;

a poetic

use. gemitus: groan. talia: sc. verba. summa: last, final. inéluctabilis: inevitable. Fuimus: We have no longer Trojans.

ferus:

cruel

things

(in

(power).

been,

i.e.,

We

are

omnia:

Argos:

to

Greece;

modifies

urbe.

dominantur:

334. 335.

vias.

stringô: draw. neci: for slaughter the Trojans]. primi: foremost.

vigiles:

sentries.

caeco

[of

Marte = caecó

i.e., fighting in the dark;

meton-

ymy. 336. 337.

Othryadae: of Panthus. Erinys: Fury; this is the common name of the three Furies.

338.

are

339. with

of

obsédére — obsédérunt. angusta viarum = angustas

masters.

328. Arduus: towering. asto: stand. 329. miscet = spargit: scatters. 330. insultans: insulting. bipatentibus:

city

333. oppositis: hostile; with telis, l. 332. ferri acies: the edge of the sword (the sharp-edged sword). macro: blade. coruscus: glittering.

all

Argos is the capital of Argolis, but is here used for all Greece; synecdoche. 327. transfero: transfer. incensa: they have fired;

332.

bello:

anger).

Mycenae:

leader of the Greeks in the war against Troy.

as

In what condition is the

hardest fighting? Panthü:

326.

open

nére — vénérunt.

state

325.

[An-

doors

= intrant.

chisae]: the gates [of Anchises]; synec-

to meaning:

323. 324.

both

cursü: comes

fremitus: din, uproar. sublatus: raised; modifies clamor. aethera: sky; Greek

form. Addunt

sé: add themselves

(join). so-

cios: sc. mihi. Ripheus: Trojan leader. armis:

abl. of respect.

105

Book II

Epytus, oblati per lànam, Hypanisque Dymäsque,

340

et lateri agglomerant nostro, juvenisque Coroebus

Mygdonidés; illis ad Trojam forte diébus venerat,

insano

Cassandrae

incensus

amore,

et gener auxilium Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat,

infelix, qui non sponsae praecepta furentis

345

audierit.

Quos ubi cônfertôs audére in proelia vidi, incipio super his:

Juvenes,

fortissima

frustra

pectora, si vobis audentem extrema cupido

certa sequi, quae sit rébus fortüna videtis: excessere di, quibus incénsae; Una salüs

350

omnes adytis arisque relictis imperium hoc steterat; succurritis urbi moriamur et in media arma ruamus. victis nullam sperare salütem.'

The Trojans Rage Like Ravening Wolves Sic animis

juvenum

furor additus.

Inde lupi ceu

raptores àtrà in nebula, quos improba ventris exegit caecos rabies catulique relicti

faucibus exspectant siccis, per tela, per hostis vadimus haud dubiam in mortem, mediaeque tenemus 350.

certa: fixed; with cupido, l. 349. sequi: depends on cupido. quae . . . fortuna: indir. question. rebus: sc. nostris; dat.

themsélves to. Coroebus: son of Mygdon, suitor of Priam's daughter Cas-

351.

excessére = excessérunt. adytis

sandra. illis diebus: abl. of time. ad Trojam — Trojam in prose. 343. insänô: violent. Cassandrae: obj. gen. 344. gener: son-in-law [by betrothal]. 345. qui . . . audierit: rel. characteristic cl.

352.

with notion of cause. spónsae furentis: of his inspired fiancée; Cassandra had foretold the doom of Troy; cf. 1. 246. praeceptum: advice. 346. audierit: unfinished line.

353. 354.

347.

355.

340.

Epytus:

Trojan

leader.

oblati

per

lünam: meeting me in the moonlight. Hypanis, Dymas: Trojan leaders. 341.

agglomerant

[se] — adhaerent:

of possession.

attach

lictis:

Quos confertos: them in close array; subj. acc. audére: venture, have cour-

age.

348. Juvenes: voc. 349. pectora — corda: Juvenés. vobis: est. audentem —

in

apposition

with

dat. of possession; sc. tentantem: agrees with

mé understood. extréma: cupido: resolution.

the

di:

all the

doomed.

342.

aid);

. .

.

T€-

abl. abs. gods

have

quibus:

abl.

of

left;

by whom

means.

the

citv

is

(by whose

steterat:

[once]

stood; expresses the finalitv of the gods' desertion. succurrô: aid. urbi: dat. with compound

moriämur, hysteron

verb.

ruàmus:

hortatory

subj.;

proteron.

Una salüs: The only safety; sc. est. victis:

dat.

of possession;

a verv

famous

line; oxymoron. furor:

frenzy

(desperation).

additus:

sc. est. lupus: wolf. ceu: as. 356. raptorés: ravenous. nebula: fog. improba: wicked (fierce). venter: belly. 357. exegit caecós: has driven out blind [to danger].

358.

worst.

catulus:

whelp.

faucés: jaws. siccus: dry (unmoistencd)

bv the blood of prev. 359.

vado:

go,

rush.

haud

dubiam:

litotes.

106

The Aeneid urbis iter; nox àtra cava circumvolat umbra.

360

Quis clàdem illius noctis, quis fünera fando explicet, aut possit lacrimis aequare labores? Urbs antiqua ruit multos dominata per annos; plürima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim

corpora perque domos et religiosa deorum

365

limina. Nec soli poenàs dant sanguine Teucri:

quondam etiam victis redit in praecordia virtüs, victoresque

cadunt

Danai;

crüdelis

ubique

luctus, ubique pavor, et plürima mortis imago. 360.

urbis:

gen.

of possession.

with

its

hollow

cava

shade

religiosa:

umbra:

363.

sanguine: metonymy.

explico: describe; explicet, possit: deliberative subj. lacrimis: with tears;

crence — gen.

quondam: dia:

having

the

sternó: strew, scatter. iners: passim: everywhere, all about.

FOR

(temples);

synec-

lifeless.

their

blood

(lives);

at times. victis: dat. of ref-

of

possession.

praecor-

hearts.

369. lüctus:

ruled. 364.

with

gerund; cf. |. 6. abl. of means. aequo: equal. dominàta: having governed,

diastole.

thresholds

doche. poenas dant: suffer punishment.

gloom). circumvolo: hover around. 361. clades: slaughter. funus: death. fando: 362.

sacred;

limina:

(encircling

anguish.

o is long;

pavor:

diastole.

fear,

alarm;

plürima:

a. imago: form; plürima imàgo: less forms.

many

count-

DISCUSSION

1. With whom was Aeneas living and what was he doing while the Greeks P2

were

taking possession

of Troy?

With what two types of disaster did Aeneas compare the burning of Troy?

gU

3. How did Aeneas learn of the methods by which the Greeks gained control of Troy?

Who was insolently scattering fire throughout the city? What prospect of survival did Aeneas hold out to his young followers?

6. What did Aeneas and his followers streets, homes, and shrines?

see when

they ran into the narrow

7. Who else besides the Trojans lost their lives in the street-fighting?

The Trojans Kill Some Greeks Who Mistake Aeneas' Followers for Compatriots "Primus se, Danaum magna comitante caterva,

370

Androgeos offert nobis, socia agmina credens, inscius, atque ültrô verbis compellat amicis: 310.

Danaum = Danorum.

comitó:

accom-

pany. caterva: band. 371. Androgeós: Greek leader. offero: present;

sé

offert:

meets.

socia

agmina:

friendly 372.

band,

sc. nos esse. inscius: unaware

i.e.,

Greeks.

[of the

credens:

truth].

ultrô:

vcluntarily, i.e., first. compello: accost.

107

Book II

'Festinàte, viri. Nam quae tam sera moratur segnities? Alii rapiunt incensa feruntque Pergama: vos celsis nunc primum à nàvibus itis?’ Dixit, et extemplo (neque enim responsa dabantur

315

fida satis) sensit medios delapsus in hostis. Obstipuit, retroque pedem cum voce repressit,

imprôvisum aspris veluti qui sentibus anguem pressit humi nitens, trepidusque repente refügit attollentem iras et caerula colla tumentem;

380

haud secus Androgeôs visu tremefactus abibat. Irruimus, densis et circumfundimur armis,

ignärôsque loci passim et formidine captos sternimus; äspirat primo fortuna labori.

385

The Trojans Disguise Themselves in Greek Armor and Are Temporarily Successful in the Deception Atque

hic successü

exsultans

animisque

Coroebus

'O socii, quà prima, inquit, 'fortüna salütis

monstrat iter quäque ostendit se dextra, sequàmur; 373. festino: hasten, hurry. serus: late. mora374. 375. 376. 377.

tur: detains; sc. vos. ségnitiés: sloth. rapio: plunder. ferunt: pillage. Pergama: Troy; synecdoche. vos: emphatic. celsus: towering, lofty. nunc primum: now first (just now). extemplo: immediately. neque = nülla. fida satis: sufficiently (very) trustworthy,

i.e.

dubious,

suspicious.

lapsus [esse] = sé délapsum he had fallen.

of respect. tumeó: 382.

the

walking

ground;

(treading

humi:

loc.

appalled.

383.

irruó:

on

azure, dark blue. colla: poetic pl.; acc.

(just

so);

started

to

retreat;

in.

dénsus:

circumfundimur:

thick,

we

close

encomwith

eos,

understood; obj. of sternimus; so also captos. passim: everywhere, i.e., in all of

the

scene

of

battle;

translate

with sternimus. formidine captôs: them (the Greeks) seized with fear ( panicstricken). 385.

sternimus: we slaughter. aspiro: favor. labori:

undertaking;

dat.

with

com-

pound verb. 386.

successü

. . . animisque:

exulting with

success and. courage, i.e., elated bv the courage that comes from success; successü animisque: abl. of cause; hendiadys. 387. quà: where. salütis: obj. gen. with iter, ]. 388.

alarmed. refügit [anguem]: has recoiled

from [the snake]; refügit: trans. 381. attollentem iràs: lifting its anger (rising in anger); iras: poetic pl. caerulus:

swell, puff out. otherwise

pass [them]; middle voice. ignaros: ignorant; agrees 384.

dé-

trepidus:

abibat:

rush

joined.

parts

hard)

not

conative imperf.

esse: that

be dazed. retro: [starting] back; pleonasm with re- in repressit. pedem cum voce: his step with his speech. repressit: he checked. 379. improvisus: not previously seen. aspris — asperis: syncope; aspris sentibus: [on] rough thorns; abl. of place where. veluti qui: as one who; introducing a simile; cf. ]. 304. anguis: snake. 380. pressit: has pressed (stepped on). humi

secus:

litotes. visü: at the sight. tremefactus:

378. obstipescó:

nitens:

haud

388.

dextra:

propitious;

the adj. is attracted

to the case of the subject. sequamur: hortatory subj.; also mütemus, |. 389 and optémus, l. 390.

108

The Aeneid

mütemus clipeos Danaumque insignia nobis aptemus.

Dolus

an virtus, quis in hoste requirat?

390

Arma dabunt ipsi. Sic fatus, deinde comantem Androgei

galezin

clipeique

insigne decorum

induitur, laterique Argivum accommodat ensem. Hoc

Ripheus,

hoc

ipse

Dymas

omnisque

juventus

laeta facit; spoliis se quisque recentibus armat. Vadimus immixti Danais, haud nümine nostró, multaque per caecam congressi proelia noctem

conserimus,

multos

Danaum

démittimus

395

Orco;

diffugiunt alii ad nàvis et litora cursü

fida petunt; pars ingentem formidine turpi scandunt rürsus equum et notà conduntur in alvo. "Heu! Nihil invitis fas quemquam fidere divis! Ecce trahébatur passis Priaméia virgo

400

crinibus à templó Cassandra adytisque Minervae, ad caelum tendens ardentia lümina frustra, lumina,

nam

teneras arcebant vincula palmas.

Non tulit hanc speciem furiatà mente Coroebus, et sese medium

consequimur 389. 390.

apto:

fit. Dolus indir.

an

question,

virtüs:

400.

sc.

utrum

dependent

on

insigne:

device.

decorus:

fair,

ornamental. 393. 394.

induitur: puts upon himself; middle voice. Argivus: Greek, Grecian. accommodo: adjust. ensis: sword. Hoc:

sc. facit. hoc — hocc or hoc: long

by position before i. ipse: also. omnis juventüs = omnés juvenes. 395. spolium: spoils. recentibus: newlytaken. 396. Vadimus: We rush on. immisced: mix with. Danais: dat. with compound verb. haud . . . nostro: under auspices not our own; the Trojans had lost the pro-

tection of their own divinities by using Greek equipment. 397.

caecus: [the

dark.

Grecks].

congressi: proelia:

obj.

encountering of

cónseri-

consero:

engage

orum. Orco: dat. 399.

in.

Danaum

401.

of direction.

trustworthy (Greek)

ships

or safe were

since there.

their formi-

scando:

ascend,

climb

into.

rürsus:

again. conduntur = sé condunt: hide; middle voice. alvus: belly, body. 402. Nihil: not at all. invitus: unwilling. fas: sc. est. quemquam: anyone. fido: trust. divis: dat. with special verb. 403. trahébatur: was being dragged; by Ajax, who dragged with her the statue of Pallas (Minerva) to which she ciung. passis: disheveled; from vando. Priaméia virgo: the daughter of Priam. 404. crinis: hair. Cassandra: betrothed to Coroebus. adytum: inner shrine. 405.

tendens:

straining.

ardentia

glaring eyes. 406. lumina: her eyes [1 say]; rhetorical effect. tener: confine. palmàs: hands; 407. Non tulit: could not bear. 408.

409.

lumina:

repetition for tender. arceo: synecdoche. speciés: sight.

furio: frenzy, infuriate. injicio: throw (in). periturus: to die; fut. part. expressing result of action;

attracted to nom.; band.

— Dana-

Hades, the Lower World;

diffugio: scatter. alii — Danai.

armis.

dine: abl. of manner. turpis: shameful.

mus. 398.

fida: own

re-

quirat; requirat: asks; deliberative subj. comans: crested, waving. Androgei: gen.; Greek form. galea: helmet.

in agmen;

cüncti, et densis incurrimus

clipeus: shield. insignia: armor. sit:

391. 392.

injecit periturus

cf. l. 388. agmen:

cónsequor: follow. cünctus: all. incurro: rush upon.

109

Book II

The Disguised Trojans Are Assailed by Friends and Foe Alike Hic primum ex alto delübri culmine telis nostrorum obruimür, oriturque miserrima caedes

armorum tum

facie et Grajarum

Danai

gemitu

atque

errore jubarum;

ereptae

undique collecti invadunt,

110

virginis

ira

àcerrimus Ajax

et gemini Atridae Dolopumque exercitus omnis, adversi ruptó ceu quondam turbine venti confligunt, Zephyrusque Notusque et laetus Eois Eurus equis; stridunt silvae, saevitque tridenti spümeus

atque imo Nereus ciet aequora fundo.

Illi etiam, si quos obscura nocte per umbram füdimus insidiis totaque agitavimus urbe, apparent; primi clipeos mentitaque tela agnoscunt, atque Ora sono discordia signant.

Ïlicet obruimur numero, primusque Coroebus Penelei dextra divae armipotentis ad äram

procumbit; cadit et Ripheus, jüstissimus ünus qui fuit in Teucris et servantissimus

aequi

(dis aliter visum); pereunt Hypanisque Dymäsque, 410. 411.

delübrum: temple, i.e., the Pallas. culmen: top, roof.

nostrorum: we

of our miserrima

of

obruimür:

note

the long

caedes:

most

u;

de-

plorable slaughter. 412. facie, errore: abl. of cause. Grajus: Greek, jubarum: of the crests; the Trojans were carrying Greek arms and wearing helmets with crests peculiar to the Greeks. 413.

tum:

then, i.e.,

a new

agrees

element

in their

danger. gemitü atque ira: with a groan of rage; hendiadys. éreptae virginis =

419.

invadunt

[nos]:

attack

us;

the

Dolopes: Greeks of Thessaly. 416.

adversi: face to face. ruptô turbine: when the hurricane bursts forth; abl. abs.

ceu:

quondam:

as;

introducing

a

simile.

]. 419.

foamy.

imo

fundo:

lowest

over the whole city. agitavimus:

tive weapons.

423.

424.

agnôsco: recognize. ora: words; obj. of signant; metonymy. sono: in sound; abl. of respect. discors: differing. The Greeks and the Trojans spoke the same language but different dialects. Ilicet: At once. obruimur: powered.

425. 426. 427.

numero:

we are over-

[superior]

Péneleus:

a Greek

potentis:

of the goddess

arms

leader.

numbers.

divae

armi-

powerful

in

(Pallas).

prócumbo: fall.

servàns:

observant.

aequi:

of

right;

obj. gen.

at times.

confligo: clash. Zephyrus: west wind. Notus: south wind. Eéus: eastern. 418. Eurus: east wind. equis: abl. of cause with laetus. strido: roar. saevit: rages;

417.

Nereus,

we have driven. 422. appäreo: appear. mentita tela: decep-

subject

gemini — duo: they were not twins. Atridae: sons of Atreus; Agamemnon and Menelaus; patronym; cf. l. 104.

spümeus:

urbe:

is Danai. acerrimus: sc. omnium. Ajax: Greek leader, captor of Cassandra. 415.

its subject

depth. Nereus: a minor sea-god, represented with a trident. cieo: stir up. 420. Illi — Danai. si quós: if any (all those whom). obscurus: gloomy, dark. 42]. füdimus: we have routed. insidüs: bv exchanging armor and insignia. tota

propter virginem éreptam. 414.

with

tridens: three-pronged spear.

friends.

are overwhelmed;

diastole.

temple

428.

(dis

aliter

visum)

[est]:

it

seemed

otherwise to the gods (the gods decreed otherwise). Hypanis, Dymäs: Trojan leaders.

110

The Aeneid

confixi à sociis, nec te tua plürima, Panthü, làbentem pietas nec Apollinis infula texit.

430

Iliaci cineres et flamma extrema meorum, testor in occasi vestro nec tela nec ullas vitavisse vices Danaum et, si fata fuissent ut caderem, meruisse manu. Divellimur inde, Iphitus et Pelias mecum, quorum Iphitus aevo jam gravior, Pelias et vulnere tardus Ulixi; protinus ad sedis Priami clàmore vocati. 429.

configô:

430.

pierce.

à

socii

[suis]:

the

Dana(or)um:

435

changes

Trojans, hurling weapons from the roof

(exchange

of the temple, did not recognize Aeneas

si fuissent:

and his companions, dressed in Greek equipment. Panthü: voc.; Greek form.

fuissent — sinuissent. 434.

labentem: falling (in your fall). infula: a broad woolen band worn by priests, sacrificial victims, and others engaged in the divine services. tego: cover, pro-

435.

of blows

with

of

the

Greeks

the Greeks).

contrary-to-fact

condition;

ut caderem: subst. cl. of purpose. [me] meruisse manü: that I merited it by my [right] hand, i.e., by fighting. divello:

tear apart.

Iphitus,

Pelias:

Trojan

leaders.

aevo:

with age.

tect.

431.

Iliacus: Trojan. cinerés: flamma: voc. meorum:

ashes; cineres, of my [coun-

436.

gravior: somewhat burdened. vulnere Ulixi: because of the wound inflicted by Ulysses. tardus: slow.

432.

téstor [vos]: I call [you] to witness. occasus: fall, destruction. [mé] vitavisse: indir. statement. vicés

437.

protinus:

try]. 433.

ad

sedis:

to

ject included in Divellimur; sc. sumus.

Who was the first of the enemy encountered by Aeneas' band? Who suggested that Aeneas' band use the equipment of the slain Greeks? How did Aeneas' band betray their identity as Trojans? To what two refuges did the terrified Greeks try to escape? What caused the Trojans to forget their disguise?

Why does Ripheus’ death seem to Aeneas to be especially unjust? Where did the surviving Trojans now go and why?

eorr oR

DISCUSSION

Dl 9

FOR

immediately.

the palace. vocati: agrees with the sub-

Aeneas Arrives for the Desperate Fighting at Priam's Palace “Hic vero ingentem pügnam, ceu cetera nüsquam bella forent, nülli totà morerentur in urbe, sic Màrtem 438.

ceu — quasi:

as

if;

indomitum ceu

Danaosque

ceu: and as if none. morerentur:

is sometimes

used in poetry to introduce a clause of comparison. cetera: all the other; bella, |. 439. nusquam: nowhere. 439.

be (were)

with

bella = pügnae. forent = essent: might be (were going on); imperf. subj. conditional comparison. nülli: sc.

in et

ad tecta ruentis

440.

440 might

dying; parallel construction

with forent. sic: with indomitum. Martem: Mars (War); metonymy. indomitus: ungovernable, uncontrolled. ad técta: to the roofs (palace); synecdoche. ruô: rush.

111

Book II

cernimus obsessumque Acta testüdine limen. Haerent parietibus scalae, postisque sub ipsos nituntur gradibus, clipedsque ad tela sinistris

protécti objiciunt, prensant fastigia dextris. Dardanidae

445

contra turris ac tôta domorum

culmina convellunt; his se, quando ultima cernunt, extrémà jam in morte parant defendere telis; auratasque trabes, veterum decora alta parentum, dévolvunt; alii strictis mücronibus imäs obsédére foris; has servant agmine denso.

450

Instaurati animi regis succurrere tectis auxilioque

levare

viros vimque

addere

victis.

Aeneas Defends the Palace Roof Against the Greeks "Limen erat caecaeque forés, et pervius üsus tectorum inter se Priami, postesque relicti

à tergo, infelix quà se, dum regna manebant, 441.

obsideo: abs.;

besiege.

here

the

acta testüdine:

word

testüdo

abl.

means

448.

a

tüdo

(tortoise)

called a tes-

450.

turrets;

obj.

of convellunt,

451.

on

alii:

the

Teucri,

roof

of

the

palace. stringo: draw. mücro:

point of

a sword; muücrónibus: with synecdoche. imàs: below.

swords;

obsedere = obsédérunt.

had

taken

foris: door; the

possession

télis, l. 447;

abl.

of means.

sé: with defendere, |. 447. altima: final things, the end; sc. vénisse. 447. extréma in morte: ín the last death ( catastrophe ).

in a compact body. Instaurati [sunt]: have succurrere:

of

the

fo succor,

been

renewed.

aid; complemen-

tary inf. tectis: palace; dat. with succurrere; synecdoche. 452.

levo: relieve. vim: our strength. addo: add. victis — Teucris: dat. with com-

pound 453.

l.

446. culmina: [sections of] the roofs; obj. of convellunt. convello: tear up, shatter.

with

down.

fighting

lower doors to prevent the entrance of

contrà: on the other hand; adv. turris:

his:

rafters. ve-

the Greeks. servo: guard. agmine dénsó:

nituntur: they strive to climb. gradibus: up the rings. ad: in the way of (to ward off). clipeos: shields; obj. of objiciunt, l. 444. sinistris: by their left hands. 444. prôtécti: protecting themselves; reflexive. objicio: oppose. prenso: catch hold of, clutch. fastigium: roof. dextris: with their right.

446.

tumble

those

Trojans

doche.

towers,

déevolvo: i.e.,

443.

445.

the gilded

stately decorations. 449.

because it resembled a

tortoise. limen: threshold, passageway. 142. haereo: cling. pariés: house-wall, wall; parietibus — parjetibus; used as a dactyl; synaeresis; dat. with haereo. scalae: staircase, ladder. postisque sub ipsos: and up to the very doorposts; synec-

trabés:

terum parentum: of their ancient parents (their ancestors). decora alta:

protective covering which the soldiers formed by interweaving their shields

over their heads. It was

aurátàs

155

verb.

Limen:

door. erat: sing. to agree with

Limen,

its

blind,

hidden,

secret.

üsus:

passable

pervius

nearest

subject. forés:

means

caecus: entrance.

of com-

munication (private passage). 454. tectorum . . . Priami: connecting the halls of Priam's palace with each other. postes — porta: synecdoche. relicti: abandoned 455.

à tergo: Priam;

(secluded).

in the poetic

pl.

rear.

régna:

i.e 4, of

112

The Aeneid

saepius Andromache ferre incomitata solebat ad soceros, et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat. Evad6 ad summi fastigia culminis, unde tela manü miseri jactabant irrita Teucri: Turrim in praecipiti stantem summisque sub astra

460

éductam tectis, unde omnis Troja videri et Danaum solitae naves et Achaica castra, aggressi ferró circum, qua summa labantis

junctüras tabulata dabant, convellimus altis sedibus impulimusque; ea làpsa repente ruinam cum sonitü trahit, et Danaum super agmina late incidit. Ast alii subeunt, nec saxa nec ullum

465

telorum intereà cessat genus.

Pyrrhus Batters an Entrance into Priam's Palace “Véstibulum

ante

ipsum

primôque

in limine

Pyrrhus

exsultat, telis et lice coruscus aenà; qualis ubi in lücem coluber, mala gramina pastus, frigida sub terra tumidum quem brüma tegebat,

470

nunc, positis novus exuviis nitidusque juventa, lübrica convolvit sublato pectore terga, 456.

saepius: again and again. Andromache: wife

of Hector,

comitatus: 457.

socerôs:

and

Priam's

eldest

son.

in-

unaccompanied. her

Hecuba.

husband's

avo = ad

458.

Andromache;

avum:

acc.

Priam

to

459. 460.

sing.;

roof, peak, summit.

impulimus.

463.

sc.

nàvés,

castra.

sunt;

in praecipiti:

subjects

Achaicus:

are

467. 468. 469.

on

Troja,

Greek.

aggressi [sumus] . . . circum: we assailed [this] on every side with [bars

of] iron. summa tabulàta: top story, i.e., the planking of the roof where the 464.

agmina:

a

roar

(crashing

swarms. late: far and

incido: Danai.

fall (on). Ast = At. alii: sc. subeunt: succeed (take their

places). cessat: agrees with ullum

genus.

primó in limine: outermost door; synec-

doche. Pyrrhus — Neoptolemus: the son

astra: to the stars. éductam: built up (rising). solitae:

with

wide.

con-

the sheer edge. summis téctis: at the top of the roof; abl. of place where. sub 461. 462.

falling.

sonitu:

sound).

Greek

irritus: vain, unavailing. Turrim: tower; obj. of aggressi, vellimus,

466. cum

his

form. trahebat: used to lead. Evad6 ad fastigia: I make my way up to the top. culmen:

its lofty position; abl. of separation. impello: push forward. ea lapsa: this [the tower]

parents,

grandfather; dat. of direction. Astyanacta: Astyanax; infant son of Hector and

465.

tower and the roof join. labantis jüncturas: tottering fastenings. dabant: revealed. altis sedibus: from

of Achilles; he was father's death.

sent for after his | M

positis

its [old]

exsultô: exults (darts back and forth). telis . . . aenà: flashing with the gleam of brazen arms; hendiadys. _ 471. coluber: serpent. mala: poisonous. gràmen: grass, herb. pastus: fed. 472. frigidus: cold. tumidus: swollen. brüma: winter. tegó: cover, hide. 470.

473.

exuyiis:

with

skin

cast

off; abl. abs. novus nitidusque: renewed 474.

and sleek. juventa: youth. lübricus: slimy. convolvo: roll, coil. sublato pectore: with breast erect; abl. abs. terga: backs (length); poetic pl.

Book II

arduus ad solem, et linguis micat 6re trisulcis. Una ingéns Periphas et equorum agitator Achillis, armiger Automedon, ünà omnis Scyria pubés succedunt téctó, et flammäs ad culmina jactant. Ipse inter primos

correpta

dura bipenni

limina perrumpit, postisque à cardine vellit aerätôs; jamque, excisà trabe, firma cavavit robora, et ingentem läto dedit dre fenestram. Apparet domus intus et atria longa patéscunt, apparent Priami et veterum peneträlia regum,

480

armatosque

485

vident

stantis in limine primo.

The Greeks Terrorize the Inmates of the Palace “At domus interior gemitü miseroque tumultü miscétur, penitusque cavae plangôribus aedés fémineis ululant; ferit aurea sidera clamor. Tum pavidae téctis matrés ingentibus errant, amplexaeque tenent postis, atque Oscula figunt. Instat vi patria Pyrrhus. Nec claustra nec ipsi 475.

arduus ad solem: lofty (lifting its head) toward the sunshine. linguis trisulcis: with its three-forked tongue; abl. of means;

translate

as

if obj.

of

dart. Una: at the same time. Periphàs: a Greek leader. agitator: — charioteer, drives. 477. armiger: armor-bearer. Automedón: a Greek leader. Scyrius: Scyrian; of Scyros, an island of the Aegean where Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus) was born. pubés: youth, young men. 478. succéd6: approach, come up to. téctó: compound

verb;

synecdoche.

flammäs: firebrands. 479. Ipse: Pyrrhus. correpta . . . limina: synchysis; correptà bipenni: having seized a battle-ax. dara limina: hard (stout)

be describing. patésco: be revealed. 484. 485. 486.

mouthed

oak, strength.

lato dre:

wide-

(gaping); abl. of description.

dedit = fecit. fenestra: window, breach.

the

Danai

(armatos).

domus

in-

the

interior:

can

interior

of

now the

contrasted with the scene at the

(in limine primo).

groan. tumultus: misced: inside.

gemitus:

uproar, hubbub.

mix, mingle. penitus: within, cavae aedés: vaulted halls;

cavae suggests echoing. plangor: wailing, shriek.

488.

fémineus: howl,

feminine,

shriek,

wail.

women’s. ferit

hyperbole; ferio: strike.

ululo: . . . clamor:

489.

pavidus: frightened, trembling. téctis: about the halls; abl. of place where.

490.

amplexae tenent: embracing they hold (they clasp in their embrace). postis: pillars; not doorposts; cf. 1. 480. oscula figunt: they print kisses (of farewell).

491.

Instó: press on. patria = patris = Achil-

firm (solid). cavé: hollow out.

róbur:

vident:

see the defenders

entrance 487.

penetralia:

armätôs: i.e. the palace guards; cf. Il.

house;

480.

482.

vetus: ancient, former. most (private) rooms.

449-50.

doors; synecdoche.

limina = portàs: synecdoche. perrumpô: break through. postis: frame of the door. cardó: a pivot-hinge. vello: tear, wrench. 481. aeratus: brazen. excisà trabe: having cut through the beam; abl. abs. firmus:

appäreô: appear. intus: within, inside. atria: Vergil has in mind the gencral arrangements of a Roman house, not a Trojan house, which he is supposed to

micat,

476.

dat. with

483.

190

lis. claustra:

side).

bars

(across

the doors

in-

114

The Aeneid

custodes sufferre valent; labat ariete crebro janua, et émóti procumbunt cardine postes. Fit via vi; rumpunt aditüs primósque trucidant immissi Danai, et late loca milite complent:

495

non sic, aggeribus ruptis cum spümeus amnis exiit oppositasque evicit gurgite molis,

fertur in arva furens cumulo, camposque per omnis cum stabulis armenta trahit. Vidi ipse furentem caede Neoptolemum, geminosque in limine Atridas, vidi Hecubam, centumque nurüs, Priamumque per 4ras sanguine foedantem quos ipse sacraverat ignis.

500

Quinquagintà illi thalami, spes tanta nepotum, barbarico postes auró spoliisque superbi, prôcubuëre; 492.

[eum]

sufferre:

[him]. totter,

valeo: be give at.

peated

blows

ariete: 493. janua:

withstand able, ariete

of

the

battering

abl.

procumbo: of

quà deficit ignis.

(stop)

the

ram;

498. 499. 500.

fall, sink. car-

separation

with

molis

cumulo:

in a heap;

gur-

abl. of manner.

stabulum: stable. armentum: herd. caede: abl. of manner with furentem. Atrides: sons of Atreus, Agamemnon

and Menelaus; patronym.

emoti.

Hecuba: wife of Priam. nurus: ter-in-law.

Fit via vi: A way is made by violence

502.

sanguis: blood. foedo: defile, disfigure.

(Force wins a way); alliteration. rumpo: break, force. aditus: passage. primos

503.

cf. notes

[viros]:

cf. |. 485.

trucidô:

495.

butcher. immissi: having been with soldiery. compleo:

496.

non

sic:

i.e., not so

sacro:

slaughter,

let in. fil.

consecrate, dedicate.

thalamus:

(violently);

nepos:

milite:

daugh-

Quinquaginta: fifty. illi: those famous. spés tanta:

marriage chamber,

so great hope

grandson,

bedroom.

(promise).

descendant.

204. barbarico auro spoliisque: with foreign

gold and spoils (with the spoils of foreign gold); hendiadys. postes: pil-

trans-

late with fertur furéns, l. 498. aggeribus ruptis: bursting its barriers; abl. abs. spumeus: foaming. amnis: river, stream.

FOR

(dykes);

501.

doorposts;

and 490.

497.

mounds

for ll. 480

postes: 494.

opposing

505

= aggeres. evicit: has overcome. ges: whirlpool, current.

avail. labo: crebro: re-

three syllables; synizesis. door, gate, entrance. émoved:

move from. dine:

to

tenent Danai,

exiit: has overflowed. oppositas molis:

lars. superbi = ornàti. 905.

procubuére = procubuerunt: have fallen. deficio:

fail, abate.

DISCUSSION

D Ue

1. What two distinct attacks were the Greeks making on Priam's palace? 2. How did the Trojans try to defend the palace against the Greek attacks? J. By what means did Aeneas enter the palace and join the Trojans on the roof? How did the Greeks finally force an entrance into Priam's palace? What means were used in breaking into the palace? Where were the women of the palace while the Greeks were taking possession of the building? 7. Who were first to be slaughtered inside the palace doors?

115

Book II Hecuba

Restrains Priam from Attempting to Fight “Forsitan et Priami fuerint quae

Urbis uti captae casum

fata requiras.

convulsaque vidit

limina tectorum et medium in penetralibus hostem, arma diü senior desueta trementibus aevo circumdat

nequiquam

umeris,

et inütile ferrum

cingitur, ac densos fertur moritürus in hostis.

condensae et divum

amplexae

[a

juxtäque veterrima laurus, atque umbrà complexa Penatis. nàtae nequiquam altaria circum, ceu tempestate columbae,

c

ingens àra fuit incumbens ärae Hic Hecuba et praecipites atra

c

Aedibus in mediis nüdoque sub aetheris axe

simulacra sedebant.

Ipsum autem sumptis Priamum juvenälibus armis ut vidit, Quae mens tam dira, miserrime conjünx, impulit his cingi telis, aut quo ruis? inquit.

520

"Non tali auxilio nec defensoribus istis tempus

eget;

non,

si ipse

meus

nunc

afforet

Hector.

Hüc tandem concede; haec ara tuebitur omnis, 506.

Forsitan:

Perhaps.

fuerint:

subj.

in

pestate:

indir. question. requiras: potential subj. 507.

abl.

of

means

contained

con-

cipités.

if. columba:

vulsa: shattered, broken down; with h-

pigeon.

uti: when,

as. casum:

destruction.

ceu:

as, as

mina, l. 508. 908. medium = mediis. penetralibus: i.e., the inner part of the house, given up to the uses of family life.

517. condénsae: crowded plexae: embracing. 518. sümptis armis: abl. youthful.

909.

519.

diu:

modifies

désuéta.

senior:

though

a very old man. trementibus aevo: trembling with age; aevo: abl. of cause. 910. circumdat | umeris: binds upon his shoulders;

umeris:

dat. with compound

foe. fertur:

is borne

915.

yourself;

clause would

juvenalis:

( Hecuba)

saw.

in

be

Latin

used

prose

an

instead

ut-

of the

juxta:

near,

(rushes).

close at hand.

bare, vault.

very old. laurus: laurel tree. incumbens:

drooping

compound

altária:

poetic pl.

verb.

521. Nôn tàli auxilio: i.e, human help is unavailing; only the gods can help us now.

in the inner court

(of the palace). nüdus: aether: sky, heaven. axis:

brace.

am-

inf. ruo: rush.

512. Aedibus in mediis:

with

ut vidit: as soon as she

gird

less.

511. cingitur: girds on himself; middle voice. dénsos in hostis: into the thick of the

914.

doce,

together. abs.

on

in prae-

méns tam dira: so dreadful a thought ( purpose). 520. impulit [te] cingi: has forced you to

verb. nequiquam: ín vain. inütilis: use-

913.

depending

the idea of driven

auxilio and eget, |. 522.

522.

egeó:

over.

arae:

dat. em-

dition. — 523.

Hüc:

beside altar;

governed

need.

adesset:

complector: by

circum;

916. praecipites: driven headlong. atra tem-

defensoribus

istis:

nor

such

defenders as you; istis refers to Priam;

open.

veterrima:

nec

yield,

fend.

defensoribus:

nón:

sc. egeret.

abl.

with

afforet =

subj. in contrarv-to-fact con-

Hither

(Here);

her.

tandem:

come.

tueor:

i.e., at the

pray.

protect,

altar

concedo: watch,

de-

116

The Aeneid

aut moriére simul.’ Sic ore effata, recepit ad sese et sacra longaevum in sede locavit.

Priam

Protests the Murder

of His Son

Polites

525

in His

Presence

"Ecce autem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Polités, ünus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostis porticibus longis fugit, et vacua atria lustrat saucius. Illum ardens infesto vulnere Pyrrhus

insequitur, jam jamque manü tenet et premit hasta.

030

Ut tandem ante oculos evasit et dra parentum, concidit, ac multo vitam cum sanguine fudit. Hic Priamus, quamquam in media jam morte tenétur, nón tamen abstinuit nec vóci iraeque pepercit. ‘At tibi pro scelere, exclamat, ‘pro talibus ausis di, si qua est caelo pietàs quae tàlia cüret, persolvant gratis dignas, et praemia reddant debita, qui nati coram me cernere letum fecisti, et patrios foedasti fünere vultüs. At non ille, satum quo te mentiris, Achilles. 524.

moriere = morieris:

sc. nobiscum.

Ore:

pleonasm. effor: speak. recepit longae525. 526.

vum [Priamum] ad sése: (drawn) the aged [Priam] sacra in séde — in ara.

has taken to herself.

Ecce: Behold. elàbor: escape. Pyrrhi de caede: from slaughter at the hands of Pyrrhus; Pyrrhi: subj. gen. 528. porticibus: through the colonnades; Polites is fleeing toward the rear of the palace along the colonnade between the

pillars

supporting

the

in media morte: in the jaws of death. abstineo: refrain. voci iraeque: dat. with special verb; hendiadys. pepercit: spared (controlled). 535. At: expressing indignation. exclämô: exclaim. rage). 536.

029. saucius: wounded as he is; emphatic. Illum: Polites. ardens: raging. infesto vulnere: with threatening would inflict a] wound.

[weapon

that

530. jam jamque:

and even now; rhetorical repetition to make the impression of the

531.

reckless

deed

(out-

caelo: dat. of possession. pietas: justice, ie., regard

for piety.

quae

cüret:

rel.

9037. persolvant, reddant:

optative subj. gra-

tis: thanks. 938.

débita:

due.

qui:

antecedent is tibi, |.

535. córam: openly (before my very eyes). mé cernere = ut cernerem: in prose, a subst. cl. of result after fecisti,

|. 539. letum: death. patrios — patris. foedasti — foedavisti: 539. you have defiled; syncope. fünus: dead body (newly slain). vultüs: face, sight; poetic pl. 940.

ille Achilles = Achillés ipse. satum

. mentiris:

from

whom

[es]

you falsely

frenzied cruelty of Pyrrhus and the desperate fear of Polites more real.

say you were begotten (are descended);

premo:

press,

said that Pyrrhus, because of his das-

evàsit:

he came

pierce.

out

[from

nade]. 232.

ausum:

characteristic cl.

thinking of a Roman house; anachronism. vacuus: empty. lüstrô: go through, traverse.

040

033. 934.

roof of the

peristyle and the wall of the peristyle itself; abl. of way (route). Vergil is

030

concido: fall. fundo: pour.

the colon-

this is severe sarcasm, as if Priam had tardly deeds,

Achilles, source.

could not be the son of

as he claimed;

quó:

abl. of

117

Book II

talis in hoste fuit Priamo, sed jura fidemque supplicis erubuit, corpusque exsangue sepulcro reddidit Hectoreum, meque in mea régna remisit.'

Pyrrhus Brutally Kills Priam and Leaves His Body Unburied conjecit, rauco quod protinus aere repulsum

54;

UT

Sic fatus senior, télumque imbelle sine ictü

et summo clipei nequiquam umbone pependit. Cui Pyrrhus: 'Referes ergo haec et nüntius ibis Pehdae genitori. Illi mea tristia facta degeneremque Neoptolemum narrare memento; nunc morere.' Hoc dicens, altaria ad ipsa trementem

550

traxit et in multo lapsantem sanguine nati, implicuitque comam laeva, dextraque coruscum extulit ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem. Haec finis Priami fatorum, hic exitus illum sorte tulit, Trojam incensam et prôläpsa videntem

000

Pergama, tot quondam populis terrisque superbum regnatorem Asiae. Jacet ingens litore truncus,

avulsumque umeris caput, et sine nómine corpus. 941.

in:

in

the

Priamo:

Priam

case

after

had

of

(toward).

the

death

ransomed

his

hoste

of

son's

body

from Achilles. 942.

supplex: suppliant. érubuit: he blushed at (respected). Achilles would have been ashamed to disregard Priam’s rights, and trust. exsanguis: bloodless. sepulcro:

for burial;

545.

sine

harmless,

ictü:

without

(force), i.e., unable

to inflict

a

summo

umbone:

indir. obj. after narrare. rida: dreadful. 949.

tristia = hor-

degener: ignoble, base, degenerate; re-

ferring to Priam's taunt, l. 540; degeneremque Neoptolemum: sc. esse.

un-

effero:

raise,

draw.

lateri — in

latus.

sorte:

obj. of tulit, l. 555.

by lot (fate).

tulit:

befell. Tro-

jam: obj. of videntem. prolapsa: fallen [in

908.

of

(Priamum)

595.

and tell; hysteron proteron; the future is used with the force of the imperative. nüntius: (as) a messenger. 548. Pelides: descendant of Peleus; Achilles. Pélidae genitori [meó]: to my father dat.

eum

Haec: sc. erat. fatorum: of the fortunes (destiny). exitus: end (death). illum:

996.

Illi:

with

294.

the top of the boss

dat. of direction.

altaria

capulus: hilt; capulo: governed by tenus: as far as. abdo: bury. ensis: sword.

(knob) in the center of the shield. 547. Pyrrhus: sc. dixit. Referes et ibis: Go

Achilles;

morior.

left hand. coruscus: flashing, glittering. 293.

$c. est.

546.

of

derstood; also lapsantem, |. 551. Sol. lapso: slip. 552. implicô: entwine. coma: hair. laeva:

a wound.

conjicio: hurl. rauco aere: by the clanging brass. protinus: instantly. repulsum:

imperative

trementem:

un-

blow

morere:

ad ipsa: an act of unspeakable impiety.

dat. of purpose.

543. Hectoreum — Hectoris. 944. senior — senex. imbellis:

warlike.

990.

Hector,

ruins];

agreeing

with

Pergama,

1.

996.

Pergama: citadel of Troy; Troy; svnecdoche. tot: so many. quondam: once. populis terrisque: dat. of reference. 991. régnator: ruler. Jacet: He lies. truncus: body, torso. avulsum:

nameless have

had

torn

from.

sine

nómine:

(without honor). Vergil mav Pompev

in

mind,

who

was

defeated in battle, fled to Egypt for protection, and was beheaded bv order of Ptolemy. His assassins threw his body on the shore.

118

The

Priam’s

Death

Reminds

“At me

Aeneas

tum primum

of His

Aeneid

Father

saevus circumstetit horror.

Obstipui; subiit cari genitoris imago, ut regem aequaevum crüdeli vulnere vidi vitam exhalantem; subiit deserta Creusa et direpta domus et parvi casus Iüli.

560

Respicio, et quae sit mé circum côpia lüstro. Deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora saltü

565

ad terram misere aut 1gnibus aegra dedere. 999. saevus: cruel. circumsto: surround. 560. obstipesco: be dazed. subiit: came my

mind.

genitoris:

to

Anchises.

around and finds that his followers have disappeared. quae . . . copia: indir. question. mé circum: anastrophe. copia:

961. ut: when. aequaevus: of equal age.

forces;

usually

562.

amine,

observe.

exhalé:

breathe

out.

deserta:

forsaken.

Creusa: wife of Aeneas. 563. diripio: plunder. casus: misfortune ( danger). 564. Respicio: I look around. Aeneas from the roof of the palace had been

watch-

ing the murder of Priam. He now looks FOR

pl. lustro:

survey,

ex-

565. Déseruére — Déseruérunt: have deserted; sc. me. defessus: worn out, weary. saltu: with a leap. 566. misere = miserunt: have thrown. aegra: sick,

fainting,

wretched;

with

corpora,

1. 565.

DISCUSSION

. What did Priam do when he saw the Greeks in his private apartments?

Or SNH

CL

. Where had Hecuba and her daughters assembled for protection from the gods? By what arguments did Hecuba induce the aged Priam to join her? What particularly roused Priam’s indignation against Pyrrhus? What comparison did Priam make between Achilles and Pyrrhus? What revolting circumstances accompanied Pyrrhus’ brutal murder of Priam? How was Priam’s body dishonored after his death? Of whom

else, besides Anchises, did the death of Priam remind Aeneas?

Why did Aeneas find himself alone on the roof after he had witnessed Priam’s murder?

Aeneas Spies Helen in Hiding and Feels Urged to Kill Her Jamque adeo super ünus eram, cum limina Vestae servantem et tacitam secreta in sede latentem Tyndarida aspicio; dant clara incendia lucem 967. Jamque adeo: And so now. super... 568. tacitus: silent. lateo: hide. eram: I alone survived; tmesis. ünus = — 569. Tyndarida: daughter of solus.

limina

. . . servantem:

close to the threshold

keeping

(lurking in the

entrance) of [the temple of] Vesta, i.e., for the sake of sanctuary.

(Helen);

Tyndarus

acc. sing.; Greek form.

dant

. . . lücem: explains why Aeneas could see Helen.

119

Book II

erranti passimque oculos per cüncta ferenti. Illa sibi infestos eversa ob Pergama Teucros et poenas

Danaum

praemetuens,

et déserti conjugis

Trojae

et patriae

570

iras

communis

Erinys,

abdiderat sese atque aris invisa sedebat.

aspiciet, partoque

ibit regina

conjugiumque domumque,

C -—I C

Exarsére ignés animo; subit ira cadentem ulcisci patriam et sceleratas sümere poenas. "Scilicet haec Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas triumpho,

patres nätôsque vidébit,

Iliadum turbà et Phrygiis comitàta ministris?

080

Occiderit ferro Priamus? Troja arserit igni? Dardanium totiens südarit sanguine litus? Non ita; namque etsi nüllum memorabile nomen feminea in poena est nec habet victoria laudem, exstinxisse

nefas

tamen

et sumpsisse

laudäbor poenàs, animumque ultricis flammae 970.

[mihi]

erranti:

Aeneas

poenas

Danaum:

explesse juvabit

et cineres satiasse meorum." is still

in

the

palace or citadel. passim: everywhere. oculos: gaze. ferenti: bearing (moving). 911. Illa: Helen. infestus: hostile. éverto: overthrow, destroy. 972.

punishment

from

019. 580.

comitor:

Helen,

an

dreading.

instrument

Erinys: of

evil

Fury; both

to

Greece and to Troy and is therefore styled the common fury. 914. aris . . . sedebat: sat crouching at the altar, a hated thing.

laus,

not

of his

wife

Helen,

who

was

born at Sparta. 918. parto triumpho:

umph; abl. abs.

having obtained a

tri-

accompany,

in pass.

581.

Occiderit,

582.

chaism. Dardanius:

sense.

escort;

me-

comitata:

minister:

arserit:

servant,

Trojan.

fut. perf. igni: totiens:

times. sudarit — sudaverit: been wet. 983.

ar-

so

many

shall

have

Non ita [erit]: It shall not be so. memo-

rabilis: memorable, glorious. 584. femineus = féminae: obj. gen.; fémineà in poena: in taking vengeance on a woman. 285. exstinguô: put an end to, destroy. nefas:

979. exardésco: blaze up, flash; Exarsére = Exarsérunt. ignés: sc. irae. animo

[meo]: in my mind. subit: prompts [me]. cadentem: falling (dying). 976. ulcisci: to avenge; complementary inf. sceleratas poenàs = sceleris poenas. sümere: to inflict; complementary inf. 977. Scilicet: Forsooth (What); irony. haec: she. incolumis: unharmed. Mycénàs: Mycenae was the native place of Mene-

(husband);

attendant.

and later she appears in the Odyssey in full honor as his queen. praemetuéns:

marriage

Ilias: Trojan woman. turba: by a crowd (train). Phrygius: Phrygian, Trojan. used

first was going to kill her with his own hand; but her old fascination prevailed,

conjugium: tonymy.

the

Greeks; subj. gen.; conjugis, i.e., Menelaus, Helen's deserted husband, who at

973.

585

merentis

monster

of

wickedness;

indecl.

noun;

Helen is meant; metonymy. sumo: take; sumpsisse merentis poenàs: for exacting punishment of one richly deserving it; poenas, poetic pl. 986.

animum:

spirit, soul, desire. explésse =

explévisse: to have satisfied. [me] juvabit: it shall delight [me]; impers.; subjects are explere and satiasse, |. 587. 587. ultrix: avenging, vengeful. flammae: gen. with special verb. cinerés: ashes. satio: satisfy, sate; satiasse = satiavisse:

to have satiated. meorum: ple].

of my [peo-

120

The Aeneid

Venus Appears and Stays His Hand

“Talia jactabam et furiata mente ferébar, cum mihi se, ón ante oculis tam clara,- videndam obtulit, et püra per noctem in lice refulsit

590

alma parens, confessa deam qualisque videri caelicolis et quanta solet, dextraque prehensum continuit, roseoque haec insuper addidit ore: ‘Nate, quis indomitäs tantus dolor excitat iras?

Quid furis, aut quonam nostri tibi cüra recessit?

095

Non prius aspicies ubi fessum aetäte parentem liqueris Anchisen,

superet

conjunxne

Creusa

Ascaniusque puer? Quos omnis undique Grajae circum

errant acies, et, ni mea

cura resistat,

jam flammae tulerint inimicus et hauserit ensis.

600

Venus Asserts That Not Men But the Gods Are Destroying Troy Non

tibi Tyndaridis

facies invisa Lacaenae

culpatusve Paris; divum inclementia, divum, hàs evertit opes sternitque à culmine 058. jactabam:

I was pondering. furiata: modifies mente. ferébar: I was carried away. 959. sé videndam obtulit: presented herself to be seen (in visible form). nón = numquam. oculis tam clara: so manifest to my eyes. 590.

pura

991.

alma paréns [Aenéae]: Venus. confessa

in lice:

[sé esse]

in pure radiance.

deam:

revealing

to be seen by th? immortals

(such in

appearance and stature as the gods behold her). 992.

tibi = tua;

caelicolis: dat. of agent. dextraque [me] prehénsum continuit: grasped me by my right hand and held me back; prehénsum continuit — prehendit et roseus:

pink.

haec

addidit:

she

in addi-

tion, besides, above.

quis — qui: inter. adj. indomitus: ungoverned. dolor: fury. tantus = magnus. excitó:

995.

of reference.

997.

liqueris: subj. in indir. question. superet = supersit: survives; subj. in indir.

598.

Quos

question.

omnis

circum:

anastrophe.

Gra-

jus: Greek. 599. ni . . . resistat: did not my care withstand

[them];

ni = nisi;

resistat — re-

sisteret; contrary-to-fact condition, with the pres. subj. used for vividness. 600. tulerint — tulissent: would have carried off; sc. eds. inimicus ensis: hostile sword. hauserit = hausisset:” would have

drunk

(drained)

[their blood].

601.

tibi: dat. of reference. Tyndaridis Lacaenae: of Spartan Helen. faciès, Paris, inclementia: subjects of evertit and

602.

culpatus: blamed, censured. Paris: Tro-

sternit, 1. 603. rosy,

added these [words]. insuper: 294.

dative

Non = Nonne. prius: first. fessus: tired, worn out.

continuit. 993.

tibi:

996.

[that she is]

the goddess. qualisque . . . solet: and such and as great as she is accustomed

Trojam.

arouse, excite.

quônam: whither, pray. nostri = mei: for me; obj. gen. tibi cüra: your regard;

jan prince, who

eloped with Helen and

thus caused the Trojan War. inclementia: cruelty (relentless will). divum: repetition for emphasis. 603. évertô: overthrow. opés: power. sternd: lay low, level. a culmine: from her summit.

121

Book II

Aspice (namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti mortälis hebetat visüs tibi et ümida circum caligat, nübem éripiam; tu ne qua parentis

605

jüssa time neu praeceptis parére recüsä): hic, ubi disjectäs molis àvulsaque saxis saxa vides mixtoque undantem pulvere fümum, Neptunus mürós mägnôque

émóta tridenti

610

fundamenta quatit totamque à sedibus urbem eruit; hic Junô Scaeäs saevissima portas prima tenet, sociumque furens à navibus agmen ferró accincta vocat.

Jam summas arcis Tritonia, respice, Pallas insedit, nimbo effulgens et Gorgone saeva; ipse pater Danais animos virisque secundas sufficit, ipse deos in Dardana suscitat arma. Eripe, nate, fugam, finemque impone labori. Nüsquam abero, et tütum patrio te limine sistam.’ 604.

Aspice: imperative. omnem: with nübem, obj. of éripiam, l. 606. quae hebetat: which dims. obducta: drawn before.

tuenti:

with

tibi

(l.

605),

of

éruo: overthrow, tear up. Scaeus: Scaean, name of the principal gate at Troy. 613. prima: the foremost (as leader). socium 612.

you gazing (your gaze). 605.

mortalis

visüs:

vision

agmen: Greeks;

(sight); 614.

a dark

615. Tritonia Pallas:

mist

nübem:

around;

ümida:

cognate

poetical. qua: with jüssa, 1. 607. commands; dat. with special verb. pareô: obey. 608. hic: adv. disjicio: scatter, throw down. moli: huge mass, large structures. ävellô: tear from. saxum: rock. 609. mixto pulvere: mingled with dust; abl.

serve;

wave,

roll. fümus:

smoke.

Neptünus: Neptune, god of the sea. Neptune and Apollo built Troy for

build. émôta:

loosened. tridéns: trident,

symbol of Neptune. 611. fundamentum: foundation, base; generally used in pl. quatid: shake, shatter. à sedibus: from its basis.

. . . vocat:

hem-

has taken

her stand.

nimbus:

bright cloud. effulgeo: gleam. Gorgo: a monster with vipers instead of hair and the power of transforming men into stone. The head of Medusa, one of the Gorgons, was fixed on the aegis or

shield of Pallas. 617.

ipse pater — Juppiter. vis: power, force; viris

secundas:

successful

(victorious )

strength. 618. sufficio: supply, give. Dardanus: Trojan. Jupiter opposed the Trojans be-

Laomedon, father of Priam. When the work was finished, Laomedon refused

to pay the price agreed upon and drove the gods from his kingdom. Neptune is now taking revenge by destroying the walls which he helped to

ferro

the

imperative.

616. insedit:

607. praeceptis:

abs. undo:

gird;

i.e.,

Greek goddess of wisdom and war; cf. l. 171. respice: ob-

obj. of éripiam. ne time, neu

the pres. imperative with né is chiefly

accingô:

host,

istich.

adv.

recüsa — noli timére, et noli recüsàre:

610.

her confederate socium: adj.

obj. of hebetat; poetic pl. tibi: dat. of reference. imida circum caligat: spreads acc.; circum:

606.

mortal

620

cause, against the laws of nations, they had detained Helen, although she had been properly demanded. suscitô: rouse, incite.

Eripe fugam: a stronger form than Cape fugam. labori [tuo]: your useless struggle. 620. Nüsquam aberô = Usquam técum adero. 619.

sistam:

I will place.

122

The Aeneid

Dixerat, et spissis noctis sé condidit umbris. Apparent numina

dirae facies inimicaque magna

Trôjae

deum.

Under Divine Guidance, Aeneas Moves Through the Doomed City “Tum

vero omne

mihi visum

considere

in ignis

Ilium, et ex imó verti Neptünia Trója; ac veluti summis

antiquam

625

in montibus

ornum

cum ferró accisam crébrisque bipennibus instant eruere

agricolae

et, tremefacta

vulneribus

certatim:

comam,

donec

illa usque

concusso

paulatim

minatur,

vertice

nütat,

évicta supremum

630

congemuit, traxitque jugis àvulsa ruinam. Descendo, ac, dücente deo, flammam inter et hostis

expedior; dant tela locum, flammaeque recedunt. 621. spissus: thick, dense. 622. appäreo: appear. dirus: ciés: form. 623.

fa-

the way, constantly, ever. minatur: threatens [to fall]. 629. tremefactus: quivering, shaken. co-

deum = deorum; nümina . . . deum: Neptune, Minerva, and Juno are repre-

mam: hair (foliage); acc. of respect; with treméfacta; concussô vertice: with

sented

as hostile

Jove,

on

this

them

also. The

represented

dreadful.

to the Trojans;

occasion,

and

is

opposed

to

overthrow

of Troy

is

throughout

as having

its agitated head; abl. of means. 630.

been

eflected by the power of the gods. vero:

at length.

visum:

Tum

625.

ex imo: from its foundation. Troja: cf. 1. 610 and note.

sc.

Neptünia

626.

ac veluti cum:

introduc-

627.

ing a simile. ornus: ash tree. ferro . . . bipennibus: hacked by the iron and the frequent axes (by many

a blow from the iron axes); hendiadys. instant:

strain;

subject

is agricolae,

l.

628. 628.

éruo:

FOR

631.

settle, sink.

and as when;

by

the

wounds

donec:

until. paulatim:

évincd:

overcome.

(blows).

little by little.

supremum:

its last;

cognate acc. with congemuit.

624.

est. consido:

Then

vulneribus:

congemo:

groan.

drawn

[after it] (has crashed);

ruin

traxit

ruinam:

has cf.

ll. 465-66. [a] jugis [montis] avulsa: torn from the mountain ridge. 632.

Déscendô:

from

the roof of the palace

to the street. dücente deo: with a deity [Venus] as a guide; abl. abs. flammam inter: anastrophe.

633. expedior = expedio cated

(make

my

me: way

I am out);

extrimiddle

voice. dant [mihi] locum: give way beoverthrow.

illa: ornus. usque:

all

fore

me,

i.e., at the bidding

of Venus.

DISCUSSION

Ll 9 SR

1. Why was Helen crouching in the shadows of Vesta’s shrine? 2. Of what three wrongs to Troy did the sight of Helen remind Aeneas? 3. What reasons did Venus give to Aeneas to prevent him from taking revenge for the plight of Troy? Why did the goddess remind Aeneas of his family? How were Neptune, Juno, and Athena each responsible for the fall of Troy?

Which god had helped the Greeks and stirred the other gods against Troy? Who had protected Aeneas' family in his absence?

123

Book II

Anchises Refuses to Flee from the Captured Town

"Atque ubi jam patriae perventum, ad limina sedis antiquäsque domos, genitor, quem tollere in altos

635

optabam primum montis primumque petébam, abnegat excisà vitam prôdücere Troja exsiliumque pati. “Vos O, quibus integer aevi sanguis, ait, 'solidaeque suó stant robore vires, vos agitate fugam.

640

ME si caelicolae voluissent dücere vitam, has mihi servassent sedis. Satis ina superque vidimus excidia et captae superavimus urbi. Sic, O sic positum affati discedite corpus. Ipse manu

mortem

inveniam;

miserebitur

hostis

exuviäsque petet. Facilis jactura sepulcri.

Jam pridem invisus divis et inutilis annos demoror, ex quo me divum pater atque hominum réx fulminis afflavit ventis et contigit igni. 634.

patriae ad limina sédis: to the gates of my paternal abode. perventum mihi] = perveni: impers.

635.

genitor:

sc.

meus.

complementary

tollere:

inf.

with

les the horses promised rescue of his daughter.

[est 644.

to

carry;

optabam.

altos montis: to the lofty mountains.

638.

prolong. exsiliym:

exile.

emphatic;

contrasted

patior:

suffer.

with Me,

Vos: 645.

639.

642.

servassent = servavissent: subj. in con-

trary-to-fact condition. Satis superque: enough

and

more

[than

enough].

una

excidia: one destruction; poetic pl. captae urbi: dat. with compound verb. superavimus = superfuimus. This is an allusion to the siege and capture of Troy by Hercules in the reign of Laomedon, who had failed to give Hercu-

obj.

with

sic affati: It was

corpus;

having

customary

thus

ad-

for friends

manü: by my own hand; he will either commit suicide or he will provoke the enemy and die fighting. miserebitur: will pity, i.e., and so kill me; ironic.

respect.

sanguis: blood. solidae: unimpaired; pred. adj. suo robore: in their vigor. virés: powers. 640. vos agitate fugam: do you hasten ( attempt) flight. 641. caelicelae: inhabitants of heaven (the gods). voluissent: subj. in contrary-tofact condition. dücere vitam: to prolong life.

thus

[for burial];

of the deceased to take a solemn farewell by repeating the word valé three times. Anchises considers himself as already dead and his body laid out for burial; affati agrees with you understood in discédite, depart; imperative.

I. 641.

quibus: dat. of possession. integer: sound. aevi: in respect to age; gen. of

the

laid out

dressed.

636. primum: first ( most of all). 637. abnego: refuse. excisa Trojà: since Troy had been destroyed; abl. abs. prodüco:

for

O: Oh; exclamation. sic positum: of affäti.

in

him

646.

exuviäsque petet: will seek spoils; both pity and

desire

for booty will lead

the

enemy to kill me. Facilis: sc. erit. jactira:

throwing

burial;

the

away,

loss.

deprivation

was

counted

the

most

sepuleri:

of burial

by the ancients

serious

of

of

rites

as one of

calamities;

cf.

Sophocles' Antigone and Ajax. Anchises shows

his

unselfish

devotion.

He

fears

to hinder the escape of his family. 647. Jam pridem: long since. 648.

démoror:

have

I

lingered

pres. ex [eo tempore]

quo:

out;

hist.

since the

time when.

649.

fulminis

ventis:

thunderbolt.

with

the winds

affld: breathe upon

of his (blast).

contingo: strike. igni: with lightning.

124

The Aeneid Talia perstabat memorans

fixusque manebat.

650

Nos contra effusi lacrimis, conjünxque Creüsa Ascaniusque omnisque domus, né vertere sécum cüncta pater fatoque urgenti incumbere vellet. Abnegat, inceptoque et sedibus haeret in isdem.

In Despair Aeneas Determines to Return to the Fight Rürsus in arma feror, mortemque

miserrimus opto;

nam quod consilium aut quae jam fortüna dabatur? "Mene efferre pedem, genitor, te posse relicto sperasti, tantumque nefas patrio excidit ore? Si nihil ex tanta superis placet urbe relinqui, et sedet hoc animo peritüraeque addere Trojae

660

teque tudsque juvat, patet isti janua leto, jamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus, nàtum ante ora patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras. Hoc erat, alma parens, quod me per tela, per ignis eripis, ut mediis hostem in penetralibus utque

665

Ascanium patremque meum 650.

Talia: sc. dicta. perstabat: he persisted. memorans

=

dicens:

relating.

fixus:

fixed (resolute). 651. 652.

Nos effüsi lacrimis: We, bathed in tears, [beseech]; lacrimis: abl. of manner. contrà: on the other hand. né ... vellet: subst. cl. of purpose,

depending on the idea of entreaty contained

in

evertere:

effüsi fo

lacrimis.

vertere

—

ruin.

fato urgenti incumbere: to meet the fate pressing on (to add to the burden of our impending doom). 654. Abnego: refuse. incepto et sedibus in

653.

eisdem:

to

his

same

same place; eodem

655.

and

his

is included in eis-

dem. same

haeret: clings to; notice use of verb with an abstract and a con-

crete

noun;

Rürsus:

arms. 656.

purpose

in

start

arma:

to

to rush;

[take

cf.

opto: desire, wish for. consilium: refers to human

safety, fortüna any longer. 657. Mene:

ME

660.

to divine

is emphasized

by

of

jam:

its posi-

abl. abs. sperasti — spéravisti.

tantum

nefas:

so

is fixed.

hoc:

i.e.

his

purpose;

tole.

[tuo]

animo:

abl. of place

where.

pereo: perish. addo: add. 661. téque tuosque: obj. of addere. [te] juvat: it delights [you]. patet janua: referring to Anchises" words in l. 645 ff.; patet . . . leto: synchysis; isti léto: to that death of yours (that death you desire).

662.

jam: soon. multo dé sanguine: from copious blood (reeking with bléod).

663. obtrunco: butcher, kill. 664. Hoc: lengthened; diastole;

cf. 1. 660;

pred. nom. alma paréns: Venus; in his despair he reproaches Venus for saving him. quod . . . éripis: subst. cl. subject of erat.

up]

means

means.

sedet:

subject of sedet; hoc lengthened; dias-

l. 511.

tion and by the enclitic. efferre pedem: depart. te relicto: leaving you behind; 658.

great impiety; subject of excidit. excido: fall. 659. superis: dat. with special verb. relinqui: depending on nihil.

zeugma.

again.

feror:

juxtaque Creusam

665.

ut

. . . ut: anaphora; ut . . . cernam:

purpose cl. in apposition with Hoc. penetralia: sanctuary, chamber; penetralibus = domo

or téctô, in this sen-

tence.

666. jüxta — jüxtà eds:

nearby them; adv.

125

Book II

alterum in alterius mäctatôs sanguine cernam? Arma, viri, ferte arma; vocat lux ultima victos. Reddite me Danais; sinite instaurata revisam

proelia. Numquam omnes hodie moriemur inulti."

670

Creusa Appeals to Her Husband Aeneas to Protect His Family “Hinc ferro accingor rürsus, clipeoque sinistram insertabam

aptans,

meque

extra

tecta ferebam.

Ecce autem complexa pedes in limine conjünx haerebat, parvumque patri tendebat Iülum: ‘Si peritürus abis, et nos rape in omnia técum; sin aliquam

expertus sumptis

hanc primum

615

spem ponis in armis,

tütare domum.

Cui parvus Iulus,

cui pater et conjunx quondam

tua dicta relinquor?

Signs from the Gods Influence Anchises to Yield "Talia vociferans, gemitu tectum omne replébat, cum subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum; namque

manus

inter

ecce levis summo

maestorumque

680

Ora parentum

de vertice visus Juli

fundere lümen apex, tactüque innoxia mollis 667.

alterum in alterius: each in the other's. màcto: slaughter. lux — dies or lüx vitae.

668. 669. sinite * [ut] visere:

let

revisam = sinite me revisit; [ut]

[and]

renew

so no longer

679.

[myself]

with my sword;

tation of the meeting

of Hector

and

omnia: sc. pericula, i.e., to face all your perils. 676. sin: but if. expertus: having tried (having experience

[in the art of war]).

subitus:

supine All

voice; this shield was oval in form and smaller than the scütum; it was carried on the left arm.

Andromache in Book VI of the Iliad. 675. et — quoque. rape — cape or trahe. in

sc.

if he deserts

verba.

a

tender

once

sudden,

with

human

her now.

vociferor:

scream,

lament. repleo: unexpected.

mirabile;

oritur = apparet.

middle

672. inserto: insert, thrust into. apto: fit. mé ferébam — ibam. extrà: outside. 673. complector: embrace. 674. haereô: cling. patri = mihi [Aeneae]. tendébat: this affecting scene is an imi-

Tàlia:

shriek. gemitus:

670. Numquam = Non. inultus: unavenged. 671. Hinc: Thereupon. ferro accingor: I

gird

in

says that she was

called his wife but will be able to be

680.

the fight.

tutare — defende. quondam: once. Creusa,

expostulation,

mé rerevisam:

subst. cl. of purpose. instaurata proelia — ut proelia instaurem — proelia instaurare:

677. 678.

abl.

of respect.

monstrum:

arguments

fil. dictü:

had

prodigy. failed

to

move Anchises from his determination not to leave Troy; the interposition of

the gods was needed to save the hero and his family from perishing with his father. 681.

manus

. . . parentum:

holding

out

their son

l. 674;

manüs

inter:

| Creusa

was

to Aeneas; anastrophe;

cf. inter

manüs et óra. maestus: sad. 682. levis: light; with apex, l. 683. vertice — capite. visus: sc. est. 683. fundere — emittere. apex: tip (of flame); subject

of

visus

[est].

tàáctü

harmless to the touch; supine. soft; with comas: hair.

innoxia:

mollis:

126

The Aeneid lambere

flamma

comäs

et circum

tempora

pasci.

Nos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemque flagrantem excutere, et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignis. At pater Anchises oculos ad sidera laetus extulit, et caelo palmàs cum voce tetendit:

685

Juppiter omnipotens, precibus si flecteris üllis, aspice nos; hoc tantum, et, si pietate meremur, dà deinde augurium, pater, atque haec omina firma.’ "Vix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragore intonuit laevum, et de caelo lapsa per umbràs stella facem dücens multa cum lice cucurrit.

690

Illam summa

695

super labentem

culmina

tecti

signantemque vids claram sé condere silva cernimus Idaeà; tum longo limite sulcus dat lücem, et laté circum loca sulpure fümant. Hic vér6 victus genitor se tollit ad auras, affaturque deos, et sanctum sidus adorat: ‘Jam jam nulla mora est; sequor et qua ducitis adsum. Di patrii

servate

domum,

servate

684. lambere: to lick (glide along). tempora: temples,

685.

Nos:

brow.

pascor:

emphatic.

feed

on,

pavidus:

694.

blaze, flame.

695.

tried

to shake

out;

hist.

with conative meaning. sänctôs the sacred fire; sacred because

divine origin. restinguere: tinguish;

688. 689. 690.

hist. inf. with

697.

if we merit [anything]

by our rightecusness. deinde: then, i.e., after having judged our case. augurium: omen; the Romans often asked for a second omen to con-

senior— senex: aged sire; cf. ll 509 and 544. -que: when. The use of two coordinate

clause

and

clauses

a

instead

subordinate

of

a

main

clause

is

called parataxis. fragor: crash, peal. 693. intonuit

laevum:

it thundered

on

tem: gliding. culmen: top. signo: point out. vias: the meteor indicated that the Trojans should flee to

Idaeus: of Ida, a high mountain near Troy. longo limite: with a long path jans would be by water.

698.

laté: reek.

699.

far

and

wide.

circum:

around;

adv. sulpure: with sulfur. fümó: smoke, Fierce

war

Trojans. victus: overcome

was

in store for the

(giving

way).

sé tol-

lit: rises. ad auras: toward the heavens (from the couch); redundant. affor: address.

700. 701. Jam, jam: Now, now. adsum: I am with you. 702. Di patrii: the gods of Anchises’ family.

domum = familiam:

the

laben-

(wake); abl. of manner. sulcus: furrow, track. The wanderings of the Tro-

si flecteris: if you are moved. aspice: behold. hoc tantum [precor]: this only do [I ask]; tantum: adv. si

of flame. curro: run, speed. Illam = Stellam. super: above.

the forests of Mt. Ida for protection. claram: still bright. condo: hide. silva Idaea: abl. of place where.

mean-

firm the first. firmo: ratify, confirm. 692.

696.

tried to ex-

conative

ing. fontibus — aquis. caelo — ad caelum: dat. of direction. cum voce: sc. Oràvit. tendo: extend (uplift).

. meremur: 691.

inf.

ignis: of its

al-

ancients. facem dücëns: drawing a trail

uscd with pavidus. crinis: hair. flagro: excutere:

augury.

lapsa: falling; with stella, 1. 694. stella: star, meteor; a meteor was

ways regarded with superstition by the

trepidare: [began] to bustle about; hist. inf. metü: with fear; abl. of cause;

686.

nepotem;

left; a favorable sign in Roman

graze.

alarmed.

100

tem [meum]

metonymy.

= Ascanium.

nepo-

127

Book II vestrum

hoc

augurium,

vestroque

in numine

Troja

est.

Cedo equidem nec, nate, tibi comes ire recüsó. 703.

hoc

augurium:

this

omen.

vestroque

704.

. est: Troy is under your divine pro-

I yield

(resist no more).

equi-

dem: indeed, emphasizes the words. re-

tection.

FOR

Cédo: cüso:

refuse.

DISCUSSION

1. What reasons did Anchises give for refusing to leave Troy? 2. With what argument did Aeneas try to influence his father

to change

his

S

OUR ©

decision? Who besides Aeneas urged Anchises to flee? What alternative propositions did Creusa offer

Aeneas?

What omen appeared as Aeneas was about to return to the defense of Troy? What confirming Troy?

omen

influenced

Anchises

Aeneas, Carrying His Father and Hand, Begins the Flight

to accompany

Holding

Aeneas

out

of

His Son's

"Dixerat ille, et jam per moenia clärior ignis

105

auditur, propiusque aestüs incendia volvunt. ‘Ergo age, care pater, cervici imponere

nostrae:

ipse subibo umeris, nec me labor iste gravabit. Quo

res cumque

cadent,

inum

et commüne

periclum,

una salüs ambobus erit. Mihi parvus Iülus sit comes, et longe servet vestigia conjünx. Vos, famuli, quae dicam animis advertite vestris. Est urbe egressis tumulus templumque vetustum desertae Cereris, juxtaque 705. Dixerat ille: He had spoken (ceased speaking). moenia = urbem: metonymy. clarior: translate as an adv. 706.

propius:

nearer.

aestüs:

dat. with

compound

acc.

verb.

impo-

nere = té impone. 708. subibo umeris: I will bear you upon my shoulders; umeris: abl. of means. labor — pondus: weight. iste: that you impose.

gravo:

oppress.

709. Quo . . . cumque:

cupressus,

of reference or dative of possession. 711. sit, servet: jussive subj. longé: at a distance. servet = sequatur. véstigia: foot-

heat;

poetic pl. incendia: conflagration; nom. pl. volvo: roll. 707. Ergo age: Come, then. cervici: on my neck;

antiqua

710

whithersoever

(no

matter how); tmesis. cadent: shall hap-

pen. periclum — periculum: syncope. 710. salus: [means of] safety. [nobis] ambôbus: dat. of possession. Mihi: dative

steps.

712. famulus: servant. quae — ea quae. dicam: fut. indic. animis advertite vestris — advertite animos vestrós ad ea: turn

your

minds

(pay

attention)

to

those things. 713. urbe egressis: for those having gone out (as you go out) of the city; dat. of reference. tumulus: mound, hill. templum desertae Cereris = désertum tem-

plum Cereris: hypallage. vetustus: an-

cient.

|

714. désertus: forsaken. Cereris: of Ceres; goddess of grain. antiqua cupressus [est]: there is an ancient cypress.

128

The Aeneid

religione patrum multôs servata per annos; hanc ex diverso sedem veniémus in ünam. Tu, genitor, cape sacra manu

patriosque

115

Penatis;

mé bello é tanto digressum et caede recenti attrectare nefas, donec me flümine vivo abluero.'

120

Haec fatus, latos umerós subjectaque colla veste super fulvique insternor pelle leonis, succedoque oneri; dextrae se parvus Tülus implicuit, sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis; pone subit conjünx. Ferimur per opaca locorum,

et me, quem düdum

125

non ulla injecta movebant

tela neque adverso glomerati ex agmine Graji, nunc

om.:és

suspensum

terrent

aurae,

et pariter

sonus

comitique

excitat

omnis

onerique

timentem.

Jamque propinquabam portis, omnemque videbar

130

évàsisse viam, subito cum creber ad auris visus adesse pedum sonitus, genitorque per umbram

prospiciens, “Nate, exclamat, 'fuge, nate; propinquant;

ardentis clipeos atque aera micantia cerno.' 715.

ex diverso = ex diversis viis: by different ways. sedem — locum.

implicuit: linked. non aequis = imparibus. passus: step, pace. 725. pone: behind. subit = sequitur. opäca locorum = opaca [spatia] locorum.

Tu:

726.

religione: reverence; abl. of cause. servata:

716. 717.

with

cupressus,

|. 714.

contrasted with me, l. 718. sacra:

sacred objects (utensils); such as were used in offering sacrifices and in other ceremonies of religious worship. patrios:

paternal. 718. bello — pugnà.

digressum: having departed (coming). 719. attrectare: to touch; with subject acc.

724.

mine vivo: running water; metonymy. 721. subjecta: bended. 122. veste fulvique pelle leonis: with a robe

of a tawny lion’s skin; hendiadys. super: adv. insternor: I am covered (I cover);

middle

voice; umeros,

colla,

l. 721, obj. of insternor. 723. succédo oneri: I succeed to (place mySelf under)

the load; oneri:

compound

verb.

compound

verb.

dextrae:

dat. with

dat.

with

long since, for a long time. non

with tela, |. 727;

litotes.

injecta — jacta or missa. movébant: could startle. 727. adverso = hostili: with agmine. glomero: assemble; glomerati: collected together. ex = in. Graji = Graeci. 728. omnés aurae: every gust [of wind].

me, |. 718, is subject of est understood.

nefas: unlawful. dónec abluerô: until I shall have washed (wash); purifying rites are common in all religions. flü-

düdum:

ülla = nulla:

729.

excito: startle. | suspénsum = sollicitum: worried; with mé, |. 726. comiti = Ascanio: dat. with timentem, used intransitively; so also oneri. oneri — Anchisae.

730. portis:

dat. with special verb. omnem viam — omne periculum viae. 731. évavisse viam: to have passed the road in safety. creber = crébrôrum: with pedum: of many footsteps. auris: ear. 732. 733. 734.

visus [est]: seemed.

prospicio: ardentis

look forth. . . . micantia: chiasmus; aera:

brazen armor.

129

Book II An Alarm

Causes Aeneas

Hic mihi

confüsam dum

to Hasten

nescio quod

trepido male

éripuit mentem;

sequor,

and Creusa

et nota excedo

namque

Disappears

nümen

amicum

135

ävia cursü

regione viarum,

heu! misero conjünx fatone erepta Creüsa substitit, erravitne via seu lassa resedit, incertum; nec post oculis est reddita nostris;

140

nec prius amissam respexi animumve reflexi quam tumulum antiquae Cereris sedemque sacratam

venimus; hic demum collectis omnibus üna defuit et comites natumque virumque fefellit. 735.

736.

mihi trepido: dat. of separation. néscio quod — aliquod: the final o of nescio is irregularly short; systole. male amicum — inimicum: litotes. confundo:

confuse; confusam

. . . men-

tem: took away my confused senses (in my confusion robbed me of my presence

of

mind).

avius:

the path. seu: or. lassus: weary, tired 740.

741. prius

quam:

amissam:

before

sc. eam.

(I know

(until);

animum

I turn back my mind

pathless;

avia (loca): out-of-the-way places; obj. of sequor. cursu: at a run; abl. of manner. 731. nota regione viarum: from the known direction of the ways (from the beaten

out. resido: sit down. incertum [est]: it is uncertain not). post = postea.

tmesis.

reflexi:

did

(reflect). In his

fear for his father and his son, Aeneas forgets to look back to assure himself that Creusa is following him. Thus he

742.

loses his wife. tumulum, sédem: out

place to which with-

a preposition.

path). 738. heu: alas. misero fatone erepta: whether

743.

démum: at length, finally. collectis om-

torn from me by unkind fate; fatone =

744,

nibus: abl. desum: be

the notice of; fefellit: deceived (failed

fato + ne. 739.

FOR

subsisto:

abs. üna: she alone. absent, lack. falo: escape

stay behind.

[ex]

via:

from

to meet).

DISCUSSION

1. How

did Aeneas

arrange

for the flight of Anchises

and

of Ascanius?

2. Why did Creusa walk at a distance behind her husband and child? 3. Why did Aeneas tell Anchises to carry the household gods instead of carrying them himself? 4. What was to be the place of rendezvous for the various groups of the party? 9. What alarmed Aeneas near the Trojan gates and caused him to lose his way?

6. When

did

Aeneas

discover

that

Creusa

was

missing?

Aeneas Searches for Creusa in Vain Through the Burning Town Quem nón incüsavi amens hominumque deorumque, aut quid in eversa vidi crüdelius urbe? 749. incüso:

blame,

hominumque

accuse.

àmens:

deórumque:

part.

frantic.

gen.

746.

in eversa urbe: in the destruction of the city.

130

The Aeneid Ascanium

Anchisénque patrem Teucrosque Penatis

commendo sociis et curva valle recondóo; ipse urbem repeto et cingor fulgentibus armis; stat casus

renovare

omnis

omnemque

reverti

190

per Trojam et rürsus caput objectàre periclis. "Principio mürós obscüraque limina portae, quà gressum extuleram, repeto, et vestigia retro observata sequor per noctem

et lumine lüstro;

horror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent.

199

Inde domum, si forte pedem, si forte tulisset, me

refero:

irruerant

Danai

et téctum

omne

tenebant.

llicet ignis edàx summa ad fastigia vento volvitur; exsuperant flammae, furit aestus ad auras. Procedo, et Priami sedis arcemque

reviso.

760

Et jam porticibus vacuis Junonis asylo custodes lecti Phoenix et dirus Ulixes praedam asservabant; hüc undique Troia gaza

incensis erepta adytis, ménsaeque deorum of the search. pedem tulisset: she had

747. Teucros — Trojanos. 748. commendo: intrust. [in] curva valle: in a winding valley. [eos] recondô: 1 hide [them].

749.

urbem . . . armis:

hysteron

proteron.

repeto: seek again. cingor = mé cingô: I gird fulgeo:

(array) shine,

myself; middle glitter. Aeneas

longer trying to escape 750. stat:

it stands

vàre,

reverti,

impers.

verb

renovo:

renew.

(I am

notice. resolved).

objectäre:

stat.

voice. is no

reno-

subjects

of

cäsüs = pericula.

turned her question.

daughter of Priam

quà . . . extuleram: where I had come out. retro sequor: I follow back (re-

794.

observata:

756.

by Hecuba;

hence

762.

Phoenix:

lum: sanctuary, refuge. les.

the

dirus:

aged

cursed,

instructor

execrable.

of Achil-

Ulixés:

Ulysses, the wily Greek leadef. 763. asservo: guard. Troia: trisyllabic. gaza:

with

véstigia,

in the darkness.

1.

it signifies

lu-

animó my

[est

soul);

med]: dat.

is to my of possession.

soul si-

764.

ménsae

first.

sels.

s1

forte,

si forte:

anaphora;

the

the hopelessness

and

adytum: shrine; used here in the sense of temple; adytis: dat. of separation.

lentia: poetic pl. domum: Aeneas goes to his own home

repetition emphasizes

rich furniture, wealth,

property. The word undique would seem to indicate that the treasure was collected from all parts of the city and thrown up in this place (hüc).

mine lustro: I search [them] out by the light [of the flames]. horror: i.e., scenes that make him shud(fills

indir.

treasure. 'This word is of Persian origin;

observed;

753. per noctem:

der.

in

761.

trace).

755.

subj.

Aeneas went to the palace in search of his wife. porticus: colonnade, passage, aisle. asÿ-

trances.

753.

there;

757. me refero = redeo. irruô: rush in. 758. Ilicet: Immediately (Quickly). edax: consuming. fastigium: roof. 759. exsupero: mount high. furio: rage. aestus: conflagration. ad auras — ad caelum. 760. Prócédo: advance. Priami sédis: the mansions of Priam. Creusa was the

reverti = redire.

751. caput [meum]: my head (life). objectô: expose. 752. Principio: At fist; correlative with Inde, |. 756. obscüra limina: dark en-

steps

deorum:

the

tripods

of

the

gods, used for bearing the sacred ves-

131

Book II

cratéresque auro solidi, captivaque vestis congeritur; pueri et pavidae longo ordine matrés

165

stant circum.

Ausus quin etiam voces jactare per umbram implevi clamore vias, maestusque Cretisam nequiquam

ingeminans

iterumque

iterumque

110

vocavi.

A Phantom of Creusa Consoles Aeneas and Prophesies Quaerenti et téctis urbis sine fine furenti infelix simuläcrum atque ipsius umbra Creusae visa mihi ante oculos et nota major imago. sic affari et curds his demere

dictis:

-I I

Tum

C!

Obstipui, steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus haesit. ‘Quid tantum insano juvat indulgere dolori, Ó dulcis conjünx? Non haec sine nümine divum eveniunt, nec te comitem hinc portare Creüsam

fas aut ille sinit superi regnator Olympi. Longa tibi exsilia, et vastum maris aequor arandum, et terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva 765. crätér: of

766.

mixing bowl, goblet. auro: abl.

material.

captivus:

captured,

cap-

tive. vestis: clothing. congeritur: is heaped up; congeritur agrees with the nearest subject. pueri, matrés: sold as

the women and children, to be slaves; a valuable part of the

conquemors' booty. pavidus: terrified. 768. Ausus: Daring. quin etiam: but even. vocés jactare: to utter cries. umbram = tenebras.

ing with

mihi,

the houses;

l. 773.

tectis:

among

abl. of place where;

synec-

doche. furenti = ruenti: rushing (as I rushed) wildly; agreeing with mihi, 1.

773. 772. infelix tion;

simulacrum: unhappy

unhappy

because

she

appariwas

the

source of sorrow and grief to her husband.

ipsius:

the

second

i

is

short;

poetic license. umbra: ghost. 773. visa [est]: agrees with its nearest subject. nota major imago: her image larger

rather larger size than human 774.

than

the

well-known

[form];

nota: abl. of comparison. Specters and apparitions are usually represented in a

obstipésco:

stand

amazed.

beings.

steterunt:

with short penult; systole. fauces: jates, throat. 775. 776. 777.

haereo:

affari,

démere

stick. (take

away);

hist.

inf.

Quid = Cur. tantum: so much. insanô dolori: immoderate grief; dat. with special verb. juvat: sc. té. Non

sine

nümine:

litotes;

nümine =

voluntate. divum = divorum: 778.

769. impleo: fill. maestus: mournful. 710. néquiquam: uselessly. ingemino: repeat. iterum: again. 771. Quaerenti: seeking (as I sought); agree-

180

évenid:

happen.

comitem:

archaism.

[as]

a com-

panion.

719.

fas: the divine portare,

i.e.,

to take Creusa

nec. peri ruler 780. tibi:

will; sc. est; subject te Aeneas

is

not

permitted

along with him.

aut —

ille: the great. sino: permit. suOlympi: of high heaven. régnator: (Jupiter). dat. of possession with exsilia

[sunt]. exsilia: exile; implies that Aeneas

will be for a long time destitute of anv country. aequor: surface. arandum — navigandum: sc. est tuis navibus. 781. Hesperius: Hesperian, Italian. Lydius: Lydian, of Lydia, Tuscan; Lydia, a country of Asia Minor, was the earlier home of the Etruscans, who settled in

Italy and probably founded Rome. Lydius modifies Thybris, 1. 782. arva: lands.

132

The

Aeneid

inter opima virum leni fluit agmine Thybris. Illic res laetae regnumque et regia conjünx

parta tibi; lacrimas dilectae pelle Creusae. Non ego Myrmidonum

sedis Dolopumve

superbas

185

aspiciam, aut Grajis servitum matribus ibo, Dardanis et divae Veneris nurus, sed mé magna deum genetrix his detinet oris. Jamque vale, et nati serva commünis

amorem.

Haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem et multa volentem

190

dicere deseruit, tenuisque recessit in auras. Ter conatus ibi collo dare bracchia circum; ter früstrà comprensa manüs effugit imàgo, pàr levibus ventis volucrique simillima somno. Aeneas, with a Large Number

of Refugees,

Escapes

“Sic démum sociós, cOnsumpta nocte, reviso. Atque hic ingentem comitum afflüxisse novorum invenio admirans

numerum,

matresque

virosque,

colléctam exsilio pubem, miserabile vulgus. Undique convenere, animis opibusque parati 782.

opimus: rich. virum — virórum: gen. with opima; archaism. leni agmine: with its gentle stream.

783.

Lavinia,

Latinus. Aeneas succeeded King

784.

plainly

informed

of

King

Lavinia and in his king-

789. 790.

her

that

he

you; parta agrees with the nearest subject. dilectae Creusae: of (for) your beloved Creusa; obj. gen. pello: drive

away, banish.

servant; supine after ibo, a verb of motion, to express purpose. matribus: dat. with special verb. Dardanis: a Trojan woman; a descendant of Dardanus, the founder of the

Trojan race. nurus: daughter-in-law. Aeneas was the son of Venus and Anchises;

hemistich.

nati: Ascani, son of Aeneas

and Creusa.

[mé] lacrimantem et volentem: obj. of

791.

déseruit: she left. tenuis in auras:

792.

thin air. recedo: depart, vanish. Ter: Thrice. conatus (sum):

tempted. to throw arm. 793.

früstra:

into I

at-

dare circum — circumdare: around; tmesis. bracchium: in vain.

comprénsa = compre-

hénsa: seized; syncope. manis: acc. pl. 794. par = similis. volucri somno: fleeting

Greeks of

Thessaly. sédis: homes. 786. servitum: to serve in the capacity of a

787.

Great

déseruit.

was destined by fate for Lavinia. parta [est]: have been won for (await)

185. ego: emphatic. Myrmidones:

the

Cybele detains Creusa as one of her attendants. oris: abl. of place where.

dom. In relating this prophecy to Dido, Aeneas

Cybele,

divinity of this region. détinet: detains;

daughter married Latinus

genetrix:

Mother of the Gods. She was the chief

Tiber.

Illic: there. rés laetae: prosperity. régia

conjünx:

deum

( Tuscany)

Thybris:

The Tiber separates Etruria from Latium.

788.

dream;

795.

Sic:

dat.

with

i.e., without

simillima.

Creusa.

démum:

length. consumptä nocte:

abl. abs.

at

796. afflüxisse = advenisse. 797. admiror: wonder at, admire. pubem: young 798. collectam .

men gathered together for exile; exsilio: dat. of purpose. vulgus: in app. with pubem.

799.

convenére = convénerunt.

parati:

sc. mé

abl. of respect.

sequi;

animis

. . .

animis, opibus:

133

Book II

in quascumque velim pelago dedücere terras.

800

Jamque jugis summae surgebat Lücifer Idae dücebatque diem, Danaique obsessa tenebant Iimina portarum, nec spés opis ulla dabatur. Cessi, et sublato montis genitore petivi. 800. in

quàscumque

terras:

to

whatever

peared

lands. velim: I may be willing; potential subj. pelago: by (over) the sea. [eos] [them];

deducere:

to

lead

© D EH OR

at Troy

to rise from

(conduct)

802.

obsideo: besiege; obsessa: guarded.

dédücere was the usual Roman

803.

spes opis:

term for conducting a colony to a new land. 801. jugis summae Idae: from the ridges (top) of highest Ida. Mount Ida lay to the east of Troy, and the morning star (Lucifer or Venus, the planet) apFOR

to those

the top of that mountain. Lucifer: lightbringer, morning star. hope of obtaining

help from

Troy or for Troy; the city was completely in the possession of the Greeks. 804. Cessi: i.e, gave up the struggle and left. sublato genitore — patrem meum ferens: abl. abs. montis: Mt. Ida.

DISCUSSION

To what place did Aeneas go first in search of Creusa? In what condition did he find his mansion? Whom did he see in the porticoes of Juno’s sanctuary? Who were standing around in a long file? Who did not permit Creusa to accompany Aeneas into exile? What did Creusa prophesy with regard to Aeneas’ future?

©

bi

(ON

What humiliations did Creusa escape by her death? What was Creusa’s parting plea to Aeneas?

Whom

did Aeneas find awaiting him after he returned to the place of

rendezvous? Where did Aeneas with his family and the other surviving Trojans refuge?

take

134

The Aeneid BOOK

III

Aeneas and the Trojans Sail from Troy and Land in Thrace "Postquam

res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem

immeritam visum superis, ceciditque superbum Ilium, et omnis humo fumat Neptünia Troja, diversa exsilia et desertas quaerere terràs auguriis agimur divum, classemque sub ipsa Antandro et Phrygiae molimur montibus Idae, incerti quo Fata ferant, ubi sistere detur,

5

contrahimusque viros. Vix prima incéperat aestas et pater Anchises dare Fatis vela jubebat, litora cum

patriae lacrimàns

portüsque

relinquo

10

et campos, ubi Trója fuit. Feror exsul in altum cum

sociis natoque,

Penatibus

et magnis

dis.

“Terra procul vastis colitur Mävortia campis

(Thraces arant), àcri quondam

régnata Lycurgo,

hospitium antiquum Trojae sociique Penatis,

15

dum fortüna fuit. Feror hüc, et litore curvo moenia prima loco, Fatis ingressus iniquis,

Aeneadasque med nomen de nomine fingo. 2. immeritus: undeserving, guiltless. 6. Antandros: town in Mysia near Troy. 11. exsul: exile, refugee.

Go bo re SUE

FOR

14. Thrax: Thracian. Lycurgus: Thrace. 17. ingredior: enter, land.

king

of

DISCUSSION

To whom Where

did Aeneas attribute the cause of the fall of Troy?

did Aeneas

and

the other survivors

build

their fleet?

Who gave the word to set sail? What

time of the year was it?

What name did Aeneas give to the inhabitants of the city he started to build?

Aeneas Is Alarmed by the Omens of the Buried Polydorus "Sacra Dionaeae matri divisque ferebam auspicibus coeptorum operum,

superoque nitentem

caelicolum regi mactabam in litore taurum. Forte fuit jüxtà tumulus, quo cornea summo 20. auspex: seer, guide.

20

135

Book III virgulta et dénsis hastilibus horrida myrtus. Accessi, viridemque ab humo convellere silvam conatus,

ramis

tegerem

ut frondentibus

àràs,

25

horrendum et dictü video mirabile monstrum; nam, quae prima sol6 ruptis radicibus arbos vellitur, huic ätrô liquuntur sanguine guttae et terram tàbo maculant. Mihi frigidus horror membra quatit, gelidusque coit formidine sanguis.

30

Rürsus et alterius lentum convellere vimen insequor

et causas

penitus

temptare

latentis;

ater et alterius sequitur de cortice sanguis. Multa movéns animo, nymphas venerabar agrestis Gradivumque patrem, Geticis qui praesidet arvis, rite secundarent visüs omenque levärent.

35

Tertia sed postquam majore hastilia nist aggredior genibusque adversae obluctor harenae (eloquar an sileam?), gemitus lacrimabilis imo auditur tumulo, et vóx reddita fertur ad auris: ‘Quid miserum, Aenea, laceras? Jam parce sepulto,

40

parce pias scelerare manüs. Non me tibi Troja

externum tulit aut cruor hic dé stipite manat. Heu! Fuge crüdelis terras, fuge litus avarum, nam Polydorus ego. Hic confixum ferrea texit telorum seges et jaculis increvit acütis.

45

Aeneas Tells the Story of Polydorus Tum vero ancipiti mentem formidine pressus obstipui, steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus haesit. Hunc Polydórum auri quondam cum pondere màgno infelix Priamus fürtim mandarat alendum 23. 24. 25. 28. 29. 30. 31. 34.

virgultum: thicket, bush. viridis: green, vigorous. frondéns: leafy, fronded. gutta: drop. tabum: gore, blood. maculo: coed: come together, curdle. vimen: twig, shoot. veneror: reverence, rustic, rural.

35. Gradivus:

venerate.

50

39. éloquor: speak out, declare. lacrimabilis: tearful, mournful. 41. laceró: tear, mutilate. 43. externus: foreign, strange. cruor: blood,

pollute.

gore.

stipes:

flow,

drip,

stock,

root,

trunk.

mand:

ooze.

45. Polydorus:

son of Priam; murdered by Polymnestor, king of Thrace. ferreus: of

agrestis:

Mars. Geticus: of the Getae, a people of the Danube; Thracian. 36. rite: fittingly, with due ceremony. secundó: prosper, make favorable. 38. obluctor: struggle against.

iron; iron.

46. jaculum:

spear, javelin. incresco: up. 47. anceps: doubtful, irresolute.

50.

mando:

rear.

intrust,

commit.

alo:

grow

nourish,

136

The Aeneid

Threicio regi, cum jam diffideret armis

Dardaniae, cingique urbem obsidione videret. Ille, ut opes fractae Teucrum res Agamemncuias

et fortüna recessit,

victriciaque arma secutus

fas omne abrumpit; Polydôrum obtruncat, et auro

55

vi potitur. Quid nón mortalia pectora cogis,

auri sacra fames! Postquam pavor ossa reliquit, delectos populi ad proceres primumque parentem monstra deum refero, et quae sit sententia posco.

The Trojans Resolve to Leave Thrace at Once Omnibus

idem animus, scelerata excedere terra,

60

linqui pollütum hospitium et dare classibus Austros. Ergo instauràmus Polydoro fünus, et ingens aggeritur tumulo tellüs; stant Manibus ärae, caeruleis maestae vittis àtraque cupressô, et circum Iliades crinem dé more solütae; inferimus tepido spümantia cymbia lacte sanguinis et sacri pateras, animamque sepulcro condimus, ol. Threicius:

et magna

Thracian. diffido: distrust.

52. obsidio: siege, blockade. 54. victrix: victorious. 55. abrumpô: break off. obtrunco: slay.

PLI

FOR

lop off,

voce

ciemus.

61. polluo: defile, pollute.

63. aggero: heap up. 66. tepidus: tepid, warm. lac: milk.

cymbium:

boul.

DISCUSSION

To whom did Aeneas prepare to offer sacrifice in Thrace? What took place when he was collecting branches from nearby

Who L1 9 SURG

supremum

65

bushes?

addressed Aeneas and warned him to leave Thrace?

What

had happened

To whom

at this particular location?

did Aeneas refer the matter for judgment?

What did the alarmed Trojans decide to do?

How did the Trojans show their respect for the dead?

The Trojans, Arriving in Delos, Consult the Oracle of Apollo "Inde, ubi prima fides pelago placataque venti dant maria, et lenis crepitàns vocat Auster in altum, 70.

crepito:

rustle, creak.

70

137

Book III

dedücunt socii navis et litora complent. Prôvehimur portü, terraeque urbesque recedunt. Sacra mari colitur medio

gratissima tellus

Néreidum matri et Neptünó Aegaeo, quam

pius Arquitenéns

oras et litora circum

15

errantem Mycono é celsà Gyaroque revinxit, immotamque coli dedit et contemnere ventos. Hic feror; haec fessos tüto placidissima portu accipit. Egressi, veneràmur Apollinis urbem.

Rex Anius, réx idem hominum Phoebique sacerdos, vittis et sacrà redimitus tempora lauro,

80

occurrit. Veterem Anchisén agnoscit amicum;

jungimus hospitio dextras et tecta subimus. "Templa dei saxo venerabar strücta vetusto: ‘Da propriam, Thymbraee, domum; dà moenia fessis et genus et mànsüram urbem; serva altera Trójae Pergama,

reliquias Danaum

atque immitis

85

Achilli.

Quem sequimur? Quôve ire jubes? Ubi ponere sedis? Da, pater, augurium atque animis illabere nostris."

The Oracle Gives Ambiguous Vix ea fatus eram:

Advice

tremere

omnia

visa repente,

90

liminaque laurusque dei, totusque moveri mons

circum

Summissi

et mugire

petimus

adytis

terram,

cortina

reclüsis.

et vox fertur ad auris:

"Dardanidae düri, quae vos à stirpe parentum prima tulit tellüs, eadem vos übere laeto accipiet reducis.

Antiquam

95

exquirite matrem.

Hic domus Aeneae cunctis dominabitur oris et nati natorum et qui nascentur ab illis.' Haec Phoebus; mixtoque ingens exorta tumultü laetitia, et cüncti quae

sint ea moenia

quaerunt,

100

quo Phoebus vocet errantis jubeatque reverti. Tum 74. Néreis:

reus.

genitor, veterum volvens monumenta

a sea nymph, daughter of NeAegaeus: of the Aegean Sea;

Aegean. 75. Arquitenéns: archer; Apollo. 76. Myconus, Gyaros: islands in

gean. 80. Anius: 81. redimio:

king of Delos. bind

around,

encircle.

85. Thymbraeus: 92.

the Ae-

virorum, of

Thymbra,

a

city

of

Apollo and sacred to him. mügio: roar, bellow. cortina: cauldron, cauldron-shaped Delphic tripod.

93. summissus: prostrate. 102. monumentum: reminder, memorial, tradition.

138

The Aeneid

"Audite, Ó proceres, ait, ‘et spes discite vestras.

Creta Jovis magni medio jacet insula ponto, mons Idaeus ubi et gentis cünàbula nostrae. Centum urbés nabitant mägnäs, überrinra regna, maximus unde pater, si rite audita recordor, Teucrus Rhoetéas primum est advectus ad oras, optavitque locum regno. Nondum Ilium et arces Pergameae steterant; habitabant vallibus imis. Hinc mater cultrix Cybelae

Corybantiaque

105

110

aera

Idaeumque nemus, hinc fida silentia sacris

et jüncti currum dominae subiere leones. Ergo agite, et divum ducunt quà jüssa sequamur; plàcemus ventos, et Gnosia regna petamus.

115

Nec longo distant cursü; modo Juppiter adsit, tertia lux classem Cretaeis sistet in Oris.’ Sic fatus, meritos aris mäctavit honores, taurum Neptüno, taurum tibi, pulcher Apollo, nigram Hiemi pecudem, Zephyris felicibus albam.

120

105.

Idacus:

106.

cradle, pl. habito: inhabit, dwell, fruitful, rich, fertile.

recordor:

107. 111.

cultrix:

mountain

Ll 9» SUR

Wh

rn

FOR

Cybele, Great Mother of the gods. Corybantius:of the Corybantes, wor-

of Mt. Ida, Idaean. cünàbula: possess.

über: 113.

recall, remember. dweller,

inhabitant.

shipers of Cybele. domina: lady, queen.

115. Gnôsius: Cybelus:

of

Gnossus,

the

capital

of

Crete; Cretan.

in Phrygia; it was sacred to — 116. disto: stand apart.

DISCUSSION

Why were the inhabitants of Delos grateful to Apollo? By whom were the Trojans given a friendly welcome? For what was the island and the city of Delos famous at this time? Where did the oracle advise the Trojans to settle? How did Anchises interpret the oracle's advice? What ancient Trojan hero had come originally from

Crete?

To what gods did the venerable Anchises offer sacrifices before setting sail again?

A Pestilence Occurs As Soon As the Trojans Settle in Crete “Fama volat pulsum régnis cessisse paternis Idomenéa ducem, désertaque litora Crétae, hoste vacare domos sedisque 4stare relictas. 121. paternus:

ancestral, paternal.

122.

Idomeneus:

brother

of Dardanus.

139

Book III

Linquimus Ortygiae portüs, pelagoque volàmus, bacchatamque jugis Naxon viridemque Donysam, Olearon niveamque Paron, sparsasque per aequor Cycladas, et crebris legimus freta consita terris. Nauticus

exoritur vario certamine

clamor;

hortantur socii Cretam proavôsque petamus. Prôsequitur surgens à puppi ventus euntis,

130

et tandem antiquis Cüretum allabimur ôris. "Ergo avidus müros optatae molior urbis, Pergameamque voco, et laetam cognomine gentem hortor amàre focos arcemque attollere tectis. Jamque feré sicco subductae litore puppes; conübiis arvisque novis operata juventus; jüra domósque dabam, subito cum tabida membris

corrupto caeli tràctü miserandaque venit arboribusque satisque lues et letifer annus. Linquébant dulcis animàs aut aegra trahebant

110

corpora; tum sterilis exürere Sirius agros; ärébant herbae, et Rursus ad oraclum hortatur pater ire quam fessis finem temptare auxilium

victum seges aegra negabat. Ortygiae Phoebumque reménso mari, veniamque precari, rebus ferat, unde laborum jubeat, quo vertere cursus.

145

The Penates Bid Aeneas to Seek Italy, His Race's True Home "Nox erat, et terris animalia somnus habebat; effigies sacrae divum Phrygiique Penates, quós mécum à Trôjä mediisque ex ignibus urbis

extuleram, visi ante oculos ästäre jacentis, in somnis multo manifesti lümine,

150

quà se

plena per insertas fundebat lüna fenestras. Tum sic affari, et curas his demere dictis: 124.

Ortygia:

early

island

the

of

name Aegean;

of so

Delos, called

an

its quails. 125. bacchor:

Naxos:

island

of the

Aegean;

one of the Cyclades.

Olearus,

Paros:

127.

Cyclades: island group of the Aegean.

islands

of the Aegean;

two of the Cyclades. scattered,

dotted.

128. Nauticus: nautical. certamen: 129. proavus: ancestor, forefather. 131.

Curétés:

earliest

inhabitants

rivalry. of

Crete;

allabor:

glide

to.

133.

revel.

126.

consitus:

Cretan priests of Jupiter.

from

Pergameus:

of Pergamum,

the citadel

of Trov. 136. 137. 138. 139. 141. 144. 147. 152.

operor: be occupied with. tabidus: wasting, decayed. tractus: region, quarter.

lués: blight, plague. letifer: deadly. Sirius: the dog star. precor: pray (for, to), invoke. animal:

insero:

animal,

living

place, insert.

thing.

140

The Aeneid

‘Quod tibi delàto Ortygiam dictürus Apollo est, hic canit, et tua nos, en, ültro ad limina mittit. Nos, te Dardanià incensa tuaque arma secüti,

155

nos, tumidum sub té permensi classibus- aequor, idem ventüros tollemus in astra nepotes imperiumque urbi dabimus; tii moenia magnis magna para longumque fugae ne linque laborem. Mütandae sedes; non haec tibi litora suasit Delius aut Cretae jüssit considere Apollo. Est locus (Hesperiam Graji cognomine dicunt), terra antiqua, potens armis atque übere glaebae: Oenoótii coluere viri; nunc fama minores Italiam dixisse ducis de nómine gentem. Hae nobis propriae sedes, hinc Dardanus ortus Jasiusque pater, genus 4 quo principe nostrum. Surge age, et haec laetus longaevo dicta parenti haud dubitanda refer: Corythum terrasque requirat

160

165

170

Ausonias. Dictaea negat tibi Juppiter arva. The Trojans Set Sail from Crete Talibus attonitus visis et voce deorum (nec sopor illud erat, sed coram agnoscere vultüs velatasque comäs praesentiaque óra videbar;

tum gelidus tóto manabat corpore südor),

175

corripio e stratis corpus, tendôque supinäs ad caelum cum vóce manüs, et münera libo intemerata focis. Perfecto laetus honore Anchisen facio certum remque ôrdine pando. Agnôvit prolem ambiguam geminósque parentis, seque

novo

veterum

déceptum

180

errore locorum.

Tum memorat: “Nate, Iliacis exercite fatis, sola mihi talis casts Cassandra canebat; nunc repeto haec generi portendere debita nostro

et saepe Hesperiam, saepe Itala regna vocare. Sed quis ad Hesperiae ventüros litora Teucros 154.

defero:

bring

157. permétior: 167. Dardanus: 168.

to, convey.

traverse. son of Jupiter and founder

Ausonian,

185

171.

Ausonias:

172.

of Dicte, a Cretan mountain; Cretan. attonitus: thunderstruck, astounded.

Italian.

of the line of the Trojan kings; early king of Troy.

176. supinus: upturned, supine. 178. perficio: accomplish, perfect.

Iasius:

181.

brother of Dardanus.

170. Corythus:

a town of Etruria; Cortona.

décipio: deceive.

184. portendo: foretell.

Dictaeus:

141

Book III

créderet, aut quem tum vatés Cassandra movéret? Cedàmus Phoebo, et moniti melidra sequamur. Sic ait, et cüncti dicto paremus ovantes. Hanc quoque déserimus sedem, paucisque relictis vela damus, vastumque cavà trabe currimus aequor. 187. vatés: prophet, prophetess.

mw

FOR

189.

190

ovo: triumph, exult.

DISCUSSION

What What

rumor reached the Trojans before they left Delos? dangers did the Trojans pass through before they reached

Crete?

What did Aeneas name the city before he started?

Who informed Aeneas that Crete was not the original home of the Trojan

ancestors? 5. In what land was Aeneas directed to establish his city? 6. Whose earlier prophecy had Anchises ignored? Why?

A Storm Drives the Trojans to the Islands of the Harpies "Postquam altum tenuere rates, nec jam amplius üllae apparent

terrae,

caelum

undique

et undique

pontus,

tum mihi caeruleus suprà caput astitit imber, noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. Continuo venti volvunt mare, magnaque aequora; dispersi jactàmur gurgite vasto.

195

surgunt

Involvere diem nimbi, et nox ümida caelum abstulit; ingeminant abruptis nübibus ignes. Excutimur

cursü, et caecis erràmus

in undis.

200

Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere caelo nec meminisse viae media Palinürus in unda. Tris adeo incertos caeca cáligine soles erramus pelago, totidem sine sidere noctis; quart6 terra die primum

sé attollere tandem

205

visa, aperire procul montis ac volvere fümum. Vela cadunt, rémis insurgimus; haud mora, nautae annixi torquent spümäs et caerula verrunt. Servatum ex undis Strophadum me litora primum 194. supra: over, above. 195. inhorreo: bristle, shudder.

202. Palinurus: the pilot of Aeneas’ ship. 203. caligo: fog, darkness, gloom.

197.

207.

dispergo: disperse, scatter.

199. auferó: carry away, rob. 201. discerno: distinguish, discern.

insurgo:

rise,

rise

above;

with

rémis:

ply vigorously. nauta: sailor, mariner. 209. Strophades: islands in the Ionian Sea.

142

The Aeneid accipiunt. Strophades

Grajo stant nomine

dictae

210

insulae Ionio in màgno, quàs dira Celaenô Harpyiaeque

colunt aliae, Phinéia postquam

clausa domus ménsasque metü liquére priores. Tristius haud illis monstrum, nec saevior ülla

pestis et ira deum Stygiis sese extulit undis.

215

Virginei volucrum vultüs, foedissima ventris proluviés, uncaeque

manus,

et pallida semper

ora fame.

The Harpies Attack the Trojans, but Are Driven Off “Hüc ubi délati portüs intravimus, ecce laeta boum passim campis armenta videmus

caprigenumque pecus, nüllo custode, per herbas. Irruimus ferro, et divos ipsumque vocämus in partem praedamque Jovem; tum litore curvo exstruimusque toros dapibusque epulamur opimis. At subitae horrifico lapsu de montibus adsunt Harpyiae, et mägnis quatiunt clangoribus, alas,

225

diripiuntque dapes, contactiique omnia foedant immundo; tum vóx taetrum dira inter odorem. "Rürsum in secessü longo sub ripe cavata arboribus clausa circum instruimus

mensas,

atque horrentibus

arisque

reponimus

umbris

230

ignem;

rürsum ex diverso caeli caecisque latebris turba sonans praedam pedibus circumvolat uncis, polluit ore dapes. Sociis tunc arma capessant édico et dira bellum cum gente gerendum.

235

Haud secus ac jussi faciunt, tectosque per herbam disponunt ensis et scüta latentia condunt. Ergo, ubi delapsae sonitum per curva dedere 211.

Ionius:

212.

of the Harpies. Harpyia: a Harpy; a ravenous monster

Ionian,

Greek.

Celaeno:

leader

with the body of a bird and the face of a woman. Phinéius: of Phineus, king of Thrace. He was blinded by the gods

and tormented by the Harpies for his crimes. 215.

Stygius: Stygian,

of the river infernal.

216. volucris: bird, loathsome.

fowl.

Styx

in

Hades;

foedus:

filthy,

217.

proluvies: hooked.

overflow, excrement. uncus:

219. intro: penetrate. 221. caprigenus: goat-born, of goats. 224. exstruó: build up, pile up. epulor: feast, banquet. 225. horrificus: horrifying, horrible. 227. contactus: touch, contact. 228. immundus: filthy, foul, dirty. taeter:

foul, filthy, loathsome.

235. édico: proclaim, order. 237. dispôno: arrange, distribute.

143

Book III

litora, dat signum speculà Misénus ab alta aere cavó; invadunt

socii et nova proelia temptant,

240

obscenas pelagi ferro foedäre volucris; sed neque vim plümis üllam nec vulnera tergo

accipiunt, celerique fuga sub sidera läpsae semesam

praedam

et vestigia foeda

In Revenge Celaeno Utters a Dreadful

relinquunt.

Prophecy

Una in praecelsa consedit rupe Celaeno, infelix vatés, rumpitque hanc pectore vocem: "Bellum etiam pro caede boum stratisque juvencis, Làomedontiadae, bellumne inferre paratis

245

Ut» ct So

et patrio Harpyias insontis pellere regno? Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite dicta,

quae Phoebo pater omnipotens, mihi Phoebus Apollo praedixit, vobis Furiarum ego maxima pando. Italiam cursü petitis, ventisque vocatis ibitis Italiam, portusque intrare licebit: sed non ante datam cingetis moenibus urbem quam vos dira fames nostraeque injüria caedis ambésas subigat malis absumere mensas." Dixit, et in silvam, pinnis ablata, refügit.

255

239. specula: watchtower, lookout. Misénus: Trojan trumpeter. 241. obscénus: disgusting, foul. 242. pluma: feather, plume.

247. juvencus: bullock, steer, ox. 248. Laomedontiadés: descendant medon; pl. Trojans. 252. praedico: foretell, predict.

244.

257.

sémésus:

half-eaten.

245. praecelsus: lofty, high.

FOR 1. For

ambédo:

eat, gnaw

around.

of Laomala:

jaw,

cheekbone.

DISCUSSION how

long

did

the

Trojans

sail

blindly

after

they

had

abandoned

Crete?

Where did the Trojans land on the fourth day? How were they able to obtain meat?

©

0

AS Et

How many times did the Harpies prevent the Trojans from taking their food? How did the Trojans try to fight off the flying monsters? What good news did Celaeno give the Trojans? What dreadful prophecy did Celaeno utter?

From whom had Celaeno received her information? What did Celaeno do after she had uttered her dreadful prophecy to Aeneas and his companions?

144

The Aeneid

The Trojans, Alarmed, Set Sail for Actium “At sociis subita gelidus formidine sanguis dériguit; cecidére animi, nec jam amplius armis, sed vôtis precibusque jubent exposcere pacem,

260

sive deae seu sint dirae obscénaeque volucrés, et pater Anchisés, passis dé litore palmis, numina magna vocat meritosque indicit honores: ‘Di, prohibéte minas; di, talem avertite casum, et placidi servate pios! Tum litore funem déripere excussôsque jubet laxare rudentis. Tendunt vela Noti; fugimus spümantibus undis, quà cursum ventusque gubernatorque vocabat. jam

medio

apparet

fluctü nemorosa

265

Zacynthos

210

Dülichiumque Saméque et Neritos ardua saxis; effugimus scopulos Ithacae, Läertia regna, et terram altricem saevi exsecràmur mox et Leucatae nimbosa cacümina

Ulixi; montis

et formidatus nautis aperitur Apollo. Hunc petimus fessi, et parvae succedimus urbi; ancora de prôrä jacitur, stant litore puppes. Ergo, inspérata tandem tellüre potiti, lüstràmurque Jovi votisque incendimus aras, Actiaque Iliacis celebramus litora lüdis. Exercent patrias oleo labente palaestras

215

280

nüdati socii; juvat evasisse tot urbis Argolicäs medidsque fugam Interea magnum

tenuisse per hostis.

sol circumvolvitur

annum,

et glacialis hiems Aquilonibus asperat undas; aere cavó clipeum, magni gestamen Abantis, postibus adversis figo et rem carmine signo: Aenéas haec de Danais victoribus arma. 260.

dérigesco: stiffen, freeze.

the coast of Acarnania. nimbôsus: cloud-

261. exposcó: demand, beg, ask. 265.

capped, stormy. cacümen: summit, top.

minae: threats, menace.

275.

270. nemorôsus: woody, wooded. Zacynthus: island in the Ionian Sea. 271. Dülichium, Samé, Néritos: islands in the Ionian Sea. 272. 273.

Ithaca:

island in the Ionian Sea; king-

dom of Ulysses. Laertius: father of Ulysses.

of Laertes,

altrix: nurse, nourisher. exsecror: curse.

274. Leucatés: the

island

Leucas

or

Leucadia

off

formido: fear, dread; verb.

278. inspératus: unhoped for. 280. Actius: of Actium, a promontory in Epirus. 281. oleum: oil. palaestra: wrestling place (bout).

284. circumvolo: roll around. 285. glacialis: cold, icy. aspero: roughen. 286.

the southern promontory of of

285

gestamen:

Abas: 287.

carmen:

equipment,

a Trojan;

accoutrement.

a king of Argos.

song, verse, poem.

145

Book III

The Trojans Sail for Buthrotum and There Find Andromache “Linquere tum portüs jubeo et cónsidere tränstris; certatim socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt. Protinus aerias Phaeacum

abscondimus

290

arcis,

litoraque Epiri legimus, portüque subimus Chàonio, et celsam Büthroti accedimus urbem. “Hic incredibilis rerum fama occupat auris, Priamiden Helenum Grajäs regnare per urbis, conjugio

Aeacidae

Pyrrhi sceptrisque

295

potitum,

et patrio Andromachen iterum cessisse marito. Obstipui, miroque incensum pectus amore compellàre virum et casus cognoscere tantos.

Progredior portu, classis et litora linquens, sollemnis cum forte dapes et tristia dona ante urbem in lüco falsi Simoéntis ad undam libabat cineri Andromache, Mänisque vocabat Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quem caespite inanem

300

et geminas,

305

Ut mé arma

causam

lacrimis, sacraverat

conspexit venientem àmens

vidit, magnis

àaràs.

et Troja circum

exterrita monstris

deriguit visü in medio, calor ossa reliquit; läbitur, et longo vix tandem tempore fatur: "Verane té facies, verus mihi nüntius affers, nate dea? Vivisne, aut, si lux alma recessit, Hector ubi est?' Dixit, lacrimasque effüdit, et omnem implevit clamore locum. Vix pauca furenti subijcio, et raris turbatus vocibus hisco: 289. 291.

transtrum:

aerius:

rowers’

295.

bench.

lofty, towering.

Phaeaces:

the

Phaeacians, legendary inhabitants of the island of Corcyra. abscondô: hide, see

292.

disappear. Epirus: the

northwestern

district

of

Greece.

293.

Chaonius: of Chaonia, a district of Epi-

Priamidés:

310

descendant of Priam. Hele-

nus: a son of Priam; maritus: husband.

a prophet

or seer.

297. 304. caespes: turf, sod. 307. exterreo: frighten, terrify, startle. 308. calor: heat, warmth, glow. 310. affero: bring to, present. 314. hisco: gape, falter, stammer.

rus. Büthrotum: a seaport of Epirus and a Trojan

FOR

settlement.

DISCUSSION

1. How did Anchises hope to avert the fulfillment of Celaeno's curse? 2. Who gave the orders for the Trojans to leave the island of the Harpies? 3. How did the Trojans show their hatred for Ulysses when they passed Ithaca?

146

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

The Aeneid

How What What What What

did the Trojans pass their time at Actium? trophy of the Trojan War did Aeneas leave at Actium? incredible report reached the Trojans as they landed at Buthrotum? was Andromacue doing as the Trojans approached? was Andromache’s reaction when she beheld Aeneas?

Andromache Tells Her Life Story Since the Fall of Troy ‘Vivo equidem, vitamque extrema per omnia dücô;

315

ne dubità; nam vera vides. Heu! Quis te casus dejectam conjuge tanto excipit,

aut quae

digna

Hectoris Andromache

satis fortüna

revisit?

Pyrrhin cónübia servas?

Dejecit vultum, et demissa voce locüta est:

320

'O felix una ante alias Priameia virgo, hostilem ad tumulum Trojae sub moenibus altis

jussa mori, quae sortitüs nón pertulit üllos, nec victoris eri tetigit captiva cubile! Nos, patria incensa, diversa per aequora vectae

325

stirpis Achilleae fastüs juvenemque superbum servitio enixae tulimus; qui deinde, secütus Ledaeam Hermionen Lacedaemoniosque hymenaeos,

mé famuló famulamque Heleno transmisit habendam. Ast illum, éreptae magno inflammätus amore conjugis

et scelerum

furiis agitatus,

330

Orestes

excipit incautum patriasque obtruncat ad äräs. Morte Neoptolemi régnorum reddita cessit

pars Heleno, qui Chàonios cognomine campos Chàoniamque omnem Trôjäno a Chaone dixit, Pergamaque Iliacamque jugis hanc addidit arcem.

335

Sed tibi qui cursum venti, quae Fata dedere, aut quisnam ignarum nostris deus appulit oris? Quid puer Ascanius? Superatne et véscitur aura,

quem tibi jam Troja—

340

317. déjicio: cast down. 321.

Priaméia:

of Priam;

Hermione: Priaméia

virgo =

daughter of Menelaus

Polyxena.

a district of southern Greece; Spartan.

322. hostilis: of an enemy, hostile. 323. sortitus: (drawing of) lots, allotment. 324. erus: master, lord. cubile: couch, bed.

329. 331. 334.

trànsmitto: transmit. Orestes: son of Agamemnon. Chàonius: Chaonian.

326.

335.

Chaonia: a district of Epirus. a son of Priam. quisnam: who, what ( pray).

327.

Achilleus: of Achilles, a Greek fastus: disdain, pride. énitor: bear, give birth to.

328. Lédaeus:

and

Helen. Lacedaemonius: of Lacedaemon,

of Leda,

mother

leader.

of Helen.

338.

Chàon:

147

Book III Ecqua

tamen

Ecquid

puero

est amissae

in antiquam

et pater Aenéas

cura

parentis?

virtütem animosque

et avunculus

virilis

excitat Hector?

Helenus Leads the Trojans into the Town and Entertains Them

Pergama et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum agnosco, Scaeaeque amplector limina portae.

Nec non et Teucri socia simul urbe fruuntur. Illos porticibus rex accipiebat in amplis; aulai medio libabant pocula Bacchi impositis auro dapibus, paterasque tenebant.

345

3200

35;

C!

“Talia fundebat lacrimans, longosque ciebat incassum fletüs, cum sese 4 moenibus heros Priamides multis Helenus comitantibus affert, agnôscitque suds, laetusque ad limina dücit, et multum lacrimas verba inter singula fundit. Procedo, et parvam Trojam simulataque magnis

Aeneas Consults Helenus About His Voyage to Italy "Jamque dies alterque diés processit, et aurae vela vocant, tumidoque

inflatur carbasus Austro.

His vatem aggredior dictis, ac talia quaeso: Trôjugena, interpres divum, qui nümina Phoebi, qui tripodas, Clarii laurüs, qui sidera sentis et volucrum linguas et praepetis ómina pinnae,

fare age (namque omnem

360

cursum mihi prospera dixit

religio, et cüncti suasérunt nümine

divi

Italiam petere et terras temptare repostas; sola novum dictü [ue nefas Harpyia Celaeno

365

prodigium canit, et tristis denüntiat 1ràs obscénamque famem): quae prima pericula vito, quidve sequens tantos possim superare labores? 341. 342. 343. 345. 350.

ecquis: is there anyone who? any? virilis: manly, virile.

360.

avunculus: maternal uncle. incassum: in vain, uselessly.

thet of Apollo. 361. praepes: flying, swift; flyer. 362. prosperus: favorable, fortunate. 363. réligio: utterance of the sacred oracles. 366. prôdigium: omen, portent. dénüntio: foretell, threaten.

Xanthus:

a river in Epirus, named

the river in Troy.

rivus:

stream,

after

rivulet.

352. fruor: enjoy. 357. inflo: inflate, swell. carbasus: flax, sail. 359. Trôjugenus: Trojan-born. interpres: interpreter, agent.

tripus: tripod, oracle. Clarius: of Claros, a center of worship of Apollo; an epi-

148

The Aeneid

D

Qo AIO

OR

©

D

FOR

DISCUSSION

What had been some of Andromache’s humiliations since the fall of Troy? What had been Pyrrhus' fate? In what way did Andromache become Helenus’ wife? How did Helenus gain possession of the land he named Chaonia?

After whom

did he name his kingdom Chaonia?

Upon what city had Helenus modeled his new city? How did Helenus receive Aeneas and his followers? From what god had Helenus received the gift of prophecy? What kind of help did Aeneas ask from Helenus?

Helenus Tells Aeneas That His Home Will Be in Western Italy "Hic Helenus, caesis primum de more juvencis, exôrat pàcem

divum

vittäsque

resolvit

370

sacrati capitis, méque ad tua limina, Phoebe, ipse mani multo suspénsum nümine dicit, atque haec deinde canit divino ex ore sacerdos: ‘Nate dea; nam te mäjôribus ire per altum

auspiciis manifesta fides (sic fata deum rex

375

sortitur volvitque vices, is vertitur ordo), -

pauca tibi e multis, quo tütior hospita lüstrés aequora,

et Ausonio

possis considere portu,

expediam dictis; prohibent nam cetera Parcae scire Helenum, farique vetat Saturnia Juno. Principio Italiam, quam tü jam rére propinquam vicinosque,

ignare,

paras

invadere

380

portus,

longa procul longis via dividit invia terris. Ante et Trinacrià lentandus rémus in unda,

et salis Ausonii lüstrandum nàvibus aequor,

385

infernique lacüs Aeaeaeque insula Circae quam

tuta possis urbem

componere

terra.

Signa tibi dicam, tü condita mente teneto. Cum tibi sollicito secreti ad fliminis undam litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus süs,

390

trigintà capitum fetüs enixa, jacebit, 310. 315. 371. 318. 382. 384. 386.

exóro: entreat, beg. auspicium: augury, auspices.

hospitus: strange, hospitable. Ausonio: Italian.

vicinus: near, close at hand. lento: bend.

infernus: of the lower world, infernal.

Aeaeus:

of Aeaea,

of Colchis,

original

home of Circe. Circe: famous sorceress,

daughter of the Sun, who settled on an island off the western coast of Italy.

389. sollicitus: anxious, worried.

390. litoreus: of the shore. ilex: holm oak.

149

Book III

alba, solo recubàns, albi circum übera ‘nati, is locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum. Nec tu ménsärum morsüs horresce futüros; Fata viam invenient, aderitque vocatus Apollo.

395

Has autem terras Italique hanc litoris oram, proxima

quae nostri perfunditur aequoris

aestu,

effuge; cüncta malis habitantur moenia Grajis. Hic et Narycii posuerunt moenia Locri, et Sallentinos obsedit milite campos

400

Lyctius Idomeneus; hic illa ducis Meliboei

parva Philoctetae subnixa Petelia müro. Quin,

ubi transmissae

steterint trans aequora

classes,

et, positis aris, jam vota in litore solves, purpureo velare comàs adopertus amictü, ne qua inter sanctos 1gnis in honore deorum hostilis facies occurrat et omina turbet. Hunc

socii morem

sacrorum,

hunc

ipse teneto;

hac casti maneant in religione nepotes. 392. recubo: recline. 393. requies: rest, respite. 399. Narycius: of Naryx, a city of Greece. Locrius: Locrian, Greek, of Locri, a Greek people, some of whom settled in Italy. 400. Sallentinus: of the Sallentini, an Italian tribe.

FOR

401.

Meliboeus: of Meliboea, a city of Thes-

402.

saly. Philoctétés: in Thessaly telia:

a

Greek leader of Meliboea who settled in Italy. Pe-

town

in

Brutium

in

southern

Italy which was founded by Philoctetes. 405. 409.

adoperio: cover.

castus: chaste, holy.

DISCUSSION

D

gU rr

To whose temple did Helenus first lead Aeneas?

Who, according to Helenus, had allotted Aeneas his destiny? Where in Italy must Aeneas found his city? How was Aeneas to know that he had found

the place for his city?

Who would solve the problem of the tables to be eaten? Which

coast of Italy would

it be necessary for Aeneas

to avoid?

He Warns Aeneas to Avoid Scylla and Charybdis and to Offer Prayer to Juno Ast, ubi digressum Siculae té admoverit orae

410

ventus, et angusti rarescent claustra Pelori, 410. admoveo: move to, bring to. 411. ráréscó: begin to widen, widen.

Pe-

lorus: the northwestern promontory of Sicily.

150

The Aeneid laeva tibi tellüs et longo laeva petantur

aequora circuitü; dextrum fuge litus et undas. Haec loca vi quondam

et vasta convulsa ruinà

(tantum aevi longinqua valet mütàre vetustàs)

415

dissiluisse ferunt, cum protinus utraque tellüs una foret; venit mediô vi pontus, et urbis Hesperium Siculo latus abscidit, arvaque et urbis litore diductäs angusto interluit aestü. Dextrum Scylla latus, laevum implacata Charybdis obsidet, atque imo barathri ter gurgite vastds sorbet in abruptum flüctüs, rürsusque sub auras erigit alternos, et sidera verberat unda. At Scyllam caecis cohibet spelunca latebris

420

Ora exsertantem

425

et nàvis

in saxa trahentem.

Prima hominis facies et pulchro pectore virgo pube tenus, postrema immani

corpore pistrix,

delphinum caudàs utero commissa luporum. Praestat Trinacrii metàs lustrare Pachyni cessantem longos et circumflectere cursüs,

430

quam semel informem vasto vidisse sub antro Scyllam et caeruleis Praetereà, si qua est si qua fides, animum unum illud tibi, nate praedicam,

canibus resonantia saxa. Helenó prüdentia vati, si veris implet Apollo, dea, proque omnibus ünum

et repetens

iterumque

iterumque

435

monéboô:

Jünónis màgnae primum prece nümen adora, Jünóni cane vôta libens, dominamque potentem supplicibus supera donis; sic dénique victor Trinacrià finis Italos mittere relicta. 413. circuitus: circuit, detour. 415. longinquus: long, distant. 416. dissilio: leap apart. 418. abscindo: cut off, tear off. 419. interluo: flow between, wash between. 420. Scylla: ravenous sea monster with the

body of a beautiful woman,

encircled

about the waist with wolves; located in the straits of Messina; cf. Book I, l. 200.

implacatus: implacable. Charybdis: famous whirlpool near Scylla in the Straits of Messina. 421. barathrum: abyss, pit. 422. sorbed: suck in, absorb. 423. erigo: raise, erect. verbero: lash, strike. 424. cohibeo: restrain, confine.

440

425. exserto: thrust forth. 427. pube tenus: as far as the wajst. pistrix: fishlike sea monster. 428. delphin: dolphin. cauda: tail. Sicilian. Pachynum: the 429. Trinacrius:

southeastern

430. 431.

promontory

of Sicily.

circumflecté: bend around, turn around. semel:

once.

informis:

shapeless,

mon-

strous.

432. canis: dog, hound. 433. prüdentia: foresight, discretion, wisdom, skill. 438. libens: willing(ly), glad(ly), with pleasure.

151

Book III

In Italy Aeneas Must Consult the Sybil at Cumae Hüc ubi délatus Cümaeam accesseris urbem divinosque lacüs et Averna sonantia silvis,

insanam vatem aspiciés, quae rüpe sub ima fata canit foliisque notäs et nomina mandat. Quaecumque in foliis descripsit carmina virgo, digerit in numerum atque antro seclusa relinquit; illa manent

immota

locis neque

ab ordine

445

cedunt:

verum eadem, verso tenuis cum cardine ventus impulit et teneras turbavit janua frondes, numquam deinde cavo volitantia prendere saxo nec revocare

situs aut jungere

carmina

curat;

inconsulti abeunt sedemque odere Sibyllae. Hic tibi ne qua morae fuerint dispendia tanti, quamvis

increpitent socii et vi cursus in altum

vela vocet possisque sinus implere secundos, quin

adeas

vatem,

precibusque

oracula

poscas

ipsa canat, vocemque volens atque ora resolvat. Illa tibi Italiae populos ventüraque bella et quó quemque modo fugiasque ferasque laborem

expediet, cursüsque dabit venerata secundos.

460

Haec sunt quae nostra liceat te vôce moneri.

Vade age, et ingentem factis fer ad aethera Trojam. 441. 442.

Cümaeus: of Cumae, Cumaean. Averna; the region about Lake Avernus

451. — 452.

aspicio: see, look at.

444. nota: mark, sign. 445. 450.

of Apollo at Cumae.

describo: write down, write. volito: fly, flutter.

FOR

uninstructed,

unadvised. Sibylla: Sibyl, ancient Italian prophetess, especially the priestess

near Cumae in Italy. 443.

situs: site, place. incônsultus: unconsulted,

454.

quamvis:

however much, although.

DISCUSSION

aa

1. What reasons did Helenus give Aeneas for shunning the right-hand shore of Sicily? 2. How was Juno to be appeased by the Trojans? 3. On what did the Sibyl usually write her prophecies? What happened

sometimes

to the prophecies

after they had

been

written

down by the Sibyl? 9. How, according to the advice of Helenus, was Aeneas to insist on receiving his responses? 6. What final advice did Helenus give to Aeneas?

152

The Aeneid

The Trojans, Heavily Laden with Gifts, Say Farewell "Quae postquam vatés sic Ore effatus amico est, dona dehinc auró gravia sectoque elephanto imperat ad nàvis ferri, stipatque carinis ingens argentum Doódonaeosque lebetas, loricam consertam hàmis aurôque trilicem, et conum

insignis

galeae

cristasque

465

comantis,

arma Neoptolemi. Sunt et sua dona parenti. Addit equos additque duces; remigium

410

supplet, socios simul instruit armis.

"Intereà classem vélis aptare jubebat Anchises, fieret ventó mora ne qua ferenti.

Quem Phoebi interpres multo compellat honore: Conjugio, Anchise, Veneris dignàte superbo,

475

cüra deum, bis Pergameis érepte ruinis, ecce tibi Ausoniae tellus; hanc arripe velis.

Et tamen hanc pelagô praeterlabare necesse est; Ausoniae pars illa procul quam pandit Apollo. Vade, ait, 'O felix nati pietate. Quid ultra

480

prôvehor, et fando surgentis démoror Austros?' Nec minus Andromaché

digressü maesta suprém6

fert pictüratas auri subtemine vestis et Phrygiam Ascanio chlamydem, nec cedit honore textilibusque onerat donis ac tàlia fatur: Accipe

et haec, manuum

tibi quae monumenta

485

mearum

sint, puer, et longum Andromachae testentur amorem, conjugis Hectoreae. Cape dona extrema tuórum, O mihi sóla mei super Astyanactis imago. Sic oculos, sic ille manüs, sic ora ferebat, et nunc aequali tecum pübésceret aevo." Hos ego digrediens lacrimis affabar obortis: ‘Vivite felices, quibus est fortüna peracta jam sua; nos alia ex aliis in fata vocamur. 464. elephantus: elephant, ivory.

482. digressus: departure.

466.

483.

lebes: basin, caldron.

467. lorica: breastplate, cuirass. hàmus: hook, link. trilix: three-ply, triple. 468. conus: conus, peak (of helmet). crista: crest, plume.

477. Ausonia: Italy. arripio: seize, take up. 478. praeterlabor: glide past, flow by. necesse: necessary, necessity.

480. ultrà: beyond, further.

pictüratus:

embroidered,

adorned

490

with

painting. subtémen: woof, threads. 484. chlamys: woolen cloak, mantle. — 489. Astyanax: son of Hector and Andromache.

491. aequälis: equal, of the same age. pübéscó: be a youth, grow up. 492. oborior: arise, spring up.

493. peragô: accomplish, finish.

153

Book III

Vobis parta quies; nüllum maris aequor arandum, arva neque

Ausoniae

semper

cedentia

49!

retro

quaerenda. Effigiem Xanthi Trojamque vidétis, quam vestrae fecere manüs melioribus, opto, auspiciis,

et quae

fuerit minus

obvia

Grajis.

Si quando Thybrim vicinaque Thybridis arva intrar6, gentique meae data moenia cernam,

500

cognatas urbis olim populosque propinquos Epiro, Hesperia, quibus idem Dardanus auctor atque idem casts, ünam faciemus utramque Trojam animis; maneat nostros ea cura nepotes."

505

902. cognatus: kindred, kin.

CQ gue oo bh

FOR

DISCUSSION

Who gave Aeneas costly gifts on his departure from Buthrotum? What were some of these presents? What equipment and additional men did Aeneas receive?

Who gave presents to Ascanius? What

relation was Ascanius

to Andromache

and to Astyanax?

In what respects, according to Aeneas, were Helenus and Andromache more fortunate than he?

The Voyage

Is Resumed; The Trojans Joyfully Land in Italy

"Provehimur pelagó vicina Ceraunia juxta, unde iter Italiam cursusque brevissimus undis. Sol ruit interea, et montes umbrantur opaàci. Sternimur optatae gremio tellüris ad undam, sortiti remos, passimque in litore sicco corpora

curamus;

510

fessos sopor irrigat artus.

sidera cüncta notat tacito làbentia caelo, Arcturum pluviäsque Hyadas geminosque armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona.

51 Triones,

Postquam cüncta videt caelo constàre sereno, 506. Ceraunia:

a

mountain

range

on

the

coast of Epirus. 508.

umbro: opacus:

shade, shadow, dark, gloomy.

513.

segnis:

slow, slothful,

inactive.

514. capto: try to catch. cover;

verb.

515. 518.

notô: mark, observe. consto: stand firm, be settled.

ut

Necdum orbem medium Nox Horis àcta subibat: haud segnis strato surgit Palinürus et omnis explorat ventos, atque auribus aera captat;

154

The Aeneid

dat clarum é puppi signum; nds castra movémus, temptamusque viam, et vélorum pandimus alàs. Jamque rubescebat stellis Aurora fugatis, cum procul obscüros collis humilemque videmus Italiam. Italiam primus conclamat Achatés, Italiam laeto socii clàmore salütant.

520

Tum pater Anchises magnum cratéra corona

525

induit, implevitque mero, divosque vocavit, stans celsa in puppi: ‘Di maris et terrae tempestatumque potentes, ferte viam vento facilem et spirate secundi Crebrescunt

optatae aurae, portusque

patescit

530

jam propior, templumque apparet in arce Minervae. Vela legunt socii, et proras ad litora torquent. Portus ab Euróo fluctu curvatus in arcum; objectae salsa spümant aspergine cautes; ipse latet; geminó démittunt bracchia mürô turriti scopuli, refugitque ab litore templum. Quattuor hic, primum ómen, equos in gràmine vidi tondentis campum läté, candore nivali. Et pater Anchises: 'Bellum, O terra hospita, portas; bello armantur equi, bellum haec armenta minantur. Sed tamen idem olim currü succedere sueti quadripedes et frena jugo concordia ferre; spes et pacis, ait. Tum numina Palladis armisonae, quae prima

535

540

sancta precamur accépit ovantis,

et capita ante àràs Phrygio vélamur amictu

545

praeceptisque Heleni, dederat quae maxima, rite Janoni Argivae jüssos adolémus honores. 521. 522.

rubesco: blush, redden. humilis: low, low-lying.

224. salüto: greet, salute. 930. crébrésco: become frequent, freshen. 933.

Eurous: East, Eastern.

934. aspergo: spray, sprinkling. cautes: rock, cliff, ledge. FOR

536. 538.

turritus: with towers, turreted. candor: whiteness, gleam, glow. nivalis:

snowy. 542. quadripés:

quadruped,

rein, bridle. concors:

horse. frenum: harmonious,

con-

cordant. 544. armisonus: resounding with arms.

DISCUSSION

1, Where did the Trojans land after they left Buthrotum? 2. When and by whom was the signal given to leave the land of Greece Italy? 3. When did the Trojans first sight Italy?

for

155

SUR

Book III Who was the first to cry out that Italy was in sight?

How did the other Trojans then respond?

GND

What did Anchises do? What on the shore did Anchises consider a good omen? To which god did the Trojans offer their first prayers when they landed on Italian soil? 9. What counsel of Helenus with regard to Juno did the Trojans likewise follow?

As They Again Sail, Mt. Aetna Comes into View. To Avoid Charybdis They Sail Along the Coast of Italy and Sicily "Haud mora, continuo, perfectis ordine vôtis, véelatarum obvertimus

Grajugenumque

domos

antemnarum,

suspectaque linquimus arva.

Ct Qt ©

cornua

Hinc sinus Herculei, si véra est fama, Tarenti

cernitur; attollit sé diva Lacinia contra

pelagi pulsataque

saxa

2t

ingentem

Or

et gemitum

Ur

Caulônisque arces et navifragum Scylaceum. Tum procul e flüctü Trinacria cernitur Aetna,

audimus longe fractasque ad litora voces,

exsultantque vada, atque aestü miscentur harenae. Et pater Anchises: "Nimirum haec illa Charybdis; hos Helenus scopulos, haec saxa horrenda canebat. Eripite, O socii, pariterque insurgite remis." Haud minus ac jussi faciunt, primusque rudentem contorsit laevas proram Palinurus ad undas; laevam

cüncta

cohors

remis

ventisque

petivit.

Tollimur in caelum curvató gurgite, et idem subducta ad Manis imos desedimus unda; ter scopuli clamorem inter cava saxa dedere, ter spümam

560

elisam et rôrantia vidimus

565

astra.

Interea fessos ventus cum sole reliquit, ignarique viae Cyclopum allabimur oris. 549. obverto: turn toward. 901. Herculeus: of Hercules, Herculean. 902. Lacinius: of Lacinium, a promontory of

southern Italy on which was a temple of Juno. 9032. Caulón:

a city of south Italy. nàvifra-

gus: shipwrecking. Scylacéum: a city of southern Italy. 904. Aetna: a volcano of Sicily. 555. pulso: beat, batter, lash.

998. Nimirum: Doubtless, Of course. 961. rudo: roar, creak. 963. cohors: troop, cohort, fleet. 265. desido: sink down, subside. 967. elido: dash out, force out. rôrô:

drip

with dew, be dewy. 969. Cyclops: one of a race of giants with one eye in the middle of the forehead. The Cyclopes served as workmen for Vulcan.

156

The Aeneid

The Trojans Land at a Spacious Harbor Not Far from Mt. Aetna "Portus ab accessu ventorum immotus et ingéns ipse; sed horrificis juxtà tonat Aetna ruinis, interdumque àtram prorumpit ad aethera nübem, turbine fumantem piceo et candente favilla, attollitque globos flammarum et sidera lambit, interdum scopulos avulsaque viscera montis erigit érüctans, liquefactaque saxa sub auras cum gemitü glomerat, fundoque exaestuat 1mo. Fàma est Enceladi sémüstum fulmine corpus urgeri mole hac, ingentemque insuper Aetnam

570

impositam et, fessum

580

575

ruptis flammam exspirare caminis, quotiens mutet latus, intremere omnem

murmure Trinacriam et caelum subtexere fümo. Noctem illam, tecti silvis, immània monstra perferimus, nec quae sonitum det causa videmus, nam neque erant astrórum ignes nec lücidus aethra sidereà polus, obscuro sed nubila caelo, et lunam in nimbo nox intempesta tenebat.

985

They Discover Achaemenides, a Greek Deserted by Ulysses When He Escaped from Polyphemus "Postera jamque diés primo surgébat Eoo, ümentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram, cum subito e silvis macie confecta suprema ignóti nova forma viri miserandaque cultu

procedit, supplexque manis Respicimus. consertum 970.

Dira illuvies, immissaque tegumen

spinis;

accessus: approach, access.

hot.

favilla:

hot

ashes,

at cetera 581.

571. tono: thunder, roar. 973. piceus: pitchy, black. candens: shining, white,

ad litora tendit.

embers.

574. globus: globe, sphere, ball. 575. viscera: vitals, bowels (of a mountain). 976. érücto: belch forth, vomit forth. lique-

barba, Grajus

quotiens:

how

often,

as

often, as.

585.

lücidus:

bright, clear. aethra:

radiance,

bright light. 586. sidereus: starry, of the stars. nübila: clouds, cloudiness.

facio: liquefy, melt.

587.

intempestus: unseasonable, gloomy.

911.

exaestuo: boil forth, seethe.

589.

uméns:

978.

Enceladus: a giant who attempted to capture heaven, but was struck with a thunderbolt by Jupiter and buried

590.

apart, disperse. macies: leanness, emaciation. accomplish, finish, wear out.

under Mt. Aetna. sémüstus: half-burnt,

591. cultus: dress, mode of life, civilization.

half-consumed. caminus: furnace,

593. 594.

980.

chimney.

in-

tremo: tremble, quake. 582. subtexo: cover with a veil, hide.

dewy,

wet.

illuvies: filth, squalor. spina: thorn, backbone.

dimoved:

move

conficio:

157

Book III et quondam patriis ad Trojam missus in armis. Isque ubi Dardaniôs habitus et Troia vidit arma procul, paulum aspectü conterritus haesit continuitque

gradum;

mox

595

sese ad litora praeceps

cum fletu precibusque tulit: “Per sidera testor, per superós atque hoc caeli spirabile lumen, tollite me, Teucri; quascumque abdücite terras; hoc sat erit. Scio me Danais e classibus ünum, et bello Iiacos fateor petiisse Penatis;

600

pro quo, si sceleris tanta est injuria nostri,

spargite me in fluctus vastoque immergite ponto; si pereo, hominum

605

manibus periisse juvabit.’

Dixerat, et genua amplexus genibusque volütäns

haerebat. Qui sit fari, quo sanguine crétus hortamur, quae deinde agitet fortuna fateri. Ipse pater dextram Anchises, haud multa moratus, dat juveni, atque animum praesenti pignore firmat. 997. paulum: a little, slightly. frighten, terrify. 600. spirabilis: breathable, vital.

>

QUE

WON

FOR

conterred:

610

601. abdüco: lead away, carry away. 605. immergo: plunge into. 611. pignus: pledge, security.

DISCUSSION

How did Anchises recognize that the Trojan ships were nearing Charybdis? Why did the Trojans change their course? What did the Trojans see in the distance at sundown? Where and under what conditions did the Trojans spend the night? What was Achaemenides' reaction when he discerned that the men from the ships were Trojans? Who encouraged the stranger to speak?

Achaemenides Tells of the Vengence of Ulysses on Polyphemus Ille haec, déposita tandem formidine, fatur: ‘Sum patria ex Ithaca, comes

infélicis Ulixi,

nómine Achaemenidés, Trojam genitore Adamasto paupere (mansissetque utinam fortuna!) profectus. Hic me, dum trepidi crudelia limina linquunt, immemores

socii vàsto Cyclopis in antro

deseruere. Domus 614. Achaemenidés:

615

abandoned

sanie dapibusque cruentis, comrade

of

Ulysses. Adamastus: menides.

father

of Achae-

158

The Aeneid

intus opaca, ingéns. Ipse arduus altaque pulsat sidera (di, talem terris avertite pestem! ),

620

nec visu facilis nec dictu affabilis ulli; visceribus

miserorum

et sanguine

vescitur

atro.

Vidi egomet, duo de numero cum corpora nostro prensa manü magna, medio resupinus in antro, frangeret ad saxum, sanieque aspersa natarent limina: vidi atro cum membra fluentia tabo manderet, et tepidi tremerent sub dentibus artus; haud impüne quidem, nec talia passus Ulixes oblitusve sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto. Nam simul, explétus dapibus vinoque sepultus,

625

630

cervicem inflexam posuit, jacuitque per antrum immensus, saniem éerüctàns et früsta cruento per somnum commixta mero, nos magna precati

nümina sortitique vices ünà undique circum fundimur, et telo làmen terebramus acüto ingens, quod torvà solum sub fronte latebat, Argolici clipei aut Phoebéae lampadis instar, et tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras. Sed fugite, O miseri, fugite atque ab litore fünem rumpite;

nam

635

640

qualis quantusque

cavó Polyphémus

in antrô

lànigeras claudit pecudes atque übera pressat, centum alii curva haec habitant ad litora vulgo infandi Cyclopes, et altis montibus errant. Tertia jam lünae se cornua lümine complent,

645

cum vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum

lustra domosque traho, vàstosque ab ripe Cyclopas prospicio, sonitumque pedum vocemque tremésco; victum infelicem, bäcäs lapidosaque corna, dant rami, et vulsis pascunt radicibus herbae. Omnia collüsträns, hanc primum ad litora classem 621. 625.

affabilis: approachable, affable. aspergo: scatter, sprinkle. nato: swim,

float. 627. mando: chew, crunch. dens: tooth. 628. impüne: with impunity, without pun-

ishment. quidem:

indeed, surely.

631. inflecto: bend, move, turn. 633. commisceo: mix, mingle. 637. Phoebéus: of Phoebus, of Apollo. lam-

pas: torch, lamp, burning brand.

650

Polyphémus: one of the Cyclopes in Sicily. 642. laniger: wool-bearing, woolly. presso:

641.

press, squeeze,

643. 647. 648. 649.

crush.

vulgo: commonly,

generally.

lüstrum: den, lair, haunt of wild beasts. tremésco: tremble, shudder at.

baca: berry. lapidosus: stony, hard. cornum: cornel berry. 651. collustré: light up, survey, traverse.

159

Book III prospexi venientem.

Huic

me,

quaecumque

fuisset,

addixi; satis est gentem effügisse nefandam. Vos animam hanc potius quocumque absümite leto."

Polyphemus Appears and the Trojans Flee in Terror “Vix ea fatus erat, summo

cum monte videmus

655

ipsum inter pecudes vàstà sé mole moventem pàstorem

Polyphémum

et litora nota petentem,

monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum. Trunca manü pinus regit et vestigia firmat; länigerae comitantur ovés; ea sola voluptàs solamenque

660

mali.

Postquam altos tetigit flüctüs et ad aequora venit, lüminis effossi fluidum lavit inde cruorem, dentibus infrendéns gemitu, graditurque per aequor jam medium, necdum flüctus latera ardua tinxit.

665

Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, recepto supplice sic merito, tacitique incidere fünem, verrimus 653. 654.

et proni

certantibus

addico: assign to, surrender. potius: rather, more, preferably.

658. adimo: take away. 659. truncus: looped, trimmed, pinus:

FOR

pine

aequora 660. 661.

ovis: sheep, ewe. voluptas: pleasure. solamen: solace, consolation.

663.

fluidus: wash.

667.

incido:

mutilated.

tree.

remis.

flowing,

liquid,

fluid.

lavo:

cut, cut into, cut off.

DISCUSSION

1. How did Achaemenides identify himself? 2. How did it happen that he had been left in the land of the Cyclopes? 3. In what way had Ulysses punished Polyphemus and at the same time enOU

abled the Greeks with him to escape? How long had Achaemenides been the only Greek on the island? Why did Achaemenides vehemently urge the Trojans to leave the land of the Cyclopes?

Recalling Helenus’ Warning, They Avoid Scylla and Charybdis Sensit, et ad sonitum vocis vestigia torsit, verum

ubi nulla datur dextrà affectàre potestas

nec potis Ionios flüctüs aequàre sequendo, clàmórem immensum

tollit, quo pontus et omnes

610

160

The Aeneid contremuére undae, penitusque exterrita tellis

Italiae, curvisque immügiit Aetna cavernis.

At genus e silvis Cyclopum et montibus altis

615

excitum ruit ad portus, et litora complent. Cernimus

àstantis nequiquam

lumine torvo

Aetnaeos fratrés, caelo capita alta ferentis, concilium horrendum; aeriae quercus

qualés cum vertice celso

aut cOniferae

cyparissi

680

constiterunt, silva alta Jovis làcusve Dianae. Praecipitis

metus

acer

agit quocumque

rudentis

excutere et ventis intendere vela secundis. Contrà jussa monent Heleni Scyllam atque Charybdim inter, utramque viam leti discrimine parvo, ni teneant

cursüs;

certum

est dare

685

lintea retro.

Ecce autem Boreas angusta ab sede Pelori missus adest; vivo praetervehor ostia saxo Pantagiae, Megarosque sinus, Thapsumque Talia monstrabat relegens errata retrorsus

litora Achaemenidés,

jacentem. 690.

comes infélicis Ulixi.

They Sail to Drepanum, Where Leave Sicily and Reach Africa

Anchises

Dies. Then

They

"Sicanio praetenta sinü jacet insula contra

Plémyrium undósum; nomen dixere priores Ortygiam.

Alpheum

fama est huc Elidis amnem

occultäs égisse vias subter mare, qui nunc ore, Arethusa, tuo Siculis confunditur undis. Jüssi nümina magna loci veneramur, et inde exsupero praepingue solum stagnantis Helori. 673. contremiscô: tremble, shake. 674. immügio: bellow, roar. 676. excio: summon forth, arouse. 678. Aetnaeus: of Aetna, a volcano of Sicily. 680. quercus: oak, a tree sacred to Jove.

conifer: cone-bearing. cyparissus: cypress, an evergreen tree sacred to Diana and to the dead. 686. linteum: linen, sail. 687. Boreas: north wind. 688. praetervehd: carry past;

in pass.,

sail

by. 689. Pantagiäs: a river of eastern Sicily. Thapsus: a city of Sicily. 690. relego: retrace, sail by again. retrorsus: back, backward.

692. praetendo: stretch before. 693. Plémyrium: promontory of Sigily near

the harbor of Syracuse. undôsus: billowy, wave-beaten. 694. Alphéus: Greek river (god) in love with the nymph Arethusa; a river of Elis which disappears under the ground and was fabled to reappear in Sicily in the fountain of Arethusa at Syracuse. Elis: a district of southwestern Greece. 695. 696.

subter:

beneath,

under.

Arethusa: nymph of a famous Syracusan fountain. 698. exsuperó: pass by. praepinguis: very rich. stagnans: stagnant, marshy. Helorus: river of southeastern Sicily.

161

Book III

Hinc altäs cautis prôjectaque saxa Pachyni radimus, et Fatis numquam concessa movéri

100

apparet Camarina procul, campique Geloi, immänisque Gelà fluvii cognomine dicta.

Arduus inde Acragas ostentat maxima longe moenia,

magnanimum

quondam

generator

equorum,

teque datis linquo ventis, palmosa Selinüs, et vada düra lego saxis Lilybeia caecis.

105

Hinc Drepani mé portus et illaetabilis dra accipit. Hic, pelagi tot tempestatibus actus, heu, genitorem, omnis cürae cäsüsque levamen,

Sic pater Aeneas fata renarrabat

vestris deus

appulit Oris.”

intentis omnibus

divum

cursüsque

m

digressum

-I

hinc me

110

c

amitt6 Anchisen; hic mé, pater optime, fessum deseris, heu, tantis nequiquam erepte periclis! Nec vàtes Helenus, cum multa horrenda moneret, hos mihi praedixit lüctüs, non dira Celaeno. Hic labor extremus, longarum haec méta viarum; ünus

docebat.

Conticuit tandem, factôque hic fine quiévit. 699. projicio: cast forth, jut. 700. rado: graze, skirt. 701. Camarina: a Greek city

of

southern

Sicily. Gelous: of Gela. 702. Gelä: a Greek city of southern Sicily. 703. Acragas: Agrigentum, a Greek city of southwestern play.

Sicily. ostento:

show,

generator: producer, breeder.

704.

FOR

dis-

705. palmosus: full of palms, palmy. Selinus: city of southwestern Sicily. 706. Lilybéius: Lilybean, of Lilybaeum, a promontory on the western coast of Sicily. 707. Drepanum: a city of western Sicilv. illaetabilis: mournful, desolate. 709. levàmen: alleviation, solace. 717. renärrô: relate, recount.

DISCUSSION

. How did Polyphemus react when he heard the sound of the splashing oars from the departing Trojan ships?

Whom

did the terrified Trojans see standing on the shore as they looked

c DIE

LC

back? To what does Vergil compare them? In what direction did the Trojans sail at first? Why did they change their course?

Who pointed out the places on the coast as the Trojans sailed by? Who

had failed to warn Aeneas

of the painful loss at Drepanum?

Who had then guided the Trojans to Carthage? At what line and in what book of the Aeneid does Vergil continue the account of the wanderings of the Trojans?

162

The Aeneid

BOOK

IV

Dido Reveals to Her Sister Anna Her Deep Love for Aeneas At regina, gravi jam düdum saucia cura, vulnus alit venis, et caeco carpitur igni.

Multa viri virtüs animó multusque recursat gentis honos; haerent infixi pectore vultüs verbaque, nec placidam membris dat cüra quietem. Postera Phoebeà lustrabat lampade terras

5

ümentemque Aurora polo dimóverat umbram, cum sic ünanímam alloquitur male sana sororem: "Anna

soror,

quae

me

suspensam

insomnia

terrent!

Quis novus hic nostris successit sedibus hospes,

10

quem sésé Ore ferens, quam forti pectore et armis! Credo equidem, nec vàna fides, genus esse deorum. Degeneris animos timor arguit. Heu, quibus ille

jactatus fatis! Quae bella exhausta canebat! Si mihi nón animo fixum immotumque sederet, ne cui mé vinclo vellem sociare jugali, . At:

a transition

from

Aeneas

to Dido.

gravi cura; by passionate love; depends on saucia. jam düdum: a long while. . alit .. . carpitur: has been nourishing . has been consumed. vénis: with her veins (within her blood). caeco igni: with concealed passion. . Multa

..

. virtüs:

The

lofty manhood

sam — solicitam: disturbed (in my anxiety). 10. Quis: sc. est. novus: strange (marvelous);

sc. 11.

with

qui

as

ance).

cursat:

shoulders;

recur.

(vultüs), and eloquence (verba). . Postera: On the maxrow; adv. Phoebéa

lampade: with Apollo's [the sun's] rays. lustrabat= illüsträbat: was lighting. terras: poetic pl.

. ümentem umbram: the dewy darkness. Aurora: Aurora (goddess of dawn). polo = à polo: from the sky. dimoveo: move scatter.

. unanimus: sympathizing. alloquitur: hist.

pres.

male

distraught;

. quae

sana — nón

sana = insana:

litotes.

insomnia:

what

dreams.

subject.

successit:

sédibus:

has

come;

dat.

with

quam

forti

. . . armis — quam

forti pectore est ille; et quam fortibus armis:- how strong he is in chest and in pectore,

armis:

abl.

of

de-

scription.

. verba: the four points mentioned as arousing Dido's love for Aeneas are moral character (virtus), noble birth (gentis honos), handsome appearance

away,

hospes.

compound verb. quem . . . ferens: bearing himself what a man in face (how ( noble in appear-

of the hero; viri = Aenéae. animo: dat. of direction. multus honos: the high distinction. Aeneas was of noble birth. re-

. haerent infixi: are fast lodged.

15

suspén-

12. vana

fidés— mea fides est vana. genus . . dedrum= illum esse genus deorum: he is the offspring of the gods., 13. Degeneris: degenerate (lowborn). arguó: prove. 14. jactatus [est]: has been buffeted. exhausta: endured (that he had endured).

canébat — närräbat.

15. S1... sedéret: contrary-to-fact condition. animo: abl. of place where. sedéret — maneret.

16. né vellem: not to be willing; subst. cl., subject of sederet. cui: to anyone. mé

sociäre: to unite myself. vinclo jugäli: in nuptial bonds; abl. of manner; vinclo: syncopated form.

163

Book IV

postquam primus amor deceptam morte fefellit; si nón pertaesum

thalami taedaeque

fuisset,

huic üni forsan potui succumbere culpae; Anna, fatebor enim, miseri post fata Sychaei

20

conjugis et sparsos fraterna caede Penätis, solus hic inflexit sensus animumque labantem impulit. Agnôscô veteris vestigia flammae.

Sed mihi vel tellüs optem prius ima dehiscat vel pater omnipotens adigat me fulmine ad umbras, pallentis umbras Erebi noctemque profundam, ante, pudor, quam té violo aut tua jüra resolvo. Ille meôs, primus qui mé sibi jünxit, amores abstulit: ille habeat secum servetque sepulcro." Sic effata, sinum lacrimis implevit obortis.

25

30

Anna Encourages Dido in Her Love Anna refert: “O lüce magis dilecta sorori, solane perpetua maeréns carpere juventa, nec du cis natos

Veneris

17. postquam: sínce. [me] déceptam lit — me decepit et fefellit. 18.

si non pertaesum

[me]

not utterly weary; torch carried escorted the

fuisset:

impers.

nec

fefel-

praemia 25

pater may

if I were

taedae:

omnipotens hurl;

subj.

be pale. shades of Erebus,

27.

dead;

anaphora.

ante:

repeating

— Juppiter.

in subst.

26. palleo:

the

in the procession which bride to her husband's

noris?

adigat:

cl. of purpose.

umbras Erebi: the i.e., the place of the prius

of l. 24. pudor:

house; gen. after pertaedet; taedae: mar-

modesty,

riage, by metonymy.

it discreditable for a widow to marry. violo: profane (violate). resolvo: disre-

19. huic uni culpae: to this one fault; dat. after succumbere. The fault here refers

to proving false to the memory of her husband Sychaeus by loving another husband. potui = potuissem: the indic. is used here to express the conclusion in a more positive way.

20. post: since. 2]. sparsos [esse]: were sprinkled (stained). fraterna

caede:

with

a brother's

Sychaeus was actually law of Pygmalion.

the

blood;

brother-in-

22. solus hic: this [stranger] alone, i.e., Aeneas. inflexit sensus: has changed my

inclinations. labantem: wavering. 23. impulit: has moved (made an impression on).

24. tellus ima:

véstigia: traces (symptoms). the lowest [depths of] the

earth. optem: potential subj. prius: before; redundant. dehiscat: may yawn open

(open

up);

subj.

in

subst.

purpose, the ut being omitted.

cl.

of

honor;

gard ( break). 28. Ille: Sychaeus. 29.

tions. abstulit:

from

the

Romans

meos

considered

amores:

aufero.

mu

habeat,

affecservet:

jussive subj.; meos amores: understood obj. sepulcro: abl. of place where. 30. sinum: bosom; obj. of implevit. lacrimis obortis: with her flowing tears. 3l. refert — respondet.

lüce — vità:

abl.

of

comparison. magis dilecta: more beloved (dearer). sorori — mihi; with pass. part. dilecta.

dat.

of

agent

32. perpetua

juventa: through your entire youth; abl. of time equivalent to an acc. of duration of time. maered: grieve, mourn. carpére = carpéris: will you waste

away.

33. Veneris praemia:

the joys of love. nóris = noveris: fut. perf. used as fut.; syncopated form.

164

The Aeneid

Id cinerem aut Manis credis cürare sepultos?

Esto: aegram nulli quondam flexére mariti,

35

non Libyae, non ante Tyro; despectus Iarbas ductoresque alii, quos Africa, terra triumphis Nec

venit in mentem

quorum

amori?

consederis

.

arvis

CO

dives, alit. Placitone etiam pügnabis

Hinc Gaetülae urbes, genus insuperäbile bello,

40

et Numidae infreni cingunt et inhospita Syrtis; hinc deserta siti regio lateque furentes Barcaei. Quid bella Tyro surgentia dicam germänique minäs?

Dis equidem auspicibus reor et Jünône secunda hunc cursum liiacas vento tenuisse carinas. Quam tu urbem, soror, hanc cernes, quae surgere regna conjugio tali! Teuc*um comitantibus armis Pünica se quantis attollet gloria rebus! Tu modo »osce deos veniam, sacrisque litatis 34. Id:

whether

Manis

Dido

sepultos:

remarries

buried

care about. 35. Esto: So be it (Granted

not.

cüräre:

that); impera-

Africa.

mariti = proci:

suitors.

Libyae: loc. Tyro: abl. of place where instead of loc. déspectus [est tibi]: has

abl. of respect with dives; this may refer to the triumphs won by the people of Africa or to the many triumphs later celebrated victories

38. alo:

by Roman

generals

for their

in Africa.

rear

(maintain).

Placito = Grato:

the

west

of

50

Carthage.

untamed.

on

the

northern

in-

cingunt

[te]: surround [you]. inhospitus: pitable, unfriendly, wild. Syrtis:

of quicksand

37. ductores: chieftains (princes). triumphis:

inhosregion

coast

of

42. hinc: on the other side. deserta siti: deserted (rendered desert) on account of

drought. late: far and wide. 43. Barcaei:

thage;

a people

to the

east

of Car-

wild tribes of the desert. Tyro:

abl. of place from which. dicam: deliberative subj. 44. germàni: Pygmalion; cf. Book I, ll. 34664 and ll. 563-64. minae: threats. 43. Dis auspicibus: abl. abs.; auspicibus —

fautoribus: favoring. Jünone secunda: abl. abs.; secundà — propitià: propitious. Juno was the goddess of marriage and the guardian of Carthage. J

sc. tibi. pugnabis = resistés. amori: dat.

46. hunc

with verb meaning resist. Nec . . . mentem: Does it not occur to

47. Quam urbem: What ( How great) a city.

you.

quorum...

arvis:

upon

whose

territories you have settled, i.e., what sort of people they are in whose coun-

try you have settled. 40.

to

unbridled,

[you] sorrowing ( while you mourned for your husband). flexere — flexerunt —

been slighted by you. Iarbas: an African chieftain, one of Dido’s suitors, and a reputed son of Jupiter Ammon.

39.

civilized,

frénus:

tive, 3rd sing. of sum; impers. [té] aegram:

moverunt. 36.

or

spirits.

45

Hine: On the one side. Gaetilus: Gaetuli,

a

tribe

of

North

of the

Africa.

The

Gaetulians were a brave and warlike peo-

ple to the south of Carthage. insuperabilis: unconquerable. 41. Numidae: a tribe of North Numidians

were

a people,

Africa. The

fierce and

un-

cursum: = huc.

their course .

hanc cernés:

hither;

hunc

you will see this [become].

quae: what (a). regna: poetic pl. 48. conjugio tali: abl. of cause. Teucrum . armis: the arms of the Trojans accompanying

yours.

49. sé attollet: exalt itself. quantis rébus: to what 50. deos

great things veniam:

two

(noble deeds). accusatives

with

a

verb of asking. sacris litatis: after offering acceptable sacrifices; sacris = victimis; abl. abs.

165

Book IV

indulge hospitio, causäsque innecte morandi, dum pelago désaevit hiems et aquosus Orion, quassataeque rates, dum non träctäbile caelum." 51. indulge: yield to (indulge in). innecto: weave (contrive). désaevit: is spending its rage. aquosus: 02. rainy; sc. est. Orion:

FOR

a constellation

ris-

ing at the rainy and stormy season. 53. quassatae [sunt]: are shattered. non

tractabile = asperum: lum:

inclement.

cae-

weather.

DISCUSSION

. Who had deliberately caused Dido to fall in love with Aeneas? . What had Aeneas

already told her that should have warned

her of the fu-

tility of her love? See Book II, lines 783-84. Under what

circumstances

did Dido reluctantly admit

her feelings

toward

SA)

Aeneas? Why was Dido embarrassed in confessing her love for Aeneas? Mention two arguments proposed in favor of her marriage with What could cause Aeneas to delay at Carthage for the winter?

Dido Offers Sacrifice to Win

Divine

Aeneas.

Favor

His dictis incensum animum inflammävit amore, spemque dedit dubiae menti, solvitque pudorem. Principio delübra adeunt, pacemque per Aras exquirunt; mactant léctäs dé more bidentis legiferae Cereri Phoebôque patrique Lyaeo, Jünoni ante omnis, cui vincla jugälia cürae; fpsa tenens dextrà pateram, pulcherrima

55

Dido

60

candentis vaccae media inter cornua fundit, aut ante ora deum pinguis spatiatur ad äräs, 54. incénsum: already kindled. 55. dubius: wavering. solvit: broke down. pudorem: shame (scruples); in regard to disrespect to the memory of her dead 96.

husband. adeunt: the

subject

understood. per altar to altar. 97. exquirunt:

àràs:

is Dido

by

et

Anna

going

from

sc. à deis, i.e., in order

to

Lyaeo = Bacchô: to Bacchus, the god of mirth and jollity. 59. Jünoni: to Juno, as presiding over marriage. ante omnis: sc. alios deos. cui: dat. of reference; pose; double dat.

media

rifice.

ary to pour

more:

ie.

with

proper

re-

of

pur-

. . . cornua: between the horns.

fundit: poured

de

dat.

60. patera: libation boul. 61. candentis vaccae: of the white heifer.

know the will of the gods. macto: sacligious ceremonial. bidentis: twotoothed (two-year-old sheep). 98. legiferae: law-giving; Ceres, the goddess of husbandry, was the first institutor of laws, especially those of marriage. Phoebo: to Apollo, the god of futurity.

cürae:

[wine]; it was custom-

or sprinkle wine

between

the horns of the victim as part of the sacrificial ceremonv. 62. ora = imagines. deum = deorum: archaism. pinguis ad äräs: to the rich altars; the altars were rich with offerings. spatior: walk.

166

The Aeneid instauratque diem dónis, pecudumque

reclüsis

pectoribus inhians spirantia consulit exta.

Heu, vàtum ignarae mentes! Quid vóta furentem,

65

quid delübra juvant? Est mollis flamma medullas interea, et tacitum vivit sub pectore vulnus. Dido's

Love

Increases

Uritur infelix Dido, totaque vagatur urbe furens, qualis conjecta cerva sagitta, quam procul incautam nemora inter Crésia

fixit

70

pastor, agens telis, liquitque volatile ferrum nescius; illa fuga silväs saltüsque peragrat Dictaeos: haeret lateri letalis harundo. Nunc media Aenëän Sidoniasque

secum per moenia ducit,

ostentat opes

urbenique

paratam:

15

incipit cffari, mediaque in voce resistit; nunc eadem, läbente die, convivia quaerit, Iliacosque iterum :t^méns audire labóres exposcit, pendetque

iterum

63. instauro:

renew. donis: with offerings; Dido renews her offerings daily. pecudum: of the sheep. reclüdo: lay open. 64. pectoribus: the final syllable is long; diastole. inhio: gape, pore over. spirantia exta: quivering entrails. consulit: consider. 65. vatum: of augurs. Quid — Quantum: How much; adv. acc. furentem: one crazed (with love). 66. Est: pres. indic. of edo, eat, consume;

observe the long vowel. mollis medullas: her tender heart; medulla means marrow, thought of as the seat of the emotions or feelings by the Romans.

. tacitum: concealed. sub pectore: in her breast. . ür0: burn,

consume.

totà

urbe:

over

the whole city. . furéns:

sc.

as a deer

amore.

[wanders]

antecedent

unaware,

ab Gre.

72. néscius:

unaware

of the success of his

shot. fugä: abl. of manner. saltus: forest, glade. peragro: wander through, bound over. 73. Dictaeus: of

Dicte

(a

mountain

in

Crete); Cretan. letalis harundo: deadly arrow;

sagitta,

telis,

ferrum,

and

ha-

rundo all refer to the same weapon. 74. media per moenia: through the midst of

the

fortifications

[of

the

city].

79. Sidoniäs opés:

Dido shows Aeneas her wealth. Actually, Dido came from Tyre, not from Sidon. Both were great cities of Phoenicia. urbem paratam: the city ready

[for habitation].

Aeneas will Carthage.

76. medià

be

in voce:

induced

She

hopes

to remain

in the middle

that

in

of her

speech. resisto: stop, resist; resistit: she . . . sagittà:

quàlis

when

the

arrow

has reached. its mark; simile; synchysis; conjecta sagitta: abl. abs. 70. quam:

narrantis

is

unsuspecting.

cerva.

incautus:

nemus:

grove,

wood. Cresius: of Crete, Cretan. 71. pastor agens: a shepherd pursuing; he

stops short. 77. eadem: with convivia; the same entertainment she had received the previous

night. labente die: as the day wanes; abl. abs. 78. lliacos labores: tribulations of Troy. déméns:

in her folly; reckless.

has

demand, entreat. pended: hang, depend. narrantis ab ore: on the

been effective without his knowledge.

words of him narrating (of the speaker).

has

taken

volatile

a chance

ferrum:

swift

shot,

which

weapon.

79. exposco:

167

Book IV

Post, ubi digressi, lumenque obscüra vicissim

80

lüna premit, suadentque cadentia sidera somnos,

sola dom6 maeret vacua, stratisque relictis

incubat. Illum absens absentem auditque videtque, aut gremio Ascanium,

genitoris imagine

capta,

detinet, infandum si fallere possit amorem.

85

Non coeptae assurgunt turres, non arma juventus

exercet, portusve aut propugnacula bello tuta parant;

pendent

opera

interrupta,

minaeque

mürorum ingentes, aequataque machina caelo.

Juno, Hoping to Keep the Trojans from Italy, Suggests to Venus the Marriage of Dido and Aeneas Quam simul ac tali persensit peste teneri cara Jovis conjünx nec famam

90

obstare furori,

talibus aggreditur Venerem Saturnia dictis: "Egregiam véro laudem et spolia ampla refertis tüque puerque tuus; magnum et memoräbile nümen, una dolo divum si femina victa duorum est.

95

Nec mé adeo fallit veritam te moenia nostra suspectäs habuisse domos Carthaginis altae. Sed quis erit modus, aut quo nunc certàmine tanto? 80. Post: Afterward; adv. ubi digressi [sunt]: when the guests had departed.

lumen: obj. of premit. obscura: fading; with lana. vicissim:

in turn.

81. premit = reprimit:

veils. suadent = invitant. cadentia sidera: setting stars. 82. domo vacuà: in the vacant hall. maeret: she grieves. stratis relictis: the couch

which

he

[Aeneas]

has

left.

83. incubat:

she reclines upon. abséns absentem: the repetition emphasizes the contrast between his physical absence and his vivid presence in her mind.

84. Ascanium:

the

real Ascanius,

who

has

been brought back by Venus. genitoris imagine: i.e., his likeness to his father. 85. infandum: unutterable. si possit: [to | see] if she can; indir. question. fallere:

beguile. 86. Non assurgunt: rise no more. turres: the towers which were 87. portüsve parant: or construct propugnacula: ramparts. bello: purpose.

coeptae begun. harbors. dat. of

88. tuta:

propug-

safe

(protective);

nacula. pendent

with

interrupta:

are inter-

rupted and suspended. minae mirorum: threatening of walls (threatening walls); in apposition with opera. 89. aequataque . . . caeló: and the rick that towers to heaven

90. Quam:

that

she

[stands idle].

(Dido);

tenéri. persentio: perceive. the plague [of love]. 91. obstô: oppose. 92. aggreditur: 93. Egregiam:

der-

accosts. Saturnia:

subject

of

peste:

by

Juno.

remarkable; scornful sarcasm. spolia = victoriam. refertis: you

carry off; i.e., the booty won in battle. 94. puer tuus: Cupid. [est] numen [vest-

rum]: is your display of divine power. 95. üna

femina:

Dido.

divum

two deities, i.e., Venus

duorum:

96. me fallit: escape me. adeo: extent.

veritam:

of

and Cupid.

fearing;

to such an agrees

with

te. té habuisse: subject of fallit. 97. suspectas:

suspected

(in

suspicion);

agrees with domos. 98. modus:

limit,

i.e.,

of

ile

and

con-

quest. quo: whither (how far). nunc: as matters now stand; emphatic. certàmine tanto: sc. progrediemur.

168

The Aeneid

Quin potius pacem aeternam päctôsque hymenaeos

exercemus? Habes tótà quod mente petisti:

100

ardet amans Dido traxitque per ossa furorem. ' Commünem

hunc

ergo populum

paribusque

regamus

auspiciis; liceat Phrygio servire marito

dôtalisque tuae Tyrios permittere dextrae." Venus Assents to Juno's Schemes

Olli (sensit enim simulata mente locütam,

105

quo regnum Italiae Libycäs averteret Gras) sic contra est ingressa Venus:

abnuat,

aut tecum

^ Quis

talia demens

malit contendere

bello?

Si modo, quod memoras, factum fortuna sequatur! Sed Fatis incerta feror, si Juppiter inam esse velit Tyriis urbem

Trojaque

110

profectis,

miscérive probet populos aut foedera jungi. , Tü conjünx, tibi fas animum temptare precando. Perge:

sequar. " Tum

"Mecum

sic excepit regia Jüno:

erit iste labor. Nunc

confieri possit paucis,

adverte,

99. Quin

potius exercemus: Why do we not rather bring about. pactos hymenaeos: fixed (firm) marriage. 100. quod petisti: obj. of habes; petisti= petivisti; syncope.

ardet amàns Dido — ardet amore Dido.

101.

ossa — medullas:

cf. l. 66.

102. Commünem:

in common. paribus auspicis: with equal authority. Among the Romans the right of taking auspices was largely a magisterial function. 103. liceat [ei]: Let her [Dido]; jussive subj. servire:

a

sarcastic

substitute

bere. marito — Aenéae: 104.

quà ratione quod

for

quod memoras: which you suggest. sequatur: future-less-vivid condition. Venus would be content if good fortune should attend the undertaking. 110. Fatis . . . feror: I am rendered uncertain by the fates (decrees of the gods). si: whether; s . . . velit: indir. question. inam = eandem: with urbem. 111. Tyriis, (illis) profectis: dat. of possession;

112.

(illis)

Trojà

profectis = Teucris.

probet: would approve; indir. question. foedera

jungi

—

foedera

113.

conjünx:

dotalis: as her dowry.

upon).

depends on est ingressa in |. 107. sensit: sc. Junonem.

entreaty).

tam:

abl.

abs.

114. 115.

locü-

might turn aside contra:

in

dit. talia:

reply.

such

(transfer ). est

ingressa

things

——

respon-

(terms).

. abnuat: can reject; deliberative subj.

precando:

to trif (work

by entreating

(with

pergo: proceed. excépit = respondit. Mecum

. . . labor = Mihi

iste labor:

I shall

take

care

cürae

erit

of it, i.e.,

obtain Jupiters consent. quà ratione: in what way. quod instat: that which

sc. esse.

quo = ut. regnum Italiae: the [destined] kingdom of Italy. [ad] Libycas - Oras: to the Lybian shores. averteret:

(in

sc. Jovis es. tibi [est] fas: it

is your right. temptare:

simulata = dissimulata;

feriri

prose): alliances to be formed.

. Olli = Ih = Jünoni:

.

docebo.

cial verb.

simulàtà mente: with purpose disguised;

115

109.

nü-

dat. with spe-

instat

is urgent, i.e., the marriage. 116.

cónfio: be done. possit: subj. in indir. question. paucis: sc. dictis: ín few words (briefly). adverte — animum adverte:

pay

attention.

169

Book IV

Vénatum Aenëäs ünàque miserrima Didô in nemus ire parant, ubi primos crastinus ortus

extulerit Titàn radiisque retexerit orbem. His ego nigrantem commixtà grandine nimbum, dum trepidant alae saltüsque indägine cingunt, desuper infundam, et tonitru caelum omne ciebo. Diffugient comites, et nocte tegentur opaca; speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem

120

devenient. Adero, et, tua si mihi certa voluntas,

125

-conubio jungam stabili propriamque dicäbô; hic Hymenaeus

erit." Non adversata petenti

annuit, atque dolis risit Cytherea repertis. 117.

Vénatum:

to

after a verb

hunt;

supine

of motion,

of

to express

vénor,

pose. unaque: and together [with him]; adv. tomorrow’s. ortus: rising 118. crastinus: (dawn); 119.

120.

tonitrus:

thunder.

cieo:

123. nocte opaca: with dark night. 124. speluncam —ad speluncam. 125. Aderô: Juno will be present as the god-

poetic pl.

dess of marriage.

certa:

sc. erit. volun-

tas: consent. 126. conübio: in wedlock; trisyllabic by syn-

radiis: with his rays (beams). retego: uncover, reveal. His: over them; dat. with compound

aeresis. stabili: firm; with conubio. propriam: as his own; sc. eam. conubid . . « dicabo: repeated from Book I, !.

verb infundam, |. 122. nigrans: black. commixta grandine: with hail inter-

73. — 1927. hic: refers to Juno's plan; diastole. Hy-

abl.

trepidant: alae:

are

beaters;

abs.

menaeus:

moving they

swiftly

frighten

the

about.

petenti:

game

and drive them ahead of the hunters. indagine: with nets. cingunt: surround. 122. désuper: from above. infundo: pour FOR

(over).

shake, stir up.

Titàn — Sol: Hyperion, the father of the Sun and the Moon, was a Titan.

mingled; 121.

on

pur-

both

marriage.

(Juno's)

adversata

and

adversor:

request;

oppose.

used

with

annuit.

128. annuit: assented. dolis ( Jünonis) repertis: abl. abs. Cytherea: Venus.

DISCUSSION

. How did Dido and Anna proceed to try to learn the future? To what does Vergil compare the emotionally disturbed Dido? How were Dido's building operations and other activities affected by her

love for Aeneas?

What was Juno’s reaction to the success of Venus’ plans? How did Juno propose to end the contention between herself and Venus?

Why did Venus suspect Juno’s motives? Whom

did Venus

suggest ought to be consulted

before

action was

taken

on Juno’s proposition? Did Juno keep her promise to follow Venus’ sug-

gestion? Under what circumstances did Juno hope to bring to success her scheme to hold Aeneas in Carthage?

When

would Juno's plans first go into effect?

10. What part would Juno herself have in the scheme?

170

The Aeneid

Aeneas and Dido Go Hunting Oceanum

interea

surgens

Aurora

reliquit.

It portis jubare exorto delecta juventis;

130

retia rara, plagae, lato venabula ferro Massylique ruunt equites et odóra canum vis. Reginam

thalamo cünctantem

ad limina primi

Poenorum exspectant, ostroque insignis et auro stat sonipes ac frena ferox spümantia mandit.

135

Tandem progreditur, magna stipante caterva, Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo, cui pharetra

ex auro,

crines

nodantur

in aurum,

aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem.

Nec non et Phrygii comités et laetus Iulus

140

incedunt; ipse ante alios pulcherrimus omnis infert sé socium Aenéas atque agmina jungit.

Qualis ubi hibernam Lyciam Xanthique fluenta deserit, ac Delum maternam invisit Apollo instauratque chords, mixtique altaria circum Crétesque Dryopesque fremunt pictique Agathyrsi;

145

ipse jugis Cynthi graditur mollique fluentem 130.

portis:

abl.

of

separation

or

way

by

which. jubare exorto: the light [of the sun] having appeared. (with the rising sun). delécta juventus: Tyrians and Trojans; juventüs used collectively. 131. rétia rara: wide-meshed nets. plagae: snares, 132.

lato

ferro:

i.e.,

rétia,

plagae, (with

and equités

venabula);

dash

and

vis);

canum

zeugma. odora . . . vis: a large number of keen-scented dogs (hounds). 133. thalamo: abl. of place where. cünctor: delay. ad limina: at the threshold ( palace door). primi: the chiefs (nobles). 134. ostrum: purple. insignis: decorated. 135. sonipés: clotter-foot (prancing steed).

fréna spümantia mandit: champs the foaming bits. 136. stipo: throng around. caterva: crowd. 137. picto limbo: with embroidered fringe. chlamys: cloak. circumdata: enveloped in

138.

(wearing);

middle

voice.

cui: dat. of possession. pharetra: quiver; sc. est. crinis: hair, locks. nodo: tie in a knot.

subnectô: fasten. fibula: brooch, clasp. Nec

non:

Likewise;

litotes. comités:

as

her attendants. 141. alios = ceteros. 142. infert se socium:

panion.

advances as her com-

agmina

jungit:

sc. agminibus

reginae.

broad-bladed.

venabulum: hunting spear. Massyli equites: Massylian horsemen. The Massyli were a people of North Africa who lived westward from Carthage. ruunt: are rushed forth (with forth

139. 140.

143.

Qualis:

Diana

the

poet

compared

(Book I, 1. 498);

Dido

to

here he com-

pares Aeneas to Apollo; simile. Lyciam: Lycia, a country of Asia Minor. Xanthus: a river near Troy. fluentum: stream.

144.

déserit: forsakes. Delos:

island of the

Aegean, birthplace of Apollo: maternus: maternal. inviso: visit. 145. instauró: renew. chorus: song, *dance. altaria: altar; neut., poetic pl; anas-

trophe with circum. 146.

Cretes:

Cretans,

inhabitants

of

Crete.

Dryopes: a people of Thessaly. fremo: shout, roar. picti: painted; probably tattooed. Agathyrsi: people of Scythia in southeastern

Europe.

147. ipse: Apollo. jugis graditur: strides over the ridges. Cynthus: mountain of Delos. molli fronde: with a soft garland

[of laurel]. The

laurel was

to Apollo. fluentem crinem: represented

with

flowing

sacred

Apollo is

hair.

171

Book IV fronde premit crinem fingéns atque implicat auro,

téla sonant umeris; haud illo ségnior ibat

Aenéas, tantum egregio decus enitet ore. Postquam altós ventum in montis atque invia lüstra,

150

ecce ferae saxi dejectae vertice caprae décurrére jugis; alia dé parte patentis transmittunt

cursü

campos,

atque

agmina

cervi

pulverulenta fugà glomerant, montisque relinquunt. At puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus acri gaudet equo, jamque hos cursü, jam praeterit illos, spümantemque

dari pecora inter inertia vôtis

optat aprum, aut fulvum descendere monte leonem. A Sudden

Storm

Forces Dido and

Intereà magno

Aeneas

misceri murmure

to Seek

Shelter

caelum

160

incipit; insequitur commixta grandine nimbus,

et Tyrii comites passim et Trojana juventus Dardaniusque nepos Veneris diversa per agros tecta metü petiere; ruunt de montibus amnes. Speluncam

Dido dux et Trojanus eandem

165

deveniunt. Prima et Tellüs et pronuba Juno dant signum; fulsere ignés et cónscius aether cônübiis, summoque ululärunt vertice nymphae. 148. premo: press, confine. implicô: entwine. 149. tela = sagittae. sono:

haud

segnior:

than he

fingo:

fashion.

sound, rattle. not less vigorous. illo:

(Apollo);

nance; dre = vultü. eniteo: shine forth.

151. ventum [est illis]: they came; impers. invius: pathless. lustrum: marsh, bog. 152. déjectae: dislodged (by the beaters). capra: she-goat. 153. décurrére = décurrérunt. jugis: abl. of way by which. patentis: open. 154. transmittunt: sc. se; the subject is cervi; the obj. of the trans— is patentis campos. cursü: abl. of manner. 155. pulverulenta: dusty; with agmina: herds. fuga: in their flight. glomero: gather,

collect.

cause.

in his spirited steed; abl. of

157. praetereo: pass by.

spümantem aprum: foaming boar; obj. of optat. pecora inertia — ferae caprae and cervi: tame herds to Ascanius. votis:

abl. of comparison.

Ibat — movebat. 150. tantum decus: so much grace. egregio ore: from his distinguished counte-

156. acri equo:

158.

159. 160. 162. 163.

in answer

obj. of dari. fulvum leonem:

to

his

prayers;

indir.

tawny lion.

misceri: to be disturbed. passim: everywhere. Dardanius

nepos

Veneris:

Ascanius.

diversa tecta: different shelters; obj. of petiere 164.

metü:

( petiverunt). abl. of cause.

amnés:

rivers; hy-

perbole. 166. Prima Tellüs: Earth is the oldest of all the deities and her presence

is appro-

priate at the marriage. pronuba Jüno: juno is the matron of honor. 167. ignés: the flashes of lightning were the 168.

marriage torches. conscius: witness. conubiis: to the marriage; poetic pl.;

synaeresis. highest

summo

[mountain]

ululävérunt: nymphae.

wailed;

vertice: top.

the

from

the

ulularunt =

subject

is

172

The Aeneid Ille dies primus

leti primusque

malorum

causa fuit; neque enim specie famàve movetur,

170

nec jam fürtivum Dido meditätur amorem: conjugium vocat; hoc praetexit nomine culpam.

Rumor Spreads Abroad Reports About the Unusual Love Affair Extemplo

Libyae mägnäs it Fama per urbis,

Fama, malum

qua nón aliud velocius üllum.

Mobilitate viget virisque

acquirit eundo;

175

parva metü primo, mox sese attollit in auras,

ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nübila condit. Illam Terra parens, ira irritata deorum, extremam, ut perhibent, Coeo Enceladoque sororem progenuit, pedibus celerem et pernicibus alis, monstrum

horrendum,

ingens,

cui,

quot

sunt

180

cor-

pore plümae;

tot vigiles oculi subter (mirabile dictü), tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, tot surrigit auris. Nocte volat caeli mediô terraeque per umbram, stridens, nec dulci déclinat lamina somn9; luce sedet cüstos aut summi

culmine

turribus aut altis, et mägnäs

territat urbis,

tam ficti pravique tenàx quam 169. 170.

171. 172. 173. 174.

leti: of ruin (to Dido). specie: by [regard for] appearances. famave: or by [regard for] her reputation. fürtivus: secret. praetexo: screen, cloak, palliate. Fama: Fame, Gossip. malum: mischief. quà: than whom; abl.

182.

176.

parva . . . primo:

at

first

be-

Titans. Enceladus:

a Giant; both Titans

and

monstrous

Ciants

were

offspring

of Earth.

180. progenuit: brought forth. pernix: swift, nimble. 181.

horrendus: dreadful. cui: dat. of session. quot . . . plümae: as are feathers on her body.

OSthere

tot: as many. vigiles: watchful. subter: dictü:

to relate; supine;

abl. of

183. totidem: so many, as many. tot... auris: she pricks up so many ears. Beneath each feather a tongue, a mouth,

184.

caeli

heaven

.

.

Rumor has an and an ear.

.

terrae:

and

earth;

used as a noun; 185.

small

nüntia veri.

under.

abl. of the gerund of

cause of fear. 177. [in] solo — [in] terra. nübila: clouds. 179. perhibent — dicunt. Coeus: one of the

tecti

respect.

of comparison. nón: sc. est. 175. mobilitas: speed. vigeo: flourish. viris: poetic pl. eundo: eo.

185

midway

medio:

eye,

between

neut.

adj.

abl. of place, where.

umbram = tenebras. stridens: whizzing (buzzing); with her wings as she flies. declino: droop, close.

lümina [sua] — oculos [suos]. 186. lice: by day; abl. of time. custds:. sentinel (spy). 187. territat — terret. 188. tam: as. ficti pravique: of falsehood

and error; obj. gen. with tenax, tenacious. nüntia: reporter; Rumor does

not discriminate between true and false news.

173

Book IV Haec tum multiplici populos sermone replebat

gaudens, et pariter facta atque infecta canebat: venisse Aenean

Trojàno

sanguine

190

cretum,

cui sé pulchra viro dignétur jungere Dido; nunc hiemem

inter sé lüxü, quam

longa, fovere,

régnôrum immemores, turpique cupidine captos. 195

Haec passim dea foeda virum diffundit in ora.

winter, as long as it may be. inter se

Haec = Fama. multiplex: manifold, various. sermo: speech, gossip. 190. facta . . . infecta: things done and

189.

not

done

(fact and

fiction).

fovére:

canébat:

followed by indir. statement.

(excess).

194.

immemorés: unmindful. turpis: disgraceful. cupido: passion. captos: enslaved.

195.

Haec: these things loathsome (cruel).

191. cretus: sprung. 192. viro — conjugi:

as her husband; in apposition to cui. dignor: deign, think fit; dignétur: subj. in subordinate cl. in indir. statement. hiemem

193.

9g» gU

Wb

FOR

quam

longa

[sit]:

during

were caressin," one another; sc.

eds (Aeneas and Dido). luxü: in luxury

(reports). foedus: virum = virorum:

archaism. diffundo: scatter.

the

DISCUSSION

Who, together with Dido and Aeneas, composed the hunting party? How was Dido dressed and equipped for hunting? In what respects does Vergil liken Aeneas to Apollo? What animals did the hunters see in the hills and the fields? What animals did Ascanius wish to pursue? Who brought it about that Dido and Aeneas were forced to seek shelter in

©

9o

the same cave?

What phenomena of Nature were sad presages of the future for Dido? What characteristics of Fama does Vergil describe? How did Fama spread abroad the story of the serious scandal?

larbas Hears the News and Appeals to His Father Jupiter Ammon Prôtinus ad regem cursüs détorquet Iarbàn, incenditque

animum

Hic, Ammone

dictis

atque

aggerat

iras.

satus rapta Garamantide nympha,

templa Jovi centum làtis immània regnis, centum

aras posuit,

vigilemque

sacraverat

1gnem,

200

196. Protinus: Immediately. cursüs: poetic pl. détorqueo: turn. Iarbàn: acc. sing.;

tified by the Romans with Jupiter. satus: sprung. rapid: seize, ravish. Ga-

Greek form; cf. 1. 36. 197. aggero: increase, aggravate. iras: poetic

ramantis: of the rican tribe.

198. Hic:

long

(Hammon):

syllable; god

of

diastole. North

Ammon

Africa;

he

was famous for his oracle and was iden-

199. 200.

Garamantes,

an

Af-

régnis: abl. of place where; poetic pl. centum äräs: one for each temple. vigilem ignem: a sleepless fire; like Vesta's fire at Rome.

174

The Aeneid

excubiàs divum aeternàs, pecudumque cruore pingue solum, et variis florentia limina sertis. Isque, amens animi, et rümore accensus amaro,

dicitur ante àràs media inter nümina divum multa Jovem

manibus

supplex Orásse supinis:

205

"Juppiter omnipotens, cui nunc Maurisia pictis

gens epulata toris Lenaeum libat honorem, aspicis haec, an te, genitor, cum

fulmina torques,

néquiquam horrémus, caecique in nübibus ignes terrificant animos

et inània murmura

miscent?

210

Femina, quae nostris errans in finibus urbem exiguam

pretio posuit, cui litus arandum

cuique loci leges dedimus, conübia nostra reppulit, ac dominum

Aenéan

in regna recepit.

Et nunc ille Paris, cum sémivird comitati,

215

Maeonia mentum mitra crinemque madentem subnexus, rapto potitur: nos munera templis

quippe tuis ferimus famamque fovemus inanem." 201.

excubias:

sentinel;

in

apposition

with

Ignem.

202.

pingue:

rich;

proleptic.

solum:

209. 210.

the

spaces of ground before the altars; sc. erat. variis sertis: with various garlands. florentia limina: entrances abloom; sc. erant; florentia, proleptic; 203. 204.

dit.

Jovem

ôrässe:

to

have

with uplifted hands, i.e., with the palms upward.

nunc: an important word; the clause is a hint to the god of his debt to Iarbas. Maurüsius: Moorish; the Marusii were the inhabitants of Mauritania

207.

in Africa;

they

were

the

people

of Iarbas. pictis toris: on painted couches; abl. of place where. epulor: feast. Lenaeum honorem: Lenaean (Bacchic) [wine] as an offer-

ing; metonymy. libo: pour

(as a liba-

tion).

208.

té horrémus: we stand in awe of you. torqueo: twist, hurl.

abl.

litus

of

price.

arandum: (a tract

Carthage

posuit — condi-

the

shore

of land

lay along

to

be

to cultivate);

the seacoast;

ge-

rundive constr. 213. loci leges: i.e., the laws governing her use of the site; conditions of tenure.

conübia: alliance; poetic pl. nostra: with me; equivalent to an obj. gen.

asked

(prayed to) Jove for many [favors]; two accusatives after a verb of asking; Orasse — Oravisse. manibus supinis: 206.

exiguus: small, insignificant. pretio: at a price; plowed

multa

lightnings.

animos: sc. nostros. vain rumblings. mis-

cent: disturb; sc. eos. Fémina: Dido.

limina, synecdoche.

the divine presence (actually the shrines

blind (aimless)

terrifico: terrify. inània murmura:

Is: Iarbas. àméns animi: distracted in mind. amarus: bitter. media inter nümina: in the midst of

or statues which represented the gods). 205.

211. 212.

caeci ignés:

214. 215.

dominum: a sarcastic substitute for virum, husband. ille Paris: so called as being effeminate

and nate).

vain.

sémivir:

comitatus:

216. Maeonius:

half-man

(effemi-

retinue.

Lydian.

mentum:

chin.

mitra: bonnet. madeo: moisten, anoint; madentem: wet, i.e., with perfume.

217.

subnecto:

tie

(under).

raptd:

booty,

prize, i.e., Dido and her kingdom;

abl.

with potior. potitur: short i; systole. 218. quippe = scilicet: of course, to be sure; irony. famam inanem: an empty story, i.e., the belief that Ammon

is a mighty

god or that the gods help mankind.

175

Book IV

Jupiter Sends Mercury to Order Aeneas to Leave Carthage Talibus

orantem

dictis arasque

tenentem

audiit omnipotens, oculosque ad moenia torsit

220

regia et oblitos famae melioris amantis. Tum sic Mercurium alloquitür, ac talia mandat:

Vade age, nate, vocà Zephyros, et labere pinnis, Dardaniumque ducem, Tyrià Carthagine qui nunc exspectat Fatisque datàs nón respicit urbis, alloquere, et celeris defer mea dicta per auras. Non illum nobis genetrix pulcherrima talem

225

promisit, Grajumque ideo bis vindicat armis, sed fore qui gravidam imperiis belloque frementem Italiam regeret, genus alto à sanguine Teucri

230

proderet, ac totum sub leges mitteret orbem. Si nulla accendit tantärum gloria rerum, nec super ipse sua molitur laude laborem, Ascaniône pater Romanas invidet arcis? nec prolem Ausoniam

et Làvinia respicit arva?

Nàviget! Haec summa 219.

est, hic nostri nüntius esto."

more solemn acts of religion. 220. omnipoténs: the god of all might. moenia regia: of Carthage. torsit: turned. 221. famae: gen. with oblitos. amantis: lovAeneas

and

Dido;

here

fore

a

pause,

talia mandat:

the

gives

caesura;

of Troy

229.

diastole.

a rare

respicit:

use.

Fatis = a Fatis.

disregards. urbis:

poetic pl.

celeris — celeriter. défer: carry; imperative. dicta: utterances (commands).

227. 228.

genetrix: Venus. talem: sc. virum, fore.

Grajum armis: from the arms of the Greeks; armis: abl. of separation. ideo: for this purpose. bis vindicat: Venus rescued him from Diomedes

(cf. Book

poetic

genus:

pl.

obj.

through gustus.

232.

frementem:

of

proderet.

his successors, mitteret:

nulla = nall6 lum

clamorous.

Teucri:

of

especially Au-

send

modo.

(control).

accendit:

sc.

il-

(Aeneas).

233.

super = dé: for. molitur laborem: dertakes the enterprise.

234.

Ascanio: dat. indir. obj. arcis: dir. obj. of invidet.

235.

Quid struit: What is he contriving? spe

of

un-

invidet.

inimicà: hiatus. inimica in gente: called hostile anticipating the Punic Wars.

nón

226.

obj.

231. proderet: perpetuate. totum orbem: i.e.,

tive. pinnis = alis: Mercury was repre-

tive,

the flames

Teucer, early king of Troy.

Vade, age, vocà: Go, make haste, call;

sented as having wings on his sandals. They were called talaria. Sometimes the wings are on his cap or his staff. 224. ducem: obj. of the imperative alloquere, |. 226. 225. exspectat = moratur: loiters; intransi-

once from

is illum, |. 227. [talem] qui . . . regeret: rel. character-

pire;

230.

this commission.

three imperatives. labere: fly; impera-

and

(cf. Book II, ll. 589-633);

istic cl; so also proderet and mitteret. gravidus: teeming. imperiis: with em-

Vergil

condemns both; governed by ad, l. 220. 222. alloquitür: final syllable lengthened be223.

I, note 97)

[Iarbàn] orantem: obj. of audiit (audivit). aras tenentem: a custom in the

ers, i.&.,

Qt

struit, aut qua spe inimica in gente moratur

ho Ww

Quid

238.

prolem mans;

Ausoniam: Ausonia

i.e., the

was

the

future

ancient

Roname

for the original inhabitants of central and southern Italy. Lavinia arva: cf. Book I, Il. 2-3.

231.

Nàviget: jussive subj. summa: sum and substance (my will). nostri: gen. pl. of ego.

esto:

imperative.

176

The Aeneid

PN OmD © pto r7

FOR

DISCUSSION

How did Iarbas react to the report about Dido's affair with Aeneas?

What had King Iarbas done to honor Jupiter Ammon?

What proposal of Iarbas had Dido previously rejected? Why did Iarbas compare Aeneas with the Trojan Paris? How did Iarbas express his lack of faith in Jupiter Ammon? Did Iarbas have any legitimate claim on Dido? How was Aeneas jeopardizing his son's future? What

questions

did Jupiter

ask Mercury

in regard

to Aeneas?

Mercury Hastens at Once from Olympus to Carthage Dixerat. Ille patris magni parére parabat

imperio, et primum pedibus talaria nectit aurea, quae sublimem älis sive aequora suprà

210

seu terram rapido pariter cum flamine portant.

Tum virgam capit; hac animas ille évocat Orco pallentis, alias sub Tartara tristia mittit, dat somnos

adimitque,

et lümina

morte

resignat.

[lla fretus, agit ventós, et turbida tranat nübila. Jamque volàns apicem et latera ardua cernit Atlantis düri, caelum qui vertice fulcit, Atlantis, cinctum assidue cui nübibus atris piniferum caput et vento pulsatur et imbri; nix umerós infüsa tegit; tum flümina mento praecipitant senis, et glacie riget horrida barba. Hic primum paribus nitens Cyllenius àlis 238. Ille: Mercury. 239. imperio: dat. with special verb. necto:

246. 247.

fasten.

240.

sublimem:

aloft;

illum.

sc.

suprà: anastrophe. 24]. rapido . . . flamine:

along

aequora with

swift breeze. 242. virga: staff (caduceus), twined two serpents; a herald's staff. with

this [staff]. animàs

spirits. Hades 243.

évocoó:

248.

sc.

est.

pale

250.

from

World).

unseal (free).

Illà — Virga: abl. with frétus. agit: outstrips. turbidus: stormy, rolling. tráno:

steep.

assidué:

Orco:

somnos: poetic pl. adimô: take away. lümina — oculós. morte: abl. of sepa-

swim across, float.

support. cinctum:

pallentis:

Tartarus: the lowest part of Hell (the

ration. resignô: 245.

arduus:

with hac:

Lower World). 244.

summit.

250

Atlantis duri: of much-enduring Atlas. Atlas was the mythical giant who bore up the sky. He is identified with the Atlas range in northwest Africa. fulcio:

cui: whose. pinifer: pine-bearing. 249.

summon.

(the Lower

the

apex:

245

nix infüsa:

snow

fall of snow).

pulso:

poured

mento:

on

constantly.

lash. (a down-

abl. of separa-

tion.

251. praecipito:

fall headlong (roll). senis: of the aged sire. glaciés: ice. rigeo: be stiff. horrida barba: shaggy beard. 252. Hic: on the summit of Atlas. paribus alis: on balanced wings. niténs: poising (poised).

Cyllenius:

Mercury;

Mt.

Cyllene in Arcadia was the birthplace of Mercury.

177

Book IV

25

juxta.

piscosos scopulos humilis volat aequora

c

constitit; hinc toto praeceps sé corpore ad undas misit, avi similis, quae circum litora, circum Haud aliter terras inter caelumque volabat litus harénosum ad Libyae ventosque secabat materno

veniens

ab avo Cyllenia proles.

Mercury Reminds Aeneas of the Promised

Italian Kingdom

Ut primum älâtis tetigit magalia plantis, Aenean

fundantem

arcis ac tecta novantem

260

conspicit. Atque illi stellatus jaspide fulvà ensis erat, Tyrioque ardebat mürice laena demissa ex umeris, dives quae münera Dido fecerat, et tenui télas discreverat auro. Continuo invadit: “Tua nunc Carthäginis altae

fundämenta locas pulchramque uxórius urbem exstruis, heu, regni rerumque

oblite tuarum?

Ipse deum tibi me claro demittit Olympo regnator, caelum et terràs qui numine torquet; ipse haec ferre jubet celeris mandata per auras.

Quid struis, aut quà spé Libycis teris otia terris? Si te nulla movet tantarum glória rerum, nec super ipse tua moliris laude laborem, 253.

constitit: alighted. praeceps: headlong. se misit, threw himself.

254. avi: dat. with similis. 259. piscôsôs: fish-haunted.

laena:

263. 264.

scopulus: rock, cliff. aequora jüxtà: near the surface of the sea; anastrophe.

256. 257.

Haud

litus

near

seco:

the

sandy

cut, cleave.

Maia,

daughter

of

Atlas.

veniéns:

265.

(feet);

plantis:

with

synecdoche.

hovels, buildings

his

winged

maägälia:

with gold

266.

had dis-

(interwoven). Immediately. invadit: he as-

( Aeneas).

fundàmenta: foundations. uxorius: wifeenslaved. exstruó

= condo.

regni

rerumque:

gen.

soles

with a verb of forgetting.

huts,

of the perf. part. of obliviscor; it agrees

[of Carthage].

fundo: build, establish. novantem: i.e., planting new buildings, perhaps to replace the huts. 261. Atque: And in fact. illi: dat. of possession. stellatus: studded. jaspide fulva: with yellow jasper, i.e., on the hilt. 262. énsis = gladius. Tyriô mürice: with Tyrian purple. ardébat — fulgebat.

260.

Continuo: sails

267.

Mercury.

alatis

fecerat = ei dederat. tenui auró: fine (thin thread of) gold, i.e.,

tinguished

coming (as he came). Cyllénia prolés: 259.

cloak.

is due to the thought of the various pat-

maternd ab avd: Mercury was the son of

garment,

terns worked out. discreverat:

ad:

shore; anastrophe.

258.

outer

thread on purple. telas: web; the plural

aliter: Even so.

haréndsum

(woolen)

quae münera: which gift; poetic pl.

with Aenéàs

268.

271.

oblite:

voc.

understood.

Ipse: with regnator. deum — deórum: archaism. Olympus: mountain in northern Greece; gods. Quid struis:

legendary What

are

home you

of

the

aiming

at?

teris otia: wear away idleness your time); poetic pl.

(waste

178

The Aeneid

Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis Iuli respice, cui régnum Italiae Romanaque tellüs debentur." Tàli Cyllenius ore locütus mortalis visus medio sermone reliquit; et procul in tenuem 274. Ascanium ing

surgentem:

manhood;

cf.

M.

232-36. 276. Tali ore = Talibus Mercury.

NOUS

FOR

ex oculis evanuit auram.

Ascanius’ dawn271-75

dictis.

275

with

277. mortalis visus: his mortal appearance.

ll.

medio

[in]

sermone:

while

yet speak-

ing (instantly). reliquit = miutavit. 278. in tenuem auram: into thin air. évanésco: vanish.

Cyllénius:

DISCUSSION

What special equipment for flying did Mercury use? What insignia for his office did Mercury carry in his hand? Where did Mercury stop on his way to Carthage? Why did the ancients think that Atlas supported the heavens on his shoulder? How was Aeneas employed when Mercury arrived in Carthage? Of what was Aeneas' attire significant?

What is inconsistent about Aeneas' dress and his occupation?

Aeneas, Perplexed, Decides to Prepare Secretly to Depart At veró Aeneas aspectü obmütuit 4méns, arréctaeque horrore comae, et vóx faucibus haesit. Ardet abire fuga dulcisque relinquere terras, attonitus tanto monitü

imperioque

280

deorum.

Heu! Quid agat? Quo nunc reginam ambire furentem audeat affatu? Quae prima exordia sümat? Atque animum nunc hic celerem, nunc dividit illüc, in partisque rapit varias, perque

Haec

alternanti potior sententia

Mnésthea 279.

obmitéscd:

Sergestumque

vocat

be dumb, stand speechless.

améns: confounded. 280. arréctae [stetérunt]: stood on end. vox . . . haesit: cf. Book II, |l. 774 and Book

284.

omnia

285

versat.

visa est: fortemque Quae

Serestum,

. . . sumat:

How

can he begin;

exordia: commencement, beginning; poetic pl. 285. hic... illuc: this way . . . that way.

III, IL. 48.

dividit — vertit.

281. Ardet abire: poetic constr. dulcis ter- — 286. versat: turns rapidly; frequentative ( inras: the land he loves (Carthage). 282.

attonitus:

stunned.

tanto monitu:

tensive) verb. at so

287.

great (stern) a warning. 283.

agat:

deliberative

subj.;

sümat. Quo affata: (words). ambiô: go

alterno: waver; alternanti: sc. ei. potior:

preferable. also

audeat,

in what around,

speech concili-

ate. furentem: mad ( with love).

288.

Mnestheus,

sententia — consilium. Sergestus,

Serestus:

jan leaders. vocat — imperat.

Tro-

179

Book IV

classem aptent taciti sociosque ad litora cogant, arma parent, et quae rebus sit causa novandis

290

dissimulent; sese intereà, quando optima Dido nesciat et tantos rumpi

temptätürum

non

speret amores,

aditüs, et quae mollissima fandi

tempora, quis rebus dexter modus. Ocius omnes imperio

laeti parent

295

et jussa facessunt.

Dido, Suspecting the Truth, Bitterly Reproaches Aeneas At regina dolôs (quis fallere possit amantem?) praesensit, motusque

excepit prima futüros,

omnia tüta timens; eadem impia Fama furenti detulit armàri classem cursumque parari. Saevit inops animi, totamque

incensa per urbem

300

bacchatur, qualis commótis excita sacris Thyias, ubi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho orgia, nocturnusque vocat clàmore Cithaerôn. Tandem his Aenean compellat vocibus ültrô: "Dissimulàre etiam spérasti, perfide, tantum

305

posse nefäs, tacitusque mea decedere terra? 289. 290.

aptent, cogant, parent, dissimulent: subj. in subst. cl. of purpose; a verb of

298.

ordering is implied in vocat. rebus novandis: for the new course of

299. 300.

action;

of reason. 301. bacchor: rush wildly. qualis Thyias: as

gerundive

constr.

sit: subj. in

indir. question. 291.

dissimulent:

disguise.

sésé . . . temp-

292.

nésciat, speret: subj. in subordinate cl.

in indir. statement. speret: expect (sus293.

pect). aditüs:

avenues

[to

her

heart].

temptaturum

[esse].

mollissima

as adv. 295. facesso: do, execute; intensive of facio. 296. possit: deliberative subj. 297. praesénsit: suspected. motüs: movements

(activities);

with

cépit: caught (surmised).

futüros.

ex-

how]

detulit = nuntiàvit.

safe.

impia —

cursum:

voyage.

Saevit: She rages. inops animi: devoid

of the worship dissyllabic

of Bacchus;

here;

yi forms

Thyias

is

a diphthong

pronounced we; synaeresis. commotis sacris: by the moving of the sacred symbols. 302. audito Baccho: as the cry ‘Bacchus’ is heard;

abl.

abs.

stimulo:

goad,

incite.

trietérica: every third year (triennial). 303.

...

fandi: the most pliant (favorable) moments for speaking. 294. rébus dexter: best suited to his purpose. modus: manner, way; sc. réginae adeundae. Ocius: swiftly; neut. sing.

matter

a Bacchanal; sc. bacchatur. A Bacchanal ( Bacchante) was a woman devotee

quae

. modus: sc. sint with tempora, sit with modus; indir. questions, obj. of

[no

saeva. furenti: to her frenzied.

tàtürum [esse]: indir. statement dependent on vocat, l. 288, which implies

a verb of saying. optima: very good; a mere ornamental epithet.

tüta:

orgia: mystic rites (orgies). nocturnus: used as an adv. vocat: sc. illam. Ci-

thaerón: Greece,

ing 304.

the

near

Thebes

for wild scenes

triennial

festival

of

in

attend-

Bacchus.

compello: accost, address. vocibus — verbis. ultro: on her own initiative, i.e.,

before 305.

mountain famous

Aeneas

found

Dissimulare posse:

heart

to speak.

to be able to con-

ceal (that you could conceal). perfide: O treacherous man; voc. 306. tacitus: without a word. decedere =

abire: complementary inf.

180

The Aeneid Nec té noster amor nec té data dextera quondam nec moritüra tenet crudeli fünere Dido?

Quin etiam hiberno môliris sidere classem, et mediis properas Aquilônibus ire per altum,

310

crüdelis? Quid? Si non arva aliena domôsque ignotas peteres et Troja antiqua maneret,

Troja per undosum peteretur classibus aequor? Mene fugis? Per ego has lacrimas dextramque tuam te

(quando aliud mihi jam miserae nihil ipsa reliqui),

315

per cónübia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos, si bene quid dé té merui, fuit aut tibi quidquam dulce meum,

miserere domis

làbentis, et istam,

6rô, si quis adhüc precibus locus, exue mentem. Te propter Libycae

gentes Nomadumque

tyranni

320

odere, infensi Tyrii; te propter eundem exstinctus pudor et quà sólà sidera adibam fama prior. Cui me moribundam deseris, hospes, hoc solum nómen quoniam de conjuge restat? 307. 308.

te: obj. of tenet. data: sc. mihi à te.

318.

dextera: love.

a falling (dying) family; gen. with miserere; Dido is anticipating the results of Aeneas' departure. istam mentem: this resolve of yours (design of leaving me). 319. si... locus: sc. est. exuo: put off, set aside. 320. Te propter: made emphatic by position and by anaphora; anastrophe. Nomadum: of the Numidians. tyranni —

fünus:

pledge,

death.

i.e., of loyalty to their

The

three

motives

ap-

pealed to are love, honor, and pity. 309.

Quin etiam:

Nay, even. hiberno sidere:

in the winter season. The ancients did

not travel by sea during the winter. moliris classem: you are building a fleet. 310. Aquilonibus:

north

winds

(storms);

crüdelis:

O

cruel

man;

voc.

Quid:

What? (Tell me). aliena: those belonging to the Italians. 312. peterés, maneret: subj. in contrary-tofact condition. 313. Troja peterétur (hiberno sidere): the conclusion of the conditional clauses. undosus: 314. 315.

billowy

(boisterous).

té: obj. of oro, |. 319.

aliud nihil:

nothing else [but prayers

and appeal to your honor and integrity].

ipsa reliqui: I myself have left [by my own

imperative.

domüs

labentis:

reges.

metonymy.

311.

miserere:

acts].

conübia: the marriage in the cave. inceptos hymenaeos: the formal rites of marriage not fully completed. 317. sl... merui: if I have deserved anything well of you (been your benefactor in any way). quidquam meum: any 316.

trait of mine.

321.

odere

=

ôdérunt:

sc.

me.

infénsi

[sunt]: are displeased; her people resented Dido's kindness toward Trojans because they were foreigners. eundem: likewise. 322. exstinctus [est] pudor: my (womanly) honor is lost. sidera adibam: [ was approaching the stars (I was winning immortality). Perhaps Dido was thinking of deification. 323.

fama prior: my former reputation, i.e.,

for fidelity to her husband's memory. Cui: To what. moribundam — moritüram. hospes: my guest; the next line explains why Dido uses this word instead of conjunx. 324. hoc nomen: i.e. hospes. dé conjuge = dé nomine conjugis.

Book IV

Quid moror? An mea Pygmalion dum moenia

frater

325

déstruat, aut captam ducat Gaetülus Iarbas? Saltem si qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset ante fugam suboles, si quis mihi parvulus aula lüderet Aenéàs, qui te tamen Ore referret, non equidem

omnino

capta

Qvid moror: Why do I delay [to die]? An [moror]: Am I waiting. dum... déstruat . . . dücat: anticipatory cl. 326. captam: as his captive (not as his hon-

ac deserta viderer." his

325.

ored wife). Saltem: At least, only. suscepta fuisset:

327.

had been taken up (born); suscepta refers to the taking up of the child by

Dl 9» gU iR £5 ro r7

FOR

328. 329.

father,

thereby

330

acknowledging

it

as his own. suboles: offspring (child). parvulus: little; with Aenéas. aula: in my hall. ui .. . referret: who at least recalled

( resembled) you in face; characteristic cl. 330.

capta: deceived (betrayed).

DISCUSSION

What was Aeneas’ reaction to the vision and message of Mercury? Why did Aeneas order his captains to prepare secretly for departure? What was his first move to fulfill the commands of Jupiter? Why did he delay in announcing his purpose to Dido? How did Dido learn about Aeneas’ preparations for departure? What arguments did she use in urging him not to leave Carthage? Which two men did she particularly fear if he deserts her at this time? Why?

Aeneas Replies That the Gods and Fate Force Him to Seek Italy Dixerat. Ille Jovis monitis immota tenebat lümina, et obnixus cüram sub corde premebat. Tandem pauca refert: “Ego te, quae plürima fando énumerdare vales, numquam, regina, negabo promeritam, nec me meminisse pigebit Elissae,

dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus hôs regit artis. Prd re pauca loquar. Neque ego hanc abscondere fürtô

spéravi (ne finge) fugam, nec conjugis umquam by reason of Jove's warnings; abl. of cause. 332. lumina = oculos. obnitor: struggle. sub: deep in. premébat — reprimébat. 333. refert — respondet. te; subject of pro-

Elissae = Didonis: gen. with memini. ipse: sc. sum. mei: gen. with memor. spiritus = vita. hôs artüs: these limbs. 337. Pro re: on this subject (in my own de-

meritam [esse], 1. 335. plürima: very much (the utmost); obj. of promeritam [esse].

inf. after spéro; poetic constr. fürto: by stealth. 338. né finge = nôli fingere: do not imagine

334. énumero: enumerate. vales = potés. 335. promeritam [esse dé mé]: have de-

it; poetical neg. imperative. nec... taedas: nor did I ever offer the torch

331. monitis:

served from me. nec mé pigébit: nor shall it displease me (shall I be sorry).

336.

fense).

abscondere:

of a husband of marriage).

to conceal;

(propose

notice

the ceremony

182

The Aeneid praetendi taedäs, aut haec in foedera véni. Me si Fata meis paterentur dücere vitam

340

auspiciis et sponte mea componere curas,

urbem Trdjinam primum dulcisque meorum reliquias colerem, Priami tecta alta manerent, et recidiva manü posuissem Pergama victis. Sed nunc Italiam màgnam Gryneus Apollo, Italiam Lyciae jüssére capessere sortes; hic amor, haec patria est. Si te Carthaginis arces

345

Phoenissam Libycaeque aspectus detinet urbis, quae tandem Ausonià Teucros considere terra invidia est? Et nos fas extera quaerere regna.

300

Mé patris Anchisae, quotiéns imentibus umbris nox operit terras, quotiens

astra 1gnea surgunt,

admonet in somnis et turbida terret imàgo; me

puer Ascanius

capitisque

injuria cari,

quem regno Hesperiae fraudo et fatalibus arvis.

350

Nunc etiam interpres divum, Jove missus ab ipso

(testor utrumque caput) celeris mandata per auras detulit; ipse deum manifesto in lümine vidi 339.

aut...

340.

contract; haec = talia; veni = feci. si... paterentur: contrary-to-fact con-

vent:

or

enter

into

such

is opposed

to Teu-

sonia;

antithesis.

with

quae invidia: what ground for reproach.

sponte mea: in my own way. componere cüras: to settle (arrange) my affairs; curas = negotia.

350.

Et:

also,

had

also sought a foreign realm. fas:

342. primum: i.e., my first choice. 343. réliquias: remains; diastole. manérent,

posuissem:

subj.

considere:

own

conclu-

effort).

victis

(Teucris):

for

the

conquered ( Trojans).

(as

well

as you).

Dido

Me:

obj. of admonet

and terret, |. 353.

patris Anchisae: with imago, |]. 353. quotiens: as often as. ümentibus umbris: with its dewy shades; use with

colerem, in

to settle; subject of est.

too

sc. est. exterus: foreign. 351.

sions of contrary-to-fact conditions. 344. recidiva Pergama: Troy rebuilt (a second Troy). manü: by my hand (my

terras, |. 352. 352. 393.

operio: cover. igneus: fiery, bright. admoneo:

advise, warn. turbida imago:

because they determined the answer by

troubled ghost. mé: obj. of admonent understood. puer Ascanius: (the thought of) the boy Ascanius. capitis injüria cari: the injury of his dear person (the wrong done to one I love); capitis: obj. gen. 355. regno, arvis: abl. of separation. Hesperiae: of Italy. fraudó: defraud. fatalis: destined.

drawing lots under the direction of the god.

356. 357.

345.

Grynéus:

346.

Lycia:

of Grynium,

a town

in Asia

Minor with an oracle of Apollo. a country of Asia Minor. There

was a shrine of Apollo at the city of Patara in Lycia. jüssére — jüssérunt. capessó:

strive

to

reach,

seek.

sortés:

oracle. Some oracles were called sortés

347.

détinet; Phoenissam

crós, as Carthaginis is opposed to Au349.

dition. meis auspiciis: in accord my own will. 341.

a

hic

amor:

sc. est; hic and

haec

refer to Italy. té Phoenissam:

both

obj. of

354.

interpres:

agent,

téstor . . . caput: head and mine. 358. manifestus: clear.

messenger;

I swear

Mercury.

by

your

Scenes from the Aeneid Vergil's Aeneid tells the story of a Trojan prince who escaped from burning Troy with his aged father and small sDn, as in the scene depicted below. He was beginning an odyssey to Italy, where his descendants would eventually found Home. On his way to Italy he encountered many hardships, only to be faced with bloody warfare when he at last reached his destination .

..

Il-2

Juno (at top right), the implacable enemy of Aeneas, implores Aeolus, god of the winds, to let. loose the winds and sink or scatter the Trojan ships. As a reward, Juno, the queen of the gods, promised him her loveliest handmaid, Diopeia. (See Bookl II. 65-75.)

II-3

Bernini, an outstanding painter, sculptor, and architect of the seventeenth century, created this bronze statue of Poseidon .

..

Zeus is usually represented as he is at the right, a mature man of majestic aspect, carrying a spear, scepter, or thunderbolt, and accompanied by an eagle.

Venus, disguised as a huntress with bow and arrow, meets Aeneas and Achates.

Aeneas with seven ships had reached the coast of Libya and found a safe harborage in a land-locked bay. The Trojans disembarked, lit fires, and prepared to refresh themselves with food. The next morning, leaving his ships under woody shelter, Aeneas wandered forth with Achates to explore the land. Venus, his goddess mother, disguised as a huntress, appeared and addressed the men, asking them if they had seen her sister who was in the woods hunting. Aeneas did not recognize his mother and inquired anxiously about the land to which they had been driven. Venus informed him that he was in the region called Libya, in the Punic realm. Dido, fugitive from Tyre and her brother Pygmalion, wa§ queen. Venus told Aeneas that he had reached the Tyrian city under the favor of the gods and that he was to proceed directly to the city and the queen's palace. Then as the goddess turned to leave, her appearance changed and Aeneas recognized his mother, whom he would have detained, but she fled. Later, Aeneas and Achates were hospitably received at Carthage by Queen Dido, who ordered that a banquet be held in their honor.

11-4

Centuries after Aeneas, when the Punic Wars were over, Carthage

lay in ruins .

..

Here is a rhyton or drinking horn. Elaborate drinking vessels of this type were used at banquets.

ll-5

This red-figure Attic stemless cup shows Diomedes, accomplice of Ulysses, taking the Palladium from Athena's shrine in Troy.

A Greek artist's concept of the Trojan Horse, expressed on an amphora found en Myconos.

ll-7

This famous group depicts Laocoon, a priest of Apollo, with his hvo sons in the act of being strangled by sea serpents for warning the Trojans against the Wooden Horse. It is now in the Vatican :Museum. The original sculpture was wrought sometime in the first century B.c. by Agesander of Rhodes and two other sculptors. In 1506, a copy was unearthed near the baths of Trajan in Rome. Renaissance and later sculptors added "·hat they presumed were missing pieces, but these have all now been removed~ and part of the right arm of Laocoon, which was found in the twentieth century, has been restored. ( See Book II, 11.40-52 and 11.201-27.)

The sandstone f rieze . · ab d 1an troops standin eve epicts Troof their city. Twic; guard on the walls reached the walls ~reek warriors had turned back. Troy, only to be

Pi_ctured on the blac . left is Neoptole k:f1gured vase at to kill Priem Kinmus,fA Tch1lles' son, about ' 9 o roy.

11-9 The dish shown below, painted in the sixteenth century, depicts Aeneas and his companions at the grave of their murdered prince Polydorus, son of Priam. The young prince, with a large quantity of gold, had been entrusted to the king of Thrace. When the king learned that Troy had been destroyed, he murdered Polydorus and seized the treasure. In the meantime, after the destruction of Troy, Aeneas and his companions crossed over to Thrace, where they laid the foundations of a new city. One day, Aeneas, about to sacrifice, saw to his horror drops of blood trickle from a sapling which he had torn up. ( He is shown below holding the bleeding branch.) The, 1 a voice was heard crying: "Rend me not, but